Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem 9780520945180
An extensive dictionary (almost 1800 pages) of the Upriver dialects of Halkomelem, an Amerindian language of B.C.,giving
202 54 9MB
English Pages 888 [1728] Year 2009
Polecaj historie
Table of contents :
CONTENTS
1Introduction
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary Halkomelem to English
A
CH
CH'
E
H
I
K
K'
KW
KW'
L
LH
M
N
O
Ô
P
P'
Q
Q'
QW
QW'
R (reduplication)
S
SH
T
T'
TH
TH'
TL'
TS
TS'
U
W
X
XW
X
XW
Y
'OR'
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary English-to-Halq’eméylem Index
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
Citation preview
Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem Volume I
Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem Volume I
Brent D. Galloway
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • London
University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Publications in Linguistics, Volume 141 Editorial Board: Judith Aissen, Andrew Garrett, Larry M. Hyman, Marianne Mithun, Pamela Munro, Maria Polinsky
University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2009 by The Regents of the University of California Printed in the United States of America
Cataloging-in-Publication data for this title is on file with the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-520-09872-5
(pbk. : alk. paper)
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).
CONTENTS
Introduction Quick Start
ix
Sample entries
xi
About the language
xvii
About the elders
xx
Abbreviations of related Salish languages and dialects cited in the dictionary
xxvi
How to Use the Dictionary (an introduction for those with linguistic training)
xxvii
Labels used for each different type of information
xxix
Spelling and orthography
xxxv
References
xxxvii
Abbreviations for references cited
xlix
Halkomelem-to-English a
1
ch
27
ch’
48
e
61
h
96
i
110
k
136
k’
140
kw
141
kw’
170
l
201
lh
246
m
296
n
344
o
345
Ç
365
p
368
p’
401
q
419
q’
460
qw
499
qw’
533
R (reduplication)
548
s
556
sh
653
t
664
t’
710
th
744
th’
765
tl’
805
Volume 2 ts
838
ts’
845
u
877
w
878
x
899
xw
918
x
953
xw
1003
y
1021
' or ’
1057
English-to-Halkomelem Index
1059
a
1060
b
1084
c
1131
d
1185
e
1212
f
1227
g
1260
h
1285
i
1317
j
1327
k
1332
l
1338
m
1368
n
1396
o
1410
p
1426
q
1471
r
1472
s
1503
t
1591
u
1626
v
1634
w
1642
x
1668
y
1669
z
1673
Introduction Quick Start For those who are already oriented to the language and its dialects here is a quick way to get started using this dictionary. The dictionary begins with the Halq’eméylem-to-English section where you can look up words in alphabetical order by Halq’eméylem, the same order as English except that some sounds are written with two or three characters and are treated and alphabetized as single characters. So, q will be found before q’, q’ will be found before qw, and qw will be found before qw’. The plain character (for ex. q) is always alphabetized before the glottalized version (q’), and those sounds made with lips rounded (labialized) are found after the versions not labialized (so qw follows q’, and qw’ follows qw). (Most entries use ' to show glottalization and glottal stop, but ’ is also quite acceptable in the Stó:lÇ writing system and is usually preferable for clarity in handwritten Halq’eméylem.) So to look things up by Halq’eméylem, follow this order: (a, ch, ch’, e, h, i, k, k’, kw, kw’, 1, Ih, m, n, o, Ç, p, p’, q, q’, qw, qw’, R (reduplication or doubling), s, sh, t, t’, th, th’, tl’, ts, ts’, u, w, x, xw, x, xw, y, *). To look up words by their English translations, look in the English-to-Halq’eméylem section which is the second main section of the book. If you find the Halq’eméylem word you’re looking for, to get more information about it (what are its meaningful parts, root, suffixes, prefixes, infixes, example sentences, details of all sorts) then look the word up in the Halq’eméylem-to-English section. If you don’t know its root, look it up where you’d normally expect it and you’ll find where to find the whole family of words with the same root. Every word is cross-referenced in that way. If you know the word has a prefix (for ex. s- or shxw- which make nouns from verbs, since 95% of all roots are verbs) you can look it up either under the s or sh or under the next letter in the word which is usually where the root starts. In the Halq’eméylem-to-English section the entry with no indent from the margin is root or other headword. Under each root is an entry indented once, a word derived from the root and called a stem. If there is an entry under that which is indented twice, it is derived from the word above it with one fewer indent (i.e. takes that previous word as its stem or starting point and adds something to it–an affix stuck on at the beginning (prefix), inserted inside the root (infix) or stuck on at the end (suffix). Looking down at the words derived from the same root, they are generally arranged going down from simpler to more complex forms (using more affixes) in sets using the same stems. When a word is derived from a stem (always a root plus at least one affix), the meaning of the affix is shown in the entry for the stem, but is not usually repeated in the entries for words derived from that stem. The stems are not otherwise arranged in any fixed order among themselves, except that often they are in alphabetical order or by the suffixes added. So if one stem is derived from a root by adding , the next stem may be one derived from a root by added . This is not always the case, so look through the whole family derived from a particular root if you know from the English index that the word you seek is found under that root. This teaches a lot about how words are formed and about the related meanings behind each word. You will find many interesting and often surprising things; I did myself. (As a reader learns more about forming words, one can soon make up new words for things that are modern technology, etc., which are not known or listed yet in this dictionary! This is a skill all elders and fluent speakers have.) Rarely a word begins in s- or shxw- and is followed by a consonant which seems the first letter of the root and yet is not. This is sometimes the case when the root is one beginning in s- or xw-. For example, red huckleberry is derived from hang under and container, since they are harvested by hanging the berry basket container under the clusters of berries and hitting the branch with the cluster on the container so they fall into the basket–a very efficient means of harvesting them. In these kinds of words, the root vowel is dropped and a vowel later in the word normally has or here gets a higher stress or tone (high tone or mid tone). The elders did not tell me this in all cases but showed many other words that work like this, and when one tries to account for every affix and root and their meanings, to make sense of the literal meanings behind the words, one finds examples like this which
-xdon’t make sense any other way. The root of red huckleberry is not bad, or steal, or put away, save, or water, as they contribute meanings that make no sense for with either container or living thing added to finish the word. It’s important that this dictionary have lots of cross-references (entries that are alphabetized by the whole word, for ex. and show which root it has and thus where to find all the detailed information on the word). Cross-references usually just have the word, its meaning, and the root (see for ex.). However, in some interesting cases I have included fuller information (the International Phonetic Alphabet spelling and analysis) and sometimes the literal meaning of the word. It takes too much space and time to do this for all cross-references but shows the type of information that can be found under the full entry filed under the word’s root. There are sometimes differences of tones in a given word’s pronunciation (and spelling) between one dialect or another or one speaker and another. I have tried to be as accurate and faithful to the elders’ pronunciations as possible with these and to show all variants. I have relative pitch myself (and compose classical music) so that plus 37 years of experience should help make the tones accurately reflected by the spelling. The three phonemic tones are sometimes called high-stress, mid-stress, and unstressed, but actually are high tone, mid tone, and low tone (each about a major third apart on a musical scale). These tones can make a difference in meaning between words otherwise spelled exactly the same (for example, mosquito and talk, speak)(with high tone and mid tone respectively). Many examples can be found contrasting between low tone and high or mid tone. Each vowel has its own tone in the word. frog, has high tone, then low tone, then mid tone (like the U.S. Marine song, “Over Hill, Over Dale” or 5-1-3 in relative musical pitches). (Downriver Halkomelem and Island Halkomelem do not have such phonemic tones so far as is known, they have instead phonemic stress plus some intonation.) A few words about the English-to-Halq’eméylem section: 1) it is organized by showing the English meaning you want to find. If the word only has that meaning, the entry will show the English, then two colons (::), a few spaces, then the Halq’eméylem word, then if that word is not a root by itself it will be followed by a comes from sign (, //C1cC2=q*c3l=q*//, /'tangled on s-th else, snagged (as a net on a log or branch)'/, , //xe . 3 y=q*=ct//, /'scratch it (to itch it)'/ (compare with grab it). Angle brackets show forms in the Stó:lÇ writing system. To make it easier to find, forms in the Stó:lÇ writing system are shown in bold-face type. These are first in every entry, since the speakers and learners of the language will located them easier. Linguists can use the key (pp.xxxv-xxxvii) to quickly learn the writing system’s equivalents to IPA characters and can find the IPA characters given for each word, closely following the word spelled in the writing system. If a hyphen or equals sign precedes a Halq’eméylem form, the form is a suffix, an affix added after the root or after another suffix on the root. The equals sign shows it is derivational, that is, changes the meaning of the word or the word class of the word (for ex. from a verb to a noun); some roots cannot occur as words by themselves and these are sometimes indicated by ending them with an equals sign as well. A hyphen shows the affix is inflectional, so that it allows the word to be used in a sentence (for ex. adds a subject to the verb, makes it plural, etc.). The first entry, given above, is , a derivational suffix, written in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) also a //=q’//. Its main semantic area (domain or subdomain) is in DIRECTION and it means on something else, or within something else. (Translations are given in italics.) This meaning also belongs in the semantic area or domain of TRANSITIVIZERS, INTRANSITIVIZERS, BENEFACTIVES (TIB), suffixes that show what the verb is acting on or affecting; it isn’t actually such a suffix but is closely related semantically, since getting tangled on something else shows an action on something else or affecting something else. When an entry is an affix, typically some examples are given of some words in which it is found; these are shown after the words “as in” in this entry. The examples are given first in the StólÇ writing system used for Upriver Halq’eméylem, then in the IPA used by linguists. The IPA form here shows all the prefixes, infixes and suffixes added to the root, separated by hyphens or equals signs and within double slashes, which linguists use to show morphophonemic transcriptions (versions of the word with the affixes shown divided from the root and from each other). The first example under begins with doubling or reduplication, where the first consonant (C1) and the second consonant (C2) are copied, separated by a vowel (/c/, called schwa by linguists and written as in the StólÇ writing system) and prefixed to the root. In this case, the root is followed directly by the suffix we have looked up, . This example means tangled on something else, snagged (as a net on a log or branch); in linguistics, translations are usually shown within single quotes, as here, but to highlight them, they are also put in italics throughout the dictionary; in certain systematic places the single quotes are omitted. Other examples follow, in the same order. The last one has a form to compare which shows the root without the suffix; by contrasting this we can show clearly what part of the word’s meaning belongs to the root and what part to the affixes. The second entry or root after q’ is: , //lí cákw tc le3lcm-s
-xiiq*e/qe lí s=tc[=C1cAí=]s//, /'Is his house far or is it nearby?'/, attested by AC, , free root //q*e3·l//, EFAM ['believe'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, AC, EB, example: , //§ówc=|-c-cl-| q*e3·l//, /'I don't/didn't believe.'/, Elder's comment: "there's no word for doubt", attested by EB. This headword is , free root //q*e3·l//, EFAM ['believe'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, AC, EB, example: , //§ówc=|-c-cl-| q*e3·l//, /'I don't/didn't believe.'/, Elder's comment: "there's no word for doubt", attested by EB. , cts //q*e3[-C1c-]l//, EFAM ['believing'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group.
-xiii believe, ( non-control transitivizer, accidentally, happen to, manage to, é-ablaut resultative or durative), ( third person object), phonology: consonant merger, ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, dialects: Cheh., Tait, attested by IHTTC, EB, AC, JL, other sources: ES /|cq*c3l·cxw / know, also , //lí-c-xw |c=q*e[=Ac3=]l=l-cxw //, /'Do you know?, (Do you know it?)'/, attested by AC; found in , //qc §owc= 3te-l s-|c= 3=q*el=l-cxw ; c-cl cw xw le3le3· §cl//, /'I didn't know/understand; I just listened.'/, attested by AC, , //§owc= 3te-l s=|c= 3=q*el=wc|//, /'I don't know.'/, dialects: Pilalt and Chill. (Chilliwack and Sardis), attested by EB (5/18/76), , //lí-c-xw s=|c= 3=q*el=l-áxy//, dialects: Chill., attested by IHTTC (8/8/77). , //s=|c=q*el=l-á·mct//, also /'understand'/, phonology: consonant merger, dialects: Chill., attested by AC (10/8/71), example: , //§ówc-c-cl| q*e[=Ac3=]l=mcT-ámc//, /'I don't (didn't) believe you.'/, attested by AC. , cts //q*e3[-C1c-]l=mcT//, EFAM ['believing s-o'], ( continuative), phonology:
-xivreduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78). return it, bring it back, give it back which has root go over/around, go back on oneself, coil, ( third person object), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, Deming, also /'lie to s-o'/, attested by SJ (Deming 4/27/78), example: , //q*el=sT-c[=Ae3·=]xw -cs//, /'He fooled someone.'/, attested by EB, example: , //q*el=sT-c[=Ae3·=]xw -cs qc=s=u q*e3·l//, /'He fooled him and he believed.'/, attested by EB, , //q*el=sT-c[=Ae3·=]xw =sT-áxy//, (irregular), comment: in this form =stá:xw is used as part of the root and a second causative =st is added, then the object pronoun suffix -òx me; it is not clear whether this is an error or is required and allowed to maintain the root vowel shifted into =stá:xw; normally the -exw is present only when a third person object is intended (even if it is reanalyzed and considered part of the causative and non-control suffixes, as =stexw and =lexw, as do Suttles and Hukari in other dialects of Halkomelem); but here both the e (though moved) and the xw are retained with the third person object superceded by the òx second person singular object suffix, phonology: the last vowel has stress downstepped to 4, attested by Deming (4/27/78). , cts and dmv //C1í=q*el=sT-c[=Ae3·=]xw //, EFAM /'fooling s-o, (fool s-o as a joke, April-fool s-o [Deming])'/, attested by Deming (2/7/80), ( diminutive continuative), phonology: reduplication, metathesis or ablaut plus vowel-reduction, morphological note: causative durative continuative, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78), also , //C1í=q*el=sT-c[=Ae=]xw //, [q*éq*clstxw ], also /'fool s-o as a joke, April-fool s-o'/, ( diminutive), morphological note: causative durative diminutive, attested by Deming (2/7/80); found in , //C1í=q*el=sT-ámc//, /'to April-fool you'/, attested by Deming, , //C1í=q*el=sT-àm//, /'You're being fooled.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78). So this root has four sub-entries (words derived or inflected from it directly), and the last three of these each have a sub-entry of its own. The four are 'believing', 'know oneself, be confident'), 'fool s-o, deceive s-o, (lie to s-o [SJ])' (which has a form derived from it: 'fooling s-o, (fool s-o as a joke, April-fool s-o [Deming])'). is a continuative stem (cts); later in the introduction there is a list of all such abbreviations and what they stand for. It has infixed doubling or reduplication to make it continuative (i.e. adds the -ing, thus believing). The infix consists of a copy of the first consonant of the root (C1) followed by /c/ (called schwa by linguists, spelled in the Stó:lÇ orthography); it is inserted or infixed inside the root, after the first vowel. , attested by IHTTC, AC, JL, and another variant set , //s=|c= 3=q*el=wc|//, subdialects: Pilalt (Chilliwack town) and Chill. (Sardis), attested by EB, AC. This last set means know but lacks the suffixes and has instead the suffix which is probably meaning already. One version leaves the root vowel unchanged, the other changes it to , but both shift the high tone to the first syllable, and both sets of variants add a prefix stative (which means be in a state of); the literal meaning of this last variant set is “to be in a state of already extracted or used believing”, thus yielding to know someone or something.). The entry continues with a large number of example sentences, each with the Stó:lÇ orthography first, then the IPA, the meaning, then the person who attested it, and where specified, the dialect or dialects the speakers reported it to be in. The next entry, , and is a non-control reflexive stem; the suffix is reflexive, do to oneself. The meaning be confident is developed from “know oneself” and is an alloseme. There are also dialect variants in the entry for the Chilliwack dialect with stative prefixed. There is also the same consonant merger as in the previous word that in the Chilliwack dialect.) There is one example sentence to conclude the entry. The next entry or stem is with a vowel change ( non-continuative) and a suffix ( indirect effect control transitivizer). (The reason we know this vowel change has a different meaning than the same vowel change seen in fool s-o, deceive s-o, a causative stem (caus) and also durative (durs), and according to Susan Jimmy, [SJ], it also can mean lie to s-o. It has a suffix, causative control transitivizer, which applied to the root believe gives it a literal meaning of “cause someone to believe”, thus fool s-o, deceive s-o. It probably has durative on the suffix (third person object), thus changing the to ; this vowel change morpheme is the only one that is applied to change vowels in suffixes–the others only change the vowel in the root. There is a possibility that the change is also to dissimilate (make the word different) from together or possibly , the stem or entry before it in the dictionary. It keeps the durative vowel change on the suffix , so there is a morphological note: causative durative and diminutive continuative. The literal meaning is “fooling someone a little for a while”. These sample entries do not show examples of every abbreviation or type of information or type of entry, but give an idea how entries are constructed and what to get out of them. To interpret the rest of the entries check out the abbreviations given later in this introduction. They show best the types of other information that can be found in various entries, and the lists can be used to look up all abbreviations. Sometimes there are entries which have words from related languages. These are given because they are cognates or words that are related to the word in Halq’eméylem and in most cases to cognate words in other sister Salish languages; linguists can follow the sound correspondences within such cognate sets and reconstruct what the word looked like in the parent language, either Proto-Central Salish or ProtoSalish for example–both are ancestors of Halq’eméylem. These cognate words are similar in shape and in meaning and follow regular sound shifts or correspondences between sister languages. They also often help us to see what the meaning of the root is or was in Halq’eméylem and confirm the spelling of the word in Halq’eméylem. For example if Squamish, Lushootseed and Nooksack have q’ in the word and the Halq’eméylem speakers have some variation between and , the cognates help to show that the is probably the correct sound in spelling the word and is a recent or older variant. The English-to-Halq’eméylem portion of this dictionary is much simpler to use. Here is a brief example. This whole portion of the dictionary is in 10-point type instead of 11-point to maintain the original headers provided by the sorting program. The English is on the left, but all the variant meanings of the Halq’eméylem word are also given to show all the allosemes and the range of meaning of each
-xviiword, affix or idiom. After these allosemes, the word itself in Stó:lÇ orthography appears after two colons (::). Where the main entry of the word is under a root, that is shown after a < (comes from) sign. a the (distant and out of sight, remote), (definite but distant and out of sight, remote), the (abstract), a (remote, abstract), some, (indefinite):: kw'e. the (male, present, visible), the (gender or presence and visibility unspecified), a (male, present and visible), a (gender or presence and visibility unspecified):: te. abandon leave s-o, leave s-th, go away from s-o/s-th, abandon s-o, leave s-o behind:: áyeles < á:y. Abies amabilis or Abies grandis prob. Abies lasiocarpa, if sample is mistaken poss. Abies amabilis or Abies grandis, if term balsam is mistaken poss. a variety of Pseudotsuga menziesii:: q'et'emá:yelhp < q'át'em. Abies grandis:: t'ó:xw ~ t'óxw ~ t'óxw. branch of probably Abies grandis:: t'óxwtses < t'ó:xw ~ t'óxw ~ t'óxw. prob. Abies lasiocarpa, if sample is mistaken poss. Abies amabilis or Abies grandis, if term balsam is mistaken poss. a variety of Pseudotsuga menziesii:: q'et'emá:yelhp < q'át'em. probably Abies grandis:: t'ó:xw ~ t'óxw ~ t'óxw. Abies lasiocarpa prob. Abies lasiocarpa, if sample is mistaken poss. Abies amabilis or Abies grandis, if term balsam is mistaken poss. a variety of Pseudotsuga menziesii:: q'et'emá:yelhp < q'át'em. able be alright, be okay, it's alright, it's okay, can, be able, it's enough, be right, be correct, that's right:: iyólem ~ iyó:lem < éy ~ éy:. aboard be aboard, be in (a conveyance):: eló:lh < ó:lh. get in a canoe, get aboard:: ó:lh. get s-th aboard (a canoe, car, conveyance):: eló:lhstexw < ó:lh. put s-th/s-o aboard, put it on-board:: ó:lhstexw < ó:lh.
About the language Halkomelem is an endangered Central Salish language of the Pacific Northwest (B.C. and Washington) with dialects of Upriver, Downriver, and Island Halkomelem (Elmendorf and Suttles 1960 discusses the differences between dialects as do Hill-Tout 1902 and 1904, Duff 1952, and Kava 1972). Each dialect had subdialects, and for Upriver and Island some of these remain. Gerdts (1977, 1996, 1997, and 1999 for ex.) describes some of the subdialect differences. Island Halkomelem was and is spoken on Vancouver Island from Malahat to Nanoose. Downriver Halkomelem was spoken in the downriver end of the Fraser Valley, from Vancouver to Matsqui; there are still several first language speakers of the Musqueam subdialect in Vancouver, but the last first language speaker of the Matsqui subdialect (a member of the Nooksack tribe, Alice Hunt) passed away June 2004 in Washington. Upriver Halkomelem was and is spoken between Abbotsford and Yale, B.C. and by a few speakers in Whatcom Co., Washington, members of the Nooksack Tribe there. There are probably less than six fluent elders left who spoke Upriver Halkomelem as their first language; the same is true of Downriver Halkomelem, but the situation is somewhat better for Island
-xviiiHalkomelem with probably about 50 such speakers left. Fortunately, for all three dialects, English speaking tribal members have been actively trying to learn and revive the language with the help of five or six linguists and the remaining fluent elders, and there are now some moderately fluent speakers of each. A group of about eight students, three or four years ago, finished a three-year language immersion course in Upriver Halkomelem, and there is a similar number of graduates from an earlier three-year sequence of courses given through Simon Fraser University extensions. The Stó:lÇ Shxwelí language department, at the Stó:lÇ Nation, have given classes from pre-school to adult for 15 to 20 years and for at least 10 years have also used increasingly sophisticated computer lessons which have also been developed (by Dr. Strang Burton); from about 2002 similar work has been done for Upriver Halkomelem by the Nooksack Tribe (coordinated by Catalina Renteria (a graduate of the Simon Fraser University extension program) and now for the Nooksack language by George Adams). Similar efforts have shown good success for Musqueam and Cowichan. The dialects are sufficiently different that separate full grammars have been written for them (Leslie 1979, and Hukari, In preparation for Island or Cowichan; Suttles 2004 for Musqueam (Downriver Halkomelem), and for Upriver Halkomelem (including Chilliwack, Chehalis, Pilaltxw, Sumas, and Tait subdialects) Galloway 1977a and 1993a (for people with linguistic training) and Galloway 1980a (for those without linguistic training). There are also separate dictionaries either done or being completed for each, also based on original fieldwork (Hukari and Peters 1996, and Gerdts, Compton, Edwards, Thorne, & Ulrich 1997), Suttles posthumous, in preparation by Gerdts, and the present work by Galloway). The Upriver Halkomelem subdialects share certain phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features which allow them to be considered as a unit in contrast to Downriver and Island dialects of Halkomelem. Within the Upriver area are the Chilliwack, Chehalis, Pilaltxw, Sumas, and Tait subdialects. I believe Tait includes speakers native to the following areas: Yale, Hope-Katz, Seabird Island, and Laidlaw-Cheam; Chehalis includes Chehalis and Scowlitz; Chilliwack River includes Chilliwack Landing-Rosedale (Pilaltxw), Sardis-Tzeachten, and Soowahlie-Cultus Lake (Pilaltxw includes Chilliwack Landing-Rosedale and is often considered part of the Chilliwack subdialect).. In the Nooksack-Everson-Deming area of Washington, some members of the Nooksack Tribe speak the Chilliwack River dialect (Sardis-Tzeachten), and some speak a dialect more downriver (Kilgard-Sumas and Matsqui microdialects); these last two microdialects probably form a single subdialect and seem to have some distinctive linguistic features of both Upriver and Downriver dialects. With the establishment of an ethnic curriculum and a writing system, the upriver people now refer to themselves and the downriver people in writing as the Stó:lÇ and politically all those except the Musqueam as the Stó:lÇ Nation, though in fact some reserves opt in and out of the Stó:lÇ Nation politically, and the more downriver groups are not politically part of the Stó:lÇ Nation. Linguistically, Upriver Halkomelem, Downriver Halkomelem, and Island Halkomelem will refer to the groupings of dialects. I began work on the language in August 1970 with Mrs. Amy (Lorenzetto) (Commodore) Cooper on the Soowahlie Reserve near Vedder Crossing. I worked with her each summer (or fall) in 1970, 1971, 1972, and 1973, funded by the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages at the University of California, Berkeley. My thesis supervisor was Mary Haas. In 1972 I had only a week in the area but met the Stalo Heritage Project's Elders Group (a group of most of the fluent speakers of Upriver Halkomelem who spoke it as a first language) and worked with the group and with some individual elders twice. In 1973, Amy and I worked together from August to December; during that period, on several occasions, I also visited Mrs. Mary Charles of Seabird Island and with Mrs. Cecilia Thomas of Seabird Island (near Agassiz), who was able to tell me a number of stories in Halkomelem. I also met with Mrs. Nancy Phillips of Chehalis (on Harrison River), who was teaching the language in the Chehalis Reserve federally-funded elementary school. Amy, her husband Albert, and I also made a trip to Yale and visited with Mrs. Margaret Emory of
-xixYale, who spoke only Halkomelem and Thompson. At the end of the year (Dec. 1973), I gave a speech in Halkomelem at a large spirit dance at Tzeachten; the speech was in honor of chief Richie Malloway, who put on the dance, and it also encouraged the preservation and revival of the language. I constructed the speech in Halq’eméylem, then Amy corrected my grammar in the speech and gave me stylistic pointers. Amy was good to work with--patient, diligent, always willing to work, and always willing to travel with me to visit others. She would even call people up (for ex. Elizabeth Herrling and Joe Lorenzetto) to track down particular words she could not remember. In 1974 I self-funded a short trip and was also hired by the Nooksack Tribe in Deming, Wash. to work with their Halkomelem Workshop, which had about 15 fluent speakers of Upriver Halkomelem and the last fluent speaker of Nooksack. In 1974 I applied to the newly started Coqualeetza Education Training Centre in Sardis, B.C. to set up a Halkomelem program for them, develop a writing system, classes, train teachers, and train an elder to replace me to head the program. I was hired and moved to Chilliwack in Jan.1975. Working with both the Elders Group and the Nooksack Tribe’s Halkomelem Workshop, as well as a full-time research assistant elder, through daily and weekly field work plus card files from my work with Amy Cooper (which I began in 1970), we amassed a dictionary card file of 15,000 cards of Halkomelem words with example sentences. Through several grants at different times Coqualeetza was able to employ Wilfred Charlie, Mrs. Tillie Gutierrez, Mrs. Edna Bobb, and Mrs. Amelia Douglas to help with language research and file-slipping. Tillie is and Amelia was fluent in the Tait dialect; Edna was fluent in the Chehalis dialect; and Wilfred knew a little of the Chilliwack (Sardis) dialect. Edna and I, especially, worked together from November 1975 to October 1976. As a result, I elicited, transcribed, and analyzed and she file-slipped several thousand Chehalis forms from her, as well as all the forms from the weekly elders' meetings since 1975; we also transcribed a number of songs and stories. Wilfred, Edna, and Amelia also helped me transcribe some tapes of elders' meetings going back to 1972, though many remain to be transcribed (I understand Elizabeth Phillips has since done those). Amelia and I worked together from May to September 1978 and from November 1979 to July 1980, obtaining several thousand Tait forms and transcribing more songs, conversations, and stories We made a copy of this whole set of file cards before I left the program in the hands of Mrs. Amelia Douglas, one of the graduates of the three Halkomelem Teacher Training courses for elders (Beginning, Intermediate and Advanced, abbreviated as BHTTC, IHTTC, and AHTTC). These courses taught literacy, curriculum development, phonics, grammatical structure, and also were occasions for transcribing a great many new words for the dictionary in the process. Galloway 1979a, 1988b, 2001b, 2002a and 2007a have accounts of this program and the Nooksack program in some detail. From 1978 to 1982 I worked with Ralph Maud and Marie Weeden to transcribe and annotate all of the 50 tapes Marie’s father Oliver Wells had recorded with speakers of Upriver Halkomelem (Maud, Galloway & Weeden 1978-1982), and good portions of the transcripts are published in Maud, Galloway and Weeden 1987. Mrs. Edna Bobb, my elder research assistant during this period, helped me transcribe and translate difficult recorded passages of Halkomelem. Thus, a number of speakers who were already dead when I began my work (Dan Milo, Bob Joe, Albert Louie, Harry Edwards, Mrs. Margaret Jim, and others) have contributed their knowledge to this dictionary; all their recorded words are in this dictionary, as well. In 1984 I received a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to compile an Upriver Halkomelem dictionary and enter data towards a Nooksack language dictionary, learning how to enter and sort the data on computers with Dr. Bob Hsu of the University of Hawaii. Dr. Laurence Thompson and his wife, Terry, as well as Dr. Thom Hess and Vi Hilbert (táqw šcblu) had been working on similar projects for the Thompson and Lushootseed languages, respectively. I learned the basics and a little programming in Hawaii, with their help, and thanks also to linguists at the University of Washington I was able to get started on the mainframe there. Thanks to Dr. Tim Montler and Pam Cahn, who assisted in the computer programming on the mainland and helped me progress from entering data on a Terak
-xxcomputer (before p.c.’s) and sorting it on the mainframe, to converting everything to a p.c. and updated programs. Thanks also to Bob Hsu who, having retired to Seattle with his wife Pam Cahn, continued working with me through the final sorts, and formatting programs to convert the results from DOS to WordPerfect 4, then WordPerfect 8, the dictionary reached a stage where it was ready for final proofing and editing. Having gotten a professorship in 1988 at Saskatchewan Indian Federated College (now First Nations University of Canada in Regina, Saskatchewan), complicated matters a bit, leaving less time for editing. In 1991 the English-to-Halkomelem sort was done. As I got to stages where the whole thing was printed out, I made copies available to the Stó:lÇ Shxwelí for use in classes from 1999 on. In summer 2002, the Nooksack Tribe funded recording of the English-to-Halq’eméylem portion with Mrs. Elizabeth Phillips, on digital camera. Much editing is required to get those files into shape for a CD. The 2004 edition was the first copy completely printed in WordPerfect. I gave copies of that print-out to the both the Stó:lÇ Shxwelí and the Nooksack language department. Bob Hsu’s Lexware program, his crossreferencing program, and formatting program, which he taught me to use and helped me program, debug, and fine-tune for Halq’eméylem, have produced a dictionary I am satisfied with and have allowed me to search for and correct inconsistencies, formatting errors caused by inconsistent data entry, etc. Galloway 1984c, 1985a, 1985b, 1986d, 1987a , 1989c, 1991d, and 1992a describe the use and progress of these programs and my dictionary projects. Thanks also to the Social Sciences and Research Council of Canada for several grants to allow the conversion of all my reel-to-reel and cassette tapes of Halkomelem, Nooksack, Samish, and some of Nakoda to CDs and presentation of these to the Stó:lÇ Nation Archives, the Nooksack tribe, the Samish tribe, and the First Nations University Indian Languages department, respectively. Thanks also to my research assistants, Mary Wilde, Darren Okemaysim, and Sonja van Eijk, who computerized all the Nooksack data and Sonja who converted all the tapes to CD’s, allowing the start of the revival of the Nooksack language and the Samish language. About the elders A dictionary of this scope would not have been possible without the wonderful knowledge, help, and good humor of the elders I was able to work with on both sides of the border and the elders who contributed information to earlier linguists before I began my studies (for ex. “Captain John” Sualis of Soowahlie who worked with Charles Hill-Tout ca 1900-1902; Amy Cooper lived with Captain John when she married his son Commodore). Galloway 1980 and 1993 both have photos of most (if not all) of the elders whose knowledge contributed to this dictionary; Maud, Galloway and Weeden 1987 has photos of those elders whom Oliver Wells recorded, whose knowledge also contributed to this dictionary. What follows are several lists of elders I worked with or transcribed tapes of: 1) alphabetically by last name with their affiliations and Indian names, 2) a compilation, organized by subdialect, of which elders spoke which subdialects of Halq’eméylem, 3) a list alphabetized by abbreviations used for them, abbreviations used (basically their first initial and last initial), and 4) a list of all the sister languages of Halkomelem, classified into branches and showing their dialects and the abbreviations used for their names in this dictionary and in the field of Salishan linguistics in general. Then follows a brief technical section for those trained in linguistics on how to use the dictionary. After that, follows a list of abbreviations for each different type of information, then a list of syntactic abbreviations used in the syntactic analysis sections of each entry. After that is a section giving a key to convert from the Stó:lÇ writing system or orthography to the IPA. Finally is a bibliography of the references used (plus a few referred to but not actually seen by me on Downriver and Island Halkomelem).
-xxiCOQUALEET7A ELDERS GROUP:
INDIAN NAMES (SO FAR AS KNOWN)
Louise Bolan Tillie Bordon Danny Charlie
Xwiyéym
Madeline Charlie Wilfred Charlie Mandy Charnley Amy Cooper Amelia Douglas Dolly Felix Rosaleen George* Al Gutierrez Tillie Gutierrez Elizabeth Herrling* Lucy Jackson Lawrence James Lizzie Johnson Flora Julian Agnes Kelly Francis Kelly Philornena Kelly Ed Leon Sr. Joe Lorenzetto Jeanne McIntyre Teresa Michell Shirley Norris* Hank Pennier Maggie Pennier Evangeline Pete Bertha Peters Mabel Peters Mary Peters Susan (Josh) Peters Albert Phillips Elizabeth Phillips Nancy Phillips Alice Point Roy Point Jean Silver Cecilia Thomas
Tísele, nickname Sp'éqw'oya from sp'éqw 'proud' TemitátkwÇ, Thompson name Kwethómet Tá:wtelót, Katzie name Óyewòt Siyamíya, nickname Táneki Tselxát, a Boothroyd Thompson name Yamelót Swolésiya Xwiyálemot, from xwayólem 'gift one really makes use of' Ts’ats’elexwót Teméxwtel Siyámíya Siyámiyò;t Siyó:mót Swelímeltxw, name from Soowahlie Púlemqen, Port Douglas name Páthiyetel Selhámiya Siyámtelòt, Tl'pá'a, Port Douglas name Tselóyóthelwet nicknames Swék'ten and Sénde T'esóts', Port Douglas name Nickname Ta's Kweláxtelot Málí Siyámò:t, Th'atísiya Siyámiyatéliyòt Sí:le Qwet'óselwet Th'ith'exwemlómét, name from Soowahlie, her grandmother's name Siyólewethet
Slóxiya, Ow'elóxwelwet (name of Thunder too), Ts'símteló:t (daughter of Mt. Cheam) Henry Thomas Chewóteleq (*joined group after it was no longer called Coqualeetza Elders Group; this group still meets weekly)
-xxiiSTALO HERITAGE PROJECT ELDERS GROUP: (besides most of those already listed) Peter Bolan Has 2 names: Xwelíkw'eltel and one other Mary Charles Láime', Thompson name Seraphine Dick Ts'esqílwet Adeline Lorenzetto Ow'et'ósiya, Xéyelwet, Tesyákw'Ç (Thompson name OTHERS WHO CONTRIBUTED HALKOMELEM AT ELDERS MEETINGS AT SARDIS Joe Alec Andy Alex Clara Campbell Annie Grace Chapman Ben James Flossie Joe (dau. of Isaac Joe, Bob Joe’s brother) Rose Jones Stanley Jones Delphine Kelly Ed Kelly Sr. (Sumas/Matzqui dial.) Richie Malloway Sr. Th'eláchiyatel Jimmy Peters (Katz subdial.) P.D. Peters (Katz subdial.) Mary Lou Sepass Johnny Williams Sr. (Scowlitz subdial.) HALKOMELEM WORKSHOP ELDERS GROUP (NOOKSACK TRIBE)-, Martha Castillo Ts'etósiya George Cline Lexé:ym (Nooksack name) Martha Cline Siyamelhót (Tzeachten name) Norma Cline Thxwólemòt (Tzeachten name) Mamie Cooper Ts'átsesamíya (Musqueam name) Esther Fidele SthÇ3 :nelh (Nooksack name) Louisa George Tsisxwísalh, Tsisyúyud (Skagit name) Mabel Hicks Sló'met (Deroche name) Alice Hunt Gyi'xdémqe (a Cape Mudge Kwakwala name), Soyó:lhéwet, Siyáme (name of Agnes James) Sindick Jimmy Xá:xwemelh (a Nooksack name) Susan Jimmy Chúchowelwet (Yakweakwioose name from Squamish) Joe Louie Sákwelti, spelled Sacquilty by him Ernie Paul Gwítsideb (Skagit name) Helen Paul Tsetósiya (Shxway or Skway name) Ella Reid Xó:lelh Bill Roberts Snúlhem'qen (Nooksack name) lyésemqel (Stó:1Ç name) Matilda Sampson Xwélhiya Philoniena Solomon (name not remembered) Dan Swaneset Selhámeten (Nooksack name)
-xxiiiElizabeth Jane Swaneset Maria Villanueva Clara Williams Ollie (Olive) Williams Walt Williams ELDERS ON WELLS TAPES: Bob Joe Dan Milo Mrs. Margaretta Jim (Mrs. August Jim) Edmund Joe Peters (husband of Mary Peters) Harry Edwards Albert Louie John Wallace Mrs. Lena Hope Mrs. Maggie Emory
Lísepet Siyémchesót (Yakweakwioose name) lyálh (Soowahlie name) Swolesót (Soowahlie name) Dedíchbed (Skagit name from "Dutchman")
Xwelxwé:yleq Lhó:kw'elàlèxw Sqewóthelwet
(wasn’t given an Indian name)
Chilliwack dialect: Mrs. Amy (Mary Amy Lorenzetto) Cooper (1886-1975), Vedder Crossing, Soowahlie Reserve (AC); Mrs. Nancy Phillips, Sardis, late of Chehalis (NP); Lawrence James, Chilliwack Landing (LJ1); Danny Charlie, Sr., Chilliwack Landing (DC); Mrs. Susan Jimmy, Sardis, late of Everson, Washington (SJ1); Mrs. Marie Villanueva, Sardis, late of Everson (MV); Mrs. Mamie Cooper, Sardis, late of Everson (MC); Roy Point, Sardis (RP); Richard Malloway, Sr., Sardis (RM); Mrs. Philomena Solomon, late of Everson (PS1); Dan Milo, Sardis, Scowkale Reserve (DM); Bob Joe, Sardis, Tzeachten Reserve (BJ), Albert Louie, Yeqwyeqwíws Res. (AL), Ben James (some Chill.) (BJ2), Bill Roberts (BR), Esther Fidele (also some Nooksack)(EF), Elizabeth Herrling* (EH), Flossie Joe (FJ), Joe Louie, John Wallace, Soowahlie (JW), Louisa George, (also Skagit & Nooksack)(LG), Martha Cline (MC), Mabel Hicks (MH), Mabel Peters some Chilliwack and Downriver, Olive (“Ollie”) Williams (dau. of AC)(OW), Shirley (Julian) Norris, (also Cowichan & some Chehalis) (SN), Wilfred Charlie, some Chilliwack, late of Scowkale, Martha Castillo* (Nooksack Tribe), Francis Kelly of Soowahlie, Tillie Bordon late of Chilliwack (TB). Chehalis dialect: Ed Leon, Sr., Chehalis (EL); Mrs. Dolly Felix, Scowlitz, late of Chehalis (DF); Hank Pennier, Scowlitz (HP) and wife Mrs. Maggie Pennier, formerly from Chehalis (MP1); Mrs. Lizzie Johnson, late of Seabird Island (LJ2); Mrs. Edna Bobb, Chehalis, late of Seabird Island (EB); Mrs. Teresa Michell, Chehalis, late of Cheam Reserve (TM); Mrs. Philomena Kelly, Deroche (PK), Adeline Lorenzetto, Ohamil (AL), Albert Phillips, Chehalis (AP), Alice Point, Chehalis, Rosaleen George (RG), Seraphine Dick, Scowlitz (SD). Tait dialect: Mrs. Cecilia Thomas, Cheam, late of Seabird Island (CT); her husband Henry Thomas, Cheam, late of Seabird Island (HT); Mrs. Susan (Josh) Peters, Union Bar, late of Seabird Island (SP); Mrs. Amelia Douglas, American Bar, late of Cheam Reserve #2 (AD); Mrs. Tillie Gutierrez* and husband Al Gutierrez, both of Katz (TG, AG); Mrs. Agnes Kelly, Laidlaw (AK); Joe Lorenzetto, Laidlaw, late of Boston Bar (JL); Mrs. Mary Peters, American Bar, late of Chilliwack (MP2); Mrs. Philomena Seymour, late of Seabird Island (PS2); Mrs. Maggie Emery, Yale (ME); Stanley Jones, Laidlaw, some Tait (SJ2); tapes of Mrs. Margaret Jim, Laidlaw (MJ), Adeline Lorenzetto, Ohamil (AL), Edmund Joe Peters (husband of Mary Peters), Skw’átets (EJP), Elizabeth Phillips* (also some Chehalis) (EP), Harry Edwards, Cheam (HE), Mrs. Lena Hope, Spuzzum (also Thompson, some Tait
-xxiv(LH), P.D. Peters (Peter D. Peters), Katz (PDP), Rose Jones, Ohamil, some Tait (RJ) Sumas/Kilgard dialect: Mrs. Jeanne Silver, Kilgard (JS); Peter "Speedy" Bolan (PB); Mrs. Ella (Cline) Reid, Kilgard, late of Everson (ER); Mrs. Alice (Cline) Hunt, Matsqui, of Everson, late of Bellingham (AH), Ed Kelly Sr. (EK), Delphine Kelly (DK). Downriver Halkomelem dialects: GC George Cline, Matqui (GC), Norma Cline, Matsqui, Alice Hunt some Chilliwack (AH), perhaps Matilda Sampson, also some Lummi, Mandy Charnley, Katzie, Evangeline Pete, some Katzie, some Tait. All those in the dialect list above but RM, DM, and BJ are or were members of the Coqualeetza Elders Group (more recently the Stó:lÇ Elders Group) or the Halkomelem Workshop at Deming. All of those listed were or are fluent speakers (except where “some” appears before the dialect), but this is not a complete list of the members of the two groups, nor of all the fluent speakers. It is a list of those from whom I have had specific forms or with whom I have had interviews. MP2 and her sister ME spoke Halkomelem and Thompson but little or no English. MJ spoke only Halkomelem and no English. Only those with asterisks by the names in the list above were still alive in 2008. Elders’ names by abbreviations in dictionary AC Amy Cooper AD Amelia Douglas AG Al Gutierrez AH Alice Hunt AK Agnes Kelly AL Albert Louie* AL Adeline Lorenzetto AP Albert Phillips AP Alice Point* BJ Bob Joe BJ2 Ben James BR Bill Roberts CT Cecilia Thomas CW Clara Williams DC Danny Charlie DF Dolly Felix DK Delphine Kelly DM Dan Milo DS Dan Swaneset EB Edna Bobb EF Esther Fidele EH Elizabeth Herrling EJP Edmund Joe Peters (husband of Mary Peters) EJS Elizabeth Jane Swaneset EK Ed Kelly Sr. EL Ed Leon Sr. EP Ernie Paul* EP Evangeline Pete* EP Elizabeth Phillips
-xxvER Ella Reid FJ Flossie Joe (dau. of Isaac Joe, Bob Joe’s brother) FK Francis Kelly GC George Cline HE Harry Edwards HP Helen Paul* HP Hank Pennier HT Henry Thomas JL Joe Lorenzetto JL Joe Louie* JS Jean Silver JW John Wallace LB Louise Bolan LG Louisa George LH Mrs. Lena Hope LJ Lizzie Johnson LJ Lawrence James* MC Martha Cline MC Mandy Chamley* MC Mamie Cooper* MC Madeline Charlie* MC Mary Charles* ME Mrs. Maggie Emory MH Mabel Hicks MJ Mrs. Margaretta Jim (Mrs. August Jim) MP Mabel Peters* MP Mary Peters* MP Maggie Pennier MS Matilda Sampson* MV Maria Villa nueva NC Norma Cline* NP Nancy Phillips OW Olive (“Ollie”) Williams PB Peter Bolan PDP P.D. Peters (Peter D. Peters) PK Philomena Kelly PS Philomena Solomon* PS2 Philomena Seymour RG Rosaleen George RJ Rose Jones RM Richie Malloway Sr. RP Roy Point SD Seraphine Dick SJ Susan Jimmy SJ2 Stanley Jones* SN Shirley Norris SP Susan (Josh) Peters TB Tillie Bordon
-xxviTG Tillie Gutierrez TM Teresa Michell WC Wilfred Charlie WW Walt Williams 80 names in this list *not cited in dictionary by abbreviation but by full name to prevent ambiguity with abbreviations of those cited more often. Abbreviations of related Salish languages and dialects cited in the dictionary (where no abbreviation was used in dictionary none is given here) I Bella Coola Division 1) Bella Coola (BC) II Central [Coast] Division (Central Salish) 2) Comox (Cx) (Island Comox [ICx], Mainland Comox [MCx]) 3) Pentlatch (Pt) 4) Sechelt (Se) 5) Squamish (Sq) 6) Halkomelem (Hk)(3 dialect groups listed below) a) Upriver Halkomelem (UHk) (Chilliwack [Chill.], Chehalis [Cheh.], Tait) b) Downriver Halkomelem (DHk)(Musqueam [Ms], Kwantlen, Katzie) c) Island Halkomelem (IHk)(Nanaimo, Chemainus, Cowichan [Cw]) 7) Nooksack (Nk) 8) Northern Straits (Saanich [Sn or Saan], Sooke [So], Songish [Sg], Lummi [Lm], Samish [Sm or Sam][with subdialects Sma Samish-a[Suttles], Smb Samish-b) (Galloway)], Semiahmoo) 9) Southern Straits (SSt) = Clallam or Klallam (Cl) 10) Lushootseed [Puget (Sound) Salish] (Ld) (Northern incl. Skagit, etc., Southern) 11) Twana (Tw) III Tsamosan [Olympic] Division 12) Quinault (Queets, Quinault) 13) Lower Chehalis 14) Upper Chehalis 15) Cowlitz IV Oregon Division 16) Tillamook (Tillamook, Siletz) V Interior Division A) Northern 17) Lillooet [St’át’imcets] (Lill.)(Upper [Lillooet-Fountain], Lower [Mount Currie-Douglas]) 18) Shuswap (Sh) (Western, Eastern) 19) Thompson B) Southern 20) Colville-Okanagan (Ok) (Northern, Southern) 21) Columbian (Cb) 22) Spokane-Kalispel-Flathead (Spokane, Kalispel, Flathead [“Selish”]) 23) Coeur d’Alene (Cd)
-xxviiHow to Use the Dictionary (an introduction for those with linguistic training) The Quick-Start section in the beginning of this introduction shows how to use the dictionary, how it is set up, and gives some simple and complex examples of entries and how to read and use them. It is written for those wishing to use the dictionary who aren’t linguists. A few more details are given here in technical language for linguists. The Halq’eméylem-to-English section is a root dictionary, with cross-references to show each word and which root it has (where more information is given about that word). All affixes are also given with examples of words in which they occur. I have tried to discover the root of every word, but some resist further analysis (unanalyzed stems). Cognates have assisted with this derivation. Each headword (or entry) begins with a transcription of the word in the Stó:lÇ orthography, which I developed in 1975 from slight modifications of the Bouchard orthography. Then the morphological category (abbreviation in table below) come next. IPA transcriptions, morphophonemic (with all affixes segmented), then sometimes phonemic and/or phonetic transcriptions, where notable, follow next. All variant meanings are given (allosemes) and semantic domains and subdomains are given for each in allcaps; these domains and subdomains also provide the semantic environment of allosemes of surrounding words in the sentence or nearby text or conversation, which help speakers and learners to predict which alloseme is most likely for each word. Full information is given about any dialect limitations of forms or variants. The source of each word (the speaker or speakers) is given for each word and example sentence. Most entries have example sentences obtained in linguistic field-work. I have not included any forms I have made up, except for a handful (less than 15) which have been verified by named speakers. Other sources are given for words obtained by earlier linguists from Gibbs (1858-1863) to as late as data from Su Urbanczyk in 2002. Cognates have been found for a huge number of words and are given; many were obtained from the work of Aert Kuipers and others before his published Salish Etymological Dictionary. I have not rechecked all those, but obtained many from other published sources or the linguists themselves by personal correspondence in the 1970's. There is a wide range of phonological processes, morphological comments, syntactic comments, and semantic comments, the latter including cultural information. The morphological and syntactic categories of each word are given as well. Since the Proto-Central Salish stative prefix /§as-/ has become /s-/ in Upriver Halkomelem, and since the nominalizer /s=/ has the same shape, there are a huge number of words beginning with (angle brackets enclose graphemes). I have put them all under their roots but have also cross-referenced them all under the letter . The nominalizer also has many words cross-referenced to the roots where the words are found in more detail. A similar process was followed with all other words with prefixes. Scientific names are given for all flora and fauna (based on earlier work I did and aided by work on other languages by Nancy Turner, Randy Bouchard, Dorothy Kennedy, and others, see References). There is an extensive English-to-Halkomelem section after the Halkomelem-to-English section just discussed; it is a finder-list or index (some 667 pages or so) for looking up each meaning of each morpheme, affix, word, and idiom. Thus it doesn’t have detail on the analysis of the Halkomelem forms except to list what root or stem they may be found under; since they are cross-referenced one can just look up the word directly in the first section of the dictionary to find the root where more information is given. The Halq'eméylem-to-English section is arranged in alphabetical order by the Stó:lÇ or Halq'eméylem orthography (a, ch, ch’, e, h, i, k, k’, kw, kw’, 1, Ih, m, n, o, Ç, p, p’, q, q’, qw, qw’, R (reduplication), s, sh, t, t’, th, th’, tl’, ts, ts’, u, w, x, xw, x, xw, y, *). I have found the articulatory order used in dictionaries by some Dutch linguists to be more difficult to use myself, and it would require additional linguistic training for beginning students of the language who have not yet studied linguistics. Angle brackets (for graphemes) show that an entry or example is in the Halq'eméylem orthography. Square brackets enclose phonetic transcriptions, single slashes enclose phonemic transcriptions, double
-xxviiislashes enclose segmented morphophonemic transcriptions and allomorphs–all of these are in the International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA. Violin brackets sometimes enclose morphemes. Square brackets with single quotes enclose allosemes, the semantically similar, variant meanings of a morpheme, word, or idiom which are predictable in degree of likelihood from the semantic environment (especially from matching subdomains of the allosemes) of the surrounding words, sentences, or speech event and shared culture and other shared information between speaker and hearer. Slashes with single quotes enclose sememes (shortened summaries or lists of all or the most common meanings of a morpheme, word, or idiom). Each sememe (as in the work of Bloomfield and Nida separately) is the sum total of all the allosemes or variant meanings of a morpheme, word, or idiom. Double slashes plus single quotes enclose morphosememic transcriptions (which show alternations of sememes, much as double slashes alone show alternations of phonemes). These levels and notations are discussed in my work on Three-Dimensional Semantics (for ex. Galloway 1971, 1977a, 1987b, 1989b, c, d, 1992a, 1993a, b, c), more recently called Multidimensional Semantics or Integrated Cognitive Semantics (Galloway 2000b, 2001a). The types of information included in the Halq'eméylem-to-English portion are included in the following order: 1) roots, affixes, or words in the orthography; 2) after some affixes come the International Phonetic Alphabet (Americanist) phonemic transcription, 3) second in the other entries is the morphemic class (abbreviated) of the head entry (free root, da = derivational affix, ia = inflectional affix, iecs = indirect effect control stem, etc., see below for list with all these); 4) the semantic domain or subdomain of the first alloseme (in all caps, abbreviated in most cases, PRON = PRONOUNS, ABDF = ANIMAL BODY DYSFUNCTIONS, SPRD = SPIRIT DANCING, etc., see below for a complete list); 5) the alloseme or sememic transcription of the first meaning of the entry; 6) sometimes another domain or subdomain name where the alloseme has membership in more than one domain (domain names show the semantic context which makes the alloserne most likely in that context); 7) where there are allosemes in different domains the new domain name is next followed by the alloseme; 8) a phonetic or phonological comment, if any; 9) morphological comment, if any; 10) syntactic comment, if any; 11) other sources of this word or affix in any dialect of Halkomelem; 12) cognates in related languages (with abbreviated language name, IPA transcription, abbreviation of source for this word) 13) dialect variants, if any, with initials of the elders or elders groups which attested the entry (for ex., AC = Mrs. Amy Cooper; IHTTC = Intermediate Halq'eméylem Teacher Training Course with ten elders, etc., see lists above); 14) examples of the morpheme (in words or sentences) or examples of the word (in phrases or sentences, whenever available, first in the Halq'eméylem orthography, then in the IPA (Americanist) transcription; 15) the translation of the word, phrase or sentence; 16) the initials of the elder or elder's group that attested the word, phrase, or sentence;. 17) after the root entries are complete, next come derivations of the root, with the 16 types of information just listed for roots listed for each derivation, each derivation is indented once from the entry it derives from; 18) next come derivations of the previous derivation with information in the same order--if there are no such subderivations then the next derivation from the root or word follows. The following is a list of abbreviations used for all semantic domains and subdomains and other abbreviations (in all cases these were labels for particular types of information). All abbreviations in allcapital letters are for information in English; most are domain or subdomain names. All abbreviations in
-xxixall-small letters have information in Halq'eméylem. A number of these abbreviations have been replaced by the full terms throughout the dictionary. Although this may add a few pages, it makes the dictionary much easier to use; a dictionary where every other term has to be looked up in charts of abbreviations is difficult to use. Since the language is so endangered, I hope it will be used extensively by learners and teachers, so ease of use is crucial if the language is to survive. Even if the dictionary can’t be used all the time by learners, it will hopefully serve to document and preserve the large amount of knowledge the elders have passed on here. Labels used for each different type of information (fields or bands, Band labels) A ABDF ABFC ABI ACL alt ANA ANAA ANAB ANAF ANAH ANAR ant asin ASM ASP bens BLDG BOT BSK CAN caus cdia cf cfr cfs CH chrs CJ ck CK CLO CM cmdf
attested by animal body dysfunctions (incl. human)(subdomain) animal body functions (incl. human)(subdomain) animal (incl. human) body insults (subdomain) acculturated (post-contact) meaning alternative name anatomy anatomy--animal (subdomain) anatomy--bird (subdomain) anatomy--fish (subdomain) anatomy--human (subdomain) anatomy--reptile (subdomain) antonym as in (example of affix in a word) alloseme aspect (subdomain of TIME) benefactive stem buildings (names, parts, functions, how to make them)(subdomain) botanical scientific name (in Latin) basketry (types, parts, functions, how to make)(subdomain) canoes and other transportation (types, parts, functions, verbs for making, repairing and canoeing [strokes, etc.])(subdomain) causative control stem see dialect form (fewer dialects have this form or dialects which are not the original source of the main form) compare with form compare with root compare with stem Christianity (subdomain) characteristic stem conjunctions and logical operators check Indian form check English form clothing and ornaments (names, parts, functions, how to make, may incl. WV as subsubdomain)(subdomain) linguist's commentary see main dialect form (this form is found in more dialects or in a dialect which is the original source of the word)
-xxxCONV cpds cpvs CST CSR ctr cts D DEM DESC df di DIR dmn dms dmv dnom dp drs ds durs EB EFAM ETH EZ FIRE FOLK FOOD FR FRP frqs FSH G GA GAM GC HARV
conversation and speech (domain) compound stem comparative stem change of physical state (inanimate)(domain?) constructions other than buildings (names, parts, functions, how to construct them)(subdomain) contrast (with following word or words of similar meaning) continuative stem dialectal limitation demonstrative (domain)(prob. subsumed under DIR) descriptive words (incl. diminutive)(domain) derived form (root or derivational affix unclear) derivational infix directions (general adverbs, prepositions and demonstratives)(domain) diminutive nominal diminutive stem diminutive verb derived nominal derivational prefix derivational suffix derived stem durative stem ethnobotany (common names)(domain of flora) emotions, feelings, attitudes, mental processes, interjections (domain) ethnographic information ethnozoology (common names)(domain of fauna, incl. man) fire features and functions (domain) folk classification (groupings and hierarchies) food (domain) borrowed from (lists language name, then ^Indian word^)(^ = cap6) possibly borrowed from frequentative stem fishing (devices, parts, functions, processing the catch, making the devices)(subdomain) gloss (of single-word example) grammatical analysis games (domain) grammatical comment (incl. morphological categories) harvesting (devices, parts and functions, techniques, how to make the devices, processing the harvest)(subdomain) HAT human age terms (subdomain) HHG household goods (names, parts, functions, how to make)(subdomain, prob. subsubdomain under BLDG) HUMC categories of humans (domain)(includes subdomains: HAT, KIN, SOC, N) HUNT hunting (devices, parts, functions, techniques, how to make devices, processing the catch) (subdomain) IC informant's commentary IDOC Indian doctoring (subdomain) ie in-context example (phrase or sentence) iecs indirect effect control stem
-xxxiii IL incs. inss ip irg is its izs KIN LAND LIT LO LT lx MC
inflectional infix illustration (to show source)? inceptive stem instrumental stem inflectional prefix irregular form(s) inflectional suffix iterative stem intransitivized stem kinterms (subdomain) land features and functions (domain) (=SMM) literal meaning (triggers sememic notation /' '/) loanword (probably not needed, FR band will suffice)? qualities of light (subdomain) lexical affix (not to replace semological band as main entry) material culture (domain)(incl. subdomains: BLDG, BSK, CAN, CLO, CSR, FSH, HARV, HHG, HUNT, MUS, TOOL, WV) mdls middle voice stem MED medical information (techniques, medicines, functions, how to prepare, mainly secular) (subdomain, merges at edge with REL:IDOC) MOOD moods: interrog., subjunct., imperative, declarative (domain) mos motion stem (in ye-) mpcl modal particle MUS music (names, parts, functions, devices, techniques, techniques for making the devices and using them)(subdomain) MYC myth character name (subsubdomain of N) N personal names (inherited, nicknames)(subdomain of HUMC) nca numeral classifier affix ncr non-control root ncrs non-control reflexive stem ncs non-control stem NOG no gloss NUM numerals, their functions, and plurals (domain) numc numeral compound ? numr numeral root nums numeral stem o orthography OS other sources (gives source ref. and form) pbf probable form PBG probable gloss pbr probable root PC phonological comment (incl. phonological processes: backing or fronting (bof), consonant alternation (ca), consonant merger (cmrg), glottalization and deglottalization (gl), labialization and delabialization (lab), metathesis (M), ablaut (A), vowel merger (vmrg), stress-shift (- 3- or = 3=), lengthening (-:-, =:=), stressed transitivizer (stz), stressed intransitivizer (siz), etc.) pcr purposeful control root pcrs purposeful control reflexive stem pcs purposeful control stem
-xxxiiphm phn pln PLN plr pls plv pncs posf POSG posr POW prcs PRON prr psal Q QUAL r rcps rej REL rfls rsls rf S sas SCG SD SENS SM SMC SME SMM
phonemic transcription phonetic transcription plural nominal place name (subdomain) plural root plural stem plural verb psychological non-control stem possible form possible gloss possible root spirits and powers Proto-Central Salish pronouns (definite, indefinite, etc.)(domain) perhaps related to root Proto-Salish questionable ? qualifiers (general adverbial)(domain) root (bound root form) reciprocal stem rejected form religion (domain)(incl. subdomains: CH, IDO, POW, SPD) reflexive stem resultative stem root form (free root form) source reference structured activity stem Salish cognate sound (subdomain) senses and perceptions (domain)(incl. subdomains: LT, SD, SM, TAST, TCH) smell (subdomain) semantic comment semantic environment (which conditions allosemes)(=old SMC band) morphosememic development (triggers //' '// notation; used only where a combination of sememes (meanings of morphemes or words or phrases) produces a meaning different that the sum of its parts) SMN semantic transcription (narrow semantic info., semantic components, triggers semantic notation [' '])(allosemes could be listed here but are usually listed under domains as subentries) SPRD spirit dancing (subdomain) (could use SPD) SQ posited source STA syntactic analysis SOC social terms (status, occupational, tribal, national, social transactions, etc.) (subdomain) STC syntactic comment stca stative causative control stem stie stative indirect effect control stem stnc stative non-control stem stpc stative purposeful control stem stpn stative psychological non-control stem
-xxxiiistvi strs su syn TAST TCH TIB TIME tlcs TN TOOL TVMO uf us US UX UXB UXG UXH UXP UXPN UXQ UXZ VALJ vir vis VOIC WATR WETH WV ZOO
stative intransitive verb stem stative resultative ? stem see under stem synonym taste (subdomain) touch (subdomain) transitivizers, intransitivizers, benefactives (subdomain) time periods and tenses (domain) translocational? stem translation of sentence example tools for making things (names, parts, techniques for making and using)(subdomain) travel and motion (domain) underlying form (morphophonemic, triggers // // notation) unanalyzable stem usage (sociolinguistic comments, etc.) unexplained form or problem unexplained botanical identification or info. unexplained grammatical detail historical or comparative notes unexplained phonological detail unexplained place name info. adjustments required between files ? unexplained zoological identification or info. value judgements (domain) intransitive verb root intransitive verb stem voice (active, middle, reflexive, reciprocal, passive)(subdomain) water features and functions weather features and functions weaving (techniques, devices, parts, dyeing, designs, functions) (subsubdomain) scientific zoological name (in Latin)
SYNTACTIC ABBREVIATIONS adem adverbial demonstrative apas ambiguous past apcl adverbial particle aug augmentative avop active verb object pronoun avps past adverbial cau causative control (purposeful) chr characteristic cj conjunction cptv completive aspect cpv comparative ct continuative aspect dema demonstrative article demc demonstrative conjunction demp demonstrative pronoun
-xxxivdm drv dst dur frq fut hbt hpas icsp iec ij imp inc ind inom inp ins iopv ipp it ivp mdl ncm nct nctv ndem nmps nom np-a npa npas npc npm nps nqps oc pasf pass pcl pcsa pcsi per pers pl pnc ppl pres prof
diminutive directive (may only be in Nooksack)? distributive durative aspect frequentative aspect future tense habitual aspect historical past tense independent clause subject pronoun indirect effect control interjection imperative inceptive aspect indirective ? indefinite nominal independent nominal pronoun instrumental (creates words for devices, etc.)(need better label) ? independent object of prepositional verb independent possessive pronoun iterative aspect independent verbal pronoun middle voice non-control middle ? non-control transitive non-continuative aspect nominal demonstrative nominal past nominal nominal phrase minus article nominal phrase with apposition negative habitual past nominal phrase with conjoining nominal phrase with modifier(s) simple nominal phrase negative interrogative past out-of-control past affixed passive particle purposeful control structured activity purposeful control stem inanimate object preferred persistent persistent stem plural psychological non-control participle (=stative) present tense professional
-xxxvpsv psvf qaf qpas rcp rfl rlcl rpt rsl sa sbcl scjs scpv sij siz sjsp sna spp ssjp sspv st stz svpa tlc vadv vaj vaux vdem vpad vpmd vpn vppa vpq vpro vprp vpx vq xpas
possessive possessive pronoun affix interrogative affix interrogative past reciprocal reflexive relative clause repetitive aspect resultative structured activity subordinate clause sentence + coordinating conjunction + sentence sentence comparative sentence with interjection stressed intransitivizer subjunctive subject pronoun sentence with nominal in apposition sentence with prepositional phrase sentence with subjunctive phrase sentence superlative stative aspect (=ppl) stressed transitivizer sentence with verb phrase in apposition translocational ? adverbial verb adjectival verb auxiliary verb demonstrative verb verb phrase with adverbial verb, adverbial particle, or adverbial demonstrative verb phrase with modal particle verb phrase with negative verb phrase with past tense verb phrase with yes/no interrogative pronominal verb, = verbal pronoun prepositional verb verb phrase with auxiliary interrogative verb auxiliary past
Spelling and orthography The Key below gives the International Phonetic Alphabet (Americanist) equivalents for each symbol in the Stó:lÇ orthography. Orthographic symbols which are made up of two or three characters (digraphs and trigraphs resp.) are always pronounced as a single sound, a unit and almost never occur as clusters to two or more sounds. When they do (as in éts-’ets stutter), a hyphen separates them. Notice that the writing system is phonemic in almost every case. Only /c/ and /s/ have allophones which are written differently from each other in the Stó:lÇ orthography.
-xxxviKey to the Official Orthography of Upriver Halkomelem Stó:lÇ Orthography
IPA equivalents = /e/ [æ] before length or under high or mid tone () with rare exceptions = /e/ [e] elsewhere, i.e., under low tone (unmarked) and short () = /c/ [ ] = /c’/ [ ’] = /c/ [w] between or next to palatal sounds [l, |, xy, y, s, ¢, ¢’] = /c/ [] between or next to labial(ized) sounds [m,w, kw , k’w , qw , q’w , xw , x. w ] = /c/ [ ~ c] elsewhere = /h/ [h] = /i/ [i] = /k/ [k ~ ky] after = /k/ [kh ~ kyh] elsewhere (aspirated except after /s/) = /k’/ [k’] = /kw / [kw ] after = /kw / [kwh] elsewhere (aspirated except after /s/) = /k’w / [k’w ] = /l/ [l] = /|/ [|] = /m/ [m] = /n/ [n] = /a/ [a] = /o/ [o] = /p/ [p] after = /p/ [ph] elsewhere (aspirated except after /s/) = /p’/ [p’] = /q/ [q] after = /q/ [qh] elsewhere (aspirated except after /s/) = /q’/ [q’] = /qw / [qw ] after = /qw / [qwh] elsewhere (aspirated except after /s/) = /q’w / [q’w ] = /s/ [s] everywhere except before = /s/ [š] only before except in a few loan words from French or English = /t/ [t] after = /t/ [th] elsewhere (aspirated except after /s/) = /t’/ [t’] = // [] = // [t ’] = /8%*/ [8%*] = /c/ [¢] = /c’/ [¢’] = /u/ [u] = /w/ [w] = /xy/ [=x ~ =xy]
-xxxvii = /xw / [xw ]
= /x/ . [x] .
= /x. w / [x. w ]
= /y/ [y]
= /§/ [§] except after stops ( where the mark glottalizes the consonant)
= /·/ [·] (length, one mora)
= /3/ [5] (high tone, usually a pitch 5 whole tones above low tone)
= /4/ [3] (mid tone, usually a pitch 3 whole tones above low tone) no mark on vowel = / / [1] (low tone) References Abbreviations used below AA = American Anthropologist AL = Anthropological Linguistics BCILP = British Columbia Indian Language Project ICSL = International Conference on Salish Languages (after 1983 International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages) IJAL = International Journal of American Linguistics UCPL = University of California Publications in Linguistics UHWPL = University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics UMOPL = University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics UWPA = University of Washington Publications in Anthropology WCCSL = Working Conference on Central Salish Languages Adams, George, Brent Galloway, and Catalina Renteria. 2005. "A Nooksack Story from 1956; How to Become an Indian Doctor." A paper presented at the 40th ICSL and published in University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, 16:1-31. Amoss, Pamela (Thorsen). 1955-1956, 1969-1970. Nooksack language field notes. Unpublished ms. __________. 1961. "Nuksack phonemics". Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Washington. __________. 1978. Coast Salish Spirit Dancing: The Survival of an Ancestral Religion. Seattle:
University of Washington Press. Bates, Dawn, Thom Hess, and Vi Hilbert. 1994. Lushootseed Dictionary. Ed. by Dawn Bates. Seattle: University of Washington Press Beaumont, Ronald C. 1980. Personal communication Beaumont, Ronald C. 1983. Personal communication. Beaumont, Ronald C. 1985. She Shashishalhem: The Sechelt Language. Theytus Books, Penticton, B.C. Boas, Franz. 1886. "Pentlatch materials" [Pentlatch language field notes, esp. Pentlatch-English, English-Pentlatch, and Pentlatch-German word lists]. Unpublished ms., #APS-L 30(S2j.3, in the Boas Collection, American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia. __________. 1890 (or 1886b). "Scowlitz materials" [handwritten ms. field notes, a short word list] in the Boas Collection, American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia. __________. 1895a. Indianische Sagen von der nordpacifischen Küste Amerikas. Berlin: A. Asher __________ (Bouchard & Kennedy). 2002. Indian Myths & Legends from the North Pacific Coast of America: A Translation of Franz Boas' 1895 Edition of Indianische Sagen Von Der Nord-Pacifischen Kuste Amerikas (by Dietrich Bertz), Edited by Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy. Vancouver: Talonbooks.
-xxxviiiBouchard, Randy. 1974a. "Classified word list for B.C. Indian languages, Straits (Saanich) version". Unpublished ms., BCILP, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1974b. "Classified word list for B.C. Indian languages, Halkomelem (Cowichan) version". Unpublished ms., BCILP, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1974c. "Classified word list for B.C. Indian languages, Thompson version" Unpublished ms., BCILP, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1975. "Classified word list for B.C. Indian languages, Mainland Comox (Tl'úhus dialect) version (preliminary version)". Unpublished ms., BCILP, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1977. "Classified word list for B.C. Indian languages, Sechelt version". Unpublished ms., BCILP, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1978a. "Classified word list for B.C. Indian languages, Squamish (corrected) version (corrections largely by Louis Miranda)". Unpublished ms., BCILP, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1978b. A portion of the "Classified word list for B.C. Indian languages, Island Comox version (preliminary version)". Unpublished ms., BCILP, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1982, 1983. Personal communications. Bouchard, Randy, and Nancy J. Turner. 1976. "Ethnobotany of the Squamish Indian People of British Columbia." Unpublished report for the Squamish Indian Band North Vancouver, B.C. BCILP. Charles, Al, Richard A. Demers, and Elizabeth Bowman. 1978. " Introduction to the Lummi language". Unpublished ms., University of Arizona, Western Washington University and Lummi Indian Reservation. Davis, John H. 1970. " Some phonological rules in Mainland Comox". Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Victoria. __________. 1981, 1982. Personal communications. Demers, Richard A. 1972. "Stress assignment in ablauting roots in Lummi". Paper presented at the 7th ICSL, Bellingham, Washington. __________. 1980a. "The category AUX in Lummi". Paper presented at the l5th ICSL, Vancouver, B.C. __________. 1980b. "§u§ in Lummi". Handout circulated at the 1st WCCSL, Vancouver, B.C. __________. 1982. Personal communication. Duff, Wilson. 1952. The Upper Stalo Indians of the Fraser Valley, British Columbia. (Anthropology in British Columbia Memoir 1.) Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum, Department of Education. Efrat, Barbara S. 1969. "A grammar of non-particles in Sooke, a dialect of Straits Coast Salish". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. __________. 1970-1972, 1974. Nooksack language field notes. Unpublished ms. Elmendorf, William W. and Wayne Suttles. 1960. " Pattern and change in Halkomelem Salish dialects". AL 2.7:1-32. Galloway, Brent D. 1970-2002. Upriver Halkomelem field notes. Unpublished ms. __________. 1971. "Some Similarities Between Semology and Phonology (With Illustrations from Chilliwack Halkomelem)," a paper given at the 6th ICSL, Victoria, B.C., Aug. 16-18, 1971 (all ICSL papers after 1973, except late papers, are printed in a collection of working papers distributed in advance to the participants). __________. 1973a. "Reduplication in the Chilliwack Dialect of Halkomelem," a paper given at the Group in American Indian Languages, U.C. Berkeley, May 10, 1973. __________. 1973b. "Reduplication in the Chilliwack Dialect of Halkomelem (With a Sketch of Phonemics)," a paper given at the 8th ICSL, Eugene, Oregon, Aug. 13-15, 1973. __________. 1973c. "Practical Phonetic System (PPS), Part 3," (written for Casey Wells to give
-xxxixIPA equivalents and articulatory explanations for his PPS in which all Halkomelem words from Oliver Wells' and Casey Wells' field work and writings are published). __________. 1974-1981. Nooksack and Halkomelem language field notes (Deming). Unpublished ms. __________. 1974a. "Halkomelem Personal Pronouns (PPS Version)," a paper given at the Group in American Indian Languages, U.C. Berkeley, Jan. 28, 1974 (another version of this paper, 1974b, is in Randy Bouchard's Halkomelem orthography, which I later modified and developed as the Stó:lÇ orthography, now the accepted one in use in B.C. and Washington). __________. 1975. "Two Lessons in Time in Upriver Halkomelem," a paper given at the 10th ICSL, Ellensburg, Washington, Aug. 14- 16, 1975. In Lektos, special issue, Fall 1975, ed. by Robert St. Clair, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky., pp. 56-66. __________. 1976a. Lessons in Upper Stalo Halkomelem, (29 lessons), Coqualeetza Education Training Centre, Sardis, B.C. __________. 1976b. The First Upper Stalo Calendar, 1976-1977, illustrations by Sonny Wilson and Vaughn Jones, Coqualeetza Education Training Centre, Sardis, B.C. __________. 1976c. "Anatomy in Upper Stalo Halkomelem, A Morphosememic Study," a late paper given at the 11th ICSL, Seattle, Wash., Aug. l2-l4, 1976. __________. 1977a. A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Mich. (#77-3l364, 2 vols., 721 pp.) __________. 1977b. "Numerals and Numeral Classifiers in Upriver Halkomelem," a paper given at the Western Conference on Linguistics, Victoria, B.C., Oct.14-15, 1977. __________. 1978a. "Semantics and Halkomelem," invited talk given Feb. 3, 1978 at the Colloquium on Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. __________. 1978b. "Control and Transitivity in Upriver Halkomelem," in Papers of the XIII International Conference on Salishan Languages, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., pp. 105-156. __________. 1978c. "Patterns in the Domain of Halkomelem Anatomy," a paper given at the Linguistic Society of America, 53rd Annual Meeting, Boston, Mass., Dec. 28-30, 1978. __________. 1979a. "Models for Training Native Language Instructors," in Conference Report, "Wawa Kunamokst Nesika", British Columbia Native Language Instructors Conference, (held Mar. 25-27, 1979 at Richmond, B.C.), Office of Indian Education, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, B.C. (each paper is paginated separately, mine has pp.1-1 __________. 1979b. "Index to Upriver Halkomelem Fauna," in two versions, Americanist IPA and practical orthography, (contains scientific identifications [to subspecies where possible]| for about 300 Halkomelem terms for fauna). __________. 1979c. "Upriver Halq'eméylem Ethnobotany," in practical orthography, with ethnographic data, linguistic derivations and scientific identifications for about 200 plants. __________. 1979d. "Towards an Ethnozoology of Upriver Halkomelem," a paper given at the 43rd International Congress of Americanists, Vancouver, B.C., Aug. 10-17, 1979, Symposium on Amerindian Ethnolinguistics. __________. 1980a. The Structure of Upriver Halq'eméylem, A Grammatical Sketch and Classified Word List for Upriver Halq'eméylem, Coqualeetza Education Training Centre, Sardis, B.C. __________. 1980b. "Halkomelem Ethnometeorology," a paper given at the 19th Conference on American Indian Languages, American Anthropological Association, 79th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., Dec. 3-7, 1980. __________. 1981. "Halkomelem Speech Events," in University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics, #2, 1981, "The Working Papers of the XVI ICSL," compiled by Anthony Mattina and
-xlTim Montler, University of Montana, Missoula, Mont., pp. 181-201. __________. 1982a. "Proto-Central Salish Phonology and Sound Correspondences," a monograph presented in part as a late paper at the 17th ICSL, Portland, Ore., Aug. 9-11, 1982. __________. 1982b. Upper Stó:lo Ethnobotany, Coqualeetza Education Training Centre, Sardis, B.C. (revision of #17 above). __________. 1983a. "A Look at Nooksack Phonology," in Working Papers of the 18th International Conference on Salishan Languages, compiled by Eugene Hun. and Bill Seaburg, University of Washington Seattle, Wash., pp. 80-132. __________. 1983b. "Nooksack Pronouns, Transitivity, and Control," a paper presented at the 22nd Conference on American Indian Languages, American Anthropological Association, 82nd Annual Meeting, Chicago, Ill., Nov. 17-20, 1983. __________. 1984a. "A Look at Nooksack Phonology," in Anthropological Linguistics, 26 (1):13-41, Anthropology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., Spring 1984 issue. __________. 1984b. "Nooksack Reduplication," in Papers of the XIX International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages, special issue of Working Papers of the Linguistic Circle, University of Victoria, 4 (2):81-100, Victoria, B.C., June 1984 issue. __________. 1984c. "Computerized Dictionaries of Upriver Halkomelem and Nooksack," a paper presented at the 23rd Conference on American Indian Languages, American Anthropological Association, 83rd Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo., Dec. 14-18, 1984 __________. 1985a. "Hardware and Software for a Salish Dictionary Project," an article in The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas Newsletter 4 (1):7-8, Feb. 1985, ed. Victor Golla, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. __________. 1985b. "TABLHELP.Text, A Guide to Using TABLEDIT," unpublished ms. and free software file. __________. 1985c. "The Original Territory of the Nooksack Language," International Journal of American Linguistics, 5l (4): 416-418. __________. 1985d. "The Samish Dialect Within Straits Salish," a paper presented at the 24th Conference on American Indian Lang uages, American Anthropological Association, 84th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., Dec. 4-8, 1985. __________. 1986a. "A Look at Some Proto-Central Salish Sound Correspondences," a paper presented at the Mary R. Haas Festival Conference, University of California at Santa Cruz, June 23-27,1986, an expanded version appeared as 1988a. __________. 1986b. Review of "She Shashishalhem, The Sechelt Language," by Ronald C. Beaumont (1985, Theytus Books), BCLA Reporter (British Columbia Library Association), 30,1:34-35, July 1986. __________. 1986c. "Samish Phonology," paper given at the 21st ICSL. Working Papers for the 21st International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages, pp.64-99. University of Washington, Seattle. __________. 1986d. "Discoveries from Computerized Salishan Dictionaries," invited talk with extensive handout, given at a Linguistics Department Colloquium, University of Washington, Seattle, Dec. 15th. __________. 1987a. "Computerized Dictionaries of Halkomelem and Nooksack: Some Discoveries So Far," given as a late paper at the 22nd International Conference on Salishan Languages, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1987b. "Three-Dimensional Semantics, The Structure and Function of Semantic Domains," invited talk given at the University of Hawaii Linguistics Seminar, Nov. 10, 1987. __________. 1987c. "The Structure and Function of Semantic Domains," a paper given at the 26th Conference on American Indian Languages, AAA Annual Meeting, Chicago.
-xli__________. 1988a. "Some Proto-Central Salish Sound Correspondences," pp. 293-343 in a refereed subset of the conference papers, entitled, In Honor of Mary Haas, From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics, edited by William Shipley, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin. __________. 1988b. "The Upriver Halkomelem Language Program at Coqualeetza," Human Organization, 47,4:291-297. __________. 1988c. "Metaphor in a Salish Language or Two," a paper given at the 27th Conference on American Indian Languages, AAA Annual Meeting, Phoenix. __________. 1988d. "The 1987 Salish Conference," IJAL 54:365-366. __________. 1989a. "Review of The Bella Coola Language by Hank F. Nater", IJAL, 55.1:97-105, (Jan. 1989). __________. 1989b. "Metaphors, Allosemes, and Semantic Domains in Salish and Algonquian Languages," an invited paper given at the Session on Cognitive Grammar and American Indian Languages, Southwestern Anthropological Association, 60th Annual Meeting, Riverside, Calif., April 27-29, 1989. __________. 1989c. "3-D Semantics and the First Halkomelem Dictionary," a paper given at the 28th Conference on American Indian Languages, American Anthropological Assoc. Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. __________. 1989d. "Three-Dimensional Semantics: Language, Culture and Cognition", First DILLL Lunchbox Talk, given with handout Nov. 1989. __________. 1990a. A Phonology, Morphology, and Classified Word List for the Samish Dialect of Straits Salish (Mercury Series, National Museum of Man, Canadian Ethnology Service, Ottawa, Ont.). __________. 1990b. "3-D Semantics Meets Discourse Analysis," a paper given at the 29th Conference on American Indian Languages, American Anthropological Assoc. Annual Meeting, New Orleans. __________. 1991a. "Some Cognate Words to Halkomelem Words on Economy", exhibits 31 and 32 in HMQ v. Alfred Hope et al, Fishing Rights case. __________. 1991b. "Review of Colville Okanagan Dictionary by Anthony Mattina", IJAL, 57.1:402-405, (July, 1991). __________. 1991c. "A Salish Language with Tone and Other Interesting Phonological Complexities," a paper given at the 30th Conference on American Indian Languages, American Anthropological Assoc. Annual Meeting, Chicago. __________. 1991d. "Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary," English-to-Halkomelem, 667 pages, manuscript. __________. 1992a. "Computerized Dictionaries of Upriver Halkomelem and Nooksack," and "3-D Semantics and the Halkomelem Dictionary," in Amerindia, Revue d'Ethnolinguistique Amérindienne, numéro special 7, "Amerindian Languages and Informatics, The Pacific Northwest, ed. by Guy Buchholtzer, pp.47-82, Paris __________. 1992b. "Aspects of Color in Halkomelem, " a paper given in a session, "Light on Color Ethnography", at the 91st Annual Meeting, American Anthropological Association, San Francisco __________. 1992c. "The Samish Dialect and Straits Salish: Dialect Death and Dialect Survival," in a special issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language, guest editor, Allan R. Taylor, 93:37-51. __________. 1993a. A Grammar of Upriver Halkomelem, University of California Press, Publications in Linguistics, vol. 96, Berkeley, Calif. __________. 1993b. "Nooksack Reduplication," in American Indian Linguistics and Ethnography in Honor of Laurence C. Thompson, Anthony Mattina and Timothy Montler, eds., University of
-xliiMontana Occasional Papers in Linguistics, no. 10, pp. 93-112. __________. 1993c. "Three-Dimensional Semantics," unpublished manuscript. __________. 1993d. "Nooksack Reduplication," paper given at the 32nd Conference on American Indian Languages, American Anthropological Assoc. 92nd Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. __________. 1994a. "The Life or Death of Indian Languages: Prescriptions for Survival," invited talk, given May 13, 1994 at the University of Alberta, Edmonton. __________. 1994b. "Indian Language Classes Help People of All Ages", in Starblanket First Nation Newsletter, 4:6-7. __________. 1994c. "An Etymological Analysis of the 32 Place Names Sent by Harry Slade by Letter Dated Nov. 5, 1993." to be used in evidence in Mathias v. HMQ, Grant, and George; Grant v. HMQ and Mathias; and George v. HMQ and Mathias; land claims cases. __________. 1995, "Review of the Lushootseed Dictionary by Dawn Bates, Thom Hess, and Vi Hilbert". American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 19.4:293-296, University of California at Los Angeles. __________. 1996a. "An Upriver Halkomelem Mink Story: Mink and Miss Pitch" (30 pages), to appear in One People's Stories: A Collection of Salishan Myths and Legends, ed. by M. Terry Thompson and Steven M. Egesdal, published later as Galloway 2007d (see below). __________. 1996b. "A Samish Story: The Maiden of Deception Pass" (29 pages), to appear in One People's Stories: A Collection of Salishan Myths and Legends, ed. by M. Terry Thompson and Steven M. Egesdal, published later as Galloway 2007d (see below). __________. 1996c. "An Upriver Halkomelem Mink Story: Ethnopoetics and Discourse Analysis". In Papers for the 31st International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages, eds. M. Dale Kinkade and Henry Davis, University of British Columbia Linguistics Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., pp.159-174. __________. 1996d. "An Etymological Analysis of the 59 Squamish and Halkomelem Place Names on Burrard Inlet Analyzed in Suttles Report of 1996." filed in evidence in the land claims cases of Mathias v. HMQ, Grant, and George; Grant v. HMQ and Mathias; and George v. HMQ and Mathias. __________. 1996e. "A Look At Some Nooksack Stories" A paper presented at the 35th Conference on American Indian Languages, 95th American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco, Calif. __________. 1996f. "Review of the Spokane Dictionary, compiled by Barry F. Carlson and Pauline Flett" in International Journal of American Linguistics, 62 (4):415-418. __________. 1997b. "Nooksack Pronouns, Transitivity, and Control," in Papers for the 32nd International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages, Peninsula College, Port Angeles, Wash., compiled by Timothy Montler, Denton: University of North Texas, pp. 197-243. __________. 1997c. "Recollections of Mary Haas as Teacher, Supervisor, and Inspiration." In Anthropological Linguistics, 39.4:636-641. __________. 1998a. "Semantic Structure and Constituency in Amerindian Languages", a paper given at the Workshop on Structure and Constituency in the Native Languages of the Americas, Mar. 27-29, 1998, SIFC/University of Regina. __________. 1998c. "Proto-Salish Sound Correspondences", a paper given at the 37th Conference on American Indian Languages at the American Anthropological Society Annual Meetings, Philadelphia, Pa. __________. 2000a. "Review of Salish Languages and Linguistics, edited by Ewa CzaykowskaHiggins and M. Dale Kinkade" in International Journal of American Linguistics, 66 (2):257-266. __________. 2000b. "Cognitive Semantics in Halkomelem", a paper given at the 39th Conference on American Indian Languages at the American Anthropological Society Annual Meetings, San Francisco, Ca.
-xliii__________. 2001a. "Integrated Cognitive Semantics Applied to Halkomelem," a paper given at the 36th ICSL. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, v. 6, pp.91-111. __________. 2001b. "Language Preservation and Revival: Passing the Torch For Upriver Halkomelem," invited keynote address at the 36th ICSL, Chilliwack, B.C. __________. 2002a. "Language Preservation and Revival: Passing the Torches For Upriver Halkomelem," a paper given at the Annual Meetings of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, meeting with the Linguistic Society of America, San Francisco. __________. 2002b."Work on Indian Languages at the Survey 1962-1977: Some Recollections," proposed as a paper but then was invited to give this as part of a panel. Forthcoming in Fall 2002 in Proceedings of the Conference on the 50th Anniversary of the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages [also 50th anniversary of the Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley]. Report #12 of the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. University of California, Berkeley. __________.2002c. "Towards an Integrated Cognitive Semantics," paper submitted to the journal Cognitive Linguistics and under consideration (see editor’s letter of July 2002). __________. 2002e. Translations into Halq’eméylem of dialogues designed by Marcus Goodson for the Nooksack Tribe’s Halq’eméylem lessons. Levels 1 & 2 complete. __________. 2006. "Semantic Roles in Upriver Halkomelem." A paper presented at the 41st ICSL and published in University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, 18:99-128. __________. 2007a. "Language Revival Programs of the Nooksack Tribe and the Stó:lÇ Nation." Be of Good Mind, Essays on the Coast Salish, ed. by Bruce Granville Miller, University of British Columbia Press, pp.212-233 (Chapter 7). __________. 2007b. Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem, July 2007 draft.. __________. 2007c. "Metaphors as Cognitive Models in Halkomelem Color Adjectives." To appear in a book The Anthropology of Color, eds. Robert MacLaury, Galina Paramei, and Don Dedrick, John Benjamins Publishing Co. __________. 2007d. "Revival of Amerindian Languages from the Dead, the case for Nooksack". A paper presented at the 4th International Conferenece on Indigenous Education: Asia/Pacific [Regions], Vancouver, B.C., in Indigenous Education: Asia-Pacific, ed. Robert Wesley Heber, Indigenous Studies Research Cemtre. First Nations University of Canada, pp.297-308. __________. 2007e. "An Upriver Halkomelem Mink Story: Mink and Miss Pitch" (30 pages), to appear in One People's Stories: A Collection of Salishan Myths and Legends, ed. by M. Terry Thompson and Steven M. Egesdal, University of Nebraska Press, pp. 529-542. __________. 2007f. "A Samish Story: The Maiden of Deception Pass" (29 pages), to appear in One People's Stories: A Collection of Salishan Myths and Legends, ed. by M. Terry Thompson and Steven M. Egesdal, University of Nebraska Press, pp.674-682. __________, George Adams, and Catalina Renteria. 2004a. "Bringing Back the Nooksack Language from the Dead." University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, 14:141-148. __________, George Adams, and Catalina Renteria. 2004b. "What a Nooksack Story can tell us about Morphology and Syntax." University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, 14:149-165. __________, George Adams, and Catalina Renteria. 2005. "Linguistic Resurrection of the Nooksack language. " A paper presented at the First Conference on Endangered Languages & Culture of Native America, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. __________ and Allan Richardson. 1983. "Nooksack Place Names: An Ethnohistorical and Linguistic Approach," in Working Papers of the 18th International Conference on Salishan Languages, compiled by Eugene Hunn and Bill Seaburg, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, pp. 133-196.
-xliv__________ and Allan Richardson. 2007. Nooksack Places. Booklength manuscript under consideration by publisher, over 100 photographs, linguistic etymologies and ethnohistorical treatment of each place; audio files with pronunciation of each place name by George Adams. __________ and Steve Wolfson. 1993. "Education in Aboriginal Languages: Goals and Solutions for Canada," Discussion Paper #6, National Round Table on Education (July 6-8, 1993), Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Ottawa. Gerdts, Donna B. 1974. "A Dialect Survey of Halkomelem Salish." [M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.] __________. 1980. "Examples of §u in Island Halkomelem". Paper presented at the 1st WCCSL, Vancouver, B.C. __________. 1981. "Object and absolutive in Halkomelem Salish". Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at San Diego. __________. 1988. Object and absolutive in Halkomelem Salish. New York: Garland Publishing __________. 1996. 240 Katzie Words: Words from the Katzie Dialect of the Halkomelem Language as Spoken by Richard Bailey. [Katzie First Nation. 26 pp., with accompanying audio cassette.] __________. 1997. 500 Hul’q’umin’um’ Words: Words from the Chemainus, Nanaimo and Nanoose Elders. Nanaimo School District No. 68. 36 pages, with accompanying audio cassette. __________. 1999. 500 More Hul’q’umin’um’ Words: Words from the Chemainus, Nanaimo, and Nanoose Elders. Nanaimo School District No. 68. 36 pages with accompanying audio cassette. __________, Brian D. Compton, Leonard Edwards, Theresa Thorne, and Charles Ulrich. 1997. Hul’q’umin’um’ Words: An English to Hul’q’umin’um’ and Hul’q’umin’um’ to English Dictionary. [Prepared for the Chemainus, Nanaimo, and Nanoose First Nations and Nanaimo School District No. 68. 210 pp.] Gibbs, George. 1859-1863. "Indian Nomenclature," ms. in Smithsonian Institution, Wash., D.C. (Hk, Nk, and Th place names obtained during the Boundary Survey) Gunther, Erna. 1973. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. UWPA 10:1-62. [Revised edition, first ed. 1945]. Haeberlin, Herman K. 1974. Distribution of the Salish substantival [lexical] suffixes, M. Terry Thompson, ed. AL 16:219-350. Harris, Herbert. 1977. "A grammatical sketch of Comox". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation on Island Comox, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. Harris, Jimmy G. 1966. "The phonology of Chilliwack Halkomelem". Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Washington. Hess, Thomas M. 1976. Dictionary of Puget Salish. University of Washinton Press, Seattle, Washington. Hilbert, Violet (taqw šcblu). 1983. Personal communication. Hill-Tout, Charles. 1902. "Ethnological Studies of the Mainland Halkômç’lEm, a Division of the Salish of British Columbia." Pp. 355-449 of the Report of the 72nd Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1902. London. __________. 1904. "Ethnological report on the Stseçlis and Sk.aúlits Tribes of the Halkomç’lEm Division of the Salish of British Columbia." Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 34:311-376. London. Hoard, James E. 1971. "Problems in Proto-Salish pronoun reconstruction". Paper presented to the 5th ICSL, 1970. In Sacramento Anthropological Society Papers 11:70-90. Hukari, Thomas E. 1981a. "Glottalization in Cowichan". In Working Papers of the Linguistic Circle of the University of Victoria, 1.2:233-250, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1981b. "A note on Halkomelem §o§". Paper presented at the 2nd WCCSL, Victoria, B.C. __________. In Preparation. Hul’qumi’num’ Grammar. Cowichan Tribes.
-xlv__________(ed.) and Ruby Peter (assoc. ed.). 1996. Hul’qumi’num’ Dictionary. Duncan, B.C.: Cowichan Tribes. Jenness, Diamond. 1955. The Faith of a Coast Salish Indian. Ed. by Wayne Suttles, Anthropology in British Columbia Memoir 3. Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum, Department of Education. Johnson, Samuel V. 1978. " Chinook Jargon: a computer assisted analysis of variation in an American Indian pidgin". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kansas. Jones, Michael K. 1976. " Morphophonemic properties of Cowichan actual aspect". Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Victoria. Kava, Tiiu. 1969. "A Phonology of Cowichan." M.A. thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1972. "A Consideration of Historical Implications in an Idiosyncratic Development of Vowel Length in the Chilliwack Dialect." A paper given at the 7th ICSL, Bellingham, Washington. Also distributed as UHWPL 4(3). Kennedy, Dorothy I.D. and Randy Bouchard. 1976. Utilization of Fish, Beach Foods, and Marine Mammals by the Squamish Indian people of British Columbia. Unpublished report for the Squamish Indian Band North Vancouver, B.C. BCILP. Kinkade, M. Dale. 1980. " Pentlatch possessives". Paper and handout presented at the 1st WCCSL, Vancouver, B.C. __________. 1981. Dictionary of the Moses-Columbia Language. Nespelem, Washington: Colville Confederated Tribes. __________. 1982. "Pentlatch and Boas' early transcriptions practices". Paper presented at the 21st Conference on American Indian Languages, Washington, D.C. __________. 1983a. "More on nasal loss in the Northwest coast". In Working Papers for the 18th International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages, comp. by Eugene Hunn and Bill Seaburg, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. __________. 1983b. "Pentlatch cedars and allied technology, salmon names, and orientation domain". Handout presented at the 4th WCCSL, Vancouver, B.C. __________. 1984. "Pentlatch negatives (total repertoire)"., "Pentlatch questions (total repertoire)"., "Pentlatch reduplication"., and "Pentlatch color terms". Four handouts presented at the 5th WCCSL, Victoria, B.C. __________ and Laurence C. Thompson. 1974. "Proto-Salish *r". IJAL 40:22-28. Kuipers, Aert H. 1967a. "On divergence, interaction and mergin of Salish language-communities". Paper presented at the 2nd ICSL, Seattle, Washington. __________. 1967b. The Squamish Language: Grammar, Texts, Dictionary. Mouton Press, Janua Linguarum, Series Practica 73, The Hague. __________. 1969. The Squamish Language: Grammar, Texts, Dictionary, Part 2. Mouton Press, Janua Linguarum, Series Practica 73:2, The Hague. __________. 1970. "Towards a Salish etymological dictionary". Lingua 26:46-72. __________. 1973. "About evidence for Proto-Salish *r". Paper presented at the 8th ICSL, Eugene, Oregon. In Dutch Contributions to the 8th ICSL,1:1-19, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands. __________. 1974. The Shuswap Language: Grammar, Texts, Dictionary. Janua Linguarum, Series Practica 225. The Hague: Mouton. _________. 1975. A Classified English-Shuswap Word-List. PdR Publications on Salish Languages 3. Lisse, The Netherlands: Peter de Ridder Press. __________. 1980. "Corrections to ‘The Shuswap Language,’" The Hague 1974.’ In Working Papers of the 15th ICSL pp.283-284, Vancouver, B.C. __________. 1981. "On Reconstructing the Proto-Salish Sound System." IJAL 47:323-335. __________. 1982. "Towards a Salish etymological dictionary II". Lingua 57:71-92.
-xlvi__________. 1995. "Towards a Salish Etymological Dictionary III." A paper and handout given at the 30th ICSL 30, Victoria, B.C. __________. 1996. "Towards a Salish Etymological Dictionary IV." In Papers for the 31st International Conference on Salishan and Neighboring Languages, eds. M. Dale Kinkade and Henry Davis, University of British Columbia Linguistics Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., pp.203210, Vancouver, B.C. __________. 1998. "Towards a Salish Etymological Dictionary V." In Working Papers of the 33rd ICSNL 33:296-306, Seattle, Washington. __________. 2002. Salish Etymological dictionary. UMOPL 16. Leslie, Adrian Roy. 1979. "A grammar of the Cowichan dialect of Halkomelem Salish". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Victoria. MacLaury, Robert E. and Brent Galloway. 1988. "Color Categorization and Color Qualifiers in Halkomelem, Samish, Lushootseed, Nooksack, and Yakima," in Working Papers of the 23rd ICSL, pp.166-199, Eugene, Oregon Mattina, Anthony. 1973. Colville Grammatical Structure. UHWPL 5. Honolulu. [Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.] Maud, Ralph, Brent Galloway, and Marie Weeden Wells (eds.) , Oliver N. 1987 (posthumous). The Chilliwacks and Their Neighbors, Talonbooks, Vancouver, B.C. Maud, Ralph, Brent Galloway, and Marie Weeden. 1978-1982. The Oliver Wells tapes relating to Salish Indians. Unpublished ms. transcriptions of all the tapes, annotated. Mitchell, Marjorie R. 1968. "A dictionary of Songish, a dialect of Straits Salish". Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Victoria. Montler, Timothy R. 1984. "Saanich Morphology and Phonology". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Subsequently published in 1985 as An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich, North Straits Salish. UMOPL 4, Missoula, Montana. __________. 1991. Saanich, North Straits Salish. Classified Word List. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 119, Mercury Series.) Hull, Quebec. Nater, Henk F. 1977. Stem List of the Bella Coola Language. Peter de Ridder Press, Lisse, Netherlands. __________. 1984. The Bella Coola Language. Mercury Series, Ethnology Service paper 92. Ottawa: National Museum of Man. __________. 1990. A Concise Nuxalk-English Dictionary. Mercury Series, Ethnology Service paper 115. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Civilization. __________ et al. 1973. "Bella Coola etymologies". Paper presented at the 8th ICSL, Eugene, Oregon. In Dutch Contributions to the 8th ICSL, 3:1-9. Newman, Stanley. 1976. "Salish and Bella Coola prefixes". IJAL 42:228-242. __________. 1977. "The Salish independent pronoun system". IJAL 43:302-314. __________. 1979a. "A history of the Salish possessive and subject forms". IJAL 45:207-223. __________. 1979b. "The Salish object forms". IJAL 45:299-308. __________. 1980. "Functional changes in the Salish pronominal system". IJAL 46:155-167. Norris, Shirley. 1988. [Transcriptions by Shirley Norris of terms for modern foods in Upriver Halkomelem by Elizabeth Herrling, Rosaleen George, and Shirley Norris]. Pidgeon, Michael W. 1970. "Lexical suffixes in Saanich, a dialect of Straits Coast Salish". Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Victoria. Raffo, Yolanda A. 1972. "A phonology and morphology of Songish, a dialect of Straits Salish". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kansas. Reichard, Gladys A. 1958-1960. "A comparison of five Salish languages", ed. by Florence M. Voegelin. IJAL 24:293-300, 25:8-15, 90-96, 154-167, 239-253, 26:50-61. Suttles, Wayne. 1948. Excerpts from Samish field notes. Unpublished ms. made available to Thompson,
-xlviiThompson and Efrat. __________. 1951. "The economic life of the Coast Salish of Haro and Rosario Straits". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington. Later published unauthorized in 1974 by Garland Publishing Inc., New York. __________. 1950, 1952, 1955. Nooksack language field notes. Unpublished ms. __________. 1955. Katzie Ethnographic Notes. Anthropology in British Columbia Memoir 2. Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum, Department of Education. __________. 1965. " Multiple phonologic correspondences in two adjacent Salish languages and their implications for historical reconstruction". Paper presented at the 18th Northwest Anthropological Conference, Bellingham, Washington. __________. 1979. Personal communication (10/9/79). __________. 1980. "Remarks on Musqueam wc-" at the 1st WCCSL, Vancouver, B.C. __________. 1982. Personal communication. __________. 1984. A Reference Grammar of the Musqueam Dialect of Halkomelem. [MS, in preparation for publication. Later published as Suttles 2004] __________. 2004. Musqueam Reference Grammar. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Swadesh, Morris. 1950. "Salish internal relationships". IJAL 16:157-167. __________. 1952. "Salish phonologic geography". Language 28:232-248. Thomason, Sarah G. 1983. Personal communication. Thompson, Laurence C. 1965. " More on comparative Salish". Paper presented at the 4th Conference on American Indian Languages, Denver, Colorado. __________. 1967, 1969, 1970. Nooksack language field notes. Unpublished ms. __________. 1972. "Un Cas de Métaphonie en Lummi." Pp. 257-260 of Langues et Techniques, Nature et Société 1: Approche Linguistique (Thomas, J., and L. Bernot, eds.). Paris: Klincksieck. __________. 1976. "The northwest". In Native Languages of the Americas, Thomas A. Sebeok, ed., 1:359-425. Plenum Press, New York. __________. 1979. "Salishan and the northwest". In The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment, pp. 692-765. University of Texas Press, Austin. __________. 1982. Personal communication. __________ and M. Dale Kinkade. 1990. "Linguistic relations and distributions". 1978 ms. for the Handbook of American Indians 7, The Northwest Coast, ed. Wayne Suttles. __________ and M. Terry Thompson. 1969. ‘Metathesis as a Grammatical Device.’ IJAL 35:213-219. __________ and M. Terry Thompson. 1971. "Clallam: a preview". In Studies in American Indian Languages, Jesse Sawyer, ed., UCPL 65:251-294. __________ and M. Terry Thompson. 1980. "Thompson Salish //-xi//." IJAL 46:27-32. __________ and M. Terry Thompson. 1992. The Thompson Language. UMOPL 8, Missoula, Mont. __________ and M. Terry Thompson. 1996. The Thompson River Salish dictionary, n|e§kepmxcín. UMOPL 12, Missoula, Mont. __________, M. Terry Thompson, and Barbara S. Efrat. 1974. " Some phonological developments in Straits Salish". IJAL 40:182-196. Thompson, Nile. 1979. A Preliminary Dictionary of the Twana Language. The Skokomish Tribe, Shelton, Washington. __________. 1982. Personal communication. Timmers, Jan A. 1977. A Classified English-Sechelt Word-List. Peter de Ridder Press, Lisse, Netherlands. Turner, Nancy J. 1973a. "The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia." Syesis 6:193220. __________. 1974. "Plant Taxonomies of Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet Indians." Syesis, vol. 7, supplement 1.
-xlviii__________ and Marcus A. M. Bell. 1971. "The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island." EB 25:63-104. __________ and Randy Bouchard. 1974. "Pemberton Lillooet Ethnobotany." BCILP, Victoria, B.C. __________, Randy Bouchard, and Dorothy D. Kennedy. 1980. Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. Occasional Paper Series 21. Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum. __________, Randy Bouchard, Dorothy I. D. Kennedy, and Jan P. van Eijk. 1987. "Plant Knowledge of the Stl’atl’imx (Lillooet) People of British Columbia.’ [MS, in possession of the first author, Environmental Studies Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C.] __________, Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson, and Annie Z. York. 1973. [Manuscript early draft of same work published in 1990, copy in possession of BCILP] __________, Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson, and Annie Z. York. 1990. Thompson Ethnobotany. Memoir No. 3. Victoria: Royal British Columbia Museum. Urbanczyk, Suzanne C. 1999-2004. [Transcriptions of tapes made of Upriver Halkomelem with Elizabeth Herrling, Rosaleen George, and Shirley Norris, by Su Urbanczyk.] Van Eijk, Jan P. 1997. The Lillooet Language: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax. Vancouver, B.C.: UBC Press. __________. 2002. "An Annotated Bibliography of Salish Linguistics." [Working copy before publication on internet [http://www.cas.unt.edu/~montler/salishan/salbib1.pdf]. Walker, Carl Ian. 1973. "An English-Squamish dictionary, based on 'The Squamish Language', Parts I and II, by Aert H. Kuipers". Unpublished M.A. essay, University of British Columbia. Wells, Oliver N. 1965. A Vocabulary of Native Words in the Halkomelem Language as Used by the Native People of the Lower Fraser Valley, B.C. Sardis, B.C.: privately published. [2nd edition, 1969.] __________. 1966. Squamish Legends by Chief August Jack Khahtshlano and Dominic Charlie. Vancouver: Chamberlain and Coan. __________. 1970. Myths and Legends of the Staw-loh Indians of South Western British Columbia. Vancouver: Coan. __________. 1987. The Chilliwacks and Their Neighbors. Ed. by Maud, Ralph, Brent Galloway, and Marie Weeden Wells [cross-referenced above]. Vancouver: Talonbooks.
-xlixAbbreviations for references cited (language or dialect is listed in parentheses) A78 for Amoss 1978 (Nk) B74a for Bouchard 1974a (Saan) B74b for Bouchard 1974b (Cw) B74c for Bouchard 1974c (Th) B75prelim for Bouchard 1975 (MCx) B77 for Bouchard 1977 (Se) B78 for Bouchard 1978a (Bouchard's corrected Squamjsh Classified Word List (largely with LM) B80pc for Beaumont 1980 personal communication (Se) B83pc for Beaumont 1983 personal communication (Se) Beaumont 1985 or B85 for Beaumont 1985 (Se) BG83-84 Samish and Saanich field notes for Galloway 1983-1984 (Sam & Saan) Boas 1890 Scowlitz ms.field notes in APS library Boas 1886 Pentlatch field notes (copy in B.C. Provincial Archives, orig, APS lib. Philadelphia) Boas 1895 (Indianische Sagen ..., 1977 Bertz translation) or Boas 1895 (Bertz 1977 translation) for Boas (Bouchard & Kennedy) 2002. Boas 1895 (Bertz)(1980 version), later published as Boas (Bouchard & Kennedy) 2002. Bouchard 1978b (ICx) Bouchard and Turner 1976 (Sq) CDB78 for Charles, Demers, & Bowman 1978 Davis 1970 Davis 1981pc for Davis 1981 personal communication Demers 1982 p.c. or D82pc for Demers 1982 personal communication Deming (6/21/79) for a place & date of elicitation by Galloway of Nk terms in Galloway 1974-80 DJ: WS 1955 for Diamond Jenness ed. by Wayne Suttles 1955 (The Faith of a Coast Salish Indian) with Katzie ethnographic notes by Suttles; Victoria: Anthropology in British Columbia ) Diamond Jenness's field notes on Wm. Sepass (copy in collection of Stó:lÇ Nation) Duff 1952 E69 for Efrat 1969 (Sooke) Elders Group 6/11/75 for the date and source of elicitation by Galloway of Th & UHk terms in Galloway 1970-2002 ES for Elmendorf and Suttles 1960 Galloway 1974-80 (Nk & UHk field notes) G82 or G82a or Galloway 1982 for Galloway 1982a (PCS) G83b or G83 for Galloway 1983b (Nk)(Pron., Transit. & Control) G84a for Galloway 1984a (Nk) G84b for Galloway 1984b (Nk also) G85: field notes for Galloway 1985 ms. field notes (Sam) G86 or G86a for Galloway 1986a (PCS) G88a or G88 for Galloway 1988a (PCS) Galloway 1990 for Galloway 1990a Galloway, Adams & Renteria 2004a GC 9/7/77 for the partial speaker (George Cline) & date of elicitation of some Nk terms in Galloway 1974-80 Gibbs for Gibbs (1859-1863) ms. “Indian Nomenclature” (Smithsonian)(Hk, Nk, and Th place names) Gunther 73 for Gunther 1973 H-T 1902 or H-T 02 for Hill-Tout 1902 (UHk)
-lH-T 1904 or H-T04 for Hill-Tout 1904 (UHk, Cheh. & Scowlitz dials.) H76 for Hess 1976 Haeberlin (Thompson) 1974 Harris77 for Herbert Harris 1977 (ICx) JH or JH66 for Jimmy Gene Harris 1966 Johnson 1978 (CJ or Chinook Jargon) K1980 for Kinkade 1980, 1982, 1983a, 1983b and 1984 (Pentlatch) K67 for Kuipers 1967 (Sq) K69 for Kuipers 1969 (Sq) K74 for Kuipers 1974 (Sh) KB76 for Kennedy and Bouchard 1976 (Sq) Kinkade 1981 (Columbian) LT:GS for Thompson 1967, 1969, 1970. Nooksack language field notes and tapes unpublished, words transcribed from George Swanaset (Nk) M68 for Mitchell 1968 (Song.) M87 for Mattina 1987 (Colville-Okanagan) M86 for Montler 1986 (Saan.) Nater 1977 (BC) Newman 1979 for Newman 1977, 1979a, 1979b, and 1980 (Proto-Salish) NT79 for Nile Thompson 1979 NT82pc for Nile Thompson 1982 personal communication PA:GS for file cards from Amoss, Pamela T. 1955-1956, 1969-1970. Nooksack language field notes and tapes, unpublished (Nk) PA61 for Amoss 1961 PA78 for Amoss 1978 place names reference file # for place names files by Reuben Ware (in collection of Stó:lÇ Nation) Raffo 1972 S79pc for Suttles p.c. 10/9/79 S82pc or WS82pc for Suttles 1982 personal communication Suttles 1950 (Nk) Suttles 1955 (Katzie dial. of Downriver Halkomelem) Suttles65 for Suttles 1965 Suttles ca1984 Thompson and Thompson71 for Thompson and Thompson 1971 (Clallam) T72 for Thompson 1972 (Lummi, some Sq)(in Bouchard & Turner 76) T77 for Timmers 1977 (Se) Thompson, Turner and Thompson 1973 TTE74 for Thompson, Thompson and Efrat 1974 Turner 1974 (Haida, BC & Lillooet) Turner and Bouchard: Pemberton Lillooet Ethnobotany (ms.)(1974) for Turner and Bouchard 1974 Turner, Bouchard and Kennedy 1980 (Ok) Turner and Bell 1971 VH83pc for Vi Hilbert 1983 personal communication (Ld) W73 for Walker 1973 (Sq) Wells 1965 for Wells 1965 (lst ed.) Wells 1966
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary Halkomelem to English
A , free root //§e3 ~ §c3//, TIME ['recent past tense'], phonology: free variation, free variant: , //§c3//, syntactic comment: subject pronouns are suffixed to this verb to form ambiguous past, example: , //§e3-ct §e3|tcl//, /'we ate'/, attested by AC, , //§c3-ccl |íc*//, /'I got cut'/, get burned), perhaps , //scl=e3· (but more likely that is s=hc=le3·)//, /'tight'/ (contrast possibly spin). , //t-e(§) me3·l//, /'your father'/, , //ë%*á §e swe3//, /'that's yours'/, , //s=k*w e3y k*w -e(§)-s k*w c3c=l-cxw //, /'you can't see it'/, literally /'it's impossible that you see it'/ (syntactic analysis: nominal.-impossible demonstrative article-possessive pronoun affix-nominal./subord. see-non-control transitive-3o),
pole/shaft/length?, lx on the nose, on the point, probably derivational, phonology: vowel-reduction, stress-shift, geminate consonant (unusual word finallly), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (Chill.), example: , //s=§cl=c3qs-s tc |e3c*=tcl//, [s§clc3qs· tc |æ 3 c*tcl], /'point of a knife'/, attested by DM.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
3
dnom //s=§e(l)=lc3c//, EB ['bottom of a tree, trunk of a tree'], ( nominalizer, on the bottom), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC , dnom //sxw=§e3l=|c|//, [šxw§e3l|c|], ANA ['front of the neck'], ( nominalizer), probably root , //s=xw cë%*=qcl=e3·le3//, /'pillow case, container for pillow, pillow'/, literally /'container for rolled thing under head'/, , //sqclxw =e3·le3//, /'throat, gullet'/, literally /'greedy + container'/, , //s=xw iy=cm=e3le3//, /'store'/, literally /'nominal + sell + container for'/, , //sxw le3m=e3le3//, /'bottle'/, , //sxw =me3le=he3·le3//, /'fishing basket, bait basket'/, literally /'nominal + bait + container for'/, grave), , //spatcl=e3le3//, /'mast'/ (compare sail), , //scx. w c=§e3le3//, /'bladder'/, literally /'urine + container for'/, , //|q*e3·c=e3lc//, /'five people'/. , chrs //§e3lcl//, [§e3lcl], EZ ['black-billed magpie'], ['Pica pica'], possibly out-of-control, probably old characteristic in BJ's pronunciation, phonology: old reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait + other elders, attested by ME, AD, others, also , us //§elclí§//, EFAM /'yipes., eek.'/, usage: said to oneself or to someone else when scared, syntactic analysis: interjection.
4
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, is, //-e4lc4m or -e4l=cm//, PRON ['first person singular patient or object of passive'], VOIC, comment: historically may be connected with -ál first person sing. subject, probably passive, phonology: possible updrifting, syntactic analysis: inflectional suffix; found in , //§á·=Te4lc4m//, /'I was called.'/, strong, with nominal or stative), , //set=e3lc3qcp//, /'a distant sound'/, , //se[=C1 c=]t=e3lc3qcp//, /'keep on hearing a distant sound'/ (compare a distant sound), , //§ch=e3lc3qcp//, /'a faint sound carried by the air, sound within earshot or hearing range or distance'/ (compare wrap s-th up), , //ècxw =e3lc3qcp//, /'a steady sound that's been stopped for a while'/ (compare disappear), , //èc[- 3-]xw =elcqcp//, /'sound gettting softer'/, example: , //wc=láy èc[- 3-]xw =elcqcp//, /'sound getting softer'/; also found in , //cqw =e3lc3qcp//, /'a loud sound'/, example: , //mí xw c cqw =e3lc3qcp//, /'sound getting louder'/; found in , //§ey=aè=e3lc3qcp//, /'sharp sound'/ (compare sharp), , //x. w cm=C1 cC2 =e3lc3qcp//, /'talks fast (perhaps also for "fast sounds"?)'/ (compare fast, hurry). , free root //§elc3ce//, DIR ['where (is it)?'], syntactic analysis: interrogative verb, dialects: Chill., Sumas, Tait, most Cheh., other sources: ES /likwe§cle3ce/ (but Musqueam /c3ncce/) where?, also , //lc3ce//, attested by EB (of Cheh.), example: , //lc3ce k*w -e-s-c3 èìy=T//, /'where did you make it?'/, attested by EB, , //kw c §clc3ce//, /'where is he?'/, attested by EB, , //ccl §cw-|=q*c3l=l-cxw wc-§í-s lc3ce//, /'I know where it is.'/, attested by EB, , //§í·-|-c-cxw §elc3ce//, /'where have you been?'/, attested by AC. , caus //§elc3ce=sT-cxw-cs//, DIR ['wherever he's got it'], ( causative control transitivizer, third person object, third person subject), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD. , also is found in faster speech, //tcl=lc3ce-c-cxw ~ tcl=§elc3ce-c-cxw //, /'where are you from?'/, attested by IHTTC, , //tcl=§clc3ce t=ú=ë%*à//, /'where is he from?'/, attested by CT, HT, , //ccl §ow=|=q*c3l=l-cxw wc-§í-s tc=§clc3ce kw -s-cs xw c=§í//, /'I know where he came (arrived) from.'/ (syntactic analysis: sentence with subjunctive phrase, also with relative indefinite pronoun) attested by EB. , free root //§e3lcxy//, HUMC, KIN /'sibling, brother, sister'/, (semological comment: sex gender is indicated in the demonstrative article or other semantic context external to this word), syntactic analysis: nominal, usage: this word has a limited distribution; more speakers use only forms meaning either elder sibling or younger sibling, i.e., they must specify the relative age, dialects: Chill., attested by AC, other sources: ES /§e3lcxy/ sibling, S82pc 'sibling of opposite sex', Salish cognate: Squamish /§áyiš/ 'cousin or sibling of opposite sex W73:68, K67:394, also /'brother'/, dialects: Tait (and poss. Cheh.), example: , //lí· s-kw cte3xw kw -è-e §e3lcxy//, /'Is your brother/sister in?'/, attested by AC, , //§e3lcxy-s//, /'her brother'/, attested by AC. , dnom //sxw=§e3lcxy//, HUMC, KIN /'sister-in-law, husband's sister, brother's wife, wife's sister (EB)'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Cheh., Chill., attested by EB, AC, other sources: ES /šxw§e3lc3xy/ husband's sister, woman's brother's wife, also , //ë%*á-: §e šxw =C1 cC2 -§e3lcxy//, /'Are those your sisters-in-law?'/, attested by AC. , da //=e3·lcws//, EB /'leaf, leaves'/, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix; found in , //c*ak*w c=§e3·lcws//, /'skunk cabbage leaf or leaves'/, attested by SP, AD (compare skunk cabbage), maple tree), , //ccwó·w=clp=e3·lcws//, /'cottonwood leaf or leaves'/ (compare cottonwood tree), , //pipcham=e3·lcws//, /'plantain'/, (semological comment: the plant is always translated "frog leaf" by the speakers, never as "plantain" an unfamiliar term). , ABFC ['laughter'], see líyém ~ leyém. , da //=e3·lí·ye//, ANA /'on the ear, in the ear'/, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational
6
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English suffix; found in , //s=C1 cC2 =|cl=p*=e3·lí·ye//, /'sloppy or flabby ears'/, , //s=C1 cC2 =qw cl=e3·lí·ye//, /'hair in the ears'/, , VALJ /'more than one is good, good (of many things or people)'/, see éy ~ éy:. , ABFC /'(have) quick eyes, (have) peeping-Tom eyes'/, see éy ~ éy:. , ds //§e3lm=c|//, KIN ['to baby-sit one's own children'], possibly root related to that in wait for someone, lx child, baby, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by so far Tait: AD, AK. , cts //§e3[-·-]lm=c|//, KIN /'baby-sitting, the one baby-sitting, baby-sitter'/, SOC, ( continuative), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, nominal after demonstrative article, attested by AD, example: , //c-cl §e3·lmc|//, /'I'm babysitting.'/, attested by AD, , //c-ct §e3·lmc|//, /'We're baby-sitting.'/, attested by AD, , //li-c-xw §e3·lmc|//, /'Are you the one baby-sitting?'/, attested by AD. , SOC /'buy (as structured activity), He bought (as structured activity).'/, see iléq. , da //=e3lqcl ~ =c3lqcl or =e3l=qcl//, ANA ['wool'], WV, ANA ['feather'], possibly in the head, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, also , //=c3l(=)qcl//; found in , mos //§i-§e3·lq=cm (or yi=§e3·lq=cm)//, mdls, cts, ANAA ['charging (of an angry grizzly for ex.)'], ( in motion, travelling while), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD. on something else, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb. , da //=e3·ls//, ASP ['structured activity non-continuative'], (semological comment: the activity is usually done for a while, often ceremonial or occupational), syntactic analysis: derivational suffix; found in , //ycqw=e3·ls//, /'burn at a ritual, perform a burning'/, , //èiy=qw e3=e3·ls//, /'dig'/, , //kwáxw-M1=e3ls//, /'knock, rap'/, , //c*ek =x=e . 3 ls//, /'to fry (as an activity)'/. , da //=e3·l(=)tcl//, MED ['medicine'], possibly device, thing, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //xw cq*w clc=§e3·ltcl//, /'hangover medicine'/ (compare probably heart), , //s=ycqw =|=e3·ltcl//, /'tinder'/ (compare root burn. , da //=e3·l(=)txw //, KIN ['wives'], semantic environment ['numeral 2'], possibly building, house, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //§isl=e3·ltcxw //, /'man with two wives'/ and , //te=§e3lèc//, dialects: Chill., Tait, Cheh., example: , //=e3·lè*c//; found in , //|xw =e3·lè*c//, /'third month since'/, attested by AK (in IHTTC). , dnom //s=§elxw=íc(=)cl//, PLN /'Camp Slough, Camp River'/, literally /'middle (stream), the center (stream)'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Wells 1966, source: place name file reference #263; Wells 1966; photo list 6/20/78. LANG /'(make) a murmur, to murmur'/, possibly root , mdls //§e3·lx=cm//, . to groan, possibly distributive, all around, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. , //|q*e3ccs=e3|//, /'five times'/. , da, ia //=e4·| ~ =c|//, TIME /'late (deceased);, past tense'/, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix/derivational suffix with nouns, inflectional suffix with verbs; found in , //sí·le4·|//, /'late grandparent, deceased grandparent'/ (compare grandparent, , //mc3l=e4·|//, /'late or deceased child'/ (compare child, , //sí·scl=e4·|//, /'late grandmother'/ (compare used by AC for grandmother), , //sclsí·l=e4·|//, /'late grandparents'/ (compare grandparents), , //sxw cmèiy=e4·|//, /'deceased uncle or aunt or grandparent or someone responsible for you directly or indirectly'/, , //s=C1 cC2 =xw cmèiy=e3·|//, /'deceased uncles or aunts or grandparents responsible for someone'/, , //s=mcstiy=e3|//, /'sibling of deceased parent'/ (compare person), , //s=we3lcm=c[=M3=]y| or s=welcm=c3y|//, /'child of a dead sibling'/, root orphan, , //le3·t=c|//, /'morning'/, literally /'night + past'/, , //xw c=le3[=C1 c=]t=c|//, /'last night'/ (compare evening from < lá:t> night), , //wc=|í·è=c|//, /'a long time ago'/, root a long time, with past tense on verbs). , //-e|e//, MOOD ['command imperative second person plural'], ASM ['ordering the listeners to do something'], semantic environment ['cannot be used with non-control transitives (for ex. in =l) since the actor has no control over doing it), also cannot be used with some intransitive verbs (prepositional, adverbial, interrogative, personal pronoun, demonstrative, and some verbs whose action a subject cannot do on command, thus non-control imperatives such as *kw'étslexwalha See it. and *kwél:exwalha Get/Catch/Find it. are not allowed (EB, AC, etc.), also this imperative is not allowed with auxiliary verbs like me ~ mi come to, start to and la ~ lám go to, going to (-tlh coaxing imperative is used with them)--however when mí ~ emí or lám are used as main verbs the command imperative is allowed'], syntactic analysis: is, contrast polite imperative, contrast and mildly urging imperative, contrast and coaxing imperative; found in
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, //míy-e|e//, /'You folks come.'/, , //§cmc3t-e|e//, /'You folks sit., Sit up, you guys., Sit down, you guys.'/, , //mey=T-áxy-e|e//, /'You folks help me., Help me, you folks/you guys.'/. , dnom //§e|qe[= 3·=]y=cm//, PLN /'a snake rock in the Fraser River just north of Strawberry Island which had snakes sunning themselves and covering the rock; also the name of the village on Strawberry Island'/, see álhqey ~ álhqay , possibly root //§e3|qcy ~ §e3|qey (or poss.) |e3[=M1=]q=ey//, [§e3|qcy ~ §e3|qey], EZ ['snake (generic)'], possibly root whisper, hiss??, possibly derivational?, possibly bark, wood??, syntactic analysis: nominal, other sources: ES /§e3|qey/, JH /§c3|qey/, H-T snake (Coluber Lin. sp.), example: , //|e3[-C1 c-]qcm tc §e3|qcy//, /'The snake is hissing.'/, literally /'The snake is whispering.'/. , cpds //s=le3·[=C1 c=]m §e3|qcy//, EZ //'turtle'//, lit. /“snake with a house, housed snake”/, stative, resultative, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , //s(=)xw =§iq*w =cwí·ls//, literally /'dish rubber, thing to rub dishes'/, attested by AD (Aug. 1980), example: , //§elc3ce tc sxw=§ep*=c3lcc=tcl//, /'Where's the toilet paper?'/, attested by AD (Aug. 1980). wipe, possibly on the lips, phonology:
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possible deglottalization, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: H-T , free root //§e3q*//, EFAM /'yechh., (expression of disgust used by some elders on seeing or smelling something disgusting)'/, syntactic analysis: interjection, attested by AD. , [§æ 3 q'|], 'choked on a bone', attested by (EH,RG) 7/27/99 (SU transcription, tape 3)[BG: probably past tense translation by context, not resultative]. , //sxw =§e3è=clcc//. , //lí k*w c §e3è(=)cqcl//, /'in front of (s-o or s-th, in canoe or anywhere), at the front'/, , us //§e3è*cl//, QUAL ['be really'], possibly go, come, get, become, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by EB, example: , //lí k*w c s=§e3ë%*q qc §ówc §í-s cákw //, /'It's outside but not far.'/, literally /'it's at the (remote) outside but is not aux-it is far'/, syntactic analysis: preposition/prepositional verb demonstrative article(remote) nominal-adverb/adverbial verb conjunction vneg auxiliary verb-3subjunctive subject pronoun adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, , //xw c3m=xycl li tc s=§e3ë%*q//, /'It's
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raining hard outside.'/ (lx precipitation, literally /'it's fast=precipitation at the(present + visible) outside'/), attested by Deming, , incs //§e3ë%*q=cl//, DIR ['get outside'], ( go, come, become, get), attested by AC, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, , pcs //§eë%*q=íl=T//, DIR ['bring s-th/s-o outside (purposely), put s-o/s-th out(side)'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, ASM ['take it out (outside/outside of a container'] (attested by RG & EH 4/9/99 Ling332), ASM ['kick s-o out']; found in , //§eë%*q=íl=T-à·m//, /'You got kicked out.'/, ASM ['outside=get-purposely-2spassive'], ASM ['reveal s-th'], example: , //§eë%*q=íl=T t-e§ s=qw e3·l=cwcl//, /'Reveal your thoughts.'/, syntactic comment: one form of imperative is: transitive verb demonstrative article-2posspron nominal, , (BG: should be ), [e|qéylth] (BG: should be [e8%'qéylth]), 'put s.o. out’, attested by (EH,RG,SN 7/16/99 (SU transcription, tape 1), (BG: should be , pcs //§e3ë%*q=T//, DIR ['take it outside (outside of a building or car)'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, example: , DIR ['get outside'], see átl'q. , cpds //§e[=R9=]ce=w| or §e=§e3=cc=w|//, TIME /'until, unless'/, CJ, possibly derivational, possibly root next, again, possibly future tense, possibly already, possibly root , //s=q*e3l=c[=M2=]w(s) or s=q*cl=e3·w//, /'coiled (and ready to strike, for ex. a snake)'/, , //s=C1 cC2 =q*cl=e3·w or s=q*cl=C1cC2=e3·w//, /'coiling (of a snake)(ready to strike)'/ (compare tangled on s-th else, and , //q*w clítcq//, dialects: Chill., Katzie. , //§e3wc3| ~ §e4wc4| ~ -e4wc4|~ -àwc4|//, MOOD ['polite imperative'], syntactic analysis: is ~ particle, dialects: Cheh., Tait, also , //(-)àwc4|//, dialects: Chill.;
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found in Chill. , Cheh. + Tait , //Chill. háy-àwc4|, Cheh. + Tait háy-e4wc4| ~ háy §e4wc4|//, root probably it's finished, LANG, /'goodbye (said to one staying), (stay well, well done)'/, Chill. , Cheh. + Tait , Chill. //le3màwc4|//, Cheh. + Tait //le3me4wc4| ~ le3m §e4wc4|//, root go, LANG, /'goodbye (said to one leaving), (go well)'/, example: Cheh. + Tait , Cheh. + Tait //§e3§e3 §e4wc4|//, Chill. //§e3§e3 §àwc4|//, root , //lí-§e4wc4|//, LANG, /'Yes of course.'/, root it is there, it is, yes, attested by EB, AD. , //l swe3 §e3·wk*w //, /'That belongs to me.'/, literally /'It's my own belonging.'/, attested by AC, , //§iyáq=èct-c-xw t-e§ §e3·wk*w //, /'Change your clothes.'/, attested by EB, , //C1cC2-lc3m=cT-c-xw mc3k*w yc-l §e3·wk*w //, /'Fold all my clothes.'/. , dnom //sxw =§ewk*w =e3le//, HHG ['clothes basket'], CLO, BSK, ( nominalizer, something for), lx container of, syntactic analysis: nominal. clothes store. , dnom //§e3wk*w=cm=e3le3//, HHG /'suitcase (Deming), luggage (Deming), clothingcontainer, clothes bag, trunk (for clothes), etc.'/, CLO, ( place to have/get), lx container of, syntactic analysis: nominal, also , //sxw =§e3wk*w =cm=e3le3//, HHG ['suitcase'], also , //sxw =§e3·wk*w =cm=e3le3 ~ sxw =§e3·wk*w =e3le3//, HHG /'clothes container, suitcase, clothes case'/, attested by EB. , //|q*e3ccs=e3·wtxw//, /'five houses or buildings (belonging to one person)'/, , //xwclmcxw=e3wtxw//, /'smokehouse, longhouse'/, literally /'Indian house'/, , //te3lc=e3wtxw //, /'bank'/, literally /'money house'/, comment: tále money is Chinook Jargon from English "dollar", , //sil=e3wtxw//, /'tent'/, literally /'cloth house'/, comment: síl cloth is Chinook Jargon from English "sail", , //slcxw c|=e3·wtxw//, /'canoe shed'/, , //siyá|=e3·wtxw //, /'woodshed'/, , //q*w cyílc3xy=e3wtxw //, /'dance hall'/, , //mck*w cm=e3wtxw//, /'second-hand store'/, root , //le3·c*=e3wtxw //, /'next-door, different house'/, , //s§í·ltcxw//, /'cedar planks on roof or side of house'/, , //swclím=cltxw //, /'(Indian name of Ed Leon Sr. of Chehalis'/, , strs //s=§e[=Aá=]wè//, ABFC ['be in a hurry'], ( stative), ( on root resultative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (1/18/79), also , //s=§e3wè-c-cl//, /'I'm in a hurry.'/, attested by Deming, also , //§e[=Aá=]wè=T-ct-c-ep k*w -e-s §e[=Aí·=]|=tcl-clcp//, /'Hurry up and eat (folks).'/, literally /'hurry =purposely -oneself -you folks that -you -subord. are eating a meal =with each other -you plural'/, attested by NP, , //tu §e[=Aá=]wè=T-ct-|e//, /'Move a little faster.'/, attested by EB or Deming or IHTTC (fall 1977). , us //§exyclc3s or §exy(=)cl=cs//, DIR /'front, in front of'/, possibly go, come, get,become, possibly on the face, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb?. , dnom //§exyclcs=mcl//, BLDG ['front of a house'], lx part, portion, syntactic analysis: nominal. , free root //§e3xw //, FOOD ['give me s-th (to eat)'], SOC, usage: slang or shortcut for axwesthóx, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, syntactic comment: transitive verb in spite of the dropping of the transitivizer, attested by AHTTC (2/15/80), MH (2/8/79), example: , //mí-t| §e3xw //, /'Give me some.'/, literally /'come -mildly urging imperative 2s give (me) food'/, attested by MH, , //mí-t| §e3xw kápi//, /'Give me coffee.'/, syntactic comment: dropping of tie article here may be English influence, (irregular), attested by MH. , //s=§e3xw =cm//, Elder's comment: "may be the same as áxwe and s'áxwe", attested by AD, Salish cognate: Squamish /§c3xw a§-t/ give to, hand to (tr.) (obj. destinee). , cts //§e3[-·-]xw =cm//, FOOD ['giving (food)'], SOC, ( continuative), ( intransitivizer), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB,
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example: , df //s=§e3xw =cm//, FOOD ['(food) given'], SOC, ( nominalizer or stative), ( intransitivizer or resultative or passive??), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb?, nominal?, attested by AD, example: , //§e[=Aá=]xë%*=cs=T mók*w //, /'give it to all (of them)'/, attested by AC; found in , //§e[=Aá=]xw=cs=T-|e//, /'Give it to him!.'/, attested by AC, example: , //§e[=Aá=]xw =T-c-cxw xw c=le3 ë%*c=|límc|//, usage: idiom, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77), , //§e[=Aá=]xw=cs=T-c-cxw xw c=le3ë%*=(§)e3§elèe//, /'Give it to him from me.'/, attested by EB (3/1/76), , //§e[=Aá=]xw =cs=T k*w c mc3k*w =we3t=cs//, /'give it to everybody'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), , //lc §e[=Aá=]xw =cs=T-cs//, /'He gives it to s-o.'/, attested by AC, , //§e[=Aá=]xw =cs=T-|e tc lcpát//, /'Give him the cup.'/, attested by AD, , //§e[=Aá=]xw =cs=T t-e s=yá·ys//, /'Turn in (to s-o) your work., Give (so) your work.'/, SCH, ECON, MC, attested by Elders Group (3/14/79). , ds //§e[=Aá=]xw//, SOC ['give it to me'], usage: slang or short form (clipped form) for oxwesthóx, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AHTTC (2/15/80).
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, cts //§e[=Aá=][-·-]xw =cs=T//, SOC ['giving it to s-o'], ( continuative), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (8/11/70), example: , //lc §e[=Aá=][-·-]xw =cs=T-cs//, /'He is giving it (to s-o).'/, attested by AC. , pcs //§e3xw =cT//, FOOD ['share food with s-o'], SOC, ASM ['give s-o food, bring s-o food,pass food to s-o'], ASM ['serve s-o (food)'] (RG & EH 4/10/99 Ling332), ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, compare share, give, and compare give it to s-o which seems to show o-ablaut derivation, or o-ablaut conditioned by derivational suffix =es, attested by AD, DC, Ben James, EB, Salish cognate: Squamish root in /§c3xw a§-t/ give to, hand to (tr.) (obj. destinee) and /§íxw -n/ give, make a present of (tr.) W73:117, K67:388, K69:96, example: , //mc-t| §e3xw =cT-àxy tc è*e3lc-s tc mús=C1 cC2 //, /'Please give me the heart of the cow.'/, grammatical analysis: auxiliary verbpolimp2s r-pc-1soj demonstrative article nominal-3possessive demonstrative article r=characteristic, attested by AC, , FOOD ['(food) given'], see áxw. , FOOD ['giving (food)'], see áxw. , SOC /'give an equal share or amount to s-o, give (food?) to s-o, share with s-o'/, see áxw. , FOOD ['share food with s-o, give s-o food, bring s-o food,pass food to s-o'], see áxw. , us //§exw (=)íl//, VALJ /'small (AC, BJ), little (AC), a little bit (Deming: EF, MC, Cheh.: EB)'/, semantic environment ['a little bit used if someone is going to pour a drink for ex. (AD); little used in contexts the opposite of big (AD)'], Elder's comment: "some use axwíl for less but it's not really proper (AD); yeláwel axwíl could work for less but is a poor substitute (AD)", possibly inceptive, go, come, get, become, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, dialects: some speakers contrast small, little with a little bit (AC for ex.); some speakers maintain the contrast but reverse the meanings (EB for ex.); some speakers use with both meanings (AD for ex.), other sources: ES /§emí·mcl/ small (Cw,Ms /§cxw ín§/), JH /§exw í·l/, example:
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, //t=cw §exw íl §c4 k*w-e§-s §áxwcs=T-àxy//, /'You gave me too little.'/, attested by AD, , //C1 í=§exwì·l mcstíyc3xw//, /'small person'/, attested by AC, , //C1 í=§exw ìl s=me3·lt//, /'little rock'/, attested by AC, also , //C1 e=§exw íl ~ C1 e=§exw í[=·=]l//, dialects: Cheh.: EB; Tait: CT, , //C1 e=§exw íl §à//, /'just a few (for ex. of berries, but not of people)'/, attested by EB. , dnom //C1 e=§exwíl=c|p//, EB ['small tree'], ( diminutive), lx tree, plant, phonology: reduplication, phonology: consonant-shift (consonant alternation, l ! y stemfinally before =elhp), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT. , free root //§e3x. ~ ye3x//, . EFAM ['(bad)'], usage: said to a child (crawling age) to teach him something is bad; baby talk, syntactic analysis: interjection, attested by AD. EZ ['Canada goose'], ['Branta canadensis'], ASM ['goose that comes just , free root //§e3xc//, . before winter'], syntactic analysis: nominal, Salish cognate: Squamish /§c3x/ . 'wild goose, Canada goose' W73:122, K67:389, K69:93, Lushootseed /§cxá§/ 'snowgoose' H76:662. . Áxetel>, dnom //§e 3 xc=tcl//, PLN /'a goose-shaped rock near Hamisley Mt. and near Hooknose < . Mountain or Lhílhkw'elqs, west of Agassiz, B.C.'/, ASM ['the half of the top of the rock with the goose on it was blasted off for a quarry there; the goose can't be seen now; the rock was close by Harry Bouchard's place (AK, AP)'], lx device, thing, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by y AK, also . drift downriver, drown), , //cucuw=e3xcl . or ccw=C1 cC2 =e3xcl//, . /'front end of house (inside or out)'/, root away from shore, towards the middle of the river, in front, , //s=cclkw =e3xcl//, /'back end of house (inside or out)'/, root toward the woods, away from the river, in the backwoods, , //cclkw =e3xcl=mcl//, /'behind or back of a house'/, , //sc 3 lc*=cxcl//, /'to circle around the outside of a house'/, . . root go around in a circle.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, dnom //§i[=Ae3=]x=clqcl or §i[=Ac3=]x=clqcl//, [§e3xclqcl], HUNT /'buckskin, rawhide, . . . tanned buckskin'/, root scrape off, ( of root resultative), lx wool, feathers, phonology: derivational ablaut Ae3 if root /§íx/, . syntactic analysis: nominal. , PLN /'a goose-shaped rock near Hamisley Mt. and near Hooknose Mountain or Lhílhkw'elqs, west of Agassiz, B.C.'/, see áxe. TVMO ['lie down'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, , free root //§e3xcè//, . BHTTC, EB, LJ2, CT, HT, example: , //|c3q* mc sc3lc*=tcm tc-l s=xáy(=)cs |í-l §e3xcè//, /'Sometimes my head spins when I lay down.'/, attested by LJ2 . . w (of Tait), , //§e3xcè . §í t-e§ s=§c3q c=lcc//, /'Lie down on your back.'/, attested w by EB, , //§e3xcè . lí tc-l §c3q c=lcc//, /'lie on my back'/, attested by CT, HT. TVMO ['lying down'], ( continuative), phonology: length infixing, , cts //§e3[-·-]xcè//, . syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, BHTTC. TVMO ['little baby lying down'], ( diminutive), (, dnom //sx =§e3xcè//, . nominal, attested by CT, DM, AC, other elders, also , //c-cl lc (mc) §e3y=clcs tc s=§e3|tcl//, /'I left the food.'/, attested by CT, HT, , //|q*w =e3·y//, /'cedar bark skirt or cedar bark mat (or peeled bark)'/ (compare , //c*s=e3·y//, /'fir log or wood'/, scald . it), , //q*ct*cm=e3·y=c|p//, /'balsam, larch'/ (compare , //sc3k*w cm=iy//, /'birch'/, , //qw c3qw c|=iy//, /'lots of little pieces of driftwood'/.
, da //=e3·y=cl ~ =iy(=)cl ~ =ú·ycl//, FSH /'net, trap'/, HUNT /'trap, net'/, possibly bark, wool, possibly go, come, get, become, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, //=ú·y(=)cl or =c3w=iy=cl//; found in , //míl=iycl//, /'set a net'/, , //scmle3l=iycl//, /'a set net, stationary net'/ (compare riverbank), , //mcs=íycl=tcl//, /'anchor (probably for nets)'/, , //qw s=e3·ycl//, /'throw a net out'/ (compare fall overboard, fall in the water), , //qw s=e3·w=iycl//, /'set a net and drift with it'/, (semological comment: the =e3·w may mean on the body/on top of itself), , //qw e3s=cl=iycl//, /'drifting a net in different places'/ (with probably plural), , //qwcs=ú·ycl//, /'drop net into water'/, , //§is=te3yt=iycl//, /'group of canoes travelling upstream (moving to fish drying camp)'/ (compare upriver), , //peè=ú·ycl//, /'bear trap'/ (compare bear), , //|q*eccs=e3yiws//, /'five pairs of pants'/, , //s(c)q=í·ws or sq=e3yiws (or even) s=hcq=e3y=cws//, /'pants'/, possibly root underneath (compare with crawl/go underneath and (a placename that means go underneath)(probably with vowel metathesis), , //siscq=í·ws or siscq=e3yiws//, /'short pants'/, , //hcq=íycws=cm//, /'put on one's pants'/ (prob. also with root underneath), , //ë%*íë%*cp=l=e4·yìws//, /'man's underpants'/ (with root , //mc §e3·ylcxw tc s=palcqw (=)íè*e//, /'The corpse came back to life.'/, attested by EB, , //lí mc §e3yclcxw //, /'Did he get well?'/, attested by AC, , //lí-c-xw wc| mc §e3·yclcxw //, /'Are you better from your sickness?'/,
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/dzál-q-cd/ 'turn it over' (-q 'bottom), /s-dzc3l-è*/ (Skagit dial.) 'year, turning of the seasons' H76:212213 (if so cf UHk syilólem year perhaps a doublet; found in , //cclów=T-|e ~ cclc3w=T-|e//, /'Turn it inside out.'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer, imperative sg.), attested by EB, , also , //cclów=T-cs ~ cclc3w=T-cs//, /'He turns s-th inside out.'/, attested by EB, [BG: to be faithful to the phonetic transcription this should be spelled ], [èlót], 'turn s.t. inside out’, attested by (EH,RG,SN) 8/13/99 (SU transcription, tape 5), there is more properly a before the final t also, see the stative form below which requires a . [or better, ], plv [è3lèwlót], 'turning lots of things inside out’, attested by (EH,RG,SN) 8/13/99 (SU transcription, tape 5) , [*èæ 3 lót], *'turning s.t. inside out’, rejected by EH,RG,SN 8/13/99 (SU transcription, tape 5) [or better, ], [èæ 3 èlót], Elixabeth Herrling’s (EH's) grandfather's brother's name, attested by (EH,RG,SN) 8/13/99 (SU transcription, tape 5) - not a regular word referring to 'turning s.t. inside out'. , stvi //s=celc3[-M2·-]w//, MC ['be turned inside out'], ( stative aspect), (metathesis and lengthening resultative or durative), phonology: metathesis and lengthening, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, example: , //s=ccle3·w//, /'Her sweater is turned inside out.'/, attested by EB. , dnom //ce3lc3xy//, ANA ['hand'], attested by AC, BJ, others, syntactic analysis: nominal, other sources: ES /ce3lc3xy/, H-T (umlaut over a), also , //ce3lcxy//, attested by AC. others, , //ce3m-M13·-ct-cs tc §e3·wk*w -s//, /'He's packing his baggage or belongings.'/, attested by EB, , [ wmæ 3 t], 'packing on back’, attested by (EH,RG) 7/27/99 (SU transcription, tape 3) (a different continuative was cited in the previous session, , [èèw3mwt], 'packing it’, attested by (EH,RG 7/23/99) (SU transcription, tape 2), but given the next time may have been a correction, along with several other corrections) , ds //ce3m=í·m//, TVMO ['to pack'], lx repeatedly, phonology: consonant alternation, vmrgr: when =í:m is suffixed to a stem ending in m, the stem m is dropped and the stem vowel merges with the suffix's í: (yielding í:), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC and RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332). , dnom //s=ce3m=í·m//, TVMO ['a pack'], phonology: since a pack is something used repeatedly the suffix =í·m repeatedly seem quite plausible here; the alternative would require a derivation with í·-ablaut, /s=ce3[=Aí·=]m/, which seems less likely, attested by IHTTC, example:
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, //hi=meqe3=xycl k*w c ccle3qc|-c|//, /'It rained and snowed together yesterday.'/, literally /'pl?=fallen snow=precipitation the abstract yesterday-past'/, attested by Deming, , //c-cl mí k*w c là kw ccle3qc|-c| qc §c3wc-c-xw §í-xw xw c=§í//, /'I came here yesterday and you weren't here (hadn't arrived).'/, literally /'icsp-1ssj come the remote here the near yesterday-past and did not-icsp-2ssj here(aux)-2ssbsj get=here'/, attested by EB, , //c-cl me3·y=Tàmc k*w c ccle3qc|-c| qe |(=)cw|(-)e4//, /'I helped you yesterday or the day before yesterday.'/, literally /'icsp-1ssj help=purposely-2soj the abstract yesterday-past or ?(=already)(-later?)'/, attested by AC, , //lc3c*c s=we3y(=)cl §iwe3·l(=)mcls k*w ccle3qc|c|//, /'(It's) one day before yesterday.'/, literally /'it's one day before the abstract/remote yesterdaypast'/, attested by DM, also , //ë%*á-l s=cákw=cl=c|//, /'That's what I borrowed.'/, attested by EB, , //s=cákw =cl=c| §à tc s=kwí·xy-s//, /'He's borrowed his name.'/, attested by EB. , pcs //cc3|=te=T ~ cc3|=tc=T//, SOC /'lend it to s-o, let s-o borrow it'/, see chélhta , ncs //cá[=Ac3=]m=l-cxw ~ cá(=)m=l-c[= 3=]xw //, SOC ['elope with s-o or meet up with s-o'], TVMO, KIN, literally possibly /'manage to get s-o away from the river'/, see chó:m , us //cc3mq//, [èw3mq ~ cw3mq], WETH ['stop blowing (of the wind)'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, dialects: Cheh. (Chill. uses líqwel get calm), example: , //lí lc cc3mq//, /'Is the wind stopped?'/, , //cc3mq tc s=pch=e3ls//, /'The wind has stopped.'/, dialects: Cheh. (Chill. uses Líqwel te speháls The wind has stopped.), syntactic analysis: historical past tense, , //lc cc3mq tc s=pch=e3·ls//, /'The wind stopped.'/, (semological comment: note the contrast in past tenses in the last two examples: the ambiguous past with seems here to indicate a more sudden action that the historical past without in the next-to-last example), syntactic analysis: ambiguous past. , bound root //ccw ~ ce3w//, LAND /'beach, shore'/. , dnom //ce3[=C1 c=]w or C1 e3=ccw//, LAND /'beach, shore'/, ( (may be an old) stative) or more likely augmentative, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, also , //ce3ccw//, dialects: Chill.: AC, other sources: ES /ce3·ccw/, JH /cé·cu/. , ds //cc3w=C1 cC2 //, LAND /'away from the shore, toward the river'/, WATR, ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, example: , //le3=m-c-ct kw c cc3w=C1 cC2 //, /'We'll go down to the river (near but out of sight).'/, , //le3=m kwc cc3w=C1 cC2 [qc-s-c3s-cw] |á·s//, /'He's going to the river to drift-net.'/. , dnom //ccw=C1 cC2 =e3lcc (or possibly? C1 cC2 =ccwe3=lcc)//, PLN /'Fraser River (way out at the end), mouth of the Fraser River'/, phonology: reduplication, attested by Cheh., other source: place name file reference #107, also , literally /'a going down'/, (possibly) , dnom (possibly) //ccw=tcl=í·l//, PLN ['another village of the Pilalt people'], (possibly something for, device for, go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells l965, Wells 1966, H-T . (possibly) , dnom (possibly) //s=ccw=íc//, PLN ['Lindeman Lake or Post Lake'], lx (possibly) in/on the back, phonology: ch could also be ch', ts could also be ts' or th', syntactic analysis: nominal, source: place names file reference #261; Wells 1965 . , mdls //cc3w=c[- 3-]|-cm//, cts, ABFC ['to spawn'], literally /'to beach one's offspring'/, see chew ~ cháw , bound root or stem //ccwát//, root meaning unknown , stvi //s=ccwát//, DESC /'smart, know how, good at it'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, also , [sècwát], dialects: idiolectal for EB only; found in , //s=ccwát-ccxw//, /'You're smart.'/, example: , //c*e3[=C1 c=]l §cw sècwát//, /'(he's/she's) very smart'/, attested by EB, , //lí-c-xw s=ccwát//, /'Are you good at it?'/, attested by AC, , //lí-c-xw s=ccwát k*w -e-s t*i[-C1 c-]c*=cm//, /'Do you know how to swim?'/, attested by Deming: MC, SJ, MV, LG (all Chill.), , //s=ccwát k*wc-s s-t*í[-C1c]l=cm-s//, /'He's good at singing.'/, attested by AC, , //s=ccwát k*w c-s q*w cy(=)íl=cxy-s//, /'He's good at dancing.'/, , ctv //c=hc3-m ck'w//, MC /'finding things'/, see mékw'. , pcrs //C1 í=cá=lc[=M2=]q=T-cl//, dms, TVMO ['walking single-file'], see chá:l or chó:l , cts //C1 í=cá(=)l-c[=M2=]T//, pcs, dms, TVMO /'running after s-o, running after s-th'/, see chá:l or chó:l , cts //cí[=C1 c=]|//, DESC /'be above, be high, top, up above, way high'/, see chílh , npc //cí[=C1 c=]| siye3·m ~ cí[=C1 c=]| siye3m//, CH /'God, the Lord'/, REL, literally /'high respected leader, respected leader above, chief (way) above, chief up high'/, see chílh , npc //cí[=C1 c=]| tc3mc3xw //, CH ['heaven'], literally /'high land, land way above'/, see chílh , dms //C1 í=ccw=ás//, LAND /'sit facing a river and watch it, sit on a riverbank and sunbathe'/, see chew ~ cháw , dms //C1 í=ccw=áècl//, LAND ['a little below the mouth of a creek or slough'], see chew ~ cháw SENS, TAST /'bitter, rancid'/, see chíxem , mdls //cí[=C1 c=]x=cm//, . , us //cíkmcl//, LAND /'iron (the metal), silver'/, borrowed from Chinook Jargon chickamin iron, silver, metal of all kinds, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, also , //cí·kmel//, attested by BJ, /'iron (the metal)'/, example: , //cíkmcl te3lc//, /'silver money'/, literally /'iron money, silver money'/, , //k*w c cí[=C1 c=]|//, /'the sky'/, literally /'the (remote, distant, abstract) above'/, dialects: EB; others use swàyèl day also for sky.
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, npc //cí[=C1 c=]| siye3·m ~ cí[=C1 c=]| siye3m//, CH /'God, the Lord'/, REL, literally /'high respected leader, respected leader above, chief (way) above, chief up high'/. , npc //s=we3ycl-s tc cí[=C1 c=]| siye3m//, CH ['Christmas day'], TIME, literally /'the day of the Lord'/.
clothing, syntactic analysis: nominal, also , //cxw c3tcm tc s=§á·è=cs//, /'The face is swollen.'/, attested by Deming, JL, NP. , bound root //cíx=cm//, SENS, TAST /'bitter, rancid'/, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /èíxcm/ . . rancid Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994:66. SENS, TAST /'bitter, rancid'/, ASM ['bitter'], semantic , mdls //cí[=C1 c=]x=cm//, . environment ['of dried fish or anything'], ASM ['rancid'], semantic environment ['of butter or other oily things'], ( continuative, participial), ( middle voice), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: Vaj, attested by BHTTC. SENS, TAST /'got rancid, got bitter'/, ( (switches preceding consonant and vowel) completive, middle voice, get, become, inceptive, phonology: metathesis, vowel merger (íe /íc/ ! í: /í·/), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. PLN ['Depot Creek (off upper Chilliwack possibly, ds probably //C1 c=cíx=cm//, . River)'], (probably (here ) possibly continuative, diminutive, plural or diminutive plural, possibly place of or =em intransitivizer or middle voice), phonology: reduplication, source: Wells 1966, , bound root //cí·ye//, meaning unknown , dnom //s=cí·ye//, EB ['wild strawberry'], ACL ['domestic strawberry'], ['Fragaria vesca, Fragaria virginiana'], ASM ['berries ripen in May and June; leaf tea is good'], MED [‘plant is used for diarrhea medicine'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ, many others, other source: ES /scí·ye/, example: , FOOD strawberry juice (lit. strawberry + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , dnom //s=cí·ye=c|p//, EB /'strawberry vine, strawberry plant, strawberry patch'/, lx plant, tree, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Chill., Cheh., Tait, attested by AC, IHTTC, also , dialects: Tait: SP, perhaps others, example: , //§í-|-c-cl lí kw -è-c s=cí·ye=c|p//, /'I was at the strawberry patch.'/. ANAH ['strawberry birthmark on the arm'], ASM ['so named , ds //s=cíye=cle3xcl//, . because of the strawberry color of the mark'], lx on the arm, syntactic analysis: nominal or possibly stvi, attested by NP. , dnom //xw =chí·ye=cm//, PLN /'Cheam Island (my name for an island in the Fraser River across from Cheam Indian Reserve #2), Cheam village, Cheam Indian Reserve #1'/, ASM ['the island I'm calling Cheam Island is unnamed on the maps; LJ pointed it out upstream from the Agassiz-Rosedale bridge; it was the first place to be named for the strawberries and was full of wild strawberries many years ago; the island was planted with trees to be harvested some years ago; there may be some strawberries left; it is now a small and long island more like a gravel bar with some trees on it; the village got its name from the island; then the Indian Reserve got its name from the village; Mt. Cheam was named in English after the village but actually in Halkomelem has an
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English entirely different name, Lhílheqey.'], lx always, lx place where, (place) to get, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Tait: LJ, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, other source: place name reference file #60, also , //s=xw =cí·ye=cm//, literally /'place to pick strawberries'/, attested by SP, also , //lcxw =cí·ye=cm//, literally /'where wild strawberries grow'/, lx always, lx , us //cí§//, EZ /'something scary, monster'/, usage: slang, phonology: final glottal stop is unusual for these dialects, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, also , dnom //cí|=íè*e//, CLO /'upper clothing, clothing on upper half of the body'/, see chílh , cts //ce3m-M1·4=cm (or ce3m=c[-M1·4-]m)//, TVMO /'carrying on one's back, packing on one's back'/, see chám , cts //ce3m-M1=cm=c3lcqw //, TVMO ['carry[ing] a packstrap around the head'], see chám , cts //ce3m-M13·-cT//, TVMO /'carrying s-th/s-o on one's back, packing it on one's back'/, see chám , //lí-c cákw tc le3lcm-s qe (~ q*e) lí-c s=C1 c=tc3[=Aí=]s//, /'Is his house far or is it nearby?'/, phonology: sentence-stress changes the stress from to after stressed interrogative ; length on is dropped in allegro speech; in slow pronunciations by AC is attested as , showing the yes/no question suffix. , cpvs possibly //cá[=C1 c=]kw //, DIR ['(being far?)'], possibly continuative, phonology: reduplication, example: rejected., us //cáxw// (or possibly // cá=xw//? with root as in //cá·m, cá·kw//, etc.)//, TVMO ['go down to the river'], WATR, lx possibly , unattested elsewhere; it would have to have a meaning of negative which seems unlikely, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC. , pcrs //cá·(=)m=T=cl//, KIN /'elope, run away together'/, see chó:m , dnom //ccw=á[=M23=]ècl//, PLN /'village at what's now Katz Reserve, Katz Landing'/, literally /'beach at the mouth (of a creek)'/, see chew ~ cháw
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, dnom //cáxw=xycl//, CLO /'cloth or warm material to wrap around the foot, stockings'/, ASM ['stockings'], ACL, semantic environment ['post-contact times, acculturated dress'], lx on the leg, on the foot, syntactic analysis: nominal. , incs //cá·y=èct//, WETH /'get quiet (of wind), stop (of wind)'/, semantic environment ['wind'], lx become, get, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD, , dnom //có·wqw =cle//, EZ ['Canada lynx'], Elder's comment: "a big white cat about a foot and a half long that is found on the highest mountains", ['Lynx canadensis canadensis'], lx probably on the side of the head, by the ears (since they have a tuft of hair there), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Jimmy Peters of Katz Reserve, also , //èó·qw =cle//, attested by JL. , ds //cqw=e3lc3qcp//, SENS, SD /'be loud in sound, a loud sound (?)'/, lx sound, in sound, syntactic analysis: probably adjective/adjectival verb, example: , //mí xwc cqw=e3lc3qcp//, /'sound getting louder'/. , dnom //cè*=íl=cm//, PLN ['a point or bald hill on Harrison River where people waited to spear silver spring salmon'], phonology: zero derivation, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL, , ds //cc3w=C1 cC2 //, LAND /'away from the shore, toward the river'/, see chew ~ cháw , dnom //ccw=C1 cC2 =e3lcc (or possibly? C1 cC2 =ccwe3=lcc)//, PLN /'Fraser River (way out at the end), mouth of the Fraser River'/, see chew ~ cháw BLDG ['front end of a house (inside or outside)'], see chew , dnom //ccw=C1 cC2 =e3xcl//, . ~ cháw , ds //ccw=C1cC2=á·yècl//, WATR ['out in the middle of the river'], see chew ~ cháw , PLN ['another village of the Pilalt people'], see cháchew ~ cháchu. , [ xyw3lè], 'catch a fish’, see xélcha. , [èxyál a], 'always catching fish’, see xélcha. , bound root //=cíxw ~ cxw=//, ABDF ['to swell (of a body part)'], see chíxw. , //-c-cxw ~ -c-xw//, PRON /'you (sg.) (subject of an independent clause), second peron sg.'/, see -chexw. , ds //ce3·xw =c3lmcl//, SOC /'want a wife, He wants a wife.'/, see cháxw. , ds //cxw =c3lqscl//, ABDF ['(have a) swollen nose'], see chixw , ds //cxw =c3t=cm (or) cxw c3=tcm//, ABDF /'be swollen, swelled up (EB), swelling (AC)'/, see chixw. SENS, TAST /'got rancid, got bitter'/, see chix , incs //cíx[=M1]=cm=è(=)ct//, .
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
CH’
, mdls //c*e3=íl=cm//, TVMO ['get on top of something'], literally /'go/come/get oneself on top'/, ( go, come, get, become), ( middle voice), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (4/2/76), example: , cts //c*e=íl=c[- 3-]m//, TVMO /'mounting a horse, mounting a person'/, ( continuative), phonology: vowel merger, stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/5/80). , //§cmc3t li tc s=c*e3=lcc=tcl//, /'sit down on the chair'/, attested by AC, , //§cmc3t-|e le=m tc sxw =c*e3=lcc=tcl//, /'Go sit in the chair.'/, attested by IHTTC. , //c*e3=lcc=cm-c-ep//, /'You folks have a seat.'/, attested by Deming. on top, ( continuative or derivational), possibly go, come, get, become, ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (9/9/77). , dnom //c*e3=lcc=tcl ~ s=c*e3(·)=lcc=tcl ~ sxw=c*e3=lcc=tcl//, HHG /'chair, bench, seat, something to sit on'/, see ch'á: ~ ts'á:. , pcs //c*e3m=cT ~ c*c3m=cT//, [c*e3mct ~ c*c3mct], ABFC /'put s-th between the teeth, put it in one's mouth, bite on s-th (not into it)'/, possibly related to th'ám chew, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (8/15/70, 9/30/71), EB (3/22/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /è*c3m§/ bite (itr.)(dog, fish, fly, etc.) and /è*c3m§t/ bite (tr.) W73:38, K67:319, perhaps not Shuswap /c*m-em/ and /c*m-nt-es/ and /s-c*m-st-es/ to bite and suck blood (of mosquito, sand fly, etc.) K74:177, nor Shuswap root /k*em/ surface in many body parts K74 (but the latter may be cognate with Upriver Halkomelem /c*cmxyá·yècl/ jaw, contrast , cts //c*e3m=M1=T//, ABFC ['biting on s-th'], ( continuative (irregular)), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78). , pcs //c*e3m=cT ~ c*c3m=cT//, [c*e3mct ~ c*c3mct], ABFC /'put s-th between the teeth, put it in one's mouth, bite on s-th (not into it)'/, see ch'ám ~ ts'ám ~ ts'ém. , df //c*e3t(=)xw =cls//, sas, ABFC /'(mice) chewing (a wall, box, etc.)'/, possibly root , dnom //c*e3·t=xw =cls//, sas, EZ /'a big rat (prob. the introduced Norway rat, probably native species of large vole which may include any or all of the following that are found in the area: creeping vole, long-tail vole, mountain heather vole, boreal redback vole), possibly also the introduced roof rat'/, ['prob. the introduced Rattus norvegius, native species possibly including any/all of these four: Microtus oregoni serpens, Microtus longicaudus macrurus, Phenacomys intermedius oramontis, and Clethrionomys gapperi cascadensis, possibly also the introduced Rattus rattus'], literally /'something chewing (as a structured activity like a mouse on a wall or box)'/, ( structured activity continuative nominal), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/27/75). , ABFC /'jumping, hopping'/, see ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém. , df //c*e3w(=)q*=cm//, SD ['sizzling'], FOOD, semantic environment ['of grease in a frying pan or in roasting meat'], root meaning unknown, possibly , if //c*e3xw -s//, LANG ['everyone got quiet'], SD, ( third person possessive/subordinate), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/23/77). , //c*e3xw =cl-|e//, /'Shut up.'/, attested by Elders Group, * rejected by EB. , ds //c*exw=cl=á·yècl or c*e[=Ac=]xw=cl=á·yècl//, LANG /'stop talking, shut up (the lips or jaw)'/, literally /'go/get silent on the lips/jaw'/, possibly derivational/resultative/durative, lx on the jaw, on the lips, phonology: vowel-reduction or ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, Elders Group; found in , //s=k*we3y k*w-cs c*exw=cl=á·yècl-s//, /'(He/She/They) can't shut up.'/, attested by Elders Group (2/25/75); found in , pcs //c*exw =í·l=T//, KIN /'hush a baby from crying, (hush s-o (a baby) from crying)'/, LANG, ( go, come, get, become), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (9/15/77). , ds //c*(e)xw =á·yècl//, LANG /'silence the mouth, keep the mouth quiet'/, literally /'quiet the jaw/lips'/, lx (on the) jaw, lips, phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (5/3/76); found in , cts //c*i[-Ae3-]yxw =T//, HARV ['drying s-th'], see ch'íyxw ~ ts'íyxw ~ ts'éyxw. , cts //C1 c=c*c3m=cls//, sas, dnom, ABFC /'a biter (animal, fish, etc.), a thing that is (always) biting'/, see ch'ám ~ ts'ám ~ ts'ém. w , pcs //c*c3k (=)x=T// . w ts'ékwxt>, pcs //c*c 3 k (=)x=T//, FOOD ['fry s-th'], possibly distributive, ( purposeful < . control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, Salish cognate: Squamish /èckw x-án/ fry . w (tr.) beside /èckw x-ím§/ fry (act. itr.) W73:109, K67:316, Songish dial. of NSt /è*k c 3 xt/ to fry (tr.) . . w w M68:39, also , //§í-|-c-cl c*c[-Ae3-]kwx=T//, /'I was frying it.'/, attested by EB, , //s=c*c[=Ae3=]kw x. scplíl//, /'fried bread'/, attested by AD, also w , //§í-|-c-cl c*ckw x=e . 3 ls tc scplí·l//, /'I fried bread.'/, attested by EB; found in , cts //c*c[-Ae3-]k x=cls//, . structured activity continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (5/3/76 corrects 12/15/75), example: , dnom //c*c[=Ae3=]k x=cls//, . continuative), ( structured activity continuative nominal), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming Elders at Ft. Langley, B.C. museum (3/9/78), also w attested by Elders Group (6/1/77), AD (8/80), example: , bens //c*c3k x-c|c=T//, . purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/24/76), also , //c*ck x-c|c=T-áx . w y -c-cxw//, /'Fry it for me.'/, attested by EB. , //c*c[=Aá=]l=cs=cm, c*c[=Aá=]l=cs=cm, te=lúwc q*e3miy. l s=ë%*í k*w -cl-s k*w ec=cT-ámc.//, /'Turn your face, turn your face, you, girl. I want to see you. Pshaw, it's only my cousin.'/, usage: love song, attested by EF (9/21/78). , df //c*c[=Aá=]l=lcxcè* or c*c[=Aá=](l)=e3lcxcè*//, ABFC /'roll over in bed, turn over . . in bed'/, DIR, ( derivational), lx (on) something else, ( go, come, get, become), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: allomorph or deglottalization of =q', syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming (4/17/80). (on) something else, ( go, come, get, become), ( middle voice), phonology: syllable-loss, updrifting, allomorph or deglottalization of =q', syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (4/17/80), example: , //c*cl=q=í·l=cm t-e§ (we3kcl, s=tiqíw, kyá, pc3ki)//, /'Turn your (wagon, horse, car, buggy) around.'/, attested by Deming (4/17/80). (on) something else, lx on the face, round object, phonology: allomorph or deglottalization of =q', syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (7/27/78), also , //c*c3l=q=cs or c*[=D=]c3l=q=cs//, comment: ts probably mistranscribed for ts', phonology: possible deglottalization, attested by Elders Group (2/11/76), also on something else, ( go/come/get/become or middle voice), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (10/13/76). , //c*c3l=cxw //, also /'(a fish) going into a quieter stream'/, attested by Elders Group (7/20/77), example: , //s=c*c3lc3xw //, also /'eddy, backwater'/, attested by AC (9/1/71). , ds //s=c*cl=(c)xw =íwcl//, ANA /'insides (animal or human or other?), (internal organs, guts, etc.), (stomach [inside] [DM])'/, ASM ['(includes the guts, stomach, heart, liver, etc.)'], literally /'backwater/slough in the insides'/, lx in the insides, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (11/11/71), Deming (esp. SJ 5/3/79), other sources: ES /šc*clxw íwcl/ guts, also /'stomach [inside]'/, attested by DM (12/4/64), example: , //c=qwe3·y tc s=c*cl=cxw=íwcl-s tc s=t*c3l=cm//, /'The inside/inner cherry bark is green.'/, attested by Deming (esp. SJ). ~ , sas //c*cm=e3·ls//, dnom, ABFC ['a thing that bites'], see ch'ám ~ ts'ám ~ ts'ém.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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, probable root //c*c3q*w // poke, pierce, see under ts’ for all derivations from this root; only those with frequent ch’ pronunciation are listed here , dnom //s=c*c3q*w //, BSK /'fine cedar root weaving, fine cedar root work'/, literally /'something that got pierced/poked'/, (semological comment: prob. so named because one uses an awl to poke holes in the roots in the basket as one weaves, and the roots are poked through each other in places), ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75, 3/24/76), example: , //s=c*c3q*w s=yá·ys//, /'fine cedar root work (only roots used)'/, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75). , ds //c*cq*w =ó·wc| ~ c*cq*w =ówc|//, BSK ['to weave a cedar root basket'], literally /'pierce/poke into vessel/canoe/?basket'/, lx canoe, vessel, basket?, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75), AC (8/13/70), , //ye3|=a à k*w -e§-s-c c*cq*w =ówc|//, /'You just start to make a basket.'/, attested by EB (12/19/75), , see ch'tá:m> ~ , ds //c*cxw=c3|ce=T//, WATR ['add some water [to s-th]'], see ts'xwót (or *ch'xwót).
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, //c*íy=T tc s=yc3w=cl//, SPRD, /'thank a spirit song, ((also) thank a spirit power)'/, ASM ['done before you sing it'], attested by Elders Group (7/21/76), , //c*íy=T-amc-c-ct le3=m k*w -s mok*w =s=te3m//, /'We thank you for everything.'/, usage: blessing a meeting, attested by AD (1/17/80). , //xw=è*íy=T-cs//, /'He thanked him (for a cure, pall-bearing, etc.)'/, attested by EB, , df //c*iy=tálc3=sT-cxw//, caus, SOC /'pile it up (blankets, rocks, anything)'/, possibly meaning unknown, ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), Elder's comment: "derived from ts'á on top", syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (4/23/76). , bound root //c*í·ë%* ~ c*íë%* short//, most derivations from this root have ts’ pronunciation (see under ts’ for all derivations); the two below do not, in the speech of AC in height, stature, syntactic analysis: nominal?, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by AC (11/11/71). , ds //c*í·ë%*=cmcè*//, BPI /'short person, short (in stature)'/, see ch'í:tl' ~ ts'í:tl' ~ ts'ítl'. , dnom //s=c*iye3q//, FSH /'fish trap, weir'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (3/25/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /è*iáq/ salmon weir W73:286, K67:322, also /'trapping animals'/, attested by AC (8/28/70). , ds //c*iye3q=tcl//, FSH /'salmon weir, fish trap'/, root , dnom //c*iye3q=tcl//, PLN /'Tzeachten, a (recent) settlement on the upper reaches of the lower Chilliwack River, now Chilliwack Indian Reserve #13 near Sardis'/, literally /'device to trap fish'/, (semological comment: Wells says it means place of the fish weir), lx device to, something to, phonology: the in the Anglicized spelling of the name either reflects the pronunciation at first recording by whites (Gibbs) in which case the sound change of Downriver /n/ to Upriver /l/ was not complete consonant alternation 1858, or it reflects a recording of this name by Downriver speakers to Gibbs about the same time, none of the Elders from the 1890's to the present pronounce it with /n/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64), DM (12/4/64), other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):19, Wells 1966, H-T , source: place names reference file #181. , //lc=u| c*c3yxw //, /'It's dry.'/, literally /'past already is dry'/, attested by AC, , //lc=u| lc c*íyxw tc s=tá·l=cw//, /'The river is getting dry.'/, literally /'past -already past 3rd person subject get dry the river'/, attested by EB. , dnom //sxw =c*i[=Ae3·=]yxw =cls//, sas, FSH ['fish-drying rack'], literally /'something for drying fish as a structured activity continuative'/, ( something for),
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
( structured activity continuative nominal), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64 new transcript new p. 187). , dnom //s=c*i[=Ae3·=]yxw =cls//, sas, FOOD ['dried meat'], ( nominalizer), ( resultative), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64 new transcript new p.190). , pcs //c*íyxw =T ~ c*c3yxw =T//, FSH ['dry s-th'], HUNT, HARV /'spread them out to dry (berries, bulrushes, etc.)'/, MC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (10/1/71, 10/13/71), EB (4/28/76), example: , //c*i[-Ae3-]yxw =T-cs//, /'He/She is drying it (clothes, fruit, dishes, etc.).'/, attested by AC, example: , df //c*iyxw =cq(cl)=T-e4lc4m//, if, ABDF ['my throat is dry'], literally /'my throat was dried out (on purpose)'/, possibly purposeful control transitivizer, ( first person singular passive), phonology: syllable-loss predictable, syntactic analysis: transitive verb passive, attested by EB (12/19/75), example: , ds //c*íyxw=cqcl//, ABDF ['dry in the throat'], see ch'íyxw ~ ts'íyxw ~ ts'éyxw. , //C1 e=c*í·ë%*[=C1 c=]ë%* s=c*e3·|e w x. e3·le=e3|p//, EB, /'short leaf willow, short-leaf willow, Sitka willow'/, /'Salix sitchensis'/ (compare with short-leaf willow, Sitka willow), attested by AC (11/26/71), , //ë%*e3qt s=c*á·|ex. we3·le=e3|p//, EB, /'long leaf willow, Pacific willow'/, /'Salix lasiandra'/ (compare with , //c=qw e3·y tc hil=álxw s=c*á·|e//, /'The Fall leaves are yellow.'/, attested by Elders Group (5/16/79), , ds //c*e3t-M1=cm//, ABFC ['crawl'], ( non-continuative), ( middle voice), phonology: metathesis, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/11/75), AC (8/6/70), , //lc=u| c*e3t=M1=cm t-cl C1í=mcle//, /'My baby is already crawling.'/, literally /'my little child has already crawled'/, attested by EB. , [è'w3twm], 'crawling’, attested by (EH,RG 7/30/99)(SU transcription, tape 4), Salish cognate: Samish dial. of NSt /è*c3tõ*/ crawling G86a:93, also , //c*c3t=cm//, attested by NP (9/30/75), example: , [ 'wè'w8%,ím] EH, [¢'w¢'w8%,ím] RG, 'jumping’, attested by RG,EH 8/27/99 (SU transcription, tape 6). ), pcs //c*xw á=T or c*áxw =M1=T or c*xw =áT//, TIB /'add some, add it, (do it again [AD])'/, possibly non-continuative, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis or allomorph of suffix, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/16/77), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /è*xw -úd/ add it to something H76:696, Squamish root /è*ixw ~ è*cxw / increase as in /è*xw -ut/ increase (tr.) W73:149, K67:319,320, K69:68, also /'do it again'/, attested by AD (11/19/79). great blue heron, seagull, (beside Katzie ) sparrow, eulachon, oolichen, western dock, wild rhubarb, domestic rhubarb,< th'ékwa> mountain fern with wide top, probably spiny wood fern, poison fern that grows in swampy places, probably water hemlock, poison hemlock, skunk cabbage, , stvi //s=§chá//, MC ['wrapped up'], syntactic analysis: participle, attested by Deming. , dmv //s=C1 í=§chá//, EFAM ['wrapped up (in stupidity)'], ( stative), ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: participle, example: , dnom //s=§chá=lcc//, CLO ['pocket'], literally /'wrapped up on the bottom'/, lx on the bottom, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by RJ (Rose Jones), example: , //è*íkw=ckw//, /'blue elderberry'/, literally (perhaps) /'round prickle (referring to taste)'/, , //C1 c=è*am=íkw //, /'little tiny beads'/, literally (perhaps) /'many little round bones'/. , df //§c3kw (=)iycqw //, KIN /'great great grandparent; great great grandchild; sibling/cousin of great great grand-parent/-child'/, ASM, lx possibly (perhaps related to on the head, hair); found in the words for great grandparent/child, great great great grandparent/-child, and great great great great grandparent/-child, perhaps since each of the parent allosemes is at the head of at least 4 generations of descendants, syntactic analysis: nominal, also , KIN /'great great great grandparent/-child; sibling/cousin of great great great grandparent/-child'/, dialects: a smaller number of speakers use the word with this meaning and use è*c3p*aycqw ~ è*c3p*iycqw for great great grandparent/-child, etc., attested by AC, some others incl. Hill-Tout's teacher, Captain John Suwalis (whom AC lived with when married to his son, Commodore), other sources: ES /§c3kw cycqw / great great grandparent, great great grandchild; H-T , DIR /'lose (s-th, an object, etc.)'/, see íkw' ~ í:kw'. , da //=cl//, QUAL ['-ish'], syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, (semological comment: this semantic element may be signalled by reduplication in the examples; then would have to be verbal or from go); found in , //c=q*w íq*w cx. w =cl//, /'getting blackish'/, /'brownish-black'/ (compare , //ë%*elqt=c3lc//, /'deer'/ . (root , //t*ixw =cle3ce//, /'Indian name of second oldest Wealick brother'/, , //|á·k*w =cle4lc4xw //, /'Indian name of Dan Milo's great grandfather'/ (root , //k*w qw =cle3xcl//, /'hit on the arm (with a stick-like . object)'/, , //s=è*cm=xw=cle3xcl//, . . 'elbow'/, literally /'bone--lump-like--in arm'/, , //p*íp*cè*=cle3xcl//, . //s=pat=C1 cC2 =cle3xcl//, /'thunder-wind (wind that precedes a thunderstorm)'/, (semological . comment: thunder is thought of as a bird--the thunderbird, shxwexwó:s), probably nominal, probably root blow, probably iterative, possibly end or side of a house (inside or outside). , da //=c3lccp//, FIRE ['firewood'], HARV, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //è*iq*w=c3lccp//, /'split (fire)wood'/ (compare punch s-o or s-th), , //yc3qw=clccp//, /'make a fire, burn wood'/ (root burn), , //sí·lccp=tcl//, attested by DM, /'a firedrill'/ (root spin),
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English burning pitch onto a canoe).
, da //=c3lcq or =c[= 3=]l=cq//, SOC /'one who, -er, one who does as an occupation'/, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //§í·wcs=c3lcq//, /'a guide'/ (compare guide s-o, teach s-o, show s-o), , //|e|cw=c3lcq//, /'a healer, an Indian doctor or medicine man at work'/ (compare working or curing (of an Indian doctor on a patient)), , //skwukwcl(=)st=c3lcq//, /'school teacher'/ (root school), perhaps , //he3k*w=clcs//, /'remember s-o/s-th'/, , //ë%*í·=lcs-áxy-cs//, /'He/She loves me., He/She likes me.'/, , //§e3·y=clcs-áxy-cs//, /'He left me. (leave s-o)'/, , //§e3·y=clcs-cs//, /'He/She/It/They went away from s-o/s-th. (go away from s-o/s-th)'/, , //pc3tcm=(l)cs-áxy-cs//, /'He asked for me. (ask for s-o)'/. , da //=clcce3·ls, =clcse4·ls//, EB /'plants, grass'/, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix; found in (to) cut), , //|e3·lt=clcce3·ls//, /'spraying water on the garden'/ (compare (to) spray and splash/spray/flip s-o with water in the face), , //Chwk. s=pá[=C1 c=]x. w =clse3·ls//, /'spray-gun (for plants)'/ (compare blow spray on patient (done by Indian doctor)), dialects: Chill., also , //sxw=pá[=C1 c=]x. w=clse3·ls//, dialects: Tait. , da //=clc3ccl ~ =e3ccl//, ANA ['on the testicles'], syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, Salish cognate: Musqueam /-clcccn ~ -élcccn ~ -éccn/ testicles (Suttles ca 1985: 14.5.68), Lushootseed /báècd/ testicles and /=álaècd/ testicles H76:692, 689; found in , //k*w qw =c3lcc//, /'hit on the rump (with club or stick)'/, , //|cq*=le3c or |e3q*=lc[=M2=]c//, /'hip, hind leg'/, literally /'wide of rump'/, , //§á·qw =clcc ~ §c3qw =clcc ~ §óqw =clcc//, /'back'/, literally /'comes out above rump'/, , //s=c*e3(·)=lcc=tcl//, /'chair, bench'/, literally /'nominal on top of rump (subject) device > "device the rump is on top of"'/, , //ye3q=clcc=cm//, /'change one's seat, change one's chair'/, literally /'change rump one's (middle voice)'/, , //ë%*cp=le3c or ë%*cp=lc[=Ae3=]c//, /'bottom of creek'/, , //è*c3mcxw=lec//, /'tail of Seabird Island'/. , EB ['salmonberry plant'], see elíle. , us //§clílc//, EB ['salmonberry (the berry itself)'], ['Rubus spectabilis'], (semological comment: both the golden and the ruby form are eaten fresh, usually the first berry out; the sweet tender shoots are peeled in early spring and eaten raw as one kind of stháthqiy (also see under stháthqiy)), syntactic analysis: nominal, also , //§elílc//, phonology: at slow speed, attested by AC, also , //§elílc3 ~ §clíle3//, phonology: at slow speed, attested by BJ, other sources: ES /clí·le4/, H-T , dnom //tcm=§clílc//, TIME /'salmonberry time, (usually) May'/, (semological comment: usually in May when the first salmonberries get ripe; used more generally for the Stó:lô month/moon that begins after the first sliver of moon appearing after a "burnt-out" or dark moon [English new moon]), syntactic analysis: nominal, other sources: Diamond Jenness's field notes on Wm. Sepass (Chill.) tem'elí:le April-May, berry moon. , dnom //(§c)lí·le=ccs//, BSK ['little berry basket'], ASM ['tied around waist in front when harvesting, made in same design and shape as the big berry basket, when full the little basket is dumped into the big berry basket'], HARV, (morphosememic development: //'salmonberries in the hand ! little berry basket'//), ( in the hand), phonology: syllable-loss, compensatory vowel lengthening, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait (compare (Chill.) //xexcl=c’=clís=cm//, /'grinding one's teeth'/, . . //s=pex=clís//, /'(be) tight-fitting (of clothes, can't be quite buttoned)'/, semantic environment ['of . pants, shirt, etc.'], literally /'be spread apart on the buttons'/. , df //§c3lí(?=í)ye3//, REL /'to dream, have a vision'/, possibly diminutive?, poss. same root as in soul, spirit of a living person, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders (March 1972, tape 33), also , //§c4lìye4//, attested by EB, also , //§á·liye//, REL ['have a vision before you become an experienced spirit dancer (a sts'eláxwem)'], attested by AL (March 1972), REL /'to dream, have a vision; prophet'/, attested by BJ 12/5/64, also , //§c3l[-C1 cC2 -]iye//, REL ['dreaming'], attested by Elders (Mar. 1972, tape 33), Salish cognate: Squamish /§l-§c3li/ to dream, example: , iecs //C1 cC2 -§c3liyc=mcT//, REL ['dreaming about s-o/s-th'], ( indirect effect control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC; found in , //l (or §l) s=§c3líye3//, /'my spirit dream'/, attested by JL (Elders Mar. 1972). , free root //§c3liycls//, EB, FOOD ['domestic onion'], ['Alium cepa'],, syntactic analysis: nominal, (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00),, borrowed from English /§c3n(i)ycnz/ onions, (semological comment: introduced by Caucasians, bulb eaten cooked or raw; the meaning can be singular though the term is borrowed from the English plural form), syntactic analysis: nominal.,see also , EB, FOOD garlic (lit. strong + [domestic] onion), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FIRE ['the fire is laughing'], see yéqw. , da //=c3lmc3l//, EFAM ['in the mind'], syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, as in , //t=c3lmc3l//, /'the mind'/, , //he3yct=c3lmc3l//, /'nauseated'/, literally /'vomiting in the mind'/, , //t*ck*w =c3lmc3l//, /'home-sick'/, literally /'go home in the mind'/. , TVMO /'be aboard, be in (a conveyance)'/, see ó:lh. , TVMO /'get s-th aboard (a canoe, car, conveyance)'/, see ó:lh. , da //=cl=à·t ~ =cl=á·t//, N ['female name'], possibly come, go, get, become?, ( female name), syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //q*cw=C1 cC2 =cl(=)á·t//, /'name of female loon in a story'/ (compare , //c*sím=t(=)cl(=)àt//, /'name of one of Mt. Cheam's sisters, also a name of Mrs. Celia Thomas'/ (compare , //è*tístclat//, /'Indian name of Mary Andrew (Susan Peter's deceased sister, wife of David Andrew of American Bar)'/, , //kw cle3xy=tclat//, /'Indian name of Mabel Peters'/ (compare fine snow that drifts in windows or doors); all examples but the first probably are better analyzed with =tel (gloss uncertain here) + =ó(:)t or =ot> female name.
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, PLN /'a snake rock in the Fraser River just north of Strawberry Island which had snakes sunning themselves and covering the rock; also the name of the village on Strawberry Island'/, see under álhqey ~ álhqay. , da //=cls//, ASP /'structured activity continuative, structured activity continuative nominal or tool or person'/, MC /'device, tool, thing for doing something [as a structured activity]), person doing something [as structured activity]'/, comment: used mostly with continuative forms of the verb, related to =á:ls ~ =els structured activity intransitivizer, (semological comment: the activity is usually done for a while, often ceremonial or occupational), syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //he3-ycqw=cls//, /'burning at a ritual, performing a burning'/, , //èi[-Aá-]y=qw e=cls//, /'dig'/, , //kw á[-C1 c-]xw =cls//, w /'frying /'knocking, rapping'/, , //c*e3k =x=cls//, . (as an activity)'/, cut it), , //xyí[=C1 c=]p=cls//, /'a plane (tool)'/ (compare carve s-th, plane it), , //C1 c=t*c3m=cls//, /'a chisel'/ (root , //qí[=C1 c=]q*=cls//, /'policeman'/ (root , //s=xw e3è*c[=M2=]m(=)q=cls//, /'scissors'/, , //s=C1 c=qw e3·=cls or s=C1 c=qwe3·=e3·ls//, /'a borer (tool for making holes)'/ (compare hole + ), , //s=wé·l=cls//, /'scramble-giving, scramble'/ (compare throw it upwards and net). , da //=clwct ~ =c3lwct//, CLO /'garment, clothing'/, semantic environment ['with numerals 2-5, non-numerals'], N ['female name (garment)'], syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //è*c3x. =clwct=cm//, /'wash(ing) ones clothes'/ (root , //sx =è*c3x. =clwct=cm//, /'washtub, washing machine'/, w w , //s=x átq =clwct=cm//, /'washboard'/ (compare rumble), , //ë%*íë%*cp=l=c4lwc4t//, /'men's underclothes'/ (compare diminutive plus , //q*w atás=clwct//, /'Indian name of Mary Anne (of Chehalis), now Indian name of Jennie Peters (daughter of Nancy Phillips)'/, , KIN /'brothers, (siblings)'/, see álex. , REL ['dreaming about s-o/s-th'], see élíyá. , da //=c|//, MOOD /'according to the ways of the, in the way of the'/, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //s=xwclmc[= 3=]xw=c|//, /'according to the ways of the Indian, in the way of the Indian, in the Indian way'/, , //s=xw clítcm=c|//, /'in the white man's way, according to the ways of the white man'/.
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, da //=c|//, WV /'weaving, mat'/ as in bulrush/tule mat, and , //|q*eccs=e3|p//, /'five trees (belonging to one person)'/, , //xe . 3 (·)yè*=c|p//, /'alder tree'/ (root , //qw c§á·p=c|p//, /'(crab)apple tree'/ (root , //sk*wó·lmcxw=c|p//, /'blackberry vine (or bush)'/ (compare , //mec*cl=c|p//, /'black hawthorne tree'/ (root , //è*cs=tcl=c|p//, /'poplar tree'/ (compare , //|c3q*cc=clsxye3//, /'fifty'/, , //yíq=clsxye3=y//, /'first snow of winter'/ (root to fall (of snow)). , is //-cm//, PRON ['third person patient or object of passive'] (or that could be seen as zero /-Ø/), VOIC ['passive'], syntactic analysis: is, syntactic comment: there is no first person plural passive form, the active form is used instead with a third person subject and first person plural object ( we were called, he/she/it/they called us), but there are passive forms for all other person & number combinations, a passive conjugation; found in , //§á·=T-cm//, /'He/She/It was called., They were called.'/, , mdls //§íq*w =cs=cm//, ABFC ['wipe one's face'], MC, CLO, PE, REL, MED , lx on the face, ( middle voice).
, //=cm//, PLN ['place to get or have or gather or find'], phonology: often attracts stress to the preceding vowel, grammatical comment: probably developed from intransitivizer in the context of place-names; found in , //§e3|qc[=Ae3·=]y=cm//, phonology: ablaut, stress shift, /'snake island north of Strawberry Island in the Fraser River'/, , //§íy=cm//, /'Eayem, a village site and fishing place above (upriver of) Yale, B.C.'/, , //l=kw óxw cè=cm//, /'Six-Mile Creek and bay on west side of Harrison Lake'/, , //k*wqw=c3m//, /'small hatchet, small axe'/ (compare club s-th or s-o, hit s-th (or s-o) with stick-like object), , //c=qwe3·y=cm//, /'lemon extract'/, literally /'color + yellow + whatever =em means'/, , //c*=q*e3yx=cm//, /'vanilla extract'/ (compare . black + , stvi //s=§c3m=qscl//, LANG ['nasal-sounding'], lx in the nose, syntactic analysis: participle, attested by BHTTC., DESC /'small (in quantity), a little'/, see emímel ~ amí:mel. , DESC /'small (in quantity), a little'/, see emímel ~ amí:mel. , DESC ['tiny round things'], see emímel ~ amí:mel. , probably root //§cmc3t from §amc3t//, ABFC /'sit, sit down, sit up, arise (from lying or sitting), get up (from lying down, from bed or chair)'/, see omét. , TVMO ['come'], see mí ~ mé ~ me. , TVMO /'come near s-o, (come to s-o)'/, see mí ~ mé ~ me. , dmn //§cmímcl ~ §emí·mcl, prob. §c(=)[C1 í=]mcl//, DESC /'a little bit, small bit, a few'/, ( diminutive probably, added (since it is a prefix only) before the initial /§c/ was added (historically); /§c/ is perhaps attested elsewhere as a prefix but with uncertain meaning), phonology: the pronunciation amí:mel by AC is probably slow or careful speech, with initial "a" /e/ being a slow variant occasionally for "e" /c/ and "í:" /í·/ being a slow variant of "í" /í/ in diminutive reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal probably, possibly adjective/adjectival verb or adverb/adverbial verb, attested by AC, EB, example: , /'Did they give you a lot? No, just a small bit.'/, usage: code-switching, attested by AC, , //c*ckw|ál=cmat//, /'Indian name of Mary (of Tzeachten, wife of Casimir of Chehalis, great grandmother of Nancy Phillips of Chehalis)'/. , //ë%*e[=Ac3=]qt=cpscm//, /'long neck'/, , //me3è*cl=qel=íl=cm//, /'to tell a lie'/, probably root , //|q*e3c=cqcl//, /'five containers (like baskets, etc.)'/, , /'small container'/), , //mímcl=cqcl//, /'small container'/ (compare a little bit), , //mi[=Ac3=]mcl=cqcl//, /'small containers'/, phonology: e-ablaut plural of i in diminutive reduplication is regular, , //|c*=c3lqscl//, /'cut on the tip of the nose'/, , //m=c3qscl//, /'nose'/, , //xíy=p*=cqscl//, /'scraped on the nose'/, . w w , //sè*c3m=qscl//, /'bridge of nose'/, , //smc3tá=qscl or smc3t=c3qscl//, /'snot'/, , //s§c3l=cqs ~ s§e3=cqscl//, /'point of a knife'/, , //tc3mkw =cqscl//, /'blunt (of poles)'/, , //yc3qw =cqs=í·ls=ccl//, /'I'm lighting the light (candle, lantern, etc.)'/, literally /'burn point go, come or device I (subject)'/, , //xyc3p=qs=t//, /'sharpen a point'/, , /'strike it (of a match)'/, literally /'scratch on the point 3rd person object)'/, also //§c3x=qs=t//, . , //=c3qs(=)cl//, also , //=cl(=)qs(=)cl//, also , //=cl(=)qs//. , //s=t*c3m=lcqw//, /'scalp, top of w head'/, , //xe . 3 ym=lcq =t//, /'grab s-o by the hair'/, , w w //c=k í·m=cq //, /'red-headed, red hair'/, , //yá·s=cqw //, /'hat'/, , //cí|=cqw //, /'bushy and uncombed hair'/, literally /'high on top of the head/hair'/, , //|íc*=cqw =cm//, /'get one's hair cut'/, , //xw =è=á·qw //, /'big head'/, , //èíè=cqw //, /'big heads'/, , //|q*eccs=íqw //, /'five fish'/, also , //=clcqw //, also , //=íqw//, also , //=á·qw//. , //k*wc3c=l-
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English cxw -cs//, /'He/She/It/They see s-o.'/, , //§im=cxy=sT-áxy-cs//, /'He made me walk.'/, , //lc3w=cxy-cs//, /'He put it in.'/, , //ë%*í·=lcs-áxy-cs//, /'He/She loves me.'/.
, ia //-cs//, PRON ['third person subjunctive subject'], syntactic comment: can be suffixed to forms prefixed with we- when, if or to the first subordinate verb after a negative verb, can also add the when/if meaning even without the we- prefix being present, also , //-s//, phonology: after auxiliary verbs ending in i (í, lí, mí, lhí); found in , //wc-le3=m-cs//, /'if/when he/she/it goes, if/when they go'/, example: , //yá·swc wc-s=k*w e3y-cs k*w cl-s le3=m//, /'It might be impossible for me to go., I don't know if I could go., I don't know if it's impossible for me to go.'/, , possibly root //§csc3p* or §cse[=Ac3=]p*//, rsls //?//, LANG ['end a story (citation gloss) ~ is ended (of a story) (in context)'], possibly resultative, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, participle?, attested by AD, example: , prob. rsls and cts //§cse3p* or §csc3[-Ae3-]p*//, cts //?//, LANG ['ending a story (citation gloss) ~ it's ended(?)'], possibly continuative or resultative depending on which gloss is correct, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, participle?, attested by AD. , pcrs //§c3sq=T-ct//, ABFC ['grunt'], semantic environment ['when lifting something (for ex.)'], ( purposeful control reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , us //§c3ste//, ASP probably /'start to (no citation gloss, just in context)'/, syntactic analysis: mpcl?, attested by Deming, example: , //§c3ste wc| |c3mcxw //, /'It's started to rain.'/, literally /'start to? already rain'/, attested by Deming. , free root //§c3š//, [§w3š], LANG ['You're kidding.'], usage: slang popular at hop-picking about the 1940's, possibly borrowed from English perhaps itself from Yiddish (see "ish-ka-bibble", etc. of the same era), syntactic analysis: particle. , ia //-c4t//, MOOD ['subjunctive of passive'], VOIC (probably also) ['subordinate or dependent (with passive)'], syntactic analysis: is, syntactic comment: added to passive words that follow (are subordinated to) negatives or skw'á(:)y kw'es (impossible/can't) or subjunctive we- when, if, since there is no first person plural passive (-tólxw-es /-tóxw -cs/ the active form he/she/they [did s-th to] us is used instead) -èt is not added to the active form (skw'áy kw'es maytólxwes. We can't be helped., They can't help us.), example: , //s=k*w e3y k*w c-s me3y=Te4lc4m-c4t//, /'I can't be helped.'/, , //s=k*w e3y k*w c-s me3y=T-à·m-c4t//, /'You can't be helped.'/, , //s=k*w e3y k*w c-s me3y=T-cm-c4t//, /'He/She/It/They can't be helped.'/, , //s=k*w e3y k*w c-s me3y=T-àlc4mc4t//, /'You folks can't be helped.'/, , //§cwc= 3te=e| s=|c=q*e[=Ac3=]l=l-cm-c4t tc s=kw e[=Aí=]xy-s//, /'Nobody knows his name.'/, , //q*áy=T=ct//, /'kill oneself'/, , //C1 cC2 =qcl=í·l=T=ct//, /'go get oneself dirty'/, , . . //k*w c3qw =M1=mcT=ct or k*w qw =mc[= 3=]T=ct//, /'drop onself into a seat angrily, throw oneself on the ground or floor in a tantrum, throw a tantrum'/. , ds //§c3(-)t|//, LANG /'tag-question, isn't it? (often pronounced like "in it"), ain't it?, right?'/, possibly root /§c/ interrogative, (probably coaxing imperative), attested by EB, RM, AD, example: yes (but not he did), attested by AD, , //xw e3lq c-cxw le3m, §c3-t|//, /'You almost went, didn't you?'/, attested by EB, , //§c3wc §í-s le3=m, §c3-t|//, /'He didn't leave, did he?'/, usage: the answer to this is no (, //q*=c3tmcl or q*c3t=mcl//, /'fin, neck fin'/, meaning uncertain unless rattling sound, scraping sound perhaps as made when taken out of water and thrown on deck or ground; and , //§e-c-cl-ce §cw mi xw c=§í·=ls-àmc4//, /'I'll come and see you again.'/, comment: note pncs (psychological non-control stem) xwe='í:=ls, attested by EB, also , //§ówc lí-s èc§í·t, s=t-e§e3 k*wc s=x. w ox. wiye3m//, /'It's not true, (it's) like a fable.'/, attested by AC, (macrons over both vowels) (his gloss: pigeon Columba fasciata), example: , //qc3x. tc hcmá·//, /'(There are) a lot of pigeons.'/, attested by AC.
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, ABFC ['swallowing s-th'], see méq'. , DIR /'(going) downstream, drift downstream, (drifting downstream)'/, see wô3 qw' ~ wéqw'. , MC ['filing'], see yéq'. , REL /'a category of religious songs including sxwó:yxwey songs and burning songs, a burning song'/, see yéw: ~ yéw. , EZ /'small rat, small vole'/, see há:wt. , SOC /'a small Hindu, a small East Indian'/, see híltu. , CLO ['he (a small child) is wearing it.'], see hókwex. , free root //híkw //, DESC /'be big, be large, be high (of floodwater), rise (of floodwater)'/, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, Elders Group, CT, EB, other sources: ES /hí·kw /, ASM ['be big, be large'], example: , //híkw èqe3·t//, /'big tree'/, attested by AC, , //híkw t-cl s=c*e3=lcc=tcl tclí t-e§ s=we3//, /'My chair is bigger than yours.'/, attested by Elders Group 2/5/75, ASM ['be high, rise'], semantic environment ['of floodwater'], , //híkw tc qá·//, /'The water is high.'/, attested by CT, also /'The water rises.'/, attested by EB, , //wc| mc híkw tc qá//, /'The water is starting to rise.'/, literally /'the water has already become big'/, attested by EB. , augs //hí[=·=]kw ~ hí[=··=]kw//, DESC /'be very big; be great, be important'/, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, BJ, EB, ASM ['be very big'], example: , //hí[=··=]kw tc s=tálo//, /'The river is very big.'/, attested by AC, , //hí[=·=]kw mcstìyc4xw //, /'big person'/, attested by AC, , //kw c3|t=cw hí[=·=]kw//, /'It's very big.'/, attested by EB, ASM ['be great, be important'], , //hí[=·=]kw s=iy=e3·m//, /'great chief'/, attested by BJ. , incs //híkw =èct//, DESC /'get big, rise (of floodwater)'/, ( get, become, inceptive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, example: , //§csc3-s-cw mc híkw =èct tc qá·-s//, /'And then its water got big.'/, attested by AC, , //tc3s; mc híkw =èct tc qá//, /'It got near; the water got big and rose/came up.'/, attested by AC. , cts //C1e-híkw =èct//, DESC /'rising, getting big'/, ( continuative or possibly //he-// continuative usually found only before sonorants), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by CT, example: , //lc qc3m·=cl kw-s-cs mi xwc C1 e-híkw=èct tc qá·//, /'The tide comes in and the water rises.'/, literally /'the tide comes/came in when it came to become getting big the water'/, attested by CT. , PLN ['Long Island (in Harrison Lake)'], see híkw. , bound root //híl roll, fall and roll//. , ds //híl=c3m//, TVMO ['fall and roll'], semantic environment ['off roof, down hill, etc.'], ( intransitivizer), possibly middle with unusual stress shift, phonology: stressed intransitivizer, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group Mar. 1972, AC, RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332), example: , //lc híl=c3m//, /'He fell down.'/, attested by AC, , //mc híl=c3m//, /'fall from a height'/, literally /'come to fall (and roll)'/, attested by EB, , //tcm=§il=e3lx. w //, attested by Elders Group 3/1/72, example: , //híè k*w -e-s kw cl=e3T//, /'You'll have it a long time.'/, phonology: stressed transitivizer, attested by CT, HT, , //§e3è*cl-ce-uw híè k*w -e-s hákw =cxy//, /'You'll use it a [very] long time.'/, literally /'it's very-fut.contrast a long time that-you-nom use=it'/, phonology: vowel merger, attested by CT, HT, , //k*w cw|=íè-c|//, [k*w o|íèc|], attested by AC, others, also , SOCT /'a filer, someone that's filing (with a file)'/, see yéq'. , REL /'the one who burns [at a burning ceremony], (ritualist at a burning)'/, see yéqw. , FIRE ['burning s-th'], see yéqw. , FIRE ['firewood'], see yéqw. , SH ['unlacing it'], see yíxw. , FIRE /'making the fire, building the fire, (stoking a fire)'/, see yéqw. , REL ['predicting the future'], see yéw: ~ yéw. , pcis //hákw =cxy//, MC /'use it, wear it, put it on'/, REL, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, Salish cognate: Squamish /xw úkw ~ xw c3kw / be used and causative /xw c3kw -s/ use (tr.) K67:348, ASM ['use it'], example: , //le-| hákw =cxy//, /'Go use it.'/, attested by AC, , //lc hákw=cxy-cs èc-l te4·l tc x. wíylcm kw-s-cs p*ówíy-t-cs tc-l s=§í·è*=cm//, /'My mother used the thread to patch up my dress.'/, attested by AC, , //hákw=cxy-c-cxw t-e§ s=§íè*=cm//, /'Put on your clothes.'/, syntactic comment: polite imperative with 2s subj. pronoun, attested by AD, , //hákw =cxy-c-xw t-e§ hálcm kapú//, /'Put on your warm coat.'/, attested by AD, , //lí-c-cxw hákw=cxy t-e§ qw|í=xycl//, /'Did you put on your shoes?'/, attested by AD, , //hákw =cxy-c-cl t-cl stákcl//, /'I put on my socks.'/, attested by AD, ASM ['wearing it']; found in , //hákw =cxy-cs//, /'He's wearing it., He put it on.'/, attested by AD, example: , //§í| hákw =cxy-cs//, /'He wore it .'/, syntactic analysis: auxiliary past, attested by AD. , dmv //C1 í=hákw =cxy-cs//, if, CLO ['he (a small child) is wearing it.'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD. , df //há·kw t//, SD ['make a high hooting call (maybe only of spirits)'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb?. , df //hál=cm//, CLO ['warm (of clothing)'], DESC, semantic environment ['clothing'], possibly middle voice?, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AD, example: , bound root //háë%*// probably blunt. , //kw -s wc-ë%*a há·y tc s=k*w e[=Aa=C1 c=]s//, /'that's when the hot [weather] is finished, autumn'/, attested by DM 12/4/64, ASM ['have enough'], , //c-cl háy//, /'I've had enough.'/, syntactic analysis: ambiguous past, attested by AC, , //xw=cwc=e3 §i-s háy tc s=§e3|tcl//, /'The food is not yet ready.'/, attested by Deming; found in , //§i=há·y//, /'finished, ready'/, attested by EB. , df //ye3| yuw k*w -e§-s hà·y//, LANG /'I thank you (deeply), I thank you (deeply)., Thank you.'/, literally /'(only now/only then)(praise for beauty)(that-you-nom are done/finished'/, (morphosememic development), ASM ['deep thanks, not used for ex. after food is passed'], attested by AC, also see praising something beautiful, examples: , //ye3| yuxw k*w -e§-s hà·y//, attested by AD, Elder's comment: "this is a better spelling than yálh lixw kw'a's hò:y", also , //ye3| yuw k*w -e§e-s hà·y//, attested by AC, Deming, also , //k*w -e§-s hà·y//, attested by Annie Grace Chapman, Elder's comment: "this is a shortcut for yálh yuxw kw'a's hò:y", example: , //wc=láy k*w -cl-s c*í=T-àlc qc-ë%*a-l-su èc3t ye3| yuw k*w -e-s háy-clc3p//, /'just that I praise you folks and so I said, "I thank you all."'/, attested by AC, Salish cognate:Nooksack GA , df //yile3w=cl k*w -e§-s hà·y//, LANG /'thank you very much, Thank you very much.'/, attested by Annie Grace Chapman, also , //yile3w=c3l k*w -e§-s hà·y//, attested by Annie Grace Chapman. , df //háy=à=wc4|//, LANG /'goodbye, Goodbye.'/, usage: said by the person leaving to the person staying, literally /'it's just already finished'/, dialects: Chill., Deming, see main dialect form , attested by AC, Deming, example: , //háy=àwc4| te3[=C1 c=]l//, /'Goodbye, Mom.'/, phonology: reduplication, attested by BG checked with AD. , df //háy=e4wc4|//, LANG /'goodbye, Goodbye.'/, usage: said by the person leaving to the person staying, dialects: Tait and Cheh., see dialect form , attested by EB, Elders Group, AD. , df //§í-|-u|-hày//, TIME ['the last time'], phonology: ílh welh hò:y but pronounced as one word using the following phonological processes: loss of word boundaries, schwa-deletion (edeletion), vocalization of w to u, consonant merger of h with lh (loss of h), literally /'it was already finished'/, grammatical analysis: auxiliary verb-past affixed-particle-intransitive verb, syntactic analysis: verb phrase with modal particle, attested by BHTTC, example: humpback salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbusca), also , //húl=iye ~ hú·l=iye//, dialects: Tait, Cheh.. , dmn //hú[=C1 c=]l=iye//, EZ ['small-sized humpback salmon'], ['Oncorhynchus gorbuscha'], ( diminutive), root see hô3 :liya humpback salmon, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC. , dmn //hú[=C1 c=]l=iye//, EZ ['small-sized humpback salmon'], ['Oncorhynchus gorbuscha'], see hô3 :liya.
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I , free root //§í//, DIR /'here, be here, be in (i.e. here)'/, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb; example: , //lc-uw §í//, /'He's here.'/, phonology: vowel merger, grammatical analysis: 3ambiguous past-contrastive be here, attested by EB, , //lí-c-ep §alc §í//, /'You folks are here, eh?'/, attested by RP, EB,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English , pncs //xw =§í=clcs//, TVMO ['manage to get to s-o here'], ( psychological noncontrol transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB; example: , caus //xwc=§í=íl=sT-cxw//, incs, TVMO ['bring s-o/s-th here'], ( come, go, get, become, inceptive, causative control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB; found in , //xw c=§í=íl=sT-e4lc4m//, /'I was brought here.'/, grammatical analysis: incs=caus-passive1s, syntactic comment: passive, attested by EB.
, free root //§í//, DIR ['with'], syntactic analysis: preposition/prepositional verb, syntactic comment: like most prepositional verbs when preceding independent pronouns this one takes the tl'e- prefixed pronoun set, attested by EB; example: , //§í=sT-cxw -c-cl-ce §à §í (k*w c tc=we3t=cs, t=ú=ë%*à, ë%*c-lc3wc)//, /'I'll leave it (with somebody, with him, with you).'/, attested by EB, , //§í=sT-cxw -c-cl §à §í ë%*c|=lc3wc=p//, /'I leave it with you folks.'/, attested by EB. , free root //§í//, DIR ['on'], syntactic analysis: preposition/prepositional verb, attested by EB; example: , //tc=we3t k*w c §í-xw èi[=Ae3=]y-c|c-ct tc s=wc3l=tcl//, /'Who are you making the fish net for?'/, syntactic analysis: object of subordinate verb corefers to subject of main verb, attested by AC, , //s=te3m tc §í·-xw èi[=Ae3=]y=T//, /'What are you making?'/, syntactic analysis: object of subordinate verb corefers to subject of main verb, attested by AC, semantic environment ['past tense + existential']; found in , //§í-| ~ §í·-|//, /'he was, she was, it was, they were'/, attested by AC; example: , //§i-| §e3y//, /'It was good.'/, attested by AC, , //§í·-| lí//, /'He was there.'/, attested by AC, , //§í·-| lí tc èe3//, /'He was there (pointing).'/, attested by AC, , //§í·-|-c-cl lí//, /'I was there.'/, attested by AC, , //§í·-|-cep lí te4=|wc3lcp//, /'You people were there.'/, attested by AC, , //§í·-| lí yc=èe3//, /'They were there.'/, attested by AC, , //§í·-| §i=k*w c=là k*w c ccle3q=c|=c|//, /'He was here yesterday.'/, attested by AC, , //§í·| §í·=k*wc=là li k*w=èc krw3smcs//, /'He was here on Christmas.'/, attested by AC. , da //-í ~ í-// (meaning uncertain); example: , //lc §ík*w //, /'It got lost.'/, attested by AC, , //lc s=§í·k*w tc C1 á=lcc*c//, /'One person was lost.'/, attested by EB, , ncs //§i[=Aá=]k*w=cl-cxw//, DIR ['lose s-th'], SOC, ( derivational), ( non-control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB. , pcs //§ík*w =cT//, DIR /'throw s-th away, discard s-th, throw s-o away, discard s-o'/, MC, SOC, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, AH, Elders Group, ASM ['throw s-th away, discard s-th'], , //§ík*w =cT-cm//, /'He
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English was thrown away.'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb=pcs-passive, attested by Elders Group, , DIR /'here, be here'/, see í. , //xycc*=í·l=cm//, /'(go) through the woods'/ (compare , //ë%*p=í·l//, /'descend'/ (compare root , //q*á·=xycl=í·l=T//, /'go with, come with, be partner with s-o'/ (compare , //mcè*=í·l//, /'go blue, get blue'/ (compare , //mcè*=í·l=t//, /'make it blue, dye it, color it (any color)'/, , //lcw=í·l=cm//, /'go into an opening'/, , //§iy=í·lcm//, /'clear up, turn fine'/ (root good), , //s=ycqw =í·l//, /'lamp, lantern'/, , //yíycqw =í·l//, /'small light, candle'/, literally /'thing that comes/goes burning'/, tie s-th), possibly , //qcl=iyè=í·l=cm//, /'say bad words, swear, curse'/, , //qw cl=ayè=í·l=cm//, /'making music; March moon'/ (compare root talk, speak and in the lips or jaw and middle voice). , probably root //§íle4m//, ABFC ['carry on one's shoulder'], possibly middle voice, grammatical comment: if present, =m would have to be an old crystallized middle since a transitivizer can be suffixed to it, as can a lexical suffix (see below); in present-day Halkomelem the middle =em is word-final (unless =met indirectly affecting control transitivizer is analyzed as an old middle + =et purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. , pcs //§í·le3·m=T//, ABFC ['carry s-th on one's shoulder'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb. , dnom //xw=§íle3m=e3le3 ~ xw=§íle4m=e4le4//, ANA /'shoulder (name of body part, unpossessed)'/, lx (meaning unclear: towards the face?), lx container for, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC. , dnom //s=xw =§íle3m=e3le3 ~ s=xw =§íle4m=e4le4//, ANA /'shoulder (especially the top), shoulder (someone's, possessed)'/, HARV ['yoke'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, IHTTC, also , ds //xw =§ilem=ówc|//, CAN /'carry a canoe on one's shoulders, to portage'/, lx (meaning unclear), lx canoe, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. , dnom //s=xw =§í=le3xcl ANA ['armpit'], ( . or s=x =§íl=e3xcl . or s=x =§íle3=e3xcl//, . nominalizer), lx (meaning unclear), lx on the arm, root , syntactic analysis: nominal. , free root //§í·lccl//, CAN /'engine, motor'/, MC, ACL, borrowed from English "engine", syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Chilliwack Landing. , da //=íl=c3p ~ =í·lcp ~ =cl=cp ~ =e3p ~ =íp ~ =c3p//, LAND /'dirt, ground'/, possibly , (semological comment: =ep and =ap are cognate with forms meaning on the rump in other Salish languages, though that meaning has been taken over by =elets in Upriver Halkomelem and =ep, =ap, =í:lép now clearly has the meaning of dirt, ground, there still are perhaps a few cases of survival of that meaning in Upriver Halkomelem), phonology: allomorphy seems to be =éylép and =áp after postvelars, the other allomorphs elsewhere, =í:lep after CV3CV9C and other stressed roots, =elep after a stressed syllable, but two of the 16 examples don't fit this pattern, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, also , //=íl=c3p//, also , //=cl=cp//, also , //=e3p//, also , //=íp//, also , //=c3p//; found in w level), hard), , //|cx=í·lc . this is an alternate analysis to that given in lexical prefixes under the prefix lh= (compare thwarts, crosspieces of a canoe and rug and stand up), sand), , //sqátcm=ílcp//, /'hill'/, root meaning unknown, , //tcwe3lc(=)h=í·lc3p//, /'sloping ground'/ (compare sloping), , //xí[=C . 1 c=]p*=í·lcp//, /'a rake'/ (compare , //c*isc[= 3=]m=clcp//, /'weeds'/ (compare , //sxw=ë%*c3xy=clcp//, /'a plow'/ (compare root , //ë%*es=íp//, /'licorice fern'/, (semological comment: the roots are edible and grow in dirt-like accumulations on the bark of maple trees), root meaning unknown, , //§cwc-c|-c-cl mí·-l §elq=e3·ls kw s=§e3|tcl//, /'I wasn't going to buy groceries )but I did).'/, phonology: vowel merger, grammatical analysis: vneg-past affixed-nrs-1s vatx-subjunctive subject pronoun1s intransitive verb=structured activity demonstrative article nominal, syntactic comment: shows subjunctive pronoun attached to mí: come, coming to, (semological comment: shows implication), attested by EB. , cts //§i[= 3=]lcq=cls//, SOC /'buying (as structured activity), He's buying (it) [as structured activity].'/, ( structured activity continuative), phonology: it also could be said that =els is not continuative but that =á:ls just automatically becomes =els when it loses stress (here due to continuative stress-insertion), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB; example: , //§i[= 3=]lcq=cls tc s=te3m=cs//, /'[He's/She's] buying something.'/, syntactic comment: note indefinite nominal, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb[=continuative aspect=]=structured activity demonstrative article indefinite nominal, attested by EB. , SOC /'buying (as structured activity), He's buying (it) [as structured activity].'/, see iléq.
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, SOC ['buy it for s-o'], see iléq. , SOC ['buy s-th'], see iléq. , da //=í·lcs//, ANA /'on the chest, in the chest'/, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //s§í·lcs//, /'(human) chest'/, , //t*c3kw =ilcs//, /'choking on food'/, literally /'t*c3kw mired'/, , //(s)=t*e|=í·lc3s=tcl//, /'collarbone'/, root , //qwcm=è*=í·lcs//, /'big breasts; name of Mt. Ogilby near Hope'/, root large lump, , //s=|iqw =í·lcs//, /'breast'/, root flesh. , dnom //s=§=í·lcs ~ s=§=í·lc3s//, ANA ['chest (human or animal thorax)'], ( nominalizer), lx (on the) chest, root (macron over e); example: , //è*cx. w =áT t-cl s=§=í·lc3s//, /'wash my chest'/, attested by AC, , dnom //s=§iltcxw =e3wtxw ~ §iltcxw =e3wtxw//, BLDG ['plank house'], lx house, building, syntactic analysis: nominal. , dnom //s=§í·lwc|//, ANA ['one side of the body (probably someone's)'], ( nominalizer (probably inalienable possession also here)), syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait. , df //§í·lwc|//, EB /'short unidentified plant, about 3 ft. tall with red berries like a short mountain ash, the berries are bitter but the plant is used as medicine, possibly red baneberry'/, ['Actaea rubra if red baneberry is correct identification'], (semological comment: probably named after the homophonous word for side (of the body), especially if this medicine is used for pain or illness of the side), syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by SP, or perhaps AK or AD. , FOOD ['eating (a meal)'], see álhtel. , TIME ['the last time'], see hò:y ~ hó:y ~ hóy. , da //=í·m//, ASP ['repeatedly'], TIME, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //xwclk*w=í·m//, /'an eddy'/ (compare , //s=lcc*=í·m=c3l//, /'a comb'/, , //s=ë%*cqt=í·m(s) length// (compare root , //xts'=í:m=thet//, /'(smell oneself) always smell bad'/ (compare , //§ím=cxy tc (q*el[=q*cl=]p*=í·w, c*eyíycx, . s=|cc*=ím=cls tc pít=xycl, s=è*c3k*w )//, /'The (inchworm, lizard, centipede, worm) walks.'/, attested by Deming, , //§ím=cxy §e3·y=cl//, /'walk away'/, , //te=C1 e3=§elèe qes te=lc3wc, le3=c-t §ím=cxy//, [3th5§æ 3 2 §el2èe 3qhes 3te4lú4wc 5le3ct 3§í3mwxy], phonology: intonation transcribed, /'Let's you and I go for a walk.'/, syntactic analysis: conjoined pronouns, imperative1p, attested by AC, , //qc3x. tc §ím=cxy mcstíycxw //, /'(There's) lots of people walking.'/, attested by Ed and Delphine Kelly, phonology: í:mex would be expected for walking here. , cts //§í[-·-]m=cxy//, TVMO ['walking'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, EB; example: , //lí=c wc| §í[-·-]m=cxy//, /'Is he (already) walking?'/, attested by AC, , //§í[-·-]m=cxy tc mcstíycxw//, /'A person is walking.'/, attested by AC, , //§í[-·-]m=cxy, qc3x. tc mcstíycxw ~ w y qc3x. tc mcstíycx , §í[-·-]m=cx //, /'A lot of people are walking.'/, attested by AC. , //c-cl yc=§í[-·-]m=cxy//, /'I travelled by foot.'/, attested by EB.
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, rcps //c*|=§im=cxy=ás=T-cl//, SOC /'go with each other (romantically), go for a walk with each other (romantically)'/, TVMO, literally /'going for a walk close to/next to each other'/, lx , //lc-§áwc| le3c* tc c*|=§im=cxy=ás=T-cl-s//, /'He went (romantically) with a different girl., He went (to walk) (romantically) with a different girl.'/, attested by MV. , pcs //§ím=cT//, ABFC /'step on s-th, step on it'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by CT, HT, AC, RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332); found in , //§ím=cT-|e//, /'Step on it.'/, attested by AC; example: , //lc §ím=cT k*w -cs lc ë%*p=í·l=xy//, /'He stepped on it to press it down.'/, attested by CT, HT. , ncs //§i[=Aá=]m=l-cxw //, ABFC ['step on it accidentally'], ( derivational), ( non-control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, epenthesis (e inserted between resonants m and l), syntactic analysis: transitive verb; found in , //§i[=Aa=]m=l-cxw-cs//, /'He stepped on it (accidentally).'/, attested by Elders Group at Fish Camp 7/11/78. , da //=ím=cl(=)txw //, N /'male name, (prob.) repeatedly gets wives/houses'/, possibly repeatedly, possibly go, come, get, become, possibly wives, houses, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, also , //=cl(=)txw //, also /'male name, (prob.) wives, houses'/; found in , //swclím=cltxw //, /'Indian name of Ed Leon Sr. (of Chehalis, B.C.)'/. , ABFC /'step on s-th, step on it'/, see ím. , free root //§í·mcè//, KIN /'grandchild, grandchild of sibling, grandchild of cousin (esp. in the old days)'/, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, other sources: ES /§í·mcè/ grandchild, attested by AC, BJ, Elders Group. , //§cm-§í·mcè-s//, /'his grandchildren'/, attested by AC. , TVMO ['walk'], see ím. , TVMO ['walking'], see ím.
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, TVMO /'go for a walk, take a stroll, stroll'/, see ím. , DIR /'stay here, stay, remain at a place'/, see í. , bound root //§íq*w rub//. , //lc §íq*w=cm//, /'It smeared., etc.'/. , pcrs //§íq*w=cT-ct//, ABFC ['wipe oneself off'], MC, CLO, FIRE, REL, MED , PE, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , sas //s=xw =§íq*w =cls//, SCH ['eraser (for pencil or blackboard)'], ACL, ( nominalizer, xw= used for or man-made), lx structured activity, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC. , //§elc3ce tc s=xw=§íq*w=cs=tcl//, /'Where's the face-cloth?'/, attested by AD. , //§iq*w =(c)wí·ls//, phonology: vowel-reduction (i ! e before stressed suffix), attested by AD, , //mc=t| §iq*w=wí·ls//, /'Come dry dishes.'/, ( mildly urging imperative, coaxing imperative), attested by MH. , cts //xw c=§í[-·-]q*w =(c)wí·ls//, HHG ['drying dishes'], FOOD, ( continuative aspect), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, Salish cognate: Musqueam /§í§q*w ct/ wiping it shows cognate continuative Suttles ca1984:ch.7 [p.37]. , //§iq*w =cwíls=T-c-cxw tc C1 cC2 =láècl//, /'Dry the plates.'/, syntactic analysis: imperative2s, attested by AD. , //lc §-á·[-lc-]q*w //, /'It rubbed off [a lot of it].'/, attested by Elders Group 12/10/75. , MC /'rub s-th off, wipe s-th'/, see íqw'. , attested by other Elders, , //§ise3lc s=C1 í=ë%*elcqcm//, /'two little supernatural creatures, two stl'áleqems'/, attested by Elders Group, also , attested by some use, , //§ise3lc tc s=lc3xw c|-s; xw c=§í·=l-cxw -cs//, /'He has two canoes; he managed to bring them.'/, attested by AC, , //§á·pcl qes kw c §ise3·lc//, /'twelve'/, attested by AC, also , //§ápcl qes kw c §ise3·lc//, attested by BJ, also , //§á·pcl qes tc §ise3·le//, attested by CT 9/5/73, , //c*=k*w c3xy qes kw c §ise3lc//, /'twenty-two'/, attested by AC, also , //c*=k*w c3xy qes tc §ise3·le//, attested by CT 9/5/73, , dnom //§ise3·=c|p ~ s=§ise3·=c|p//, EB ['two trees'], NUM, lx tree, phonology: loss of final root syllable is allomorphic rule here which probably developed from *isá:l=lhp through consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 3/19/75; example: , dnom //§iselc=e3mcè*//, MC /'two ropes, two threads, two sticks, two poles, two poles standing up'/, NUM, lx , //§iselc=e3mcc*//, attested by some elders in the Elders Group 2/5/75. , dnom //§isl=e3·wcs//, CAN /'two paddles; two paddlers'/, NUM, lx canoe paddles, paddlers, syntactic analysis: nominal. , dnom //§isl=e3·wtxw //, BLDG ['two houses'], NUM, lx house, building, syntactic analysis: nominal. , dnom //§isl=e3yiws//, CLO ['two pants'], NUM, lx pants from < =áy> bark, wool, covering + lx on the body, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD. , dnom //§isl=c3lcqw //, PLN ['Isolillock Mountain (this spelling on topographic map)'], ASM ['this mountain is by Silver Creek on the C.N. side of the Fraser R., can be seen from Hope and above'], literally /'double-headed'/, ANA, NUM, lx on top of the head, head, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by MP, AD, SP, source: place name file reference #32, also called , //C1 í=ë%*cxy =clcqw //, attested by AK, ME, others, see latter name for more traditions about the mountain. , dnom //§isl=c3lwct//, CLO /'two garments, two (items of) clothes'/, NUM, lx clothing, syntactic analysis: nominal. , dnom //§ise3lc=cqcl//, MC ['two containers'], NUM, HHG, lx containers, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD. , dnom //§isclc[=M2]=íqw //, FSH ['two fish'], EZ, NUM, lx fish; on top of the head, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC. , dnom //§isclc=íws//, EZ ['two birds'], NUM, lx bird; on the body, on the skin, on the covering, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders 3/29/77, also , //§isl=íws//, attested by TM. , dnom //§ise3lc=má·t//, NUM ['two kinds'], lx kinds, piles of things, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders 7/27/75, also , //§ise3lc=mà·t//, also /'two kinds'/, attested by IHTTC 7/28/77. ? possibly, dnom //§is=àls//, EB ['two fruit in a group (as they grow on a plant)'], NUM, lx fruit, rocks, spherical things, phonology: the root allomorph is not a very common one, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD unsure. , dnom //§isl=áqw or §is=láqw//, EZ ['two birds'], NUM, lx ?bird elsewhere ~ on top of head, hair, head of river, head of descendants, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 1/30/80. , dnom //§ise3[=Aá(·)=]lc=cs//, MC /'two dollars, [Boas] two Indian blankets'/, NUM, lx face, dollar, phonology: this suffix (but not hours, o’clock) triggers ablaut of a to o
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(/e/ to /a/), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, also /'two Indian blankets, two dollars'/, source: Boas 1890 ["Sk·'au'lits (Scowlitz dialect) = Lower Fraser" word list, field notes; APS Library]; example: , //§i-|-c-cl xcè=ás tc §ise[=Aá·=]lc=cs//, /'I bet . (past tense) two dollars.'/, attested by EB, , //ye3ysclc se3sq*cc (or C1 e3=scq*=cc)//, /'two sasquatches'/, attested by NP, EB, , //ye3ysclc s=§á·l=mcxw//, /'two black water babies'/, attested by Elders Group 1/30/80, , //c-cl wc=§ál=wc §ítct//, /'I overslept ., I slept too much.'/, attested by EB,
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, PLAY ['cat's-cradle'], see ewólem. , da //=í·wcl ~ =íwcl ~ =cwcl//, ANA /'in the rump, in the anus, in the rectum, in the bottom; on the insides, inside parts, core, inside the head'/, EB ['inside or core of a plant or fruit (or canoe or anything)'], CAN ['inside/core of a canoe'], DIR ['inside/core of anything'], (semological comment: =í:wel ~ =íwel may refer mainly to rump/anus--=ewel to the more general inside of anything--check this in examples), syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, also , //=cwcl//; found in , //c*iyxw =í·wcl//, /'constipated'/, literally w /'dry in the rump'/, , //t*ck =í·wcl//, /'constipated'/, literally /'mired in the rump'/, /'dirty asshole'/, (semological comment: this translation by , //sq*ix=í·wcl//, . /'black asshole'/, (semological comment: these last two translations by several elders capture the shock-value of the word), usage: crude, , //è*q*w=í·wcl//, /'open sores in rump, hemorrhoids'/, , //s=c*clcxw =íwcl//, /'insides (all the organs inside an animate being)'/, , //t*cm=cwí·l=t//, /'chop the inside of it out'/, (perhaps) , //xycp=cwí·lt//, /'plane it out inside'/, , //sqwe=§í·wcl//, /'hollow'/, literally /'hole on inside'/, , //sqwch=í·wcl//, /'tunnel, hole, hollow'/, , //(s)ë%*(c)p=í·wcl//, /'shirt, undershirt, bra'/, literally /'below or deep on inside'/, , //s=(§)iy=(c)m=íwc3l//, /'strong feelings or mad all the time but won't fight'/, literally /'strong on insides'/, , dnom //s=§í[=Ac=]wcl=tc[=Ae3·=]l//, HUNT /'snare, snare trap'/, ( derivational), ( nominalizer), ( device, thing for), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 3/15/78, also , //§íwcl=te4l=t//, HUNT ['spring snare trap'], (semological comment: no derivational affix =t is known elsewhere; it may be that the suffix is -t purposeful control transitivizer and that the translation of íweltàlt should be set it (snare trap), set a snare), attested by Elders Group 10/20/76, also , //§íwcl=te3·l=t//, HUNT /'snare, deadfall'/, (semological comment: see comment on íweltàlt above), attested by Elders Group 11/26/75, also , //wcl=tc[=Ae3·=]l=t or better we3·l=tc[=M2=]l=t//, HUNT ['spring snare'] (compare root lift it which shows the possible root of this word, phonology: if wá:l= lift is the root, then the form is better analyzed derivationally with metathesis, as /we3·l=tc[=M2=]l=t/; the initial í, if not a prefix (ye= travelling by), otherwise is part of the root; attested by Deming 4/13/78, also , //§cwc= 3te s=§i[·-] 3wcs t-e C1 e3-mclc//, /'Your children have no training.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //§e3y kw -s he3k*w =clcs-c-ct tc s=§i[-·-] 3wcs tc siyálcxw c=c3|//, /'Let us remember the teachings of the elders past.'/, phonology: vowel merger, lengthening, syntactic comment: note the nominal past, attested by AD. , sas //§i[-·-] 3wcs=e4·ls//, TVMO ['a guide'], HUNT, HARV, FSH, CAN, lx structured activity (non-continuative), phonology: length after the i here as continuative is unusual since the suffix, =à:ls, usually has the form =els in the continuative and =á:ls in the noncontinuative aspect, syntactic analysis: nominal with zero derivation (but preceded by a demonstrative article), attested by Elders Group 3/15/72. , pcs //§íwcs=T//, SOC /'advise s-o, teach s-o, show s-o'/, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group, AC; example: , //§íwcs=T-axy t-e s=qw e[=Ac3=]l=tcl//, /'Teach me your language.'/, syntactic comment: imperative subject is implied by the 2s possessive pronoun and therefore can be omitted as a verb inflection, attested by AC; found in , //§iwcs=T-ámc-c-cl//, /'I advise you.'/, phonology: stress-shift automatically conditioned by following subject suffix, attested by Elders Group, , //§iwcs=T-ámc-c-cl-ce//, /'I will advise you.'/, attested by Elders Group. , cts //§i[-·-] 3wcs=T//, MC /'showing s-o (how to do it), teaching s-o, advising s-o, guiding s-o, directing s-o'/, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC, Elders Group 11/9/77, 12/7/77, 3/15/72; example: , //c-cl xwcl §i[-·-] 3wcs=T//, /'I'm still teaching him.'/, attested by Elders 11/9/77. , dnom //§íwcs=T=c3lcq//, SOC /'teacher'/, lx one who, attested by Elders Group, BHHTC, AC , dnom //§iwcs=e3wtxw //, BLDG ['schoolhouse'], lx building, house, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming, also , //§iwcs=he3ltxw//, phonology: epenthetic /h/, and /l/ instead of /w/ are two unusual features of this variant of the suffix =áwtxw, attested by Deming (SJ, LG both present). , //k*w s=í·ws//, /'singe hairs off skin'/, , //qct=í·ws=cm//, /'take a sweatbath'/, literally /'steam/warm one's body'/, , //sc3q*w cm=í·ws//, /'cedar bark skirt'/, root , //li wu=lh s=§íx. w //, /'Is it swept?'/, attested by AHTTC. w , dnom //§i[=Ac=] 3x. =tcl//, HHG ['broom'], ( derivational), lx device, thing for, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, other sources: ES /§c3x. w tcl/. , BLDG ['sweep it'], see íxw. , BLDG /'to sweep up, the sweep-up (last spirit dance of season in a given longhouse)'/, see íxw. , da //=iye ~ =áye//, EFAM ['affectionate diminutive'], DESC, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, also , //=áye//; found in dear
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mother), , //sqeyc3x=iye//, /'pet name of Mink'/, , //wíè=iye ~ . wc3è=C1 cC2 //, /'snipe'/, , //t*e3m=iye//, /'hermaphrodite baby'/, phonology: homophonous with wren, , //q*aye3ë%*=iye//, /'snail'/, berry and diminutive), possibly , possibly //hó·l=iye (o· ~ u)//, /'humpback salmon'/, possibly , //xam=á·è*=iye//, /'youngest sister of Mt. Cheam'/ (compare weep, cry + , //§iye3·q=T-cs tc s=xw le3·m tc s=pá·l ë%*c3-su mc3 xw c s=wíycqc//, /'The Indian doctor changed a crow into a man.'/, attested by EB, ASM ['change s-th (physically), replace'], semantic environment ['material culture, two or more physical objects']; example: , //§cwc-c3-tc-e§ s=§iye[=Aa=] 3q=c|c=T=ct//, [wæ 3 ·te§ siyáqc|cèct], /'Have you got any change?'/, literally /'is it none? your what one changes for oneself'/, attested by EB. , pcs //§iye3q=cs=T//, SOC ['change it (of money)'], lx money, dollars, round things, blankets, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming; example: , //s=k*w e3y-c k*w -cl-s §iye3y=cs=T//, /'Can't I change my money?'/, attested by Deming. , //lc xw c=§í·ye3·q=cp=cm//, /'He (or she) joked.'/, attested by JL, Salish cognate: Cowichan /xwiy*éqcpcm/ to joke B74b:66, Saanich /xwiy*éqcè/ to joke (-cè on the back) B74a:66, but not Sechelt /§iyal-uc-ím/, /§iyál-uc-cm/ to joke T77:29, B77:79. , SOC ['trade with s-o'], see iyá:q. , SOC ['change it (of money)'], see iyá:q. , SOC ['trade with s-o'], see iyá:q. , CST /'change s-th (purposely), change s-o, transform s-o/s-th, trade s-th, replace s-th'/, see iyá:q.
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, TVMO ['travelling by and packing on his back (might be said of a passerby)'], see chám. , PLN /'Eayem, a village site and fishing place above (upriver of) Yale, B.C.'/, see éy ~ éy:. , CST /'get out of the way, get off the way, dodge'/, see iyá:q. , SOC /'ma'am, female friend, chum (female), little girl'/, see éy ~ éy:. , SOC /'be fun, have (lots of) fun, have amusement, having lots of fun, be pleasant'/, see éy ~ éy:. , SOC /'sir, male friend, chum (male), sonny'/, see éy ~ éy:. , ABFC ['(have a) pleasant voice'], see éy ~ éy:. , da //=iye=tcl//, N ['male name'], possibly affectionate diminutive, possibly device, thing, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , w /'male //§aláx =iyctcl//, /'male name version of Olóxw=elwet'/, , //sele3q*=ayctcl//, /'Indian name of David (Matilda David's husband)'/, , //sisclc*=iyás=cm//, /'turn around in a circle'/ (compare spinning and , TIME ['delay oneself'], see óyém. , PLN /'a snake rock in the Fraser River just north of Strawberry Island which had snakes sunning themselves and covering the rock; also the name of the village on Strawberry Island'/, literally /'little snake place'/, see Alhqá:yem under álhqey ~ álhqay. , VALJ /'small (smaller than axwíl), little'/, see axwíl. , ABFC /'recover, be better'/, see éy ~ éy:. , EFAM ['getting to like somebody'], see éy ~ éy:. , VALJ /'cute, a little one is good, good (of s-th little)'/, see éy ~ éy:. , LANG (probably) ['keep on a little'], see á:y. , TVMO ['to walk slow'], see óyém.
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K , phonology: The sound k is found mainly in borrowings from English, French, Chinook Jargon, and other Indian languages; it is also found in some words which normally have q in the same position in the word but have undergone a process of sound symbolism to produce diminutives or pet names. Where borrowings are found, the source word and source language will be listed, where known; where sound symbolism is identified that will be shown. The sound k often is palatalized ([ky]), and the most consistently palatalized are sometimes spelled with ky in the orthography.. , KIN ['younger sibling (pet name)'], see sqá:q. , free root //kelipóli//, PLN ['California'], borrowed from English /kælwf]3rnyc/ California, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC, source: place names file reference #191a. , free root //ke3lti//, FOOD ['candy'], borrowed from English /kæ 3 ndi/ or Chinook Jargon /kánti/ candy (Johnson 1978:285), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EK,DK. , free root //ke3pcc//, [kæ 3 pwè], EB ['cabbage'], ['Brassica oleracea'], borrowed from Chinook Jargon /kápac/ cabbage (Johnson 1978:284), syntactic analysis: nominal. , EB, FOOD brussel sprouts (lit. many little children of + cabbage), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , EB, FOOD cauliflower (lit. white + flower + cabbage), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , EB, FOOD broccoli (lit. green + flowering/flowered + cabbage), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) comparative, possibly diminutive, phonology: possible fronting, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by EB, Deming, AH; found in , //ke3-c-xw =à//, /'Wait a while.'/, possibly root /qe/ and, syntactic analysis: imperative, attested by EB, example: , ds //C1 c=kc§e3t//, TIME ['a little later (??)'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by AH (Deming 2/8/79). , us //ketkesyc3ècm//, [kætkæsyw3ècm], CH ['catechism'], borrowed from French catéchisme /katešísm/ catechism, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb?, nominal?, attested by IHTTC, also , //kycl=các c*ehe3yc|//, /'Anglican church (institution)'/, also compare , ds //kíl các//, N ['King George'], borrowed from Chinook Jargon /kin cóc/ King George. , ds //kcl=cac=c3lcqw //, ANAH /'part the hair on the right side (left side as people look at you), have the hair parted on the right side'/, lx hair, top of the head, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC. , dnom //s=kcmí§=iye//, EZ /'a white-headed duck, [could be bufflehead, snow goose, emperor goose, poss. oldsquaw, or hooded merganser, other duck-like birds with white heads do not occur in the Stó:lô area and the emperor goose would be only an occasional visitor]'/, ( nominalizer), ( diminutive), (possibly , i.e., q ! k diminutive), phonology: possibly fronting, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: JH:DM. comparative, possibly diminutive, phonology: possible fronting, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by EB, Deming, AH; found in , //ke3-c-xw =à//, /'Wait a while.'/, possibly root /qe/ and, syntactic analysis: imperative, attested by EB, example: , ds //C1 c=kc§e3t//, TIME ['a little later (??)'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by AH (Deming 2/8/79). , free root //kíks//, FOOD ['cake'], borrowed from English /kéyks/ cakes, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, also /'cakes'/, attested by EB, , FOOD lemon cake (lit. lemon (itself from sour little yellowish fruit) + cake + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00), , FOOD carrot cake (lit. carrot + cake + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , ds //kíl các//, N ['King George'], borrowed from Chinook Jargon /kin cóc/ King George, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB. , ds //kíl §ítcwct//, N ['King Edward'], borrowed from back-formation from Chinook Jargon /kin cóc/ King George with Ítewet Edward, the common name, from British English /§e3dwcd/
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Edward, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB. perhaps, df //klck=klck=klck// [klk=klk=klk], SD ['glug glug glug'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, prob. borrowed from English, attested by Elders Group. , free root //klc3p//, PLAY ['club (in cards)'], semantic environment ['cards'], borrowed from English [klb] club, syntactic analysis: nominal. , free root //kápi ~ kyápi//, FOOD ['coffee'], borrowed from Chinook Jargon /k]3pi/ coffee or English /k]3fi/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming, Elders Group, AD, example: , //§e3y tc kápi-c-ct//, /'We have good coffee., Our coffee is good.'/, attested by Deming. , //§elc3ce tc kápi=e3le3//, /'Where is the coffee-pot?'/, attested by AD. , free root //kapú//, CLO ['coat'], borrowed from Chinook Jargon /kapó/ coat itself from French hooded cloak, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, AC. , EB /'cucumber'/, see kwúkwemels. , free root //kú·l//, LAND ['gold'], borrowed from Chinook Jargon /kól/ gold or English /góld/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 5/28/75, Deming, also , //kó·l//, attested by Elders Group 3/72, example: , //§e-c-cl kw c3l=lcxw tc kó·l//, /'I discovered gold.'/, attested by Elders Group 3/72, , //c-cl ècx=lc[=Ae 3 =]xw //, . /'I discovered gold.'/, attested by Elders Group 3/15/72. , free root //kúšcn//, PLN ['Goshen'], ASM ['name of a small town near Deming, Wash. in Nooksack territory'], borrowed from English /góšcn/ Goshen, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming, example:
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KW , free root //kw //, DEM /'the (remote, not visible, abstract), some (indefinite)'/, phonology: may be a rapid speech alternant of kwe, syntactic analysis: demonstrative article, dialects: EB uses both kw and kw'e, while AC prefers kw'e and only very rarely (if ever) uses kw, attested by EB, also /'some (indefinite)'/, example: , //le he3·wc k*w c s=pe3·è//, /'He went hunting for bear.'/, attested by AC, contrast , //l s=ë%*í k*wc qá·//, /'I want some water.'/, attested by AC, others, also /'the (remote, abstract, not visible, distant)'/, , //kw (s=pcl(=)w=e3|, ccle3q=c|(=c|))//, /'last year, yesterday'/, attested by EB, contrast , if //kw -s ...-s ~ kw -s-cs ~ k*w -cs ...-s//, CJ /'that he, that she, that it, that they'/, (the first , //c-cl s=|c3q*=clcxw kw-s s=pe3·è-s//, attested by AC, , //wiyáè kw-s-u qc3l-s tc s=qwe3l=cwcl-s tc C1 á=lcc*c//, /'a pessimist, a person whose thoughts are always bad'/, literally /'it's always that the thoughts of the one person are bad'/, attested by Elders Group, , //c-cl k*w c3c=lcxw kw =s=e (sí·[=C1 c=]lc, s=tá·lcs, s=xwcmlí·kw, s=tí·wcl)//, /'I saw (see, past) your (grandmother, wife, aunt, niece).'/, attested by AC, , //kw =s=cl sí·[=C1 c=]lc-e3(·)|//, /'my deceased grandmother, my late grandmother'/, attested by CT, , //lí-c s=kwcte3xw sc me3riy//, /'Is Mary inside?'/, attested by AC, , //lí §í· sc-l te4·l//, /'Is my mother here?'/, attested by AC. , //li §í ë%*cle3xw kw èc-e me4l//, /'Is your father in (home).'/, usage: less formal than li i skwetáxw kwtha màl, attested by AC, that's), phonology: down-drift or down-stepping, syntactic analysis: inp, demonstrative pronoun, attested by AC, others. , EZ ['piglet'], see kweshú. , SOC /'hiding, hiding oneself'/, see kwà:l. , PLAY ['play-fighting'], see kwél. , SOC /'someone's hiding, (a child is hiding ?)'/, see kwà:l. , ABFC ['galloping'], see kwá:. , N ['nickname'], see kwí:x ~ kwíx. , bound root //kwc3l//, meaning unknown , dnom //s=kw c3l//, [skw w3l], WATR /'waterfall, falls'/, LAND, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 5/28/75. , dmn //s=C1 í=kw cl//, WATR ['small waterfall'], LAND, ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 5/28/75, for other words for waterfall see under stem fall, see under stem fall. , bound root //kw c3l grasp, hold//. , durs //kw cl=c[=Ae3=]T//, pcs, ABFC /'hold s-th (in one's grasp), holding s-th (in one's grasp), have s-th, grasp s-th'/, SOC, (semological comment: apparently this form can be used for both continuative and non-continuative aspects (see examples below)), ( durative or continuative, purposeful control transitivizer), also ABFC /'hold it, carry s-o'/, attested by RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group 3/15/72, AD, AC, EB, JL, Deming, other sources: ES /kwcle3·t/, also , //kwcl=c[=Ae3·=]T//, attested by AC, JL, example: , //kw cl=lc3xw -cs tc s=è*c3p=cq//, /'He caught a skunk.'/, attested by EB, , //kw cl=lc3xw -cs tc pá·l//, /'He caught the ball.'/, attested by EB, , //kw cl=lc3xw -cs tc (s=è*á|=cm, s=tá·q*w =cm)//, /'He caught a (cold, cough).'/, attested by EB, ASM ['get s-th'], also , attested by AC, , //lí-w §iy=ál=cm k*w c-l-s kw c3l=lcxw k*w c qw c§áp//, /'Can I have an apple?'/, literally /'is it? (contrastive) alright that I have/get some apple'/, attested by AD, DC, BJ2, , //s=te3m k*w-cs s=è*áqwi §i kwc3l=l-cxw//, /'What kind of fish do you have?'/, attested by EB (12/15/75), ASM ['find s-th'], , //c-cl kw c3l=lcxw èc3-l s-§i[=Aà=]k*w =í[=M2=]·l=cm//, [cwl kw c3lxw èw3l s§ck*w à·lc4m], /'I found what I lost (nearby but not visible).'/, phonology: thél shows consonant merger in the faster speech of EB of kwthe to the; also shown here are sentence stress-shifts where the article gets highstress (one note higher than normal high-stress) and the following nominal gets its stress downshifted to mid-stress at sentence end, grammatical comment: s- nominalizer is inflectional here because the verb is only incorporated into a relative clause, not permanently derived as an independent nominal word, attested by EB, also , //c-cl kw c3l=lcxw tc-l s§ík*w //, attested by EB, * Find it. rejected, semantic environment ['non-control verbs
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, pcs //kw c3l=cs=T//, HUNT /'catch an animal, get an animal'/, possibly on the face, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming. , dnom //kw c3l=ccs=tcl or kw clc3=M2=ccs=tcl//, HHG ['pot-holder'], literally /'holding in the hand device'/, lx in the hand, lx device, thing for, phonology: metathesis?, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC. , ds //kw clc3=ccs or kw cl=c3=ccs//, SOC ['shake hands'], lx on the hand, possibly derivational? or it may be the stressed part of the suffix (), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group 3/15/72. , ds //kw cl=c[=Ae3=]ccs//, ABFC ['holding a hand'], SOC, ( durative or continuative), lx hand (alloseme of on the hand), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group 3/15/72, compare with shake hands. , pcs //kwcl=c[=Ae3=]ccs=T//, ABFC ['holding the hand of s-o'], SOC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group 3/15/72; found in , //kwcl=e3=ccs=T-àmc4//, [kwwlæ 3 cwsèàmc4], /'holding your hand'/, attested by Elders Group 3/15/72, example: , //kw cl=e3=ccs=T-áxycs//, /'He's holding my hand.'/, attested by Elders Group 6/7/78. , sas //kw cl=ccs=e4·ls//, SOC ['shaking hands'], ( structured activity (non-continuative)), ASM ['the -ing translation reflects the structured activity morpheme not a continuative stem, i.e. it was a structured activity, perhaps done with a number of people but is not continuing at present'], phonology: vowel loss of e in =tses due to speed of speech, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , cts //kwclc3-M2=ccs=e4·ls//, SOC ['shaking a lot of hands'], ( continuative), ( structured activity), ASM ['the structured activity morpheme rather than a plural morpheme is shown here by the translation: a lot of'], lx hand, phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD. , pcs //kw clc3=ccs=T//, SOC ['shake hands with s-o'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group 3/15/72, AD, also , //kwclc3=ccs=T//, [kwwlc3èwst ~ kwwlw3èwst], attested by EB; found in , //kw clc3=ccs=T-àmc4//, /'shake your hand'/, attested by Elders Group 3/15/72,
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example: , //c-cl kw clc3=ccs=T//, /'I shook his hand.'/, syntactic analysis: ambiguous past, attested by Elders Group 3/15/72, , //kw clc3=ccs=T-|e//, /'Shake his hand.'/, syntactic analysis: imperative, attested by AD, , //s=ccwá·t k*w -s kw cl=c3xy-s//, /'He knows how to shoot.'/, attested by AC, , //ë%*c tc=§í·=lc s=e=kw cl=e3xy , lc q*e3y=lcxw tc má·qw //, /'This is the gun that killed the bird.'/, attested by AC, , //te3w=cT tcë%*e[=cl=]qt=c3lc k*w c-s lc kw c3l=cxy=T tc (ë%*e[=cl=]qt=c3lc, s=me3yc3è)//, /'light up the deer to shoot the (deer, animal)'/, attested by CT, HT, , //c-cl kwcl=c3xy=T tc máqw //, /'I shot the bird.'/, attested by AC, , //lc kw cl=c3xy=T-cs tc má·qw//, /'He shot the bird.'/, attested by AC, ASM ['sting s-o/s-th'], , //kw cl=c3xy=T-áxy-cs tc C1 í=scmáyc//, /'The bee stung me.'/, attested by Elders Group 4/2/75. , df //kw cl=cxy=e3·lxw //, PLN ['Mount Baker'], poss. lx leaves, (compare with autumn (root fall, drop and roll and leaves), borrowed from Nooksack /kw clš=æ 3 n/ Mt. Baker, the slopes clear of underbrush where they hunted, literally means shooting place (Suttles 1950: Nooksack field notes from George Swanaset interview 4/26/50)(UHk cognate of the Nooksack root is shoot, the suffix could be a rare UHk cognate to Nooksack /=æ 3 n/ place or just using one that sounds similar), phonology: the final xw may have been added by analogy with the suffix on hilá:lxw, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 4/16/75, source: place names file reference #123 and #318.
, df //kw clc3qc|//, SOC ['distribute'], possibly root grasp, hold (in hand), probably benefactive, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group 3/72,
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Adaline Lorenzetto 3/72, Salish cognate: possibly Lushootseed /kw c3lq/ other things? (Hess 1976:247), example: , //le-c-cl-ce kw clc3qc|//, /'I will distribute'/, attested by Elders Group 3/72, source: Stalo Heritage Proj. tape 33. , pcs //kw clc3q=c|c=T//, bens, SOC ['distribute to s-o'], ( benefactive, purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: the t in =elhts is not heard on the tape, perhaps not pronounced as a consonant-shift due to speed or dialect differences, perhaps pronounced but merely not heard on the tape or mistranscribed by me, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group 3/72; found in , //kwclc3q=c|c=T-àmc4//, /'distribute to you'/, attested by Elders Group 3/72, , //scq*=e3=T tc kwc3mlcxw//, /'split a root'/, attested by EB. , EB, FOOD ginger (lit. white man style + wild ginger (or) hot + root + food), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , //kw e[=Aa=C1 c] 3q*=tcl or C1 á=kw c3q*=tcl//, [kw akw c3q*tcl], phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, attested by Elders Group, also offspring), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT. , bound root //kw cte3xw inside//. , stvi //s-kw cte3xw //, [skw te3xw ~ skw cte3xw ], BLDG /'be inside a house, be inside an enclosure'/, DIR, ( stative), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group, IHTTC, AC, EB, example: , //s=kw cte3xw tc le3lcm//, /'in the house'/, attested by AC, also , //s-kw cte3xw li tc le3lcm//, /'inside the house'/, literally /'inside in the house'/, attested by EB, , //lí-c s-kw cte3xw sc Mary//, /'Is Mary home?'/, literally /'Is she there? inside the (female near but not visible) Mary'/, semantic environment ['the speaker is near to Mary's residence'], ( interrogative (yes/no question) (optional after sentence-initial li; found in examples below)), phonology: consonant-loss; se is short for kwse the (female near but not visible); iterative aspect loses the kw here after xw (and perhaps after other labialized consonants) in rapid speech, attested by AC,
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//s=kw ctxw =álwc| t*ámcl//, /'inside wall'/, dialects: Chill., Cheh., attested by IHTTC, also , bound root //kwc3è*//, meaning unknown , //s=qw c3è* ~ s=qw c3è*=C1 cC2 //, phonology: reduplication, attested by BJ, others mainly Tait speakers, dialects: largely Tait. , df //è*i[=C1 c=]kw =cm=ím=cl=e3lcws or C1 í=kwè*=M2=ím=cl=e3lcws//, [è*iè*kw imclæ 3 lcws], EB ['big-leaved avens'], ['Geum macrophyllum'], probably root have an allergic reaction (esp. to bark powder of fir or cedar), possibly root big-leaved avens, literally “thing for getting numb, numbing medicine”.
, ABFC /'flipping around (of fish), struggling (of anything alive trying to get free)'/, see kwá:. , bound root //kw axw knock, rap//. , sas //kw axw =e4·ls//, ABFC /'knock (once), rap'/, BLDG, HARV, ( structured activity (non-continuative)), phonology: vowel-loss, zero-grade root due to strong-grade suffix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, JL (Tait), also , //kw axw =e3ls//, attested by Elders Group 10/27/76. , cts //kw á[-C1 c-]xw =cls//, ABFC /'knocking, rapping'/, BLDG, HARV, ( continuative), ( structured activity (continuative)), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, also , //kw á·[-C1 c-]xw =cls//, attested by JL, also , //kw á[-C1 c-]xw =e3·ls//, also /'knocking (like on a door)'/, (irregular) continuative but structured activity (non-continuative)), attested by EB. , izs //kw á[-C1 c-]xw =cm//, ABFC /'knocking, rapping (in the distance), tapping'/, ( continuative), ( intransitivizer), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , pcs //kw áxw =cT//, ABFC ['knock on s-th'], BLDG, MC, *beat a drum rejected, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group, example: , //kw á[-C1 c-]xw =cT tc q*c3wct//, attested by EB. , mdls //kw á[-C1 c-]xw =cccs=cm//, cts, ABFC ['knocking with one's hand'], ( continuative), lx on the hand, with the hand, ( middle voice), phonology:
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reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , sas //kwaxw=á·mc=cls//, EB /'shiny black mountain huckleberry, also called a mountain blueberry by the speakers'/, ['Vaccinium membranaceum'], ASM ['several varieties are known to the Stó:lô people: sour, or sweet; round, pear-shaped, or flatter [BHTTC]; tall, or shorter [AC]; they are picked at Hemlock Valley (summits of logged off sections especially) (above Chehalis) and many other spots (esp. logged-off areas nowadays); one harvesting technique was to rap or knock the branch and the berries would fall off--thus the name; shiny, deep-purple to black, glossy berries, real juicy, found high up in the mountains, right up on the mountain top; some describe them as wine-colored; ripe in August or early fall'], literally /'knock berry structured activity continuative'/, lx berry, ( structured activity (continuative), sometimes used as nominalizer as here), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group 3/1/72, also , //kw axw =á·mc3=cls//, attested by BJ, also , //kw axw =á·má=cls//, attested by AC, also , //kw axw =ámc3=cls//, attested by TM, BHTTC, Elders Group, also , //kwaxw=ámc=cls//, attested by Elders Group, Deming, EL. , pln //kw cxw =á[=M2=]mc=cls//, PLN ['village or area on north side of Suka Creek (which is on the east side of the Fraser River'], literally /'lots of black huckleberries'/, ( plural), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP, AK, source: place names file reference #149. , df //kw áxw =(c)mel or k*w[=D=]áxw=mcl//, IDOC ['hand rattle of Indian doctor or shaman'], SPRD ['deer hoof rattle of spirit-dancer (stick with deer hoof rattles tied onto it)'], ASM ['made with deer hooves inside a leather bulb tied onto a stick'], also /'deer hooves'/ (attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), possibly root knock, rap or possibly root , us //kw okw e§e3ltcm ?//, PLN ['a tributary of Atchelitz Creek'], source: Wells 1965:13 ; said to mean place where a brave found his bride, comment: if Wells' gloss has any validity the root could be kwà:l to hide and thus Kwekwà:ltem /R5=kwe4·l=T=cm/ or /R5=kwe4·l=tcm/ could be place where she was hidden with R5= resultative or continuative, purposeful control transitivizer and place of or stative participle, phonology: reduplication, , us //kw ókw clcm ?//, PLN ['Post Creek'], source: Wells 1966 , comment: if kw is right in both positions the root could be kwô3 l gold if gold was found in historic
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times, or kwà:l to hide if something was hidden here or if some Indian people hid here, or kwel= grasp, hold as in kwelá:t grasp it, hold it or kwél(:)em get, fetch, or the root in skwél waterfall, etc., etc.; =em could be place of or middle or intransitive; the reduplication could be of several types (infixed or prefixed with ablaut or stress shift) and could mean continuative, plural, diminutive, etc., or just derivational, Carlson, McHalsie & Perrier 2001:142 has "you think somebody is talking back there, but it’s your own voice (echo)" but I have only found to echo, echoing and copy, imitate. However, in light of the 2001 work above, most likely the root is kwà:l to hide as I speculated and the place name (as the Stó:lô atlas (the 2001 work above) has it, meaning place to get hidden with place to have/get. , us //kw óxw cè//, EZ /'coho salmon, silver salmon'/, ['Oncorhynchus kisutch'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP, AC, Elders Group 3/1/72, other sources: ES, JH /kwc3xwcè/, H-T02 w w w w , CJ /'that he, that she, that it, that they'/, see kw. , PRON /'that was her (deceased), she (deceased)'/, see tl'ó ~ tl'o. , FIRE /'bring in firewood, bring wood in'/, see kwetáxw. , free root //kw èe3//, MC ['a pile'], LAND, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by JL, NP, Deming (Fish Camp 7/19/79). , pcs //kw èe3=T//, MC ['pile it'], LAND, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by JL, NP, Deming (Fish Camp 7/19/79). , stvi //s=kw èe3//, MC ['piled up'], LAND, ( stative), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by JL, NP, Deming (Fish Camp 7/19/79), example: , //§o li kw ct|=cw s=kw èe3//, /'Oh look at how it's piled., Oh there's lots of piles.'/, attested by JL, NP, Deming (Fish Camp 7/19/79).
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, MC ['pile it'], see kwthá. , DEM /'the (male or gender unspecified, near but not in sight)'/, see kw. , SOC ['the messenger'], see tà:m. , PRON /'that's him (absent), that's her (absent), it's him/her (absent), he (absent), she (absent)'/, see tl'ó ~ tl'o. , PRON ['that was them (deceased)'], see kw. , free root //kw úkw //, FOOD /'to cook, cooking'/, borrowed from Chinook Jargon /kúk/ cook itself < English /k3k/ cook (Johnson 1978:295), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, also , //kú·k//, attested by EB, AC, example: , //lc kú·k kw ccle3q=c|=c|//, /'She cooked yesterday.'/, syntactic analysis: ambiguous past3 intransitive verb demonstrative article adverb/adverbial verb, attested by EB. , dnom //s=kw úkw //, FOOD /'cooking, (cooking) food'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by MH, also , //s=kú·k//, attested by AC, example: , //§c-c-cl há·qw =lcxw tc s=kú·k-s//, /'(I smelled her cooking.)'/, syntactic analysis: auxiliary past1s transitive verb demonstrative article nominal-possessive3, attested by AC, also , //s=kúk//, attested by EB, , //qp*=e3·q=cT t-e§ s=kúk//, /'Put a lid on your cooking.'/, attested by EB, , //kw ú=T-cs tclí tc k*w áxw c//, /'He took it from the box.'/, attested by EB, , //c-cl wc |=q*c3l=lcxw wc=s=te3m=cs k*w c lc kw ú·=T-cs//, /'I know what he took.'/, attested by EB, , //kw ú=T-cs tc lcpe3l ë%*c=s=u k*w aqw =cT-áxy-cs//, /'He took the shovel and hit me.'/, attested by Elders Group, ASM ['get s-th, fetch s-th'], , //lc kwú·=Tcs//, /'He got it., He fetched it.'/, attested by AC, ASM ['pick s-th up'], , //kw ú=T-cs tc s=me3lt qc-s-cs-u lam=cT-áxy-cs//, /'He picked up the rock and threw it at me (throw it at s-o).'/, attested by AC.
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KW’ , possibly //=k*w ~ =ck*w//, perhaps /'round, around in circles'/, SH, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, also , //xw c3l=ck*w //, /'to wrap'/ (compare root in , //xw c3l=k*w //, /'to eddy'/, , w //xcp*=k* =e3·ls//, /'chew with a crunch'/, , //xcp*=c[= 3=]k*w //, /'make a crunch underfoot . . w (bones, nut, glass, etc.)'/, , //xct*=k* =e3·ls//, /'carve wood, whittle'/, , mdls //k*w e3·l=cm//, FOOD ['serve oneself (mainly soup and liquids)'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, BHTTC, Salish cognate: Squamish /k*w an-§án§/ to ladle (tr.) W73:156, K69:77. climb, possibly net, wave, ( structured activity continuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, EB, example: or , //sík* //, ['get skinned'] with vowel loss before similar to, -like, or part/portion and distributive, all around with the idea of the white feathers "skinned off like" or "skinned off part/portion" or "similar to skinned off" (metaphorically that they are not there leaving the brown head feathers). w , //sík*w //, ['get skinned'], possibly distributive, all around, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 2/13/80, 3/15/78, also , attested by Elders Group 6/4/75, also or as in , free root //sík*w//, ['get skinned'], see síkw', plus leaves or house. w w , df //k*wc[=Ae3=]|=cm//, BSK ['little berry basket'], ASM ['tied around the waist in front, when full dumped into larger berry basket on ground, made of same design and shape as big berry basket (i.e. with two sides trapezoidal, tapering at bottom)'], HARV, probably root bound root //k*w e3q// lie on one's back, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /k*w c3q/ lie on back, fall on back H76:256 , ABFC ['lie down on one's back'], see kw'e'í ~ kw''í ~ kw'í. , //lc k*w e3s//, /'He got burnt., She got burnt.'/, attested by AC, , //ccl k*w e3s//, /'I got burned.'/, attested by EB, , plv //k*w e3[-lc-]s//, ABDF /'both burned, (many got burned)'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL. , pcs //k*w e3s=cT//, FOOD ['toast it by a fire (of smoked fish)'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming. , //k*w e[=Aá·=]s=èct//, attested by EB, example: , //k*w á·s=èct tc s=we3y=cl//, /'The weather has gotten warm., The weather has gotten warmer.'/, attested by EB, , //kw c-s wc ë%*a há·y tc s-k*w ák*w cs//, /'(which is when the heat is finished)'/, semantic environment ['when asked for the word for autumn, fall'], attested by DM 12/4/64. , ds //tcm=k*w e[=Aá=]s//, TIME ['summer'], WETH, literally /'time for hot, hot season'/, ( time for, season, time), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group, also , //tcm=k*we[=Aá·(=)C1 c=]s//, phonology: reduplication, attested by DM, Elders Group, also , //tcm=k*w e[=Aá=lc=C1 c=]s//, ( plural), literally /'time for many heats, hot seasons, hot times'/, attested by Elders Group 3/12/75. , //k*w es=íws//, HUNT ['singe the hairs off skin'], ABDF, lx on the skin, phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , //k*w e[=Ac3=]s=ccs//, ABDF /'burned on the finger or hand, burnt the hand, a hand got burnt'/, ( resultative), lx on the hand, on the finger(s), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group 3/15/72, AC. , dnom //k*w s(=)íc//, EZ /'rainbow trout, prob. also coastal cutthroat trout'/, ['Salmo gairdneri, prob. also Salmo clarki clarki'], possibly root burn, possibly on the back, since it has red stripes on its back, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 7/9/75, JL
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5/8/79, other sources: ES /k*wsí·c/ cutthroat trout, JH /k*wsí·c/ cutthroat trout, H-T k·ôse'tc (macron over e also) trout (Salmo sp.), also , //kw csíc//, also /'trout salmon, small spring salmon [sic?]'/, attested by Elders Group 3/1/72, also , //q*w csíc ~ q*w csí·c//, also /'trout'/, attested by BJ 12/5/64 p.304. , df //k*we3t=cm//, WATR /'trickling, dribbling, water bubbling up in a river, add water to a container, water running under'/, ( intransitivizer or middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group 9/7/77, Salish cognate: perhaps Lushootseed /k*w ád-ad/ dip it out, also , //k*w e3t*=cm//, also /'trickling, dribbling'/, attested by IHTTC, also /'trickling (of water)'/, attested by SP (in Elders Group 7/13/77), also , //s=qw e3t=cm//, also /'trickling, running under'/, attested by LJ (in Elders Group 7/13/77), example: , //s=qwe3t=cm tc qá·//, /'Water (of a river) is trickling (or running) under the tree.'/. , dnom //s=k*w e3t=cc//, PLN /'Squatits village on east bank of Fraser river across from the north end of Seabird Island, Peters Indian Reserves #1, 1a, and 2 on site of Squatits village'/, literally /'trickling water in the back'/, ASM ['named after trickling water because trees grew on roots here above ground and water trickled under the trees in seasons when waterfalls were going'], root , cts //k*w e[=AaC1 c=]ë%*=c3lmcl//, ABFC ['thinking about having intercourse'], literally /'having intercourse in the mind'/, lx in the mind, thinking about, ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. , ABFC /'have intercourse with s-o, fuck s-o'/, see kw'átl'. , bound root //k*we3c ~ k*wc3c// see. , //s=ccle3·l tc s=k*w e3c//, /'Her eyes are fading., [Her eyesight is fading.]'/, attested by AC. , //k*we3c=cT-|e//, /'Look at it.'/, ( imperative 2s), attested by AC, , //k*w e3c=cT-ámc//, w [k* æ 3 ccèàmc4], /'come to see you, come see you, look at you (like a doctor), examine you'/, example: , //mí-c-xw q*á·=l=T-ct k*w e3c=cT-álxw §ówc híè=cs//, /'Come back and see us soon.'/, syntactic analysis: lack of conjunctions like kw'as or qésu seems unusual, attested by EB, , //§cwc-c| (or §cwc-e3·|) mc k*w e3c=cT-à·m//, /'Does he ever come to see you?'/, attested by EB, , ncs //k*w e[=Ac3=]c=l-cxw //, [k*w 3clxw ~ k*w c3clxw ], ABFC /'see s-o/s-th, catch sight of s-th/s-o'/, LT, ( derivational or non-continuative), comment: Suttles ca1984 shows such a vowel change as perfective in Musqueam (another name for what I'm calling here noncontinuative) for a group of TAT roots including root /k*we3c/, ( or non-control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC, BJ, AD, EB, LJ (Tait), Elders Group, BHTTC, IHTTC, Deming, other sources: ES /k*w e3cclcxw / see, example: , //(c-cl, §í·-|-c-cl) k*w c3c=lcxw//, /'I saw it., I saw him., I saw her., I saw them.'/, attested by BHTTC, Elders resp., , //lí-c-xw (k*wc3c=láxy, k*wc3c=l-álxw, k*wc3c=l-cxw, k*wc3c=l-cxw yi-èe3, k*wc3c=l-cxw yi §í[-·-]m=cxy)//, /'Did you (see me, see us, see it/him/her/them, see them, see them walking)?'/, attested by AC, , //lí(·)-c-cl k*w c3c=l-ámc lí tc s=q*c3p//, [lícwl k*w 3clàmc4 li tw3 sq*c4p], /'Did I see you in the crowd?, Did I see you at the gathering?'/, attested by AC, , //lí-c-cl k*w c3c=l-álc lí tc s=q*c3p//, /'Did I see you people at the gathering?'/, attested by AC, , //§c3-c-cl k*w c3c=l-cxw //, [§w3cwl k*w 3clxw ], /'I can
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see it., [I could see it., I saw it.]'/, attested by AC, , //c-cl k*wc3c=l-cxw tc (qc3x. s=èá·qwi, ë%*a[=l=]qt=c3lc)//, /'I saw (a lot of fish, a deer).'/, attested by AC, , //k*wc3c=l-cxw-cs è=ú·=ë%*à//, /'She saw it'/, */'He saw her.'/ rejected, syntactic comment: shows this independent pronoun functions only as subject or shows that it is taken as subject even in syntactic object position when the verb has both 3rd person subject and 3rd person object, attested by IHTTC, *, //ccl k*w cc=l-ámc qc báb//, /'I saw you and Bob.'/, syntactic comment: shows conjoining of pronoun affix and a nominal as object by embedding, attested by LJ (one of the most fluent Tait speakers)(Elders Meeting 7/5/78), *, //s=k*w e3y k*w c-s k*w c3c=l-cxw tc ècqe3t//, /'They couldn't see the trees.'/, usage: from the Story of the Flood, attested by AC, , //s=k*w e3y k*w -e-s k*w c3c=l-cxw §i=k*w c=lá; s=t*e3[=C1 c=]l; lí k*w c s=lc§e3=álwc| tc le3lcm//, /'You can't see it; it's not showing; it's on the other side of the house.'/, attested by EB, , //mck*w =we3t k*w c3c=l-cxw -cs tc s=wíycqc//, /'The man saw everyone., The man caught a glimpse of everyone (implying he saw each in a state of undress or the like).'/, attested by EB, (semological comment: this alloseme is not obligatory, but is common; I used some sentences verbally and in lessons with kw'étslexw and found that it caused elders to chuckle; they advised I avoid it in the semantic environment /'one person sees another person (esp. of the opposite sex)'/ in lessons unless wanting to allow the ambiguity of ['X saw Y'] and ['X saw Y undressed']; this is perhaps stronger than the same ambiguity that might be present in English /'John caught a glimpse of Mary'/.). , cts //k*w e[-AáC1 c-]c=l-cxw //, [k*w ák*w cclxw ], ABFC ['seeing s-o'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , chrs //k*w e[=Ac3=]c=C1 cC2 //, [k*w 3ck*w c ~ k*w c3ck*w cc], SOC ['expect'], literally /'characteristically looking'/, ds //=C1 cC2 characteristic//, phonology: é-ablaut automatic before =doubling suffix with e, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (Mar. 1972). , iecs //k*w e[=Ac3=]c=C1 cC2 =mcT//, SOC ['expect s-o'], ds //=C1 cC2 characteristic, indirect effect control transitivizer//, phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (Mar. 1972, 1/7/76), also , //k*we[=AáC1 c=]c=mcT//, phonology: reduplication, ablaut, attested by EB, example: , //§c-c-cl k*we[=Ac3=]c=C1 cC2 =mcT//, [§wcwl k*w3ck*wcmct], /'I expect someone.'/, attested by Elders Group (Mar. 1972). , df //k*w e[=AáC1 c=]c=íwcl//, [k*w ak*w cèíwcl], PLN /'Wahleach Bluff, a lookout mountain with rock sticking out over a bluff, also the lookout point on Agassiz Mountain'/, ASM ['Wahleach Bluff divides Ruby Cr. and Wahleach; a ladder goes up the rock and major electric power lines cross the Fraser River there above Ruby Cr.; the Agassiz Mountain lookout is a
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different bluff which is also used as a modern fire lookout today'], literally /'looking out (for s-o), looking (with binoculars)'/, probably derivational or continuative, lx on the inside, phonology: stress valence of the suffix here is stronger than that of the infix, ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK (History tape #34 4/7/78, also 8/30/77), IHTTC. , //xw =k*w e[=Aá=]c=cs=T//, ( (meaning unclear, often used with =ós ~ =es 'on the face')), attested by IHTTC, example: , //k*we[=Aá=]c=cs=T-áxy//, [k*wacwsèáxy], /'stare at me, look at me'/, attested by Elders Group 5/26/76. , cts //xw =k*w e[=Aá=][-C1 c-]c=cs=T//, ABFC ['staring at s-o'], ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC; found in , //xw=k*we[=Aá=][-C1 c-]c=cs=T-ámc//, [xw k*w ák*w ccwsèàmc4], /'staring at you'/, phonology: downshifting, attested by IHTTC. , sas //k*we[=Aa=][-C1 c-]c=íls//, cts, [k*wak*wccíls ~ k*w]k*wccíls], ABFC ['staring'], ( derivational), ( continuative aspect), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. , dnom //s=k*wec=á·s=tcl//, BLDG ['window'], HHG ['mirror'], literally /'device to see face, thing to see in the face'/, ( nominalizer), lx (in the )face, lx device, thing to, phonology: stress-valence of first suffix stronger than that of root, causing /e/ to become /c/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, also , //|x=íl=c 3 xy-|e s=C1c=tís tc . w s=k* ec=ás=tcl//, /'Stand near the window.'/, attested by IHTTC. , ds //k*wec=ú·ycl//, [k*wcèú·ywl], FSH ['check a net or trap (for fish)'], HUNT ['check a net or trap (for animal)'], lx net, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC, also , //k*w ec=e3·ycl//, /'check fish nets'/, dialects: Matsqui, attested by PK (at Fish Camp 7/11/78). , cts //k*we[=Aá=][-C1 c-]c=xycl//, [k*wák*wccxywl], HUNT /'tracking, following prints'/, literally /'examining foot(prints)'/, ( derivational), ( continuative), lx on the foot, footprints, phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , bound root //k*we3xy ~ k*wxy ~ k*wxye3// count. , //k*w e3xy[-M1-=(c)m//, attested by Deming (3/16/78), also /'counting'/, phonology: perhaps in error as continuative as stressed intransitivizer is usually non-continuative, attested by EB (5/4/76); found in , //lc3wc k*w e3xy[-M1-=cm//, [l3wc k*w xyæ 3 ·m], /'You count.'/, attested by AC, ASM ['different speakers count on their fingers in different ways:'], ASM ['1) left hand up, each finger touched with index finger of opposite hand, little finger one to thumb five, right hand down thumb six to little finger ten; 2) another way is both hands down, bend each finger down at its middle joint keeping the rest of the finger and hand held horizontal, left little finger one to thumb five, right thumb six to little finger ten'], attested by AD, ASM ['(left-handed): one = touch left little finger to left thumb, etc., five = hold out left thumb, six = touch right index finger to right thumb, ten = hold out right thumb'], attested by TM, ASM ['left hand facing person counting, one = touch little finger with right index, then fold down, etc., five = thumb, six = right thumb touched with index of hand facing away'], attested by NP, ASM ['right first, palms outward, fingers bent down, index finger raised = one, second finger raised also = two, third finger raised also = three, little finger also = four, thumb spread = five, thumb of left spread = six, seven = index left, ten = little finger'], attested by TG, ASM ['right first, hands horizontal like playing piano, little finger taps down = one, thumb taps = five, left thumb taps = six, little finger left = ten'], attested by PK, ASM ['right first, thumb holding fingers bent, little finger up = one, thumb out = five, bend fingers and repeat, little finger up right = six, etc.'], attested by Flossie Joe, ASM ['palms outward, right first, fingers held by thumb, little finger raised = one, five = thumb, six = left thumb, etc.'], attested by EB, ASM ['start with left (sic right?), fingers spread, one = fold down little finger, five = fold thumb, six = thumb of right (sic left?), seven = fold down index, etc.'], attested by Flora Julian (sister of NP), living at Matsqui, ASM ['one through five on hand facing person counting, six through ten on right hand facing away, right index points to left first, one = to index left, four = to little finger, five = to thumb left, six = to right thumb (with left index), seven = to right index, ten = to little finger right'], dialects: Matsqui (Deming elders group), attested by GC (brother of AH), ASM ['(right-handed): hands facing person counting, touch right index to left hand first, one = to thumb, two = index, five = little, six = touch left index to right thumb, seven = to right index, etc.'], dialects: Matsqui (Deming elders group), attested by AH, ASM ['hands face away from person counting, bend fingers down, little finger right hand = one, right thumb = five, left thumb = six, etc.'], dialects: Katzie, attested by EP, Salish cognate: Lillooet (Port Douglas dialect)(Wally Henry, young fluent speaker): right hand first, hand points up and is brought down with index finger pointing at hearer = one, arm is raised again at elbow to point up then brought down to point at hearer again with index and first finger = two, etc., thumb and whole hand points (hand held vertical with thumb on top and finger directly underneath) = five, six = index of left points, ten = thumb and whole hand brought down, Salish cognate: Thompson (Madeline Charlie): right hand faces away and left faces toward person counting, bend fingers down, right index finger = one, little finger right = four, left index = five, left little finger = eight, left thumb = nine, right thumb = ten, Salish cognate: Lushootseed (Skagit dialect)(LG)(righthanded): touch right index to left hand first, one = to left thumb, two = to left index, five = to left little, six = touch left index to right little finger, ten = to right thumb, Skagit numbers /dcè*ú§/ [dcè*ó§ ~ dcè*ú§] one, /sálí§/ two, /|íxw / three, /bú·s/ [bú·s ~ bó·s] four, /c*cláè/ [c*clæ 3 c] five, w w ycláè/ [yclæ 3 c] six (/ycláèi/ other hand), /c*úk s/ seven, /tqáèi/ eight, /x c 3 l/ nine, /§úlub/ ten, Salish / . cognate: Squamish (Louise Bolan)(left-handed): hands face away from person counting, right hand
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folds little finger down = one, right thumb = five, left thumb = six. , dnom //s=k*w e3xy=M1=cm//, NUM ['number'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, also , //c*-k*w c3xy//, comment: ts' may be error for ts; the form may be confusion with ts'kw'éx twenty, attested by AC, example: , pcs //k*w e3xy[-M1-]=T//, NUM /'count them, count s-th'/, ( noncontinuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming, AC, Elders Group; found in , //k*w e3xy[-M1-]=T §e3·|tcl//, /'count them'/, attested by Elders Group, , cts //k*w e3xy=T//, NUM /'counting them, counting s-th'/, ( continuative), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming, also , //k*w e[-Aí-]xy=cT-cs tc s=t[-cl]iqíw//, /'He's counting horses.'/, attested by EB, count, possibly have, get, possibly derivational, possibly derivational, phonology: possible glottalization, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: num, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, DM, BJ, CT, others, other sources: ES /c*k*w e3xy/, JH /c*k*w éx/, also , //c*k*w c3xy qes tc lc3c*c//, attested by CT 9/5/73. , ds //c*k*w c[=M1=]xy=e3lc//, NUM ['twenty people'], lx people, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, also , //c*k*wc3xy mcstíycxw//, attested by AC. , ds //c*k*w cxy =e3lcqcl//, NUM ['twenty containers'], lx containers, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD. , ds //c*k*wxy=á·s//, NUM ['twenty dollars'], lx on the face, round thing, dollar, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, also , //c*k*w c[=M1=]xy=á·s//, attested by AC (11/30/71). , dnom //s=k*w cxy=á·s ~ s=k*w xy=á·s//, WETH ['moon'], semantic environment ['used when pointing or describing'], TIME ['month'], semantic environment ['used when counting'],
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( nominalizer), probably root , //è*c3[-C1 c-]x. tc s=k*w cxy=á·s//, /'It's the last quarter moon.'/, literally /'The moon is burning out.'/, attested by Elders Group 3/12/75, , //le3lcm-s tc s=k*w cxy=á·s//, /'halo around the moon'/, literally /'the house of the moon'/, attested by Elders Group, , NUM ['counting'], see kw'áx. , //k*w e3·y-c k*w -e-s k*w c3c=l-cxw -c3lcp//, /'Can you all see it?'/, attested by AC. , free root //k*w e4·y//, ABFC ['get hungry'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group (Mar. 1972), LJ, also , //§c3-c-(cl)-u| k*w e4·y//, /'I'm hungry.'/, phonology: a few speakers drop the el in -tsel I (non-subordinate subject) in certain environments, largely before -u or -ulh, attested by Elders Group (Mar. 1972), , //k*w e3·y-c-cl//, /'I'm getting hungry.'/, attested by Deming. , stvi //k*w e[=AáC1 c=]y//, ABFC ['be hungry'], FOOD, ( stative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Deming, AC, MH, AD, Elders (Mar. 1972), also , //k*w e[=Aá·C1 c=]y//, attested by JL; found in , //k*w e[=AáC1 c=]y-c-cl//, [k*w ák*w iycwl], /'I'm hungry.'/, attested by MH, AD, example: , //c-cl k*we[=AáC1 c=]y//, /'I'm hungry.'/, attested by Elders Group (Mar. 1972), , //le-c-cl-u| k*w e[=AáC1 c=]y//, /'I am hungry.'/, literally /'I have already become hungry.'/, attested by Deming, , //wc=yáè-c-cl k*w e[=AáC1 c=]y//, /'I'm always hungry., I'm hungry all the time.'/, attested by Deming, , //§c3wc-c-cl k*w e[=AáC1 c=]y//, /'I wasn't hungry.'/, attested by EB, , ds //tcm=kw e4·y//, TIME /'hungry time (about mid-April to mid-May), famine (Elders 3/72)'/, FOOD, ASM ['time when people run out of stored food and can't get any fresh; all the spá:lxw (vegetable food, camas) and sq'éyle (dried meat) is gone, no fish running; all the lazy people have to bum food; only the sxwúxwe (ambitious) have enough'], lx time for, season for, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, nominal, attested by IHTTC, also /'famine'/, attested by Elders Group (Mar. 1972), comment: this translation may be too strong (see note above), compare famine, starving time with root starve. , //k*w ~ kw //, attested by EB, ASM ['the (distant and out of sight, remote)'],
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§álmcc-cl//, /'mad that I have to wait'/, attested by Elders Group, ASM ['when (simultanous coordinating conjunction)'], , //§í-|-c-cl lc qí=q* k*wc-l-s §c sá·lcs//, /'I went to (go to) jail when I was drunk.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //lí-c-xw wc-§e3y §cl qw e[=AáC1 c=]l k*w c-s mc kw ctexw =íl=cm kw =è-e si=ye3ye//, /'Were you still talking when your friend came in?'/, attested by AC. , ABFC ['look at one's face'], see kw'áts ~ kw'éts. , ABFC /'facing up, head sticking up'/, see kw'e'í ~ kw''í ~ kw'í. , PLN ['Kilgard village on Upper Sumas River'], see kw'e'í ~ kw''í ~ kw'í. , TVMO /'climbing, rising'/, see kw'í ~ kw'íy. , CLO /'gumboots, rubber boots'/, see kw'íxw. , REL ['training'], see kw'í ~ kw'íy. , possible bound root //k*w c3l//, meaning uncertain but prob. turn, twist , df //s=C1 cC2 =k*w c3l=xycl//, WETH ['whirlwind'], ( nominalizer, R3= plural or characteristic), ( precipitation; on the foot), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, Deming, compare , //hí·kw tc k*w c3l·e-s tc músmcs=á·l|//, /'The calf's belly is big.'/, attested by AC. , NUM ['how many times'], see kw'í:l ~ kw'íl. , probably root //k*w clc3w ~ k*w clów//, ANA /'skin, hide (with/without hair or fur), pelt, sinew'/, HUNT, SPRD ['dog-hair blanket dancing apron (DM 12/4/64)'], MC, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by AC, DM, CT, HT, other sources: ES /k*wclc3w·/ skin (hide), H-T kwElô3 skin (human) and kwElô3 s tE smíyEts (macron over i) skin of an animal, also , //k*w clów-s tc s=mc3ycè//, /'the animal's hide, the skin of an animal'/, attested by AC, CT, HT, , //hákw =cxy k*w c |i[=Ae3=]c*=tcl k*wc-s me3=xy tc k*wclc3w-s tc s=mc3ycè//, /'use a knife to take off the skin of an animal'/, attested by CT, HT, , ds //k* clow=e3xcl//, . analysis: nominal. , ds //k*w clów=cqw //, ANA /'skin of the head, scalp'/, lx on top of the head, syntactic analysis: nominal, also , //s-k*w c3lcw=cqw -s//, /'his scalp'/, ( inalienable possession), ( third person possessive), attested by IHTTC. , ds //k*w clow=íc//, ANA ['skin of the back'], lx on the back, syntactic analysis: nominal. , ds //k*wclow=á·yècl//, ANA /'skin of the mouth, (prob. also skin of the chin or jaw or lips)'/, lx on the chin, on the jaw, on the lips, syntactic analysis: nominal. , MC ['be box-shaped'], see kw'óxwe. , ANA ['skin of the arm'], see kw'eléw ~ kw'elô3 w. , ANA /'skin of the head, scalp'/, see kw'eléw ~ kw'elô3 w. , ANA ['skin of the back'], see kw'eléw ~ kw'elô3 w. , ANA /'skin of the mouth, (prob. also skin of the chin or jaw or lips)'/, see kw'eléw ~ kw'elô3 w. , dnom //lcxw=s=k*waw(=)ówc|//, PLN /'slough just east of T'ít'emt'ámex (which is at the railway tunnel north of Ruby Creek), slough near Sq'ewá:lxw and just east of Silhíxw (which is creek from Hick's Lake)'/, lx something that's always, possibly canoe, vessel, Elder's comment: "actually derives from kw'élwelh step over something", syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC, source: place names reference file #200 and #252, also , probable stem //k*wc3lwc3s//, root meaning unclear , possible root or stem //k*w cly//, meaning unclear w EZ ['bat'], ['order Chiroptera, family Vespertilionidae'], EZ bat (Chill. dialect)), other sources: JH /sk*w ilé·xc/ . bat, H-T petspasElákEl (macron over e, umlaut over the á) bat (Vespertilio subulatus). w EZ ['young bat'], ( diminutive), phonology: , dmn //s=C1 í=k* cly=e3xcl//, . reduplication, phonology: downstepping, syntactic analysis: nominal. , //lc k*w c3| tc qá·//, /'The water spilled.'/, attested by AC, , pcs //k*w c|=e3T or k*w e3|=M1=T//, MC /'pour s-th out, pour out s-th, spill it'/, semantic environment ['liquid, solid if comprised of many particles or round objects'], HHG, WATR, FOOD, CAN, ( or metathesis type 1 and purposeful control transitive), phonology: possibly metathesis type 1, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, also , //k*w c|=e3T or k*w e3|=c[=M2=]T//, phonology: possible metathesis type 2, attested by AC, example: , ds //k*w c3|=á·s//, WATR ['spill (on the face?)'], ( on the face), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming. , dnom //s=k*w e3|=cm or s=k*w c[=Ae3=]|=cm//, BSK ['little berry basket'], ASM ['tied around waist in front, made to same design and shape as the big berry basket, used for dumping handfuls then emptying into large basket on ground'], literally /'something spilled into'/, HARV, ( nominalizer), possibly derivational, ( intransitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Chill., attested by Elders Group, compare little berry basket (Tait dial.). , free root //k*wc3m//, ABFC ['grow up'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by CT. , cts //C1 c-k*w c3m//, ABFC ['growing up'], phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by CT. , df //s=k*wc3s=tcl//, CAN /'homemade anchor, kilik, calik, (killick)'/, ASM ['made by sharpening the ends of two hazelnut sticks or axe handles, tying them crossways (like an X), weaving a rock into the center with rope or wire, and fastening short hazelnut whips about an inch thick onto each of the pointed ends of the crossed sticks, see illustration'], FSH, probably nominalizer, lx device, something for, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, reproduce drawing from card. , pcs //k*wcè=í·l=T (or) k*wcè*=í·l=T//, incs, MC ['turn s-th right-side up'], probably root tip, turn over, ( go, get, become, come, purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming 4/17/80. , PLAY ['do a somersault'], see kw'eth'ém. , mdls //k*w cè*=c3m//, MC /'to tip (of canoe, etc.)'/, semantic environment ['canoe, things normally upright'], CAN, WATR, LAND, ( middle voice), phonology: root has weak-grade stress-valence, suffix has ambivalent-grade stress-valence, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , ds //k*w c[= 3=]è*=cm//, CAN ['tippy (of a canoe)'], ( continuative or derivational), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, perhaps just intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , mdls //k*w cè*=cl=íqw =cm//, PLAY ['do a somersault'], ABFC, literally /'go/get/become tipped or turned over on top of one's head'/, probably go, come, get, become, lx or on top of the head, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , plv //C1 cC2 =k*w cè*=cl=íqw =cm//, PLAY /'doing somersaults, tumbling (like a gymnast)'/, semantic environment ['play, gymnast (latter environment conditions the 'characteristic' alloseme of the reduplication)'], ( plural ~ characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , mdls //k*w c[=Ae3=]è*=clcc=cm//, MC ['wobbling on its bottom'], ABFC, ( continuative or derivational), lx on the bottom, ( middle voice), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , mdls //k*w cè*=cl=íqw =cm//, PLAY ['do a somersault'], see kw'eth'ém. , CAN ['tippy (of a canoe)'], see kw'eth'ém. , PLAY /'doing somersaults, tumbling (like a gymnast)'/, see kw'eth'ém. , SOC ['expect'], see kw'áts ~ kw'éts. , SOC ['expect s-o'], see kw'áts ~ kw'éts. count, lx in the throat, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC.
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, //§í k*wí tc C1 í-ècqet//, /'on the (side? or edge?) of the little tree'/, attested by AD. , df //k*w c§í=qcl or k*w c§íq=cl//, ABFC /'lie on one's back, on his back'/, lx head or lx go, come, get, possibly derivational, phonology: possibly metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, CT, HT, EB, contrast . , cts //k*w c§í[-·-]=qcl or k*w c§í[-·-]q=cl//, ABFC ['lying on one's back'], ( continuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , FSH ['sides of butchered salmon with knife marks in them'], see kw'íts'. , //k*wí·l-c-ep//, /'How many of you?, How many of you are there?'/, attested by AC, also , //k*w í·l
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(s=we3ycl, s=èáqw i, músmcs)//, /'How many (days, fish, cows/cattle)?'/, attested by AC, , //k*wíl yc C1e-le4lc4m//, /'How many houses?'/, *, //k*w íl §í tc le3lcm//, attested by Elders Group, also , //k*w íl=ltxw //, dialects: Tait, attested by Elders Group, *, //§e-c-xw wc| k*w íl me3qe//, /'How old are you?'/, literally /'you were already how many snow(s)?'/, Elder's comment: "better than achxw welh kw'íl syilólem", attested by BHTTC, also , //k*wí·l=e3//, attested by BJ 5/64, also , //k*w íl=cs//, phonology: updrifting or tone-harmony, attested by EB, example: , //k*w íl=cs t-e§ te3lc//, /'How much is your money?, How much money do you have?'/, phonology: updrifting or tone-harmony (ta' is normally never stressed; it has low pitch), attested by EB, , //k*w í·l=cs t-e§ te3·lc//, /'How much money do you have?'/, attested by Elders Group. , ds //k*wíl=ówcs//, NUM ['how many paddles?'], lx canoe paddle, syntactic analysis: interrogative verb, num, attested by Elders Group. , ds //s=k*w íl=cs//, NUM ['be what day?'], lx day, cyclic period, phonology: circumfix, syntactic analysis: interrogative verb, num, attested by BJ, example: , ds //k*wil=e3|//, NUM ['how many times'], lx times, occasions, phonology: i ! e after loss of root stress to strong-valenced suffix, syntactic analysis: interrogative verb, num, attested by EB, example: , //k*w íl=e3| (k*w c-l-s-c3, k*w -e§e-s-c3) le4·=m//, /'How many times did (I, you) go?'/, phonology: downstepping, syntactic comment: Cheh. dialect -é supposedly past tense here, attested by EB, , NUM ['how many people?'], see kw'í:l ~ kw'íl. , NUM ['how many trees'], see kw'í:l ~ kw'íl. , NUM /'several (people, animals) (exact number unknown)'/, see kw'í:l ~ kw'íl. , NUM ['be how much money?'], see kw'í:l ~ kw'íl. , NUM ['how many paddles?'], see kw'í:l ~ kw'íl. , df //k*wí·ccl//, EZ ['grizzly bear'], ['Ursus arctos horribilis'], ASM ['grizzlies are said to be xáxe (sacred, taboo) because they are hard to kill--they must be shot in the ear; they can't climb trees, but they are not eaten because they sometimes eat people; in the grizzly's own language, which you can speak to him and he'll understand) the male grizzly's proper name is Syeqwílmetxw, and the female's is Syeqwílmetelòt (from yéqw burnt); if they are called by these names they will understand'], possible root , //k*w í·ccl//, attested by BJ (12/5/64, 5/64), also , cts //k*w í[-C1 c-]c*//, FSH ['butchering'], HUNT, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, Elder's comment: "possibly the same word is used
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for skinning", attested by EB. , //k*w í[-C1c-]c* tc s=xc . 3 wc//, /'backbone of fish (with meat left on)'/, attested by DM 12/4/64. , pcs //k*w íc*=cT//, HUNT /'cut open and butcher it, clean it (of fish or animal)'/, ASM ['take out the guts, etc., take the skin off where appropriate'], FSH, semantic environment ['animal or fish that is dead'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC, EB, CT, HT. , free root //k*w íxw//, EB /'pitch, sap, gum, chewing gum'/, ASM ['some kinds of sap, esp. spruce, were chewed like chewing gum; SJ tells a wonderful story of Mink and Miss Pitch (who is called , ds //k*w íxw =c|p//, EB /'pitchwood (esp. fir, pine, spruce)'/, ASM ['burns with hotter flame, often preferred for fires, also used to burn pitch onto canoe hulls for waterproofing'], lx tree, plant, syntactic analysis: nominal. , dmn //k*w í[=C1 c=]xw =c|p//, EB /'"jack pine", lodgepole pine'/, ['Pinus contorta'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL. , dmn //k*w í[=C1 c=]xw =c|p//, PLN /'next mountain above (north/upriver from) Títxwemqsel (Wilson's Point or Grouse Point), possibly Elbow Lake mountain [north of Harrison Mills, on west side of the Harrison River], Willoughby's Point [opposite Lhá:lt, but
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does this mean across Harrison R. as I first thought and show on the topographic map "Harrison Lake 92H/5" where I have pencilled in all Chehalis place names) or does it mean on the opposite, i.e. south end of the same bay where Lhá:lt starts, i.e. both on the west side of Harrison R. as are Títxwemqsel and Elbow Lake mountain?]'/, Elder's comment: "the mountain was called Kw'íkw'exwelhp because jack pines used to grow there long ago", syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL (9/27/77 with NP, EB; 3/1/78 tape), source: place names file reference #310. , ds //C1 c=k*w íxw =xycl//, CLO /'gumboots, rubber boots'/, ( derivational), lx on the foot, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun. , //le3=m-c-cl k*w íy=cqcl(=T) tc s=me3lt//, /'I'm going to climb up the mountain (or rock).'/, attested by AC, , //le-c-cl k*w íy=cqcl le(=m) tc s=me3lt; le-c-cl he3wc k*w cë%*e[=l=]qt=c3lc//, /'I'm going up the mountain to hunt deer.'/, literally /'I'm going to go up on the mountain; I'm going to hunt some deer.'/, attested by AC. , df //tcm=k*w c3y=cl=cs//, TIME /'(be) Spring, [time or season] when everything comes up'/, ( time for, season for), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, nominal?, attested by DM, also , stvi //s=k*w íy=lcc//, ABDF /'be lame (in hip, esp. from birth)'/, literally /'be raised/climbing in the bottom/hip'/, ( stative), lx on the bottom, on the rump, in the hip, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC. , ds //s=C1cC2=k*w íy=lcc//, PLN ['village at the confluence of Sweltzer and Soowahlie creeks with Chilliwack River'], literally /'something that climbs/rises many times on the bottom'/, ( nominalizer, R3= plural, iterative), lx on the bottom, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells 1965:19, Wells 1966 , source: place names file reference #269. , bound root //'stingy, refuse'//. , pcs //k*w íy=eT//, EFAM ['refuse s-o something'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB; found in , //k*wiy=C1cC2=§e3lc3//, [k*wik*wi§æ 3 lc3], phonology: variant ='álé ~ =hálé appear when the root is felt by the speaker to end in a vowel; it reflects the pronunciation given to Gibbs when he first spelled Coquihalla with an , attested by P.D. Peters. , MC /'pour s-th out, pour out s-th, spill it'/, see kw'élh. , ABFC ['thinking about having intercourse'], see kw'átl'. , ABFC ['looking at s-th/s-o'], see kw'áts ~ kw'éts. , ABFC ['staring'], see kw'áts ~ kw'éts. , ABFC ['seeing s-o'], see kw'áts ~ kw'éts. , HUNT /'tracking, following prints'/, see kw'áts ~ kw'éts. , ABFC ['be hungry'], see kw'à:y. , HUMC ['a whipper'], see kw'óqw. , ds //tcm=k*w á·lcxw //, TIME /'September to October, dog salmon time'/, ASM ['each month begins roughly on the first quarter moon after the black (or new) moon, but must coincide generally with the time it names as well'], lx time, time for, season, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, nominal?, other sources: Diamond Jenness (Suttles ed.) WS 1955 (Faith of a Coast Salish Indian & Katzie ethnographic notes) , FSH /'smokehouse, house for smoking fish'/, see kw'ó:lexw. , chrs //k*w ám=C1 cC2 //, DESC ['be strong (of animates or inanimates)'], semantic environment ['people, boat, table, etc.'], ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, EB, Elders Group, AD, example: , //ycle3w=cl k*w ám=C1 cC2 s=wíycqc//, /'(He's the) strongest man.'/, literally
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/'(he is) past,beyond strong man'/, syntactic comment: superlative, attested by Elders Group, , //§e3y k*wám=C1 cC2 -ce tclí s§á| s=qw e4l=cwcl xw le=m k*w c §i-t ta[-C1c-]l=í·l=T tclá=we4yc4l//, /'Let our thoughts be strong toward what we are studying today.'/, literally /'it's good it will be strong from our thought toward what subjunctive subject we here are studying this day'/, attested by AD. , //k*w áqw tc mc3qscl-s//, /'hit on his nose'/, attested by EB, , //lc k*wáqw §i tc s=q*wc3m=c3ls//, /'something hit one's forehead'/, literally /'it past hit on the forehead'/, attested by JL, , pcs //k*w áqw =cT//, TCH /'beat s-o/s-th with a stick, hit s-o/s-th with a stick, hit s-th (on purpose), hit s-o intentionally'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, AC, BHTTC, Elders Group, IHTTC; found in , //k*wáqw=cT-áxy-cs tc lcpe4·l//, /'He hit me with a shovel.'/, attested by BHTTC, , //k*w áqw =cT-áxy -cs tc q*c3wc//, /'He hit me with a cane.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //k*w áqw =cT-cs tc s=we3q=cè-s è=ú·=ë%*à//, /'She hit her husband (with a stick).'/, attested by IHTTC, , //kw ú=T-cs tc lcpe3l ë%*c=s=u k*w áqw =cT-áxy-cs//, /'He took the shovel and hit me.'/, attested by Elders Group; found in , ncs //k*w áqw =lcxw //, TCH /'hit s-o unintentionally, hit s-o accidentally'/, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC; found in , //k*wc3qw=l-ámc//, /'hit you accidentally'/, phonology: downstepping, upstepping, high stress irregular on this root allomorph (//k*w cqw // expected unstressed), attested by AC. , ds //k*w qw =e3·lí·ye//, TCH /'hit on the ear, hit on the temple (side of the head)'/, lx on the ear, on the temple (side of the head), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL. clothes, blanket, lx ôdevice for, thing for, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by ME (11/21/72 tape), IHTTC. , ds //k* cq =cle3·xcl//, . syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL. , pcs //k*w qw =c3lcqw =T//, TCH /'hit s-o on the head, club him on the head'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by JL, Elders Group. , dnom //k*w qw =cm//, [k*w qw 3m ~ k*w qw m], TOOL /'little hatchet, little axe'/, phonology: this could be analyzed as a vowelless word, ( nominalizer? prob. from -em intransitivizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 3/26/75), also , also /'axe'/, //s=k*w qw =c3m//, attested by BJ (5/64). , df //k*w qw =c3m=c3s=T or k*w qw =c3m=c3sT-cxw //, SOC ['knock s-o down'], probably on the face, and purposeful control transitivizer, possibly causative control transitivizer, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, comment: only the form with 2s obj. has been obtained, which could be accounted for by either the purposeful control suffix or the causative suffix, example: , //x. w c3m k*w c-l-s k*w qw =c3m=c3s(=)T-ámc//, /'I can knock you down fast.'/, phonology: upshifting, downstepping, Elder's comment: "(unsure)", attested by Elders Group. , dnom //k*w áqw =cs=tcl or k*w cqw =á[=M2=]s=tcl//, SOC /'war club, club for any purpose'/, FSH ['salmon club'], HUNT, ASM ['a short club'], lx on the face, lx device for, thing for, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, Elders Group, DM, also , ds //k*wqw=cwíc//, TCH ['hit on the back'], lx on the back, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL. , pcs //k*w cqw =íwc3l=T//, SOC ['spank s-o'], TCH, lx on the inside, in the rectum, in the bowels, on the rump; in the mind, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD. //q*w áqw // whip rather than , ds //k*wqw=á·yècl//, TCH /'hit on the mouth, [hit on the chin, hit on the lip, hit on the jaw]'/, lx on the chin, on the lip, on the jaw, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , //s=k*w áqw =ccs//, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), also , ds //k*w c3qw =xycl//, TCH /'hit on the leg, [hit on the foot]'/, lx on the leg, on the foot, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , SOC /'war club, club for any purpose'/, see kw'óqw. , free root //k*w áxw c//, HHG /'box, trunk, grave box (old-style, not buried), coffin, casket'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by AC, Elders Group, Deming, BJ, also , //qc3x. tc k*w áxw c//, /'a lot of boxes'/, attested by AC, , //qp*e3·q=cT tc k*w á·xw c//, /'close the box'/, attested by EB. , stvi //s=k*w á[=C1 c=]xw c//, MC /'It's boxed., It's in a box.'/, ( stative), ( stative or resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76). , plv //k*w [=cl=]á[=C1 c=]xw c=álcs//, stvi, [k*w lák*w xw álws], MC ['be box-
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shaped'], literally /'be boxes in appearance, look like boxes'/, ( plural, resultative), lx on the eye, in the eye, in appearance, look like, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77). , ANAA /'hoof, esp. deer hoof (off deer or attached to stick as rattle)'/, see kw'óxwe. w
w
, ds //s=k*w ó·lmcxw =c|p//, EB /'blackberry vine, blackberry bush'/, ['Rubus ursinus, Rubus laciniatus, Rubus procerus'], lx plant, tree, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group. , ds //xw clítcm=c| s=k*w ó·lmcxw=c|p//, EB /'Himalaya blackberry bush, evergreen blackberry bush'/, ['Rubus procerus, Rubus laciniatus'], literally /'White-man kind of blackberry'/, ASM ['both introduced by non-Indians'], lx kind of, style, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase.
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, df //k*w owiyc3kw ~ k*w oyc3kw //, [k*w owiy3kw ~ k*w oy3kw ], FSH /'small fishhook (for trout, etc.), trolling hook'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), DM (12/4/64), BJ (5/64), other sources: ES /k*w c3wyc3kw / trolling hook, Salish cognate: Samish /k*w úyckw / fish hook G86:85, Sechelt /k*w úyukw / fish hook T77:19, also , //k*w ówiyckw ~ k*w óyckw //, attested by Deming (3/25/76). , TCH /'hit on the ear, hit on the temple (side of the head)'/, see kw'óqw. , TCH /'hit on the mouth, [hit on the chin, hit on the lip, hit on the jaw]'/, see kw'óqw. burned, hot, probably on the body, on the skin, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb prob., attested by Deming. , NUM ['count'], see kw'áx.
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, //c*e3c*cl-c-cl xw =e[=Aa=]y=íwcl tc-l s=qw e3l=cwcl k*w c-l-s mc xw c=§í s=q*á te=|lúwcp (§e3y l si[= 3·=]=ye3yc, l si[= 3·=]=ye3yc s=i[= 3·]y=e3m)//, /'I'm very happy to come here at this gathering (my good friends, my dear friends).'/, attested by Deming, , //te=|wc3lcp l si=ye3yc//, /'you people my friends'/, attested by Deming, , //C1cC2-lc3m=cT-c-xw mc3k*w yc c=kwí·m l §e3·wk*w //, /'Fold all my red clothes.'/, literally /'mild imperative fold them many all the (plural, human?) red my belongings'/, syntactic comment: note that mékw' all precedes the article, that the article which is normally only human plural is used with inanimate objects, that the pronoun occurs between the adjective tskwí:m be red and the nominal á:wkw' belongings, attested by Elders Group, , //C1 cC2 -lc3m=cT-c-xw mc3k*w yc-l §e3·wk*w//, /'Fold all my clothes.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //n s=ë%*í tc-n yás=cqw //, /'I want my hat.'/, dialects: Matsqui, attested by AH. , da //=l//, TIB /'non-control transitivizer, accidentally, happen to, manage to do to s-o/s-th'/, comment: this suffix could also be shown as (/=lcxw/), cognate with Musqueam and Cowichan dialects /=ncxw / (as in work of Suttles, Hukari, etc.), however -exw can just as well be segmented as third person object here and from (/=sT-cxw /, leaving //=sT// causative control transitivizer), besides setting up object suffixes for all persons this also eliminates the need for a rule deleting the in all other persons (though such a rule may be historically motivated, it is synchronically uneconomical and unmotivated), syntactic analysis: derivational suffix; found in , //k*wcc=l-álc-c-cl//, /'I see you folks.'/, example: , //le kwc s=lc§e=áè=cl-s tc xá·ce//, /'He went across the lake.'/, literally . /'(he) go to the (remote) nominal=across=edge=get-of the lake'/, *, //le-c-cl (xw c=híw=cl, xw c=wq*w =íl=cm)//, /'I'm going (upstream, downstream).'/, attested by AC, , //c-cl le3=m k*w c le3t=cl//, /'I went early this morning.'/, attested by EB, , //|í-l le3=m//, /'when I go'/, attested by Elders Group, , //|í-l §u=w| le3=m t*ák*w //, /'it's time for me to go home., when I'm going home (already)'/, attested by Elders Group, , //§cwc=e3|-c-cl lí·-l (~ §í·-l) le3=m//, /'I wasn't going to go (but did).'/, Elder's comment: "possibly", attested by EB, , //le3=m-c-cl-ce le3t=c|(-cs) we3yc3l-c3s//, /'I'll go early tomorrow morning. (will, early morning)'/, literally /'I will go (when it) is night=past tense tomorrow'/, attested by EB, , //§e3y kw -s le3=m-c-ct//, /'Let's go.'/, literally /'it's good that-nominalizer our-go(ing)'/, attested by JL, , //le3=m-e|e §cwál=cm §c//, /'Go play (you guys). (imperative 2p)'/, attested by Deming, ASM ['go to'], , //§cmc3t-|e le=m tc s=xw =c*e3=lcc=tcl//, /'Go sit in the chair.'/, attested by IHTTC, , //le3=m-c-cl tc (lem=e3·wtxw, s=xwcycm=e3·lc, s=q*c3p)//, /'I'm going to (the beer parlor, the store, a gathering).'/, attested by AC, , //le3=m-c-cl kw èc cí·ye=e3|p//, /'I'm going to the strawberry patch.'/, phonology: vowel merger, downstepping, attested by AC, , //le3=m-c-c-ep (mók*w le3=m, xw c=híw=cl)//, /'Are you (all going to go, going upstream)?'/, attested by AC; found in , //le3=m-e4wc4|//, /'Goodbye (to person leaving).'/, dialects: Tait, Cheh., attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), EB, also , //le3=m-à=wc4|//, dialects: Chill., Pilalt, Deming, literally /'just go already, go just already'/, attested by EB, Deming, AC, example: , //le3=m-àwc4| C1 e3-mclc//, /'Goodbye, children (to them leaving).'/, syntactic comment: nominal phrase minus article vocative, dialects: Chill., attested by AD, , //le3=m-c|-c-cl qc c-cl §ówc §a//, /'I was going but I'm not now.'/, syntactic comment: past affixed, attested by Elders Group, , //§ówc cákw-cs kwc-l sxw-le4·m//, /'I'm not going far.'/, attested by Elders Group. , dnom //sxw =le3=m//, TVMO ['place to go to'], ( nominalizer), phonology: downstepping, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD. , cts //hc3=le3[=M2=]=m or he3=le[=Ac3=]=m//, TVMO /'be on one's way, be going'/, ( continuative), ( derivational), phonology: metathesis (or ablaut), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, EB, Elders Group, example: , //lc q*c3p*=l-áxy-cs wi=yáè-c kw-s-u hc3=le3[=M2=]=m-s yc mí[-C1 c-]|e//, /'He got me addicted to always going to spirit-dances. (get s-o addicted, get s-o hooked on), He got me hooked on always going to spirit-dances.'/, literally /'past 3rd person subject he gets me addicted to always-just consequently be going to the (plural, human?) spirit-dancing (continuative)'/, attested by EB, , //§ówc-c-xw hc3le[=M2=]=m-cxw//, /'Don't go.'/, literally /'don't you be going'/, attested by IHTTC, , //§ówc-c-ep helcm-c3lcp ~ §ówc-c-ep helcm-c3lcp//, /'Don't you folks go.'/, literally /'don't you folks be going'/, contrast Don't you folks go., attested by IHTTC, * rejected, contrast , //§owce3-c-ep le3=m-c3lcp//, /'Aren't you folks going?'/, syntactic analysis: verb phrase with negative with interrogative affix, attested by IHTTC, , //k*w -cw wi=yáè-ce §à//, literally /'what will just be always'/, attested by Elders Group. , ds //hc=le[=M2=]=m=c3lmcl//, EFAM ['feel like going'], TVMO, lx in the mind, feel like, thinking about, phonology: metathesis, suffix has strong stress-valence, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, example: , //lí-cep helcm=c3lmcl//, /'Do you folks feel like going?'/, attested by IHTTC. , caus //hc3=lem=c[= 3=]sT-cm//, EFAM ['he's gone (mentally)'], literally /'he's been caused to be on his way, he's been caused to be going'/, ( causative), ( passive), phonology: presumably the penultimate stress is derivational, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb or participle?, attested by Elders Group. , dnom //sxw =hc3=lem ~ sxw=hc3=le3[=Ac3=]=m//, TVMO /'wandering, where someone goes'/, ( nominalizer), phonology: possible ablaut, optional updrifting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, others, example: , //mc3k*w -à sxw =hc3=lem-s//, /'a wanderer, goes all over'/, attested by EB. , ds //le3=m=cc(s)=c|//, LANG ['signal with the hand to go (or that you can go)'], TVMO, lx in the hand, lx according to, in the ways/fashion/style/manner of, phonology: consonant-loss of s in =tses is irregular but happens in a few other cases, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76).
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, incs //xw c=le3 ~ xw c=le3=m//, DIR /'toward, towards, for'/, ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: preposition/prepositional verb, attested by EB, BHTTC, Elders Group, AD, example: , //xw =le3=m tc me3qe//, /'through (towards) the (fallen) snow'/, attested by EB, , //§e3y xw=le3(=m) ë%*c=lc3wc s=t*c3lmcxw //, /'The medicine is good for you.'/, syntactic comment: independent object of prepositional verb, attested by EB, , //qc3l xw=le3(=m) ë%*c=lc3wc//, /'It's bad for you.'/, syntactic comment: independent object of prepositional verb, attested by EB, , //§áxw cs=T-c-cxw xw c=le3 ë%*c=|límc|//, /'Give it to him from us.'/, literally /'you (imperative 2s) give it to him towards us (towards our credit)'/, syntactic comment: iovp, attested by Elders Group, , //lek*w wì·l//, attested by EB. , df //le3[=C1c=]k*w =cm//, FOOD /'not cooked enough (of fish), [undercooked]'/, semantic environment ['fish'], ( perhaps stative or continuative), ( middle voice or intransitivizer), root meaning unknown, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , df //le3·[=C1 c=]m//, BLDG /'house, home, den, lodge, hive'/, ( derivational), phonology: reduplication, phonology: this is not the most common pronunciation but the other pronunciations can be derived more easily from it than vice versa, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by BJ (5/64), other sources: ES /le3·lc3m/ (CwMs /le3lcm§/), JH /lé·lcm/, Salish cognate: Squamish /nám§/ house W73:145, K67:336, also , //le3lc3m//, attested by DM 12/4/64, EB, Elders Group (3/15/72), also , //le3[=C1 c=]m ~ le3·[=C1 c=]m//, attested by AC, Elders Group, example: , //qc3x. tc le3·lcm ~ qc3x. tc le3lcm//, /'There's a lot of houses., There's a group of houses.'/, attested by AC, , //lc=w| q*c§í·l=cm t-e le3lcm//, /'Your house is (already) ancient.'/, attested by AC, , //le3lcm-s tc s=k*w cxy=á·s//, /'halo around the moon'/, literally /'the house of the moon'/. , pln //l[-cl-]e4lc4m//, BLDG ['houses'], ( plural), phonology: downshifting, syntactic
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analysis: nominal, attested by EB. , dmn //C1 í=lem//, BLDG /'little house, cabin (say 12 ft. x 10 ft. or less), small home, storage house (small shed-like house, enclosed with door), outhouse (slang), toilet (slang)'/, ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by AC, Elders Group (3/15/72, 6/1/77). , cpds //s=le3·[=C1 c=]m §e3|qcy//, EZ //'turtle'//, lit. /“snake with a house, housed snake”/, stative, resultative, semantic comment: this takes the verbal root (prob. meaning to house) and forms a stative resultative on it (strs) to show that the turtle is a snake that is housed or a snake with a house, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , //le3l§wcs//, /'platform, bed'/, dialect: Matsqui attested by AH, example: , //c=mc3è* sxw =le3m=e3·le3//, /'It's a blue bottle.'/, attested by CT, HT. , df //lem=c3lwc|//, EZ ['canvas-back duck'], ['Aythya valisineria'], probably root rum from the brown rum color on the sides of their wings, on the side (of the body), syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by Elders Group (6/4/75), also , //lcm=c3lwc3|//, attested by Elders Group (2/18/76). , bound root //le3·m//, possibly same as root that means go (since Indian doctors/shamans go repeatedly to the spirit world to communicate with spirits) or poss. function as shaman , df //s=le3·m//, IDOC ['spirit power of an Indian doctor or shaman'], ASM ['example, thunderbird; the Indian doctor's power takes the longest quest, is often the most dangerous of spirits,
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like stl'áleqem (supernatural creature) spirits, and may require sleeping in graveyards, etc. during the quest'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP, Salish cognate: Squamish /s-ná§m/ power possessed by the medicine man perhaps from root /ná§/ name W73:203, K67:287, K69:57, also , //s=le3m//, attested by EB, example: , //tc s=le3m-s//, /'his (Indian doctor's) power'/, attested by EB. , df //sxw =le3·m//, IDOC /'Indian doctor, shaman, medicine man, Indian doctor's spirit power (Elders Group 11/19/75)'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ, AD, EB, other sources: ES /šxw le3·m/ shaman, shaman's spirit power, Salish cognate: Samish dial. of NSt /šné§em/, (VU) /šxwné§em/ shaman, Indian doctor, medicine man G86:81, also PCS cognate set 112 in G82:25 incl.: Musqueam /sxw ne3§em/, Nooksack /šxwnæ 3 §æ 4 m/, Sechelt possibly w w w /sx c3nam/ monster, Pentlatch /sx ná§cm/, Lushootseed /dx -dá§cb/, Lummi /šxw cném/, Saanich /šné§em/, Songish /šné§cm/, also , //sxw =le3m//, attested by AC, Elders Group, also /'Indian doctor, Indian doctor's spirit power'/, attested by Elders Group (11/19/75), example: , //mí C1 cC2 =§e3y=cl=sT-cm tc sxw =le3m//, /'The Indian doctor made him/her well (make s-o well).'/, attested by EB. , pcrs //le3=m[=M2]Aá=T-ct or lcme3§Aá=T-ct//, IDOC ['jump up and down (of Indian doctor training)'], perhaps root , //k*w c xw c=le3lt//, /'yesterday evening, last night'/, literally /'the (remote) evening'/, attested by EB, , //xw c=le3§=C1 c=t s=§e3|=tcl//, /'evening meal'/, dialects: Matsqui, attested by AH; found in , //xw c=le3lt-c|//, /'last night'/, syntactic analysis: nominal past, attested by Elders Group, RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , ds //le3·t=c|//, TIME /'be early morning, early morning'/, ASM ['from maybe 5 or 5:30 a.m. to 8 a.m.'], literally /'it was dark, dark=past tense'/, ( past tense), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, nominal?, syntactic comment: past tense is usually inflectional, but here is derivational, attested by DM (12/4/64), BJ (5/64), also , //le3t=c|//, attested by EB, example: , //§c3wc §alc3-s-u le3t=c|//, /'not early morning (i.e. 9:00 a.m. or later)'/, literally /'it's not too (contrastive) early morning'/, attested by EB, , free root //le3c*//, DESC ['different'], syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by MV, Deming, Salish cognate: Squamish /náè*/ different, several, some; go wrong W73:78, K67:313, K69:65, also , //lc§e=Aá=(l)wc| le3c* tc c*|=im=cxy=ás=T-cl-s//, /'He went with a different girl., He went (to walk) with a different girl.'/, literally /'be across be different the his take a walk next to each other'/, attested by MV. , plv //s=hc=le[=Ac3=][-lc-]c*//, [swlw3lcc*], DESC ['two different things'], literally /'nominal/stative-plural-different'/, ( stative or nominalizer), ( derivational), ( plural), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by AC. , ds //le3c*=cwtxw //, BLDG /'another room, different room'/, lx building, house, room, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, Deming, example: , //le3=m k*w c le3c*=cwtxw//, /'go to another room, he/she goes to another room'/, attested by Elders Group, , mdls //le3·c*=cwtxw=cm//, SOC /'visit, be on a short visit'/, BLDG, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, example: , //mc-c-cl le3·c*=cwtxw =cm//, /'I'm coming to visit (a short visit)., I'm coming on a short visit.'/, attested by AC. , //§í·-|-c-cl le4[-C1c]c*=c3wtxw =cm//, /'I've been visiting.'/, attested by AC. , ds //lec*=ó·mcxw //, SOC /'different person, stranger'/, DESC, lx person, phonology: vowel-shift (a ! e) due to stress-shift, ambi-valenced root and strongvalenced suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, AC (9/29/71, 11/10/71 text), other sources: ES /lcc*c3wmcxw / people, tribe (lit. one people), also , //lcc*=ó·mcxw lí tc èe3, lcc*=ó·mcxw lí k*w c èe3//, /'There were different Indians from here, different Indians from there., There was one tribe from here, one tribe from there.'/, comment: the second translation (one tribe) interprets the ambiguity of the form with another form with root léts'e one, attested by AC (11/10/71 text). , //lec*=c3[-l-]mcxw //, attested by BHTTC. , dnom //lec*=c3w=(c)yc| or lec*=óyc| ~ s=lec*=c3w=cyc| or s=lec*=óyc|//, KIN /'half-sibling, half-brother, half-sister'/, possibly uncertain, probably not a separate affix, lx child, offspring, young, phonology: maybe Nooksack-influence, Salish cognate: Nooksack /=ól| (~ =óy|)/ child, offspring, young, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: ES /slcc*c3wcyc|/ half-sibling; found in , dnom //s=lec*=c3lcq//, KIN /'brother-in-law's wife, (spouse's sibling's spouse), (stepsibling, step-brother, step-sister [AC])'/, ( nominalizer), lx /'occupational'/ or /'plural'/ plus lx /'male'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP, other sources: ES /slcc*c3lc3q/ spouse's sibling's spouse, also , //(§ise3lc, |íxw , xc§á·ècl, |q*e3=ccs) le3c*=cwcc//, /'(two, . three, four, five) hundred'/, attested by AC, , //le3·c*=cwcc mcstíycxw //, /'one hundred people'/, attested by AC, be different with metathesis derivational, possibly come, go, get, become, possibly meaning unknown unless durative, phonology: epenthesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, adjective/adjectival verb?, dialects: Chill., Cheh., attested by AC, Elders Group, also one, probably root , //èclc*=cl=í=T//, attested by AD (12/17/79). , //le[=M1=]c*=cl=í=T-ct//, Elder's comment: "corrected from halts'elíthet", attested by EB and AD (7/31/78), AD (12/17/79).
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, //he-le[=M1=]c*=cl=í=T-ct-|e//, /'Separate yourselves.'/, attested by Elders Group (9/7/77). , NUM /'hundred, one hundred'/, see láts'. , //(tc-l, t-e§) le3w//, /'(my, your) spouse'/, attested by AD, , //lí-|-c-cl yáy[-c-]s, lew//, /'I was working, Honey.'/, ASM ['hello'], semantic environment ['greeting'], usage: , ACL ['now just sort of adopted as greeting like the English phrase'], attested by AD, , //le3w §iy=c3s//, /'Hello Mam., Hello (my)(female) friend.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //le3w §iy=c3s=cq//, /'Hello Mister., Hello (my)(male) friend.'/, attested by Elders Group. , df //le3 le3w (or) C1 e3=le3w (or) le3[=C1 e3(·)=]w//, LANG /'say, Honey, hello, Honey, hello, Husband, hello, Wife'/, possibly emphasis?, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: interjection + nominal, or just interjection, attested by Deming, Elders Group, example: , //le3 le3w, §elc3ce tc he3mc//, /'Say, Honey, where's the hammer?'/, attested by Deming, , //lí tí tc he3mc, le3 le3w//, /'The hammer is over there, Honey.'/, attested by Deming, , //le3 le3w, lí-c-xw §elc3ce//, /'Hello, Honey, where were you?'/, attested by Deming, , //le3 le3w//, /'Hello, Husband., Hello, Wife.'/, attested by Elders Group. , plv //le3w=e//, LANG ['hello (to a whole group)'], SOC, semantic environment ['used example when one comes in late; everyone just answers láw'], ( plural not attested elsewhere), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb < interjection, attested by HT, AD. , LANG ['hello (to a whole group)'], see láw. , nom ////, N ['Charlie Lewiston, an Indian doctor from the area of Nooksack, Wash., had that name till his death ca. 1920 (pronounced by non-Indians as Lewiston); the name was formally passed to Brent Galloway by Alice Hunt (AH) and Louisa George (LG) at a naming ceremony 10/9/77 at Chehalis, B.C.)'], SMC ['Charlie Lewiston was an Indian doctor who did only good curing, when he came to a gathering, he could make his cane fly to people and they knew he would give them a coin if they tied up his horse or horses; in the late 1970's or early 1980's while documenting Nooksack place names with elders and Allan Richardson, the author visited his tombstone where he is buried with his wife and took a photo of the stones, still well tended '], attested by Deming (4/27/78 and as early as 1974), the root meaning is uncertain, there may be Nooksack suffix on the back and certainly the word ends in Nooksack male name ending. , dnom //le3=xycl or le3xy=cl//, FSH ['fishing platform'], ASM ['plank and pole platform built extended out over eddy water from bank to stand on in dip-netting or other fishing from land for
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salmon'], see root tight, put away, secure tightly. LT ['give s-o light'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: , pcs //le3x=cT//, . transitive verb. LT ['going out(side) with a light'], TVMO, possibly , izs //le3x=cT=cm//, . intransitivizer, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, example: , //le3-c-xw /'You're going out with a light.'/, attested by Elders Group. le3x=cT=cm//, . sláxet>, dnom //s=le 3 x=cT//, LT /'any kind of light that one carries, torch (made from pitch), lantern, < . lamp, flashlight'/, HHG, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SJ, MV, Elders Group. , LT ['going out(side) with a light'], see láxet. PLN /'Lackaway village, Lackaway Creek'/, ASM ['village between , df //le3·x(=)cw=cy//, . Sumas River and Chilliwack Mountain; creek from Atchelitz Creek to Wilson's Creek'], ( place or covering, bark), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (5/64), source: place names reference file #78, other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):19, Wells 1966, also , //le3xcw=cy//, attested . by AC (1973), Elders Group (7/13/77). , bound root //le3·y fir//. , dnom //le3·y=c|p//, EB ['Douglas fir'], ['Pseudotsuga menziesii'], ASM ['used for firewood, especially the bark and pitchwood from rotten trees, pitch burned onto canoes for caulking, trees also used for poles, ordinary fir now used for lumber'], lx tree, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group, other sources: ES /lá·yc|p/ (and CwMs /le3·y§c|p/) Douglas fir. , dnom //s=le3·y//, EB ['fir bark'], ASM ['slivers from the bark can be painful in the eyes and some people are allergic to them on the skin'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), other sources: ES /slá·y/, example: , //s=le3·y-s tc le3·y=c|p//, /'bark of the Douglas fir'/, attested by AC, , //xyí·p=cT tc s=le3·y//, /'peel the bark of a fir tree'/, attested by AC. , EB ['Douglas fir'], see lá:y. , ABFC ['laughing'], see líyém ~ leyém. , free root //lc//, TIME ['recent past third person subject'], PRON, syntactic analysis: mpcl, attested by AC, Elders Group, others, example: , //lc §e3|=tcl ccle3·q=c|-c|//, /'He ate yesterday. (eat)'/, attested by AC, , //lc §e3|=tcl//, /'They ate.'/, attested by AC, , //lc §e3y//, /'They were good.'/, attested by AC, also
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, //|á[=lc=]qw =cT//, /'wetting many things'/ (compare wet s-th and wet), lay/put s-th down, put down one object), adolescent girl), , //s=q[=cl=]e3·q//, /'younger siblings'/ (compare younger sibling), , //s(=)xw cm=li[=Ae3·=lc=]kw //, /'parent's siblings'/ (compare parent's sibling, uncle, aunt), great grandparent, great grandchild), also or better , //ë%*e3[=lc=]qt=xycl//, /'long legs, long legged'/ (compare root daddy long legs, harvestman spider, long-legged spider, , //ë%*e[=lc=]qt=c3le//, /'deer'/, literally /'long ears'/, , dnom //s=lc3k* or s=lc3q*[=K=]//, EFAM ['nickname for someone who is proud'], ( nominalizer), phonology: could have fronting q’ ! k’ diminutive, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (compare , df //s=lck*(=)iy(=)e3p//, EZ ['coyote']. , bound stem //(lc)k*(=)iy(=)e3p//, root meaning unclear, first alternate could have root , df //s=lck*(=)iy(=)e3p//, EZ ['coyote'], ['Canis latrans lestes'], ASM ['one can sound like lots; it makes sounds for protection from other animals; it can tl'áwéls (bark) and q'áw (howl) like a wolf or a dog can'], ( nominalizer), possibly covering, (tree) bark, possibly on the rump, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by TG, AG, PS, JL, probably borrowed from Thompson /snk*y*ép/ coyote Thompson and Thompson 1980:58, also , //s=nck*iye3p//, attested by Lawrence James, BJ (5/64, 12/5/64), also , //s=C1 c=k*iy(=)e3p or s=k*c[=C1 c=]y(=)e3p//, phonology: reduplication, attested by NP, AG, DF, MP (Cheh.), AC, DM, also , //C1 c=k*iy(=)e3p or k*c[=C1 c=]y(=)e3p//, phonology: reduplication, attested by HT. , //s=lc[=Aí·=]kw tc (t*e3low-s, s=xc . 3 l·c-s)//, /'Her (arm, leg) is broken.'/, attested by AC. , durs //lckw =c[=Ae3=]ccs//, ABDF /'she broke her hand, he broke his hand'/, literally /'a bone got broken on the hand'/, ( durative), lx on the hand, phonology: ablaut,
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syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC. , rsls //s=he=lkw =c[=Ae3·=]ccs//, durs, ABDF /'her hand is broken, his hand is broken'/, ( stative), ( resultative), ( durative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC. , sas //lckw =c[=Aá=]ccs=e3·ls//, HARV ['break off branches of berries'], ASM ['in the past this was often done to take as a treat to elders that couldn't travel to the berrying ground; some people harvest certain berries this way'], lx on the hand, on the bough of a tree, ( as a structured activity), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. w ABDF ['break an arm'], lx on the arm, syntactic analysis: , ds //lck =cle3xcl//, . intransitive verb, attested by EB. , ds //lckw =c3pscm//, ABDF ['break one's neck'], lx on the neck, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , ds //lckw =cwíc//, ABDF /'break one's spine, break one's back, have a humpback/hunchback'/, lx on the back, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , stvi //s=lc[= 3=]kw =clcc//, ABDF /'be lame (esp. if deformed), be a cripple, to limp, have a limp'/, ( stative), ( derivational), lx on the rump, on the hip, on the bottom, phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, BJ (5/64, 12/5/64), AC, example: , //c-cl s=lc3kw =lcc//, /'I limp.'/, , //s=lc3kw =lcc tc-l si=ye3yc//, /'My friend limps.'/, attested by EB. , cts //he3-lkw =clcc=cm//, ABDF ['limp in the hip'], literally /'breaking in one's hip/rump'/, ( continuative), lx on the rump, on the bottom, on the hip, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming. , durs //lckw =xy c[=Ae3(·)=]l//, ABDF /'break a leg, (have/get) a broken leg'/, lx on the leg, on the foot, ( durative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, also , //lckw=xyc[=A4·=]l//, attested by EB, example: , //xw c[=Aá=]m=xycl=cm qc=ë%*a=s-cs-cw |c3k*w =xycl qc=ë%*a=s-cs-cw (wc=c*c3ë%*, cc3l=q) qc=ë%*a=s-cs-cw lckw =xyc[=Ae3=]l//, /'He was running and he tripped and fell and broke his leg.'/, attested by AC. , MC ['break s-th (stick-like)'], see lékw. , ABDF /'she broke her hand, he broke his hand'/, see lékw. , HARV ['break off branches of berries'], see lékw. , ABDF ['break an arm'], see lékw. , ABDF ['break one's neck'], see lékw. , ABDF /'break one's spine, break one's back, have a humpback/hunchback'/, see lékw. , ABDF ['break s-th (stick-like) (accidentally)'], see lékw. , ABDF /'all broken up (of sticks or bones, of the bones of a person who got in an accident)'/, see lékw. , ABDF /'break a leg, (have/get) a broken leg'/, see lékw. , df //lclc3c* ~ lelc3c*//, ANA /'gall-bladder, gall, bile, have bile trouble, be jaundiced,
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bilious'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, intransitive verb, attested by AC, contrast animal and bird gall-bladder or poss. fish gall-bladder and fish gall-bladder, fish heart. , bound root //lcme3§ kick//. , cts //he3-lcme§=e3·ls//, ABFC ['kicking'], ( continuative), phonology: downstepping, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , pcs //lcme3·=T//, ABFC ['kick s-th/s-o'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: unusually good example of glottal stop becoming length before consonant (' ! : or /§/ ! /·/ before consonant), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by JL and RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332), example: , //lc lc3me=T-cs//, /'He kicked sombody.'/, phonology: irregular stress-shift, attested by JL. , its //C1 cC2 =lcme3·=T//, ABFC ['kick s-th around'], ( iterative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, example: , //C1 cC2 =lcme3·=T-cs tc qw |=í·=xycl-s//, /'He kicked his shoes around.'/, attested by EB. kick with automatic on root before , (or possibly (root in shaman and in shaman's spirit power, meaning uncertain but may be go [since Indian doctors travel to the spirit world], with and then automatic on root before , purposeful control transitivizer with reflexive), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , cts //hc3-lcme=T-ct//, IDOC ['jumping up and down or bouncing up and down (of an Indian doctor training)'], ( continuative before resonants (l, m, w, y)), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , dnom //sxw =lcme=Aá=T-ct=e3lc//, IDOC ['place of training to become an Indian doctor (pit made from repeated jumping every year on the same spot)'], ( nominalizer), lx container of, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC. , //s=k*w e3y kw-s lc3p-s//, /'He never learns his lesson.'/, attested by BHTTC. , pcs //lcp=c3T//, SOC /'beat up s-o as a lesson till he learns or gives up, teach s-o a lesson'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: weak-stress-valenced root and stressed transitivizer or stress-ambivalent suffix, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by BHTTC. , free root //lcpe3l//, TOOL ['shovel'], HHG, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC, EB, Elders Group, borrowed from Chinook Jargon spade, itself from French shovel, scoop, contrast , //s=lc§e3=Aá=clwc|-s tc kyá tc lcpe3l//, /'The shovel is on the other side of the car.'/, attested by EB, , //kwú=T-cs tc lcpe3l ë%*c=s=u k*waqw=cT-áxy-cs//, /'He took the shovel and hit me. (take s-th)'/, attested by Elders Group, , //ë%*c3=m-cs s=lc3pcc//, /'This is what he sent.'/, attested by EB. , pcs //lc3pcc=T//, TVMO ['send s-th'], SOC, */'send s-o'/ rejected, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, AD, AC, example: , //c-cl lc3pcc=T è-e te3·l tc s=èáqw i//, /'I sent your mother the salmon.'/, attested by AC. , incs //lc3pcc=cl//, TVMO /'to ride [along], hook a ride, get a ride, send oneself'/, ( come, go, get, become), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, AC, example: , //c-cl lc3pcc=cl//, /'I sent myself., I hooked a ride.'/, attested by AC, , //le-c-cl lc3pcc=cl//, /'(I'm going to get a ride.)'/, attested by AC. , cts //he3-lcpcc=cl//, TVMO /'riding with someone, (riding along)'/, (
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, TVMO /'to ride [along], hook a ride, get a ride, send oneself'/, see lépets. , TVMO ['send s-th'], see lépets. , free root //lcplít//, CH /'priest, minister'/, SOCT, attested by AH, Elders Group, borrowed from Chinook Jargon priest Johnson 1978:391 itself from French priest, example: , //šíke lcplít//, /'Shaker minister'/, attested by AH, , //lcplít tc Bill//, /'Bill is a priest.'/, syntactic comment: nominal as existential verb in sentence-initial position, attested by Elders Group. , free root //lcpílítàs//, CH ['punish'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76), borrowed from French /lapenita˜3s/ penitence, repentence; penance (perhaps not through Chinook Jargon as it is not listed in Johnson 1978 a compilation of all known Chinook Jargon dictionaries. , free root //lcpát//, HHG ['cup'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, AD, others, borrowed from Chinook Jargon pot itself from French Canadian (/lc pát/) Johnson 1978:389, example: , //lí tc sxw =lá[=Ae=]ècl=e3lc3 tc lcpát//, /'The cup is in the cupboard.'/, phonology: ablaut, consonant-loss (el before =V3l... suffix), =álé ! =ílé unexplained, attested by AD. , //c*e3[=C1 c=]l c=qw e3·y, (xw =cwc=e3-s or) §cwc-cs lc3p*=cxy//, /'It's very green, one doesn't eat it (yet).'/, attested by Deming, SJ esp., , //lc lc3p*=cxy-cs tc s=pe3è tc-l qwc§áp//, /'The bear ate my apple.'/, attested by AC, w y , //lc=u| he3-lp*=cxy-cs tla=qe3·ys//, /'He's eating it now.'/, attested by w Elders Group (3/72), , //xe[=C . 1 c=]k* =íwcl-c-ep-ce y w he3-lp*=cx -cx tc §clílc//, /'You'll get constipated if you eat salmonberries.'/, literally /'you'll be getting constipated if you're eating salmonberries'/, syntactic comment: subjunctive subject pronoun, usage: words to a berry-picking song, attested by EF. , ABFC /'dive (already in water), go underwater, sink oneself down'/, see léqem. , mdls //lc3q=cm//, ABFC /'dive, dive in'/, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group (3/72), AC, also , //lc3q·=cm//, attested by AC, example: , //§e-c-cl lc3q=cm//, /'I dove in.'/, syntactic analysis: auxiliary past, attested by AC, , //lcwc- 3s-|e lc3q·=cm//, /'YOU dive in.'/, literally /'let it be you to dive in'/, phonology: stress-shift on inflected independent verbal pronoun, syntactic comment: independent
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verbal pronoun with 3rd person subject and imperative, attested by AC. , incs //lcq=i[=Ae3=]l=cm//, durs, [lcqæ 4 lc4m], ABFC /'dive (already in water), go underwater, sink oneself down'/, ( durative), probably go, come, get, become, ( middle voice), phonology: updrifting on final syllable, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, also , //lcq=i[=Ae4·=]l=cm//, also /'dive'/, attested by AC. , cts //he3-lq=cm//, ABFC ['diving'], ( continuative), phonology: vowel-loss due to stress shift from strong-valenced prefix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/72). , dnom //he3=lq=cm//, SOCT ['a diver'], FSH, ASM ['in the old days a man would dive to fix méthelh (dogbane) nets when people were fishing for sturgeon'], possibly nominalizer or perhaps the form is merely the continuative as above but nominalized (actually relativized) by following a demonstrative article, i.e. the one who is diving, syntactic analysis: nominal? or intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , chrs //C1 cC2 =lc3q=cm//, SOCT ['a diver'], ( characteristic, occupational), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal by zero-derivation?, attested by Elders Group (3/72). , dnom //lc[=Ae3=]q=lcq=cm//, EZ /'goldeneye duck (probably both the common goldeneye duck and the Barrow goldeneye duck), (a kind of diving duck [Elders Group] )'/, ['probably Bucephala clangula and Bucephala islandica'], ( derivational), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL, also /'a kind of diving duck'/, attested by Elders Group (2/11/76). , PLN ['Harrison Bay'], see qém:el. , SOCT ['a diver'], see léqem. , //lc3q* tc s=qw e3l=cwcl//, /'think alike'/, (morphosememic development: literally /'thoughts/feelings are level/even'/, an orientational metaphor), EFAM, attested by Elders Group. , ds //lcq*=ílcp//, LAND /'level ground, flat (of ground)'/, lx ground, earth, phonology: [é] expresses the allophone of /i/ after /q'/, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb?, nominal?, attested by CT, EB, also , strs //s=lc[=Aí=]q*//, DESC ['to be even'], semantic environment ['in a race, of a group of things in size, of two glasses of liquid, etc.'], ( stative), ( perhaps resultative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group, comment: the case for resultative is not strong semantically here but phonologically í-ablaut and á-ablaut on roots with an e-vowel (root /c/ ! /í/ or /e3/), esp. in statives are common and called resultives in Saanich as well (Montler 1986:131-132), , df //lcq*=e3·|//, DESC ['be in the way'], DIR, semantic environment ['of a tree fallen, a person, etc.'], VALJ ['right (correct)'] )(orientational metaphor), lx gloss uncertain,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English perhaps related to aocording to, in the manner of, comment: the suffix may be cognate with durative in Northern Straits, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, Deming, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /lcq*á|-/ as in /§u=lcq*á|=il ècd/ I'm correct. and /§cs=lcq*á|=il=bi-c/ You are in my way. Hess 1976:274, also , //xw c lcq*=e3·|//, /'get in the way'/, attested by AC, , //c-cl xw c lcq*=e3·| kw -s-cs |c3k*w=xycl qc=ë%*a-s-cs-u k*wcqw=l-áxy-cs//, /'I got in the way and he tripped and he hit me unintentionally.'/, attested by AC, ASM ['right (correct)'], , //wc-lí-§e4l lcq*=e3·|//, /'if I am right'/, literally /'if I am in the way'/, attested by AC.
level, flat + waves + come, go, get (thus lit. “come/go on flat waves”), or less likely always + , //§e3y t-e§ s-lcq*e3lcq*cl//, /'May your travelling be good.'/, syntactic comment: imperative 3rd person, attested by EB. , TVMO /'travelling (without a destination), going out'/, see leq'áleq'el (~ leq'áleqel (rare)). level, flat, probably part, portion (of body esp.), possibly derivational, possibly go, come, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, (semological comment: the first root and suffix would have a literal meaning like “level/flat part/portion”, source: place names reference file #67 and #114, Salish cognate: Northern Straits /lcq*w c3õcn/ Songhees, a Songish village in what is now Victoria, B.C. BG83-84 Samish and Saanich field notes, also , ds //he3=lq*=em(cl)=í·l=cm//, LANG /'Halkomelem language, to speak Halkomelem'/, SOC, literally /'going to Nicomen Island, getting to Nicomen Island, (possibly) going to the visiting (place), or going to the level place'/, ( continuative before resonants (rarely plural)), ( come, go, get, become,), possibly middle voice or possibly intransitivizer, phonology: loss of el before =í:l, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, nominal, attested by AC, Deming, TM, EB, LG, Salish cognate: Northern Straits /lcq*w cõ=ín=cõ/ the Northern Straits language from /lcq*w c3õcn/ Songhees, a Songish village in Victoria BG83-84 Samish and Saanich field notes, ASM ['Halkomelem language'], example: , //ta[-C1 c-]l=l-á·mct-c-cl tc he=lq*=cm=í·l=cm//, /'I understand Halkomelem.'/, attested by Deming, , //§e3y=sT-cxw -c-cl tc he=lq*=cm=í·l=cm s=qw e[=Ac3=]l=tcl//, /'I like the Halkomelem language.'/, attested by AC, , //§c3-c-cl ta[-C1 c-]l=í·l=T tc he=lq*=cm=í·l=cm s=qw e4·l ë%*a-l-s-u C1e-xí·l=T//, /'I'm . learning the Halkomelem language/speech and I'm writing it.'/, attested by AC, ASM ['to speak Halkomelem'], , //s=ccwát k*w c-s he=lq*=cm=í·l=cm-s//, /'He/She knows Halkomelem.'/, literally /'he/she/they know how to that he/she/they talk Halkomelem (or that-nominalizer speak Halkomelem -his/her/their)'/, attested by AC, , //§a-l-s-u he=lq*=cm=í·l=cm ë%*a-l-s-u èc3t "hay si=ye3ye"//, /'So I spoke Halkomelem; and so I said, "Hi friends."'/, attested by AC, , //he=lq*=cm=í·l=cm-c-cl//, /'I speak Halkomelem.'/, attested by Deming, TM, EB, also rejected by TM, EB, , //§ówc-ccl wcl-a-l §al §e3y k*w c-l-s he=lq*=cm=í·l=cm//, /'I'm not very good at speaking Halkomelem.'/, attested by Deming. , //ë%*e3l=xy-c-xw tc s=C1 cC2 -xc[=Aí=]lc-s tc lcte3m//, /'Put the legs (back) on the table. (put s-th on, fasten s-th)'/. . , df //lc3è*(=)i(y)=lcc//, EZ /'tall gray mountain blueberry, probably Alaska blueberry'/, ['Vaccinium alaskaense'], ASM ['berries tart with grayish dust on them; the word is said by some speakers to be used for both the berries and the plant']['the leaves are shiny on top with "whiskers" on the bottom'], root meaning unknown (unless possibly a doublet with fill or related to , //lc3è*=clcc//, attested by EL, AC, Elders Group (3/1/72), other sources: H-T (macron over e) blueberry (Vaccinium sp.), Duff (1952) [lwcaylwc] blue huckleberry (of lower elevations), Salish cognate: Lillooet (Pemberton dial.) /lc3c*iycc/ Alaska blueberry (V. alaskaense) Turner and Bouchard: Pemberton Lillooet Ethnobotany (ms.)(1974), example: , //s=è*ím-s tc lc3è*(=)i=lcc//, /'berry of the tall mountain blueberry (Alaska blueberry)'/, attested by Elders Group. , pcrs //lcc*=c3T-ct//, ABFC /'fill oneself, fill oneself up'/, ( reflexive), phonology: stressed transitivizer, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group. , df //mc C1 cC2 =lc3c*//, WATR ['high tide'], literally /'come fill repeatedly/completely'/, ( iterative or completive or plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by CT. , strs //s=hc=lc[=Aí=]c* ~ s=lc[=Aí=]c*//, MC ['be full'], WATR, LAND, ABFC, ( stative), ( resultative), ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, AC, other sources: ES /sclí·c*/ full, example: , //§exw =cT-áxy-c-xw k*w c tí, §ówc s=lc[=Aí=]c*-cs, §ówc-c-xw lcc*=cT-cxw //, /'Give me some tea, not full, don't fill it.'/, syntactic comment: vneg, subjunctive subject pronoun, sentence with verb phrase in apposition, attested by EB. , free root //lc3c*e ~ lc3c*c//, NUM ['one'], phonology: léts'a in slow and normal speed speech, léts'e at normal or faster speeds, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, CT (9/5/73), NP (12/6/73), BJ (5/64), EB, DM (12/4/64), BHTTC, Elders Group, SP, AD, other sources: ES /lc3c*à·/, JH /lc3c*e/, example: , //c-ct §e3xw =cT t-e s=qw cm=e3y tc lc3c*c s=è*á·m//, /'We gave your dog one bone.'/, syntactic analysis: verb phrase with both direct object np and indirect object np, attested by AC, , //wc-tc3s-cs tc s=§ápcl=s qe-s k*wc lc3c*c//, /'when it gets to eleven o'clock'/, grammatical comment: the hour affix (s=...=s cirumfix) need only be applied to the first numeral of a compound numeral in AC's speech, attested by AC, , //lc3c*c (me3qe, s=yil=ólcm)//, /'one (snow, year), one year'/, attested by Elders Group, (semological comment: fish can be counted with the plain numeral also), attested by BHTTC, , //lcc*e-à tc s=pó[-C1c-]y-s//, /'(It has) one bend., (It has) one crook.'/, literally /'is one-just the its bend'/, attested by AC. long thin object, rope, thread, stick, pole, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AD. , ds //lcc*e=e3xw//, NUM /'once, one time'/, TIME, lx (only after , //lcc*e=e3xw k*w c-l-s-c q*w cy=íl=c3xy//, /'I danced once.'/, attested by EB, , ds //s=lc3c*=c|p//, NUM ['one tree'], EB, HARV, lx tree, plant, phonology: vowel-loss probably rather than vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group. , //lcc*c=mát//, attested by ME. , ds //lc3c*=cs//, NUM /'one dollar, one Indian blanket (Boas)'/, SH ['one round object'], TIME ['one cyclic period'], DESC, SOC, lx on the face; Indian blanket (in counting wealth) ~ (post-contact) dollar(s), phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, other sources: Boas Scowlitz field notes (ca 1886)(APS Library ms.) , //c-cl §e3xw =cT mc3k*w t-e s=C1 í=Ac3=qw cmcy (k*w c) lc3c*cs s=è*á·m//, /'I gave (give) all your dogs one bone.'/, attested by AC, , //lc3c*c(s) s=yilá·lc3m//, attested by AC, , //lc3c*c(s) s=k*w xy=á·s//, /'one moon, one month, first quarter of moon, the new moon'/, attested by DM (12/4/64), , //lc3c*c(s) s=xíë . %*//, /'one winter'/, literally /'one nominalizer-cold'/, attested by AC. , ds //lcc*e=ówc|//, NUM /'one canoe, one boat'/, CAN, lx canoe, boat, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: num, nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AD. , //lá=lcc*c xw c3l=mcxw //, /'one Indian'/, attested by Elders Group, , //§ápcl qa-s k*w c lá=lcc*c//, /'eleven people, (There are) eleven people.'/, attested by AC, , //wc=yáè kw -s-u §e3y-s tc s=qw e3l=cwcl-s tc lá=lcc*c//, /'an optimist, a person whose thoughts are always good, a person who is always happy'/, literally /'it's always so-that it's good the thoughts of the one person'/, syntactic comment: very interesting example of a complete sentence in Halkomelem which translates as an incomplete sentence (an np) in English, attested by Elders Group, , //wc=yóè wc lá=lcc*e §c//, /'(he/she is) always alone'/, literally /'is always contrastive is alone just'/, attested by AC. , df //§i=C1 á=lcc*c ~ hi=C1 á=lcc*c//, SOC ['alone'], possibly continuative? (~ há- ~ hé-) or (~ yi=)> travelling along by, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, num?, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 3/19/75), example: me) nominalizer or the as nominalizer), syntactic comment: could be a prefixed form or a np, attested by Elders Group (3/72). , NUM /'one paddle, one paddler'/, see léts'a ~ léts'e. , NUM ['one pair of pants'], see léts'a ~ léts'e. , DESC ['a different kind'], see láts'. , NUM /'one dollar, one Indian blanket (Boas)'/, see léts'a ~ léts'e. , //s=lc[=Aí·=]w §í tc k*wáxwc//, /'It's in the box.'/, attested by EB, , //(§e3y, qc3l) xw=le3(-m) ë%*c=lc3wc//, /'It's (good, bad) for you.'/, semantic environment ['speaking of a kind of food, or medicine, or anything'], attested by EB, comment: attested with both xwlá and xwlám towards (no difference in meaning), , //§e3y xwle3(-m) ë%*c=lc3wc tc s=t*c3lmcxw//, /'The medicine is good for you.'/, attested by EB, , //§í=sT-cxw -c-cl-ce §à §í tc=lc3wc (orë%*=lc3wc)//, /'I'm going to leave this here with you.'/, attested by EB. , DIR /'put it in (and leave it), stick it into s-th hollow'/, see léw. , free root //lcwc3x ~ lówc3x. //, ANA /'rib, ribs'/, possibly root put inside a hole, possibly distributive, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, others, other sources: ES w /lcwc3x/, . H-T (macron over u), example: , //lcxw=s=ë%*c3p//, /'always deep'/, ( stative), , //l(c)=kw óxw cè=cm//, /'Six-Mile Creek and bay on west side of Harrison Lake'/, literally /'always coho place or always catch coho since this is a coho spawning ground'/, attested by EL, , //lcxw=yá·qw=cm ~ xw=yá·qw=cm//, /'mountain above Union Bar, also prob. Trafalgar Flat below it'/, literally /'always (smells of) rotten fish (since spawned out salmon, yó:qwem, collect in the river nearby)'/, attested by SP, , PLN /'Cheam Island (my name for an island in the Fraser River across from Cheam Indian Reserve #2), Cheam village, Cheam Indian Reserve #1'/, literally /'always a place to get strawberries '/. , (), SOCT ['a person that always'], comment: contains nominalizer; found in , //lcxw=s=he3·we//, /'a person that always hunts'/, , //k*w c3c=l-cxw tc s=lc3xw c|, s=q*c3m=cl, qe-s tc s=x. w óq*w =tcl//, /'He saw a canoe, a paddle, and a canoe pole. (see s-th)'/, attested by EB. , dmn //s=C1 í=lcxw c|//, CAN ['small canoe'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SJ. , ds //s=lcxw c|=e3wtxw//, CAN ['canoe shed'], BLDG, lx building, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, also , //s=lcxw c|=e3·wtxw //, Elder's comment: "probably", attested by EB. , iecs //s=lc3xw c|=mcT//, CAN ['raid s-o in canoes'], SOC, ( indirect effect control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by CT, example: , //mc s=lc3xw c|=mcT-á·lxw -cs tc s=xycme3·l-cct//, /'Our enemy comes to raid us in canoes.'/, attested by CT.
, df //lcxw //, root meaning uncertain unless a fronted version of root cover up , df //s=lcxw =íws//, ANA ['body (while alive)'], ( nominalizer), lx on the body, on the skin, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: ES /slc§xwíus/ (CwMs /slc§xwíws/), also , //s=lcxw=í·ws//, attested by EB, also , attested by DM (12/4/64). , EFAM ['forgetful'], see mál ~ mél. , //lcxw s=§ú·mct//, /'a person that's always lazy'/, , //lcxws=xwiyc3ècqcl//, /'a gossip'/, ,
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//lcxw s=sí·si//, /'a person who is always scared, coward'/, , MUS ['a person that always sings'], see t'íl. , EFAM ['a person that's always lazy'], see emét. , HUNT /'a person that always hunts, hunter'/, see háwe. , LANG /'a gossip, person that always gossips'/, see yéth. , SOCT ['beggar'], see shxwmó:l. , PLN ['north and south sides of the mouth of Five-Mile Creek'], see th'ís. , PLN ['place on Fraser River between first tunnel and Yale where rotten fish used to (always) pile up'], see yó:qw. , PLN ['mountain on Fraser River between first tunnel and Yale where rotten fish used to (always) pile up'], see yó:qw. , SOC ['generous'], see éy ~ éy:. , bound root //lc3x. widened//. DESC /'widen it, move it wider'/, semantic environment ['of canoes, carvings , pcs //lc3x=cT//, . like plates (as on a shelf), etc., but not of a river'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (10/15/71), other sources: JH /lc3x/ . to be widened and lcxc 3 t/ to widen. / . sléxtses>, dnom //s=lc3x=ccs//, ANA ['finger'], literally /'(something to widen on the hand)'/, ASM < .
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['each finger has its own name, sometimes two'], ( nominalizer), lx on the hand, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/64), DM (12/4/64), Elders Group (3/15/72), other sources: ES /slc3xccs/, H-T (macron over e). . y cl//, ANA ['toe'], literally /'(something that widens on the foot)'/, ASM ['the , dnom //s=lc3x=x . big toe and small toe are named'], ( nominalizer), lx on the foot, syntactic analysis: nominal. , DESC /'widen it, move it wider'/, see léx. , PLN ['Luckakuck Creek'], see xéq. FSH /'spear fish by torchlight, to torchlight, to pit-lamp'/, , probably root //lcxíwe//, . HUNT ['spear animals by torchlight'], ASM ['done by canoe with a fire in the canoe, see under tl'áts'eq (platform and shield for fire when torchlighting for salmon) and swáts'et (bark shield for fire when torchlighting) for some details of how the fire was controlled in the canoe; the fire would draw fish to the surface and animals to the water but would hide the hunters'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, Salish cognate: Squamish /ycxí§u/ fish or hunt with fire in canoe K69:90. . FSH ['spearing fish by torchlight'], HUNT, ( , cts //he3-lxiwe//, . continuative), phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. w
, bound root //lcx. cover up//. w , pcs //lc3x. =cT//, HHG /'cover s-o with a blanket, cover s-th, cover s-th/s-o up'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming, EB. w , pcrs //lc3x. =cT-ct//, HHG ['cover oneself up'], ( reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming. w , dnom //lc3x. =tcl//, HHG /'blanket (modern), covering'/, lx device, thing to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ, EB, Elders Group (3/1/72), other sources: ES /ë%*cxw te3·l/ blanket (generic) is apparently another word. , HHG /'cover s-o with a blanket, cover s-th, cover s-th/s-o up'/, see lexw. , HHG ['cover oneself up'], see lexw. , WATR /'rapids, fast water, clear water, flowing fast, going fast, swift (water)'/, see xwém ~ xwém. , HHG /'blanket (modern), covering'/, see lexw. , TVMO /'go travelling by way of, go via'/, see la. , stvi //s=lc§e3=lcc//, DIR ['be with behind facing toward something (like a fire)'], ABFC, literally /'be with bottom facing away, be with bottom on the other side'/, ( stative), lx (on the) bottom, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by IHTTC. , stvi //s=lc§e=álwc|//, DIR /'be on the other side of, be on the side facing away'/, ( stative), lx on the side, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group, EB, also , //s=lc§e3=á·lwc| ~ s=lc§e3=álwc|//, attested by EB, example: , //le3=m tc s=lc§e3=álwc|-s tc xye3|//, [læ 3 5m tc1 slc1§á5lwc1|s tc6 xye43| (with pitch transcription)], /'He went across the road.'/, phonology: extra high pitch on article, not infrequent, sentence intonation, downstepping, attested by EB. , //lc§e=ás tc xye3| tc-l le4lc4m//, /'My house is facing the road.'/, attested by Deming. , //le3=m tc s=lc§e3=á·ècl//, /'He went across (a river, for ex.) (go).'/, attested by EB, , //c-cl s=lc§e3=áècl tc s=tá·l=ow//, /'I'm on the other side of the river.'/, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77). , DIR ['be facing toward'], see le'á. , free root //lí ~ li//, DIR /'be in, in, be on, on, be at, at, before (an audience), (untranslated)'/, semantic environment ['"be" is omitted when the verb phrase (formed by the vprep and its object nominal phrase) is not a main verb phrase but modifies one in apposition'], syntactic analysis: preposition/prepositional verb,Salish cognate: Lushootseed in part /di§/ to, at the side of, in H76:138, ASM ['be in, in'], semantic environment ['large geographic area'], example:
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, stvi //lí·[=C1 c=]q//, DESC /'it's easy, be easy, easy (to get)'/, ( stative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, EB, Salish cognate: Sechelt /lilíq/ cheap T77:21, also , //lí[=C1c=]qw //, comment: qw prob. sic for q as in cognates, attested by Elders Group (5/3/78), , //lí·[=C1 c=]q s=yá·ys//, /'It's easy work.'/, attested by AC. , ABFC ['nodding one's head'], see líqw. , WV ['processed fiber'], see íth'a. , bound root //líxw //, root meaning uncertain , stvi //s=lí[=C1 c=]xw=c|//, EFAM ['be calm'], ( stative), possibly continuative, possibly according to the ways of??, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Deming, comment: this word is suspiciously similar in form and meaning to slíleqw be slack, loose and the same root in líqwem slackened down, calmed down, example: , //§e-c-cl s=lí[=C1c=]xwc|//, /'I was calm.'/. , free stem //s-hi-líxw // or free root //silíxw //, TVMO /'slow down, go slow'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78). , caus //s=hi=líxw =sT-cxw // or //silíxw =sT-cxw //, TVMO ['making s-o slow'], ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), the continuative translation here makes it most likely the stem structure is //s-hi-líxw // with continuative prefix , stative prefix which causes the to drop, and root as in , stvi //s=lí[=C1 c=]xw(=)c|//, EFAM ['be calm'], syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group; found in , //silíxw=sT-ámc-c-cl//, /'I'm making you slow.'/. , CJ ['yes/no question'], see lí. , mdls //líy=c3m ~ lcy=c3m//, ABFC ['to laugh'], ( middle voice), phonology: updrifting or stressed intransitivizer, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, AC, other sources: ES /layc3m/, Salish cognate: PCS cognate set #80 (*náycm ~ *nc3ycm/) G82:20, thus SanSgCl dialect of N. Straits /nc3è*-cõ/ laugh, Nooksack /næ 3 y-æ 4 m/ laugh, etc., example: , //lcy=c3m-|e//, /'Laugh now.'/, syntactic analysis: imperative, attested by AC. , cts //lc[-Ae3·-]y=cm ~ lc[-Ae3-]y=cm//, ABFC ['laughing'], ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, Elders Group (12/10/75). , plv //líy=C1 cC2 =cm//, ABFC /'lots of laughing, (many are laughing [AC])'/, ds //=C1cC2 plural (actions)//, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (12/10/75), also , //lc3y=C1 cC2 =c4m//, also /'many are laughing'/, attested by AC, , //lc3y=C1 cC2 =c4m tc s=te3·xw =c|//, /'The children are laughing.'/, attested
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by AC. , df //§e=líy=C1 cC2 =cm ~ §c=líy=C1 cC2 =cm//, ABFC ['laughter'], possibly perhaps from resultative or continuative, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC. , ds //xw =líy=c3m=cs//, ABFC ['to smile'], ( become, get), lx on the face, phonology: updrifting (since =es is the unstressed allomorph of =ó:s), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, (semological comment: this example provides the first clear example of the inceptive function of the xw= prefix that so often occurs when a lexical suffix occurs which refers to some part of the head), attested by Elders Group. , cts //xw =li[-Aá·-]y=cm=cs//, ABFC ['smiling'], ( continuative), phonology: the added long vowel discourages updrifting on =em (middle voice) and without highstress on =em, the final =es cannot updrift either, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , ABFC /'lots of laughing, (many are laughing [AC])'/, see líyém ~ leyém. , free root //líyám//, CH /'devil, Satan'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, EB, DF, borrowed from Chinook Jargon devil Johnson 1978:301, itself from French devil. , ds //líyám=xycl=tcl//, PLN ['Devil's Run'], ASM ['a place on the Fraser River just west of Lackaway (Láxewey), must be a recent name since it is based on a Chinook Jargon root, one inhabitant was a strong shaman, Charlie Seymour, who "owned" everything and everyone in the area and took whomever he wished for a wife (and had many wives) according to Reuben Ware's interview with DF'], literally /'devil's foot place'/, lx on the foot, on the leg, lx device, thing for, sometimes place, as said to be the meaning here, phonology: consonant-loss (=xel ! =xe before =tel, =íl, and some other suffixes, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (DF)(7/13/77), source: place names reference file #77, also , //s=me3·è//, attested by Elders Group. , PLN ['Devil's Run'], see líyóm. , PLN ['Six-Mile Creek and bay on west side of Harrison Lake'], see kwô3 xweth. , free root //lá//, DIR ['here'], ASM ['need not be present or even close'], syntactic analysis: demonstrative verb or adverb/adverbial verb, syntactic comment: invariably compounded with a preceding demonstrative article yielding a translation of: here, this (lit. "what's here" if considered as a relative clause), attested by NP, AD, AC, others, example:
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phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , dnom //|e[=C1 c=]w=c3lcq//, [|æë%*cww3lcq], cts, IDOC /'Indian doctor at work, shaman at work, healer'/, ( continuative), ( one who, occupational), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , pcs //|e3·w=cT//, IDOC /'cure s-o, heal s-o by Indian doctoring'/, semantic environment ['used only of an Indian doctor or shaman'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, Deming, Elders Group (3/15/72); found in , //|e3·w=cT-cm//, /'cured (by Indian doctor)'/, syntactic analysis: passive, attested by EB. , cts //|e3[-C1 c-]w=cT//, IDOC ['curing s-o (as an Indian doctor)'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming. , ds //|e3w=c[=M2=]lmcl//, PLN /'an old course of the Chilliwack River, now Vedder River'/, ASM ['(where Vedder River is now, from Vedder Crossing to Sumas Lake)'], literally /'wanting to run away'/, ( derivational), lx in the mind, wanting to, thinking about, probably root run away, phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ or DM, source: place names reference file #262, other sources: Wells 1965:13 and Wells 1966 gives the literal meaning as river that changed its course. clothes, possibly derivational (unless result of valence rules), phonology: vowel-change from strong-valenced suffix and ambi-valent root or ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, Salish cognate: Squamish /|i-lcw§-íc*/ naked and /|u-íc*-a§m/ undress (tr.), which may have schwa and zero grades of root /|áw§/ recover; run away W73:182, K67:329-331, K69:71, also , //|uw=íè*e ~ |cw=íè*e//, [|uwíè*æ ~ |wíè*æ], attested by DM (12/4/64). intransitivizer, possibly derivational (if not result of vowel merger attracting stress) or derivational, phonology: vowel merger, vowel-loss, stress-shift or stressed intransitivizer, prob. complex interaction of stress-valences or vowelgrades: if in 'naked' then the root is ambi-valent (there strong-grade ~ weakgrade); as result of a derivational stress shift or a stress-intransitivizer being added or shift to syllable where there is vowel-merger, the normally strong-valenced lexical suffix (with vowel-loss of the ); that leaves the schwa-grade root to lose its vowel, then vocalize its before the following consonant , //|(c)w=(i)è*e=e3m//, attested by EB. , //|(c)w=(i)è*e=e3m=sT-cxw -cs tc C1 í=mclc-s//, /'She undresses her child.'/, *, its //|(c)w=(i)è*e=ím//, CLO /'undress in front of someone, strip-tease'/, SOC, lx repeatedly, iterative, phonology: vowel-loss, vowel merger, vocalization, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, example: , mdls //|ewc3t*=cm//, ABFC /'twitch, flutter (of one's eye, hand, skin, etc.)'/, semantic environment ['body part'], probably root or , cts //|e[- 3·-]w=t*=cm//, ABFC /'twitching (of one's eye, hand, skin, etc.), fluttering'/, semantic environment ['body part'], ( continuative), phonology: stress-shift, lengthening, vowel-loss (due to stress-shift), actually these processes are all probably restoring the original root shape, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC, example: , ABFC /'twitching (of one's eye, hand, skin, etc.), fluttering'/, see lhá:w. , bound root //spread, lay out under//. , mdls //|e3·x=cm ~ |e3x=cm//, FOOD /'help oneself to food, serve oneself, serve . . oneself food (with a ladle), serve oneself a meal (food), (put on a dish [CT, HT])'/, literally /'(spread/lay out under for oneself)'/, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC, CT, HT, EB, also /'put on a dish'/, attested by CT, HT, example: , //§u| s=|e3[=C1c=]x. tc s=§e3|=Tcl//, /'The food is served.'/, attested by EB. FOOD ['serve s-o (food)'], benefactive, purposeful , bens //|e3x=c|c=T//, . control transitivizer, as in , //|e3x=c|c=T-àmc 4 //, /'serve you '/, attested by RG & . EH (4/10/99 Ling332) and , //|e3x=c|c=T-amc 3 -c-cl-ce//, /'I’ll serve you'/, . attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) HHG ['cushion'], literally /'(device to spread/lay out under the , dnom //|e3x=clcc=tcl//, . rump) or possibly (device to lay out under the bottom)'/, lx on the bottom, rump, lx device to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT, HT.
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3=]|=tcl//, CAN /'crosspieces in a canoe, (thwarts)'/, ASM , dnom //|ex=clwc[= . ['these are inserted to spread apart the sides of a dugout canoe when it is adzed out and filled with water heated by steaming rocks to make the sides pliable enough to spread apart'], literally /'(device to spread/lay out under the sides) or (devices to spread the canoe)'/, lx side (of s-th), on the side, lx device to, possibly plural or formative plus canoe and derivational, phonology: stress-shift, vowel-change due to stress shift or (less likely) ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. lhexéyléptel>, dnom //|ex=íl=c 3 p=tcl//, incs, HHG /'floor, floor mat, floor covering, linoleum, rug'/, < . literally /'device/thing to get spread/laid out under on the dirt/ground'/, SPRD ['floor (of longhouse or anywhere)'] (attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332)), ( come, go, get, become, inceptive), lx on the dirt, on the ground, lx device to, phonology: stress-shift due to strongvalenced suffixes, vowel-change due to stress shift (not due to ablaut probably because DM preserves the original root vowel even though unstressed), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD, EB, Elders Group (3/72 tape 33, 2/26/75, 5/3/78), NP (1973), also , //|ex=íl=c 3 p=tcl//, [|æxéylc 3 ptcl], attested by DM (12/4/64 p.177), example: , //qcl=c[= 3=]s tc (|x=íl=c 3 p=tcl, le3lwcs)//, /'The floor is dirty.'/, attested by Elders Group . (3/72), device to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC. y c(l)=tcl//, HHG ['rug'], literally /'device to spread/lay out under the feet '/, , dnom //|e3x=x . lx on the foot, lx device to, phonology: consonant-loss (allomorph of =xel before some suffixes), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC. , ds //|e[=Aí=]x. or |íx//, . REL /'to paint red or black or white (spirit dancer, Indian doctor, etc.)'/, SPRD, IDOC, ASM ['may include other colors (white is used rarely on spirit dancers), but red and black are the usual colors, they signify different powers or different quests, red is usually more powerful and is used by more ritualists'], semantic environment ['Indian religious participant or ceremony'], ( derivational, perhaps resultative?), phonology: ablaut, probably not a separate root, (semological comment: probably a derived root since painting of the kind done here is done by spreading colored grease on the skin and root lháx is spread), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC. , dnom //s=|e[=Aí=][=C1 c=]]x=cs=cm or s=|í[=C1 c=]x=cs=cm//, SPRD /'the painted . . people (spirit-dancers)'/, nominalizer, resultative, on the face, middle voice or passive voice, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) REL /'paint one's face red or black or white (spirit dancer, , mdls //|e[=Aí=]x=cs=cm//, . Indian doctor, ritualist, etc.)'/, SPRD, IDOC, lx on the face, ( middle voice), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC and RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), example , //le3=m-c-cxw |e[=Aí=]x=cs=cm//, /'Go .
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English paint yourself'/., attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332). REL ['spread red or black paint on s-th(?)/s-o'], ( purposeful , pcs //|e[=Aí=]x=cT//, . control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by BHTTC.
, HHG ['cushion'], see lhá:x ~ lháx. , FOOD /'help oneself to food, serve oneself, serve oneself food (with a ladle), serve oneself a meal (food), (put on a dish [CT, HT])'/, see lhá:x ~ lháx. , HHG ['woven mat to put hot plates on'], see lhá:x ~ lháx. , HHG ['rug'], see lhá:x ~ lháx. , free root //|e3y// or rsls //|i[=Ae3=]y//, EFAM ['be shamed'], possibly resultative, phonology: ablaut possible, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. , ncs //|e3y=l-cxw or |i[=Ae3=]y=l-cxw //, EFAM ['make s-o ashamed [happen to or accidentally or manage to]'], ( non-control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut possibly resultative, syntactic analysis: transitive verb. , caus //|íy=sT-cxw or |e[=Aí=]y=sT-cxw //, EFAM ['ashamed of s-th'], ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), possibly derivational, phonology: ablaut possible, syntactic analysis: transitive verb. , //|e[-Ai-]y=sT-c3lc3mc3t or |(e)y=sT-c3lc3mc3t//, EFAM /'feel embarrassed and shy because ashamed, be ashamed'/, ( reflexive), phonology: possibly vocalization of y to i, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, Elders Group. , cts //|e[-AaC1 c-]y=sT-c3lc3mc3t//, EFAM ['feeling embarrassed'], ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, vocalization of y to i, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by SP (in IHTTC). , EFAM ['make s-o ashamed [happen to or accidentally or manage to]'], see lháy. , df //|c=í·ws//, EFAM ['tired'], lx on the body, on the skin, possibly root feel like singing a spirit song, be in a trance making sighs and crying sounds before singing a spirit song, (semological comment: plausible since dancers sighing give the impression of being tired or bored outwardly (though most are not)), phonology: zero-grade of root, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, Salish cognate: Squamish /|è-íws/ be tired W73:269, K67:326. , df //wcl=|c=í·ws or wc=|c=í·ws//, EFAM ['real tired'], ( really, intensive), phonology: consonant-loss (l assimilated to lh), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb or adverb/adverbial verb adjective/adjectival verb. , iecs //|c=í·ws=mcT//, EFAM /'tired of s-th, bored with s-th'/, ( indirect effect control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb. , EFAM /'tired of s-th, bored with s-th'/, see lhchí:ws. , free root //|c3c//, SPRD /'feel like singing a spirit song, be in a trance making sighs and crying sounds before singing a spirit song, be in the beginning of a trance before the spirit song is recognizable (the motions and sounds, crying out or wailing before singing)'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD (7/23/79), also , //|c3c//, attested by PK (at Fish Camp 7/11/78). , ds //|c[=Ac3=]c=e3[=Ac=]los=em//, LANG /Nooksack language/, lit. “speak (like they do in) Lhechálôws village”, phonological comment: the Nooksack language lacks ablaut and so this
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may be the Upriver Halkomelem name or pronunciation of the name used in Nooksack, attested by AC, Deming. , possibly root //|c3k*e//, PLAY /'the hooking game, the feather game'/, ASM ['long feathers from ducks were burned till the ends curled over, each of two players would have one and hook it over his opponent's and pull; whoever's broke first lost; the game was also played by each player biting his index finger till it was numb, then hooking his index finger on the opponents and pulling till the loser's finger gave out'], phonology: note unusual final vowel and k' may show either borrowing from Thompson or Lillooet or diminutive fronting or unrounding, syntactic analysis: nominal?, intransitive verb?, (semological comment: Squamish /klc3xw / game in which two persons spit on their middle fingers, hook them up and see who can pull hardest W73:110, K67:338 seems the same game but the name is not cognate (it also seems borrowed with unusual plain /k/)) (compare root , FSH /'hook fish, catch fish (by hook), to gaff-hook fish'/, see lhíkw' ~ lhí:kw'. , ABDF /'get tripped, to trip'/, see lhíkw' ~ lhí:kw'. , ABDF ['to trip'], see lhíkw' ~ lhí:kw'. on itself, syntactic analysis: nominal?, prob. intransitive verb (have a wrinkle), attested by Elders Group. , plv //s=C1 cC2 =|c3l=p*=clcc//, HARV ['sloppy pack'], HUNT, TVMO, CLO ['sloppy back'], literally /'(hanging folded over on itself many times on the bottom)'/, ( stative, R3= plural), lx on the bottom, on the rump lx perhaps mistranscribed for on the back, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb prob., attested by BHTTC, comment: contrast the following word (forming a minimal pair).
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, ds //|c3l=p*=cs//, ANA ['(have a) wrinkled face'], BPI, possibly literally /'wrinkled on the face' from “folded over on itself in the face”/, lx on the face, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, nominal?, attested by Elders Group (3/2/77). , ds //s=|cl=p*=íwcl//, ANA ['(have a) sloppy ass'], BPI, literally /'(be folded over on itself in the insides/rectum)'/, ( stative or poss. nominalizer), lx on the insides, in the rump, in the rectum, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, poss. nominal, attested by Deming (6/24/76). , //§c=t*wc=u=w| le |c3l=q (kw )èc-l s-|c[Ae3-]l=q=i//, /'What I'm soaking must be already soaked.'/, literally /'ambig.past =evidential/it must be =contrast =already go(ne) soaked the (near but not visible)(relativizing) -my nominalizersoaking'/, attested by EB. , pcs //|c3l=q=T//, WATR ['wet s-th'], ( probably intensive, intensively, thoroughly (cf. Musqueam /-q/ meaning uncertain in Suttles ca1984: 14.6.37), purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb. , mdls //|c3l=q=cs=cm//, WATR ['wet one's face'], lx on the face, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. , df //|c3l=q=i(y)//, FOOD /'to soak (fish, beans, dried fruit, only food, not of cedar roots), rehydrate dried food, soak dried fish'/, WATR, FSH, ( dry food or fish (cf. Musqueam /-cy* ~ -ay*/ fish? Suttles ca1984: 14.6.43)), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, dialects: Chill., Tait, Cheh., attested by Elders Group (4/26/78), IHTTC, also , //|cl=q=í ~ |el=q=í//, attested by AC. , cts/durs //|c[-Ae3-]l=q=i//, FOOD ['soaking dried fish'], WATR, FSH, ( continuative/durative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, AC, also /'to soak fish'/, attested by Deming (3/25/76). , stcs //s-|c[-Ae3-]l=q=i//, FOOD ['is soaking (dried fish)'], WATR, FSH, ( continuative/durative, stative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, AC, also /'to soak fish'/, attested by Deming (3/25/76), example: , //lí xw cl s-|c[-Ae3-]l=q=i//, /'Is it still soaking?'/, attested by DF. , dnom //s=|c[-Ae3-]l=q=i//, FOOD ['what is soaking (dried fish)'], WATR, FSH, ( continuative/durative, nominalizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominalized intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, AC, also /'to soak fish'/, attested by Deming
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English (3/25/76), example: , ANA /'a wrinkle, (have a wrinkle?)'/, see lhél. , EZ ['common bedbug'], see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. , NUM ['three little people'], see lhí:xw. , PLN ['Three Creeks Mountain'], see lhí:xw. , bound root //|c3m drops of liquid, moisture//. , ds //lcxw =s=|c3m ~ lcxw =s=|e3m//, [lxw s|e3m], ABDF /'choke on water, choked on liquid'/, WATR, ( always, s= nominalizer?), phonology: [e3] prob. rare allophone of /c/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, AC. , dnom //s=|c3m=xycl//, WETH ['dew'], WATR, literally /'something that's drops of liquid on the foot (or) something that's drops of liquid precipitation'/, ( nominalizer), lx on the foot; precipitation, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, Deming. , chrs //s=|c3m=C1 cC2 //, dnom, WETH ['dew'], WATR, literally /'something that's characteristically drops of liquid'/, ( nominalizer), ( characteristic), syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: possibly Sumas, Deming, attested by Elders Group (Sumas dial. esp.), Deming. , dnom //|c3m=tcl//, WETH ['dew'], WATR, literally /'drops of liquid thing'/, lx thing to, device to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group.
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, df //|c3m=c3xw//, WETH ['to rain'], WATR, ASM ['if one hollers too much in the mountains it starts rain; if one is too rough with plants it starts rain; if one teases twins it makes it rain (Mary Lou Andrews did this with her twins in the 1970s) (twins are raised up in the mountains because bears usually have twins) (information from IHTTC)'], lx meaning uncertain, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, BJ (5/64), AD; found in , //|c3m=c3xw-ce//, /'It will rain.'/, attested by AD. , cts //|c3m=cxw//, WETH /'raining, ([having a] rainshower with light wind [BJ])'/, WATR, ( continuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD, AC, Salish cognate: Clallam and Sooke /|c3m§xw/ it's raining vs. /|c3mcxw/ it rains, to rain (in G82a:37 set 175), and Samish /|c3m*xw / it's raining vs. /|c3mcxw / to rain, it rains G86a:96 all with /-§-/ (and vowel-loss?) continuative, also , //lc3m[-·-]=cxw //, also /'[having a] rainshower with light wind'/, ( continuative), phonology: lengthening, attested by BJ (5/64), example: , //§c3ste wc| |c3m=cxw //, /'It's started to rain.'/, literally /'? already (is) raining'/, attested by Deming (3/31/77), , PE ['fine comb'], see méxts'el. wide), compare/contrast , //|íq*//, may be ultimately analyzable as , free root //|í//, /'when, (sometimes [EB])'/ + , ds //|c3q*=c|//, TIME ['used to'], ( past tense used derivationally), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, verb phrase with past tense, attested by EB, others, example: w w , //|c3q*=c| xc . 3 t*c yc x c3lmcx //, /'The people used to say.'/, phonology: downdrifting, updrifting, attested by EB, , ds //|c3q*=cs//, TIME ['whenever'], possibly subjunctive to form indefinite adv. or? cyclic period, syntactic analysis: indefinite adverb, attested by EB. slap, spank or , ds //wc=|c3q* or wc=|a[=Ac3=]q*//, SD /'(make the) sound of a spank on a bottom, (fall down with a bang [Elders Group 5/19/76])'/, lx suddenly, possibly root wide, possibly root , df //wc=|c3[=lc=]q*//, SD /'fall splat, (make the) sound of a spank or slap'/, possibly plural, probably root , dnom //|e3q*=lc[=M2=]c or |cq*e3=lc[=M2=]c//, [|cq*læ 3 c], ANAH /'hip, hips'/, ANAA ['hind leg'], lx on the bottom, on the rump, ( derivational), possibly root wide or , //c-cl lckw =l-c[=Ae3·=]xw tc-l |cq*=le3c//, /'I broke my hip (break accidentally resultative).'/, attested by AC. , dnom //s=|eq*=á·lwc| or s=|cq*e3[=Aá=]·=clwclh//, ANAH ['one side of the body (between arm and hip)'], lx on the side, possibly derivational or possibly triggered by suffix, possibly root , //s=§=í·lwc|//, dialects: Tait, attested by Elders Group. across(?), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75), also /'lower back'/, attested by Deming, Salish cognate: in part, Squamish /|c3q*-è/ have a broad back with /-è/ back (anat.) W73:12, K67:328. lay on the ground or be wide), Salish cognate: root perhaps cognate with Squamish root /|cq*/ wide, broad, flat as in /|q*-át/ wide, broad, flat and with Coeur d'Alene and Kalispel /|áq*/ wide, be wide K67:328. , df //|cq*e3t ~ |cq*e3·t or |e3q*=c[=M2=]T or |cq*=c[=Ae3(·)=]T//, DESC ['be wide'], possibly derivational or possibly durative or possibly or purposeful control transitivizer (crystallized with loss of meaning)?, phonology: metathesis or ablaut or stressed transitivizer, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, other sources: ES /|q*e3·t/, JH /|cqé·t/ (compare large portion of the earth), also , //|cq*e3t tc s=tá·lo//, /'The river is wide.'/, attested by AC, , //xw cl |cq*e3t//, /'wider'/, literally /'still wide'/, semantic environment ['of a plank, etc.'], attested by AC, , //wc=§ál |cq*e3t//, /'wider'/, literally /'more wide'/, semantic environment ['of a person'], attested by AC. , ds //|cq*et=íwc3l//, ANA /'(have a) wide rump, (wide in the rectum)'/, BPI, lx in the insides, in the rump, in the rectum, phonology: vowel-loss, updrifting, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group. , //s=xw clítcm=c| mc3xyc*cl//, literally /'white man style louse'/. , ds //C1 c=|q*e3[=M2=]t=xycl//, [|æ 3 |q*ctxywl], WETH ['have wide snowflakes'],
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literally /'little wide precipitation'/, ANA ['have wide feet'], BPI, literally /'little wide in the foot'/, ( diminutive), ( derivational), lx precipitation; in the foot, in the leg, phonology: reduplication, metathesis, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by ME (tape 11/21/72), IHTTC, ASM ['have wide snowflakes'], example: , ds //|cq*e3·(t)=ccs ~ |cq*e3(t)=ccs ~ |q*e3(·)(t)=ccs//, NUM ['five'], literally /'(wide on the hand)'/, lx on the hand, phonology: consonant merger perhaps, ambi-valent stem, syntactic analysis: num, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, BJ (5/64), CT (9/5/73), NP (12/6/73), Elders Group, other sources: ES /|cq*e3·ccs/, JH /|qéccs/; found in , //|cq*e3·ccs-c-ct ~ §í·-c-ct |cq*e3(·)ccs//, /'(There's) five of us.'/, attested by AC, example: , //c*=k*w c3xy qe-s tc |q*e3·ccs//, /'twenty-five'/, attested by CT (9/5/73), , //|q*e3ccs s=lc3xw c|//, /'five canoes (counting them, belonging to various people)'/, (semological comment: numeral classifier suffix is not used here when objects counted are separately owned, no classifier, distributive), attested by Elders Group (3/19/75) (compare times, occasions, phonology: glottal-stop insertion, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group, also , ds //|q*eccs=e3wtxw//, NUM ['five houses belonging to one person'], BLDG, nca house(s), building(s), syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group. , //|cq*c=clsxye3//, phonology: vowel-loss, consonant merger, attested by BJ (12/5/64)(old p.336), example: , //|cq*ec=clsxye3 qe-s
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English k*w c |íxw //, /'fifty-three'/, attested by AC. , ds //|q*eccs=c3lwct//, NUM ['five garments'], CLO, nca garments, clothes, phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group. , //|q*e3c=cqcl s=xw c3lwcls//, /'five containers'/, (semological comment: the nominal may mean more than just container since classified numerals are not followed by semantically redundant nominals), , ds //|q*e[=Aá=]·c=cs//, NUM ['five dollars'], SOC, ECON, PE, nca dollar(s), round thing, cyclic period, on the face, (and apparently also) Indian blanket(s) (as a measure of wealth or payment which function was partly taken over by dollars), (), phonology: ablaut, vowel-loss, consonant merger, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AC, other sources: Boas Scowlitz field notes in APS library , ds //|q*eccs=e3y=iws//, NUM ['five (pairs of) pants'], CLO, nca pants, nca bark, wool, covering, nca on the body, phonology: stress-shift, ambi-valent stem, strong-valenced suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group, AD. , ds //|q*ecs=í·ws//, NUM ['five birds'], HUNT, EZ, nca bird(s) (usu. already caught), on the body, on the skin, phonology: stress-shift, strong-valenced suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group, also , ds //|q*e3ccs=má·t//, NUM /'five kinds, five piles (perhaps a loose translation)'/, DESC, nca kinds, (perhaps also) piles, phonology: ambi-valent stem can retain stress even before strong valenced suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by IHTTC, Elders Group. , ds //|q*eccs=§á·l|//, NUM /'five little ones, five young (animal or human)'/, nca , //|q*e3ccs=á·l|//, also /'five young in a litter'/, EZ, phonology: ambi-valent stem retaining stress
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even before strong valenced suffix, attested by AD. , //|q*eccs=àls//, also /'five fruit in a group (as they grow on a plant)'/, phonology: stress-shift before strong valenced suffix, attested by AD. , ds //|q*eccs=ówc| ~ |q*eccs=c3wc|//, NUM /'five canoes belonging to one person, five boats'/, nca canoe, boat, vessel, canoe-shaped object, phonology: stress-shift before ambi-valent suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group, AD. , ds //s=|q*e3ccs=s//, TIME /'Friday; five o'clock'/, NUM, nca day, hour, cyclic-period, phonology: circumfix, syntactic analysis: nominal, num, attested by Elders Group, IHTTC, AC, ASM ['Friday'], , //wc-tc3s-cs tc s=|cq*e3·ccs//, /'when it gets to five o'clock'/, attested by AC. , NUM ['fifty people'], see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. , NUM ['fifty dollars'], see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. across(?), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group. , df //|cq*=á·lcs//, ABFC ['(have) one eye closed'], possibly root , df //|c3q*=qcl//, LAND /'end of a falling section of land, end of a level stretch of land, (head of a creek or island [Elders Group])'/, Elder's comment: "doesn't mean way upriver", possibly root , //s=|c3q*=qcl//, also /'way upriver'/, attested by Elders Group (2/5/75), also , //|cqcl or |c3q=cl or most likely
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|c3q*=qcl//, also /'head of a creek or island'/, possibly get, become, go, come, phonology: transcription by FM, attested by Elders Group. , ANA ['(have a) wide forehead'], see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. , free root //|c3qw //, DESC /'wet, be wet'/, WATR, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, BHTTC, EB, other sources: ES, JH /|c3qw/ wet, example: , //|c3qw tc s=we3ycl//, /'It's a wet day.'/, attested by AC, , free root //|c3q*w or |a[=Ac3=]q*w //, BLDG /'it peeled off, comes off'/, semantic environment ['board off house, shingle in storm, bark, dandruff'], EZ, HARV, ABDF, possibly resultative, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group (TM, others), Deming. , sas //|cq*w =e3·ls or |aq*w =e3·ls//, HARV ['peel bark (as structured activity)'], ( structured activity non-continuative), phonology: possible vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD, NP, example: , dnom //|q*w=e3y//, CLO ['cedar bark skirt'], literally /'peeled bark =covering'/, lx covering, bark, wool, phonology: zero grade of root due to strong grade of suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75). , sas //|c[=Aa=]q*w=cs=e3·ls or |cq*w=a[=M2=]s=e3·ls//, HARV ['peel a tree'], literally /'peel bark around as a structured activity (non-continuative, resultative)'/, ASM ['cedar bark is pulled off vertically by making incisions and pulling up and away, but most other peelable barks are peeled horizontally around the tree (for ex. bitter cherry bark)'], possibly or metathesis type 2 resultative, lx on the face, round/around, ( structured activity noncontinuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , sas //|a[=Ac3=]q*w =cws=e3·ls//, HARV ['bark-peeler'], ASM ['a stick curved at the end and sharpened'], ( derivational), lx on the skin, ( structured activity non-continuative device), phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , HARV /'peel it (bark off a tree), bark it, (de-bark it), pull itdown (of bark, board, etc.), pull it up (of bark, board)'/, see lhéqw'. , //|c*e4·m//, attested by Elders Group (2/11/76), also , //|c*e3m ~ s=|cc*e3m//, ( nominalizer), attested by ME (tape 11/21/72), also , //s=|c[=C1 c=]c*e4·m or s=C1 c=|c*e4·m//, ( nominalizer), possibly perhaps diminutive, attested by AK (11/21/72 taped interview). , ABDF ['cut one's arm'], see lhíts' ~ lhí:ts'. , EZ /'centipede, and poss. millipede'/, see lhts'ímél. , PLN ['Lulu Island'], see lhewqí:m. , NUM ['three pants'], see lhí:xw. , NUM ['thirty'], see lhí:xw. , NUM ['thirty containers'], see lhí:xw. , NUM ['thirty dollars'], see lhí:xw. , NUM ['thirty cyclic periods'], see lhí:xw. , NUM ['three fruit in a cluster (as they grow on a plant)'], see lhí:xw. , bound root //|c3x. stiff//, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /|cx/ . spread out; stiff H76:299. , strs //s=|c[=C1 cAe3=]x//, . ABDF ['be stiff (of arm or foot)'], DESC, ( stative), ( resultative or continuative and á-ablaut resultative), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by CT. , df //|x=c or |c3x=M1=tcm//, ABDF ['stiff (of body)'], possibly . 3 T=cm or |c3x=M1=T=cm . . purposeful control transitivizer and middle voice or intransitivizer or participial/stative, possibly derivational, phonology: possible metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by CT. ABDF /'(have a) paralyzed hand, game hand'/, literally /'be stiff on the , stvi //s=|c3x=ccs//, . hand'/, ( stative), lx on the hand, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by an elder from Deming or from Elders Group (5/78). y cl//, ABDF /'(have a) paralyzed leg, game leg'/, literally /'be stiff on the , stvi //s=|c3x=x . leg'/, ( stative), lx on the leg, on the foot, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by an elder from Deming or from Elders Group)(5/78). y y , incs //|cx=íl=cx //, [|cxélw . . 3 x ], ABFC ['stand up'], literally /'stiff =get/become =upright'/, ( get, become, go, come, inceptive), lx upright, phonology: possible updrifting on final syllable, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, Elders Group (3/1/72), y IHTTC, other sources: ES /|xe stand (beside JH /|cxí·lc . 3 ylcx /, JH /|c3xì·lcx/ . . 4 x/ . standing; found in y 3 x -|e//, /'Stand up.'/, attested by IHTTC, AC, example: , ds //|x. w =c3|ce//, ABFC ['to spit'], lx unclear liquid, syntactic analysis: < intransitive verb, attested by AC, CT, example: , //lc |cx. w=c|ce tc si=yálcxw c//, /'The old man spat., The old man spits.'/, syntactic analysis: ambiguous past, attested by AC. w , cts //|c[- 3-]x. =c|ce//, ABFC ['spitting'], ( continuative), phonology: stressshift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, example: , //wc=§ál=wc qc3x. tc s=|x. w =c3|ce-s//, /'(He's got) too much spit., (He's got) an awful lot of spit.'/, attested by AC, , //§c3wc-c-ep le=m-e3p hc3-le=m tc-l s=|xw =c3|ce//, /'Don't you people go to my spit.'/, usage: pun on place name, attested by LJ (History tape 34, 4/7/78). w , dnom //C1 cC2 =|c3x. //, EB ['choke cherry'], ['Prunus virginiana'], ASM ['grow in the Tait-speaking area and were and are eaten there, somewhat puckery due to the tannin when eaten raw but one gets used to it'], iterative or plural, semological comment: lit. “spit out
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repeatedly”, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait, attested by Elders Group. lhxwélqsel>, ds //|x. w =c3lqs=cl//, incs, ABDF ['(get/have a) runny nose'], literally /'get spit out on the < nose'/, lx on the nose, ( get, become, go, come, inceptive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming. w w , stvi //s=|o[=C1c=]x. =c3lqs=cl or s=C1á=|x =c3lqs=cl//, ABDF ['(have) snot hanging from the nose'], ( stative), possibly continuative or resultative, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group. w w , cpds //s=C1 á=|(c)x. =c3lqs=cl má·q //, dnom, EZ ['wild turkey'], ['Meleagris gallopavo'], literally /'snot hanging from its nose bird'/ after its snood (red fleshy skin flap growing from the base of the beak and hanging over it), ACL ['(may have been introduced in small numbers in the Stó:lô area or neighboring areas), was introduced into Washington state for ex.'], phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, attested by Elders Group (6/4/75). lhéxwelòw>, ds //|c[= 3=]x. w =clàw//, ANA /'ruptured belly button, ruptured navel'/, literally /'spit out < on the belly'/, lx on the belly, ( derivational), phonology: stressshift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb?, nominal??, attested by BHTTC. , ANA /'ruptured belly button, ruptured navel'/, see lhexw. , ABFC ['spitting'], see lhexw. , EB ['choke cherry'], see lhexw. , ABFC /'spit it out, spit it up'/, see lhexw. comparative, possibly a root, phonology: possible compound of prefix and suffix (which can require dummy roots), syntactic analysis: preposition/prepositional verb, attested by EB, Elders Group, example: , //c-cl yc=|(=)c§e3 k*wc s=q*c3w=lcc//, /'I went through (via) Scowlitz.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //(lc=yc=, le=yc=) |c§e3 k*w c s=q*aw=lcc//, attested by NP, DF, Johnny Williams Sr. (all 1/31/79). , free root //|í//, TIME /'when, (sometimes [EB])'/, CJ, syntactic analysis: conjunction, syntactic comment: not attested without subjunctive subject person markers, attested by EB, Elders Group, LJ (Tait), also /'sometimes'/, attested by EB, , //|í-l, |í-xw , |í-s, |í-t, |í-p//, /'when I, when you (sg.), when he/she/it/they (~ sometimes he/she/it/they), when we, when you folks'/, attested by EB, example: , //|í-l le3=m//, /'when I go'/, attested by Elders Group, , //|í-l yá·ys//, /'when I worked'/, attested by Elders Group, , //lc qcl=e3m=èct tc-l è*e3lc |í-l §ál=cw lc k*w e3·y//, /'My heart gets weak when I get too w hungry.'/, attested by LJ (Tait, 6/28/78), , //xc . 3 | tc-l s=§ílcs |í-l k* e3·y//, /'My chest hurts when I get hungry.'/, attested by LJ (Tait), , sas //|ck*w =e3·ls//, FSH /'hook fish, catch fish (by hook), to gaff-hook fish'/, (semological comment: the subject of this verb is a semantic agent), ( structured activity noncontinuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, also , //lc |k*w =e4ls//, /'He's gone gaffhooking.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , df //|í[-C1 c-]k*w=cls or C1 í=|ck*w=cls//, FSH ['gaffing'], possibly continuative, or diminutive, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , pcs //|ík*w =cT//, FSH ['gaff it (a fish)'], ABFC ['hook s-th (by horns)'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group, EB, AC, ASM ['gaff it (a fish)'], example: , //|ík*w=cT tc s=è*áqwi(y)//, /'gaff a fish'/, * I gaffed a fish. rejected by EB, ASM ['hook s-o, hook s-th (by horns)']; found in , cts //|í[-C1 c-]k*w =cT//, FSH /'catching a fish by hook, hooking s-th, gaffing a fish'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group, AC. , ds //|í[=C1 c=]k*w =cl(c)qs//, PLN /'Hook-nose, Hook-nose Mountain, Hamersly Hopyard Hill'/, ASM ['a mountain or rock shaped like a hook nose several miles west of Agassiz, the "nose" is a bluff right on the Fraser River just downriver from the old Hamersly Hopyards site; the rock was and is now a good dip-net and set-net site used by some Stólô people; near it is an ancient archeological village site (used so long ago no one knew anyone who ever lived there); unclear whether the word is also a body-part insult'], literally /'hook-nose, gaffing
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point'/, ( continuative), lx on the nose, on the point, point of land, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, AK (History tape 34, 4/7/78), AC (1973), Harry Edwards (10/8/64), Elders Group (7/13/77), Wells 1965:23, source: place names reference file #68, also , incs //|c3k*w =qs=cl//, ABDF /'get tripped, to trip'/, lx on the nose, on the point, ( get, become, inceptive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group. , ds //|c3k*w =xycl//, ABDF ['to trip'], literally /'get hooked on the foot or leg'/, lx on the foot, on the leg, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming, Elders Group, AC, example: , //xw c[=Aá=]m=xycl=cm qc=ë%*a-s-cs-u |c3k*w -xycl qc=ë%*a-s-cs-u (cc3l=q, wc=c*c3ë%*) qc=ë%*a-s-cs-u lckw =xyc[=Ae3=]l//, /'He was running and he tripped and he (fell, suddenly fell) and he broke his leg.'/, attested by AC. , //|c3k*w =xyc(l)=T-cs//, /'He tripped somebody.'/, attested by Deming (4/10/80). , //li-c-xw |í·l=T t-e§ s=kw c3lc3c//, /'Did you weave the bottom of the basket (the coil)?'/, literally /'did you weave it your bottom coil of basket'/, attested by Elders Group (3/5/80). , dnom //s=|e3·lí or s=|il=e3·[=M2=]y or s=|í[=Ae=]·l=cy//, HUMC /'woman, female'/, HAT /'(post-adolescent) woman, woman (15 yrs. or older)'/, literally perhaps /'someone that weaves wool/bark'/, EZ ['female'], EB ['female'], ( nominalizer, someone to, someone that), probably root weave, comment: Kuipers 1967 proposes the same root for the word in Squamish, probably derivational, probably bark, wool, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP, BJ (5/64), also , //s=|e3·li ~ s=|e3li//, attested by AC, other sources: ES /s|e3·li/ woman, H-T (macrons on both vowels) woman, Salish cognate: Squamish /s=|án=cy§/ woman < root /|an ~ |cn(§)/ weave W73:291, K67:290, ASM ['woman'], example: , //§ey=ámcxy s=|e3li//, /'(She's a) beautiful woman.'/, attested by AC, , //lá·s èc s=|e3li//, /'The woman is fat.'/, attested by AC, ASM ['female'], , df //s=|eli=§e3l//, EB ['female part of female plant'], ( part, component), phonology: vowel-shift to schwa due to stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC. , pln //s=C1 cC2 -lhe3·li//, HUMC ['(a lot of) women'], EZ, HAT, ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: H-T (macrons over final i and a) women (collect.), also , //s=C1 cC2 -lhe3lí//, attested by Elders Group. , dmn //s=|e3[=C1 c=]li//, HUMC /'little woman, small woman'/, EZ, ( diminutive), phonology: consonant-loss?, vowel-loss of e in reduplication due to speed, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB. , dmpn //s=|c[=C1 c=]líy=C2cC3//, HUMC ['little ladies'], ( plural of diminutive), phonology: irregular reduplication (=C2cC3), reduplication, stress-shift, vowel-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD. , ds //s=|e3[=C1 c=]lí//, EZ /'ladybug, ladybird beetle'/, ['order Coleoptera, family Coccinellidae)'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD, also , //s=|e3l[=D=]i//, phonology: devoicing, attested by Elders Group (9/8/76). , ds //s=lhcli(y)=á·l|//, HAT /'girl child, girl (from 5 to 10 years or so)'/, lx child, offspring, young, phonology: vowel initial suffix either shows a root-final y or triggers an allomorph with root-final y (consonant-loss in the unaffixed root, or consonant-addition in the allomorph); vowel-shift to (schwa, /c/) due to stress-shift, weak-valenced root, strongvalenced suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, EB, other sources: H-T (macron on i, umlaut over a) girl (little), and (macron on second i, umlaut over a) little girls (collect.), also , //q*e3[-C1 c-]mi//, attested by EB. , dmn //s=|c[=C1 c=]li(y)=á·l|//, HAT ['girl (from baby to 4 or 5 yrs.)'], ( diminutive), phonology: stress-shift, vowel-shift, consonant-addition?, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Cheh., attested by EB, Elders Group. , df //|í[=C1 c=]l=á·ye or C1 í=|(i)l=á·ye//, EZ ['dragonfly'], ['order Odonata'], (perhaps root /’weave’/, semological comment: noting similar behavior of the creature we also call it "devil's darning needle" in English), diminutive, possibly probable variant of diminutive, phonology: reduplication, stress-retention on root even with stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (9/8/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /|c-|an-áya/ dragonfly W73:84, K67:328. , bound root //|í(·)l//, CAN /'bail’/ , df //|í(·)l=T//, CAN /'bail, (bail s-th)'/, WATR, semantic environment ['canoe, tub, sink, anything large filled with water'], ( purposeful control transitivizer seems certain, yet the word is not attested in translation as bail s-th), syntactic analysis: transitive verb probably, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 1/25/78), EB. , cts //C1 e-|í·l=T//, CAN ['bailing'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb prob., attested by EB. , pcrs //|í(·)l=T-ct//, CAN /'bailing (a canoe, etc.), bail oneself'/, ( reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 4/7/76, 1/25/78), AC; found in , //|íl=T-ct-c-cl//, /'I am bailing.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72),
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example: , //c-cl |íl=T-ct//, /'I bail myself.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), comment: both examples can probably be glossed the same way. , dnom //|i[=Ac3=]l=tcl//, CAN /'a bailer, canoe bailer'/, ASM ['made from a folded and tied piece of outer red cedar bark'], ( derivational), lx device to, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 3/26/75). , df //|í[=C1 c=]q=cy or C1 í=|cq=cy//, PLN ['Mt. Cheam'], ASM ['name of a woman in a story who was the wife of Mt. Baker and had three daughters and a dog; they quarrelled and she left him to come to the banks of the Fraser River with her daughters and her dog; all were transformed into mountains; this story is told with names for the daughters by CT, AC, DM, and others'], literally /'glacier '/ (according to CT 1973), possibly meaning uncertain or diminutive, possibly covering (of snow perhaps if glacier is correct literal meaning), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT (1973), AC, DM (12/4/64), Elders Group, IHTTC, other sources: Wells 1965:11, 17, 1966 map, literally /'a folk etymology from lhélqi soak fish or meat or berries (because dried things could be soaked in the lake near the top of Mt. Cheam) is also quite possible but requires the name to originally have been because there is no plain l in Lhílheqey'/, attested by IHTTC, example: , //ycle3w=cl p*c3q* tc |í|cqcy//, /'Mt. Cheam is the whitest.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/9/77). , //c-cl |í[-·-]m tc s=è*í·m//, /'I'm picking berries.'/, semantic environment ['answer to question, chexw xwe'í:t What are you doing?'], attested by Elders Group, , //§í-|-ccl |í[-·-]m//, /'I was picking.'/, semantic environment ['answer to question, ílhchexw xwe'í:t What were you doing?'], attested by BHTTC; found in , //|í[-·-]m-c-cl//, /'I'm going to start picking.'/, (semological comment: immediate future meaning of present tense), semantic environment ['answer to question, xwe'í:tchexw tlówàyèl What are going to do today?'], attested by Elders Group (10/20/76), example:
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turn)'], literally perhaps /'pull off on one's bow, pluck on one's bow'/, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (9/10/76). , CAN ['pry (a canoe paddling stroke when the canoe is hard to turn)'], see lhímes. , free root //|íq* ~ |c3q*//, TIME /'sometimes, (yes [RM])'/, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by EB, LJ (Tait), also /'yes'/, dialects: Chill., attested by RM, may be ultimately analyzable as , free root //|í//, /'when, (sometimes [EB])'/ + . , bound root, meaning unknown , dnom //s=|íqw//, ANA /'flesh (human, non-human), meat (of dried fish, animal, or bird)'/, ( nominalizer), phonology: ambi-valent root, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72, 7/27/75), AC, other sources: ES /s|íycqw / meat, H-T (macron over e) flesh, example: , //§cwc= 3-c=te §e s=|íqw //, /'Have you got any meat?'/, literally /'is it none your meat'/, attested by AC. , ds //s=|iqw =c3le or s=|i[=Ac=]qw =c3le//, ANA ['cheek'], literally /'flesh on the side of the head/beside the ear'/, semantic environment ['of fish, human, animal'], lx on the side of the head, beside the ear, possibly derivational or possibly merely valence triggered vowel reduction (before high toned/high stressed suffix), phonology: vowel-reduction due to stress-shift, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming. , ds //s=|iqw =c3l·cs or s=|i[=Ac=]qw =c3l·cs//, ANA ['gums'], literally /'flesh on the teeth'/, lx on the teeth, phonology: vowel-reduction due to stress-shift, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, also , //s=|íqw =c[=M2=]l·cs//, attested by Elders Group (10/8/75), also , //s=|i[=Ac3=]qw=clcs ~ s=|íqw =c[=M2=]lcs//, attested by BHTTC, other sources: ES /s|qw c3lc3s/, JH /s|c3qw lc4s/. , ds //s=|íqw =cccl//, FSH ['long thin slices of fish removed to dry from slhíts'es (winddriedsalmon)'], literally /'flesh on the back'/, lx on the back, phonology: weak-stress valenced suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders at Fish Camp (7/11/78). , EFAM /'feel embarrassed and shy because ashamed, be ashamed'/, see lháy. , EFAM ['ashamed of s-th'], see lháy. , pcs //|ít*=cT//, SOC /'pass it around (papers, berries, anything)'/, ECON, TVMO, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by SJ, MV, Salish cognate: Squamish /|ít*-it/ give it around (esp. gifts at potlatch), distribute (tr.) W73:116, K67:330. , pcs //|ít*=cs=T//, SOC ['pass it around to s-o'], ECON, SPRD, TVMO, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , ds //s=|í[=C1 c=]c*//, PLN /'old lake above Smith Falls, Smith Falls creek (which enters Cultus Lake at its northeast corner)'/, literally /'place for cutting (of bulrushes for mats)'/, ( nominalizer), ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells 1965:11 (Smith Falls lake); place names reference file #259; Wells 1965:13 (the creek), , cts //|í[-C1 c-]c*=cls//, HARV /'sawing wood, cutting wood with a saw'/, FIRE, ( continuative), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, also /'cutting'/, attested by Deming, , dnom //sxw =|í[=C1 c=]c*=cls//, HARV ['saw'], FIRE, TOOL, ( nominalizer), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , //|íc*=cT//, attested by Deming, EB, , //|íc*=cT tc me3qcl//, /'cut the hair'/, comment: speakers unsure if this is the right way to say it, attested by Deming, , //sclcím k*w -e§ s=ë%*í k*w c-s |íc*=cT tc s=mc3ycc//, /'How do you want the meat cut?'/, comment: speakers unsure, dialects: poss. Matsqui or Downriver Halkomelem, attested by Deming (2/22/79), , //|íc*=cT-cs tc k*w c3lów//, /'He cut the hide.'/, attested by EB, , bens //|íc*-c|c-cT//, FOOD ['cut something off for s-o'], FSH, HUNT, HARV, MC, ( benefactive), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, example: , ds //|ic*=cle3·xcl ABDF ['cut one's arm'], literally /'cut on . or |i[=Ac=]c*=cle3·xcl//, . the arm'/, lx on the arm, possibly resultative?, phonology: possible ablaut or vowel-reduction due to stress-shift, strong-valenced suffix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , //|c3c*=clcc=e3·ls tc sá·x. cl//, /'to cut the hay, (He cuts the hay.)'/, attested by Elders Group (5/5/75). , //|í[-C1 c-]c*=clcc=cls tc sá·x. cl//, /'(He's) now cutting the hay.'/, literally /'he's cutting on the bottom as a structured activity the grass'/, attested by Elders Group. , //sxw =|íc*=cs//, attested by EB, example: , //le-| kw c3l=cm k*w c s=|íc*=cs//, /'Go get some wind-dried fish.'/, attested by MH, , ds //|(i)c*=á·yècl//, ABDF ['cut on the mouth'], ASM ['prob. about the lips, chin, or jaw'], lx on the lip, on the chin, on the jaw, phonology: zero grade of root, vowel-loss due to stress-shift to strong-valenced suffix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , ds //|i[=Ac3=]c*=xycl//, ABDF ['cut one's foot'], literally /'cut on the foot, cut on the leg'/, ( resultative?), lx on the foot, on the leg, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/16/75). , //|i[=Ae3=]c*=tcl//, attested by BJ (5/64), Elders Group, example: , //s=§cl=c3qs tc |i[=Ae3·=]c*=tcl//, /'point of a knife'/, attested by DM (12/4/64), , //s=§ey=á·è-s tc |i[=Ae3·=]c*=tcl//, /'the sharp edge of a knife'/, attested by DM (12/4/64), , df //|íc*=c[=M2=]m(=)cl or |(i)c*=ím=c3l//, PE ['comb (for hair)'], HHG, possibly derivational, possibly intransitivizer, verbalizer or middle voice, possibly repeatedly, possibly get, become, come, go, inceptive, possibly device to, (but would require an ad hoc loss of final s), possibly root , cpds //|cc*ímc3l-s tc pít=xycl//, EZ /'centipede, and poss. millipede'/, ['class Chilopoda and poss. class Diplopoda'], literally /'comb of the salamander'/, ( third person possessive pronoun), syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), possessive, attested by Elders Group (9/1/76). , ABFC ['cut one's hair'], see lhíts' ~ lhí:ts'. , //§á·pcl qe-s k*w c |í(·)xw //, /'thirteen'/, literally /'ten and the (remote, abstract) three'/, attested by AC, also , //§á·pcl qe-s tc |í·xw//, literally /'ten and the (unmarked) three'/, attested by CT (9/5/73), , //c*=k*w c3xy qe-s tc |í·xw //, /'twenty-three'/, literally /'twenty and the three'/, attested by CT (9/5/73). , ds //C1 c=|íxw ~ |íxw //, NUM ['three things'], nca things, nca possibly an old distributive (see meaning uncertain, affix not attested elsewhere, possibly month/moon, syntactic analysis: nominal?, num?, attested by AK (in IHTTC). , ds //|xw =e3·|//, NUM /'three times, thrice'/, TIME, nca times, occasions, phonology: zero-grade of root, either allomorph or phonological rule of vowel-loss due to stressshift to strong-valenced suffix, syntactic analysis: num, adverb/adverbial verb, attested by AC, also , //|xw =e3|//, attested by Elders Group. , ds //|xw =e3·|p//, NUM ['three trees'], EB, nca tree, plant, phonology: zero-grad of root, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group. long narrow object, pole, stick, rope, thread, phonology: zero-grade of root, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AD. , ds //|xw =e3·wtxw //, NUM /'three houses, (three buildings)'/, nca building, house, phonology: zero-grade of root, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group. , df //C1 c=|xw =e3yclcq//, PLN ['Three Creeks Mountain'], ASM ['mountain at east end of Seabird Island, i.e., Mt. Hicks or Bear Mt., probably Mt. Hicks since this is probably the mountain which Silhíxw flows down from Hick's Lake and Sílhíxw is a creek with three tributaries; the mountain in question can be seen heading east on Haig Highway where the last road with a stop sign joins Haig Hwy. from the north; if one stops there and faces north, the last mountain at the east end of Seabird Is. is Lhelhxwáyeleq'], literally /'three creeks'/, ( derivational possibly diminutive plural), lx creeks (compare (another place name, lit. little forks in a creek)), phonology: reduplication, zero-grade of root, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK (8/30/77), source: place names reference file #253. , ds //|cxw =e3y=iws//, NUM ['three pants'], CLO, nca pants, phonology: schwa-grade of root, vowel-change due to stress-shift to strong-valenced suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AD. , ds //|i[=Ac4=]xw =clsxye3//, NUM ['thirty'], probably derivational, nca tens, times ten, phonology: possible ablaut or schwa-grade of root + secondary stress returned to root, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), MC (9/5/73), also , //|i[=Ac4=]xw =c|sye3//, attested by DM (12/4/64), CT (9/5/73), others. , ds //|cxw =c|sxye=á·s//, NUM ['thirty cyclic periods'], nca cyclic period, dollars, blankets, on the face, phonology: ablaut, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: num, attested
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by DM (12/4/64), example: , //|cxw =c|sye3=á·s s=we4·ycl//, /'thirty days'/, attested by DM (12/4/64). , ds //|i[=Ac=]xw =clsxy e3=á·s//, NUM ['thirty dollars'], ECON, nca dollars, cyclic periods, on the face, phonology: ablaut, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group (7/27/75), AC (11/30/71). , ds //|xw=c|sxye3=e3lc//, NUM ['thirty people'], SOCT, nca people, phonology: zero-grade of root, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group (3/19/75). , ds //|i[=Ac=]xw =clsxye3=e3lcqcl//, NUM ['thirty containers'], MC, nca container, phonology: ablaut, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AD. , ds //|íxw =cqcl//, NUM ['three containers'], MC, nca containers, phonology: strong-grade root with weak-valenced suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AD. , ds //|íxw =cqw //, NUM ['three fish'], FSH, nca fish; on top of the head, on the hair, phonology: strong-grade root with weak-grade suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by BHTTC. , ds //|í·xw =cs//, NUM /'three dollars, three tokens of wealth, three blankets (Boas), three cyclic periods'/, ECON, nca dollars, blankets, wealth, cyclic periods, on the face, phonology: strong-grade root with weak-grade suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AC, ASM ['three tokens of wealth'], example: , //|íxw=cs kwátc ~ |íxw kw átc//, /'three quarters, seventy-five cents'/, attested by Deming, , //|íxw =cs mít ~ |íxw mít//, /'three bits, three dimes, thirty cents'/, attested by Deming, ASM ['three cyclic periods'], , //|íxw =cs kw átc//, /'third quarter moon, gibbous moon'/, attested by Elders Group (3/12/75), ASM ['three Indian blankets, three dollars'], , //|íxw=cs//, /'three Indian blankets, three dollars'/, source: (macron over e) Boas Scowlitz field notes-APS Library. , ds //|xw =íws//, NUM ['three birds'], HUNT, nca on the body; bird, phonology: zero-grade of root with strong-grade suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group (3/29/77). , ds //|ixw=má·t//, NUM /'three kinds, three piles of things'/, MC, nca kinds, piles of (different) things, phonology: full-grade root plus full grade suffix., syntactic analysis: num, attested by IHTTC, Elders Group. , ds //|i[=Ac=]xw=àls//, NUM ['three fruit in a cluster (as they grow on a plant)'], HARV, nca fruit, spherical objects, rocks, balls, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AD. , ds //|xw =á·|//, NUM /'three canoes, three wagons, three conveyances (any form of transportation), three boats'/, CAN, TVMO, nca canoe, conveyance, phonology: zero-grade of root with strong-grade of suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Deming, also , //|i[=Ac=]xw =ówc|//, also /'three canoes, three boats'/, attested by AD. , ds //|xw =ó·wcs//, NUM /'three paddles, three paddlers'/, CAN, nca paddle, paddlers, phonology: zero-grade of root with strong-grade of suffix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group. , ds //s=|íxw =s//, NUM /'three o'clock (< the third hour); Wednesday (< the third day)'/, TIME, nca (circumfix) day of the week; o'clock prob. related to cyclic period, phonology: circumfix, syntactic analysis: num, nominal, attested by Elders Group, Deming,
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SJ, also , //s=|í·xw =s//, attested by AC, , //wc-tc3s-cs tc s=|í·xw =s//, /'when it gets three o'clock'/, attested by AC, example: , //yc=|yá·qw t kw c-s
286
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English xw c=§í//, /'He arrived last., He came in last.'/, attested by EB, , //yc=lyá·qwt tc c*=q*íx. músmcs//, /'The black cow was behind., The black cow was last.'/, attested by EB, , //yc=|yáqw t tc s=xc . 3 lc-s//, /'the hind leg'/, literally /'is behind, hind the its leg'/, attested by EP, EB (both in BHTTC).
, ANA ['pulse'], see slhákw'em. , ds //ë%*c=|=límc|//, PRON /'us (nominalized object of preposition), to us, with us'/, (, //s=C1 c=tc[=Aí=]s ë%*c=|=límc|//, /'She's close to us.'/, attested by AC, , //§áxwcs=T-c-cxw tclí ë%*c=|=límc|//, /'Give it to him from us.'/, attested by Elders Group. , free root //|ák//, HHG ['clock'], TIME, syntactic analysis: nominal, borrowed from English [k|ák] clock, attested by Elders Group. , free root //|á·k*w ~ |ák*w //, ABFC ['to fly'], TVMO, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), EB, other sources: ES /|á·k*w /, example: , cts //|á[-C1 c-]k*w //, ABDF ['flying'], TVMO, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group. , //|á[-C1 c-]k*w //, literally /'flying'/, syntactic comment: probably is relativized by the article required before all words used as nominals, attested by Elders Group (10/1/75), compare Nooksack [æy |oq*w sn3xw w|] /§æy |ók*w snóxwi|/ airplane (lit. “flying canoe”)(PF:GS cards 2.177 has the phonetic transcription given). , df //|á·k*w =cle3lcxw ~ |á·k*w =cle4lc4xw //, N /'name of Dan Milo's
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father, Milo'/, Elder's comment: "it means the one who flew here from the east and dropped pretty close to where we are", lx male personal name ending (compare autumn), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64), DM (12/5/64), Salish cognate: Musqueam /=é·nxw ~ -é·ncxw ~ -éncxw / fish, fish run, (season?) Suttles ca 1984:14.5.22. , //§el-s-u s=|a[=C1 c=]k*w =íwcl-à; §owc= 3=te-l s=|c=q*cl=l-cxw xw c=§í·t-cs k*w c-l-s s-qw e4·l; §el-s-u he=lq*cm=íl=cm//, /'And so, stupified, I didn't know what I was going to say; so I spoke Halkomelem.'/, literally /'so I am dumbfounded -just; it is nothing -my knowledge of it where it is going -it the (abstract)/what -I -nominalizer speak; so I speak Halkomelem'/, attested by AC (text 11/10/71). peel off,
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possibly plural, possibly in the hair, possibly female name ending, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SJ, MC, MV, LG (all Deming), Elders Group (6/11/75), also , //|aliqw át//, attested by Elders Group (1/15/75), also , //|aliqw át ~ |aliqwá·t//, also /'butterfly (generic)'/, attested by AC, example: , ABDF ['flying'], see lhó:kw' ~ lhókw'. , EFAM /'be startled, be dumbfounded, be shocked, be stupified, be speechless, be overwhelmed'/, see lhó:kw' ~ lhókw'. , HARV ['peeling bark'], see lhéqw'. , free root not attested yet //|áp*// eat soup. , //xac*ay=íq s=|áp//, /'fish-head soup'/, literally . /'barbecued fish head soup/stew'/, attested by MH (Deming). , pcs //|áq*w=cT//, ABFC ['slap s-o/s-th'], SOC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, IHTTC, also , //|á·q*w =cT-áxy-cs//, /'He slapped me.'/, phonology: downstepping, attested by AC, , cts //|á[-C1 c-]q*w =cT//, ABFC ['slapping s-o'], SOC, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , //le3=m-c-ct |ás tc s=è*áqwi//, /'We're going to drift-net (for) fish.'/, attested by Deming. , cts //|á[-C1 c-]s//, FSH ['drifting (drift-netting)'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming, Elders Group (3/15/72, 2/1/76), example: , //c-cl |á[-C1 c-]s//, /'I'm drift-netting., I'm drifting.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), , free root //|áè*//, ABDF /'(have a) chronic skin disease marked by reddish skin and itching, have "seven-year itch"'/, ASM ['said to often last for seven years'], comment: ("seven-year itch" is a nick-name for the disease but the disease is not the same as English "seven-year itch" which is really "a desire after seven years of marriage to commit adultery"), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78), also , dnom //s=|áè*//, ABDF /'scabies (a skin disease), ("seven-year itch", itch lasting seven years [Deming 2/7/80])'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78), also /'"seven-year itch", itch lasting seven years'/, attested by Deming (2/7/80). , df //|á·y=cl or |=á·ycl//, WETH ['getting dusk'], TIME, literally /'extract a portion of =daylight'/, lx daylight (compare and day, sky, possibly get, become), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , free root //|ó·mc//, EB /'clover, prob. both white clover and red clover'/, ['prob. both Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense'], ASM ['has white flowers, the leaf is clover, thin, shiny, can see through it; both white- and red-flowering varieties introduced by non-Indians; some Stó:lô now each the red flowers raw'], borrowed from English [k|óvd] clover, phonology: lh from the allophone of English /l/, /v/ is usually borrowed as /m/ and final /r/ is just dropped in borrowings (perhaps after British and American r-less pronunciations), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group.
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, df //|qe3·lc* or |q=e3·lc*//, WETH ['moon (possibly one of the quarters)'], root meaning unknown unless lheq join together, possibly , //le-s há·y-s tc |qe3·lc*//, /'the old moon, the last quarter (moon)'/, literally /'it's going to finish the moon (quarter)'/, attested by DM (12/4/64), , CAN /'anchor-line, mooring-line, bow-line, what is used to tie up a canoe'/, see lhqé:ylt. , pcs //|cq=í·l=T//, incs, CAN ['tie it up (of a canoe)'], probably root join together, ( get, become, go, come, inceptive, purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: zero grade of root with strong grade or durative of suffix, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group, Salish cognate: Squamish /|qc3n§-at/ to anchor W73:5, K69:70, example: , df //|q*e3·=lcc or |e3·q*=M1=lcc or |cq*=e3·lcc//, PLN /'Vancouver, B.C.'/, literally (perhaps) /'wide on the bottom/end (of the Fraser River)'/, or perhaps /'other route across'/, probably root wide, possibly root opposite side of house on inside), or possibly root in , //|qe3·lcc*//, attested by AC (8/23/73), example: , NUM ['five people'], see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. , NUM ['five trees'], see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. , NUM ['five garments'], see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, NUM ['five fish'], see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. , NUM /'five spherical objects, five fruit, five rocks, five balls (five fruit in a group (as they grow on a plant) [AD])'/, see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. , NUM /'five canoes belonging to one person, five boats'/, see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. , NUM ['five birds'], see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. , NUM ['five dollars'], see lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. , (//-|qw c//), MOOD ['polite imperative'], comment: now rare (its semantic place largely taken over by -chexw and -chap), syntactic analysis: is; found in , //§cmc3t-|qw c//, /'Sit down (polite command)., (Sit down please.)'/. , //kw e3·l=xy=c|c=T-áxy-cs èc=w=ë%*á//, /'She hid it for me. (hide s-th for s-o)'/, syntactic comment: benefactive purposeful control inanimate object preferred, syntactic comment: benefactive with subject np (independent pronoun), , //c*ckw =x-c|c=T-áx -c-cxw //, /'(You) fry it for me.'/, syntactic . comment: benefactive follows lexical suffixes, , //|íc*-c|c=Támc-c-cl-ce tc s=me3ycè//, /'I'll cut off the meat for you. (cut it off for s-o)'/, syntactic comment: benefactive with direct object np; found in , //c-cl yc3qw-c|(c)=T//, /'I burned it for him/her/them. (burn it for s-o)'/, , //yc3qw-c|(c)=T-áxy-c-cxw//, /'Burn it for me. (urging imperative)'/, example: , //pcte3m-c|(c)=T-áxy-c-cxw wc-§c3-s-u| xw c=§í· tc-l s=§à·m//, /'Ask for me if my order is in.'/, syntactic comment: benefactive with direct object subordinate clause; found in , //me3·le-c|(c)=T-áxy-c-cxw //, /'Bait it for me. (bait it for s-o)'/, , //kwú-c|(c)=T-áxy-cs//, /'He took it for me. (take it for s-o)'/, , //cclc3q-c|c//, /'divide it in half with s-o (for s-o)'/, example: , //qá·=C1 c-c|(c)=T-áxy-cs tc-l tí//, /'He/She drank my tea on me. (drink it on s-o)'/, (semological comment: malefactive), , //c-cxw lckw -c[=Aá=]|(c)=T-áxy tc-l s=xc . 3 lc//, /'You broke my leg for me. (break a bone/stick for s-o)'/, (semological comment: malefactive), syntactic comment: benefactive with direct object np, syntactic comment: durative benefactive, , //§í-|(c)=sT-cxw-c-cxw-à tc s=qwcm=e3·y//, /'Leave it here for the dog. (leave it here for s-o)'/, syntactic comment: benefactive causative, pay s-o, , //me[-C1 c- 3-]y-c|(c)=T-cl//, /'helping each other, helping one another'/, syntactic comment: benefactive reciprocal.
, ABDF ['cut off the tip of one's nose'], see lhíts' ~ lhí:ts'. , //c-cl me3·y=T-ámc k*w c ccle3q=c|=c| qc |u|e3//, /'I helped you yesterday or the day before yesterday.'/, attested by AC. , //c*e3[=C1 c=]l-c-cl xw=e[=Aá=]y=íwcl t-cl s=qw e4l=cwcl k*w -cl-s mc xw c=§í s=q*á te=|=lc3wc=p (§e3y l s=i[= 3·=]ye3=yc, l s=i[= 3·=]ye3yc s=i[= 3·=]y=e3m)//, /'I'm very happy to come here at this gathering my (good friends, dear friends).'/, literally /'I am very happy the -my thoughts/feelings that -I come arrive/come here gathered together with you folks (good my friends, my friends dear (plural))'/, attested by Deming (5/18/78). object of preposition) (compare me (obj. of prep.), tl'eléwe> you (sg.)(obj. of prep.), and , //ë%*e=|=lc3wc=p//, attested by EB, example: , //§í=sT-cxw -c-cl §à §í ë%*e=|=lc3wc=p//, /'I leave it with you folks.'/, attested by EB. , NUM ['three people'], see lhí:xw. , EB ['vanilla leaf'], see lhí:xw. , NUM ['three leaves'], see lhí:xw. , NUM /'three ropes, three threads, three sticks, three poles, (three long narrow objects)'/, see lhí:xw. , NUM /'three houses, (three buildings)'/, see lhí:xw. , NUM ['thirty people'], see lhí:xw. , NUM ['three birds'], see lhí:xw. , NUM /'three canoes, three wagons, three conveyances (any form of transportation), three boats'/, see lhí:xw. , NUM /'three paddles, three paddlers'/, see lhí:xw. , ABDF ['stiff (of body)'], see lhéx. , PLN ['Doctor's Point on northwest shore Harrison Lake'], see lhéx. , ABFC ['stand up (by oneself)'], see lhéx.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English , ABDF ['(get/have a) runny nose'], see lhexw. , ABFC ['to spit'], see lhexw.
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M , free root //me4//, EFAM /'(meaning uncertain), (perhaps right, correct)'/, syntactic analysis: particle?, attested by Elders Group, example: , //lí me4//, /'Is that right?'/, attested by Elders Group, Salish cognate: perhaps Nooksack /mæ/ /'(meaning uncertain), (perhaps then, until)'/. with an echo-vowel; historically the glottal stop is probably present in the root and lost except before vowels, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. , dnom //xw c= 3=me§=e4·ls//, BLDG ['doorman'], SOCT, ( nominalizer), phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC. , dnom //s=xwc= 3=me§=c[=Ae3=]m//, strs, HHG /'an opener, can-opener, bottleopener'/, ACL, ( resultative, nominalizer), ( intransitivizer), phonology: ablaut, stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC. , dnom //s=xw c= 3=me=qcl//, HHG /'an opener, can-opener, bottle-opener'/, ACL, ( stative or nominalizer), ( nominalizer), lx container, phonology: stress-shift, vowel-shift (of root vowel to schwa-grade), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD. , sas //s=xw c= 3=me=qc(l)=í·ls//, HHG /'an opener, can-opener, bottle-opener'/, ACL, ( structured activity (nominal?/resultative?)), phonology: stress-shift, downstepping of stress on suffix, consonant-loss of l before -í:l, -í:ls, -(e)t, and some other suffixes, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD. , pcs //xw c=me3=cqc(l)=cT//, HHG /'take a cover off, take it off (a cover of a container), open it (bottle, box, kettle, book, etc.)'/, ( become, get), lx container, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: consonant-loss of l before =et, vowel merger (twice), (if =eqel has allomorph =qel here instead then length would have to be in an allomorph of root má', that is má: before consonants), compare open it for possible long allomorph also, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC, Deming, EB, Elders Group, example: , //xw c=me3·=qc(l)=cT-|e t-e§ pc3kw //, /'Open your book.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //x. wc=me3·=qc(l)=cT t-e (s=kú·k, |c3m=k=iye)//, /'Open your (cooker, kettle).'/, attested by EB. , pcs //xw c=me3(·)=(c)T//, MC ['open it'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: length either comes from vowel merger or from an allomorph of má' (//me3§// > /me3·/ before consonants (glottal stop historically > length in Upriver Halkomelem before consonant; here the consonant is =t), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , pcis //xw c=me3=cxy//, MC /'open it (door, gate, anything)'/, HHG, ( purposeful control transtitivizer inanimate object preferred), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, dialects: Chill., attested by Deming, also , //xw c=me3=(c)xy//, attested by AC, also , //he3=me=xy tc k*wcl=c3ws tc s=me3ycè//, /'skin(ing) an animal, taking off the skin of an animal'/, attested by CT, HT. , plv //C1 c=me3=xy//, SOC /'to separate people fighting, to split up people fighting'/, ( plural object), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Salish cognate: Musqueam /mcme3§xy/ remove it (plural perfective) from /me3§xy/ remove it Suttles ca1984: ch.7 [p.105]. , pcs //me3=xy=lc[=M2=]c=T or me=xy=le3c=T or me=xy=lc[=Ae3=]c=T//, pcis, [mwxylæ 3 ct], MC ['take it off from the bottom of s-th (a pack for ex.)'], lx on the bottom, possibly derivational, possibly resultative?, ( purposeful control transitivizer inanimate object preferred, and =t purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: possible metathesis, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, syntactic comment: doubly transitivized stem with two purposeful control transitivizers, attested by Elders Group (3/16/77). , strs //s=hc=me3=xycl//, ANAH ['(have a) bare foot'], CLO, literally /'have taken off on the foot'/, ( stative), ( resultative), lx on the foot, phonology: consonant merger, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, also , //s=hc=be3=xycl//, phonology: b traces in DM's (and the Lorenzetto family's) speech, attested by DM (12/4/64). , free root //me3ccs//, [mæ 3 è*ws], FIRE /'match, matches'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT, HT, borrowed from English or from Chinook Jargon match itself of course from English Johnson 1978:363, example: , tc me3ccs qc-s-u yc3qw =T k*w c sí[=C1 c=]q*//, /'strike the match and light the kindling'/, //§c3x=qs=T . attested by CT, HT. , possibly root //me3·kw|//, ABDF ['get hurt'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL, Salish cognate: Squamish /má§kw |/ W73:147, K67:256, also , //me3·kw | ~ me3kw|//, attested by EB, example: , //c-cl me3kw|; c-cl wc=|c3lcq* le tc s=è*í·qcl//, /'I got hurt; I fell splat in the mud.'/, attested by EB. , dnom //c=me3k*w e//, REL ['undertaker'], SOCT, Elder's comment: "AK has heard this word, says it could have been originally the person who handled burials in the family grave houses", ASM ['there were also people who washed and prepared the body for the four-days mourning before burial in the grave house'], ( have), syntactic analysis: nominal, source: JH from DM, attested by AK (3/26/80), other sources: ES /cme3mck*we/ funeral and /šme3k*we/ grave. , //s=me3[=C1c=]k*w c=T-ámc//, /'comfort you'/. , dnom //s=mck*w c=§e3le//, REL ['graveyard'], ( nominalizer or stative), lx container of, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT, also , df //mc[=C1 cAí=]l=(l)cc*//, EFAM ['mixed up'], probably literally /'mixed up resultative in a circle'/, possibly resultative, probably in a circle, around on itself, phonology: reduplication, ablaut, consonant merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), comment: possibly mistranscribed for melmílets'. sneaking after, and perhaps others like change and (with metathesis) bring s-o/s-th back); Musqueam cognates of these and more in Suttles ca1984:14.6.37 all fit gloss after), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, possible consonant merger, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by BHTTC, Salish cognate: Squamish /may/ forget, /máy-ncxw / forgotten, have forgotten, /s-mi§-máy§ ~ s-mc-mi§-máy§/ forgetful W73:107, K67:256, 283, K69:45 and perhaps even Squamish /mál-qw / be mixed W73:177, K67:256, Lushootseed /bálbal/ confused, mistaken, /báli/ forget, /báluqw / mixed up, entangled H76:214. , pncs //mc[=Ae3=]l=q=clcs//, rsls, EFAM /'forgot s-th, have forgotten s-th, forgot s-o/sth in one's mind'/, literally /'mixed up resultative after happen to do psychological action toward so/s-th'/, ( resultative), lx after, ( psychological non-control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by DC, Ben James, AD, AC, DF, Deming, example: , //c-cl mc[=Ae3=]l=q=clcs li-s k*w í·l s=we3ycl kw -s-cs s=kw cte3xw li tc=èe3 yc=uw=ë%*á=lc=m//, /'I've forgotten how many days they were inside there.'/, usage: story of the flood, attested by AC. , ncs //mc[=Ae3=]l=q=l-cxw//, rsls, [me3lqlxw ~ me3lqclxw], EFAM /'forget s-th, forget s-o, forget s-th behind'/, ( resultative or derivational), lx after, ( non-control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: ablaut or allomorph, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming, EB, DF, EK and DK (12/10/71), Elders Group, comment: DF (6/7/78) provided a nice minimal contrast between this form and málqeles; she translated málqlexw forget s-th behind and málqeles forgot s-o/s-th in one's mind, example: , //wc=yáè k*w c-l-s-u mc[=Ae3=]l=q=l-cxw //, /'I always forget.'/, literally /'it's always that I contrastive forget him/her/them/it'/, attested by EB, , //mc[=Ae3=]l=q=l-cxw s=te3m-cs//, /'forget what it is'/, attested by EB, , //le3-c-cl mc[=Ae3=]l=q=lcxw //, /'I forgot.'/, literally /'I'm going to forget s-o/s-th.'/, attested by EK and DK, , //wc=yáè k*w c-|-s-u mc[=Ae3=][-C1 c-]l=q=lcxw//, /'I'm always forgetting.'/, literally /'it's always that I contrastive am forgetting s-o/s-th'/, attested by EB. , ncrs //mc[=Ae=]l=q=l-ámct//, EFAM ['forget'], ( reflexive), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming. , ds //lcxw =mc[=Ae3=]l=q=cwc| or lcxw =mc[=Ae3=]l=q=cwcl=D//, EFAM ['forgetful'], ABDF ['passed out (if drunk)'], literally /'always forget on the inside/mind'/, lx always, lx after, lx is from on the inside, mind, ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, devoicing of final consonant, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB. , mdls //mcl=q=í·ws=cm//, ABDF ['to faint'], literally /'forget one's body after/behind'/, lx after, behind, lx on the body, body, (), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, AC, example: , //s=qcw=ás-s tc s=me3·lt kw -s mc p*c3è* tc s=yá·qw =cm tclí tí ë%*a lc qcw=c3T-cm//, /'It's the warm side of the mountain that the sun just comes out on from there so that is was warmed.'/, attested by CT, HT, , //le3=m k*w s=me3lt k*w me3li//, /'Mary went to the mountain.'/, attested by EB. , dmn //s=me3[=C1 c=]l[=c=]t//, LAND /'little stone, pebble, little rock hill, small rock mountain (like in the Fraser River in the canyon)'/, ( diminutive, derivational unless epenthetic), phonology: reduplication, epenthesis perhaps, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), AC. , pln //s=C1 cC2 =me3·lt//, LAND ['a lot of rocks'], ( plural (many)), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group, example: , //qc3x. tc s=C1cC2=me3·lt//, /'(There's) a lot of rocks.'/, attested by AC, , ABFC ['jumping (of fish)'], see máq'em. , //t*x=c . 3 m me3·qe//, /'six years'/, literally /'six fallen snows'/, usage: answer to achxw welh kw'í:l má:qa How old are you?, attested by IHTTC, , //t*x=cm=clsx e3 qe=s tc t*x=c . . 3 m me3qe k -s-cs-c| k á·l//, /'She is sixty-six years old.'/, literally /'it's sixty-six (sixty and the six) fallen snow(s) since -she/he -was born.'/, attested by Elders
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Group. , cts //me3[-C1 c-]qc//, WETH /'it's snowing, (snow is accumulating)'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, example: , //s=yí[=C1 c=]q tc sme3lt//, * rejected, /'It's snowing on the mountain.'/, attested by AC. , dnom //meqe=á·s//, TIME /'about December, (January to February [Billy Sepass])'/, WETH, literally /'fallen snow season'/, ASM ['each month name applies starting from the first sliver of moon visible after the black moon and lasts till the next first sliver roughly, but it is used about the time the event described usually happens, for meqó:s this is often in December but William (Billy) Sepass of Sardis, B.C. placed it January to February in Jenness's field notes; the English month it applied to probably depended on where one lived and what was the average month the year's major snowfalls occurred in in the past dozen or more years; it may have been that in Sepass's time (ca 1856-1936) before his interview (ca Jan.-Feb. 1936) the major snowfalls were more often in Jan. to Feb., or it may be that there was snow on the ground when he was interviewed; the more recent elders may also be reflecting more recent climatic changes to snow in December in their areas (it snows earlier in the Tait area than in the Sardis area example)'], lx cyclic period, round thing, on the face, phonology: vowel-shift to schwa-grade of root before full-grade suffix, also vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, also , //me[-Aa]qc=á·s//, also /'about January to February'/, phonology: ó-ablaut automatic on root vowel before =ó:s ~ =es suffix, there is also vowel merger of the final root vowel and suffix vowel, attested by Diamond Jenness's field notes, William Sepass calendar. , df //§i=me3qc=M2=xycl ~ hi=me3qc=M2=xycl//, [§imqæ 3 xywl ~ himqæ 3 xywl], WETH /'(have) mixed snow and rain together that melts fast, to rain and snow mixed together'/, possibly continuative possibly before resonants or along, travelling by, ( derivational), lx precipitation; on the foot, phonology: metathesis, vowelloss of e in root prob. due to prefix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/23/77), Deming (3/31/77), example: , mdls //me3q*=cm//, ABFC ['to jump (of fish)'], ( middle voice), contrast root , //me3[-C1 c-]q*=cm tc hú·l=iye//, /'The humpback salmon is jumping.'/, attested by AD, EL, NP, EB (all 9/27/77).
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, free root //me3t//, ANAF ['flat organ in sturgeon which was skinned off and boiled down for glue'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, MED [‘if you eat the gill of the sturgeon when you are pregnant you'll have a child with curly hair (Elders Group 9/21/77)'], , free root //me3tck//, TOOL ['mattock'], LAND, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC, borrowed from English . , bound root //me3tcxw //, meaning unknown , df //s=me3tcxw =tcl//, rcps, KIN /'husband's brother, wife's sister, spouse's sibling (cross-sex), brother-in-law, sister-in-law, sibling's spouse (cross-sex)'/, ASM ['opposite sex from person from whose viewpoint this is being discussed (opposite sex from ego in anthropological terminology), the reason for this cross-sex pattern is probably the approved possibility of marriage-sororate or levirate marriage upon death of linking spouse or as co-wives without the death of linking spouse'], ( nominalizer), ( reciprocal), root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, NP, AC, CT, other sources: ES /sme3tcxw tcl/ spouse's sibling, sibling's spouse (cross-sex), H-T (macron over a and u) brother's wife. , pln //s=C1 cC2 =me3tcxw =tcl//, KIN /'husband's brothers, (perhaps also wife's sisters?, spouse's siblings?, sibling's spouses?)'/, ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB. , bound root //me3·è// possibly flat opening , df //s=hc=me3·è//, PLN /'Sumas village and area from present-day Kilgard to Fraser River, Sumas village (on both sides of the Fraser at the east end of Sumas Mt.), (Devil's Run (below Láxewey), the area between Sumas Mt. and Fraser River [Elders Group 7/13/77], Sumas River (probably requires Stó:lô river or Stótelô creek to follow) [Wells 1965], Sumas Lake (probably requires Xótsa lake after Semáth for this meaning)'/ [Elders Group 7/13/77]), possibly nominalizer or stative or big possibly (as in have a big nose), possibly resultative or continuative, possibly root flat opening, possibly edge, phonology: consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/13/77), BJ (5/64), Deming (8/15/74), Wells 1965:23 (lst ed.), compare /me3è(=)xw=iy/ Matsqui said to mean easy portage, literally /'a big flat opening'/, source: Wells 1966, Wells tapes Kelleher interview, also /'Devil's Run (below Láxewey)'/, ASM ['this is the area between Sumas Mt. and Fraser River'], attested by Elders Group (7/13/77), comment: two copies of my field notes disagree on whether the name applies to Sumas village at Devil's Run or to Devil's Run itself, also /'Sumas River'/, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):14, comment: probably requires Stó:lô river or Stótelô creek to follow Semáth (Semáth Stó:lô, etc.) for this gloss, also /'Sumas Lake'/, (semological comment: Sumas Lake was a huge shallow lake east of Sumas River and south of Sumas Mt. which was dyked and drained just after after World War I; it was home to many waterfowl and fish (incl. sturgeon) and plants such as wapato; it often dried up to only a few feet deep in dry seasons; but it was a mosquito breeding ground and potential farm-land and the area has been farmed extensively since), attested by Elders Group (7/13/77), comment: probably requires Xótsa lake after Semáth for this meaning, also , //scme3c xácc//, also /'Sumas Lake'/, dialects: Matsqui, attested by . Deming (8/15/74), source: place names file reference #76. , df //me3è(=)xw =iy//, PLN /'Matsqui village, (Matsqui Creek [Wells])'/, possibly root flat opening, possibly lump-like, round or round, around, place; covering, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/17/77), source: place names reference file #220, also , //me3è(=)x. w =iy//, also /'Matsqui village; Matsqui Creek'/, literally /'easy portage'/, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):14-15, Duff 1952:27. , free root //me3ècdcs//, CH ['Methodist'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders
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Group (6/8/77), borrowed from English . , stvi //s=me3è*cl//, EFAM ['(be) proud (pompous)'], ( stative), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, Deming, Elders Group, EK and DK (12/10/71), Salish cognate: Squamish /smác*n/ W73:205, K67:283, also , //§ówc-c-cl s=me3è*cl//, /'I'm not proud.'/, attested by Elders Group; found in , dmv //s=C1 í=meè*cl//, EFAM ['acting smart'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by MV and EF (Deming 4/27/78). , cts //me[-C1 c-]è*c[=Ae3=]l=cm//, [mæmcè*æ 3 lcm], EFAM /'lying, telling a lie, (bluffing [BHTTC])'/, LANG, ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, Deming, also /'bluffing'/, attested by BHTTC, example: , //meè*c[= 3=]l=lcxw -c-cl//, /'I don't believe it.'/, attested by Deming. , //me[-C1 c-]è*c[= 3=]l=l-cxw -c-cl//, /'I don't believe it.'/, attested by Deming. , dmn //s=xw=me3[=C1 c=]è*cl=qcl//, EFAM ['a little liar'], LANG, SOC, ( diminutive (agent)), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB. , mdls //meè*cl=q(cl)=í·l=cm//, EFAM ['to lie (prevaricate)'], LANG, lx in the throat, in speech, language, ( go, get, become, come, inceptive, middle voice), phonology: consonant merger, vowel-loss (both due to automatic loss of el before =í:l), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, Salish cognate: Squamish /(nc)xwmcc*n§-álqp-cm/ to lie (itr.) W73:162, K67:310 [-álqp sound]. , //xw =meè*cl=qcl=í·l=cm=T-áxy-c-cxw //, [xw mæè*clqéylc3mèáxyèxw], /'Tell a lie for me., You tell a lie for me.'/, attested by EB. , EFAM ['to lie (prevaricate)'], see máth'el. , df //m(=)e3ccl//, ANA ['testicle'], lx on the testicle(s), possibly root meaning uncertain, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75), Salish cognate: Squamish /máè*n/ testicle W73:264, K69:45, Lushootseed /báècd/ testicles and /=álaècd/ testicles H76:692, 689. , pln //m(=)e3[=C1 c=]ccl//, ANA ['testicles'], ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/29/75). , ds //me3c*cl=c|p//, EB ['black hawthorn tree'], ['Crataegus douglasii'], lx tree, plant, phonology: vowel-shift, consonant-shift, el ! íy before =elhp by regular rule, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: ES /me3c*clc|p/ black haw, Salish cognate: Samish /méè*cn*/ black hawthorn berry G86:71. , //ë%*a (kw =èc, tc) s=wíqc le me3·y=T (èc, tc) (s=tálcs-s, s=|e3li)//, /'The man helped (his wife, the woman).'/, literally /'that's (the (near but out of sight), the (present/unmarked)) man past tense 3rd person subj. help -her (the (female), the (unmarked)) (his wife, woman)'/, attested by AC, , //ë%*a-ce Bill k*w c me3y=T wc-xw c=§í·-s//, /'Bill (is the one that) will help him when he arrives.'/, attested by AC, , //mey=T-áxy-e|e//, /'You (pl.) help me., (You folks help me.)'/, syntactic comment: imperative 2p, attested by AC, , //mey=T-áxy-cs-ce yi=èe3//, /'They will help me.'/, attested by AC, , //mey=T-áxy-cs-ceë%*(c) Bill wc-xwc=§í·-s//, /'Bill will help me when he gets here.'/, attested by AC, , //mc3-ce mey=T-áxy-cs//, /'He'll come and help me.'/, attested by AC; found in , //mey=T-áxy-c-cxw //, /'You (sg.) will help me.'/, example: , //mey=T-áxy-c-ep//, /'You (pl.) will help me.'/, attested by AC, , //mí-t| mey=T-áxy//, /'Come and help me.'/, syntactic comment: coaxing imperative, attested by AC, , //lc3wc-s-|e mey=T-áxy//, /'YOU help me.'/, syntactic comment: imperative of independent verbal pronoun with 3rd person subject, attested by AC, , //(li-c-ep mc, li-c-ep mi) mey=T-áxy?//, /'Did you folks come to help me?'/, attested by AC, , //(ë%*a-ce, ë%*a-ce yi=èe3) mey=T-áxy//, /'(He, They) will come help me.'/, attested by AC; found in , //mey=Támc//, /'help you'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/76), also , //me3y=T-àmc4//, phonology: downstepping, updrifting, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), , //mey=T-ámc-c-cl//, /'I'll help you right now., I'll help you (either now or tomorrow).'/, phonology: stress-shift automatic on bisyllabic object suffixes before subject suffixes, (semological comment: note gloss for present tense (non-continuative) is immediate future (right now, now, or tomorrow)), attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), AC, example: , //mey=T-amc3-c-cl-ce//, /'I will help you.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/76, 3/15/72), , //mey=Tamc3-c-cl weycl=cs//, /'I'll help you tomorrow.'/, (semological comment: present non-continuative translates as immediate future), phonology: stress-shift, (stress omitted on last word), , //mey=T-amc3-c-ct-ce//, /'We'll help you after a while.'/, phonology: stressshift automatic on bisyllabic object suffixes before subject suffixes, (semological comment: future tense translates as non-immediate future (after a while) or unspecified future), attested by AC, , //mey=T-amc3-ce yi=èe3//, /'They will help you.'/, phonology: stress-shift automatic on bisyllabic object suffixes before future tense suffix (or any suffix?), syntactic comment: unusual solution to prohibition against third person subject with second person object: no subject suffix but independent demonstrative pronoun, attested by AC, , //mc-ce mey=T-ámc wc-xw c=§í·-s//, /'He'll come help you when he gets here.'/, phonology: subjunctive subject after í: (-es ! -s as after auxiliary verb, thus showing that the environment is phonemic not morphemic), attested by AC, , //mey=T-àm-ce ë%*c Bill wc-xw c=§í·-s//, /'Bill will help you when he gets here., (You'll be helped by Bill when he gets here.)'/, syntactic comment: passive replaces prohibited third-person subj. with second person obj., attested by AC, , //§e3y t*we mcy=T-ámc=ct//, /'It would be good if we help you., (We should help you., We'd better help you.)'/, literally /'it's good evidential/must be/I guess if we help you'/, phonology: unusual vowel merger (e + e ! e not á), schwa-grade of root optional, syntactic comment: subjunctive subject pronoun 1p with object pronoun 2, attested by IHTTC; found in , //mey=T-álxw -c-cxw //, /'Help us., You help us.'/, syntactic analysis: mildly urging imperative, attested by AC, Elders Group (3/22/78 TM or DF or TG), example: , //mi-| mey=T-álxw -c-cxw //, /'You will help us.'/, literally /'come -coaxing imperative you help us'/, attested by AC, , //§c3wc s=ë%*í-s-cs mcy=T-áxw -cs wc-le3=m-ct súwq*=T-álc//, /'He doesn't want to help us (when we) go find (look for, search for) you folks.'/, phonology: downstepping and updrifting in súwq'tòlè, schwa-grade root in meytóxwes optional, syntactic analysis: vneg nominal=intransitive verb-possessive3-sjsb3 transitive verb-object pronoun1p-subject pronoun3 if/when-intransitive verb-sjsb1p transitive verb-object pronoun2p, dialects: Tait, attested by SP, AK, AD (IHTTC 8/22/77), dialects: Tait and Cheh. -óxw second-person plural object suffix is equivalent to Chill. -ólxw second-person plural object suffix, also , //§c3wc s=ë%*í-s k*wc-s mcy=T-álxw-s wc-le3=m-ct sówq*=Tálc//, dialects: Chill., attested by NP (IHTTC 8/22/77), , //mey=T-álxw -c-ep-ce (tc=la=we3yc3l, we3y·cl=cs)//, /'You people help us (today, tomorrow).'/, attested by AC, , //mey=T-álxw-cs-ce yi=èe3//, /'They will help us.'/, attested by AC, , //mey=T-á·lxw -cs-ce ë%*c Bill wc=xw c=§í·-s//, /'Bill will help us when he gets here.'/, phonology: optional length on object pronoun suffix, attested by AC, , //(mi-|, mi-c-ep, le-c-xw ) mey=T-á(·)lxw//, /'(Come (coaxing imperative 2s), You folks come (mildly urging imperative 2p), You're going to (mildly urging imperative 2s)) help us.'/, phonology: optional length on object pronoun suffix, attested by AC; found in , //mey=T-álc-c-cl//, /'I'll help you (pl.).'/, phonology: stress-shift obligatory on bisyllabic object suffixes before subject suffixes, (semological comment: present tense as immediate future), attested by AC, , //mey=T-álc-c-ct-ce//, /'We'll help
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you (pl.)(after a while).'/, phonology: stress-shift obligatory on bisyllabic object suffixes before subject suffixes, (semological comment: non-immediate future tense), attested by AC, example: , //(le-c-cl, le-c-(c)t, le3=m-c-ct) mcy=T-álc//, /'(I'll/I'll go, We'll/We'll go and, We'll/We're going to) help you.'/, phonology: schwa-grade root optional, attested by AC, , //lí-|-c-c-cxw me[-C1 c 3-]y=cT (k*wc, tc) Ted//, /'Were you helping Ted?'/, syntactic comment: interrogative past, past affixed, attested by AC, , //ë%*c-s-u me[-Aá·-]y=|=T-cl qc-s-cs-u |c3m·cxw kw-s-cs wc| háy tc s=lc3xw c|-s//, /'And so they helped one another and it rained when their canoe was already done/finished.'/, usage: story of the Flood, attested by AC (12/7/71). , cts //me[-Aa-][-C1 c 3-]y=c|(c)=T-cl//, [mamíyw|tcl], SOC /'helping one another, (helper [Elders Group])'/, ( continuative), phonology: ablaut conditioned by reciprocal, reduplication, stress-shift, consonant-loss (of ts in benefactive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, also , //me[-Aa-][-C1 c 3]y=c|(c)=T-cl ~ me[-Aa-][-C1 c 3-]y=|(c)=T-cl//, also /'helper'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , dnom //me[=Aí=]y=tcl//, SOC ['a helper'], ( derivational), lx device to, something to, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, example: , //èc-l me[=Aí=]y=tcl//, /'my (female) helper'/, literally /'the (female) helper'/, attested by EB. , bound root //me3·y- or mcy- or miy-//, WATR possibly submerge , df //s=me3·y=clcq or s=mcy=e3·[=M2=]lcq//, WATR ['waves'], ( nominalizer or stative), possibly derivational, lx waves, billows, probably root as in
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bay, on something else (and cognates such as Squamish /múy/ submerge, /mc3y/ to sink and /mí-mi/ drown K67:255, 257) and //míy=l=iycl// set a net (by canoe), set one's net, fish with a net, (submerge a net) (Salish cognate: Squamish /múy-§ay§i/ set one's net and /múy/ submerge and /máy§-múy-un§/ dip repeatedly in the water (tr.) W73:227, K69:46, Sechelt /mc3l/ to sink), phonology: metathesis perhaps, syntactic analysis: nominal?, intransitive verb?, dialects: Cheh., attested by Elders Group (3/26/75). , SOC /'help s-o, defend s-o, protect s-o, aid s-o'/, see máy. , ABDF /'castrated, he was castrated'/, see má ~ má'-. , ABFC /'He sat., She sat.'/, see emét. , TVMO /'come, came, He came., She came.'/, see mí ~ mé ~ me. , df //mcce=á·s//, EZ ['lingcod'], ['Ophiodon elongatus'], literally /'(prob.) lump/burl on the face'/, ASM ['the lingcod has three to five spines on each cheek which may account for its name in Halq'eméylem; some elders say it is black and looks something like a bullhead'], probably root (as in lump (on person, tree, etc.), burl, goiter, lx on the face, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), also , //s=mcce=á·s//, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75), also , //§e3·yt//, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75). Also see root . , free root //mc3kw //, DESC /'stout (of a person), thick (of a tree), thick around, coarse (of a rope), big (fat) (of a person). big (in girth)'/, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, BHTTC, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /s-bc3kw/ ball H76:26, also , //mc3qw//, attested by AC, EB, JL, example: , //wc=§ál=wc mc3qw t-ex. w í·(y)lcm//, /'Your rope is too thick., Your rope is too coarse.'/, attested by JL (7/13/79). , ds //mckw =c3lqcl//, ANA ['(have) coarse hair'], lx hair, fur, fleece, wool, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, nominal?, attested by BHTTC. , ds //mc3kw =cè ~ mc3kw =cècl//, ABFC /'to kiss, kiss on the lips'/, literally /'thick in the mouth'/, ASM ['subject is semantic agent'], lx in the mouth, possibly get, become, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming, Elders Group. , ds //xw =mc3kw =e4ècl or xw =mc3kw =a[=Ae4=]è=cl//, ABDF ['he got kissed'], ASM ['subject is semantic patient'], lx pertaining to the face, head or throat or always, possibly resultative or possibly (may be idiolectal variant of ) on the mouth, get, become, phonology: ablaut possible, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , mdls //xw =mc3kw =a[=Ae4=]è=cm//, ABDF ['kiss'], ASM ['subject is probably semantic agent'], ( middle voice), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , pcs //xw=mc3kw=a[=Ae4=]è(cl)=T//, ABDF /'kiss s-th, (kiss s-o [Deming, IHTTC])'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, affix could be =óthel with predictable consonant-loss and vowel-loss of el before =t, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, also , //xw=mc3kw=cè=cT//, also /'kiss s-o'/, attested by Deming, IHTTC; found
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in , //xw =mc3kw =a[=Ae4=]è=T-cs//, /'He kissed it.'/, attested by EB, , //xw =mc3kw =cè=cT-áxy-|e//, /'Kiss me.'/, attested by Deming, IHTTC. , pcs //mc3kw =cs=cT//, ABDF ['kiss s-o'], lx on the face, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by JL (5/5/75); found in , //mc3kw =cs=cT-cs//, /'He kisses her., She kissed him.'/, attested by JL. , dnom //mck*w =á·mc3l=ccs//, ANA ['thumb'], literally /'stout member/portion on/of the hand'/, lx member, part, portion, lx on the hand, of the hand, (semological comment: somatic suffixes shift from locative to partitive in most body-part names), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, DM (12/4/64), Elders Group (8/20/75), other sources: H-T 3 , also , //(mc)kw=amc3l=ccs//, Elder's comment: "shortcut pronunciation", phonology: consonant-loss and vowel-loss in shortcut pronunciation, attested by Elders Group (5/3/78). , dnom //mckw =á·mc3l=xycl//, ANA ['(big) toe'], literally /'stout member/portion on/of the foot'/, lx member, portion, lx on the foot, of the foot, (semological comment: somatic suffixes shift from locative to partitive in most body-part names), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64). , df //mc[=C1 c=]kw =áyc=ccs//, ABDF ['(have) fingers so cold they can't bend'], possibly root thick, stout, ( resultative or continuative), lx meaning uncertain, on the hand, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC. , ds //mc3kw =C1 cC2 //, EZ ['bumblebee'], ['family Bombidae, Bombus spp.'], literally probably /'stout characteristically'/, ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (9/3/75), other sources: JH /mc3kwmc4kw/, H-T . , ANA ['(have) coarse hair'], see mékw. , ABFC /'to kiss, kiss on the lips'/, see mékw. , EZ ['bumblebee'], see mékw. , ANA ['thumb'], see mékw. , ANA ['(big) toe'], see mékw. , free root //mc3k*w (~ mók*w )//, [m3k*w ~ mók*w ], NUM /'all, every'/, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 3/29/77, etc.), TM, EB, AD, JL, Deming, BJ (12/5/64), other sources: ES /cwmc3k*we/ (rej. by AC), Salish cognate: Lushootsedd /bc3k*w / all H76:26-27; found in , //mók*w -clcp//, /'you all, all of you'/, attested by AC, example: , //mók*w-c-ct le3=m//, /'All of us are going.'/, attested by AC, , //§ówc lí-s mc3k*w //, /'some, not all'/, literally /'is not aux (there?) -third person subj. all'/, attested by EB, , //§c-s-u mók*w §á·| yc=u=ë%*á=lcm//, /'And so they all got in the canoe.'/, literally /'ambig. past -third-person subj. -contrastive all get aboard (a canoe/conveyance) they'/, usage: story of the Flood, attested by AC (12/7/71), so it's just strong that they all are'/, attested by JL, , //le-c-ct mc3k*w §e3y=cl ë%*c=kw-c-ct t*e3[-C1 c-]ycq*//, /'We all left because we were mad.'/, attested by Deming, , //k*wc3c=l-cxw-cs tc s=wíqc mc3k*w yc s=C1 cC2 =|e3lí//, /'The man saw all the women.'/, usage: double entendre, attested by Elders Group, , (semological comment: idiom), attested by EB, Elders Group (3/72), , //k*w c mók*w -c4 s=te§e3 k*w -cl-s kw clc3q=|c=T-álc//, /'I distribute it evenly.'/, syntactic comment: bens, attested by Elders Group (3/72), , //mck*w =à sxw=lí-s tc qá· li tc s=me3è//, /'There's water everywhere at Sumas.'/, literally /'it's everywhere the water at the Sumas'/, attested by EB, , //yc lí k*w mók*w sxw =lí-s li tc B.C.//, /'many from all over B.C.'/, literally /'the (plural human) at the (remote) everywhere in the (unmarked) B.C. (British Columbia)'/, usage: story of recent event, attested by AC (11/10/71), , strs //s=hc=mc[=Aí=]k*w //, NUM ['all of them (people)'], ( stative), ( resultative), ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, example: , //c*í=T-ámc-c-cl le3=m k*w c mok*w =s=te3m//, /'We thank you for everything.'/, attested by AD, , //mck*w =s=te3m §í-l k*w c3c=l-cxw //, /'I saw everything.'/, literally /'if I see everything'/, attested by Elders Group, , //mck*w =s=te3m k*w c3c=l-cxw cs yi s=i=wíqc//, /'The men saw everything. (see)'/, attested by Elders Group. , cpds //mck*w =s=te3m s=k*w e3xy=M1=cm ~ mck*w =s=te3m s=k*w e3xy=cm//, NUM //'math, mathematics'//, morphosememic development (SMM), semantic comment: from lit. “everything (in) numbers”), attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) all, every + root (bound form) who, phonology: epenthesis (e added before wát automatically to ease pronunciation of kw'w to kw'ew), (semological comment: this might be the label for the semantic domain HUMC (human categories)), syntactic analysis: indefinite nominal, adverb/adverbial verb?, syntactic comment: can appear as subject or object without a demonstrative article when sentence- or phrase-initial and does not then require a subordinating demonstrative conjunction for the verb which follows immediately after; highly unusual; appears sentence- or phrase-initial for focus or emphasis, but can appear after a demonstrative article also in the normal place of a nominal; when appearing without an article it still can have the semantic function of nominal subject or object;, syntactic comment: its positions of occurrence are more those of an adverbial verb but with nominal functions; sjsb 3 is used to derive some indefinite nominals but in examples below it is not certain yet whether there is derivation (=es) or still a verbal subjunctive function (-es) present (those preceded by an article could be nominal and thus derived with =es or they could be relativized and still verbal; those not preceded by an article are more likely still syntactically verbal and thus with -es), attested by Elders Group, Deming, EB, also , //mck*w =we3t//, also /'anybody'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), also , //mc3k*w tc=we3t(=cs/-cs)//, also /'anybody'/, comment: see minimal sentence contrast below, attested by Elders Group, example: , //mck*w =we3t k*w c3c=l-cxw -cs//, /'He saw everybody.'/, Elder's comment: "shortcut for mékw' tewát kw'étslexwes", attested by Elders Group, also , //mc3k*w tc=we3t k*w c3c=l-cxw -cs//, attested by Elders Group, , //lí-c-cl kw c3xy=l-cxw k*w c mck*w=we3t//, /'Did I say everyone's name?'/, literally /'do (yes/no-question) -subj. -I manage to name them/him/her/it the (remote) everyone'/, attested by Deming, , //mók*w=c4 le3=m//, literally /'just all went'/, Elder's comment: "mekw'ewát lám is a better way to say it", attested by EB, , //§e3y mcstíycxw ; mck*w =we3t ë%*í=ls//, /'He's a good person; everyone likes him., He's popular.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //mck*w =we3t k*w c3c=l-cxw -cs tc s=wíqc//, /'The man saw everyone., The man saw everybody.'/, usage: double entendre, attested by EB, Elders Group, , //k*w c3c=l-cxw -cs tc s=wíqc k*w c mck*w =e3t(-/=)cs (mck*w =we3t(-/=)cs?).//, /'The man saw everyone.'/, usage: double entendre, *, //mck*w =we3t y lc3p*=cx -cs tc xië . %*=e3ls//, /'The grizzly ate everybody. (eat s-th/s-o)'/, attested by Elders Group w (3/29/77), also , //lc3p*=cxy-cs tc w x. ië%*=e3ls mc3k* tc=we3t-cs//, /'The grizzly ate anybody. (eat s-th/s-o)'/, attested by Elders Group (3/29/77), , pcs //mck*w =c3T or mck*w =c[= 3=]T ~ mok*w =áT or mok*w =c[=Aá=]T//, ABFC /'take it all, pick it all up'/, possibly root find, pick up, use second-hand, possibly resultative or possibly just derivational, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut or stress-shift or stressed transitivizer, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC, AC, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /bc3k*w -cd/ (//bc3k*w -ct//) take it all H76:28, also , pcrs //mok*w =c3T-ct or mok*w =c[= 3=]T-ct//, ABFC /'(take all of themselves, pick themselves all up)'/, ( reflexive), phonology: stress-shift or stressed transitivizer, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, example: , dmv //s=C1 í=mck*w //, PLN ['mountain in back of Restmore Lodge (or some say way back of Mt. Cheam)'], ASM ['can't be seen from main Trans-Canada Highway, has large rocks there like bowling balls, thunder(bird) is there, this mountain threw rocks back and forth at Lhílheqey (Mt. Cheam) because she called Smímkw' an illegitimate half-sister, but Smímkw' said she was a full sister'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and AK (at Fish Camp 8/2/77), MP (recorded in writing by SP and AD for Stalo Heritage Project on interview 1973-1974)(IHTTC 7/8/77), source: place names reference file #40. , [ wl èm3kw '], 'I found', attested by (EH,RG 7/23/99) (SU transcription, tape 2). , [èwl èh3mkw '], 'I'm finding things', attested by (EH,RG 7/23/99) (SU transcription, tape 2).
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, dnom //s=mc3k*w=cm//, MC /'something used that one picks up and uses, something second-hand'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /s-bc3k*w -cb/ plunder gotten in a raid H76:29. , MC ['use second-hand'], see mékw' ~ mô3 kw'. , ABFC /'take it all, pick it all up'/, see mékw' ~ mô3 kw'. , //s=|e3·li (èc, k*w =èc) mc3l·c-s//, /'a daughter, her child is female'/, literally /'is female (the (female present), the (female remote)) her/his child'/, semantic environment ['answer to question, What (sex) is the child?'], attested by AC, , //mc3lc-s tc ë%*á[=lc=]qt=c3lc//, /'the deer's baby'/, literally /'its child/child of the deer'/, attested by AC, , //li-c s=kwcte3xw (èc s=|e3li, kwèc s=wíqc) §e mc3lc//, /'Is your (daughter, son) home?'/, literally /'is -yes/no question inside (the (female), the (male, near but out of sight)) your child/offspring'/, attested by AC, young, offspring, possibly derivational?, or =yó:lh> wood, and possibly derivational, phonology: reduplication, possible metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/25/76). , df //mc3lc(=)m=c[= 3=]|p//, EB /'hemlock tree, Western hemlock'/, ['Tsuga heterophylla'], ASM ['ground bark numbs the mouth, can be used to bring on vomiting, red bark "bleeds", the bark is also medicine for tuberculosis'], possibly root child or possibly root adopted child (could be called this due to its resemblance to red cedar?, application of kinterms in naming flora is well-attested in the Thompson language and some is found in Halkomelem elsewhere under th'á:ya), possibly derivational, lx tree, phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72)(except semantic info. from others below), other sources: JH /mc3lcmc3|p/, H-T , also , //mclc(=)m=c[= 3=]|p//, attested by Deming, AC, also , //mc3lc(=)m=c|p//, attested by Elders Group (1/29/75).
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, possibly root //mc3l·cqw//, ANA ['animal and bird gall-bladder'], (semological comment: gloss could be reversed with that of mésel fish gall-bladder), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: JH /mc3lcqw / gall, compare fish heart; uvula. , df //mc3l=c[= 3=]s//, EZ ['racoon'], ['Procyon lotor pacificus'], ASM ['there used to be lots of stories about him'], possibly root get hit (as in , df //s=mcl(cs)=ó(w)§//, N /'Racoon (name in a story), (Lynx [JL])'/, MYC, EZ, ( nominalizer/affectionate), possibly , root or stem //mc3lc3c*//, meaning uncertain
around in circles (as in 14.6.29), possibly root come off, take off, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64, tape transcript old p.294), also , //|(=)mc3lcc or |m=c3lcc//, literally perhaps /'pick/pluck on the bottom/rump'/, attested by Halkomelem Instructor's Association (10/26/77), also , //s=mc3mclcc//, comment: many possible derivations for this (with R4Ac3=, with =R1=, with =elets, with root mel or mél or me or other vowels, with ts sic for ts', etc.), attested by Elders Group (6/11/75). , LANG ['mixed up in speaking'], see mí:l ~ míl. , df //mc3l=cqw or mc3=lcqw (or) lom=c3lcqw //, ABDF /'fall on one's forehead, drop on one's forehead, fall onto one's head'/, possibly root hit? or mé ~ (e)mí> come or possibly root throw and hit, lx on top of the head, phonology: possible vowel-reduction (if root lom), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL, EB, example: , //lc mc3l(=)cqw tc s=yá|//, /'Wood fell or dropped on one's forehead.'/, attested by JL. , df //xw =mc3l(=)k*w =cs//, ABDF ['get hit in the face'], ( meaning uncertain or pertaining to the head), possibly , df //C1 cC2 =mc3l(=)k*w =cs//, ABDF ['hit on the face (several times)'], ASM ['and with the sqóyep badger the marks stayed'], compare racoon, ( plural), lx on the face, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AK (11/21/72 tape). , EFAM /'make a mistake, blunder'/, see mál ~ mél. , EFAM ['confused'], see mál ~ mél. , MC ['really mixed s-th up'], see mál ~ mél. , LANG /'forget in speaking, forget one's words, forget a word'/, see mál ~ mél. , LANG ['blunder in speech'], see mál ~ mél. , ABDF ['to faint'], see mál ~ mél. , free root //mc3lqw //, ANAH ['uvula (fleshy knob dangling down in throat)'], ANAF ['fish heart'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming, Elders Group, compare animal and bird gall-bladder (or fish gall-bladder). , ds //mc3lqw =cqcl ~ s=mc3lqw =cqcl//, ANAH /'uvula, uvula down in the throat'/, ( nominalizer), lx in the throat, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, example: , //híkw t-e mc3lqw =cqcl//, /'Your uvula is big.'/, usage: said to you when you talk too much, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75). , ANAH /'uvula, uvula down in the throat'/, see mélqw. , EZ /'small adult cows, (small adult cattle)'/, see músmes. , bound root //mc3lxw grease, oil//. , pcs //mc3lxw=T//, MC /'grease s-th/s-o, oil s-th/s-o, rub something on s-th/s-o'/, semantic environment ['for ex. a newborn child with bear grease'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, AC, BHTTC. , strs //s=mc[=Aá=]lxw //, DESC ['(be) oiled'], ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by BHTTC, comment: smólxwt is an unlikely variant. , chrs //s=C1 cC2 =mc[=Aá=]lxw //, strs, DESC ['(be) oily (?)'], ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by BHTTC. , mdls //mc3lxw =cqw =cm//, ABFC /'oil one's hair, oil one's head'/, CLO, PE, lx on the hair, on top of the head, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , incs //mclxw=cqw=íl=cm//, mdls, ABFC /'oil one's hair, oil one's head'/, lx on the hair, on top of the head, ( get, go, come, become, inceptive, middle voice), phonology: updrifting, vowel-loss or zero-grade of suffix before strong-grade of suffix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , pcs //mc3lxw =cqw =T//, ABFC ['oil his/her/its head'], lx on the hair, on top of the head, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB. , mdls //mclxw =íws=cm//, ABFC ['grease one's body'], lx on the body, on the skin, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL (Fish Camp 7/20/79).
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, ABFC /'oil one's hair, oil one's head'/, see mélxw. , ABFC ['oil his/her/its head'], see mélxw. , ABFC ['grease one's body'], see mélxw. , ABFC /'oil one's hair, oil one's head'/, see mélxw. , MC /'grease s-th/s-o, oil s-th/s-o, rub something on s-th/s-o'/, see mélxw. w , df //s=mc3lx. (=)cè*//, EZ ['dipper (bird)'], ['Cinclus mexicanus'], ASM ['blue-grey bird found on little creeks'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: poss. Tait, attested by Elders Group (8/30/77), Salish cognate: Squamish /s-mc3l-mlx. w -ic*a/ dipper (Cinclus mexicanus) W73:79, K67:283, K69:56, Mainland Comox /smc3lx. w / dipper B75:17prelim., also w , ds //mc3lx. (=)cè*//, PLN ['a creek probably on the CPR side (west side) of the Fraser River between Yale and Strawberry Island'], ASM ['probably below Shxw'ílemô3 welh and above Alwís Lhqéletel (which is the second creek below Suka Creek on the CN (east) side); named from smélxweth' dipper bird because these birds abound on this creek'], grammatical comment: derived by removing the s= nominalizer, a process used in other place name derivation, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/30/77), source: place names reference file #245. , bound root or stem //mc3|qw//, meaning uncertain. , stvi //s=C1 cC2 =mc3|qw//, DESC /'rough (of wood), lumpy (of ground, bark, etc.)'/, semantic environment ['wood, ground, bark, etc.'], ( stative, R3= characteristic or plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, BHTTC, Elders Group, other sources: H-T (macron over e) uneven, rough [of ground]. , df //mc3|x. w cl or mc=|c3[=M2=]x. w =cl//, EB /'Indian plum (the fruit), (also called) June plum'/, ['Osmaronia cerasiformis'], ASM ['deep purple berry sized plum with a large pit or stone, the plum dries the mouth (has some tannin) but is tasty (somewhat watermelon-flavored), ripens in June, grows on a bush not a tree'], possibly come, become, get, possibly go, come, get, possibly derivational, possibly root spit out, comment: may have this root because, like lhéxwlhexw choke cherry with the same root, the fruit has tannin and a large pit which both promote spitting out of the pit, phonology: metathesis possible, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by AC, SP, AD, Elders Group, other sources: ES /mc3|x. w cl/, Salish cognate: Squamish /smc3|x. w l/ Indian plum W73:201, K69:56, example: , //c*=mc3è* tc w mc3|x. cl//, /'The Indian plum is blue (or purple).'/, attested by Elders Group. w , ds //mc3(=)|x. =cl=c|p//, EB ['Indian plum bush'], ['Osmaronia cerasiformis'], lx plant, tree, phonology: AC had some trouble pronouncing this word, this may indicate that it should be melhxwíyelhp, following the regular morphophonemic rule of consonant-change and vowel-change that el ! íy before =elhp, instead of being irregular phonologically, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC. , EB ['Indian plum bush'], see mélhxwel. , SOC /'to separate people fighting, to split up people fighting'/, see má ~ má'-. , ABDF ['(have) fingers so cold they can't bend'], see mékw. , HHG ['small containers (a number of them)'], see mímeleqel. , DESC ['mixed up'], see mí:l ~ míl. , EFAM /'discriminate against s-o, not accept s-o'/, see mí:lt. , SOC /'not accept s-o, discriminate against s-o'/, see mí:lt. , TIME /'about December, (January to February [Billy Sepass])'/, see máqa ~ máqe. , possibly root //m(=)c3qscl//, ANA ['nose'], ASM ['young sprouts of tansy are used as medicine for nosebleed--they are stuck up the nose, tansy flowers are used for yellow dye also, but no halq'eméylem name has been learned for tansy, this info. from JL'][a good name for tansy might be *, lit. 'nose-bleed medicine'-BG], possibly root empty root or nominalizer, possibly on the nose, syntactic analysis: nominal, perhaps noun, attested by AC, BJ (5/64), EB, JL, other sources: ES /mc3qscl/, H-T , example: , //§í·x. tc mc3qscl//, /'scratched on the nose, (The nose got scratched.)'/, attested by JL. , df //m(=)c3qscl//, PLN ['rock shaped like a man's nose on the north side of Harrison River'], ASM ['formerly located halfway between the old Chehalis Indian cemetary (opp. side) or Morris Valley and the hot springs, located above (upriver or east here from) Dixon Point and below (west of) Venison Point, this rock was visible from half a mile away, it is now gone, dynamited by Dick Ward about the 1930's or earlier to find gold there; Dick Ward, a Whiteman, homesteaded there and was called Méqsel as a result (Edna Bobb remembers him with a white beard when she was 8 yrs. old [about 1921])'], phonology: zero-derivation, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL, IHTTC, EB, NP, comment: the Nooksacks have a place also called Méqsel by some, prob. Méqsen is more correct (Nooksack and Downriver Halkomelem), it was a village on Bertrand Creek in Canada, near the border, see Nooksack Place Names articles and papers which document it; the two places were seldom if ever confused since in general the Deming elders didn't know of the Harrison River place and the Chehalis elders didn't know of the Nooksack place. , stvi //s=mc3qscl//, BPI ['(have a) big nose'], ANA, ( stative ? and with several body part words big), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group, AC. , mdls //mcqsc[= 3=]l=cm//, ABFC ['clean one's nose'], PE, ( derivational), ( middle voice), phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (AH, LG). , PLN ['rock shaped like a man's nose on the north side of Harrison River'], see méqsel. , ABFC ['clean one's nose'], see méqsel. (or perhaps) , //§í-c-cl mc3q* tc s=èáqwi//, /'I got filled with fish.'/, attested by AC; found in , ncrs //mcq*=l-ámct//, ABFC ['fill oneself up (by eating)'], ( non-control transitivizer, happen to, manage to, accidentally), ( reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , //mc3q*=cT-|e//, /'Swallow it.'/, attested by AC, example: , //mc3q*=cT tc s=t*c3lmcxw //, /'swallow the medicine'/, attested by AC, , //ye|-s-§-cs
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mc3q*=cT-cs//, /'He just swallowed it.'/, attested by AC. , //há-mq*=cT//, phonology: slow speech, attested by AC. , //s=mcq*=áè//, attested by AC. , //le3=m-c-xw mc3q*=cc=cm//, /'Take what's left (of the food).'/, literally /'you (mildly urging imperative) go take the left-overs'/, attested by Deming. , ds //hc3=mq*=clcq//, PLN ['large whirlpool in the Fraser River just above Hill's Bar and near the west (CPR) side'], ASM ['located by where a rock was blasted out long time ago for riverboats, this whirlpool gets huge in high water, it may go into a hole in the bed of the river, huge logs and sometimes people get sucked up in it and sometimes are found far away (one belief about whirlpools is that they sometimes are connected by tunnels in the earth with other bodies of water)'], PLN /'maybe also the whirlpool by Odlum on the same side but below Hope [AD, AK, SP (American Bar place names trip 6/26/78)]'/, PLAY ['pattern in cat's cradle designs'], literally /'being swallowed in waves'/, ( continuative), lx waves, billows, phonology: zero-grade of root after full-grade strong-stress-valenced prefix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP, AK, AD (all on raft trip 8/30/77), Elders Group (9/13/77), BHTTC, IHTTC (9/14/77), source: place names reference file #97, maybe also /'the whirlpool by Odlum on the same side but below Hope'/, attested by AD, AK, SP (American Bar place names trip 6/26/78). , pcs //mc3q*w=cT//, [mc3q*wct (preferred) ~ m3q*wct ~ móq*wct], CST /'squish s-th round and filled, smash s-th round and filled'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB. , root uncertain //mc3q*w ~ móq*w //, meaning uncertain , df //s=mc3q*w (=)a ~ s=móq*w (=)a//, EZ /'great blue heron, (often called) "crane"'/, ['Ardea herodias especially subspecies fannini'], ASM ['big, tall, long legs, found by river, not sandhill crane which has separate name () (except perhaps for DM, JH's elder)'], ( nominalizer), possibly root , //s=móq*w (=)e//, also /'"crane"'/, attested by Elders Group (2/18/76, 6/4/75). , //è*á·kw s mcstíycxw //, /'seven people'/, attested by AC, , //qc[-Aa-][=··=]x. mcstíycxw //, /'MANY people.'/, phonology: emphatic lengthening of e here ablauts e to o which can accept length, other cases of emphatic lengthening however ARE tolerated by e /c/ (that is, é: /c3·/is not allowed but some cases of é:: /c3··/ are), attested by AC (8/4/70),
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w , //mcstíycxw xc 3 =]l=cs=cm//, //'picture of . 3 l=cs=cm// 09or //mcstíycx xi[=Ac . a person'//,lit. /'person pictured'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , dmn //C1 í=mcstiycxw //, HUMC ['kid'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, zero-grade of root after full-grade of prefix, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, usage: informal (slang), attested by AC. , dmpn //C1íAc3=mcstiycxw//, HUMC ['kids'], ( plural of diminutive), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, usage: informal (slang), colloquial, attested by AC. , dnom //s=mcstíycxw //, REL /'conscience, spirit (which can be lost temporarily), soul, life-spirit, power of one's will'/, ANA, ASM ['can get lost or be stolen from one's body and only be recovered by a shaman or a syewí:l, can also be lost if one is scared somewhere, will return to one if it is called to return'], ( big? or nominalizer/affectionate?), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, Elders Group, EB, AC. , dmn //s=C1 í=mcstiycxw //, REL ['spirit'], ASM ['which can be lost if you are scared somewhere, will return to you if you call to it to return'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC. , ds //s=C1 í=mcstiycxw =e3le3 ~ s=C1 í=mcstíycxw =e3·lc//, PLN ['place near mouth of Chehalis River where they had a mass burial during a smallpox epidemic'], ASM ['too many died at the time of smallpox and some had to be buried there in a big communal grave about 150 yards above (in upriver direction parallel to Chehalis River from) the road from old Chehalis village to Chehalis River; there was always a flat grassy area there for years; now there's lots of brush and wet marsh, too much to walk there easily from the old Chehalis road; located at mouth of Chehalis River where Alec Joseph had his smokehouse'], literally /'container of small souls (or) container of small people'/, lx container of, phonology: reduplication, zero grade of root, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL (3/1/78 tape), EL and NP and EB (Chehalis trip 9/27/77), source: place names reference file #228, also , //C1 í=mcstiycxw =e3le//, literally /'container of little people'/, ASM ['NP and MP say it means "container of (little) people" because it was where lots of people were buried together when they could keep up with the burials during the smallpox epidemic; DF says it means "container of a little person" because only one person (a short person or little (young) person) survived there from a smallpox epidemic'], attested by NP and MP and DF in Elders Group (8/24/77).
, free root //mcší·l//, TOOL ['machine'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77), borrowed from English /mcší·n/ machine. , da //=mcT//, TIB ['indirect effect non-control transitivizer'], phonology: the //T// in //=sT// causative and in //=T ~ =cT// purposeful control transitivizer and in //=mcT// here becomes
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English possibly root as in flat organ in sturgeon which was skinned off and boiled down for glue (because it is sticky?)(see below and above poss. on metathesized root vowel ?), lx on the nose, phonology: ablaut possible, metathesis remotely possible, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, Salish cognate: Squamish /smc3tqsn/ snot W73:241, K67:283. , chrs //s=C1 cC2 =mc3t=cqscl ~ s=C1 cC2 =me3t=cqscl//, ANA ['(be) snotty'], ( stative, R3= characteristic), lx on the nose, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76).
, free root //mctú//, EZ ['domestic sheep'], ['genus Ovis'], ACL, borrowed from French sheep or reduced from Upriver Halkomelem sheep itself from Chinook Jargon sheep Johnson 1978:404, see main dialect form , phonology: possible consonant-loss and vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by BHTTC. , dmn //C1 í=mctú//, EZ ['little lamb'], ['genus Ovis'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by BHTTC, example: , //C1 í=:=qcl tc C1 í=mctú//, /'The little lamb is naughty.'/, usage: lyrics to the Híltu song, attested by BHTTC, , //C1 e=c*e[=C1 c=]ë%*=cm=ím tc C1 í=mctú//, /'The little lamb is hopping.'/, syntactic comment: dmv, cts, its, dmn, attested by BHTTC. , WV ['sheep wool'], see metú. , //c*=mc3è* tc (lc3è*ilcc, málscm, xw í[=C1c=]k*w , è*íkw ckw , kwe3·y, xáce, è*ólè*iy, . s=tá·l=ow, s=we3yc3l)//, /'The (Alaska blueberry, bog blueberry, Cascade blueberry, blue/grey elderberry, tall Oregon grape berry, "bluejay" (Steller's jay), lake, river, sky) is blue.'/, attested by Elders Group (5/16/79)i, , //c*=mc3è* tc tc3tcè//, /'The vein is blue.'/, attested by
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PK (in Elders Group 5/16/79), also , //c*=mc3è* tc tc3tcc//, attested by MP, , //c*=mc3è* tc s=we3yc3l//, /'The sky is blue.'/, attested by JL (5/8/79), also , //c*=mc3è* tc (málscm, è*íkwckw, kwe3·y)//, /'The (swamp blueberry, blue/grey elderberry, "bluejay" (Steller's jay)) is blue.'/, attested by Deming (5/3/79)(esp. SJ), , //c*=mc3è* tc qá·//, /'The water is green., The water is blue.'/, attested by Deming (5/3/79)(esp. SJ). , ds //c=mc3è*=ámcxy//, LT /'[looks blue, blue-looking]'/, ( have, get, stative with colors), ( looks, -looking, in color), phonology: updrifting, downstepping, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. , incs //mcè*=í·l//, LT /'gone blue, (go blue, get blue, become blue)'/, ( go, get, come, become), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, see charts by Rob MacLaury, also , //lc=u| mcè*=í·l//, /'They've gone blue.'/, literally /'he/she/it/they =already go/get/become blue'/, attested by AC. , cts //s=hc=mcè*=íl//, incs, LT ['[be in a state of getting blue]'], ( stative), ( continuative), ( come, go, get, become, inceptive), ASM ['the following color terms are used by AK before semth'íl to specify shades of the color: tsxwíkw''], phonology: he- continuative before a set of verbs beginning in m, l, w, y, see charts by Rob MacLaury. blue, phonology: if related to méth' blue this form could be influenced by Nooksack which would have ts' for Halkomelem th', syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (2/22/79), example: , df //s=mc3è*=qcl//, ANA ['brain'], ( nominalizer), lx in the head, probably root , df //s=mc3è*=cl[=devoicing=]cqw //, ANA ['brain'], ( nominalizer), lx on top of the head, possibly here) derivational, phonology: devoicing
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possible, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (3/4/76, 2/7/80), example: blue or possibly root blue, possibly past??, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group, other sources: ES /mc3c*c|/. , EZ /'tick, woodtick, probably Pacific Coast tick and the wood tick'/, see méth'elh. , EZ ['lots of lice'], see méxts'el. around in circles, possibly get, go, come, become, inceptive, possibly derivational, phonology: possible ablaut, homophonous with word for chickadee, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Deming, SJ, MC, MV, LG, Elders Group, BHTTC, also , //qc3x. mc3xyc*cl//, /'a lot of lice'/, attested by AC. , cpds //p*c3q* mc3xy(=)c*(=)cl//, EZ /'body louse, grayback'/, ['Pediculus capitis, perhaps others of Pediculus humanus'], ABDF, literally /'white louse'/, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb nominal, attested by Deming (2/7/80). , ds //|c3=mcxyc*cl//, PE ['fine comb'], HHG, EZ ['(louse-comb)'], MED, ASM ['such combs were used for removing nits and lice'], literally /'extract louse'/, ( extract, extract a portion), phonology: zero-grade of root after stressed full-grade of suffix, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78). , pcs //(mc)xyc*cl=M4=cT or (mc=)xy(=)c*(=)cl=M4=cT//, [c*w3lxywt], MED ['delouse s-o'], ( derivational, purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis type 4 (moves consonant to follow two consonants later in stem, extremely rare), consonant-loss and vowel-loss of first syllable, stress-shift due to loss of stressed syllable in root, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78), also , cts //(mc)xyc*c[-Ae3-]l=M4=cT or (mc=)xy(=)c*(=)c[-Ae3-]l=M4=cT//, MED ['delousing s-o'], ( continuative), phonology: metathesis, ablaut, consonant-loss, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78). be different), , //xwc3l=mcxw//, /'Indian'/ (compare (perhaps) just, only), , //st*c3l=mcxw //, /'medicine'/ (root , //|q*e3ccs s=me3ycè//, /'five animals'/, attested by CT, HT, , //he3wc tc s=me3ycè//, /'The animal is hunting.'/, attested by AD, , //q*á[=C1 c=]y tc s=me3ycè//, /'The animal is sick.'/, attested by EB, , //s=q*á[=C1 c=]y tc s=me3ycè//, /'The animal is dead.'/, attested by EB, , //te3w=cl=T tcë%*e[=lc=]qt=c3lc k*w c-s lc kw c3l=cxy=T tc s=me3yc3è//, /'light up the deer and shoot the animal'/, attested by CT, , //s=c*e[=Aí=]yxw s=me3ycè//, /'dried meat'/, attested by Deming, , //s=pe3·è s=me3ycè//, /'(might be) bear meat'/, attested by AD, , //|q*e3ccs s=C1 í=me3yc[=M2=]è//, /'five little animals'/, attested by EB. , dmn //s=C1 í=me3yc[=M2=]è//, EZ ['butterfly'], ['order Lepidoptera'], literally perhaps /'little animal'/, ASM ['the scientific definition of butterfly notes that they fly in the daytime and rest with wings vertical rather than horizontal (both in contrast to moths)'], ( nominalizer, R4= diminutive), ( derivational), phonology: reduplication, metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (3/15/79, SJ, MC, MV, LG), Elders Group (6/11/75, 2/11/76), also , //s=C1 í=me3yc[=M2=]c//, attested by Elders Group (1/15/75). , ds //míycè=c3lwc3t//, CLO ['buckskin clothes'], lx clothes, ( nominalizer dropped), phonology: consonant-loss of initial s=, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC. , free root //mí ~ mc3 ~ mc//, TVMO /'come, coming, come to, coming to'/, ASP
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/'begin(ning) to, start(ing) to, inceptive'/, TIME, clearly a reduced form or root of come, phonology: vowel-reduction, stress-loss, syntactic analysis: auxiliary verb, preposition/prepositional verb, attested by Elders Group, EB, AC, MH, Deming, RP, AD, example: , //mí qcle3t//, /'come again'/, attested by Elders Group, , //mí-c-xw s=tc[=C1 cAí=]së%*e-C1 e3=§elèe//, /'Come close to me.'/, attested by AC, , //mí-c-xw q*á·l=T-ct k*w ec=cT-álxw §ówc híè=cs//, /'Come back and see us soon.'/, literally /'come -mildly urging imperative return oneself see us not when it is a long time'/, attested by EB, , //mc3-c-xw mey=Tá·lxw //, /'You're come to help us., (also: Come help us.)'/, attested by AC, , //mc-c-xw yi=kw cl=e3T k*w c s=§e3|=Tcl//, /'(Come) Bring some food.'/, attested by AC, , //mí-c-ep §e3|=Tcl ~ mí(y)-e|e §e3|=Tcl//, /'Come eat, you folks. ~ Come eat, you folks.'/, attested by Deming, , //mc-c-ep mey=T-áxy//, /'Come help us.'/, attested by AC, , //mc pc3l·c3kw ë%*c3-s-u lc mc èc3xw//, /'It came into sight and it disappeared.'/, attested by EB, , //c-cl me3 §mí//, /'I come.'/, phonology: downstepping, syntactic analysis: independent clause subject pronoun auxiliary verb intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/11/75), , //c-cl C1 e=§c-mc3=sT-cxw//, /'I'll bring it to you.'/, literally /'I present as immediate future resultative bring it'/, attested by EB, meaning uncertain), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/25/78). , pncs //§c-mí=l(c)s//, TVMO /'come near s-o, (come to s-o)'/, ( non-auxiliary verb), ( psychological non-control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD, EB; found in , //§c-mí=ls-áxy//, /'come near me'/, phonology: downshifting, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD, EB (9/22/78). , if //mí-èc|//, TVMO ['Come (urging one person).'], semantic environment ['for ex. if one person stayed in the car after everyone else got off'], ( urging imperative 2s (not attested elsewhere), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (9/19/78). , mdls //xw =mí=ccs=cm//, ABFC ['pass s-th (by hand)'], TVMO, ( perhaps move towards), comment: cf. Musqueam /xw -2/ move toward in Suttles ca1984:13.2.6, but his examples are cognate with one's having my xw(e)= go, get, become, come which fit the meaning of xwmítsesem less well than does move toward, lx on the hand, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , caus //mc3=sT-cxw //, [mw3stxw ], TVMO /'bring s-th, fetch s-th, get s-th (bring it), give it to s-o(as s-th fetched, not as a gift)'/, ASM ['often translated bring me s-th or fetch me s-th in imperative'], ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC, EB, others, example: , //mc3=sT-cxw t-e lapát//, /'Bring me your cup.'/, literally /'bring/fetch your cup'/, syntactic comment: mildly urging imperative shown by no subject marker and only a second person possessed object, attested by AC, , //mc3=sT-cxw tc-l yá·s=cqw //, /'Bring me my hat.'/, literally /'bring/fetch my hat'/, syntactic comment: mildly urging imperative shown by lack of subject marker (this example proves that there needn't be a second person possessed object), attested by AC, , //ë%*a-ce-s-u q*w cy=íl=cxy qe t*íl=cm tc-l si=ye3ye wc-le3=m-ct mí|e//, /'My friends will sing and dance when we go to the pow-wow dance.'/, literally /'it's them -future -subord. -contrastive dance and sing the -my friend when- go -we subjunctive to spirit dance'/, attested by AC. , cts //mí[-C1 c-]|e//, SPRD /'(doing) spirit-dancing, winter-dancing (when they're in action)'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), Deming, EB, RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), example: , //§c3wc-|-c-cl le3=m yc mí[-C1 c-]|e//, /'I never go to spirit-dances.'/, literally /'not past -main verb -I go to the (plural human?) be spirit-dancing'/, attested by EB, house, building, phonology: epenthetic glottal stop added at front of some suffixes after vowel, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , KIN /'baby (kin), child (kin) (up to about eigit years old)'/, see méle ~ mél:a. , TIME ['first month ?'], see méle ~ mél:a. , ds //(§c=)C1 í=mcl=cqcl//, dmn, HHG ['small container'], compare a little bit, probably diminutive, probably root just, lx container, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT, HT, , pln //C1 í=Ac3=mcl=cqcl//, HHG ['small containers (a number of them)'], ( diminutive, é-ablaut on R4 plural), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal,
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attested by CT, HT. on something else, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group (3/72), Salish cognate: Nooksack /míq/ sink PA61, ASM ['be underwater'], example: , //míq* tc s=lc3xw c|//, /'The canoe sank.'/, attested by EB, , //§álc-wc xw c3tc3s ë%*c3-s-u míq*//, /'It was too heavy and sank.'/, attested by EB. , pcs //mí(=)q*=cT//, WATR /'sink s-th, sink it'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, Salish cognate: perhaps Lushootseed /bíq*-id/ press down on it and /§cs-bíq*-it-cb/ pressed down (of a net for ex.) H76:693. , //|=sc3q* mí·t//, /'five cents'/, literally /'half dime'/, attested by AC (8/4/70), , //mí·t qes k*w c |=sc3q* mí·t//, /'fiften cents'/,
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literally /'dime and a half dime'/, attested by AC. , //mít*//, attested by Elders Group (6/4/75, 2/18/76), other sources: ES /mí·t*/, JH /mít*/ both blue grouse, Salish cognate: Nooksack /mít*/ blue grouse PA61:6, N. Straits dialects (San., Sg., Sam. here): Saanich /õí§it*/, Songish /õí§et/, and Samish /õí§it*/ blue grouse Squamish /múm§tm/ blue grouse W73:124, K67:256, (PCS cognate set #56 in G82), Samish form G86:67. , TVMO ['Come (urging one person).'], see mí ~ mé ~ me. , //xw c3q*w =cT-ct tc s=mímcxe 3 |//, /'The caterpillar is crawling.'/, attested by Deming . (1/31/80). , CLO ['buckskin clothes'], see sméyeth ~ sméyéth. , SOC ['a helper'], see máy. , free root //miyúl//, EZ ['mule'], ['hybrid between a horse Equus caballus and an ass Equus asinus'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (3/29/79), borrowed from Chinook Jargon /myúl/ itself from English, Johnson 1978:371, or from English directly.
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or , bound root //má·l// root meaning unknown or //xw me// open , stvi //s=xw (=)má·l or s=xw (=)me=Aá(·)=cl//, SOC ['to beg'], possibly stative, possibly become, get, possibly resultative, possibly come, go, get, become, possibly root open possibly from take off, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by MP and TM (2/8/78), Elders Group (3/1/72), also , //xw (=)me=Aá(·)=cl//, attested by NP (2/8/78). , cts //s=xw (=)má[-C1 c-]l or s=xw =me=Aá[-C1c-]l//, SOC ['begging'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, poss. ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/16/75), also , //s=xw (=)má·[-C1 c-]l//, attested by TG (Elders Group 3/1/72). , dnom //lcxw =s=xw=má·[=C1 c=]l or lcxw =s=xw=me=Aá·[=C1 c=]l//, SOCT ['beggar'], ( one who always), phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by TG (Elders Group 3/1/72). , bound root or stem //málkw //, probably FOOD /'spread (verb)'/ , dnom ////, probably FOOD /'be spread'/, nominalizer, plural, phonology: reduplication, syntax: probably nominal, (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD ketchup (lit. tomato + spread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , df //má·ls=cm ~ máls=cm or me=á·ls=cm//, EB /'bog blueberry, tall swamp blueberry'/, ['probably Vaccinium uliginosum'], ASM ['large berries, ripe about Sept., thicker skin, not shiny, grow esp. at the mouth of the Fraser River and near the coast, picked at Mission, Langley, Deas Island, and other spots downriver, used to be harvested with a blueberry comb such as Joe Lorenzetto made once; for a description of one place where they grew with wild cranberries and short marsh/bog blueberries (lhewqí:m) see under lhewqí:m; the berries were blue with whitish dust, averaged about 45" tall for the tall species (mó:lsem) and about 32" tall for the short species (lhewqí:m), sweet, sort of tart (more than commercial variety) and smaller than the store variety; but mó:sem has larger berries than lhewqí:m'], possibly root take off, possibly berry, possibly intransitivizer, phonology: possible vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, JL, Elders Group (4/23/80, 9/3/75, 3/1/72), Deming, others, other sources: ES /málscm/ swamp blueberry, Salish cognate: cognate with terms for Vaccinium uliginosum in Cowichan Halkomelem, Saanich dial. of N. Straits, Squamish, and Thompson; thus: Cowichan /mál§scm/ and Saanich /málscõ/ bog blueberry, Vaccinium uliginosum Turner and Bell 1971:83, Saanich /mál*scõ/ bog blueberry B74a:17, Squamish /múl§sm/ large swamp blueberry W73:40, K69:46 identified as Vaccinium uliginosum in Bouchard and Turner 1976, Thompson /mc3lscm/ (dot underc3) bog blueberry, Vaccinium uliginosum (borrowed from Halkomelem) Turner and Thompson 1973ms, also Lushootseed /búl*ccb/ swamp blueberry. , ds //mólscm=c|p//, EB ['bog blueberry bush'], ['Vaccinium uliginosum'], lx tree, plant, syntactic analysis: nominal. , EB ['bog blueberry bush'], see mó:lsem ~ mólsem. , bound root or stem //mást*// meaning uncertain , //|q*e3ccs=má·t//, /'five piles'/. w , bound root or stem //má·t(=)x. // may mean tattle (on someone), possible lx
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round, around , df //s=má·t(=)x. w ~ s=mát(=)x. w//, EZ /'bullhead, (brown bullhead)'/, ['Ictalurus nebulosus'], semantic environment ['fish, fishing, river, lake'], SOCT ['tattletale'], LANG, semantic environment ['used of children only if they are tattletales'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, possible lx round, around, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, AC. , cts //má[-C1 c-]t*=cs//, ABFC ['pointing'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC. below). , pcs //mát*=cs=T//, ANAH ['point at s-th'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC, Deming, example: , //mát*=cs=T-c-cxw t-e§ mc3qscl//, /'Point at your nose.'/, attested by Deming. , dnom //s(=)xw =mát*=cs=tcl//, LAND ['pointer to show direction (like in a trail) (could be an arrow or stick or mark in the ground)'], DIR, TVMO, semantic environment ['arrow, stick, mark in the ground, on a trail, etc.'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , ds //ma[=Ac3=]t*=cs=cmc3l//, ANAH /'first finger, index finger'/, ( derivational), lx member, part (often of body), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75), other sources: H-T first finger (lit. pointer), also , //máë%* tc Hank//, /'Hank is stumped.'/. , //máë%* tc s=we3ycl//, /'It's a dirty day.'/, Salish cognate: Squamish root /maë%* ~ mcë%*/ be dirty as in /mc3ë%*/ get stained, get dirty and /máë%*-n/ make dirty (tr.) W73:79,250, K69:45. , ABFC /'(take all of themselves, pick themselves all up)'/, see mékw' ~ mô3 kw'. , bound root //mós four//. , df //s=mós=s//, TIME ['Thursday (a less common name)'], lx -th day, hour, phonology: consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD and SP (both in BHTTC 11/9/76), usage: AD's parents and SP's father and stepmother used this form. , df //móx. w =aye ~ móx. w =cye ~ mcx. w =cye//, ANA /'belly-button, navel'/, root meaning unknown, lx affectionate diminutive, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by AC, BHTTC, others, other sources: ES /mc3x. w cye/ navel, Salish cognate: Squamish /mc3x. w-ya/ navel (and /s-mcx. w-íws/ small-pox) from root /mcx. w/ dimple, mark (?) W73:183, K67:255, Mainland Comox /mc3x. w áju/ belly-button B75prelim:27, Sechelt /mcx. w c3yu/ belly-button T77:14, Samish dial. of N. Straits /mc3x. w cye§/ belly-button, navel G86:74, example: w , //híltu tc móx. =aye//, /'The belly-button is a Hindu.'/, comment: comparison between the concentric wrapping of the turban and the concentric rings in some navels, usage: in the Híltu or Heel-toe song (sung to "Jimmy Crack Corn"), attested by BHTTC. w , dmn //C1 í=mcx. =aye//, ANA ['little belly-button'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, example: , //C1í=hcltu tc C1í=mcx. w =aye//, /'A little belly button is like a little Hindu.'/, usage: in the Híltu or Heel-toe song, attested by BHTTC. , EZ ['small adult cow'], see músmes. , free root //músmcs//, EZ /'cow, bull, beef'/, ['genus Bovis'], FOOD ['beef'], ACL, phonology: reduplication from the donor language, thus further reduplicating in derivations is tolerated, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by AC, Elders Group, Deming, EB, others, borrowed from Chinook Jargon /músmus/ cow, horned cattle, beef, buffalo itself variously from Chinook Proper, Klickitat, Yakima or Cree Johnson 1978:287, example: , //tc c*=q*íx. músmcs//, /'the black cow'/, attested by EB, , //Where's your ne3ne//, /'Where's your hurt?, Where's your sore?'/, usage: language switching, attested by TG. , possible root or stem, bound //není(=)cè or /ne(=)níè// root meaning unknown , df //s=neníè//, PLN ['a village at the south end of former Sumas Lake on the mountain'], literally /'on the other side of the lake'/, possibly stative or nominalizer, possibly edge, possibly root be leaning, comment: this may have been the village with houses built out over the water on stilts for protection from mosquitoes (described by Boundary Survey records), in which case a meaning of "leaning on the edge" might be appropriate; the literal meaning given above ("on the other side of the lake") is provided by the Elders Group, phonology: possible reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Sumas (thus the n's and the th - ts variation), attested by Elders Group (8/31/77), other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):23 in records as Saneats also, Wells 1966, source: place names reference file #258. , df //nc=sákw =cc or nc=sák*w =cc//, PLN ['Middle Creek'], possibly always, possibly on the back, possibly root a creek between Hope and Yale, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):13 , Wells 1966 , also , df //láyc=q*w c§e3c or láyc=qw c§e3·c* or láyc=qw c§e3è*//, PLN ['Middle Creek'], possibly only, possibly root little suckerfish with big salmon-like mouth (prob. the largescale sucker, Catostomus macrocheilus), syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):13 from map by Billy Sepass where it is spelled .
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O , pcs //§ák*w =cs=T//, MC /'hang s-th (on a nail or hat hanger), hook it back on (of a stitch lost in knitting)'/, semantic environment ['on a nail, hat-hanger, or stitch in knitting, probably on anything sticking out'], lx on the face, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD. , caus //s=§ák*w (c)=sT-cxw //, ABFC ['carry s-th/s-o on one's arm'], semantic environment ['of a purse, handbag, person, etc. as semantic patient'], ( stative), ( causative control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group, AD. , stvi //s=§ák*w =ccs//, ABFC /'to be arm in arm (like escorting someone), to take an arm (of someone)'/, ( stative), lx on the hand, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD. , MC /'hang s-th (on a nail or hat hanger), hook it back on (of a stitch lost in knitting)'/, see ókw'. , free root //§àl ~ -àl ~ -à ~ §cl//, NUM /'just (simply, merely)'/, (semological comment: put into the NUM domain since it limits the number of items or the quantity of action, eliminates peripheral actions or items), phonology: independent word ~ phonological suffix, variants show vowel-reduction or consonant-loss in free-variation, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb ~ -adverb/adverbial verb, syntactic comment: can be suffixed to nominal, adverb/adverbial verb, adjective/adjectival verb, num, or conjunction and can precede -s-u, attested by Deming, EB, HT, Elders Group, EK and DK, example: , //ye|-al-s-u xw c=§í//, /'I just got here.'/, attested by EB, , ds //wc=§ál ~ §ál=(c)wc ~ §ál=cw//, NUM /'too (overly), very much'/, ( contrastive), ( contrastive), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, syntactic comment: the contrastive affix can either be prefixed or suffixed, attested by AC, AD, Elders Group, EB, LJ (Tait), others, also /'more'/, attested by AC (8/6/70), also , //wc=lál//, attested by Deming, ASM ['too'], example: , //wc=§ál §ey=c3m//, attested by AD, , //§ál=cw qc3x//, . /'(It's) too much.'/, attested by EB, also , //wc=§á(·)l wc=qc3x//, . attested by AC, syntactic comment: double contrastive, , //wc=§ál wc-siyálcxw c//, /'too old, very old'/, attested by EB, , //c-cl wc=§ál wc-§ítct//, /'I overslept., I slept too much.'/, literally /'I ambiguous past too much contrastive- sleep'/, attested by EB, , //wc=lál qc3x. te3lc//, /'That's too much money.'/, attested by Deming (1/25/79).
, da ~ free root //=à(·)l ~ =à ~ §à ~ §á·l//, MOOD /'just, (exactly)'/, either related to the previous root with the same shape (the meanings could be allosemes) or allomorphs converging with it, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, and postclitic; found in , //§iy=á·l=cm//, /'okay, right, correct, alright'/ (compare bound form of good), found in , ds //§e3y §àl ~ §e3yàl ~ §e3yà//, VALJ /'be alright, be well, be fine, be okay'/, and its derivations or combinations such as , ds //wc=§e3y §àl ~ wc=§e3y=àl ~ wc§e3yà ~ §u §e3yà ~ §u=§e3yà//, ABFC /'be fine (in health), be alright (in health), be well'/, for others (including , //§iy=á·l=cm//, /'okay, right, correct, alright'/) see good. (This last word, //§iy=á·l=c=m//, may alternatively be derived from (see following paragraph for true, right). , df //§á·lc ~ §álc or §ál=c//, LANG /'true, right'/, possibly meaning uncertain, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group, Andy Alex, Deming, example:
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, //k*wqw=á·lcs//, /'hit on the eye(lid) (with a stick-like object)'/, , /'eye medicine'/, , //st*=á·lk |//, /'a non-spirit-dancer'/, Salish cognate: Samish (dial. of N. Straits) w |/ new spirit dancer, "baby", (lit. new spirit power?) and /spe§es=álkw |/ bear spirit /xcw*s=álk . power G86:81. , //s=wi(yc)q=c=§=á·l|//, /'boy (3-4 years)'/, jack spring salmon with black nose; comparative note: the could be instead the original vowel from borrowings from Nooksack or other languages which have this corresponding to the Halkomelem which changed after Central Salish separation. , bound root //§álmcc wait//. , df //§álmcc=cl or §á(·)[=lc=]mct=s=cl//, TVMO ['wait'], possibly root sitting, plus plural, possibly cyclic period or at the back, ( get, become, go, come, inceptive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, EB, example: , //(c-cl, c-cl-u) §á·lmcc=cl (§à k*w c yile3w, qc-w yile3w-à) tcxw =s=we3ycl//, /'I waited until after noon.'/, literally /'(I, I -contrastive) ambiguous past waiting (just the (remote) past/after, until it's past/after -just) mid-day'/, attested by EB. , pcs //§álmcc=T//, TVMO ['wait for s-o'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group, AC, example: , //s=k*w e3y kw -s §álmcc=T ~ s=k*w e3y kw -s §álmcc=T-s//, /'He can't wait., He's impatient.'/, literally /'it's impossible that -he wait for s-o'/, attested by Elders Group.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English , cts //§á[-·-]lmcc=T//, TVMO ['waiting for s-o'], ( continuative), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group, AC; found in , //§á·lmcc=T-cs//, /'He waits for someone., (He's waiting for s-o.)'/, attested by Elders Group, example: , //c-cl §á·lmcc=T-ámc//, /'I'm waiting for you.'/, attested by AC (8/27/73), , df //s=§á·l=mcxw or s=§á=·lmcxw or s=§chá=·lmcxw //, EZ /'water pygmies, water baby'/, ASM ['stl'áleqem creature, has dark skin, black hair, some lived in pools in the Coquihalla River and pulled fish spears from unfavored fishermen when they tried to spear fish in one pool; others lived in Chilliwack Lake and occasionally washed up on the shore crying; AC reported a man she knew (her age) had seen one, but when he went to bring his friends up the beach to show them it had returned to the water'], ABDF /'midget, small people'/, ASM ['if you eat fish heart you may become s'ó:lmexw'], possibly nominalizer or stative, possibly root , bound root //§chá//, MC ['wrap up']., probably person, people or people, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by TG (4/23/75), IHTTC (8/23/77), AK (1/30/80). , df //§alá·xw =clwct//, PLN /'a mountain facing Chilliwack and adjacent to Mt. Cheam, the oldest sister of Lhílheqey (Mount Cheam)'/, N, ASM ['other adjacent mountains and sister of Mt. Cheam or Lhílheqey are Ts'símtelot and Xemóth'iye or Xemóth'iyatel (a mountain without a view of the Fraser which therefore cries, i.e. has little streams all down it in winter); in some versions these mountains are daughters not sisters of Mt. Cheam; Smímkw' is a mountain also in back of the Cheam range perhaps that claimed to be a sister but whom Lhilheqey said was an illegitimate half-sister; Mt. Cheam's baby, Ó:yewòt or S'ó:yewòt, is a smaller and lower peak near the breast of Lhilheqey; Lhílheqey's dog is a mountain just to the southeast behind Mt. Cheam; Mt. Baker was Mt. Cheam's husband before they separated'], lx female name ending; clothes, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT (1973), Elders Group, source: place names reference file #124. , ds //§aláxw =iyc(=)tcl//, N ['male name version of Olóxwelwet'], lx male name ending, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , N ['male name version of Olóxwelwet'], see Oló:xwelwet. , da //=á·ls//, EB ['fruit'], SH /'roughly spherical object(s), ball'/, PLAY, EB ['fruit'], LAND ['rocks'], semantic environment ['with numeral 5 so far, non-numerals'], syntactic comment: optional?, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //s=qc§=á·ls//, /'juicy fruit'/ (compare water), round and , //k*w aqw =iy=á·ls//, /'lacrosse'/, literally /'club + bark + spherical object'/, , //c*í·c*qw cl=á·l(s)//, /'grass shinny'/, , df //C1 í-§á·l=èct §à or §i=§á·l=èct §à//, ABFC ['keeps on groaning'], possibly continuative or diminutive? or i= ~ yi=> travel along by, while moving along, phonology: possible reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/19/76). , da //=á·lwc|//, DIR /'side, -ward'/, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, compare side; found in deep), wall), attested by DM, across, and go via, by way of, suggests the possibility that in the root in may be mistranscribed for ), wide), (examples of the free form of this suffix include , //s=è*íkwc §í·lwc|//, /'left side of the body'/). , (//-álxw ~ -áxw //), PRON /'us, first person plural object'/, phonology: attracts stress, allomorph without the l is Tait dialect, syntactic analysis: is; found in , //kw e3·=T-álxwcs//, /'He lets us go. (let s-o go)'/, also , //-áxw//, , df //s=§á|//, PRON /'ours, our (emphatic), our respected'/, stative, root respect (this derivation from Rosaleen George through the research of Ethel Gardner, see Ethel’s Ph.D. thesis), syntactic analysis: pronominal verb/verbal pronoun, attested by AC, example: , //ë%*á s=§á| te3l//, /'That's our mother.'/, attested by AC, , //ë%*a s=§á| s=qw cm=e3y//, /'That's our dog.'/, attested by AC, as in , //t*x=c . 3 m=alc lc §á·| tc s=lc3x c|//, /'Six people got in the canoe.'/, literally /'it is six people past 3rd person get aboard the canoe'/, attested by AC, , //qc=ë%*a-s-c3s-u §á·| mók*w yc=u=ë%*á=lc=m//, attested by AC. , caus //§á·|=sT-cxw //, TVMO /'put s-th/s-o aboard, put it on-board'/, CAN, ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB; found in , //§á·|=sT-cxw -|e//, /'Put it on board.'/, attested by EB. , df //§cl=á·| or §[=cl=]á·|//, TVMO /'be aboard, be in (a conveyance)'/, CAN, possibly prepositional? or adverbial? or stative? or resultative? or continuative??, phonology: possible infix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, preposition/prepositional verb?, adverb/adverbial verb?, attested by AC, EB, example: , //lí-c-xw mi §cl=á·| tc (s=lc3xw c|, kyá·, s=tiqíw)//, /'Did you ride/come by (canoe, car, horse)?'/, attested by EB, , //c-cl mi §cl=á·| tc slc3xwc|//, /'I came down in a canoe.'/, literally /'I ambiguous past come aboard/in the canoe'/, attested by AC, , //pcte3m-c|(c)=T-á·xy-c-cxw wc-§c3-s-u| xw c=§í (kw )èc-l s=§à·m//, /'Ask for me if my order is in.'/, literally /'ask for s-o -benefactive -me -coaxing imperative 2s if it already get here the (near but out of sight) -my order'/, phonology: sentence-stress on article, syntactic comment: imperative of benefactive, subjunctive of adverbial particle by use of auxiliary, attested by EB (3/1/76).
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, (//-à·m or -ám(c)=(c)m//), PRON ['second person singular patient or object of passive'], VOIC, comment: historically may be connected with -óme second person sing. object, probably passive, phonology: possible vowel-loss, possible consonant merger (m + m ! :m), syntactic analysis: is; found in , //§á·=T-à·m//, /'You were called.'/, , //k*w c3c=l-à·m-ce tc s=pe3·è//, /'The bear will see you.'/, literally /'You'll be seen by the bear.'/. , da //=á·mc//, EB ['berry'], syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //cclq=á·mc//, /'blackcap berry'/, root fall off, drop, , //kw xw =á·mc=ls//, /'mountain black huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum)'/, root knock, rap (since they can be harvested by knocking them against the berry basket for ex.). , (//-ámc//), PRON /'you (sg.), second person singular object'/, phonology: attracts stress, stressshift automatic to e before -tsel/-tset, syntactic analysis: is, syntactic comment: will not allow a third person subject -es suffix; found in , //§im=cxy=sT-ámc-c-cl//, [§imwxysèamc3cwl], /'w made you walk.'/, , df //s=§amc3l·e or s=§am=c3l·e//, SOCT /'Thompson Indian, Thompson person'/, ( stative or nominalizer), root meaning unknown, possibly on the side of the head, around the ear/cheek (1858 Boundary Survey meterials refer to a Thompson elder Teosaluk as from the Somena, showing that either in Thompson or Nooksack or both the final consonant is and this fits the possible cognate affix on the side of the head, around the ear/cheek in those languages as well as Musqueam Halkomelem), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BHTTC. , pln //s=C1 cC2 =§amc3le//, SOCT ['Thompson people'], ( nominalizer or stative, R3= plural (collective)), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, example: , //mc3t*cs=cmc3l//, /'pointing finger, first finger, Index finger'/, dialects: Tait, , //s=xw ch=ámc3l=|c|//, /'adam's apple'/, literally /'upstream(?) member of front of neck'/. , ABFC ['step on it accidentally'], see ím. , probably root //§cmc3t from §amc3t// sit , probably root //§cmc3t from §amc3t//, ABFC /'sit, sit down, sit up, arise (from lying or sitting), get up (from lying down, from bed or chair)'/, phonology: vowel-reduction historically, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, Elders Group (3/1/72, 4/2/75), EB, AD, MH, RP, IHTTC, Deming, RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332), other sources: ES /§á·mct/ but Musqueam and Cowichan
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/§c3mct/ sit, Salish cognate: Squamish root /mút/ sit, seat as in /mút-aw§i/ sit down on someone's lap and /§m§út/ be sitting down, be at home W73:236, K67:257, K69:46; Samish (N. Straits)(all VU) /§c3mct/ sit, sit down, sit up, /§ám*ct/ sitting down/up, /§cmát-txw / seat s-o, and /§a§ám*ct/ little child sitting (down/up), sitting by oneself lonely G86:97; Clallam (S. Straits) /§c3mct/ sit, /§a§á§mct/ sitting Thompson & Thompson71:276, and from TTE74:189 (Cl = Clallam, Lm = Lummi, So = Sooke, San = Saanich, Sg = Songish): Cl /§a-§á§mct/, LmSo /§ó§mct/ [§]3§mct] and SanSg /§á§mct/ all seated, San /§c§á§mct/ little child sitting down beside Cl /§cmút-txw /, LmSo /§cmóttxw / [§cm]3ttxw ], and SanSg /§cmáttxw / all seat him, also , //§amc3t ~ §c3mct//, attested by AC, comment: rare alternants, emét is more common; found in , //§cmc3t-c-xw //, /'You arise.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), example: , //§e3y t*wc k*w -e-s §cmc3t//, /'You better get up.'/, attested by AD, , //§cmc3t-c-cxw ë%*c-s-u le xyá·k*w =cm//, /'Get up and go bathe.'/, attested by AD, (semological comment: coaxing imperative); found in , //§cmc3t-|e//, /'Sit down., Get up (from bed/chair).'/, semantic environment ['said to a person'], (semological comment: command imperative 2s), attested by AC, Elders Group (3/1/72), contrast Sit. (said to a dog), attested by AC, , //§cmc3t-e|e//, /'Sit down folks.'/, (semological comment: command imperative 2p), attested by Deming, , //§cmc3t-c-ep//, /'Sit down folks.'/, (semological comment: coaxing imperative 2p), attested by MH, example: , //§cmc3t-|e le=m tc sxw =c*e3=lcc=tcl//, /'Go sit in the chair.'/, attested by IHTTC, , df //me=§cmc3t// or perhaps //me §cmc3t//, ABFC /'He sat., She sat.'/, possibly (prob. ~ ) past (came) 3rd person, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb or auxiliary verb intransitive verb, syntactic comment: seems to be analogous to le past 3rd person subject similarly from la go, attested by EB, AD, , dnom //s(=)xw =§a[= 3·=]mct//, HHG /'sofa, couch, chesterfield, place where one's sitting, (bed [AC, MC (Katzie)])'/, ( nominalizer), phonology: lengthening, stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77), also , strs //s=§a[=Aú·=]mct//, EFAM /'be always lazy, be a lazybones, be stupid, be a goodfor-nothing'/, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: ú:-ablaut, comment: perhaps a borrowing from a language with /u/ in this root where Halkomelem has /a/, i.e., a doublet, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, EK and DK (12/10/71), EB, Elders Group, AD, BHTTC, contrast , //s=§a[= 3·=]mct//, attested by BHTTC, example: , //c*e3c*cl wc=s=§a[=Aú·=]mct (mcstíycxw )//, /'really lazy (person)'/, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77), also , //lí-c-cxw s=§a[=Aú·=]mct//, /'Are you a lazy-bones?'/, syntactic comment: s= could be nominalizer here, attested by AD. , ABFC /'sitting, sitting down, sitting up'/, see emét. , da //=á(·)mcxy//, DESC /'in looks, -looking, in appearance'/, LT ['in color'], syntactic analysis: derivational suffix, see charts by Rob MacLaury, also , //=cmcxy//; found in , //§ey=ámc3xy ~ §ey=á·mcxy//, /'goodlooking, handsome, beautiful'/ (compare good), , //qcl=á·mcxy ~ qcl=c|=á·mcxy//, /'ugly'/, (semological comment: some say qelelhó:mex means clumsy instead) (compare bad), , //§e[=l=]y=á·mcxy//, /'(plural/all) good-looking (-l- infix plural)'/, be like, be similar to, , //sclcí·m=cmcxy//, /'what color is it?, what does it look like?, how does it look?'/ (compare how is it?), , df //s=§ámá·qw (=)cs//, EB /'bracket fungus, (possibly also some jelly fungi like yellow trembler)'/, ['Fomes sp. including Fomes applanatus and probably others, possibly Polyporus sp., possibly Ganoderma sp., prob. also jelly fungi of Tremella and maybe Auricularia and Dacrymyces species, especially Tremella mesenterica (Yellow trembler) which is abundant only on the red alder and is reddish-orange matching the color, translucence and shape of those eaten by some of the Stó:lô elders, the jelly fungi could possibly have a differnet name from the bracket fungus'], ASM ['the fungus described by this name that grow on rotten alder or alder stumps were edible, should be washed and cooked, have a nice meaty taste; the bracket fungus is said by some to make rain if one
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English turns it upside down after picking it or if one scratches on it; the bracket fungus grows on tree trunks and roots especially, sticks out perpendicularly from the trunk in a half circle shape characteristically, and has a beige covering that scratches off leaving dark marks'], possibly nominalizer, possibly on the face, round object, root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and a few others, Elders Group (1/28/76), also , //§cp=e3lc qe-s tc C1 á=lcc*c//, /'eleven people'/, literally /'ten people and the one person'/, attested by Elders Group. , (//§apcl=e3l(=)cqcl//), NUM ['ten containers'], HHG, nca containers nca (the connective or infix in this affix may be a lexical affix pluralizer), syntactic analysis: num, nominal?, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by AD. , (//§apcl=e3|//), NUM ['ten times'], TIME, nca times, Elder's comment: "probably somewhat artificial as they didn't often count these beyond five", syntactic analysis: num, adverb/adverbial verb?, attested by Elders Group (3/19/75).
(circumflex over first a, umlaut over second a, double-underline under both e's) ten sticks. , df //§cpe[=Aá=]l=cs//, NUM /'ten dollars, (ten Indian blankets [Boas])'/, ECON, ( derivational but phonologically automatic), nca dollars, circular objects, on the face, phonology: ó-ablaut on root a-vowel automatic before =es dollars, circularobjects, on the face, root allomorph /§cpe3l/ by analogy with form forten people, syntactic analysis: num, nominal?, attested by AC, AD, Rose Jones (5/19/76), RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), others, also /'ten Indian blankets, ten dollars'/, source: Boas 1890: Scowlitz field notes, example: , //§cpe[=Aá=]l=cs qe-s k*w c lc3c*c//, /'eleven dollars'/, literally /'ten dollar and the (remote) one (not one dollar)'/, attested by AC, , //§cpe[=Aá=]l=cs qe-s tc §ise[=Aá=]l=cs §i t-e§ s=§chá=lcc %ë*c-s-u sál=cs//, /'Ten dollars and two dollars (twelve dollars) in your pocket and drunk.'/, usage: humorous rhyme, attested by Rose Jones (5/19/76). , caus //§cpe[=Aá=]l=cs=sT-cxw //, NUM ['cost ten dollars'], ECON, ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), lit. /“make it ten dollars”/, phonology: ó-
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ablaut, consonant merger, stress-shift to penultimate syllable when some trisyllabic stems get suffixed, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group, also , //§cpe[=Aá=]l=cs=sT-cxw//, /'give him/her ten dollars'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332); found in , //§cpe[=Aá=]l=cs=sT-cxw -cs//, [§cpalc3stxw ws], /'It costs ten dollars.'/, attested by Elders Group (7/9/75). , ds //§cpe[=Aá=]l=cs=tcl//, TIME /'(first lunar month beginning in) July, (tenth month)'/, NUM, literally /'tenth month'/, lx device for, something for, phonology: ó-ablaut, stress-shift to or updrifing on penultimate syllable when some trisyllabic stems get suffixed, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/12/75). , (//§apcl=íws//), NUM ['ten bodies'], ANA, nca on the body, (here) bodies, phonology: full root vowel retention in spite of stressed suffix, homophonous with ten birds, syntactic analysis: num. nominal?, attested by Elders Group (3/29/77), AK, Elder's comment: "AK has heard it for both meanings". , (//§apcl=íws//), NUM ['ten birds'], HUNT, (semological comment: (probably used with birds killed rather than live birds)), nca birds, phonology: full root vowel retention in spite of stressed suffix, homophonous with ten bodies, syntactic analysis: num, nominal?, attested by SP, AK, Elder's comment: "AK has heard it for both meanings". , (//§apcl=àls//), NUM /'ten fruit in a group (as they grow on a plant), (ten attached fruit)'/, EB, HARV, nca fruit, (spherical objects), phonology: full root vowel retention in spite of stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: num, nominal?, attested by AD (4/12/78). , (//§apcl=ówc|//), NUM /'ten canoes, ten boats'/, CAN, ACL ['ten boats'], nca , phonology: full root vowel retention in spite of stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: num, nominal?, attested by AD. , (//§cpe3l=owcs or §cpe3l=cwcs//), NUM ['ten paddles'], CAN, nca paddles, phonology: root allomorph perhaps by analogy to ten people, syntactic analysis: num, nominal?, attested by Elders Group, example: , (//s=§ápcl=s//), NUM /'ten o'clock, (tenth hour)'/, TIME, nca hour, day of the week, chronological period, phonology: circumfix, syntactic analysis: num, nominal, attested by AC, example: defecate, possibly after, behind
defecate, possibly after, behind, phonology: probable consonant-loss of root final glottal stop before consonant, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Matsqui, attested by Deming, Salish cognate: Squamish /s-§á§q/ dung and /§á§q/ defecate W73:77,87, K69:94, probably with lexical suffix /=q/ bottom, behind, trunk, compare root , df //s=§á·qw //, ANA ['after-birth'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP (9/19/75), Salish cognate: possibly Lushootseed root /§uq*w ~ §cq*w / pull out, unplug? (H76:661-2,685) if deglottalization occured in Halq'eméylem, compare root the last baby (youngest baby), and compare root in or back of the body. , df //§áqw =cl=cc or §áqw =clcc//, ANA /'back of the body, the whole back'/, possibly root meaning uncertain, possibly get, become, go, come?, on the back, prob. not on the rump/bottom, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SJ (4/10/80), Elders Group (5/5/75, 5/26/76), AC, DM (12/4/64), also , //§c3qw =cl=cts//, also /'back (of a person)'/, EB ['back (of a tree) (the side away from the rising sun)'], attested by CT, HT, also , //è*cx. w =áT tc-l §áqw =cl=cc//, [è*cx. w át twl §]3qw clcc], /'wash my back'/, attested by AC, , //q*w áq*w =cT (k*w áqw =cT?) tc §óqw =cl=cts-s tc si=yálcxw c//, /'hit the old man's back'/, literally /'whip s-o/s-th (club s-o/s-th) the back of the (male) old person'/, attested by AC, , //§e3y, ë%*á ycwe3l §e3y s=t*c3lmcxw ; wc-lí k*w c li tc §c3qw =cl=cc-s tc èqe3t §c3wc lí-s §ey=c3m//, /'It's good, it's the best medicine; if it's on the back )side away from the rising sun) of the tree it's not as strong.'/, attested by CT, HT. hang on an arm or on something sticking out as in , df //§áq*w =e//, KIN /'last baby (youngest baby), the last-born, a child cranky and jealous of an expected brother or sister'/, ASM ['the unborn child is pinching where the other one was in the womb, that's why the older child is cranky'], EFAM, lx living thing, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC (10/3/76), Elders Group (1/25/78), Salish cognate: Samish (dial. of N.
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Straits) /šxw =áq*w a§/ relative (any sex or age) ~ TB /šxw =§áq*w c§/ brother and VU /§cq*w cy*tcl*/ ~ LD /§cq*wíy*tcl*/ to be related together G86:78. , KIN /'last baby (youngest baby), the last-born, a child cranky and jealous of an expected brother or sister'/, see óqw'. , //è*cx. =á·s=cm//, /'wash one's face'/, , //è*q* =á·s//, /'punched in the w face'/, , //x =è=á·s//, /'big face'/, , //s=k*w cc=á·s=tcl//, /'window, mirror'/, literally /'nominal see face device to'/, /'blind'/, , //§íy=cs//, /'fun, having , //qe3yt=cs//, /'headband'/, , //qe3yx=cs//, . fun'/, literally /'good in the face'/, , //xw=t*áx. w=cs=ccs//, /'hollow of the hand'/, , //s=tiyt=á·s//, /'Promontory Mountain'/, literally /'something upriver on the face'/, , //s=xc . 3 l=cs//, /'basket design'/, literally /'nominal mark, design on face'/, , //s=|íc*=cs (Chill.) ~ sxw =|íc*=cs (Cheh.)//, /'scored wind-dried salmon'/, literally /'nominal cut on face'/, , w //xíy=q* =cs=t//, /'hang s-o'/, , . //|q*e[=Aá·=]c(c)s=cs//, /'five dollars'/, , //tcqe[=Aá·=]ce=á·s//, /'eight dollars'/, also , //=cs//, , //pcláq=cs//, /'torch moon (in January), (time to spear fish by torchlight)'/ (compare torch), , //wclc3k*=cs//, /'little frog moon (in March)'/, , //s=k*wcxy=á·s//, /'moon, month'/ (compare , //|ak*w cm(=)á·l(=)cs//, /'when the first fall storm comes'/ (compare perhaps , //§c-s-u §á·=T-cs tc si=ye3·yc-s wc-§á·|-cs//, /'Then he called his friends to get in the canoe.'/, usage: story of the Flood1A AC, , //§c-s-c3s-u §á·=T-cm tc C1 á=lcc*c ciief//, /'And so they called one chief.'/, literally /'so tidn thdy he was called the one person chief'/, syntactic analysis: ambiguous past subordinating nolinalizer -rbsp 3 -contrastive, usage: contemporary story, attested by AC, , ds //§á[=·=]t*//, HUNT ['slingshot (of the stretched kind)'], ( augmentative), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (11/26/75). , pcs //§át*=cT//, MC /'stretch s-th out, stretch it'/, semantic environment ['sweater, animal hide, accordion, person, etc.'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, CT, HT, Elders Group, Salish cognate: Squamish /§út*-un§/ stretch, lengthen, extend (tr.) W73:255, K69:95, Lushootseed root in /§út*-cb/ stretch and /§cxw=§út*=§ut*=alus/ stretched eyes, slant eyes, sleepy eyes (an instlt for Bear) H76:687, example: , //§át*=cT tc k*wc3lc3w//, /'stretch a hide'/, attested by CT, HT; found in , //§át*=cT-cm qw el=á·ycè(cl)=tcl//, /'accordion'/, literally /'stretched musibal instrument/wind instrument'/, usage: suggested in humor, attested by Elders Group (1/30/80); found in , pcrs //§át*=cT-ct//, ABFC ['stretch oneself'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group.
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, ds //xw c=§a[=Aí=]t*=cT//, incs, pcs, HUNT /'draw a bow, cock a gun, (draw it (of a bow), cock it (of a gun))'/, SOC, ( get, become, inceptive), ( derivational perhaps aspectual), root , HUNT ['slingshot (of the stretched kind)'], see ót'. , ABFC ['stretch oneself'], see ót'. , da //=áè//, SH ['edge'], syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //§ey=áè//, /'sharp(-edged)'/ ( is an unstressed allomorph of good), , //qcl=áè//, /'dull(-edged)'/, , //qcl=áè=cqscl//, /'blunt (of a point or pole)'/, , //s=hc=mil=áè=cl//, /'riverbank'/ (root drop into water, submerge into water as also in a set net, a stationary net and to set a net), perhaps , //s=qc3p*=à·ècl//, /'flying squirrel'/, literally /'nominal cover on the mouth'/, (semological comment: so-called because of stories the animal will land against one's mouth when one is walking at night in the woods and smother one), , //sqwiqwcy=á·ècl//, /'jack-rabbit, big older rabbit'/, comment: also see harelip. , free root //§áècqw //, FOOD /'to roast potatoes in hot sand or ashes, bake in ashes, bake in stove'/, ACL ['bake in stove'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , pcs //§áècqw=T//, FOOD /'bake s-th in ashes, bake s-th in a stove'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , //lc=u| q*w c3lc3m t-e§ s=§áècqw //, /'Your roast potatoes are cooked.'/, attested by MH. , //s=§áècqw scplí·l//, /'baked bread'/, ASM ['in contrast to fried bread example'], , //s=§áècqw s=qe3·wè//, /'baked potatoes'/. , probably bound root //§á·è//, meaning uncertain unless edge, surface , dnom //s=§á·è=cs ~ s=§áè=cs//, ANA ['face'], ( nominalizer), possibly root edge, surface possibly root from edge?, lx on the face, phonology: the long vowel probably only in careful/slow pronunciation, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ
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(5/64), Elders Group (3/1/72), many others, other sources: ES and JH /s§á·ècs/ face, H-T (macron over á) face, Boas 1890 , //lí tc s=§áècs-s//, /'on his face'/, phonology: consonant merger, attested by AC, , //kw ím=cl t-e§ s=§áè=cs//, /'Your face is red.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), , df //§á·wq*w =cl=mcxw or §e[=Aá·=]wk*w =cl=mcxw //, SOCT /'a group of people, a tribe of people, several tribes'/, possibly root , //ë%*í·=lcsáxy-cs//, /'He/She loves me.'/. , SOC ['give it to me'], see áxw. , SOC /'give it to s-o, give to s-o'/, see áxw. , SOC ['giving it to s-o'], see áxw. , free root //§áx//, . EFAM ['it's no good'], semantic environment ['said of something disliked'], syntactic analysis: interjection, usage: slang, attested by AHTTC (2/15/80). w
, possible root or stem //§áx. (=)c//, meaning unknown w fork . (in anything)). , df //§áy=cm or §e[=Aá=]y=cm//, TIME /'(be) slow, (be) late, go slow'/, possibly root keep on, continue, possibly resultative??, middle voice, phonology: possible ablaut, updrifting or allomorph oyém before suffixes, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by EB, Elders Group (6/16/76), also , //§á·y=cm or §e[=Aá=]·y=cm//, attested by Elders Group (5/28/75), Salish cognate: Squamish /§úyum§/ slow W73:238, K67:396, Sechelt /§úyum/ slow T77:20, example: , //tu §áy=c3m-c-cxw //, /'You go slow.'/, literally /'a little more you go/are slow'/, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76), or , dmv //C1 í=§áy=c[=M2=]m//, TIME ['(be) slower'], TVMO, ( diminutive or comparative), ( derivational), phonology: reduplication, metathesis, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78). , caus //§áy=c3m=sT-cxw //, TIME /'delay s-o, slow s-o down'/, TVMO, ( causative control transitivizer), phonology: possible allomorph oyém, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming, Elders Group (3/29/78), also , //§áy=c3[=M2=]m=sT-cxw ~ §áy=c3m=sT-cxw //, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76); found in
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, //§áy=c3m=sT-cxw -|e//, /'Slow him down.'/, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76). , pcs //§ay=c[=M2=]m=T//, TIME ['delay s-o'], TVMO, ( derivational), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78). , //pe[=Ac3=]è*=e[=Aa=]y=cs//, /'rice root'/, EB, ['Fritillaria camschatcensis'], dialects: Tait, attested by SP, Elders Group (5/28/75), , //qw íl=c[=M2=]y=cs//, /'flower of the red flowering currant'/, EB, ['Ribes sanguineum'], literally /'body hair flower (due to the hairs all over the stem and branches)'/, probably root body hair, , df //s=§áy=cwàt or s=§áycw=àt//, PLN /'another small peak just to the right of the Mount Cheam summit peak as one faces south, she is another daughter of Lhílheqey (Mt. Cheam)'/, ASM ['Wells 1965:17 gives (our (less sure), and gave , //C1 í=mclc=§=á·y|e//, /'doll'/ (compare baby, tiny child with diminutive + child), should be compared to firewood, wood and little firewood, little stick of wood and living thing, contrast child or young. In my data the word for doll is the only example. , SOC /'be totally independent, doing the best one can'/, see éy ~ éy:. , TIME ['delay s-o'], see óyém. , SOC ['fighting'], see iyó:tel. , da //=á·y(=)ècl ~ =cy(=)c3ècl ~ =cy(=)ècl(=íl)//, ANA ['on the lip or jaw'], LANG ['in speech'], MUS ['music'], possibly bark, covering, possibly derivational, possibly on the mouth, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //s=ë%*cp=á·yècl//, /'lower lip'/, , //k*w e[=Ac=]s=á·yècl//, /'burned on the lip(s)'/, , //mclmcl=á·yècl//, /'blunder in speaking'/, , //mclq=cl=cyèíl=cm//, /'forget in speaking, forget one's words'/, , //sqc§íy=cqcl=á·yècl//, /'not fluent in speaking'/, literally /'not know language in the lips'/, , //há·yècl//, /'finish eating'/, phonology: blend of há·y and =á·yècl, consonant-loss, , //qw cl=ayèí·l=cm or qw cl=ayè=í·l=cm//, /'making music'/, , //qw e4·l=á·yècl=tcl//, /'musical instrument'/, phonology: l ! zero before =tel, , //qeyqcwáècl=á·yècl//, /'harelip, cleft palate'/. , df //§á·ywascs or §e3·[=Aá·=]y=was=cs//, PLN /'village or settlement on the west side of the Fraser River at Emory Creek by Frank Malloway's fish camp, Albert Flat (Yale Indian Reserve #5)'/, ASM ['just north of the mouth of Emory Creek'], Elder's comment: "from would literally be be continued/kept on on the side(s) and the root of would mean kept on, continued, possibly on the face, circular object, cyclic period, dollar or meaning uncertain (affix not attested elsewhere), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/6/77), MP (1973-74) recorded in writing by SP and AD at interviews with MP (IHTTC 7/8/77), source: place names reference file #10, other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):25. , dnom //s=§á=q//, ANA /'dung, excrement, feces'/, ( nominalizer), probably root to have a bowel movement, to defecate, to shit, contrast dung, shit. , //lc è*cxw =sT-c3lcmct §o s=iy=e3m//, /'Pity us, oh Lord.'/, usage: part of prayer/words said before picking plants for medicine, attested by TM/DF/NP (Elders Group 3/22/78). , df //s(=)xw =§c[=Ao=]ha=e3mc3l//, PLN ['village now called Ohamil Reserve or Laidlaw'], ( nominalizer), probably root wrapped up, lx part, portion (of body), member, possibly derivational, phonology: ôablaut (rare), vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, last two pronunciations attested by IHTTC (8/5/77, 8/11/77), LJ (Tait)(in Elders Group 7/13/77), also , //§c[=Au=]ha=e3mc3l ~ §c[=Ao=]ha=e3mc3l//, phonology: clipped form, Elder's comment: "shortcut pronunciation", attested by IHTTC (8/11/77), other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):25, source: place names reference file #57. be lost, phonology: probable (rare), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, dialects: Chill., attested by Elders Group (3/72), AC, Deming, possibly compare //§ú·kw ~ §úwk*w or §i[=Aú·=]k*w //, phonology: probable resultative, dialects: Cheh., Tait, attested by EB (12/16/75), Salish cognate: Saanich dial. of N. Straits /§cw*k*w/ give out, be all gone (as food) B74a:64, Sechelt /§uk*w -ami|/ to give out (all gone), ("run out of food") T77:28, Mainland Comox /§c3wk*w -c3mi|/ to give out, be all gone (as food) B75prelim:76, example: , //le-c-cl t*á·k*w ë%*a=kw -s-cs §ó·k*w k*w (=)èc-l te3lc//, /'I'm going home because my (near but not visible) money ran out.'/, attested by AC, , //§u| tu §ú·k*w tc s=§e3|=tcl//, /'The food is nearly finished.'/, literally /'already little more ran out the food'/, attested by EB, , //§ú·k*w tc-l te3·le//, /'My money ran out., I ran out of money.'/, attested by EB, , //s=k*we3y kw-s §ú·k*w-s//, /'It can't run out.'/, attested by EB. , pcs //§i[=Aú·=]k*w =T//, FOOD ['finish it (of food)'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: ú:-ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, example: , //§ówc=| §ú·k*w =T-cs tc s=§e3|=tcl-s//, /'He never finished his food.'/, attested by EB, , df //§ók*w =xyc[=Ae=]l=tcl//, HHG /'mat, (foot mat)'/, lx on the foot, lx device to, possibly derivational or perhaps phonological remainder from stress shifting, root meaning unknown, phonology: possible ablaut, regular rule of consonant-loss (of l on xel before =t...), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC. meaning uncertain but perhaps around in circles (Galloway 1977:294) or vigorously, possibly compare Musqueam /=q*w / vigorously? in Suttles ca1984:14.6.41), phonology: possible ó:-ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (10/6/76). , //§óqw =cl=cc//, ANA /'back of the body, the whole back'/ attested by MV (Deming 4/10/80), AC, Salish cognate: Nooksack /§óqw clæ 4 è/ back PA61, Lushootseed /s-§cqw clíè/ back (of body) w H76:661, Songish (N. Straits) /§cq cléc/ to be behind M68:140, example:
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, //s|c3q*=owc|//, /'lower back'/, literally /'(wide part? + canoe)'/, , //qw c|y=ówc| (ó ~ ú)//, /'carved wooden spoon'/, root driftwood, , //xy e3wc|//, /'vulva, vagina'/, (perhaps) < t'emewí:lt>, //t*cm=cwí·l=T//, /'chop the inside of it out'/, (semological comment: probably refers to a canoe),(perhaps) , //xycp=cwí·l=T//, /'plane it out inside'/, (semological comment: probably refers to a canoe). , da //=ówcs ~ =ó·wcs ~ =e3·wcs ~ =cwcs//, CAN /'canoe paddle, paddler(s)'/, semantic environment ['with numbers 1-ll, kw'í:l, and non-numerals'], syntactic comment: optional?, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, also , //=e3·wcs//; found in , //xy cc*=ó·wcs//, /'store canoe paddles away'/; found in , //xycc*=ó·wcs=tcl//, /'January moon, time to store canoe paddles away'/, , //pot=ówcs//, /'oar'/; found in boat), , //xw el=cxy=ówcs//, /'lift a paddle (while paddling)'/; found in lift s-th), , //c*cl=C1 cC2 =óws=cm ~ c*c3l=C1 cC2 =ccs//, /'repeatedly switching sides in paddling'/, (compare smoked fish and less likely with clothing, material, fabric, phonology: vowel merger, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, also , CLO /'flannelette, velvet, woolly material, fluffy material, soft material'/, see pá:pa. , bound root //pes ~ pcs meaning uncertain//. , ds //C1 cC2 =pcs=á·yè(cl)=íl=cm or pcs=C1cC2=á·yè(cl)=íl=cm//, ABFC ['make one's mouth like one's going to cry'], probably characteristic, lx on the lips, chin, jaw, ( go, come, get, become, inceptive, middle voice), phonology: automatic syllable-loss (el before =íl), reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC
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(8/9/77). , df //pes=C1 cC2 =íccl ~ pcs=C1 cC2 =í·ccl ~ pes=C1 cC2 =yí·ccl//, EZ /'type of bird that begs for bones or food with the song: paspes(y)í(:)tsel kw'e sth'ò:m th'ò:m th'ò:m, probably a song sparrow'/, ['probably Melospiza melodia morphna'], ASM ['the song is variously transcribed as paspesítsel kw'e sth'ò:m th'ò:m th'ò:m (IHTTC) and as paspasyí:tsel kw'e sthóm th'óm th'óm (SP) begging for a bone bone bone'], (probably characteristic), possibly on the back, on the surface, on the top as in , bound root //pe3è*// have animal odor/stink, have animal smell , //pe3[=C1 c=]c*=cm//, attested by Elders Group (11/10/76), compare with , df //s=pe[=Ac3=]è*=M2=cq//, EZ ['striped skunk'], ['Mephitis mephitis spissigrada'], ASM ['the skunk predicts "spring fever" because in December or so it lets out a different smell, baby striped skunks have a different name, they have white spots mixed with black (this may be the spotted skunk as well as baby striped skunk), they squeak'], MED ['skunk oil is medicine for earache (EF)'], ( nominalizer), root have animal stink, have body odor, durative, derivational, lx on the penis (close to the location of the scent gland under the tail), phonology: ablaut, metathesis of consonants, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64, 12/5/64), AK (11/21/72), Elders Group (3/29/79), EF (Deming 9/21/78), ME (11/21/72), other sources: ES /sè*c3pcq/ striped skunk, JH /sèc3pcq/ skunk, Salish cognate: Shuswap /s-c*ípcq/ skunk K74:177, for the root connection also suggestive are Samish dial. of NSt /pcpcc*ín/ skunk and /pc*é=õ=sct/ get body odor G86a:66, and possibly Sechelt /p*álac*/ skunk T77:9, contrast spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis latifrons), baby striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis spissigrada), example: , cts //pe3[-·-]yc*=cm//, FIRE /'sparking, sparkling, exploding with sparks and making sparky noises, making sparky noises'/, ASM ['a fire can do this or fireworks that shoot up and then burst with sparkles making little popping noises'], semantic environment ['fire, fireworks'], LT, SD, also , //pe3[-·-]y*=cm//, /'lots of sparks going up at the same time'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), ( continuative), phonology: vowel-loss of e in root after lengthening of preceding syllable, prob. phonetically caused rather than morphologically caused, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75, 4/23/80), also LT ['sparkling (with reflections)'], semantic environment ['ring, eyes, etc.'], attested by DF (4/23/80), also /'lots of sparks'/, attested by Elders Group (5/28/75), also /'spark (of a fire), be sparking'/, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75), example: , FIRE /'sparking, sparkling, exploding with sparks and making sparky noises, making sparky noises'/, see páyéts'em. , bound root //pch or pá(·)h blow//. , sas //pch=e3·ls//, WETH ['blow (wind)'], ( structured activity non-continuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, Deming, example: , //§u| mc pch=e3·ls//, /'It started to blow.'/, literally /'already start to/come to blow wind'/, attested by Deming. , dnom //s=pch=e3·ls//, WETH ['wind'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/64, 12/5/64), Elders Group, Deming, other sources: ES /spche3·ls/ wind, JH /spché·ls/ the wind, example: , //híkw s=pch=e3·ls//, /'storm, heavy wind'/, literally /'big wind'/, attested by BJ (12/5/64), , //pá·=T-|e t-e§ s=mc3t=cqscl//, /'Blow your nose.'/, literally /'blow =it -command imperative your snot'/, attested by AD (Aug. 1980). , rsls //C1 c=pá·=T-cm or C1 c=pá·=tcm//, ABFC ['blown'], MUS, WETH, ( resultative), probably purposeful control transitivizer and passive forming participial, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, example: , //C1 c=pá·=T-cm qw el=á·yèc(l)=tcl//, MUS /'flute, wind instrument, blown musical instrument'/, literally /'blown musical instrument (talk =in lips =device)'/, (semological comment: the root of musical instrument is talk which is something that birds and animals do in their own languages, thus the bird-song would be included in talk), attested by Elders Group (11/26/75). , df //C1 c=C1 c=pá·=T-cm or C1 c=C1 c=pá·=tcm//, EB ['rattlesnake plantain'], ['Goodyera oblongifolia'], ASM ['grows under fir trees'], MED ['leaves used as a poultice and antiseptic after peeling the upper and lower surfaces apart (one can blow
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into them then) and applying the moist inside part to the wound or open blister (a blister of mine healed in two days from such application); tea from the roots is good for stomach trouble as ulcer medicine, roots were chewed and the juice swallowed for coughs, especially whooping cough medicine'], possibly diminutive plural, possibly resultative, possibly participial, from purposeful control transitivizer plus passive, (semological comment: literally perhaps many little blown things after the fact that the leaves are small and can be blown into easily as was shown to me when SP did this and then applied it to a blister I got while we were digging cedar roots for baskets–the blister was healed the next morning), phonology: double reduplication (with same reduplication type), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP, AD, JL (at Fish Camp 7/19/79). , dnom //pá(=T)=tcl//, CAN ['(a) sail'], literally /'device to blow'/, lx device to, phonology: possible consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , dnom //s=pa=tcl=e3le3//, CAN ['mast on a canoe or boat'], literally /'something that's a container of a sail'/, ( nominalizer), lx device to, lx container of, phonology: stress-shift from root without vowel-reduction before stressed full-grade of suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , df //s=pá[=C1 c=]t=cs//, PLN /'Katz river-bank, Ruby Creek settlement, village on north bank of Fraser River just below (west of) the mouth of Ruby Creek'/, literally /'something that (where) it's blowing on the face (of riverbank)'/, Elder's comment: "so named because it's always windy there", ( nominalizer), ( continuative), lx on the face, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP (8/28/75), IHTTC, JL (4/3/78), source: place names reference file #44, other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):25. , WETH ['blow (wind)'], see peh or pó(:)h. , EZ /'big pretty frog, bullfrog with colors on his back'/, see peh or pó(:)h. , free root //pc3kce//, ACL /'picture, photo, (drawing, etc.)'/, PLAY ['face card'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SJ, MV, Elders Group, borrowed from English /pw3kèd/, example: , //xe . 3 lq=cm pc3kce//, /'moving pictures, movies'/, attested by SJ (Deming w 8/10/78), also , //xe . 3 lq=cm x íè=iya//, Elder's comment: "may be okay for moving pictures", attested by SJ, comment: xw may be sic for xw, , //§cwc= 3te pc3kce//, /'(There's) no face cards.'/, attested by Elders Group (9/14/77). , df //pckce=e3m or pckce=e3·m or pckce=cm or pckce= 3=cm//, ACL /'take a picture, to photograph'/, ( intransitive verbalizer, get, make), phonology: vowel merger (yields the non-schwa vowel of a pair of adjacent vowels and often adds length and stress), possible lengthening, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by SJ and MV (2/17/78). , ACL /'take a picture, to photograph'/, see pékcha. , free root or stem //pc3k*w ~ pc3q*w or pch=k*w ~ pch=q*w //, LAND /'smoke puffing out, (puff out (dust, powder, plant spores, seed fluff, light snow, smoke), form puffs of dust)'/, EB, WETH, MC, possible connection with blow + round, around in circles or around in circles, phonology: the root final h would drop before the suffix, also note the same variation of root vowel, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD and NP (4/11/80), Salish cognate: Squamish root /pc3k*w / form puffs of dust, smoke or spray W73:205, K67:249, Lushootseed root /p(a)q*w (~ pc3q*w )/ smoke from fire H76:334-335. , dnom //s=pck*w =c3m or s=pc3k*w =c[=M2=]m or s=pck*w =c[= 3=]m//, EB /'bloom or (plant) fuzz (spore, pollen, seed fluff) after it bursts'/, LAND, ( nominalizer), phonology: stressed intransitivizer or metathesis or stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: ES + JH /spk*w c3m/ dust, Salish cognate: Songish dial. of N. Straits /spkw c3õ/ dust, smoke Mitchell 1968 (quoted in G82:45 set 233), Lummi dial. of N. Straits /spck*wcõ/ (stress omitted) dusty (Demers 1982p.c.). , strs //s=pc[=Aá=lc=]q*w //, DESC ['be powdered'], ( stative), ( resultative, plural), phonology: ablaut, infixed plural, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC, Deming (2/17/78), also , //s=pc[=Aá=lc=]q*w scplí·l//, /'flour'/, literally /'powdered bread'/, attested by IHTTC, Deming (2/17/78), also , df //pc[=Aá=]k*w=cm//, EB ['when plant fuzz blows'], LAND ['when snow is so light it is blown by the wind like fuzz'], probably resultative or derivational, ( middle voice or intransitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Salish cognate: Shuswap /x-pq*w -úm, c-x-pcq*w -st-és/, root /puq*w / to load (a gun) and /(n-)pcq*w mín/ gunpowder, beside? Coeur d'Alene /p*aq*w / powder both in K74:143. , df //pc[=Aá=C1 c=]k*w =cm//, EB /'puffball, probably giant puffball and gemmed puffball, and possibly other species'/, ['probably Calvatia gigantea and Lycoperdon perlatum/gemmatum and possibly other Calvatia or Lycoperdon spp.'], ASM ['those growing around Popkum were sometimes eaten and gave their name to that place, when they get old they burst and send out spores which can harm one's eyes'], MED ['spore powder was rubbed on a baby's navel to prevent bed-wetting'], ( resultative, derivational), ( middle voice), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EP (IHTTC), also , df //pc[=Aá=C1 c=]k*w =cm//, PLN /'village on east bank of Fraser River near the
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peeled in May to use for basket decoration, some left red, some dyed black formerly by soaking underwater with bark of the red alder Alnus rubra but now by soaking underwater with rusted iron and other things, the bark when dried is stored in bundles, split, then rewet to weave into basketry imbrication'], possibly get, become, go, come, inceptive, root possibly bury if the bark was sometimes blackened by burying it with red alder bark in wet soil, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait, attested by SP, perhaps others in Elders Group, also , //c*=q*íx. s=t*clc3m//, literally /'black bitter cherry bark'/, dialects: Cheh., attested by Elders Group, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /plíla§(ac) ~ plála§/ wild cherry tree H76:342-343. , BLDG ['pantry'], see pél (perhaps ~ pí:l by now). , ABDF /'(have) smallpox, measles, chickenpox'/, see pél:ékw. , ABFC ['be peeking'], see pél:ékw. , df //pcl(=)á|xw //, SOCT /'Pilalt tribe, Pilalt people, Pilalt dialect, (Pilalt, village at west end of Little Mountain by Agassiz [Wells, Duff])'/, possibly root bury, plant, possibly meaning uncertain, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (5/64) (= second transcription from tape too), source: place names reference file #63, also , //pcl(=)á·|xw//, ASM ['Laurence James says that the main Pilalt village was Qweqwe'ópelhp, now Kwawkwawapilt Reserve'], attested by Elders Group (7/13/77)(Laurence James), PLN /'Pilalt, village at west end of Little Mountain by Agassiz'/, source: Wells 1965:23, Duff 1952:35. , df //pclá·qcl//, FIRE ['torch'], HHG, ASM ['torches were used to fish by at night (torchlighting, pit-lamping) example in February in Chehalis, among the Chilliwack bundles of cedar bark were lit to warm the hands in the morning in February'], possibly root bury (done to hold torch upright or to put it out?), possibly container or on the head, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP (2/5/75). , df //pclá·q(=cl)=cs//, TIME /'moon of February to March, (torch season)'/, literally /'torch cyclic period/season'/, ASM ['so named because they fished with torches in February in Chehalis according to NP, so named because they used bundles of cedar bark for warming their hands in the morning in Feb. to March according to Billy Sepass (in Diamond Jenness's field notes)'], lx cyclic period, phonology: possible syllable-loss of el before =es, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP, Elders Group (2/5/75, 3/28/79). , TIME /'moon of February to March, (torch season)'/, see peló:qel. , WETH /'be steaming (in many places), be cloudy with rain-clouds'/, see poléxwem. , free root //pc3|//, SOC ['get crowded'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC. , plv //C1 cC2 =pc3|//, SOC ['get crowded out'], ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC. , pcs //p|=cT or p(c)|=c3T or pc3|=M1=T or pc3|=c[=M2=]T//, SOC ['crowd s-o out'], possibly derivational, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: stressed transitivizer or metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by BHTTC. , SOC ['get crowded out'], see pélh. , ANA ['(have) thick lips'], see plhá:t. or more likely , bound root or bound derived stem //pc3|(=)x(=)cl// . //p’[=D=]]i[=Ac3=]|(=)x(=)cl//, literal meaning possibly get flat all around, possibly from root . //s=p*í[=C1 c=]|=cqscl ~ s=p*i[=Ac3=]|=qscl// (have a) flat nose, [ stative, durative (or resultative?)], plus deglottalization derivational, durative/resultative, all around, come, go, get, become. , df //s=pc3|(=)x(=)cl// or //p’[=D=]]i[=Ac3=]|(=)x(=)cl////, LAND /'prairie, grassy open . . land, (grassy valley [EB, Gibbs, Elders Group]'/, ( nominalizer), distributive, possibly get, become, possibly root canyon was meant here), perhaps as correction of the previous week; thus is used for valley only when it is a flat grassy open valley, i.e., a prairie, example:
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, df //s=pcq=e3·s or s=pcq=a[=Ae3=]·s or s=p*[=D=]cq*=D=á[=Ae3=]·s//, EZ /'white Fraser River spring salmon that goes upriver with the red spring salmon, (white Fraser River chinook salmon)'/, ['Oncorhynchus tshawytscha'], ASM ['white here I believe means white-fleshed salmon'], ( nominalizer), possibly derivational, possibly on the face, (with derivational?) or meaning uncertain, probably root white, phonology: possible deglottalization, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, Elder's comment: ", //s=p*[=D=]cq*=a[=Ae3=]·s//, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72). , free root //pc3qw//, MC /'split off, break off, break a piece off, break in two, split in two'/, FOOD, LAND, semantic environment ['for ex. break bread with hands'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming, NP, AD,, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /pc3qw(u)/ break/cut a piece off (leaving a larger piece) H76:561, also , //pc3qw ~ páqw ?//, [p3qw ~ p]3qw ], attested by AC, , //lc pc3qw //, /'It split in two., It's broken.'/, attested by AC. , plv //C1 cC2 =pc3qw //, LAND ['broken off in pieces (like a river-bank)'], MC, ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB. , durs /pcqw =c[=Aá=]T or pcqw =áT//, pcs, MC /'break s-th in two (with one's hands), break it in half (with one's hands only), break off a piece of s-th'/, FOOD, semantic environment ['apple, orange, other fruit, bread, possibly wood'], probably durative, < =et> purposeful control transitivizer, phonology: possible stressed transitivizer or ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC, NP, AD, EB, example: derivational and on the back?, phonology: possible ô3 ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, PDP, AD, AK, others, source: place names reference file #12, other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):24, 25, also , //pcqw =cc=ówclècl//, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75). , ds //pcqw =c=ó·lècl s=tá[=C1 c=]lcw//, PLN /'Mill Creek (at American Bar), Puckat Creek on map also'/, literally /'American Bar creek, riverbank caving off creek'/, ( nominalizer), ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, attested by AK, SP, AD (all on trip to American Bar). , df //s=pcqw =ówc|//, PLN /'Chehalis River mouth (below the highway bridge, where land is breaking up into sand bars), (an opening one could get through in a canoe in high water near Chehalis IHTTC 8/25/77], small creek (branch of Chehalis River) several hundred yards up Chehalis River from where the road goes from old Chehalis village site to Chehalis River [EL 9/27/77])'/, ( nominalizer), lx canoe, vessel (container), syntactic analysis:
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nominal, attested by DF, EB, source: place names reference file #103, #104, also /'an opening one could get through in a canoe in high water near Chehalis'/, attested by IHTTC (8/25/77), source: place names reference file #103, 104, also /'small creek (branch of Chehalis River) several hundred yards up Chehalis River from where the road goes from old Chehalis village site to Chehalis River'/, attested by EL (9/27/77), source: place names reference file #291. , df //pc3qw =cl(=)cs//, LAND ['a river bank caving in'], possibly go, come, get, become, possibly on the face, syntactic analysis: nominal?, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75). , ds //pcqw =ílcs//, ABDF ['out of breath and over-tired and over-hungry'], literally /'split in two in the chest'/, lx in the chest, phonology: vowel-loss or zero-grade of root before stressed full-grade of suffix, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group. , PLN /'village at American Bar, village on west bank of Fraser River at American Creek, American Bar Reserve'/, see péqw. , PLN /'Mill Creek (at American Bar), Puckat Creek on map also'/, see péqw. , LAND ['a river bank caving in'], see péqw. , MC /'break s-th in two (with one's hands), break it in half (with one's hands only), break off a piece of s-th'/, see péqw. , LAND ['broken off in pieces (like a river-bank)'], see péqw. , FOOD ['break it in pieces with one's hands'], see péqw. , HHG ['butter dish'], see péte. , df //pc3t=l-cxw//, ncs //'recognize s-o'//, ( non-control transitivizer), ( third person object), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, AC, Salish cognate: Saanich dial. of N. Straits /pít=ncxw / recognize s-o B74a:72, Lushootseed /pít-cb/ notice; pay attention to; understand H76:340, example: , //lí-c-xw pc3t=l-áxy//, /'Do you recognize me?, Do you know who I am now?'/, phonology: epenthetic e separates t and l, i.e. syllabicizing l, attested by AC (8/27/73), , //lí-c-xw pct=l-á·lxw te=|límc|//, /'Do you recognize US?'/, syntactic comment: inp plus object pronoun shows emphasis on object, attested by AC (8/27/73). , FSH ['to take all the loose eggs out of s-th (a salmon)'], see páthet. as in building, house, room, phonology: epenthetic h, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming, Elder's comment: "unsure". , BLDG ['post office'], see pípe. , EZ /'frog, (esp. Northwestern toad, if generic also includes the tree toad and recent introductions the bullfrog and green frog, and the tailed toad, red-legged frog, and western spotted frog), (if generic may also include water frog that lives in springs and keeps the water cold [Halq'eméylem name unknown to Elders Group on 1/30/80], and a huge pretty frog (bigger than pípehò:m) that has supernatural powers and cries like a baby [sxexómô3 lh ~ wexó:mô3 :lh]), (big frog with warts [AD])'/, see peh or pó(:)h. , EB /'common plantain, ribbed plantain, called "frog leaf"'/, see peh or pó(:)h. , EZ /'baby frog, probably also tadpole'/, see peh or pó(:)h. , ABFC /'making love, having intercourse'/, see pél (perhaps ~ pí:l by now). , WATR /'freezing, freezing cold'/, see pí:w. , EB /'to drop or blow plant fluff (like dandelions, fireweed, cottonwood, etc.), to blow (of dusty or flaky stuff like wood dust, dandruff, maybe seeds)'/, see píxw. , MED /'cotton balls'/, PE, see píxw. , //s=pí[=C1 c=]w tc s=tá·l=cw qc-c-t-u lám-c xw =lí tc s=l=c§e3=á·è=cl//, /'The river was frozen until we got across.'/, literally /'was frozen the river until we hit -just get there at the across/opposite side'/, attested by EB (12/18/75), , //§o síèikri, plís=T tc s=q*c3p-c-ct//, /'Oh Jesus, bless our meeting.'/, attested by AD, , //wc=§á·l-cw p|e3·t t-e s=lc3xw c|//, /'Your canoe is too thick.'/, attested by AC. , caus //p|e3·t=sT-cxw //, MC ['make s-th thick'], ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, example: , //p|e3t=sT-cxw tc frosting//, /'make the frosting thick'/, attested by EB. , df //pc|t=á·yècl or p|t=á·yècl//, ANA ['(have) thick lips'], BPI, lx on the lips, phonology: possible vowel-loss on root with epenthetic schwa inserted before spirant, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Deming (3/16/78). , MC ['make s-th thick'], see plhá:t. around in circles, in the joint, on the foot/leg, see main dialect form , phonology: possible vowel-loss in root before stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/30/80), Deming (1/31/80), Salish cognate: Squamish /p*á|q*w -šn/ sprain one's ankle W73:248, K67:252, Lushootseed /p*c3|q*w / sprain, get out of joint and /p*c|q*w -šád/ sprain ankle (also /p*c|q*w -áèi§/ sprain wrist and /p*c|q*w-ùlágwcp/ hip out of joint H76:355-356. , SOC ['crowd s-o out'], see pélh. , //s=pál§//, dialects: prob. Matsqui or Sumas, attested by a speaker at Deming (AH?), also /'raven'/, attested by EF and some others at Deming (4/17/80), other sources: ES /spa·l/ (circumflex over a) raven beside /spclál/ crow, JH /spá·l/ crow, raven, but H-T raven (Corvus corax principalis) beside (macron over a) (t sic for l) crow (Corvus caurinus) (H-T's forms here correspond to terms and glosses I found most frequently). , dmn //s=p[=cC2=]ál//, EZ /'smaller crow, northwestern crow'/, ['Corvus caurinus'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: ES /spclál/ crow, H-T (macron over a)(t sic for l) crow (Corvus caurinus)(cry resembles skak brother).. , df //s=pa[=C1 c=C2e3=]l or s=pa[=R[=cl=]9]l//, EZ ['crow'], ['prob. Corvus caurinus'], possibly diminutive or derivational, possibly meaning uncertain, plural?, phonology: reduplication (unusual types), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (5/3/78), other sources: H-T (macron over a)(t sic for l) crow (Corvus caurinus)(cry resembles skak brother) , dmpn //s=C1 c=p[=cl=]á·l//, EZ /'little crows, small crows, bunch of small crows, (bunch of northwestern crows)'/, ['Corvus caurinus'], ( diminutive), ( plural), phonology: reduplication, infixed plural, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/18/76, 6/4/75), AC, also , bound stem //pal(=)cqw(=)íè*e//; probably root to mould, rot (of wood), probably plural, lx , df //s=palcqw =íè*e or s=pa[=lc=]qw =íè*e//, REL /'ghost, corpse, dead body'/, ( nominalizer), probably root to mould, rot (of wood), probably plural, lx , //mc §e3·yclcxw tc s=pa[=lc=]qw =íè*e//, /'The corpse came back to life.'/, literally /'come alive the corpse'/, attested by EB. , dmn //s=pa[=C1 c=lc=]qw =íè*e//, EZ /'screech owl especially, probably other small owls as given below but only the screech owl is consistently mentioned by all speakers'/, ['Otus asio kennicotti'], literally /'little ghost'/, ASM ['spirits of recently deceased people can often appear as small owls, thus their name, meaning little ghost; AD notes that if you see an owl you can name all your family and if the owl drops dead after a name, that person will die; you can save that person by tearing the owl up in your hands; also if you kill an owl you should throw it over your shoulder and name someone [that you wish harm] for the spirit to go to (AD 9/21/78); EB noted that her mother talked to a little barn owl which came three times; she talked to it as if it was her deceased husband and said, "You've travelled to the other world. Don't come back and bother us. We've given everything away of yours." Then it flew away. (EB 9/21/78); Its cry can mean bad news like a crow's (Elders Group 3/21/79)'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, vowel-reduction on suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 6/4/75), AC, EB, other sources: ES /spclcqw íè*a/ beside Musqueam and Cowichan /spcplcqw íè*e/ screech owl, also EZ ['pygmy owl and saw-whet owl'], ['Glaucidium gnoma swarthi (or Glaucidium gnoma grinnelli) and Cryptoglaux acadia acadia (or Aegolius acadicus)'], attested by Elders Group (9/8/76), also EZ /'pygmy owl, some also call the moth (big ones or little ones) by this name'/, ['Glaucidium gnoma swarthi, some also call order Lepidoptera by this name'], ASM ['BJ has never seen the pygmy owl because it comes out late in the evening'], attested by BJ (12/5/64), also EZ ['barn owl'], ['Tyto alba'], attested by EB (2/27/76, 9/21/78). , ds //(lcxw=)pa[=C1 c=lc=]qw=iè*e=cm or pc[=C1 c=lc]qw =iè*e=e3m//, PLN ['rocky place between two CPR tunnels above and about half a mile east of Haig'], literally /'place to get/have/find screech owl(s) (or pymy owls, etc.)'/, ASM ['Haig is a stop on CPR line on northwest side of the Fraser River,just northwest of and across from Hope; one can often see these "littleghosts" in the morning or early evening at this place'], ( always), ( place to get/have/find), phonology: vowel merger, possible stressed intransitivizer, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC, source: place names reference file #205. , //pa[=lc=]qw =íè*c=T-ámc-c-cl-ce//, /'I'm going to ghost you.'/, phonology: stress-shift on object suffix automatic before subject suffix, downstepping on lexical suffix, , LAND ['dust'], see pékw' ~ péqw'. , WATR ['steaming it'], see poléxwem. , df //pa[=C1 c=]lc=há·ys or pe[=AaC1 c=]lc=(h)á·y=cs//, PLN ['Yale Mountain'], ASM ['located above the new Yale graveyard; this mountain grew in the great Flood to save the people of the area, and some people were saved from starvation by finding spá:lxw vegetable (root/bulb) food there'], literally /'(said to mean) growing higher, rising up'/, ( continuative (see literal translation)), possibly root one, possibly flower with epenthetic after vowelfinal root, automatic from suffix, (semological comment: the alternate literal meaning being one flower could account for the reported literal meaning if referring to one flower being or growing higher to show its vegetable food to starving people (??)), phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut automatic, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, Elders Group (7/6/77, 9/13/77), SP (and AK) (at Fish Camp 8/2/77), source: place names reference file #8. or , bound stem //pápc3l(=)cm or xw(=)pe[=AáC1c=]l(c)=cm//, meanings unclear , df //s(=)xw =pápc3lcm or s(=)xw (=)pe[=AáC1c=]l(c)=cm//, PLN /'slough on west side of Harrison River, the first slough upriver from Q'iq'ewetó:lthel and first slough below Xemó:leqw'/, ( nominalizer), possibly continuative or derivational, possibly place to get/have/find or middle voice?, root meaning unknown, phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, possible vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL, source: place names reference file #298. , PLN ['rocky place between two CPR tunnels above and about half a mile east of Haig'], see poleqwíth'a. , EB ['getting mouldy in taste or smell'], see póqw. , SM ['(be) mouldy smelling'], see póqw. , IDOC ['blowing (of an Indian doctor on a patient)'], see póxw. , MC ['bending s-th'], see pó:y. , PLN /'village on east bank of Fraser River near the outlet from Cheam Lake, Popkum Indian village'/, see pékw' ~ péqw'. , LANG /'calling one another names (insults about their bodies), calling each other names'/, see pésqw. , bound root //páqw to mould, rot (of wood)//, Salish cognate: Squamish root /puqw/ be mouldy W73:178, K69:43, Samish dial. of N. Straits /pápcqw / (VU) get mouldy G86:73. , df //s=pá[=C1 c=]qw //, EB /'mould (on food, clothes, etc.)'/, ( nominalizer or possibly stative), ( resultative or possibly continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, possibly adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by Elders Group. , mdls //pá[-C1 c-]qw =cm//, cts, EB ['getting mouldy in taste or smell'], ASM ['can persist even after the mould has been thrown out'], ( continuative), ( middle voice), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group. , ds //pa[-C1 c-]qw=cm=e3lc3qcp//, SM ['(be) mouldy smelling'], EB, lx in smell, fragrance, odor, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by Elders Group (5/25/77).
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, ds //p(o)qw=e3·y//, EB ['rotten wood'], lx bark, wood, covering, phonology: vowelloss in root or zero-grade in root before stressed full-grade suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: ES and JH /pqw áy/ rotten wood. , incs //páqw =èct//, EB ['get mouldy'], ( get, become, inceptive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming, other sources: H-T (macron over a) decayed, also , //pá·qw=èct or pá[=·=]qw=èct//, possibly emphatic, attested by Elders Group, example: , //lc pá[=·=]qw =èct//, /'It got mouldy.'/, syntactic comment: ambiguous past, attested by Elders Group. , HARV ['splitting wood (esp. blanks and bolts)'], see péqw. , EB ['get mouldy'], see póqw. , free root //pá·q*w ~ páq*w //, EZ /'Harrison River spring salmon, Harrison River chinook salmon, big Chehalis River spring salmon, (preserved (smoked?) meat [AC: Tait dialect])'/, ['Oncorhynchus tschawytscha'], ASM ['variety that runs up Harrison River and tributaries, has white meat not red meat, speckled skin'], comment: some variation with pó(:)kw' between speakers, this may indicate either the original form derived possibly from the root in pákw'=et smoke s-th (fish, hides, meat) over a fire or a competing form possibly derived from that root; it is unclear whether qw' or kw' was historically earlier; the qw' form is apparently the main dialect form since more speakers in more dialects have it and it appears in more derivations, phonology: possible backing from root pákw' smoke over fire, syntactic analysis: nominal, Elder's comment (AC): "Chehalis dialect word", dialects: Cheh., attested by AC, Elders Group (3/1/72), others, other sources: ES /pá·q*w / spring (tyee) salmon, JH /pá·q*w / Harrison River spring salmon, see dialect form (compare , //pe[=Aá=]k*w //, also /'fall spring salmon, smoked salmon'/, probably root , //pe[=Aá·=]k*w //, also /'Chehalis spring salmon'/, attested by Elders Group (3/12/75), , //le| kw c3l=cm k*w c pe[=Aá=]k*w //, /'Go get some big spring salmon.'/, attested by MH (Deming 1/4/79). , (//páq*w =wc|//), FSH ['dry storage box in tree or on top of pole (for salmon and other dried provisions)'], lx vessel, canoe, phonology: consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/28/78), also , //páq*w=wc|//, phonology: p' is almost certainly an error either by me or the speaker(s) on that occasion, attested by Elders Group (9/10/75). for smoke over fire (fish, etc.), probably resultative or derivational, phonology: ó:-ablaut on root á, syntactic analysis: nominal or adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group (3/12/75). , //pá·=T-|e t-e§ s=mc3t=cqscl//, /'Blow your nose.'/, literally /'blow =it -command imperative your snot'/, attested by AD (Aug. 1980). , rsls //C1 c=pá·=T-cm or C1 c=pá·=tcm//, ABFC ['blown'], MUS, WETH, ( resultative), probably purposeful control transitivizer and passive yielding participial, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, example: , //C1 c=pá·=T-cm qw el=á·yèc(l)=tcl//, MUS /'flute, wind instrument, blown musical instrument'/, literally /'blown musical instrument (talk =in lips =device)'/, (semological comment: the root of musical instrument is talk which is something that birds and animals do in their own languages, thus the bird-song would be included in talk), attested by Elders Group (11/26/75). , df //C1 c=C1 c=pá·=T-cm or C1 c=C1 c=pá·=tcm//, EB ['rattlesnake plantain'], ['Goodyera oblongifolia'], ASM ['grows under fir trees'], MED ['leaves used as a poultice and antiseptic after peeling the upper and lower surfaces apart (one can blow into them then) and applying the moist inside part to the wound or open blister (a blister of mine healed in two days from such application); tea from the roots is good for stomach trouble as ulcer medicine, roots were chewed and the juice swallowed for coughs, especially whooping cough medicine'], possibly diminutive plural, possibly second resultative, possibly participial, possibly purposeful control transitivizer, possibly plus passive, (semological comment: literally perhaps many little blown things after the fact that the leaves are small and can be blown into easily), phonology: double reduplication (with SAME reduplication type), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP, AD, AD, JL (at Fish Camp 7/19/79). , dnom //pá(=T)=tcl//, CAN ['(a) sail'], literally /'device to blow'/, lx device to, phonology: possible consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , dnom //s=pa=tcl=e3le3//, CAN ['mast on a canoe or boat'], literally /'something that's a container of a sail'/, ( nominalizer), lx device to, lx container of, phonology: stress-shift from root without vowel-reduction before stressed full-grade of suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , df //s=pá[=C1 c=]t=cs//, PLN /'Katz river-bank, Ruby Creek settlement, village on north bank of Fraser River just below (west of) the mouth of Ruby Creek'/, literally /'something that (where) it's blowing on the face (of riverbank)'/, Elder's comment: "so named because it's always windy there", ( nominalizer), ( continuative), lx on the face, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP (8/28/75), IHTTC, JL (4/3/78), source: place names reference file #44, other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):25. , CAN ['(a) sail'], see pó:t. , bound root //pá·xy// sharp , df //pá·xy=clcqw //, EB ['yellow cedar'], ['Chamaecyparis nootkatensis'], ASM ['used for canoes, carved utensils, now scarce; Turner 1979:68 notes that the needles are "prickly to the touch" and the branches are "more droopy and shaggy" than those of red cedar--thus the appearance of sharp hair'], literally /'sharp in the hair (or) sharp in the needles'/, probably root sharp, lx
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on the hair, on top of the head, on the needles, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (1/29/75), Salish cognate: Samish dial. of N. Straits /páš=clcqw / yellow cedar G86:71. , df //paxy=e3·y//, EB /'sharp grass, cut-grass'/, ['Scirpus microcarpus'], ASM ['green all year round, cattle eat it year-round, some grows by the Old Chehalis Creek course at the end of the road to Chehalis village; blades of this grass can cut the skin'], probably root sharp, lx bark, covering, phonology: vowel-loss to zero-grade of root before stressed full-grade of suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL, AC, other sources: ES /pxye3·y/ sharp grass, JH /pxéy/ sharp grass, Salish cognate: Sooke dial. of N. Straits /pšéy§/ sharp grass E69, Turner and Bell 1971:74, Samish dial. of N. Straits /pšéy*/ sharp grass (prob. Scirpus microcarpus) G86:72. , probable root //pá·x// . meaning unknown or root //pex// . spread or root //pc3x// . meaning unknown , df //s=pá·x=cm or s=pe[=Aá·=]x=cm ~ s=pc3x=cm//, EZ ['early (March) spring . . . salmon'], ['Oncorhynchus tschawytscha'], ( nominalizer or stative), possibly resultative or continuative, possibly middle voice or intransitivizer, get, have, possibly root spread??, phonology: possible ó:-ablaut on root a, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), others. w
, bound root //páx. blow spray, perhaps related to root //pch ~ pá(h)// blow. w , pcs //páx. =cT//, IDOC /'blow (spray) on a patient (of an Indian doctor or shaman), blow spray on s-o/s-th (of a shaman, a person ironing, a child teething)'/, ABFC, CLO, ASM ['can be used if you put water in your mouth and blow on ironing, a child also does this while teething, an Indian doctor does it while working on some patients'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by BHTTC, Elders Group, AD, Salish cognate: Squamish /pc3x. w -n/ to spit at s-o (e.g. with chewed medicinal herbs)(tr.) beside Coeur d'Alene /tcpax. w / (umlaut over a = /e/) spit both in K67:249, also Squamish /px. w -áys/ to snort (about sealions, etc.) K69:42, compare with steam. pópexwels>, sas //pá[-C1 c-]x. w =cls//, cts, IDOC ['blowing (of an Indian doctor on a patient)'], < ABFC ['blowing spray (humorously said of a child teething)'], ( continuative), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD (1/10/79), example: , //pá[-C1 c-]x. w =cls tc s(=)xw(=)le3m//, /'The Indian doctor is blowing (on a patient).'/, usage: said seriously, also said humorously of a child teething. w , dnom //s=pá[=C1 c=]x. =cls=e4·ls//, HHG ['spray gun'], EB, TOOL, ( nominalizer), ( continuative), ( structured activity continuative), lx tool, device for, (semological comment: this example proves the existence of two separate morphemes, structured activity non-continuative (which varies with =els in the continuative aspect) and =à:ls (or =á:ls ~ =els) tool, device for (a nominalizer)), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Chill. (Sardis), attested by BHTTC (9/2/76), also w w , //s(=)x =pá[=C1 c=]x. =cls=e4·ls//, dialects: Tait, attested by BHTTC (9/2/76). , IDOC /'blow (spray) on a patient (of an Indian doctor or shaman), blow spray on s-o/s-th (of a shaman, a person ironing, a child teething)'/, see póxw. , free root //pá·y//, FOOD ['pie'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, borrowed from English /pá·y/. , bound root //pá·y bend//, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /púy*/ curve, bend H76:348. , pcs //pá·y=T//, MC ['bend s-th'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis:
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transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), also , //páy=T//, attested by IHTTC, RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332); found in , //pá·y=T-c-cl//, /'I bend it.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72). , cts //pá[-C1 c-]y=T//, MC ['bending s-th'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, e ! i before y, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78). , plv //C1 cC2 =pá·y=T//, MC /'bending lots of things, bending them (lots of things)'/, ( plural patients), phonology: reduplication, e ! i before y, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78). , strs //s=pá·[=C1 c=]y//, DESC /'be bent, be crooked'/, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: length-loss automatic before reduplication type 1 in most dialects, e ! i before y, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, EB, also , //s=pá·[=C1 c=]y//, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), example: , //s=pá[=C1c=]y tc xye3[=C1c=]|//, /'The trail is crooked.'/, attested by AC, , dnom //s=pú§//, ABFC ['a fart'], ( nominalizer), phonology: final glottal stop is rare, rare u also, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB and RP (1/29/76), also ANA ['rump'], usage: slang, attested by EB and RP (1/29/76). fart, lx part (of body), member, phonology: vowel-reduction or allomorph in suffix after stressed full-grade in root, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC (11/15/76), also , //skw ukw (=)tis=le3c//, attested by BHTTC (1/15/76). , da //=p*//, TIB /'on itself, within itself'/, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in coiled (of a snake) and (on top of itself, on the body)), , //s=C1 cC2 =q*c3l=p*=cqw //, /'curly hair'/, , //s=C1 cC2 =|cl=p*=e3·lí·ye//, /'sloppy ears'/ (compare rump, buttocks which must mean something like (fold(ed) on the rump/bottom) while , cts //p*e3[-C1 c-]k*w =cT//, MC /'making s-th better, repairing s-th once discarded'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, comment: ó-ablaut on root a is expected here before the reduplication, and since the continuative has it in the reflexive below it may be that this form is an error for p'óp'ekw'et, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group. on s-th else, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, SP and AD, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /p*c3lcq*/ flash, blinking light as in /§alc*u-p*c3lcq*-cb/ blinking and /p*c3lcq*-cd/ flash the light on s-o/s-th H76:355. , //è*cs=tcl=c|p//, literally /'(metal) nail tree'/, phonology: el ! íy before =elhp by regular rule, (semological comment: so called because of its resemblance to a nail), also , df //p*el=cy=í·ws ~ p*cl=cy=íws//, EB ['bark (of any tree)'], probably bark, covering, plant, probably on the body, skin, covering, root meaning unknown, phonology: vowel-loss in suffix before stressed suffix, possible vowel-reduction, possible length-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, AC, others, see dialect form , other sources: ES /p*clcyc3w·s/ (Musqueam /p*clcy§c3w§s/ ( ~ /p*c3lcy§/ Suttles 1965)) bark, Salish cognate: Squamish /p*c3li§/ thin bark W73:14, K67:251, Sechelt /p*c3l(§)án/ B83pc, Mainland Comox /p*á§ayen/ Suttles 1965, Twana /p*cl§ád/, Songish dial. of N. Straits /è*clé§/ M68 ~ /è*c3lcy§/ Suttles 1965, Samish dial. of N. Straits /è*c3lcy*/ ~ /è*c3ley*/, all bark (of any tree), example: , //c=qw e3·y tc p*el=y=íws-s tc q*e3·yx=c|p//, /'The . bark of cascara is yellow.'/, attested by Elders Group. , LT /'[get whiter, getting white]'/, see p'éq'. , WV ['sewing'], see p'áth'. , mdls //p*e3q*=cm//, EB /'to bloom, to flower'/, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, example: , //mc p*e3q*=cm//, /'(start/come to) bloom'/, attested by EB. , //è*á·kws tc s=p*e3·q*=cm//, /'There are seven flowers.'/, attested by EB, , //c=qw e3·y tc s=p*e3q*=cm-s tc è*ól=C1 cC2 =c|p//, /'The flower of the tall Oregon grape is yellow.'/, attested by Elders Group (5/16/79). , EB, FOOD cauliflower (lit. white + flower + cabbage), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , EB, FOOD sunflower seeds (lit. small airborne seed of + the + sun + flower), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , cts //p*e3[-C1 c-]è*//, WV ['sewing'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC. , //p*e3è*=cT tc k*w cl=c3ws tc s=me3ycè li tc s=t*cle3k*w s=yá|//, /'sew the hide of an animal on a circular frame'/, attested by HT (6/21/76); found in , //p*e3è*=cT-cm-ct ~ p*e3è*=cT-c3m-c3t//, /'to be sewed'/, syntactic comment: dependent passive -em-et, attested by CT, HT, AD, example: , strs //s=p*e3[=C1 c=]è*//, WV ['(be) sewed (already)'], HUNT, CLO, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by CT, HT (6/21/76). , dnom //p*e[=Ac3=]è*=tcl//, [p*e3è*tl (AC), p*w3è*tl (BJ,DM,EB)], WV /'needle (for sewing cloth, for mat-making)'/, ASM ['sewing needles were made out of bone or wood, mat-making needles were made out of wood and were flat, about three feet long, for inserting through cat-tail rushes or bulrushes laid out flat in a row'], CLO, HUNT, HHG, TOOL, EB /'needle of plant, (thorn)'/, ( derivational), lx device to, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/64), DM (12/4/64), other sources: ES /p*c3è*tcl/ sewing needle, H-T needle, example: , //s(i)=yá| p*e[=Ac3=]è*=tcl//, /'wooden needle'/, attested by DM (12/4/64). , probably derived stem //p[=*=]e3·è*// from animal stink, body odor, possibly derivational, phonology: possible glottalization and lengthening, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, EF (921/78), others, other sources: ES /sp*e3·è*/ Indian currant, Salish cognate: Squamish /sp*á·c*/ stink currant berry (Ribes bracteosum) Bouchard and Turner 1976:98 and /sp*c3hc*/ Indian currant W73:72, K69:56, versus Squamish /qwílayus/ red-flowering currant berry (and /qw ílayus-ay*/ red-flowering currant bush) Bouchard and Turner 1976:101 (/qw ílay§us/ unidentified berry (is the first to flower and the last to ripen; the flowers are red, the berries purple W73:36, K69:83) which is cognate with Halq'eméylem qwilíyes flower of the red-flowering currant. , ds //s=p*e3·è*=c|p//, EB /'Indian currant bush, red-flowering currant bush, prob. also stink currant bush'/, ['Ribes sanguineum, prob. also Ribes bracteosum'], lx plant, tree, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC. , df //s=C1 í=p*[=che3=]e3·è*//, EZ /'speckled trout, (prob. brook trout, also called speckled char)'/, ['probably Salvelinus fontinalis'], ASM ['when the little blue berries that grow over creeks and streams (currants) drop into the water they come to life as a trout that has spots on it and is found in creeks in the mountains where no salmon can go up (BJ 12/5/64)'], ( nominalizer, R4= diminutive), possibly similar to, compared to, comparative, probably stem red-flowering currant berry, (stink currant berry) probably itself from root , //s=C1 í=p[=che3=]e3·è*//, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), also EZ /'small dog salmon'/, attested by CT (6/8/76), also , //s=C1 í-p*[=c§e3=]e3·è*//, dialects: Cheh., attested by TM (learned Halkomelem from Duncan and Chehalis ancestors).
, WV /'sew s-th, sew it'/, see p'áth'. , pcs //p*e3ë%*=cT//, ABFC ['feel it with fingertips'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, dialects: Katzie (Downriver Halkomelem), attested by Evangeline Pete (Elders Group 2/13/80), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /p*c3ë%*-(c)d/ feel it H76:356. , free root //p*e3c*t//, FIRE /'black coals, charcoal'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (1/31/80), Salish cognate: Squamish /p*íè*t/ ashes, charcoal, black paint W73:9, K67:253, and Squamish /p*áè*/ glowing hot, red hot (ab. fire, person in fever, not weather) K69:44, Cowichan Halkomelem /p*c3c*t/ charcoal B74b, Nooksack /p*íèt/ charcoal PA61, Songish dial. of N. Straits /è*íc*ct/ to char, turn to charcoal; to blacken with charcoal; black face paint M68 (quoted in G82:9 cognate set 14a), Lummi dial. of N. Straits /è*íc*ct/ coals Demers 1982pc, Samish dial. of N. Straits (LD) /è*íè*ct/ and (VU) /è*íc*ct/ black ashes, charcoal, Lushootseed /p*íè*t/ coals, embers H76:358, charcoal Hilbert 1983pc. to pass gas, break wind, to fart. , //lc p*c3kw //, /'He/She/It surfaced.'/, literally /'third person subject past tense auxiliary'/, syntactic analysis: auxiliary past, attested by AC, , df //s=C1 c-p*e3kw or s=p*c[-C1 e3(·)-]kw//, WATR ['(be) floating'], ( stative), possibly continuative or durative, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, example: , durs //p*ckw=tc[=Ae3=]l or p*e3kw=tc[=M2=]l//, FSH ['float (for fishing net)'], WATR, lx device to, thing to, probably durative, phonology: á-ablaut in affix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, other sources: ES /p*ckwte3l·/ wood float. , df //C1 í=p*ckw =tc[=Ae3=]l or C1 í=p*e3kw =tc[=M2=]l//, FSH ['lots of floats'], WATR, possibly plural, (irregular), phonology: reduplication, ablaut or metathesis, downstepping, lengthening, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (2/6/76), also , stem //p*c3lxw//, root and stem meaning unclear , free root //p*c3|//, ABFC /'become aware (said for ex. of a child about three years or so, or of realizing how something is done), come to one's senses, sober up'/, EFAM, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC, Elders Group, EB, Salish cognate: Squamish /p*c3|/ be sober and /p*|-íws/ sober up, come to after fainting W73:242, K67:251, example: , //(§c3)wc-c-c| mc xc . 3 | k* -e§ s=q e3l=cwcl |í-x mc p*c3|//, /'Do you ever feel sorry when you sober up?'/, literally /'don't -yes/no question -past come/become hurt your thoughts/feelings when -you subjunctive come/become aware/sober'/, attested by Elders Group (6/28/78). , strs //s=C1 e=p*c[=Aí=]|//, EFAM ['(be) sober'], ABFC, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB. , pcs //p*c[=Aí=]|=cT//, SOC ['sober s-o up'], ABDF, EFAM, MC ['flatten it'], comment: sober s-o up is probably in error since the Elders Group on a number of occasions give only flatten it for this form; there may instead be a form p'elhét sober s-o up since the reflexive form p'elhéthet smarten up; sober up seems based on such a form, possibly derivational or resultative?, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (5/26/76). , EFAM /'smarten up, sober up'/, see p'élh. , df //p*c3[=C1 c=]q*//, LT ['white ones'], probably plural, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal?, adjective/adjectival verb??, attested by ME (tape 11/21/72). , df //s=p*c[=Aí=]q*//, ABDF ['(have?) white spotted skin'], ( stative or possibly nominalizer), ( resultative or durative?), phonology: í-ablaut on root é, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb? or nominal?, attested by Deming. , df //s=C1 cC2 =p*c[=Aí=]q*//, LT ['(have?) white spots'], ABDF, ( stative or possibly nominalizer, R3= plural), ( resultative or durative), phonology: reduplication, í-ablaut on root é, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb? or nominal?, attested by Deming. , ds //c=C1 í=p*cq*=cl//, incs, LT ['[be getting a little white]'], (semological comment: occurs only once on EB's labelling of the Munsell chart as white tinged with lavender or light lavender (perhaps since nowhere else does the root p'éq' allow the prefix ts=)), ( have, get, stative with colors), ( diminutive), ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, see charts by Rob MacLaury. immature bald eagle (before the head turns white). , df //C1 c=p[=D=]cq*=iy=á·s or C1 íAc=p*[=D=]cq*=iy=á·s//, EB ['snowberry'], ['Symphoricarpos albus'], probably diminutive plural, probably flower, probably plant face) or =ey> plant, bark, covering, probably face, on the face, probably derivational, phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, deglottalization, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Salish cognate: Cowichan dial. of Halkomelem [pc4pq*eyá·si|p] and Saanich dial. of N. Straits [pc3q*cya·s] Symphoricarpos albus (waxberry, snowberry) (Turner and Bell 1971:80). , //C1 í=p*[=D=]cq*=cy=á·s//, dialects: Katzie (Downriver Halkomelem), attested by Mandy Charnley or Evangeline Pete (Elders Group 6/11/75), also , EZ /'body louse, grayback'/, see méxts'el. , ABDF /'(have a) white caste over the eye, (have a) cataract'/, see p'éq'. , PLN ['place across the Fraser River from Deroche'], see p'éq'. , PLN /'White Rock, B.C., Blaine, Wash.'/, see p'éq'. , LT /'[looks white, white-looking]'/, see p'éq'. , EB /'whitecap berry, white blackcap berry'/, see tsélq ~ chélq. , free root //p*c3è*//, WETH ['just come out on (of sun)'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by CT and HT (6/27/76), compare with root squeeze, example: , strs //s=p*cwi[=Ac3=]y//, MC ['(be) patched'], ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: é-ablaut on root í, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB. , pcs //p*owíy=T ~ p*cwíy=T//, WV /'patch s-th (of clothes, nets), patch s-th up'/,
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CLO, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, CT, AC, example: , //p*cwíy=T k*w c sq=íy=cws//, /'patch some pants'/, attested by CT, , //lc há·kw =cxy-cs èc-l te4·l tcx. w ílcm kw -s-cs p*cwíy=T-cs tc-l s=§í·è*c=m//, /'My mother used the thread to patch up my dress.'/, attested by AC. , pcs //p*í·=T//, SPRD ['bring it out for the first time (of a spirit-song)'], ABFC, literally perhaps /'get hold of it'/, possibly root , //p*í·=T tc s=yc3w=cl//, /'bring out a spirit song for the first time'/, literally /'(prob.) get hold of/grab a spirit song'/, attested by CT. put hand on, get hold of, possibly around in circles, possibly on top of the head, on the hair, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group, Salish cognate: Squamish /p*i§-qw -án§/ grab s-o by the head W73:122, K67:252. , stem //p*í=è* squeeze in fingers or hands//, possibly lump with root soft and elsewhere, Salish cognate: Musqueam possible lexical suffix =th' (no gloss given but examples are consistent with gloss suggested above) Suttles ca1984:14.6.15. , ds //p*í=è*=cm//, ABFC ['get squeezed (in hand or fingers)'], ( intransitivizer, get, have), syntactic analysis: Vi, attested by Elders Group, example: , //p*í=è*=cm tc C1 í=qw e3y=cls//, /'The orange is squeezed.'/. , //p*í=è*=cT-ccxw t-e§ mc3qscl//, /'Pinch your nose.'/, attested by Deming. , //p*í[-C1 c-]è*=cT-cm//, /'being squeezed'/, syntactic comment: passive, attested by EB, example: , ds //p*i[-C1 c-]è*=c3lmc(xw)=T//, cts, ABFC /'squeezing the breast of s-o/s-th,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English milking s-o/s-th'/, ( continuative), lx on the breast (female), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: reduplication, consonant-loss of xw in =élmexw before =t, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders at Fish Camp (7/19/78), example: , //s=k*w cly=e3xcl//, dialects: Cheh., Tait. . , dnom //p*í[=C1 c=]è*=tcl//, MED //'tweezers '//, PE, SMC lit. “device for pinching/squeezing” (elders gave limited support to this, word constructed by students–we moved on too fast for them to really refine it), attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332)
, bound root //p*í·l or p*c3l overflow//. around in circles, probably participial, probably purposeful control transitivizer plus middle voice or intransitivizer, phonology: possible vowel-reduction before stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC, Salish cognate: for =ets' ~ =ts' Musqueam possible lexical suffix /-cc* ~ -c*/ (gloss not speculated but all examples fit around in circles as for Halq'eméylem) Suttles ca1984:14.6.29. , bound root //p*í| get flat, flatten//, Salish cognate: Sechelt /s-p*i|-ít/ flat T77:20, Squamish root /p*clë%*-/ be crushed, squashed as in /p*ië%*-í§/ be crushed and /p*ië%*-an§/ crush, squish (tr.) W73:71, K69:43, Nooksack /p*ílæ 4 kw s/ (kw sic? for q) flat nosed PA61, Lushootseed root /p*il(i)/ flat, broad as in /§cs-p*íl/ it's flat, /p*íl-id/ flatten it, and /p*íl-ilc/ flat forehead H76:358-359. , strs //s=p*í[=C1 c=]|//, DESC ['(be) flat'], ( stative), ( durative (or resultative?)), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by CT, Elders Group (3/15/72), example: , //s=p*í[=C1 c=]|=cqw s=t§e3 tc yc3qwc|tc//, /'(He/She has a) flat head like the Yuculta [Cape Mudge Kwakiutl].'/, attested by EB. , pcs //p*í|=cT//, MC /'flatten s-th, flatten it'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group (3/15/72), BHTTC, also /'sober s-o up'/, attested by EB (5/26/76). , cts //p*í[-C1 c-]|=cT//, MC ['flattening it'], ( continuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , LT ['[get(ing)/go(ing)/becom(ing) a little white]'], see p'éq'. , ABFC /'squeezing the breast of s-o/s-th, milking s-o/s-th'/, see p'í:. , ABFC /'pet s-th/s-o, stroke s-th/s-o'/, see p'í:.
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, probable root //s=p*i[=Ac3=]q*w// , strs //s=p*i[=Ac3=]q*w //, EFAM ['(be) proud'], ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: é-ablaut on root í, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC, Salish cognate: prob. Lushootseed /p*íq*w / flatus, to break wind, (fart) H76:359 (see other Halq'eméylem words for smarty/fart, i.e., spú'elets and p'ehí). , bound root //p*íq*w purple//, Salish cognate: Nooksack root in /p*cq*w =p*íq*w / (attested once as yellow? (LT:GS), once as green with a comment that the same word [root?] means dark blue in Chilliwack Halkomelem), Nooksack /è=p*íq*w/ yellow (PA:GS 1.26)(beside Upriver Halkomelem /s=p*iq*w / yellow from the same speaker 1.10), and Nooksack [pí·q*w clæ 4 ·noxw ] probably w w /p*íq* =clæ 4 nox / autumn, when leaves turn yellow (PA:GS 1.10), root in Squamish /p*cq*w =p*íq*w / yellow, a kind of paint found in the mountains'. , ds //c=p*íq*w //, LT ['purple'], ( have, get, stative with colors), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. , ds //s=p*íq*w //, LT ['purple'], ( stative), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. , SPRD ['bring it out for the first time (of a spirit-song)'], see p'í:. , ABFC ['(squeeze with hand)'], see p'í:. , ABFC ['get squeezed (in hand or fingers)'], see p'í:. , ABFC /'squeeze s-th/s-o, wring s-th (of clothes), pinch s-th/s-o'/, see p'í:. , ABFC ['choke s-o/s-th'], see p'í:. w
, //p*íx. w tc s=lc3xw c|//, /'The canoe leaks.'/, attested by EB. w , cts //p*í[-C1 c-]x. //, CAN ['leaking'], MC, WATR, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, EB, example: w w , //p*í[-C1 c-]x. tc s=lc3x c|//, /'The canoe is leaking.'/, attested by EB. w
to leak (as of a canoe) which seems unrelated (but note its continuative leaking), possibly continuative, possibly diminutive, ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. w , stvi //s=p*íp*cx. =cl//, incs, LT /'(tan, brownish)'/, ASM ['on the Munsell color chart'], ( stative), ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. , //p*á§=c[=M2=]m=èct//, /'The face is swollen.'/. , WATR /'foaming, bubbling, foamy'/, see p'óqw'em. , SM ['(have a) smoky smell'], see p'ótl'em. , FIRE ['smoking'], see p'ótl'em. , mdls //p*áq*w=cm//, WATR ['to foam'], ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, AC, Salish cognate: Squamish /p*úq*w am/ foam (verb) W73:104, K67:252, Nooksack /púq*w um/ (p sic for p* ?) to foam (LG in G84a), Lummi dial. of N. Straits /sp*óq*w cõ/ foam (nom.) D82pc, Songish dial. of N. Straits /spáq*w cõ/ foam (noun), bubbles M68 (quoted in G82:45 set 237), Samish (VU) /spáq*w cõ/ foam G86:65, example: , //lc p*áq*w =cm//, /'It foamed.'/, literally /'past third person subject'/, attested by AC. , //láy=c4=xw e p*á[-C1 c-]q*w =cm-cs kw sc3x. w c-s//, /'Does one have to have foamy urine?'/, literally /'does one have to have (is only =yes/no question =become/get) if it's foamy (foamy =third person subject subjunctive) the (remote) urine'/, semantic environment ['a woman who drank beer was said by EB to have asked this'], usage: joking, phonology: stress-shift to penultimate syllable in four syllable word, attested by EB (5/25/76). , dnom //s=p*á[=C1 c=]q*w =cm//, HHG ['soap'], WATR ['foam'], ( nominalizer), ( resultative or continuative or just derivational to separate a word for soap from sp'óqw'em foam), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77), example: , //p*á[-C1 c]ë%*=cm tc le3lc3m-s//, /'Smoke is coming from his house., (His house is smoking.)'/, literally /'is smoking the house -his/her/their'/, attested by EB, , //lc=u| |í-s k*w c-s mc p*á[-C1 c-]ë%*=cm//, /'It was smoking quite a while ago.'/, literally /'third person past =already when -third person subjunctive come to be smoking'/, attested by Elders Group. a cover or lid and , //mcè*c|=q=í·wcl//, /'woodtick'/, literally /'pus + inside container + on the insides'/. , da //=q//, DIR after, behind, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in fall, follow after, , free root //qe ~ qc ~ q*e//, CJ ['or'], syntactic analysis: conjunction, attested by AC, example: , //c-cl me3·y=T-ámc k*w c ccle3q=c|=c| qc |u|e3//, /'I helped you yesterday or the day before yesterday. (the (remote))'/, attested by AC. , free root //qe3·l//, SOC ['steal'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, also , //qe3l//, attested by AC, example: , //kw e[-AáC1 c-]l=xy-cs tc s-qe3·l-s//, /'He's hiding what he stole.'/, literally /'he's hiding the/what nom.-steal-his'/, syntactic analysis: relative clause, attested by EB, , //mc qe3·l tc s=|e3lí//, /'They stole a woman.'/, Elder's comment: "maybe you can say this", attested by EB. , cts //qe3[-C1 c-]l//, SOC ['stealing'], phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, EB, Deming, example: , //qc3l s=C1 í=ë%*q=c|, qe3[-C1 c-]l//, /'She's a bad child, (she's) stealing.'/, attested by Deming. , pcs //qe3·l=T//, SOC /'steal from s-o, rob s-o, short-change s-o'/, (semological comment: the object is not what is stolen (as in European culture) but the victim, showing the social emphasis on people not objects here), ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, example: , //lc qe3·l=T-cm k*wc Bill//, /'Bill was robbed.'/, attested by EB. , chrs //qe[=Ac3=]l=C1 cC2 //, SOCT ['thief'], ( derivational), ( characteristic), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group. , EB ['red huckleberry plant or bush'], see sqá:le. possible stem or root //qa=e3·le or qe3·lc// meaning uncertain or more likely root is
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//scq=e3·le// literally /'container hangs under'/, see seq. , df //s=qa=e3·le or s=qe3·lc// or more likely root is //scq=e3·le// literally /'container hangs under'/, EB ['red huckleberry'], ['Vaccinium parvifolium'], ASM ['berries ripe and edible in mid-July, harvested by clubbing branches on the hand and berries fell into baskets hanging underneath (see alternate name)'], possibly nominalizer or more likely root is //scq=e3·le// literally /'container hangs under'/, see seq, lx container of, phonology: possible vowel merger or more likely vowel loss or zero grade of root, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group (3/1/72), others, other sources: ES /sqe3lc/ red huckleberry, H-T (macron over á) huckleberry. , ds //qa=e3·le3=c|p//, EB ['red huckleberry plant or bush'], ['Vaccinium parvifolium'], lx (or perhaps after vowels ) tree, plant, phonology: back formation allows dropping of root under illusion it is nominalizer, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC.
around in circles, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC. , dnom //sxw =qe3[=C1 c=]l=cc*//, WV /'spindle for spinning wool, a hand spinner, a spinning machine'/, literally /'thing for spinning wool'/, ( nominalizer, thing for), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Cheh., attested by Elders Group, also , //si[=Ac3=]l=C1 cC2 =tcl//, dialects: Tait, attested by Elders Group (3/24/76). or less likely , root uncertain, meaning unknown unless //qe3l// twist or less likely //qw e3// ‘have a hole’. , df //s=qw [=U=]e3(·)=cl=cx. or s=qe3(·)l=cx//, 3 ·lcx. ~ sqæ 3 lcx], . [sqæ . HARV ['digging stick'], ASM ['for digging roots, vegetables, clams, etc., often made of wild crabapple'], possibly nominalizer, possibly get, become, go, come, inceptive, possibly distributive, all around, possibly derivational?, possibly root have a hole and the word thus would be literally something to get a hole all around, more likely is root and lit. meaning something to twist all around, phonology: possible delabialization/ unrounding, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, Deming, BHTTC, other sources: ES /sqe3lc4x/ . (Cw and Ms /sqe3lcx/) . digging stick, Salish cognate: Squamish /s-qálx/ . digging-stick, stick for digging clams W73:252, K67:295, K69:79. , df //qe3·|=cm=í(y)|//, [qæ 3 ·lmí(y)|], KIN ['reject someone as a spouse or partner for your child'], SOC, probably root reject (a person), comment: qá:lh as root requires that the lh > l by assimilation or by derivational voicing and resonantizing which are rare but attested (=lhelh ~ lhál on the throat); lx child, compare reject (a person), phonology: voicing and resonantizing, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/30/80), see qá:lh. , free root //qe3·lq//, EB /'flower of wild rose, hip or bud of wild rose, including: Nootka rose, probably also dwarf or woodland rose and swamp rose, possibly (from Hope east) prickly rose'/, ['including: Rosa nutkana, probably also Rosa pisocarpa and Rosa gymnocarpa, possibly (from Hope east) Rosa acicularis'], ASM ['flowers out in May and June, some parts of the plant are used for medicine, rose hips are eaten raw and dried to use for tea, BJ comments that qá:lq grows all through the Upper Stó:lô area (thus implying that it is primarily Nootka rose)'], MED ['rose hip tea is taken for arthritis'], LT ['rose color'], ASM ['on color chart from Berlin and Kay (1969) rows top to bottom are B through I, columns left to right are 1 through 40 and the side column from white to black is 0,
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individual speakers from the Elders Group identified qá:lq as: EL (Cheh.): E1, E2, (but in fall): F39, F40; NP (Chill.): D38, D39, D40; Evangeline Pete (Katzie, living in Tait territory): C38; Lawrence James: E38; TM (Cheh.): C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and as axwíl qá:lq a little rose: B1, B2, B3, B4, B5'], ASM ['the following color terms are used by AK before qálq to specify shades of the color: tsxwíkw', tsxwíxwekw', xwíxwekw'el, qw'íqw'exwel, tsqw'íqw'exwel, stl'ítl'esel, sp'(e)q'íl, kwíkwemel, skwíkwemel'], syntactic analysis: nominal, also adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EL, NP, Evangeline Pete, Lawrence James, TM, IHTTC, BJ (12/5/64), also AK (1987), EB (1987), NP (1987), AH (1987), see charts by Rob MacLaury, Salish cognate: Squamish /qál§q/ wild rose bud K67:353. , ds //qe3·lq=c|p//, EB /'wild rose bush, including: Nootka rose, probably also dwarf or woodland rose and swamp rose, possibly (from Hope east) prickly rose'/, ['including: Rosa nutkana, probably also Rosa pisocarpa and Rosa gymnocarpa, possibly Rosa acicularis'], lx tree, plant, bush, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (prompted), other sources: ES /qe3lqc|p/ rose, H-T (umlaut over a) rose (wild). , ds //qe3lq=ámcxy//, LT /'[looks rose, rose-looking]'/, ( looks, -looking, in color), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. , mdls //qe[=Ac=]lq=ás=cm//, SM ['smell like a rose'], EB, ( derivational), lx in the face, ( middle voice), phonology: e-ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, example: , //lc qe[=Ac=]lq=ás=cm//, /'It smells like a rose.'/, attested by Elders Group. , EB /'wild rose bush, including: Nootka rose, probably also dwarf or woodland rose and swamp rose, possibly (from Hope east) prickly rose'/, see qá:lq. , LT /'[looks rose, rose-looking]'/, see qá:lq. , SOC /'steal from s-o, rob s-o, short-change s-o'/, see qá:l. , possibly root //qe3·|//, SOC ['reject (a person)'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/30/80), compare reject someone as a spouse or partner for your child. , df //qe3·|=cm=í(y)|//, [qæ 3 ·lmí(y)|], KIN ['reject someone as a spouse or partner for your child'], SOC, probably root reject (a person), comment: qá:lh as root requires that the lh > l by assimilation or by derivational voicing and resonantizing which are rare but attested (=lhelh ~ lhál on the throat); lx child, compare reject (a person), phonology: voicing and resonantizing, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/30/80). , possibly root //qc3| or sic for xc . 3 | hurt//, SOC ['hurt inside'], ABDF ['hurt inside'], possibly here (error or) derivational, phonology: possible occlusion, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/2/80). w w , ncs //qc3|=l-cx or sic for xc . 3 |=lcx //, ABDF /'accidentally hurt an old injury of s-o, (accidentally reinjure s-o)'/, possibly derivational, ( non-control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: possible occlusion, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/2/80). , free root //qe3m//, WATR /'be calm (of water or wind), (get calm (wind/water), calm down (wind/water), be smooth (of water) [AC, LH])'/, WETH, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD, Elders Group, Deming, also , //qe[=Aá·=]m//, also /'be smooth (of water)'/, ( resultative), phonology: ó:-ablaut on root á, attested by AC (from Lizzie Herrling via phone), also /'water went down'/, dialects: Matsqui, attested by Deming, example: , //(probably) qe3·m tc qá·//, /'smooth water [sic]'/, literally /'The water is smooth.'/, attested by AC. , df //s=qe3m//, WATR /'(have) quieter water, died down a little'/, probably stative or
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possibly nominalizer, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, nominal?, attested by Elders Group. , df //s=qe3m ~ s=qe4·m//, PLN /'Haig bay, a calm place on the west (C.P.R.) side of the Fraser River by the Haig railroad stop, below and across from Hope'/, literally /'calm water'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, AD and SP and AK (trip to American Bar, 6/26/78), source: place names reference file #2. , df //s=qe3m//, PLN ['Schkam Lake near Haig'], literally /'slack water, calm water'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by PDP (Katz class 10/5/76). , strs //s=qe3[=C1 c=]m//, WATR ['calm water (calmer than sqám)'], literally /'be calmed (of water)'/, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb?, nominal??, attested by Elders Group, also , //sqe[=AáC1 c=]m//, also /'calm (water, wind)'/, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, ó-ablaut on root á, syntactic analysis: Deming. , ds //qe[=Ac3=]m=clcc//, PLN ['bay at upper end of Íyém (Yale Indian Reserve #22)'], ( derivational), lx on the bottom, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD and AK on trip to Five-Mile Creek (4/30/79), , ds //s=qe[=Ac3=]m=clcc//, PLN /'wide place in Maria Slough (just north of Lougheed Highway bridge), west mouth of Maria Slough'/, literally /'calm water at bottom (of Seabird Island)'/, ( nominalizer), ( resultative), lx on the bottom, phonology: é-ablaut on root á, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by LJ (Tait)(visiting in IHTTC 8/15/77), photo 6/20/78, source: place names reference file #194. , ds //s=C1 cC2 =qe[=Ac3=]m=clcc//, PLN ['bay at upper end of Yale Indian Reserve #2 (Four-and-a-half Mile Creek) (near the northern end of Stó:lô territory)'], literally /'something that was calm many times on the bottom'/, ( nominalizer, R3= plural), ( resultative), lx on the bottom, phonology: reduplication, é-ablaut on root á, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD and AK (trip to Five-Mile Creek 4/30/79). , ds //s=qe[=Ac=]m=c3lwc|//, PLN /'place in Katz or Ruby Creek, may be name for Charlie Joe's place near Katz at the mouth of a creek where the water is always calm'/, literally /'(calmed water on the side)'/, ( nominal), ( resultative), lx on the side, phonology: e-ablaut on root á, probable updrifting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP, IHTTC, Elders Group, source: place names reference file #242. , rcps //qem=cT=ál=cm//, pcs, WETH ['get calm (of wind)'], LANG /'get calm (of people, when nobody says anything but just looks at each other), have a lull (in conversation, etc.), be in a lull'/, SOC, ( purposeful control transitivizer, reciprocal (normally inflectional but here derivational), get, have, intransitivizer), phonology: updrifting, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/23/77). , incs //qe[=Aá·=]m=èct//, WATR ['still (of water)'], literally /'got calm'/, ( derivational but automatically triggered), ( get, become, inceptive), phonology: ó:-ablaut on root á automatically conditioned by =thet, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, example: , //qe[=Aá·=]m=èct//, /'still water'/, literally /'The water is still.'/. , rsls //qe[=Ac3=]m=xycl//, WETH /'(the wind) is calm, calm (of wind)'/, ( resultative), lx on the foot; precipitation, phonology: é-ablaut on root á, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group. , df //wcl=qe[=Ac3=]m=mcxy//, PLN ['Greenwood Island'], ASM ['in the Fraser River just in front of and south of Hope, B.C., there used to be old tombs or gravehouses and a graveyard there, but in the 1894 high water people moved all the bodies to Union Bar, American Bar, Katz,
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Squatits, and other Indian cemeteries so they wouldn't be washed away (Elders Group 7/6/77)'], literally /'really smooth flowing water'/, ( really), root calm water, smooth water, ( resultative), possibly in appearance, phonology: é-ablaut on root á, consonant merger, vowel-loss in suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Katz Class (SP, TG, PDP, others)(10/5/76), Elders Group, elders on trip to American Bar (6/26/78), source: place names reference file #18. , WETH ['get calm (of wind)'], see qám. , bound root //qe3q// younger sibling or more likely this is a reanalysis and the real root is hang under (see that root as well) , dnom //s=qe3q// or more likely //(s=)s(c)q=e3·q//, KIN /'younger sibling, younger brother, younger sister, child of younger sibling of one's parent, "younger" cousin (could even be fourth cousin [through younger sibling of one's great great grandparent])'/, ASM ['"younger cousins" can be older, younger or the same age as ego, it's their linking ancestor that must be younger, for the meanings younger brother or younger sister to be translated sqá:q must be preceded by a masculine or feminine article or the words swíyeqe male or slhálí female or otherwise cross-referenced semantically to a name or other item marked for sex gender; sqá:q by itself is ambiguous as to gender (as are most Halq'eméylem kinterms)'], ( nominalizer) or more likely root or better , bound root //sc3q or scq hang under// + lx male; penis, thus literally male that hangs under, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64), Deming (4/1/76), Elders Group, other sources: ES /sqe3·q/ and JH /sqé·q/ younger sibling, H-T 02:387 (umlaut over a) brother, sister, first cousin, Salish cognate: Squamish /s-qá§q/ younger sibling K67:353, example: chickadee, black-capped chickadee, etc.. , pln //s=q[=cl=]e3·q//, KIN /'younger siblings, "younger" cousins (first, second, or third
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cousins [whose connecting ancestor is younger than ego's])'/, ( plural), phonology: infixed plural, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, AC, other sources: H-T , WV ['spinning wool'], see qálets'. , ABDF /'relaxing, resting'/, see qá:w. , CJ ['and'], see qe. , bound root //qe3s ~ q’e3s//, tired , df //qe3s=cl or q*[=D=]c[=Ae3=]s=cl//, ABDF ['tired'], ( get, become, go, come, inceptive), possibly derivation, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by BHTTC, compare UHk , //qe3s[=M1=](=)k*w or qe3s(=)c[=M2=]k*w //, ABFC /'food settled (in the stomach), food is settled (in the stomach), (be settled (of food in the stomach), be comfortably digested (of food))'/, root probably tired, resultative , //q*e3[=C1 c=]t*=cm s=qe3·w=è//, EB, /'blue camas'/, ['Camassia quamash, Camassia leichtlinii'], literally /'sweet potato'/, , FOOD potato bread (lit. potato + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , df //s=C1 c=qew=c[=Aí=]è=c|//, EB ['arrowleaf'], ['Sagittaria latifolia'], Elder's comment: "", literally /'like little potatoes'/, ( nominalizer, R5= diminutive plural), possibly durative or resultative or derivational, possibly in+the mouth, lx kind of, style, like, phonology: ablaut, reduplication, vowel-reduction before stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait, attested by Elders Group. , ABFC ['rest oneself'], see qá:w. , free root //qe3·wx. ~ qí·wx//, . EZ ['steelhead trout'], ['Salmo gairdneri'], ASM ['ocean-going rainbow trout, classed as salmon by the Stó:lô because, for one reason, the river-ocean-river migration is like that of the salmon'], root meaning unknown unless qá:w rest??, possibly distributive, all over, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 3/15/72), also , //qí·wx//, . attested by BJ (12/5/64), also , //qe3wx//, . attested by AC, other sources: ES /qe3wcx/ . (Musqueam /qe3w§x/) . steelhead, H-T (macron over e) steelhead salmon (Salmo gairdneri), Salish cognate: Squamish /sqíw§x/ . steelhead W73:251, K67:295, Sechelt /sqíwx/ steelhead T77:10, Lushootseed /qíw*x/ steelhead (rainbow) trout H76:387. . . PLN /'steelhead fishing place on the Fraser River below , ds //qí·w[=c=]x=cm//, . Lhílhkw'elqs, at Hogg Slough'/, ( derivational but rare), ( place to get, place to have), phonology: infixed e (rare), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/13/77), source: place names reference file #69. PLN /'Sakwi Creek, a stream that joins Weaver Creek about one, ds //qiw[=c3=]x=cm//, . third mile above the salmon hatchery'/, ( derivational but rare, stress may be to dissimilate from Qéywexem), ( place to get, place to have), phonology: infixed é (rare), stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL (and perhaps NP and EB) on Chehalis place names trip (9/27/77), source: place names reference file #305.
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, free root or stem for some speakers //qey(=)c( 3)x//, . EZ ['mink'], attested by AK (11/21/72 tape) , df //s=qe3yc3x. ~ s=qeyc3x. or s=qe3y=c[= 3=]x//, . EZ ['mink'], ['Mustela vison energumenos'], N ['Mink (name in some stories)'], possibly nominalizer, possibly distributive, possibly derivational, possibly root just now, at one recent moment, recently, literally perhaps /'something that's everywhere at one instant'/ (perhaps thus the meaning of derived form (be) bragging, extravagant in claims, bull-headed, claims he's the best), Elder's comment: "it means he's foxy (BJ 12/5/64)", phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group, SP (11/21/72 tape), other sources: ES /sqáyc3x/ . (Ms Cw /cicíq*cn/) mink, JH /sqé·yc3x/ . mink, also , //qey(=)c( 3)x//, . attested by AK (11/21/72 tape), Salish cognate: Squamish /qáyix/ . name of a man who was changed into a mink, mink; "slippery" person (originally mink) K67:353, K69:80, Sechelt /qáyx/ . mink T77:9, also derivational, phonology: o-ablaut on root a, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb?, nominal???, attested by Elders Group (7/27/75). , free root //qe3·y(=)s//, TIME /'recently, just now, lately, (at one recent moment), not long ago'/, possibly cyclic period; face, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group, EB, AC (9/12/73), other sources: JH /qéys/ now, Salish cognate: Squamish /qá§is ~ qa§ís/ soon, not long W73:243, K67:353, example: as in ), probably intransitivizer, have, get or middle voice probably from (makes the sound on itself), possibly durative, possibly , //lc lom=c[= 3=]l=sT-cxw -cs tc Bill tc s=q*c3mc3l xw c=le3=m tc Jim qc Bob//, /'Bill threw (he throws it) the paddle to Jim and Bob.'/, syntactic comment: omission of the article is allowed in the second conjoined np, , //ë%*a-ce s=u q*wcy=íl=c3xy qe t*í·l=cm tc-l si=ye3·yc//, /'(And then/so) my friends will sing and dance.'/, syntactic comment: conjoining two verb phrases with the same simple nominal phrase subject gapped, attested by AC, ASM ['or'], , //lí-c-xw C1 cC2 =líy=cm qe wcc/e3-c-xw lí-xw xe . 4 m//, /'Did you laugh or cry?'/, literally /'did you laugh many times or if -yes/no question -you (aux. -you sg. subjuntive) cry'/, phonology: vowel merger, attested by Elders Group, , //lí k*w c s=§e3ë%*q qc §ówc §í-s cákw//, /'It's outside but not far.'/, literally /'it's at the (remote) outside but it's not aux. -subjunctive 3 far'/, attested by EB, , //qc3x. tc ë%*ik*w cl=c|p qe §owc= 3te ë%*ík*w cl//, /'(There's) a lot of (bean) vines but (there's) no beans.'/, attested by AC, , //le3=m-c|-c-cl qc c-cl §ówc §à//, /'I was going but I'm not now.'/, literally /'going -past -subj. of main verb -I but subj. of main verb -I be not just'/, syntactic comment: vneg as main verb without subordinate, attested by Elders Group, , //le3=m-c-cl t*á·k*w qc c-clcw §í §à//, /'I was going home but instead I stayed.'/, literally /'I am going homeward but I -contrastive be here just'/, attested by Elders Group, , //xí[-C . 1 c-]w=cT-cm qc-w lc x ák* =cm//, /'He was warned but he bathed.'/, literally /'he was warned but -contrastive third person past bathe'/, attested by Elders Group, , //§ówc-c-xw s=wiqc-e3xw qc xyá·[-C1 c]p=c[=M3/M2=]m-c-cxw (or C1 c/C1 í=xyá·p=c[=M2=]m-c-cxw )//, /'You're not a man but you're whistling.'/, semantic environment ['a saying to a young girl around puberty to stop her from whistling'], usage: saying, attested by MV (Deming 5/4/78), , //qc §ówc ~ qc §c3wc//, /'without, and not'/, literally /'and not'/, attested by EB, AC, , //le3=m §à ycle3·w=xy-áxy-cs qc §ówc §i-s yc=qw e[=Ac=]l=sT-áxy-cs//, /'He just passed by me without speaking to me.'/, (semological comment: interesting motion stem (talk to s-o while moving)), syntactic comment: purposeful control inanimate object preferred stem with animate object personal pronoun suffix (rare),, attested by EB. , df //qc=w ~ qc ... u(w)//, TIME /'until, till, while'/, literally /'and contrastive'/, syntactic analysis: conjunction, attested by EB, AC, example: , //xe . 4 ·m §à qc=w le3=m-è t*ák* //, /'He was crying until he went home.'/, attested by EB, w , //qc-c-t-u le3=m C1 cC2=§e3·y//, /'while we are going'/, literally /'while -we going to be keeping on'/, attested by EB (12/18/75), , //me3qe qc-c-t-u lám-c4 xw =lí tc s=me3·lt//, /'(There was) snow (on the ground) all the way until we reached the mountain. (hit -just)'/, attested by EB, , //hc-wcè*e3=T-|e qc ë%*a-s-uxe . 4 ·m-s//, /'Tease him till he cries.'/, attested by AC, , //§ápcl qe=s tc |q*e3ccs qe(§e) tc3xw=s=we4yc4l//, /'(It's) fifteen minutes to (till) noon.'/, literally /'it's ten and the five until mid-day/noon'/, attested by Elders at Fish Camp (7/19/78). , df //qc=s=cw or qc s=u//, CJ /'and so, and then'/, ( so, then (also occurs as free-form conjunction, itself composed of s= conjunctive affix and =ew contrastive)), phonology: u from ew, syntactic analysis: conjunction, attested by AC, CT, EB, others, example: , //qc=s=u le4=m//, /'and then he went'/, attested by AC, , //me3=xy-|e t-e s=t*álc=alc[= 3=]s=tcl qc ë%*a-§e s=u k*w c3c=l-cxw //, /'Take off your eyeglasses, and then you can see it. (take s-th off)'/, , //ë%*á swe3-s §ise3lc s=q cm=e3y qe=s tc qc3x. pús//, /'He has two dogs and lots of cats.'/, , //c-ct §e[=Aí=]|=tcl tc=la=qe3·ys tc Bill qe=s te=C1 e3=§elèe//, /'Bill and I are eating right now.'/, , //s=|e3liy qe=s k*w c s=wíq=c//, /'a woman and a man'/, attested by AC, , //è*á·kw s tcx. w á·q*w qe=s tc lc3c*c pc3sk*e//, /'There are seven sawbill ducks and one hummingbird.'/, attested by EB approved this sentence constructed by a class member, * rejected, * rejected, , //qe=s k*w c=|=we3t//, /'and who? (of several), and who else?'/, attested by EB. , da //=qcl//, ANA ['in the head'], WATR /'at the head or source of a river, the inside head or inlet of a river'/, LAND ['head of an island'], syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //s=mc3è*=qcl//, /'brain'/, literally /'nominal blue in the head'/, , //s=xáce=qcl//, . /'Chilliwack Lake (lake at the head (of the river)'/, , //lc q*á·y tc qc3l//, /'The dirty thing died.'/, literally /'third person past die the/relativizer/one that's dirty'/, attested by Deming (2/7/80), ASM ['be bad'], , //qc3l tc qá·//, /'The water is bad.'/, (semological comment: another word is used for dirty water), attested by AC, , //qc3l xw =le3(=m) ë%*c=lc3wc//, /'It's bad for you.'/, attested by EB, , //ycle3w=cl qc3l//, /'(It's) worse.'/, syntactic comment: comparative, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77), , //ycle3w=cl qc3l tclíë%*=C1 e3=§elèe//, /'He's worse than me.'/, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77), , //c*e3=C1 c=cl qc3l//, /'(It's the) worst., (It's) real bad.'/, literally /'very/extremely/really (on top of =derivational =get/go/become)'/, syntactic comment: superlative, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77), , //§íx. w =cT t-e§ s=qcl=lc3p//, /'Sweep up your trash. (sweep s-th up)'/, attested by MH, . , mdls //qcl=cyècl=í(·)l=cm//, LANG /'swear, swearing, say bad
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words'/, lx in the lips, chin, jaw, speech, language, words, lx get, become, come, go, ( middle voice), phonology: syllable-loss of el before í(:)l, weak-grade (schwa-grade) of suffix or zero-grade with y vocalized, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group (3/1/72), AC, other sources: ES /qcl§ycèílcm/ curse at, contrast H-T to swear (lit. 'evil mouth'). , iecs //qcl=cyècl=í·l=mcT//, LANG ['swear at s-o'], literally /'get/go bad language/speech/words towards s-o'/, ( indirect effect control transitivizer), phonology: syllable-loss, weak-grade or zero-grade with y vocalized, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC. , df //qcl=C1 cC2 [=Ae3=]=cm//, EFAM ['disgusted'], probably characteristic, probably durative or resultative, probably middle voice or intransitivizer, get, have, phonology: reduplication, ablaut on affixed reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/6/77). , ds //qc3l=qw|e//, VALJ ['beautiful.'], lx perhaps wonderfully., root bad, comment: note that éy=qwlha has the same meaning but with the root éy good, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, example: , //s=qc3l·c3xw s=t=(c)§e3 tc kw cšú//, /'He's greedy like a pig.'/, attested by EB. , dnom //s=qcl(c3)xw =e3(·)lc//, ANA /'throat (inside part), gullet, voice'/, ( nominalizer), lx container of, phonology: stress-shift from root to strong-valenced suffix, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, DM (12/4/64), Elders Group, other sources: ES /qclxw e3lc/ (Cw,Ms /šqcnxw e3ylc/) throat (gullet), ASM ['voice'], , //ë%*cp=íl=sT-cxw t-e§ s=qclxw =e3·lc//, /'Lower your voice in pitch.'/, literally /'lower s-th the -your nom.= throat =container'/, attested by Elders Group (12/15/76). , free root //qc3lc3x//, . ANAF /'fish eggs, salmon eggs, roe, (cooked salmon eggs [JL])'/, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Deming, Elders Group, EB, AC, also /'cooked salmon eggs'/, attested by JL (Fish Camp 7/20/79). , VALJ ['spoil s-th (purposely)'], see qél. , VALJ /'bad-looking (of log or board not of a person), rough'/, see qél. , LANG /'swear, swearing, say bad words'/, see qél. , LANG ['swear at s-o'], see qél. , FOOD /'leftovers, scraps (not taken home as smeq'óth is)'/, see qéylem ~ qé:ylem ~ qí(:)lem.
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, bound stem //qclá·l//, root meaning unknown unless qel ~ qil encircle. clothes, root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/5/75). , VALJ ['spoil s-th (purposely)'], see qél. , VALJ /'bad-looking (of log or board not of a person), rough'/, see qél. , free root //qclíps//, EB, FOOD /'grape, grapes'/, from English “grapes”, (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00), example: , FOOD grape juice (lit. grape + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , LANG /'swear, swearing, say bad words'/, see qél. , LANG ['swear at s-o'], see qél. , FOOD /'leftovers, scraps (not taken home as smeq'óth is)'/, see qéylem ~ qé:ylem ~ qí(:)lem. , EFAM ['stingy'], see qél. , df //qclw=íls or qcl=cw(s)=c[=Aí=]ls//, ABFC ['hug'], possibly root encircle, possibly structured activity continuative, possibly on the body, possibly derivational, possibly durative, phonology: possible ablaut, possible consonantloss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming, Salish cognate: possibly?? Lushootseed /qw ul(u)/ as in /qwúl-ud/ hug s-o H76:422. , pcs //qcl(=)w(=)íls=T//, ABFC ['hug s-o'], root meaning unknown, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming; found in , //qcl(=)w(=)ils=T-ámc-c-cl//, /'I hug you.'/, phonology: stress-shift automatic on object suffix. , ABFC ['hug s-o'], see qelwíls. , bound stem //qc3l=xycl//, prob. encircles the foot from probable root < qel> encircle , dnom //s=qc3l=xycl//, CLO ['moccasin'], literally /'(poss.) something that encircles on the foot'/, ( nominalizer, something that), root (possibly) < qel> encircle as in hug, lx on the foot, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (5/64), DM (12/4/64), others (Elders Group). , ABDF /'accidentally hurt an old injury of s-o, (accidentally reinjure s-o)'/, see qélh. , bound root //qc3m bend//. , strs //s=C1 á=qcm or s=qc[=Aá=C1 c=]m or perhaps s=qá[=C1 c=]m//, DESC /'(be) bent, (perhaps bent round)'/, ( stative), possibly resultative, possibly root , also /'uncle when your parents have died'/, attested by BHTTC, contrast , //sxwcmèiy=e4·|//, /'deceased uncle or aunt or grandparent or someone responsible for you directly or indirectly'/ (under xwemthiy). , //qcc*=c3T or qcc*=c[= 3=]T//, also /'kneading (bread dough), pushing down (like hops)'/, attested by Deming (6/15/77), comment: corrected to knead (bread), push down (hops for ex.) by EB (4/19/78)i, also , //C1 e3=qcc*=cT//, also /'kneading (bread), pushing down (hops, etc.)'/, attested by EB (4/19/78), , bound root or stem //qcc*ám(=)cs// meaning unknown unless related to blister, thus lit. 'blisters on the face' describing its facial markings or perhaps origin from a story , ds //s=q[=cl=]cc*=á[=M2=]m=cs//, N ['Bobcat'], ( plural), possibly derivational, phonology: metathesis and infixing, syntactic analysis: nominal, usage: name in a story, attested by ME and AK (11/12/72 tape), also , //s=qcw=ás tc s=me3·lt kw s mc p*c3è* tc s=yá·qw =cm tclí tí ë%*á lc qcwc3tcm.//, /'It's the warm side of a mountain that the sun just comes out on from there so that it was warmed.'/, attested by CT and HT, , df //s=qcw=e3·mcè*//, EB /'first warmed side of a tree, sunny side of a tree'/, MED ['any medicine that uses bark uses the sunny side bark of a plant or tree'], ( nominalizer or perhaps stative), lx , //tc s=qcw=e3·mcè*[-s] tc èqe3t, ë%*á ë%*c3mcxw xyíp=cT//, /'The sunny side of a tree, that's the part you strip off (peel s-th).'/, attested by CT and HT. , mdls //qcw=c[- 3-]lcc=cm//, ABFC /'warm one's rump, warm one's bottom'/, ( non-continuative), lx on the bottom, on the rump, ( middle voice), phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , pcs //qc[=Aá=]w=lcc=T or qc3w=lcc=T//, ABFC ['warm it up (on the bottom)'], lx on the bottom, possibly derivational, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , cts //s=qcw=e3lcc//, stvi, ABFC /'warming your bum, (be warming the bottom or rump)'/, ( stative), lx on the bottom, on the rump, phonology: stressed suffix allomorph attracts stress from ambivalent root, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC. , sas //qcw=lcc=e3·ls//, FIRE /'heat up (on fire, stove)'/, FOOD, TCH, lx on the bottom, ( structured activity non-continuative), phonology: stressed suffix attracts stress from ambivalent root, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, also , //qc[=Ae=]w=lcc=e3·ls//, Elder's comment: "probably means "heating up food or water" (correction)", possibly derivational, phonology: possible ablaut, attested by EB (11/1/78), also /'one that's heating up the food or water'/, Elder's comment: "correction above", attested by IHTTC (9/2/77). , dnom //qc[=Aa=]w=lcc=e3·ls//, sas, HHG /'water kettle, boiler pan (for canning, washing clothes or dishes)'/, FOOD, CLO, HARV, FSH, ASM ['typically oval, two feet in length, usually enamelled metal, with a flat oval metal lid'], possibly derivational, lx on the bottom, ( structured activity nominalizer), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC. , dnom //s=qcw=ás//, LAND ['warm side'], WETH, TCH, ( nominalizer), lx on the face, phonology: ambivalen root loses stress to stressed full-grade of suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT and HT, example: , //mc pc3lckw tc s=yá·qw =cm tc s=qcw=ás-s tc s=me3·lt//, /'The sun comes up on the warm side of/on the mountain.'/, attested by CT and HT. , dnom //qcw=íccl//, SOCT /'Cowichan (people, dialect, area)'/, literally /'warmed on the back'/, ASM ['so called since they are headquartered by Mt. Tzouhalem which is said to be a frog warming its back (this information from Cowichan speakers)'], lx on the back, phonology:
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English strong-stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, others.
possible root //qc3w//, meaning unknown unless warm or more likely root //qw e3// have a hole, same entry under , df //s=qc3w=cqs// perhaps from //s=qw [-metathesis of vowel and labialization]e3=cqs// as with the word for rabbit from same root, thus literally something that has a hole in the nose, due to the large holes in its beak, EZ ['raven'], ['Corvus corax'], ASM ['one cry resembles a hoarse woman's voice, ravens crowing in a certain way and going toward or by a house forecast a death in that family; a big bird (larger than a crow), lives to be about 100 yrs. old'], ( nominal), root meaning unknown, lx on the nose, point, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, also , //s=q[=K=]cw=cqs//, ( diminutive), attested by AC, SP and others, dialects: Chill., Tait, other sources: JH /sqáwcqs/ raven, H-T raven (Corvus corax principalis) (but compare H-T (macron over a)(t sic for l) crow (Corvus caurinus)(cry resembles skak brother)–this last comment by H-T that its cry resembles skak brother and H-T’s spelling of the term for raven may show a folk etymology of from younger sibling, younger brother, younger sister, child of younger sibling of one's parent, "younger" cousin (could even be fourth cousin [through younger sibling of one's great great grandparent])), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /skáw*qs/ raven; Brother of /k*á§k*a§/ in myth age, Lushootseed (Skagit dial.) /qc3wqs/ (Deming 4/17/80), also , //qc3w=qs//, attested by SJ has heard this, also , //s=qáw=cqs//, attested by JH:DM; example: , //qc3x. tc s=qc3w=cqs ~ qc3x. tc s=q[=K=]c3w=cqs//, /'There's a lot of ravens.'/, attested by AC. , dnom //s=q[=F=]c3w=cqs//, [skc3wcqs], EZ ['raven'], ['Corvus corax'], ASM ['whichever way it goes and crows it predicts a death in that certain family'], ( affectionate diminutive), phonology: fronting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP (and poss. all Tait speakers)(BHTTC), Elders Group 6/4/75 and 12/15/76, example: , //qw e[Aá-C1 c-]l tc s=q[=F=]c3w=cqs//, [qw áqw cl tc skc3wcqs], /'The raven is talking (not necessarily warning)(a distinct call).'/, ( continuative), phonology: ó-ablaut, reduplication, fronting, attested by Elders Group 12/15/76, , //qw e[=Ao=]@l=C1 cC2 tc s=q[=F=]c3w=cqs//, [qwólqw cl tc skc3wcqs], /'The raven is warning (a distinct call).'/, ( derivational), ( characteristic?), phonology: ôablaut, reduplication, fronting, attested by Elders Group 12/15/76, ASM ['owls can warn like this too (using qwô3 lqwel)'], also , //s=q[=F=]c3w=cqs//, [skyw3wcqs], attested by Elders Group 5/3/78, Salish cognate: Lushootseed (Skagit) /kyc3wqs/ (Deming 4/17/80). , df //s=kw áw=cls//or //s-qw [-K-]e3[=Aa=]=wels//, N ['Raven'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown unless have a hole, possibly structured activity continuative, phonology: updrifting, possibly velarization/diminutive fronting if derived from root in ( as in ‘rabbit’ above or ) (compare above), syntactic analysis: nominal, usage: name in story. , TIME /'until, till, while'/, see qe. , bound derived stem / //s=qwe3=cè// hole in the mouth, entry also under real root , df /s=qw e3=cè//, EZ /'(larger) rabbit: snowshoe or varying hare, now probably also eastern cottontail rabbit (introduced)'/, ['Lepus americanus cascadensis and Lepus americanus washingtoni, now probably also Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi'], nominalizer, root have a hole, in the mouth, compare bunch of rabbits and rabbit (lit. little hole in the lip), phonology: consonant merger, vowel merger, delabialization, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by JL (5/5/75), AK (11/21/72 tape), also , //s(=)xwáxw//, attested by AK (11/21/72 tape).
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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, dmn //s=C1 í=qcw=áècl or s=C1 í=sqw e=áècl//, EZ /'big rabbit, older rabbit, big/older snowshoe/varying hare, now probably also big/older eastern cottontail rabbit (introduced)'/, ['Lepus americanus cascadensis and Lepus americanus washingtoni, now probably also Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi'], ( nominalizer, R4= diminutive), possibly root hole, lx in the mouth, phonology: delabialization, reduplication, consonant merger, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Adeline Lorenzetto (Elders Group 3/1/72), compare big rabbit, older rabbit. , ds //C1 í=qw e=áècl=á·yècl//, ABDF /'cleft palate, harelip'/, literally /'rabbit on the lip/jaw'/, stem //qiqewóthel rabbit//, lx on the lip, on the jaw, phonology: reduplication, delabialization, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (9/1/76). , dmn //s=C1 í=qw e3=cè//, EZ /'rabbit: snowshoe/varying hare, now probably also eastern cottontail rabbit (introduced), (baby rabbit, small rabbit or hare [Elders Group])'/, ['Lepus americanus cascadensis and Lepus americanus washingtoni, now prob. also Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi'], ASM ['rabbits were eaten and their fur used for blankets and baby shoes'], ( nominalizer, R4= diminutive), probably root hole, probably in the mouth, phonology: reduplication, delabialization, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), AK (11/21/72 tape), also /'baby rabbit, small rabbit'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72 tape), also /'small rabbit'/, attested by Elders Group (5/5/75), also /'rabbit (including snowshoe hare)'/, attested by Elders Group (9/1/76), other sources: ES /sqiqcwec/ rabbit, JH /sqí·qcwèè/ rabbit, H-T (macron over u, umlaut over a) rabbit ('jack') (Lepus americanus washingtoni). , dmn //s=C1 í=qw e=áy[=M1=]ècl//, EZ /'big rabbit, older rabbit, big/older snowshoe/varying hare, now probably also big/older eastern cottontail rabbit (introduced)'/, ['Lepus americanus cascadensis and Lepus americanus washingtoni, now probably also Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi'], ( nominalizer, R4= diminutive), root hole, lx in the lip, ( derivational), phonology: reduplication, metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP (Elders Group 3/1/72). , ABFC /'warm one's rump, warm one's bottom'/, see qew. , MC /'warm s-th, warm s-o'/, see qew. , ABFC ['warming up by a fire'], see qew. , ABFC ['warm up by a fire'], see qew. , SOCT /'Cowichan (people, dialect, area)'/, see qew. , FIRE /'heat up (on fire, stove)'/, see qew. , df //qcwáw=c|p//, EB ['snowberry plant'], ['Symphoricarpos albus'], root meaning unknown, lx plant, tree, phonology: has an Interior Salish style of reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/7/76), also cane, attested by AC, other sources: JH /qcwá·wc|p/ hardhack (yew), Salish cognate: Thompson /sqcwáw|p/ //sqcwéw-|p// snowberry bush (Symphoricarpos albus) (Turner, Thompson, Thompson & York 1973 ms:30). , free root //qc3x//, . NUM /'be many, be a lot of, lots of, much'/, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64, 12/5/64), Elders Group (3/72, many other times), Deming, EB, others, other sources: JH /qc3x/ . many, a lot, ES /wcqc3xa/ . (Ms /qáx/) . many,
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much; found in , //qc3x-c-ct//, /'There's a lot of us.'/, literally /'we are many'/, attested by . AC, example: , //qc3x. tc-l s=we3//, /'I have lots.'/, literally /'my own is lots'/, attested by Elders Group (3/72), , //xw cl qc3x//, . /'There's still lots.'/, attested by EB, , //qc3x. tc s=lc3xw c|//, /'There's lots of canoes.'/, attested by Deming, , //qc3x. yc qw e3·l//, /'(There's) lots of mosquitoes.'/, attested by EB, , //qc3x. tc qá·-s//, /'(He/She/It has, They have) a lot of water.'/, literally /'is a lot of the his/her/its/their water'/, attested by AC, , //c-cl le4=m tc s=tá·low ë%*a-l-suw k*w c3c=l-cxw tc qc3[-:-]x. s=èá·qw i//, /'I went to the river and I saw a LOT of fish.'/, literally /'nonsubordinate subject I ambiguous past go to the river that's so I contrastive see them the lots emphasis- fish'/, phonology: emphatic lengthening, attested by AC, , //lí-c qc3x. tc qwc§áp//, [6li5yc 4qc3:x. 4tc w 1q c2§áp], /'Are there many apples?'/, attested by AC, , //lí qc3x. w k* c s=yá| li k*w -e le3lcm//, /'Have you got a lot of wood at your house?'/, literally /'is it lots the (remote) wood at the (remote) -your house'/, attested by AC, , //qc3x. te3lcs tclíë%*-C1 e3=§e3lèe//, /'(He has more money than me.'/, literally /'is lots his money than/from obj. of prep.- emphasis- me'/, syntactic comment: comparative construction, attested by AD, , //ycle3w=cl qc3x. tc s=we3-s tclíë%*-C1e3=§e3lèe//, /'He has more than I do.'/, literally /'is beyond/past much the his own than/from obj. of prep.- emphasis- me'/, syntactic comment: comparative construction, attested by AD, , //ycle3w=cl qc3x. tc s=we3-s tclí tc-l s=we3//, /'He has more than I do.'/, literally /'is beyond/past much the his own from/than the -my own'/, attested by AD, , //ycle3w=cl qc3x. tc-l s=we3//, /'I've got the most.'/, literally /'is beyond/past much the -my own'/, attested by Elders Group (3/9/77), , //§ál=cw qc3x//, . /'(It's) too much.'/, literally /'just -contrastive much'/, attested by EB, , //qc3[-:-]x. tc q*e3·[-lc-]mcy//, /'(There are) LOTS of girls.'/, literally /'are lots emphasis/augmentative the girls'/, attested by AC,
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gooseberry time because there aren't many gooseberries around any more", attested by Elders Group (3/15/72, 3/12/75). , df //qa=C1V1=l(=)e3xcl PLN /'Watery . or C1V1=qa=l(=)e3xcl . or C1 V1 =qa=l(=)e3xcl//, . Eaves, a famous longhouse and early village on a flat area on Chilliwack River just a quarter mile upriver/east above Vedder Crossing'/, literally /'watery eaves'/, ASM ['named for a famous and unique longhouse designed with a "V" in its roof which collected and held rain water, it could be accessed for drinking water or other water by pulling a rope connected to a raisable plank'], possibly augmentative or plural or possibly characteristic or possibly get, come, go, become, lx part of a building, side of a building, phonology: reduplication (perhaps doubling prefix #1 with same vowel= or =doubling suffix with same vowel), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (Wells Tapes), Elders Group (8/24/77), other sources: Wells 1965 (1st ed.):19, Duff 1952, source: place names reference file #221. , ds //qá·=cl=cm//, WATR /'to scoop, to dip, dip water'/, FSH /'to scoop (for ex. oolachens, eulachons)'/, FOOD ['to ladle'], semantic environment ['to fetch/dip water, scoop oolachens, ladle out food'], ( get, become, go, come, intransitivizer, get, have), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, Deming, example: , //le-c-ct qá·=cl=cm tc s=wíwc//, /'Let's scoop oolachens.'/, attested by Deming. , cts //qá·[-C1 c-]=cl=cm//, WATR ['dipping water'], FSH, FOOD, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, length-loss automatic before -doubling infix #1 with e-, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , df //s=C1 í=qcmlà// or possibly?? //s=C1 í=qá·lc[=M2=]m=M2=M1//, [sqíqcmlà], EZ ['minnow'], ( nominalizer, R4= diminutive), stem scoop, possibly derivational, Elder's comment: "from qó:lem scoop because during a famine minnows were scooped out of the river sometimes and boiled to make soup", phonology: reduplication, possibly triple metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL (3/1/78). , df //s=C1 í=qá·lc[=M2=]m=M2=M1//, PLN ['point of land on Harrison River (somewhere between Lheltá:lets and Híqelem) where during a famine the old people scooped minnows and boiled them to make soup'], literally /'minnow'/, phonology: reduplication, perhaps triple metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL (3/1/78 Stó:lô Sítel tape), , dmn //C1 í=Ac3=qcmlà// or perhaps //C1 í=Ac3=qá·lc[=M2=]m=M2=M1//, [qc3qcmlà], EZ ['lots of minnows'], phonology: reduplication, ablaut, perhaps triple metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (1/28/76). , pcs //qá·=cl=T//, WATR ['scoop s-th'], FOOD, FSH, ( go, come, get, become, purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: transitive verb. , mdls //qá·[=Ac3=]=cl=ccs=cm//, ABFC /'to cup water in one's hands, to cup berries in one's hands'/, ( derivational), ( have, get), lx in the hand(s), ( middle voice), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , df //|=qá·=ele or |=qá·=clc//, ABFC ['be thirsty'], ( use, extract, extract a portion), possibly container of or possibly lacking, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, example: , //c-cl |=qá·=clc//, /'I'm thirsty.'/, attested by EB, , //qá§=l(=)cc//, also /'scoop fish, dip fish'/, dialects: Sumas, attested by Deming (5/20/76), also attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD cranberry juice (lit. highbush cranberry + fruit juice (or better:) bog cranberry + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD grape juice (lit. grape + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD orange juice (lit. orange + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD grapefruit juice (lit. grapefruit [itself bitter + yellow fruit] + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD V8 juice (lit. mixed + planted + food + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD blackberry juice (lit. blackberry + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD berry juice (lit. berry + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD lemonlime juice (lit. lemon fruit [itself < sour little yellowish fruit] + and + the + lime fruit [itself < sour + greenish fruit]+ fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00)
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, FOOD tomato juice (lit. tomato + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , df //s=qc§=álcqw or s=qá§=c[=M2=]lcqw //, FOOD ['soda pop'], ACL, Elder's comment: "now used for soda pop", possibly meaning unclear or metathesis> derivational possibly plus on top of the head, phonology: possible metathesis or allomorph qe', syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD (1/15/79).
water, lx in the eye, phonology: allomorph, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by AC. , mdls //C1V1C2=qa§=álcs=cm//, ABFC ['one's eyes are watering'], ( perhaps //R13=// plural continuative), root water, lx fruit, phonology: allomorph, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75). water, lx on the lips, on the jaw/chin, phonology: allomorph, syntactic analysis: nominal?, intransitive verb?, attested by IHTTC. , df //qc§=e3lc ~ C1 í=qc§=e3lc//, EFAM /'easy to cry, (cries easily)'/, ( diminutive), possibly meaning uncertain, Elder's comment: "not qiqe=álets (/qi=R1=e3lcc/) which would be soft rump", phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/6/77). , WATR /'to scoop, to dip, dip water'/, see qó:. , FSH /'to dip-net, a dip-net'/, see qó:. , WATR ['scoop s-th'], see qó:. , FOOD ['juice'], see qó:. , EB ['get juicy of its own accord'], see qó:. , WATR /'to dip water, get water, fetch water, pack water'/, see qó:. , WATR ['still (of water)'], see qám. , ABFC ['to drink'], see qó:. , WATR ['dipping water'], see qó:. , FSH /'to dip a net, (dipping a net)'/, see qó:. , ABFC ['drink s-th'], see qó:. , PLN /'Watery Eaves, a famous longhouse and early village on a flat area on Chilliwack River just a quarter mile upriver/east above Vedder Crossing'/, see qó:.
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, bound root, meaning unknown , df //s=qat(=)cm=í·lcp//, LAND /'steep hill, sloping ground'/, ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, lx ground, earth, dirt, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75). also , df //s(=)qat(=)cm=ílcp//, LAND ['hill'], possibly nominalizer, possibly intransitivizer, get, have, root meaning unknown, lx dirt, earth, ground, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , ANA ['blister'], see qó:. , HHG /'water kettle, boiler pan (for canning, washing clothes or dishes)'/, see qew. , ABFC ['warm it up (on the bottom)'], see qew. , bound root, meaning unkonwn , df //s(=)qay(=)c3p//, EZ /'EZ /'yellow badger, possibly wolverine'/, ['Taxidea taxus taxus, possibly Gulo luscus luscus'], ASM ['wolverine is probably in error here'], Elder's comment: "this animal got hit on the face in a story [of the Transformer age, time of Xà:ls] and the marks stayed", possibly nominalizer, possibly on the ground, dirt, ground, root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK and ME (11/21/72 tape), IHTTC. hit (by s-th falling), lx on the face, compare , HHG ['cover it (s-th open)'], see qep'. , //C1 cC2 =q*c3l=q*//, /'tangled on s-th else, snagged (as a net on a log or branch)'/, , //xe . 3 y=q*=ct//, /'scratch it (to itch it)'/ (compare with grab it). , //lí cákw tc le3lcm-s q*e/qe lí s=tc[=C1 cAí=]s//, /'Is his house far or is it nearby?'/, attested by AC, , free root //q*e3·l//, EFAM ['believe'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, AC, EB, example: , //§ówc=|-c-cl-| q*e3·l//, /'I don't/didn't believe.'/, Elder's comment: "there's no word for doubt", attested by EB. , cts //q*e3[-C1 c-]l//, EFAM ['believing'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. believe, ( non-control transitivizer, accidentally, happen to, manage to, é-ablaut resultative or durative), ( third person object), phonology: consonant merger, ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, dialects: Cheh., Tait, attested by IHTTC, EB, AC, JL, other sources: ES /|cq*c3l·cxw/ know, also , //lí-c-xw |c=q*e[=Ac3=]l=l-cxw //, /'Do you know?, (Do you know it?)'/, attested by AC; found in , //qc §owc= 3te-l s-|c= 3=q*el=l-cxw ; c-cl cw xw le3le3· §cl//, /'I didn't know/understand; I just listened.'/, attested by AC, , //§owc= 3te-l s=|c= 3=q*el=wc|//, /'I don't know.'/, dialects: Pilalt and Chill. (Chilliwack and Sardis), attested by EB (5/18/76), , //lí-c-xw s=|c= 3=q*el=l-áxy//, dialects: Chill., attested by IHTTC (8/8/77). , //s=|c=q*el=l-á·mct//, also /'understand'/, phonology: consonant merger, dialects: Chill., attested by AC (10/8/71), example: , //§ówc-c-cl-| q*e[=Ac3=]l=mcT-ámc//, /'I don't (didn't) believe you.'/, attested by AC. , cts //q*e3[-C1 c-]l=mcT//, EFAM ['believing s-o'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78). return it, bring it back, give it back which has root go over/around, go back on oneself, coil, ( third person object), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, Deming, also /'lie to s-o'/, attested by SJ (Deming 4/27/78), example: , //q*el=sT-c[=Ae3·=]xw -cs//, /'He fooled someone.'/, attested by EB, example: , //q*el=sT-c[=Ae3·=]xw -cs qc=s=u q*e3·l//, /'He fooled him and he believed.'/, attested by EB, , //q*el=sT-c[=Ae3·=]xw =sT-áxy//, (irregular), comment: in this form =stá:xw is used as part of the root and a second causative =st is added, then the object pronoun suffix -òx me; it is not clear whether this is an error or is required and allowed to maintain the root vowel shifted into =stá:xw; normally the -exw is present only when a third person object is intended (even if it is reanalyzed and considered part of the causative and and non-control suffixes, as =stexw and =lexw, as do Suttles and Hukari in other dialects of Halkomelem); but here both the e (though moved) and the xw are retained with the third person object superceded by the -òx second person singular object suffix, phonology: the last vowel has stress downstepped to 4, attested by Deming (4/27/78). , cts and dmv //C1 í=q*el=sT-c[=Ae3·=]xw//, EFAM /'fooling s-o, (fool s-o as a joke, April-fool s-o [Deming])'/, attested by Deming (2/7/80), ( diminutive continuative), phonology: reduplication, metathesis or ablaut plus vowel-reduction, morphological note:
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English causative durative and diminutive continuative, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78), also , //C1 í=q*el=sT-c[=Ae=]xw //, [q*éq*clstxw ], also /'fool s-o as a joke, April-fool s-o'/, ( diminutive), morphological note: causative durative diminutive, attested by Deming (2/7/80); found in , //C1 í=q*el=sT-ámc//, /'to April-fool you'/, attested by Deming, , //C1 í=q*el=sT-àm//, /'You're being fooled.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78).
, strs //s=q*e3l=c[=M2=]w or s=q*el=e3·w//, strs, ABFC ['be coiled (ready to strike for ex. of a snake)'], ( stative), (possible resultative + on the body, or lx variant of on the body, see under , phonology: metathesis or vowelreduction, lengthening, consonant-loss (another example of this loss of s on on the body is shown in , //s=q*el=c[=M2=]w tc §e3|qcy//, /'The snake is coiled (ready to strike).'/, attested by CT and HT. , plv or chrs //s=C1 cC2 =q*e3l=c[=M2=]w or s=q*e3l=C1 cC2 =e3·w//, ABFC ['(be) coiling (ready to strike) (of a snake)'], ( stative, R3= plural (action) or =R2 characteristic), phonology: reduplication, metathesis, consonant-loss, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by CT and HT. , chrs //q*el=C1cC2=ó·ws=cm//, dnom, EZ /'inchworm, (caterpillar of the geometrid moth family)'/, ['order Lepidoptera, caterpillar of family Geometridae'], ( characteristic, middle voice), lx on the body, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC (8/31/76), also , rsls //q*el=e[=Ac3=]xcl dnom, CSTR ['fence'], literally probably /'go . or q*e[=Ac=]l=c3xcl//, . around/over side (construction)'/, lx side (usu. of something on land, esp. buildings), ( resultative or derivational), phonology: ablaut, vowel-reduction to schwa-grade of root before stressed affix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, Salish cognate: Squamish /q*iáxan/ . fence, stockade, fortification W73:98, K67:359, K69:82. CSTR ['fence s-th in'], ( purposeful control , //lc q*el=e[=Ac3=]xcl=T(-cs) tc . s=t[=cl=]iqíw//, /'He fenced the horses in.'/. CSTR ['fence it'], ( non-continuative), , df //q*el=clík=tcl or q*el=clíkw=U=tcl or q*el=clíq=K=tcl//, PLN /'village on east bank of Fraser River below Siwash Creek (Aseláw), now Yale Indian Reserves 19 and 20, named because of a big rock in the area that the trail had to pass (go around), also the name of the rock'/, Elder's comment: literally /'going up and over on a trail, going up and around on a trail'/, possibly meaning uncertain unless cognate with Lushootseed /-alikw /> creative activity on something else, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by CT, example: , //s=q*e3l=q* tc §e3|qcy//, /'The snake is tangled.'/, attested by CT (6/8/76). , ds //s=q*e3[=·=]l=q*//, DESC /'be really tangled, it's really tangled'/, semantic environment ['said when pulling to untangle a net stuck on something, for ex.'], ( augmentative, emphatic), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB. on something else, ( plural (action)), possibly resultative, phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (5/21/76, 2/6/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /q*c3l-q*lq*/ get tangled up, get tangled around W73:262, K69:80, example: on something else, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by CT and HT, Elders Group, example: , //q*e[=Ac3=]l=q*=T w tcx. ílcm//, /'wind up the rope, coil the rope'/, attested by CT and HT, Elders Group, , //q*e[=Ac3=]l=q*=T tc se3·y//, /'wind up the yarn'/, attested by CT and HT. , ds //q*e[=Ac3=]l=q*=xyc(l)=tcl//, CLO /'rags wound around the legs in the cold or to protect from mosquitoes, (leggings)'/, possibly resultative, lx , plv //C1 cC2 =q*e[=Ac3=]l=p*//, DESC ['tangled on its own/itself'], semantic environment ['of net, hair, yarn, anything'], ( plural action), ( resultative), (, df //s=C1 cC2 =q*e[=Ac3=]l=p*=cqw //, ANA /'curly hair, (be curly-haired(?), have curly hair(?))'/, possibly nominalizer or stative, possibly resultative?, ( plural (patient)), lx on itself, lx on the hair, on top of the head, phonology: ó:-ablaut on root a, syntactic analysis: nominal?, adjective/adjectival verb??, attested by EB (5/25/76).
on itself, lx on the face, phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal?,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by Deming. , ds //C1 í=q*el=(l)c*=iyás=cm//, TVMO ['(whirling)'], ( diminutive), probably root twist, turn around, lx in a circle, ( middle voice or intransitivizer, have, get), phonology: reduplication, vowel-reduction, consonant merger, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb.
twisting, turning, lx in a circle, ( middle voice, structured activity), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, attested by Elders Group (4/16/75), Deming (3/31/77), also , //s=C1 cC2=k*wc3l=xycl//, ['whirlwind'], attested by Deming (3/31/77). go over/around/up and down or possibly root , //q*e3l=cc or q*á·[=Ae3=]l=cc//, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75)., ABDF ['cramped'], see q'élptem ~ q'élp'tem. , EZ /'inchworm, (caterpillar of the geometrid moth family)'/, see q'ál. , //t*í[-C1 c]l=cm=mcT-cs èc xw c3lmcxw q*e3·m=i tc pc3sk*e s=t*íl=cm//, /'The adolescent Indian girl sings the hummingbird song.'/, literally /'sing s-th purposely -he/she the (female, present visible) Indian adolescent girl the hummingbird song'/, attested by EB approved this sentence made up by a staff class member.
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, pln //q*e3·[=lc=]m=i(y)//, HAT /'(young) girls, lots of (adolescent) girls'/, ( plural), phonology: infixing, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun, attested by AC, other sources: H-T , root //q*e3m// meaning uncertain small portion, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /q*ibq*ib/ wrinkled H76:398. , HARV /'collecting s-th, gathering s-th'/, see q'ép. , free root //q*e3p*//, ABDF /'contract a disease, catch a disease, get addicted'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, corr. by AD (12/13/79), Salish cognate: Squamish root /q*ap* ~ q*cp*/ be seized, catch a disease, included as in /q*áp*/ catch a disease, /q*áp*-an/ give s-o a disease (tr.), /q*áp*-aè-i§n/ seize s-o's hand (esp. with mouth or beak), and /q*áp*-ncw§ás-n/ tie together (e.g. the ends of two ropes) (tr.) K67:356, K69:81, example: , //lc q*e3p*//, /'He contracted a disease., He caught a disease.'/, attested by EB, corr. by AD. , ncs //q*ep*=l=áxy-cs//, if, ABDF /'he passes on a disease to s-o, he gets s-o addicted'/, ( non control transitivizer), ( me (object), first person object, third person subject), phonology: vowel-reduction to schwa-grade of root before stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, example: , //lc q*ep*=l-áxy-cs tc qc3l s=q*á[=C1 c=]y//, /'He passed on a bad sickness to me.'/, attested by EB, , //lc q*ep*=l-áxy-cs wc=yáè-c kw -s-u he3-lem-s yc mí[-C1 c-]|e//, /'He got me addicted to/hooked on always going to spirit dances.'/, literally /'third person past he gets me addicted always -just so that -contrastive going to -of the (plural) spirit-dancing'/, attested by EB. , pcs //q*e3p*=cT ~ q*e3·p*=cT//, MC /'tie it up, bind it, tie it (parcel, broken shovel handle, belt, two ropes together)'/, MED ['bandage it'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 3/24/76, 1/25/78), EB, AD, Salish cognate: Squamish root /q*ap* ~ q*cp*/ be seized, catch a disease, included as in /q*áp*/ catch a disease, /q*áp*-an/ give s-o a disease (tr.), /q*áp*-aè-i§n/ seize s-o's hand (esp. with mouth or beak), and /q*áp*-ncw§ás-n/ tie together (e.g. the ends of two ropes) (tr.) K67:356, K69:81, example: , //q*e3p*=cT t-e§ yc3m=xyc(l)=tcl//, attested by EB, , //ccl q*e3·p*=cT//, /'I bound it up.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72). , sas //q*e3[-C1 c-]p*=cls//, cts, MC ['tying up'], ( continuative), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/25/78).
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CLO ['armband'], literally /'device/something to tie on the , dnom //q*ep*=cle3x(cl)=tcl//, . arm'/, lx on the arm, lx something to, device to, phonology: syllable-loss of el before =tel predictably, vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC. , dnom //s=q*ep*=á·lèc(l)=tcl//, CLO ['garter'], literally /'nominal device/something to tie on the knee'/, ( nominalizer), lx on the knee, lx something to, device to, phonology: syllable-loss of el before =tel predictably, vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP (in IHTTC 9/19/77), contrast is correct), df //q*e[=Ac3=]p*=xyc(l)=tcl or q*c3p=xyc(l)=tcl//, HUNT ['something to tie the feet'], SOC, root prob. as in tie s-th together unless gather together would be the root, possibly derivational, lx on the foot, on the leg, lx something to, device to, phonology: syllable-loss of el before =tel predictably, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/8/77). , MC /'tie it up, bind it, tie it (parcel, broken shovel handle, belt, two ropes together)'/, see q'áp'. , EFAM ['believing'], see q'á:l. , EFAM ['believing s-o'], see q'á:l. , ABDF ['cramping'], see q'élptem ~ q'élp'tem. , LANG ['answering a letter'], see q'ó:lthet. , HAT /'little girl (perhaps four years), young girl, (girl from five to ten years [EB])'/, see q'á:mi ~ q'á:miy. , MC ['tying it up'], see q'áp'. , SM ['(have a) sweet smell'], see q'át'em. , //q*e3[=C1 c=]t*=cm s=qe3·w=è//, EB, FOOD /'sweet potato, prob. blue camas, prob. also now domestic sweet potato'/, /'prob. Camassia quamash and Camassia leichtlinii, prob. now also Batatas edulis'/, EB, attested by SJ (3/17/77) , EB, FOOD /'white sweet corn'/ (lit. white + sweet + corn), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , //q*á·w tc s=xw c3wc//, /'The cougar is howling.'/, attested by AC, , //qc3l tc s=qw e[=AáC1 c=]l-s tc s=qw cm=e3·y q*a[=Ae=][=C1 cAí=]·w//, /'The sound of the dog howling is bad.'/, literally /'is bad the its talking the dog howling'/, attested by EB. , incs //q*áw=cl or q*e3[-Aá-]=cl//, cts, ABFC ['howling fast'], literally /'get howling'/, ( get, go, come, become), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (2/7/80), also , bound root //q*e3w// pay , //q*e3w=cT-cs//, /'He pays him or her.'/, phonology: the stress-shift may be my error, attested by EB, example: , bens //q*e3w-c|c//, ECON ['pay for'], ( benefactive), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (1/26/76), example: , //ë%*c3=l-cs q*e3w=c|c or ë%*c3=l-cs q*e3w=c|c-s//, /'That's what he paid for.'/, attested by EB. , TVMO /'go with, come with, be partner with'/, see q'ó. , dnom //s=q*e3·yt//, LANG /'message, a messenger not left yet, Indian messenger'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait, Cheh., Chill., attested by BHTTC (11/15/76), IHTTC (9/7/77), Salish cognate: Nooksack sq'ó:yt /s=q*á·yt/ message (GC 9/7/77), Squamish /q*áyt/ to holler K67:357, example: , df //q*c3l=c3m//, TVMO /'to camp, (camping [BHTTC])'/, root , //q*[=K=]c3l=cm//, usage: baby talk, attested by IHTTC, also , //c-cl q*c3l=c3m kw ccle3q=c|=c|//, /'I camped yesterday.'/, attested by EB, , //§í-ce kwc=là kw-s q*c3l=c3m-c-ct//, /'This is where we'll make camp.'/, literally /'is here -future the= this that we camp'/, attested by EB, , //plu plu plup q*c3l=cm//, dialects: Tait, attested by IHTTC (9/15/77). shelter, possibly , //c-cl s=ë%*cp=á·lwc| lí tc q*cl=c3c*=cqw =tcl//, /'I'm under the umbrella.'/, literally /'I be underneath in the umbrella'/, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77). , strs //s=q*cl=c[=Aá=]c*=cqw //, HHG ['be under an umbrella'], WETH, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77); found in , //s=q*cl=c[=Aá=]c*=cqw -c-cl//, /'I'm under an umbrella.'/. , dnom //q*cl=c3c*=tcl//, REL ['square dressing room or shelter of blankets where sxwóyxwey dancers change before doing the sxwóyxwey dance'], literally /'shelter =around in circles =device to'/, root around in circles, lx device to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/6/64). , df //q*[=cl=]e3=C1e3(·)//, EZ /'blackbird, Brewer's blackbird, or smaller crow, i.e., northwestern crow'/, ['Euphagus cyanocephalus, or Corvus caurinus'], ASM ['found out in the fields, resembles a small crow, elders identified photo of Brewer's blackbird 6/4/75'], possibly plural,
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possibly characteristic, probably onomatopoeic, phonology: reduplication, infixing, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, BHTTC, Salish cognate: Squamish /q*l§áq*a/ crow K67:355 and /q*clá·q*a/ common crow (Corvusbrachyrhynchos) and northwestern crow (Corvus caurinus) Kennedy and Bouchard 1976:95-96, Lushootseed /k*á§k*a§/ crow H76:238, also /'small seagull'/, attested by HP. , CSTR ['fence'], see q'ál. fin, lx in the throat [prob. refers to blowhole on back too], lx on the back, phonology: downstepping, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (prompted), other sources: ES /q*cl|álcmc4ccl/ killer whale, blackfish. , TVMO ['a camp'], see q'el. on itself, possibly participial middle, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/11/75, 5/25/76), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /§cs-q*cl-šád/ cramp in the foot and /q*cp-šád/ cramp on the leg versus /q*úp-šcd/ leg cramp H76:395, 396, 407, the second form is derived from Lushootseed root /q*cp/ gather on p.396, compare to shrink and shrink s-th, example: , plv //C1 cC2 =q*c3l=p*=tcm//, ABDF ['getting a cramp'], ( plural or perhaps here continuative?), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (5/25/76). , rsls //q*c[=Ae3·=]l=p*=tcm//, ABDF ['cramped'], ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (4/28/76). , cts //C1 e3-q*clp=tcm//, ABDF ['cramping'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/11/75). , pcs //q*c3l=p*=T//, MC ['shrink s-th'], lx , WETH ['(have/get a) snowdrift'], see yíq. , perhaps root or stem //q*c3mc3l// or //q*c3m(=)cl// or //qo:(=)m// dip up, scoop (water) (as , df //q[=G=]á·=m=c[=M2=]s or q*cm=á(·)s//, to dip-net may be); this root with glottalization and vowel change derivational (as also in to dip net) would give a literal meaning of “come/go/get by dip[ing] up/scoop[ing] water (+ derivation)” for to paddle here , //s=q*c3mcl//, attested by Elders Group (1/28/76), EB, also , //s=q*cmc3l ~ s=q*c3m·cl//, attested by AC, also , //k*w c3c=l-cxw -cs tc s=lc3xw c|, s=q*c3mcl qe-s tc s=x. w óq*w =tcl//, /'He saw a canoe, a paddle, and a canoe pole.'/, attested by EB. , df //q*c3mc3[=Aó·=]l=|p//, EB ['broad-leaf maple'], ['Acer macrophyllum'], literally /'canoe-paddle tree'/, ASM ['wood used for canoe paddles, dishes, fish clubs'], MED ['six-inch to ten-inch sprouts used for tea to make medicine to make a person strong, maple also used perhaps for birth control medicine'], possibly derivational, lx tree, phonology: ó:-ablaut, consonant merger, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), SJ (Deming 5/24/79), AD, other sources: ES /q*cmc3w·|p/ (Ms
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/q*c3mclc|p/) broadleaf maple (both Chill. and Ms mean paddle tree), H-T maple (white) (Acer macrophyllum). , //q*c3mc3[=Aó·=]l=|p láècl//, literally /'maple dish/plate'/, Elder's comment: "less good way of saying it than q'emô3 :lhpíwelh", attested by Elders Group (3/72). , ds //q*[=D=]cmcl=c[=Aá=]|p//, PLN ['Queen's Island'], ASM ['west of the mouth of Harrison River; named after maple tree because there are so many maples there; the English name is after an Indian man named Skwí:l who lived there'], literally /'many maple trees'/, root , //q*cm=á·s=è=tcl//, possibly on the mouth, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75), also , //q*c[=C1 c=]m=á·s=tcl//, ( continuative or derivational), phonology: reduplication, attested by DM (12/4/64), TG (4/23/75), Deming, also , //s=q*c[=C1c=]m=á·s=tcl//, ( nominalizer), attested by DM (12/4/64).
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, //mc q*c3p//, /'all gathered'/, literally /'come to gather'/, attested by AC, , cts //q*c[-Ae3-]p//, SOC ['gathering (of people)'], ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , //c-cl le3=m tc s=qc3p//, /'I went to a gathering.'/, attested by AC, , sas //q*cp=e3·ls//, ECON /'collect, collect money, take a collection, gather'/, MC, ( structured activity non-continuative), phonology: vowel-loss to zero-grade of root before stressed full-grade suffix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72, 3/8/78). , izs //q*p=cm or q*cp=c[= 3=]m//, MC /'collect, gather'/, possibly (stress-shift) possibly derivational or non-continuative, ( intransitivizer, have, get), phonology: stressed intransitivizer on zero-grade root or possibly stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/8/78). , //q*p=c3T tc s=yá·|//, /'gather up firewood, pick up firewood (already gathered)'/, attested by AD. , cts //q*c[-Ae3-]p=(c)T//, HARV /'collecting s-th, gathering s-th'/, MC, ( continuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, Deming; found in , //q*cp=c3T-ct//, phonology: schwa-grade instead of zerograde, attested by AC, example: , cts //q*c[-Ae3-Aá-]p=T-ct//, pcrs, SOC ['crowding together'], ( continuative, ó-ablaut of root á automatically triggered by =thet), ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reflexive), phonology: á-ablaut and on top of that ó-ablaut of á automatically triggered by =thet (ablaut of ablaut), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (3/16/78). , dnom //s=q*p=álècl=tcl//, CLO ['garter'], ( nominalizer), root is correct), HUNT ['something to tie the feet'], see q'áp'. , HAT ['lots of little girls'], see q'á:mi ~ q'á:miy. , df //q*c[=C1 c=]w(=)cs//, EFAM ['surprised'], possibly root , bound root //q*ct// rattling sound, scraping sound. , cts //q*c[-Ae 3 -]t=x=cm//, SD /'scraping sound (like scraping food off dishes), rattling (of < . dishes, metal pots, wagon on gravel)'/, ( continuative), lx distributive, ( intransitivizer, have, get), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders
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Group. cts, SD ['rattling s-th'], ( continuative), lx , //lc q*c[-Ae3]t=x=T-cs tc C1 c=láècl (or C1cC2=láècl)//, /'She's rattling the dishes.'/, ( diminutive plural or R3= plural). meaning uncertain rattling sound, scraping sound perhaps as made when taken out of water and thrown on deck or ground, lx portion, part, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, Deming. , ds //s=q*c3è*=x//, < . ABFC /'dung, (scattered excrement?, fecal droppings?)'/, ( nominalizer), lx distributive, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (8/4/78), comment: the same speaker reports sq'éth' policeman as probably a Thompson word. , ABFC ['put one's hands behind one's back'], see q'áth'. , bound root //q*c3w ~ q*cw// turn around something. , //s=q*cw=e3·lx. w //, attested by SP (8/28/75), other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):25 , mdls //q*cw=íl=cm//, incs, CAN /'go around a bend in the river, go around a turn, go around something in one's way'/, TVMO, ( come, go, middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming. , mdls //q*áw=lcc=cm or q*c[=Aá=]w=lcc=cm//, CAN /'go around (a point, a bend, a curve, etc.) in the water, make a U-turn (in the water, could use today on land with a car)'/, literally /'turn ones rump/bottom around in the water'/, lx on the bottom, ( middle voice), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/27/80), example: , pcs //q*áw=lcc=T or q*c[=Aá=]w=lcc=T//, CAN ['go around s-th in the water'], lx on the bottom, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/27/80). , dnom //s=q*c3w=lcc ~ s=q*c[=Aá=]w=lcc//, PLN ['old Scowlitz village'], ASM ['on the northeast bank of the mouth of Harrison River onto the Fraser River, about two miles east of present-day Scowlitz Reserve, old Scowlitz was near Kilby's store and on the opposite side of Harrison Bay from new Scowlitz, the river turns there around the bottom of a mountain, the new Scowlitz was named after the old village but is not on a turn'], literally /'turn of river at bottom (of mountain)'/, ( nominalizer), lx on the bottom, possibly derivational, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (1973), DF (Elders Group 7/13/77), EL (with NP and EB)(9/27/77), Elders Group, source: place names file reference #72, also , //s=q*c[=Aá=]w=lcc//, attested by NP and DF and Johnny Williams Sr. (1/31/79), , //lc yc=|=c§e3 k*wc s=q*c3w=lcc//, /'He went via Scowlitz (it was out of his way).'/, literally /'third person past travelling along =via (a place out of one's way) the (remote) Scowlitz'/, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77). (umlaut over first a, macron over next e and over u), ( nominalizer), lx in the head, ( go, come, get, become), phonology: syllable-loss of el before =í:l, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (1973), Elders Group (1/15/75, 7/20/77), BJ (5/10/64), other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):19, source: place names reference file #87. , free root //q*c3wc//, PE /'cane, staff'/, SPRD, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Elders Group, EB, also , //tiy(=)c3lc3s=T-c-cxw t-e§ q*c3wc xw c=le3=m tc t*ám=c3l//, /'Lean your cane against the wall.'/, literally /'you lean s-th the -your cane toward the wall'/, attested by EB. , dnom //q*c3wc=úw or //, SPRD /'new spirit dancer’s cane'/ (vs. ‘cane’), prob. 'on the body, on top of itself', attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , CAN ['come with s-o (in a canoe for ex.)'], see q'éw ~ q'ew. , CAN ['go around a bend (in water)'], see q'éw ~ q'ew. , TVMO /'accompany s-o, go with s-o, go along with s-o'/, see q'ó. , possibly root //q*cxmí·l or q*cx=cm=í·l//, EB /'hog fennel, Indian consumption plant'/, . . ['Lomatium nudicaule'], MED ['medicine for tuberculosis'], possibly root argue back and forth, lx canoe, phonology: schwa-grade root varies with zero-grade, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Deming, Elders Group, also w , //ë%*c=s=u lc tc3s k*w c s(=)me3è tc w q*cx. =ówc|//, /'Then the big canoe got to Sumas.'/, usage: Story of the Flood, attested by AC, , free root //q*cy, q*cy, q*cy//, EFAM ['cry of a bluejay [Steller's jay] that means good news'], EZ, root meaning unknown, probably onomatopoeia, phonology: transcribed with low pitch stress (unmarked), syntactic analysis: interjection, attested by Elders Group (3/21/79). , bound root //q*cy ~ q*i wound around, tied, knotted//. , df //C1 c=q*íy or C1 c=q*c3y//, [q*cq*éy], ANA /'guts, intestines'/, possibly diminutive plural, probably root barrel probably root knotted, tied, wound around, ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by BHTTC (11/15/76). tied, knotted, wound around, cross one's hands, and/or perhaps elk), Salish cognate: Squamish /q*c=q*i§ás/ barrel (root /q*í/ tie, knot (wind around?) as in /q*ís/ be tied, knotted, /q*iáx/ . intestines, and /q*ií§è/ moose is suggested by Kuipers) W73:14, K67:356, 357, 358.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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, df //q*cy=e3wcè*=ccs//, [q*eyæ 3 wè*èws], ABFC /'cross one's hands [prob. error], (hands crossed)'/, lx meaning unknown unless on the body plus small portion, lx on the foot/feet, on the leg, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/19/77, 9/1/77). , mdls //q*cy=e3w(=)cè*=xycl=cm//, ABFC ['cross one's legs'], possibly small portion, lx on the foot, on the leg, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/19/77). , df //q*cy=c3(=)x. or q*c[=Ao=]y=c= 3=x//, . WATR ['whirlpool'], root , df //q*cy=c3x=cm or q*c[=Aa=]y=c3x=cm//, WATR ['whirlpool that suddenly starts . . from level water'], ( middle voice or intransitivizer, have, get or place to get/have), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb or nominal, attested by AD (5/1/79). WATR ['whirlpool (large or small)'], root , df //q*c3y=(c)x=cm//, . tied, knotted, lx distributive, ( middle voice or intransitivizer, have, get or place to have/get), phonology: strong-grade of root for these speakers, syntactic analysis: nominal? or intransitive verb?, attested by BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group (3/26/75). WATR ['place on the Fraser River above Yale where , df //C1 cC2 =q*c3y=x=cm//, . there are whirlpools'], literally /'many whirlpools'/, ( plural), lx distributive, ( place to have/get), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP (IHTTC 8/8/77, 8/23/77). , pcs //q*c3y=s=cT ~ q*í(·)=s=cT//, WV /'to fasten s-th by tying, tie up s-th (like canoe, horse, laces, nets, cow, shoelaces), tie it'/, lx meaning uncertain or =es> on the face, (semological comment: =es on the face is plausible since the canoe bow is the face of a canoe in some words, the top of the foot (where shoelaces are tied) is the face of the foot, the cow and horse are tied around their faces, and design, pattern (s=xél=es) also uses the suffix =es on the face), ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 3/72, 5/5/75, 5/26/76), EB, HT (6/21/76), AC, (compare dried fish/meat (hung to smoke or wind-dry), or a swing), example: , //q*c3y=s=cT k*wc-s scle3 ~ scle3 k*wc-s q*c3y=s=cT//, /'tie it tightly'/, attested by AC, , //scle3 k*w c-s q*c3y=s=cT tcx. w í·lcm//, /'tie the rope tight'/, attested by AC, EB, , ds //q*í(·)=s=cccl//, WV ['to weave'], lx meaning uncertain, on the back, (semological comment: most weaving was done on the back, i.e. side opposite the weaver so the weaver could see the patterns), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL (Elders Group 8/8/79). , cts //q*í(·)[-C1 c-]=s=cccl//, WV /'weaving (for ex. a tumpline), mending a net, making a net'/, ASM ['fish nets were knotted and tied with square holes of different sizes depending on the fish to be caught, they were usually tied with méthelh twine (dogbane)'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL (8/8/79), Lawrence James (Elders Group 1/7/76), EB, Elders Group, example: , cpds //ë%*e3[=lc=]qt=xycl C1 cC2 =q*i[=Ac3=]=s=cccl//, EZ /'daddy longlegs (spider), harvestman spider'/, ['class Arachnida, order Phalangida'], literally /'long legs spider'/, ( plural), lx on the leg, leg, phonology: infixed =el= plural, reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76). , //èi[=Ae3·=]y=cm tc q*í·=s=c[=M2=]l=tcl//, /'weaving a packstrap'/, literally /'making a packstrap'/, attested by JL (8/8/79). , dnom //s=q’ey[=C1 c=]=T=álcs//, CLO /'mask (tied) over the eyes '/, nominalizer, ,wound around, tied, knotted, resultative, perhaps purposeful control transitivizer, on the eyes, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , ABFC /'cross one's hands [prob. error], (hands crossed)'/, see q'ey ~ q'i. , ABFC /'cross one's arms (but not fold one's arms across chest) [prob. error], (arms crossed [but not folded across chest)'/, see q'ey ~ q'i.
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, ABFC /'legs crossed, cross one's ankles (either sitting or standing) [prob. error], (ankles crossed (either sitting or standing))'/, see q'ey ~ q'i. , ABFC ['cross one's legs'], see q'ey ~ q'i. , ABFC /'biting into s-th/s-o, biting s-o/s-th'/, see q'éykw' or q'í:kw'. , SOCT /'my dear, (little best friend, little dear friend, etc.)'/, see q'ó. , TVMO ['bringing it back'], see q'ó:lthet. , WV ['to weave'], see q'ey ~ q'i. , df //q*í·t*c// or //q*c3y=t*=c//, PLAY ['to swing'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/16/75), RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332), example: , cts //q*í[-C1 c-]t*c//, PLAY ['swinging'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/24/70), RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332). , df //q*í·(=)t*(=)a ~ q*í·(=)t*(=)c or q*c3y=t*=a ~ q*c3y=t*=c or q*í·t*a ~ q*í·t*c//, HHG /'a swing, a little treadle they swing the babies on'/, PLAY, ASM ['a sturdy pole is lashed to the roof or ceiling and a baby basket is suspended from that by a rope, the rope is tied to another rope which is attached horizontally across the basket to provide for even suspension, a string/twine is attached to the bottom and runs to the mother's foot so she can jiggle and bounce the cradle while weaving or otherwise using both hands; now perhaps used for any modern swing as well'], literally perhaps /'something put up for a person/baby'/, ( swing (after the vine part), possibly durative,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
possibly entity, living thing, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, other sources: ES /q*í·t*a/ orange honeysuckle. bound root //q*iè*// meaning unknown or root //q*e3è*// lean, slant , df //s=q*iè*=c3lcqw or s=q*e[=Ai=]è*=c3lcqw//, BLDG ['peak of house'], LAND ['peak of mountain'], ( nominalizer), possibly root as in tied, knotted, ( get, become or reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by NP. , ABFC /'it healed up, (to heal up)'/, see q'éytl'. , df //q*íc*=iy//, PLN ['Katzie village'], ASM ['a downriver-Halq'eméylem-speaking village'], literally ['a multi-colored moss'], comment: Upriver-speaking elders don't know this as a word for a kind of moss but know it as a place name, lx plant, bark, covering, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, , bound root //q*í·w hang over//, contrast , pcs //q*í(=)xw =cT//, CLO /'tighten it (a belt, a pack, etc.)'/, MC, probably root see under , bound root //q*íx. black//, see under , SOCT ['Negro'], see q'íx. , dnom //s=q*í·l=c//, FOOD /'preserved fish, preserved meat, dried fish, dried meat (usually fish), smoked salmon, wind-dried salmon (old word), what is stored away, what is put away'/, ( nominalizer), probably root put away, store away, possibly living thing??, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC, AD (3/6/79), EB, also , //s=q*í·l=a//, attested by AC, Salish cognate: Squamish /sq*í§/ dried smoked salmon cut up thin W73:86, K67:296, perhaps Lushootseed /k*áyayc§ ~ k*ayáyc§/ a very thoroughly smoke-dried fish H76:237. , df //s=q*í·l=à(-)m//, FOOD /'leftover food, scraps'/, literally /'something put away'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , TVMO ['delay s-o (??)'], see q'éylòm. on itself, round, around in circles, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and AK (8/2/77), source: place names reference file #160. , df //s=q*ál=p*=cx. w or s=q*e[=Aá=]l=p*=cx. w or s=q*í[=Aá=][=lc=]p*(=)cx. w //, PLN ['another rough place in the Fraser River (Tait area)'], Elder's comment: "ask ME for location", ( nominalizer), root form & meaning uncertain, perhaps return as in on itself, possibly plural, possibly round, around in circles, phonology: possible ablaut, possible infixing, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and AK (8/2/77), source: place names reference file #161. , ABFC /'biting into s-th/s-o, biting s-o/s-th'/, see q'éykw' or q'í:kw'. , SOCT /'my dear, (little best friend, little dear friend, etc.)'/, see q'ó. , EFAM /'fooling s-o, (fool s-o as a joke, April-fool s-o [Deming])'/, see q'á:l. , TVMO ['bringing it back'], see q'ó:lthet. , WETH ['whirlwind'], see q'eyq'elts'iyósem. , FSH /'dip-netting, fishing with a scoop net, (harpooning fish at night [DM 12/4/64])'/, see q'emós ~ q'emó:s. , WV ['tying it'], see q'ey ~ q'i. , WV /'weaving (for ex. a tumpline), mending a net, making a net'/, see q'ey ~ q'i. , cts //q*í[-C1 c-]t*c//, PLAY ['swinging'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/24/70). , df //q*í·(=)t*(=)a ~ q*í·(=)t*(=)c or q*c3y=t*=a ~ q*c3y=t*=c or q*í·t*a ~ q*í·t*c//, HHG /'a swing, a little treadle they swing the babies on'/, PLAY, ASM ['a sturdy pole is lashed to
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the roof or ceiling and a baby basket is suspended from that by a rope, the rope is tied to another rope which is attached horizontally across the basket to provide for even suspension, a string/twine is attached to the bottom and runs to the mother's foot so she can jiggle and bounce the cradle while weaving or otherwise using both hands; now perhaps used for any modern swing as well'], literally perhaps /'something put up for a person/baby'/, ( swing (after the vine part), possibly durative, possibly entity, living thing, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, other sources: ES /q*í·t*a/ orange honeysuckle. bound root //q*iè*// meaning unknown or root //q*e3è*// lean, slant , df //s=q*iè*=c3lcqw or s=q*e[=Ai=]è*=c3lcqw//, BLDG ['peak of house'], LAND ['peak of mountain'], ( nominalizer), possibly root as in tied, knotted, ( get, become or reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by NP. , ABFC /'it healed up, (to heal up)'/, see q'éytl'. , df //q*íc*=iy//, PLN ['Katzie village'], ASM ['a downriver-Halq'eméylemspeaking village'], literally ['a multi-colored moss'], comment: Upriver-speaking elders don't know this as a word for a kind of moss but know it as a place name, lx plant, bark, covering, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, , bound root //q*í·w hang over//, contrast (or better) , pcrs //q*í·w=cT-ct//, ABFC ['leaning over (something)'], literally /'hang oneself over on purpose'/, ( reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/5/80). , chrs //s=q*iw=C1 cC2 =ílcs//, stvi, ABFC ['carry a packstrap or both packstraps over the shoulder(s) and under the arm(s)'], TVMO, literally /'be hung characteristically over on the chest'/, ( stative), lx on the chest, ( characteristic), phonology: stressshift without vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC (8/10/77).
488
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
hang over, ( nominalizer), lx on the back, ( middle voice or place to get/have), phonology: updrifting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC at Katz Class (10/5/76), Elders at place names meeting after IHTTC (8/23/77), source: place names reference file #209. , pcs //q*í(=)xw =cT//, CLO /'tighten it (a belt, a pack, etc.)'/, MC, probably root tied, knotted, possibly lump-like, round, around, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD (4/17/80), example: , //q*íxw =cT t-e§ sxw =yc3m=tcl//, /'Tighten your belt.'/. , //c=q*íx. s=pe3·è//, /'black bear'/, attested by AK (11/21/72 tape), , //c[=G]=q*íx. tc (s=q*w ó·lmcxw , cclq=á·mc, me3ccl, s=pe3·è, sxw =§e3èc=tcl, múm=C1 cC2 , s=pá·l, s=tiqíw, s=le3t, s=qc3w=cqs, c*csle3c)//, /'The (blackberry, blackcap berry, black haw(thorn) berry, bear, cloud, cow, crow, horse, night, raven, saskatoon berry) is black.'/, attested by Deming (esp. SJ) (5/3/79), , incs //q*íx=cl//, . intransitive verb, attested by AC, example: , //lc q*íx=cl tc . sxw=§e3èc=tcl//, /'The clouds are black., (The clouds got black.)'/, literally /'third person past get black the cloud'/, attested by AC.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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incs, LT ['[getting black]'], ( continuative), ( , cts //q*í[=C1 c=]x=cl//, . go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury in Galloway 1993. incs, LT ['[be getting black]'], ( have, get, stative , cts //c=q*í[=C1 c=]x=cl//, . with colors), ( continuative), ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. incs, LT ['[be getting black]'], ( stative), ( , cts //s=q*í[=C1 c=]x=cl//, . continuative), ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. SOCT ['Negro'], lx affectionate diminutive; name , ds //q*ix=álcs//, . in the eye, on the eye, phonology: stress-shift without vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB. , bound root //q*ix// . tilt w sq'eyxéleqw>, ds //s=q*ix=c 3 < . lcq //, ANA /'crown of head, center of the top of the head where the hair starts'/, BLDG /'peak of house, gable or plank over smokehole'/, ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown unless q'íx black??, lx on top of the head, on top, on the hair of the head, (semological comment: the anatomical (alloseme) meaning uses the anatomical alloseme of the suffix (on top of the head, on the hair of the head) while the alloseme referring to a house part uses the non-anatomical alloseme of the suffix (on top)), phonology: stress-shift from root without vowelreduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, SP (IHTTC 8/4/77), also w , mdls //q*áx=cs=cm or q*e3[=Aá=]x=cs=cm//, ABFC ['put one's head back (tilt one's face . . up)'], lx on the face, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. meaning unknown, if compound with land a canoe, pull onshore in canoe, possibly (or more likely root in compound) meaning unknown, go, come, get, become, possibly resultative or durative, possibly derivational, phonology: possible compound or ablaut or metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75). , pcs //q*á=T//, DIR /'put s-th with (something), add s-th (to something), include s-th'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD, DF, example: , //q*á=T-ep tc=§í=lc//, /'Put this with it you folks., Include this you folks.'/, attested by AD (5/5/80).
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, df //q*ó=Tc[=M2=]l=c3=sT-cxw//, caus, MC /'mix s-th, put them together'/, possibly purposeful reciprocal possibly crystallized, unknown, derivational, ( causative control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, perhaps updrifting, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (4/23/76). , //s=q*á-s//, /'the other part of'/, attested by AD (3/4/80). , //mi-c-ep w(=)á·ècl s=C1 c=q*á %ë*c=|límc|//, /'Come (you folks) and share our meal with us.'/, literally /'come -you folks share a meal with us'/, attested by Deming, ASM ['together'], , //lí-c-xw lc yc-s=C1 c=q*á//, /'Did you go together?'/, attested by AC, ASM ['be included'], , iecs //s=q*á=mcT//, DIR ['come with s-o'], TVMO, ( stative), ( indirectly effecting control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group; found in , //s=q*á=mcT-áxy//, /'come with me'/, attested by Elders Group (11/9/77, 3/24/76).
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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, cts //s=C1 c=q*á=mcT//, iecs, DIR ['coming with s-o'], TVMO, ( stative, R5= continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (11/9/77). , pcs //s=q*á=cT ~ s=q*á=T//, DIR /'accompany s-o, go with s-o'/, TVMO, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (Elders Group 9/27/78); found in , //le3=m-c-c-ep s=q*á=T-e3p//, /'Are you all going with him?'/, literally /'going -interrogative -you folks accompany/go with him -subjunctive2p'/, attested by EB. , dnom //s=q*á(·)=xycl//, SOCT ['partner'], literally /'something/(someone) to be with on foot'/, ( nominalizer), lx on the foot, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, DC. , dmn //(s=)C1 í=q*a=xycl=í·l//, SOCT /'little partner, little person who follows or goes with one'/, ( nominalizer, R4= diminutive), ( go, come, get, become), phonology: reduplication, syllable-loss, vowel-reduction in root to schwa-grade before fullgrade/strong-grade of suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , pln //s=C1 c=q*a=Ae=xycl=í·l//, SOCT ['partners'], ( nominalizer, R5= plural), possibly durative or derivational, lx on the foot, ( go, come, get, become), phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , iecs //s=q*a=xcl=í·l=mcT//, TVMO ['follow s-o'], ( stative), ( indirectly effecting control transitivizer), phonology: vowel-reduction, syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , //q*a=Ae=xycl=í·l=T//, ( durative), phonology: ablaut, attested by AC, example: , //le3=m-t| q*a=xycl=í·l=T//, /'Go along with him.'/, syntactic comment: coaxing imperative, attested by EB. , dmv //C1 c=q*a=xycl=í·l=T//, TVMO ['accompany s-o little or elderly'], SOC, (semological comment: diminutive verbs often imply small or elderly people as objects), ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, vowel-reduction, syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB; found in , //C1 c=q*a=xycl=í·l=T-|e//, /'Accompany someone little or elderly.'/, attested by EB. , cts //C1 c=q*a=xycl=í·l=T//, TVMO ['accompanying s-o'], SOC, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, vowel-reduction, syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group; found in , //C1 c=q*a=xycl=í·l=T-áxy//,
492
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
/'accompanying me'/, phonology: downstepping. , pln //s=C1 c=q*ó=§c[=M2=]lcq//, SOCT /'pair of twins, pair of closest friends'/, ( nominalizer inalienable possession, R5= dual), lx one who, -er, one who does as an occupation, ( derivational), phonology: reduplication, metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/23/77). together, possibly go, come, get, become, ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reflexive), phonology: possible vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, BJ (5/10/64), others, Salish cognate: Squamish /q*án-acut/ to return W73:216, K67:356, example: , //mí-c-xw q*á·l=T=ct k*w e3c=cT-álxw §ówc híè-cs//, /'Come back and see us soon.'/, attested by EB, , pcs //q*a[=Ac3=]l=qcl=T//, LANG /'answer it (a letter, phone call, etc.), reply to s-th/s-o'/, ( derivational), lx in language, speech, in the throat, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (11/9/77, 3/1/72), example: , sas //q*a[=Ac=]l=qcl=e3·ls//, LANG ['answer a letter'], ( derivational), lx in language, ( structured activity non-continuative), phonology: ablaut, syllable-loss, allomorph =éyls replacing =á:ls after syllable-loss of preceding el, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group (3/1/72, 1/25/78), also /'answered'/, ( resultative), attested by Elders Group (11/9/77). , cts //C1 e3-q*cl=qcl=e3·ls//, LANG ['answering a letter'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syllable-loss, allomorph of =á:ls, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, also , //C1 e3Ac3=q*cl=qcl=e3·ls//, attested by Elders Group (1/25/78). , //mc q*o[=Ac3=]l=sT-cxw -cs//, /'He brought it back.'/, attested by EB. , cts //C1 í=q*o[=Ac=]l=sT-cxw //, TVMO ['bringing it back'], SOC, Elder's comment: "unsure of form", comment: perhaps in light of answering a letter, ( diminutive but here continuative??), phonology: reduplication, ablaut,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming. EZ /'sucker fish, especially big sucker or elephant sucker, probably , DIR /'join, (include oneself purposely)'/, see q'ó. , //q*c3wct//, attested by Elders Group (11/26/75), also /'drumming'/, attested by Elders Group (1/25/78), Salish cognate: Mainland Comox /q*c3gctx/ . stick for beating rhythm; dancer's staff B75prelim:44, Sechelt /q*c3wa-t/ drumstick T77:18, Squamish /q*uát/ drumstick K67:357, N. Straits dialects: Samish /q*áwct/ a drum, drumstick and /q*aw*étõ*/ drumming G86:93 beside Saanich /q*c3wct/ drumstick, stick for beating rhythm B74a:35 and Songish /q*áwct/ to drum, beat a drum M68:75. , //q*cwc3t or q*awc[= 3=]t//, attested by Elders Group (3/72, 1/25/78). , //q*cwc3t=T-áxy//, /'drum for me'/, phonology: downstepping, attested by NP and perhaps others (in Elders Group 4/26/78), , //q*cwc3t=T-áxy-|e//, /'Drum for me.'/, attested by Elders Group (4/26/78). , bens //q*cwc3t=c|c=T//, pcs, MUS ['drum for s-o'], ( benefactive, purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/26/78), example: , MUS /'to drum, a drum'/, see q'ówet. , CAN ['go around s-th in the water'], see q'éw ~ q'ew. , mdls //q*áx=cs=cm or q*í[=Aá=]x=cs=cm//, ABFC ['put one's head back (tilt one's face . . up)'], lx on the face, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, see q'eyx ~ q'ix. , df //s=q*áy=cs or s=q*e3[-Aá-]y=cs or s=q*cy=á[=M2=]s//, ANAB /'down feathers, real fine feathers'/, ASM ['sometimes worn over bear grease for warmth, then a shawl or blanket'], ( nominalizer), root meaning uncertain, lx on the face, phonology: possible ablaut (automatic if root a precedes =es) or metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/72 tape, 3/15/72 taped lesson VIII, 1/21/76). w w //, SPRD ['soft (down) feathers put , //lc q*á·y//, /'He/She/It died.'/, literally /'third person past die'/, attested by AC, ASM ['be dead'], , //mók*w q*áy//, /'(They're) all dead.'/, attested by AC, , //lc=u| tu q*á·y//, /'dying'/, literally /'third person past =already a little dead'/, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78), , //|=sc3q* q*á·y//, /'half-dead'/, attested by EB, ASM ['be paralyzed'], , //q*áy tc |q*=í·ws//, /'half of one's arm or body is paralyzed, had a stroke'/, attested by Elders Group (9/24/75). , //lc q*oy=l-c[= 3=]xw -cs tc s=me3ycè//, /'He killed the animal.'/, literally /'third person past he (accidentally) kills s-th the animal'/, attested by AC. , //q*á[-C1 c-]y=T-cs tcx. ey=C1cC2=e3ye//, /'They are killing flies.'/, attested by AC. , //(lí-|, §í-|) q*á[=C1c=]y è=ú=ë%*á//, /'She was sick.'/, attested by EB, , //s=te3m t-e§ s=q*á[=C1 c=]y//, /'What's your sickness?'/, attested by Elders Group, , //§ey=c3m s=q*á[=C1 c=]y//, /'real bad sickness'/, literally /'strong sickness'/, attested by ME (11/21/72 tape), ASM ['sperm'], , //lc §ók*w tc-l s=q*á[=C1 c=]y//, /'My sperm has run out (emptied)., My come has run out (emptied)., I'm through coming/climaxing/ejaculating.'/, literally /'third person past run out/be emptied my sickness'/, attested by JL (7/20/79 at Fish Camp). , caus //q*á[=C1 c=]y=sT-cxw //, ABDF ['make s-o sick'], EFAM, ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, example: , //mc q*á[=C1 c=]y=sT-áxycs yc=èe3//, /'Those people make me sick.'/, literally /'come to/start to they make me sick they/those plural'/, attested by EB. , ds //q*á[=C1 c=]y=ccs//, ABDF /'(be) sick on the hand, (have) a sick hand, (have) a hurt hand'/, lx on the hand, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, ds //q*á[=C1 c=]y=xycl//, ABDF /'be lame, (be) sick on the foot, (have) a sick foot, (have) a hurt foot'/, lx on the foot, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, other sources: H-T (macron over first a) lame (lit. sore foot), example: , //s=k*we3y k*w-cs §ím=cxy-s q*á[=C1 c=]y=xycl//, /'He can't walk, he's lame.'/, attested by AC. , ds //q*á[=C1 c=]y=e3·wtxw //, BLDG ['hospital'], ABDF, lx house, building, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. , chrs //q*o[=Aí·=]y=C1cC2//, durs, ABDF ['be always sickly'], (, WATR ['whirlpool that suddenly starts from level water'], see q'ey ~ q'i. , df //q*ay=i[= 3=]y=cc// or more likely //q*ay=í·c// or //q*cy=í·c//, EZ /'elk, Roosevelt elk, perhaps also (introduced) Rocky Mountain elk'/, ['Cervus canadensis roosevelti, perhaps also Cervus canadensis nelsoni'], elk up to about the 1860's were numerous in the Stó:lô area, being described as being like herds of cattle at times, coming down from Elk Mountain southeast of Chilliwack; they may have been the Roosevelt elk since Cowan and Guiget 1965 report, "This race is an inhabitant of the west coast rain forests. Here it formerly occupied the deciduous forest areas of the Fraser River delta and of the eastern coast of Vancouver Island. It was exterminated on the mainland by natural causes at least 100 years ago ....";, the date of their extinction in the area must have been post- contact due to the naming by non-Indians of Elk Mountain; it is unclear whether the Rocky Mountain elk also ranged within the Stó:lô area, but the oldest speakers seem to use q'oyí:ts for elk while the middle-aged Tait speakers in some cases now use the name for moose to reflect the absence of elk and presence of moose in the Stó:lô area;, according to Cowan and Guiget 1965, "Prior to 1920 there were virtually no moose south of the Hazelton-Prince George line. They have now moved to the International Boundary, and the most dense populations are in this newly invaded territory." They are shown on the map in that book as far west within the Stó:lô territory as the eastern shore of Harrison Lake, literally possibly /'knotted (horns) (covering) on the back?? (or possibly) fine down covering on the back??'/, possibly root knotted, tied, wound around or possibly root down feathers, lx on the back, possibly covering, bark, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group (3/1/72, 9/1/76), other sources: ES /q*cyc3y·cc/ elk, H-T (macron on é) elk (Cervus canadensis), JH /q*cyí·c/ elk, Salish cognate: Squamish /q*ií§è/ elk possibly with root /q*i1/ knotted, tied, wound around (Squamish /=(§)=è/ back) W73:90, K67:359, 120, Sechelt /q*c3yiè/ elk, moose T77:9, Mainland Comox /q*í§iè/ moose (elk unknown) B75prelim:9, Saanich dial. of N. Straits /q*cyí§è/ elk (vs. /kwéwc§eè/ moose) B74a:9, Samish dial. of N. Straits (VU) /q*ayé·è/ elk (vs. possibly /kw íwiè ~ kw íwcyè/ moose perhaps from Cowichan) G86:66, (contrast Lushootseed /kw ágw =iècd/ elk, Big Dipper H76:241 and note that all cognates of this word also have the lexical suffix for back), also /'moose'/, attested by EP and EB
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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(BHTTC 8/23/76), AK (11/21/72 tape), BHTTC (8/31/76 less sure), example: , EZ /'baby elk, (young elk)'/, see q'oyíyets or q'oyí:ts. , WETH /'Big Dipper, (the Elk)'/, see q'oyíyets or q'oyí:ts. , PLN ['elk (or) moose turned to stone in the Fraser River by Hill's Bar'], see q'oyíyets or q'oyí:ts. , SOC ['kill oneself'], see q'ó:y ~ q'óy. , SOC /'crowd together, gather together, people gather'/, see q'ép. , WV /'woven headband of packstrap, tumpline'/, see q'ey ~ q'i. short, not quite reaching, insufficient, possibly non-continuative? or á:-ablaut> derivational or durative, lx middle voice or intransitivizer, have, get, phonology: possible metathesis or ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76), Salish cognate: Squamish root /q*ic ~ q*cc/ short, insufficient as in /§cs-q*c-q*íc/ insufficient and /(§c)s-q*c-ám§/ too short, not quite reaching K69:81-82. , //c-cl s=q*è=e3·m//, /'I'm short (of money) [or other things].'/. , df //C1 í=q*cè=e3·m or C1 í=q*e3·è=M1=cm or q*i[=C1 c=]è=e3·m//, EFAM ['be short (in memory)'], ABDF, possibly diminutive, possibly resultative or continuative or durative, phonology: possible ablaut or metathesis, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76), example: , df //q*è=e3·m=tcm//, EFAM /'(be) absent-minded, forgetful'/, ABDF, possibly stative or participial, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76). , //s=q*è=e3·m=ccs-tcl//, /'I can't reach.'/. , LANG /'to argue, have an argument, [argue with each other], quarrelling, sassing back'/, see q'(e)x.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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QW , free root //qw e3//, DESC ['get a hole'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, example: , //lc qw e3 tc tire//, [lc qw æ 3 tc táycr], /'The tire got a hole.'/, compare with There's a hole in your tire., attested by AC. , dnom //s=qw e3//, WATR /'tributary, small creek that goes into a bigger river'/, ( nominalizer), literally /'opening, outlet, hole, (tributary)'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by TG, JS. , ds //s=qw e3//, PLN /'Skwah village, now Skwah Reserve, also known as Wellington Reserve'/, ASM ['at the end of Wellington Avenue just outside of Chilliwack'], literally /'opening, outlet, hole, (tributary)'/, (semological comment: so named because one could enter Hope slough and come through quiet water parallel to the Fraser River and come out here), ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC and CT (1973), Elders Group (7/20/77), compare with , //§a-s-cs-u k*w c3c=l-cxw -cs tc s=C1 c=qw e3 li tc sme3lt//, /'Then he saw the hole in the mountain.'/, semantic environment ['it was a cave'], usage: Story of the Flood, attested by AC, , //tc s=ë%*eqt=í·m-s tc s=C1 c=qw e3//, /'the length of the tunnel'/, literally /'the length of the hole'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , EB, FOOD donut, bagel (lit. got a hole/with a hole + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00, also RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , dnom //s=C1 c=qwe3=e3(·)ls ~ sxw=C1 c=qwe3=e3(·)ls//, TOOL /'borer to make holes, auger'/, ( something to, something that, R5= resultative or durative perhaps), ( structured activity non-continuative), phonology: reduplication, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64, new p.184). , ds //s=qwe3=e3le//, PLN /'village at west end of Little Mountain (Mount Shannon) on Hope Slough, also a name for Hope Slough or Hope River'/, ASM ['located a few miles east of Chilliwack, there is an Indian graveyard there at the base of Little Mountain (also known as Mt. Shannon)'], literally /'container of a hole/holes'/, (semological comment: if Wells 1966 is right (from an elder then) and the literal sense is coming into the open then this is explained by container of a hole/opening; if AC is right in noting the post-contact graveyard then the literal sense is container of holes and the name is post-contact), ( nominalizer), root get a hole, stem //s=qwá hole//, lx container of, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group (6/20/78), source: place names reference file #287, also Wells 1965 (lst ed.):23, Wells 1966. , ds //s= nominalizer//, LAND /'hole (in roof, tunnel, pants, mountain, at bottom of some lakes), tunnel'/, DESC, stem //s=qwá hole ~ s=qwehá go through//, lx on the inside, in the bottom, phonology: epenthetic h (predictable between vowel-final root/stem and
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
vowel-initial suffix), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72, 1/21/76). , ds //s=qw e([=Ac=])=(h)íwcl//, PLN ['Agassiz Mountain (or more likely Mount Woodside)'], literally /'tunnel'/, ASM ['so named because there was a natural tunnel where one could crawl through from one side of the mountain to the other; the name was only reinforced when the railroad put another tunnel through the mountain'], stem //s=qwa=híwel tunnel//, possibly derivational, phonology: epenthetic h, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/24/77), source: place names reference file #240. , dmpn //s=C1 c=qw e([=Ac=])=(h)íwcl//, [sqw cqw chíwcl ~ sqw qw chíwcl], PLN /'beach on east side of Harrison Lake across from Long Island where there are lots of flat rocks, most of which have holes in them'/, ASM ['such rocks used to be gathered long ago according to EL'], literally /'lots of holes inside'/, stem //s=qwá hole//, ( diminutive plural), possibly derivational or durative, lx on the inside, phonology: reduplication, epenthetic h, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL (9/27/77), source: place names reference file #300. , dmpn //s=C1 c[=cl=]=qw e([=Ac=])=(h)íwcl//, [sqw clíqw chíwcl], PLN ['natural holes or tunnels east of Iwówes and above Lhilheltálets that water came out of after rain'], ASM ['since destroyed by the Canadian National railroad, this was the first hole or tunnel dug by Beaver to get the Sxwóyxwey mask to Lhilheltálets'], ( nominalizer, R5= diminutive plural), ( plural), possibly derivational or durative, lx on the inside, phonology: reduplication, infixed plural, possible ablaut, epenthetic h, downstepping, updrifting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/6/77), SP and AD (transcribed during interview with MP in 1973-74), Elders at place names meeting after IHTTC (8/23/77), source: place names reference file #21. , ds //s=qw e3=lcc//, DESC /'hole in the bottom (of bucket, etc.)'/, ( nominalizer or stative), lx on the bottom, phonology: vowel assimilation in suffix to root vowel, syntactic analysis: nominal, possibly adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group. , ds //s=qw e3=e3p//, PLN ['the hole (lake) at the foot of Cheam Peak on the south side'], ASM ['climbing the mountain one reaches a long ridge with meadows of blueberries before starting the final steep rocky ascent to the actual peak; from the meadow closest to the final ascent one can look down and see the little lake several hundred to a thousand feet below the meadow'], literally /'hole in the dirt'/, stem //s=qwá hole//, lx in the dirt, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT (1973), source: place names reference file #275. , dnom //s=|c=qw c§=e3le3//, CLO ['pocket'], ( nominalizer), lx container of, comment: root form and meaning unclear, possibly same as in , //qw e4·l li k*w c qc3x. mcstíycxw //, /'announce at a gathering, announce before lots of people'/, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76), , //qw e4·l tc wclc3k*//, /'The frog croaks., The frog talks.'/, attested by Elders Group. , sas //qwe4·(l)=e3·ls//, LANG /'make a speech, talk'/, possibly structured activity noncontinuative, phonology: consonant-loss of l, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Meeting (5/26/76), example: , //qw e4·l=e3·ls tc s=iy=e3·m//, /'The chief makes a speech,, The chief talks.'/. , cts //qw e[-AáC1 c-]l//, LANG /'talking, speaking'/, ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, Elders Group, AL (Elders Group 3/72), ME (11/21/72 tape), RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), example: , //x. w =C1 cC2 =§e3y=c|-s yc C1 c=qw e4·l//, /'(they're?) talking good'/, literally /'plural clear/good voice -their/his/her the (plural human)/those giving a speech'/, phonology: high-pitch intonation on article, attested by JL. , dnom //s=qw e4·l//, LANG /'word, words'/, LANG /'subject, (topic)'/, semantic environment ['to change s-th'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, AC, Elders Group, Deming, ASM ['word(s)'], example: , //§ey=c3m s=qwe4·l//, /'strong words'/, ASM ['used by a chief or high councillor when he talked to his people, good words that were respected'], attested by Elders Group (5/3/78), , //qc=ë%*a-s-c3s-uw qw e[=Ac3=]l=C1 cC2 yc3ècs=T-cs tc mcstíycxw tc s=qw e4·l-s w tc (sí·lc-s, s=x. cwe3·y-s)//, /'And so, talking, he told the people the words of (his grandfather, his parent(s)).'/, attested by AC, usage: recent story, , //s=ë%*í-c-ct kw -s mc §e3·yclcxw =sT-cxw -c-ct tc s=qw e4·l-c-ct//, /'We want to keep our language alive. (keep s-th alive)'/, literally /'it's our want that come to/become we keep it alive the our words'/, attested by EB, ASM ['subject'], , //§iye3q=T-cs tc s=qwe4·l-s//, /'He changed the subject.'/, literally /'change s-th -purposely it -he the word/subject -his'/, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76). , chrs //qw e[=Ac3=]l=C1 cC2 //, durs?, LANG /'to tell something (news), talking something over (one at a time)'/, ( durative? or conditioned automatically before =R2), ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD, example: , //qwe[=Ac3=]l=C1cC2 §e3·|=tcl//, /'They are talking something over (one at a time).'/, attested by AD (12/17/79). , dnom //s=qw e[=Ac3=]l=C1 cC2 //, LANG /'news, a true story, what was told, message'/, ( nominalizer), stem //qwélqwel talk over, tell news//, phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group, EB, AD, example: , //§e3y s=qw e[=Ac3=]l=C1cC2//, /'good news'/, attested by Elders Group, , //qc3l s=qw e[=Ac3=]l=C1 cC2 //, /'bad news'/, attested by Elders Group, , //ccl kw cle3T tc s=qw e[=Ac3=]l=C1 cC2 //, /'I've got news.'/, attested by AD, , //xwc=§í tc s=qwe[=Ac3=]l=C1 cC2 //, /'The news has come.'/, attested by EB, , //ë%*a-s-c3-s=u ë%*á s=qw e[=Ac3=]l=C1 cC2 yc=u=ë%*á[=lc=]m s=wi[=Aá=]wclcs kw -s-cs k*w iy=l-ámct qe s=k*w e3y k*w c-s k*w íy-s wc-C1 á=lcc*c-e3s §c k*w c èck*w =c[- 3-]T//, /'So then that's what the young men told, that they managed to get themselves/climb up but they couldn't get up (further) if it wasJust one person that pulled them.'/, literally /'so then that's what they told/reported they young men that they manage to get themselves up but it's impossible/can't be that get up -they if it is one person just who pull s-th/s-o'/, usage: narrative of recent events after story of the Flood, attested by AC (12/7/71), , //li §e s=qwe4·l=cwcl kw-s xwc§í·-s we3y·cl=cs//, /'Do you think they will come tomorrow?'/, attested by AC,
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EFAM, SOC, literally possibly /'talk to s-o many times'/, ( plural), (semological comment: perhaps applied to a child because it is pluralized and an adult would be less likely to be talked to/scolded many times), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, updrifting, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, also , //qw e[=Ac3=]l=C1 cC2 =mcT//, ( characteristic, indirect effect control transitivizer), also /'scold s-o'/, attested by IHTTC (9/14/77), example: , //C1 cC2 =qw e[=Ac3=]l=mcT-cs tc s=C1 í=ë%*cq=c|//, /'He scolds a child., She scholds a child.'/, attested by EB, , //C1 cC2 =qw e[=Ac3=]l=mcT-cs tc=we3t=cs//, /'He scolds somebody.'/, attested by EB. , mdls //qwel=ayècl=í·l=cm//, incs, TIME /'(month beginning in) March, ((birds) making music)'/, literally /'speak =on the lips/jaw =go/come/get/become =one's own'/, Elder's comment: "it means (birds) making music", lx on the lips, ( come, go, get, become, middle voice), phonology: syllable-loss of el before =í:l, vowel-reduction due to stress-shift to suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/19/75). , ds //qwel=á·yèc(l)=tcl//, dnom, MUS /'musical instrument, grammophone, phonograph, record player'/, literally /'device to talk on the lips'/, lx on the lips, lx device to, something to, phonology: consonant-loss of l before =tel, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, AC, EB. , cpds //qw e[=Aó=]l=C1 cC2 qw el=á·yèc(l)=tcl//, LANG ['(maybe usable for) radio'], ACL, literally /'news musical instrument/phonograph'/, phonology: ó-ablaut, reduplication, vowel-reduction, consonant-loss of l before =tel, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77). cranefly. lichen, black tree lichen, and multicolored moss that grew around Katzie, B.C., compare , //qw à·m//, dialects: Chill., attested by Deming, also , //qw á·m//, dialects: Chill., attested by AC, also , //qwám//, dialects: Chill. and Tait, attested by Elders Group, other sources: ES /qwà·m/ and JH /qwá·m/ moss, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /qw cjáb/ moss H76:414, Nooksack /qw ám/ moss, Sechelt /qw áym/ moss, lichen T77:12, Mainland Comox /qw á:9im/ moss B75prelim:23, Thompson /qwczém/ moss B74c:16. , ds //qw am=e3lc3qcp//, SM ['have a mossy smell'], EB, lx smell, fragrance, phonology: full-vowel in root though stress shifts to suffix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/25/77). , chrs //qwám=C1 cC2 =als//, PLN ['place of moss-covered stones at upper end of Hope Slough not far from Harry Edwards' home (as of 1964)'], literally /'place where stones are covered with moss'/, ( characteristic), lx stones, fruit, round objects, phonology:
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
reduplication, vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/31/77), HE (10/8/64 Wells tapes), other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):15, source: place names reference file #264. , ds //qw am=c=á·ls//, EB ['bog cranberry'], ['Vaccinium oxycoccus, Vaccinium oxycoccus quadripetalus'], literally /'moss fruit'/, ASM ['gathered from mid-September at bogs from Scowlitz and Harrison Bay west to the Katzie area and Deas Island, often grew beneath the marsh blueberries, mólsem and lhewqí:m, grew in sphagnum bogs, they were ready and biggest just before Christmas but were ready any time in the late fall, often picked after the first frost, ripe in mid-Sept. around Scowlitz river bank; probably endangered in the Fraser Valley so best to avoid frivolous picking'], lx meaning unknown, fruit, phonology: root vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64, 12/5/64), Elders Group (9/3/75), Clara Campbell and Mary Lou Sepass (5/7/79), , EB, FOOD cranberry juice (lit. highbush cranberry + fruit juice (or better:) bog cranberry + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00), other sources: ES /qwemcá·ls/ cranberry. , df //qw e3=qcl or qw e3q=cl//, EB /'sprouted up, sprouting up, (to sprout from a root)'/, possibly root get a hole or possibly root meaning uncertain, probably in the head or probably come, go, get, become, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, other sources: H-T (macron over the a) to sprout from a root, example: , //lc=u| mc qw e3(=)q(=)cl t-e s=pí·l-s.//, /'Your garden is sprouting up., Your plantings (all that grows underground) is sprouted up.'/, attested by AC, , //lc-u| mc qwe3(=)q(=)cl tc s=qe3w(=)cè//, /'The potatoes are sprouted up.'/, attested by AC. , FSH ['drifting a net in different places'], see qwés. , DESC /'make a hole in s-th, drill a hole in s-th'/, see qwá. , cts //qw e[-AáC1 c-]c*=cT//, ABFC ['belching'], ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , bound root //qw e3·y yellow with green//, comment: using derived forms of the root as a modifier of other color terms the following combinations were given by AK: tsqwáy sts'óla, and sqwóqiyel sts'ólha. , stvi //c=qw e3·y//, LT /'be yellow, be green'/, ASM ['the following color terms are used by AK before tsqwáy to specify shades of the color: tsxwíkw', tsxwíxwekw', sxwíxwekw', xwíxwekw'el, tsq'íx, q'íq'exel, tsqw'íxw, tsqw'íqw'exwel, qw'íqw'exwel, tl'ítl'esel, stl'ítl'es, stl'ítl'esel, semth'íl, p'(e)q'íl, sp'(e)q'íl'], ASM ['individual elders and groups have translated green as follows: tsqwá:y AC, Elders Group (3/15/72 tape), SJ (Deming 5/3/79); sqwóqwiyel Lizzie Herrling via AC (12/1/71); same as blue BJ (12/5/64); and have translated yellow as follows: tsqwá:y AC, MP (via Oliver Wells on tape of BJ 12/5/64), Elders Group (5/16/79), AD (6/19/79); eyó:les (lit. good on the eyes, good color)(used with syáth'qels paint DM (12/4/64);'], squares circled on the color chart of Berlin and Kay (1969) (rows top to bottom = B-I, columns left to right = 1-40, side column of white to black = 0 (zero); individual speakers circled the following squares for tsqwá:y, tsqwáy TM (2/14/79): B10-O15 (inclusive), tsqwá:y Lawrence James (2/7/79): C0 (error), tsqwáy EP (2/7/79) (Katzie dial.): B11, tsqwáy NP (2/7/79): F16, F17, F18, B11, B12,, tsqwà:y TG and RP (1/24/79): B10, B11, B12, B13, B14, B15 (lower left diagonal), D10, D11, D12, D13, D14, D15, D16, D17 (lower left diagonal), E11 (upper right diagonal), E12, E13, E14, E15, E16, E17, E18, E19 (lower
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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left diagonal), F12 (upper right diagonal), F13, F14, F15, F16, F17, F18, F19, F13 (upper right corner), G14, G15, G16, G17, G18, G19 (upper left corner), tsqwà:y AK (1/24/79): B10, B11, B12, B13, C12, tsqwá:y EL (2/20/79): B10, B11, axwíl tsqwáy TM (2/14/79): B16-B22 inclusive, (on the 1969 chart rows A and J are lacking in comparison to the MacLaury charts here; the difference is unimportant since the later charts have row A with all pure white squares (=A0) and row B with all pure black squares (=J0) and the tests done with the later charts always tell the speakers to ignore rows A and J in mapping the colors; on results reported from early charts (as just below) I've adjusted row and column numbers so they refer to the same square and shade in both charts), ( have, get, stative with colors), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, other sources: ES /cqwá·y/ (CwMs /cqwáy/) green vs. /scl·c3lcc*/ (CwMs /scl§c3lcc*/) yellow (/scl§c3lcc*, scl·c3lcc*/ may be related to the Upriver Halkomelem /lclc3c*/ '(have) jaundice, bile trouble' (perhaps with /s=/ 'stative' and /hc=/ 'continuative'?), JH /cqw á·y/ green, H-T green; yellow, chart by Rob McLaury, example: , //c=qw e3·y tc (§clílc, s=p*e3q*=cm-s tc è*ól=C1 cC2 -c|p, hil=e3lxw s=c*á·|e, p*el=cy=íws-s tc q*e3·y(=)x=c|p, sáx. w cl, qw c§áp)//, /'The (salmonberry (esp. . those in the mountains), flower of the tall Oregon grape, fall leaves, bark of cascara, grass/hay (when over-ripe or dried), crabapple/apple) is yellow.'/, , //c=qw e3·y tc (qw c§áp, w w w s=c*clcx =íwcl-s tc s=t*c3l(=)cm, sáx. cl, s=c*á|e, ë%*ík* =cl, c*cs=c[= 3=]m=clcp, sí·c*=c|p)//, /'The (crabapple/apple, inside cherry bark or inner cherry bark, grass, leaf, pea/bean/peas/beans, weeds, vine-maple) is/are green.'/, attested by Deming (5/3/79) (SJ esp.), comment: SJ was the first to respond with most of these when I asked examples of things that are tsqwá:y; some others also responded and agreed, , //s=c*á|e c=qw e3y//, /'leaf green'/, attested by AK (8/18/87). , ds //c=qw e3·y//, EB ['lemon (post-contact)'], ['Citrus limon'], literally /'yellow ~ green'/, (zero nominalizer), phonology: zero-derivation, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (2/79). , df //c=qwe3·y=cm//, FOOD ['lemon extract'], ( place to get/have), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76). , ds //c=qw ey=íws//, ANA ['yellow-bodied'], DESC, literally /'yellow on the body'/, lx on the body, phonology: no root vowel-reduction in spite of stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (5/16/79). , ds //c=qw e3y=ámcxy//, LT /'[looks yellow or green, yellow/green-looking]'/, ( have, get, stative with colors), ( looks, -looking, in color), phonology: downstepping, updrifting, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. , incs //qw e3y=cl//, LT /'turn yellow, got yellow'/, ASM ['maybe lighter than qwáyewel (AD 6/19/79)'], ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD, AC. , cts //qw e[-Aá-]y=cl//, LT /'turning yellow, getting yellow, turning green'/, (semological comment: perhaps a mistranslation for turn/get yellow/green since several speakers translate qwóqweyel as turning yellow/green and since qwóqweyel has a normal continuative inflection (ó-
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
ablaut on root á plus reduplication); further evidence of mistranslation is found in the examples below, all of which are in the past tense with le or lulh (past plus already) where noncontinuative is more likely; the examples are all translated in the present tense but should be translated in the past tense), ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, (semological comment: less often translated getting green since plants start out green and then get yellow), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, example: , dmpv //C1 í[=cl*=]=qwe[=Aá=]y=cs//, LT ['orange'], possibly EB, FOOD /'oranges'/, literally perhaps /'little yellow round things'/, ( diminutive), (, //s(=)q*wc3l//, attested by Elders Group (3/72), (semological comment: elsewhere translated as metal from mines that resembles gold), Salish cognate: Musqueam /sq*w c3l/ copper quoted in K67:361. , EB /'orange (fruit), especially mandarin orange (the fruit), also domestic orange, (also orange (color))'/, see qwá:y. , probably bound root //qw ís//, narrow , df //C1 c=qw ís//, DESC ['(be) narrow'], possibly probably aspectual, meaning uncertain, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by SJ (Deming 4/10/80), AC, JL, Salish cognate: Squamish /§cqw ís-us/ narrow-faced W73:183, K69:93, Lushootseed /qw cqw qw í§s/ thin, slender H76:415, also , //C1 c=qw ís//, [qw qw ís], attested by SJ (Deming 4/10/80), also , //s=C1 c=qw ís//, attested by MV (Deming 4/10/80), example: , //yc3w·=qw|e t-e§ qw c|=c[= 3=]y=xycl//, /'You've got really beautiful shoes.'/, literally /'is really beautiful your shoe'/, attested by EB. , EB ['driftwood'], see qwélh. , CLO ['shoe'], see qwélh. w w , df //q alíw=iye orx. alíw=iye//, PLN /'village at east end of Little Mountain on Hope Slough, upper end of Mount Shannon [DM]'/, Elder's comment: "could be from Qwolíwiya Seagull in a story", (semological comment: another version has it as a transformed shaman on Hope Slough), probably affectionate diminutive, esp. in personal names, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC, other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):23 (from DM), source: place names reference file #243.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, cts //qw á·=cls//, sas, FOOD /'boiling, making boil, (cooking in boiling liquid)'/, WATR, comment: root retains old Central Salish labialization (from PCS */qw ú§/ water) which elsewhere was lost in Upriver Halkomelem when *u > a (as in Upriver Halkomelem /qá·/ water), from this it is also clear that the continuative form here preserves the root vowel and it is the non-continuative that is ablauted or inflected, ( structured activity continuative), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, DM (12/4/64), EL, example: , //lc qw á·=cls//, /'It's boiling.'/, attested by AC. , dnom //qw á·=cls//, PLN ['Harrison Hot Springs'], literally /'boiling'/, ASM ['Indian people used to sometimes cook food in the hot springs there'], phonology: zero derivation, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL (3/1/78), DM (12/4/64), AC, other sources: Wells 1965 (1st ed.):15, source: place names file reference #167. , stvi //s=qw á·=cls//, WATR ['be boiled'], ( stative), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, example: , //s=qwá·=cls qá·//, /'boiled water'/, attested by EB. , EB, FOOD French fries (lit. fat + boiled + potato), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , dnom //sxw =qwá·=cls//, FOOD ['something to boil in'], HHG, ( something to), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (10/23/71). , (//qw a[-Ac3-]=els//), sas, FOOD /'to boil, make boil'/, WATR, ( non-continuative), phonology: vowel merger, ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, comment: metathesis type one and rare ablauts like this are the only non-continuative inflections found so far, usually the base forms are non-continuative, attested by DM, CT (6/8/76), example: , //qwa[-Ac3-]=els=T tc sk*w ó·lmcxw //, /'boil the blackberries'/, attested by AC. , bens, //qwa[-Ac3-]=els=c|c=T-á·xy//, FOOD ['boil it for me'], ( benefactive, purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/24/76); found in , //qw a[-Ac3-]=els=c|c=T-á·xy-c-cxw //, /'Boil it for me.'/, attested by EB (3/1/76). , pcs //qwá·=cls=T//, cts, FOOD ['boiling s-th'], HUNT, HARV, FSH, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC, example: , df //qw á·m=è*//, ANA ['lump'], LAND, lx , pln //C1 cC2 =qw á·m=è*//, LAND ['lots of anthills'], EZ, literally /'many lumps'/, ( plural), lx , ds //qw am=è*=í·lcs//, PLN /'Mount Ogilvie or a round peak or bluff on Mt. Ogilvie where mountain goats live, the mountain or peak or bluff resembles big breasts'/, Elder's comment: "the name means big breasts", literally /'lump on the chest'/, lx on the chest, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and AK (7/13/75), Elders Group (7/13/77), source: place names reference file #53. w w , df //s=C1 cC2 =q á·m=x. //, pln, ANA ['lots of lumps (any size)'], LAND, ( nominalizer, R3= plural), lx round, around, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (1/12/76). w w , dnom //s=C1 cC2 =q á·m=x. //, PLN ['a lumpy mountain back of Seabird Island'], literally /'lots of lumps'/, ( nominalizer, R3= plural), lx round, around, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK (8/30/77), source: place names reference file #251. w w meaning uncertain, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/15/77). w w doubled up in bed on side with knees drawn up, U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped knife for scraping out canoe, roll s-th up in a ball.
, SM ['have a mossy smell'], see qwà:m ~ qwám. , PLN /'a place just past the west end of Seabird Island, towards Agassiz, AK's grandfather only translated it as Hamersley's (see Hamersley's hopyards), it was located at the west end of Seabird Island i.e. property between Dan Thomas's and Uncle Dave Charles's places, across from Sqémelets [Elders on Seabird Is. trip 6/20/78])'/, see qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. , PLN ['place of moss-covered stones at upper end of Hope Slough not far from Harry Edwards' home (as of 1964)'], see qwà:m ~ qwám. , ABFC ['belching'], see qwáts'et. , LT /'getting yellow, turning yellow, turning green'/, see qwá:y. , df //qw e=ás=cm//, mdls, EB ['just coming out of the earth (of plants for ex.)'], probably root get a hole, possibly on the face, (also flower of a plant), ( middle voice), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, example: , //qw e=ás=cm t-cl s=pí·l=ls//, /'My plants are just coming out (of the earth).'/, attested by IHTTC. , probable bound root //qw á·ë%*// or //qw e3·ë%*//, meaning uncertain , //s=qím=cq*w//, /'octopus'/, , //xw eè*=c[= 3=]q*w =ccs//, /'sprained wrist'/, , //yi[=Ac3=]t*=q*w =íws=cm//, /'lather one's body'/, literally /'melt around in circles on one's body'/, root melt, thaw, , //yc[=Aá·=]l=q*w //, /'make a mess, mess up'/. , df //q*w e3t*c*=cm//, SD /'(have) sound of water sloshing around inside (a bottle, etc.) or gurgling'/, WATR, root meaning unknown, possibly intransitivizer, have, get or middle voice, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (11/3/76). , bound root //q*we3·y scorch, blacken near fire//. , pcs //q*w e3·y=T//, FIRE /'scorch s-th, blacken s-th with fire, heat it up (near a fire), burning a canoe with pitchwood to remove splinters and burn on black pitch)'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (Fish Camp 8/2/77, 3/26/75), BHTTC (8/25/76). , rsls //q*w e[=AáC1c=]y//, FIRE /'burned (of rocks), scorched (of rocks)'/, ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (Fish Camp 8/2/77). , df //s=q*wcc(=)c[= 3=]m//, ABDF ['a boil'], ( nominalizer or stative), root meaning unknown, possibly derivational, possibly middle voice or intransitivizer, have, get, phonology: poss. stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64), TG (Elders Group 3/1/72). , //§c3wc lí-s q*w c3l//, /'It's not cooked., It's raw.'/, attested by EB,
'cooked (over fire)' since metal is “cooked over a fire” to purify and shape it. , //s=q*w ól//, also /'native copper or brass (made thin as paper)'/, attested by BJ (12/5/64, Wells transcripts old p. 328), other sources: ES Musqueam dial. of Downriver Halkomelem /sq*w c3l/ copper, Salish cognate: ?Squamish /sqw c§íls ~ qw c3y-qw i/ copper W73:67, K67:296 and 361,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English K69:59, Lushootseed /q*w úlalatxw/ copper? H76:431 and compare Lushootseed /=alatxw / part of a building H76:689.
, FOOD /'barbecue, bake (meat, vegetables, etc.) in open fire, bake over fire, roast over open fire, bake under hot sand, bake in oven, cook in oven, (boiled down (as jam) [CT, HT])'/, see qw'él. uncover, possibly on the throat, throat (of land), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (5/28/75). cooked, roasted, possibly literally /'roasted/cooked in the throat'/, lx in the throat, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb?, attested by Elders Group (4/7/76). , FOOD ['cook s-th'], see qw'él. , cts //q*w c3m=c[-M2-]qcl or q*w cm=c[- 3-]qcl//, ABFC /'hair is falling out, losing one's hair'/, lx in the head, possibly continuative, comment: later examples show the apparent metathesis or stress-shift without any continuative translation; if they are correct the translations here perhaps should be hair falls out, lose one's hair and the root may just be a weak grade which only accepts stress when there is no affix to take it, phonology: metathesis or stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. , bens //q*w cm=ows=c|c=T-á·xy//, if, HUNT ['pluck it for me'], lx on the body, ( benefactive, purposeful control transitivizer), ( second person singular object), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/24/76), also , //q*w cm=óws=|=T-á·xy-c-cxw //, /'Pluck it for me., You pluck it for me.'/, attested by EB. come out (of hair), come out by the roots, lx part, portion, phonology: consonant merger resulting in updrifting instead of length, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (5/10/64), EB, others, example: , ABFC /'hair is falling out, losing one's hair'/, see qw'ém. or , bound stem //q*w ám=x. w double up, roll up in a ball//, clearly related by metathesis, see also , df //q*w cmá=áècl//, FSH /'to fish with a pole or rod, to fish by a line'/, lx in the mouth, semantic comment: prob. so-named due to catching fish this way with a bent u-shape hook in the mouth, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), EB, also , //q*w cmá=áè(cl)=tcl//, phonology: syllable-loss (el before =tel), dialects: Cheh., attested by Elders Group (2/11/76), EB (3/9/76). qw'emóxw>, bound stem //q*w cmá=x. w //, bend in a u-shape clearly related to , cpds //s=q* cm=c[=Aá=]x. s=x í[=C1c=]p//, CAN ['bent U-shaped plane with handle on each end for canoe-making'], TOOL, ( stative), ( resultative),
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probably root , cpds //s=q*w cm=c[=Aá=]x. w xyí[=C1 c=]p=cls//, sas, CAN ['bent U-shaped < plane with handle on each end for canoe-making'], TOOL, ( stative), ( resultative), probably root , df //q*w cmá=áècl//, FSH /'to fish with a pole or rod, to fish by a line'/, see qw'emó or qw'óm , HUNT ['pluck it for me'], see qw'ém. , HUNT ['pluck it (a bird/fowl)'], see qw'ém. bound stem, //q* i[=Ac=]x. // either from brown w w miss (in throwing a spear) or possibly root negro, (lit. brown face) and in , //s=k*w cx. w =e3q//, attested by IHTTC (8/23/77), AD and SP (8/18/77). (or better, ), df //s=q*w í[=C1 c=]x. w =cq or s=C1 í=q*w cx. w =eq//, PLN ['maybe the same place as Sqw'exwáq (pool where Kawkawa Creek comes into the Coquihalla River and where the water pygmies lived)'], possibly diminutive or possibly diminutive, comment: this form may confirm the root is qw'íxw, phonology: reduplication, vowel-loss, possibly vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP (8/18/77), IHTTC (8/23/77). dark brown, possibly (perhaps) plural (of lexical suffixes) or merely connective, derivational, lx on the hand, phonology: possible vowelreduction, stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, others, other sources: ES /q*w x. w ál·ccs/ claw, JH /sq*w x. w á·lccs/ claw, H-T (macron over u) fingernail. w w , cpds ///s=yc[-Ae3-]ë%*=q*=cls-s tc q* ix. =c[= 3=]l=ccs//, PE /'nail polish'/ (lit. “paint for (of) the fingernail”), attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) w w w , cpds //s=x e3è*=c[=M2=]m=q=cls q* ix. =c[= w w 3=]l=ccs or q* c3x. =c[=M2=]l=ccs//, PE /'fingernail clippers'/, lit. “scissors for the fingernails”,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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nominalizer), root , df //q*wix. w=c[= 3=]l=xycl or q*wc3x. w=c[=M2=]l=xycl//, ANA ['toenail'], possibly root , df //q*w c3x. w =cqs or q*w i[=Ac3=]x. w =cqs//, SPRD ['a kind of spirit-dance done after the syúwel (spirit power) has left a dancer but the dancer still needs to dance'], ASM ['anybody can dance along and sing without harm, the dancer is still under a trance but is not possessed, just a few such songs exist, everybody sings along'], root meaning uncertain, possibly , //k*w óxw =cqs//, comment: this last is probably mistranscribed (in light of the cognate), attested by Elders Group (10/13/76). , PLAY ['dancing'], see qw'eyílex ~ qw'eyíléx. , df //q*w cy=íl=cxy or qw [=G=]cy=íl=cxy//, PLAY ['to dance (any kind)'], SPRD, possibly root shake, move, possibly derivational, ( go, come, get, become), lx upright, phonology: possible glottalization, possible updrifting, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, Deming, EB, other sources: ES /q*wcy§ílíxy/ dance, Salish cognate: Sechelt /q*w cyílš/, Squamish /q*w yílš/, Nooksack (A61) /q*w yíliš/ A61 beside /q*w cyílixy/ (G84a:GS) and /q*w c§yílcš/ (G84a:LG), Sn Lm(D82pc) Smb /q*w cyílcš/, Sg /q*w cyél§cš/ and (S65) /q*w cyí§lcš/, So /q*w i§íš/, Cl /q*w cyíycš/ all to dance (G82a cognate set 170, G88a set 11), example: , //ë%*á-ce-s-cw q*w cy=íl=cxy qe t*íl=cm t-cl s=iy(=)e3y(=)e//, /'My friends will sing and dance.'/, attested by AC, , //§c3-c-ct le3=m tc s=q*w cy=íl=cxy//, /'We went to the dance.'/, literally /'ambiguous past go to the dance'/, attested by AC, as in , //s=q*w cy=íl=cxy-s//, SPRD /'his/her dance'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332)
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, dnom //q*w cy=íl=c[= 3=]xy=c|p//, EB /'pine, "yellow" pine, western white pine'/, ['Pinus monticola'], literally /'dance tree'/, lx tree, possibly continuative or durative, phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (1/29/75, 3/22/78), AC, also , //q*w (c)y=C1 cC2 =íl=cxy=c|p//, ( characteristic), attested by EB (5/26/76), other sources: ES /q*w cq*w cyílcxyc|p/ white pine (Pinus monticola) (lit. dancing tree), H-T (macrons over a and e) fir (Douglas). , EB /'pine, "yellow" pine, western white pine'/, see qw'eyílex ~ qw'eyíléx. , pcs //q*w í[=·=]l=T//, DESC ['uncover it'], ABFC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), possibly derivational, phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by BHTTC. , ds //q*w íl=cs//, EB /'sprout(ing) up, stick(ing) its head out of the ground (of a plant)'/, literally /'uncover on the face'/, lx on the face, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, EL, contrast sprouted up, example: , //lc-u| q*w íl=cs tc s=pí·l=ls//, /'My planting has (already) sprouted up.'/, attested by EB (2/16/76), , EB /'sprout(ing) up, stick(ing) its head out of the ground (of a plant)'/, see qw'íl. , sas //q*w ím=cls//, cts, CAN /'unloading a canoe, taking things out of a canoe'/, ( structured activitiy continuative), phonology: updrifting (only on e in last syllable?), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB and RM (4/23/76). , sas //q*w ím=cls//, ECON /'get credit, borrow (money for ex.), (getting credit, borrowing)'/, root meaning unknown, ( structured activity continuative), phonology: updrifting, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, dialects: Pilalt (Chilliwack Landing), attested by RM (4/23/76), also /'borrow (money)'/, attested by Deming (1/25/79), example: , CAN /'unloading a canoe, taking things out of a canoe'/, see qw'í:m. , bound root //q* íx. brown//, comment: using derived forms of the root as a modifier of other color terms the following combinations were given by AK: tsqw'íxw . (tsqwáy "dark yellow", qwiqwóyáls, tsméth', tskwím, sts'ólha); tsqw'íqw'exwel (qálq "dark dark ...", tsméth', tsqwáy, . qwiqwóyáls); qw'íqw'exwel (qálq once "dark rose", tsméth', tsqwáy, tskwím); sqw'éqw'exwel tsméth'. . . w w , //c=q*w íx. w ~ c=G=q*w íx. w //, phonology: possible glottalization assimilation, attested by AC (8/4/70). w w , dmv //q* i[=C1 c=]x. //, LT ['(brownish)'], ASM ['circled the following colors on the Berlin and Kay (1969) color chart (where rows are B-I top-bottom, columns left-right are 1-40): H7, H8, H9'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AK (1/24/79). w w , stvi //c=q* i[=C1 c=]x. //, LT ['brown'], ASM ['it can be a darker shade or if preceded by /tu/ it can be a lighter shade of gray/[brown] (TG also uses this root for brown; the other speakers use the root for brown and label gray with forms from /xw ík*w /)'], ( stative with color terms), ( diminutive or continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (mentioned while digging for cedar roots 4/10/78), TG (1987), see charts by Rob MacLaury. w w , cts //q* í[=C1 c=]x. =cl//, incs, LT ['[getting brown]'], ( continuative), ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AK, NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. w w , cts //c=q* í[=C1 c=]x. =cl//, incs, LT ['[be getting brown]'], ( have, get, stative with colors), ( continuative), ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. w w , cts //s=q* í[=C1 c=]x. =cl//, incs, LT ['[be getting brown]'], ( stative), ( continuative), ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. w w y , ds //s=q* í[=C1 c=]x. =cl=ámcx //, cts, incs, LT /'[looks a state of going brown, be getting brown-looking]'/, ( stative), ( continuative), ( go, come, get, become), ( looks, -looking, in color), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury. w w , //c-cl-| mc c*ím-cl k*w-cl-s q*wá|-c[=M2=]l=cm//, /'I'm going to come (climax).'/, attested by JL (reporting 7/20/79 at Fish Camp how this would be said). , possibly root //q*w á|le//, ANAF /'spinal rope inside sturgeon, (sturgeon spinal cord)'/, ASM ['this was pulled out and cut up and eaten as a treat'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC. , possible bound root or bound stem //q*wcm(=)á// or //q*wám// make a U-shape, prob. the root of . , cpds //s=q* ám=M1=x. x í[=C1 c=]p=cls//, sas, CAN ['bent U-shaped plane with handle on each end for canoe-making'], TOOL,( continuative), ( structured activity continuative device for), phonology: metathesis, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by Elders Group (early fall 1976). , stvi //s=q*w cm[=C1 cC2 =]=á=x. w or s=C1 cC2 =q*w ám=M1=x. w //, ABFC /'(be) doubled up (a person with knees up to his chest), all doubled over'/, ( stative), possibly characteristic or plural, phonology: reduplication, metathesis, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (2/27/80), SJ (Story of the Mink and Miss Pitch, toldon tape 5/3/78). , dnom //s=q*wcm[=C1 cC2 =]=á=x. w or s=C1 cC2 =q*wám=M1=x. w//, CAN ['Ushaped or horseshoe-shaped knife for scraping out an adzed canoe'], TOOL, ( nominalizer), possibly characteristic or possibly plural or possibly resultative or derivational, phonology: reduplication, metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by
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Elders Group (2/27/80), also , //s=q*w cm[=C1 cC2 =]áx. w or s=C1 cC2 =q*wám=M1=x. w//, /'all doubled up'/, comment: this last probably mistranscribed, attested by IHTTC (7/13/77). w w , pcs //q* ám=x. =cs=T//, DESC ['roll s-th up in a ball'], lx around in a circle, lx round object, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (8/22/77). , df //q* áp(=)x. =cm//, SD ['(make a) rapid repeated sound usually on wood'], ANAB, ASM ['made on trees, floors, etc., like noises when a new house is built or someone is working and tapping something on wood or a woodpecker is working'], possibly around in a circle, ( intransitivizer, get, have or middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD and NP (AHTTC 4/21/80, 4/25/80). w w , //q* ap(=)x. =iqs=c[= 3=]l=cm//, also /'ordinary small woodpecker'/, Elder's comment: "this woodpecker is also called t'ót'ep'els", contrast , SD ['(make a) rapid repeated sound usually on wood'], see qw'ópxw. , //q*w áqw =cT tc s=tiqíw//, /'whip the horse'/, attested by AC. , cts //q*w á[-C1 c-]qw =cT//, ABFC /'beating (s-o/s-th), thrashing (s-o/s-th)'/, SOC, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72). , //q*w á·[=lc=]qw =cT-cs//, /'He's whipping it many times (a horse, a child)., He whips it (a horse).'/, attested by EB, or better , ABFC ['whip it'], see qw'óqw. , df //q*w á[=C1 c=]l or q*w e3[=AáC1 c=]l//, EZ ['(be) tame'], SOC, probably resultative or continuative, phonology: reduplication, probable ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by CT (6/8/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /q*w al§/ tame (ab. person), reserved, distant and /q*w á-q*w ay§/ very tame, friendly and /q*wáy§-at/ tame (tr. verb) W73:262, K69:83; Lushootseed root /q*wal(a) tame as in /§cs-q*wál/ it is tame and /lc-q*wál-cxw/ it is getting tame H76:425, Samish dial. of N. Straits /q*w él*q*w cl*/ tame G86:91; these cognates show that Halkomelem may have either borrowed the word from a language with /a/ or may have ablaut since the Halkomelem cognate should have /e/, example: , //q*w e3[=AáC1 c=]l (s=mc3ycè, s=pe3·è, s=qw cm=e3y)//, /'(It's a) tame (animal, bear, dog).'/, attested by CT. , df //q*w á[=C1 c=]l(=)cx. or q*w e3[=AáC1 c=]l(=)cx. or q*wá[=C1c=]|[=L=]=cx. //, LANG /'excuse me, Excuse me., Watch out.'/, semantic environment ['used when passing closely to someone, polite'], root meaning prob. , bound root //q*w á| or q*w e3|// watch, notice as in be on the watch for s-o and notice s-o/s-th or poss.? tame, possibly distributive, possibly resultative or continuative, (semological comment: there is no inflection for me present in the word), phonology: reduplication, voicing, liquidization ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, interjection?, syntactic comment: can be used all by itself as an utterance, attested by Deming, RP and EB, AC, w w w w Salish cognate: Squamish /q*w á-q*w ay§áx/ q cqw tqáncut-èn/ . excuse me as in /q* á-q* ay§áx-èx . excuse me, I am going to pass by (a phrase of politeness when inconveniencing someone in a narrow passage) cf.? /q*w ay§q*w áy§cx/ . shy, nervous, wild (ab. animals) W73:92, K69:83 (where one is directed to K67:364); found in , //q*we[=AáC1 c=]l(=)cx-|e//, /'Excuse me., Watch . out.'/, attested by AC, , //q*w e[=AáC1 c=]l(=)cx-c-ep//, /'Excuse me folks., Watch . y out you folks.'/, attested by AC, , ///q*we[=AáC1 c=]l(=)cx=T-áx //, /'Excuse me.'/, . w attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), , ///q* e[=AáC1 c=]l(=)cx=T-álc//, . /'Excuse us.'/, phonology: downstepping, updrifting, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , ABFC ['notice s-o/s-th'], see qw'ólh or qw'álh. , ABFC /'watch for s-o to come, be on the watch for s-o'/, see qw'ólh or qw'álh. , ABFC /'beating (s-o/s-th), thrashing (s-o/s-th)'/, see qw'óqw. , FIRE /'burned (of rocks), scorched (of rocks)'/, see qw'á:y.
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, df //q*wá[=C1 c=]y//, FSH ['fishing pole'], ( continuative or derivational), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/11/76, Fish Camp 8/2/77), Deming (3/25/76). , df //q*w a[=C1 c=]y=í[=M2=]c or q*w e[=AaC1 c=]y=í[=M2=]c or q*w a[=C1 c= 3=]y=cc//, PLN ['location closest to & southwest of Hill’s Bar on same side of river'][prob. same as Qw’oqw’iy in Stó:lô Coast Salish HIstorical Atlas (2001), i.e. location closest to & southwest of Hill’s Bar on same side of river], root prob. scorched, possibly on the back, phonology: possible reduplication or ablaut or metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT (1973), source: place names reference file #281. , PLAY ['lacrosse'], see qw'óqw. , df //s=q*w át=clcqw //, ANA ['crown of head'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, lx on top of the head, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC, compare crown of the head, top of the head, Salish cognate: Samish dial. of N. Straits VU /q*tclí§qw /, LD /šq*ctclí§qw / crown, top of head (VU says may be slang term, is the same as the word for roof G86:73, (Songish dial. of N. Straits /sq*tclc3qw / roof M68:97), maybe Squamish /q*cti§cqw -án§/ go around the head W73:138, K69:80 beside Squamish /n-q*áy-c-i§cqw / top of the head W73:137, K67:309, also , //s=qwá(=)t=clcqw//, possibly root hole, (semological comment: this root may have been suggested by EB after the hole or soft spot in a baby's crown), attested by BJ (5/10/64, new transcript p.118), EB (5/25/76), Elders Group (9/17/75). , (formerly spelled) , //q*w í·n//, [q*w éyn], dialects: Katzie dial. of Downriver Halkomelem, attested by Mandy Charnley (Elders Group 5/3/78), ASM ['ear'], example: , //lí-c se3y=cm t-e q*w ó·l//, /'Have you got an earache?'/, literally /'does your ear ache'/, attested by AC, , //§cwc= 3te q*w ó·l-s//, /'It has no handle., It has no ear.'/, literally /'it is none its ear'/, usage: humorous, attested by Elders Group (2/25/76). w
w
, bound root or stem //q*w ó·l or k*w ól or q*w ów=l or k*w ów=l//, root meaning unknown , df //s=q*w ó·l(=)mexw or s=k*w ów=lmcxw //, EB /'blackberry (fruit), (before contact, only) wild trailing blackberry, (now also) evergreen blackberry, (now also) Himalaya blackberry'/, ['before contact, only Rubus ursinus, now also Rubus laciniatus, and Rubus procerus'], ASM ['the berries of the trailing variety are ready as early as July, those of the evergreen
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somewhat later, those of the Himalaya in late August and even later'], MED ['a tea made from boiled roots is diarrhea medicine, a tea from the leaves is medicine for stomach ache'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, possibly people or possibly medicine?? or on the breast??, perhaps related to root //in kw'ew=ítsel// grizzly bear (where =ítsel may be on the back), phonology: labialization is sometimes less noticeable before ô here almost sk'ô3 :lmexw, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: ES /sk*wc3w·lmcxw/ (CwMs /sk*wí·lmcxw/) blackberries, H-T blackberry (trailing) (Rubus sp.), also , ds //s=k*w ó·lmcxw =c|p//, EB /'blackberry vine, blackberry bush'/, ['Rubus ursinus, Rubus laciniatus, Rubus procerus'], lx plant, tree, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group. , ds //xw clítcm=c| s=k*w ó·lmcxw=c|p//, EB /'Himalaya blackberry bush, evergreen blackberry bush'/, ['Rubus procerus, Rubus laciniatus'], literally /'White-man kind of blackberry'/, ASM ['both introduced by non-Indians'], lx kind of, style, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase. , df //q*w cs=í·ccl//, EZ /'swallow, especially tree swallow and bank swallow, poss. others found in the area such as violet-green swallow?, barn swallow?, cliff swallow? and rough-winged swallow?'/, ['especially Iridoprocne bicolor and Riparia riparia'], root meaning unknown, possibly on the back, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (prompted), other sources: ES /q*w sí·scl/, JH /q*w cq*w sí·ccl/ both swallow.
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R (reduplication) , (//-R1- or -C1c-//), ASP /'continuative, be -ing'/, (semological comment: means the action is still continuing to happen), phonology: infixed reduplication, a type of doubling in Halkomelem lessons and classes, takes the first consonant of the root then adds e (schwa) and inserts or infixes the two sounds after the first vowel of the root, grammatical comment: as discovered by Wayne Suttles in his Musqueam Grammar (consonant alternation 1984) all affixes and ablauts used to express continuative can also be used to express resultative aspect (a different meaning) for the same words, another way to say this is the plain continuative form of a given word is the same as the plain resultative form, they are homophonous, so if a given word takes a particular kind of reduplication or ablaut to express continuative it will use the same means to express resultative aspect (if it has a resultative aspect form), this is true also of Upriver Halkomelem, though a few roots have been found for which this is not true, i.e., the continuative aspect has one type of reduplication or ablaut while the resultative aspect of the same root has another type of ablaut or reduplication, syntactic analysis: ii (inflectional infix); found in , cts //ce3[-C1 c-]|//, ABDF ['it's aching of arthritis'], , cts //le3[-C1 c-]c*=c[- 3-]wtxw =cm//, SOC ['be visiting'], , cts //|e3[-C1 c-]q=cm//, ABFC ['whispering'], , cts //mc[=Ae3=][-C1 c-]l=q=l-cxw //, rsls, EFAM ['forgetting (s-th/so)'], , cts //mí[-C1c-]s=cm//, MC ['picking out'], , cts //q*e3[-C1c-]l//, EFAM ['believing']. , da //=C1 c= or =C1c=//, ASP /'resultative, -ed, have -en (usually results in a past tense or past participle translation in English)'/, (semological comment: means the action has been completed with some results, inflectional hyphens should probably be used instead of derivational equal signs but the result is often an adjective, thus changing the syntactic subclass of the word and that makes it somewhat derivational too, in Galloway 1977 this was translated as verbal adjective or participle and usually involves the stative prefix s= added onto the same word), phonology: infixed reduplication, a type of doubling in Halkomelem lessons and classes, takes the first consonant of the root then adds e (schwa) and inserts or infixes the two sounds after the first vowel of the root,, syntactic analysis: derivational infix, syntactic comment: usually used along with s= stative; found in , strs //s=mí[=C1 c=]q* or s=mí=C1 c=q*//, WATR ['(be) sunk'], , rsls //|a[=C1 c=]k*w =íwcl//, EFAM /'be startled, be dumbfounded, be shocked, be stupified, be speechless, be overwhelmed'/, , strs //s=|e3[=C1 c=]x//, . FOOD ['be served'], literally /'(be spread)'/, w , stvi //s=lí·[=C1 c=]q //, DESC /'be slack, loose, too loose, hanging loose (of a slackened rope)'/, , ds //k*w[-cl]e[=AáC1 c=]t*cl//, EZ ['a few mice'], ( plural), ( diminutive), , dmn //k*wí[=C1 c=]xw=c|p//, EB /'"jack pine", lodgepole pine'/, ['Pinus contorta'], ( diminutive), , dmn //s=me3[=C1 c=]l[=c=]t//, LAND /'little stone, pebble, little rock hill, small rock mountain (like in the Fraser River in the canyon)'/, , dmn //mú[=C1 c=]smcs//, EZ ['small adult cow'], , dmn //q*e3·[=C1 c=]m=i(y)//, HAT /'little girl (perhaps four years), young girl, (girl from five to ten years [EB])'/, , dmn //hú[=C1 c=]l=iye//, EZ ['small-sized humpback salmon'], ['Oncorhynchus gorbuscha'], , plv //C1 cC2 =p*e3lq*=cm//, LT /'shining, (glittering, sparkling (with many reflections))'/, ( plural actions or agents). , da //C1 í= or C1í=//, DESC /'diminutive, little (of subject, object, agent, patient or action), small, (all diminutive verbs are also continuative)'/, (semological comment: as Suttles noticed in his Musqueam Grammar manuscript, diminutives of verbs are semantically also continuative, as in a little person is/was picking rather than a little person picks or picked), phonology: prefixed reduplication which copies the first consonant of the root adds í and adds the two sounds to the front of the root, called a type of doubling in Halkomelem classes and lessons, added only to the beginning of the root, never before a prefix (such as s=, lexw=, shxw=, etc.), to make a plural of such diminutives the í is normally ablauted or changed to é (schwa) in the reduplication, since this ablaut clearly has a separate semantic function, it is not necessary to set up a new reduplication C1é=, syntactic analysis: derivational prefix, syntactic comment: because it doesn't change the syntactic class of a word it should probably be shown with an inflectional hyphen rather than derivational equal sign, I started to use the equal sign because it seemed to be often optional semantically (unlike inflections, which are normally obligatory as required by the syntax and morphology) and seemed to add a more derivation meaning, but it now seems to have been used more by the eldest speakers as a semi-obligatory prefix with verbs; found in , dmv //C1 í=hákw=cxy-cs//, if, CLO ['he (a small child) is wearing it.'], ( diminutive), , dmn //C1í=scq=íws//, CLO /'short pants, little pants, underpants'/, ( diminutive), , dmv
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//C1 í=qw e4·l=c[=M2=]c//, LANG /'gossip about someone, talk about someone behind his back'/, EFAM, literally probably /'small talk on the back'/, ( diminutive), , strs //s=C1 c=ë%*íq*//, TCH /'(be) too tight (of shoes, clothes, trap, box), tight (of a dress one can't get into), too tight to get into (of dress, car, box of cards, etc.)'/, ( stative), ( resultative), , dnom //s=C1 c=qw e3//, DESC ['a hole'], ASM ['like a knothole, hole in a pail, cave, tunnel'], ( nominalizer perhaps ~ stative here), possibly durative or resultative, , (//R5= or C1c=//), NUM /'(rare) plural, (usually) many in a group, collective'/, also alloseme (ASM) NUM /diminutive plural/ is an alternative to usually stressed schwa ablaut on R4 diminutive, (semological comment: plural in Upriver Halkomelem is seldom used for just a few objects or actions, usually it means many in a group (as in legs, feet)), phonology: prefixed reduplication which copies the first consonant of the root adds e (schwa) and adds the two sounds to the front of the root, called a type of doubling in Halkomelem classes and lessons, added only to the beginning of the root, never before a prefix (such as s=, lexw=, shxw=, etc.), more often found added to a form also pluralized by =el= infix; found in sts'eló:meqw ~ sts'ets'eló:meqw great grandparents/-
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children, syntactic analysis: derivational prefix; found in , //s=C1 c=xc[=Aí=]lc//, /'legs, feet'/. Other examples are: , ds . w //s=C1 í=Ac=q cm=e3y=ccs or s=C1 c=qw cm=e3y=ccs//, EB ['pussy willow'], ['Salix species, possibly Salix hookeriana or Salix sitchensis or any Salix?'], literally /'puppies on the hand'/, ( nominalizer, R4= plus e-ablaut or R5= diminutive plural), , dmpn //s=C1 c=qw e3=w(=)c[=M2=]è//, EZ ['bunch of rabbits'], ( nominalizer, R5= diminutive plural), , dmpv //C1 c=è*[-cl-]e3·ykw=cm//, SD ['squeaking (of lots of mice)'], ABFC, ( diminutive), ( plural), , df //y=cw=C1cAc3=ë%*[=cl=]à=m//, PRON /'(that's) them (lots of little ones), they (many small ones)'/, DEM, ( diminutive plural), ( plural), , dmpn //C1 c=|cw(=)q=í·m//, EB /'smallest gray swamp blueberries, smallest variety of Canada blueberry'/, ['Vaccinium myrtilloides'], ( diminutive plural), , plv //C1 c=me3=xy//, SOC /'to separate people fighting, to split up people fighting'/, ( plural object). Some of the diminutive plural forms could also be cited under the diminutive alloseme below. , (//R5= or C1c=//), NUM /'distributive, to each'/, (semological comment: so far only found with one word, a numeral), phonology: prefixed reduplication which copies the first consonant of the root adds e (schwa) and adds the two sounds to the front of the root, called a type of doubling in Halkomelem classes and lessons, added only to the beginning of the root, never before a prefix (such as s=, lexw=, shxw=, etc.),, syntactic analysis: derivational prefix; found in four to each also with , df //s=c*iyáyc or s=c*[=cC2 =]áyc or s=c*iy=áyc//, KIN ['twins'], ASM ['twins were sometimes taken up into the mountains to be raised since they were said to have great power, for example over the weather, even today if twins are teased it will cause rain'], ( nominalizer), possibly root affectionate?, , da //C1 e3= or C1e3=//, EFAM ['emphatic'], syntactic analysis: derivational prefix; found in , us //possibly C1 e3[=·=]=§e//, CJ ['yes'], possibly emphatic, probably emphatic, possibly root yes as in Cheh.
or or to possessive pronoun suffixes attached to the article (only or precede the possessed nominal), sometimes the first verb in a relative clause is also nominalized (it needn't be, it only needs to be preceded by a demonstrative article), in all these syntactic functions the prefix is usually shown as or since it is required by the syntax not by the semantics; found in , //s=p*áë%*=cm//, /'smoke'/, see under stem to smoke, sing, gather, use secondhand, literally /'something to use second-hand'/, , //s=kw e3·xy=M1=cm//, /'a number'/, literally /'something to count'/, see under stem count, , //s=we[=Aá=]t=cl=c//, /'somebody'/, example: something sweet. ASM: inalienable possession nominalizer-- with body parts beginning with s=, the s= is present when someone’s part is mentioned, but can be omitted when talking about body parts in general; w , //è*cm=x =cle3xcl . tc §í=lc//, /'This is an elbow.'/, syntactic comment: when naming a number of body parts like this the s= nominalizer is left off; the s= is present when the body part is possessed (inalienable possession); the following body parts are attested working this way: (s=)th'emxweláxel elbow, Cheh. (s=)th'emeláxel arm bone, point of elbow,(s=)qep'ó:lthetel knee, (sh-)xw'ílàmàlà ~ (sh-)xw'ílámáláshoulder, and perhaps others, attested by IHTTC. , da //s=//, ASP /'stative, be'/, CJ, syntactic analysis: derivational suffix; found in , //s=pá[=C1 c=]y//, /'be crooked'/, see under stem bend, , //s=pí[=C1 c=]w//, /'be frozen'/, see under stem freeze, pull, , //s=yc3m=C1 cC2 //, /'be pregnant'/, see under stem around the middle, die (of tree), , //s=hc=le3 ~ s=le3//, /'be tight, tightly'/, , //s=ccwát//, /'be smart, be good at, know how to'/. , //(§cs=)sc3l=c[= 3=]s//, ( stative shows a survival of an almost completely vanished allomorph /§cs=/ stative in Upriver Halkomelem (preposed /§c/ just seems very unlikely since Galloway 1993:438 lists that adverb as only attested after the main verb), attested by JL (5/5/75), similarly in , //§í=|-c-cl lc q*íq k*w-cl-s §csc[=Aá·=]l=cs//, /'I went to jail when I was drunk.'/, attested by Elders Group, (semological comment: Sumas speaker AH has minimal contrasts between forms with s= and with c=; tsqwóqwiyel and sqwóqwiyel don't seem semantically distinct, but there are a number of colors labelled by tskwíkwemel and a number by skwíkwemel; on the Munsell charts she did with us these two are are fairly evenly mixed with each other, though the forms with ts= are found mostly close to the focus, while the s= forms occur close to the focus but also as the farthest away
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from the focus (C4, E6, I2, C35, etc.). NP's charted forms also show such a contrast: under tsqw'íxw ts= forms are more focal, while s= forms are more distant from focus, blackest;), under tsqwá:y ts= forms are at intense margins, while s= forms are at light margins or blackest; under tsméth' ts= forms are at light margins, some dark, while s= forms are one ex. next to focus; under tskwím ts= forms are at intense margins, while s= forms are at light margins or near focus; under tskwím + R5= ts= forms are more focal, while s= forms are more distant from focus; under tsq'íx ts= forms are (one ex.) browner, while s= forms are one ex., bluer, darker?; under p'éq' ts= forms are not found, while s= forms are closer to /p*c3q*/ than non=statives;, under tsp'íqw' ts= forms are at I35, H34, D32, darker or lighter, while s= forms are at F34 but focused at H32, and sp'íp'eqw'el at I36; ("intense margins" refers to margins between colors other than white or black.). Chehalis speaker EB has no /s=/ forms to contrast. Tait speaker TG has one contrast, tsqwóqwiyel vs. sqwóqwiyel, where the ts= form is more focal than most of the examples of the s= form., syntactic analysis: derivational prefix, see charts by Rob MacLaury. , (//-s//), PRON /'his, her, its, their, third person possessive pronoun, third person subordinate subject'/, syntactic analysis: is, syntactic comment: also used as subordinate subject by possessing a nominalized clause, example: , //tc me3·l-s//, /'his/her/its/their father'/, , //s=ë%*í·-s k*w c-s le3=m//, /'He/She/It wants to go., They want to go.'/, literally /'(it) is his/her/its/their want that he/she/it/they go'/, , //tc le3lc3m-s tc me3·l-s//, /'the house of his father, his father's house'/, literally /'the his house the his father'/. , da //s=...=s//, TIME /'hour, o'clock, day of week'/, semantic environment ['with numerals 1-12, kw'í:l'], TIME ['-th day of the week'], semantic environment ['with numerals 2-5'], (semological comment: as an hour marker thie circumfix is found with numbers one to 12, as a day of the week marker it occurs only with numbers themá second, lhíxw three, xe'óthel four and lhq'á:tses five, it appears to be made up from s= nominalizer for the days and perhaps s= stative for the hours, both plus a form derived from =es cyclic period), ASM ['Old Louie from Skw'átets (grandfather of Mrs. Steven Kelly -- AK's mother) could tell time by the sun (with a stick sun-dial or without; he also had knotted rags to tell days and months; he was first cousin to Joe Lorenzetto's grandmother (MJ)'], syntactic analysis: circumfix, compare cyclic period; attested by Elders at Fish Camp (7/19/78); found in , //s=tcqe3·ce=s//, /'eight o'clock'/, see under stem eight, , PLN /'Salkaywul, an area with big cracked cedar trees on Hope Slough above Schelowat (Chilliwack I.R. #1) (Sxeláwtxw)'/, see séq'. , df //C1 e3=scq*=cc or se3[=C1 c=]q*=cc//, EZ ['sasquatch'], POW, ASM ['a stl'áleqem creature resembling a huge (six- to nine-foot tall) wild hairy man, the name was first borrowed into English apparently after being spelled by J.W. Burns, a teacher at Chehalis Indian school on Harrison River where sasquatches were sighted fairly often (John Green: On the Track of The Sasquatch, etc.)'], possibly root , //(|ixw =e3·lc, xc(§a)è=ílc) C1 e3=scq*=cc//, /'(three, four) . sasquatches'/, (semological comment: the people classifier (=á:le ~ =íle) is here used for sasquatches, EB's grandmother used these forms in telling a story about sasquatches), attested by Elders Group, EB. , ds //C1 e3=scq*=cc=tcl//, PLN ['Pretty's Bay on Harrison River'], literally /'sasquatch place'/, ( something for, trap, (here) place?), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/13/77), source: place names file reference #74. , bound root //se3t// reach, pass on, pass along. , pcs //se3t=cT//, TVMO ['pass s-th (at a meal for ex.)'], FOOD, ABFC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD (8/80), Salish cognate: Squamish root /sat/ as in /sát-an§/ give(tr.) K69:302, also , //s§e3t=cT-c-cxw tc scplí·l//, /'Pass the bread.'/. , df //se[=AáC1 c=]t=cm//, ABDF ['lost (deceased)'], possibly durative, possibly resultative, possibly intranstivizer, phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/8/77), example: , //se[=AáC1c=]t=cm tc s=xw =we3líy-s-c|//, /'(He) lost his (late/deceased) parents.'/, attested by Elders Group, comment: EB questions this.
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, df //set=(M1=)e3lc3qcp//, SD ['(make) a distant sound'], literally (probably) /'passed on along sound'/, possibly derivational, lx sound, phonology: possible metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (11/3/76), example: , //mc se3t=(M1=)e3lc3qcp//, /'A distant sound comes.'/. , cts //se[-C1 c-]t=e3lc3qcp//, SD ['keep on hearing a distant sound'], ( continuative), lx sound, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (11/3/76). , df //se3[=M1=]t[=Ac]=cw(=)c3qcl//, REL ['deceased one'], prob. root //se3t// reach, pass on, pass along, lx on the body or contrastive, in the throat, in the esophagus, in the voice, lit. “passed along contrastive/in body in voice” if this derivation is correct; alternatively poss. nominalizer, tilted? or meaning unknown, phonology: metathesis, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD and EB (9/22/78), Salish cognate: Squamish /tc3waqin/ be in mourning K69:48. , pln //se3[=M1=]t=cw(=)cqcl or s=tc[=Ae3=]w(=)cqcl//, REL /'deceased ones, late ones'/, prob. root //se3t// reach, pass on, pass along, lx on the body or contrastive, in the throat, in the esophagus, in the voice, alternatively poss. nominalizer, tilted?, possibly plural, phonology: metathesis, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD and EB (9/22/78). , df //s=te3·xw =c|//, [stæ 3 ·xw c| ~ (hyper-slow) stæ 3 §æxw c|], HAT /'children (not one's own necessarily, generic)'/, ASM ['age term not kinship'], possibly nominalizer, (perhaps alienable possession), root meaning uncertain but probably , bound root //se3t// reach, pass on, pass along, or possibly , df //sew(=)c3c*=cm//, SD /'(have/get) a rustling noise (not continuous) (of paper, silk, or other material), (to rustle)'/, root meaning unknown, possibly , cts //se[- 3·-]w(=)c*=cm//, SD /'(making a) continuous rustling noise (of paper or silk or material), rustling (of leaves, paper, a sharp sound)'/, ( continuative), phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (9/15/76), Elders Group (10/27/76), example: , SD /'(making a) continuous rustling noise (of paper or silk or material), rustling (of leaves, paper, a sharp sound)'/, see sawéts'em. bitter//. , stem //se3x=cm . , stvi //se3[=C1 c=]x=cm ~ se3·[=C1c=]x=cm//, TAST ['be bitter (like of cascara . . bark or medicine or rancid peanuts)'], ( stative), ( middle voice or intransitivizer, have, get), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 6/16/75, 5/25/77), EB, AC, example: , //se3[=C1 c=]x=cm tc sex=M1=cm=cl=c 3 xw èc|//, /'The tiger lily is bitter.'/, attested by Elders Group . . (5/25/77). , EB, FOOD grapefruit (lit. bitter + orange fruit/little yellowish fruit), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00), example: , grapefruit juice (lit. grapefruit [itself bitter + yellow fruit] + fruit juice), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) 3 xwèc|//, EB ['tiger lily'], ['Lilium columbianum'], ASM , ds //sex=M1=cm=cl=c . ['now scarce, blooms in June, bulbs were dug up and cooked in steam pit,has bitter but good taste, often dried, often mixed with other things,nowadays with a gravy of flour, sugar, and water by one recipe'], ( derivational, middle voice or intransitivizer, have, get, connective with lexical suffixes (possibly plural?), on the tongue), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (9/22/76, 5/25/77), example: , //se3[=C1 c=]x=cm tc sex=M1=cm=cl=c 3 xw èc|//, /'The tiger lily is . . bitter.'/. , free root //se3·y//, ANAA /'wool, fur, animal hair'/, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by AC, other sources: ES /se3·y/ fur, wool, H-T (umlaut on a, macron on e) wool, yarn (of mt. goat), (macron over a) hair of animals, example: , //se3·y-s tc (p*q*=c3lqcl, s=qwcm=e3y, lcmctú)//, /'wool of the (mountain goat, dog, domestic sheep)'/, attested by AC. , plv //C1 cC2 =se3·y=iws//, ANAA ['furry on the whole body (of an animal)'], TCH, ( plural), lx on the body, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/9/77). , ds //se3y=cm//, ABDF /'have pain, to hurt'/, ( middle voice or have, get, intransitivizer), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 1/24/79, 4/23/80), AC, example: , //se3y=cm t-cl s=xc . 3 l·c//, /'My foot hurts.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //se3y=cm tc3pscm//, /'(have a) stiff neck'/, literally /'(have a) sore neck'/, attested by Elders Group, , ABFC ['tickling'], see síyt'. , ABFC /'being tickled, (having tickling, getting tickling), tickley'/, see síyt'. , strs //s=c*i[=Ae3·=]yxw//, DESC ['(be) dried'], see ts'íyxw ~ ts'éyxw ~ ch'íyxw. , //§ápc[=M2=]l=cs qe-s tc §ise[=Aá=]l=cs §i t-e§ s=§chá=lcc %ë*c-s-u sc[=Aá·=]l=cs//, /'Ten dollars and two dollar in your pocket and you're drunk.'/, usage: rhyme, attested by Rose Jones (5/19/76). , ncs //sc3l=cs=l-cxw //, ABDF ['get s-o drunk'], SOC, ( non-control transitivizer), ( third person object), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/7/8); found in , //scl=cs=l-áxy-cs//, /'He got me drunk.'/. around in a circle or in an arc, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (8/25/76), example: , df //sc[=Ae3·=]l=c*=owc|//, TVMO ['go in full circle with the current'], semantic environment ['of a canoe, driftwood, anything in the river'], CAN, WATR, ( durative or resultative), lx canoe, vessel, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (8/31/77). , df //scl=c*=c3lc//, PLN ['the whole riverbank on the CPR (west) side of the Fraser River just south of Strawberry Island and just north of Peqwchô3 :lthel'], literally /'go in a semi-
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circle with the current'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and AK and AD (Raft trip 8/30/77), IHTTC (8/31/77), Elders on American Bar trip (AD, AK? 6/26/78), source: place names reference file #247. around in a circle, possibly (only if can be dropped before ) side, ( go, come, become, get, middle voice), phonology: possible syllable-loss of elh before -íl, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (8/25/76). BLDG ['around the outside of the house'], lx (outside) side , ds //sc3l=c*=tcm//, ABDF ['(be) dizzy'], ( participial or stative), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (8/25/76), Lizzie Johnson (Elders Group 6/28/78), example: , //|c3q* mc sc3l=c*=tcm t-cl s=xáycs |í-l §e3xcè//, /'Sometimes my head spins when I lay down.'/, attested by Lizzie Johnson. . . , //sc[=Ae3·=]l=è*=tcm//, attested by Elders Group (3/72). around in a circle, lx in a circle, ( middle voice), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (8/25/76), example: , //C1 í=scl=c*=iyás=cm s=pch=e3·ls//, WETH ['whirlwind'], attested by Elders Group. , ds //sc[=Aí·=]l=lccp=tcl or sí·l=lccp=tcl//, FIRE /'fire-drill, stick spun to start fire'/, TOOL, possibly derivational, lx firewood, fire, lx device to, phonology: ablaut, possible consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64), Salish cognate: Squamish /ší-ècp/ fire-drill W73:101, K69:69 is cognate with an alternate version of this, UHk /s=xyc3l=ccp/, compare firedrill. , rsls //sc[=Aí·=]l=cT-cm//, pcs, WV /'it's twined (like rolled on thigh and twisted, spun)'/, ( resultative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( passive), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD (11/16/79). , ANA ['top of the ear'], see =chílh ~ chílh=. , ANA /'upper circle over the eye, probably upper eyelid'/, see =chílh ~ chílh=. , ANA ['upper lip'], see =chílh ~ chílh=. , DESC ['be good at s-th'], see schewót. , stvi //s=ccwát//, DESC /'smart, know how, good at it'/, see chewót. , SOC ['to propose to someone'], see chá:xw. under ch'ékwx ~ , df //s=c*á·|(=)e ~ s=c*á|(=)e//, EB ['leaf'], LT ['leaf-green'], see ch'ó:lh ~ ts'ó:lh (poss. lit. 'material for on top of (plants)'). , df //scc=cle3c or scc=clc[=Ae3=]c//, EFAM /'(be) eager, enthused'/, possibly root as in proud, possibly durative, possibly on the bottom, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, dialects: Tait, attested by Elders Group (3/2/77). , us //sc3kw luwi//, TCH /'soft smooth texture'/, (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , EB, FOOD avocado (lit. big round + pit + soft smooth texture), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) meaning uncertain, possibly , DESC ['be different'], see láts'. , strs //s=hc=le3·we//, EFAM /'pitiful, (bereft, poor)'/, ( stative), ( resultative), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (9/8/76). , df //s=elcce=í·m//, MOOD /'how is it?, be how?'/, possibly nominalizer or stative, possibly repeatedly, possibly root where to?, phonology: possible vowelreduction, possible vowel merger, syntactic analysis: interrogative verb, attested by EB, BJ (5/10/64), AD, DC, Ben James, Deming, Elders Group, BHTTC, AC, Salish cognate: Squamish /txw -nèc-§ám§/ how?, be how, be how much W73:145, K67:260, also , //cím//, Elder's comment: "short for selchím", attested by EB (9/18/78), example: , //sclcím-c-cxw tclá=we4yc4l//, /'How are you today?'/, semantic environment ['used for someone who has been sick'], attested by AD, , //sclcím ((kw )è-e ~ t-e me4·l, t-e sí·lc, è-e te4·l)//, /'How's your (father, grandparent, mother)?'/, attested by BJ, DC and AD (12/19/79), , //lc sclcí·m k*w -e-s-c3 èíy=T//, comment: apparently EB's -é is past tense, attested by EB (1/9/76), , //le-c-cxw sclcí·m wc-le3=m-cxw t*á·k*w//, /'How are you going home?'/, literally /'you are going how? when you go home'/, attested by AC, , //lc sclcí·m//, /'How much is it?'/, attested by BJ (5/10/64). , ds //sclcím=e3lc3qcp//, SM /'how does it smell?, How does it smell?'/, MOOD, lx smell, odor, fragrance, syntactic analysis: interrogative verb, attested by EB (5/18/76). , ds //sclcí·m=clcqcl//, SD /'what does it sound like?, What does it sound like?, (how does it sound?)'/, MOOD, lx sound; in the throat; language, syntactic analysis: interrogative verb, attested by Elders Group (11/3/76). , ds //sclcím=amcxy//, DESC /'what does it look like?, what does he/she look like?, (how is he/she/it in appearance or looks?), (what color is it? [NP])'/, LT, MOOD, lx looks, in appearance, syntactic analysis: interrogative verb, attested by Deming (2/22/79), also /'what color is it?'/, attested by NP (1/30/76), example: , //sclcím=amcxy tc kyá·-s//, /'What color is his car?'/, attested by NP (1/20/76). , ds //ë%*a=kw=sclcí(·)m-s or ë%*a kw(s) sclcí(·)m-s//, MOOD ['why?'], literally /'if that's how it is?'/, usage: used for ex. if someone didn't do what they were supposed to, if they stood you up, etc. (EB), (, //ë%*a=kw =sclcí·m=s %ë*a-§e-s-c xte . 3 tc=èe3//, /'Why did you do this to yourself?'/, attested by EB (1/9/76).
, SM /'how does it smell?, How does it smell?'/, see selchí:m ~ selchím. , SD /'what does it sound like?, What does it sound like?, (how does it sound?)'/, see selchí:m ~ selchím. , DESC /'what does it look like?, what does he/she look like?, (how is he/she/it in appearance or looks?), (what color is it? [NP])'/, see selchí:m ~ selchím. , PLN ['the whole riverbank on the CPR (west) side of the Fraser River just south of Strawberry Island and just north of Peqwchô3 :lthel'], see sél or sí(:)l. , KIN ['oldest (sibling)'], see sétl'a ~ sétl'o. , BLDG ['go around inside the longhouse counter-clockwise'], see sél or sí(:)l. , ABDF ['(be) dizzy'], see sél or sí(:)l. , df //s=hc=me3·è//, PLN /'Sumas village and area from present-day Kilgard to Fraser River, Sumas village (on both sides of the Fraser at the east end of Sumas Mt.), (Devil's Run (below Láxewey), the area between Sumas Mt. and Fraser River [Elders Group 7/13/77], Sumas River (probably requires Stó:lô river or Stótelô creek to follow) [Wells 1965], Sumas Lake (probably requires Xótsa lake after Semáth for this meaning)'/, see má:th possibly flat opening , ANAH ['(have a) bare foot'], see má ~ má'-. , SOCT ['high class people'], see smelá:lh. , ABFC /'have given birth, already had a child, had a baby, (delivered)'/, see méle ~ mél:a. , LT ['[be in a state of getting blue]'], see méth'. , strs //s=hc=myá·//, [swmyá· ~ swmyá], ECON ['be cheap'], ( stative), ( resultative), root shape uncertain, phonology: he= ~ ha= is a resultative/continuative prefix before some roots beginning in l, m, y, w upriver (also n downriver), s + h > s by consonant merger, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (12/19/75), AD (11/19/79), comment: I sometimes mistakenly wrote this word as syemyó, Salish cognate: Musqueam root and prefix as in /mcyá§t/ come down in price and /hc3m*ya§t/ be coming down in price Suttles ca1984: ch.7 [p.133], also , //§u(w) s=hc=myá§//, /'It's cheap.'/, attested by AH. , df //s=hc=myá·=á·mc ~ s=he=mcyá=á·mc//, PLN /'Semiahmoo, White Rock, B.C.'/, literally (probably) /'cheap berries'/, (semological comment: there were many bog blueberry patches near here, known to Indians and whites alike, some may have been domesticated, some introduced, but they have now been harvested commercially in the area by non-Indians for nearly a century and probably were sold to whites cheaply before that), ( stative), ( resultative), root get cheap, (come down in price), lx berry, comment: the place is in Downriver Halkomelem territory and therefore may well simply be a borrowed name, phonology: consonant merger or consonant-loss, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested
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, PLN /'Semiahmoo, White Rock, B.C.'/, see semyó: ~ semyó. , df //sc3p=clcc or se[=Ac3=]p=clcc//, ABDF /'missed the chair in sitting down, missed one's chair'/, HHG, N ['nickname of Freddie Joe'], root meaning unknown, possibly resultative, lx on the bottom, on the rump, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (8/3/77, 4/5/78), Salish cognate: possibly Squamish /sc3p/ stiff K67:301, possibly Sechelt /scp*-náè-t/ spank s-o T77:33 and Mainland Comox /sáp*-ncè-t/ to spank s-o B75prelim:91. , free root //scplíl ~ scplí·l//, FOOD /'bread, flour'/, ACL, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, MH, EB, others, borrowed from Chinook Jargon wheat, bread, flour itself perhaps from French ?? (the sound shifts work for Upriver Halkomelem alone among Salishan languages, with s= nominalizer added) (Gibbs 1863) but also reported by Gibbs to be from Chinook Proper (Johnson 1978:450), example: , //xw c3lmcxw scplí·l//, /'Indian bread'/, attested by MH (Deming 1/4/79), , //xwclítcm scplí·l//, /'white man's bread'/, attested by MH (Deming 1/4/79), , //ë%*c3x. w tc scplíl//, /'The bread is hard.'/, attested by EB. , FOOD banana bread (lit. banana + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD orange loaf (lit. orange fruit + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD potato bread (lit. potato + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , EB, FOOD donut, bagel (lit. got a hole/with a hole + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00, also RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , FOOD pizza (lit. round + flat + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD waffle (lit. many squares + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD lemon cake (lit. lemon (itself from sour little yellowish fruit) + cake + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD sourdough bread (lit. sour + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD spaghetti (lit. long + dry + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD noodles (lit. dry + stringy hair + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD carrot cake (lit. carrot + cake + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , df //C1 cC2=se3p//, EFAM ['(be) stubborn'], possibly plural or characteristic, root meaning unknown, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (4/26/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /scp/ stiff as in /sc-sp-í§/ become stiff K69:301. or better , bound root //sc3q or scq hang under//. , df //scq=íws ~ scq=í·ws//, CLO /'pants, trousers'/, literally /'hang under on the body'/, lx on the body, on the skin, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ
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(5/10/64), example: , //§ise3lc tc scq=íws//, /'(There's) two pants., There's two pairs of pants.'/, attested by Elders Group. , dmn //C1 í=scq=íws//, CLO /'short pants, little pants, underpants'/, ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, AD, example: , //§elc3ce t-cl C1 í=scq=íws//, /'Where's my underpants?'/, attested by AD (8/80 Lesson #16). , mdls //scq=íws=cm//, CLO ['put on one's pants'], ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/26/75), AD, also , //heq=íws=cm or he-(s)q=íws=cm//, attested by Elders Group (2/26/75), also , //hcq=íws=cm or hc=(s)=íws=cm//, attested by AD (4/17/80), example: , //scq=íws=cm-c-cxw //, /'Put on your pants.'/, syntactic analysis: urging imperative, attested by AD (8/80), , //scq=íws=cm-|e//, /'Put on your pants.'/, syntactic analysis: command imperative, attested by AD (8/80). , dnom //sc3q=tcl//, CSTR ['swing for baby cradle'], PLAY, ASM ['made from a bent vine maple pole tied to roof in the middle, the vine maple about five inches wide is first cut in halflengthwise, then tied in the middle to the roof (flat side down), one end ended at a wall, the other end was hung with a rope (about as big as a little finger) tied on, the other end of the rope had two ropes which were tied to straps on the baby cradle (one at each end), a string was tied from where the two ropes met to the mother's foot so she could bounce the baby, the baby's head was usually covered'], on file card, literally /'device to hang under, something to hang under'/, lx device to, something to, syntactic analysis: nominal, contrast swing for baby cradle, attested by Elders Group (2/25/76), AD (6/19/79). , df //(s=)sq(=)e3·le//, EB ['red huckleberry'], ['Vaccinium parvifolium'], ASM ['berries ripe and edible mid-July, they were harvested by clubbing the branches on the hand and the berries fell into the basket which was hung under them'], (possibly nominalizer), root probabnly seq hang under, possibly container of, thus lit. /'s-th to hang a container under '/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, AC, contrast beaver (Castor canadensis). , dnom //s=qcle3·w (stá[=C1 c=]lo)//, PLN ['Beaver Creek (at U.S.-Canada boundary line)'], literally /'beaver creek'/, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, source: Wells 1965 (1st ed.):13, , dnom //s=qcle·w (xá[=C . 1 c=]ce)//, PLN ['Beaver Lake or Hanging Lake'], literally /'beaver (little lake)'/, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):11, , dmn //s=C1 í=qcle3·w//, EZ ['little beaver'], ['Castor canadensis leucodontus'], ( nominalizer, R4= diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, ds //qcle3·w=iye//, N ['Beaver (name in a story)'], comment: note dropping of s= nominalizer, lx affectionate diminutive, personal name ending, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK (11/21/72 tape interview). , df //(s=)scq=cmcl//, BLDG /'pit-house, keekwillie house, semi-subterranean house'/, ASM ['used as the regular winter family dwelling by the Upper Stô3 :lo from Yale down to about Nicomen Island, rarely built or used further downriver (Duff 1952:46-47), almost always circular from 15 to 35 feet in diameter and perhaps 4 to 6 feet deep in the ground, covered with beams, brush, then earth in a conical mound, up to 20 feet from floor to highest point of roof, smokehole for fire in center, a notched pole served as a ladder through the smokehole, inhabited from about January to March or the coldest months of the year, bed with partitions and tiered storage were around the perimeter inside'], last used in the Stó:lô area about 1870 (Mrs. August Jim was born in one in 1869 and never returned after she was a few months old; Duff's accounts of those who last lived in them were of the same generation); the rest of the year plank longhouses (or when camping, mat shelters) were used;, Elders (6/28/78) said pit-houses were aired and rebuilt every year and that a separate one was used for spirit dances from Iwówes (Union Bar) to Yale; this is confirmed by an account of the sxwolexwiyám ancient people over a hundred years old (they can't move, just lay there in pithouse, take liquids, in spring the family dug out the roof to get them out into the sun) (BHTTC 9/9/76); the Interior Salish used pit-houses but perhaps only the Stó:lô among the Coast Salish used them, ( nominalizer), probably //s=scq=cm(=)cl//, with weak valence root meaning hang under + lx part, portion, member, possibly become, get, come, go, with weak valence root which loses its only vowel a suffix must get stress, possibly derivational, phonology: possible updrifting on last syllable or stress-insertion, morphological comment: reanalyzed as having and root for forms derived from it, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/28/78, 1/21/76), BJ (12/5/64), DM (12/4/64), JL (5/5/75), also , ///s=scq=cmcl or s=scq=cmc[= 3=]l//, phonology: s + s !s, vowel loss of weak-valenced root vowel, updrifting, attested by AC, DM (12/4/64), CT (6/8/76), Elders Group (3/15/72). , ds //s=C1 í=qcmcl//, BLDG ['puberty hut'], literally /'little pit-house'/, ASM ['built for adolescent women to live in during their first menstruation, built much like a sweathouse according to Duff 1952:50'], ( nominalizer, R4= diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, other sources: H-T 1904. , stvi //s=qcmc3l=í·l//, incs, BLDG ['be inside a pit-house'], ( stative), ( come, go, get, become), phonology: syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by JL (5/5/75), example: , //lc s=qcmcl=í·l//, /'He was inside a pit-house.'/, literally /'third person past be inside a pit-house'/. around in circles (see Galloway 1993:234), lit. something that hangs under repeatedly around in circles (which could describe the tentacles going around in circles hanging under), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP with others agreeing from Deming (7/7/77), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /s-qíbk*w / octopus and squid H76:384, Samish dial. of N. Straits VU /sqé·ymck*w/ octopus versus VU /píl·cwcs ~ qcm*k*wá·|/ large octopus G86:68. , df //sc[=Aí=]q//, DIR ['(hung) under'], ( resultative or durative), phonology: í-ablaut on root e, syntactic analysis: preposition/prepositional verb?, attested by Elders Group (2/16/77), example: , //ë%*á-l s=qe3·q//, /'That's my younger sibling., He's my younger sibling., She's my younger sibling.'/, attested by EB, chickadee, black-capped chickadee, etc.. , pln //s=q[=cl=]e3·q//, KIN /'younger siblings, "younger" cousins (first, second, or third cousins [whose connecting ancestor is younger than ego's])'/, ( plural), phonology: infixed plural, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, AC, other sources: H-T , durs //s=C1 í=sc[=Aí=]q*//, dmn, SH ['a crack'], ( nominizer), ( diminutive), ( durative), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, s+s !s, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB. , durs //s=C1 c=sc[=Aí=]q*//, PLN ['a mountain above Evangeline Pete's place at Katz'], (perhaps diminutive plural), ( durative), phonology: reduplication, s+s !s, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/6/77), IHTTC (AD and SP wrote name down from MP in 1973-74)(7/8/77), Elders on trip to American Bar (6/26/78), source: place names reference file #27. , //§cx=qs=T tc me3ccs qc-s-u yc3qw =T k*w c sc[=Aí=C1 c=]q* or . w k* c=s=te3m=cs//, /'strike the match and light the kindling or something'/, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76). , ds //scq*=e3·lí·ye//, SD ['ear-splitting'], probably root , ds //|=sc3q*//, SH ['half'], NUM, SOCT ['half-breed'], ECON /'a half dollar, fifty cents'/, ( extract a portion), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, nominal, num, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), DM (12/4/64), ER (Deming 1/20/77), Deming (8/4/77), Elders Group, SJ, other sources: ES and JH /|sc3q*/ half, example: , //|=sc3q* s=k*w cxy=á·s//, /'a half moon'/, attested by DM, , //s=|íxw =s qe-s tc |=sc3q*//, /'three-thirty (time, 3:30)'/, literally /'third hour and the half, three o'clock and the half'/, Elder's comment: "ER's mother used this (SJ didn't hear it used)", attested by ER, , //kw èc |=sc3q*-c-ep//, /'half of the crowd, (half of you folks)'/, attested by AC. , dnom //s=sq*=x=e . 3 p//, EB ['stump (of a tree [still rooted])'], literally (probably) /'something split all around in the dirt'/, ( nominalizer), root , SD ['ear-splitting'], see séq'. , SH /'split s-th, crack s-th'/, see séq'. , //sc3t(=)qc=T-cs k*w c pípc or wood//, /'He lights paper or wood (on fire).'/, attested by CT and HT, , ABFC (probably) /'tickle the bottom of someone's feet, (tickle s-o on the foot)'/, see síyt'. , bound root //sc3ë%*e ~ sc3ë%*a older sibling//. , //sc3ë%*e=tcl-s//, /'his older sister'/, attested by CT (6/8/76), example: , //ë%*á-l sc3ë%*e=tcl//, /'He's/She's olders than me.'/, literally /'That's my older sibling.'/, attested by AC, , //ë%*á-l s=we3-l sc3ë%*e=tcl//, /'That's my older sibling.'/, syntactic comment: note double possessive is allowed with swá own, attested by AC. , //sc[=Ae3·=]ë%*e=tcl-s//, /'(his/her/their) older sisters (or brothers/cousins)'/, attested by AC, , plv //sc3[=lc=]ë%*e=Aa or sc3[=lc=]ë%*a//, KIN ['oldest (sibling)'], ( plural), possibly derivational, phonology: infixed plural, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Deming, AC, other sources: H-T , //ccn wcl=ál sc3[=lc=]ë%*a//, /'I am the oldest (sibling).'/, dialects: Downriver Halkomelem, attested by Deming (2/22/79). , dnom //s=sc3x. w c//, ANA ['urine'], ( nominalizer), phonology: consonant merger, < syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, other sources: ES /sc3x. w a/ urine. w , dnom //s=sc3x. e=tcl//, ANA ['bladder'], literally /'something for urine'/, lx device for, something for, phonology: upshifting to à, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (10/8/75). container of, phonology: historically the glottal stop is part of the root (as in Squamish and Lushootseed) which only survives before vowel-initial suffixes, but =álá has allomorphs ='álá and =hálá after other vowel-final stems too, some of which may have cognates without final glottal stop, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (3/4/76). , ds //scx. w c§=e3lc3xcè*//, ABDF /'wet the bed, (urinate in the bed)'/, lx , //|c3q*=c|-c-xw scx. w c§=e3lcxcè*//, /'You used to wet your bed.'/, attested by EB, . , ANA ['bladder'], see séxwe. , ABDF /'wet the bed, (urinate in the bed)'/, see séxwe. (macron over i) lizard (Lacertilia), Salish cognate: Squamish /s-i-§íx-ixas/ . . big lizard W73:164, K67:306 from /s-ixás ~ s-ycxás/ large rock K67:300, 306, attested as . . /s§cy*íxyixcs/ and identified as Pacific giant salamander in Kennedy and Bouchard 1976:118, also . . attested by Elders Group (3/1/72). , //(prob. tc scyíycx)//, . , dnom //s=háë%*=cqw //, HUNT ['blunt-headed arrow'], PLAY, ASM ['the head is made of cloth or hide, etc.; the shaft may be feathered or not'], lx on the head, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming, see hótl'. , dnom //s=háy=iws//, SPRD /'spirit-dancing costume, wool hat for spirit-dancer (Deming)'/, ( nominalizer), lx on the body, on the skin, phonology: one of the few words requiring a hyphen in the Stó:lô writing system to show that s and h are here pronounced separately as in English "misheard" and not together as in English "mush", syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders, CLO /'dancer’s uniform, (any) coordinated outfit'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) example: w SPRD , //s=há·y=iws-s tcxews=álk |//, /'whole costume of a new spirit. dancer'/, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by Elders 11/26/75, also /'wool hat for spirit-dancer'/, attested by Deming, SPRD , //s=háy=iws-s me3=qcl//, /'hair
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hat for experienced spirit-dancer'/, lit. “it’s costume - hair” or “hair of the costume”, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by Deming, see hóyiws. , free root //sí·//, FSH ['fish drying rack (for wind-drying)'], CSTR, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Elders Group (5/19/76). , free root //síc or sc[=Aí=]c//, EFAM ['proud'], possibly durative or resultative, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group, example: , free root //sík*w //, HUNT ['get skinned, debarked'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, Salish cognate: Lushootseed root /sík*w (i)/ tear, take apart, rip apart as in /§c(s)sík*w / it's torn H76:445. inner core of cow parsnip (yó:le) with bark peeled off, [perhaps also of some other plants with barked peeled off] and as in winter village at mouth of Gordon Creek (lit. peeled off bark in the back). , //súk*w =cm=iy//, attested by EB, example: , //p*cl=cy=í·ws-s tc si[=Ac3=]k*w =cm=iy//, /'birch bark'/, attested by CT. , df //C1 cC2 =sck*w =cm=i[=Ae3·=]y or C1 cC2 =sck*w =cm=e3·y//, PLN /'place where a grove of birches stood/stand near the Kickbush place on Chilliwack River Road in Sardis, (village at junction of Semmihault Creek and Chilliwack River [Wells 1965 (lst ed.):19])'/, ASM ['the old Kickbush house is now the next house north of Don Kickbush's house (the latter is at 7915 Chilliwack River Road), the Kickbush farm was on the southwest corner of Luckakuck Way and Chilliwack River Road'], literally /'birch grove place, many birch place'/, ( plural (many, always collective)), possibly derivational or possibly place as in Nooksack language, phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64 old p.319), source: place names file reference #86 and #265, also , //C1 cC2 =sck*w =cm=iy//, attested by Elders Group (8/31/77), also /'village at junction of Semiault Creek and Chilliwack River'/, attested by Wells 1965 (lst ed.):19.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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, df //s=k*w e3l(=)x// . or more likely //sik* =e3l(=)x//, . EZ ['immature bald eagle'], ASM ['before the head feathers turn white, age one to three years'], ['Haliaeetus leucocephalus'], possibly nominalizer) or , attested by Elders Group 2/18/76, also , attested by Elders Group 3/1/72, also , also /'golden eagle'/.
file, abrade, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Elders Group, IHTTC, Salish cognate: Squamish /scyq*/ clay, hard pan W73:60, K69:61. , TVMO /'spinning, whirling'/, see sél or sí(:)l. , EFAM /'feel creepy, fear something behind one'/, see síy. , dmn //C1 í=scm=á·ye//, EZ /'bee, honeybee, hornet, wasp'/, ['order Hymenoptera, superfamily Apoidea, family Apidae, including Apis mellifera (introduced), also family Bombidae and family Vespidae and possibly bee-like members of family Syrphidae (order Diptera)'], ASM ['DC's grandfather, Frank Dan of Chehalis had the spirit song and spirit power) of a bee (EB, NP, AC)'], possibly root feel creepy, fear something behind one, ( diminutive), lx affectionate diminutive, personal name ending, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), EB, NP, Elders Group, other sources: ES /scscmá·yc/ (CwMs /scmá§yc/) bumblebee, JH /sí·mcmá·ye/ bee vs. JH /mc3kw mc4kw / bumblebee, H-T (macron over i) bee (Apis sp.) vs. H-T bumblebee (Apis sp.), contrast bumblebee (family Bombidae, Bombus spp.), Salish cognate: Squamish /scsmáy§/ bee, bumblebee W73:34, K67:301, Lushootseed /xw =sc3bcd/ bee, example: , //híkw C1 í=scm=áye//, /'big bees'/, Elder's comment: "there may be another word for bumblebees", attested by AC, , //C1 í=scm=áyc-c-cl, C1 í=scm=áyc-c-cl//, /'I am a bee, I am a bee.'/, usage: words to Frank Dan's spirit song, attested by AC, , ds //xc[=C . 1 c=]p*=íccl C1 í=scm=á·yc//, EZ ['yellow-jacket bee'], ['family Vespidae, genus Vespula, i.e. Vespula spp.'], literally /'striped on the back bee'/, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, attested by Elders Group (9/8/76).
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, CLO /'short pants, little pants, underpants'/, see seqíws ~ seqí:ws under seq.. , EFAM /'feeling creepy, fearing something behind one'/, see síy. , ABFC ['hearing (about)'], see síw. , ABFC ['wading in shallow water'], see síxwem. , KIN ['grampa'], see sí:le. , EFAM /'be afraid, be scared, be nervous'/, see síy. , EFAM ['scare s-o accidentally'], see síy. , EFAM /'scare oneself (in being reckless), scare oneself (do something one knows is dangerous and get scared even more than expected)'/, see síy. , EFAM ['be afraid of s-th/s-o'], see síy. , pln //si[=Ae3=]§[=cl=]=tcl//, BSK ['baskets'], ( plural, plural), phonology: ablaut, infixed plural, dialects: Sumas/Matsqui, comment: this most downriver of the Upriver Halkomelem dialects shows glottal stop , //o síðikri, plís=T tc s=q*c3p-c-ct//, /'Oh Jesus, bless our meeting.'/, attested by AD. , free root //síts//, HHG ['sheets'], syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by CT (6/8/76), borrowed from Chinook Jargon /sít/ itself from English Johnson 1978:404, example: , probable bound root //sí·c*//, meaning unclear , //c=qw e3·y tc sí·c*=c|p//, /'The vine maple is green.'/, attested by Deming (esp. SJ)(5/3/79). , bound root //síw to sense the future, to hear about//, Salish cognate: Squamish root /siw ~ scw/ as in /síw-i/ become attentive, prick one's ears K69:62. , dnom //(s=)síw=c or s=yc3w=c//, POW /'seer, fortune-teller, person that senses the future'/, ( nominalizer), probably root to sense (the future), hear about, possibly instead root spirit power, lx person, syntactic analysis: nominal, compare with root spirit power. , stem //síw=cl sense, hear about//, Salish cognate: Squamish /síw-i/ become attentive, prick one's ears K69:62. , cts //sí[-C1 c-]w=cl//, incs, ABFC ['hearing (about)'], ( continuative), ( get, become, go, come), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (6/15/78). , iecs //síw=cl=mcT//, POW ['sense something (that will happen)'], ABFC ['hear about it'], ( get, become, go, come, indirect effect control transitivizer), phonology: updrifting, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76), Deming (6/15/78). , SENS /'(sense, hear about)'/, see síw. , ABFC /'sense something (that will happen), hear about it'/, see síw. , POW /'seer, fortune-teller, person that senses the future'/, see síw and yew. , HAT /'men, males'/, see wíyeqe ~ wíyqe ~ wí:qe. , HAT ['boys'], see wíyeqe ~ wíyqe ~ wí:qe.
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, bound root //síx. move over//. TVMO ['move s-th over'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic , pcs //síx=cT//, . analysis: transitive verb, attested by NP (10/7/75). TVMO ['move over'], ABFC, ( go, come, get, , mdls //six=íl=cm//, . become, middle voice), phonology: vowel-reduction in root due to stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, NP. , TVMO ['move s-th over'], see síx. w
, mdls //síx. =cm//, ABFC ['to wade'], WATR, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, EB, Salish cognate: Squamish /síx. w -im/ walk into water K69:62, Saanich dial. of N. Straits /síx. w -cõ/ wade B73:82. w , cts //sí[-C1 c-]x. =cm//, ABFC ['wading in shallow water'], WATR, ( continuative), ( middle voice), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by LJ (Tait) (Elders Group 4/26/78), contrast wading in deep water, Salish cognate: Squamish /sí-six. w -im/ wade (itr.) W73:280, K69:62. , bound root //síy or sc3y nervous, afraid//, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /sáy/ nervous, fidgety, at loose ends, excited H76:703. , chrs //síy=C1 cC2 //, EFAM /'be afraid, be scared, be nervous'/, ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), TG, Deming, AC, BJ (12/5/64), also , //c*e3[=C1 c=]l-c-cl xw =e[=Aa=]y=íwcl t-cl s=qw e4l=cwcl k*w c-l-s mc xwc=§í s=q*á te=|=lúwc=p l s=i[= 3·=]y=C1 cC2 [=Ae3=]=c s=i[= 3·=]y=e3m (or better, s-§e3y=M2=C1 cC2 s=i[= 3·=]y=e3m)//, /'I'm very happy to come here at this gathering my dear friends.'/, usage: speech, attested by Deming (5/18/78). , dnom //sxw =s=iy=e3m//, SOC ['boss'], ( something/someone that), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (Elders Group 11/9/77). , ds //s=iy=e[=Aá=]m=c|//, SOC /'chief's, (belonging to a chief, in the style of a chief)'/, ( derivational), lx in the style of, as if belonging to, phonology: ablaut, syntactic
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analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by TG (4/23/75), example: , //s=iy=e[=Aá=]m=c| yá·s=cqw//, /'chief's hat'/. , ds //s=i[- 3·-]y=e3m=mcT//, SOC ['flirting with s-o'], literally /'being a high-class person toward/with s-o'/, ( continuative), ( indirect effect control transitivizer), phonology: stress-shift, lengthening, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group; found in , //s=i[= 3·=]y=e3m=mcT-áxy-cs//, /'He's flirting with me.'/, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76). , SOC /'respected leaders, chiefs, upper-class people'/, see siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m. , SOC /'chief, leader, respected person, boss, rich, dear'/, see éy ~ éy:. , SOC ['flirting with s-o'], see siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m. , df //s=§e3y=M2=C1 cC2 (or poss.) s=§iy=C1 cC2 [=Ae3·=]=c//, SOCT ['friend'], see yá:ya. , pln //s=§i[= 3·=]y=C1 cC2 [=Ae3·=]=c//, SOCT ['lots of friends'], see yá:ya. , HAT ['elders (many collective)'], see siyólexwe or see yó:lexw. , //c-xw §álc-wc s=yálcxw =c k*w -e-s scx. w c§=e3lcxcè*//, /'You're too old to wet your . bed.'/, attested by EB (5/5/78). , ds //s=yalcxw =c=c| or s=yalcxw =c=e3|//, HAT /'elders past, deceased old people'/, ( past tense, deceased), phonology: vowel merger (e + e ! á), syntactic analysis: nominal past, attested by AD, example: , //§e3y kw-s he3k*w=clcs-c-ct tc s=§í·wcs-s tc s=yalcxw=c=c|//, /'Let us remember the teachings of the elders past.'/, attested by AD. , pln //s(i)[= 3·=]yálcxw =c//, HAT /'old people, elders'/, ( plural (many)), phonology: stress-shift, lengthening, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group. , pln //s=C1cC2=yálcxw =c//, HAT ['elders (many collective)'], ( plural (many collective)), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD, Elders Group, example: , //tá·l=mcls-s yc s=C1 cC2 =yálcxw =c//, /'wisdom of the elders'/, usage: used as title of the Classified Word List for Upriver Halq'eméylem (Galloway and Elders' Groups 1980). , HAT /'old people, elders'/, see siyólexwe or see yó:lexw. , HAT ['old people'], see siyólexwe or see yó:lexw. , HAT /'old person, an elder'/, see siyólexwe or see yó:lexw.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, DESC ['old person'], see siyólexwe or see yó:lexw. , HARV /'wood, firewood'/, see yólh. , BLDG ['wood-shed'], see yólh. , SOC /'chief's, (belonging to a chief, in the style of a chief)'/, see siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m. , SOC ['change (money)'], see iyá:q. , SOC ['beware'], see yó:t ~ yót. , HAT ['little old person'], see siyólexwe or see yó:lexw. , PLN /'Bear Mountain, also called Lhóy's Mountain'/, see siyólexwe or see yó:lexw. , CLO ['be wearing a hat'], see yó:seqw ~ yóseqw. , ANAA ['furry on the whole body (of an animal)'], see sá:y. tactile sensation?. , pcs //síy=t*=T//, ABFC ['tickle s-o'], possibly , //síy=t*=T-cm//, /'He's tickled.'/, attested by Elders Group. , //c-cl si[-Ae3·-]y=t*=T-ámc//, /'I'm tickling you.'/, phonology: downstepping, updrifting. , cts //si[-Ae3·-]y=t*=cm ~ s[-cC2-]íy=t*=cm or less likely si[-Ae]y[=í=]=t*=cm//, izs, ABFC /'being tickled, (having tickling, getting tickling), tickley'/, ( continuative), possibly derivational or continuative?, ( intrantivizer, get, have), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (12/15/76), BHTTC (late Oct. 1976). , mdls //síy=t*=eq=cm//, ABFC /'want to pee, (want to urinate, feel like one has to urinate)'/, literally /'tickle on/in one's penis/genitals'/, lx on/in the penis, on/in the genitals, ( middle voice, one's), phonology: possible vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL (Tait) (Fish Camp 7/20/79). , ABFC /'want to pee, (want to urinate, feel like one has to urinate)'/, see síyt'. , ABFC ['tickle s-o'], see síyt'. , us //ske3slckcm//, [skæ 3 slwkcm], KIN ['illegitimate child'], borrowed from French break up the common-law relationship, syntactic analysis: nominal, Salish cognate: Squamish /s-kásnckm/ illegitimate child (Kuipers 1967:293), attested by Elders Group 8/25/76. , df //s=k*ck*iye3p ~ s=lck*iye3p//, [sk*wk*iyæ 3 p ~ slwk*iyæ 3 p], EZ ['coyote'], ['Canis latrans lestes'], borrowed from Thompson /snk*y*ép/ coyote (Thompson and Thompson 1980:58), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, DM, other sources: JH:DM /skckiyé·p/, also , //snck*iye3p ~ snck*cye3p//, [snwk*iyæ 3 p ~ snwk*cyæ 3 p], attested by BJ 5/64 and 12/5/64; probably borrowed with the Thompson and reduplication, rather than as the root in the Thompson word then with UHk s= and reduplicated prefix added. , //sík*w //, ['get skinned'], with vowel loss before similar to, -like, or part/portion and distributive, all around with the idea of the white feathers "skinned off like" or "skinned off part/portion" or "similar to skinned off", syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 2/13/80, 3/15/78, also , attested by Elders Group 6/4/75, also , df //s=k* e3·lx. //, PLN ['a little bay or eddy on Harrison River about two miles downriverfrom Chehalis'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group 9/7/77, other sources: H-T04:315 skwa8ltuq (macron over u, 8 over the a) a camp about two miles below Chehalis village in a sunny bay, abandoned before 1904 butmarked by an old logging camp of the early white settlers, said to mean literally sheltered (the latter points to a form Skwáltxw perhaps (root hide, house). w
w
, PLN /'Squatits village on east bank of Fraser river across from the north end of Seabird Island, Peters Indian Reserves #1, 1a, and 2 on site'/, see kw'át. , EFAM /'it is impossible, it can't be, it never is'/, see kw'á:y ~ kw'áy. , CLO ['eyeglasses'], see kw'áts ~ kw'éts. , HHG ['small pot'], see skw'ó:wes ~ skw'ówes. , KIN ['children's in-laws'], see skw'élwés. , SOC /'pitiful person, helpless person, person unable to do anythingfor himself'/, see skw'iyéth. , NUM ['be counted'], see kw'áx. , PLN /'Coqualeetza stream esp. where it joins Luckakuck Creek, later Coqualeetza (residential school, then hospital, then Indian cultural centre and Education Training Centre)'/, see under main dialect form under root kw 'eqw. , WETH ['the hail'], see kw'xwós. , //s-k*w c3lcw=cqw -s//, /'his scalp'/, ( inalienable possession), ( third person possessive), see kw'eléw ~ kw'elô3 w. , df //s=C1 cC2 =k*w c3l=xycl//, WETH ['whirlwind'], see kw'él. , dnom //s=k* cly=e3xcl//, . /'may include any or all of the following (all of which occur in the area): western big-eared bat, big brown bat, silver-haired bat, hoary bat, California myotis, long-eared myotis, little brown myotis, long-legged myotis, Yuma myotis, and possibly the keen myotis, respectively'/, see kw'ely. w
, w y //è*c3[-C1 c-]x. tc s=k* cx =á·s//, /'It's the last quarter moon.'/, literally /'The moon is burning out.'/, attested by Elders Group 3/12/75, , //le3lcm-s tc s=k*w cxy=á·s//, /'halo around the moon'/, literally /'the house of the moon'/, attested by Elders Group, , NUM ['be what day?'], see kw'í:l ~ kw'íl. , NUM /'be what hour?, be what time?'/, see kw'í:l ~ kw'íl. , dnom //s=k*w iy=c3è or s=k*w e3[=Aí=]y=c3è//, SOC ['slave'], ( nominalizer), possibly root , //s=k*wíy=cè or s=k*wc3y=cè//, attested by AC, Elders Group (Mar. 1972), also , //kw e=Aá=l-àmct tc s=k*w íy=cè//, /'The slave escaped.'/, attested by Elders Group (Mar. 1972), , HHG /'ladder, notched cedar pole ladder, rope ladder (pre-contact or later), modern ladder'/, see kw'í ~ kw'íy. , WETH ['heat'], see kw'ás. , MC /'It's boxed., It's in a box.'/, see kw'óxwe. , dnom //s=k*w ak*w qe3·q ~ s=k*w ak*w qe3q ~ sk*w ck*w qe3q, probably s=k*we[=AaC1 c=]q=V13C2//, EZ ['American'], ['Turdus migratorius caurinus'], ASM ['migrates south in winter unlike the varied thrush (sxwík')'], ( nominalizer), probably root , EB ['red huckleberry'], ['Vaccinium parvifolium'], literally /'clubbed on the hand'/, see under main dialect form , ds //s=k*wó·lmcxw=c|p//, EB /'blackberry vine, blackberry bush'/, ['Rubus ursinus, Rubus laciniatus, Rubus procerus'], lx plant, tree, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group. , ds //xw clítcm=c| s=k*w ó·lmcxw =c|p//, EB /'Himalaya blackberry bush, evergreen blackberry bush'/, ['Rubus procerus, Rubus laciniatus'], literally /'White-man kind
598
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English of blackberry'/, ASM ['both introduced by non-Indians'], lx kind of, style, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase.
, dnom //k*wqw=cm//, [k*wqw3m ~ k*wqwm], TOOL /'little hatchet, little axe'/, under kw 'eqw. , DESC /'be tight, be secured tightly; be tucked away, put away so well you can't find it, be solid'/, see tight, put away, , df //s=le=híc ~ la=híc ~ le=híc ~//, PLN ['Five-Mile Creek'], see tight, put away , cpds //s=le3·[=C1 c=]m §e3|qcy//, EZ //'turtle'//, lit. /“snake with a house, housed snake”/, see lá:lém. , DESC ['firmly planted in ground (can't be pulled out)'], see slá ~ selá ~ slá: (probably). , IDOC ['spirit power of an Indian doctor or shaman'], see lá:m. , df //s(=)le3·m(=)cè//, FSH /'sturgeon club, fish club (for salmon, sturgeon, etc.)'/, ASM ['a long club'], possibly nominalizer, possibly on the mouth, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC, Elders Group, TG, DM (12/4/64). , TIME ['night'], see lá:t. , LT /'any kind of light that one carries, torch (made from pitch), lantern, lamp, flashlight'/, see láxet. , EB ['fir bark'], see lá:y. , PLN ['Cheam View'], see yóle ~ yóla ~ yó:le. , PLAY /'the slahal game, the bone-game, (slahal sticks, gambling sticks [BJ])'/, see lehà:l. , KIN /'brother-in-law's wife, (spouse's sibling's spouse), (step-sibling, step-brother, stepsister [AC])'/, see láts'. different , EB ['inner cedar bark'], see léw. , CLO /'a dress, woman's dress'/, see léw. , CLO ['dancing costume'], see léw. , CAN /'canoe (any kind), car, vehicle (any kind)'/, see léxwelh. , CAN ['canoe shed'], see léxwelh.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
599
, CAN ['raid s-o in canoes'], see léxwelh. , df //s=lcxw=íws//, ANA ['body (while alive)'], see lexw(=)íws , ANA ['finger'], see léx. , ANA ['toe'], see léx. seagull, gull, also /'big seagull'/, attested by Elders Group (6/4/75). , CAN ['small canoe'], see léxwelh. , df //s=lí·m or scl=í·m or sí·l=c[=M2=]m//, EZ ['sandhill crane'], ['Grus canadensis tabida'], Elder's comment: "they make a peculiar sound when flying, taller than the blue heron, there used to be a few on Sumas Lake, also called locally "wild turkey"", possibly nominalizer, possibly repeatedly, intransitivizer, have, get, possibly derivational, root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Cheh., Chill., Katzie, prob. also Tait, attested by EL (9/15/78), BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group (6/4/75). , df //slím=iycqw=xycl or slím=iqw=xycl//, ABDF /'(be) pigeon-toed, (sandhill crane toed'/, literally perhaps /'sandhill crane on the toes (on top of the head of foot)'/, possibly on top of the head possibly used with on the foot possibly makes up on the toes, (semological comment: this seems reasonable since the sole of the foot is literally face of the foot, etc.), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Deming (esp. SJ) (4/26/79). , ABDF /'(be) pigeon-toed, (sandhill crane toed'/, see slí:m. third person possessive, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group, SP (and AK, AD)(Raft trip), example: , //s=lá[=C1 c=]ycs tc èqe3t//, /'The tree is leaning.'/, attested by Elders Group, also , //s=lálí·s tc èqe3·t//, attested by SP (and AK, AD). , df //s=lá·[=C1 c=]y=ccs//, DESC ['leaning to one side'], literally /'leaning on the hand'/, lx on the hand, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb?, intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, also , //s=lá[=C1 c=]y=ccs//, also /'leaning a board or pole'/, attested by TM, example: , EB ['female part of female plant'], see slhá:lí. , HUMC ['(a lot of) women'], see slhá:lí. , HARV ['sloppy pack'], see lhél. , ANA ['(have a) sloppy ass'], see lhél. , df //|cc*e3·m//, EZ /'weasel, one or both of the following which are in the area: short-tailed weasel and long-tailed weasel'/, ['Mustela erminea (fallenda and invicta) and Mustela frenata (altifrontalis and nevadensis)'], , WETH ['the rain'], see lhém. , WETH ['dew'], see lhém. , ABDF /'(have a) tooth missing, (have) teeth missing (any number), (be) toothless'/, see lhém. , TIME ['eleven o'clock'], see lhém. , WETH ['dew'], see lhém. , CLO ['be buttoned'], see lhéq. , df //|c3q*=qcl//, LAND /'end of a falling section of land, end of a level stretch of land, (head of a creek or island [Elders Group])'/ , ANA ['cheek'], see slhíqw. , ANA ['gums'], see slhíqw.
602
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, df //|cc*e3·m//, EZ /'weasel, one or both of the following which are in the area: short-tailed weasel and long-tailed weasel'/, ['Mustela erminea (fallenda and invicta) and Mustela frenata (altifrontalis and nevadensis)']. , //s=|cw=ámct or s=lcw=ámct ~ slcqw ámc3t//, also /'mask (any kind for dancing)'/, see lhew. , df //s=|cw=á·s=tcl//, CLO ['mask'], see lhew. , ABDF /'(have a) paralyzed hand, game hand'/, see lhéx stiff. , ABDF /'(have a) paralyzed leg, game leg'/, see lhéx stiff. , FSH ['wind-dried opened and scored salmon'], see lhíts' ~ lhí:ts'. , NUM /'three o'clock (< the third hour); Wednesday (< the third day)'/, see lhí:xw. , EFAM /'be dumbfounded, be surprised, be stupified, be speechless'/, see lhó:kw' ~ lhókw'. , ABDF ['(have) snot hanging from the nose'], see lhexw. , EZ ['wild turkey'], see lhexw. , df //s=|á|a// or //s=C1á=|a//, EZ /'brown thrush (could be hermit thrush, or possibly graycheeked thrush)'/, see lhólho. , REL /'comfort s-o, sympathize with s-o'/, see mákw'a.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
603
, LAND /'little stone, pebble, little rock hill, small rock mountain (like in the Fraser River in the canyon)'/, see smá:lt. , df //s=mc3lx. (=)cè*//, EZ ['dipper (bird)'], ['Cinclus mexicanus'], ASM ['blue-grey bird found on little creeks'], see mélxweth'. w
, stvi //s=C1 cC2 =mc3|qw //, DESC /'rough (of wood), lumpy (of ground, bark, etc.)'/, see mélhqw. , LAND ['(many small rocks)'], see smá:lt. , FOOD /'feast left-overs, left-overs of food (which guests can take home)'/, see méq'. , df //s=mc3è*=cl[=devoicing=]cqw //, ANA ['brain'], see méth' blue. , WATR ['(be) sunk'], see míq'. , df //s=mí[=C1 c=]x=e . 3 | or s=C1 í=mcx=e . 3 |//, EZ ['caterpillar'], ['prob. most Lepidoptera (butterfly) larvae'], see míx perhaps butterfly. , dmn //s=C1 í=me3yc[=M2=]è//, EZ ['butterfly'], ['order Lepidoptera'], literally perhaps /'little animal'/, see méyeth ~ méyéth , EZ ['little animal(s)'], see méyeth ~ méyéth.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
605
, EFAM ['acting smart'], see máth'el. , df //s=miyá·=a|?//, PLN /'Semmihault Creek, a stream from the east joining the old Chilliwack River near the Chilliwack airport'/, root meaning unknown unless root get cheap, (come down in price), nominalizer, probably canoe (allomorph of canoe), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Bob Joe (1/16/64), other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):13 (line through L), Wells (Maud, Galloway and Weeden) 1987:80. , DESC ['(be) oiled'], see mélxw. , DESC /'mixed (of anything, vegetables, brains, etc.)'/, see mál ~ mél. , V8 juice (lit. mixed + planted + food + fruit juice), see mál ~ mél , free root or free stem //sák*w // or //si[=Aá=]k*w //, EB /'inner core of cow parsnip (yó:le) with bark peeled off, [perhaps also of some other plants with barked peeled off]'/, possibly root , EB, FOOD celery (lit. white man style inner core of cow parsnip (i.e., yó:le), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00)
606
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, df //sák*w =cc or si[=Aá=]k*w =cc//, PLN ['winter village on flat at mouth of Gordon Creek'], ASM ['two miles below Yale on west bank of Fraser River and north side of the creek mouth, an area just past Hémq'eleq, named Sókw'ets because the driftwood logs pile up there and get peeled and there is lots of peeled bark'], possibly root outer (cedar) bark; bark splint, compare with Tait as in , df //sák*w =cc s=tá·l=ow//, PLN ['Gordon Creek'], literally /'bark peeled off in the back river'/, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, attested by AK and SP (Fish Camp 8/2/77), source: place names file reference #146 and #268. peel off, skin off, possibly resultative or durative, ( intransitivizer, have, get), phonology: consonant merger, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76), Elders Group (4/2/75), Salish cognate: Squamish /súk*wam/ [outer] cedar bark W73:14, K67:304, Lushootseed /súk*w cb/ cedar bark still on tree ~ (one speaker's) not the bark but the act of removing it, remove [peel off] cedar bark H76:448. young cedar, lx tree, plant, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76). , ds //sak*w =cm=e3wtxw or si[=Aa=]k*w =cm=e3wtxw//, BLDG ['bark house'], lx building, house, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (1/21/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /suk*w am-áw§txw / lodging made of cedar bark W73:14, K67:304. peel off, possibly derivational, ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, probable ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75), probably borrowed from a neighboring Salish language (all but N. Straits have u in cognate forms), compare bark or skin peels off, Salish cognate: Squamish /súk*wam/ [outer] cedar bark K67:304, Lushootseed /súk*wcb/ cedar bark still on the tree ~ remove cedar bark from tree H76:448, Thompson [šíšck*w ] /sísck*w / young cedar (Elders Group 6/11/75). , PLN ['winter village on flat at mouth of Gordon Creek'], see sókw'. peel bark, possibly plural, possibly bark, possibly repeatedly, phonology: possible infixed plural, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: only found in Wells 1965 (lst ed.):15. , syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by CT, Elders Group, see sókw'. , df //sá[=C1 c=]qw t//, KIN /'younger, younger sibling, cousin of a junior line (cousin by an ancestor younger than the speaker's), junior cousin (child of a younger sibling of one's parent, (great) grandchild of a younger sibling of one's(great) grandparent), younger brother, younger sister'/, possibly comparative or diminutive or stative, root meaning unknown, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, also nominal perhaps, attested by AC, EB, Elders Group, other sources: ES /sáscqw t/ junior sibling, cousin of junior line, JH /sá·scqwt/ younger sibling, example: That my younger sibling., He's/She's my younger sibling., *, //wc-§ál sá[=C1 c=]qw t//, /'the youngest'/, literally /'very younger'/, attested by AC. comparative, superlative), phonology: infixed comparative, reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, other sources: H-T (macrons on a and u) last [youngest] child, example: , //sú·q*=T lí tc qá//, /'search for s-o in the water (dragging for them)'/, attested by EB, , DIR ['(be) downstream below something'], see wô3 qw' ~ wéqw'. , df //s=pi[=Ae3·=]l=xw //, EB /'blue camas, (any edible underground vegetable food [SP], vegetable root(s) [MH])'/, see pél > (~ by now), planted, get buried , LAND ['(be) buried'], see pél (perhaps ~ pí:l by now). , LAND /'meadow, (little prairie)'/, see spélhxel. , ABFC /'spread one's legs (while sitting for example), (be spread in the bottom)'/, see páx. , df //s=pet=e3lcp//, ANAH /'thigh, leg above the knee'/, ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, lx on the upper leg, phonology: updrifting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64), JL (5/5/75).
610
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, EZ /'bear (generic), esp. black bear, also includes brown bear, bear with a white breast, and grizzly bear though these all have separate names'/, see pá:th. , PLN ['bear-shaped rock up on cliff on south side above Echo Point bay on Echo Island in Harrison Lake'], see pá:th. , ABFC ['bear dung'], see pá:th. , EZ ['bear cub'], see pá:th. , free root //speyó·l//, SOCT ['Spaniard'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC (11/19/76), borrowed from Spanish /§espænyól/ Spanish. , WETH ['wind'], see peh or pó(:)h. , //s=pál§//, dialects: prob. Matsqui or Sumas, attested by a speaker at Deming (AH?), also /'raven'/, attested by EF and some others at Deming (4/17/80), other sources: ES /spa·l/ (circumflex over a) raven beside /spclál/ crow, JH /spá·l/ crow, raven, but H-T raven (Corvus corax principalis) beside (macron over a) (t sic for l) crow (Corvus caurinus) (H-T's forms correspond to terms and glosses I found most frequently), same entry found under possible root pó:l. , dmn //s=p[=cC2 =]ál//, EZ /'smaller crow, northwestern crow'/, ['Corvus caurinus'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: ES /spclál/ crow, H-T (macron over a) crow (Corvus caurinus)(cry resembles skak brother).
612
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English , df //s=pa[=C1 c=C2e3=]l or s=pa[=R[=cl=]9]l//, EZ ['crow'], ['prob. Corvus caurinus'], possibly diminutive or derivational, possibly meaning uncertain, plural?, phonology: reduplication (unusual types), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (5/3/78). , dmpn //s=C1 c=p[=cl=]á·l//, EZ /'little crows, small crows, bunch of small crows, (bunch of northwestern crows)'/, ['Corvus caurinus'], ( diminutive), ( plural), phonology: reduplication, infixed plural, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/18/76, 6/4/75), AC, also under /'smoke puffing out, (puff out (dust, powder, plant spores, seed fluff, light snow, smoke), form puffs of dust)'/. , //s=pc[=Aá=lc=]q*w scplí·l//, /'flour'/, see pékw' ~ péqw'. , df //s=pá·lccp//, EZ /'"grayling", probably mountain whitefish'/, probably ['Prosopium williamsoni'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/9/75), EZ /'cut-throat trout, coastal cut-troat trout'/, ['Salmo clarki clarki'], attested by MJ and JL and AC (10/62 tape by Oliver Wells) (copied with Elders Group 3/28/79). , EZ ['crow'], see spó:l. , EZ /'screech owl especially, probably other small owls, but only the screech owl is consistently mentioned by all speakers'/, see poleqwíth'a. , EB /'mould (on food, clothes, etc.)'/, see póqw. , PLN /'Katz river-bank, Ruby Creek settlement, village on north bank of Fraser River just below (west of) the mouth of Ruby Creek'/, see pó:t. , HHG ['spray gun'], see póxw. , DESC /'be bent, be crooked'/, see pó:y. , CAN ['mast on a canoe or boat'], see pó:t. , EZ ['early (March) spring salmon'], see pó:x ~ péx , DESC ['be crooked [characteristically]'], see pó:y. , PLN /'Chehalis River mouth (below the highway bridge, where land is breaking up into sand bars), (an opening one could get through in a canoe in high water near Chehalis IHTTC 8/25/77], small creek (branch of Chehalis River) several hundred yards up Chehalis River from where the road goes from old Chehalis village site to Chehalis River [EL 9/27/77])'/, see péqw. , free root //spú·l//, FOOD ['(metal) spoon'], PE, HHG, ASM ['this word is just for non-Indian spoons, there are several words for different types of Indian spoons carved from wood or animal horn'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD, borrowed from English /spú:n/ spoon, example: , //§elc3ce tc spú·l//, /'Where is the spoon?'/.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
613
, WV ['(be) sewed (already)'], see p'áth'. , EFAM ['(be) sober'], see p'élh. , DESC ['(be) flattened'], see p'ílh. , EB ['flower'], see p'áq'em. , EB /'"snake's flower", prob. same plant as "snakeberry", q.v.'/, see álhqey ~ álhqay. , EB /'red-flowering currant berry, Indian currant berry, probably also stink currant berry also called skunk currant berry'/, see p'á:th'>, probably derived stem //p[=*=]e3·è*// from animal stink, body odor. , df //s=p*c3lxw =cm//, ANA /'lung, lungs (both)'/, see p'élxwem , LT ['[be getting/going purple]'], see p'íqw'. , LT /'(tan, brownish)'/, see p'íp'exwel. , see main dialect form , EZ /'speckled trout, (prob. brook trout, also called speckled char)'/, see sp'á:th'. , ABDF ['(have?) white spotted skin'], see p'éq'. , LT ['purple'], see p'íqw'. red huckleberry. , ds //s=qe3le=e3|p ~ qe3·le=e3|p or qe3·le=c|p//, EB ['red huckleberry bush'], ['Vaccinium parvifolium'], lx plant, tree, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, SP, others. , EB ['red huckleberry bush'], see sqá:la. , df //s=qw [=U=]e3(·)=cl=cx. or s=qe3(·)l=cx//, 3 ·lcx. ~ sqæ 3 lcx], . [sqæ . HARV ['digging stick'], see qá(:)l twist. , WATR /'(have) quieter water, died down a little'/, see qám. , PLN ['Schkam Lake near Haig'], see qám. , PLN /'Haig bay, a calm place on the west (C.P.R.) side of the Fraser River by the Haig railroad stop, below and across from Hope'/, see qám. , dnom //s=qe3q//, KIN /'younger sibling, younger brother, younger sister, child of younger sibling of one's parent, "younger" cousin (could even be fourth cousin [through younger sibling of one's great great grandparent])'/, see qá:q or seq. , SOCT ['baby'], see qá:q or seq. , WATR ['calm water (calmer than sqám)'], see qám. , df //s=qe3wè or s=qc[=Ae3=]w=è//, EB /'potato (generic), including three or four kinds of wild potato: arrowleaf or wapato, Jerusalem artichoke, blue camas, and qíqemxel (so far unidentified plant), besides post-contact domestic potato'/, ['including: Sagittaria latifolia, Helianthus tuberosus, Camassia quamash (and Camassia leichtlinii), and unidentified plant, besides Solanum tuberosum'], see qáwth ~ qá:wth. , df //s=qe3yc3x. ~ s=qeyc3x. or s=qe3y=c[= 3=]x//, . EZ ['mink'], ['Mustela vison energumenos'], N ['Mink (name in some stories)'], see qayéx. , N /'Mink (name in stories), pet name of Mink'/, see qayéx. , PLN ['small shoreline ridge on the Fraser River and all along the river around the larger mountain across the Trans-Canada Highway from Jones Hill'], see qayéx. , CLO ['diaper'], see qél. , KIN /'younger siblings, "younger" cousins (first, second, or third cousins [whose connecting ancestor is younger than ego's])'/, see qá:q or seq. , PLN ['Beaver Creek (at U.S.-Canada boundary line)'], see sqelá:w under seq.. , PLN ['Beaver Lake or Hanging Lake'], see sqelá:w under seq.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
615
, LAND ['a lot of dirt'], EB ['weeds'], VALJ /'nuisance, something that's no good'/, MC /'garbage, trash'/, literally /'something bad/dirty on the ground'/, see qél. , EFAM ['be greedy'], see qél:éxw ~ qel(:)éxw. , BPI /'someone who is greedy, someone who eats all the time, (glutton)'/, see qél:éxw ~ qel(:)éxw. clothes, root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/5/75), see qeló:l. encircle as in hug, lx on the foot, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (5/64), DM (12/4/64), others (Elders Group), see qélxel. , ANA /'throat (inside part), gullet, voice'/, see qél:éxw ~ qel(:)éxw. , df //s=qcc*ám(=)cs or s=qcc*(=)e[=Aá=]m=cs or s=qcc*=cm=á[=M2=]s or s=qác*=c[=M2=]m=cs//, EZ ['bobcat'], ['Lynx rufus fasciatus'], see qets'ómes. , ABFC /'warming your bum, (be warming the bottom or rump)'/, see qew. , df //s=qí·mcq*w or sq=í·m=cq*w?//, EZ ['octopus'], ['probably genus Octopus, the Squamish cognate is identified as Octopus apollyon'], possibly nominalizer or more likely hang under, possibly repeatedly, , ANAH /'soft spot on (top of) a baby's head, fontanel'/, see qí: ~ qí'. , EB ['fruit juice'], see qó:. , df //s=qc§í(y)=qcl ~ s=qc§í·=qcl//, EFAM ['not know how to'], see qe'íy ~ qe'í:. , LANG ['not fluent in speaking'], see sqe'íyeqel ~ sqe'í:qel under qe'íy ~ qe'í:.. , EB ['juicy fruit'], see qó:. , KIN ['small younger sibling'], see qá:q or seq. , EZ ['little beaver'], see sqelá:w under seq. , LANG ['can't talk right'], see qél. , BLDG ['puberty hut'], see sqémél. , df //s=C1 í=qcmlà or possibly?? s=C1 í=qá·lc[=M2=]m=M2=M1//, [sqíqcmlà], EZ ['minnow'], see scoop under water. , PLN ['point of land on Harrison River (somewhere between Lheltá:lets and Híqelem) where during a famine the old people scooped minnows and boiled them to make soup'], see sqíqemlò. , EZ /'rabbit: snowshoe/varying hare, now probably also eastern cottontail rabbit (introduced), (baby rabbit, small rabbit or hare [Elders Group])'/, see sqewáth and qwá. , EZ /'big rabbit, older rabbit, big/older snowshoe/varying hare, now probably also big/older eastern cottontail rabbit (introduced)'/, see sqewáth and qwá. , WATR /'water (someone) carried, (water fetched/gotten)'/, see qó:. , WATR ['a drink'], see qó:. , DESC /'(be) bent, (perhaps bent round)'/, see qém. , ANA ['a tear (on the face)'], see qó:. , df //s=qat(=)cm=í·lcp//, LAND /'steep hill, sloping ground'/, ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, lx ground, earth, dirt, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75), also , df //s(=)qat(=)cm=ílcp//, LAND ['hill'], possibly nominalizer, possibly intransitivizer, get, have, root meaning unknown, lx dirt, earth, ground, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), see qot-. is /'hit many times on the face by something falling '/ due to the stripes on the face (Elder's comment: "this animal got hit on the face in a story [of the Transformer age, time of Xà:ls] and the marks stayed", from an origin story like raccoon), ( nominalizer, R3= plural agent or action, on the face), root , DESC /'(be) tight, (leaning backwards [EB])'/, see q'áth'. , LANG ['a messenger on the run'], see sq'á:yt.
618
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, EZ /'river otter, perhaps also sea otter'/, see q'átl'. , df //s=q*c3mc3l or s=q*c3m(=)cl//, CAN ['canoe paddle'], see q'émél , SOCT /'pair of twins, pair of closest friends'/, see q'ó. , SOC ['be gathered together'], see q'ép. , SOC ['a group'], see q'ép. , DIR /'along, together, be included, with'/, see q'ó. , DIR ['coming with s-o'], see q'ó. , dnom //s=q*cè*//, ABFC /'dung, (excrement, feces), shit'/, see q'éth'. , ANA ['(have the) hair in a bun'], see q'áth'. , ABFC ['have one's hands behind one's back'], see q'áth'. , ABFC /'dung, (scattered excrement?, fecal droppings?)'/, see sq'éth'. , PLN /'a turn in the Fraser River on the CPR (northwest) side two miles east of American Bar, Texas Bar bend in the Fraser River'/, see q'éw ~ q'ew. , PLN ['old Scowlitz village'], see q'éw ~ q'ew.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
619
, PLN /'upper end of Seabird Island, village at the upper end of Seabird Island, Maria Slough separating Seabird Island from north shore of Fraser River, now used for Seabird Island as a whole'/, see q'éw ~ q'ew. , PLN /'Scowkale, sometimes misspelled Skulkayn, now Chilliwack Indian Reserves #10 and #11'/, see q'éw ~ q'ew. , FOOD /'leftover food, scraps'/, see q'éylòm. , dnom //s=q’ey[=C1 c=]=T=álcs//, CLO /'mask (tied) over the eyes '/, nominalizer, ,wound around, tied, knotted, resultative, perhaps purposeful control transitivizer, on the eyes, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , BLDG ['peak of house'], see q'eyth' , ABFC ['a scar'], see q'éytl'. , PLN ['trail and steep slope on the west shore of Kawkawa Lake where the trail went up and over a steep hill and then down'], see q'e:yw ~ q'í:w. , SOC /'companion, other part'/, see q'ó. , DIR ['come with s-o'], see q'ó. , ABDF ['be dead'], see q'ó:y ~ q'óy. , ABDF ['sickness'], see q'ó:y ~ q'óy. , DIR /'accompany s-o, go with s-o'/, see q'ó. , dnom //s=sq*=x=e . 3 p//, EB ['stump (of a tree [still rooted])'], literally (probably) /'something split all around in the dirt'/, see seq' split. , WATR /'tributary, small creek that goes into a bigger river'/, see qwá. , PLN /'Skwah village, now Skwah Reserve, also known as Wellington Reserve'/, see qwá. , LAND /'hole (in roof, tunnel, pants, mountain, at bottom of some lakes), tunnel'/, see qwá. , LANG /'word, words'/, see qwà:l. , PLN /'village at west end of Little Mountain (Mount Shannon) on Hope Slough, also a name for Hope Slough or Hope River'/, see qwá. , DESC /'hole in the bottom (of bucket, etc.)'/, see qwá. , EFAM /'thoughts, feelings'/, lit. /'words/talk in the inside, words/talk inside the head', see qwà:l. , PLN ['the hole (lake) at the foot of Cheam Peak on the south side'], see qwá. , WATR /'trickling, running under'/, attested by LJ (in Elders Group 7/13/77), see kw'át. , EZ /'ruffed grouse, (also known as) willow grouse'/, see qwéth' , PLN ['Cheam Creek on north side below Ford Creek'], see qwe'óp. , df //s(=)qw íqw//, EZ /'hoary marmot, (also known as) "mountain groundhog", "groundhog", or "whistler", poss. also yellow-bellied marmot'/, see qwíqw , EZ ['puppy'], see qwem. , EZ ['small puppy'], see qwem. , EZ /'jackrabbit, also big or older rabbit (snowshoe/varying hare)'/, see qwá. , ANAA /'seal fat, seal blubber'/, see qwló.
622
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, dnom //s=qw lá ~ s=kwlá//, PLN /'Seal Fat Rock on Harrison River just upriver from Th'éqwela (place by Morris Lake where Indian people used to play Indian badminton), this rock has what resembles seal fat all around it'/, see qwló. , WATR ['be boiled'], see qwó:ls. , ABDF ['get hunchbacked'], see qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. , df //s=q*w cc(=)c[= 3=]m//, ABDF ['a boil'], see qw'ech.
, ANAH ['forehead'], see qw'em , CAN ['bent U-shaped plane with handle on each end for canoe-making'], see xíp. , ABFC /'(be) doubled up (a person with knees up to his chest), all doubled over'/, see qw'emó or qw'óm.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
623
, CAN ['U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped knife for scraping out an adzed canoe'], see qw'emó or qw'óm. , FOOD /'(be) cooked, (be) already cooked'/, see qw'él. , PLAY ['a dance (social event for ex. or someone’s individual spirit dance)'], see qw'eyílex ~ qw'eyíléx. , DESC ['(be) uncovered'], see qw'íl. , LT ['[be getting brown]'], see qw'íxw. , LT /'[looks a state of going brown, be getting brown-looking]'/, see qw'íxw. , PLN ['maybe the same place as Sqw'exwáq (pool where Kawkawa Creek comes into the Coquihalla River and where the water pygmies lived)'], see qw'exw ~ qw'ixw. , ANA ['crown of head'], see qw'ót. ), phonology: phonemic shape unusual perhaps due to Wells mistranscription (perhaps his first is typo for giving Centre Creek. , SD ['(make) a distant sound'], see sát. , ABFC /'a holler, (a yell, a shout)'/, see tà:m. , MOOD /'what is it?, be what?'/, see tám. , MOOD /'what use is it?, what use have you got for it?'/, see tám. , PRON /'whatever it is, what it is, it is anything, it is something'/, see tám. , possibly root //temc3xw ~ stemc3xw//, EFAM ['hope'], see taméxw. , SD ['sound like (in voice)'], see ta'á ~ te'á ~ t'á. , LT /'be light, (be lit up), be illuminated'/, see táw.
624
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, LT ['be light (illuminated)'], see táw. , EZ ['colt'], see stiqíw. , KIN /'nephews, nieces, sibling's children'/, see stí:wel. , REL /'deceased ones, late ones'/, see sát. , df //s=te3·xw =c|//, [stæ 3 ·xw c| ~ (hyper-slow) stæ 3 §æxw c|], HAT /'children (not one's own necessarily, generic)'/, ASM ['age term not kinship'], possibly nominalizer, (perhaps alienable possession), root meaning uncertain but probably , bound root //se3t// reach, pass on, pass along, or possibly , EFAM ['think'], see ta'á ~ te'á ~ t'á. , df //s=C1 cC2 =te3k//, EFAM /'(be) in a daze, day-dreaming'/, see tákw. , df //s=C1 cC2 =te3kw //, [stkw tæ 3 kw ], EFAM /'(be) in a daze, day-dreaming'/, see tákw. , da //=sT=c4lc4mc4t or =sT-c4lc4mc4t ~ =sT-clámct//, PRON /'non-control reflexive, make oneself do something, keep oneself doing something'/, phonology: =élémét ~ =elómet is clearly related to the non-control reflexive =l=ó:met, perhaps with the latter being historically from =l=lómet > =l:ómet > =ló·met, and the former having downstepping, updrifting, and vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: derivational suffix, or derivational suffix plus is, syntactic comment: the reflexive part of this combination has been shown as an inflection thoughout most of the dictionary, but could probably better be counted as derivational since it changes a transitive verb to an intransitive syntactically, Salish cognate: Musqueam /-st-cnámct/ and (after unstressed roots) /-st-c3ncmct/ are shown in Suttles ca1984 as causative reflexive, the vowel /á/ there confirms the connection with the non-control reflexive /=l-ámct/; found in , //|iy=sTc3lc3mc3t//, /'feel embarrassed and shy because ashamed, be ashamed'/, literally /'cause oneself to be ashamed, be ashamed of oneself'/, phonology: updrifting, , PE ['teapot'], see tí. , CLO /'stocking, socks'/, see tókel. , dnom //s=tá·lcs//, KIN ['wife'], see tó:les. , WATR ['river'], see tó:l ~ tò:l. , PLN /'Fraser River, (Chehalis Creek, Chehalis River [Elders Group, EL/EB/NP])'/, see tó:l ~ tò:l. , WATR ['riverbed'], see tó:l ~ tò:l. , PRON /'someplace, somewhere'/, see tám. , dnom //s=tá·mc3xy//, SOC /'warrior, (leader of a raiding party, see tó:méx prob. from tám holler. , strs //s=t*e3·lq or s=t*c[=Ae3·=]lq//, DESC /'spotted with irregular shaped blobs (like if mudspattered, used of dogs, deer, and other animals so marked)'/, see t'á:lq or t’élq. , LT ['a shade'], see t'á:l. , LT ['sheltered'], see t'á:l. , EFAM /'worried, sad, looking sad'/, see t'ay. , TAST ['(the) taste'], see t'á and ta'á ~ te'á ~ t'á. , MED ['love medicine'], see t'élmexw. , df //s=t*e3[=Ac=]m=íy=wc|//, WV ['warp (vertical threads of weaving)'], see t’am. , chrs //s=t*e[=Ac3=]m=C1 cC2 //, stvi, EFAM ['(be) cautious'], literally /'be durative characteristically guess'/, see t'ám. , df //s=t*c3ps ~ s=t*cps=áyc//, BPI ['midget'], see t'éps. , dnom //s=C1 c=t*cm=c3ls ~ s=C1 c=t*cb=c3ls//, TOOL ['adze'], see t'ém. , df //s=t*cwók*w//, LAND /'diatomaceous earth (could be mixed with things to whiten them--for ex. dog and goat wool), white clay for white face paint (for pure person spirit-dancers), white powder from mountains, white clay they make powder from to lighten goat and dog wool for blankets, powder, talc, white face paint'/, SPRD, PE, LT /'(powder white, purplish white?)'/, see t'ewô3 kw' ~ t'ewô3 qw'. , strs //s=t*cwo[=Aí=]q*w =cs//, PE ['powdered on the face'], see t'ewô3 kw' ~ t'ewô3 qw'. , df //s=t*usl=áyc//, EB ['licorice fern'], ['Polypodium glycyrrhiza'], ASM ['grows from trees (on trunks as well as roots) and perhaps less often from soil and soil on rocks, the root is chewed yearround for its licorice flavor and sweetness'], MED ['the root is also chewed as medication for colds,
630
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
asthma and coughs'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, possibly affectionate diminutive; name ending, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait, attested by Elders Group, contrast , nums //s=t*x=c . 3 m=s//, numc, TIME ['six o'clock'], see t'éx. , stvi //s=èi=e3|p or s=èe=e3|p//, EB /'big tree, (be big of a tree or plant)'/, see thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. , df //s=ècme=M2=í·l//, PLN /'creek between Popkum and Cheam, also a location near Popkum, (must be second of two creeks above Popkum that cross Highway #1 [JL 4/7/78])'/, possibly nominalizer, possibly derivational, possibly go, come, get, become, possibly root second, twice, phonology: metathesis, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (1973), source: place names reference file #276 and #277, also /'must be one of two creeks above Popkum that cross Highway #1'/, attested by JL (4/7/78), also , //s=(h)c=mí·l or scm=í·l//, also /'creek near Popkum'/, possibly stative or nominalizer, possibly resultative, possibly root submerge/drop into the water, attested by CT (1973). , df //s=èe3[=C1 c=]y(=)cl//, ANA ['blood'], see tháthiyel. , df //s=èe3[=C1 c=]q=iy or s=è*[=D=]e3[=C1 c=]q=iy or s=è*[=D=]c[=Ae3C1 c=]q=iy//, EB /'a sprout or shoot (esp. of the kinds peeled and eaten in spring), sweet green inner shoots, green berry shoots, salmonberry shoots, wild raspberry shoots and greens, salmonberry sprouts, blackcap shoots, thimbleberry shoots, wild rhubarb shoots, fern shoots'/, see tháq. , ds //s=è(c)=e3wtxw//, BLDG /'longhouse for spirit-dancers, the big house, smokehouse (for spirit-dancing)'/, see thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. , df //s=èch=c[=Aí=]T or s=èchiy=T//, possibly /'hook onto s-th'/, see theh. , ds //s=èc[= 3=]m(e)=clc-s ~ s=ècm(e3)=c3lc-s//, TIME ['Tuesday'], literally /'second day'/, see themá. , dnom //s=ècq(=)cl=xyc[= 3=]l=cm//, WETH ['a rainbow'], see theqelxélém. , dnom //s=èc3qcy=tcl//, FSH ['sockeye net'], see théqi ~ théqey. , df //s=èc3q(=)i ~ s=èc3q(=)cy//, [sèc3qi(y) ~ sèc3qcy], EZ ['sockeye salmon'], ['Oncorhynchus nerka'], see théqi ~ théqey. skinned, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group. , strs //s=è*e3[=C1 c=]|//, WETH /'it is cool [of weather], (be) cool (of a place)'/, see th'álh. , ds //s=è*c3k*w//, EZ /'worm, bug'/, ['probably class Arthropoda'], see th'ékw'. , dnom //s=è*ikw c=§í·ws or s=è*i[=Ac=]kw c§=í·ws or s=è*ikw c=í·ws//, ANA ['left side of the body'], see th'íkwe. , dmn //s=è*c3k*w=ayc//, EZ ['little bug'], see th'ékw'. , cpds //s=è*c3k*w -s tc tc3mc3xw //, EZ ['earthworm (esp. the most common introduced in B.C.)'], ['esp. Lumbricus terrestris'], literally /'its worm the earth, worm -of the earth'/, see th'ékw'. , pln //s=C1cC2=è*c3k*w//, ABDF /'lots of sores, (possibly) rash'/, see th'ekw' ~ th'íkw. , df //s=è*em(=)c3xw =clcc//, PLN ['west or downriver end of Seabird Island'], see th'à:m ~ th'ám. , dnom //s=è*a[=Ac3=]m=xycl//, ANA ['shin'], literally /'bone in the leg'/, see th'ó:m. w , df //s=pe[=Ac3=]è*=M2=cq//, EZ ['striped skunk'], ['Mephitis mephitis spissigrada'], see th'ép and its source páth' have animal odor/stink, have animal smell. , df //s=è*í ·q=cl//, LAND /'mud, wet mud'/, see th'í:q. , dnom //s=è*í[=C1 c=]q=cl//, LAND ['mud'], see th'í:q. , relish (lit. chopped + cucumber), see th'íyeqw'~ th'íqw'. , dmn //s=C1 í=è*cpcq//, EZ ['little skunk'], see th'ép and páth'. , ds //s=è*í·c=cm=c|p//, EB ['hazelnut bush or tree'], ['Corylus cornuta'], lx tree, plant, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group. , df //s=è*íwc3q*//, EB ['red elderberry (the berry)'], ['Sambucus racemosa'], ASM ['the berries ripen about June and last several months, they are cooked and sweetened before eating (the small seeds can be eaten)'], MED ['cooked and sweetened they can be taken as medicine for constipation, laxative'], possibly nominalizer, root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group, see th'íwéq'.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
633
, ds //s=è*íwc3q*=c|p//, EB ['red elderberry bush'], ['Sambucus racemosa'], see th'íwéq'. , ds //s=è*á·kw s=s//, numc, nums, NUM ['seven o'clock'], see th'ó:kws. , df //s=ë%*e3·lcq(=)cm//, EZ /'animal or bird one is afraid of and can't see, powerful creature, supernatural creature'/, POW, ASM ['includes the sasquatch, Cannibal Ogress (Th'ô3 wxiya), sí:lhqey (two-headed snake), thunderbird (shxwexwó:s), water pygmies (s'ó:lmexw), schichí' (monster), underwater bear (Halkomelem name unknown), sxexomô3 :lh (huge pretty frog with supernatural powers), Xéylxelemós (chief of the river monsters), Spótpeteláxel (Thunderwind), and creatures (Halkomelem name unknown) seen in small muddy swirls of water which then gave the person seeing them xó:lís, see tl'á:leq. , cpds //s=ë%*e3lcqcm s=tá[=C1 c=]l=cw//, PLN (probably) ['Slollicum Creek'], ASM ['near Chehalis, B.C.'], literally /'stl'áleqem creek'/, see tl'á:leq. PLN (probably) ['Slollicum Lake'], ASM ['near , stvi //s=ë%*c3p//, DIR ['be deep'], see tl'ép. , durs //s=ë%*cp=lc[=Ae3=]c//, dnom, WATR /'deep bottom (of a river, lake, water, canoe, anything)'/, see tl'ép. , dnom //s=ë%*cp=á·lcmc| ~ s=ë%*cp=á·lcs//, ANA ['lower circle under eye'], see tl'ép. , stvi //s=ë%*cp=álwc|//, DIR /'(be) below, (be) underneath, (be) at the bottom of a pile or stack'/, literally /'be on the side below'/, see tl'ép. , df //s=ë%*i[=Ac3=]q=xycl or s=ë%*c3q=xycl//, CLO ['deer-skin moccasin'], literally (probably) /'something to be stuck on on the foot'/, see tl'íq. , //s=ë%*q(=)e3w=tcl//, BSK ['awl (any kind)'], TOOL, see tl'qáw or tl'qew. , df //s=ë%*q*e3·l//, ANAB /'wing, (big feather [IHTTC])'/, see tl'q'á:l. , df //s=ccle3·l//, ABDF ['be fading (of eyesight)'], ( stative), root meaning unknown root meaning unknown unless related to follow behind, go a distance// with el-inflex plural, not semantically related to , us //ccle4·l//, EFAM /'what a lot., it's sure a lot'/., syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, example: , ds //s=c*e3=e3ltcxw //, BLDG /'top of roof, roof planks'/, literally /'something to put/go on top of the building'/, see ts'á:. , df //s=c*e3lc*//, ANAF ['fish scales'], see ts'álts'. , strs //s=c*c[=Ae3=]p=cx=cl//, . , df //sic*=e3·s or s=c*e3·s//, FIRE ['fine white ashes'], ASM ['those from vine maple mixed with grease are medicine for swelling'], root meaning unknown unless the same as in sí:ts'elhp vine maple (as speculated by the Deming elders), possibly meaning uncertain, possibly nominalizer, phonology: possible vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), TG (8/19/87), also /'black ashes'/, attested by Deming (1/31/80), also , //s=c*[=M1=e3s or c*se3s//, LT ['ash color'], (semological comment: note that Tait speaker TG uses ts'sás ashes to map the same color that Sumas speaker AH maps with stl'ítl'es, and others (Chilliwack speaker NP and Tait speaker AK) map largely with p'éq'. stl'ítl'es then probably could be glossed dingy white, off-white with inceptive form stl'ítl'esel elsewhere translated dark (old clothes,
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complexion)), phonology: probable metathesis derivational, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by TG, see charts by Rob MacLaury. , caus //s=c*e3[=C1 c=]=cl=sT-cxw //, TVMO /'carry it carefully, handle it with care'/, ABFC, literally /'make/cause it to be going/coming on top'/, see ts'á:. , strs //s=c*e3[=C1c=]xw //, LANG /'(be) silent, quiet, keep quiet'/, see ts'áxw. , ds //s=C1 e=c*í[=C1 c=]ë%*=ccs//, ANAH ['third finger'], literally /'shorter finger'/, see ts'í:tl' ~ ts'ítl'. , possible strs stem //c*cl(=)c[=Ae3=]xw//, prob. from stem , ds //s=c*cl=(c)xw =íqw ~ c*cl=(c)xw =íqw //, PLN ['Chilliwack River'], SOCT ['Chilliwack Indian people'], see ts'el turn, turn around. , stvi //s=c*c3p=x//, . DESC ['be dirty'], see ts'épx. , dnom //s=c*c3q*w//, BSK /'fine cedar root weaving, fine cedar root work'/, literally /'something that got pierced/poked'/, see ts'éqw'. , strs //s=C1 c=c*e3//, DIR ['be on top of'], ABFC /'be astride, be sitting on'/, TVMO ['ride (on)'], see ts'á:. , dnom //s=c*i[=Ac3C1 c=]s=cm//, EB ['small little plants'], literally /'something that is many little growing'/, see ts'ísem. , strs //s=c*c[=C1 cAí=]x. or s=C1 c=c*c[=Aí=]x//, . BLDG ['(perhaps) (be) clean (of a house)'], see ts'ex ~ th'ex.
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637
, EB /'tree limb, branch (of tree), (knot on a tree [CT])'/, see ts'á:xt. , strs //s=c*í[=C1 c=]xw //, EFAM ['(be) considerate'], see th'íxw ~ th'éxw. , rcps //s=c*í[=C1 c=]xw -tcl//, EFAM ['(be) considerate of each other'], see th'íxw ~ th'éxw. , dnom //s=c*iye3q//, PLN ['creek with its mouth on the south side of Chilliwack River and above the mouth of Middle Creek'], see ts'iyáq ~ ch'iyáq. , ds //súkw c=§e4le4//, FOOD ['sugar bowl'], HHG, lx , //l s=we3, §e-s=we3, s=we3-s, s=we3-c-ct, §e-s=we3-§clcp//, /'is mine/my own, yours/your own, his/hers/its/theirs/his own/her own/its own/their own, ours/our own, you folks'/your (pl.) own'/, attested by EB, others, example: , //ë%*á §e-t| l s=we3 tc=èe3//, /'That's mine.'/, attested by AD (3/6/80), , //ycle3w=cl qc3x. tc-l s=we3//, /'I've got the most.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/9/77), , //§e-s=we3-ce//, /'This is yours.'/, attested by AC, , //ycle3w=clë%*e3qt tc-l xc . 3 l=tcl tclí te s=we3//, /'My pencil is longer than yours.'/, literally /'is past/more long my writing=device from your own'/, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77), , //t-e swe3-§clc3p s=qw cm=e3·y//, /'your (pl.) dog, (you folks' dog)'/, attested by AC. , caus //s=we3=sT-cxw //, SOC ['make it especially for s-o'], ( causative control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD (11/19/79); found in , //s=we=sT-áxy-cs//, /'He made it especially for me.'/, attested by AD (11/19/79). , df //s=we3l=cm or s=we3l=c[= 3=]m//, KIN ['orphan'], see wál. , dnom //s=we3(l)=e3ls//, ECON /'scramble-giving, a scramble'/, see wál or wá:l. , df //s=we4·m//, FOOD ['dried big clams threaded onto a string of inner cedar bark (obtained in trade)'], EZ ['(horse clam)'], ['Tersus capax ~ Schizothaerus capax'], see wà:m. , df //s=we3q(=)cè or s=wi[=Ae3=]q=c(=)è//, KIN ['husband'], literally (possibly) /'someone that's a male spouse'/, see wáq ~ wiq. , df //s(=)wet=íye//, EZ ['porcupine'], ['Erethizon dorsatum nigrescens'], ASM ['they were a main survival food when a person was lost, you could get close and club them, they are good eating (WC)'], possibly nominalizer, possibly affectionate diminutive, little, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD (BHTTC 11/3/76, Elders Group 10/27/76), WC (Elders Group 3/21/79), Salish cognate: Lytton dial. of Thompson /swetíye§/ porcupine B74c:9, also , //s=wct=íye//, attested by Elders Group (10/27/76), also , df //s=we3c*ct//, FIRE /'torch (made from pitch) (SJ and MV), (bark shield for fire (Elders Group 3/6/78))'/, see wáts'et. small portion, phonology: probable ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK and JL (Seabird Is. place names trip 4/7/78), IHTTC (AK esp., SP absent 8/5/77), AK and SP and AD (8/30/77), source: place names file reference #185. , df //s=wíy=|ce//, PLN /'Cultus Lake, (also village at Cultus Lake near Hatchery Creek [Wells (lst ed.):19])'/, ASM ['the name Cultus is just Chinook Jargon for bad because the lake was avoided by many people because of stl'áleqem creatures in its waters, if one looked into the water and
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saw circular stirrings of murk in the lake these were stl'áleqem creatures and one could get xó:lís (sick from seeing supernatural/stl'áleqem creatures) and vomit until one died; Boas, Hill-Tout and Wells give stories of these creatures which were said to strip the flesh from human divers into the lake, people training for power sometimes used the lake because of its danger, it was also said to have an outlet in its bottom that lead underground out to the ocean; the stl'áleqem creatures have been gone for years now and annual canoe races are held on the lake, which is a provincial park; before contact there was a settlement of Nooksack people on the lake'], possibly nominalizer, possibly root warning, lx dirty water, unclear liquid, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/14/70), source: place names file reference #166, other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):11, Wells 1966, also /'village at Cultus Lake near Hatchery Creek'/, source: Wells (lst ed.):19. , cpds //s=wíy=|ce s=tá[=C1c=]l=ow//, PLN ['Sweltzer Creek (the stream from Cultus Lake to Chilliwack River at Soowahlie)'], ASM ['Sweltzer is a poorly-spelled effort to spell Swílhcha'], literally /'warning dirty water creek/little river'/, ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):13. , cpds //s=wíy=|ce s=me3·lt//, PLN /'Cultus Lake Mountain, actually Mount Amadis or International Ridge'/, ASM ['see 1858 map'], literally /'warning dirty water mountain'/, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):11, source: place names file reference #317. , df //s=wí·q=c//, HAT ['man (15 years and up)'], EZ ['male (creature)'], EB ['male (plant)'], see wíyeq ~ wíyq ~ wí:q. , df //s=wiq=c=§e3l//, EB ['male part of male plant'], see wíyeq ~ wíyq ~ wí:q. , strs //s=wc[=Aí=]p//, TVMO ['(be) loaded with a heavy pack'], HUNT, see wíp ~ wép. , free root //swí·tì//, SD ['call of the chickadee'], ASM ['another call is English "swéet-hèart"'], syntactic analysis: interjection, attested by TM (Elders Group 5/14/80), borrowed from possibly English ?? or perhaps a pre-contact form. , df //s=wí(·)wc or s=wí(·)w=c or s=C1 í=wc or s=wí(·)=C1 c//, EZ /'eulachon, oolachen, candle-fish'/, ['Thaleichthys pacificus'], ASM ['small oily fish that run in great numbers up the Fraser River in spring], see wí:we ~ wíwe. , df //s=C1 í=wclcs or s=wí[=C1 c=]lcs//, HAT /'adolescent boy (about 10 to 15 yrs. old), teenaged boy, young man (teenager)'/, see wíweles. , dmn //s=C1 í=wíq=c//, HAT /'little man, small man'/, see wíyeq ~ wíyq ~ wí:q. , ds //s=wí·q=c=§á·l|//, HAT ['boy (from 5 to 10 yrs.)'], see wíyeq ~ wíyq ~ wí:q. , df //s=wákw=cl//, EZ /'common loon, possibly also red-throated loon (though that has a separate name in Squamish), possibly also arctic loon'/, ['Gavia immer, possibly also Gavia stellata, possibly also Gavia arctica'], possibly nominalizer, possibly intransitivizer, have, get or come, go, get, become, root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 6/4/75), AC, BJ (12/5/64), other sources: ES and JH /swákw cl/ loon, Salish cognate:
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
641
Squamish /swákw l/ common loon W73:167, K69:60 and Squamish /swákw cl/ common loon (Gavia immer) Kennedy and Bouchard 1976:65. , df //s=wákw =cl//, PLN ['Sowaqua Creek'], literally /'loon'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), source: place names file reference #113. , plv //s=we[=Aá=]q=C1 cC2 =c(=)è//, strs, KIN /'married women, ((plural) got husbands)'/, see wáq ~ wiq. , df //s=we[=Aá=]t=lc//, PRON /'somebody, someone'/, see wát. , pln //s=wi[=Aá=][=C1 c=]lcs//, HAT ['lots of adolescent/teenaged boys'], see wíweles. , dnom //s=we[=AáC1 c=]q=c(=)è//, KIN /'hubby, dear husband, pet term for husband'/, see wáq ~ wiq. , stvi //s=we[=AáC1 c=]q=c(=)è//, KIN /'married woman, got a husband, got married to a husband'/, literally /'be having a male spouse, got a male spouse'/, see wáq ~ wiq. , df //s=we[=Aá=]y=cl//, PLN ['village across from or a little above the mouth of Centre Creek into Chilliwack River'], possibly nominalizer, possibly come, go, get, become or intransitivizer, have, get, possibly derivational, possibly root warn(ing), (semological comment: this root is possible because all the villages on the Chilliwack River were wiped out by avalanches at one point or other, including presumably this one; there was a story of a boy who detected a widening crack in rocks above his village (not necessarily this one) and tried to warn the village, only his grandfather believed him and they alone were saved when they moved out in time), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells 1966 . , ds //s=xc[=Ae . y
, df //s=xe EB ['black cottonwood cambium (soft matter between the . 3 ·m=cè or se3·x=M1=cè//, . bark and the wood)'], ['cambium from Populus balsamifera trichocarpa'], ASM ['the sweet cambium was scraped or licked off of the peeled bark and eaten fresh, it was not bitter but (according to Turner 1975:226) soured or fermented very quickly when exposed to air'], possibly nominalizer,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
643
possibly derivational, possibly root weep (perhaps tears on the tongue since the sap looks like tears on the bark) or possibly root as in bitter and as in tiger lily, lx in the mouth or edge, syntactic analysis: nominal, contrast cottonwood cambium, contrast black cottonwood. , strs //s=xe . 3 [=C1 c=]s//, EFAM /'(be) determined, got your mind made up'/, see xás. , strs //s=xe . 3 =C1 c//, REL /'(be) sacred, holy'/, see xáxe. , dnom //s=xe . 3 =C1 c//, PLN /'Morris Creek (near Chehalis, B.C.), Morris Lake (near Chehalis)'/, literally /'something to be sacred/taboo'/, see xáxe. , REL ['Sunday (sacred day)'], see xáxe. , EFAM ['determination'], see xás. , PLN ['Morris Mountain (near Chehalis)'], see xáxe. (hyphen through Q) Sumas Prairie west (on west side of Sumas Lake). , SCH ['writings'], see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l. , PLN /'Schelowat, a village at the bend in Hope Slough at Annis Rd. where there was a painted or marked house'/, see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l. , ANA /'leg'/, see xél:e , BSK ['picture, design, design on basket'], see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l. , FOOD /'chicken drumstick'/, (lit. leg of + the + chicken),see xéle , ANAH ['sideburn(s)'], see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l. , DESC ['a stripe (on the nose or point)'], see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l. , BSK /'designs on basket, basket designs'/, see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l. , WETH ['rays of light, sunbeams'], see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l or yéqw. , DESC ['stripes (on the nose or point)'], see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l. , ANA /'legs (more than two, for ex. non-human)'/, see sxél:e. , ABDF /'a wound, (a hurt?)'/, see xélh. , ANAF /'tiny fin above tail of fish, (perhaps spines above tail of some fish)'/, see xélh. w w w , SH /'(be) squeezed in, jammed up, tight'/, see xékw'. sacred, holy, taboo , ABFC /'footprint, tracks'/, see sxél:e. , PLN /'the Tracks of Mink, holes shaped like a mink's tracks toward the base of the rock-face called Xwyélés or Lexwyélés'/, see sxél:e. , df //s=xc . 3 y(·)=cs//, ANA ['head (of any living thing)'], see xéyes ~ xéy:es. , PLN ['rock that was a sxwó:yxwey head (mask) turned to stone at Xelhlálh'], see sxéyes ~ sxéy:es. , PLN ['a sxwó:yxwey head turned to stone on land at Xelhlálh somewhere'], see sxwó:yxwey ~ sxwóyxwey under xwóy. w w ~ , df //s=xík . =cl or s=xc . 3 yk =cl//, EB /'wild red potato (grew at American Bar in the 1920's), possibly Jerusalem artichoke'/, ['possibly Helianthus tuberosus'], ASM ['a tall plant with big leaves, pigs later ate these potatoes'], see xíkwel. w =cl//, ANA ['gizzards'], see xíkwel. ~ , df //s=xí(y)k .
, EZ ['male black bear with white spot [or mark] on the chest'], see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l. , EZ ['female black bear with white spot [or mark] on the chest'], see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l. , SCH ['got s-th written down'], see xél ~ xé:yl (or better) xí:l. ~ , df //s=xí(=)p or s=xí=p*=D//, LT ['a line'], see xíp ~ xéyp. . . , LT ['lots of lines'], see xíp ~ xéyp. , LT ['a stripe'], see xíp' ~ xéyp'. , LT ['striped on back'], see xíp' ~ xéyp'. , ABDF /'ugly expression in mouth, ugly grin'/, see xíth' ~ xéyth'. , EFAM /'(be) scowling (if mad or ate something sour), ((made a) funny (strange) face [Elders Group 1/21/76])'/, see xéywel. , DESC /'a measure, a true mark'/, see xáth' ~ xe'áth'. , HARV ['spotted (marked and located)'], see xáth' ~ xe'áth'.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
645
3 =]è*=tcl//, DESC /'measuring device'/, prob. also /'ruler, tape measure'/, , dnom //s=x[=c§e . see xáth' ~ xe'áth'. 3 =]è*=tcl-s tc3 tc4mc4xw //, PLN /'map'/, see xáth' ~ xe'áth'. , cpds //s=x[=c§e . , ABDF ['to have a crooked jaw'], see xélts'. , dnom //s=xe . 3 [=Aá=]m=cs//, SOC //'a gift in memory from someone gone'//, PE, SPRD, lit./ “something - wept - on the face”/, see xà:m ~ xá:m. w ~ s=q*áycs=cqw //, CLO ['soft feathers put in oiled hair , CLO ['necklace'], see xwíqw'. , //s=wc3tc=xycl ~ s=wc3t*=cxycl//, [sww3twxywl ~ sww3t*wxywl], attested by Elders Group, Deming. w , df //s=x. wík* or s=x. wiq*=F//, EZ /'winter robin, bush robin, varied thrush'/, ['Ixoreus naevius naevius'], SD ['call of the winter robin or varied thrush'], see xwík'. , df //s=x. w íq(=)cl or s=x. w c[=Aí=]q=cl//, WETH ['tree bent to ground with ice and frozen'], EB, see xwíqel. , EB ['log'], literally /'something that has fallen (of a tree)'/, see yáq'. , LAND ['large rock slide that includes trees and other debris'], see yélt. , ABFC ['to be pregnant'], see yém ~ yem. , PLN ['village site (burned) on Atchelitz Creek'], see yéqw. , REL /'clothing, food, and possessions burned and given away when a person dies, (possessions and food burned and given away at a burning)'/, see yéqw. , FIRE /'firepit, fireplace'/, see yéqw. , FIRE /'tinder, material used to start a fire with (fine dried cedar bark)'/, see yéqw. , LT ['burnt color'], see yéqw. , KIN /'ancestors past, (all one's ancestors)'/, see yewá:l. , KIN ['departed ancestors'], see yewá:l. , KIN ['ancestors'], see yewá:l. , REL /'fortune-teller, seer, person who can see things in the future, female witch'/, see yéw: ~ yéw. , SPRD /'an Indian dancer's spirit power; spirit power song'/, see yéw: ~ yéw. , REL /'a sung spell, power to help or harm people or to do [ritual] burning, power to do witchcraft and predict the future, an evil spell, (magic spell) (someone who has power to take things out of a person or put things in [by magic] [Elders Group 2/25/76], ritualist [Elders Group 1/21/76], witch [EB 4/25/78])'/, see yéw: ~ yéw. SOC /'a gift'/, see yéxch ~ yéxts ~ yéxcha ~ yéxtsa. , dnom //s=yc3xce//, . , LAND ['rockslide (that already happened)'], see yíxw.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, SH ['unravelled'], see yíxw. , HARV ['lots of little sticks of firewood'], see yólh. , TIME ['year'], see yelòlèm. , WETH /'a snow, a snowfall'/, see yíq. , dnom //s=§e3lcm//, [s§e3lcm], FSH /'spear, shaft (of spear/harpoon/gaff-hook), gaff-hook pole'/, HUNT /'spear, shaft of spear'/, (), probably root bottom of a tree, trunk of a tree with same possible root, also pole/shaft/length?, lx on the nose, on the point, probably derivational, phonology: vowel-reduction, stress-shift, geminate consonant (unusual word finallly), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (Chill.), example: , //s=§cl=c3qs-s tc |e3c*=tcl//, [s§clc3qs· tc |æ 3 c*tcl], /'point of a knife'/, attested by DM. pole/shaft/length?, on the bottom), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC , dnom //s=§e3l=qscl//, [s§e3lqscl], ANA ['tip or point of one's nose'], LAND ['point of land'], semantic environment ['semantic environments determine which alloseme is selected (those with components of ['land'] select the second, those with ['animate'] select the first listed'], (), probably root , PLN /'Camp Slough, Camp River'/, see alxwítsel. , FOOD ['food'], see álhtel. , PLN ['name of place with clay at the edge of the river at some location'], see qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. , DIR ['the outside'], see átl'q. , BLDG ['the outside part of a house'], see átl'q. , CLO ['pocket'], see ehó. , ABDF ['to perish (of a lot of people)'], see íkw' ~ í:kw'. , stvi //s=§c3m=qscl//, LANG ['nasal-sounding'], posr sit, lx in the nose, syntactic analysis: participle, attested by BHTTC. , SOCT ['Thompson people'], see S'omél:a. , EZ ['Skunk (name in story)'], see sth'épeq under path' and th'ep. , dnom //§e[=Ac=]p*=á·s=cm//, SPRD /'people without paint on face (non-dancers)'/, see á:p' ~ áp'. , chrs //s=§c3c=C1cC2//, [s§w3c§wc (normal speed), s§e3c§ec (hyper-slow speed)], LANG /'stuttering, to stutter'/, ( stative), possibly root as in hear about it?, ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, compare hear about it, example: , //s=§c3c=§cc s=wíycqc//, /'stuttering man'/, attested by AC. , ANAH ['right side'], see éy ~ éy:. (empty root for lexical affixes), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, DM, MH, LJ (Tait), other sources: ES /s§í·lcs/ chest (animal or human thorax), JH /s§í·lcs/, HT , //xc . 3 | t-cl s=§=í·lcs//, /'I have heartburn.'/, literally /'I hurt in my chest.'/, attested by MH (Deming), ,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
w //xc . 3 | t-cl s=§=í·lcs |i-l k* e4·y//, /'My chest hurts when I get hungry.'/, syntactic comment: note auxiliary lhí when which takes subjunctive subject pronoun, attested by LJ (Tait).
, BLDG ['plank house'], see í:ltexw. , stvi //s=§ítcy=í·lcs//, BSK ['carry a packstrap around the shoulders and across the chest at the collarbone'], CLO, FSH, HARV, HUNT, SOC, TVMO, see ítey. , CLO /'clothes, clothing (esp. Indian clothing, men's or women's), something to wear, dress, gown'/, see íth'a. , SOC /'teachings for children, what is taught to one's children'/, see íwes. , ANAH ['right arm'], see éy ~ éy:. , ABFC ['he's holding s-th in each hand'], see á:y. , EFAM ['wrapped up (in stupidity)'], see ehó. , EFAM ['(be) kind of lazy'], see emét. , EZ ['Skunk (name in story)'], see sth'épeq under path' and th'ep. , ABFC /'to be arm in arm (like escorting someone), to take an arm (of someone)'/, see ókw'. , ABFC ['carry s-th/s-o on one's arm'], see ókw'. , df //s=§á|//, PRON /'ours, our (emphatic)'/, stative, root respect, see under respect, syntactic analysis: pronominal verb/verbal pronoun, attested by AC, example: , //ë%*á s=§á| te3l//, /'That's our mother.'/, attested by AC, , //ë%*a s=§á| s=qw cm=e3y//, /'That's our dog.'/, attested by AC, , ECON ['an order (promise of goods/services)'], see ò:m. an order (promise of goods/services), probably themselves from root call plus intransitivizer, or root meaning unknown unless from , free root //§e3·m (?)//, TIB ['give'], both roots could refer to the well-known practice of the Thompson people trading interior goods for coastal goods with the Stó:lô people, speakers of Upriver Halkomelem, possibly on the side of the head, around the ear/cheek, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BHTTC. under bound root omét sit , //s(=)xw =§ámáqw (=)cs//, ASM ['it makes rain if you scratch on it or if you turn it upside down soon after picking'], attested by SJ (Deming 5/24/79). other sources: JH /samá·qw cs/ toadstool. to have a bowel movement, to defecate, to shit , //s=§áqw=cl=cc//, also /'back (of person, horse, other animal, etc.)'/, see more common variant , df //§áqw =cl=cc or §áqw =clcc//, ANA /'back of the body, the whole back'/ , MC ['something that you hook onto (like a trailer hitch)'], see óqw'. , PLN ['place just south of Doctor's Point on Harrison Lake northwest']. see root , stvi //s=§áècqw //, FOOD /'baked (in ashes), baked (in a stove)'/, ( stative), see ótheqw
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, dnom //s=§á·è=cs ~ s=§áè=cs//, ANA ['face'], ( nominalizer), possibly root edge, surface possibly root from edge?, lx on the face, phonology: the long vowel probably only in careful/slow pronunciation, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/64), Elders Group (3/1/72), many others, other sources: ES and JH /s§á·ècs/ face, H-T (macron over á) face, Boas 1890 , //lí tc s=§áècs-s//, /'on his face'/, phonology: consonant merger, attested by AC, , //kw ím=cl t-e§ s=§áè=cs//, /'Your face is red.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), , strs //s=§e[=Aá=]wè//, ABFC ['be in a hurry'], see áwth. w
, df //s=§áy=cwàt or s=§áycw=àt//, PLN /'another small peak just to the right of the Mount Cheam summit peak as one faces south, she is another daughter of Lhílheqey (Mt. Cheam)'/, see Óyewòt>, df //§áycw=àt or §áy=cwàt//, PLN /'smallest peak just below Mount Cheam (on left of Mt. Cheam looking south), Lhílheqey's (Mt. Cheam's) baby (located about where her breast would be on the left hand side facing her)'/ , dnom //s=§(e)y=á·[=M2=]è=cqw =c|p//, EB /'wild red raspberry plant, domestic red raspberry plant'/, see eyóth under éy , dnom //s=§á§//, ABFC /'dung, feces, shit'/, see ó', free root //§á§//, ABFC /'have a bowel movement, defecate, to shit'/, see o' defecate ?, df //s=§á(§)cl=l-cxw ?//, WV ['twined weave'], see o(')el, possible stem //§á(§)cl//?, meaning uncertain , df //s=§ó·lcq*w or s=§a=Aó·=l=cq*w or s=§a[=Aó=]·=cl=cq*w//, ABDF ['(be) suffering pain'], see ô3 :leqw' , ds //súkw c=§e4le4//, FOOD ['sugar bowl'], HHG, lx , dnom //c*e3=lcc=tcl ~ s=c*e3(·)=lcc=tcl ~ sxw =c*e3=lcc=tcl//, HHG /'chair, bench, seat, something to sit on'/, literally /'device to put the rump on top of ~ something to put the rump on top of device ~ something that put the rump on top of device'/, see ch'á: ~ ts'á: on top of. , possibly root //mc3xyc*cl or me3(=Ac3=)xy(=)c*(=)cl//, [mw3xyc*wl], EZ /'human louse: head louse, (secondarily) body louse, and possibly crab louse, (unclear if animal lice are included)'/. , free root //me3 ~ me3§=//, MC ['come
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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off'] , df //s=xw c3m=cccl//or //shxw=qwómetsel//, EZ /'fisher, an animal close to a mink, animal like an otter'/, ['Martes pennanti pennanti'], also EZ ['wolverine'], ['Gulo luscus luscus'], see xwématsel ~ xwémetsel. , stvi //s=xwc=me3=m//, DESC ['be empty'], see , dnom //s=xw c= 3=me§=c[=Ae3=]m//, strs, HHG /'an opener, can-opener, bottleopener'/, see , dnom //s=xw c=me§=e3mcl//, HHG ['empty container (like bottles esp. if there's lots)'], see , free root //me3 ~ me3§=//, MC ['come off'] , sas //s=xw c= 3=me=qc(l)=í·ls//, HHG /'an opener, can-opener, bottle-opener'/, see , //s=xw cq*w =clc3qs=tcl//, /'nose-ring'/, see xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó drag. , dnom //sxw =we[=Ac3=]è*=tcl//, MC /'a latch, Indian lock'/, BLDG, ASM ['a latch fastened in the middle or on one end, or loose which slides through'], see wáth'. w w , ds //sxw =|íc*=cs//, FSH ['wind-dried opened and scored salmon'], see lhíts' ~ lhí:ts' cut. , dmn //s=xw =me3[=C1 c=]è*cl=qcl//, EFAM ['a little liar'], see máth'el. , df //mát*=cs//, ABFC /'point at, aim'/ , strs //s=xw e[=AaC1 c=]è*//, EFAM /'be crazy, be insane'/, literally /'be teetered/rocked'/,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
see xwáth. , df //s=xwów=qcl ~ s=xwc3w=qcl or s=x. w [=F=]i[=Ac3=]w=qcl//, EZ /'whistling swan, probably also trumpeter swan'/, ['Olor columbianus, probably also Olor buccinator'], literally perhaps /'something that's whistling in the throat'/, see xwô3 :qel ~ xwô3 wqel ~ xwéwqel. , dnom //sxw =qe3[=C1 c=]l=cc*//, WV /'spindle for spinning wool, a hand spinner, a spinning machine'/, literally /'thing for spinning wool'/, see qálets' spin wool or twine w , dnom //s(=)x =qi[=C1 c=]x=e . 3 lc[=M2=]c=cm//, CAN ['little sled'], literally /'(prob.) something for sliding on one's rump on'/, see qíx ~ qéyx slip, slide. w PLAY /'ice skate, sled, toboggan'/, see , dnom //s(=)x =qi[=C1 c=]x=e[=Aá=]T=ct//, . qíx ~ qéyx slip, slide.
, dnom //s(=)xw =qá·=cm//, BSK ['water basket'], see qó:. , dnom //s(=)xw=qá·=cm//, PLN ['Lake of the Woods'], see qó:. , WV /'net shuttle, mesh-measure (usually part of the shuttle)'/, see q'ey ~ q'i wound around, tied, knotted. , dnom //sxw =qw e3y=|cc=M1=e4ls//, FOOD ['long-handled stirring spoon'], see qwiy. , dnom //sxw =qwá·=cls//, FOOD ['something to boil in'], see qwó:ls. , df //s=xwqw=á·lè(=cl)=cls//, MC ['a wood carving'], literally perhaps /'something being exposed/uncovered by structured activity on the knee'/, ASM ['Joe Lorenzetto, one of the last traditional elder carvers, did most of his carving of wood and bone spoons, etc. on his knees while sitting, Stó:lô carvers and other elders talk about selecting wood so that the figure to be carved can emerge from the wood as it is carved'], ( nominalizer), possibly root be uncovered,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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exposed?? (see Squamish possible cognate), lx on the knee, ( structured activity continuative), phonology: possible syllable-loss of el before =els, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64), TG (4/23/75), Salish cognate: possibly Squamish /xw i§-qw / be uncovered, exposed as in /xwi§-qw-án§/ uncover, expose (tr.) K67:349, 350, also see xwqwó:lthels. , dnom //sxw =t*e3|//, CSTR ['bridge'], see t'álh. , dnom //sxw =t*e[-Aá-]|=cs=tcl//, BLDG ['beam'], literally /'device for stretching across on the face (of a building)'/, see t'álh. , df //sxw =è*e3·|=tcl or s=xw è*e3·|=tcl or sxw =wáè*[=M1=]=c|=tcl//, BSK ['fine cedar
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
root strips for baskets'], ASM ['these are bundled and wrapped with wider strips called yemáwéstel'], possibly something that, nominalizer, root meaning unknown unless wáth' as in wáth'et pry s-th, lx device for, something for, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75). , ds //s=xw =ë%*c3p//, DIR /'be deep, be very deep, be deep water'/, see tl'ép. rip or break apart) , dnom //sxw =§e3lcxy//, HUMC, KIN /'sister-in-law, husband's sister, brother's wife, wife's sister; see álex sibling, brother, sister pole/shaft/length, lx (or poss. ) on the throat, on the front of the neck, syntactic analysis: nominal.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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dnom //s=xw =§e3p’=cwí·ls//, HHG ['dish towel'],, see á:p' ~ áp' wipe dnom ///s=xw=§e3[==ÿ]q’//, ANA /'foreskin'/. prob. nominalizer, perhaps same root as in , //sxw =§e3è=clcc//, /'bottom of anything'/, see áthelets. //s(=)xw =§a[=Ac3=]mct//, also /'something to sit down on'/, attested by DM (12/4/64), see , probably root //§cmc3t from §amc3t// sit. , dnom //sxw =§e3y//, VALJ ['what s-o/s-th is good for'], see éy ~ éy: good , //s=xw =§e3y=wc|//, variant of , dnom //s=xw =§ílem=ówc|//, PLN /'rocky place across from and just above Emory Creek, on east/CN side of Fraser River'/, see ilàm. w w , dnom //s=xw =§ím=cxy or sxw =§ím=cxy//, TVMO /'what one walks on (trail, board sidewalk, cement sidewalk, etc.)'/, MC, ACL /'board sidewalk, cement sidewalk'/, see . , sas //s=xw =§íq*w =cls//, SCH ['eraser (for pencil or blackboard)'], see íqw' rub. , dnom //s(=)xw =§a[= 3·=]mct//, HHG /'sofa, couch, chesterfield, place where one's sitting, (bed [AC, MC (Katzie)])'/, see , probably root //§cmc3t from §amc3t// . //s=§ámá·qw (=)cs//, EB ['bracket fungus'], since it is a variant of the latter more common form, under possible root or stem . , dnom //s(=)xw =§e[=Aá=]p*=cs=tcl//, HHG ['large towel'], literally /'device/thing to wipe on the face'/, see á:p' ~ áp' wipe. , ds //s(=)xw =§áècs=ccs//, ANA ['palm (of the hand)'], literally /'face on the hand, face of the hand'/, ( nominalizer), lx on the hand, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, see , dnom //s=§á·è=cs ~ s=§áè=cs//, ANA ['face'], ( nominalizer), possibly root edge, surface possibly root from edge?, see under , probably bound root //§á·è//, meaning uncertain unless edge, surface , ds //s(=)xw =§áècs=xycl//, ANA /'sole (of the foot), (instep [AC, DM])'/, literally /'face on the foot, face of the foot'/, ( nominalizer), lx on the foot, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, AC, also /'instep'/, attested by AC, DM (12/4/64), other sources: ES /šxw§áècsxycl/ sole of foot, H-T (macrons over u and a) sole, see , dnom //s=§á·è=cs ~ s=§áè=cs//, ANA ['face'], ( nominalizer), possibly root edge, surface possibly root from edge?, see also under , probably bound root //§á·è//, meaning uncertain unless edge, surface , df //s(=)xw =§c[=Ao=]ha=e3mc3l//, PLN ['village now called Ohamil Reserve or Laidlaw'], ( nominalizer), probably root wrapped up, lx part, portion (of body), member, possibly derivational, phonology: ôablaut (rare), vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, last two pronunciations attested by IHTTC
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English (8/5/77, 8/11/77), LJ (Tait)(in Elders Group 7/13/77), also , //§c[=Au=]ha=e3mc3l ~ §c[=Ao=]ha=e3mc3l//, phonology: clipped form, Elder's comment: "shortcut pronunciation", attested by IHTTC (8/11/77), other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):25, source: place names reference file #57.
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T , bound root //t// meaning unclear, examples: , //k*w e3c=cT-cs//, /'He looked at him.'/, , //lc3c*c=cs pípc te3lc//, /'one paper dollar'/, literally /'one dollar paper money'/, attested by Elders Group (3/2/77). , cpds //te3lc(-s) tc s=yc[=Aá·=]qw =cm//, EZ /'metallic blue-green beetle, "June bug", probably metallic wood-boring beetle, or possibly some types of long-horn beetle which aremetallic green with reddish legs'/, ['probably order Coleoptera, family Buprestidae, genus Buprestis, or possibly family Cerambycidae, genus Gaurotes'], literally /'money (of) the sun'/, ASM ['it's good luck to find and keep one'], (irregular)dropping of -s possessive may be derivational here to separate the idiom from the literal phrase, phonology: ablaut, consonant-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by SP or AK or AD (Raft Trip from Xelhálh to Alhqá:yem 8/30/77). container of, phonology: possible epenthetic glottal stop, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (11/26/75), also , //c-cl kwe3·l=cxy tc-l sxw=te3lc=§e3lc//, /'I hid my money-bag (purse, wallet, etc.).'/, attested by EB (12/16/76). , //s=§e3l(=)c[= 3=]m//, also /'shaft of fish spear, whole fish spear'/, example: , //xí[=C . . te3·|//, /'war spear'/, attested by Elders 1 c=]l(=)cx Group (11/26/75). , free root //te3·|//, PLN ['spear-shaped rock on beach on the Fraser near Hill's Bar'], ASM ['it is next to a larger rock, the Hunter, Tewít, who was hunting an Elk in the middle of the river when he, the spear and the elk were all turned to stone by the Transformer'], literally /'spear'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK or SP or AD (Raft Trip 8/30/77, Elders Group 9/13/77), source: place names file reference #271. , PLN ['spear-shaped rock on beach on the Fraser near Hill's Bar'], see tá:lh. , da //= 3te(=)|//, HUMC ['person'], syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //§owc= 3te|//, /'nobody'/. , PRON /'we, us'/, see lhlímelh. , PRON /'you (pl.), you folks, you people'/, see lhwélep. , bound root //te3m what?//. , stvi //s=te3m//, MOOD /'what is it?, be what?'/, ( stative), syntactic analysis: interrogative verb, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64), BHTTC, AC, NP, Deming, IHTTC, EB, LJ (4/7/78), other sources: ES /ste3m/ what, example: , //s=te3m k*w -e s=ë%*í//, /'What do you want?'/, literally /'your want is what?'/, attested by AC, , //s=te3m k*w -e s=yá·ys//, /'What's your work?'/, attested by AC, , //s=te3m tc §í//, /'What is this?, What's this?'/, literally /'is what? that is here'/, attested by NP, , //s=te3m tc há·y//, /'What did you get done?'/, usage: sarcastic, attested by Deming (5/18/78); found in , //s=te3m-ce//, /'What will it be?'/, attested by AC, example: , //s=te3m s=we4yc4l tclá=we4yc4l//, /'What day is today?'/, usage: answers might include any of the days of the week, attested by IHTTC, , //s=te3m-ce s=we4yc4l we4yc4l=cs//, /'What day is tomorrow?'/, attested by IHTTC, , //s=te3m k*w c mc3l·c-s//, /'What is (her/his/their) child?, What sex is her/his child?'/, attested by AC (10/23/71), , //s=te3m k*w -e s=è*áqw =i §i kw c3l=l-cxw //, /'What kind of fish do you have?'/, attested by EB, , //§c-s-cs-u ë%*á xc . 3 t*c=sTcm, s=te3m k*w c ye| ...//, /'And they said "That's-," now what was it? ...'/, usage: speech editing, indirect quote, attested by Lizzie Johnson (4/7/78 History Tape #34), , //k*wc s=te3m//, /'What do you mean?'/, attested by AC, , //c-cl (§)cw-|=q*c3l=lcxw wc=s=te3m=cs//, /'I know what it is.'/, attested by EB (1/12/76), , //wc=s=te3m=cs k*w c wc-ë%*á-cs tc s=xw clítcm=c| w s=xte . 3 x. ílcm "rope"//, /'what it was, if it was the same thing as white people's "rope"'/, literally perhaps /'if it was anything/something that when/if it was that the white man style same as rope "rope"'/, usage: story of the Flood, attested by AC (12/7/71), , //s=te3m-c[= 3=]s t*wa §ey=á·è xíy=p*=cT k*wc-l . w §áq =clcc//, /'Something sharp scratched my back.'/, attested by AC, , //tcm=te3m k*w -e-s lc èíy=T//, /'When did you make it?'/, literally /'when is it? that -you -subord. past tense make s-th'/, attested by AC, also My ears are ringing.. , dnom //s=te4·m//, ABFC /'a holler, (a yell, a shout)'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC. , pcs //te4·m=cT//, ABFC /'call s-o (by voice), holler at s-o, shout at s-o, shout at so'/, ACL, LANG /'call s-o (by phone), phone s-o'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: length-loss optional, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/14/79), EB (5/4/76), also , //te3m=cT//, attested by Deming (6/22/78), AC, example: , //te3m=cT-àm we3ycl=cs//, /'I'll call you tomorrow., (You'll be called tomorrow.)'/, usage: said to me on the phone, attested by AC (11/29/71). , rpts //te[-C1 c-]m=í·m//, cts, ABFC /'shouting repeatedly, hollering repeatedly, yelling (repeatedly)'/, ( continuative), ( repeatedly, over and over), phonology: reduplication, consonant-loss of m before =í:m, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group, Deming, other sources: JH /tetím/ shouting, example: , //ye3|-s-§c-s te3c=cl//, /'Now he comes., (Now he's just arrived.)'/, attested by EB, , //tc qe3·ys te3c=cl//, /'the newcomer'/, literally /'the one who now just came'/, attested by EB (6/14/76). , bound root //te3w light up, illuminate//. , strs //s=te3[=C1 c=]w//, LT /'be light, (be lit up), be illuminated'/, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, example:
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
//s=C1 cC2 =te3kw //, [stkw tæ 3 kw ], EFAM /'(be) in a daze, day-dreaming'/, see tákw., lx in the mouth, phonology: vowel-loss optional, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/6/77, 9/13/77 esp. AK, SP, AD), also , //s=tckw=áècl//, attested by JL (12/14/77), source: place names file reference #26. , da //tcl=//, DIR ['from'], syntactic analysis: derivational prefix, lexical affix, attested by IHTTC, Elders Group, Deming, others, compare be from, comment: could be shortened from telí or telí could be derived tel=í, Salish cognate: Squamish /ti-/ from W73:108, K67:265, Lushootseed /tul*-/ from H76:510; found in , //tcl=cá·kw //, DIR, /'(be) from far away'/, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /tul*-èa§kw / south wind (lit. "from the sea") H76:510, , //tcl=|á·s//, DIR, /'(be) from downriver'/, WATR, , //tcl=tíy(=)t//, WATR, DIR, /'(be) from upriver, Tait dialect, Tait-dialect-speaking people'/, LANG, SOCT, , //tclí-c-cl k*w c c*e§=ílcs//, /'I am from Chehalis, B.C.'/, literally /'I am from the (remote) Chehalis'/, attested by IHTTC (8/10/77), , //C1 á=lcc*c tcl=líë%*e=|límc| k*w c le3=m//, /'One of us could go.'/, attested by AC, ASM ['than'], , //ycle3w=cl xíë . %* tclá=we4yc4l tcl=lí w k* c ccle3q=c|(=c|)//, /'Today is colder than yesterday.'/, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77), , //ycle3w=cl lás tcl=lí ë%*e=C1 e3=§elèe//, /'He's fatter than me.'/, syntactic comment: independent object of prepositional verb, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77), , //ycle3w=cl §e3y tcl=líë%*e=C1 e3=§elèe//, /'(He's/She's) better than me.'/, syntactic comment: independent object of prepositional verb, attested by Elders Group (3/9/77), 3 =]l=tcl tcl=lí t-e s=we3//, /'My , //tcl=(§e)lc3cc-c-cxw //, /'Where are you from?'/, attested by IHTTC. , da //=tcl//, MC /'device, implement, thing used for'/, comment: over 100 examples have been found to date, phonology: =tel sometimes conditions the dropping of the last l in the preceding suffixes =ó:ythel in the lips, =xel in the foot, leg, =eláxel in the arm, maybe others, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //§c3x. w =tcl//, /'broom'/, compare with sweep it, , //xc . 3 l=tcl//, /'pen, pencil, writing instrument'/, compare with write s-th, cut s-th or s-o, compare with , //s=k*w íy=tcl//, /'ladder (native notched pole or any modern kind)'/, compare with , //s=xóq* =tcl//, /'canoe pole'/, compare . with , //ë%*c3lxx . cl=tcl//, /'spring salmon net'/, , //s=wc3l=tcl//, /'net, web'/, , //è*cs=c3le=tcl//, /'arrow pouch, quiver'/, compare with perhaps , //sxw è*e3·|=tcl//, /'fine cedar root strips for baskets'/, root meaning unknown, bridge made of small log, comment: root probably means span, go across, , //mát*cs=tcl//, /'first finger, pointer finger'/, literally /'point, aim + device'/, , //q*cp=cle3x(cl)=tcl//, . . /'armband'/. , da //=T=cl (or perhaps just =tcl)//, PRON /'purposeful control reciprocal, (perhaps just) reciprocal, (do purposely to) each other, (do purposely to) one another'/, (semological comment: found crystallized in some nominals too), syntactic analysis: derivational suffix, syntactic comment: the reciprocal part of this combination has been shown as an inflection thoughout most of the dictionary, but could probably better be counted as derivational since it changes a transitive verb to an intransitive syntactically; found in , //qwe[=Aó=]l=C1 cC2 =T=cl//, /'(a lot of people) talking together'/, , //C1 c=q*á·=T=cl//, /'to meet'/, literally /'be together with each other purposely'/, , //s=t*cl(=)c[=Aá·=]s=T=cl//, /'be sitting side by side'/, literally /'be sitting beside each other'/, , //§e3·xw =c[=Aí·=]T=cl//, /'they're sharing'/, literally /'giving gifts/food purposely to each other'/, , //me[=C1 c= 3]y=c|(c)=T=cl//, /'helping one another'/, literally /'helping benefactive each other, helping for each other purposely'/, , //qc[=C1c=]má·=T=cl//, /'having the same parents'/, literally /'suckling purposely with each other'/, , //xw =tc3l=qcl=T t-e§ s=qw e4·l//, /'Repeat your words.'/, attested by Elders Group. , caus //tc3l=sT-cm or te[=Ac3=]l=sT-cm//, ABDF /'to stumble, get staggered'/, possibly resultative, ( causative control transitivizer), ( passive), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76), Elders Group (5/26/76), Salish cognate: possibly Lushootseed /t*álx/ . lose balance backwards but not quite fall H76:562,519-520 (vs. unrelated root /tálx/ as in /§cs-tálx/ . . able, capable and causative w habitual /ë%*u-tálx-dx / use s-th to do something H76:480-481,704), possibly Sechelt /tantínim ~ . tntínim/ to stagger T77:34; found in , //lc te[=Ac=]l=sT-àm//, /'You get staggered.'/, syntactic analysis: passive of causative, attested by Elders Group, example: , //tclkw =á·lcs=cm-|e cít(=)mcxw wc-èc§ít-cxw-ce kwe cít(=)mcxw //, /'Poke your eyes, horned owl, if you're really a true horned owl.'/, usage: song of an old lady climbing Mt. Cheam who sees a horned owl which isn't a real owl (is a spirit or ghost), attested by CT (6/15/76 tape). , DIR ['south wind'], see lhós. , WATR /'downriver, (from downriver)'/, see lhós. , SOCT ['Squamish people'], see lhós. , EFAM /'the mind, someone's own knowledge'/, see tól. , EFAM ['acknowledge oneself'], see tól. , EFAM ['understand'], see tól. , da //tc=lá= tlá=//, DEM ['this'], syntactic analysis: derivational prefix; found in , //tlawe3yc3l ~ tláwe4yc4l//, /'today'/, literally /'this day'/, , //tlaqe3·ys//, /'now'/, literally /'this instant'/, , //tla xw c=le3·[=C1 c=]t//, /'tonight (maybe tla=)'/, literally /'this evening'/. , ABDF /'to stumble, get staggered'/, see tél ~ tá:l ~ tiy. , WATR ['lots of little streams (like the kind coming down a hill after a rain)'], see tó:l ~ tò:l. , DIR ['from upriver'], see tiyt. , TIME ['toward November'], see xwís. , possible root //tc3l(=c)wcl//, root meaning uncertain , df //s=tc3l(=c)wcl//, EB ['cedar limb rope (slitted)'], MC, ASM ['made by taking a pliable red cedar limb, slitting it with a knife, then twisting it around to make it still more pliable, used to haul animals caught or other things obtained away from one's canoe, camp, or home'], probably nominalizer, root meaning unknown unless , DIR /'where is he/she/it from?, from where?'/, see alétsa. , //tc3|[-M1-]=cT t-e§ pc3kw//, /'Spread out your book.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/14/79). , pcrs //tc3|-M1=cT-ct//, ABFC ['straighten oneself out'], EFAM, ( reflexive), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/14/79). , df //tc3|=ccs//, TOOL ['hit on the hand with a hammer'], ABDF, probably root get straightened out, lx on the hand, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (5/19/76). , ds //sxw =tc3|=ccs//, TOOL /'hammer, stone hand hammer, sledge hammer'/, ASM ['sledge hammers were made with vine maple for the handle and a block of wood for the sledge, used often with wedges made from crabapple wood or stone'], ( something to, nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/5/78), CT (6/8/76), also , //sxw =tc3|=ccs//, attested by EB (5/19/76). , da //tcm=//, TIME /'time for, time to, season of'/, syntactic analysis: lexical prefix, attested by AC, Elders Group, Deming, others; found in , //tcm=xíë . %*//, /'winter'/, literally /'season of cold'/, , //tcm=hil=e3lxw //, /'autumn, fall'/, literally /'season of falling leaves'/, moon of February, time things get stuck on the hand (with cold), moon of April, time for baby sockeye salmon, moon of June, time for gooseberries, moon of June, time of high water, moon of July, time for mosquitoes, moon of August, time for sockeye salmon, /|q*e3t/ wide, /p|e3t/ thick, , //xe . 3 ·p*q =tcm//, /'be aching, rheumatism'/, , //x ák =cl=tcm//, /'(be) numb'/, compare get numb, be crazy, compare root , //§át*=tcm//, /'(be) stretched'/, compare , //q*èe3·m=tcm//, /'(be) absent-minded'/, compare /'(be) stiff (in body, as of arm, leg, tangle?, tangle?, , //q*e3[=C1 c=]l=p*=D=tcm//, /'be cramping'/, compare root , //ë%*c[=Ae3=]xy=tcm//, /'(have) diarrhea'/, compare root , //ë%*e3xy=M1=tcm//, /'(have) continuing diarrhea'/, /'to tremble'/, comment: but lhátxtem trembling, shiver, shivering beside , //|c3t=x=tcm//, . lhátxthá:lem I'm trembling seems to point to a passive in =t-em /=T-cm/, coughing. , TIME /'time to dry fish, first of July (at Yale), October (at Chehalis)'/, see =chílh ~ chílh=. , free root //tc3mc3|//, LAND /'red ochre, (clay colored reddish by oxides of iron)'/, EB perhaps /’red rock fungus used for Indian paint, (perhaps) Indian paint fungus'/, (perhaps) ['Echinodontium tinctorium'], REL /'Indian red paint (used by spirit dancers, ritualists, and Indian doctors or shamans)'/, ASM ['red Indian paint was made by mixing grease with powder from clay colored reddish by oxides of iron and/or reddish soot from baked red rock fungus, it was and is used as face paint by powerful Stó:lô (and other) spirit dancers, by ritualists, and shamans or Indian doctors, and was (and still may be) painted on certain sacred rocks such as the stone shaman at Doctor's Point in Harrison Lake, Indian spirit dancers with red paint are said to have different spirit powers than those with black paint,'], a sample of Stó:lô Indian red face paint (for spirit dancers) was obtained from Mrs. Amy Cooper by Oliver Wells, kept by the Wells family after his death, and chemically analyzed from Oct. to Nov. 1981 at Simon Fraser University for Dr. Ralph Maud, Marie Weeden and Dr. Brent Galloway in their project to transcribe the Oliver Wells tapes and inventory his Indian research materials, the analysis by Keith Slessor of S.F.U. together with graphs of three tests (see illustrations) follows:, "Face Paint Analysis. X-ray analysis (Prof. John D. Auria): sample contained about 10 percent iron Fe, also contained other minor components so we suspect an iron-containing clay rather than a pure iron oxide, Microanalysis (Ms. S.A. Black): showed about 70 percent organic consistent with a grease or fat added to and mixed in with the iron-bearing clay, Fat analysis (Ms. S. A. Black and Mr. B. D. Johnston): capillary gas chromatography of the methyl ester of the fatty material showed a highly saturated fat typically of animal origin, plant and fish oil (fats) are reasonably unsaturated and I believe can be ruled out in this case,, [Summary]: The face paint is probably an iron-containing clay that would be dark brown (or red brown) ground up finely in the presence of four times the volume of animal fat. [from another note dated 27/11/81]: In discussion here about the face paint, the suggestion that the animal fat origin is very likely to be black bear arose. I think that's a very sensible suggestion, which you might find useful." (Keith Slessor), PE ['lipstick'], LT /'red ochre color, color of red clay of iron oxide used for religious paint and face paint'/, ASM ['used as a secondary color term by a number of elders, identified on the color chart in Berlin and Kay 1969 (rows top to bottom B-I, columns left to right 1-40) as follows: EL (2/20/79): G4, H4; AK (1/24/79): H1, H2, H3, H4; in Aug. 1987 NP and AH also mapped témélh using Munsell color chips with MacLaury and Galloway, NP at H2, AH at G3, G4 (focused at G4)'], charts by Rob MacLaury, X-ray and gas chromatography graphs and printouts, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by CT and
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
HT (6/21/76), Deming (2/22/79), Elders Group (6/4/75), EL (2/20/79), AK (1/24/79), AD (7/23/79), AC, other sources: ES /tc3mc3|/ ochre, also , //tc3mc|//, attested by Deming, ASM ['red ochre face paint'], , //èíy=T tc tc3mc3|//, /'make paint'/, literally /'make s-th the red ochre paint'/, attested by AC, ASM ['lipstick'], , //§ólc-wc qc3x. tc tc3mc|//, /'(There's) too much lipstick.'/, attested by Deming (2/22/79), ASM ['dancer’s paint'] (attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332)), ASM ['face paint'], , //p’c3q’ tc3mc|//, SPRD //'white paint (for spirit dancers’ faces)'//, lit. /'white red-ochre'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), , //c=kwí·m tc3mc|//, SPRD /'red paint (for spiritual purposes)'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), , //c’=q’í·x. tc3mc|//, SPRD /'black paint (for spiritual purposes)'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332). , ds //tc3mc3|=cm//, PLN ['a spring-water stream south of Skowkale'], literally /'place for getting red paint'/, lx place to get from intransitivizer, get, have, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):13 a spring-water stream, south Skowkale (place for getting red paint), , ds //tc3mc3|=c3pscm//, EZ /'large red-necked woodpecker, large red-headed woodpecker, rain crow (black with red comb on head) (AC), pileated woodpecker'/, ['Dryocopus pileatus'], ASM ['called a rain crow by AC (who had forgotten its Halkomelem name), the bird of this name predicts rain according to EL (we heard its cry on the Harrison River one day on a place names trip, and EL said, "Did you hear that call of the temélhépsem? When it calls like that there will be a change of weather within 24 hours. You see nothing but blue sky now, but it will be pouring rain in less than a day." He was right.), EL however says the temélhepsem is a small regular woodpecker and that the pileated woodpecker (in photo in Udvardy 1977) has another name, if a woodpecker pecks on your house a few times it means bad news according to Elders on 3/21/79'], lx on the back of the head and neck, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 6/4/75, 3/21/79), EL (9/15/78), AC, BJ (12/5/64 old p.315), other sources: ES /tcm·c3|cpscm/ pileated woodpecker, H-T woodpecker (Picus) (large redheaded). , PLN ['a spring-water stream south of Skowkale'], see témélh. , EZ /'large red-necked woodpecker, large red-headed woodpecker, rain crow (black with red comb on head) (AC), pileated woodpecker'/, see témélh. , free root //tc3mc3s//, CLO ['velvet'], syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by BHTTC, Elders Group (4/7/76), Deming (1/31/80), AC, Salish cognate: Squamish /tc3mus/ velvet W73:279, K69:47. , pcis //tc3m=cxy//, [tw3mwxy], EFAM /'desire s-th, desire s-o, wish for s-th/s-o'/, ( purposeful control transitive inanimate object preferred), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78), EB (3/22/76), Deming (3/25/76), also , //tc3m=cxy ~ te3m=cxy//, [tw3mwxy ~ te3mwxy], also /'wishing for it'/, attested by Elders Group (3/23/77), AC, ABFC ['turned on sexually'], literally /'wishing for it, desiring it'/, attested by Elders Group (3/23/77); found in , //tc3m=cxy-c-cl//, /'I wish (for s-th).'/, attested by Deming, also , //te3m=cxy-c-cl//, /'I'm wishing.'/, attested by AC, example: , //li-c-xw te3m=cxy tc qw c§áp//, /'Are you wishing for that
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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apple?'/, attested by AC. , EFAM ['desiring s-th'], see témex. , free root //tc3m·c3xw ~ tcm·c3xw ~ tc4m·c4xw ~ tc3mcxw //, LAND /'earth, ground, land, the earth, the world'/, phonology: lengthening of resonant between stressed vowels or updrifting adjacent to long resonant, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64, 12/5/64), Elders Group (3/72, 4/2/75), other sources: ES /tcm·c4xw / CwMs /tc3mcxw / earth, Salish cognate: Squamish /tmíxw/ earth, land, dirt W73:88, K67:259, Nooksack /tcmíxw/ A61, Twana /tcbíxw / earth, land, country, LmSanSo /tc3õcxw / earth, land, ground G82 (cognate set 37), example: , //s=pá[=lc=]qw =cm-s tc tc4m·c4xw //, [(pitch transcription of vowels): 4 4 1 4 3 3], /'dust of the earth'/, attested by BJ (12/5/64), , TIME /'hungry time (about mid-April to mid-May), famine (Elders 3/72)'/, see kw'à:y. , TIME /'gooseberry time, the month or moon (first sliver) that starts in June'/, see t'á:mxw. , TIME ['winter'], see xéytl' ~ xí:tl'. , TIME /'salmonberry time, (usually) May'/, see elíle. , HUNT /'board for stretching squirrel or skunk hides, etc.'/, see tpólh. , possibly root //tc3pscm or t=c3pscm//, ANA /'neck, (back of head and back of neck [EB], nape of the neck [Elders Group 5/3/78])'/, (irregular), possibly root meaning unknown, possibly on the neck, on the back of the neck, on the back of the head, grammatical comment: may be empty root, syntactic analysis: noun or nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64), Elders Group, IHTTC (9/21/77), other sources: ES /te3pscm/ (CwMs /tc3pscm/) neck, H-T back of head; neck (back part), Boas Scowlitz field notes nape of neck, also /'back of head and neck'/, attested by EB (IHTTC 9/21/77), also /'nape of the neck'/, attested by Elders Group (5/3/78), example: , //tcq=c[=Ae3=]T tc s=k*w cc=ás=tcl//, /'close the window'/, attested by AD (3/13/80), , //tcq=c[=Ae3=]T tc pc3kw //, /'close the book'/, attested by AD, , //tcq=c[=Ae3=]T tc s=tcq=tc[=Ae3·=]l or te3q=M1=cT tc s=te3·q=tc[=M2=]l//, /'close the door'/, attested by AC. , df //xw c=te3q or xw c=tc[=Ae3=]q//, SH /'(get closed, become closed)'/, BLDG, ( become, get), possibly resultative/durative, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, Elder's comment: "unsatisfied with translation as close it", attested by DC (Elders Group 3/26/80). , df //xw (c)=C1 c=te3q or xw (c)=C1 c=tc[=Ae3=]q or xw (c)=tc[=C1 e3(·)=]q//, BLDG ['be closed'], ECON, ( become, get), possibly resultative, possibly durative, phonology: reduplication or ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AH (Deming 1/18/79), example: , //lc xw =C1 c=te3q tc s=xw iycm=e3lc3//, /'The store is closed.'/, attested by AH. , pln //s=C1 cC2 =tc3q or s=C1 cC2 =te[=Ac3=]q//, WATR /'jampile, log-jam'/, EB, ( nominalizer, R3= plural), possibly resultative/durative, phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, AC, other sources: H-T , //c=k*w c3xy qe-s tc tqe3·=ce//, /'twenty-eight'/, attested by CT (9/5/73). , ds //tqe3=ce=e3lcqcl//, NUM ['eight containers'], lx container(s), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AD (4/12/78). , ds //tqe=ce3=e3|//, NUM ['eight times'], lx times, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, Elder's comment: "not used often since they didn't count these often beyond five", attested by Elders Group (3/19/75). , ds //tqe3=ce=§e3lc//, NUM ['eight people'], lx people, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/19/75). , ds //t[=c=]q=c=c|(=)sxye3 or teq=c(e)=c|(=)sxye3//, NUM ['eighty'], lx ten times itself containing times, phonology: vowel-loss, vowel-reduction or epenthetic infixation of e, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by BJ (12/5/64 Wells transcript old p. 336), others, also , //tc[=c3=]qe=c(e)=cl(=)sxye3 or te[=Ac3=]q=c(e)=cl(=)sxye3//, phonology: downstepping, epenthesis or ablaut, vowel-loss, attested by AC, CT (9/5/73), others. , ds //tcqe=c(e)=cl=sxye3=e3lc//, NUM ['eighty people'], lx people, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, comment:
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probably somewhat artificial since qéx many would usually be used instead of counting this high, attested by Elders Group (3/19/75). , ds //t[=c3=]qe=c(e)=cl=sxye=ás//, NUM ['eighty dollars'], ECON, lx dollar, round objects, on the face, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (11/30/71). , ds //s=tqe3·=ce=s//, NUM ['eight o'clock'], TIME, lx o'clock lx which could have been derived from nominalizer and lx cyclic period, phonology: circumfix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC. , ds //tqe=ce=íqw //, NUM ['eight fish'], FSH, EZ, lx fish, on top of the head, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by BHTTC (8/24/76). , ds //tqe=ce=íws//, NUM ['eight birds'], EZ, lx on the skin, on the body; birds, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/29/77), also , ds //tqe3=ce=§ówc| ?//, NUM /'eight canoes, eight boats'/, CAN, lx canoe(s), boat(s), phonology: epenthetic glottal stop, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, Elder's comment: "(uncertain)", attested by AD (4/12/78). , //§o tc3q*//, /'Oh fart.'/, EFAM, usage: said when one loses a game and get mad, attested by Elders Group (5/14/80). , free root //tc3s//, [tw3s], TVMO /'approach, get near, get closer, reach, go up to, get up to'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group, AC, example: , //qc-s-u tc3s s=C1 c=tc[=Aí=]s k*w c Fort Yale//, /'And they got up to near Fort Yale.'/, semantic environment ['people in a canoe'], usage: story of the Flood, attested by AC, , //lí-c cákw tc le3lcm-s q*e lí-c s=C1 c=tc[=Aí=]s//, /'Is his house far or is it nearby?'/, attested by AC, , //pte3m=cT-|e t-e§ s=C1 c=tc[=Aí=]s=mcls tc s=kw íxy-s//, /'Ask the person next to you his name.'/, literally /'ask s-o -command imperative your nearby part person the his name'/. , TCH ['bump the head'], see tós. , TCH ['bumped on the head'], see tós. , EFAM ['feeling sorry for oneself'], see t-sós ~ tesós. , TVMO /'come near me, (sic? for make me get near)'/, see tés. , TVMO /'come close, come near, come sit in (with a group)'/, see tés. , TCH ['touching bottom (of a canoe or a person)'], see tós. , TCH ['it got smashed in the back end or rear end'], see tós. , TCH /'touch s-o accidentally, bump s-o, bumped s-o'/, see tós. , TCH ['bump them together'], see tós. , possibly root //tc3teè or R4=Ac3=teè//, [tw3teè], ANA /'vein, veins'/, possibly diminutive, possibly plural, root meaning unknown unless related to títh as in s=títh be skinny, phonology: possible reduplication, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/27/75), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /tctí§c/ vein H76:496. , df //tc3[-C1 c-]mcs=T//, pcs, MUS ['sing a lullaby to s-o'], possibly root velvet, possibly continuative, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76 tape). , TVMO /'approaching, getting near, getting closer'/, see tés. , df //tc3[=C1 c=]s=xycl//, ANA ['marrow'], possibly meaning uncertain here, lx on the leg/foot lx as in , contrast marrow, phonology: possible reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (3/4/76). , bound root //tcw//, slope, tilt or backward , possibly root //tcwe3lc or tcw=e3le//, SH /'sloping floor, (tilted)'/, possibly container of, syntactic analysis: nominal??, adjective/adjectival verb??, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75), Salish cognate: Squamish /tcw-án§/ tilt (tr.) W73:268, K69:48 (the suffix is a transitivizer, probably not cognate with Upriver Halkomelem =ále (since =ál is never a transitivizer and =e animate entity is unlikely). , chrs //tcw[=C1 cC2 =](=)e3·le//, LAND /'side hills, tilted hills, slopes'/, ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and AK (Fish Camp 8/2/77), Elders Group (4/2/75). , df //tcw[=C1cC2=](=)e3·le ~ tcw[=C1cC2=](=)e3lc//, PLN ['side hills or tilted hills northwest of Xó:letsa near Yale'], literally /'tilted hills'/, phonology: reduplication,
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syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and AK (Fish Camp 8/2/77), Elders Group (4/2/75), source: place names file reference #122. , pcs //tcw(=)e3·lc=T//, TVMO /'tilt s-th, lift s-th up at one end or one side, tilt s-th sideways'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (4/29/76), example: , //tcw(=)e·lc=T tc s=lc3xwc|//, /'tilt the canoe sideways (to dump out water)'/, attested by EB. , df //tcw(=)e3lc(h)=c[=Ae3=]m//, LAND ['a slope'], possibly durative, possibly place to have/get, phonology: ablaut, epenthetic h, vowel-reduction, downstepping, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD (about 1/79). , ds //tcw(=)e3lch=c3lcc//, ABFC ['sitting on one cheek of the rump'], literally /'tilted on the rump'/, lx on the bottom, on the rump, phonology: epenthetic h, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AD (about 1/79). , ds //tcw(=)e3lch=ílc3p//, LAND ['sloping ground'], lx ground, dirt, phonology: epenthetic h, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT (6/8/76), also , //tcw(=)e3lc[= 3=]h=ilcp//, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75). , df //s=tcw=C1cC2=áècl//, WATR ['"a little below"'], ( stative or nominalizer), probably root tilt or backward, possibly characteristic, lx in the mouth (of river), phonology: reduplication, u-formation from ew, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb? or nominal?, attested by Elders Group (9/7/77). , ABFC ['sitting on one cheek of the rump'], see tewále. , LAND ['sloping ground'], see tewále. , TVMO /'tilt s-th, lift s-th up at one end or one side, tilt s-th sideways'/, see tewále. , PRON ['be who?'], see wát. , PRON /'somebody, anybody'/, see wát. , LAND ['a slope'], see tewále. , free root //tcwít//, HUNT /'expert hunter (who comes back with game every time he hunts), good hunter'/, compare perhaps be good at, know how to?, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by AD and NP (1/23/80), EB (12/12/75), AC, others, also , //tcwì·t//, attested by JL (5/5/75), example: , //lc he3·wc tc tcwì·t//, /'A good hunter (went hunting).'/, phonology: sentence intonation on article, attested by JL, mid-, middle,later, lx on the tongue or lx in the mouth, possibly derivational, phonology: possible devoicing, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64), EB, others, other sources: ES and JH /tc3xw èc|/ tongue, H-T tongue, example: , //tc3x. w -c-cl-ce k*w cc=lámc//, /'I'll see you later.'/, attested by RP and EB (2/12/76), ASM ['mid- (probably lit. later)'], , //tc3x. w s=we4yc4l//, /'mid-day, noon, noon-time'/, literally /'later day'/, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64?), DM (12/4/64?), Salish cognate: Squamish /tc3x. w skw áyl/ noontime K67:263, , //tc3x. w s=le3t//, /'midnight'/, literally /'later night'/, attested by AC, DM (12/4/64?). , possibly root //tc3x. w cc or possibly tc3x=cwcc//, HUNT ['bow (weapon)'], possibly root . stretch out, extend, possibly on the back, phonology: possible consonant merger (x + w > xw), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, DM (12/4/64), Elders Group, TG, JL and his grandmother MJ, other sources: ES /tc3x. w á·c/ bow, JH /tc3x. wec/ bow (weapon), Salish cognate: Squamish /tc3x. w a§è/ bow (for shooting) W73:42, K67:263, also , //tc3x. w cc//, attested by BJ (5/10/64), also , //tc3x. w ac//, attested by DM (12/4/64), example: , //s[=c3=]=kw cl=c[=Ae3=]xy-s tc tc3x. w cc//, /'arrow of a bow'/, attested by JL and his grandmother MJ (Elders Group). , ds //tc3x. w cc=c|p or tc3x=wcc=c|p//, EB /'yew tree, Pacific yew'/, ['Taxus brevifolia'], . ASM ['wood used for bows'], literally /'bow tree'/, lx tree, plant, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group, other sources: ES /páxyclcqw ~ tc3x. w acc|p/ yellow cedar. w
, EB /'yew tree, Pacific yew'/, see téxwets. , ABFC ['taking a step'], see tiqxálém ~ tiyqxálém. , DIR /'this (speaker is holding it), this one, this thing here'/, see í. , free or bound root //tí//, meaning probably over there, yonder , df //lí(·) tí or lí(·)=tí or lí=y tí(y)//, DIR /'(be) over there, (be) yonder'/, possibly root (be) there, phonology: usually said with word-boundary between the syllables, length is optional (usually heard with help of high falling pitch allotone), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, dem, attested by AC, EB, MJ, ME, others, Salish cognate: perhaps in part Lushootseed /túdi§/ over there H76:507, example: , //lc lí(·) tí//, /'It's over there.'/, attested by AC, , //tc lí(·) tí//, /'that's the one, that one'/, literally /'the one that's over there, that which is over there'/, attested by AC, , //§exw=cT-áxy-c-cxw k*wc tí//, /'Give me some tea.'/, attested by EB. container for, container of, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (at Fort Langley museum 3/9/78), also , //§elc3ce tc s=tí=§e4le4//, /'Where's the tea-pot?'/, attested by AD (8/80).
, pcs //tí·l=T//, HARV ['clear it (of land)'], HHG /'clean it (of table, land, etc.)'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76), CT (1973 story), example: , //tí·l=T tc lcte3·m//, /'clear the table'/, attested by Elders Group. , pcrs //tí·l=T-ct or tí·l=èct//, HARV ['to clear land'], ( reflexive or), ( get, become), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, EB. , free root //tí·ltcl//, MUS ['to ring a bell'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group, NP, borrowed from Chinook Jargon /tíntin/ bell, music, musical instrument, hour itself from English or onomatopoetic Johnson 1978:268-269, example: , //lc3c*c s=tiqíw//, /'one horse'/, attested by EB. , dmn //s=ti[=C1 c=]qíw//, EZ ['little horse'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (6/15/77). , ds //s=tcqiw=á·l|//, EZ ['baby horse'], lx young, offspring, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC. , dmn //s=C1 e=tiqíw=à·l|//, EZ ['colt'], ( diminutive), lx young, offspring, phonology: downstepping, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by HT and CT (6/8/76). , pln //s=t[=cl=]iqíw//, EZ ['herd of horses'], ( plural (collective)), phonology: infixed plural, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, example: , //qc3x. tc yi-s=t[=cl=]iqíw//, /'a lot of horses, herd of horses'/, attested by AC. , mdls //tcyq=xye3l=cm//, ABFC ['take one step'], root meaning unknown, lx on the foot, ( middle voice), phonology: weak root and stressed suffix gets ávowel, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, AD. , cts //tc[-Ae3·-]yq=xye3l=cm or tc[- 3·-]yq=xye3l=cm//, ABFC ['taking a step'], ( continuative), phonology: lengthening and stress-shift or less likely ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD. , bound root //tíq’w //, meaning uncertain , chrs //s=tíq’w =C1 cC2 //, dnom, BLDG /'beams (of longhouse, all of them), houseposts'/, nominalizer, characteristic aspect, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332). , PLN ['slough where people used to drift-net by Martin Harris's place at Seabird Island'], see tewláts. , FOOD ['cooling it (of food)'], see temí:lt. , FOOD ['cooling off (of food)'], see temí:lt. , TCH ['slimy'], see tíxem. , DIR /'upriver, up that way, (way upriver [RP, EB])'/, see tiyt. TAST ['bitter'], possibly resultative, possibly , df //tí[=C1cC2=]x=cm//, . middle voice or intransitivizer, compare bitter, comment: could títexem be mistranscribed for tsítsexem?, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (5/28/76). or , possible stem //tiyt=ím// , df //xw =tiyt=ím//, WATR /'eddy water (where you set nets), [to eddy repeatedly?]'/, ( always), possibly root upriver, or back, against, lx repeatedly, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb?, nominal?. , EFAM ['carried away'], see tíyexw. , us //titámclcst//, SD ['(make a) rumbling noise'], possibly root do it harder?, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (about 7/2/75).
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, PLN /'Wilson's Point (on Harrison River), (also called) Grouse Point'/, see stíxwem. , bound root //tíè ~ tí·è//. , stvi //s=tíè ~ s=tí·è//, DESC /'be skinny, be thin'/, ABDF, ( stative), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, example: , //s=tíè mcstíycxw //, /'skinny person'/, , //tiy=c3lc3s=T-c-cxw t-e§ q*c3wc xw c(=)le3=m tc t*ámc3l//, /'Lean your cane against (toward) the wall.'/, attested by EB. , ds //xw c=tiy=c3qcl//, LANG /'answer, reply, (answer back [BHTTC])'/, ( become), lx in the throat, in speech, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, Elders Group (1/25/78), also , //xw c=tíy=c3qcl//, also /'answer back'/, attested by BHTTC, Salish cognate: Lushootseed has the same root with the suffix for mouth; language instead, /tcj-úcid/ [tcdzúcid] answer (H76:488). , cts //xw c=ti[-Ae3·-]y=cqcl//, LANG /'answering, replying, answering back'/, ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/25/78, 4/26/78), also , //xw c=C1 e-tíy=cqcl//, dialects: some Cheh., attested by EB, example: , //wc=yáè kw -s xw c=C1e-tíy=cqcl-s//, /'He's always answering back.'/, attested by EB. , chrs //lc(=)xw =C1 í=C1 cC2 =tíy=cqcl//, LANG ['a person always answering back'], ( always, R4= continuative or diminutive?, R3= characteristic), phonology: double reduplication, comment: compare dispositional progressives or diminutives in Suttles ca 1984 (p.7-142 and preceding) Musqueam Grammar, syntactic analysis: nominal, intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC. , DIR ['lean s-th against something'], see tiy. w , uf //tíycx. //, EFAM ['carried away'], possibly root against, possibly around in circles, round??, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/2/77), Salish cognate: Squamish /tí§ax. w/ get excited, get busy K69:49. w , rsls //tí[=C1 cC2 =]ycx. //, EFAM ['carried away'], ASM ['for ex. keeping on walking further than intended, keep doing work in a hurry to finish'], ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/2/77). , DIR ['leaning'], see tiy.
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, bound root //tiyt upriver//. , tlcs //tcl=tíyt//, DIR ['from upriver'], LANG ['Tait dialect of Halkomelem'], ( from), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, nominal, attested by AC, others. BLDG ['upper end of house (inside or outside)'], DIR, , dnom //s=tiyt=e3xcl//, . literally /'nominal upriver section/side/arm'/, ( nominalizer), lx section, side, arm, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group. DIR /'upriver, up that way, (way upriver [RP, EB])'/, literally , ds //tíyt=cxcl//, . /'upriver section/side'/, lx section, side, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group (2/18/76), also /'way upriver'/, attested by RP and EB. , possible root or stem //tí(y)tás// or //tíyt=ás// or //C1 í=tcs=ás//, root meaning unknown , df //s(=)xw =C1 í=tcs=ás//, DIR ['the only safe place to cross a river'], CAN, ( nominalizer, something that's), possibly diminutive, possibly on the face, probably root approach, come near, phonology: syllable-loss of es before =ós, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by JL and EB (5/12/78). , dnom //s=C1 í=tcs=á·s//, PLN ['Promontory Mountain by Vedder Crossing'], ASM ['used as a look-out point by the Chilliwacks during eras of raiding, one tradition has it that a tower was even built for the person posted there to warn of war canoes coming up the river'], (semological comment: possibly named because it is a place where the mountains get close on the Chilliwack River and one of the best crossings as well as one of the best ambush points for war canoes), ( nominalizer), possibly diminutive, possibly on the face, probably root approach, come near, phonology: syllable-loss of es before =ós, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, source: place names file reference #279, other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.) Promontory (at Vedder Crossing), point on Promontory Bluffs. , //mc-| q*á·l=T-ct//, /'Come back.'/, attested by AC, , //mc-t| yc-s=q*á ~ mí-t| yc-s=q*á//, /'Come along.'/, attested by EB, , //§cmc3t-t|//, /'Sit (down/up) (coaxing).'/, , //he3y-t|//, w /'Let's (coaxing one person)'/, , //x. c3m-t|//, /'Hurry up (coaxing one person)'/. , free root //tá//, LANG /'thank you (in baby talk), please (in baby talk)'/, EFAM, syntactic analysis: interjection, usage: baby talk, attested by IHTTC (9/14/77). , backformation root //tákcl// from Chinook Jargon and ultimately English , free root //stákcl//, [stákywl], CLO /'stocking, socks'/, comment: reanalyzed as s=tákcl, borrowed from Chinook Jargon /stákwn/ stockings, socks Johnson 1978:425,
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syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, others, example: , //§elc3ce t-cl s=tákcl//, /'Where's my stockings?'/, attested by AD. , mdls //tákcl=cm//, CLO /'put on one's socks, (put on one's stockings)'/, ( middle voice), phonology: back-formation: the s in stókel is reanalyzed as s= nominalizer and then dropped for the verb form, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD; found in , //tákcl=cm-t-cl//, /'I put on my socks.'/, attested by Halkomelem lesson #16 checked with AD (8/80). , CLO /'put on one's socks, (put on one's stockings)'/, see stókel. or , possible root or stem //tákw t// or //te3kw t//, root meaning unknown but related to DESC stringy , strs //s-tá[-C1 c-]kw t=íqw //, ABDF /'stringy hair'/, ( stative, resultative, hair)(attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD /'noodles'/ (lit. dry + stringy hair + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , free root //tá·l ~ tà·l//, WATR /'go out into the river, go down to the river, walk down to the river'/, CAN ['go out from the beach (if in a canoe)'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/4/75), BHTTC (9/2/76), also , //tà·l//, attested by BHTTC (9/10/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /túy/ to cross a body of water K67:265, example: , //lc tá·l//, /'Someone walked down to the river or went away from the shore (in a canoe).'/, attested by Elders Group (6/4/75), , //xw c3m-|e tá·l//, /'Hurry down to the river.'/, attested by Elders Group (6/4/75). , ds //tá·l=xycl//, HUNT ['tracks going down to the river'], LAND, WATR, lx on the feet, tracks, syntactic analysis: nominal?, attested by IHTTC. , df //s=tá·l=cw//, WATR ['river'], ( nominalizer), ( body, covering), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group (4/16/75), many others, other sources: . ES /stá·lc4w/ river, JH /stá·lù·/ river, example: , //c-cl s=lc§e3=áècl tc s=tá·l=cw//, /'I'm on the other side of the river.'/, literally /'I'm across the river'/, *, //ë%*á-c §e s=we3 s=ta[=Ac3=]l=mcl//, /'Is that your own idea (or knowledge)?'/, , //c-cl ta[-C1 cAí-]·l=T tc he=lcq*emcl=í·l=cm s=qw e[=Ac3=]l=tcl//, /'[I (am/was) learning/studying the Halkomelem language.]'/, attested by AC, , //c-cl ta[-C1 cAí-]·l=T k*w-cl-s le4·=m §e3y=cl//, /'I'm trying to go away.'/, literally /'I'm thinking about that I go away'/, attested by AC, ASM ['training to do s-th, training for s-th'], , //ta[-C1 cAí-]·l=T-cs k*w -cs s=§i[=Ac=]wál=cm//, /'He's training for a game., He's training for a sport.'/, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76), , cts //tá[-C1 c-]q*w =cm//, ABDF ['coughing'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by NP, AC. , //kwcl=l-c[= 3=]xw -cs tc s=tá·q*w =cm//, /'He caught a cough., He caught a cold. (catch s-th)'/, attested by EB (1/16/76). , //tás t-cl q*wó·l//, /'?My ear got bumped.'/, Elder's comment: "unsure of translation", attested by AC. , rsls //ta[=Ac=]s=e3lc4qcl//, TCH ['bump the head'], ( resultative), lx on the head, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (11/11/71). , rsls //ta[=Ac=]s=le3c//, TCH ['touching bottom (of a canoe or a person)'], ( resultative), lx on the bottom, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , pcs //ta[=Ac3=]s=lec=T-cm//, rsls, TCH ['it got smashed in the back end or rear end'], ( resultative), lx on the bottom, ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( passive), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB from LJ (6/30/78). , rsls //ta[=Ac=]s=c3lcqw //, TCH ['bumped on the head'], ( resultative), lx on top of the head, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/14/80). , ds //tás=cm//, HARV /'crush (of berries), smash (of berries), squish (of berries, etc.), to mash'/, ( intransitivizer), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, EB. , FOOD ketchup/stewed tomatoes (lit. smashed + tomato), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , cts //tá[-C1 c-]s=cm//, HARV /'mashing, grinding (stones, something hard)'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB, Elders Group. , ncs //ta[=Ac3=]s=l-cxw //, rsls, TCH /'touch s-o accidentally, bump s-o, bumped s-o'/, ( resultative), ( non-control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group, EB, IHTTC; found in , //ta[=Ac3=]s=l-ámc//, /'bumped you'/, phonology: downstepping, updrifting, attested by EB, example: , //ta[=Ac3=]s=l-cxw-cs tc s=wíqc è=ú=ë%*à//, /'She bumped the man.'/, syntactic comment: in contrast with the last sentence this shows that thútl'ò and pronouns in that class cannot be object nominal phrases, attested by IHTTC. , pcs //tás=cT//, TCH /'touch s-o purposely, squish it (of berries, etc.), smash s-th, mash it (berries, potatoes, carrots, etc.), bump it'/, HARV, FOOD, ABFC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76, 9/21/77, 5/14/80), EB (12/12/75, 1/16/76), AD (2/80). , cts //ta[-C1 c-]s=cT//, TCH /'tapping it (with something), mashing s-th, grinding s-th, be
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
bumping s-o'/, HARV, FOOD, ABFC, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/13/80, 5/19/76), EB (1/16/76), AD (2/80), example: , //§ówc-c-xw ta[-C1 c-]s=cT-cxw //, /'Don't bump him.'/, usage: esp. said around an Indian doctor or a spirit dancer as this could set off the doctor or dancer at a wrong moment and bumper could suffer harm from the spirit or the doctor or dancer or at least have to throw a dance to pay off the person bumped and the witnesses present, attested by AD (2/80), also /'Don't touch it.'/, usage: used in many circumstances, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76). , plv //C1 cC2 =ta[=Ac3=]s=sT-cxw //, caus, rsls, TCH ['bump them together'], ( plural object (with transitive verbs)), ( perhaps resultative unless allomorphic), ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: reduplication, ablaut or allomorph, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (1/20/78). , HARV /'crush (of berries), smash (of berries), squish (of berries, etc.), to mash'/, see tós. , TCH /'touch s-o purposely, squish it (of berries, etc.), smash s-th, mash it (berries, potatoes, carrots, etc.), bump it'/, see tós. , EFAM ['understanding (s-th/s-o)'], see tól. , EFAM ['understand(ing)'], see tól. , //le3=m-c-ct k*wc te3wn//, /'We're going to town.'/, attested by AC (8/6/70). w , bound root //táx. drag behind//. w , mdls //táx. =cm//, TVMO ['drag out behind'], ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. w , ds //tax. =cm=íwcl//, CAN /'automobile, car'/, literally /'trailing out the behind'/, Elder's comment: "so named because of its gas/smoke "trailing behind"", lx in the insides, in the rectum, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by RM (6/13/77), IHTTC, Elders Group (4/26/78). , df //táx. w =c| or táx. w=wc|//, FSH ['to set a line for sturgeon'], ASM ['a line set with hooks is lowered to the bottom with weights'], literally /'drag behind canoe?'/, possibly canoe,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
705
phonology: possible consonant merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. w , mdls //táx. =cs=cm//, CAN /'pulling a canoe through rough water by a rope in the front, pulling a canoe with a rope'/, ASM ['at least one paddler stays in to push the canoe away from banks'], lx on the face, on the prow (of canoe), ( middle voice), literally /'drag behind on one's prow'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76, 3/26/75). w , ds //tax. =M1=ówc|//, CAN ['pulling a canoe through rough water by a rope in the front'], possibly derivational?, lx canoe, literally /'drag a canoe behind'/, phonology: metathesis or zero-grade of full-grade root, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76). w , ds //táx. =cè//, FSH ['rope for sturgeon fishing'], lx in the mouth, literally /'drag behind in the mouth'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC. w , df //táx. =cè=cm//, FSH ['fish for sturgeon from shore with a single line'], ASM ['only one to three hooks on the end, anchored, line fastened on a stick which is in piled-up rocks'], probably intransivizer, have, get, literally prob. /'get dragged behind in the mouth'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (11/10/76), also , //táxw =cè//, also /'fish for sturgeon with baited hook'/, comment: probably xw should be xw, attested by AK (Elders Group 3/26/80). , FSH ['to set a line for sturgeon'], see tóxw. , TVMO ['drag out behind'], see tóxw. , CAN /'automobile, car'/, see tóxw. , CAN /'pulling a canoe through rough water by a rope in the front, pulling a canoe with a rope'/, see tóxw. , FSH ['rope for sturgeon fishing'], see tóxw. , FSH ['fish for sturgeon from shore with a single line'], see tóxw. , HUNT /'frame for stretching hides, frame (for drying hides, etc.), frame for a drum'/, see tpólh. , bound root //tpá| prop up//. , strs //s=tpá|//, CSTR ['propped up'], semantic environment ['like a building or a tree limb'], ( stative), comment: the unusual shape of the root may be due in part to metathesis or ablaut or -elh of some kind used as resultative, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by CT (6/21/76). , pcs //tpá|=T//, HARV ['prop it up'], CSTR, semantic environment ['like the limb of a tree heavy with fruit'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by CT (6/21/76), EB (6/30/76). , dnom //tpá|=tcl//, CSTR ['a prop'], HUNT ['a prop used to trip a deadfall trap'], lx device for, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP (Elders Group 2/8/78), also , //tpa[=Ac3=]|=tcl//, attested by Lawrence James (Elders Group 2/8/78), Salish cognate: Squamish /tpú|-tn/ frame on which blankets are woven, stretching board W73:107, K67:259, K69:46. , dnom //tpa[=Ac3=]|=tcl//, HUNT /'frame for stretching hides, frame (for drying hides, etc.), frame for a drum'/, MUS, ( durative or resultative or derivational), lx device for, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/24/76, 10/20/76, 9/1/76).
706
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, df //t[=c3=]pa|=e3l| or t[=c3=]pa|=a[=Ae3=]l|//, HUNT /'board for stretching squirrel or skunk hides, etc.'/, possibly derivational, possibly derivational?, young, (semological comment: probably meaning board for stretching small hides, small hides could probably be done on a board, while larger hides would require more circulation provided by a large open frame), phonology: infixed vowel, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (11/26/75). , HARV ['prop it up'], see tpólh. , CSTR ['a prop'], see tpólh. , SH ['close s-th'], see téq. , NUM ['eight containers'], see tqá:tsa. , NUM ['eight times'], see tqá:tsa. , NUM /'eight canoes, eight boats'/, see tqá:tsa. , NUM ['eight birds'], see tqá:tsa. , NUM ['eight fruit in a group [or cluster] (as they grow on a plant)'], see tqá:tsa. , NUM ['eight dollars'], see tqá:tsa. , prob. stem //tq(=)á·ye//, poss. itself from take a step, take in motion , df //s=tq(=)á·ye ~ s=tqá·yc ~ stqá·ye3//, EZ ['wolf'], ['Canis lupus fuscus q/[tentative], Canis lupus columbianus'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown unless take a step, take in motion, possibly name ending? or diminutive, thus poss. “name of s-th that takes little steps”, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (5/64, 12/5/64), AC, DM (12/4/64), also , //s=tq(=)áyc//, attested by AK (11/21/72), ME (tape 11/21/72), also , //s=tcq(=)áyc ~ s=tcq(=)áyc3//, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), other sources: ES /stcqàye3/ wolf, H-T wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis), Salish cognate: Squamish /stqáya/ wolf W73:291, K67:284, K69:57, Lushootseed /s-tiqáyu§/ wolf (and possibly /tíq-/ as in /§cs-tiq-il/ bushy) H76:502. , pln //s=t[=cl=]q(=)áyc//, EZ ['wolves'], ( plural), phonology: infixed plural, syntactic analysis: nominal. , FIRE ['fine ashes floating up from a fire'], see tóqweltsep. , uf //tsás or tás=M1=cs or ta[=Ac=]s=ás//, ECON /'poor, unfortunate'/, possibly root smash, squish, mash, bump, touch, possibly durative or resultative, possibly in the face; money, possibly derivational or non-continuative, phonology: possible ablaut or metathesis, hyphen shows the initial t (aspirated) and s are pronounced separately (not like ts in tsel), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB, IHTTC, TM or DF or TG (3/22/78), example: , //tcsás tc mcstíycxw//, /'The person is poor.'/, usage: what rich people used to say, attested by IHTTC, , PRON /'that's them (male), they (male), them (male)'/, see tl'ó ~ tl'o. nine Indian blankets, nine dollars, also /'nine Indian blankets or dollars'/, source: Boas 1890 ms. , numc //tuxw =íqw //, NUM ['nine fish'], lx fish; on top of the head, syntactic analysis: num, attested by BHTTC. , numc //tuxw =íws//, NUM ['nine birds'], lx birds; on the skin, syntactic analysis: num, attested by Elders Group (3/29/77). , numc //tuxw =áls//, NUM ['nine fruit in a group or cluster (as they grow on a plant)'], lx fruit, rocks, spherical objects, phonology: downstepping, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AD (4/12/78). , numc //tuxw =ówc|//, NUM /'nine canoes, nine boats'/, lx canoes, vessels, boats, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AD (4/12/78). , numc //s=tú·xw =s//, NUM ['nine o'clock'], lx o'clock, hours, phonology: circumfix, syntactic analysis: num, attested by AC (10/6/71), example: , //wctc3s-cs tc s=tú·xw =s//, /'when it gets (approaches) nine o'clock'/, attested by AC. , NUM ['nine people'], see tú:xw. , NUM ['nine containers'], see tú:xw. , NUM ['nine times'], see tú:xw. , //(c-cl, c-ct, mc) txw =xw c3m xw c=§í//, /'(I, We, He) got here early.'/, , //sclcím tc t*e3-s//, /'How does it taste?'/, attested by BHTTC (11/26/76). , pcs //t*e3=T ~ t*e3·=T//, TAST /'taste s-th, try s-th'/, MC /'try it, attempt it, test it'/, SOC, SCH /'test s-o'/, SPRD /'test s-o'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC, EB (12/12/75, 4/14/78), RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) other sources: H-T , //§c-c-cl t*e3=T//, /'I tasted it.'/, attested by AC (11/30/71), , //t*e3=T-|e k*w c §exw í·l//, /'Try a little.'/, attested by EB (4/14/78), ASM ['try s-th, attempt s-th'], , //t*e[-Aá-]=T-ct-c-cl-ce//, /'I'll make an attempt.'/, usage: sometimes said under their breath by grandparents of today's elders before trying something hard, attested by AD (11/22/79). , iecs //t*e3=C1 c-=mcT tc s=yúw=cl-s//, SPRD /'singer for someone (at spirit dance)'/, lit. /“trying-conserning-it/s-o the spirit-song-his/her”/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , dnom //s=t*e=§e3lcqcp//, TAST ['(the) taste'], ( nominalizer), lx smell, taste, phonology: glottal stop insertion between vowel-final root and vowel-initial suffix, or preservation of root-final glottal stop before vowel-initial suffix (root-final glottal stops are normally dropped in Upriver Halkomelem), an alternate possibility for the root is , //s=t*e=e3lcqcp//, dialects: Cheh., attested by DF, example: , //§owc= 3te s=t*e=§e3lcqcp-s//, /'It has no taste.'/, attested by NP (Elders Group 5/25/77), , caus //t*ekw=íl=csT-cxw//, CAN /'bring s-th/s-o across a river, (ferry s-o/s-th over)'/, ( come, go, get, become), ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: vowel-loss or zero-grade of root, updrifting, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/22/78). , dnom //s=t*e3l//, FSH /'fish cut real thin for wind-drying but without cross cuts, dried fish cut differently than slhíts'es'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Chill., Cheh., attested by IHTTC (8/5/77), contrast wind-dried salmon with cross cuts, also , //sit*á| or s=i=t*e[=Aá=]|//, also /'fish cut real thin for wind-drying but without cross cuts'/, possibly root , free root //t*e3·l//, LT /'go out of sight (behind something), disappear [behind something], [get in shade]'/, WETH, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75, 5/19/76, 3/29/78), also , //lc t*e4·l//, /'It went out of sight (like behind a cloud).'/, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78), , //lc t*e3·l tc mcstí·ycxw //, /'A person went out of sight.'/, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75). , //sxw =t*e[=Aa=]l=c[= 3=]s=tcl//, also /'curtain, window shades, blinders on a horse'/, attested by EB (5/25/76). , dnom //s=t*e[=Aá=]l=c=§alc[= 3=]s=tcl//, PE /'eyeglasses, (probably dark glasses)'/, literally /'device for shade on the eyes'/, ( nominalizer), ( durative or derivational), possibly meaning uncertain, derivational, lx on the eyes, lx device for, phonology: ablaut or automatic root a ! o before =tel, stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (11/11/71), also , //s=t*e[=Aa=]l=c=§álcs=tcl//, attested by Elders Group (7/9/75), example: or , possible root or stem //t*e3·lq or t*c[=Ae3·=]lq//, meaning uncertain , dnom //s=t*e3|//, BLDG ['cross-beam (in a house)'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Boas summer 1890 Scowlitz word list, "Sk·'au 3lits. Harrison mouth. (Dialect of Snanaimuq)", discussed in Elders Group 5/3/78, contrast (TG) cross beam (in house). , comment: prob. mistranscribed for (s)t'lhíléstel, dnom //(s=)t*|=ílcs=tcl//, ANA ['collarbone'], literally prob./'something that stretches across on the chest'/, ( nominalizer), probably root , dnom //t*e[=Ac3=]|=mcl//, BLDG ['cross-beam (in a house)'], ( durative or derivational), lx part, portion, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by TG (Elders Group 5/3/78). , dnom //t*|=c3s(=)cs//, WV ['a loom'], literally poss. /'stretched design on the face??'/, possibly derivational, possibly design, possibly on the face, possibly meaning unknown, phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK (5/27/76). , //sxw=t*e[=Ac3=]|=ccs=tcl//, also /'net-measure'/, attested by JL (Elders Group 4/5/78). , pcis //t*e3m=cxy//, [t*e3mwxy], PE ['to braid (hair)'], WV, ( purposeful control inanimate object preferred), root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC, AD (8/80), example: twisted, phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (3/11/76), also , df //C1 í=C1 cC2 =t*e3m=cxy//, PLN ['railway tunnel just past (east of) Ruby Creek'], (semological comment: possibly so called because one trail twisted around (like a braid, st'ámex) to get by where the tunnel is; SP on the other hand said that the place is the real home of T'ámiya as explained in a story and is derived from that word (but why was =iya replaced by =ex, which makes the end of the word look exactly like it derives from t'ámex?)), ( diminutive), probably plural, phonology: double reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP, perhaps others (IHTTC 8/11/77, Raft trip 8/30/77, American Bar trip 6/26/78), source: place names file reference #190a. the warp, attested by JL (8/8/79) only discusses the gloss, comment: Wells 1969 also gives other weaving terms, some not attested elsewhere: the loom, twined weave, ceremonial blanket (pp.6 and 16), as well as ) twilled weave, and (Stó:lô orthog. , possibly root //t*e3m guess or t*e3 try//. , //s=t*e3[-C1 c-]m s=§i[=Ac=]wál=cm//, /'a guessing game'/, PLAY. , df //s=t*c§e3=cwcl ~ s=t*e3=cwcl//, EFAM /'to guess, make a guess'/, LANG, possibly stative?, lx in the insides, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/16/75), compare must be (evidently), I guess, example: , //t*e3m ?//, also /'song of an Indian doctor or shaman'/, attested by BHTTC (8/31/76). or or , possible root //t*e3m· or t’am§ or t*c[=Ae3=]m//, meaning unknown , LANG ['guess it'], see t'ám. , cpds //t*em=iye=há·y//, PLN /'Mount McGuire, (Tamihi Mountain [BJ])'/, probably root , cpds //t*em=i(yc)=háy s=tá[=C1c=]low//, PLN ['Tamihi Creek'], ASM ['tributary of Chilliwack River entering from the south'], literally /'hermaphrodite finish creek'/, ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by (photo identification 6/19/78), source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):13, source: place names file reference #169. PLN ['Tamihi Lake'], literally , df //t*em=iye=c3q(w )//, PLN ['Tamihi village at the mouth of Tamihi Creek'], probably root , df //t*e3m=iye//, EZ /'little winter wren (a real little bird), wren (likes dense woods and woodpiles), may also include (esp.) Bewick's wren, long-billed marsh wren, house wren, and rock wren (all five possible in the area)'/, ['Troglodytes troglodytes pacificus, may also include (esp.)Thryomanes bewickii, Telmatodytes palustris paludicola, Troglodytes aedon,and Salpinctes obsoletus'], root meaning unknown, lx affectionate diminutive; personal name ending, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64), AC, Elders Group (3/1/72, 2/18/76). , dmn //t*e3[=C1 c=]m=iye//, EZ /'baby wren, little or young wren'/, ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, if doubling infix #1 with e is right rather than doubling prefix with á then it proves that the root vowel is á rather than é (as in Elmendorf and Suttles), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 2/18/76). , ds //t*e3·mxw =c|p//, EB ['gooseberry bush'], Elder's comment: "sour, see how many you can chew", lx plant, tree, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC. , EB ['gooseberry bush'], see t'á:mxw. to chip it (like wood), peck s-th/s-o, chisel s-th with bark, wood, plant. , //s=t*e3p=iy ècqe3·t//, /'dead and broken tree'/, attested by AC. , EB ['it's dead (of a tree)'], see t'ápiy. , possibly root //t*íq or t*c[=Aí=]q discolored, bruised//, as in Squamish cognate, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64 old p.302), also , ds //t*e3qc=e3|p//, EB ['salal bush'], lx plant, tree, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC. , //t*e3s mcstíycxw //, /'quiet person (in movement)'/, attested by IHTTC. , cts //C1 c-t*e3s//, SD ['be stealthy'], TVMO, literally /'being quiet in movement'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders
718
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
Group (3/23/77); found in , //C1 c-t*e3s-c-ep//, /'You folks be stealthy.'/. , ds //t*e3s=xycl//, TVMO /'walk silently, walk quietly'/, ABFC, lx on the foot, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/18/77). , cts //C1 c-t*e3s=xycl or C1 e-t*e3xycl//, TVMO ['walk[ing] silently or quietly'], ABFC, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/18/77). , df //t*es=íc=cm=cls or t*e[=Ac=]s=íc=mcl=cls//, FSH ['hide-away that a fish makes'], lx on the back, possibly middle voice or intransitivizer, possibly part of, portion of, possibly structured activity continuative/nominalizer, phonology: possible syllable-loss, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by TG (Elders Group 2/6/80). , TAST /'sour (unripe or half-ripe fruit, lemon, Oregon grape, fermenting fruit)'/, see t'áth'. , EFAM /'being angry, continue to be angry, angry, mad, roused, stirred up'/, see t'ay. , SOC ['entertaining s-o'], see t'íyelt or t'í:lt. , bound root //t*e3è* to ferment, to sour//. , //t*e3[=C1 c=]c*=cm//, attested by Elders Group (6/16/75), TM (AD 12/17/79), EB (1/7/76), AK/SP (Raft Trip 8/30/77), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /t*ác*cb/ bitter (taste), sour (as sour milk); spoil H76:516, example: , possible bound root //t*e3w//, meaning unknown , ds //s=t*e3w=cl=ámcxy//, LT /'[looks purple, purple-looking]'/, ( stative), ( go, come, get, become), ( looks, -looking, in color), phonology: updrifting, downstepping, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP, see charts by Rob MacLaury.
720
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, df //s(=)t*e3w=cl//, LT ['purple'], lx on the head; fish, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (4/1/76). , df //s=t*e3(=)xyc(=)t//, EB /'wild nodding onion, prob. also Hooker's onion'/, ['Allium cernuum, prob. also Allium acuminatum'], ASM ['does not include domestic onion, éniyels'], ( nominalizer), possibly root , izs //t*e3x. (=)q=cm//, SD ['suction sound of feet pulling out of mud'], root meaning unknown, ( intransitivizer, have, get), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (11/3/76). w
emotionally upset, possibly , //t*e3y=cq* t=ú=ë%*á//, /'He's angry.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), also , //t*e3[-C1 c-]y=cq* tc s=qw m=e3y//, /'The dog is mad [angry].'/, attested by AC; found in , dmv //C1 í=t*e3[=:=]y=cq*//, EFAM ['cranky'], ( diminutive), ( diminutive or continuative), phonology: lengthening diminutive (rare) corresponding to glottal stop insertion downriver, reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP (10/26/75). , ds //t*ey=q*=c3[=M1=]pscm//, ANA ['cleft in back of the neck'], ASM ['if the cleft is deep in a baby, the baby will be cranky'], literally /'angry thing in the back of the neck'/, lx in the back of the neck, in the back of the head, ( derivational, (here) nominalizer), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (5/3/78). emotionally upset, possibly distributive, all over, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (4/27/76). w
emotionally upset, possibly around in circles, possibly derivational?, phonology: possible lengthening, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (10/1/75), also , //s=t*e[=Aá=]y=x. w //, also EFAM ['brooding'], ( derivational or continuative), phonology: ablaut, attested by NP (1/20/76), EB (4/27/76), example: , EFAM ['be envious'], see t'ay. , //c-cl t*c3kw //, /'I got stuck in the mud., I got muddy.'/, syntactic comment: ambiguous past, attested by AC (8/14/70), , //c-cl t*c3kw lí tc s=C1 cC2 =t*c3kw //, /'I got stuck in the mud.'/, attested by EB. , chrs //t*c3kw =C1 cC2 //, LAND ['muddy'], ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC (8/14/70. 10/31/73), other sources: ES /t*c3qw t*cqw /, Salish cognate: Squamish /t*c3kw t*ckw / very muddy K69:80. , dnom //s=C1 cC2=t*c3kw //, pln, LAND ['mud'], ( nominalizer), ( plural or derivational), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, example: , pcs //t*(c)kwá=T or t*ckw=áT or t*c[-Aá-]kw-M1=T or t*ckw=c[=Aá=]T//, MC /'plug it (a hole, leak)'/, semantic environment ['in a canoe, wall, or anything'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), possibly non-continuative or possibly durative, phonology: BcCw roots ! BCwá before =T in non-continuative (as in Suttles consonant alternation1984:7.58)(B = Suttles T = obstruent) or alternatively BcCw roots get á-ablaut before (in)transitivizers (=T, =l, =cm, etc.) or =cls (structured activity) plus metathesis non-continuative or alternatively derivational ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC, example: , //t*ckwá=T t-e§ è(=)áècl//, /'Plug your mouth.'/, attested by IHTTC. , sas //t*c[-Aá-C1 c-]kw =cls//, cts, MC ['plugging a hole or leak or crack in anything'], ( continuative), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: BcCw roots get á-ablaut before =els or (in)transitivizers or alternatively BcCw , syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , //t*kw=í·lc3s//, attested by Elders Group (10/8/75), Salish cognate: Squamish /t*kw -ínas/ get choked (by food) W73:176, K69:50. , ds //t*(c)kw =íwcl//, ABDF ['constipated'], literally /'mired in the rectum/insides'/, lx in the insides, in the rectum, phonology: BcCw root ! BCw non-continuative/nonresultative before lexical suffixes, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by JL (3/31/78), also , strs //s=t*ckw =íwcl//, ABDF /'(stuck in the rectum), stuck in the ass'/, (semological comment: the translation preserves the same shock value as in Halkomelem), ( stative), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Deming (6/4/76). , cts //t*c[- 3-]k*w =owc|//, CAN /'caulking a canoe, plugging a canoe'/, ( continuative), lx canoe, phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, Elders Group (3/26/75), other sources: Musqueam Halkomelem /t*c3kw cwc|/ be caulking a canoe beside /t*kw e3wc|/ caulk a canoe Suttles ca 1984:7.66. , MC /'plug it (a hole, leak)'/, see t'ékw. , CAN /'caulking a canoe, plugging a canoe'/, see t'ékw. , LAND ['muddy'], see t'ékw. , EFAM ['(be) homesick'], see t'ó:kw'. , TVMO ['take s-o home'], see t'ó:kw'.
corner, arm with elbow out, square, , //s=t*e3·lq or s=t*c[=Ae3·=]lq//, spotted with irregular shaped blobs, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by HT and CT (6/8/76), AC, Elders Group (3/15/72), example: , //s=t*cle3k*w s=k*w ec=ás=tcl//, /'round window'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72),
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, //s=t*cle3k*w s=C1 c=qw e3//, /'round hole'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), , //s=t*cle3k*w qc-s=u s=p*í[=C1 c=]|//, /'round and flat'/, attested by CT (6/8/76). , dnom //s=t*cle3k*w //, SH ['a circle'], Elder's comment: "probably", ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (2/9/76), other sources: H-T , dnom //s=t*cl(=)e3xcl SH /'square, corner, arm with . or s=t*cl=(cl)e3xcl . or s=t*cle3=e3xcl//, . elbow out'/, ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown unless t'el stuck together, shape, lx on the arm, (long angular object), phonology: possible syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77), IHTTC (7/28/77), compare a circle, compare with stuck together, as above. , dnom //s=t*c3l§=c//, EZ /'younger deer, baby horse, younger cow, fawn, colt, calf'/, ( nominalizer), possibly , possible bound root //t*cl// perhaps stuck together, shape, plus have, get, intransitivizer, possibly derivational, phonology: possible stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (5/4/76). , //t*clc3m=T-cs tc ste3mp li tc envelope.//, /'He stuck the stamp on the envelope., He stuck the stamp to the envelope.'/, attested by EB (5/4/76), , //t*clc3m=T-cs t=u=ë%*a tc ste3mp//, /'He stuck on the stamp.'/, attested by EB (5/4/76). , //c*=q*íx. s=t*clc3m//, /'blackened cherry bark'/, ASM ['blackened by immersion with alder bark and now metal objects, used plain and blackened for basketry imbrication or designs'], dialects: Chehalis, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75). , dnom //t*clc3m=c|p//, EB /'wild cherry tree, bitter cherry tree'/, ['Prunus emarginata'], literally /'stick on tree'/, ASM ['outer bark is peeled in May to use for basket decoration, some is left red, some dyed black, the cherries are not eaten but are now used for pectin in jams or jellies'], MED ['inner bark is used for diarrhea medicine'], lx tree, plant, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/12/75), other sources: ES /t*clc3mc|p/ wild cherry tree. , df //s=t*c3lmcxw or s=t*c3l(=)mcxw or s=t*(=)c3lmcxw//, MED ['medicine'], ( nominalizer), probably , //s=t*c3lmc3xw //, attested by BJ (12/5/64), also , possible stem or root //t*c3lcq//, meaning uncertain stick on, adhere, possibly meaning unclear, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/14/80), BHTTC (11/3/76), EB correction, also , //wc=t*c3lcq*//, also /'to splatter'/, attested by Elders Group (10/27/76), comment: corrected to wet'éleq by EB. , possible root or stem //t*c3l(=)cè*//, meaning uncertain , possibly root //wc(=)t*c3l(=)cè*//, WATR ['to squirt'], ABFC, possibly sudden, possibly root small portion, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /t*lc*-án§/ squirt (tr.) K69:50. , sas //t*c3lc3x=e[=Aí=]·ls//, . activity non-continuative), ( derivational, prob. durative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL (5/5/75). , //t*clc3x=aT tc s=me4·lt//, /'carve stone, work in stone'/, attested by JL (5/5/76). . , df //s=t*c3lmcxw or s=t*c3l(=)mcxw or s=t*(=)c3lmcxw//, MED ['medicine'], ( nominalizer), probably , //s=t*c3lmc3xw //, attested by BJ (12/5/64), also , //qá·=C1 c=T tc s=t*c3lmcxw //, /'drink the medicine'/, literally /'drink it the medicine'/, attested by AC, , //mc3q*=cT tc s=t*c3lmcxw //, /'swallow the medicine'/, literally /'swallow s-th the medicine'/, attested by AC, , //xyá·lxw =cm tc s=t*c3lmcxw //, /'The medicine has a menthol taste.'/, attested by SJ (on Elders' Banff Trip 8/25/78), , ds //s=t*clmcxw=íwcl//, MED ['love medicine'], ASM ['aphrodisiac medicine to make someone irresistable or to restore sexual functioning to someone, medicine to make a given person desire someone in particular, the latter type usually used (uses?) hair (or something else) from the person to be bewitched and this is wrapped around a power object of some kind with certain spells and left in some place to "work"--the bewitched person then goes mad with lust for the person who commissioned the shaman or ritualist or witch to do the love medicine; such magic can be done by a knowledgable person in his/her own behalf but can easily go wrong and backfire on that person, making the person casting the spell go crazy him/herself'], lx in the insides, in the rectum, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (1/22/75), also , ds //s=t*clmcxw =á·lcs//, MED ['eye medicine'], lx in the eye, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/9/75). , //C1 cC2 =t*c3|cq*w=cT-cs//, /'It has scratched up something.'/. , sas //t*c3|cq*w =cls//, cts, ABFC ['scratching to get in (?)'], ( structured activity continuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , BLDG ['cross-beam (in a house)'], see t'álh.
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, ABFC ['scratch s-th up'], see t'élheqw' ~ t'lhóqw'. , sas //t*cm=e[-Ac3-]ls or t*c3m-e[-M2-]ls or t*cm=c3ls//, TOOL /'to chop with an adze, to chop, to adze, an adze'/, ( structured activity non-continuative), possibly derivational, phonology: =éls may be an allomorphic variant of =áls, possible ablaut or metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, also nominal, syntactic comment: =els and =éls structured activity suffixes are often used to form tool nominals, attested by Elders Group. , cts //C1c-t*c3m=cls//, sas, TOOL /'adzing, chopping, chopping with an adze'/, ( continuative), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: reduplication, updrifting on final syllable, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , dnom //C1 c=t*c3m=cls//, TOOL ['a chisel'], ( structured activity toolnominalizer), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75). , dnom //s=C1 c=t*cm=c3ls ~ s=C1 c=t*cb=c3ls//, TOOL ['adze'], ( nominalizer), phonology: b with half-closure for /m/, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64 new transcript p. 183 Wells tapes), other sources: ES /st*ct*cmc3ls/ Dadze. , plv //C1 cC2 =t*c3m=cT//, pcs, TOOL ['chop s-th in different places'], ( plural action), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC; found in , //C1 cC2 =t*c3m=cT-cm//, /'it's been chopped in different places'/, syntactic comment: passive pl.. , plv //s=C1 cC2 =t*cm=í·m or s=C1 cC2 =t*c[=Aí·=]m//, strs, TOOL ['chopped in different places'], ( stative), ( plural action), probably resultative, possibly repeatedly, phonology: reduplication, probably ablaut, possibly syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC. , sas //t*cm=í·ws=e3·ls//, BLDG ['log cabin'], HARV, literally /'logs made smooth by structured chopping'/, lx on the skin, ( structured activity non-continuative nominalizer), phonology: donwstepping, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76). , ABDF /'chop one's hand, [get chopped on the hand]'/, see t'ém. meaning uncertain unless around in circles?, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (8/25/76), also , //t*cmc3q*w//, attested by Deming (6/17/76), example: , //lc t*c3mcq*w//, /'He splashed.'/, attested by Elders Group. , ds //wc=t*c3m(=)cq*w //, SD /'splash (the sound and the action), [splash suddenly], splash once'/, lx suddenly, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (8/25/76, 10/27/76), example: , //lc wc=t*c3m(=)cq*w //, /'He splashed.'/, attested by Elders Group. , cts //t*c[-Aá·-]m(=)cq*w =cm//, mdls, SD /'splashing, splashing (lots of times)'/, ( continuative), ( middle voice), phonology: ablaut, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (8/25/76, 10/27/76, 11/3/76). , probable root or stem //t*c3p(=)s//, meaning uncertain but perhaps related to , DESC ['dirty'], see t'íq. , free root //t*c3q*w //, MC /'break (of a flexible object like a rope, string or breath), it broke'/, ABDF ['run out (of breath)'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD, AC, EB, Salish cognate: Lushootseed root /t*cq*w(u)/ snap flexible object (break rope/string/, etc.) in contrast to /ècx/ . crack, split (break a plate); half, /jix(i)/ 'collapse, break off and fall; break down, be out of order, . /pcqw (u)/ 'break/cut a piece off (leaving a larger piece), and /xw cë%*/ break rigid object in two H76:561, Squamish /t*cq*w / break (itr.), be bruised beside /t*áq*w -an/ break, cut in two (ropes)(tr.) W73:44, K67:269, 271, Sechelt /t*c3q*w / break (line, rope, etc.)(itr.) B85:253, ASM ['break (of rope)'], , //lc t*c3q*w tc x. w í·l=cm//, /'The rope broke.'/, attested by AC, ASM ['run out (of breath)'], , //c-cl t*e3·=T k*w -cl-s xwcm=xyc[=Ae3=]l=cm k*wc lc mc t*c3q*w t-cl s=|e3k*w=cm//, /'I tried to run but I ran out of breath.'/, attested by EB (12/12/75). , pcs //t*cq*w =áT or t*cq*w á=T or t*cq*w=c[=Aá=]T//, HARV /'cut it (wood, lawn, etc.)'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), possibly durative, phonology: stressed transitivizer with á in environment C1cCw where C1 is obstruent, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming (4/17/80), other sources: Suttles ca1984:14.5.66 Musqueam /t*q*wát/ cut it off. , df //t*cq*w =á[=M2=]T=cm//, TIME ['Saturday'], literally perhaps /'(place to) have/get cut on purpose (of flexible object) or it got cut on purpose (of string, flexible object)'/, (semological comment: note the use below of this root with time in alht'éqw' half an hour, it may be that time is regarded as a flexible object or a string of days/hours), ( derivational), possibly intransitivizer, have, get or possibly place to have/get or possibly passive, phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group, IHTTC, example: , //s=te3m s=we4yc4l tlá=we4yc4l, tcq*w =a[=M2=]T=cm//, /'Q: What day is today?, A: Saturday.'/, attested by IHTTC (8/10/77). , plv //C1 cC2 =t*c3q*w=cT//, HARV ['cut it all up'], ( plural objects), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming (4/17/80). , df //t*cq*w =e3·lec//, CAN ['a canoe or boat cut off short in the rear (because the stern couldn't be repaired)'], possibly ~ on the bottom, on the rear, phonology: possible ablaut?, irregular vowels?, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (5/18/76), other
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sources: Suttles ca1984:14.5.66 Musqueam /t*q*w é§lec/ take a short cut with /-él*ec ~ -e§c ~ -cl*cc ~ -líc/ route across. , df //§e|=t*c3q*w or §e-|=t*c3q*w //, NUM ['half'], possibly /'your half'/, possibly use a portion, possibly your, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders at Fish Camp (7/19/78), Salish cognate: Squamish /§cs-t*c3q*w / half (broken-off) W73:44, K67:385, example: , //§e|=t*c3q*w s=yile3w-s tc s=|c3m=s//, /'half an hour past eleven o'clock, thirty minutes after eleven'/, literally /'half past the eleventh hour'/. , ds //t*cq*w=c3|c|//, ABDF /'pass out, faint'/, literally /'break (flexible obj.)/run out of breath/cut off in the windpipe'/, lx in the windpipe, throat, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (3/11/76), Salish cognate, Nooksack //t*k*w =c3|ni|// faint (PA:SJ, Ghost Catching story, notebook 2). , mdls //t*cq*w =|e3l=cm//, ABDF ['cut off one's breath'], literally /'cut off/break (flexible obj.) in the windpipe/throat one's own'/, lx in the windpipe, in the throat, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AHTTC (2/15/80). , ds //t*cq*w =qcl=í·l//, HARV ['(get the) top cut off'], semantic environment ['for ex. of a tree with an axe'], lx on top of the head, ( go, come, get, become), phonology: syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (12/12/77). , pcs //t*c[-AaC1 c-]q*w =íè*c=T//, df, HARV ['cutting them up (of logs)'], ( continuative), possibly durative, purple, comment: using derived forms of the root as a modifier of other color terms the following combinations were given by AK: st'ewô3 kw' p'éq', and p'éq' st'ewô3 kw', see charts by Rob MacLaury, phonology: the /o/ cannot be //cw// here as seen by the resultative form which seems to be /st*cwíq*w cscm/ rather than /st*cwíwq*w cscm/ and as seen by the Squamish form /st*c3waq*w / with only one /w/--but the /o/ could be /c/ with an unusually lowered allophone [9] /w Cw , syntactic analysis: nominal (with nominalizer), adjective/adjectival verb (with stative), attested by SJ and EF (Deming 9/21/78), BHTTC, AD (7/23/79), IHTTC (7/18/77), AC, BJ (12/5/64)(new transcript, old p.293), AK (1987), Salish cognate: Squamish /st*c3waq*w / kind of mud which was burnt and used as white paint, both on the body and as dye for animal hair, etc. of which blankets were woven W73:181, K67:284-285, example: , //há·kw =cxy-|e tc s=t*cwók*w //, /'Use the white paint.'/, attested by AC. , mdls //t*cwók*w=cs=cm//, SPRD ['put (white) paint on one's face'], PE /'to powder one's face, put powder on one's face'/, lx on the face, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, BHTTC, IHTTC, also , //t*cwóq*w =cs=cm//, attested by IHTTC (7/18/77), Salish cognate: Squamish /st*c3waq*w / above shows qw' but only the IHTTC on 7/18/77 show Upriver Halkomelem with qw'--all other attestations show kw', example: , //le=| t*cwók*w=cs=cm//, /'Go paint yourself.'/, attested by AC (8/29/70). , strs //s=t*cwo[=Aí=]q*w =cs//, PE ['powdered on the face'], ( stative), ( resultative), lx on the face, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC (7/18/77), Salish cognate: for qw' see Squamish /st*c3waq*w / above. , SPRD ['put (white) paint on one's face'], see st'ewô3 kw'. , bound root //t*c3x. to fork or branch, split unevenly//. , ds //s=t*cx=le 3 =]c//, possibly /'fork in a tree?'/, Elder's comment: . 3 c or s=t*cx=lc[=Ae . "unsure of meaning of this word", ( nominalizer), lx on the bottom, possibly durative, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (11/26/71). WATR ['forks in stream'], ( derivational), ( get, , df //t*c3x=M1=cm or t*cx=c[= 3=]m//, NUM ['six'], possibly . . derivational, probably root , //t*x=c . 3 m-c-ct//, /'There's six of us.'/, literally /'We're six.'/, attested by AC, example: ó:pel qas kw'e t'xém>, //§á·pcl qe-s k*w c t*x=c < . 3 m//, /'sixteen'/, attested by AC, also , //c*=k*wc3xy . qe-s tc t*x=c . 3 m//, /'twenty-six'/, attested by CT (9/5/73). 3 |//, numc, NUM ['six times'], TIME, Elder's comment: "perhaps , //c-cl t*í·l=cm=mcT xwa[C1 c-]y=íwcl tc §í-| §e s=kwál//, /'I sang happy birthday to you.'/, literally /'I sang about being happy the past your birth'/, attested by EB (2/13/78) approved this sentence constructed by staff class member. , cts //t*í[-C1 c-]l=cm=mcT//, iecs, MUS ['be singing about s-o/s-th'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, consonant merger, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (2/15/78), example: , bens //t*íl=cm=c|c=T//, pcs, MUS ['sing it for s-o'], ( benefactive), ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (8/9/77). , //§cwc-c-e3| t*íl=cm=sT-àm tc s=yc3w=cl-s//, /'Does he ever sing you his spirit song?'/, literally /'is not interrogative -past habitual you are sung for the spirit song -his'/, literally /'weren't you ever sung his spirit song'/, phonology: vowel merger, downdrifting and updrifting, attested by EB, (be) lonesome (referring to oneself), possibly genitals, penis, get, come, go, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76). , EFAM /'be lonesome for s-o, miss s-o'/, see t'í:l. , df //t*c[=Aí=]q=cl or t*íq=cl//, ABDF ['be bruised'], possibly resultative, ( go, come, get, become), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (1/7/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /t*áqa§/ be bruised (so that the skin has the color of a salalberry), salalberry W73:46, K67:270, Samish dial. of N. Straits /t*áqa§/ to get bruised and /št*cqa§álcs/ (get) a black eye G86a:76, compare , //t*c[=Aí=]q=cl tc qc3lc3m-s//, /'His eye is bruised.'/, attested by EB.
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, dnom //s=t*í[=C1 c=]q=cl//, ABDF ['a bruise'], ( nominalizer), possibly resultative?, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (1/7/76), NP (10/26/75). , strs //s=t*i[=C1 c=]q=á·lcs//, ABDF /'black eye, bruised eye'/, ( stative), possibly resultative, lx on the eye, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by NP (10/26/75), Elders Group (3/3/76). , //t*íq=qw |e tc s=§íè*cm-s tc s=|e3l=íy//, /'The woman's dress is dirty.'/, attested by EB. , mdls //t*íc=cm//, ABFC /'swim (of a person), swim (with crawl strokes, etc.)'/, semantic environment ['of a person, can't be used with fish or animals'], ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by RM (4/23/76), BJ (12/5/64, new transcript old p.306), other sources: Suttles (ca1984:ch.7) Musqueam /t*íccm/ swim on the surface, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /t*íèib/ wade out, swim H7676:531, Squamish /t*íè-im/ swim W73:259, K67:271, also , //t*í·c*=cm//, comment: probably my mistranscription, attested by AC, Elders Group (1/26/77), Deming (3/15/79) (SJ, MC, MV, LG), also , //x(=)c 3 |c=cm//, dialects: Cheh., attested by . RM (4/23/76), Elders Group (4/5/78), example: , //lc t*íc*=cm//, /'He swam.'/, attested by Elders Group (1/26/77), , //s=k*w e3y k*w -cl-s t*í·c*=cm//, /'I can't swim.'/, attested by Deming (3/15/79)(SJ, MC, MV, LG). , cts //t*í[-C1c-]c=cm//, ABFC /'swimming, (swimming under the water after diving (Cheh.) [Elders Group], swimming with crawl strokes, etc. [Deming])'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BJ (12/5/64), DF and MP (Elders Group 4/26/78), also , df //s=t*íw=iyc|//, REL ['prayer'], ( nominalizer), possibly meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP (9/19/75), others, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /t*igw (i) ~ t*íwi|/ thank, pray and /t*íwi|/ pray and /st*íwi|/ religion and /§u-t*ígw -id ècd/ Thank you. H76:532, example: , //s§á| me3·l s=t*íw=iyc|//, /'the Our Father prayer, the Lord's Prayer'/, attested by NP (9/19/75), , LANG /'high-pitched words, slow-talking words, high-pitched and slow-talking words'/, see t'íw ~ t'ì:w. , CAN /'bring s-th/s-o across a river, (ferry s-o/s-th over)'/, see t'ákwel. , ABDF /'choke on food, get choked on food'/, see t'ékw. , //t*á·//, also /'(get/be) sprained'/, attested by Deming (1/31/80), example: , //t*a-C1 e3(·) t-cl s=§í·lwc|//, /'sprain my side'/, attested by NP. , cts //t*á[-C1 c-]k*w =c3lmcl//, EFAM ['being homesick'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , caus //t*a[=Ac3=]k*w =sT-cxw ~ t*ák*w=sT-cxw//, TVMO ['take s-o home'], DIR, literally /'cause s-o to get/be home'/, ( derivational optional), ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/24/76), EB, example: , //lc t*a[=Ac3=]k*w =sT-cxw -cs//, /'He took someone home.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //s=k*we3y k*wc-s le-s t*ák*w=sT-áxy-cs//, /'He can't take me home.'/, attested by Elders Group. , df //s=/t*í[=Aá=]l=á(:)lkw | or s=t*e3[=Aá=]l=á(:)lkw| or s=t*á(:)l=(ál)kw|//, SPRD ['a non-spirit-dancer'], possibly nominalizer, root probably go out of sight (behind something), disappear [behind something], [get in shade], , lx spirit-dancer, spirit-power, phonology: probable ó-ablaut, possible syllable-loss, phonology: ó:?, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/22/77). , pln //s=C1 cC2 =t*ál=(ál)kw |//, SPRD ['non-spirit-dancers (lots of them)'], ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/22/77). , df //t*ám(=)cl//, BLDG ['wall (inside or outside)'], root meaning unknown unless , //tiy=c3lc3s=T-c-cxw t-e§ q*c3wc xw c(=)le3(=)m tc t*ám(=)cl//, /'Lean your cane against the wall.'/, literally /'you lean it your cane towards the wall'/, attested by EB, , ds //t*am(=)cl=íwc3l=tcl//, BLDG /'a partition, wall inside'/, ASM ['as example in a longhouse to separate families'], lx in the inside(s), lx device to, something to, phonology: consonant-loss of l before =tel, possible stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait, attested by IHTTC (8/29/77). , stem //t*e3p=iy dead (of flora)// , strs //s=t*á[=C1 c=]p//, EB /'(be) blazed (of a mark in a tree), chipped (of mark in tree)'/, TVMO, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (2/6/80). , dnom //s=xw =t*á[=C1 c=]p*=cls//, TOOL ['a pick'], ( something for), ( continuative or resultative), ( structured activity nominal/tool), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/25/77). , incs //t*áqw =cl//, WATR /'to drain (of a pond), (get) dried up (of creek, empty cup, etc.)'/, root meaning unknown, ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (8/24/76), IHTTC (8/31/77), Salish cognate: Squamish /t*áqw -al§/ dry K67:270, Lushootseed /t*ákw -il/ gone dry H76:518, historical/comparative detail: historically the Halkomelem form should have an /e3/ vowel if cognate with Squamish and Lushootseed, the Halkomelem /á/ may show that the form is borrowed or influenced from a Salish language other than Nooksack or Northern Straits (since they too have PCS /*a/ > /e/). , df //t*á[=·=]t*//, EFAM /'poor little one, you poor thing (said to a child)'/, possibly emphasis (or here) diminutive, phonology: possible lengthening, syntactic analysis: interjection, attested by Elders Group (3/2/77, 1/28/76), EB (1/9/78), example: , //C1 í=|ím t*át*//, /'She's picking, poor thing.'/, literally /'someone little is picking, poor thing (or) she/he is picking a little bit, poor thing'/, attested by EB (1/9/78). , possible root t*át*// or root or stem //§át* or wct’át*//, root meaning uncertain , df //wc=C1 cC2 =§át* or wc-C1 cC2 =§át* or wc=t*át* or wc-t*át*//, TIME ['long ago'], possibly (emphasis), really, possibly when/if/subjunctive, possibly plural, possibly root , ABFC ['pecking'], see t'óp'. , //lc t*áxw//, /'He went towards the river.'/, attested by EB. , cts //t*a[-C1 c-]xw //, DIR ['going towards the river or water'], WATR, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by EB (5/25/76), example: , //lc yc(-) t*á[-C1 c-]xw //, /'He's going towards the river.'/, attested by EB. , ds //xw=t*áxw=cs=xycl//, ANA ['arch of foot'], literally /'go downhill on the face of the foot'/, ( meaning uncertain), lx on the face, lx on the foot, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75), also , free root //t*á·x ~ t*áx ~ t*áx. //, EB /'white fir, probably grand fir'/, ['probably Abies grandis'], syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, historical/comparative detail: t'ó:xw appears to be the original form, with length lost through fast pronunciation or mistranscription, and with xw evolving through dissimilation with t'óxw go down(hill) to the water, attested by Elders Group (5/28/75, 3/22/78), Deming (2/17/78), SJ (Deming 4/17/80), other sources: ES /t*à·xw / white fir, JH /t*áx. w / white fir, H-T (macron over a) fir (white), Salish cognate: Squamish /t*ú§xw -ay/ white fir W73:100, K69:51, but grand or "balsam" fir, Abies grandis Bouchard and Turner 1976:32, Lushootseed /t*úxw (cc)/ white fir (tree) H76:540, Sechelt /t*ú§xw -ay/ balsam fir T77:11, Saanich dial. of NSt /t*á§xw / balsam tree B74a:15, also , //t*áxw =clp ~ t*áx. w =c|p//, attested by Elders Group (5/28/75, 3/22/78), also , //t*áqw =c|p//, comment: probably mistranscribed, attested by Elders Group (1/29/75), also , //t*á§x. w //, attested by LG (Deming 4/17/80), also , df //t*áx. =ccs//, EB ['white fir branch'], ['branch of probably Abies grandis'], lx hand, branch (of tree), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/22/78).
dead (of tree) or , df //t*(e)p(=)i[= 3=](y)//, EZ /'tick, wood tick, and probably Pacific Coast tick'/, ['class Arachnida, order Acarina, Dermacentor andersoni, and probably Ixodes pacificus'], ASM ['the wood tick is common in the Interior dry areas (and thus also Tait area) and is found April to June, the Pacific Coast tick is the common coastal species mainly in the wet season, November through March'], possibly root as in flea, possibly covering, bark, possibly derivational, (semological comment: wood ticks frequent dead bark), phonology: vowel-loss, stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT (Elders Group 6/4/75), Deming (2/7/80), contrast , df //t*qw (=)c[= 3=]m//, EB ['thimbleberry'], ['Rubus parviflorus'], ASM ['tender sweet shoots peeled and eaten raw in spring, berries ripe in July and eaten fresh, large leaves used to clean slime from fish when butchering'], root meaning unknown, possibly derivational, possibly middle voice or intransitivizer/have/get, phonology: possible stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
attested by AC, Elders Group (2/19/75, 7/9//75). , pcs //t*qw=i[= 3=]y=qs=T//, HARV /'join two poles together, splice it together (of a rope), (join together on the ends)'/, root meaning unknown, possibly bark, covering, lx on the nose, on the point, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: possible stress-shift, possible vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76), Elders Group (5/26/76), example: , //t*qw =íy=qs=T tc sák*w =cm=c|p//, /'join poles'/, attested by CT and HT, , //s=t*us(=c)l=á·yc//, dialects: Tait, attested by SP (IHTTC 9/19/77), also guess, example: , //lí-| t*wc//, /'It must have been.'/, attested by Elders Group (1/26/77), , //kw ú·=T-c-cl t*wc//, attested by Deming (1/25/79), , //§e3y t*we mey=T-ámc-t//, /'It would be good if we help you., (We'd should/better help you.)'/, attested by IHTTC (8/8/77), , //§e3y t*we mey=T-ámc-s k*w c s=wa=Aá=tla//, /'It would be good if someone helps you., (Someone should/better help you.)'/, attested by IHTTC (8/8/77), , MC ['six containers'], see t'éx. , ECON /'six dollars, (six Indian blankets [Boas])'/, see t'éx. , //s=t=c§e3 tc èe3//, /'(It's) like that.'/, attested by EB (1/9/76), , //|i[=Ac3=]l=tcl tc èe3//, /'That's a bailer.'/, attested by EB (11/24/75), , //lí tc èe3//, /'over there, there (close by)'/, attested by AC, EB (1/9/76), , //lí kw èe3 tcla=qe3·ys//, /'He's there now.'/, semantic environment ['speaking at Sardis of someone at Seabird Island (about 20 miles away, could be remote or (relative to more distant locations) near, not visible)'], attested by EB (1/9/76), , FSH /'spearing fish, spearing (fish)'/, see théq'.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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è would have, for ex. Thompson, Lillooet, Squamish, Nooksack, attested by TM (Elders Group 2/14/79). , incs //èet=í·l//, WETH ['get dark'], LT, ( get, become, go, come), phonology: vowelreduction, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, DM (12/4/64), Elders Group (1/24/79), also , //èet=íl//, phonology: downdrifting, attested by EB (12/19/75), example: , //le3 èet=í·l//, /'It's gone dark.'/, attested by AC, , //lc èet=í·l tc swe4yc4l//, /'The sky is dark.'/, attested by AC, , //li §e s=qw e4·l=cwcl k*w -cs mc-s xwe=èe3t=M1=cl=cm we3y·cl=cs//, /'Do you think it will be cloudy tomorrow?'/, attested by AC (10/6/71). , //s=xw c=èe3[=M2=]t=cl//, dialects: Chill., attested by AC, SJ, MV, LG, MC, BJ (5/10/64, 12/5/64), example: , //èe3[=C1 c=]y=cl-s tc s=è*áqw (=)i//, /'fish's blood'/, syntactic comment: the dropping of the nominalizer is part of the same inalienable possession construction found with other body parts, that is, the nominalizer is dropped when the body part is inflected with a possessive affix, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76). , ABFC ['pushing s-o/s-th'], see théx. , df //èe3y=clcc or èi[=Ae3=]y=clcc//, CAN ['steer a canoe'], literally (possibly)/'fixing the stern'/, probably root fix, make, probably continuative, probably on the bottom, stern (of canoe/boat), phonology: probable ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75). , ds //èi[=Ae3=]y=clcc=tcl//, CAN ['rudder'], literally /'device to steer a canoe'/, lx device to, something to, phonology: probable ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Cheh., attested by Elders Group (4/28/76). , ds //sxw =èi[=Ae3=]y=clcc//, CAN ['rudder'], literally /'something for steering a canoe'/, ( something for), phonology: probable ablaut, syntactic analysis: nomo, dialects: Tait, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76). , CAN ['rudder'], see tháyelets. , MC /'making it for s-o, fixing it for s-o'/, see thíy. , FOOD ['baking (bread esp.)'], see thíy. , MC /'fixing s-th, making s-th'/, see thíy. , free root //èc//, DEM /'the (female, present and visible), the (female, unspecified presence and/or unspecified visibility)'/, syntactic analysis: demonstrative article, attested by AC, Deming (5/25/78), Elders Group, others, example: , //me3y=T èc s=|e3l(=)i//, /'help the woman'/, attested by AC, , //èc-l te4l//, /'my mother'/, attested by AC, , //è-e te4l//, /'your mother'/, attested by AC, , //èc=lá s=|e3l(=)i//, /'this woman'/, attested by AC, , //èc (sí·lc, s=c*á·m(=)cqw, mc3l(=)e, §e3lcxy, s=lec*=c3wiyc|, sc3ë%*e=tcl, s=k*wí|cw, s=ye3·tcl)//, /'the (grandmother/sister or female cousin of grandparent, great-grandmother or sister/female cousin of great grandparent), daughter, sister, half-sister, elder sister/daughter of parent's elder sister, motherin-law, widow)'/, attested by Elders Group. , da //èc=//, DEM /'nominalizer (female present and visible or presence or proximity unspecified), demonstrative article'/, phonology: probably phonologically prefixed because in some cases
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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merges with a following consonant (for ex. =w) to form a new vowel (as in thú:tlò it's her), syntactic analysis: derivational prefix; found in , //èc3=w=ë%*á//, /'it's her, she is the one'/, or , //li-c èc3k* //, /'Is it straight?'/, attested by AC, ASM ['influenced, pulled'], , strs //s=èc[=C1 cAe3·=]k*w //, DESC /'be straight (of rope but not tree), pulled tight (of rope), stretched tight, tight'/, ( stative), probably resultative, phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, EB (Elders Group 4/26/78), Deming (incl. EF)(4/26/79), also /'straight (of root, pole, rope, etc.), pulled tight (of rope)'/, attested by EB, other sources: ES /sècèe3·k*w / straight, example: , //s=èc[=C1 cAe3·=]k*w k*w -e-s |x(=)íl=cx //, /'Stand up straight.'/, attested by EF . (Deming 4/26/79), , //wc-§ál wc-s=èc[=C1 cAe3·=]k*w; líqw=cT|e//, /'It's pulled too tight; loosen it.'/, attested by EB. , pcs //èc3k*w-M1=T//, ABFC ['pull s-th/s-o'], ( noncontinuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis:
748
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English transitive verb, attested by AC, Elders Group (7/9/75, 4/26/78), Deming (2/14/80), RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332), other sources: ES and JH /èk*wc3t/ pull, and JH /èé·k*wt/ pulling, example: , //èc3k*w =M1=T t-e s=xc . 3 l·c//, /'pull your leg'/, attested by Elders Group, , //èc3k*w =M1=T-c-cxw t-e§ q*w ó·l//, /'Pull your ear.'/, attested by Deming, , pcrs //èc3k*w =M1=T-ct//, ABFC /'pull oneself up, straighten (oneself) up'/, ( reflexive), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (4/29/76), AD (July/Aug. 1979). day, possibly derivational, phonology: stress-shift, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/19/75), IHTTC (8/10/77), example: Q: A: , //s=te3m s=we4yc4l tclá=we4yc4l? (yile3w=c|(=l)e3t, s=ècm=c3lc=s, s=|íxw =s, s=xc§áècl=s, s=|q*e3t=ccs=s, . w t*áq* =T=cm, s=xe 3 t)//, /'Q: What day is today? A: (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, . 3 xc=|(=l)e . Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday).'/, attested by IHTTC (8/10/77). , ds //s=ècme3=M2=í·l//, PLN /'one (second) of two creeks just above Popkum which cross Highway #1, (creek between Popkum and Cheam, also a place near Popkum [AC])'/, possibly derivational, ( come, go, get, become), phonology: metathesis, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by JL (Seabird Is. trip #2, 4/7/78), also /'creek near Popkum'/, attested by CT (1973), also /'creek between Popkum and Cheam; also a location near Popkum'/, attested by AC (1973). , ANA ['both eyebrows'], see thómél. (probably sic for either or ), DESC /'curdled'/, FOOD, root meaning uncertain unless related to root in shut eyes, or characteristic, inherent continuative, possible lexical suffix =éy, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjectival verb, (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD yogurt (lit. curdled + sour + milk), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , free root //èc3q//, LAND /'steep (of road, hill, etc.), (very steep slope [Elders Group])'/, may also mean something like upright in derivations as in tree and to still dip (after the fact that one must stand upright with the net upright unlike other methods of fishing), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), CT (6/8/7), also /'very steep slope'/, attested by Elders Group (3/8/78). , dnom //ècq=ílcp//, LAND ['steep slope (but less steep than théq)'], literally /'steep dirt/land'/, lx dirt, land, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/8/78). , free root //ècqe3t ~ èqe3·t//, EB ['tree'], root may mean something like upright in this and forms such as steep and to still dip (after the fact that one must stand upright with the net upright unlike other methods of fishing),, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), CT and HT (6/21/76), others, other sources: ES /èqe3·t/ and JH /èqé·t/ tree, example: , //wc-li k*wc lí tc §c3qwc=lcc-s tc èqe3t, §c3wc lí-s §ey=c3m//, /'If it's on the back of the tree it's not as strong.'/, attested by CT and HT (6/21/7), , sas //ècq*=e3·ls or ècq*-M1=e3·ls//, FSH ['to spear fish'], ( structured activity noncontinuative), possibly non-continuative, phonology: possible metathesis and vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (5/3/76), example: , //le ècq*-M1=e3·ls tc s=è*áqw =i//, /'going to spear fish'/, attested by EB. , pcs //èc3q*-M1=T//, FSH, HUNT, SOC /'spear it (a fish), stab s-o/s-th with something sharp, pierce s-o/s-th, prick s-o (with a pin, for ex.), poke s-o (with a pin, etc.)'/, ( non-continuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (4/23/76, 5/3/76), Elders Group (3/26/75); found in , cts //èc[-Ae3-]q*=T//, FSH ['spearing s-th'], HUNT, SOC, ( continuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (4/23/76); found in poke, stab, spear, pierce, lx spherical object, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal?, intransitive verb?, attested by SP (IHTTC and Deming 9/8/77), Elders Group (9/14/77), compare playing pool. , free root //èc3q*w //, EFAM ['get carried away (emotionally)'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, dialects: Tait, not known in Cheh., attested by SP (Elders Group 10/6/76), example: , //lc èc3q*w k*w -cs láy t*í[-C1 c-]l=cm//, /'He got carried away singing.'/, literally /'he/she (past) get carried away that/when -he only is singing'/, attested by SP. , free root //èc3t//, LANG ['say'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, EB (4/28/78), Elders Group, example: , //lc èc3t//, /'he said'/, attested by AC, , //§owc-| lc èc3t wc-láy-cs tc s=|c3mc3xw //, /'They never said if it was only the rain.'/, usage: Story of the Flood, attested by AC (12/7/71), , //wc-lí-s èc3t t-e s=qw e3l=cwcl//, /'if your mind says so, if you think that'/, attested by EB (4/28/78), , //èc3t-|e qcle3t//, /'Say it again.'/, literally /'say again'/, attested by Elders Group. , ds //èct=íwcl//, LANG ['say to oneself'], EFAM, lx in the insides, in the mind, phonology: updrifting, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, dialects: Chill., attested by SJ (in Story of Mink and Miss Pitch), EB and AD (11/10/78), also , //xw =èct=íwcl//, dialects: Cheh., Tait, attested by AD and EB (11/10/78). , //=T-ct or better =T=ct//, PRON /'purposeful control reflexive, do purposely to oneself'/, see under stem or reflexive. , da //=èct//, ASP /'get, (become), turn, go'/, (semological comment: there is no element of purposeful control by animate agent here, unlike with the reflexive /=T=ct/), phonology: triggers of root , syntactic analysis: derivational suffix; found in , /'got shallow'/ (compare shallow), , //hí[=·=]kw =èct//, /'get big'/ (compare be big), be cold), scald, burn), , /'went crooked'/ (compare bend), , /'getting gray (of hair), turning gray (of hair)'/ (compare gray (of hair)), , /'aggressive, ready to fight'/ (compare against), , /'getting rotten'/ (compare rotten, to rot), turbulent, rough (wind/water)). , da //=èct//, N ['male name'], comment: prob. related to get or do purposely to oneself, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix; found in , //le è*c3xw tc s=yc[=Aá=]qw =cm//, comment: th' probably error for th, /'sunset'/, literally /'it goes to/it's going to disappear the sun'/, attested by DM (12/4/64 new tape transcript old p.261). w , cts //C1 c-èc3x. //, TVMO ['disappearing'], LT, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/29/78). , pcrs //ècxw =c[=Aá·=]T-ct//, TVMO ['disappear (purposely)'], possibly derivational, ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reflexive), phonology: possible ablaut or allomorph, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/72), example: , //le-c-cl ècxw =c[=Aá·=]T-ct//, /'I disappeared (on purpose).'/, attested by Elders Group. , ds //ècxw =e3lc3qcp//, SD ['(have a) steady sound that's been stopped for a while'], literally /'disappeared sound'/, lx sound, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (11/3/76). , cts //èc[= 3=]xw=elcqcp//, SD ['(make/have a) sound getting softer'], literally /'disappearing sound'/, possibly continuative, lx sound, phonology: stress-shift, vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (11/3/76), example: , //láy èc[= 3=]xw =elcqcp//, /'sound getting softer'/, literally /'only sound getting softer'/, attested by Elders Group. , ncs //èc3xw =l-cxw //, possibly /'lose s-th/s-o'/, literally /'manage to/happen to/accidentally disappear s-o/s-th/drop s-o/s-th out of sight'/, ( non-control transitivizer, manage to/happen to/accidentally do to s-o/s-th), ( third person object), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming (4/27/78); found in , //èc3xw =l-cxw -cs//, possibly /'he lost something'/, Elder's comment: "could this mean he discoveered it?", dialects: Deming. , SD ['(make/have a) sound getting softer'], see théxw ~ théxw. , possibly /'lose s-th/s-o'/, see théxw ~ théxw. , TVMO ['disappear (purposely)'], see théxw ~ théxw. , free root //èc3x//, . ABFC /'push, (got pushed [EB])'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by NP (1/20/76), also /'got pushed'/, attested by EB (2/27/76). ABFC ['push s-o/s-th'], ( non, ds //èc3x-M1=T//, . continuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, epenthetic schwa optional, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76), EB (2/27/76), NP (1/20/76), AC, RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332), other sources: ES /èxc . 3 t/ push; found in y -cs//, /'He pushed me.'/, attested by AC. , //èc3x-M1=T-ax . ABFC ['pushing s-o/s-th'], ( continuative), phonology: , cts //èc[-Ae3-]x=T//, .
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ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (2/27/76). CAN ['push out from shore (in canoe)'], lx on the face, on , mdls //ècx=ás=cm//, . the bow (with canoe), ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC. PLAY /'betting, (bet [Elders Group 1/7/76])'/, ECON, semantic environment , cts //èc3x=cs//, . ['usually in slahal (the bone game)'], ASM ['you can state what you bet if you want, can have an object or not'], literally /'pushing money'/, comment: lack of non-continuative metathesis indicates this is continnuative, lx money, on the face, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (3/8/76), also /'bet'/, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76), also , //xcè=ás or . ècx=M2=ás//, also /'bet'/, attested by EB (3/8/76), example: , //§í-|-c-cl èc3x=cs//, . . /'I was betting.'/, attested by EB. PLAY /'betting (each other), (bet (each other) [Elders Group , rcps //èc3x=cs=tcl//, . 1/7/76])'/, ( reciprocal), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (3/8/76), also /'bet (each other)'/, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76), example: , //èc3x=cs=tcl . t-cl te3·lc//, /'bet my money'/, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76). PLAY ['betting each other'], ( diminutive (and , dmv //C1 í=ècx=ás=tcl//, . continuative)), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/11/76). , PLAY /'betting, (bet [Elders Group 1/7/76])'/, see théx. , PLAY /'betting (each other), (bet (each other) [Elders Group 1/7/76])'/, see théx. 3 =]x //, durs, SOC /'discover s-th, find s-th'/, possibly root push, , ncs //ècx=l-c[=Ae . got pushed, ( non-control transitivizer, manage to/happen to/accidentally), ( third person object), ( durative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72, "Lesson VIII"), AC, example: , //s=k*we3y k*w-cs ècx=l-c[=Ae 3 =]xw-s tc s=lc3xw=wc|//, /'They can't find the canoe.'/, attested by AC . (12/7/71 Story of the Flood). w
, CAN ['push out from shore (in canoe)'], see théx. EZ ['dolly varden trout'], ['Salvelinus malma'], ( nominalizer), root , df //ècx(=)á·è//, . meaning unknown unless got pushed, possibly on the mouth, possibly edge, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64)(new transcript, old p.306), other sources: JH mountain trout, H-T (macrons over each a) speckled trout (Salmo sp.), /sèxá·è/ . Salish cognate: not Lushootseed /èk*w ac ~ p*šaè ~ p*saè/ dolly varden trout H76:257, 360, also attested by Elders Group (7/9/75), also , , //s=ècx(=)ác//, . //s=è*cx=ác//, attested by Elders Group (2/5/75). . w
being, entity, living thing, ( durative), possibly structured activity non-continuative, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD (7/23/79). , //w=cl è=c§e[=Aí·=]=t//, /'It's really true.'/, attested by Elders Group, , df //è=c§e=á·ècl//, LANG /'talk like that, talk like somebody'/, root meaning unknown, possibly , EFAM ['(be) true to one another'], see the'í:t. , //èch=íwcl s=t=e§e3 tc kw cšú//, /'(He/She has a) big rump like a pig.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76). , ds //èch=íws//, EZ ['big bird'], lx body; bird, syntactic analysis: nominal?, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by Elders Group (8/11/77). , ds //èch=á·yècl//, ANA ['(have a) big mouth'], BPI, literally /'(have a) big jaw/lips'/, lx jaw, lips, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb?, nominal?, attested by Elders Group (10/1/75), MV and EF (Deming Evening Class 4/27/78), also , //èi[=C1 c=]h=áyècl or C1 í=èch=áyècl//, attested by MV and EF (Deming Evening Class 4/27/78). , augs //èí=C1 c//, plv, DESC /'(be) larger, bigger'/, ( augmentative or augmentative plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, example: , //èí=C1 c ë%*ík*w (=)cl//, /'larger beans'/, attested by AC (11/24/71), , //mí·s=cT tc èí=C1 c//, /'pick out the larger ones (pick s-th out)'/, attested by AC (11/24/71), , //èí[=·=]=C1 c tc qw c§áp-s//, /'bigger apple, (His/Her/Their apples are bigger.)'/, attested by AC (8/23/73). , ds //èí[=C1 c=]h=e3lcq//, WATR /'big waves, (have big waves)'/, lx wave, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal?, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76). , ds //èi[=C1 c=]h=e3·lí·ye//, ANA /'big ears, (have big ears)'/, BPI, lx
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ear, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal?, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76). , ds //èí=C1 c=cs//, DESC /'something big (and round) (for ex. big fruit, big rocks, etc.)'/, possibly face, round object, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal?, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by Elders Group (8/11/77). , ds //èí[=C1 c=]=cs=cm//, PLN ['place on mountain above Ruby Creek where there's lots of boulders all over the mountain lined up in rows'], literally /'place to have/get lots of big(ger) rocks'/, ( place to have/get), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP (IHTTC 8/11/77), AK (IHTTC 8/5/77), source: place names reference file #182a, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):14, also , //lcxw=èí[=C1c=]=cs=cm//, literally /'always a place to have/get lots of big(ger) rocks'/, attested by AK (IHTTC 8/5/77), SP (IHTTC 8/11/77). , ds //èí[=C1 c=]h=í·ws//, ANAH /'big-bodied people, (have big bodies)'/, DESC, BPI, lx body, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal?, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , ds //èí[=C1 c=]h=á·lcs//, ANA ['(have) big eyes'], BPI, lx eye, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, nominal?, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76). , ds //èí=C1 c=ccs//, ANA ['(have) big hand(s)'], BPI, lx hand, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, nominal?, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76). , ds //èí=C1 c=xycl//, ANA ['(have) big feet'], BPI, lx foot, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, nominal?, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76), also , //èí=C1 e3(·)=xycl//, also /'(have a) big foot'/, (semological comment: when you wear size 10's or 12's in shoes), attested by AC (11/11/71). , augs //èí=·=C1 e3(·)=xycl//, ANA /'(have a) real big foot, (have a) huge foot'/, ( augmentative), phonology: reduplication, lengthening, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, nominal?, attested by AC (11/11/71). poke, stab, spear, pierce. , PLN ['a spring water stream near Yakweakwioose'], see thíx. , PLAY ['betting each other'], see théx. , //§c-s-u èíy=T-cs tc C1 á=lcc*c; kw ú·=T-cs tc s=yá| qc-ë%*a-s-§cs-cw èíy=T-cs tc cí·t=mcxw//, /'So one man made it; he got some wood (get/fetch s-th) and made an owl.'/, ASM ['a man carved a wooden owl on the canoe of the Flood to mark it when the water had gone down and the people were dispersing'], usage: Story of the Flood, attested by AC (12/7/71). , cts //èi[-Ae3·-]y=T//, MC /'fixing s-th, making s-th'/, ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76), AC, BJ, example: , //tcw s=C1 c=èíy-|e k* -e-s §c[-Aá·-]mct-c3lcp//, /'Sit properly everyone.'/, literally /'sort of get fixed up properly -imperative that/when -you -subord. you folks' sitting'/, syntactic comment: -alha plural imperative would be more expected here, but may be optional since -elep your (pl.), you folks' appears just two words later, , //ë%*e3qt tc sxw =èi[=Aá·=]y=qw (e)//, /'The hole in the ground/trench is long.'/, , //lc xw c ë%*c3p tc sxw =èi[=Aá·=]y=qw (e)//, /'The hole is getting deeper (said of grave).'/, literally /'it past become/get deep the hole in the ground'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , caus //s=èí[=·=]y=sT-cxw//, augs, SOC ['do s-th well'], VALJ, TIB, literally /'cause it to be really fixed/made'/, possibly stative?, ( augmentative), ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76), example: , //s=èí[=·=]y=sT-cxw cs tc s=yá·ys-s//, /'He does his work well.'/, phonology: consonant merger. , df //s=èíy=cp//, CLO /'loincloth, dog-hair apron, dog-hair mat'/, ( nominalizer), root fixed, made, on the rump, or possibly dirt, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (10/23/71), other sources: JH /sèí·ycp/ a girdle, Salish cognate: perhaps Lushootseed /sè*ájcp ~ sè*áycp/ cedar bark skirt, skirt H76:106, 696, also , //s=èíy=c3p//, attested by Elders Group (10/1/75). , stvi //s=èiy=c[=Ae3=]p//, CLO ['be wearing a loincloth'], ( stative), possibly continuative, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (10/23/71), example: , //s=èiy=c[=Ae3=]p//, /'Somebody is wearing a loincloth.'/, attested by AC (10/23/71). , HHG /'make a bed, make (straighten up) a bed, make one's bed'/, see thíy. , BLDG ['build a house (make a house)'], see thíy. , FIRE /'fix a fire, straighten the fire up, stoke the fire'/, see thíy. , MC /'make it for s-o, fix it for s-o'/, see thíy. , FOOD /'to bake (bread, other food)'/, see thíy. , df //èíy(=)c3(=)qcl//, EZ /'hooded merganser, smaller sawbill'/, ['Lophodytes cucullatus'], root meaning unknown, possibly in the head, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL (9/15/78). , HARV ['dig'], see thíy. , CAN /'make it hollow (of canoe, log, etc.)'/, see thíy. , HARV /'dig it, dig s-th, dig for s-th'/, see thíy. , MC /'make s-th, fix s-th, do s-th'/, see thíy. , PE ['fix oneself up'], see thíy. , //|íc* t-cl èámc3l//, /'My eyebrow got cut.'/, attested by AD. , pln //C1 cC2 =èámc3l//, ANA ['both eyebrows'], (semological comment: one of the few cases where plural doesn't mean many), ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75). , ANA ['have a big head'], see thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. , ds //èi=á·s//, DESC /'big round'/, (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00), see thi ,FOOD, EB ['avocado'] (lit. big round + pit + soft smooth texture), see thi ,FOOD, EB ['lima beans'] (lit. big round + offwhite + bean), see thi , possibly root //èá(·)ècl or è=á(·)ècl//, ANA ['mouth'], probably (in the) mouth, phonology: possible empty root (meaningless consonant for the lexical suffix to attach to), syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64), others, other sources: ES and JH /èá·ècl/ mouth, Salish cognate: MCx /èóècn or èúècn or èúèin/, ICx /sósin/, Pt /èúèin or èúècn/, Se and Sq /cúcin/, CwMs /èáècn/, Nk /cócæ 4 n ~ cócin/, Sn /èáècn ~ sáscn/, LmSo /sóscn/, SmbSg /sáscn/, Cl /cúccn/, Tw /cucíd/ all mouth (G86a and G88a:cognate set 12), example: , //hí[=·=]kw tc è=á·ècl-s tc s=tiqíw//, /'The horse has a big mouth.'/, attested by AC (9/18/71). , bound root //èáxw or èc3xw bleed// , durs //C1 c=èc[=Aí=]x. w or èc[=C1 c=Aí=]x. w //, HAT /'girl at puberty, (girl's first period)'/, SOCT, possibly root bleeding, compare bleeding nose, possibly continuative or resultative, ( durative), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (1/21/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /cc-cíx. w / girl's puberty K69:52. , df //èc èc3[=C1 c=]x. w or C1 c=èc3[=C1 c=]x. w //, PLN ['a rock in the creek at the upriver end of Seabird Island that was a girl washing after her first period'], ASM ['the rock was a girl washing in the river after having her first period when she was changed to rock by the Xexéyls (the Transformers); the rock can't be seen from Haig Highway'], literally /'the one (female) menstruating for the first time'/, possibly diminutive, probably continuative, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: simple nominal phrase or nominal, attested by AK (8/30/77), source: place names reference file #250. , df //s=èaxw =c3lqscl//, ABDF /'bleeding nose, (be/have bleeding in the nose)'/, ( nominalizer (or s= stative)), lx in the nose, ASM ['young sprouts of tansy are used as medicine for nosebleed--they are stuck up the nose, tansy flowers are used for yellow dye also, but no Halq'eméylem name has been learned for tansy, this info. from JL'][a good name for tansy might be *, lit. 'nose-bleed medicine'-BG], syntactic analysis: nominal, intransitive verb??, attested by AH (Deming 2/14/80). , ds //èáxw -M1=cm=c3lqscl//, ABDF ['have a nose bleed'], ( noncontinuative), ( intransitivizer, have, get), comment: not =em middle voice since that would have to follow =élqsel, phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by NP and AD (AHTTC 2/15/80). , cts //èáxw =cm=c3lqscl//, ABDF ['having a nose bleed'], comment: lack of metathesis (or of initial consonant cluster) continuative, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb,
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attested by NP and AD (AHTTC 2/15/80). , ABDF ['having a nose bleed'], see thóxw or théxw. , LAND ['digging'], see thíy. , df //èqe3·l=cm or ècq=c[=Ae3·=]l=cm//, FSH /'to still-dip, rest dip-net on bottom (of river)'/, ASM ['hold the net end planted on the bottom of the river'], FSH /'to bag net, to sack net, to still-dip with two canoes'/, ASM ['the net drags on the bottom, two men in two canoes hold net poles in the prows while two men steer in the stern; EL identified this meaning of the word from drawings by Hillary Stewart and Peter Lindley; EL thinks it probably is the same thing named by DM as xíxemal'], root meaning unknown unless something like upright as in tree and steep after the fact that one must stand upright with the net upright unlike other methods of fishing, possibly non-continuative or durative, possibly go, come, get, become, possibly intransitivizer, have, get, possibly middle voice, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72, 2/11/76), Deming (5/20/76), EL (2/20/79), example: , //c-cl ècqe3·l=cm//, /'I still-dip.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , dnom //èqe3l=cm//, FSH ['a waiting dip-net with frame and string trap'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75). , cts //èc[- 3-]q=el=cm//, FSH /'holding on to a thqá:lem, waiting dip-netting, stilldipping'/, ( continuative), phonology: stress-shift, vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75, 11/26/75). , dnom //s=èqe3l=cm//, FSH /'place where one fishes by waiting with a dip-net, dip-net fishing place, place where one still-dips'/, ( nominalizer), possibly place to have/get, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75), also , //s=èqe3·l=cm//, also /'fishing platform (used upriver in the Fraser Canyon)'/, (semological comment: this too is a place where one fishes by waiting with a dip net), attested by DM (12/4/64). , bound root //èc3q* stab, pierce, spear//. , bound root //èc3q*// stab, pierce, spear. , //èc[-Ae3-]q*=T-cs//, /'He's spearing it.'/. poke, stab, spear, pierce, lx in the eye, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB and AD (9/25/78). , plv //è[=C1 cC2 =]q*=á·lcs//, ABDF ['get dust or bark in both eyes'], (irregular)=R3= applied (in error?) to stem as if initial th was prefix and ó: of =ó:les was part of root (no other exx. of this in the language, and th- or th= is not a prefix), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB and AD (9/25/78), DM (7/64 new p.61 tape transcription of Story of Black Bear and Grizzly Bear and Their Children).
764
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, us //èswe3l//, EZ ['fisher (mink-like animal)'], ['Martes pennanti pennanti'], contrast fisher (animal), compare fox??, comment: could this be an erroneous citation of female fox?, phonology: unusual consonant cluster, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by HP (3/3/76). , LANG ['say to oneself'], see thét. , da //=è*//, DESC (probably) ['small portion'], syntactic analysis: lexical suffix; found in , //§cw=è*=c[=Ae3=]T or §c=we3è*=c[M2-]T//, /'tease s-o'/, compare play, comment: however if the root is wáth' pry this form does not have =th', Salish cognate: Musqueam /hcw*è*e3§t/ tease him contrasted with /hcw*álcm/ play Suttles ca 1984:14.6.15), , //|í|e4(·)=è*=T//, /'making fun of s-o'/, Salish cognate: Musqueam /|i|éè*=t/ make fun of him (because of accident or bad luck) and /|é§=it/ insult him Suttles ca 1984:14.6.15), , //p*í(·)=è*=cT//, /'squeeze s-o/sth (with fingers/hands)'/, compare root , //s=C1 cC2 =q*e3m=è*//, /'(be) wrinkled'/. , ds //è*e3=m//, ABFC ['chew'], ( middle voice or intransitive), phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/15/70), EB (12/10/75, 5/4/76), prob. not Squamish /è*c3m§/ bite (itr.)(dog, fish, fly, etc.) and /è*cm§-t/ bite (tr.) K67:319, Salish cognate: Sechelt /c*c§-c3m/ and /c*c§-át/ to chew T77:26, contrast (umlaut over first a) heart, example: , PLN ['heart-shaped island near the mouth of Chehalis River that beat like a heart'], see th'á:lá ~ th'ála ~ th'á:le ~ th'ále. , free root //è*e3|//, ABFC ['cool down (of a person)'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
767
attested by IHTTC (9/1/77), Salish cognate: Colville-Okanagan /c*á|-t/ cold (weather) and /c*§á|/ get cold besides /c*á|-|-t/ cold, frozen and /(s-)c*á|-t/ cold weather M87:14-17, 302; Shuswap /(x-)c*é|/ to get cold and /c*é|-t/ cold K74:177. , strs //s=è*e3[=C1 c=]|//, WETH /'it is cool [of weather], (be) cool (of a place)'/, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (6/28/78), IHTTC (9/1/77, 9/19/77), example: , cpds //è*e[=Aá=]|=cm s=q*á[=C1 c=]y//, ABDF ['(have/get) a head cold'], literally /'get durative cold sickness'/, ( nominalizer), ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by Elders Group (7/23/75). , rsls //è*e[=Aá=C1 c=]|=cm//, ABDF /'be chilled (of a person), got cold (of a person)'/, ( durative), ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by AC (8/4/70, 8/13/70. 10/1/71), Salish cognate: Squamish /c*ú-c*u|-um/ be cold, feel cold W73:63, K67:280; found in , //è*e[=Aá=C1 c=]|=cm-c-cl//, /'I'm chilled.'/, attested by AC (10/1/71). , durs //è*e[=Aá=]|=cT-ct//, pcrs, ABFC ['cool oneself'], ( durative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reflexive), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/8/77). , ABFC ['cool oneself off'], see th'álh. , //lc è*e3m//, /'The tide went down.'/, attested by EB (3/9/76), , //qc ye3|-s-§-cs lc è*e3·m//, /'Then the water goes down (low water
768
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
after June)'/, attested by CT (6/8/76), , //ë%*c-s-cs-cw lc è*e3m tc qá·//, /'And so the water went down (of flood water)'/, attested by AC (12/7/71 Story of the Flood), , df //è*e3m=xw =clqs//, PLN ['west fork of stream which goes into Chehalis River above Páléxel'], possibly root , df //s=è*cmc3xw =clcc or s=è*em=c3xw =clcc//, LAND ['point of land at the end of an island'], WATR, ( nominalizer), possibly root , df //s=è*em(=)c3xw =clcc//, PLN ['west or downriver end of Seabird Island'], literally /'point of land at the end of an island'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK (8/30/77), source: place names reference file #254, also , //c*c3q or c*e[=Ac3=]q//, also /'bare, skinned off'/, possibly resultative or durative, phonology: possible ablaut, attested by Elders Group (7/6/77). , ds //è*cq=á·lècl or è*eq=á·lècl//, ABDF ['skinned knee(s)'], literally /'skinned on the knee'/, lx on the knee, phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, nominal??, attested by BHTTC (10/21/76). , df //c*(c)q=á·ls//, PLN /'village on the site of Hope, modern Hope, B.C.'/, literally /'bare rock'/, ASM ['so named because most rocks in the Fraser River by Hope are bare of moss, there were pit-houses where now Tel-teyit Park and campground are'], syntactic analysis: nominal,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
769
attested by SP and AK (7/13/75), PDP (Katz Class 10/5/76), Elders Group (7/6/77), AD and AK (American Bar Trip 6/26/78), source: place names reference file #17, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):25. , df //s=è*e3·q=cl or s=è*e3·=qcl//, EB /'cattail, cattail rush or reed, (bulrush [AC, BJ])'/, ['Typha latifolia'], ASM ['ready to harvest in July, used for mats sewn with special long wooden needles and mat-creasers, flat reeds in contrast to wô3 :l bulrush which was used for the same purpose but less commonly, the mats were used as mattresses, rolled and used as pillows, put on walls as insulation, and hung between families in the longhouse for privacy, they were also carried and used for roof and walls of mat shelters for camping in summer'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown unless th'áq skinned, possibly go, come, get, become, possibly on the head, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64, 12/5/64), Deming (4/10/80), also /'bulrush'/, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64). , WATR /'be dripping, (have) continuous dripping, water dropping'/, see th'q'ém ~ th'eq'ém. nervous, excited, compare (perhaps) squeak (of a mouse), contrast , izs //è*e3·c=cm ~ è*e3c=cm or è*c[-Ae3(·)-]c=cm//, SD /'to rattle (of dishes or anything else loose), jingle (of money or any metal shaken), peal or toll (of a bell), make the sound of a bell, to ring (of a bell, telephone, in the ears)'/, comment: another way of giving the meanings is:, SD ['to
770
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
rattle'], semantic environment ['of dishes or anything else loose'], SD ['to jingle'], semantic environment ['of money or any metal shaken'], SD /'to peal, to toll, make the sound of a bell'/, semantic environment ['of a bell'], SD ['to ring'], semantic environment ['of a bell or phone, or in the ears'], (semological comment: it may be that these should all be continuative, i.e., rattling, jingling, pealing, tolling, making the sound of a bell, ringing since based on the Squamish cognate with root schwa and Upriver Halkomelem th'étst ring s-o up, th'á(:)tsem may have á(:)-ablaut continuative and just have been mistranslated above without -ings), ( intransitivizer, have, get), comment: =em not middle voice since it can precede body-part suffixes; found in th'atsemá:lí:ya ringing in the ear, phonology: sound symbolist of initial th'-?, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (7/27/75, 11/10/76), EB (2/9/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /c*c3c*-i§n/ jingle, tinkle W73:153, K69:54, example: , //è*c[-Ae3-]c=cm tí·l=C1 cC2 //, /'Jingle Bells (name of song)'/, attested by Elders Group, DF, EB. , sas //è*c3c=e3ls//, SD /'ringing, phoning'/, (semological comment: -ing here is probably not continuative here and may reflect the structured activity part of the activity, both the root and suffix seem to be clearly non-continuative, also see the non-continuative th'étst just below), ( structured activity non-continuative), phonology: downstepping, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77). , SD /'to rattle (of dishes or anything else loose), jingle (of money or any metal shaken), peal or toll (of a bell), make the sound of a bell, to ring (of a bell, telephone, in the ears)'/, see th'éts or th'á(:)ts. , //è*e3·w=cm//, also /'clear (of water), fresh (of water)'/, attested by EB (5/25/76), example: , bound root //è*e3x. scald//. WATR /'to scald s-th/s-o, burn s-th/s-o [with hot liquid]'/, ABDF, FOOD, , WATR /'to scald s-th/s-o, burn s-th/s-o [with hot liquid]'/, see th'áx. , EB /'grass scalded and bleached white for basketry imbrication (designs), sometimes called white straw grass, probably blue-joint reed-grass'/, see th'áx. , //è*e3·ye//, attested by CT (6/8/76), example: , //c*e3·ye-s tc è*e3x=cy//, /'reed canary grass'/, attested by LJ via AD (6/18/79). . , pln //C1 í=c*e3·=iye//, KIN ['in-laws or relatives when the connecting link dies'], ( plural), (irregular), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by AC (11/16/71), also , //C1 í=è*e3·ye//, also /'all the relatives (in-laws) of one's deceased husband'/, attested by EB (6/9/76). , KIN ['to marry a sibling of one's deceased spouse'], see ts'á:ya. get frightened, compare (perhaps) , us //è*c3kw e//, EB /'mountain fern with a wide top (used by flower shops), probably spiny wood-fern'/, ['probably Dryopteris austriaca'], possibly living thing, syntactic analysis: noun?, nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/19/75), Salish cognate: Klallam and Lushootseed (Green River or Muckleshoot dial.) and Cowlitz , NUM ['seventy dollars'], see th'ó:kws. , dnom //s=è*c[=C1 c=Aí=]k*w //, ABDF /'a sore, open sore(s)'/, ( nominalizer), possibly resultative, ( durative), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (6/14/76), Elders Group (9/10/75), Salish cognate: probably Lushootseed (Skagit) /§cs-è*cq*w-íl/ open sore, filth and (non-Skagit) /è*íq*wil/ filth, infection, dirt, dirty derived from root /è*(i)q*w / as in /è*q*w íl/ become rotten, decay H76:111, 115, possibly Squamish /è*í§x/ . sore, sensitive, tender W73:243, K69:68, historical/comparative detail: historically ts' /c*/ and qw' /q*w/ would be expected in Halkomelem or /c*/ and /k*w/ in Lushootseed but neither is attested, except by some Chilliwack speakers in a derived word, ts'qw'í:wíyelhp swamp gooseberry, prickly swamp current--see below under th'kw'íwíyelhp; but also notice the variation in the Squamish form (if related) which may be due to the cognate of Halkomelem =x distributive; (if that is so, the root in Proto-Central Salish may have been *è*iy or *è*i§). , pln //s=C1 cC2 =è*c3k*w //, ABDF /'lots of sores, (possibly) rash'/, ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP (10/26/75), EB (6/14/76). , ds //xw =è*c3k*w =c[=M2=]m//, PLN ['medicine spring on the Fraser River beach about a half mile above (north) of the American Bar beach'], ASM ['the distance from American Bar is also given as a quarter mile and a mile or two, but we hiked to it along the beach and half a mile seems more correct, in 1977 there was reported to be a sandbar there, so beach conditions change, probably it was usually reached by canoe'], literally /'place for sore in the vagina'/, Elder's comment:
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
773
"so named because bathing in the creek cured sores", ( in the vagina), root sore (pain from an open sore), ( place for), ( derivational), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD and AK (Trip to Five-Mile Creek 4/30/79), IHTTC (7/8/77 prob. from MP via AD and SP), SP and AK (Fish Camp 8/2/77), AK and AD (Trip to American Bar 6/26/78 water too high to reach the spring), source: place names reference file #36. , ds //è*ck*w=íwcl//, ABDF /'(have) hemorrhoids, (have) open sores on genitals or rump'/, lx on the inside, in the anus, in the rump, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb?, nominal??, attested by Elders Group (9/10/75). , ds //è*ck*w=íwcl=c|p//, EB /'prickly swamp currant, swamp gooseberry'/, ['Ribes lacustre'], literally /'hemorrhoid plant'/, MED ['the bush is used in a tea as hemorrhoid medicine'], ASM ['the berries are tasty and can be dried, the thorns are poisonous like devil's club thorns'], lx plant, phonology: el!íy before =elhp automatically, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (9/10/75), also , //è*cq*w =í·wcl=c|p//, attested by Elders Group (date unrecorded), also , //c*cq*w =í·wcl=c|p//, dialects: some Chill., attested by Elders Group (same unrecorded date), also , //è*cq*w =i[=Aá·=]w(cl)=c[=Aú·=]|p//, phonology: ú:-ablaut and ó:-ablaut unusual together, dialects: some Tait, attested by Elders Group (same unrecorded date), also , //è*ck*w =i[=Aá·=]w9(cl)=c[=Aú·=]|p//, ( meaning uncertain), phonology: ú:-ablaut and ó:-ablaut unusual together, attested by CT (Elders Trip to Mt. Baker 9/3/75). , probable bound root //è*c3k*w //, meaning unknown , ds //s=è*c3k*w //, EZ /'worm, bug'/, ['probably class Arthropoda'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, Elders Group (6/11/75, 8/25/76), Deming, other sources: ES /sè*c3kw / worm, Salish cognate: Squamish /s-c*c3k*w / worm W73:293, K67:286, Lushootseed /s-c*c3k*w / worm (generic), bug H76:67, example: , dmn //C1 í=è*ck*w =aye//, EZ /'runt of litter, smallest pup or kitten or animal in litter'/, literally /'dear little tiny worm'/, lx diminutive, phonology: reduplication, vowelloss, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, dialects: Cheh., attested by IHTTC (8/23/77). , df //C1 c=è*ck*w =íwcl=cT=cm//, ABDF /'have worms, he got worms'/, possibly resultative, lx in the insides, possibly purposeful control transitivizer, possibly intransitivizer, have, get, phonology: reduplication, syllable-loss of el before =et, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL (with NP and Deming, Fish Camp 7/19/79), example: , ANA /'heel, (both heels)'/, see th'éts. , MED ['heart medicine (of any kind)'], see th'á:lá ~ th'ála ~ th'á:le ~ th'ále. , FOOD ['have a cool drink'], see th'álh. , ANA /'point of elbow, arm bone'/, see hth'b.txt. , df //s=pe[=Ac3=]è*=M2=cq//, EZ ['striped skunk'], ['Mephitis mephitis spissigrada'], ASM ['the skunk predicts "spring fever" because in December or so it lets out a different smell, baby striped skunks have a different name, they have white spots mixed with black (this may be the spotted skunk as well as baby striped skunk), they squeak'], MED ['skunk oil is medicine for earache (EF)'], ( nominalizer), probably root have animal stink, have body odor, possibly durative, possibly derivational, lx on the penis, male, phonology: ablaut, metathesis of consonants, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64, 12/5/64), AK (11/21/72), Elders Group (3/29/79), EF (Deming 9/21/78), ME (11/21/72), other sources: ES /sè*c3pcq/ striped skunk, JH /sèc3pcq/ skunk, Salish cognate: Shuswap /s-c*ípcq/ skunk K74:177, for the root connection also suggestive are Samish dial. of NSt /pcpcc*ín/ skunk and /pc*é=õ=sct/ get body odor G86a:66, and possibly Sechelt /p*álac*/ skunk T77:9, contrast spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis latifrons), baby striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis spissigrada), example: /§/) derivational or diminutive), ( diminutive), ( (fronting of postvelars to velars, i.e., ! , etc.) diminutive), phonology: ablaut, ablaut of consonants, metathesis of consonants, reduplication, fronting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK (11/21/72). or perhaps , root //è*c3p// or //è*ip// or perhaps //è*ip*// all meaning shut eyes ), cts //è*í[-C1c-]p=lcxw// or perhaps //è*í[-C1c]p*=lcxw//, ABFC /'closing one's eyes, shutting one's eyes'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, possible deglottalization, syntactic analysis: transitive verb??, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78), EB (1/8/76), * rejected, */'he managed to close my eyes'/ rejected by EB, * rejected, */'close the eyes'/ rejected by EB, example: (or perhaps ), ncs //è*c3p=lcxw =l-cxw or è*i[=Ac3=]p*=lcxw =lcxw //, ABFC ['snap one's eyes at s-o [in anger or disgust]'], EFAM, ( non-control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by MV and EF (Deming Evening Class 4/27/78); found in , df //è*c3p*=ay(=)cqw ~ è*c3p=cy(=)cqw //, EB /'hull of berry (inside left after the berry is picked), "stem" or base of berry left after the berry is picked'/, probably root (or perhaps ), ABFC ['snap one's eyes at s-o [in anger or disgust]'], see th'éplexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexw). (probably sic for either or ), DESC /'curdled'/, FOOD, root meaning uncertain, characteristic, inherent continuative, possible lexical suffix =éy, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjectival verb, (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD yogurt (lit. curdled + sour + milk), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) (or perhaps ), ABFC /'shutting one's eyes repeatedly, (blinking [EB])'/, see th'éplexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexw). (macron over i) great great grandparent or -child beside , df //s=è*cqw(=)e3·y//, EZ /'trout (any kind), trout (generic)'/, ['genera Salvelinus and Salmo'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown unless th'óqw suck or th'eqw as in th'eqwélhcha dirty pond, stagnant water, possibly bark, covering, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (9/10/71). , WATR ['soaked (right through)'], see th'q'ém ~ th'eq'ém. , meaning uncertain unless dirty, mottled, possibly covering, ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , bound root //è*c3s fall down hard//. , pcs //è*c3s-M1=T or è*c3s=c[-M2-]T//, ABFC /'throw s-o down hard (like a wrestler), tap s-th (a container's bottom) [hard] on something to make the contents settle (like berry basket)'/, PLAY, SOC, HARV, MC, ( non-continuative), possibly non-continuative, comment: though shown sometimes as a suffix by placement after the root, metathesis is always an infix since it rearranges sounds within the root, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, possible epenthesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC, Elders Group (2/6/80). , ABDF ['slip and fall hard (either a person or something he's carrying)'], see th'és. metal nail, compare animal horn, possibly on the side of the head, on the cheek, (semological comment: perhaps because arrows in a pouch on the back would brush the cheek or side of the head when carried), comment: =álá container of is not likely since it does not have an variant (allomorph) =éla, lx something to, device to, phonology: vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/19/75). , df //è*c3t=mcl//, ANAF ['belly fin'], root meaning unknown unless , ds //è*cc=clc[= 3=]c=xycl or è*cc=c3lc[=M2=]c=xycl//, ANA /'both heels, two heels, (heel)'/, literally /'hardened on the bottom of the foot'/, (semological comment: there is nothing to show plural in this form so it may just mean heel, the translations may have been switched with the next term which has an =el= plural infix), lx on the bottom, ( derivational), lx on the foot, (after another body part suffix) of the foot, phonology: stressshift or metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/27/75, 10/8/75), other sources: ES /sè*cclc3cxycl/ (Ms /sè*ccnc3cxycn/, Cw /sè*ccnc3cšcn/) heel. , df //s=è*c[=Aí·=]c=cm//, EB, FOOD /'nut of hazelnut bush, acorn, any nut, walnut, peanut, etc.'/, literally /'something to get hardened'/, (semological comment: the only edible nut in the Stó:lô area was hazelnut but there were (are?) a few rare stands of garry oak in the area too (on Sumas Mt. and 1.5 mi. north of Yale--at Xelhálh or Q'alelíktel), the only stands in B.C. except on the Gulf Islands and Vancouver Island (see p'xwélhp garry oak), since sth'í:tsem was extended to any nut, it must have aboriginally applied to garry oak acorns as well, the literal meaning of sth'í:tsem probably refers to the fact that the shell has to harden before the nut is edible), ( nominalizer), root , ds //s=è*c[=Aí·=]c=cm=c|p//, EB ['hazelnut tree or bush'], ['Corylus cornuta'], ASM ['the nut is edible by the end of August or early Sept., the wood was sometimes used for crosspieces for wind-drying fish (t'á:ts')--example by AD's parents'], lx tree, plant, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD (6/19/79). stiff, hardened, lx on the side of the head,
780
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English (semological comment: referring to the peculiar stiff feathers on the side of its head), syntactic analysis: nominal, other sources: ES /è*ccc3lc3/ and JH /è*ccc4lé·/ and H-T (umlaut on a) kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon), Salish cognate: Squamish /c*ècl/ belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) Kennedy and Bouchard 1976:86, W73:154, K67:277, also , EZ /'kingfisher, belted kingfisher'/, see th'éts. , free root //è*c3w//, DESC /'be worn out (of clothes for ex.), be old (of clothes), smashed up when dropped, dissolved'/, possibly resultative, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC (10/23/71), CT (6/8/76), example: , df //è*cw=e3lí=í·l//, PLN /'a spring water stream with source at present-day Sardis Park, Soowahlihl'/, comment: Wells reports it means large stream that disappeared", literally perhaps /'go/come to the dissolved people/Soowahlie village'/, possibly go, come, get, become, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells (lst ed.):13, . , df //s=è*c3w(=)cs=cm//, WATR ['fine little marble-sized pieces of ice'], ASM ['found on the river in high water at winter, they form around little burls'], ( nominalizer), root probably , EFAM /'to pity s-o, feel sorry for s-o'/, see th'íxw ~ th'éxw. , possibly /'(ask for a favor or pity for s-o)'/, see th'íxw ~ th'éxw. , EZ /'osprey, fishhawk'/, see th'íxw ~ th'éxw. , cpds //è*cx=mc[=Aí=]l-s . literally /'burnt/gone out completely portion of the cigarette/smoke (or) the cigarette/smoke its burnt/gone out completely portion'/, ( third person possessive, its, (his/her/their), of), attested by Deming. scald s-o/s-th?. , chrs //è*c3x=C . 1 cC2 //, EB ['stinging nettle'], ['Urtica dioica'], literally /'sting/poison =characteristically'/, ASM ['young shoots are snipped in April, boiled usually with one water change and often cooked with bacon now as "Indian spinach" (tastes much much better than spinach cooked this way), the first water is thrown out and the shoots reboiled to get rid of any of the stinging portions, thread, rope and diapers were made from the boiled and dried stem fiber'], ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, others, other sources: ES /è*c3xè*cx/ . . stinging nettle. EZ /'Pacific rattlesnake, (a poison [LG: Chill.])'/, ['Crotalus viridus , //c*c3x=tcl//, also /'a . poison'/, dialects: Chill., attested by LG (Deming 6/21/79). EB /'"poplar", probably includes black cottonwood and , df //è*cx=clís//, . smiling'], root meaning unknown unless metaphorical poison, lx on the teeth, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (8/31/77, 9/13/77), example: , FIRE /'(portion not burnt up, burnt or gone out completely portion)'/, see th'éx. , //è*cx. w =áT t-e lc3wcx//, . /'wash your w w ribs'/, attested by AC, , //è*cx. w =áT q*c §c3wc-c-xw c*e3yxw =T-cxw //, /'Wash it but don't dry it.'/, attested by AC. , mdls //è*cx. =c3lcs=cm//, PE ['brush one's teeth'], ABFC, literally /'wash on one's teeth'/, lx on the tooth/teeth, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77), example: , w //è*cx. =c3lcs=cm-c-ep tc=la=qe3·ys//, /'Brush your teeth now (you pl.).'/, attested by checked with AD (8/80), also PE ['mouthwash'] /'Where is the mouthwash?'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332)( sic for ). w , cts //è*c[- 3-]x. w =clwct=cm or è*c3x. w =clwct=cm//, PE ['washing one's clothes'], CLO, ( continuative), phonology: possible stressshift to root, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/24/70), EB (12/12/75). , ds //è*cx. w =cwí·ls//, HHG ['wash the dishes'], < lx dishes, phonology: optional vowel-loss (in root and suffix), more vowel-loss before long syllables than short ones is a rule frequently applied, optional consonant merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD (8/80), EB (12/12/75), MH (Deming 1/4/79); found in w w , //è*cx. =(c)wí·ls-|e//, /'Wash the dishes.'/, attested by EB, example: , cts //è*c[-Aá-]x. w =(c)wí·ls or è*c[- 3-]x. w=(c)wí·ls//, HHG ['washing dishes'], ( continuative), phonology: ablaut or stress-shift to root, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/12/75). w w , //sx =è*c[=Aa=]x. =cwíls//, attested by BHTTC (9/1/76), AD (8/80), also w w , //sxw =è*c[=Aá=]x. w =(c)wíls//, also /'dish-pan'/, phonology: vowel-loss, consonant merger, downstepping, attested by EB (2/6/76), example: , mdls //è*cx. =íq =cm//, PE /'wash one's hair, wash one's head'/, ABFC, lx
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
on the hair, on top of the head, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/19/77), AD (8/80), EB (3/29/76), example: , mdls //è*cx. =íws=cm//, PE ['wash one's body'], ABFC, lx on the body, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD (8/80), example: , cts //è*c[- 3-]x. w =cs=cm or è*c[- 3-]x. w=as=cm//, PE /'washing one's face, washing his/her face'/, ABFC, (semological comment: middle voice forms can be used as a third person form without further inflection, thus AC's translation here "washing his face" could even be "He's washing his face.", the subject could also be "she", "it" or "they"), ( continuative), lx on the face, ( middle voice), phonology: stress-shift, suffix allomorph or vowel-reduction, updrifting, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/24/70), example: , mdls //è*cx. =ayècl=íl=cm//, incs, PE ['(go) wash one's mouth out'], literally /'wash on the lips/jaw go/come/get middle voice (one's own)'/, lx on the lips/jaw, ( go, come, get, become, inceptive), ( middle voice), phonology: syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD (8/80), example: , w //è*cx. =cqcl=íl=cm-c-ep//, /'Wash your mouths out (you pl.).'/, attested by checked with AD (8/80). w y , PE ['wash one's body'], see th'éxw or th'óxw. wash, cleanse, (semological comment: perhaps since the tea washes one out as a purgative), possibly go, come, get, become, possibly bark, possibly derivational?, lx tree, plant, phonology: el!íy before =elhp (a regular rule) or stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD (6/19/79), SJ (Deming 9/21/78), JL (Fish Camp 7/19/79), EL (9/27/77 Chehalis trip), LG (Deming 9/21/78), also /'"red willow"'/, Elder's comment: "the same plant", attested by SJ, EL. , PE ['wash one's face'], see th'éxw or th'óxw. , possibly root //è*íkw to prickle//. , free root //è*íkw c//, DIR ['left (of a side)'], ANA, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC (8/25/70), other sources: ES /è*íkwa/ left (side). , stvi //s=è*íkw c=ccs//, ANA ['(be) left-handed'], ( stative), lx on the hand, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC (10/13/71). , //sxw=è*íkwe//, also /'left arm'/, comment: (perhaps questionable since there is no affix for arm here), attested by DM (12/4/64), , //li tc s=è*íkwc-s//, /'on his left'/, attested by AC, , //le3=m-
786
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English c-xw t-e§ s=è*íkw c//, /'You go (to your) left.'/, attested by EB, , dnom //s=è*íkw c=cc[=Aí=]s//, ANA ['left arm'], lx of the hand, possibly derivational, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (9/1/76). w ANAA ['[left] front leg quarter of deer or other to prickle possibly referring to taste, possibly round, phonology: possible reduplication, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by SP and AD (6/27/75), other sources: ES /sè*c3kw ckw / blue elderberry, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /c*íkwikw/ blue elderberry H76:72, Thompson /c*íkwukw/ blue elderberry Turner and Bouchard 1973ms:30, Okanagan /c*kw íkw / blue elderberry from root /c*ákw t/ a type of sour taste Turner, Bouchard and Kennedy 1980:94, also , ds //è*íkw ckw =c|p//, ['blue elderberry bush, blue elderberry tree'], ASM ['often as large as a tree'], lx tree, plant, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/72), Salish cognate: Okanagan /c*kw ckw í|p/ blue elderberry tree/bush Turner, Bouchard and Kennedy 1980:94. , ANA ['left-handed'], see th'íkwe. , df //è*c[=C1 c=Aí=]k*w =èct or C1 c=è*c[=Aí=]k*w =èct or C1 c=è*ík*w =èct//, EFAM ['get frightened'], possibly resultative, possibly durative or resultative, ( get, become), comment: perhaps related to th'ékw to prickle??, phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/16/77), compare really worried, Salish cognate: Squamish root /cik*w ~ cck*w / be frightened, startled as in /cík*w -i§n/ be frightened, startled and /ccck*w -ít/ frighten (tr.) W73:108, K67:275, 273, historical/comparative detail: irregular correspondence of Sq /c/ to UHk /è*/, perhaps explained by Halkomelem confusion with similar root th'ékw ~ th'ikw to prickle, or glottalization by assimilation, otherwise one would expect UHk /è/ or Sq /c*/, also note the probably related or confused th'áth'iyekw with a plain kw, more cognates are needed to tell the tale. , //C1 í=è*ík*w =l-áxy//, /'frightened me (and made me jump)'/, attested by IHTTC. , ABFC ['to wink'], see th'iykw'.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
787
, ABFC ['to wink'], see th'iykw'. , bound root //è*ím ~ è*í·m lick//. , pcs //è*ím=cT ~ c*í·m=cT//, ABFC ['lick s-th (with tongue)'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: the ts' may be Thompson influence on the speaker, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (2/27/76, 12/17/75, 3/22/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /c*im§-ín§/ lick (tr.) W73:161, K67:279, K69:54, historical/comparative detail: from the cognate Squamish form Halkomelem should have th'í:met not ts'í:met. , cts //è*í[-C1 c-]m=cT//, ABFC ['licking it'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (2/27/76). lick or berry?, possibly derivational?, ( derivational), lx paddle or perhaps basket (as in , //ycm=e3wc3s=tcl//, /'wide cedar root strips for baskets'/ (compare with wide strip)., lx device, something for), phonology: stress-shift, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, Elder's comment: "unsure of form", attested by IHTTC (9/19/77). , df //c*i[=C1 c=]m=e3·wc|//, EB /'cottonwood sap, cottonwood cambium'/, ['sap or cambium of Populus balsamifera trichocarpa'], ASM ['licked in the spring as a treat, cambium is a sap-like substance from the inside of peeled bark, it was licked or scraped and eaten fresh'], literally probably /'licking on the dish/vessel/canoe'/, possibly root lick, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/11/70, 10/15/71), BJ (5/10/64 new p.120), DM (12/4/64 new p.191), Elders Group (3/1/72), other sources: ES /sè*ì·m/ berry, also /'fruit'/, attested by AC (11/19/71), AD (8/80), also , //s=è*ím sí·(=)tcl//, /'berry basket'/, Elder's comment: "unsure, perhaps , //lí §e s=ë%*í k*w c s=è*ím//, /'Do you want some fruit?'/, attested by AD (8/80). , ds //s=è*ím=iye//, dmn, EZ /'small (fully grown) coho salmon, [kokanee]'/, ['small fully grown Oncorhynchus kisutch'], literally /'dear little berry'/, ASM ['so named because of the belief that land-locked salmon are in mountain lakes because they develop from a berry that drops into the lake'], lx affectionate diminutive, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 9/3/76), also , //xe . 4 ·m tc è*ím=iye//, /'The baby coho is crying.'/, Elder's comment: "that's what they say when it rains; the coho is crying because he wants the river higher so he can go upriver to spawn", attested by AG. , possibly root //è*íq//, ABDF ['(get/have) white spots on the skin'], ASM ['this happens if one eats sxwô3 sem (soapberries) when a widow'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (late Oct. 1976). woodpecker (Picus)(small), Salish cognate: Squamish /c*íqt/ common flicker (Colaptes auratus) Kennedy and Bouchard 1976:86, this ethnozoology is thought to correct /c*íqt/ black-chested woodpecker, hairy or downy woodpecker W73:292, K67:281, K69:56, probably related is Shuswap /c*cq§-ím/ to peck K74:180, also , //è*íq*//, also /'pileated woodpecker'/, (semological comment: identified from photo and description, but pileated woodpecker is a large woodpecker), contrast pileated woodpecker, contrast pileated woodpecker, attested by AK (Elders Group 9/8/76), also , //è*í·q ~ c*í·q//, also /'small red-headed woodpecker [probably red-breasted sapsucker, possibly hairy woodpecker or downy woodpecker]'/, contrast small red-headed woodpecker, etc., contrast , possibly bound root //è*í·q//, meaning unknown , //s=è*íq=cl//, attested by Elders Group (3/9/77), example: , //c-cl me3kw|. c-cl wc=|c3l(=)cq* le tc s=è*í·q=cl//, /'I got hurt. I fell splat in the mud.'/, attested by EB. , rsls //è*í[=C1 c=]q=cl//, LAND ['muddy'], FSH ['gone soft and spoiled (of dried fish)'], semantic environment ['of fish'], ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/9/77), BHTTC (late Oct. 1976). , dnom //s=è*í[=C1 c=]q=cl//, LAND ['mud'], ( nominalizer), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (11/3/76), example: , //lí tc s=è*í[=C1 c=]q=cl//, /'in the mud'/. , df //è*[=cl=]í[=C1c=]q=cs//, PLN ['rock figure near the rocks shaped like a family underwater'], literally /'many mud faces'/, root probably , rcps //è*i[=C1 c=]q*w=ás=T-cl//, cts, pcs, PLAY ['boxing (the game)'], literally /'punching each other in the face'/, ( continuative), lx on the face, ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reciprocal), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (9/14/77), also , bound root, //è*ís// ís perhaps to tack, to nail, Salish cognate: Squamish root /c*is/ be nailed up as in /c*ís-in§/ nail up (tr.) and /c*ís-tn/ horn, antler, nail W73:182, 144, K67:280, K69:55, Lushootseed root /c*is(i)/ nailing as in /c*ísi-d ~ c*c3s-cd/ nail it and /c*c3s-tcd/ a nail H76:73. , dnom //è*ís=tcl//, ANAH ['horn of an animal'], literally perhaps /'something to tack/nail'/, lx something to, device, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/15/77), Elders Group (7/9/75), BJ (12/5/64), Salish cognate: Squamish /c*ís-tn/ horn, antler, nail W73:144, K67:280, also , dnom //c*ís=tcl//, PLN ['Saddle Rock above Yale'], literally /'antler'/, ASM ['(in the story of Beaver and Frog) the frog and her four daughters started out (in high water) from Spuzzum; one landed at Ts'ístel (Saddle Rock), one at Ts'ókw'á:m (Five-Mile Creek), one at Q'alelíktel (rock on east side one mile above Yale), one at Peqwchô3 :lthel (American Bar), and the mother landed at Wexésem (Bill Bristol Island, lit. "frog place")', this may be the conclusion of the same story told in Nooksack where Miss Frog rejects the sincere proposal of marriage from Mr. Beaver and insults his body; Beaver or his sons sing a rain song and make the water rise to a flood; Frog is later seen floating down the river calling “Help I’ll marry you”, and Beaver says to his sons “Just push her out further in the river”], phonology: perhaps , df //xw =è*ís=tcl//, PLN ['a place across the Fraser River from the rock named Q'alelíktel'], ASM ['above Yale'], literally /'always horn (or) horn in the vagina'/, possibly always or possibly in the vagina, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by TG (IHTTC 8/5/77, 8/8/77), IHTTC (8/23/77), source: place names reference file #188a, 216.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
791
, durs //è*i[=Ac3=]s=tcl//, dnom, BLDG ['a metal nail'], CSTR, TOOL, literally /'durative horn'/, ( durative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/15/77), Elders Group (7/9/75, 7/27/75). poplar and , BLDG ['nail it'], see th'ís. ), ABFC /'closing one's eyes, shutting one's eyes'/, see th'éplexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexw). , LAND ['muddy'], see sth'í:qel. , FOOD relish (lit. chopped + cucumber), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00), see th'íyeqw'~ th'íqw'. , EFAM ['being annoyed'], see th'íwél. , SOC /'begging for a favor, asking for help'/, see th'íxw ~ th'éxw. , ABFC ['winking at each other'], see th'iykw'. , ABFC ['winking'], see th'iykw'. , EB ['big-leaved avens'], see th'íkw. , EZ ['smallest of a litter or family'], see sth'ékw'. , ABFC ['someone is being pinched'], see th'lhákw'.
792
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, df //è*íw=cl or è*íy=cwcl//, EFAM ['annoyed'], see under stem , iecs //è*íw(=)cl=mcT//, EFAM /'to be fed up [with s-o/s-th], (annoyed with s-o/s-th)'/, see under stem , caus //è*íw(=)cl=sT-cxw //, EFAM /'annoyed s-o, bothered s-o, pestered s-o'/, see under stem , EFAM /'to be fed up [with s-o/s-th], (annoyed with s-o/s-th)'/, see th'íwél. , //lc=w| mc q*wc3l tc s=è*íwc3q*//, /'The red elderberries are ripe.'/, literally /'past =already start to/come to be ripe the red elderberry'/, attested by AC, , //è*i[=Ac3=]x. w =mcT//, attested by NP (9/19/75), also , //c*i[=Ac3=]x. w =mcT//, also /'help s-o'/, attested by Elders Group (6/4/75); found in , //c*cx. =mcT-ámc-c-cl//, /'I help you.'/, phonology: automatic stress-shift, attested by Elders Group (6/4/75), example: , //è*ixw =sT-c3lc3mc3t or è*i[=Ac=]xw =sT-c3lc3mc3t//, EFAM /'ask a favor, ask pity, beseech'/, SOC, ASM ['some people would go out in the woods and do this before white religion was introduced, it was the closest pre-contact thing to prayer'], ( causative control transitivizer), ( reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/1/78), NP (9/19/75), TM/DF/TG (Elders Group 3/22/78), example: , //le3=m-c-cl è*cxw =sT-c3lc3mc3t//,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
793
/'I'm going to ask a favor.'/, attested by Elders Group (2/1/78). , cts //è*í[-C1 c-]xw =sT-c3lc3mc3t//, SOC /'begging for a favor, asking for help'/, EFAM, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/1/78), Salish cognate: closely related is Squamish /c*í-c*ixw-num§-ut/ pitiful, to be pitied W73:199, K69:55, also , //c*i[-C1 c-]xw =sT-c3lc3mc3t//, attested by Deming (11/11/76). , strs //s=c*í[=C1 c=]xw //, EFAM ['(be) considerate'], ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, either the ts’ > th’ sound change missed this or it was borrowed as a doublet from a neighbor which did not undergo the sound change to th’ (Nooksack, Squamish for ex.), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Deming (11/11/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /c*í-c*ixw/ helpful K69:55. , rcps //s=c*í[=C1 c=]xw-tcl//, EFAM ['(be) considerate of each other'], ( reciprocal), phonology: reduplication, also see comments on stem of this word, above, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (11/11/76). , cts //è*i[-C1 c-]yk*w =ás=cm//, ABFC ['winking'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, vowel-raising (cyC!iC), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested
794
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
by Elders Group (8/25/76), also , rcps //è*i(y)kw =ás=T-cl//, ABFC /'wink at each other, ((maybe) squint [EB])'/, literally /'twitch on the face at each other on purpose'/, lx on the face, ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reciprocal), phonology: deglottalized form may be variant or error, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/14/70), also /'(maybe) squint'/, attested by EB (12/12/75). , cts //è*i[-C1 c-]ykw=ás=T-cl//, rcps, ABFC ['winking at each other'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/14/70). ~ , //è*íycq*w ~ è*íq*w // to chop. , FOOD relish (lit. chopped + cucumber), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00), see th'íyeqw'~ th'íqw'. , pcs //è*íycq*w =T//, HARV ['split it (firewood)'], FIRE, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , sas //è*iycq*w =e3·ls//, HARV ['split firewood'], FIRE, ( structured activity non-continuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , cts //è*i[-Aá-]ycq*w=cls//, HARV ['splitting firewood'], FIRE, ( continuative), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC. , ds //è*iyq*w =c3lccp//, HARV /'chop wood (with an axe), split wood'/, lx firewood, phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/6/70), EB (12/11/75), example: , //le-| è*iyq*w=c3lccp//, /'Go and split wood.'/, syntactic analysis: imperative with go, attested by AC. , HARV ['split firewood'], see th'íyeqw'. , HARV ['split it (firewood)'], see th'íyeqw'. , caus //c’íyxw =cs=sT=cm//, /’íyxw cstcm/, [’éyxw cstcm], pass., REL /'his/her face/their faces are made dry'/, see ts'íyxw ~ ts'éyxw ~ ch'íyxw. , ABDF /'(have) hemorrhoids, (have) open sores on genitals or rump'/, see th'ekw' or th'íkw'. , EB /'prickly swamp currant, swamp gooseberry'/, see th'ekw' or th'íkw'. , free root //è*|e3k*w //, ABFC ['to pinch'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (2/5/76). , pcs //è*|e3k*w =T//, ABFC /'pinch s-th, pinch s-o (and pull the skin)'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76), IHTTC (9/2/77), EB (2/5/76); found in , //è*|e3k*w =T-|e//, /'Pinch him., Pinch her.'/, phonology: epenthesis, attested by EB, , //è*|e3k*w =T-cm//, /'Someone got pinched.'/, phonology: epenthesis, attested by EB. , free root //è*á·kws//, NUM /'seven, to be seven'/, syntactic analysis: num, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64), NP (12/6/73), CT (9/5/73), EB (2/13/78), others, other sources: ES /è*á·kw s/ seven; found in , //c*k*wc3xy qe-s tc è*á·kws//, /'twenty-seven'/, attested by CT (9/5/73), , ds //è*akw s=e3lc//, numc, nums, NUM ['seven people'], HUMC, CAN /'seven paddlers, seven "pullers"'/, lx persons, people, phonology: vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, num, attested by Elders Group (3/19/75, 7/27/75), example: , ds //è*akw s=[-e3l-]cqcl//, numc, nums, NUM ['seven containers'], HHG, ( plural), lx container, phonology: vowel-reduction, infixed plural in affix, affix pluralizer, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, num, syntactic comment: shows -ál- plural infix required in the lexical suffix when the number reaches seven, since from numbers one to six only =eqel container is used, there are also other cases where the -el- added to lexical suffixes (for ex. with body part suffixes) seems to pluralize the affix as well, attested by AD (4/12/78). , //è*akw s=cl=sxye3//, attested by DM (12/4/64 old p.262 of new transcript), example: , ds //è*akws=cl=sxye3=e3(·)lc//, numc, nums, NUM ['seventy people'], HUMC, (semological comment: probably somewhat artifical as qéx many would be used more often instead of manually counting this high), lx persons, people, phonology: vowel merger, voicing of l from lh (allomorph), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, num,
796
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
attested by Elders Group (3/19/75). , ds //è*akw s=íws//, numc, nums, NUM ['seven birds'], EZ, HUNT, lx bird, phonology: vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, num, nominal?, attested by Elders Group (3/29/77). , ds //è*akw s=ówc|//, numc, nums, NUM /'seven canoes, seven boats'/, CAN, lx canoe, boat, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, num, nominal?, attested by AD (4/12/78). , //wc-tc3s-cs tc s=è*á·kw s=s//, /'at seven o'clock, when it gets (to) seven o'clock'/, attested by AC (10/6/71). , NUM /'(seven long objects), seven ropes, seven threads, seven sticks, seven poles'/, see th'ó:kws. , NUM /'seven canoes, seven boats'/, see th'ó:kws. , SOC ['you'll get punched all over'], see th'í:qw'et. , df //s=è*alá|//, EZ ['spring salmon which goes to Chehalis Lake in May then returns to salt water'], ['Oncorhynchus tshawytscha'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75). , ds //s=è*á·m//, ANA ['bone'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, DM (12/4/64), Elders Group (3/15/72), NP, other sources: ES and JH /sè*á·m/ bone, example: , //wc-sè*á·m §cl or cw s=è*á·m §cl//, /'He's all w boney., He's all bones.'/, attested by AC (9/30/71), , //xe . 3 ·p*q =tcm t-cl s=è*á·m//, /'My bones are aching.'/, attested by NP. , pln //s=C1 cC2 =è*á·m//, ANA ['bones'], ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (6/76). , dmpn //s=C1c=è*[=cl=]á·m//, ANA ['small bones'], ( diminutive), ( plural), phonology: infixed plural, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), also , //s=C1 í[=Ac3=]=è*[=cl=]m//, attested by AD (4/27/79), example: , //tc §cw-qcle3t s=C1í[=Ac3=]=è*[=cl=]m//, /'more small bones'/, attested by AD, , //§ówc-c-cxw le3=m-cxw -ce xw e s=yálcxw =c §e§e3-ce-w|xe . 3 p*k* =tcm t-e§ s=C1 í[=Ac3=]=è*[=cl=]m//, /'You're not going to get/become old until/unless your bones are aching.'/, usage: a saying/proverb, attested by AD. , ds //s=è*am=í·wcl or s=è*a[=Ac=]m=í·wcl//, EB /'heart of a root, seed, nut (kernel), core of plant or seedling, core (of tree, branch, any growing thing), pith (of bush), seed or pit [U.S.] or pip [Cdn.] of a fruit'/, LAND /'core of a rock, center of a rock, core of anything, heart of anything inanimate'/, possibly derivational, lx in the insides, phonology: probable vowel-reduction, possible ablaut, optional updrifting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/29/70. 11/19/71), Elders Group (5/28/75), JL (3/31/78), example: , stvi //s=è*a[=Ac3=]m=lcc//, BPI /'(have a) skinny butt, (be skinny on the rump or bottom)'/, ANA, ( stative), possibly durative, lx on the rump, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC (11/11/71). bone, lx on the rump, phonology: ts' may be misrecorded for th' or if ts' is correct the root is not th'óm, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: ES /sc*c3mlcc/ hip. , dnom //s=è*a[=Ac3=]m=xycl//, ANA ['shin'], literally /'bone in the leg'/, possibly derivational or durative, lx in the leg, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis:
798
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/27/75). , ds //è*am=cwíc ~ è*á·m=cwíc//, ANA /'(someone's) spine, (someone's) backbone'/, literally /'bone on the back'/, (semological comment: inalienable, used without nominalizer only as someone's body part, never as just the word or without being possessed, for that see shxwth'omewíts), lx on the back, phonology: b (with half-closed velum) for m, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64 new transcript old p.260), example: , //t-e è*á(·)m=cwíc//, /'your spine, your backbone'/, attested by DM. , ds //è*ám=ccs=tcl//, PLAY ['slahal bone(s)'], ASM ['thumb-sized bone or bones from a set of four (two marked ones are called "the man", two unmarked ones are called "the lady"), the set is hidden in two players hands and the other team guesses which hands hold the marked bone in the gambling game called slehal, slahal, or the bone game'], literally /'bone on the hand device'/, lx on the hand, lx device, something to/that, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by JL (Fish Camp 7/17/78), Deming (7/27/78), see also slahal game, the bone game. , dnom //è*am=xw =cle3xcl ANA /'an elbow, elbow (the . or è*a[=Ac=]m=x =cle3xcl//, . name of it)'/, possibly derivational or durative, lx round or (better) lump-like, lx on the arm, phonology: possible ablaut, grammatical comment: with no s= prefix (inalienable nominalizer with body parts) this word is only used to name the part, the s= is required when someone's body part is being discussed, sqep'ó:lthetel knee, shxw'ílàmàlà shoulder (and others) work this way also, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by IHTTC (9/19/77), also w possibly covering??, attested by DM (12/4/64 new , dnom //s=è*am=xw=cle3xcl ANA ['(someone's) . or s=è*a[=Ac=]m=x =cle3xcl//, . elbow'], ( inalienable nominalizer), possibly derivational or durative, lx on the arm, phonology: possible ablaut, grammatical comment: see under th'emxweláxel, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (9/19/77), Elders Group (8/20/75, 10/8/75), example: , df //è*ám=c[= 3=]ls//, sas, TOOL /'whetstone, a file, sandstone'/, root meaning unknown, ( structured activity continuative/nominalizer), possibly derivational, phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (3/2/76), Elders Group (3/15/72, 4/2/80), also , ds //|=è*ám=c[= 3=]ls//, sas, TOOL ['to file (abrasively)'], ( use (a portion of)), phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (3/22/76). , ds //è*á[=C1 c=]m=cls//, PLN /'village on a small flat a little above Vedder Crossing,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
799
on the north side of Chilliwack River'/, probably continuative or resultative, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Duff 1952, Wells 1965 (lst ed.):19 where he says it means steep, source: place names reference file #223. , pln //C1 cC2 =è*ám=cls//, PLN /'Granite Mountain, the second mountain back of Xóletsa, northwest of Kwelkwelqéylem'/, ASM ['Xóletsa is the mountain above Yale Creek and Yale Reserve'], literally /'many files'/, ASM ['so named because it wears out the shoes'], ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and AK (Fish Camp 8/2/77), source: place names reference file #158. , PLAY ['slahal bone(s)'], see sth'ó:m. , pcs //è*áqw =cT//, ABFC ['suck s-th'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (3/22/76), AK (Elders Group 1/30/80), AC, other sources: ES /è*á·qwct/ suck, Salish cognate: Squamish /c*úqw-un§/ suck (act.-itr.) W73:257, K69:55, also , //è*á[-C1 c-]qw =cT-cs tc q*e3[=C1 c=]t*(=)cm//, /'He's sucking something sweet.'/, attested by AC (10/15/71). , //c*á·q=M1=clcqw //, attested by BHTTC (10/21/76), compare root skinned, Salish cognate: Squamish root /c*aq/ bald K67:279 as in /n-c*áq-i§cqw / bald W73:14, K67:307, also /'skinned on the head'/, attested by EB (1/10/78). , //l s=qw e3l=cwcl k*w -cl-s q*w c3l=cm tc s=è*á·qw i tc=lá=we4yc4l//, /'I think I'll barbecue the salmon today.'/, attested by AC (10/15/71), , //hí[=·=]kw tc s=è*á·qw i//, /'The fish is big.'/, ( augmentative), attested by AC (8/23/73), , //qc3x. tc s=è*áqwi//, /'There's lots of fish.'/, attested by AC, Deming (5/20/76), , //s=C1 c=è*[=cl=]á·m-s tc s=è*áqw i//, /'small fish bones'/, literally /'many small bones -of the fish'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), , //s=te3m k*w -cs s=è*áqw i §i kw c3l=l-cxw //, /'What kind of fish do you have?'/, attested by EB (12/15/75), , //q*w c3lc3m tc s=è*áqw i//, /'The salmon is barbecued., barbecue the salmon'/, attested by EB (5.4.76), also /'bake the fish, barbecue fish'/, attested by MH (Deming 1/4/78). , ds //c=è*áqw i//, FSH ['to fish'], ( have, get, verbalizer), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), also , //le3-c-ct c=è*áqw i//, /'We're going fishing.'/, literally /'we're going to fish'/, attested by EB. , dnom //s=è*á[=C1 c=]qwi//, FSH /'a fisherman, a man that goes out fishing'/, literally /'something/someone that is fishing'/, ( nominalizer, someone that), ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72, 2/11/76, 2/18/76), example: , //s=è*á[=C1 c=]qwi tc s=wíq=c//, /'The man is a fisherman.'/, attested by Elders Group (2/18/76). , cts //è*á[-C1 c-]q*w =cm//, EB ['rotting'], ABDF, FOOD, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (1/22/76), Deminmg (3/23/78). , ds //è*á[=C1 c=]q*w =cm=e3lc3qcp//, TAST ['(have) a rotten taste'], SM ['(have) a rotten smell'], ( resultative), lx (in) taste, (in) smell, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (5/25/77). , incs //è*á·q*w =M1=èct//, FOOD ['rotted'], EB, ABDF, possibly durative, ( get, become), phonology: metathesis, phonology: proves that EB has a long vowel in the root, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (3/22/76). , EB ['rotten'], see th'óqw'em ~ th'ó:qw'em. , HHG ['washing dishes'], see th'éxw or th'óxw. , HARV ['splitting firewood'], see th'íyeqw'. get frightened, compare (perhaps) squeaking (of lots of mice). beat s-th/s-o to a pulp, smash it to pieces, possibly distributive, syntactic analysis: nominal, noun?, attested by JL (8/8/79), Elders Group (6/11/75), others N /'Cannibal Ogress, Wild Cannibal Woman'/, literally /'dear little , N /'Cannibal Ogress, Wild Cannibal Woman'/, see th'ô3 wex ~ th'ô3 wéx. , PLN ['lake in back of Paul Webster's old place on Hicks Rd. near Jones Creek'], see th'qwélhcha. suck s-th. , us //è*te3mc//, CAN ['raft'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/11/76). , possible bound root //è*x//, . meaning uncertain \, df //è*x=ílcs or è*ex=ílcs or è*xe=ílcs//, ANAA /'inside brisket of meat . . . (deer, etc.)'/, root meaning unknown unless th'éx disappear, lx on the chest, phonology: possible vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/76). wash, compare (perhaps) clean (of a
804
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
house), Salish cognate: Sechelt /c*c3x. w -t/ to clean T77:26. , ANAA /'inside brisket of meat (deer, etc.)'/, see th'x. , //mey=T-áxy-cs ë%* Bill//, /'Bill (absent, even if in next room) helped me.'/, attested by EB, , //me3y=Tà·më%* me3lí//, /'Mary (absent) helped you.'/, attested by EB, , ia //ë%*e- ~ ë%*c- ~ë%*-//, TIB ['independent object of preposition'], PRON, syntactic analysis: ip, syntactic comment: prefixed to independent pronouns, attested by AC, EB, AD, NP, others, example: , //s=C1 c=tc[=Aí=]s (ë%*lc3wc, ë%*c-|límc|,ë%*e-C1 e3=§elèe,ë%*e-|w(=)c3lcp)//, /'She's close to (you, us, me, you folks).'/, attested by AC (8/25/70), , //ë%*e-|=lc3wc=p//, /'you folks (obj. of prep.)'/, dialects: Cheh., attested by EB, example: , //kwú=Tcs t(c)lí (ë%*-C1e3=§elèe,ë%*-lc3wc,ë%*e-|límc|, tc3w=ë%*á)//, /'He took it from (me, you, us, him).'/, attested by EB, , //§áxwcs=T-c-cxw xwc=le3(=m)ë%*-C1 e3=§elèe//, /'Give it to him from me.'/, attested by EB, , //§áxw cs=T-c-cxw èc3w=ë%*á xw c=le3(=m)ë%*(c)-lc3wc//, /'Give it to her from you.'/, attested by EB, , //mc-| yc-s=q*áë%*-C1 e3=§elèe//, /'Come along with me.'/, attested by EB, , //§í=sT-cxw -x-cxw §áë%*-C1 e3=§elèe//, /'Leave it here with me.'/, attested by EB. , probable root //ë%*e3k*w //, perhaps meaning peaks in water , dnom //ë%*e3[=C1 c=]k*w=cm ~ lcxw=ë%*e3[=C1 c=]k*w=cm//, PLN ['Hope Indian Reserve #12 (Klaklacum)'], ASM ['on east bank of Fraser River not far south of American Creek'], literally /'place of rough water getting peaks ~ place of water always making(getting/having) peaks'/, ASM ['so named because the rocks under the Fraser River here are all in peaks and cause the water to be rough and make peaks'], ( always), probably root peak?, probably continuative, ( place to have/get), phonology:
806
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by place names meeting after IHTTC (8/23/77), Elders Group (8/24/77), also , bound root //ë%*e3l attach, fasten, put on//. , //ë%*e3l=xy-cs//, /'She put it on (of a design on a dress, etc.), attaches it, sticks it on, fastens it'/, attested by AD (4/21/80), example: , //ë%*e3l=xy-cs tc rivets//, /'She put the rivets on (on a leather purse for ex.)'/, attested by AD, y w tc (lcte3m, , //ë%*e3·y=x=cm//, also /'crackling (less than . tl'áyéxem), crackle (of wood in fire)'/, attested by EB (2/6/76, 12/19/75), historical/comparative detail: considering the Halkomelem /l/-Thompson /y/ sound correspondence and the fact that EB
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
807
lived in Thompson territory, married a Thompson and speaks some Thompson, the y here could be Thompson influence. , //ë%*e3·l=[=c3=]x=cm or ë%*e3·l=c[= 3=]x=cm//, attested by EB (3/12/76), also . . , df //ë%*el=c[= 3=]qw orë%*e[=Ac=]l=c[= 3]qw//, SD ['explode'], FIRE, possibly on top of the head, possibly continuative or derivational, phonology: infixed schwa or stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76). . , df //ë%*e[=Ac3=]l=cq*w //, SD /'a pop, a shot'/, possibly nominalizer or derivational, possibly , chrs //ë%*c3l=C1 cC2 =cq*w //, SD ['continuous shooting or popping sounds'], ( characteristic or continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (11/3/76). , df //s=ë%*e3·lcq(=)cm//, EZ /'animal or bird one is afraid of and can't see, powerful creature, supernatural creature'/, ASM ['includes the sasquatch, Cannibal Ogress (Th'ô3 wxiya), sí:lhqey (two-headed snake), thunderbird (shxwexwó:s), water pygmies (s'ó:lmexw), schichí' (monster), underwater bear (Halkomelem name unknown), sxexomô3 :lh (huge pretty frog with supernatural powers), Xéylxelemós (chief of the river monsters), Spótpeteláxel (Thunderwind), and perhaps some creatures without supernatural powers such as grizzly bear; if one sees a stl'áleqem one can get a special sickness called xo:lí:s which cause one to either vomit till one dies or twist up till one dies or go crazy with soul-loss, medicine-men in training often seek them to grab them and possess their power'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, possibly have/get, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (12/4/71), BJ (12/5/64), other sources: ES /së%*e§e3lcqcm/ animal (later corrected to powerful creature), also , cpds //s=ë%*e3lcqcm s=me3lt//, PLN probably ['Slollicum Peak'], ASM ['near Chehalis, B.C.'], literally /'stl'áleqem mountain'/, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by EB (2/11/76). , CLO /'put s-th on (of a design on a dress, of a shirt, shoes, etc.), attach it, stick it on, fasten it'/, see tl'ál. , df //ë%*e3|=cm//, LAND ['salt'], root meaning unknown, possibly have/get, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, MH (Deming 1/4/79), NP (9/30/75), Elders Group (5/16/79), other sources: ES /ë%*e3·|cm/ salt, JH /ë%*é·|cm/ salt, Salish cognate: Squamish /ë%*á|m/ salt, salt water W73:222, K67:333, Sechelt /ë%*á|m/ salt T77:21, MCx /ë%*á|cm/ salt, Lushootseed /ë%*á|cb/ salt, salty H76:318, Nk /ë%*æ 3 |æm/ salt Amoss 1961, LmSanSg /ë%*é|cõ/ salt, salty TTE74, Clallam /ë%*á|cõ/ salt, be salty TTE74, all in cognate set 107 G82, also , ds //ë%*e|c[= 3=]m=e3lcqcp//, SM /'smells like salt, (have/get a salt smell)'/, ( derivational), lx in smell, phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/25/77). or round things, probably have/get/intransitivizer, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
809
Elders Group (11/3/76), RM (4/23/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /ë%*mk*w -án§/ crack louse or nit between teeth (tr.) W73:70, K69:72. , sas //ë%*c[=Ae3=]m=q*w =cls//, SD /'crunchy (loud when eating), crackling (sound or noise when eating)'/, possibly rejected, */'I crunched the apple.'/ rejected by EB (5/3/76). , dnom //ë%*cm=[=c3=]k*w //, EZ /'grasshopper, (possibly the longhorned grasshopper)'/, ['order Orthoptera family Acrididae or perhaps family Tettigoniidae'], probably nominalizer, phonology: infixed schwa, syntactic analysis: nominal, Elder's comment: "from tl'ámkw'em", attested by RM (4/23/76), also , //ë%*e3qt tc me3=qcl-s//, /'Her hair is long.'/, attested by AC, , //ë%*e3qt (s=c*á·|e,x. w í·lcm)//, /'long (leaf, rope)'/, attested by AC, , //ycle3w=clë%*e3qt t-cl xi[=Ac 3 =]l=tcl tclí t-e s=we3//, /'My pencil is longer than . yours.'/, attested by Elders Group. , FOOD /'spaghetti'/, (lit. long + dry + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , ds //ë%*eqt=e3mcè*//, DESC ['tall (of a person)'], lx , //le-c-cl k*wíy=cqcl le(=m) tc s=me3lt; le-c-cl he3wc k*wcë%*e[=lc=]qt=c3le//, /'I'm going up (climbing) the mountain to hunt deer.'/, literally /'I'm going to climb (going) to the mountain; I'm going to hunt the (remote)/some deer'/, attested by AC (10/23/71), , //§ise3lc ë%*c[=lc=]qt=c3lc t-cl k*wc3c=l-cxw//, /'two deer that I saw (see s-th)'/, attested by HT (Elders Group 1/30/80), , //p*c3q* tc s=ë%*cp=c3lcc ë%*e[=lc=]qt=c3le//, EZ ['white-tailed deer'], ['Odocoilus virginianus'], literally /'the tail is-white deer'/, (semological comment: (not reported from the Fraser Valley but found now in the Kootenays and eastern central B.C.)), Elder's comment: "there's a shorter name", attested by CT and HT (6/21/76), , ds //ë%*e[=Ac3=]qt=cpscm//, ANA ['(have a) long neck'], BPI, literally /'long on the back of the neck and head'/, ( derivational), lx on the back of the neck and head, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76). , df //s=ë%*eqt=c[-Aí:-]m//, DIR ['length'], ( nominalizer), durative, phonology: ablaut, vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), example: , ds //ë%*eqt=íwcl//, DESC ['tall (of tree)'], lx in the insides, (semological comment: perhaps referring to the trunk), phonology: updrifting, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by CT (6/8/76), example: , ds //s=ë%*eqt=álc(=)ccs//, ANAH /'second finger, index finger'/, literally /'long finger'/, ( nominalizer), lx (on the) finger (with lx on the hand), phonology: vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (5/3/78). , cpds //ë%*e3[=lc=]qt=xycl q*i[=Ac3=]s=C1 cC2 =cccl//, EZ /'daddy longlegs, harvestman spider'/, ['class Arachnida, order Phalangida'], literally /'long legs spider, longlegged spider'/, phonology: infixed plural, ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by Elders Group (6/16/76). , df //ë%*e3[=C1 c=]q*=xyc[= 3=]l=cm//, PLN /'mountain west of Xó:letsa, (mountain north of Sése (Mary Ann Creek), shortcut to Xó:letsa [Elders Group (Fish Camp 9/29-31/77)])'/, ASM ['Xó:letsa is the mountain above Yale Creek near Yale, B.C.'], literally /'shortcut'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and AK (Fish Camp 8/2/77), source: place names reference file #157, also , df //C1 í=ë%*(e)q*=cy//, TVMO ['a shortcut'], possibly diminutive, possibly meaning uncertain unless place as in Nooksack, phonology: reduplication, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC/Elders Group/NP (9/13/77). , df //ë%*es=c[=Aí=]p//, EB ['licorice fern'], ['Polypodium glycyrrhiza'], ASM ['this fern grows especially on maple trees, its root is peeled andchewed year-round for its sweet long-lasting licorice flavor and temporarysustenance'], MED ['the root is chewed as medicine for colds, coughs, and asthma'], possibly root , //s=t*usl(=)áyc//, dialects: Tait, attested by SP, others?. , df //ë%*e3ë%*c| ?//, PLN ['burial grove of Scowkale'], (HT?, Boas?, Sepass map?, Wells?, Gibbs?) . , TAST ['salty'], see tl'álhem. , PLN /'mountain west of Xó:letsa, (mountain north of Sése (Mary Ann Creek), shortcut to Xó:letsa [Elders Group (Fish Camp 9/29-31/77)])'/, see tl'aq' ~ tl'q'. , possibly root or stem //ë%*e3c*cq//, FIRE ['fire box or fire platform and fire shield for torchlighting or pit-lamping fire'], CAN, HUNT, FSH, ASM ['made of metal for many years now but probably platform was made of flat rocks in the old days'], syntactic analysis: noun?, nominal, attested by EL (Elders Group 1/26/77). , //§cw-li kw ct| wc-ë%*c3kw cle//, /'Oh he's so deaf.'/, ( contrastive), attested by JL and NP with Deming Elders (Fish Camp 7/19/79). , MOOD ['why?'], see selchí:m ~ selchím. , probably bound root //ë%*c3kw// out (of fire, flame or lamp)
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
813
, incs //ë%*c3kw =cl//, FIRE /'go out (of fire, flame or lamp)'/, ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (11/27/75, 12/15/75), DM (12/4/64), example: , //le ë%*c3k*w =cl or lc ë%*c3k*w =cl//, /'It went out (a fire).'/, attested by DM, , //ë%*c3k*w =cl tc ycqw =í·ls//, /'The lamp goes out.'/, attested by EB (12/15/75). , pcs //ë%*c3k*w =cl=T//, FIRE /'to extinguish it, put it out (a fire)'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/72, 1/7/76). , FIRE /'to extinguish it, put it out (a fire)'/, see tl'ékw'el. ), phonology: the phonetic [e3] is /e3/ if more fronted, and /c3/ if more medial, comment: if the root can be shown to have /e3/ then the stem may have durative or resultative, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 3/15/72), AC (8/29/70), BJ (12/5/64), Deming (4/1/76, 2/2/80), Salish cognate: Squamish stem in /ë%*í-ë%*lx-íws/ . speckled trout W73:245, K67:334 (lit. littled speckled all over on the skin/body). y c[= 3=]l=tcl//, FSH ['spring salmon net'], literally , df //ë%*cl(=x)=x . /'spring salmon device'/, possibly derivational, lx device, phonology: possible consonant-loss, stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75). , df //ë%*cl=xyc[=Ae3=]l=a[=Ao=]wc| or more likely ë%*e3l=xyc[=M2=]l=a[=Ao=]l|//, EZ ['jack spring salmon with black nose'], ['Oncorhynchus tshawytscha'], ASM ['"jack" varieties are smaller varieties'], possibly root meaning uncertain, possibly durative or derivational unless is original in root, possibly derivational, possibly derivational, young, offspring/child, phonology: possible ablaut, possible metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72). , possibly root //ë%*cle3·y or ë%*cl=e3·y//, CAN ['shovel-nose canoe'], ASM ['this was the canoe for short trips by one or two individuals, a small canoe, with shovel-nose sometimes at both ends, the shovel-shape was good for landing, the canoe was also good for rapids and for fishing too'], perhaps a “home canoe” if root is , SD ['explode'], see tl'ál ~ tl'á:l. , SD /'a pop, a shot'/, see tl'ál ~ tl'á:l. , df //s=ë%*c3l(=)cq*w //, EB ['chocolate lily'], ['Fritillaria lanceolata'], ASM ['now scarce, the bulbs were dug up in July and cooked in a steam pit, they looked like clusters of rice, nowadays they are cooked by boiling'], ( nominalizer), possibly root explode and a pop, a shot,, (semological comment: I have a note that the chocolate lily's seeds are launched when the seed capsule explodes or pops open but I cannot confirm this now from the books at hand), possibly around in circles, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (5/28/75, 7/21/76). , PRON ['you (sg.) (object of preposition)'], see léwe. , //ë%*c3lcxw k*w-e§-s §í[-·-]m=cxy//, /'Stop your walking.'/, attested by EB, , //ë%*c3lcxw -|e//, /'Stop.'/, phonology: possible stress-shift to penultimate syllable before -lha, comment: possibly an alternative pronunciation of the word is tl'eléxw or the word is pronounced by all as tl'éléxw and mistranscribed above, attested by Elders Group (3/16/77). , mdls //ë%*clcxw=í·ws=cm//, TVMO ['quiet down (of a person), relax'], LANG, EFAM, literally /'stop one's body'/, lx on the body, ( middle voice), phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/23/77), RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332). , durs //ë%*clc[=Ae3=]xw //, TVMO ['stopped'], BLDG /'at home, be living (somewhere), stay'/, SOC, ( durative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (1/9/76), AC (8/28/70), Elders Group (5/26/76), example:
816
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
Deming (3/31/77). w , w //§owc= 3te ë%*cm=x. =íl=c tcla=we3yc3l//, /'There's no hail today.'/, dialects: Sumas, attested by Deming (3/31/77). , cts //ë%*c[=Ae3=]m(=)k*w =cm//, SD /'(have) sound of popping small round things (snowberries, herring eggs as when eating them, rice krispies, crabapples, cranberries, etc.), (have a crunching sound (as of grasshopper, rice krispies))'/, root or stem crunch when biting, pop small round things, possibly continuative, possibly around in circles, ( structured activity continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by Elders Group (12/10/75), *, SD ['snap one's fingers'], see tl'ém. , //tc s=qcw=e3·mcè* tc èqe3t ë%*á ë%*c3mcxw xyíp=cT//, /'The sunny side of a tree, that's the part you strip off (peel s-th)'/, attested by CT and HT. think someone is talkiing or laughing about oneself, example: , //c-cl ë%*cm=sT=c3l(-)cmct//, /'I think someone is talking or laughing about me.'/, attested by Elders Group (10/6/76, 2/16/77). , EFAM ['think someone is talking or laughing about oneself'], see tl'émstexw. , df //C1 cC2 =ë%*c3m=xycl//, EZ ['grasshopper'], ['order Orthoptera, family Acrididae or perhaps family Tettigoniidae'], Elder's comment: "from ts'tl'ém jump (AC)", Elder's comment: "named from the noise it makes (RM)", possibly root jump, comment: unusual loss of initial stem consonant if correct, ( plural), possibly root , WETH ['the hail'], see tl'ém. , WETH /'to hail, be hailing'/, see tl'ém. , //ë%*c3p tc s=C1 c=qw e3 li tc tc3mcxw //, /'(It's a) deep pit. (There's a) deep hole in the ground.'/, attested by EB,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
819
, strs //s=ë%*c[=Ae3=]p=x//, . HARV ['(be) scattered all over'], DIR, MC, ( stative), ( resultative), lx distributive, all over, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (1/30/76). rsls, HARV /'to fall down and scatter, drop and scatter'/, , DIR ['(make s-th deep or low)'], see tl'ép. , EFAM /'be patient, Be patient.'/, see tl'ép. , //ë%*e3qt t-e s=ë%*cp=G=c3lcc//, /'Your tail is long.'/, attested by AC (9/10/71). , mdls //ë%*c[=Ae3=]p*=c3lcc=cm//, ABFC ['to wag its tail'], possibly
820
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English derivational, ( middle voice), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (10/17/73).
, ANA ['(have a) long neck'], see tl'áqt. , pcs //ë%*c3w=T//, ABFC ['bark at s-o/s-th'], semantic environment ['dogs, wolves, coyotes'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/12/77). , //ë%*c3w=c3ls//, attested by Elders Group (7/12/77). , ABFC ['to bark'], see tl'éw. , TVMO /'to escape (as an animal from a trap), got away from something that trapped a person or animal'/, see tl'í:w. , possibly root //ë%*c3xy or ë%*e[=Ac3=]xy//, LAND /'break (of ground), crack apart (of its own accord) (of ground), rip'/, CST, possibly durative, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76), EB (3/15/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /ë%*c3š/ rip off (itr.), be released because hooked-up part rips W73:217, K69:72. , df //ë%*e3xy=M1=T=cm or ë%*cxy=c[=Ae3=]T=cm//, ABDF ['get diarrhea'], literally /'it got someone ripped apart'/, MED ['tea of mullein leaves is medicine for diarrhea (MC (Deming 2/10/77))'], probably passive, comment: the example shows this is used (at least by JL) as a passive, though semantically no purposeful control is involved and have/get/intransitivizer or middle voice fit better semantically, the example seems unlikely to show a conjugated middle but see tl'xwòlèm I got hard under tl'éxw which seems similar but with no transitivizer, possibly have/get/intransitivizer or middle voice, phonology: metathesis or ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, JL, Salish cognate: Squamish /ë%*c-ë%*š-í§qw / defecate (itr.) from root /ë%*cš/ rip off (itr.), be released because hooked-up part rips W73:77, K69:72, example: , df //ë%*e3xy-M1=x=cl orë%*e3xy-M1=e3xcl//, CST /'burst open, split open of its own accord . . (like a dropped watermelon)'/, possibly non-continuative, probably distributive, all over, probably go/come/get/become, possibly side portion, phonology: probable metathesis, possible vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76). tl'xáxet>, pcs //ë%*e3xy-M1=x=cT//, HUNT ['to split s-th open (like deer or fish)'], CST, possibly < . non-continuative, probably distributive, all over, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis or ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76). , dmn //C1 í=ë%*e3xy=clcqw//, PLN ['Isolillock Mountain (near Silver Creek)'], ASM ['the double-peaked mountain by Silver Creek on the CN (south) side of the Fraser River, it can even be seen from Hope bridge and further north looking south, some Indians call it Holy Cross Mountain because of a glacier resembling an X or cross on it, it can also be seen from the north side of Highway 1 by the Husky Station at Silver Creek'], literally /'little ripped on top of the head'/, Elder's comment: "from tl'xát ripped apart because an iceberg came through years ago and ripped it apart, it was one mountain before that", ( diminutive), lx on top of the head, phonology: reduplication, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, contrast Isolillock Mountain under , dnom //sxw =ë%*c3xy=clcp//, LAND ['a plow'], TOOL, HARV, literally /'something that rips/breaks apart ground'/, dnom //shxw= nominalizer, something for/that//, lx ground, earth, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (3/11/76). , free root //ë%*c3xw //, PLAY /'lose (a contest or fight), (lost (a fight/contest), loser [BHTTC])'/, SOC, literally perhaps /'beaten'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/16/77), Salish cognate: Squamish root in /s-ë%*c3xw ~ §cs-ë%*c3xw / loser (in game, fight) W73:167, K67:291, K69:58,92, Sechelt /ë%*c3xw / lose T77:30 (vs. /ë%*cxw -ílq/ win T77:36, also /'lost (a fight/contest)'/, attested by BHTTC (11/10/76), also /'loser'/, attested by BHTTC (11/10/76), also w , bound stem //ë%*c3xw=M1 win//, ( not, un-, antonym), phonology: metathesis, comment: an alternative analysis would be to set up root tl'xwé win (with shape unlike almost all other roots in this dictionary) and have tl'éxw lose derive from it by metathesis: //ë%*xw c3=M1//, this seems backwards since metathesis type one always operates on VC of a root and usually produces a non-continuative form (as in win); another alternative is to merely set up two separate roots, tl'éxw lose and tl'xwé win and not worry about the obvious fact that they are related. , //ë%*c3xw =M1=lcq//, phonology: phonetic lengthening, attested by Elders Group (7/9/75), also , //c-cl ë%*c3xw=M1=lcq//, /'I won., I came in first (in race or contest).'/, attested by Elders Group (7/9/75), , izs //ë%*c3xw =M1=m//, PLAY ['to win a contest'], SOC, ( intransitivizer), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (1/30/76). , //c=cl ë%*c3xw =M1-T//, /'I won (a race, slahal game, etc.).'/, literally /'I beat them.'/, attested by EB (3/22/76); found in , //ë%*c3xw =M1=T-amc-c-cl-ce//, /'I'll beat you (in a contest).'/, phonology: automatic stres-shift, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76), example: , cts //ë%*c[- 3-]xw =ct//, PLAY ['beating s-o in a contest'], ( continuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/25/78). , //ë%*c[-Ae3·-]xw =T//, also /'beating s-o (many times)'/, attested by AD (3/10/80), example: , //§c3wc-c-cxw §al ë%*c[-Ae3]xw=T t-e§ s=ye3yc//, /'Don't take advantage of your friends.'/, literally /'don't you just be taking advantage of them your friend'/, attested by Elders Group (2/25/76). , plv //C1 cC2 =ë%*c[= 3=]xw=T-cm//, PLAY /'(be) badly beaten, really lost (a contest)'/, ( plural action/plural subject), ( derivational with plural), ( passive), phonology: stress-shift, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (11/10/76).
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
823
, rcps //C1 í=ë%*cxw =T-c[=Aà·=]l//, dmv, durs, PLAY /'beating one another at a game (gambling, racing, etc.)'/, literally /'beating one another a little on purpose (in a game) for a long time'/, ( diminutive action (continuative implied as usual)), ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reciprocal), ( durative), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, xw mistranscribed for xw, grammatical comment: transitive, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb since it can't take an np object, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76). , df //ë%*cx (=)cl=á·s=T or ë%*cx. =F=cl=á·s=T//, pcs, EFAM ['take s-o for granted'], root meaning unknown unless tl'éxw lose (in contest) or tl'éxw stiff, hard, possibly derivational, possibly come, go, get, become, probably in the face, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: possible fronting, possible vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/25/76), also , //ë%*c3x. w x. w í·lcm//, /'strong rope'/, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76). (or) , FOOD /'cheese'/, (lit. cheese or hard + dry + milk), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) tl'exwéthet>, incs //ë%*c3x. w =M1=èct//, CST ['to harden'], ( non-continuative), < ( get, become), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). clothing, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (1/13/76). w , CST ['to harden'], see tl'éxw. , bound root //ë%*(=)c§e3 ~ë%*e3§ invite to a feast//. , df //C1 c-ë%*(§)e3=xycl or C1 c=ë%*(§)e3=xycl//, SOC /'inviting (to come eat, dance), to give a potlatch, (give a feast or gathering), to invite to a feast, invite to a potlatch'/, possibly continuative, possibly derivational, possibly comparative?, possibly on the foot, (semological comment: perhaps on foot because invitations had to be personally delivered), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: automatic syllable-loss (el before =et), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76), also , //C1 c=ë%*(§)e3=xy(cl)=cT//, phonology: reduplication, syllable-loss, consonant-loss, attested by EB (12/16/75); found in , //C1 c=ë%*e3=xy(cl)=cT-áxy-cs//, /'She invited me to a feast.'/, attested by EB, example: , //ë%*í s=yá·ys//, /'hard (difficult) work'/, attested by AC, , //ë%*í s=yá·ys qc yc-xwe §cc xwc3t·cs//, /'It's hard and heavy work.'/, attested by AC, ASM ['expensive'], , //§c3wc lí-s §cw §álc=wc ë%*í//, /'It's not too expensive.'/, attested by AD. , //ë%*í=sT-cm//, /'It's expensive.'/, probably passive, attested by AD. , dnom //s=ë%*í ~ s=ë%*í·//, EFAM /'want, desire, like, need'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, syntactic comment: usually possessed with possessive pronouns and first in sentence, then followed by a nominal phrase (grammatically the subject but semantically the object), then translated as to want, to desire, like, thus literally "is my want the water" ! "the water is my want" ! "I want the water.", Salish cognate: Squamish /s-ë%*í§/ desire, object desired from root /ë%*í§/ dear, difficult, dangerous, excessive K67:334, historical/comparative detail: most of the
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
825
Central Coast Salish languages share this syntactic peculiarity of a grammatical nominal--semantic verb, attested by AC, Deming, AD, NP, EB, SP, AK, others, example: , //l s=ë%*í//, /'I want'/, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64), , //wcë%*á-c tc è*e3le-s tc mús=C1 cC2 §e s=ë%*í//, /'Is that the heart of the cow you want?'/, attested by AC (9/18/71), , //lí §e s=ë%*í k*w c qá·//, /'Do you want some water?'/, attested by AC (9/10/71),
, CLO ['deer-skin moccasin'], lit. “something stuck on the foot”, possible D (deglottalization). , rsls //ë%*í[=C1 c=]q=cl//, FOOD ['(go/get/become) soggy'], DESC, root meaning unknown, probably resultative, probably go, come, get, become, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by BHTTC (10/76), Elders Group (3/9/77), example: , //ë%*í[=C1 c=]q=cl scplí·l//, /'soggy bread'/, attested by Elders Group. , probable root //ë%*íq// or //ë%*cq//, meaning uncertain unless related to adhere, stick on as in , //C1í=§exw (=)í·l s=ë%*í·[=C1c=]q=c|//, /'small child'/, attested by AC, , df //s=ë%*i[=Ac3=]q=xycl or s=ë%*c3q=xycl//, CLO ['deer-skin moccasin'], literally (probably) /'something to be stuck on on the foot'/, ( nominalizer, something to, something that), probably resultative or durative, probably root , strs //s=C1 c=ë%*íq*w or s=ë%*c[=C1 cAí=]q*w //, CLO ['(be) all bundled up'], ( stative), possibly resultative, phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AD (3/6/80), Salish cognate: possibly
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
829
Lushootseed root /ë%*úq*w (u)/ stuff into, plug in H76:331?. , bound root //ë%*ís// or //ë%*cs//, meaning uncertain , df //s=ë%*í[=C1 c=]s//, LT /'(dingy white, off-white)'/, ( stative), root meaning unknown, probably continuative or resultative, (semological comment: note that Tait speaker TG uses ts'sás ashes to map the same color that Sumas speaker AH maps with stl'ítl'es, and others (Chilliwack speaker NP and Tait speaker AK) map largely with p'éq'. stl'ítl'es then probably could be glossed dingy white, off-white with inceptive form stl'ítl'esel elsewhere translated dark (old clothes, complexion)), comment: using derived forms of the root as a modifier of other color terms the following combinations were given by AK: stl'ítl'esel (qálq, tskwím, tsméth', tsqwáy, tskwím "really dark ...", tsqw'íxw, . qwiqwóyáls, sts'óla); tl'ítl'esel (tsqwáy once "two times tsqwáy"); stl'ítl'es(el) tsqwáy, see charts by Rob MacLaury. , strs //s=ë%*í[=C1 c=]s=cl//, LT /'(be) a dark color (of clothes, complexions, etc.), (dark gray, dark brown)'/, ASM ['squares circled on the color chart of Berlin and Kay 1969 (rows top to bottom = B-I, columns left to right = 1-40, side column of white to black = 0); individual speakers circled the following squares at the Elders Group 2/7/79: NP: D0-E0 EP: C0 Lawrence James: G0, B32'], see charts by Rob MacLaury, ( stative), ( resultative), ( go, come, get, become), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (9/8/76), Deming (esp. SJ 5/3/79), Salish cognate: Squamish /ë%*í-ë%*is-i§/ jaundice from /ë%*ís/ green besides /ë%*cs-ë%*ís/ green, pale (color of grass) K67:334,332, Sechelt stem /ë%*cs-ím/ green and /ë%*cs-im-ús/ pale [prob. of a person, lit. green in the face] T77:21-22, historical/comparative detail: note antonymic reversal from pale to dark (or vice versa), example: , ECON ['make s-th expensive'], see tl'í ~ tl'í:. , WV ['embroidering'], see tl'íts ~ tl'ích. , CLO ['skirt'], see tl'ép. , TVMO /'to sneak along, (sneaking along)'/, see tl'í:ts'. , TVMO ['sneaking up to s-o'], see tl'í:ts'. , TVMO ['running away'], see tl'í:w. , PLAY /'beating one another at a game (gambling, racing, etc.)'/, see tl'éxw. , TVMO ['take a shortcut'], see tl'aq' ~ tl'q'. , bound root //ë%*íc embroider, trim (stitch an edge)//. , cts //ë%*í[-C1c-]c*//, TVMO /'to sneak along, (sneaking along)'/, HUNT, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (1/30/76). , pcs //ë%*í·c*=cT//, TVMO ['sneak up to s-o/s-th'], HUNT, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (8/7/70), Elders Group (12/10/75), Salish cognate: Squamish /ë%*íè*-it/ to stalk (tr.) beside /ë%*i-ë%*iè*-it-sut/ sneak along W73:241, K67:334, probably not (by metathesis) Sechelt /è*áë%*-am/ to sneak up, stalk and /è*áë%*-at/ to sneak up [to s-th/s-o], stalk [s-o/s-th] T77:13 (which appears to be more cognate with Upriver Halkomelem /c*e3ë%*-cm/ jumping) but see the variant Upriver Halkomelem form sneaking under , pcs //ë%*í·[-C1 c-]c*=cT//, TVMO ['sneaking up to s-o'], HUNT, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (8/7/70), also , //ë%*í·[-C1 c-]c*=cT-àm//, /'(someone/they are) sneaking up to you'/, literally /'you are being sneaked up to'/, syntactic analysis: passive, attested by AC. , //c-cxw ë%*i[-C1 c-]c*=c3lq=cm//, /'(You're sneaking in after.)'/, usage: said to someone arriving late, attested by Deming (4/17/80). , durs //ë%*i[=Ac3=]c*//, DIR /'close together, (narrow? [MV])'/, ( durative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb?, dialects: Cheh., attested by EB/NP and SJ (Deming 4/10/80), also /'narrow?'/, attested by MV (Deming (4/10/80). , TVMO ['sneak up to s-o/s-th'], see tl'í:ts'. , //ë%*c3w=sT-cm tc s=|e3l(=)í//, /'They kidnapped the woman., They ran away with the woman.'/, attested by Elders Group (1/16/80). , pcs ///ë%*ákw=M1=T (or) ë%*ckw=c[=Aá=]T (or) ë%*ikw=c[=Aá=]T//, ABFC /to grasp/, root form and meaning uncertain, possibly non-continuative or durative, purposeful control transitivizer, attested by RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332) , free root or stem //ë%*á ~ ë%*a or ë%*=a//, DEM /'that's (an animate being), it's (usually animate)'/, possibly root , //ë%*a tc (Bill, mús=C1cC2, C1c=x. we3y=c)//, /'That's (Bill, the cow, the fly).'/, attested by EB (11/24/75), , //ë%*á-c §e s=c*á·m(=)cqw //, /'Is that your great grandchild?'/, phonology: vowel merger, attested by AC (9/29/71), , //ë%*á ycwe3·l-c| c*c|=§im=cxy=ás=tcl-s//, /'That's the first one he was going with (romantically)/going for a walk with.'/, attested by MV (Deming 5/4/78), , //ë%*a §i-| me[-C1 c-]y=cT//, /'That's the one that was helping him.'/, attested by AC (10/23/71), , //ë%*á-c tc èe3//, /'Is that the one?'/, attested by AC (8/25/70), , //ë%*á tc èe3 l s=ë%*í//, /'I want that., I'd like that.'/, attested by Deming (2/8/79), , //ë%*c kw -sw cs xc . 3 t*c §e3·|=tcl, ë%*á-c*e s=yá·[=C1c=]lcx =c s=me3lt tc=èe3//, /'That's what they said, that's Siyá:ylexwe (Old Person) Mountain there.'/, attested by JL (4/7/78 History Dept. tape #34), , if //ë%*a-s-(§)c3s=cw//, CJ /'and so (he, she, it, they)'/, DEM, ( third person dependent subject), syntactic analysis: demonstrative conjunction, attested by AC, many others. , if //ë%*a-l-s-cw//, CJ ['so then I'], DEM, ( I (possessive pron., dependent subject)), syntactic analysis: demonstrative conjunction, attested by AC, many others. , ds //ë%*a=k*w -cs ~ ë%*a=kw -s-cs//, CJ /'because (he, she, it, they)'/, DEM, ( he/she/it/they (dependent subject)), comment: other inflections are also shown below with -c-et we, -elep you folks, -el I, and -a you, syntactic analysis: demonstrative conjunction, attested by AC (11/17/71, etc.), Elders Group (10/6/76), Deming, others, example: , //le-c-cl §e3y=cl ë%*c=kw -s-cs §c t*e3[-C1c-]ycq*//, /'I left because he was mad.'/, attested by Deming (esp. MC) (2/10/77), , //le §e3y=cl §e|=tcl ë%*c=kw -s-cs t*e3[-C1 c-]ycq*//, /'They left because they were mad.'/, attested by Deming (2/16/77), , //le-c-l §e3y=cl ë%*c3=k*w-e-s §c t*e3[-C1 c-]ycq*//, /'I left because you were mad.'/, attested by Deming (2/10/77), , if //ë%*c3=kw -e3l-s=u|//, CJ /'now I, (now I'm already)'/, DEM, ( already, (contrastive past)), syntactic analysis: demonstrative conjunction, attested by EB, example: it’s him/her/it/that, ( causative control transitivizer), ( in the mind, thinking about, purposeful control, phonology: loss of l in before is regular process, syntactic analysis: attested by Elders Group (10/6/76). that's, it's, phonology: vowelupgrading or vocalization, syntactic analysis: demonstrative pronoun, syntactic comment: like the others in this set, can be used as subject or object of a verb but not as object where another member of the same set is subject of the same verb, attested by IHTTC (8/5/77), EB (12/15/75, 1/9/76), AC, other sources: ES /tú·ë%*a/ he (visible), example: , //wclí-s s=ë%*í-s k*w-cs §e3yclcxw y=cw=ë%*á=lc=m qc=ë%*c=s=cw me3y=T-cm-ct t=c3w=ë%*a//, /'If they want to live then they (must) help him.'/, literally /'if it is their want that they live they and so he is helped he'/, usage: Story of the Flood, attested by AC (12/71), , //lcxe . 3 y=cT-cm t=c3w=ë%*a tc xië . %*=e4ls//, /'He was beaten up/mauled by the grizzly.'/, syntactic comment: when two np's follow a passive the first is the patient and the second is the agent, "by" is required by English but not by Upriver Halkomelem, (semological comment: MJ at the time she was recorded was a monolingual speaker of the Tait dialect in her 90's and born in a pithouse, JL's grandmother, recorded by Oliver Wells 10/30/62 and 2/24/65), attested by MJ (10/30/62 or 2/24/65), , //?í=sT-cxw -c-cl-ce §à §í t=c3w=ë%*a//, /'I'll leave it with him.'/, attested by EB (12/16/75), , df //t=cw=ë%*á·=lc=m//, PRON /'that's them (male), they (male), them (male)'/, DEM, ( the (male/gender unspecified, present/presence unspecified)), ( plural), ( meaning unclear), phonology: vocalization, syntactic analysis: demonstrative pronoun, attested by IHTTC (8/5/77), AC, other sources: Galloway 1977:415-416. , df //t=cw=ë%*à=C1 c=m//, PRON /'that's a little one (male, about one to five years old), he (little)'/, DEM, ( diminutive), ( meaning unclear), phonology: vocalization, exclude first syllable for reduplication, updrifting, syntactic analysis: demonstrative pronoun, usage: insulting to use for an old person, attested by AC, other sources: Galloway 1977:415-416. , df //t=cw=C1 cAc3=ë%*[=cl=]à·=m//, PRON ['that's them (little ones) (male?)'], DEM, ( diminutive plural), ( plural), ( meaning unclear), phonology: vocalization, reduplication, ablaut, infixed plural, syntactic analysis: demonstrative pronoun, attested by AC, other sources: Galloway 1977:415-416. , //ë%*a-ce-cl-s-cw qw cm(=)c=íw(cl)=cT è=c3w=ë%*a q*e3·mi//, /'Then I'm going to hug that girl. (hug s-o)'/, usage: Story of Mink and Miss Pitch, attested by SJ, , //tc3s=l-cm è=c3w=ë%*à tc s=wíq=c//, /'She was bumped by the man., The man bumped her.'/, syntactic comment: transitive verb-passive patient agent, "by" need not be expressed in Upriver Halkomelem (on the very rare occasion when it is expressed with passives it is expressed by tl'), attested by EB, , //tc3s=l-cxw -cs è=c3w=ë%*à tc s=wíq=c ~ tc3s=l-cxw -cs tc s=wíq=c è=c3w=ë%*à//, /'She bumped the man.'/, syntactic comment: when a transitive verb with third person subject and third person object is followed by two np's, one a demonstrative pronoun and the other article + nominal, the demonstrative pronoun can only serve as subject so it can either precede or follow the other np; found in the two alternate sentences just above, both translated the same way, attested by EB. , df //kw s=c3w=ë%*à//, PRON /'that's her (absent), she (absent)'/, DEM, ( the (female, near but absent)), phonology: vocalization, syntactic analysis: demonstrative pronoun, attested by AC, DM, other sources: Galloway 1977:415-416, example: , df //kw s=c3w=ë%*à=c|//, PRON /'that was her (deceased), she (deceased)'/, DEM, ( past tense, deceased), phonology: vocalization, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: demonstrative pronoun, attested by AC, other sources: Galloway 1977:415-416. , df //k*w =c3w=ë%*à=c|//, PRON /'that was him (deceased), he (deceased)'/, DEM, (, probable bound root //ë%*ám//, meaning uncertain , df //ë%*á[=C1 c=]m//, VALJ ['okay'], root meaning unknown, ( resultative or
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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continuative?), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by GC (Deming 6/24/76), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /ë%*úb/ okay, all right H76:328, also Squamish /ë%*ám/ be enough K69:72 and Squamish /§cs-ë%*á-ë%*m/ fitting, sufficient K67:386, Samish dial. of N.St. /së%*áë%*cm* ~ së%*á§ë%*cm*/ it's right, okay G86:90, historical/comparative detail: one would expect Squamish /ú/ not /á/ from the cognates. , possible root /ë%*á·s// or //xwë%*//, meaning uncertain be loud, example: , CJ /'and so (he, she, it, they)'/, see tl'ó ~ tl'o. , probable stem //ë%*ás=T or ë%*á=sT-cxw //, EFAM /'(make that s-th (instead), cause that to be s-th (instead))'/, EFAM /'I'd rather have (s-th), I'd prefer (s-th) (make that s-th instead)'/, semantic environment ['before an imperative'], possibly root make that instead, ( causative control transitivizer), ( reflexive (of causative)), possibly in the mind, thinking about, phonology: possible syllable-loss of el before =et or =met, possible consonant merger, possible vowel-loss, updrifting, syntactic analysis: transitive verb or intransitive verb, attested by EB (Elders Group 10/6/76), contrast , EFAM ['think s-o is talking or laughing about one'], see tl'óst or tl'óstexw. , //ë%*á·=T-|e//, /'Pacify it., Sing to it.'/, attested by EB (4/2/76). , EFAM ['fix oneself in bed'], see tl'ó:t. , pcs //ë%*áè*=cT//, MC /'tighten it up, wind it up'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/23/80), Salish cognate: Squamish /ë%*úc*-un/ pack close together (tr.) from root /ë%*uc* ~ ë%*cc*/ be packed tightly as well as /ë%*cc*-úy-n/ cram, stuff, force full (tr.) K69:73, perhaps Lushootseed /ë%*úcud/ tie it (knot for a net), wrap up a package from root /ë%*úc(u)/ tie, knot, wrap up package H76:330. , pcrs //ë%*á[=C1c=]è*=T-et//, ABFC /'to tighten up (tense one’s muscles, for ex.)'/,
836
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English continuative or resultative or durative, reflexive, phonological comment: consonant cluster simplification of !
, CJ ['so then you'], see tl'ó ~ tl'o. , syntactic analysis: noun?, nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/25/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /ë%*p-at/ cedarbark basket from root /ë%*cp/ cover, clothing (?) as in /s-ë%*p-íw§n/ shirt, /s-ë%*p-ál§qn/ feather, /ë%*i-ë%*p-tn-áy§c*a/ undershirt and /ë%*i-ë%*p-tn-áy§q/ underpants W73:14, K67:332 (but H76:324 derives the Lushootseed cognates of undershirt (/ë%*ië%*pikw /) and underpants (/ë%*ië%*pcq/) from root /ë%*cp/ deep, beneath (surface)), Sechelt /ë%*c3pc|t/ cedarbark basket T77:19. , DIR /'go down, go down below, get low'/, see tl'ép. , //s=ë%*q(=)e3w=tcl//, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), also , //ë%*qáw=tcl//, attested by BJ (5/10/64). , probably stem //ë%*q*e3·l//, meaning uncertain unless related to /'get wedged (by falling tree, for ex.), got run over, stuck on'/. , df //s=ë%*q*e3·l//, ANAB /'wing, (big feather [IHTTC])'/, ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64), EB (5/25/76), other sources: ES /së%*q*e3·l/ wing, H-T , //k*w áqw =l-cxw -cs tc (C1 í=scm=áyc, |al=iqw =á·t) tc s=ë%*cq*e3·l-s li tc s=p*e3q*=cm//, /'The (bee, butterfly) hit it's wing on a flower.'/, attested by AC (10/13/71). ANAB /'wing, whole wing'/, root big feather, lx , ds //ë%*q*e3l=(cl)e3xcl//, . on the appendage, on the wing, on the arm, phonology: possible syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (9/19/77). , ANAB /'wing, whole wing'/, see stl'q'á:l. , root or stem //ë%*q*w (=)e3·y//, ABFC /'milt, salmon milt'/, if stem, root meaning unknown unless same as in cut s-th (string or rope), possibly bark, wood, wool, fur (and thus perhaps covering), syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Deming (4/1/76), Elders Group (4/28/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /ë%*q*w áy§/ milt, soft roe (of salmon) W73:176, K69:72, Mainland Comox /ë%*áq*wcy/ salmon milt B75prelim.:30, Samish dial. of NSt /ë%*k*wí§/ milt beside /ë%*q*w c3y*/ fish liver G84a:77.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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, pcs //ë%*áq*w [-M1-]=T or ë%*q*w =c[=Aá=]T//, MC ['cut s-th (string or rope)'], CST, semantic environment ['for ex. if it is too long'], possibly non-continuative, possibly durative??, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (4/29/76), compare cut s-th (string/rope), historical/comparative detail: perhaps a doublet?. , ds //ë%*cxw =cwíc=tcl//, CLO ['blanket robe'], literally /'device/something to cover on the back'/, lx on the back (of a creature), lx device to, something to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (5/25/76). , ABFC /'sit on eggs, to hatch eggs, to brood eggs'/, see tl'xw ~ tl'exw. , ANA ['tough skin'], see tl'éxw. , da //c= ~ c*=//, TIB /'stative (with color terms), have, get (elsewhere)'/, phonology: since most roots begin with a consonant and there is a phonemic rule that /c/ ! [¢] etween word boundary and a consonant, this prefix is only rarely found as [è] ; there is also an allomorphic rule that {c-} ! /c’/ , //c=mc3è* (sometimes c*=mc3è*)//, /'blue, be blue'/, , //c=kw í·m//, /'red, be red'/, , //c=kwí·m=cqw //, /'red-head(ed)'/, w w w , //c*=mcè*=á·lcs//, /'blue eyes'/, , //c=xwík*w//, /'gray, be gray'/, , //c=míë%* or c=má[=Aí=]ë%*//, /'dirty'/, phonology: ch= rather than ts= here may be Thompson influence on EB who speaks Thompson as well as Chehalis Halkomelem, attested by EB, ASM ['derivational'], , phonology: ch= rather than ts= here may be Thompson influence, attested by EB, ASM ['have, get'], , //c=ce3·xw //, /'get a wife'/, , //s=ccle3·l tc s=k*we3c-s//, /'Her eyesight is fading., "Her eyes are fading."'/, attested by AC. , df //c=c3lccp=tcl?//, TIME /'October to November, (wood gathering time)'/, Elder's comment: "it means wood-gathering time", possibly get, lx firewood, lx something to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/28/79) after Wm. Sepass as recorded by Jenness, source: Diamond Jenness field notes on Wm. Sepass of Sardis. , possible root or stem //cc3l·(=)c[= 3=]m//, probably ANA ['liver'] , df //s(=)cc3l·(=)c[= 3=]m//, ANA ['liver'], possibly nominalizer, possibly intransitivizer, have, get or middle voice, perhaps derivational, root meaning unknown, phonology: possible stress-shift or updrifting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, DM (12/4/64), Deming (4/17/80), Elders Group, also , //s=cc3l·(=)c[= 3=]m//, attested by SJ (Deming 4/17/80), other sources: ES /scc3l·c4m/ (CwMs /scc3lcm/) liver, H-T liver.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, bens //cclc3q=c|c=T//, SOC ['divide something in half with s-o'], NUM, ( benefactive), ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/72), Salish cognate: Squamish /cíaq-n/ [//cíyaq-n//] divide off (a part from a whole) (tr.) W73:81, K69:53, Lushootseed root /cclq/ halve, divide into equal parts as in /cc3lq-cd/ share it equally with s-o and /cc3lq-c/ give me half, divide it in two H76:48, historical/comparative detail: Upriver Halkomelem
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
841
, cpds //p*c3q* cclq=á·mc//, EB /'whitecap berry, white blackcap berry'/, ASM ['a kind of blackcap, grows by blackcaps at Lexwyó:qwem by Yale, quite rare, the berry is totally white when ripe but is sweet, the leaves are those of blackcaps, sample of fruit and leaves pressed in collection and verified by botanists as blackcap'], ['Rubus leucodermis, albino variety'], literally /'white blackcap berry'/, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by AK and SP (7/13/75). , ABFC ['drop s-th (accidentally)'], see tsélq ~ chélq. , ABDF /'drop s-th (of a bunch of apples, etc. that one is carrying)'/, see tsélq ~ chélq. , EB ['blackcap plant or bush'], see tsélq ~ chélq. , EB ['blackcap berry or berries'], see tsélq ~ chélq. , ABFC ['drop it on purpose'], see tsélq ~ chélq. , DIR ['(in) back of a house'], see chá:l or chó:l. , DIR /'in back of a house, behind a house'/, see chá:l or chó:l. , da //=ccs//, ANA /'on the hand or finger, in the hand or finger'/, EB ['limb or bough of tree'], syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, derivational suffix, also , //=ccs//; found in , //|i[=Ac3=]c*=ccs//, w /'cut on the hand'/, , //lí-c-xw ccse3=cT kw-s le-s kw c3l=l=cm kw s=§e3|=tcl//, /'Did you send him to get food?'/, attested by EB (1/16/76). , cts //cc[- 3-]se=T-cm//, if, SOC ['s-o was being sent [on errands]'], ( continuative), ( passive), phonology: stress-shift, vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC, example: , //wc=yáè cc[- 3-]se=T-cm//, /'He was always [being] sent.'/, attested by IHTTC (8/9/77).
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, ncs //cse3=l-cm or cse3=l=cm//, SOC ['send somebody off with a message'], LANG, ( non-control transitivizer, manage to/happen to), possibly passive or possibly intransitivizer, get, become, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group, example: , //lc cse3=l-cm//, /'send somebody off with a message, (Somebody was sent off with a message.)'/, attested by Elders Group (2/76). , ncs //cse3=l=cm//, izs, SOC ['send (a person) for something'], ( non-control transitivizer), ( intransitivizer), phonology: downdrifting, updrifting, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (3/2/76, 3/8/76), example: , //c-cl le cse3=l=cm//, /'I went and sent for something.'/, attested by EB (3/8/76). , ds //cse3=ccs//, SOC ['reach'], ABFC, lx on the hand, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76). , SOC /'send s-o to do/get something, send s-o for something, (send s-o on an errand)'/, see tsesá ~ tssá or tsás. , SOC ['s-o was being sent [on errands]'], see tsesá ~ tssá or tsás. , us //cc3sqcy//, EZ ['small sockeye salmon'], ['Oncorhynchus nerka'], syntactic analysis: nominal, noun?, attested by SP (Elders Group 3/1/72), compare small sockeye salmon (RB). , ia //-c-ct//, PRON /'we (non-subordinate subject), our'/, syntactic analysis: subject pronoun, possessive, attested by all speakers; found in , //qc3x-c-ct//, /'(There's) a lot of . us.'/, literally /'we are many'/, attested by AC, , //§e3y k*w -s le3=m-c-ct//, /'It's good that we go., We'd better go.'/, literally /'our go(ing) is good'/. , stem //cc3c=mcl//, root meaning & form uncertain, probably cut off, lx portion, part. , dnom cpd //cc3c=mcl s=méy cth//, FOOD /'steak'/, root meaning & form uncertain, probably cut off, lx portion, part (lit. cut off portion + meat), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , us //ccyí·ycx//, . EZ /'big gray lizard, (Pacific giant salamander)'/, ['Dicamptodon ensatus'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), other sources: H-T , REL ['undertaker'], see mákw'a. , ABFC /'giving birth, having a child, having a baby'/, see méle ~ mél:a. , LT ['be brown'], see qw'íxw. , SOC ['send somebody off with a message'], see tsesá ~ tssá or tsás. , SOC ['send (a person) for something'], see tsesá ~ tssá or tsás. , SOC ['reach'], see tsesá ~ tssá or tsás. , LT ['bright (in color)'], see táw. , LT /'(have/be) gray, (have/be) grey'/, see xwíkw'. , //=cl=c*//, also , //xc . 3 l(=)c*=T or xc . 3 l=(cl)c*=T orx=c . 3 lc*=T//, /'turn or twist s-o or s-th'/, , //s=xc[=Ae 3 ·=]l=c*//, /'turned . . around, turned the wrong way'/, , //s=x=e 3 ·lc*=cmcè*//, /'grown twisted'/, . , //s=t*emxy=e3·lc* or s=t*em=xyc[=Ae3·=]l=c*//, /'a braid'/ (from , //q*i[=C1 c=]l=c*=iyás=cm s=pch=e3·ls (or) q*eyq*=clc*=iyás=cm spche3·ls//, /'whirlwind'/, twist or turn around + in a circle + middle voice (by or for itself)). , Salish cognate: Saanich dial. of NSt /-è*c§/ evidential (variously translated as apparently, I hear, so they say, they say, it is said) M86:294-206, Samish dial. o| NSt /-è*c/ evidential/ G86:60, Squamish /-è*/ apparently, known from indirect evidence/hearsay K67:164, example: , //ë%*c kw -s-cs xc . 3 t*c §e3·|=tcl ë%*a-c*e s=yá·[=C1 c=]lcx =c s=me3·lt tc=èe3//, /'That's what they said, that's Siyó:ylexwe Smált (Old person mountain) there.'/, attested by JL (4/7/78). , bound root //c*e3· on top of//. , //lc wc=c*e3·//, /'He got to the top/summit of a mountain.'/, attested by EB, , //lc c*ím(=)c3l kw -s wc=c*e3·-s//, /'He's nearly got to the top.'/, attested by EB, , cts //hc-wc=c*e3·//, DIR ['getting to the summit of a mountain'], LAND, ( continuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (4/5/76). , dnom //s=wc=c*e§e3//, LAND ['the summit (of a mountain)'], ( nominalizer), phonology: echo vowel, glottal stop for length, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75, 9/17/75). , ds //s=c*e3=e3ltcxw //, BLDG /'top of roof, roof planks'/, literally /'something to put/go on top of the building'/, ( nominalizer, something to), lx building, house, phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (9/17/75). , ds //C1 cC2 =c*e3=á·lwc|//, HHG ['(being/put) on the top shelf'], BLDG, literally /'(being/put) on the top side'/, ( continuative or resultative), lx side, phonology: reduplication, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by EB (12/18/75). , //c*e=íl=cm tc s=tiqíw//, /'mount a horse'/, attested by EB, , //c*e=íl=cm-c-xw §í tc s=c*e3=lcc=tcl//, /'You get on top of the chair.'/, attested by EB. , dnom //c*e3=lcc=tcl ~ s=c*e3(·)=lcc=tcl ~ sxw =c*e3=lcc=tcl//, HHG /'chair, bench, seat, something to sit on'/, literally /'device to put the rump on top of ~ something to put the rump on top of device ~ something that put the rump on top of device'/, ( something to, nominalizer), ( something for/that, nominalizer), lx rump, bottom, (semological comment: here the body part is the subject/object and not locative), lx device to, thing to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (1023/71, 12/8/71), AD and NP (1/23/80), TG (Elders Group 3/1/72), Elders Group (3/1/72, 1/7/76), EB (4/2/76, 2/11/76), IHTTC (9/15/77), example: , //lí tí tc s=c*e3=lcc=tcl//, /'The chair is over there.'/, attested by AC, , mdls //c*e3=lcc=cm//, ABFC /'find a seat, have a seat, sit down'/, SOC, usage: more polite than emét, lx rump, bottom, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 2/26/75), Deming (12/15/77), example: , mdls //xw =c*e3=lcc=cm//, ABFC ['have a seat'], SOC, ( meaning unclear
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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(perhaps towards)), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (9/15/77). , ds //c*e§=í·lcs//, PLN /'Chehalis village on Harrison River, the Heart Rock for which Chehalis, B.C. was named (at the mouth of Chehalis River)'/, ASM ['the Heart Rock was about 14 ft. around, was shaped like a heart, was supported by a great root probably a willow (possibly a cottonwood) with lots of solid earth and grasses, it went up and down with the river's rise and fall (beating like a heart), the wash from the logging tugs washed it out about 4 or 5 years ago [i.e. 1973-1974], it was probably a little upstream [north][on Harrison River] from the Chehalis River mouth and close to the village, Ed Leon knew the location, his son Rudy knows it also (EL with Ken McRae, November 1978)'], (semological comment: the word and place name is not related at all to Chehalis, Washington, that is in another language and has a totally different meaning), literally /'on top on the chest'/, lx on the chest, phonology: glottal stop final in root or epenthetic, such glottal stops vary rarely with h in the speech of some of the oldest elders and so //) is possible that an alternate old pronunciation was accurately reflected in the English spelling Chehalis, such a pronunciation also might have had the older historical features of and allophone of /i/ after [h], thus *Ch'ahéyles /è*eh=í·lcs/ [è*ehe3ylws], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL with Ken McRae (11/78), AC (1973 for the form), John Williams said it means literally /'over the top (when canoeing)'/ (less likely than the former etymology since it doesn’t reflect the meaning of the suffix), ASM ['so named after the place of rough water past Chehalis on the way to Harrison Lake'], attested by John Williams of Scowlitz (1/29/79), also /'Chehalis River'/, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):14. , caus //s=c*e3[=C1 c=]=cl=sT-cxw//, TVMO /'carry it carefully, handle it with care'/, ABFC, literally /'make/cause it to be going/coming on top'/, ( stative), probably root , df //c*eh=c3yc| or c*e(h)=íyc|//, REL /'to pray, have a church service, (a Church (organization, not building) [Elders Group])'/, possibly root with allomorph prayer, hymn with the same suffix and root to praise, phonology: note the same archaic feature of h in root or epenthesis, Salish cognate: Lushootseed root /è*í|(i)/ praise H76:696, also /'a church (organization, not building)'/, attested by Elders Group (11/9/77) , cts //c*e(h)=í[-·-]yc|//, REL /'(be) praying, (pray [Elders Group])'/, ( continuative), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (3/30/76), also /'pray'/, attested by Elders Group (2/6/80), example: , dnom //c*eh=íyc|=e3·wtxw //, REL /'church house, the church (building)'/, BLDG,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English lx house, building, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (9/18/71, 10/23/71).
very, extremely, painfully, possibly root , //c*e3[=C1 c=]l c=qw e3·y (x. w =§cwc=Ae3=cs, §cwc=cs) lc3p*=cxy//, /'It's very green, one doesn't eat it.'/, literally /'(it) is very green, one doesn't (yet) eat it'/, attested by Deming (5/3/79, SJ esp.), , //c*e3[=C1 c=]l §cw s=§c[=Aú·=]mct//, dialects: Cheh., attested by Elders Group (1/19/77). , mdls //c*e3[-C1 c-]l=cm//, ABFC /'having labor pains, being in labor in childbirth'/, possibly root ( continuative), ( middle voice), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AK (Elders Group 3/26/80), Salish cognate: Squamish /è*á-è*l-m/ give birth K67:320, also , //è*e3[-C1 c-]l=cm//, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78). very, (extremely, painfully), lx on/in the penis, on the genitals, probably derivational, ( go, come, get, become), phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL (Fish Camp 7/20/79),
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example: , pcs //c*e3m=cT ~ c*c3m=cT//, [c*e3mct ~ c*c3mct], ABFC /'put s-th between the teeth, put it in one's mouth, bite on s-th (not into it)'/, related to th'ám chew, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (8/15/70, 9/30/71), EB (3/22/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /è*c3m§/ bite (itr.)(dog, fish, fly, etc.) and /è*c3m§t/ bite (tr.) W73:38, K67:319, perhaps not Shuswap /c*m-em/ and /c*m-nt-es/ and /s-c*m-st-es/ to bite and suck blood (of mosquito, sand fly, etc.) K74:177, nor Shuswap root /k*em/ surface in many body parts K74 (but the latter may be cognate with Upriver Halkomelem /c*cmxyá·yècl/ jaw, contrast , cts //c*e3m=M1=T//, ABFC ['biting on s-th'], ( continuative (irregular)), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78). , df //s=c*e3m(=)cxy//, [sc*e3mwxy], FOOD ['dry herring eggs'], FSH, Elder's comment: "a Stó:lô word though the eggs are brought from the coast", ( nominalizer), root meaning uncertain but probably dirty, compare be dirty, ( resultative), possibly distributive, all over, ( go, come, get, become), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (5/5/78), compare with , ABDF /'scrape where skin comes off, skinned'/, see th'áq ~ ts'áq or ts'éq ~ th'éq. chew (s-th), lump-like, round, ( structured activity continuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (10/27/76), Salish cognate: possibly Squamish /è*ít-in§/ gnaw W73:117, K69:68, possibly Lushootseed /è*ít*-id/ chewed it up, destroyed it as would an insect H76:118, Sechelt /c*c§-át/ chew [s-th] T77:26. , EZ /'a big rat (prob. the introduced Norway rat, probably native species of large vole which may include any or all of the following that are found in the area: creeping vole, long-tail vole, mountain heather vole, boreal redback vole), possibly also the introduced roof rat'/, see ts'átxwels ~ ch'átxwels. , ABFC /'jumping, hopping'/, see ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém. , df //c*e3[=C1 c=]l or C1 e3=c*cl or c*e3=C1 c=cl//, MOOD /'(be) very, (extremely), really'/, probably root , possibly root , //c*e3[=C1 c=]l c=qw e3·y (x. w =§cwc=Ae3=cs, §cwc=cs) lc3p*=cxy//, /'It's very green, one doesn't eat it.'/, literally /'(it) is very green, one doesn't (yet) eat it'/, attested by Deming (5/3/79, SJ esp.), , //c*e3[=C1c=]l §cw s=§c[=Aú·=]mct//, dialects: Cheh., attested by Elders Group (1/19/77). , izs //c*e3[=C1 c=]s=cm//, TAST /'good tasting (savory, not sweet), tasty'/, semantic environment ['used with meat, nuts, some other things, but not a sweet flavor'], ( continuative or resultative), ( have/get/intransitivizer), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (6/16/75, 7/9/75), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /è*áscb/ It has a good taste. and /§u-è*áscb/ delicious H76:106. , EZ /'grasshopper (ordinary), perhaps longhorned grasshopper'/, see ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém. , EZ /'grasshopper (ordinary), perhaps longhorned grasshopper'/, see ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém. , ABFC ['be hopping'], see ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém. , DESC ['shorter'], see ts'í:tl' ~ ts'ítl'. , //c*e3w(=)cy=ílcs//, also /'brown bear with white chest'/, phonology: downstepping, updrifting, attested by AK (11/21/72). , df //c*e3w(=)q*=cm//, SD ['sizzling'], FOOD, semantic environment ['of grease in a frying pan or in roasting meat'], root meaning unknown, possibly , bound root or stem //c*e3·xyt//, meaning uncertain (macrons over both vowels) branch (a), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /s-è*ást/ branch, limb H76:106, Samish dial. of NSt (VU) /sc*c3yst ~ sc*éyst/ limb o| a tree, knot in a tree or wood, knothole G86a:73, also , ds //s=c*exyt=e3le3//, EB ['knothole'], literally /'container of a tree branch/limb'/, lx container of, container, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (7/8/76), Elders Group (3/15/72). , bound root //c*e3xw quiet/silent (after noise)//. , stvi //s=c*e3xw //, LANG /'quiet or silent (after noise) (used of people), (be/have) a lull in conversation'/, SD, ( stative), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AD (12/7/79). , strs //s=c*e3[=C1 c=]xw //, LANG /'(be) silent, quiet, keep quiet'/, SD, ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AD (12/9/79), EB (12/18/75), Elders Group (3/3/76); found in , //s=c*e3[=C1 c=]xw -c-cxw -a//, /'You keep quiet.'/, attested by Elders Group. , incs //c*e3xw =cl//, LANG /'shut up, (go or get or become quiet)'/, SD, ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, usage: not polite, attested by Elders Group (2/19/75), EB (5/3/76); found in , //c*exw=cl=á·yècl-|e//, /'Stop talking.'/, attested by IHTTC (9/15/77), example: , pcs //c*exw =í·l=T//, KIN /'hush a baby from crying, (hush s-o (a baby) from crying)'/, LANG, ( go, come, get, become), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (9/15/77). , ds //c*(e)xw =á·yècl//, LANG /'silence the mouth, keep the mouth quiet'/, literally /'quiet the jaw/lips'/, lx (on the) jaw, lips, phonology: vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (5/3/76); found in , LANG ['everyone got quiet'], see ts'áxw. , //è*e3·ye//, attested by CT (6/8/76), example: , //c*e3·ye-s tc è*e3x=cy//, /'reed canary grass'/, . lit. /'relative of deceased spouse of grass scalded and bleached white for basketry imbrication (designs), relative of deceased spouse of white straw grass, relative of deceased spouse of blue-joint reed-grass'/ (prob. since the scalded grass is dead/deceased; the Thompson language has a number of plants named as relatives of other plants), attested by LJ via AD (6/18/79, see also duplicate entry under stem , //c*c3q x. =T//, comment: probably mistranscribed for ts'ékwxt, attested by AC (9/18/71), EB (12/15/75), example: prob. mistranscribed, attested by w AC; found in , //c*c3kw x=T-c-cx ~ c*c3kw x=T-|e//, /'Fry it.'/, . . w
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
attested by EB (3/1/76). w FOOD ['(be) frying s-th'], ( continuative), , //§í-|-c-cl c*c[-Ae3-]kwx=T//, /'I was frying it.'/, attested by EB, , //s=c*c[=Ae3=]kw x. scplíl//, /'fried bread'/, attested by AD, also w , //§í-|-c-cl c*ckw x=e . 3 ls tc scplí·l//, /'I fried bread.'/, attested by EB; found in , cts //c*c[-Ae3-]k x=cls//, . structured activity continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (5/3/76 corrects 12/15/75), example: , dnom //c*c[=Ae3=]k x=cls//, . continuative), ( structured activity continuative nominal), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming Elders at Ft. Langley, B.C. museum (3/9/78), also w attested by Elders Group (6/1/77), AD (8/80), example: , //§elc 3 ce tc s=c*c[=Ae 3 =]kw x=cls//, /'Where's the frying pan?'/, attested < . by AD. w pcs, FOOD ['fry it for s-o'], ( benefactive), ( , //c*c3kw x=c|=T//, attested by EB (3/1/76); found in . w y ts'ekwxelhtsthó:x>, //c*ck x-c|c=T-áx //, /'fry it for me'/, attested by Elders Group, example: < . w y w ts'ekwxelhthó:xchexw.>, //c*ck x-c|=T-áx -c-cx //, /'Fry it for me.'/, attested by EB. < . , FOOD ['to fry (as a structured activity)'], see ts'ékwxt. , bound root //c*cl turn, turn around//, Salish cognate: Lushootseed root /è*c3lp/ twist, turn, sprain [perhaps with /=p/ on itself as in Upriver Halkomelem /=p*/ on itself but with loss of glottalization] as in Lushootseed /§cs-è*c3lp/ it's turned, /è*c3lp-cd/ turn it, twist it, /è*clp-ús-cd/ turn the head (of a horse when riding) H76:110-111. , //c*c[=Aá=]l=cs=cm, c*c[=Aá=]l=cs=cm, te=lúwc q*e3miy. l s=ë%*í k*w -cl-s k*w ec=cT-ámc.//, /'Turn your face, turn your face, you, girl. I want to see you. Pshaw, it's only my cousin.'/, usage: love song, attested by EF (9/21/78). , df //c*c[=Aá=]l=lcxcè* or c*c[=Aá=](l)=e3lcxcè*//, ABFC /'roll over in bed, turn over . . in bed'/, DIR, ( derivational), lx (on) something else or perhaps (in) the head with durative or go, come, get, become), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: allomorph or deglottalization of =q', syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming (4/17/80). (on) something else or perhaps (in) the head with durative or go, come, get, become), ( middle voice), phonology: syllable-loss, updrifting, allomorph or deglottalization of =q', syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (4/17/80), example: , //c*cl=q=í·l=cm t-e§ (we3kcl, s=tiqíw, kyá, pc3ki)//, /'Turn your (wagon, horse, car, buggy) around.'/, attested by Deming (4/17/80). (on) something else, lx on the face, round object, phonology: allomorph or deglottalization of =q', syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (7/27/78), also , //c*c3l=q=cs or c*[=D=]c3l=q=cs//, comment: ts probably mistranscribed for ts', phonology: possible deglottalization, attested by Elders Group (2/11/76), also on something else, ( go/come/get/become or middle voice), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (10/13/76), also perhaps hanging, (which I strongly suspect is a computer typo for ), attested by RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332). , //c*c3l=cxw //, also /'(a fish) going into a quieter stream'/, attested by Elders Group (7/20/77), example: , dnom //s=c*c3l=cxw //, WATR /'slough, backwater, ((also) eddy [AC])'/, literally /'something to go into quieter water'/, ( nominalizer, something to), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (6/14/78), also , ds //s=c*cl=(c)xw =íqw ~ c*cl=(c)xw =íqw //, PLN ['Chilliwack River'], SOCT ['Chilliwack Indian people'], ASM ['there are traditions that these people lived on the Chilliwack River from Chilliwack Lake to Soowahlie (the headquarters) and spoke a language closer to the Nooksack language than to Halkomelem, a language DM called , ds //c*c3l=cxw =aqw =cm or c*c3l=cxw =i[=Aa=]qw =cm//, LANG /'the old Chilliwack language, ([also prob.] to speak the old Chilliwack language'/, SOCT, (semological comment: this language was either midway between Halkomelem and Nooksack languages or was a dialect of lhéchelesem, the Nooksack language), possibly on top of the head, possibly derivational, ( intransitivizer/have/get, speak), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, (also prob. intransitive verb), attested by DM (Wells tapes, new transcripts), , mdls //c*cl=(c)xw =í·ws=cm//, ABFC ['relieved (in one's body)'], literally /'turn into quieter water on (in?) one's body'/, lx on the body, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/23/77).
, possible strs stem //c*cl(=)c[=Ae3=]xw //, prob. from stem , df //s=c*cl(=)c[=Ae3=]xw =cm//, SPRD ['an experienced spirit dancer'], ASM ['a dancer for four years or more'], literally possibly /'something (or someone) that has gotten into quieter water'/, ( nominalizer, something that, (rarely) someone that), possibly resultative or durative, ( intransitivizer/get/become or middle voice), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/22/77), AC (11/10/71), Salish cognate: Samish dial. of NSt /sè*c3xw cõ*/ a spirit dancer (old or new), Indian dancer G86a:81, possibly same root as Squamish /è*i(y)§/ to fast (K67:321). , BPI ['has short legs'], see ts'í:tl' ~ ts'ítl'. , MED ['delouse s-o'], see méxts'el. , ABFC ['relieved (in one's body)'], see ts'el. person next to, person close to), root keep on, keep on going, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (10/1/75), EB (12/12/75), example: , //èc c*c|=§e3·y//, /'the girl-friend, the (female) sweetheart'/, attested by EB, , rcps //c*c|=(§)im=cxy=ás=tcl//, SOCT /'going with each other [romantically], going for a walk with each other'/, literally /'go for a walk close/next to each other'/, (, ds //c*c[= 3=]|=xw c3l(=)mcxw //, SOCT ['neighbor'], literally /'next/close-to Indian person'/, possibly derivational, root Indian, (Indian) person, phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (11/12/75). , SOCT ['neighbor'], see ts'elh=. bite, possibly upright, vertical?, lx of the jaw, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64), DM (12/4/64), Deming (4/1/76), contrast Cowichan /sè*cm§áyècn/ jaw B74b:20, other sources: JH /c*cmxáyècl chin, H-T jaw, Salish cognate: possibly Shuswap root /k*em/ surface as in many body part words such as /t-k*m-épe§s-qn/ chin and /t-k*m-cín*/ lip, edge K74:213, also /'lips (both), chin, cheek, side of the face'/, attested by DM (12/4/64). , ds //c*cp=í·wcl//, BPI /'(have a) dirty behind, (dirty in the rump, dirty in the rectum)'/, lx in the insides, in the rump, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (5/13/75). , probably stem //c*c3p=x. dirty (esp. of body parts, also of house)//. distributive, all over.
it got rusty, Salish cognate: Sechelt /è*c3px/ . dirty T77:21, example: , //kw c3|=t=cw s=c*c3p=x. tc le3[=C1 c=]m-s//, /'She's got a (really) dirty house.'/, attested by EB. , ds //c*c3p=x=cs//, . the face, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/72, 5/13/75). BPI ['(have) dirty hands'], lx distributive, all over, lx , BPI ['(have) dirty feet'], see ts'épx. , dnom //s=è*c3qw =cle//, PLN ['Morris Lake Mountain'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL (Chehalis Place Names trip 9/27/77), source: place names reference file #304, Salish cognate: Squamish /s-è*qw c3la§/ the puck (for a hockey-like game) W73:111, K69:67. , df //C1 í=c*cqw =cle=á·l or C1 í=c*cqw =clá·=cl//, PLAY /'Indian badminton (played with cedar things that have wings), (grass shinny (a game like grass hockey, uses a big round ball) [BJ])'/, ( diminutive), root meaning unknown, possibly meaning uncertain, possibly go/come/get/become, phonology: reduplication, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal?, attested by EL (Chehalis place names trip 9/27/77), also /'grass shinny (a game like grass hockey, uses a big round ball)'/, attested by BJ (12/5/64)(Wells tapes, new transcript old p.397), other sources: ES /k*we3yk*wqwcyáls/ (CwMs /k*wck*wqwcyáls/) shinny (game), historical/comparative detail: the forms in Elmendorf and Suttles (and Upriver Halkomelem in this dictionary) mean literally clubbing a spherical object with a stick-like object and seem more likely to refer to shinny, the game played with a round ball, the form just above does not seem to have the same suffix and so seems more likely to refer to Indian badminton, which was not played with a spherical ball but with winged cedar seeds. , PLN ['a fairly flat clearing on a mountain in Morris Valley where they used to play ts'its'eqweló:l or Indian badminton'], see ts'éqw ~ th'éqw. , rsls //c*c3q*w //, HUNT /'be hit (with arrow, bullet, anything shot that you've aimed), got shot, (got pierced), got poked into, got wounded (with gun or arrow)'/, EFAM ['be overcome with pleasurable feelings after eating great salmon or a great meal'], phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/19/75, 3/2/77), EB (11/28/75, 4/23/76, 5/12/76), Salish cognate: Musqueam /c*c3q*w / get pierced Suttles ca1984ms:ch.7, p.106, example: , //lc c*c3q*w //, /'He got shot (arrow, bullet, etc.).'/, attested by EB (11/28/75). , pcs //c*c3q*w -M1=T//, MC /'poke it, pin s-th, pick it up (on sharp pointed object), pick s-th up on a fork (or other sharp object)'/, ( non-continuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76), EB (5/3/76, 4/23/76, 5/25/76, 5/26//76), example: , //c*c3q*w =M1=T tc s=qe3·w(=)è qc-s-u mc |e3·x=cm §í t-cl láècl//, /'poke/pick . up the potato (with a fork) and put it (serve yourself) on my dish'/, attested by CT and HT, arrow which has cognates but has a different root and stem, hold, contrast , //§í=k*wc=là tc s=c*c[=Aá·=]q*w=cls//, /'This+is a fork.'/, attested by NP. , dnom //s=c*c3q*w //, BSK /'fine cedar root weaving, fine cedar root work'/, literally /'something that got pierced/poked'/, (semological comment: prob. so named because one uses an awl to poke holes in the roots in the basket as one weaves, and the roots are poked through each other in places), ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75, 3/24/76), example: , //s=c*c3q*w s=yá·ys//, /'fine cedar root work (only roots used)'/, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75). , ds //c*cq*w =ó·wc| ~ c*cq*w =ówc|//, BSK ['to weave a cedar root basket'], literally /'pierce/poke into vessel/canoe/?basket'/, lx canoe, vessel, basket?, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75), AC (8/13/70), also , //c*cq*w =ówc| ~ è*cq*w =ówc|//, attested by EB (IHTTC 9/2/77, 12/19/75), example: , //lí-c-cxw s=|c3=q*el=l-cxw k*w -e-s c*cq*w=ówc|//, /'Do you know how to make a basket?'/, literally /'do you have knowledge of it that you weave a basket'/, attested by AC, , //ye|=à-l-s-c c*cq*w =ówc|//, /'I started to make a basket.'/, attested by EB (12/19/75), , //qe3·ys-à lc c*cq*w =ówc|//, /'He just now made a basket.'/, attested by EB (12/19/75), , //ta[-C1 c-]l=í·l=T-cs tc s=yá·ys-s tc c*cq*w =ó·wc|-s//, /'He/She is learning basketwork.'/, literally /'he/she is learning s-th the work -of the his/her make a basket'/, attested by Elders Group (3/16/77), also , //ta[-C1 c-]l=í·l=T-cs kw-s èíy=T-s tc c*cq*w =ó·wc|//, attested by EB (Elders Group 3/16/77). , cts //è*c[- 3-]q*w =owc| ~ c*c[- 3-]q*w =cwc|//, BSK /'making a basket, (weaving a cedar root basket)'/, ( continuative), phonology: stress-shift, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (IHTTC 9/27/77). , dnom //s=c*cq*w =ówc|//, BSK ['basket-weaving'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (11/17/71), example: , //hákw=cxy-c-cl li t-cl s=c*cq*w=ówc|//, /'I'm using it on my basket-weaving.'/, attested by AC. , HUNT ['arrow'], see ts'éqw'. , HUNT ['hit with an arrow accidentally'], see ts'éqw'. , CLO /'brooch, pin (ornament pinned to clothing)'/, see ts'éqw'. , df //c*cq*w=clíc=tcl//, CAN ['a boom on a boat'], possibly root as in prop it up on a Y-like object, lx on the back, lx device to, something to,
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syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK (Elders Group 1/23/80). , ABDF ['(have a) scabby nose'], see ts'éqw'. , BSK ['to weave a cedar root basket'], see ts'éqw'. , EB /'Scotch thistle, (includes two introduced thistles and probably two native ones, from samples gathered, pressed and examined: Scotch thistle, Canada thistle, probably montane edible thistle and Indian thistle)'/, see ts'éqw'. , ABDF ['he/she/it is poking me [purposely]'], see ts'éqw'. , EB ['weeds in a garden'], see ts'ísem. black as in grow, possibly on the bottom, possibly go/come/get/become, possibly a rare variant of on the hand, phonology: possible vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/2/75, 7/9/75). , EB /'saskatoon bush, service-berry bush'/, see ts'esláts. dark brown, black possibly root as in , ds //c*c3s=qscl//, PLAY ['"black-nose" or "smut" card game'], ASM ['a card game like Old Maid (hide one odd extra card, pair off during the game, whoever gets stuck with the hidden card after all other cards are paired off loses and gets painted black on the tip of his nose, as more games are played, if the same player loses again he gets more of his nose blackened, then his cheeks or forehead are started on (Elders Group 2/13/80)'], literally /'black on the nose'/, root , //lc wc(=)c*c3ë%* tc s=C1 í=ë%*cq=c| li tc sxw =t*e3|//, /'A child drops off a bridge.'/, attested by HT, , EB ['needle of spruce'], see ts'éqw'. wash. , EFAM ['pity'], see th'íxw ~ th'éxw. , //lc c*ím=cl//, /'approach (your nets for ex.), get close, (go close)'/, attested by Elders Group, , iecs //c*ím=cl=mcT//, TVMO /'get close to s-o/s-th, approach s-th/s-o'/, DIR, ( indirect effect non-control transitivizer), phonology: updrifting, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), EB (4/12/78), example: , //lc c*ím=cl=mcT ~ mc c*ím=cl=mcT ~ lc c*ím=cl-c k*w c s=C1 c=tc[Aí=]s//, /'approach it'/, literally /'go get close to s-th ~ come get close to s-th ~ go just get close to s-th which is nearby'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72). , TVMO /'get close to s-o/s-th, approach s-th/s-o'/, see ts'ímél ~ ts'ímel. , mdls //c*ís=cm//, ABFC ['to grow'], EB, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), EB (12/15/75, 2/6/76), , [ ’íswm] EH, [¢'íswm] RG, 'grow’, attested by RG,EH 8/27/99 (SU transcription, tape 6), compare horn, antler??, other sources: possibly related to H-T (macron over e) to sprout (said of buds), also , //lc-u| mc c*í·s=cm t-e s=pí·ls//, /'Your garden is growing up.'/, literally /'past -already come/coming to/start to grow your plantings'/, attested by AC, , df //c*ís=M1=T=clà·t or c*ís=M2=tcl=à·t//, PLN ['other sister of Lhílheqey or Mount Cheam'], N ['(also name of the late) Mrs. Cecilia Thomas of Seabird Island'], ASM ['the other sisters of Mt. Cheam (all turned to stone with her) are Olóxwelwet and Xemóth'iyetel'], possibly name ending, lx female name ending, phonology: possible metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT (1973), Elders Group (1/29/75), source: place names reference file #125. , ds //c*is=c[= 3=]m=ilcp//, EB ['weeds in a garden'], EB /'marijuana, "pot", "weed"'/, semantic environment ['smoking'], ( derivational), lx dirt, phonology: stress-shift, vowel-reduction, optional updrifting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72, 4/7/76), Deming (3/8/79, 3/15/79 (SJ, MC, MV, LG), 5/3/79), example: , PLN ['Saddle Rock above Yale'], see th'ís. , pcs //c*íy=T//, SOC /'greet s-o, thank s-o'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: vocalization, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/19/76, 7/21/76), Elder's comment: "the root may be ts'á on top of especially considering ts'itóléstexw pile it up (EB (4/23/76)", comment: EB may be right or the two roots may be unconnected, Salish cognate: Sechelt /è*íy-it/ to thank T77:35, B85:296, also , //c*íy=T tc s=yc3w=cl//, SPRD, /'thank a spirit song, ((also) thank a spirit power)'/, ASM ['done before you sing it'], attested by Elders Group (7/21/76), , //c*íy=T-amc-c-ct le3=m k*w -s mok*w =s=te3m//, /'We thank you for everything.'/, usage: blessing a meeting, attested by AD (1/17/80), , //c*íy=T-alc-c-cl kw -s mok*w -clcp//, /'I thank you everyone.'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), , ///c*íy=T-ámc-c-cl//, /'I thank you; I praise you.'/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332). , //xw =è*íy=T-cs//, /'He thanked him (for a cure, pall-bearing, etc.)'/, attested by EB, , df //c*iy=tálc3=sT-cxw//, caus, SOC /'pile it up (blankets, rocks, anything)'/, possibly meaning unknown, ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), Elder's comment: "derived from ts'á on top", syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (4/23/76). , bound root //c*í·ë%* ~ c*íë%* short//. , ds //c*í·ë%*=cmcè*//, BPI /'short person, short (in stature)'/, DESC, lx , //c*í[-C1 c-]ë%*=èct tc s=we4yc4l//, TIME, /'The days are getting shorter.'/, attested by Elders Group. , DESC ['be getting shorter'], see ts'í:tl' ~ ts'ítl'. , EFAM ['bored'], see ts'íw. , df //c*i[-C1 c-]w=ás//, cts, ABFC ['sunning oneself'], root meaning unknown, ( continuative), lx on the face, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (8/4/77), comment: translation omitted in original notes. , strs //s=c*í[=C1 c=]xw //, EFAM ['be considerate'], see under stem help. , df //C1 í=c*cq*w =iy(=)áls//, PLAY ['playing pool'], literally possibly /'little poking spherical object/ball'/, ( diminutive), possibly root poke into, pierce, lx ball, probably bark, wool, covering, probably spherical object, phonology: reduplication, kw probably mistranscribed for qw', syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (7/27/78), also , //C1 í=è*cq*w =iy(=)áls//, PLAY, also /'pool (the game)'/, attested by MH (Deming 9/6/77), example: , //C1 í=c*ckw =iy(=)áls §e3·|tcl//, /'They are playing pool.'/, attested by Deming (7/27/78). , ABFC /'hearing, (hear [Elders Group, EB])'/, see ts'lhà:m. , ABFC ['hearing s-th/s-o'], see ts'lhà:m. , PLAY /'Indian badminton (played with cedar things that have wings), (grass shinny (a game like grass hockey, uses a big round ball) [BJ])'/, see ts'éqw ~ th'éqw. , BPI /'short (of a person), shorty'/, see ts'í:tl' ~ ts'ítl'. , df //è*íw=cl or è*íy=cwcl//, EFAM ['annoyed'], possibly resultative or durative, possibly in the mind, possibly go, come, get, become, phonology: possibly idiolectal, this form is only attested by EB, , [è'íwwlmwt], 'be fed up’, attested by EH 6/6/00 (SU transcription, tape 7), derived forms with ts' are attested by Elders Group and the Deming Elders and are cognate with forms in Squamish and Lushootseed by the regular sound correspondences (ts' here is regular, th' is unexpected and irregular), phonology: probable updrifting, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/15/75, 4/27/76), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /è*ígw il/ impatient, disgusted, irritated H76:114, Squamish /è*íwi§/ feel annoyed, feel bothered, get fed up W73:6, K69:68. , cts or rsls //c*í[-C1 c-]w=cl//, EFAM ['bored'], ( continuative or resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (6/15/78), , [è’í ’iww3lmwt], 'really fed up’, attested by EH 6/6/00 (SU transcription, tape 7), also , //è*í[-C1 c-]w=cl//, also /'being annoyed'/, attested by EB (4/27/76). , //è*íw(=)cl=mcT//, also /'to be fed up [with s-o/s-th]'/, attested by EB (12/15/75, 4/27/76). , //è*íw=cl=sT-cxw-cs//, /'He annoyed her., He bothered her., He pestered her.'/, attested by EB. , dnom //s=c*iye3q//, PLN ['creek with its mouth on the south side of Chilliwack River and above the mouth of Middle Creek'], (semological comment: Wells says it means place of fish weir), syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):13. to trap fish, lx device to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64).
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English , df //s=c*iyáyc or s=c*[=cC2 =]áyc or s=c*iy=áyc//, KIN ['twins'], ASM ['twins were sometimes taken up into the mountains to be raised since they were said to have great power, example over the weather, even today if twins are teased it will cause rain'], ( nominalizer), possibly root greet, thank, praise (which is found in UHk), possibly plural or more likely affectionate diminutive, phonology: possible reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, other sources: ES /sc*iyílcm/ (CwMs /sc*iyáyc/) twins, Salish cognate: Squamish /è*iúy/ [should be //è*iy=úy//] ~ /sè*iúy/ twins from root /è*i/ near, close by W73:275, K67:289,321, K69:69, Lushootseed /è*íyùya§/ twins H76:118. , //lc=u| c*c3yxw //, /'It's dry.'/, literally /'past already is dry'/, attested by AC, , //lc=u| lc c*íyxw tc s=tá·l=cw//, /'The river is getting dry.'/, literally /'past -already past 3rd person subject get dry the river'/, attested by EB. , FOOD noodles (lit. dry + stringy hair + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD cheese (lit. cheese or hard + dry + milk), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , FOOD spaghetti (lit. long + dry + bread), (attested by RG,EH 6/16/98 to SN, edited by BG with RG,EH 6/26/00) , dnom //sxw =c*i[=Ae3·=]yxw =cls//, sas, FSH ['fish-drying rack'], literally /'something for drying fish as a structured activity continuative'/, ( something for),
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( structured activity continuative nominal), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64 new transcript new p. 187). , dnom //s=c*i[=Ae3·=]yxw =cls//, sas, FOOD ['dried meat'], ( nominalizer), ( resultative), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64 new transcript new p.190). , pcs //c*íyxw =T ~ c*c3yxw =T//, FSH ['dry s-th'], HUNT, HARV /'spread them out to dry (berries, bulrushes, etc.)'/, MC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (10/1/71, 10/13/71), EB (4/28/76), example: , //c*i[-Ae3-]yxw =T-cs//, /'He/She is drying it (clothes, fruit, dishes, etc.).'/, attested by AC, example: , df //c*iyxw =cq(cl)=T-e4lc4m//, if, ABDF ['my throat is dry'], literally possibly /'something dried out my throat on purpose'/, possibly purposeful control transitivizer, ( first person singular passive), phonology: syllable-loss predictable, syntactic analysis: transitive verb -passive, attested by EB (12/19/75), example: , ABDF ['my throat is dry'], see ts'íyxw ~ ts'éyxw ~ ch'íyxw. , FSH ['dry s-th'], see ts'íyxw ~ ts'éyxw ~ ch'íyxw. , possibly root //c*k*w c3xy or c[=G=]=k*w e[=Ac3=]xy//, [c*k*w w3xy], NUM ['twenty'], probably root , //ck*w c3xy ~ c*k*w c3xy//, attested by AC; found in , //c*k*w c3xy-c-ct//, /'We're twenty., There's twenty of us.'/, attested by AC, example: , //c*k*w c3xy qes k*w c lc3c*c//, /'twenty-one'/, attested by AC, BJ, also , df //c*|e3=cm or c*e3|=M1=cm or c*e3|=c[=M2=]m or c*|=e3·m//, ABFC ['to hear'], root meaning unknown, possibly derivational, possibly middle voice, possibly have/get/intransitivizer, phonology: possible stressed intransitivizer, possible metathesis, downdrifting, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/16/75), other sources: JH /c*|é·m/ to hear. , cts //C1í-c*|e3=cm ~ C1c-c*|e3=cm//, ABFC /'hearing, (hear [Elders Group, EB])'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, Elder's comment: "ts'ets'lhá:m is lower Fraser (downriver Halkomelem)(AC)", attested by EB (12/16/65, 5/4/76), AC (8/14/70, 9/18/71), other sources: ES /c*cc*|e3·m/ hear, also /'hear'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), attested by EB (5/4/76). , //c-cl c*|e3=mcT//, /'I heard it.'/, attested by AC (12/4/71), , ABFC ['hear s-o/s-th'], see ts'lhà:m. , ABDF ['sprain the back'], see ts'lhóqw'. , ABDF /'leg got sprained, (sprain one's ankle [JL])'/, see ts'lhóqw'. , //c*|áq*w tc (sxw =§íle4m=e4le4, s=|c3q*=owc|, s=è*am=xw =clexcl)//, . /'sprain the (shoulder, back, elbow)'/, attested by Deming (1/31/80), , dnom //s=c*á·//, KIN ['relative (of any kind)'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Cheh., attested by Deming (4/1/76), also , //c*á§//, dialects: Sumas, attested by Deming (4/1/76). , probablyfree root //c*á·l//, ABDF /'to get skinned, peel the skin off'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/16/75), example: , //c*á·(l)=e3ls tc (xye3w(=)cq, s=qe3·w(=)è)//, /'peel the (carrots, potatoes)'/, attested by MH. , ABFC /'turn one's face, (turn one's body away [IHTTC])'/, see ts'el. , ABFC /'roll over in bed, turn over in bed'/, see ts'el. , FOOD /'peel (as a structured activity, for ex. in fixing vegetables)'/, see ts'ó:l. , df //s=c*á·|(=)e ~ s=c*á|(=)e//, EB ['leaf'], LT ['leaf-green'], ASM ['the following color terms are used by AK before sts'ólha to specify shades of the color: tsxwíkw', xwíxwekw'el, tsqw'íxw, tsqwáy, sqwóqwiyel, stl'ítl'esel'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, possibly living thing, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (5/10/64, 12/5/64), EB (2/16/76), Elders Group (5/16/79), other sources: ES /sc*á|a/ (Cw /sc*á|e§/, Ms
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
873
/sc*á|a§/) leaf, Salish cognate: Squamish /sè*ú|a§/ leaf (of any tree) W73:158, K67:288, Lushootseed /s-è*ú|cy§/ leaf (in general) H76:119, see charts by Rob MacLaury, example: w Pacific willow, long-leaf willow, attested by AC (11/26/71), , //c=qwe3·y tc s=c*á|e//, /'The leaf is green.'/, attested by Deming (5/3/79, SJ esp.). , df //s=c*á·m(=)cqw //, KIN /'great grandparent, great grandchild, sibling or (up to fourth) cousin of great grandparent, great grandchild of brother or sister or (up to fourth) cousin'/, ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, possibly on top of the head, on the hair, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (9/29/71, 8/15/70), Elders Group (6/8/77, 7/9/75), other sources: ES /sc*á·mcqw / great grandparent, great grandchild, example: , //ë%*á-c §e s=c*á·mcqw //, /'Is that your great grandchild?'/, attested by AC. , PLN /'village on the site of Hope, modern Hope, B.C.'/, see ts'qó:ls. , TAST /'vanilla, (vanilla extract)'/, see q'íx. , CLO ['ear-ring'], see ts'éqw'. , EB /'spruce tree, Sitka spruce'/, see ts'éqw'. , MC /'poke it, pin s-th, pick it up (on sharp pointed object), pick s-th up on a fork (or other sharp object)'/, see ts'éqw'. , pcs //c*q*w =c[=Aí=]T or è*q*w =c[=Aí=]T//, durs, EB /'prop up a limb with a Yshaped stick, (prop s-th up (of a limb, with a Y-shaped stick))'/, root meaning unknown, ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( durative), phonology: ablaut, vowel-loss in root, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (6/30/76), also or something else?, //c*q*w=c[=Aí=]T or c*e3q*w=M1=T//, also /'prop up a limb'/, attested by HT (6/21/76). , df //c*q*w =óws=tcl//, HHG ['big copper pot'], FOOD, root meaning unknown unless ts'qw' as in ts'qw'ít prop it up on a Y-shaped stick, possibly on the body, on the skin, lx device to, Elder's comment: "borrowed from the Thompson language (BHTTC)", syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC (8/24/76), Salish cognate: perhaps Squamish /n-qw í§stn/ cooking pot W73:203, K67:309, (the Squamish root is cognate with Upriver Halkomelem qwéls boil, as are Samish /šqw c3l*s/ cooking pot G86a:83 and Cowichan /šqwál*s/ cooking pot B74b:32), but contrast Squamish /sqw §íls ~ qw c3y=qw i/ copper W73:67, K67:296, K69:59, and Lushootseed /q*w úlalatxw/ copper H76:431 and Upriver Halkomelem /qw íqw i/ copper and /sq*w c3l/ a metal found in mines and used for arrowheads, also , //c*qw =ó·s=tcl//, also /'big metal pot'/, attested by Elders Group (1/22/75). , ds //c*q*w =í·wcl=c|p//, EB /'swamp gooseberry, prickly swamp currant'/, dialects: some Chill., compare swamp gooseberry, prickly swamp currant, with root
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
sore. , ds //c*s=e3·y=c|p//, EB ['(Douglas) fir tree'], ['Pseudotsuga menziesii'], lx tree, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64), others.
grow?, possibly on the back, possibly derivational, possibly repeatedly, phonology: possible metathesis, possible vowel-loss in root, syntactic analysis: nominal?, intransitive verb?, attested by EL (Elders Group 1/26/77). , //c*e3t=M1=(c)m//, attested by Deming (3/16/78), example: , cts //c*e3t=cm//, [c*e3tcm], ABFC ['crawling'], ( continuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/6/70), EB (12/11/75), RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332), Deming (3/16/78), IHTTC (7/28/77), Salish cognate: Samish dial. of NSt /è*c3tõ*/ crawling G86a:93, also , //c*c3t=cm//, attested by NP (9/30/75), example: , df //c*tc3s//, SD /'(make a) ringing sound when something drops (spoon, metal ashtray or something heavy)'/, semantic environment ['for ex. of a spoon, metal ashtray, or something heavy'], root perhaps same as in th'átsem ringing, jingling, comment: th'átsem if related would be /è*c[-Ae3]ts=cm/ and ts'tés would be really th'tés /è*c3t[=M1=]s/, phonology: possible metathesis or vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (11/3/76). , cts //c*e3[-C1 c-]ë%*=cm//, ABFC ['jumping'], TVMO, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72). , durs //c*e3[-C1 c-]ë%*=c[=Aí·=]m or c*e3[-C1 c-]ë%*=cm=í·m//, rpts, cts, ABFC /'jumping along, jumping up and down'/, TVMO, probably durative, possibly repetitive, phonology: reduplication, ablaut or syllable-loss (em before =ím), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 3/15/72). (macron over e) ~ to jump, hop, the second name refers to the strident noise the insect makes–that name may be or or something similar in Stó:lô orthography). , dmv //c*e3[-C1 c-][=C1 c=]ë%*=c[=Aí=]m or c*e3[-C1 c-][=C1 c=]ë%*=cm=ím//, durs, rpts, cts, ABFC ['be hopping'], TVMO, ( diminutive), phonology: double reduplication, ablaut or syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (10/21/76), example: , //c*e3[-C1 c][=C1 c=]ë%*=c[=Aí=]m tc (C1 í=pchà·m, C1 í=mctú, C1 í=kw cšú)//, /'The (frog, little lamb, little pig) is hopping.'/, attested by BHTTC. , iecs //c*c3ë%*-M1=mcT//, ABFC ['jump at s-o'], ABFC ['strike (of a snake) at s-o'], semantic environment ['snake'], ( non-continuative), ( indirect effect non-control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76), example: , //c*c3ë%*=M1=mcT-à·m tc §e3|qcy//, /'The snake strikes at you., The snake jumps at you.'/, syntactic comment: passive, attested by Elders Group. . pcs //c*c3ë%*-M1=m=cccl=T (or poss.) c*c3ë%*-M1=m=cc=T//, GAM /to skip rope/, purposeful control transitivizer, on the back, on the back of
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English something (those allomorphs without also have extended allosemes/meanings DIR ['on the surface, on top'], for ex. on the back, on the surface, on the top, attested by RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332).
, df //(c*=)C1 cC2 =ë%*c3m=xycl//, EZ /'grasshopper (ordinary), perhaps longhorned grasshopper'/, ['order Orthoptera, family Acrididae or perhaps family Tettigoniidae'], literally possibly /'many jump on the foot'/, (semological comment: if so named, perhaps after grasshopper plagues), ( plural subject or? action), lx on the foot, phonology: reduplication, consonant-loss (first consonant of root, very odd), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by HP (4/16/75). , ABFC ['jump at s-o'], see ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém. , pcs //c*xw á=T or c*áxw =M1=T or c*xw =áT//, TIB /'add some, add it, (do it again [AD])'/, possibly non-continuative, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis or allomorph of suffix, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/16/77), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /è*xw -úd/ add it to something H76:696, Squamish root /è*ixw ~ è*cxw / increase as in /è*xw -ut/ increase (tr.) W73:149, K67:319,320, K69:68, also /'do it again'/, attested by AD (11/19/79). , LANG /'silence the mouth, keep the mouth quiet'/, see ts'áxw.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
877
U //§c[=Au=]ha=e3mc3l ~ §c[=Ao=]ha=e3mc3l//, PLN ['village now called Ohamil Reserve or Laidlaw'], see under more common variants and , FOOD /'run out of food, be out of food'/, see ô3 wkw'. drift downriver, possibly go, come, get, become, probably on the face, ( nominalizer), comment: i.e. a verb used over time as place name becoming a nominal/noun, syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):15, source: place names reference file #184, also , //wq*w =íl=cs//, also /'mouth of Hunter Creek'/, phonology: vocalization of w to ô or e ! ô, attested by IHTTC (8/5/77 incl. AK, TG, AD but not SP on that day). , possibly root //§úx//, . EFAM ['it smells (said to child)'], phonology: sound symbolism with other interjections, syntactic analysis: interjection, usage: baby talk, attested by AHTTC (2/15/80). , WETH ['four days of northeast wind'], Elder's comment: "there is a word for this", attested by EB. , WETH ['eight days of northeast wind'], Elder's comment: "there is a word for this", attested by EB.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
W , bound root //we3·c//, dung, shit, excrement. , ds //we3·c=e3wtxw //, BLDG /'outhouse (for solid waste), (shit-house)'/, literally /'shit house, dung building'/, (semological comment: this term is coarser than cousin after parent's death, also , //s=wal=cm=e3·y|//, attested by Elders Group (6/8/77). , bound root //we3l or we3·l throw//. , sas //we3(l)=e3ls//, ECON /'to scramble-give, throw money/blankets/poles to a crowd, give away at a big (winter) dance [by throwing]'/, ASM ['sometimes these things were thrown from the roof or platform at roof level connected to the longhouse/dance house, when blankets were thrown people would try to hang on to the largest portion if they couldn't get away with a whole blanket, then a person would come around and cut the blanket apart in each portion, when poles were thrown the portion of pole that a person could hang onto was redeemed by a proportionate amount of money or other gifts, when coins were thrown people just scrambled for them, this type of giving was done besides the formal presentations within the longhouse to particular named people'], probably root throw, ( structured activity non-continuative), phonology: consonant-loss (l before =áls), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /wáls/ throw away as a "scramble-gift", give away (itr.) W73:224, K69:89. , cts //we[-AáC1 c-](l)=c[=Aí·=]ls//, [wáwí·ls], ECON ['(be scramble-giving)'], ( continuative), probably durative, ( structured activity continuative), phonology: double ablaut, reduplication, consonant-loss,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BJ (12/5/64 new transcript old p.324). , dnom //s=we3(l)=e3ls//, ECON /'scramble-giving, a scramble'/, ( nominalizer, something to), phonology: consonant-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (9/15/71), BJ (12/5/64), other sources: ES /swe3·ls/ scramble-giving, Salish cognate: Squamish /swáls/ scatter (tr.?), throw away; scramble-gift W73:224, K67:299, K69:60,75. , pcis //we3·l=xy//, ABFC /'throw s-th (a rock, etc.), throw it (to someone)'/, ( purposeful control inanimate object preferred), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC, RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332), other sources: ES /we3·lxy/ throw, also , //we3l=xy//, attested by EB (4/29/76); found in , //c-cl lc we3·l=xy tc C1 í=§exw íl s=me3lt//, /'I threw a little rock.'/, attested by AC (10/21/71), , //tc=we3t k*wc §í-xw èi[-Ae3-]y=c|c=cT t-e s=we[=Ac3=]l=tcl//, /'Who are you making the fish-net for?'/, attested by AC (11/11/71). , cpds //lcse3k s=we[=Ac3=]l=tcl//, FSH /'bag net, sack net'/, literally /'sack/bag net'/, (semological comment: lesák is borrowed from Chinook Jargon), ASM ['this term used later by EL as he's not sure of the real term, he saw it done: other men threw spears at the fish to drive them into the net, it was done at Páléxel, and EL saw them get 50 steelhead'], syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by EL (2/20/79), , df //we3·l=tc[=M2=]l=T or wcl=ti[=Ae3·=]l=t//, HUNT /'spring snare [s-th], [a?] spring snare'/, possibly root throw and stem lit. “throw device” as in net , probably device to, possibly derivational, possibly derivational or durative, possibly purposeful control transitivizer, phonology: metathesis or ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb? or nominal??, attested by Deming (4/11/78), contrast with , //tc=we3t k*w c ë%*í=ls kw -s mc3-s yc=s=q*á//, /'Who wants to come along?'/, attested by EB, , //tc=we3t k*w c §í-xw èi[-Ae3-]y=c|c=cT t-e s=wc3l=tcl//, /'Who are you making the fishnet for?'/, literally /'who is? that aux -you are making for s-o your net'/, attested by AC (11/11/71), y //, /'Who is standing there?, Who's there?'/, attested , //tc=we3t tc |x=í·l=cx . by AC (8/15/70), , //lc3wc kw c tc=we3t §e-s=we3 pte3=mcTaxy//, /'Who are you that's asking me this?'/, syntactic comment: syntax is unusual with aswá, attested by AC (9/29/71), , //lcwc tc=we3t//, /'Who are you?'/, attested by AC (8/15/70), , //(we3t, tc=we3t, s=te3m) (k*w -e, t-e§) s=kw íxy//, /'What's your name?'/, attested by BHTTC (10/3/76), , //tc=we3t tc s=qw cm=e3y//, /'Whose dog?'/, literally /'who is? the dog'/, attested by AC (12/8/71), , //§í=sT-cxw -c-cl-ce §à §í k*w c tc=we3t=cs//, /'I'll leave it with somebody.'/, attested by EB, , df //k*w c=we3t=cs//, PRON ['something'], (, //§e3xw =cT-àm k*w c=we3t=cs//, /'Someone will give you something.'/, literally /'you are given something'/, attested by AD. , cpds //mck*w =we3t=cs ~ mck*w =we3t//, PRON /'everybody, everyone'/, root , df //k*w c(=)|=we3t//, PRON /'who else?, who (of several)?, (anybody else (AC))'/, ( spill), syntactic analysis: interrogative verb, Elder's comment: "this word is short for kw'elh tewát", attested by EB (4/28/78), also /'anybody else'/, attested by AC (12/10/71), example: , //§owc= 3te k*w c|=we3t tc3l=l-cxw wc-lí-s §elc3ce tc s=lc3xw =wc|//, /'Nobody knows where the canoe is.'/, literally /'there is not anybody else know it if- is there -it is where? the canoe'/, usage: Story of the Flood, attested by AC. , df //s=we[=Aá=]t=lc//, PRON /'somebody, someone'/, ( nominalizer), (
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English derivational), probably this, here probably as in everybody, all and , free root //we3t//, PRON /'who?, who'/. , CJ /'is there none?, isn't there any?'/, see éwe ~ ô3 we. , cts //we[-AáC1 c-]è*//, ABFC ['prying'], MC, ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (8/25/77). , dnom //sxw =we[=AaC1 c=]è*=ílcp//, TOOL ['shovel'], LAND, literally /'something for prying earth'/, ( something for), lx earth, dirt, phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/25/77), contrast shovel. , pcs //we3è*=cT//, MC /'pry s-th, lock s-th (the Indian way/barred/wedged), pry s-th up, lever it up'/, ABFC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/25/78), EB (4/27/76), IHTTC (8/25/77), comment: , Salish cognate: Squamish /wác*-an/ lever up; pry loose (tr.) K69:89, historical/comparative detail: should one compare this word with weth'át teases-o (i.e. sort of pry someone)? following Kuipers who relates the two Squamish cognates to each other. , ds //we3è*=(cw)c|//, BSK ['to weave slats (like a th'ô3 wex basket or bulrush mat or inner or middle cedar bark)'], literally /'pry/bar/lock basket/vessel'/, probably basket, vessel, canoe, Elder's comment: "perhaps also to weave wool but AD believes they have different weaves for wool, each of which is named [twine, twill, etc.] (AD 6/8/79)", syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD (6/18/79). , //we3c*=c|//, also /'wall mat'/, attested by Elders Group (11/12/75), also , BSK ['to weave slats (like a th'ô3 wex basket or bulrush mat or inner or middle cedar bark)'], see wáth'. , BSK /'bulrush mat, reed mat, mat (of cattail/roots/bulrushes, etc.), (wall mat (Elders Group 11/12/75)'/, see wáth'. , df //s=we3c*ct//, FIRE /'torch (made from pitch) (SJ and MV), (bark shield for fire (Elders Group 3/6/78))'/, ( nominalizer, something to), root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SJ and MV (Deming 3/2/77), Salish cognate: Squamish /sxw áèit/ torch W73:271, K67:294, also /'bark shield for fire'/, attested by Elders Group (3/8/78).
(macron over a)(p.395) ~ , //k*w c cí[=C1 c=]|//, also /'sky'/, literally /'what (remote) is high up'/, Elder's comment: "others use swàyèl day for sky", attested by EB (2/16/76), also , //s=we3(·)y=cl//, also /'horizon, sky, day'/, attested by BJ (12/5/64), example: , //s=te3m-ce s=we3y=cl we4y=c4l=c4s. s=xc§áècl=s//, /'Q.: What . day is tomorrow? A.: Thursday.'/, literally /'is what? -future day tomorrow. thursday'/, attested by IHTTC, , //(lc, §u|) k*w e3s=èct tc s=we3y=cl//, /'The day is getting warm.'/, literally /'(past, already) got warm the day'/, attested by Deming, , //máë%* tc s=we3y=cl//, /'The weather is bad.'/, from , //§cwc= 3tc ë%*cm=x. w =íl=c tlá=we3y=cl//, /'There's no hail today.'/, attested by Deming, , //li-c §e s=qw e4·l=cwcl kw -cs xw c=§í·-s we3·y=cl=cs//, /'Do you think they'll come (get here) tomorrow?'/, attested by AC (9/18/71), , //wc=|c3q*//, /'sound of a spank on a bottom'/, attested by AD (2/19/79), , //wc=c*c3ë%* or wc=c*i[=Ac3=]ë%*//, /'drop, fall'/, literally /'suddenly get short?'/ or possibly root as in jump, top, on top , da //wc= ~ §u= ~ §uw= ~ §cw= ~ =cw ~ =w ~ =u//, EFAM ['contrastive'], syntactic analysis: derivational prefix or suffix, also , //§u= ~ §uw= ~ =u//, also , //§cw= ~ =cw//, also , //=w//; found in , //s-ew//, /'so'/,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, //èc=w=ë%*á or èc=ú=ë%*á//, /'that's her, she's the one'/, , //wc=§ál wc=qc3x. tc s=|c3x. w =c|ce-s//, /'an awful lot of spit, too much spit'/, attested by AC, , //§ál=wc lápx. w=cm//, /'(making) too much noise'/, attested by EB, , //§ál=wc xwc3tcs ë%*c-s-u míq*//, /'It was too heavy and it sank. (sink)'/, , //wc=§ál wc=qw c§íqw =cqw -s t-e (xc . 3 l=tcl, x. í·lcm)//, /'Your (pen/pencil, rope) is too thin/narrow.'/, attested by JL; found in , //wc=yáè//, /'always'/, , //wc=láy//, /'only, just'/, example: , //c*e3[=C1 c=]l=cw k*w e[=Aá=C1 c=]s tclá=we3yc3l//, /'It's really hot today.'/, attested by EB, , (), MOOD /'subjunctive, when, if'/, syntactic analysis: ip, syntactic comment: requires the same word to be affixed with subordinate subject pronoun set (=al, =exw, =es, =et, =ap ~ =elep)(these pronouns lose their initial vowel after verbs ending in ), attested by Elders Group, EB, CT and HT, IHTTC, AC, Deming, others; found in , //§e3y t*wc k*w c-l s=qwe4l=cwcl wc-§cmí-s//, /'I'll be glad if he comes.'/, attested by Elders Group (2/16/77), w w w y , //(wc-xí·ë . %*-cx , wc-§í-x xí·ë . %*) hák =cx -|e t-e§ kapú//, /'If you're cold put on your coat.'/, attested by EB (5/25/76), , //wc-lí-s èc3t t-e s=qw e4l=cwcl//, /'if you think that, if your mind says so'/, literally /'if- aux -it say that the -your mind'/, attested by EB (4/18/78), , //§c3wc s=ë%*í-s-s k*w -cs mey=T-álxw -s wc-le3=m-ct séwq*=T-álc//, /'He doesn't want to help us when we go find you folks. (search for s-o)'/, dialects: Chill., attested by IHTTC (8/22/77), also , //§c3wc s=ë%*í-s-cs kw-s mey=T-áxw-cs wc-le3=m-ct sc3wq*=T-álc//, dialects: Cheh., attested by EB (IHTTC 8/22/77), also , //§c3wc s=ë%*í-s-cs mey=T-áxw -cs wc-le3=m-ct sc3wq*=T-álc//, dialects: Tait, attested by SP and AK and AD (IHTTC 8/22/77), , df //s=wc3k* or s=wc3q*=K//, SOCT /'a dandy, someone who overdresses, a show-off, comedian, someone who always cracks jokes, smart-alec; proud'/, ASM ['used mainly of someone who overdresses and acts funny about it (usually a younger person), sometimes with a little envy or pride in the person, sometimes with a person who does something smart that the elders are proud of (AD)'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, possibly diminutive, phonology: possible fronting, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/19/75), EB (2/27/76), Deming (6/15/78), AD (1/10/79), also , //s=wc3k*=tcn//,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
887
also /'show-off'/, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78), also /'brave man'/, attested by HP (Elders Group 2/8/78). , possibly root //wclc3k* or w[=cl=]c3q*=K//, EZ /'little green frog, little green tree frog, (Pacific tree toad)'/, ['Hyla regilla'], possibly root a kind of frog, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /wáq*waq* ~ wclís ~ wcq*íq*/ an unidentified kind of small frog and /swc3lcq*/ Frog talk; specifically what Frog would sing to her baby to try to get him to stop crying H76:546,550,452, example: , dnom //w[=cl=]c3q*=K=cs//, TIME ['the month/moon beginning in March'], literally /'little frog season'/, Elder's comment: "when the little frogs begin to sing or talk", lx cyclic period, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, nominal?, attested by Elders Group (3/12/75, 2/5/75), contrast frog, also , //wc[=Aá=]x=cs//, attested by Elders Group (2/5/75). . , //wc| t=u mc3q*//, /'nearly full (of food)'/, literally /'already sort of filled (of food)'/, attested by EB (2/6/76), , //wc| t=u lc3c* ~ xw e3lq=cy lc3c*//, /'near full (of a container)'/, literally /'already somewhat full ~ almost/nearly full'/, attested by EB, , //wc| t=u §ítct//, /'nearly asleep'/, literally /'already sort of asleep'/, attested by EB, , //s=t=(c§)e=(Aa)-w| le -yc(=) kw í[=C1 c=]m=cl//, /'already turning red'/, literally /'(prob.) like already going -in motion getting red'/, attested by AD (8/6/79), , //xw c=§e3y=wc|//, /'kind, generous'/, literally /'become good -minded/in disposition'/, , //xw =qc3l=wc|//, /'stingy'/, , //s=qcl=wí|=mcT//, /'hate s-o'/, also , //=wí|//. , EFAM ['real tired'], see lhchí:ws. frog croak, lx on the jaw, on the lips, music, ( go, come, get, become), ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders at Katz Class (BHTTC, T.G.,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
889
P.D.Peters) (10/5/76), contrast as in , //hc=weè*=c[=Ae3=]T//, dialects: Sumas (Kilgard), attested by JS (IHTTC 9/2/77), comment: but this form may be continuative (see example below), example: , cts //hc-weè*=c[=Ae3=]T//, durs, SOC ['teasing s-o'], EFAM, ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, vowel-loss, he- continuative is used regularly before roots beginning in w, y, l, or m, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (10/21/71), EB (3/29/76), also , //§í·=weè*=c[=Ae3=]T//, dialects: Tait, some Cheh., attested by IHTTC (9/2/77), example: , //hay=T-|e k*w-cs hc-weè*=c[=Ae3=]T//, /'Stop teasing him.'/, comment: might be more proper here, attested by EB (3/29/76), , chrs //hc-weè*=clc[=Ae3=]q//, durs, cts, SOC ['teasing'], (semological comment: probably mistranslated for a teaser), ( continuative), ( someone who habitually), ( durative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb??, nominal?, attested by BHTTC (10/2/76). , chrs //§í·=weè*=clc[=Ae3=]q//, durs, cts, SOC /'a teaser, somebody that teases to get one's goat'/, literally /'someone who habitually is teasing/prying/levering'/, phonology: ablaut, downstepping, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (9/2/77). , DIR ['get to the top or summit of a mountain'], see ts'á:. , //lc wc(=)c*c3ë%* tc qá· li tc q*w clc3qcl//, /'a drop-off, The water drops off a cliff.'/, attested by CT. , ncs //wc(=)c*c3ë%*=l-cxw//, ABDF ['drop s-th by accident'], ( non-control transitivizer, accidentally, happen to, manage to), ( third person object), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (2/9/76). , ABDF ['drop s-th by accident'], see wets'étl' ~ wech'étl'. , bound root or stem //wc3wc// meaning unknown , df //sxw=wc3wc or s=xwcw=c or sxw=wc3=C1 c or sxw=wc3w=c//, EZ ['cougar'], ['Felis concolor oregonensis'], probably something for/that, possibly nominalizer, something to, root meaning unknown, possibly from Chinook Jargon (see below), possibly living entity, possibly continuative or resultative or derivational, phonology: possible reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (7/26/77), AC (8/7/70, 9/30/71), Elders Group (3/1/72), ME (11/21/72 tape)), other sources: ES /šxwc3w·a ~ xwë%*c3qtclcc/ cougar, JH /sxw ú·wè/ cougar, H-T little green tree frog, (Pacific tree toad), Salish cognate: Squamish /wcxc . 3 s/ frog W73:108, K67:377 and frog (members of family Ranidae and family Bufonidae) Bouchard and Kennedy 1976:119-120, Sechelt /wcxc . 3 s/ frog T77:9, also /'the sound
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
891
a frog makes'/, attested by IHTTC (8/10/77). w , ds //wcxc . 3 s=cm ~ lcx =wcxc . 3 s=cm//, PLN ['Bill Bristol Island'], ( always), ( place to have/get), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD and SP (perhaps from MP) (IHTTC 7/8/77), Elders on American Bar place names trip (AD and AK) (6/26/78), Elders at Katz Class (BHTTC 10/5/76), source: place names reference file #46. TIME ['month beginning in March'], (semological comment: named , df //wc[=Aá=]x=cs//, . after frog croaking or frog), ( derivational), possibly cyclic period, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/10/77), Elders Group (2/5/75), contrast , NUM /'too (overly), very much'/, see òl ~ -òl ~ -ò ~ el. , probable root //wíy ~ we3ÿy// warn, compare wá:y. , df //s=wíy=|ce//, PLN ['Cultus Lake'], ASM ['because of stl'áleqem creatures thought to inhabit Cultus Lake it was avoided except by those training for power, several kinds of stl'áleqems were reported to live in the lake, a bear-like creature that dwelled underwater and ate all but the bones of men lowered into the lake on ropes, and creatures seen in small muddy swirls of water which then gave the person seeing them (fatal soul-loss sickness after seeing stl'áleqem creatures)'], ASM ['a creek that runs from Cultus Lake into Chilliwack River is called Sweltzer Creek, an early spelling of Swíylhcha, perhaps by a White man with a British or American r-less dialect'], ( nominalizer), probably root warn, lx unclear liquid, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/14/70), others, other sources: Gibbs, H-T02 , bound root //wíp or wc3p load with something heavy//, Salish cognate: Squamish root /wip/ as in /wi-wip-áy-qs-n-m/ be hanging down (ab. small objects, e.g., icicles, leaves)' (formally a passive of a verb in /-ncxw / not recorded by itself) K67:379. , rsls //wi[=Ac3=]p//, TVMO ['overloaded'], DESC, HUNT, ASM ['in packing on one's back, can't lift it, have to leave some meat if packing meat'], ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC (7/5/77),
892
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
example: , //c-cl wi[=Ac3=]p//, /'I'm overloaded.'/, attested by IHTTC. , stvi //s=wc[=Aí=]p//, TVMO ['(be) loaded with a heavy pack'], HUNT, ( stative), syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC (7/5/77). , df //s=C1 c=wíp//, TVMO ['more than one person heavily loaded with packs'], HUNT, possibly nominalizer or stative, ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal?, adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by IHTTC (7/5/77). , plv //s=C1 cC2 =wíp//, TVMO ['each had a heavy pack'], HUNT, literally /'many have heavy load, many are loaded heavily'/, ( stative), ( plural agent), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC (7/5/77). , bound root //wí·q ~ wíq widen, spread//, Salish cognate: possibly Squamish root /wiq*/ open (ab. container) as in /wiq*-c-án§ ~ wiq*-c-n§/ pull, force open (tr.) and /wíq*-c-m/ pull open one's mouth (with one's hands) (itr.) K69:90, possibly Lushootseed /gw c3q*/ open, opening, clearing H76:171, historical/comparative detail: Halkomelem appear to have lost glottalization from q' if these forms are cognate. , pcs //wí·q=cT//, CAN /'spread s-th, widen s-th'/, MC, ASM ['for ex. a canoe by dropping hot stones in it while it is filled with water'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (9/10/75). , ds //wíq=cs//, ABFC ['to yawn'], literally /'widen on the face'/, lx on the face, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group. , cts //wí[-C1 c-]q=cs//, ABFC ['yawning'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/15/70). , ABFC ['to yawn'], see wí:q ~ wíq. , CAN /'spread s-th, widen s-th'/, see wí:q ~ wíq. , bound root //wíè meaning prob. imitative//. , chrs //wi[=Ac3=]è=C1 cC2 //, EZ ['spotted sandpiper'], ['Actitis macularia'], literally (probably) /'characteristically (goes) weeth'/, ASM ['the call of the spotted sandpiper is described by Udvardy 1977 as "weet-weet-weet", thus probably the name (G79:16)'], ( derivational), ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK and/or SP and/or AD (Raft Trip 8/30/77), Salish cognate: Squamish /wccwíc/ spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularia) or possibly pectoral sandpiper (Calidris melantotos) or western sandpiper (Ereunetas mauri) Bouchard and Kennedy 1976:78 versus /s-p*c-p*láè*/ snipe W73:241, K69:56, contrast (umlaut over first a, macron over i) snipe, also EZ /'snipe, (Wilson's snipe or common snipe)'/, ['Capella gallinago'], Elder's comment: "rather than wíthiya (EL and JL)", attested by EL and JL (9/15/78), Elders Group (6/4/75, 2/11/76, 2/18/76). , ds //wi[=Aá=]è=iye//, EZ ['female spotted sandpiper'], ['Actitis macularia'], ( derivational), lx affectionate diminutive, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK and/or SP and/or AD (Raft Trip on Fraser R. from Xelhálh to Alhqá:yem 8/30/77), also , //wíè=iye//, also EZ ['snipe (large or small)'], ['Capella gallinago'], attested by BJ (12/5/64). , stem //wí(·)wc or wí(·)w=c or C1 í=wc or wí(·)=C1 c// eulachon, oolachen, candle-fish , df //s=wí(·)wc or s=wí(·)w=c or s=C1 í=wc or s=wí(·)=C1 c//, EZ /'eulachon, oolachen, candle-fish'/, ['Thaleichthys pacificus'], ASM ['small oily fish that run in great numbers up the Fraser River in spring, they are caught at the mouth of the Fraser in April and upriver at
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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Chehalis till about May 10th, the extracted oil was a great delicacy and was used much as butter is by Whites, it was traded and obtained by trade both among the Stó:lô, the fish was also dried and smoked and eaten fresh (delicious pan-fried with a little bread crumbs, eaten bones and all since the bones are so fine), cold weather forces the run too deep in the river for them to be dipped, they are caught nowadays with wire mesh dippers but formerly with special scoops which had their own name'], MED ['if a person rubs eulachon oil on his head he will go crazy (this is one tradition)'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, possibly living thing, possibly diminutive, possibly diminutive or continuative or resultative, phonology: possible reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/29/70, 11/17/71), BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group (3/1/72), other sources: ES /swí·wc/ and JH /swí·wè/ eulachon, H-T , //s=wí§wc or s=C1 í=§=wc or s=wí[=§=]=C1 c//, dialects: Matsqui, attested by Deming (5/6/76), example: , //le-c-ct qá·=cl=cm tc s=wíwc//, /'Let's scoop oolachens.'/, attested by Deming (5/6/76). or possibly , ds //tcm=wíwc or tcm=s=wíwc//, TIME /'month beginning in April at the mouth of the Fraser, May-June (Jenness:Sepass), oolachen moon'/, literally /'time to get eulachon, eulachon time/season'/, ( time, season, time to), (semological comment: the form without s= may be a verb get eulachons), phonology: possible reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal?, adverb/adverbial verb?, attested by Elders Group (3/12/75), also , //tcm=xwíwc ~ tcm=wíwc//, source: Jenness's field notes on William Sepass of Sardis (months from Sepass's calendar). , probable stem //C1 í=wclcs or wí[=C1 c=]lcs//, root meaning unknown unless related to the root wiq in swíqe man. , df //s=C1 í=wclcs or s=wí[=C1 c=]lcs//, HAT /'adolescent boy (about 10 to 15 yrs. old), teenaged boy, young man (teenager)'/, ( nominalizer), possibly diminutive, possibly derivational, root meaning unknown, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/15/70, 10/23/71), CT (6/8/76), Elders Group (10/1/75), other sources: ES /swíw·lcs/ adolescent boy, H-T (macron over a) youths (coll.), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /s-wclús/ young man of noble parentage H76:551, example: , FSH ['jerk-lining for sturgeon in a canoe'], see wô3 qw' ~ wéqw'. , bound stem //wíxy// meaning uncertain , rsls //wí[=C1 c=]xy=cm//, incs, DESC ['frayed (of a rope)'], ( resultative), ( have, get, inceptive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AHTTC (2/8/80), compare (come) out of thick bushes?. , ASP ['(just) started (to do something)'], see yalh. , N /'little man (nickname for a person), (sonny boy (MV and DF))'/, see swíyeqe ~ swíyqe ~ swí:qe.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, probable bound root //wíycq ~ wíyq ~ wí·q// male, also see alternative analysis of this root under , bound root //we3q ~ wiq// male, above (where etymologies for , df //s=we3q(=)cè or s=wi[=Ae3=]q=c(=)è//, KIN ['husband'], literally (possibly) /'someone that's a male spouse' and its derivations are found. The vowel of the original root is either or . , df //s=wí·q=c//, HAT ['man (15 years and up)'], EZ ['male (creature)'], EB ['male (plant)'], ( nominalizer), possibly root male, possibly living entity, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (11/24/71, etc.), BJ (5/10/64), Elders Group (3/15/72), many others, other sources: ES /swc3y·qe/ (MsCw /swc3y§qe/) man, Salish cognate: Squamish /swí§qa/ man W73:172, K67:300, and from G82: dialects of NSt (Lummi) /swc3y§qc§/, (Saanich) /swc3y§qe/ (P70) ~ /swí§qe/ (B74a), (Songish) /swáy§qe(§)/, (Sooke) /swc3yqc§/, (Samish) VU /swc3y*cqa/ ~ LD /swc3y*qa§/, and of SSt (Clallam) /swc3y§qc§/ all man, male, historical/comparative detail: historical evidence and the derived form /wí·q=K=e/ little man both suggest the final vowel once was /=e/ in Upriver Halkomelem, example: , //§iy=ámcxy s=wí·q=c//, /'handsome man'/, attested by AC (12/8/71), , //(qc3l, híkw, C1 í=§exw(=)íl) s=wí·q=c//, /'(bad, big, little) man'/, attested by AC (8/4/70), , //te=lc3wc s=wí·q=c//, /'You are a man.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , pln //s=í·=wí·q=c or s=hí·=wí·q=c//, HAT /'men, males'/, EZ, EB, ( between s= and w...> plural), phonology: infixed plural, possible consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (10/21/71), others, other sources: H-T part (of a plant)?, comment: the glottal stop there is one present and usually has an allomorph with final before vowel initial consonants; found in girl, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (9/23/77), compare with , ds //s=wí·q=c=§á·l|//, HAT ['boy (from 5 to 10 yrs.)'], lx (macron over e and a) boy, also /'boy (from baby to 4 or 5 yrs.)'/, dialects: Chill., attested by EB (2/16/76). , pln //s=[=i=]wí·q=c=§á·l|//, HAT ['boys'], ( plural), phonology: infixed plural, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (10/23/71). , //wí§q[=K=]=c//, also /'sonny boy'/, attested by MV and EF (Deming 4/27/78). , EFAM /'pessimist, a person whose thoughts are always bad'/, see wiyóth. , SOC /'go warn s-o in secret, go tell s-o in secret'/, see wá:y. , free root //wácmcl//, SOCT ['watchman'], borrowed from English , syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76). , PLN /'Wahleach whistle stop on Seabird Island where Wayne Bobb lived in 1977, (now also Wahleach Lake (man-made) [EB])'/, see xwále ~ xwá:le. , bound root //wáq// glow, blaze, or possibly related to //wíÿq ~ wíq//, bound root widen, spread , cts //wá[-C1 c-]q=cm//, FIRE /'glowing of coals not quite gone out yet, red blaze of a fire (DM)'/, root meaning unknown, ( continuative), probably have, get, intransitive, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/16/80), Salish cognate: perhaps Lushootseed (Skagit dial.) /gw cq/ ~ (Snohomish dial.) /gcq/ sunshine, brightness as in /§cs-gw c3q/ the sun is shining H76:155, also /'red blaze of a fire'/, attested by DM (12/4/64). , free root //wášctcm//, PLN /'Washington (state), Washington (D.C.)'/, probably borrowed from English , syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Deming Elders (3/15/79)(SJ, MC, MV, LG), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /wášctcb/ Washington H76:546. , df //wá=áècl//, FOOD ['share a meal'], SOC, root meaning unknown unless continue as in yewá: along and syewá:l ancestors, probably in the mouth, phonology: possible vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (12/15/77), Salish cognate: possibly? Squamish /wc3§u/ continue, carry on W73:67, K67:377, possibly? Lushootseed /wáwcxw / join in eating (the food is put on the table and people pick out what they want...) H76:548, example: , //mi-c-ep wá=áècl s=C1 c=q*á te=|límc|//, /'Come and share (our meal) with us.'/, attested by Deming. , EZ ['female spotted sandpiper'], see wíth. , cts //wá[-C1 c-]q=cm//, FIRE /'glowing of coals not quite gone out yet, red blaze of a fire (DM)'/, see under root , possibly root or stem //wawc3s or wa[=R1=][= 3=]s//, PLN ['place across the Fraser River from Union Bar'], ASM ['there's a White settlement there now'], (semological comment: may have something to do with across or opposite), possibly root possibly root or stem opposite as perhaps in jealous perhaps literally made opposite for awhile habitually, possibly resultative or derivational, possibly derivational, more likely clipped form from /§i=wá[=R1=]s/ Union Bar, phonology: possible reduplication, possible stress-shift, syntactic analysis: nominal, compare /§i=wá[=R1=]s/ Union Bar, compare also west side of Fraser River at Emory Creek (perhaps /§e3·y=was=cs/ with /e ! a/ automatic before face), attested by Elders Group (7/6/77), source: place names reference file #15. , //lc wóq*w//, /'He drowned.'/, syntactic comment: ambiguous past, attested by AC (8/7/70), , //mók*w wóq*w //, /'All drowned.'/, attested by AC (8/7/70), , //lc wóq*w ë%*c=s=u s=§í·k*w //, /'He was drowned and lost.'/, attested by EB (1/26/76). , plv //C1cC2=wóq*w //, WATR ['a flood'], literally /'many drown (or) many downriver'/, ( plural), phonology: reduplication, e ! ô, syntactic analysis: nominal?, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72).
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
897
, //wc3q*w =cT//, also /'throw s-th into the water'/, attested by EB (3/1/76). , mdls //wóq*w=íl=cm//, incs, DIR /'go downstream, go downriver, down the river'/, WATR, CAN, TVMO, ( go, come, get, become), ( middle voice), phonology: optional updrifting, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/15/75), TG (Elders Group 3/1/72). , cts //hc3-wq*w =cl=cm//, DIR /'(going) downstream, drift downstream, (drifting downstream)'/, WATR, CAN, TVMO, ( continuative before resonants), phonology: vowel-loss in root after stressed prefix, vowel-reduction in suffix, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 6/16/76). , //lc xw c=wq*w =íl=cm è-cl mc3lc//, /'My daughter went downstream.'/, attested by EB (4/26/76), , //wq*w =íl=cs//, also /'Restmore Caves'/, literally /'watching downriver'/, (semological comment: so named after an Indian murderer who lived there and killed people coming upriver till he was killed by an organized group of Indian people (Duff 1952)), phonology: metathesis, source: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):15. , dmv //C1 í=wcq*w=c[=Aá=]T-ct//, pcs, rfls, durs, FSH ['jerk-lining for sturgeon in a canoe'], CAN, ASM ['sitting in a canoe holding a rope anchored onshore with rocks on one end and with sturgeon-sized gaff hooks on the other end in the water'], literally /'drifting oneself purposely downriver a little for a (long) while'/, ( diminutive), ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( durative), ( reflexive), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (11/10/76). , df //s=wóq*w =c|//, WV /'woven goat-wool blanket, (twilled weave (JL))'/, ASM ['sometimes woven mixed with dog wool and/or cottonwood fluff, the wool was often whitened with baked diatomaceous earth (st'ewô3 kw'), several different weaves were used in the surviving examples and newly made blankets including a twilled weave and a twined weave, there are several excellent books on this weaving now called Salish weaving, the original blankets were very highly valued and were used as money in potlatches and in trade with Hudson's Bay Co. (a practice which H.B.C. also used with their own trade blankets), according to AC the goat-wool blankets were only used as a cape and never slept on, the goat wool was obtained from mountain goats killed but more was obtained by Stó:lô people following goat trails and picking hairs left in the bushes where goats frequented (example those which they ate from)'], ( nominalizer), root possibly drift downriver, lx weaving, mat as in bulrush/tule mat, possibly lit. /'downriver weaving'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), AC (10/23/71, 12/4/71), DM (12/4/64), many others, Salish cognate: Squamish /swúq*w a|/ Indian blanket W73:39, K67:299, Samish dial. of NSt /swc3wq*w c|/ [swóq*w c|] goat wool blanket G86:83, also /'twilled weave'/, attested by JL (Elders Group 8/8/79), example: , WATR ['drop s-th into the water'], see wô3 qw' ~ wéqw'. , DIR /'go downstream, go downriver, down the river'/, see wô3 qw' ~ wéqw'. , WATR ['a flood'], see wô3 qw' ~ wéqw'.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
899
X , da or bound root //xy=//, ANA ['genital'], syntactic analysis: derivational prefix/lexical suffix or bound root; found in , //xy=e3·wc|//, /'vagina, vulva'/, lx canoe, boat, vessel, dish, , //s=xy =e[=Ac3=]le or s=xy c3l=ele//, /'penis'/, possibly container, possibly root roll, rotate, , //xy=íwe or xyíwc//, /'urinate (of a woman)'/, possibly cord, , //xy(=)áp*//, /'squat'/. , ABFC ['cool off (of a person)'], see xó:lxwem. , free root //xye3| ~ xye3·|//, LAND ['road'], SOC, BLDG ['door'], syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by AC (8/13/70, 10/1/71, 9/30/71), Elders Group (3/72, 3/2/77), EB, others, other sources: ES /xye3·|/ (Cw /še3|/, Ms /xye3|/) road (trail), JH /xé·|/ road, path, Salish cognate: cognate set #8 in Galloway 1988, PCS *xywá| trail, way; doorway, Se /šáw|/, Sq /šuá|/, Nk (PA61, G84a:SJ, G84b:LT:LG) /šæ 3 |/, Nk (G83b:PA:GS) /xyæ 3 |/ (Hk accent), Lm /só|/, Smb (LD, VU, TB) SnSg So(E69) /sá|/, So (TTE74) /só|/, Cl /sú|/, Ld /šc3gw|/, Ld (Suttles65) /šágw|/, Tw (Suttles65) /šuw§á|/, example: , //yí[-C1 c-]q tc xye3|//, /'snowing on the road'/, literally /'the road is falling snow'/, attested by AC (9/30/71), , mdls //xye3q*=cm//, ABFC ['open one's mouth'], ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/6/80). , df //xye3q*[=M1=]=èct or xyeq*=c[=Ae3·=]T-ct//, MC ['hang something up'], probably non-continuative, probably durative, probably get, become, possibly purposeful control transitivizer, possibly reflexive??, (semological comment: there is a semantic element of purposeful control in this stem but not reflexive unless it is mistranslated for hang oneself), phonology: á ! ó before =thet automatically, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/15/75). , free root //xye3ë%*//, ABFC /'get erect (of penis only), have an erection'/, possibly root genital, possibly , ds //s=xy(e)ë%*=í·qw //, ANA ['head of the penis'], literally /'the top of the head of an erection'/, ( nominalizer), lx top of the head, (semological comment: somatic suffixes usually drop the locative on feature in independent body part words), phonology: vowel-loss in root
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
901
before stressed suffix, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (JH), other sources: JH /sxë%*í·qw / head of penis, contrast foreskin (JH66:11 also from DM). , EB ['carrot-like plant used for green dye'], see xáwéq. , free stem //xy=e3·wc| or xye3=e3wc|//, ANA /'woman's genitals, vulva, vagina'/, possibly root genital, probably not root bone, possibly vessel, dish, canoe, phonology: possible vowel merger, sound-symbolism?, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75), other sources: ES ChMs /xye3wc|/ (-wc| vessel)(Cw /še3wc|/) vulva, Salish cognate: not Squamish /sc*uhnc*/ vulva W73:280, K69:57, compare urinate (of a woman), also , //s=xye3(=c)wc|//, attested by JL (7/20/79 Fish Camp). , ds //xy=e3·wc|=íqw or xye3=e3wc|=íqw //, ANA /'clitoris'/, lx top of the head, Elders Group , ds //xy e3w=cq or xy cw=e3[=M2=]q//, EB /'wild carrot (possibly spring gold or wild carraway), domestic carrot (both that planted and that gone wild)'/, possibly ['Lomatium utriculatum or Perideridiae gairdneri, also Daucus carota'], probably root bone probably root as in cognates from other languages, possibly in the penis, possibly derivational, phonology: possible metathesis, updrifting, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64), other sources: ES /xye3wc3q/ wild carrot, carrot, H-T , ABFC ['opening one's mouth'], see xáq'. , LAND /'path, trail'/, see xálh ~ xá:lh. swim (of fish), possibly derivational, lx on the eye, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (9/17/75), AD and NP (1/23/80), EB (3/2/76). , free root //xye3·y ~ xye4·y//, ANAF /'gills, also "boot" (boot-shaped organ attached to fish gill)'/, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by Deming (4/1/76), Elders Group (6/11/75), Salish cognate: Squamish /šá§yay/ gills (of fish) W73:116, K67:323, Lushootseed (LG) /s-xáy*ay*/ ~ (EK, . LL) /s-xcyay*/ gills H76:586. . , ds //s=xyey=í·ws or s=xye[=Ac=]y=í·ws or s=xye[=Ai=]y=í·ws//, ABDF ['smallpox'], literally (probably) /'like fish scales on the skin/body'/, ( nominalizer), lx on the skin, on the body, possibly derivational, (or perhaps) like, phonology: possibly ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64), contrast chickenpox (CT 10/15/73). , possible bound root or stem //xye3(=i)yc//, meaning unknown , df //s=xye3(=i)yc//, KIN /'a husband's younger wives, co-wife'/, ( nominalizer), possibly root genital, possibly affectionate diminutive, phonology: possible vowel merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/15/70), other sources: ES /sxyá·ye/ co-wife, Salish cognate: Squamish /šá§yu/ co-wife; screech owl; corpse; lie dead W73:289, K67:323, Samish dial. of NSt /sáye§/ two wives, co-wives, husband of ex-wife, wife of ex-husband G86:79. , df //xe3·ys=cm//, EZ ['ant'], ['order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae'], root meaning unknown, possibly have/get or middle voice, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (12/4/71), BJ (12/5/64), others, other sources: ES /xyà·yscm/ ant, JH /xéyscm/ ant, H-T , pcs //xye3§=cT or xye3§=c[=Ae=]T//, ABFC ['hold s-o in one's arms'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: possible a-ablaut phonological echo, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (5/21/76). , //xy e3§=c[-M2-]T t-cl mc3lc//, /'holding my child in my arms'/, attested by Elders Group (5/19/76). , //è*c4x. w =xyc3l=cm//, /'wash one's feet'/, , //s=lc3x=x cl//, /'toe'/, , //|c3c*=x cl//, /'cut on the foot'/, , //qw c3m=xw =xycl//, /'ankle'/, literally /'lump of foot'/, , //sq*cp=álcqw=tcl=xycl//, /'kneecap'/, , //lckw =xyc[=Ae3·=]l//, /'broke a leg'/, , //qw |=í·y=xycl//, /'shoe(s)'/, literally /'driftwood on foot'/, , //ècl=íwe3=xycl ~ ccl=íwe3=xycl//, /'snowshoe(s)'/, , //le3=xycl//, /'fishing platform (for still-dip-netting)'/, , //xw á·m=xycl=cm//, /'run'/, w y w y , //x cm=x e3·l=cm orx. cm=x c[=Ae3·=]l=cm//, /'running'/, (semological comment: some speakers of Tait and Chehalis dialects say the glosses are reversed on the last two words), root hurry, be fast, phonology: fronting, , //s=C1 cC2 =qw c3l=xycl//, /'tuft(s) of hair y y on a horse's legs'/, , //sxc . 3 p=x cl//, /'fish tail'/, , //C1 cC2 =ë%*c3m=x cl//, y /'grasshopper'/, literally /'repeatedly jumping foot or leg'/, , //pít=x cl//, /'salamander'/, y cl//, /'spring salmon (generic)'/, literally /'spotted foot'/, , , //sq*á=xycl//, /'partner'/, literally /'together in foot'/, , //sècqcl=xyc3l=cm//, /'rainbow'/. , bound root //xyc3l roll, rotate//. , pcs //xyc3l=cc=T//, TVMO ['roll s-th over'], MC, possibly on the back, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: updrifting, possible consonant merger, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76), Salish cognate: possibly Squamish /šíši§è/ round (around) W73:219, K67:324, example: meaning uncertain, compare circular, round and flat, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (2/6/76), AC (9/15/71, 10/1/71, 10/8/71), other sources: ES /xyclá·k*w / round, JH /xc3lck*w / round, Salish cognate: Squamish /ši§úk*w / round, compact W73:219, K67:325, also , dmn //C1 í=xy[=W=]cl=ák*w //, SH /'small bundle, small package'/, MC, literally /'little round'/, ( diminutive), ( automatic with some roots beginning with (as in Musqueam (Suttles 7.2.1))), phonology: labialization, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (10/1/71). , ds //xycl=e[=Aá=]k*w =á[=Ac=]ls//, SH /'really round, (perfectly spherical?)'/, possibly continuative, possibly durative, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by CT (6/8/76). , dmn //C1 í=xycl=á(·)k*w=M1=á(·)ls//, PE /'cotton balls'/, lit. “little rolled balls”, diminutive, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332). , cpds /C1 í=xycl=á(·)k*w =M1=á(·)ls s=§e3l=qscl//, PE /'Q-tips'/, lit. “little rolled balls - on a point”, ( nominalizer), probably root , pcs //xycl=a[=Ac3=]k*w =T//, TVMO /'roll s-th (like a log), (roll it up [AC])'/, ( durative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (2/9/76), also /'roll it up'/, attested by AC (9/15/71); found in
roll it up. , ds //xycl=(e)k*w =e3mcè*//, SH ['round (of a pole)'], lx longleaf willow, Sitka willow, contrast willow, contrast short-leaf willow, Pacific willow. , ds //s=xyc3l=lc*//, ANAB /'feather (any kind), (fine feathers [EB], small feathers [IHTTC], lots of feathers [EB])'/, literally /'something to rotate around in circles'/, (semological comment: could be so named after the fact that such feathers rotate slowly as they fall to earth or after their use in the sxwóyxwey dance where they are fastened to spin around on the headdress, fine feathers were sometimes stuck to grease on spirit-dancers and were also thrown all over ceremonially from a bag when a new spirit-dancer dances in public for the first time (EB 1/8/76)), ( something to, nominalizer), lx , //c=xyc3lce tc s=è*áqw i//, /'He caught a fish.'/, attested by EB (1/8/76), , [ xyw3lè], 'catch a fish’,
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
905
attested by (EH,RG) 7/27/99 (SU transcription, tape 3). , ctvi [èxyál a] (BG: final vowel prob. mistranscribed for /e/), FSH /'always catching fish’/ (BG: the always is probably not required, overemphasizing continuative), HUNT, attested by (EH,RG) 7/27/99 (SU transcription, tape 3), , [ wxywl a], *'catching fish’ (EH,RG) 7/27/99 (SU transcription, tape 3) , dnom //s=xyc3lce ~ s=xyc3lcc//, FSH /'one's catch (fish, game, etc.)'/, HUNT, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC (8/30/76), EB (1/8/76, 12/15/75, 6/23/78), example: , //qc3x. tc s=xyc3lce-s//, /'His catch is big.'/, literally /'is many/much the his catch'/, attested by EB (1/8/76), , //s=te3m k*w c s=è*áqw i §e s=xyc3lce//, /'What kind of fish did you catch?'/, literally /'is what? the (remote) fish your catch'/, attested by EB (12/15/75), , //ccle4·l=qw |e tc s=xyc3lce-s//, /'He sure caught a lot.'/, literally /'is sure a lot the his catch'/, attested by EB (6/23/78). , possible root or stem //xyc3l(=)c or xy=e[=Ac3=]=lc or or xyc3l=elc//, meaning uncertain , df //s=xy c3lc or s=xy e[=Ac3=](=)lc//, ANA ['penis'], ( nominalizer, something to), possibly root genital, possibly root roll, rotate?, possibly derivational, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75), BJ (12/5/64), other sources: ES /xye3lc/ (Ms /xyc3lc/, Cw /šc3lc/) penis, Salish cognate: Squamish /šc3l§/ penis W73:196, K69:69, Lushootseed /šclá§/ penis H76:458. , df //s=xyc3lc//, PLN ['Penis Rock near Cheam View'], (semological comment: shaped like a penis, probably turned to stone by the Transformer in a story (see Boas 1895)), syntactic analysis: nominal. on the eye, phonology: downstepping, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by HP (Elders Group 9/22/76). , ABDF ['sty in the eye'], see sxéle. , SH ['round (of a pole)'], see xél. , SH /'really round, (perfectly spherical?)'/, see xél. , EB /'long-leaf willow, Sitka willow'/, see xél. , bound root or stem //xycme3·l// have an enemy, hold a grudge , df //s=xycme3·l//, SOC ['enemy'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/15/70), BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group (3/72, 3/23/77), other sources: ES /sycme3l/ enemy, Salish cognate: Squamish /šmán/ enemy W73:90, K67:323, Lushootseed /šcbád/ enemy H76:457, example: , //híkw l s=xycme3·l//, /'He's my big enemy., I hate that person.'/,
906
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
phonology: sentence-stress, attested by JL (5/5/75). , pln //s=xyc[=lc=]me3·l//, SOC ['enemies'], ( plural), phonology: infixed plural, vowel-loss in infix before stressed syllable, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by JL (5/5/75), example: , //híkw l s=xyc[=lc=]me3·l yc=èe3//, /'My enemies there are big., I hate more than one person there.'/, attested by JL. , pcs //xyc[-C1 c-]me[=Aá=]·l=t-cl//, rcps, cts, SOC ['holding a grudge against each other'], ( continuative), (), ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reciprocal), phonology: vowel raising of e !i between x and x, a !o before =tel automatic,reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/23/77). , PLN ['Leon's Slough on Harrison River'], see xá:m. , CARV ['wood-carving knife'], see xíp. , HARV ['peel s-th (esp. fruit or vegetable root or a vegetable like squash or a round object)'], see xíp. , TOOL ['sharpen it (of a point)'], see xíp. , free root //xyc3q//, TIB ['be complete'], syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group, Salish cognate: Squamish /šc3q/ be finished, be completed, over W73:100, K67:323, example: , //lc xyc3q//, /'It's complete.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , ncs //xy cq=l-c[=Ae3=]xw //, durs, TIB ['complete s-th'], ( non-control transitivizer), ( durative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), example: , //c-cl xcq=l-c[=Ae3=]xw //, /'I completed it.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //li-c-xw xycq=l-c[=Ae=]xw //, /'Did you complete it?'/, attested by Elders Group. , TIB ['complete s-th'], see xéq. , mdls //xycq=|e3l=cm//, SPRD /'to sigh (of a spirit-dancer), make a loud (breathy) noise'/, ABFC, literally perhaps /'complete/finish in one's windpipe (or) high in one's windpipe'/, possibly root /xycq/ complete, lx in the windpipe, throat (air-passage), ( middle voice), phonology: updrifting, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (3/30/78), Salish cognate: Squamish /šcq-|ál-m/ be out of breath K67:323, possibly Lushootseed root /šc3q/ up, high H76:459. , cts //xycq=|e[-M2-]l=cm//, SPRD ['(be) sighing (of a spirit-dancer)'], ABFC, ( continuative), phonology: metathesis type 2, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (3/30/78). , df //C1 cC2 =xycq=|e3l=cm or xycq=C1 cC2 =|e3l=cm//, SPRD ['sighing over and over (of a spirit-dancer before or after dancing)'], ABFC, possibly plural action, possibly characteristic, phonology: xaq... probably mistranscribed for xeq..., syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (3/30/78), EB (8/4/78). , //xc3t=cm tc s=è*á·qw i//, /'The fish are swimming.'/, attested by NP (12/6/73). , ABFC /'swimming (of fish), (swim (of a fish) [EB])'/, see xetàm ~ xtàm. , pcs //xyct(=)qw =iwcl=í·l=T or xw [=F=]at(=)qw =iwcl=í·l=T//, incs, SH ['hollow it out'], root meaning unknown unless xwót(=)qw=iwel hollow, possibly diminutive, lx go, come, get, become, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: possible fronting, vowel-reduction or allomorph, syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD (3/6/79), Salish cognate: Saanich dial. of NSt /šctqw -kw íl-ct/ to hollow s-th out B74a:65. , df //xyct*=c3le//, DESC /'loose (of a pack), slack (of a pack), too low (of a pack)'/, literally /'slack by the side of the head'/, (semological comment: so named because packs were usually carried by tumpline around the head, now extended to back-packs too), lx on the side of the head, by the ear, on the temples, by the cheek, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC (7/19/77), example: , DESC /'loose (of a pack), slack (of a pack), too low (of a pack)'/, see xét'. , bound? root, doublet //xyc3è* ~ xyc3c*// get a sliver get a sliver in one's hand, attested by BJ (12/5/64 new transcript, old p.333), Salish cognate: Squamish /sè*-aè/ splinter, slivver (in finger) W73:246, K67:288 (prob. error for /šè*-aè/) prob. from Squamish root /šíè*/ be all around, amidst, surrounded by K67:324, K69:69-70. , EB ['go through the woods'], see xí:ts' ~ xíts' ~ xets'. , CAN ['store away one's paddles'], see xits' ~ xets'. , ABFC /'holding s-o in one's arms, (holding a baby in one's arms [Elder's Group])'/, see xá'at. , possibly root //xyíl(=)cqw//, MC /'to search through, to rummage'/, ABFC, possibly root roll, rotate, possibly on top (of the head), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/5/77), Salish cognate: Lushootseed root /šil(i)/ 'come out from under, emerge; dig around to uncover s-th' as in /§u-šíl-id/ 'dig around to find [uncover] it' H76:465-466. , pcs //xyíl(=)cqw =T//, MC /'search through it, rummage through it, search s-o (like Customs officials)'/, ABFC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/5/77); found in , //xyílcqw =T-ámc//, /'search you'/, attested by IHTTC. , cts //xyí[-C1 c-]l(=)cqw =T//, MC /'searching it, digging through it'/, ABDF, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/5/77). , MC /'search through it, rummage through it, search s-o (like Customs officials)'/, see xíleqw. , bound root //xyíp plane (with a plane), trim, taper, peel outer layer with knife or plane//. , pcs //xyíp=cT//, CARV /'plane it (with a plane), trim it, taper it (about wood, like slats or roots for baskets, poles for houseposts/totem poles, paddles), taper it (with knife or plane), peel it (a fruit, etc.), whittle it, strip or peel bark off of it, scrape it (of carrots), (carve it, peel it [AC])'/, HARV, FOOD, BSK, CAN, MC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (4/27/76, 1/8/76), Deming (4/30/80), CT and HT (6/21/76), MH (Deming 1/4/79), other sources: H-T , //xyí·p=cT tc (p*cl=y=í·ws, s=le3·y, kw c3mlcxw )//, /'peel the (bark of a tree, bark of a fir tree, root of a tree)'/, attested by AC (11/24/71), , //lc xyí·p=cT-cs//, /'He carved it.'/, attested by AC (9/1/71), , //xyip=áls=T tc (qw c§áp, s=qe3·w(=)è)//, /'peel (apples, potatoes)'/, attested by AC. , dnom //s=xyí[=C1 c=]p//, TOOL ['a planer'], ( nominalizer), ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75, early fall 1976). w w y , ABFC ['(be) doubled up in bed on one's side with knees drawn up'], CAN ['bent U-shaped plane with handle on each end for
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
909
canoe-making'], see qw'ómxw. ( stative), ( resultative), ( nominalizer), ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by Elders Group (early fall 1976). w w y , ABFC ['(be) doubled up in bed on one's side with knees drawn up'], CAN ['bent U-shaped plane with handle on each end for canoe-making'], see qw'ómxw. ( stative), ( resultative),( continuative), ( structured activity continuative device for), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by Elders Group (early fall 1976). , df //xyip=e3·l(=)tcl//, CARV ['wood-carving knife'], TOOL, root plane, trim, peel outer layer with knife/plane, possibly meaning uncertain, probably device to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (5/25/76), CAN ['U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped knife (or plane) for scraping out canoe'], TOOL, attested by Elders Group (2/27/80). , rsls //xyi[=Ac3=]p=qs=T//, pcs, TOOL ['sharpen it (of a point)'], ( resultative), lx on the nose, point, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76). , CARV /'plane it (with a plane), trim it, taper it (about wood, like slats or roots for baskets, poles for houseposts/totem poles, paddles), taper it (with knife or plane), peel it (a fruit, etc.), whittle it, strip or peel bark off of it, scrape it (of carrots), (carve it, peel it [AC])'/, see xíp. , bound root //xyíq//, lift up and out, squeeze up and out , pcs //xyíq=T//, ABFC /'take it out of a box, pull it out of a box'/, MC, probably root lift up and out, squeeze up and out, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76), Salish cognate: Lushootseed root /šcq/ 'high, up' as in /šc3q-cd/ //šc3q=t// 'lift it up' H76:459. because the latter grows on a small bush on summits high up in the mountains), possibly diminutive, possibly root hang up, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, compare , df //s=x. w c3xy ixycq ~ s=x. w §c3xy ixycq or s=x. w (§)c3=C1 í=xycq or s=x. w (§)c3=xyi[=C1 c=]q or s=x. w (§)c3xy=cC2 =cq//, EB /'small gray mountain blueberry on a low plant, dwarf blueberry'/, ['Vaccinium caespitosum'], ASM ['the sweetest kind, grows at summit, often very short'], ( nominalizer, something to/that), possibly root lift up and out, squeeze up and out, compare toothpaste, compare take/pull s-th out of a box, comment: possibly compound, possibly diminutive, possibly diminutive or derivational, possibly derivational, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT, Elders Group and Deming (Mt. Baker trip 9/3/75), other sources: Duff 1952: /swwxwxyuk/ gray (huckle)berries, also , //xwc=§c3=xyi[=C1 c=]q or xwc§c3=C1 í=xycq//, EB ['blueberry'], also /'dwarf blueberry or Cascade blueberry'/, also /'(Vaccinium caespitosum or Vaccinium deliciosum)'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), also , //s=wc3=xyi[=C1c=]q//, also /'mountain or swamp blueberry (unsure)'/, attested by AC (11/19/71, 11/22/71), also , pcs //xyíc*=cT//, MC /'store it away (wedged-in up off ground), put s-th away for winter, stow s-th away'/, ASM ['of pencil in ear, of paddles in the woods or in a split pole or in a crack in a plank house'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/19/77), also , rsls //x i[=C1 c=]c*=clexcl//, . /'tucked/stored on the arm'/, ( resultative), lx on the arm, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC (7/19/77). y rsls, ABFC ['put one's hands under one's , ds //xyic*=ó·wcs or xyi[=Ac=]c*=ó·wcs//, CAN ['(one person) puts away his paddles (and canoe and gear for winter)'], literally /'tuck/stow/store away canoe paddle'/, possibly derivational, lx canoe paddle, phonology: probable vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/12/75), example: , mdls //xyic*=ó·wcs=cm//, CAN ['store away one's paddles'], ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/19/77), example: , //qw e[-AáC1 c]l li tc s=xyí[=C1 c=]c*//, /'(used to) always talk in the bush'/, literally /'be talking in the woods/bush/vegetation'/, attested by ME. , //c-cl le (or lc) xyic*=í·l=cm ë%*a-l-s=cw k*wc3c=l-cxw tc s=pe3è//, /'I went through the woods and I saw the bear.'/, attested by AC. amidst the woods/brush/vegetation, ( structured activity non-continuative), phonology: vowelreduction before stressed suffix and in non-continuative, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, compare root perhaps store away or perhaps , cts //xyí[-C1c-]c*=cls//, sas, HARV /'cutting wood (with a saw), sawing wood'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (3/9/76). , probable bound root //xyíc*// or //xycc*// , df //xyic*=ím=èct or xyic*=c[=Aí=]m=èct or xyic*=ím=T-ct//, SM ['(have/get a) strong stink'], possibly repeatedly, possibly have/get/intransitivizer, possibly durative, probably get, become, possibly purposeful control
912
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English transitivizer, possibly reflexive, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76).
, ABFC ['put one's hands under one's arms'], see xits' ~ xets'.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
913
, ABFC ['swimming (be in swimming)'], see xókw' ~ xó:kw'. , SD /'whistle with pursed lips, whistling'/, see xó:pem. , mdls //xí[=C1 c=]q=clís=cm//, PE ['toothpaste(?)'], literally perhaps /'squeezing up and out on one's teeth/tooth'/, with root squeeze up and out, lift up and out, lx on the tooth, ( middle voice), possibly nominalization, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, Elder's comment: "unsure of form and meaning", attested by Elders Group (6/1/77). , ABFC ['mouth open'], see xáq'. , EFAM ['tempt s-o (with sex or lust)'], see xítem. , df //xyi[=C1 c=]wc=cle3we or C1 í=xyew=cle3we//, ANAF ['fish air-bladder'], possibly root urinate (of female) or bone, possibly continuative or resultative, possibly diminutive, possibly bladder/long thing, phonology: reduplication, possible x reduplication as xw, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76), Salish cognate: perhaps in part Squamish /pláwa§/ air-bladder of fish (used as container for oil) K69:42 [my analysis, possibly Squamish root /pch/ blow], and Samish /šcpclíwc§/ fish eggs hung in an air bladder' G86:78, perhaps in part Salish lexical affix /-ewa/ long things' Haeberlin (Thompson) 1974:231, suffix 6.19. , ABFC ['urinating'], see xíwe. , dnom //s=xyák*w//, TIME ['fourth day after a death (when everyone washes up (bathes))'], REL, SOC, ASM ['after a death the body was prepared by special people and kept in the house for visitors to pay their respects, nowadays this is done by undertakers, on the fourth day there is now a funeral and burial, if there is a ritual burning ceremony it is done four days after the burial'], possibly day, cyclic period possibly with lost, possibly nominalizer, something to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (7/15/77). , //wc=yáè kw -s cc3s=cT-cm-ct kw -s xyá·k*w =cm-s//, /'He was always sent to bathe.'/, attested by IHTTC. , //wc=yáè kw -s cc3s=cT-cmct kw -s xyá[-C1 c-]k*w =cm-s//, /'He was always sent to bathe.'/, attested by IHTTC. , dnom //xyák*w =cm=e3·le3//, BLDG ['bathtub'], literally /'container of bathe oneself'/, lx container of, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC (9/1/76). , //§í-| C1 í=xyak*w =c[=Aá·=]m//, /'They were swimming.'/, attested by AC (9/7/71). , //le-|(e) xyá·k*w =cT//, /'(Go give him/her a bath.), Make him take a bath.'/, attested by AC (10/21/71). , BLDG ['bathtub'], see xókw' ~ xó:kw'. , //xyá·lxw =cm tc s=t*c3lmcxw //, /'The medicine has a menthol taste.'/, attested by SJ (8/25/78), , //c*e3[=C1 c=]l xyá·lx. w=cm//, /'real strong smelling (of medicine)'/, attested by Deming (1/31/77). w , izs //xá·lx. =cm//, WETH ['get drafty'], ( have, get, intransitivizer), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (3/31/77), example: , //mc xyá·lx. w =cm//, /'(It) gets drafty.'/, attested by Deming (3/31/77). y w , cts //x á·l[-c3-]x. =cm//, WETH ['getting real drafty'], ( continuative), phonology: é-infix which is rare, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (3/31/77), example: , //mc xyá·l[-c3-]x. w =cm//, /'(It is) getting real drafty.'/, attested by Deming (3/31/77). , incs //xya[=Ae3=]lxw =èct//, ABFC ['cool off (of a person)'], possibly meaning unknown, ( get, become, inceptive), phonology: possible ablaut of o!a before =thet, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/19/76). , WETH ['get drafty'], see xó:lxwem. , bound root //xyá| look//, Salish cognate: Lushootseed (Northern dial.) root /šu|/ see, look as in /§u-šú|/ look around, /šú|/ look(ing), /§c(s)šúš|cbid/ looking for s-o (to come), expecting s-o H76:469-471. , iecs //xyá|=mcT//, SOC /'look after s-o, protect s-o, take care of s-o'/, ( indirect effect non-control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (2/6/76), Elders Group (4/28/76, 6/16/76), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /§c(s)-šúš|-cbid/ looking for s-o (to come), expecting s-o H76:469-471, example: , //tc xyá|=mcT kw c c=mc3lc//, SOC ['mid-wife (helps to deliver babies)'], literally /'the one who looks after the one who gives birth'/, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76). , cts //xyá[-C1c-]|=mcT//, SOC /'looking after s-o, taking care of s-o'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB, also , //xyá[-·-]|=mcT//, ( continuative), phonology: lengthening?, attested by TG (4/75), example: , //xyá[-C1 c-]|=mcT èc c=mc3lc//, /'looking after someone having a baby'/, literally /'looking after s-o the (female) have a child'/, attested by EB (2/6/76), , //c-cl xyá·|=mcT-ámc//, /'I'm looking after you., I'm taking care of you.'/, attested by TG (4/75). , rfls //xyá(·)|=mcT-ct//, SOC /'take care of oneself, look after oneself, be careful'/, ( reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group
916
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English (3/1/72, 4/28/76, 5/19/76, 6/16/76); found in , //xyá|=mcT-ct-c-cxw //, /'Take care of yourself.'/, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76), EB, , //xyá|=mcT-ct-c-xw-à//, /'Be careful., Take care.'/, attested by Elders Group (5/19/76), , //xyá|=mcT-ct-|e//, /'Be careful.'/, usage: said to person who has tripped and hurt himself (for ex.), attested by Elders Group (5/19/76). , cts //xyá[-·-]|=mcT-ct//, SOC ['taking care of oneself'], ( continuative), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by TG (4/75); found in , //xyá[-·-]|=mcT-ct-c-cl//, /'I'm taking care of myself.'/, attested by TG. , ds //xya|=m(cT)=íylh//, SOC ['to babysit someone else's kids (children)'], literally /'look after a child'/, lx child, phonology: syllable-loss of et in =met before stressed lexical affix which functions as object, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD and AK (Trip to Five-Mile Creek 4/30/79). , cts //xya|=[-c-]m(cT)=íy|//, SOC ['babysitting'], ( continuative), phonology: infixed e, syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/13/80). , dnom //xya[= 3=]|=c=m=íy|//, SOC /'babysitter (for kids, etc.)'/, SPRD /'babysitter (for new spirit-dancers), any of the workers who help in initiating a spirit-dancer, (initiator or helper of spirit-dancers)'/, possibly nominalizer?, phonology: stress-shift, downstepping, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76, 3/1/72), also , //xya|=c=m(cT)=íy|//, attested by AD (1/19/79), RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), example: , //c-cl xya|=c=m(cT)=íy|//, /'I'm a babysitter.'/, attested by AD (1/19/79).
, SOC ['babysitting'], see xólh. , SOC /'babysitter (for kids, etc.)'/, see xólh. , SOC /'look after s-o, protect s-o, take care of s-o'/, see xólh. , SOC ['taking care of oneself'], see xólh. , SOC /'take care of oneself, look after oneself, be careful'/, see xólh. , SOC ['to babysit someone else's kids (children)'], see xólh. , ds //xyá·p=cm//, SD ['to whistle'], MUS, LANG, ( middle voice or have/get/intransitivizer), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (12/12/75), Salish cognate: Squamish /šúpn/ to whistle W73:287, K67:324. , dmv //C1 í=xyá·p=c[=M2=]m or C1 í=xyap=c[=Aá·=]m//, SD /'whistle with pursed lips, whistling'/, MUS, LANG, ( diminutive), possibly derivational, possibly durative, phonology: reduplication, metathesis or ablaut, downstepping, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (7/27/78), EB (12/12/75, 5/4/76), MV (Deming 5/4/78), *, ABFC ['bathing'], see xókw' ~ xó:kw'. , SOC /'looking after s-o, taking care of s-o'/, see xólh. , //s=xw =§áècs=ccs//, /'palm of hand'/, root , //s=xw =§áècs=xycl//, /'sole of foot'/, going downriver, ( on the face), ( of the hand), , //xw=mc3lk*w=cs//, /'get hit in the face by s-th falling'/, , //xw =lele3·//, /'listen hard'/, , //xw =lele3·=m//, /'listen'/, possibly root meaning unknown, possibly may be related to somatic suffix in the ear, possibly , //s=xw =èí·=qcl//, /'loud voice'/, root big, ( in the throat), possibly , //lcxw=s=ë%*c3p//, /'always deep'/, ( stative), , //l(c)=kw óxw cè=cm//, /'Six-Mile Creek and bay on west side of Harrison Lake'/, literally /'always coho place or always catch coho since this is a coho spawning ground'/, attested by EL, , //lcxw=yá·qw=cm ~ xw=yá·qw=cm//, /'mountain above Union Bar, also prob. Trafalgar Flat below it'/, literally /'always (smells of) rotten fish (since spawned out salmon, yó:qwem, collect in the river nearby)'/, attested by SP, , PLN /'Cheam Island (my name for an island in the Fraser River across from Cheam Indian Reserve #2), Cheam village, Cheam Indian Reserve #1'/, literally /'always a place to get strawberries '/. , da //=xw ~ =cxw //, SH /'lump-like, round'/, syntactic analysis: lexical suffix, also w w /'an elbow'/, , //=cx //; found in , //è*em=c[= 3=]x =clcc//, /'downriver end/point of island'/, literally /'tide out round/lump-like at the bottom'/, turn, dirty. , free root //xw e ~ xw c//, ASP /'become, get'/, see under allomorph become, get. , free root //xw e3//, ABDF /'starve, be starving, be famished, (be extremely hungry [Deming,JL])'/, FOOD, Elder's comment: "worse than rejected by EB (2/9/76). , pcs //xw e3=T//, TVMO /'lessen it (of someone's load), halve it, make s-th lighter (in weight), lessen it (like when someone's pack is too heavy)'/, MC, root meaning unknown unless starve, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming (2/7/80), AD (11/19/79, 2/28/80), Salish cognate: possibly Squamish /xwát-an§/ make less (heavy), take off from (tr.) K69:78, possibly Lushootseed /xw ác-ad/ take s-th off to lighten it
920
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English H76:555, example: , //tu xwe3=T-c-cxw//, /'Make it lighter (in weight).'/, literally /'a little/somewhat you lighten s-th in weight'/, attested by AD. , pcs //xw e3=T-cm//, SPRD /'somebody is made to fast, he is starved (purposely)'/, FOOD, ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( passive third person patient (object)), syntactic analysis: transitive verb-passive, attested by Deming (2/7/80). , cts //C1 c-xwe3=T-cm//, SPRD /'fasting'/, SOC, continuative, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332). , pcrs //xw e[=Aá=]=T-ct//, ABDF /'to abstain from food, to fast, starve oneself'/, FOOD, ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reflexive), phonology: a!o automatically before =thet, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/30/80), Salish cognate: Squamish /xw i§ús-cut/ starve oneself W73:251, K69:78-79, also , //xw e3=T-ct//, also /'make oneself famished'/, attested by EB (12/19/75), example: , //c-cl xw e3=T-ct//, /'I made myself famished.'/, attested by EB (12/19/75). , cts //C1c-xw e[=Aá=]=T-ct//, ABDF /'starving oneself, being on a "crash" diet'/, FOOD, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/30/80).
, pcis //xw e4=cl=xy//, ABFC /'lift up s-th, lift [s-th], hoist [s-th] up'/, ( go, come, get, become), ( purposeful control transitivizer inanimate object preferred), phonology: vowel merger, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by JL (5/5/75), also , //xw e4=cl=xy//, attested by EB (12/17/75), RG & EH (4/9/99 Ling332), example: , //xw e3=cl=xy//, attested by AC, , //lc xw e3=cl=xy-cs tc xw c3tcs (lcplás, lcse3k, s=me3·lt)//, /'He liefted the heavy (plank, sack, rock).'/, attested by AC (10/31/71), , //xw e3=cl=xy t-cl ce3lcxy ë%*a-l-s-uw èc3t "háy s=ye3·ye."//, /'Raising my hand then I said, "Hello, friends."'/, usage: recent narrative, attested by AC (11/10/71). , df //s=xw (=)c3lccp or /s=xw e3l=c3lccp//, FIRE /'home-made lantern (using candle in a can with a hole in it, etc.), jack-o-lantern'/, LT, HHG, ( nominalizer, something to), possibly nominalizer, something for, root probably same as in lift up s-th, lift [s-th], hoist [s-th] up'/, lx firewood, phonology: loss of transitivizer , syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by TG (Elders Group 2/6/80), contrast lantern, torch, Salish cognate: Squamish /sxw áèit/ torch, light, lamp only with Halkomelem lantern, torch, not with . , rsls //xw e=AáC1 c//, DESC /'light (weight), lightweight'/, SOCT ['fast runner'], ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, also nominal, attested by IHTTC (9/13/77), EB (12/19/75), AC (8/6/70, 8/29/70), Salish cognate: Squamish /§á§xw a/ light (ab. weight), swift W73:162, K67:392, Lushootseed /xw c§á§xw c§/ light weight H76:562, Sechelt /xw íxwxw a/ light of weight T77:21, Sechelt /xw íxwa/ light of weight B77:53, Samish dial. of NSt /xw cxw éw*xw c/ lightweight G86:91, Saanich dial. of NSt /xw cxw áwxw c/ lightweight B74a:44. , incs //s=xw e=AáC1 c=cl//, ABFC /'to lift, raise'/, literally /'go/get to be lightweight'/, ( stative), ( go, come, get, become), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AD and NP (1/23/80). , caus //s=xw e[=AáC1 c=]=cl=sT-cxw //, ABFC /'keep it in the air, lift s-th/s-o
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
921
off the floor'/, SPRD ['lift s-o (of a spirit dancer being initiated)'], ( stative), ( resultative), ( go, come, get, become), ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD and NP (1/23/80), also , //s=xw e[=Aá·C1 c=]=cl=sT-cxw //, also /'holding s-th up'/, attested by JL (5/5/75). , free root //xw e3·lq//, QUAL ['almost'], ABDF ['to almost die'], syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by EB (1/9/76), compare possibly almost kill s-o (accidentally/managed to), Salish cognate: prob. not Lushootseed /x. w úl-ud/ put it near H76:620, ASM ['almost'], example: , //xw e3·lq-c-cl lí-l le3·=m//, /'I almost went.'/, attested by EB, , mdls //xw e3è*=cm//, ABFC ['to rock'], TVMO, ( middle voice or intransitivizer), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (9/7/77), Salish cognate: probably Saanich dial. of NSt /xw c3è*-cõ/ to stagger, possibly Lushootseed /xw íc*ic*ab/ balance, teeter, stagger H76:562. scissors, also , ds //C1 í-xw e3è*=c[=Ae3=]l=cm//, PLN ['stone underwater Teeter-totter near Xelhálh'], ASM ['turned to stone by Xà:ls'], phonology: reduplication, metathesis or ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (9/7/77).
922
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
teeter, rock, intransitivizer/have/get or middle voice, possibly continuative, lx closable container, ( structured activity continuative device for), phonology: possible metathesis, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (2/11/76). w w w , cpds //s=x e3è*=c[=M2=]m=q=cls q* ix. =c[= w w 3=]l=ccs or q* c3x. =c[=M2=]l=ccs//, PE /'fingernail clippers'/, lit. “scissors for the fingernails”, nominalizer), root , df //C1í-xw e3è*=c[=Ae3=]lcc=tcl//, HHG ['a rocking chair'], literally /'device for rocking on the bottom duratively'/, ( continuative), ( durative), lx on the bottom, on the rump, lx device for, phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (2/28/78). , strs //s=xw e[=AaC1 c=]è*//, EFAM /'be crazy, be insane'/, literally /'be teetered/rocked'/, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/3/76), EB (1/7/76), other sources: JH /sx. w áx. w c*/ to be insane, Salish cognate: prob. not Sechelt /xw áxw wiwan-íl-cm/ crazy B77:56, not Saanich /sxw á§xw ck*w / crazy B74a:46 nor Samish /sxw é§xw ck*w / to be crazy G86a:76, also , dmv //s=C1 í=xw e[=AáC1 c=]è*//, EFAM /'(be) stupid, not all there (mentally), (be) a little crazy'/, literally /'a little bit teetered/rocked'/, ( diminutive), phonology: double reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC (11/11/71), Elders Group (3/3/76), example: , pcs //xw e3[=C1 c=]è*=a[=M2=]lcqw =T-àm//, EFAM /'you're crazy in the head, you're sick in the head'/, literally /'you were purposely made teetering/crazy in the head'/, comment: q prob. mistranscribed for qw, ( derivational), lx in the head, ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( passive second person object/patient), phonology: reduplication, metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/16/80). , mdls //xw e[=AaC1 c=]è*=í·l=cm//, SOCT /'prostitute, whore'/, literally /'(someone that) goes/comes/brings/gets oneself sexy (teetered/crazy)'/, ( go, come, get, become), ( middle voice), ( nominalizer), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, zero nominalizer, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/21/77). , //xwc=wq*w=e3yl=c3m//, /'go downstream'/, root , //§iye3·q=T-cs tc s=pá·l ë%*a-s-u mc xw c s=wíq=c//, /'He changed a crow into a man.'/, literally /'he changes it the crow and so it comes to become man'/, attested by EB (1/16/76), , //§iye[=Aá=]q=T-ct tc s=kw áw(=)cc §c-s-u xw c mcstíycxw //, /'The sturgeon changed into a person.'/, literally /'he changed himself the sturgeon and so become person'/, attested by EB (4/28/78), , //mc xw c híkw tc èqe3·t//, /'The tree has gotten big (and tall).'/, attested by EB (12/1/75), , //lc xw e3 §e3y//, /'It got better.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/9/77); found in , //ye=|-c-cl xw c=§í·//, /'I got back., (I just now got here/arrived.)'/, attested by AC (9/1/71), , //li §e s=qw e4·l=iwcl kw -cs xw c=§í·-s we3y·cl=cs//, /'Do you think they'll come tomorrow?'/, attested by AC (9/18/71). , TVMO /'where did he go?, where is he/she/etc.?'/, see chá:l ~ chó:l.
924
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, DIR ['go upstream'], see ahíw. or , possible root or stem //xwch// meaning uncertain or //qwche3// go through a tunnel/hole , df //s=xw ch=ámc3l=|c| or sxw=qw che3=ámc3l=|c|//, ANA ['adam's apple'], literally perhaps /'something that goes through a tunnel/hole part in the windpipe/throat'/, ( something that), possibly root go through a tunnel/hole, possibly root meaning uncertain, lx part of (body), lx in the windpipe/throat, phonology: possible vowel merger, possible consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75). , ABFC ['dragging s-o/s-th'], see xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. , ABFC ['drag s-th/s-o'], see xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. , free root //xw cl//, QUAL ['still'], phonology: unstressed/low tone, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, syntactic comment: usually preposed to the word it modifies, attested by AC, Deming (6/22/78), EB, CT and HT (6/21/76), Elders Group (3/29/78), AH (Deming 2/8/79), Salish cognate: perhaps Lushootseed /x. w ul*/ merely, just that and nothing else (adverb, usually preposed) H76:620, example:
926
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
starving, be famished, (be extremely hungry since the first Whites were often in this state when they arrived, always asking about food, etc.; another elder suggested the word was related to the Chinook Jargon word for bullet (which I cannot find in Johnson 1978), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC, BJ (12/5/64), BHTTC (11/19/76), Elders Group, Deming, others, other sources: ES /xw clítcm/ white man, Salish cognate: Squamish /xw alítn/ White person W73:288, K67:349, Sechelt /xwalítn/ White person T77:17, Saanich dial. of NSt /xw nítcm/ White person B74a:30, Samish dial. of NSt (VU) /xw cnítcm ~ xw cnítcm*/ White person G86a:80, Lushootseed /xw c3ltcb/ Caucasian H76:561, comparative note: the inconsistency in l vs. n and final n vs. m among the seeming cognates probably show diffusion, example: , EB /'Himalaya blackberry bush, evergreen blackberry bush'/, see skw'ô3 :lmexw , cpds //s=xw clítcm=c| mc3xy(=)c*(=)cl//, EZ ['common bedbug'], ['Cimex lectularius'], ABDF, literally /'Whiteman style/kind of louse'/, ( stative), lx style, kind of, in the fashion of, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb nominal, attested by BHTTC, Elders Group, Deming. , ds //xw clítcm=qcl//, LANG /'the White man's language, the English language'/, lx language, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (10/6/71, 11/10/71), RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332), example: , EB /'Himalaya blackberry bush, evergreen blackberry bush'/, see skw'ô3 :lmexw. , LANG /'the White man's language, the English language'/, see xwelítem. , dmn //xw clíw=iye//, N ['Seagull'], ASM ['name of a character in a story'], root meaning unknown, ( affectionate diminutive), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Deming (4/12/79), see under stem , //t*í[-C1 c-]l=cmcT-cs èc xw c3l=mcxw q*e3·m=iy tc pc3sk*e s=t*í·l=cm//, /'The adolescent Indian girl sings the hummingbird song.'/, attested by EB (2/13/78) approved this sentence constructed by a class member, , //qc3lc-ep xw c3l=mcxw //, /'You're bad people.'/, literally /'you're bad Indian people'/, attested by EB (11/26/75), , //qc3l yc xw c3lmc3xw (or xw c4lmc4xw )//, /'The people are bad., (They are) bad people.'/, literally /'is/are bad the (plural human) Indian person'/, attested by EB (11/26/75), w w , //|c3q*=c| xc . 3 t*c yc x c3l=mcx //, /'The people used to say.'/, attested by EB (1/9/76). Contrast , a group of people, a tribe of people, several tribes. , df //c*=xw c3lmcxw or c*xw =xw c3lmcxw or c*xw=c3lmcxw ~ c*íxw[=M1=]=cl(=)mcxw//, SOCT ['friends'], probably root , possibly root or compounded pity, help, possibly , //ë%*a-s-c3s-cw xwclmc3xw=qcl li tc=èe3 s-cw qwe4l tc C1 á=lcc*c//, /'Then the announcer/master of ceremonies speaks in Indian there.'/, literally /'then he contrastive talks Indian in there so spoke the one person'/, attested by AC (11/10/71). , BLDG /'longhouse, smokehouse (for spirit-dancing, etc.), Indian house, plank house'/, see xwélmexw. , LANG /'an Indian language, talk Indian'/, see xwélmexw. , SH ['keep it wrapped'], see xwélekw'. on itself, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/5/77). , pcs //xw c3l=p*=T//, ABFC /'fan s-o, brush s-o with a branch'/, ASM ['brushing s-o/s-th with a bough is sometimes done by ritualists or shamans to brush away unwanted spirits from a person or place'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by
928
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
IHTTC (7/5/77); found in , dnom //xw c3l=p*=tcl//, HHG ['a fan'], ASM ['originally made of grouse tail tied open at base and dried; I was given one of these at a Fish Camp'], lx device to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (7/6/77). , SH /'wrap it again, rewrap it, (correction by AD:) roll it up (of a mat, carpet, etc.)'/, see xwélekw'. w w , free root //x c3m ~x. c3m//, TVMO /'be fast, hurry'/, see under stem be fast, hurry.
, MC ['open'], see má ~ má'-. , HHG /'take a cover off, take it off (a cover of a container), open it (bottle, box, kettle, book, etc.)'/, see má ~ má'-. , MC ['open it'], see má ~ má'-. , bound stem //xwc3m=cccl// or //qwómetsel// lump on the back , df //s=xw c3m=cccl//or //shxw=qwómetsel//, EZ /'fisher, an animal close to a mink, animal like an otter'/, ['Martes pennanti pennanti'], ( nominalizer, something to), possibly root lump, possibly root fast or lump, lx on the back, on the surface, on top, phonology: possible spirantization, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (9/1/76, 3/21/79), other sources: H-T , //ë%*á §e s=xw cmli[=Ae3·=lc=]kw //, /'That's your uncles/aunts.'/, attested by AC. , possible bound stem //xwcm=iy-//, meaning unknown unless related to root in shxwemlí:kw parent's cousin, parent's sibling, uncle, aunt. , //s=xwcm=èiy=e4·| or /s=xwcm=qèiy=e4·|//, /'deceased uncle or aunt or grandparent or someone responsible for you directly or indirectly'/, late (deceased);, past tense, perhaps compare , df //qcèiy=e3|//, KIN /'deceased uncle, deceased grand-uncle'/. phonology: possible consonant loss of between of prefix and
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
931
for ex.)'/, HHG, probably become, probably root close, possibly root make it lighter, lessen the load, take it off someone's pack, possibly meaning unclear, possibly derivational, purposeful control transitivizer, phonology: possible metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AK and most others (Elders Group 3/26/80). , LANG /'answering, replying, answering back'/, see tiy. , free root //xw c3tcs ~ xw c3t·cs//, DESC ['heavy'], syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), AC (8/6/70, 10/1/71, 8/29/70, 10/6/71, 10/21/71), AD, other sources: ES (CwMsCh) /xw c3tcs/ heavy, Salish cognate: not cognate with Squamish, Sechelt, Saanich and Samish dials. of NSt /xc . 3 m/ heavy nor with Lushootseed /xc . 3 b/ heavy, example: , //lí-c xw c3t·cs//, /'Is it heavy?'/, attested by AC (10/21/71), , //híkw xwc3tcs mcstíycxw//, /'big heavy person'/, attested by AC (10/21/71), , //xw c3t·cs s=yá·ys//, /'heavy work (as in manual labor)'/, attested by AC (8/29/70), , //qcle3t=sT-cxw -c-cxw §c-s-u le-s tu xw c xw c3tcs//, /'Add more [to it] and make it heavier.'/, literally /'you add more/cause it to be again so it goes to a little get/become heavy'/, attested by AD, , //xw c3t·cs tc s=qwc3txy=cm//, /'The fog is heavy.'/, attested by AC (10/6/71). , LANG /'answer, reply, (answer back [BHTTC])'/, see tiy. , CLO /'denim pants, jeans'/, see xwót'kw'em. twist, sprain, lx , df //xw c3c*=xycl//, WETH /'stop raining, stop snowing'/, root meaning uncertain (but in cognates it alone means stop raining, lx precipitation, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/8/77), Stanley Jones (6/25/75), Deming (3/31/77), Salish cognate: Squamish /xw áè*/ stop raining and perhaps /xw cè*ší§/ interspace, space between as in /txw -xw cè*ši§/ move to the space between W73:254, K67:349,348, Lushootseed /xw áè*/ (VH /x. w áè*/) stop raining as in /§u-xwáè*(cxw)/ it stopped raining H76:555, Saanich dial. of NSt /xwéè*scn/ to stop raining B74a:79, Samish dial. of NSt (VU) /xw éc*-scn ~ xw éè*-scn/ to stop raining G86a:64, also for -xel Sechelt /è*áwšcn/ (metathesized root?) to stop raining B77:93, example: , //qw íy=x=T-cs tc . w w ë%*q*e3·l-s tc s=x cx (=)á·s//, WETH, /'to thunder, Thunder shakes his wings.'/, literally /'he shakes s-th the his wings the thunderbird'/, attested by Deming (3/31/77), , //qw íy=x=T-cs tc |c3p=tcl-s tc s=xw cxw (=)á·s//, WETH, /'to lightning, Thunder . moves or shakes his eyelashes.'/, literally /'he moves/shakes the his eyelashes the thunderbird'/, attested by Deming (3/31/77), Salish cognate: Saanich dial. of NSt /qw c3y*xsct tèc sxw cxw á§s/ . w w w thunderstorm B74a:4, Samish dial. of NSt /q c3ycxsct tc sx cx á§as/ have a thunderstorm . ("thunderbird is shaking himself") G86a:63, Salish cognates in metaphor: Squamish /t*x-áy§us-m/ . open one's eyes, lightning W73:190, K67:268, Samish dial. of NSt /k*wcléèil tc sxwcxw á§as/ lightning ("thunderbird is opening his eyes") G86a:63, , //xc . 3 l[=C1 cC2 =]cq*=T tc s=x cx (=)á·s//, WETH, /'having lightning, Thunder is opening his eyes.'/, literally /'thunderbird is opening his eyes'/, attested by Deming (3/31/77). , ds //xw cxw (=)á·s=tcl//, PLN ['mountain shaped like a thunderbird across the Fraser River from Q'ów (the "howl") mountain'], ASM ['it is shaped like a thunderbird (shxwexwó:s) and it fought with Q'ów mountain till the Xexéyls (Transformers) turned them to stone, Xwexwó:stel is a shape on the face of the mountain just west next to Th'áth'ele (q.v.) on the south side of the Fraser River'], literally /'thunder(bird) device/thing to'/, lx device to, thing to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD (3/7/78), AD and Evangeline Pete (6/26/78). , PLN ['mountain shaped like a thunderbird across the Fraser River from Q'ów (the "howl") mountain'], see shxwexwó:s. , ABDF /'starving oneself, being on a "crash" diet'/, see xwá. , SCH /'measure the knowledge, give a test'/, MC, see xwéylémt. , LANG /'interpreting, (telling on someone [EB])'/, see yéth. , WATR /'be clear (of water), be smooth (AC)'/, see éy ~ éy:. , TVMO ['manage to get here'], see í. why?, compare , //c-xw xw c§ít//, /'What happened to you?'/, phonology: consonant merger, attested by Elders Group (2/5/75), ASM ['what is it?'], attested by CT (6/8/76), ASM ['why?'], also , //xw c§ít ~ xw §ít//, attested by EB, , //xw §ít kw e3//, /'Why do you?, What for?'/, literally /'why anyway'/, attested by EB (1/9/76), , //xw c§ít kw e3 ë%*a §e s-u| èíy=T//, /'Why did you make it?'/, attested by EB (1/9/76), also , //ë%*á=kw =sclcí·m-s k*w -e-s lc èíy=T//, attested by AC (1973: p.121), , //xw c§ít//, attested by AD and EB (11/10/78), also , //xw c§í[-·-]t-c-cxw //, /'What are you doing?'/, attested by AC (9/15/71), , //(§c)-c-cxw xw c§í[-·]t//, /'What are you doing?'/, attested by AC (12/8/71), , //c-cl xw c§í[-·-]t//, /'What am I doing?'/, attested by NP (10/26/75), , //§í-| xw c§í[-·-]t//, /'What did he do?'/, attested by AD (1/8/80), , //§álc-c-cxw §álc xw c§í[-·-]t//, /'What are you doing? (angrily), (What on earth are you doing?)'/, literally /'you are true/right true/right what is s-o doing? (or) truly truly what are you doing?'/, attested by Deming Evening Class (EF/MV/others 5/18/78), ASM ['what is s-o saying?'], , //§álc xwc§í[-·-]t//, /'What did he say?'/, literally /'really/truly what is he saying?'/, attested by MV (Deming 5/4/78), , //§owc= 3te s=|[=c3=]=q*el=l-cxw wc-xw c§í[-·-]t-cs k*w -cl s=qw e4·l//, /'I didn't know what to say.'/, attested by AC (11/10/71).
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
935
, cpds //xw c§ít=ycxw or xw c§ít ycxw //, MOOD /'I wonder what s-o will do?, I wonder what I will do?'/, root , //§ixw xw c§ít (or) ycxw xw c§ít//, attested by EB and AD (11/10/78), example: , //xwc§ít=ycxw-ce t=ú=ë%*à//, /'I wonder what he'll do?'/, attested by AD (12/18/78); found in , MOOD /'what is s-o doing?, what is s-o saying?, what is he/she/it doing/saying?'/, see xwe'ít. , MOOD /'I wonder what s-o will do?, I wonder what I will do?'/, see xwe'ít. , ds //xw c=§a[=Aí=]t*=cT//, incs, pcs, HUNT /'draw a bow, cock a gun, (draw it (of a bow), cock it (of a gun))'/, SOC, ( get, become, inceptive), ( derivational perhaps aspectual), root in the mind, ( indirect effect non-control transitivizer), phonology: epenthetic glottal stop between vowels at morpheme boundary, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by SJ (5/3/78), AD and EB (11/10/78), also /l§/ is tolerated only when produced by reduplication; so it seem most likely that the first is in error or mistranscribed, attested by EB (11/9/78),
938
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, ABFC ['press and rub s-th'], see xwíqw. , free root //xw ís//, EB /'fall off (of leaves, berries)'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (3/29/76), also , //xw í·s or xw íy=cs//, also EB /'open (of peas, beans)'/, possibly root awake, wake, arise, possibly on the face, attested by AC (11/24/71), example: , //lc=u| xwís (or) lc=u| xwíy=cs//, /'all opened (of beans or peas)'/, attested by AC. , pcs //xw ís=cT ~ xw íc=cT//, HARV /'shake s-th (tree or bush) for fruit or leaves, comb a bush (for berries), shake s-th (a mat or blanket for ex.)'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: the root apparently has a variant, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/5/76, 3/5/80), EB (3/29/76, 4/27/76), Salish cognate: Lushootseed root /xw ís(i)/ brush off (e.g. rug, tablecloth) as in /xwís-id/ brush it off (e.g. rug, tablecloth) (not used for brushing off clothes one has on) H76:564, 535, also Lushootseed /xwc3c-cd/ take (clothing) off and the same root also in /xw c-áb/ empty H76:559-560. , ds //xw is=e3·lcws or xw i[-Ac-]s=e3·lcws//, EB ['leaves falling'], possibly continuative or durative or resultative, lx leaf, phonology: vowel reduction or ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (10/14/76). , df //tcl=xw íc=cl//, TIME ['toward November'], literally /'from get/become fall(en) (of leaves)'/, probably from, root fall (of leaves/berries), ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group (3/19/75), example: , //lc=u| tcl=xw íc=cl//, /'Leaves are falling., towards November'/, attested by Elders Group. , HARV /'shake s-th (tree or bush) for fruit or leaves, comb a bush (for berries), shake s-th (a mat or blanket for ex.)'/, see xwís. , bound stem //xwíy=tcl//, probably wake up device , dnom //s=xw íy=tcl//, HHG /'chamberpot, potty-chair, urinal'/, ( nominalizer), probably root wake up, lx device for, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (8/20/75). , ABFC ['wake s-o up'], see xwíy ~ xw í. bush (big) (/èc3ècqct/ little tree)), Salish cognate: Squamish /xwí-xwl§/ branches ("little trees") W73:43, K67:350, also , //C1 í=x. w cl//, attested by AC (11/26/71). , HHG ['a rocking chair'], see xwáth'. , free root //xw íy//, ABFC ['wake up'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, example: , //lc xw í(y)//, /'He woke up.'/, attested by AC (8/15/70); found in , //xw íy-|e//, /'Wake up.'/, attested by AC (9/7/71). , strs //s=C1 c=xw íy//, ABFC ['be awake'], ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (12/19/75), AC (8/15/70), example: , //li=c wc=s=C1 c=xw íy//, /'Is he [really] awake?'/, attested by EB, , //lc s=C1 c=xw íy//, /'He has awakened.'/, attested by AC. , chrs //s=xwíy=C1 cC2 //, stvi, ABFC ['(be) easy to wake up'], ( stative), ( characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by IHTTC (8/8/77). , pcs //xw íy=T//, ABFC ['wake s-o up'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by JL and NP and Deming (Fish Camp 7/19/79), Salish cognate: Saanich dial. of NSt /xw c3è-ct/ to wake s-o up B74a:82; found in , //xw íy=T-cm//, /'He was woken up.'/, syntactic analysis: passive, attested by JL and NP and Deming. , pcrs //xwíy=T-ct//, ABFC /'wake up (oneself), (wake oneself purposely)'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/15/70), JL and NP and Deming (Fish Camp 7/19/79), EB (12/12/75), Salish cognate: Samish dial. of NSt (VU) /xw cèc3sct/, (LD) /xw cèc3st/ //xw c3è=M1=sct// wake up G86a:76, Saanich dial. of NSt /xw c3ècsct/ wake up (oneself) B74a:82, example: , //c-cl mc xw íy=T-ct//, /'I woke myself up.'/, attested by EB; found in , //xw íy=T-ct-|e//, /'Wake up.'/, attested by EB, , //xw íy=T-ct-c-ep//, /'Wake up you guys.'/, attested by AD (8/80). , pcs //xw íy=cxy=cT//, ABFC ['wake s-o up'], probably upright, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (12/12/75); found in , //xw íy=cxy=cT-|e//, /'Wake him up.'/, attested by EB, example: , LANG ['different language'], see láts'. , possible stem //xw=lí//, but also see main entry under lí. , dnom //sxw =lí//, DIR /'(place, location), where s-o is at'/, literally /'something that's at (or) place where s-o is at'/, ( something that, nominalizer), possibly located at, from(?), probably root be at, in, on; be there, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by JL (Elders Group (3/29/78), Salish cognate: Lushootseed in part /di§/ to, at the side of, in H76:138, perhaps Squamish /na§/ be on, at (location, time); be there: be absent K67:312, example: , //lc §cwc= 3te-à s=xw =lí-s s=t*íl=cm//, /'It was just an ordinary song., It was a useless song., It was a song of no special use.'/, attested by Elders Group. , caus //§cwc= 3te s=xw =lí=sT-cxw //, cpds, EFAM /'not care about s-o, have no use for s-o, be impassive'/, literally /'cause s-o to be at nothing'/, ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), syntactic analysis: vneg nominal=transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/6/77), example: , //§cwc= 3te
942
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English s=xw =lí=sT-cxw tc=we3t=cs//, /'He doesn't care about anyone., He's got no use for anyone., He's impassive.'/, attested by Elders Group.
, ABFC ['to smile'], see líyém ~ leyém. , ABFC ['smiling'], see líyém ~ leyém. , ABDF /'sat down (with a plop?), [slip off on one's bottom or chair]'/, see xwlhép. , DESC /'open (of a bottle, basket, etc.)'/, see má ~ má'-. bad-smelling, Salish cognate: perhaps Lushootseed /xw áscb/ the smell of urine H76:558 (this cognate would point to an UHk mistransciption–that the form should be ), prob. not Lushootseed /xw ák*w cb/ smell of sth burning (usu. feathers) H76:557. , bound root //xw ák*w drag//. rejected by EB (5/3/76), , //xw áqw =M1=T-cs tc s=ye3ye-s//, /'He dragged his friend.'/, attested by AC. , //xw áq*w =cT-ct//, also ABFC /'crawl (as of a snake, seal, slug, snail)'/, (semological comment: a snake doesn't ts'átem crawl (on legs)), comment: qw' may be alternative to kw' rather than mistranscription here, also different is the non-metathesized noncontinuative form here unlike for most of the Coqualeetza Elders Group, attested by Deming (1/31/80). , //xw a[-Ac3-]q*w =cT-ct tc (§e3sxw , q*aye3ë%*=iye, §e3|q=cy)//, /'The (seal, snail/slug, snake) is crawling.'/, attested by Deming (1/31/80). , //xwak*w=M1=e3(·)ls tc Bill//, /'Bill went to drag.'/, attested by EB (5/3/76). , ds //xw ák*w -M1=cs=T or xw ák*w -M1=á·s=T//, pcs, ABFC ['drag s-th/s-o'], literally /'drag s-o/s-th purposely on the face'/, ( non-continuative), lx on the face, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/72), EB (5/3/76), Salish cognate: Saanich dial. of NSt /xw k*w ást/ to drag s-th B74a:61, also , //xw ák*w =M1=cs=T-cm//, /'Someone was dragged.'/, attested by EB, example: , //xw a[-Ac3-]qw =cs=T ~ xw a[-Ac3-]q*w =cs=T//, attested by AC (8/11/70). , mdls //C1 í=xwak*w=(M1=)ás=xycl=cm//, dmv, ABDF ['dragging one's feet'], literally /'dragging the face of one's foot (sole) a little'/, ( diminutive action), (semological comment: as in Musqueam (Suttles ca1984:ch.7) verb diminutives are always also continuative), lx on the face, lx of the foot, (semological comment: these two suffixes combine semantically to produce on the sole of the foot (the independent word for sole of foot, shxw'óthesxel,is also literally the face of the foot)), ( middle voice), phonology: reduplication, possibly metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (10/27/76). , dmn //C1 í=xw ak*w =clc[=Ae3=]c=cm//, durs, CAN /'automobile, car'/, literally /'dragging its bottom a little, dragging its little bottom'/, (semological comment: perhaps referring to the tailpipe?), ( diminutive), ( derivational or durative), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (7/28/77), contrast car, automobile, contrast car, automobile. drag, comment: qw' may be Chill. variant pronunciation for kw' as in drag, lx on the nose, lx
944
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English device, device to, something to, phonology: vowel-reduction in root, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DM (12/4/64 new transcript new pp.180-181).
, cpds //s=xw ck’w =c| s=q’ít=cs// (sic for , cpds //s=x w ck’w =|c| s=q’ít=cs//), CLO /'kerchief '/, lit. /“dragged on the throat headband”/, nominalizer, drag, in the windpipe, throat, nominalizer, tied, on the face, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , strs //s=xw á[=C1 c=]k*w //, ABDF ['numb (can also be used joking of a drunk)'], ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (7/6/76), IHTTC (8/8/77), Salish cognate: Squamish /§cs-xw á-xw k*w / drunk with the same root in /xw ák*w -i/ //xw ák*w =iy// get drunk and /xw ák*w -i-šn/ have pins and needles in one's leg (but vs. /tnú|/ numb) W73:86, K69:78, K67:349, Sechelt /s-xw ák*w il/ drunk T77:22, B77:54 (vs. Sechelt /è*áè*á|/ numb B77:56), Saanich dial. of NSt /s-xw cxw ék*w -tcõ/ drunk and /sxw é§xw ck*w / crazy B74aa:44, 46, Samish dial. of NSt (LD) /s-xw cxw ík*w tõ/ drunk, and perhaps Lushootseed /xw ák*w il/ tired H76:557. , //lc yc=xw ák*w =cl=tcm//, ABDF, /'getting numb, going to sleep (of foot or other parts)'/, attested by EB. , ds //xw ák*w =eltcl or xw ák*w =cl=tcl//, EB ['big-leaved avens'], ['Geum macrophyllum'], MED ['numbing medicine'], ASM ['part rubbed on as a numbing medicine, also eaten by the ruffed grouse'], lx medicine, possibly come, go, get, become, possibly something to, device to, syntactic analysis: nominal. , EB ['big-leaved avens'], see xwókw'. or more likely , ABFC ['drag'], see xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. bad-smelling or drag possibly root as in raven's trilling sound (like hoarse woman's voice), Salish cognate: infix perhaps also in Squamish /c*ct*q*-m/ a drop falls cognate with Upriver Halkomelem /è*q*c3m/ to drip W73:85, K69:54. , ds //xw át*k*w =cm=xycl//, ABDF /'drag one's foot, to shuffle (the feet)'/, possibly root drag s-th/s-o, possibly , df //xw a[=Ac3=]t*[=G=]k*w =cm//, CLO ['denim cloth'], literally /'place to have/get shuffling/rustling sound'/, Elder's comment: "refers to the sound it makes", ( derivational), possibly derivational or mistranscribed, possibly place to have/get, phonology: possible ablaut, possible deglottalization, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC (late 10/76). , ds //xw a[=Ac3=]t[=G=]k*w =cm=c3lwct//, CLO ['denim clothes'], lx clothes, phonology: possible ablaut, possible deglottalization, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BHTTC (late 10/76). , ABDF /'drag one's foot, to shuffle (the feet)'/, see xwót'kw'em. , df //xwat*q*(=)cs=íl=cm or xwa[=t*=]q*=cs=íl=cm//, SD ['a trilling sound a raven makes'], EZ, LANG, ASM ['sounds like a hoarse woman's voice, it means someone will give you something if you hear it'], Elder's comment: "it means sound??, possibly on the face, lx go, come, get, become, ( intransitivizer/have/get or middle voice), phonology: possible infixed lexical affix??, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AK (Trip to Five-Mile Creek 4/30/79), AD (5/1/79). , ABDF /'to abstain from food, to fast, starve oneself'/, see xwá. , possible root //xw áxw //, meaning unknown
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
947
, df //s=xw áxw //, EB /'rabbit, (varying hare, perhaps now also the introduced eastern cottontail)'/, ['Lepus americanus cascadensis and Lepus americanus washingtoni, now perhaps Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi'], ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait, attested by AK (11/21/72), Salish cognate: probably not Squamish /sxw axw/ pigmy owl, saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadicus) K67:294, Kennedy and Bouchard 1976:85. , DESC /'light (weight), lightweight'/, see xwá. , EFAM /'you're crazy in the head, you're sick in the head'/, see xwáth'. , df //xwáycq*w=cm//, ABDF /'(have/get) wheezing, rattling breath'/, root meaning unknown, ( have/get/intransitivizer or middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (12/15/76). , ABDF /'wheezing in the chest, rattling in the chest'/, see xwóyeqw'em. , df //xway=íwcl or xw=(§)e[=Aa=]y=íwcl//, EFAM /'become glad, become happy, happy inside'/, literally /'(probably) become good in the insides/mind'/, possibly get, become, possibly root be good, possibly derivational, lx in the mind, in the insides, phonology: optional updrifting, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72, 4/16/75, 7/9/75, 2/16/77, 3/2/77), EB (12/16/75), Deming (5/18/78), compare thrill (possibly an alternate pronunciation and translation for ?, possibly a distinct word), Salish cognate: probably not Squamish /(§c)s-xw í-xw iq/ happy, lively, gay W73:130, K67:294, K69:59, 92, example: , //(xw =(§)e[=Aa=]y=íwcl, §e3y) t-cl s=qw e4l=iwcl//, /'I'm happy.'/, literally /'my thoughts/feelings are happy/glad'/, attested by Elders Group (4/16/75), , //§o tc xc . 3 t*c tà (or) §o tc xc . 3 t*c=t-à//, /'Oh the talking.'/, semantic environment ['said when fed up with someone talking too much'], usage: saying, comment: if is not a morpheme here then perhaps the form has past participle to derive the talking with just being phonetically suffixed after that as usual, for /tà/ compare Lushootseed /ta/ (emphatic particle) Hess 1976:472 perhaps, attested by EB (4/27/76); found in , caus //xc . 3 t*c=sT-cx //, LANG /'told s-o/s-th, be telling s-o/s-th, did s-th, (be doing sth)'/, ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), syntactic analysis:
978
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (8/9/77, 8/29/77), AC (12/7/71), LJ (4/7/78 History Dept. tape #34), AL (Elders Group 3/72, Heritage Proj. tape 33, lesson VII), Elders Group (2/19/75), AD y (11/22/79); found in , //§àw w w w s-u xc . 3 t*c=sT-cx -cs tc mcstíycx k -s-cs hí[=·=]k =èct-ce tc qá·//, /'So he tells the people that the water will get [real] big or rise.'/, usage: Story of the Flood, attested by AC (12/7/71), w (macron over a) [the village of /xc|=le 3 =|/, across from Yale], was very powerful. His tribe were all river . monsters. Once [umlaut over a][ /xe . 4 ·ls/, the Transformer] came to him. The three brothers crossed the river to visit him while their sister stayed on the opposite shore. They managed to cross the river, which is very dangerous at this spot, without mishap., But when they came to [] he called his tribe, and when [] saw the dreadful forms he fainted. [] took a magic potion out of his basket, sprinkled it over him and so revived him. [ /s=píy=cm/] ([Spuzzum], the southernmost village of the Ntlakyapamuq [Thompson]). When he saw that [] came to his brother, he dug an underground passage to his house to be able to help him in case of need. [could this be the name of the other rock of Lady Franklin Rock?]. ~ , chrs //xil=C . . 1 cC2 =cm=ás or xc[=Ai=]l=C 1 cC2 =cm=ás//, WETH ['fleecy wave clouds that look like sheep'], literally perhaps /'characteristically have marks on the face'/, probably root mark, write, ( characteristic), probably intransitivizer/have/get, lx on the face, phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/2/75), AC. ~ , bound probable root //xím or xí=m grab//, Salish cognate: Lushootseed root /xib(i)/ . . . grab with pressure (as a hawk would do), claw H76:600. Squamish root /xim/ as in /xím-in§/ grab s-o . . by the hair, pull s-o's hair (tr.) and /xám-i/ grab and hold on to (itr.) W73:122, K67:367, 369. . xéymem>, izs //xí(=)m=cm//, ABFC ['grab a handful'], ( intransitivizer, get, have), syntactic < . analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (8/31/77). ABFC ['grab s-th/s-o'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), , pcs //xí(=)m=cT//, . syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (12/15/75), Elders Group (7/9/75); found in /'grab you'/, attested by Elders Group. , //xim=cT-ámc//, .
990
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English w
=T//, ds, ABFC /'pull s-o's hair, grab s-o's hair'/, literally /'grab s-o , pcs //xí(=)m=lcq . on the hair'/, lx on the hair, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (12/15/75), Elders Group (7/9/75); found in , w //xí(=)m=lcq =T-à·m//, /'Your hair was grabbed or pulled., (s-o) pulled/grabbed your hair.'/, . attested by Elders Group. , dnom //xí[=C . 1 c=]m=cls//, cts, sas, EB ['burdock'], ['Arctium minus'], literally /'something grabbing'/, ASM ['introduced by non-Indians, named after the qualities of the burrs'], ( continuative), ( structured activity continuative nominal), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/2/75, 7/23/75). 3 q*w //, EB ['burdock'], ['Arctium minus'], (macrons over both e) hawk (Accipiter sp.)(small) and scratch and leave mark, possibly derivational, phonology: possible deglottalization, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (8/30/76), Salish cognate: perhaps Squamish /xíp*/ get . nipped, scratched, touched (by something flying by) K67:369. ~ , possibly root //xíp prob. related to on something else, possibly root a stripe, compare , //èc3k*w s=xí(=)p//, /'straight line'/, attested by Elders . Group. , pln //s=xí[=C . 1 c=]p//, LT ['lines'], ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77). , pln //s=xíp=C . 1 cC2 //, LT ['lots of lines'], ( plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77). , ds //xi[=Ac=]p=e 3 ·y or xi=p*=D=e 3 ·y//, EB ['western red cedar wood'], . . ['Thuja plicata'], literally /'(probably) lined bark'/, probably root line, probably resultative, lx bark, phonology: probable ablaut, optional vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/11/70, 8/25/70, 9/10/71, 11/19/71), BJ (5/10/64, 12/5/64), Elders Group (3/72 tape 33), other sources: ES /xpá·y/ (CwMs /xpe . . 3 y/) red cedar (as material), JH /xpéy/ red cedar, H-T (umlaut over first a, macron over second) cedar . (Thuja gigantea), Salish cognate: Squamish /xp-áy§/ cedar W73:55, K67:366, root in . Lushootseed /xpáy§cc/ cedar tree H76:606, example: , //xi[=Ac=]p=e 3 ·y k c 3 mlc 3 x ~ k c 3 mlcx -s tc xi[=Ac=]p=e 3 ·y//, /'(red) cedar root'/, . . attested by AC (8/25/70, 9/10/71), , //xi[=Ac=]p=e 3 ·y lá·ècl//, /'(red) cedar dish'/, . attested by Elders Group (3/72). 3 ·y=c|p//, EB ['western red cedar tree'], ['Thuja , ds //xi[=Ac=]p=e . plicata'], lx tree, phonology: probable ablaut, optional vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group (1/29/75, 7/23/75), CT and HT (6/8/76), example: on , possibly root //xí(=)p* . something else, (semological comment: the meaning of this suffix everywhere else is on itself but in this root it seems to have switched meanings with =q' on something else). ABFC /'scratch s-o/s-th and leave a mark, rake it, claw it, scrape it, rake , rsls //s=xí[=C . 1 c=](=)p*//, dnom, LT ['a stripe'], ( nominalizer), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD (10/10/79). , ds //xí(=)p*=cqscl//, . analysis: intransitive verb, prob. adjective/adjectival verb, attested by JL (5/5/75). ABDF ['scraped on the face'], lx on the face, syntactic analysis: , ds //xi(=)p*=cwíc//, ABDF ['marked on the back'], LT, lx on the back, < . phonology: vowel-reduction, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, prob. adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AD (10/10/79). , strs //s=xi[=C . 1 c=](=)p*=cwíc//, LT ['striped on back'], ( stative), ( resultative), lx on the back, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by ME (11/21/72 tape). ~ , ABDF ['scraped on the face'], see xíp'. , ABFC /'scratch s-o/s-th and leave a mark, rake it, claw it, scrape it'/, see xíp'. ~ , df //xc[=Aí=]q=cye or xíq=cye//, EZ /'old salmon (ready to die, spotted)'/, . . possibly root straddle, (semological comment: if correct perhaps becaue dying salmon often straddle (lie over) rocks), possibly resultative, lx affectionate diminutive, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76). scratch (like of an itch)//, root against, possibly ~ , pcs //xí(=)q*=cT//, . control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (3/2/76), Salish cognate: in part Squamish /xíq*-in/ scratch W73:224-225, K67:369, Lushootseed /xíq*-id/ //xíq*=it// scratch it . . . to relieve an itch H76:604. , cts //xi[-C . . 1 c-](=)q*=qcl=íl=cm or xi[-C 1 c-](=)q*=qc[=Aí=]l=cm//, [xexcq*qélcm], mdls, ABFC ['scratching one's head'], ASM ['a stick made of wood of the wild rose . . was sometimes used to scratch in the hair'], ( continuative), lx on the head, in the head, possibly durative, possibly go, come, get, become, ( middle voice), phonology: reduplication, ablaut or syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/15/77). , ABFC /'scratch it (like of an itch), (itch it)'/, see xíq'. ~ , stem or root //xí(=)cs or xí(=)s//, spooky feeling, creepy feeling . . , df //xí(=)cs=cl or xí(=)s=cl//, EFAM /'get a spooky or spooked feeling, afraid that bad . . spirits are around, get spooked, fear something behind'/, possibly root against, possibly on the face, possibly meaning unknown, ( go, come, get, become), phonology: probable vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72, 3/3/76, 3/2/77), RP and EB (2/12/76), Salish cognate: perhaps Lushootseed root /xcc/ fear as in . /§cs-xc 3 c/ be afraid H76:587, or perhaps Squamish root /xis/ shrink, contract, cramp or Squamish . . /xi§-xí-s/ feign at (tr.) and /xí§-xi-s/ make a feigning movement at, make believe (tr.) W73:98, . . . . K67:368, 370, K69:86. , cts //xí[-C . 1 c-](=)cs=cl//, EFAM /'getting spooked, being afraid that bad spirits are around, spooky feeling'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by RP and EB (2/12/76), Elders Group (3/15/72, 4/16/75). , df //xí[=C . 1 c=]=cs=cm//, EFAM ['creepy'], ( resultative or continuative), ( have/get/intransitivizer or middle voice), phonology: reduplication, vowel merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (3/1/76). ~ , pcs //xí(y)=T or xc . . 3 y=T//, IDOC /'transform s-th/s-o, change s-th/s-o'/, REL, ASM ['used when passing something (food, clothing, belongings) over a fire at a burning to feed the dead (it makes them usable both by the spirits of the deceased owner when the things are put into the fire and by living friends and relatives present after the remainder is passed over the fire a certain number of times while the ritualist speaks to the departed spirits), also used when an Indian doctor/shaman sprinkles water, and when Xá:ls (the Transformer) or Xexéyls (the Transformers) transform someone into rock or creatures'], possibly root against, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/27/80). , ds //xí(y)=T or xc . . 3 y=T//, N ['Transformer'], REL, ASM ['this is another [less common] name for the Transformer, more common names are Xá:ls ~ Xà:ls and for he and his 3 siblings (2 brothers + one sister), Xexá:ls; the origin of the Transformers is told in Dan Milo's story of Black Bear['s Childeren] and Grizzly Bear, in which Grizzly Bear murders Black Bear (both mothers) and eats Black Bear, Black Bear's children discover this and flee, eventually pursuading a man to drown Grizzly Bear while crossing a river, after other adventures the children wander off to the land of the horizon and return as Transformers, accompanied by Mink, a sexual mischief-maker, Boas 1895 (Bertz 1977) tells many of the stories of the wanderings and transformations of the Transformers from the Upriver Halkomelem area as well as other areas'], literally /'transform s-th/s-o, change sth/s-o'/, ( nominalizer), phonology: zero nominalizer, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AD (4/27/79), contrast the Transformer, contrast the Transformers, comment: both these forms derive from the same root as does (perhaps against but they are listed under both xéyt and Xá:ls to make them easier to find. , df //C1 í=xí(y)=T or C1 cC2 =xíy=T//, IDOC /'transform it more, pass it over the . .
994
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English fire more (at a burning)'/, REL, possibly diminutive, possibly plural action, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/27/80); w w found in , //C1 í=xí(y)=T-c-cx or C1 cC2 =xíy=T-c-cx //, /'Transform it more., . . Pass it over the fire more (at a burning).'/, attested by Elders Group.
or , //xíy(=)t// or //xít// growl . . , df //xí=T=cm or xí(=)t=cm//, LANG /'growl (of people, with words), speak gruffly'/, . . EFAM, possibly root against, contrast beat s-o up, contrast transform s-o, change s-o, possibly meaning unknown, possibly middle voice or intransitivizer/have/get, possibly speak a language from possibly as in ~ food, small portion, compare (macron over e) alder tree (Alnus rubra), Salish cognate: Sechelt /xíxic*-ay/ alder T77:11. . . PLN ['place on the east side of Seabird Island'], ASM , bound root or stem //xí(=)è* . against + lx , df //xí[=C < . 1 c=](=)è*=cm//, ABDF ['itchy'], ( continuative or resultative), ( intransitivizer/have/get or middle voice), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by BHTTC (late 10/76), Salish cognate: Squamish /xí-xic*-m ~ . . xc itch W73:152, K67:367, 369, 370, also , incs //xí[=C . 1 c=](=c*)=c[= 3=]m=èct//, ABDF ['(get) real itching'], ( get, become), phonology: reduplication, stress-shift automatic before =thet? or allomorphic, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL (5/5/75). , root or stem //xí(=)è* ~ xc . . 3 y(=)è* impatient or itchy, impatient//, probably root against + lx ~ , strs //s=xí[=C . . 1 c=](=)è* or s=xc[=AíC 1 c=]è*//, EFAM ['disappointed and angry-looking without talking'], ( stative), possibly root against, possibly root small portion, phonology: reduplication, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by EB (6/14/76), Salish cognate: prob. Lushootseed root /xíc*-il/ shame, guilt as in /§cs-xíc*-il/ be guilty and /§cs-xíc*-il-us/ . . . contorted, distorted face from bad feelings and /xíc*-il-àyucid/ shame in the mouth related to root .
996
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English /xíxi/ catch s-o doing something wrong H76:602, perhaps Squamish /xíc*-i/ . . shame and /xídub/ . . bring shame upon oneself (so that one has to blush) W73:228, K69:85 vs. Squamish root /§ix/ . ! /s§íx-i/ shame (metathesis?) K67:305, W73:228. . ~ , free root //xí·ë . %*//, TCH ['be cold'], WETH, semantic environment ['of water, food, weather, ground, etc.'], syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by AC (8/4/70, 9/8/71, 10/1/71), EB (12/1/75), Deming (3/31/77), Elders Group (1/19/77), BJ (5/10/64), other sources: ES /xe . 3 ·yë%*/ cold, JH /xí·ë . %*/ cold, Salish cognate: no cognates found in dictonaries/word lists of MCx, Se, Sq, San, Sam, Ld, Nk, Th, Cm, however Ld does have /ë%*áx/ . feel cold (Bates, Hess & Hilbert 1994:152) which is probably cognate through historical metathesis, example: , //xí·ë . %* tc w tc3mcx //, /'The ground is cold.'/, attested by AC, , //ycle3w=cl xí·ë . %* tclá=we4yc4l tclí k* c ccle3q(=)c|(-c|)//, /'Today is colder than yesterday.'/, attested by Elders Group. , //§u| mc xí·[-·-]ë %*=èct//, /'It's getting colder.'/, other . sources: Gibbs' autumn, attested by EB, , ds //tcm=xí·ë . %*//, TIME ['winter'], literally /'season/time for cold'/, ( season for, time for), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group (3/12/75), AC (8/14/70, 10/8/71), others.
if the root is a bound form, attested elsewhere only before (which automatically changes any root to as in rough, turbulent (of wind/water), compare
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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below, possibly epenthetic, possibly structured activity non-continuative nominal,thus a possible literal meaning of /'cranky/aggressive/ready to fight/violent as a structured activity'/ syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Mrs. Margaret Jim (Mrs. August Jim) and JL and AC (10/62 Wells tape new transcript), AK (11/21/72 tape), ME (11/21/72 tape), Elders Group (3/29/77), JL and EB and Maggie Pennier and HT and Lawrence James and DF and AG and NP (Elders Group 6/7/78), BJ (5/10/64 Wells tapes new transcript new p.121), contrast , //mck*w =cwe3t lc3p*=cxy-cs tcxeyë . %*=e3ls//, /'The grizzly ate everybody.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/29/77). WETH ['get cold'], see xí:tl'. , WETH ['getting colder'], see xí:tl'. ~ , bound root //xí=íwc 3 l or xí=íwcl or xí=cwcl against in the mind or shame in the . . . mind//, compare root against, compare be ashamed. . , pcs //xí=íw(cl)=cT or xí=íwc 3 (l)=T or xí=cw(cl)=cT//, LANG /'advise s-o not to do . . . something bad, (advise s-o against s-th), advise s-o to change, stop s-o from doing something'/, SOC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: vowel merger, regular syllable-loss (of el before =et), possible updrifting, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (12/19/75, 3/8/76), Elders Group (1/25/78); found in , //xí=íwc 3 l=cT-cs//, /'He advises him to not . to do something., He advises him to change., He advises him to do something.'/, attested by EB. , cts //xí[-C . 1 c-]=íw(cl)=cT//, LANG /'advising s-o not to do something, advising him to change'/, SOC, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (12/19/75, 3/8/76). , mdls //xí=íwc 3 (l)=cs=cm or xí=cw(cl)=c[= 3=]s=cm//, EFAM /'to scowl, . . make a bad face or a scowl'/, ABFC, SOC, literally /'against/shame in the mind on one's face'/, lx on the face, possibly derivational, phonology: possible stress-shift, syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/3/78). , stvi //s=xí[-C . . 1 c-]=cw(cl)=cs or s=xí[=C 1 c=]=cw(cl)=cs//, EFAM /'(be) scowling (if mad or ate something sour), ((made a) funny (strange) face [Elders Group 1/21/76])'/, ABFC, SOC, ( stative), possibly continuative, possibly resultative, phonology: reduplication, syllable-loss, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (5/3/78), also /'(made a) funny face (strange)'/, attested by Elders Group (1/21/76). ~ , EFAM /'to scowl, make a bad face or a scowl'/, see xíwel. ~ , LANG /'advise s-o not to do something bad, (advise s-o against s-th), advise s-o to change, stop s-o from doing something'/, see xíwel. , ABFC /'sobbing, crying a little, (to sob [EB])'/, see xà:m ~ xá:m. , rsls //xí=C . 1 c//, EFAM ['ashamed'], ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 1/25/78), Salish
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cognate: Lushootseed /xíxi/ . . shame and /§cs-xíxi/ . . be ashamed H76:605-606, Saanich dial. of NSt /xíxcxc/ bring shame upon oneself (e.g. so . . . to be ashamed B74a:54, perhaps root in Squamish /xíc*-i/ . that one has to blush) and perhaps metathesized root /§íx/ shame in /s-§íx-i/ . . shame W73:228, K67:305, 399, K69:85, example: , //c-cl mc xí=C c//, /'I am ashamed., I am getting . 1 ashamed.'/, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72). , cts //C1 c-xí=C . 1 c//, EFAM ['being ashamed'], ( continuative), ( resultative), phonology: double reduplication, grammatical comment: continuative resultatives are quite rare, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (1/25/78). w , ncs //xí=C . 1 c=l-cx //, EFAM /'(accidentally) make s-o ashamed, insult s-o (accidentally or manage to)'/, ( non-control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (12/16/75), Elders Group (6/7/78); y found in , //xi=C . 1 c=l-áx -cs//, /'He (accidentally) made me ashamed.'/, attested by w Elders Group, example: , //c-cl xí=C 3 ·yc//, /'I . 1 c=l-cx t-cl s=ye insulted my friend.'/, attested by EB. 4 t//, EFAM /'to shame oneself [accidentally], (get) embarrassed, , ncrs //xí=C . 1 c=l-àmc (become ashamed of oneself?)'/, ( reflexive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (10/6/76, 3/1/72). , pcrs //xí=C . 1 c=T-ct//, EFAM ['shame oneself (purposely)'], ( purposeful control transitivizer) + ( reflexive), or instead possibly get, become, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), example: , //c-cl xí=C . 1 c=T-ct//, /'I shamed myself.'/, attested by Elders Group. w , caus //xí=C . 1 c=sT-cx //, EFAM ['make s-o ashamed'], ( causative control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (12/16/75), Elders Group (6/7/78); found in , //xi=C . 1 c=sTáxy-cs//, /'He made me ashamed.'/, attested by Elders Group, example: , //c-cl w xí=C . . 1 c=sT-cx //, /'I made him ashamed.'/, attested by EB; found in , //xí=C 1 c=sTà·m//, /'S-o made you ashamed.'/, attested by EB (12/16/75). , ABFC /'chewing (something hard, like apple)'/, see xíkw'et. , ABFC ['be chewing s-th hard'], see xíkw'et. ~ , EFAM /'(accidentally) make s-o ashamed, insult s-o (accidentally or manage to)'/, see xíxe. ~ , SOC /'war, (warring), fighting a war'/, see xíléx. ~ , EFAM /'to shame oneself [accidentally], (get) embarrassed, (become ashamed of oneself?)'/, see xíxe. ~ , EB ['burdock'], see xím. , EB ['burdock'], see xím. , EZ ['little hawk'], see xím. , ABFC /'scratch, (scratching as a structured activity)'/, see xíp'. , HARV /'a rake, a harrow'/, see xíp'. , ABFC ['scratching'], see xíq'. , ABFC ['scratching one's head'], see xíq'.
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~ , EFAM /'getting spooked, being afraid that bad spirits are around, spooky feeling'/, see xísel. ~ , EFAM ['creepy'], see xísel. ~ , EFAM ['make s-o ashamed'], see xíxe. ~ , LANG ['growling (with words)'], see xítem. ~ , LANG ['snapping at s-o (verbally or in arguing)'], see xítem. ~ , EFAM ['shame oneself (purposely)'], see xíxe. ~ ~ ~ , measure, mark a measurement or root in , cpds //xac*ay=íq . use slhóp' for soup, stew, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by MH (Deming 1/4/79). , WATR /'small lake, pond'/, see xó:tsa ~ xó:cha. ~ q*áycs//, meaning unknown , df //s=xáycs=cq ~ s=q*áycs=cqw //, CLO ['soft feathers put in oiled hair < . for dancing'], probably nominalizer, possibly stem or root in ~ 'head (of any living thing), secont allomorph possibly root , bound root or stem //xá(·)yë . rough, turbulent (of wind/water), prob. same root as in ~ , df //xe[=y=]ë %*=e3·ls//, sas, EZ ['grizzly bear'], ['Ursus arctos horribilis']. . , stvi //s=xá(·)yë %*=T-ct or s=xá(·)yë %*=èct or s=xe[=Aá=y=]ë %*=T-ct or . . . s=xe[=Aá=y=]ë %*=èct//, EFAM /'(be) aggressive, cranky, ready to fight, (be) violent, hot-headed'/, . Elder's comment: "this is also what they call grizzly bears", ( stative), probably root ,or //xc . 3 t*c or xc 3 t§(c) or xc 3 tc§-M1//, cts, LANG /'be saying, say, said'/, since a spell is said, see also under . . , pcs //xc . 3 t*=M1=T//, IDOC /'cast a spell on s-o, put a spell on s-o, shoot power into s-o'/, ASM ['such power is shot invisibly by Indian doctors and can only be removed usually by another Indian doctor, when it is removed it is sometimes found to be a piece of bone, sometimes it is an invisible spirit that is cast out by the curing Indian doctor/shaman'], ( non-continuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/25/76), other sources: ES ChMsCw /xt*c . 3 t/ shoot power (into victim),
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
Salish cognate: Squamish root /xct*/ evil charm as in /xt*-c . . 3 t/ put an evil spell on s-o (tr.) and /§csxc bewitched K69:84. . 3 t*-xct*/ . , sas //xc . 3 t*=M1=e3(·)ls//, IDOC /'cast a spell, throw a spell, put on a spell, shoot power'/, ( non-continuative), ( structured activity noncontinuative), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/25/76), Salish cognate: Samish dial. of NSt (LD) /xt*=c 3 lc§/ shoot power into s-o (done by an . Indian doctor) with /=c3lc§/ structured activity non-continuative G86:81. , IDOC /'cast a spell, throw a spell, put on a spell, shoot power'/, see xét'. , //ë%*cm=x. w =x=í·l=cm//, /'hail'/, . w w w w , //q* c3m=x. =ccs//, /'wrist'/, , //C1 cC2 =mál=x. w //, /'greasy; mixed up'/, , //qw c3y=x. w //, /'miss a shot'/, literally /'move around'/, , //s=pi[=Ae3·=]l=x. w //, /'underground food, edible corms/tubers/bulbs, camas'/, , //mc3|=x. w =cl//, /'Indian plum, June plum'/, , //ë%*e3qt s=cá·|ex. w e3·lc=e3|p//, EB /'long leaf willow, (Pacific willow)'/, ['Salix lasiandra'], attested by AC (11/26/71). w , dmn //x. e[=AáC1 c=]lc=e3|p//, EB /'a small willow tree, a low willow'/, ( diminutive, small), phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64 Wells tapes new transcript old p.300). w , ds //x. e[=AáC1 c=]lc=e3|p//, PLN ['a village by Yale along Yale Creek'], ASM ['an area on the upriver [of the Fraser R., i.e. north] side of Yale Creek where there were lots of willows and a settlement till washed out by the high flood of 1897'], literally /'a small willow tree, a low willow'/, phonology: ablaut, reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64 Wells tapes new transcript old p.300), IHTTC (7/8/77 MP via AD and SP in writing
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and verbally), Elders Group (7/6/77, 9/13/77 and AK and SP and AD on Raft trip), other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):25, source: place names reference file #4. , ds //x. w alc=íc orx. w e[=Aa=]lc=íc ~ x. w e(=Ac=)lc=íc//, PLN /'place at Ruby Creek where Paul Webster lived some years ago, now Wahleach Island Indian Reserve #2 and area at mouth of Mahood Creek'/, ASM ['across the Fraser River from O'hamil, across from shingle mill, at log house at end of road to river turn right'], Elder's comment: "name means lots of willows there", literally /'willow on the back'/, lx on the back, phonology: vowel merger, possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (8/31/77, 8/15/77), AK/SP/AD (Raft trip 8/30/77), Elders on place names trip to Seabird Island (EB, JL, AD, others) (4/3/78), Elders Group (7/13/77 on this day at least the following attended and gave some place names: LJ, SP, AG, DF), source: place names reference file #65a and #65. w , ds //x. [w]alíc//, PLN /'Wahleach whistle stop on Seabird Island where Wayne Bobb lived in 1977, (now also Wahleach Lake (man-made) [EB])'/, ASM ['named after Xwolích (may not be an old name)'], phonology: irregular change of xw to w, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by LJ (IHTTC 8/15/77), source: place names reference file #195, also /'Wahleach Lake'/, ASM ['the lake is an articifial one, recently dammed, the name probably refers to the creek [if Indians had any hand in choosing it]'], attested by EB (12/8/75). , ds //x. w e3s=tcl orx. w c[=Ae3=]s=tcl//, PE /'solid grease, suet, lump of grease, (stomach fat [CT])'/, ASM ['cooked in a ball so it wouldn't crumble, could be carried in one's purse or bag, used like face cream to clean face, mixed with paint for spirit dancing face paint, etc.'], HUNT, FOOD /'lard, shortening'/, bound root produce grease, produce animal fat, probably derivational, lx device to, something (to), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/16/77), MH (Deming 1/4/79), contrast fat, comment: MH reports is also lard, shortening, Salish cognate: Squamish /x. w c3s/ be fat and /x. w ás-tn/ hardened grease, fat beside /x. w cs-í§/ get fat W73:97, 123, K67:371, K69:86, Lushootseed /x. w c3s/ fat beside /s-x. w c3s/ grease and /§u-x. w cs-il-d/ fatten s-o/s-th up H76:613-614, Sechelt /s-x. w c3s/ grease, fat T77:14, also /'stomach fat'/, attested by CT (6/8/76), example: , //(s=pe3·è, §e3sxw ,ë%*e[=lc=]qt=c3le, p*cq*=c3lqcl, mús=C1 cC2 ) x. w c[=Ae3=]s=tcl//, usage: rapid speech, not as good as the forms preceding such as xwástels te spá:th, syntactic comment: this may point out that such nominal(as adjective) nominal phrases in general are tolerated in fast speech but not preferred in careful speech, attested by Elders Group (3/16/77). , free root //x. w e4·y ~x. w e3·y//, ABDF /'perish together, many die (in famine, sickness, fire), all die, get wiped out'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB (1/26/76), SP (8/28/75), Salish cognate: PCS cognate set 29a in Galloway 1982:12 includes: Squamish /x. w áy/ perish, faint, become senseless, become paralyzed W73:196, K67:370, Nooksack /x. wæ 3 y/ die, Sechelt /x. w áy(§)/ already dead and /x. w áyat/ kill them (two) on purpose, Mainland Comox /x. w áy/ everybody's dead, several perish, Sooke dial. of NSt /x. w c3y/ they are dead and /x. w éè-t/ wipe them out and /x. w èé-tõ/ they were slaughtered, killed off, beside Squamish /x. w áy-at/ slaughter, wipe out (tr.) K69:86. w , df //x. e[=Aá]·y//, ABDF ['they all died'], possibly resultative, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by SP (8/28/75), example: , //lc x. we[=Aá=]·y ~ lcx. we3·y//, /'They all died.'/, attested by SP. w , df //s=x. e[=Aa=]y=c=(h)e3·le3//, PLN ['Squia-ala (now Chilliwack Indian Reserve #7)'], ASM ['at the junction of old Chilliwack River and Koquapilt Slough, so named because
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many were killed together by canoe raiders and they were buried in a pit (Elders Group 7/20/77), Squia-a-ala is the (D.I.A.) spelling used for the present reserve name'], literally perhaps /'something that's a container of people who all died together'/, ( nominalizer, something to), possibly entity, being, lx container of, phonology: possible ablaut, epenthetic h, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/20/77, 1/15/75), source: place names reference file #82, other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):19, also w , //s=x. e3·y=c=he4·le4//, attested by CT (1973), also , w //s=x. e[=Aa=]y=c=he3le//, attested by BJ (5/10/64 Wells tapes new transcript new p.142, 144146). w , ds //s=x. e[=Aa=]y(=cm)=ím=c|//, PLN ['New Westminster'], literally /'nominalizer/something that many died together repeatedly in past'/, Elder's comment: "means place where lots of people died, (or) all died", ASM ['named from xwó:y all died because two innocent Indian men were hung there, and one, before the rope was put around his neck, told the people that because he was innocent many would die after him; soon after, a fire burned down New Westminster, killing a number of people including the judge; this happened when all the buildings, fences, and sidewalks were wooden, about 1860 or so (SP)'], ( nominalizer), possibly place to have/get, ( repeatedly), ( past tense), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/6/77), SP (8/28/75), source: place names reference file #24, other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):15. w , ds //s=x. e[=AáC1 c=]y=cm=c|//, PLN ['village near and above [upriver from] Katz where 36 pit-houses were wiped out in an epidemic'], ASM ['people died right in their pithouses, only one family was saved because it took to the mountains [in winter], the place is near Evangeline Pete's place near Katz'], literally /'place where all/many died in past'/, ( nominalizer), ( resultative), ( place to have/get), ( past tense), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/6/77), SP (8/28/75), source: place names reference file #23, Elders at Katz Class (TG/AG/PDP/SP? 10/5/76). w , pcs //x. e3·y=T//, SOC ['kill them'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming (2/7/80). w , df //C1c=x. e3(·)y=c//, EZ /'blowfly, big fly, (little fly (one of them) [Elders Group 2/19/75])'/, ['order Diptera, family Calliphoridae'], ASM ['(this is the fly that develops from maggots in carrion, the family includes the bluebottle fly and greenbottle fly with metallic irridescent coloring on their backs)'], (semological comment: may be so named (from root xwáy) since they would be especially numerous around those who died in a group), possibly diminutive, possibly root many die, possibly living thing/entity, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), EB (11/24/75), other sources: H-T , //xw c3m-|e le-c-ct |í·m k*w c §elí·lc//, /'Hurry up, let's pick salmonberries. (be picking)'/, attested by AC (11/24/71), , //tu xw c3m-|e//, /'Move a little faster.'/, attested by EB/Deming/IHTTC (fall 1977), , //kw c3|tux. w c3m//, /'very fast'/, attested by EB (12/19/75), , //x. w c3m k*w -cl-s k*w cqw =c3m=csT-àm//, /'I can knock you down fast. (you are knocked down/clubbed)'/, attested by Elders Group (10/27/76), , //le-| §e3y=cl xw c3m ~ xw c3m le-| §e3y=cl//, /'Go away quickly.'/, attested by AC (11/30/71). w w , df //lc(x )=x. c[=Aó(·)=]m//, WATR /'rapids, fast water, clear water, flowing fast, going fast, swift (water)'/, ( always), ( derivational), phonology: ô-ablaut rare, possible consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, adjective/adjectival verb, attested by BJ (12/5/64), Elders Group (3/15/72, 3/26/75), other sources: ES /lcx. wc3w·m/ (Ms /x. wc3ym/, Cw /x. wcwm/) rapids, rushing current in sea or river, example: w w , //lc(x )=x. c[=Aó·=]m tc qá·//, /'swift water, (The water is swift.)'/, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75). w , ds //C1cC2=x. c3m//, TVMO /'hurry up, faster'/, ( comparative or augmentative or plural), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group (1/30/80), example: , //C1 cC2 =x. w c3m §cw §àl//, /'"More faster.", even faster, (still faster)'/, attested by Elders Group. w , chrs //x. cm=C1cC2=cl=c3qcl//, LANG ['talk fast'], literally /'(go/get) characteristically fast in speech'/, ( characteristic), ( go, come, get, become), lx in the throat, in speech, language, phonology: reduplication, comment: word originally mistranscribed as xwemxwemeléqep but =eléqep would mean taste, smell and must be error for =eléqel in speech, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (11/10/76). w , ds //x. c3m=c[=M2=]ècl//, FOOD /'eat fast, eating fast, hurry to eat'/, BPI ['(have a) quick mouth'], lx in the mouth, ( continuative or derivational), phonology: metathesis, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, prob. adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72); found in , //x. w c3m*=c[=M2=]ècl-|e//, /'Eat fast.'/, attested by EB/Deming/IHHTC (fall 1977), example: , //x. w c3m=c[=M2=]ècl-t| §e3|=tcl//, /'Hurry to come eat [a meal].'/, attested by NP (6/4/80). w , ds //x. c3m=cccs//, TVMO /'pick fast, (do fast with the hands)'/, literally /'hurry/be fast in the hand'/, lx in the hand, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by EB/Deming/IHTTC (fall 1977), example: , //tux. w c3m=cccs-|e//, /'Pick fast.'/, attested by EB/Deming/IHTTC (fall 1977). w y , ds //x. [=F=]c3m=x cl//, WETH /'raining hard, pouring rain, (raining fast)'/, literally /'fast
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
precipitation'/, possibly derivational, lx precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, etc.), phonology: possible fronting or allomorph, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming, others, see under stem , probable bound root //x. c3ë%*//, probably rolled w , df //x. w cx. w =c§e3 or C1 c=x. w =c§e3//, SOC /'copy, imitate'/, root meaning unknown, lx , //s=t(=c§)e3 ye| §u| x. w cx. w =c§e3//, /'Now he imitates., Now he copies.'/, attested by AD. , pcs //x. w cx. w =c§e3=T or C1c=x. w =c§e3=T//, SOC /'copy s-o, imitate s-o'/, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AD (3/6/79), Elders Group (4/6/77). , //x. w c[-Ai-]x. w =c§e3=T-ámc-c-cl//, /'I'm imitating you.'/, attested by EB (4/26/76), , //x. wc[-Ai-]x. w=c§e3=T-cs tc s=pe3è//, /'He's imitating a bear.'/, attested by EB (5/3/76), , ds //x. w c[=Ai=]x. w =c§e3=cqcl ~ C1íx. w [=F=]=c§e3=cqcl ~ C1 c=x. w [=F=]=c§e3=cqcl//, PLN /'Echo Point on Echo Island, Echo Bay on Echo Island'/, literally /'imitating a voice'/, ASM ['the island is in Harrison Lake, the bay is on the west side of the island by Chítmexw and Spá:th rocks on the island'], Elder's comment: so named because if you talk slow here you can hear the echo of your own voice talking back to you, possibly derivational, lx in the throat, speech, voice, ( nominalizer), phonology: ablaut or reduplication, optional fronting, zero nominalizer, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL (3/1/78 tape, 6/27/78 boat trip). , SOC /'copy s-o, imitate s-o'/, see xwexwe'á. , EZ ['house-fly'], see xwôxwáye ~ xwexwáye ~ xwôxwá:ye. , PE ['get one's picture taken'], see xwíyth. , EZ ['small bird'], see xwí:leqw ~ xwé:yleqw ~ xwéyleqw. , perhaps bound root or stem //x. w ík* or x. w iq*=F//, meaning unknown unless whole word is onomatopoeic , //lc há·kw =cxy-cs è-cl te4·l tcx. wí·lcm kw-s-cs p*cw=c[=Aí·=]T-cs t-cl s=§í·è*c=m//, /'My mother used the thread to patch up my dress.'/, literally /'past use s-th the (female present) -my mother the thread that she/he patch s-th up the (present/unspecified) dress/clothing'/, attested by AC (9/21/71), , //líqw =cT w tcx. í·lcm//, /'let out a rope (let it out (of rope))'/, literally /'loosen it the rope'/, attested by IHTTC (7/19/77), , //x. w í·lcm-s tc tc3x. w (=)cc//, /'bowstring'/, literally /'its string the bow'/, attested by Elders Group (4/5/78), , //wc=§ál w w w w wc=q c§íq =cq -s t-ex. í·lcm//, /'Your rope is too thin/narrow.'/, attested by JL. w , pcs //x. í·l(=)cm=T//, DESC /'weigh s-th, ((also) measure s-th [EB])'/, possibly root rope, pcs //=t purposeful control transitivizer//, phonology: updrifting, syntactic analysis:
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
transitive verb, attested by CT and HT (6/21/76), also /'measure s-th, weigh s-th'/, attested by EB, example: , //x. w í·lcm=T kw =s=te3m=cs//, /'weigh something'/, attested by CT and HT. w or better , cpds //x. í·l(=)cm=T tc ta[=Ac3=]l=(cl)mcl-s//, SCH /'measure the knowledge, give a test'/, , //ta[=Ac3=]l=(cl)mcl//, the mind, someone's own knowledge, resultative, lx part, portion or lx in the mind, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) w w w w , ncs //x. ílcq=l-cx or x [=Q=]e[=Aí=]l[=c=]q=l-cx //, df, SOC ['almost kill s-o'], root meaning unknown, Elder's comment: "may come from xwá:lq almost", comment: derivation from xwá:lq would require several unusual processes: backing, í-ablaut of root a, and =e= infixing, possibly derivational?, possibly derivational, possibly plural? or> derivational, ( non-control transitivizer), ( third person object), phonology: possible backing, possible ablaut, possible infixed e (schwa), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (2/21/78); found in , //x. w ílcq=l-áxy-cs//, /'He almost killed me.'/, attested by EB. w w , plv //C1 cC2 =x. ílcq=l-cx //, SOC ['repeatedly almost kill s-o'], ( plural action), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (2/21/78, 4/25/78), example in the words to EB's grandmother's thunder spirit song: , //C1 cC2 =x. wilcq=l-áxy-cs k*wcx. wí·l(=)cqw-s k*wc cí[=C1 c=]|//, /'The thunderbird repeatedly almost killed me.'/, literally /'he repeatedly almost kills me the (remote/distant) big bird of the (remote) high up/height'/, (semological comment: notice the idiom used for thunderbird, lit. "the bird bird of the remote high up/height", EB's granny also had three other spirit songs besides this thunder song, a wolf song, a crying song, and one other, the words to the crying song were: then the root means tied and hanging down and this is an alternate pronunciation of sleet, silver thaw. , strs //s=x. í[=C1 c=]q* //, FSH ['(hung up in a fish net)'], HUNT, CLO, MC, ( stative), ( resultative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Elders Group (2/11/76), example: , mdls //x. íq* =cs=cm//, SOC /'hang oneself, (hung by a rope [AC])'/, literally /'tie oneself around on the face to hang down'/, lx on the face, ( middle voice), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/5/80), also /'hung by a rope'/, attested by AC (8/28/70). w w , cts //x. í[-·-]q* =cl//, WETH /'sleeting, be sleeting'/, ( continuative), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/16/75), example: w w , SOC /'hang oneself, (hung by a rope [AC])'/, see xwíqw'. , probable root or stem //x. íë%*//, meaning unknown w , SOC ['imitating'], see xwexwe'á. , probably root //x. á·q* //, EZ /'sawbill duck, fish-duck, common merganser (larger), American merganser'/, ['Mergus merganser'], syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by AC (12/4/71), BJ (12/5/64), EL (9/15/78), Elders Group (2/18/76), EB (2/13/78), other sources: ES w /x. w á·q*w / sawbill, JH /xá·q* / (sic) merganser, Salish cognate: Mainland Comox /x. w ú§q*w / sawbill . duck B75prelim.:16, Squamish /x. wúhq*w/ merganser, sawbill duck K69:86 or better /x. wúuq*w/ common merganser (Mergus merganser) and red-breasted merganser (M. serrator), sawbill duck Kennedy and Bouchard 1976:71, Saanich dial. of NSt /x. w á§aq*w / sawbill duck B74a:14, example: , bound root //x. áq* pole a canoe//. w w , cts //x. á[-C1 c-]q* =cT//, CAN ['poling a canoe'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75). , //k*w e[=Ac3=]c=l-cxw -cs tc s=lc3xw =wc|, s=q*c3m(=)cl, qe-s tc s=x. w a[=Aó=]q*w =tcl//, /'He saw a canoe, a paddle, and a canoe pole. (see s-th/s-o)'/, attested by EB.
rolled up w w pillow, rolled up bulrush mat, possibly resultative or continuative or derivational, possibly on top of the head or more likely around in circles, .probably intransitivizer, have, get, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/6/77 incl. Maggie Pennier, Mary Peters, CT, LJ), SP/AK/AD (Raft trip 8/30/77), source: place
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
names reference file #9, also , //s=x. w áë%*e3q*w =cm//, attested by Elders Group (7/9/75). , EB /'a small willow tree, a low willow'/, see xwále ~ xwá:le. , PLN ['a village by Yale along Yale Creek'], see xwále ~ xwá:le. , ds //s=x. w á(·)y=C1 cC2 =ele//, PLN ['village above Yakweakwioose < on both sides of the Chilliwack River'], ASM ['the river changed course around the turn of the century [1900] and now goes west from Vedder Crossing, the location of the old village site is near Higginson Rd., above Chilliwack Indian Reserve #8, where the Anglican church is now [1964]'], literally /'container of the sxwó:yxwey mask, home of the sxwó:yxwey mask'/, ASM ['so named presumably because one of the early owners of the mask lived there'], lx container of/for, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by BJ (12/5/64), other sources: Wells 1965 (lst ed.):19, source: place names reference file #175 and #176. w w , df //x. ó·l=cq //, PLN ['Whonnock village'], ASM ['a downriver Halkomelem-speaking village on the north side of the Fraser River'], root meaning unknown, possibly on top of the head, on the hair, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DF (Elders Group 4/23/80).
, probable bound root //x. ó(·)s//, foam w , ds //s=x. ó(·)s(=)cm//, EB ['soapberry'], ['Shepherdia canadensis'], FOOD /'Indian ice-cream, whipped soapberry foam'/, ASM ['the berries do not grow in Stó:lô territory but were obtained by trade with the Thompsons and others, the berries if rubbed between the hands will produce a white foam or froth, in aboriginal times (and still rarely today) the berries (or a syrup from them) were whipped up in special soapberry baskets kept grease-free, they were whipped up with special cedar whisks and the foam was eaten on special small flat paddleshaped soapberry spoons, nowadays soapberries are more often whipped up with an electric beater in modern bowls kept grease-free (or the foam is inhibited), it is usually sweetened with sugar now, though in the old days other berries or other sweetening agents were added'], ( nominalizer, something to), borrowed from Thompson /s-x. w ús-cm/ soapberry from root /x. w ús/ foam Turner 1973ms:34, phonology: optional partial delabialization before the /o/, we can tell this vowel is not from /cw/ because of the Musqueam and Cowichan cognates which have a different vowel and no /w/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/11/70, 11/24/71, 9/18/71), BJ (12/5/64), OW (Deming 1/4/79), other sources: ES /sx. w c3wscm/ (CwMs /sx. w e3scm/) soapberry, Salish cognate: Thompson /s-x. wús-cm/ soapberry from root /x. wús/ foam Turner 1973ms:34, Squamish /s-x. w ús-m/ soapberry beside /x. w ús-um/ prepare soapberries K69:60, Lushootseed /sx. w úscb ~ s-x. wáscb/ soapberry. Indian ice cream H76:611, 623, Saanich dial. of NSt /sx. w éscm/ soapberry B74a:15, Samish dial. of NSt /sx. w éscm ~ sx. w éscõ/ soapberry G86:71, also , //x. w óscm//, attested by MH (Deming 1/4/79). w , ds //s=x. oscm=e3le3//, BSK /'soapberry basket, Indian ice-cream basket'/, FOOD, ASM ['a tall basket with round bottom for whipping soapberries'], lx container for, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/24/76). w
, PLN /'village on east bank of Sweltzer Creek (above Sxwoyehá:lá), (creek by the village of the same name [Xwôxwá:ye] [Wells])'/, see xwôxwáye ~ xwexwáye ~ xwôxwá:ye. w or , possible bound stem //x. c3[=C1 c=]è=e//, root meaning unknown w , df //s=x. c3[=C1 c=]è=e//, EZ /'song sparrow, also brown sparrow, (could include any or all of the following which occur in the Stó:lô area: Savannah sparrow, vesper sparrow, lark
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
sparrow, tree sparrow, chipping sparrow, Harris sparrow, fox sparrow, white-crowned sparrow, golden-crowned sparrow, and song sparrow) (type of brown wren [BHTTC 11/15/76], larger wren (but smaller than robin) [Elders Group 2/18/76])'/, ['Melospiza melodia morphna, (perhaps any/all of the following: Passerculus sandwichensis brooksi, Pooecetes gramineus, Chondestes grammacus, Spizella arborea, Spizella passerina, Zonotrichia querula, Passerella iliaca, Zonotrichia leucophrys, Zonotrichia atricapilla, Melospiza melodia morphna)'], ( nominalizer, something to/that), possibly continuative/resultative, root meaning unknown, possibly living creature, phonology: possible reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by JL (9/15/78), Salish cognate: perhaps Squamish /s-x. w íx. w / sparrow K69:60 and Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) Kennedy and Bouchard 1976:100, probably Lushootseed /sx. w c3x. w c*q*w / river snipe (a small blackish diver and good swimmer, it eats trout eggs; it's mostly in creeks and rivers; in mythology he is a tricky sort of guy; he makes up lies to scare people ....) H76:615, also , //s=x. w c3[=C1 c=]c=e//, attested by EL (9/15/78), also w , //s=x. c3è=C1 cC2 //, also /'sparrow'/, ( characteristic), dialects: Katzie (downriver dial.), attested by Elders Group (6/4/75), comment: this apparently shows the root is xwéth, also /'type of brown wren'/, attested by BHTTC (11/15/76), also /'larger wren (but smaller than robin)'/, dialects: Tait, attested by Elders Group (2/18/76), also , //s=x. w c3[=C1 c=]|=e//, also /'larger wren (but smaller than robin)'/, dialects: Cheh., attested by Elders Group (2/18/76). , //x. w c3p-M1=T// or //x. w p=cT//, ABFC ['pick s-th up from the ground or floor'], see under xwp. , SH /'rip it up, tear it up, rip s-th, tear s-th'/, see xwét.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
1021
Y , //le3-c(-cl)-u| ye3k*w //, /'I already hired., I've already hired.'/, grammatical comment: zero optional as first person subject marker, attested by EB, Elders Group, also , //le3-c-cl wc| lc ye3k*w ~ le3-c(-cl)-u| lc ye3·k*w //, attested by Elders Group, , //le3-c-cl-ce ye[=Ac3=]k*w =mcT we3yc3l=cs//, /'I'm going to hire someone tomorrow.'/, phonology: updrifting, attested by Elders Group, , //ye3[-C1 c-]k*w =mcT-cs//, /'He's hiring someone.'/, attested by Elders Group. , ECON ['hire s-o'], see yákw'. or , probable root //ye3l// meaning unknown unless glide or //ycl// turn , cts //ye3[-C1 c-]l=cm//, ABFC /'sailing (of a bird), gliding on the wind'/, ( continuative), ( middle voice or intransitivizer/have/get), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by SJ (Deming 8/10/78), Salish cognate: perhaps Squamish /yc3la§n/ wing with possible root /ycl/ turn as in /s-il§ánm/ year K67:380, Nooksack (one bird) to fly in circles (like a hawk sailing above prey)(NKF2.1861), prob. not Squamish /yáwap/ sail K67:382. , SOC /'close up a meeting, wind up a meeting, complete a meeting'/, see yókw' ~ yóqw'. , SOC ['search'], see yél or perhaps yá:l.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, SOC ['search for s-th'], see yél or perhaps yá:l. , free root //ye|//, ASP /'as usual, this time, now, the first time'/, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by EB (1/9/76), LJ (4/7/78 History Dept. tape #34), Elders Group (2/8/78), Salish cognate: Musqueam dial. of Halkomelem /yé|/ (/ye3|/ in ES orthog.) only now, only then (Suttles ca1984:4.3.1 and 18.4.14), Squamish /ya|/ at last; after than, then W73:3, K67:382, Saanich dial. of NSt /èc|/ (particle) immediate past in G86:60 from M86, possibly Lushootseed /yá§|/ (adverb) unrealized wish, be unable, want to but can't H76:628, probably not Lushootseed /jc|/ (modal particle) so it would seem, must be H76:219-220, example: , //ye3|=a-§e k*w c-§e-s c*cq*w =ówc|//, /'You just start(ed) to make a basket.'/, phonology: epenthetic e, yálho'ó perhaps mistranscribed for yálhò'á, syntactic comment: unusual double subject marking but both with possessive pronouns, attested by EB (12/19/75). , ds //wc=ye3|=à//, ASP ['(just) started (to do something)'], ( contrastive), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group (3/24/76), example: , //wc=ye3|-à-l-s-cs èíy=T//, /'I just started to make it'/, attested by Elders Group. , ASP /'begin, start, (be) just started, just began, be just begun'/, see yalh. , df //ye3|=xyc(l)=tcl or ye=o[=Ae3=]|=xyc(l)=tcl//, PLN /'island or point on north side of first slough north of the mouth of Chehalis River, (next slough and point above Mímexwel [EL 3/1/78])'/, ASM ['the main canoe landing for Chehalis, the biggest landing at Chehalis, a point located about 100 yards further up Harrison River from the first slough (Mímexwel) above (north of) Chehalis River mouth (EL), near the end of present Chehalis Reserve Road by old church, the second slough north of Chehalis River it was where they had floats and beached their canoes (EB)'], possibly travelling by, in motion or (the) plural human, root meaning unknown unless ólh get aboard a canoe, possibly derivational, possibly on the foot, possibly device, something to, phonology: consonant-loss (l on =xel before =tel), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DF and EB (3/3/76), EL (3/1/78), EB (12/8/75), EL with NP and EB (Chehalis place names trip 9/27/77), IHTTC (8/25/77), source: place names reference file #105 and #110, also /'next slough and point above Mímexwel'/, attested by EL (3/1/78). , LANG /'I thank you (deeply), I thank you (deeply)., Thank you.'/, see hò:y ~
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
1023
hó:y ~ hóy. , //lc ye3q*//, /'It fell (of a tree).'/, attested by Elders Group. (umlaut over a) log (in the water). , pln //s=ye3q*=C1 cC2 //, EB ['a lot of logs'], ( plural but usually characteristic), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by JL (5/5/75). , cts //ye3[-C1 c-]q*=cT//, HARV /'falling it, falling a tree'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), example: , cts //ye3[-C1 c-]q*=cls//, sas, HARV /'falling (a tree), be falling trees'/, ( continuative), ( structured activity continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72), EB, IHTTC (9/2/77). , HARV /'to fall it (a tree), to fell a tree, to fall a tree'/, see yáq'. , free root //ye3·t//, ABDF /'to vomit, throw up'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/14/70), other sources: ES /ye3·t/ (circumflex over e) (Cw /ye3§et/) vomit, Salish cognate: Squamish /ya§t/ vomit and /yc3-ya§t/ vomit continuously K67:382, 381. , rsls //ye3[-C1 c-]t//, ABDF ['vomiting'], ( resultative or continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (8/14/70), Salish cognate: Squamish /yc3-ya§t/ vomit continuously K67:381. , dnom //s=ye3·t=tcl//, MED ['throw-up medicine'], ASM ['medicine to make one throw up'], ( nominalizer), lx device, something, medicine, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (7/23/75). , cts //he3-yet=c3lmcl//, ABDF ['nauseated'], literally /'vomiting in the mind, think about/feel like vomiting'/, ( continuative), lx in the mind, think about, feel like, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb. , probable bound root or stem //ye3·t(=)cl or s=ye3·(yc)=tcl//, root possibly be
1024
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
friend, relative, may be reciprocal or someone for , dnom //s=ye3·t(=)cl or s=ye3·=tcl//, SOCT /'widow, widower'/, ( nominalizer), root meaning unknown unless to be friend as in root , stem friend, possibly go, come, get, become, possibly something that, someone to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by NP (10/10/75), Elders Group (3/13/80), other sources: ES /sye3tcl/ (CwMs /sye3§tcn/) widow, widower, Salish cognate: Squamish /syá§tn/ widow(er) K67:300, perhaps Squamish root /ya§/ tight, shut or tied tightly as in /yá§-n/ put on, hold, tie tightly (tr.) and /yá§-ya/ tight and /yá§-ya-c/ stoppered tightly (ab. bottle) K67:381 (however this would require a doublet in Halkomelem since this root in Squamish is more clearly cognate with the root in Upriver Halkomelem /selá/ //s=hc-le3// tight). , incs //yet=íl=cm//, SOC /'become a widow, become a widower'/, ( go, come, get, become), ( intransitivizer, have, get), phonology: updrifting, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/13/80). , SOC /'become a widow, become a widower'/, see syá:tel. , MC ['painting'], see yétl'. , ABFC ['rubbing it'], see yétl'. , free root //yex. ~ §e3x//, . EFAM ['bad'], usage: baby-talk, said to a child of crawling age to teach him something is bad, syntactic analysis: interjection, attested by AD. root meaning unknown, initial probably , possible bound root or stem //(i)ye3xq*//, . epenthetic, the derived form is lit. “something for doing X as a structured activity” and the stem or root here expresses what the pouch does, the doing X part, possibly if there is derivational metathesis or if not , free root //xc . 3 q*//, DESC ['narrow (of rocky passage)'], xíq'> ~ (macrons over i and e) companion, comrade, Salish cognate: Squamish /s-yáy§/ friend; be related to, be on friendly terms with [s-
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
1025
nominalizer vs. s- stative] K67:300, W73:214, K69:60, Lushootseed /s-yáya§/ (perhaps /s-yá§ya§/) relative, friend H76:627, example: , //c*e3[=C1 c=]l-c-cl xw =e[=Aa=]y=íwcl t-cl s=qw e4l=cwcl k*w cl-s mc xw c=§í s=q*á te=|=lúwc=p l s=C1 cC2 =ye3·ye s=i[= 3·=]y=e3·m//, /'I'm very happy to come here at this gathering my dear friends.'/, usage: speech, attested by Deming (5/18/78). , rcps //ye3ye=tcl//, pcs, SOC /'they've made friends, (make friends with each other)'/, ( reciprocal), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (11/16/71), other sources: perhaps ES /yáytcl/ blood relatives, Salish cognate: verbal use of the same root cognate in Squamish /yáy-ncw§as/ become friends K69:91. , cts //ye[-Aá-]ye=tcl//, rcps, SOC /'they're making friends, (making friends with each other)'/, ( continuative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (11/16/71). , //yc=x. w á[-C1 c]q*w =cT//, /'poling along in a canoe (in quiet water), travelling by poling a canoe'/, literally /'travelling along poling a canoe'/. , free root //yc ~ yi//, DEM ['the (plural [usually human])'], syntactic analysis: demonstrative article, attested by EB, Elders Group, AC, others, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /§i-/ (derivational prefix) collective for ex. in /§i-sèc3txw cd/ bears, /§i-qyúuqs/ group of seagulls, and /§i-ë%*úb/ enough H76:666, example: , //yc (xw c3l=mcxw , mcstíycxw , qw e[-Aá]l)//, /'the (Indians/people, people, speakers)'/, literally /'the (plural) (Indian, person, speaking)'/, , //yc lík*w k*w c Kamloops, yc lík*w mók*w sxw =tclí-s li tc B.C.//, /'some from Kamloops, some from all over B.C.'/, usage: narrative of recent gathering, attested by AC (11/10/71), , //xw =C1 cC2 =§e3y=c|-s yc C1 c=qw e4·l//, /'[they are (many)] talking good'/, literally /'they (many) are in good/clear voice the (pl.) [ones] talking (public speaking)'/, attested by JL (Elders Group 8/29/79), , //k*w c3c=l-cxw -cs tc s=wíq=c mc3k*w yi s=C1 cC2 =|e3l=í//, /'The men saw all the women.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //C1 cC2 =lc3m=cT-c-xw mc3k*w yc c=kw í·m l §e3·wk*w //, /'Fold all my red clothes.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //C1 cC2 =lc3m=cT-c-xw mc3k*w yc-l §e3·wk*w //, /'Fold all my clothes.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //lc q*cp*=l-áxy-cs wi=yáè-c kw -s-u he3-le=m-s yc mí[-C1 c-]|e//, /'He got me addicted to (hooked on) always going to spirit dances. (get s-o addicted, get s-o hooked)'/, attested by EB, , SH /'break up s-th by crumpling, crush it up, rub it together fast (to soften or clean), rub it to soften it (of plants, etc.), fluff it (inner cedar bark to soften it)'/, see yókw' ~ yóqw'. , CAN ['one's canoe is broken up'], see yókw' ~ yóqw'. , CAN ['break(ing) the canoe'], see yókw' ~ yóqw'. , bound root //yc3l ~ ye3·l turn//, Salish cognate: Squamish root /ycl/ turn as in /yc3l-a§n/ wing and /s-il§ánm/ year K67:380, Lushootseed root /jal-/ [dzál-] reverse the side of, turn over, turn around, go around/over some obstruction as in /jál-q-cd/ turn it over, /jál-q-us/ turn face to opposite direction/, /jal-jcl-q/ turn around several times/, /jál-qs/ go around a point, [and probably] /s-jál-è*/ (Skagit) ~ /s-:¡ál-c*/ (Snohomish) year, turning of the seasons H76:212-213. around in circles, ( purposeful
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
1027
control transitivizer), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77). around in circles, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/1/77). , //yile3w tc s=ye3[=C1 c=]q*//, /'over the log'/, attested by Elders Group, , //yile3w tcxw=s=we3ycl//, /'afternoon (minutes after 12 noon)'/, attested by Elders Group, , //c-xw le ycle3·w//, /'You passed by.'/, literally /'you went past'/, attested by EB, , //§e|=t*c3q*w s-yile3w-s tc s=|c3m=s//, /'half an hour past eleven o'clock, thirty minutes after 11:00'/, literally /'half (portion broken (of string) of what's passed of the eleventh hour'/, attested by Elders at Fish Camp (7/19/78). , dmv //C1 í=yile3w ~ C1 í=ycle3w//, DIR /'a little past, a little after'/, TIME, ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/76), SJ (Deming 1/20/77), example: , //C1í=yilew tcxw =s=we3ycl//, /'a little after noon, later on in the afternoon'/, attested by Elders Group, , //C1 í=yclew tc s=|íxw =s//, /'past three o'clock'/, Elder's comment: "this is as close as the old people got to minutes", attested by SJ. , pcs //ycle3·w=T//, TVMO ['pass by s-o'], DIR, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (1/26/76), example: , //le3=m §à ycle3·w=T-à·m//, /'You were passed by., He passed you by.'/, literally /'he goes just you are passed by'/, attested by EB.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, pcis //ycle3·w=xy//, TVMO ['to pass by s-th/s-o'], DIR, ( purposeful control transitivizer inanimate object preferred), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (1/26/76), example: , //le=m §à ycle3·w=xy-áxy-cs §c3wc §i-s yc qwe[=Ac3=]l=sT-áxy-cs//, /'He just passed by me; he didn't speak to me. (speak to so)'/, attested by EB. , incs //ycle3w=cl//, TVMO /'just past, over'/, ( go, come, get, become), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group (1/19/77), Salish cognate: Saanich dial. of NSt /ècl*éwcl/ to pass by B74a:70. , ds //yile3w=c|(=)le3t//, TIME ['Monday (day past)'], literally /'day after [Sunday] ~ something past day'/, ( nominalizer), lx day, past (tense) night, phonology: consonant merger (lhl ! lh), optional downstepping, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/19/75), IHTTC (8/10/77), EB (5/1 or 2/78), example: ), Se /yc3nis/, Sq /ycnís/ K67:380, CwMs /yc3ncs/ ES, Nk /ycnís/ A61, G84a:SJ, NStCl /èc3ncs/, Ld /:¡cdís/ H76:217, Tw /ycdís ~ yc3dis/ all tooth, example: , //lí-c se3·y=cm t-e yc3l·c3s//, /'Have you got a toothache?, Does your tooth hurt?'/, attested by AC (9/10/71), , //lc3c*c s=yil=á·lcm//, /'one year'/, attested by AC, also , //lc-u| k*w íl s=yil=álcm//, /'How old is he?, How many years is he?'/, literally /'past (third person obj.) -already is how many? year'/, attested by AC, , //|í·xw s=yil=á·lcm//, /'three years'/, attested by AC, , //xe . 3 ws s=yil=álcm//, /'(white man's) New Year'/, attested by Elders Group (3/12/75), , //§ise3lc s=yil=álcm//, /'two years'/, attested by Elders Group (3/26/75), , SOC /'upset bed, mess s-th up'/, see yél or perhaps yá:l. , us //yc3lt//, LAND ['(have a) small earth slide (small landslide)'], root possibly turn?? with stative ??, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb?, nominal??, dialects: Cheh., attested by Elders Group (4/2/75). , dnom //s=yc3lt//, LAND ['large rock slide that includes trees and other debris'], ( nominalizer, something to/that), syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Seabird Is., attested by Elders Group (4/2/75), contrast rock-slide (Katz dial.). , free root //yc3lè//, ABDF ['to poison'], SOC, root possibly related to turn??, possible lx in mouth??, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC (11/24/71), Deming (6/21/79). , pcs //yc3lè=T//, SOC ['poison s-o/s-th on purpose'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (11/24/71), Deming (6/21/79); found in , //yc3lè=T-à·m//, /'you'll get poisoned, (s-o) poison(ed) you'/, phonology: consonant
1030
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
merger, attested by AC. , SOC ['poison s-o/s-th on purpose'], see yélth. , SOC ['look for s-th/s-o'], see yél or perhaps yá:l. , possibly root //yc3lx. w or yc3l=x. w //, TCH /'smooth (of boulder, for ex.)'/, DESC, possibly lump-like, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by BHTTC (late 10/76). , ABDF /'(have) a steady toothache, have a toothache'/, see yél:és. , WETH ['(have/get) many icicles'], see yél:és. , TIME /'be last (in travelling), be behind (in travelling)'/, see lhiyó:qwt. , bound root //yc3m ~ ycm (perhaps) stretch around the middle//. , df //ycm=e3wc3s=tcl//, BSK ['wide cedar root strips for baskets'], ASM ['the part that was wrapped around fine bundled strips called shxwth'á:lhtel'], literally perhaps /'device to stretch around the middle of (basket?)'/, lx meaning unknown unless here basket (though usually paddle), lx device, something to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75). , df //yc3m=qc(l)=tcl//, BSK /'buckskin straps, lid for berry basket'/, HARV, ASM ['the lid consisted of buckskin straps tied zigzag across the top'], KIN ['buckskin straps for tying a baby in its cradle or basket'], literally perhaps /'device to stretch around the middle on the head'/, (semological comment: perhaps named after packstraps made of buckskin), probably on the head, lx device, something to, phonology: consonant-loss (l before =tel), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (6/11/75). , df //sxw =yc3m=tcl//, CLO /'belt, (necklace?? [DM])'/, literally perhaps /'device that stretches around the middle'/, ( something for/that), lx device, something to, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by TG (Elders Group 3/1/72), Elders Group (8/20/75), AC (10/23/71), Salish cognate: Squamish /ncxw -yc3m§-tn/ belt K67:311, also /'necklace (?)'/, Elder's comment: "unsure", attested by DM (12/4/64). , dnom //yc3m=xy(cl)=tcl//, CLO /'shoelace, shoe-lace'/, literally perhaps /'device that stretches around the middle on the foot'/, lx on the foot, lx device, something to, phonology: syllable-loss (el before =tel), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by DC (Elders Group 4/23/80), also , //yc3m=xyc(l)=tcl//, phonology: consonant-loss (l before =tel), attested by EB (1/6/76), example: , pcs //yc3m(=)q*=T//, TCH /'rub (oil or water) in s-th to clean or soften, rub s-th to soften or clean it, (shaping a stone hammer with abrasion?, shaping?, mixing paint?, pressing together or crushing? [BHTTC 9/2/76])'/, ASM ['for ex. after dipping it in water, like washing clothes (MC)'], root meaning unknown unless stretch around the middle, possibly , bound root //yc3q* file, abrade//, Salish cognate: Squamish root /ycq* ~ yaq*/ be polished (ab. stone), be sharpened (ab. knife) as in /yáq*-an2/ sharpen (by filing) and /ycq*-mín/ filings (Coeur d'Alene cognate also cited /yaq*/ file, whet) K69:91, K67:382, Lushootseed root /jcq*/ [dzcq*] grind, sharpen as in /jc3q*-cd/ grind it, sharpen it H76:221. , ds //hi=ycq*=e3·l//, SOCT /'a filer, someone that's filing (with a file)'/, ( continuative), lx someone that, something that, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (9/2/77). , ds //sxw=hí-ycq*=cl//, TOOL ['a file'], literally /'something for going to file'/, ( something for), ( continuative), ( go, come, get, become), phonology: consonant merger, vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (Fish Camp 7/11/78). , pcs //hc3-ycq*=cT//, cts, MC ['filing s-th'], TOOL, ( continuative), ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: optional vowel-loss, syntactic
1032
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72); found in , //hc3-ycq*=cT-cs//, /'He's filing it.'/, attested by Elders Group. , cts //hc3-ycq*=cs//, MC ['filing'], ( continuative), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , HARV ['fall a tree'], see yáq'. , //§c3x=qs=T tc me3ccs qc-s-u yc3qw =T k*w c sí[=C1 c=]q* or . w k* c=s=te3m=cs//, /'strike the match and light the kindling or something (strike it (of a match), scrape it)'/, attested by CT. , cts //hí-ycqw =T//, FIRE ['burning s-th'], ( continuative), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (3/15/72); found in , //hí-ycqw=T-cm//, /'it is being burned'/, attested by Elders Group. , cpds //hí-ycqw=T-cm s=yá|//, FIRE ['firewood'], literally /'wood being burned'/, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by Elders Group (3/15/72). , bens //yc3qw =c|(c)=T//, FIRE ['burn it for s-o'], ( benefactive), ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by EB (3/1/76), example: , //c-cl yc3qw =c|(c)=T//, /'I burned it for someone.'/, attested by EB; found in , //ycqw =c|(c)=T-áxy-c-cxw //, /'You burn it for me.'/, attested by EB (3/1/76). , dnom //s=yc3qw//, [sy3qw], PLN ['village site (burned) on Atchelitz Creek'], ASM ['located north of the present Vedder River, about at South Sumas, said to mean burned over place'], literally /'something that burned'/, ( nominalizer, something that), syntactic analysis: nominal, source: Wells 1966 or , df //s=yi[=Ac3=]t*=c//, PLN /'village now at north end of Agassiz-Rosedale bridge, now Tseatah Indian Reserve #2 (of Cheam band)'/, ASM ['located on a slough, former village site and area of north shore of Fraser River across from Cheam Island'], ( nominalizer, something to/that), possibly root thaw, melt, possibly resultative, possibly living thing, so perhaps lit. “thawed person/people”, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AK (8/30/77), JL and AD and AK (4/7/78), source: place names reference file #256, also , //s=yc3t*=e//, attested by HE (10/8/64). , mdls //yct*=q*w =íws=cm or ya[=Ac3=]t*=q*w =íws=cm//, ABFC ['lather one's body'],
1038
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
PE, possibly root rub? as in shxwiyòtqw'ewí:ls> dishcloth, possibly resultative, lx on something else, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by IHTTC (7/18/77), Elders Group (4/28/76, 5/26/76), compare , probably mistranscribed for , //sxw =ye3è*q=cls or sxw =yc[=Ae3=]ë%*=q*=cls//, also /'paint (for walls, etc.)'/, attested by Elders Group (5/25/77), example: , //(c=q*íx, . c=k í·m, §ey=á·lcs) s=yc[=Ae3=]ë%*=q*=cls ~ (c=q*íx, . c=kw í·m, §ey=á·lcs) sxw =ye3è*q=cls//, /'(black, red, yellow) paint'/, attested by DM (12/4/64 Wells tapes, new transcript, new p.181). s(i)yátl’qels te qw’xwéltses>, cpds ///s=yc[-Ae3-]ë%*=q*=cls-s tc q*wix. w=c[= 3=]l=ccs//, PE /'nail < polish'/ (lit. “paint for (of) the fingernail”), attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332) , mdls //yc3ë%*=q*=cs=cm//, PE ['put paint on one's face'], REL, lx on something else, lx on the face, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76); found in , //yc3ë%*=q*=cs=T-ámc-c-cl//, /'I smear something on your face.'/, attested by Elders Group. , ds //yc3ë%*=q*=íws//, PE ['put paint on the body'], lx , //§c3wc-c| t*íl=cm=sT-à·m tc s=yúw=cl-s//, /'He never sang you his spirit song.'/, literally /'it was not/never you were sung for the his spirit song'/, phonology: sentence pitch on article and downstepping, attested by AD, , //t*e3=C1 c-=mcT tc s=yúw=cl-s//, /'singer for someone (at spirit dance)'/, lit. /“tryingconserning-it/s-o the spirit-song-his/her”/, attested by RG & EH (4/10/99 Ling332). , pcs //ycw=í·l=T or ycw=c[=Aí·=l=T//, REL ['casting an evil spell on s-o'], (, //ycwe3l q*w c3l tc §clílc//, /'The salmonberry is first ripe.'/, attested by EB, , //we3·l=xy-c-cxw ycwe3·l=mcls k*w -e-s wc=c*c3ë%*//, /'Throw it before you fall.'/, attested by AC (10/13/71), , //ë%*á-c ycxw //, /'I wonder if., (Is it that, I wonder?)'/, attested by AD (3/10/80), , w //xe . 4 ·m yc3x -c-cl-ce//, /'I'm expecting to cry.(?)'/, Elder's comment: "unsure of translation", attested by BHTTC (10/21/76). , //yc3xc=cT-àmc 3 -c-cl tc=§í·=lc4//, /'I'm . giving you this as a gift.'/, attested by AC. , df //ycxc=í·m=cT or ycxc=c[=Aí·=]mcT//, SOC ['ask for s-th[?]'], (semological . . comment: this translation may not be accurate), literally /'give s-th repeatedly as a present[?]'/, possibly repeatedly, possibly purposeful control transitivizer, possibly indirect effect non-control transitivizer, possibly durative, phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (6/16/76); found in /'He asked for it.'/, phonology: updrifting, attested by Elders , //ycxc=í·m=cT-cs//, . Group. , SOC ['give a gift to s-o'], see yéxch ~ yéxts. , SOC ['ask for s-th[?]'], see yéxch ~ yéxts. , SH /'broke down, came (un)loose, came apart, (got) untied, loose, unravelled'/, see yíxw.
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
, SH ['breaking (everything)'], see yíxw. , df //yc3x. =cle//, EZ /'eagle (generic), (golden eagle [some speakers])'/, ['Aquila chrysaetos and Haliaeetus leucocephalus'], ASM ['kids were sometimes teased by telling them eagles will take them'], possibly root broke down, came (un)loose, came apart, (got) untied, loose, unravelled, possibly on the temples, on the side of the head, on the cheek, ( nominalizer), phonology: zero nominalizer, syntactic analysis: noun, nominal, attested by AC (12/4/71), BJ (5/10/64), Elders Group (3/21/79)(SMN only), other sources: ES /yc3xwclc/ (Cw w w w /yc3x cle/) eagle (generic), JH /yc3x cle/ eagle (generic term), Salish cognate: Squamish /ycx. c3la§/ w eagle K67:381 and immature bald eagle Kennedy and Bouchard 1976:73, Lushootseed /ycx. (c)lá§/ eagle H76:633, also /'golden eagle'/. w
, SH ['unwrap it'], see yíxw. , MC /'untie s-th, unravel s-th, unwind it, unwrap it, loosen s-th, unlace it'/, see yíxw. , DIR /'a little past, a little after'/, see yelá:w ~ yeláw ~ yiláw. , TVMO /'coming by foot, travelling by walking, already walking, travelling on foot'/, see ím. , LANG /'thank you very much, Thank you very much.'/, see hò:y ~ hó:y ~ hóy. , TIME ['Monday (day past)'], see yelá:w ~ yeláw ~ yiláw. , free root //yíq//, WETH /'to snow, (snow falls)'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Deming (3/31/77), others, other sources: ES (CwMsCh) /yíq/ it's snowing, Salish cognate: Squamish /yíq/ to snow, it snows versus /yí§iq/ //yc3-yiq// be snowing K67:383-384, Samish dial. of NSt /èíq/ snow falls versus (VU) /èéycq/ //èíycq// snow is falling G86:97, example: , //mc yíq//, /'coming to snow, (beginning to snow)'/, attested by Deming. , dnom //s=yíq//, WETH /'a snow, a snowfall'/, ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (9/30/71), BJ (5/10/64), example: , //hí[=·=]kw tc s=yíq//, /'(It's) a big snow.'/, literally /'the snowfall is big'/, attested by AC, , //s=pí[=C1 c=]w tc s=yíq//, /'The snow is frozen.'/, * rejected by AC. , cts //yí[-C1 c-]q//, WETH /'(be) snowing, it's snowing, snow is falling'/, ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/7/76, 3/1/76), AC (9/30/71), other sources: ES (CwMsCh) /yíq/ it's snowing, JH /yc3·q/ snowing, example: , //yí[-C1 c-]q tc xye3|//, /'(It's) snowing on the road.'/, attested by AC, , cpds //q*cl=(l)c*=yi[=Ae3=]q=cm//, WETH ['(have/get a) snowdrift'],
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
1045
literally (prob.) /'have/get wound around/tangled twisted snow falls'/, root twisted, root snow falls, ( derivational), ( intransitivizer, have, get), phonology: probable ablaut, possible consonant merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/16/75). wound around, tangled, root snow falls, ( intransitivizer, have, get), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (2/15/78). , ABDF ['staggering around'], see tél ~ tá:l ~ tiy. village near Agassiz-Rosedale bridge. , //yí[-C1 c-]t*=cm tc s=lás//, /'The grease is melting.'/, attested by Elders Group, , //yí[-C1 c-]t*=cm tc s=x. w ós=cm//, /'The [whipped] soapberries are melting.'/, attested by Elders Group. , TVMO ['[travelling along] running away'], see tl'í:w. , df //s=yí·c*=cm//, LAND ['sand'], ( nominalizer, something to/that), root meaning unknown, ( intransitivizer/have/get), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (9/8/71), CT (6/8/76), other sources: ES /scyíc*cm/ (Ms /syíc*cm/) sand, also , ds //s=yí·c*=cm=ílcp//, LAND ['sand bar'], WATR, literally /'sand ground'/, lx ground, dirt, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by CT (6/8/76). , REL ['medicine song [sung by shaman]'], see yéw: ~ yéw. w
, free root //yíx. //, SH /'fall apart, come apart (of something man-made)'/, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (1/7/75, 1/7/76), EB (4/27/76), Salish cognate: Mainland Comox /èí§xw / to come loose beside /èíixw ct/ to loosen B75prelim.:81, Lushootseed root /jix(i)/ break . down, collapse, break off and fall; be out of order; breakdown of a mechanical device as in /§cs-jíx/ . has collapsed (of bridge), is broken (of machine) and /jíx-id/ break it down H76:225-226,561 perhaps . Sechelt /yáxw / to come loose beside /yáxw -at/ to loosen T77:31, example: , ds //yi[=Ac3=]x. w =clcc=T//, pcs, SH ['unwrap it'], MC, literally /'unwrap s-th on the < bottom'/, lx on the bottom, ( purposeful control transitivizer), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming (6/22/78). , MC /'take s-th down, tear down s-th man-made, dismantle s-th, take it apart'/, see yíxw. , WETH /'(be) snowing, it's snowing, snow is falling'/, see yíq. , FIRE /'fire (out of control), forest fire burning, fire burning'/, see yéqw. , pcs //yák*w =cT//, SH ['break it'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Deming (4/27/78), Salish cognate: Musqueam dial. of Halkomelem /yák*w ct/ smash it Suttles ca1984: 7.7.1 (ch.7 p.146), Squamish /yúk*w -un/ smash up
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
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(tr.) K69:91, Lushootseed /§u-júq*w-ud/ smashing up s-th (/§u-/ completive) H76:227, also , //yá(·)q*w =cT//, attested by AC, also , //yáq*w =cT lí tc s=me3·lt//, /'break it on a rock'/, attested by AC (8/6/70), , //ye3k*w =cT-cs//, /'He broke it.'/, attested by EB (3/22/76). , rsls //ya[=Ac3=]k*w=cT//, SH /'break up s-th by crumpling, crush it up, rub it together fast (to soften or clean), rub it to soften it (of plants, etc.), fluff it (inner cedar bark to soften it)'/, ( resultative), phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by AC (8/24/70, 9/7/71), Deming (4/27/78, 4/26/79), Elders Group (9/21/77), Salish cognate: perhaps Lushootseed /èc3jq*w (-cd)/ rub (it) about (as two pieces of cloth rubbed together); rub bark together (to extract juices for medicine or to make it stringy for making clothing) H76:93, probably not Squamish /§íq*w / be rubbed as also in /§íq*w -in/ rub off and /§íq*w -in=-cut/ rub oneself off (tr. refl.) W73:220, K67:399 which is related to the Upriver Halkomelem root /§íq*w / rub, though there is clearly some mutual semantic and perhaps phonological influence between roots. , df //yá·k*w =wc[=M2=]| or ya(=Ac=)k*w =wc[=Aá·=]|//, CAN ['one's canoe is broken up'], SOC, lx canoe, possibly derivational, possibly resultative, possibly durative, phonology: possible metathesis or ablaut, possible vowel-reduction, consonant merger, syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb, attested by Deming (2/7/80). , izs //yák*w =wc[=M2=]|=cm or ya(=Ac=)k*w =wc[=Aá=]|=cm//, CAN ['break(ing) the canoe'], SPRD /'have the last spirit dance of the season, have the "sweep up"'/, literally /'have/get one's canoe broken up'/, (semological comment: so named because spirit-dancing required much travel of participants during the winter dancing season (every weekend nowadays) to different villages and tribes and one had better not break his canoe till the last dance), (semological comment: one of two metaphors focusing on different aspects of the last dance of the season), lx canoe, possibly derivational, possibly resultative, possibly durative, ( intransitivizer, have, get), phonology: metathesis or ablaut, possible vowel-reduction, consonant merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by RM (4/22/76), contrast have the "sweep up", have the last spirit-dance of the season. , izs //ya(=Ac=)[=lc=]k*w =wc[=Aá=]|=cm or yc[=lc=]k*w wá|=cm//, SOC /'close up a meeting, wind up a meeting, complete a meeting'/, literally /'many break their canoes'/, (semological comment: a slight extension of the metaphor for the last spirit-dance of the season), ( plural), phonology: infixed plural, possible ablaut, vowel-loss, consonant merger, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by Elders Group (2/25/76). (macron over i and first a) old, comment: AC contrasts /q*e§í·lcm/ semantically as very old, ancient (10/23/71, elsewhere), Salish cognate: Saanich dial. of NSt /s§élcxw / old beside /s§élcxw sct/ [get] old (object) B74a:41, Samish dial. of NSt /s§élcxw / (TB /§es§élcxw /) old (of tree, person, etc.) G86:90, example: , //c-xw §ál=wc s=yálcxw =c k*w e-s scx. wc=§e3lcxcè*//, /'You're too old to wet your bed.'/, attested by EB (5/5/78). . , dnom //s=yá·l(=)cxw =c//, DESC ['old person'], ( nominalizer), possibly root turn over (of years) possibly root as in year, possibly lump, round, around, possibly living thing, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (8/15/70, 10/15/71, 10/13/71, 10/21/71, 10/31/71), EB (12/1/75), other sources: H-T (macrons on i, first a, and e) old man and (macrons on both i and on first and last a) old woman, Salish cognate: Squamish /s-yú§-yuxw a/ old person beside reduplicated plural form /s-í-y§úxw a/ prob. //s-í-§yúxwa// old people K67:300, root in Saanich dial. of NSt /s§clxw éen/ elder, old person B74a:27 and in Samish dial. of NSt /s§cl*élcxw / ancestors, elders, old people G86:79, example: , //wc=yáè k*w -cs |c[- 3-]x. w =c|ce-s tc s=yálcxw=c//, /'The old man is always spitting.'/, attested by AC (10/21/71). , pln //s=hí-yál(=)cxw =c or s=[-í·-]yál(=)cxw =c//, HAT ['old people'], possibly
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plural, possibly plural, phonology: possible consonant merger, possible infixe plural, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by AC (10/23/71), example: , //qc3x. tc s=[-i·-]yálcxw=c//, /'(There's) a lot of old people.'/, attested by AC. , dmn //s=yá·[=C1c=]lcxw c//, HAT ['little old person'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (11/1/78). , cpds //s=yá·[=C1 c=]lcxwc s=me3·lt//, PLN /'Bear Mountain, also called Lhóy''s Mountain'/, ASM ['the lumpy mountain north of the west end of Seabird Island, Lhóy' was a Thompson Indian from Spuzzum who died about 1942 at about 83 years of age, he was EB's husband Phil Bobb's mother's brother, a number of Thompsons settled years ago on Seabird Island and the reserve there though in the heart of Stó:lô territory was opened to both Thompson and Stó:lô Indians'], literally /'little old person mountain'/, ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by JL (4/7/78, 4/3/78), IHTTC (8/5/77), example: , //ë%*a-kw-s-cs xc 3 ·[=C1 c=]l(=)cxw=c s=me3lt tc=èe3//, . 3 t*c §e3·|=tcl, ë%*á-c*e s=yæ /'(Because) that's what they said, that's Little Old Person Mountain there. (reportedly)'/, attested by JL. , probable stem //yá·lcccp or s=yá·l=ccp//, root probably turn over , df //s=yá·lcccp or s=yá·l=ccp//, WATR ['a wave'], ( nominalizer, something to/that), probably root turn over, is either part of the root or perhaps a rare lx not attested elsewhere in Upriver Halkomelem) referring to currents of water (see the Lushootseed cognate with ending /èu§/, one would expect cognate from unclear water or wave, it may be that the final
is influence by unrelated lx firewood or a mishearing for as in , however the Nooksack cognate makes it look the the
is correct, phonology: possible syllable-loss or consonant merger, syntactic analysis: nominal, dialects: Tait on Seabird Is., attested by Elders Group (3/26/75), CT (6/8/76), other sources: ES /èièe3·lcq/ (CwMs /há§yc§lcq/) wave, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /júlèu§/ wave (of water) as also in /júlèu§-cbcxw / the waves are getting bigger and running faster H76:227, possibly Mainland Comox /:¡úw*ckw / wave B75prelim.:5 and Sechelt /yúlakw/ wave T77:8 and Squamish /yú-ya§-kw / wave, current, rapids as also in /yú-ya§-kw -m/ undulate K67:383, Nooksack (Galloway & Adams (2007) Classified Word List for Nooksack), also , SOC /'make a mess, mess up'/, see yél or perhaps yá:l. , //p*e3è*=cT tc k*w cl=c3w-s tc s=me3ycè li tc s=t*cle3k*w s=yá|//, /'sew the hide of an animal on a circular frame'/, attested by HT. , dmn //s=yá[=C1 c=]|//, HARV ['little stick of firewood'], ( diminutive), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (7/13/77). , dmpn //s=C1 íAc3=ya|//, HARV ['lots of little sticks of firewood'], PLAY /'slahal scoring sticks, gambling sticks'/, ( diminutive), ( plural of diminutive), phonology: reduplication, ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by IHTTC (7/13/77), Deming (7/27/78), Elders Group (3/15/72). , rsls //sxw=yo[=Ac3=]|=tcl//, dnom, FIRE /'ashes (cinder-like), cinders (heavy and dirty), embers'/, ( something for), ( resultative), lx device, something, phonology: ablaut, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72), Deming (1/31/80), NP (4/11/80), example: , //táqw =clccp tc sxw=ya[=Ac3=]|=tcl//, /'The ashes have cooled enough (to handle).'/, literally /'have cooled enough (to handle) (of firewood)'/, attested by NP. , ds //yá|=e3·wtxw //, BLDG ['wood-shed'], FIRE, literally /'(fire)wood building/house'/, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (5/11/76), AD (1/4/80), also , //yá|=e3·wtxw //, also /'food cellar'/, comment: corrected to wood-shed by AD (1/4/80). , free root //yá·qw //, FSH ['rotten fish'], EZ, syntactic analysis: noun?, nominal?, intransitive verb?, attested by SP and AK (7/13/75), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /yú§qw/ an old salmon that has already spawned and is about to die H76:636. , ds //lcxw =yá·qw=cm//, PLN ['place on Fraser River between first tunnel and Yale where rotten fish used to (always) pile up'], ASM ['on the CN (east) side of the river below the mountain called Lexwyó:qwem Smá:lt, in the fall this place always smelled of dead fish since spawned-out ones collected in the river there'], literally /'place to always have/get rotten fish'/, ( always), ( place to have/get), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by SP and AK (7/13/75), source: place names reference file #41, also , //xw =yá·qw =cm//, attested by IHTTC (7/8/77), IHTTC and elders (Place Names Meeting 8/23/77). , cpds //lcxw =yá·qw =cm s=me3·lt//, PLN ['mountain on Fraser River between first tunnel and Yale where rotten fish used to (always) pile up'], ASM ['on the CN (east)
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side of the river'], literally /'place to always have/get rotten fish mountain'/, syntactic analysis: nominal phrase with modifier(s), attested by IHTTC (7/8/77), IHTTC and elders (Place Names Meeting 8/23/77), source: place names reference file #42, also , //xw =yá·qw =cm s=me3lt//, ASM ['mountain upriver from Mt. Ogilvie'], attested by AD/AK/others (American Bar trip 6/26/78). , cts //yá[-C1 c-]q*w =cm//, ABFC ['sweating'], ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BJ (12/5/64), Salish cognate: Squamish /yá-yaq*w am/ sweat profusely W73:258, K67:382. , //yás=wc k*w -cl-s le3=m te=C1 e3=§elèe//, /'Perhaps I may go.'/, attested by EB (2/16/76), , //yás=wc k*w-e3§e-s le3=m te=lc3wc//, /'Perhaps you may go.'/, attested by EB (2/16/76), , //yás=wc §e3//, /'Maybe yes.'/, attested by EB (4/23/76), , //yás=wc-c-cl lí-l wc-le3·=m//, /'I might go.'/, attested by Elders Group (10/6/76), , //yá·swc wc-s=k*w e3y-cs k*w -cl-s le3=m//, /'I don't know if I can go., Maybe it's impossible for me to go., (Maybe I can't go.)'/, attested by SP, NP, AD, AK, and DC (IHTTC 8/22/77), also , //yá·swc s=k*w e3y-cs k*w cl-s le3=m//, attested by AD, AK, DC, and EB (IHTTC 8/22/77), , //yós=wc wcle3m-e3·l//, /'I might go.'/, attested by AC (12/8/71), , //yáswc ë%*á-s me3l-s, yáswc ë%*á-s sí·lc-s//, /'Maybe it's his father, or maybe it's his grandfather.'/, usage: recent narrative, attested by AC (11/10/71). , pcs //yá·=T ~ yá=T//, LANG ['warn s-o'], SOC, ( purposeful control transitivizer), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (10/1/75), NP (Elders Group 4/26/78), contrast warn s-o, Salish cognate: Squamish /yúh ~ ych/1 be careful, take care as also in /yúh/ careful and esp. /yá-n§/ warn (tr.) W73:281,53, K67:282,283, historical/comparative detail: Upriver Halkomelem /we3·y=T/ warn s-o and Squamish cognate /wáy-at/ reveal s-th, make s-th public, make an announcement about s-o/s-th (K69:89) though partially similar in shape and meaning are probably not related, example: , //c-cl yá·=T tc s=te3·x. w =c|//, /'I warned the children.'/, attested by Elders Group (10/1/75). , cts //he3-yá·=T//, LANG ['warning s-o'], SOC, ( continuative), phonology: the root retains its stress here even after the stressed prefix probably to dissimilate from the continuative of yá:t vomit which is probably as seen in nauseated, lengthening on prefix here may be mistranscribed, syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (10/1/75, 4/28/76), example: , //he3-yá·=T tc s=te3·x. w =c|//, /'warning the children'/, attested by Elders Group (10/1/75). , rsls //he3=yá(·)=T//, LANG ['warned s-o'], SOC, ( resultative), syntactic analysis: transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/28/76), example: , //(c-u| ~ c-cl §u|) hc3-yá=T-àmc4//, /'I warned you.'/, attested by Elders Group. , stvi //s=yá=T//, SOC ['beware'], literally perhaps /'be warned of s-o/s-th'/, ( stative), (semological comment: performative), syntactic analysis: prob. transitive verb, attested by Elders Group (4/26/78); found in , //s=yá=T-c-xw -à//, /'Beware.'/, literally /'you just be warned of s-o/s-th'/, attested by Elders Group. , possible root //yat* or yct*// perhaps rub or scrub , mdls //yct*=q*w =íws=cm or ya[=Ac3=]t*=q*w =íws=cm//, ABFC ['lather one's body'], PE, possibly root rub? as in around in circles, lx on the body, on the skin, ( middle voice), phonology: possible ablaut, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by JL (Fish Camp 7/20/79). rub?, lx , //§elc3ce tc sxw =yát=q*w =cwí·ls//, /'Where is the dishcloth?'/, attested by AD (8/80). rub?, possibly continuative, lx female name ending; also clothes, phonology: reduplication, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EL and EB (3/1/78). , probable root //yáè// always , ds //wc=yáè//, TIME /'always, all the time, ((also) often, over and over [TG])'/, ( contrastive), root always, phonology: vowel-raising (ey ! iy unstressed), syntactic analysis: adverb/adverbial verb, attested by Elders Group (3/1/72, 2/16/77), AC, EB (Elders Group 4/26/78), AD (1/23/79), Salish cognate: Nooksack /mæ-yúc/ always PA61, Samish dial. of NSt /yás/ always G86, also /'always, often, over and over'/, attested by TG (4/75), example: , //wc=yáè-s k*w-cs §i[- 3·]wál=cm-s tc s=te3·xw =c|, t*í[-C1 c-]l=cm k*w -cs §i[- 3·-]wál=cm-s//, /'The children are playing all the time, singing as they're playing.'/, attested by AC (10/15/71), , //ë%*á wc=yáè me[-C1 c- 3-]y=T//, /'He is always helping.'/, literally /'That one always is helping s-o'/, attested by AC (10/23/71), , cpds //wc=yáè kw -s-u qc3l-s tc s=qw e4l=cwcl-s tc C1 á=lcc*c//, EFAM /'pessimist, a person whose thoughts are always bad'/, literally /'always that they/it -contrastive be bad -they the thoughts -his the one person'/, syntactic analysis: sentence, attested by Elders Group (2/16/77). , cpds //k*w -cw wc=yáè(-ce) §à ~ k*w -cw hc3-le[=Ac3=]mce §à//, TIME ['forever'], literally /'what really (will be) just always ~ what really will be just going on'/, syntactic analysis: subordinate clause, attested by Elders Group. , pcrs //yá=T-ct//, TVMO ['to back up (walk or move backwards)'], semantic environment ['of a person (yourself), horse, canoe, car, etc.'], ( purposeful control transitivizer), ( reflexive), syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC (9/2/76), SJ (Deming 4/17/80), Salish cognate: Musqueam /yá§=t/ back it up Suttles ca1984 7.2.4 (ch.7 p.53), historical/comparative detail: is the Musqueam form related to Upriver /yó:t/ warn s-o or homophonous?, also , //yá§=c-ct//, dialects: unknown, attested by Tillie Sampson (=Matilda Sampson) (Deming 4/17/80). , cts //he3-ya=T-ct//, TVMO ['backing up'], ( continuative), phonology: vowel-reduction ~ vowel-loss, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by BHTTC
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(9/2/76), Salish cognate: Musqueam /hc3y*ct ~ hcy*á§t/ back it up Suttles ca1984 7.2.4. , pcs //yáë%*=cT or yc[=Aá=]ë%*=cT ~ yc[=Aá=]ë%*=c[=Ae=]T//, HHG ['shine it'], probably root , //yc[=Aá=]ë%*=c[=Ae=]T tc qw c|=c[= 3=]y=xycl//, /'shine the shoe'/, attested by Elders Group (5/26/76). , LANG ['bragging'], see yú:w. w
, free root //yáx. //, WATR ['to thaw'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by NP (Fish Camp 7/11/78), other sources: ES (CwMsCh) /yáx. w / thaw, Salish cognate: Mainland Comox /:¡íx. w / to melt (as ice) beside /:¡áx. w -ct/ th [tr.] B75prelim.:82,95, Sechelt /yáx. w/ to melt, thaw T77:31, Squamish root /yáx. w / melt, thaw as in /yáx. w -i§/ to thaw and /yáx. w -an/ melt (tr.) W73:176, K69:91, Lushootseed root /jáx. w (a)/ as in /§u-jáx. w / thaw, melt and /jáx. w -at-cb/ it was thawed H76:217, Saanich dial. of NSt /èáx. w / to thaw beside /èáx. w -cõ/ to melt (as ice) B74a:80, 69, Samish dial. of NSt /èáx. w -cõ/ to melt G86:95, Thompson /z§axw / to melt (as ice) beside /za§áxw / to thaw B74c:64,76, Columbian /sa§x. w / melt beside /sáx. w -cn/ I melt it K81:77. , SOC /'they're making friends, (making friends with each other)'/, see yá:ya. , ABFC ['sweating'], see yóqw'em. , SOC /'working, be working'/, see yó:ys. , free root //yá·ys//, SOC ['to work'], syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by AC, IHTTC (9/2/77), Elders Group (2/8/78, 6/28/78), others, other sources: ES /yá·ys/ (CwMs /§yáys/) work, JH /§yá·ys/ work, Salish cognate: Lushootseed /yáyus/ work may belong here or may be cognate with the continuative Upriver Halkomelem /yáycs/ working (Lushootseed /§u-yáyus/ working uses /§u-/ continuative) H76:627, Saanich dial. of NSt /èéy/ to work B74a:83, example: , //le yá·ys//, /'He's gone to work.'/, attested by AC (8/24/70), , //lí §e s=ë%*í· k*w -e-s yá·ys//, /'Do you want to work?'/, attested by AC (10/6/71), , //ye|-c-cl yá·ys//, /'the first time I worked'/, literally perhaps /'I started to work'/, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78), , //|í-l yá·ys//, /'when I worked'/, attested by Elders Group (6/28/78), , //ye3|-à-l-s yá·ys ~ ye3|-cl-s yá·ys//, /'I started work., I started to work.'/, * rejected by Elders Group (2/8/78), also , //ye3|-àl-s-c lc yá·ys//, attested by EB (Elders Group 2/8/78), , //ye|-cl-s yá·ys tcla=qe3·ys//, /'I just started working.'/, literally /'I started work now.'/, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78). , cts //yá[-C1 c-](y)s//, SOC /'working, be working'/, (semological comment: usually with continuatives I do not show the be in the English translation because be + -ing is required by English not by Halkomelem, it would be just as valid a translation to show all Halkomelem continuatives translated in English with be + -ing as does Suttles 1984a), ( continuative), phonology: reduplication, irregular consonant-loss of the second root consonant is a slight phonetic change in this case (/yáycys > yáycs/) but brings the continuative in line with most C1VC2 root continuatives and so assimilates to the predominant continuative pattern, syntactic analysis: intransitive verb, attested by IHTTC (9/2/77), AC (8/24/70), Elders Group, EB, Salish cognate: Samish dial. of NSt (VU) /èé§e(y)/ //èé[-§-yc-]y// working G86:98, example: , //le yá[-
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C1 c-](y)s//, /'He's working.'/, attested by AC, , //§í-| yá[-C1 c-](y)s//, /'He was working.'/, attested by AC, , //§í|-c-cl yá[-C1 c-](y)s//, /'I was working.'/, attested by Elders Group (2/8/78), , //yá[-C1c-](y)s tc s=wc3te//, /'working on a sweater'/, attested by Elders Group (3/14/79), , //yá[-C1 c-](y)s §à qc-w le3t §à//, /'She works all day.'/, literally /'she/he/it is just working until just evening'/, attested by EB (Elders Group 1/24/79). , ds //lcxw s=yá[= ·=][-C1 c-](y)s//, SOC ['[someone] always working'], ( someone who is always), ( emphatic), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (6/14/76). , ds //sxw =yá[= ·=C1 c=](y)s//, TOOL ['tool'], literally /'something for really working'/, ( something for), ( emphatic), phonology: lengthening, syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB (5/25/76), Salish cognate: Lushootseed /scxw -u-yáyus/ tool, what you work with where /scxw -/ is a derivational prefix meaning an agent or functioning device that habitually performs an act associated with the stem and /§u-/ is continuative H76:444, 443, also , //sxw=yá[= ·=C1 c=](y)s//, WV, also /'loom'/, Elder's comment: "Mary Peters called a loom just ", phonology: some Tait speakers (TG for ex.) lack the allophone [š] before /xw / ( before ), it is unclear whether TG (who was in the BHTTC or Beginning Halkomelem Teacher Training Course) gave the form or whether some other speaker gave it to accurately reflect Mary's pronunciation, but Mary may have been present that day as a visitor to the class with her daughter EP, attested by BHTTC (8/23/76). , dnom //s=yá·ys//, SOC ['work'], ( nominalizer), syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by EB, AC, Elders Group, others, example: , //s=te3m k*w -e s=yá·ys//, /'What's your work?'/, attested by AC (11/17/71), , us //yúk*wcs//, SOC ['busy at home all the time'], syntactic analysis: adjective/adjectival verb?, attested by IHTTC (9/2/77). , us //yù·l//, PLN ['island in river on which Yune's Cannery was built'], ASM ['in the river between Tsawwassen and Fraser River that goes by Lulu Island, Yune is not a non-Indian name, it is from Yù:l (properly Downriver Yù:n) which is the Indian name of the island'], syntactic analysis: nominal, attested by Elders Group (4/23/80), also , //yù·n//, dialects: Downriver Halkomelem,
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Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary, Halkomelem-to-English
attested by Elders Group (4/23/80). , PRON /'(that's) them (lots of little ones), they (many small ones)'/, see tl'ó ~ tl'o.
stutter. While glottal stop is rare at the end of a word and before consonants in Upriver Halkomelem (most have changed to length), glottal stop actually occurs as the onset of every word spelled with an initial vowel in the Stó:lô writing system. Since it is predictable there, it is not written there. The same is true for most root forms beginning in this dictionary; any written with an initial vowel begin with a glottal stop when they occur word initially; some also have the glottal stop when prefixed, as in clothes. Some never occur word intially and do not have a glottal stop when prefixed. When reduplicated those roots which have an initial glottal stop, also copy it as C1 (consonant 1 of the root). Since the apostrophe is not written at the start of words and roots with initial glottal stop, there are no entries needed for this letter in the Stó:lô orthography. In the other dialect groups of Halkomelem, Downriver Halkomelem and Island Halkomelem, glottal stop can occur after most if not all consonants and is much more frequent. Thus a separate symbol is needed in those dialects for glottal stop, so that glottalized consonants and consonant followed by glottal stop can be shown correctly and separately. Tesó:s te mestíyexw! In some cases a glottal stop is added to separate a vowel final root or stem and a vowel initial suffix, but more often the vowels are allowed to merge and combine according to rules described in Galloway 1977 and 1993. In the international phonetic alphabet, glottal stop is written with a question mark without the dot. Below are two examples. The first shows a reduplicated stem with the glottal stop reduplicated. The second example shows a suffix which sometimes uses glottal stop to separate it from a root or stem which ends in a vowel. In both cases I have spelled the stem or stuffix with an apostrophe to show how it works, but in the dictionary and writing system normally, the initial glottal stop or apostrophe will always be left off. Thus will be found under the letter under ), VALJ ['all good'], see éy ~ éy:. , //C1 í=mclc=§=á·y|e//, /'doll'/ (from baby, tiny child (with diminutive + child); should be compared to firewood, wood and little firewood, little stick of wood and living thing contrast child or young. In my data the word for doll is the only example.
Galloway: Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary English-to-Halq’eméylem Index
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary a
a the (distant and out of sight, remote), (definite but distant and out of sight, remote), the (abstract), a (remote, abstract), some, (indefinite):: kw'e. the (male, present, visible), the (gender or presence and visibility unspecified), a (male, present and visible), a (gender or presence and visibility unspecified):: te, te. abandon leave s-o, leave s-th, go away from s-o/s-th, abandon s-o, leave s-o behind:: áyeles < á:y. Abies amabilis or Abies grandis prob. Abies lasiocarpa, if sample is mistaken poss. Abies amabilis or Abies grandis, if term balsam is mistaken poss. a variety of Pseudotsuga menziesii:: q'et'emá:yelhp < q'át'em. Abies grandis:: t'ó:xw ~ t'óxw ~ t'óxw. branch of probably Abies grandis:: t'óxwtses < t'ó:xw ~ t'óxw ~ t'óxw. prob. Abies lasiocarpa, if sample is mistaken poss. Abies amabilis or Abies grandis, if term balsam is mistaken poss. a variety of Pseudotsuga menziesii:: q'et'emá:yelhp < q'át'em. probably Abies grandis:: t'ó:xw ~ t'óxw ~ t'óxw. Abies lasiocarpa prob. Abies lasiocarpa, if sample is mistaken poss. Abies amabilis or Abies grandis, if term balsam is mistaken poss. a variety of Pseudotsuga menziesii:: q'et'emá:yelhp < q'át'em. able be alright, be okay, it's alright, it's okay, can, be able, it's enough, be right, be correct, that's right:: iyólem ~ iyó:lem < éy ~ éy:. aboard be aboard, be in (a conveyance):: eló:lh < ó:lh. get in a canoe, get aboard:: ó:lh. get s-th aboard (a canoe, car, conveyance):: eló:lhstexw < ó:lh. put s-th/s-o aboard, put it on-board:: ó:lhstexw < ó:lh. about be singing about s-o/s-th:: t'ít'elemet < t'íl. sing about s-o/s-th:: t'ílemet < t'íl. think s-o is talking or laughing about one:: tl'ostélmét < tl'óst or tl'óstexw. above be above, be high, top, up above, way high:: chíchelh < =chílh ~ chílh=. high, upper, above:: =chílh ~ chílh=. over, in the air over, above:: stselhsó:lwelh < =chílh ~ chílh=. abrasion rub (oil or water) in s-th to clean or soften, rub s-th to soften or clean it, (shaping a stone hammer with abrasion?, shaping?, mixing paint?, pressing together or crushing? [BHTTC 9/2/76]):: yémq't. absent) agent (human, gender unspecified, absent):: tl'. by (agent. human, gender unspecified, absent):: tl'.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary absent) (CONT’D) that's her (absent):: kwsú:tl'ò < kw. that's her (absent), she (absent):: kwsú:tl'ò < tl'ó ~ tl'o. that's him (absent), that's her (absent), it's him (absent), it's her (absent):: kwthú:tl'ò < kw, kwthú:tl'ò < kw, kwthú:tl'ò < kw. that's him (absent), that's her (absent), it's him/her (absent), he (absent), she (absent):: kwthú:tl'ò < tl'ó ~ tl'o. that's them (absent, not present):: kwthú:tl'òlem < kw. that's them (absent, not present), they (absent):: kwthú:tl'òlem < tl'ó ~ tl'o. absent-minded (be) absent-minded, forgetful:: q'thá:mtem < q'thá:m. abstain to abstain from food, to fast, starve oneself:: xwóthet < xwá. abstract that (abstract subordinating conjunction):: kw'e. the (distant and out of sight, remote), (definite but distant and out of sight, remote), the (abstract), a (remote, abstract), some, (indefinite):: kw'e. the (present, not visible, gender unspecified), the (remote, abstract):: kwe < kw. (there), (action distant or abstract):: lí ~ lí: ~ li. the (remote, not visible, abstract), some (indefinite):: kw. Acarina class Arachnida, order Acarina, Dermacentor andersoni, and probably Ixodes pacificus:: t'pí. class Arachnida, order Acarina, probably Ixodes pacificus and Dermacentor andersoni resp.:: méth'elhqìwèl < méth'elh. accept discriminate against s-o, not accept s-o:: memí:lt < mí:lt. not accept s-o, discriminate against s-o:: memí:lt < mí:lt. not want s-o, not accept s-o, discriminate against s-o:: mí:lt. pretending to be good, want to be accepted:: éystelómet ~ éy:stelómet < éy ~ éy:. take s-th, accept s-th, get s-th, fetch s-th, pick s-th up:: kwú:t. accident drop s-th by accident:: wets'étl'lexw < wets'étl' ~ wech'étl'. accidentally accidentally hurt an old injury of s-o, (accidentally reinjure s-o):: qélhlexw < qélh. (accidentally) make s-o ashamed, insult s-o (accidentally or manage to):: xéyxelexw < xéyxe ~ xíxe. (be) hurting s-o [accidentally, happening to/managing to]:: xexélhlexw < xélh. break s-th (stick-like) (accidentally):: lekwlá:xw < lékw. drop s-th (accidentally):: tsélqlexw < tsélq ~ chélq. drop s-th (accidentally), let s-o go:: kwò:lxw < kwá:. frightened s-o [accidentally], [happened/managed to] frighten s-o:: th'ith'íkw'elexw < th'íkw' or th'ekw'. hit s-o unintentionally, hit s-o accidentally:: kw'óqwlexw < kw'óqw. hit with an arrow accidentally:: ts'eqw'eláxw < ts'éqw'. hurt s-o [accidentally, happen to, manage to]:: xélhlexw < xélh.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary accidentally (CONT’D) hurt s-o/s-th [for awhile, accidentally]:: xelhláxw < xélh. kill s-th/s-o accidentally, (happen to or manage to kill s-th/s-o):: q'eyléxw < q'ó:y ~ q'óy. make s-o ashamed [happen to or accidentally or manage to]:: lháylexw < lháy. make s-o cry (accidentally or manage to):: xá:mlexw < xà:m ~ xá:m. non-control reflexive, happen to or manage to or accidentally do to oneself:: =l=ómet or =l-ómet ~ =l=ó:met. non-control transitivizer, accidentally, happen to, manage to do to s-o/s-th:: =l. scare s-o accidentally:: sí:silexw < síy. step on it accidentally:: ómeléxw < i,m. to shame oneself [accidentally], (get) embarrassed, (become ashamed of oneself?):: xéyxelòmèt < xéyxe ~ xíxe. touch s-o accidentally, bump s-o, bumped s-o:: téslexw < tós.
Accipiter Buteo jamaicensis, Buteo genus and Accipiter genus:: xemxímels ~ xemxíméls < xéym. probably of Accipiter genus:: xixemxíméls < xéym. accompany accompanying s-o:: q'eq'exí:lt < q'ó. accompany s-o, go with s-o:: sq'ó:t ~ sq'ót < q'ó. accompany s-o, go with s-o, go along with s-o:: q'exí:lt < q'ó. accompany s-o little or elderly:: q'eq'exí:lt < q'ó. accomplishment) (glad greeting sound, also sound to show pride in accomplishment):: x::. according to according to the ways of the, in the way of the:: =elh. accordion :: ót'etem qweló:ythetel < qwà:l. accumulating) it's snowing, (snow is accumulating):: mámeqe < máqa ~ máqe. Acer circinatum Acer circinatum, Acer glabrum var. douglasii or Acer douglasii:: sí:ts'elhp. Acer douglasii Acer circinatum, Acer glabrum var. douglasii or Acer douglasii:: sí:ts'elhp. Acer glabrum var. douglasii Acer circinatum, Acer glabrum var. douglasii or Acer douglasii:: sí:ts'elhp. Acer macrophyllum:: q'emô3 :lhp ~ q'emô3 welhp < sq'émél. ache be aching (of bones):: xáp'kw'tem < xep'ékw'. (be) hurting, be aching:: xexélh < xélh. (be) sore, (be) hurting all the time, painful, aching:: sáyém < sáyem. (have a) headache:: xlhá:léqel ~ xelháléqel < xélh. have a pain in the stomach, (have a stomach-ache), one's stomache hurts:: xelhálwes < xélh.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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ache (CONT’D) (have) a steady toothache, have a toothache:: yélyelesem < yél:és. (have/get) rheumatism, aching:: xáp'kw'tem < xep'ékw'. hurt, be hurt, (ache [Elders Group 3/1/72], to really hurt (more than an ache) [AD]):: xélh. it aches (like of bones), (be aching (of bones)):: xáp'qw'em < xep'ékw'. it aches of arthritis:: chálh. it's aching of arthritis:: cháchelh < chálh. to hurt again (as when a painful place is bumped and hurts again or as when a pain inside one's body returns again), (to ache [SJ]):: téqlexw. Achillea millefolium Achillea millefolium, also Cryptogramma crispa:: xaweqá:l < xáwéq. Achlys triphylla:: lhxwáléws < lhí:xw. Acipenser transmontanus:: skwó:wech ~ skwówech. acknowledge acknowledge oneself:: telómelthet < tól. acorn nut of hazelnut bush, acorn, any nut, walnut, peanut, etc.:: sth'í:tsem < th'éts. Acrididae order Orthoptera family Acrididae or perhaps family Tettigoniidae:: tl'emékw' < tl'ámkw'em, tl'emékw' < tl'ém, tl'emtl'émxel < tl'ém, ts'áts'etl'em < ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém, ts'ats'etl'í:m < ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém, ts'í:ts'á:tl'em < ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém. across
:: st'át'elh < t'álh. be across, be on the other side of:: sle'ó:thel < le'á. bring s-th/s-o across a river, (ferry s-o/s-th over):: t'kwíléstexw < t'ákwel. carry a packstrap slung across the chest (over one shoulder and under one arm):: st'át'elhíles < t'álh.
across the Fraser River from Union Bar place across the Fraser River from Union Bar:: W owés. act acting smart:: smímts'el < máth'el. Actaea rubra Actaea rubra if red baneberry is correct identification:: í:lwelh. Actitis macularia:: wéthweth < wíth, wóthiya < wíth. adam's apple:: shxwehóméllhelh. add add some, add it, (do it again [AD]):: ts'xwót, ts'xwót. add some water [to s-th]:: ch'exwélhchat < ts'xwót. do it again, add more (to s-th):: qelátstexw < qelát. put s-th with (something), add s-th (to something), include s-th:: q'ót < q'ó.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary add (CONT’D) trickling, dribbling, water bubbling up in a river, add water to a container, water running under:: kw'átem.
addict contract a disease, catch a disease, get addicted:: q'áp'. he passes on a disease to s-o, he gets s-o addicted:: q'ep'lóxes < q'áp'. admire admire s-th/s-o:: thélmet. admiring s-o/s-th:: tháthelmet < thélmet. admit admitting s-o/s-th, letting s-o/s-th in, bringing s-o/s-th inside:: kwétexwt < kwetáxw. bring s-o/s-th in (to a house/enclosure), take s-o/s-th in(inside a house/enclosure), admit s-o (into a house/enclosure), let s-o/s-th in (to a house/enclosure), put s-o/s-th in (inside a house/enclosure:: kwetáxwt < kwetáxw. adolescent adolescent male (before he changes to a man, about 13, when his voice changes, etc.):: tumiyáth'. adolescent virgin girl, young girl (about ten to fifteen years), girl (from ten till she becomes a woman):: q'á:mi ~ q'á:miy. (young) girls, lots of (adolescent) girls:: q'á:lemi ~ q'á:lemey < q'á:mi ~ q'á:miy. adolescent boy adolescent boy (about 10 to 15 yrs. old), teenaged boy, young man (teenager):: swíweles ~ swíwles. adopt adopt a child:: txwmelám < méle ~ mél:a, txwméla ~ texwméla < méle ~ mél:a. adopted child:: smelám < méle ~ mél:a. adult small adult cow:: múmesmes < músmes. small adult cows, (small adult cattle):: melúmesmes < músmes. advise advise s-o, teach s-o, show s-o:: íwest < íwes. showing s-o (how to do it), teaching s-o, advising s-o, guiding s-o, directing s-o:: í:west < íwes. adze
:: st'et'eméls ~ st'et'ebéls < t'ém. adze (for making canoes and pit-house ladders):: xwt'ót'epels ~ shxwt'ót'epels < t'óp. adze with handle for canoe-making, elbow-adze:: hálíytel < hà:y. adzing, chopping, chopping with an adze:: t'et'éméls < t'ém. to chop with an adze, to chop, to adze, an adze:: t'eméls < t'ém. U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped knife for scraping out an adzed canoe:: sqw'emqw'emóxw < qw'ómxw.
Aegolius acadicus) Glaucidium gnoma swarthi (or Glaucidium gnoma grinnelli) and Cryptoglaux acadia
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary Aegolius acadicus) (CONT’D) acadia (or Aegolius acadicus):: spopeleqwíth'a ~ spopeleqwíth'e < poleqwíth'a. affectionate affectionate diminutive:: =iya ~ =óya. afraid afraid to try:: qelélwes < qél. animal or bird one is afraid of and can't see, powerful creature, supernatural creature:: stl'á:leqem. be afraid, be scared, be nervous:: sí:si < síy. be afraid of s-th/s-o:: sí:simet < síy. coward, person that's always afraid:: lexwsí:si < síy. get a spooky or spooked feeling, afraid that bad spirits are around, get spooked, fear something behind:: xéysel. getting spooked, being afraid that bad spirits are around, spooky feeling:: xéyxesel < xéysel. after a little past, a little after:: yéyilaw ~ yíyelaw < yelá:w ~ yeláw ~ yiláw. be last, be behind, after:: lhiyó:qwt. later, after a while, later on, wait a while:: téxw. after-birth:: s'ó:qw. again
:: ew. add some, add it, (do it again [AD]):: ts'xwót. again, another, more:: qelát. do it again, add more (to s-th):: qelátstexw < qelát. next, again:: atse. to hurt again (as when a painful place is bumped and hurts again or as when a pain inside one's body returns again), (to ache [SJ]):: téqlexw. wrap it again, rewrap it, (correction by AD:) roll it up (of a mat, carpet, etc.):: xwelxwélekw't < xwélekw'.
against holding a grudge against each other:: xixemó:ltel < sxemá:l. lean s-th against something:: tiyélést < tiy. Agassiz (B.C.) the whole Agassiz (B.C.) area (JL), Agassiz Mountain (AK), place near Agassiz where Hamersley Hopyards were (possibly some other speakers):: Alámex. W hetkyel village east of Little Mountain by Agassiz:: Xwétxel or Xwétxel. Agassiz Mountain:: Alámex Smámelt < Alámex. Agassiz Mountain (or more likely Mount W oodside):: Sqwehíwel < qwá. the whole Agassiz (B.C.) area (JL), Agassiz Mountain (AK), place near Agassiz where Hamersley Hopyards were (possibly some other speakers):: Alámex. village on north bank of the Fraser River above Agassiz Mountain:: Tsítsqem. W ahleach Bluff, a lookout mountain with rock sticking out over a bluff, also the lookout point on Agassiz M ountain:: Kw'okw'echíwel < kw'áts ~ kw'éts.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
Agassiz-Rosedale bridge Agassiz-Rosedale bridge village now at north end of Agassiz-Rosedale bridge, now Tseatah Indian Reserve #2 (of Cheam band):: Siyét'e. agate jade (nephrite) (used for sharpening [chopping] stones), any agate (can be used as flint to strike a spark):: t'émq'ethel. agent agent (human, gender unspecified, absent):: tl'. by (agent. human, gender unspecified, absent):: tl'. aggressive (be) aggressive, cranky, ready to fight, (be) violent, hot-headed:: sxóytl'thet ~ sxó:ytl'thet. ago a long time ago:: welhíthelh < híth, welhí:thelh < híth, welhíth < híth. long ago:: wet'ót'. recently, just now, lately, (at one recent moment), not long ago:: qá:ys. agree
:: éyeles < éy ~ éy:.
aid help s-o, defend s-o, protect s-o, aid s-o:: má:yt ~ máyt < máy. aim aiming it:: momí:yt < mó:yt. aim it:: mó:yt. point at, aim:: mót'es. air keep it in the air, lift s-th/s-o off the floor:: shxwóxwelstexw < xwá. air-bladder fish air-bladder:: xixxweláwa. airborne) get hit (by s-th thrown or airborne):: ló:m ~ lóm. airplane :: lhólhekw' stim:ô3 t < lhó:kw' ~ lhókw', lhólhekw' stimô3 t < stim:ô3 :t. to travel by canoe, (nowadays also) travel by airplane, travel by train, travel by car:: yeló:lh < ó:lh. Aix sponsa:: qwiwílh. akimbo) put hands on both hips, (put hands akimbo):: piypiyólwelhem < píy. Albert Flat village or settlement on the west side of the Fraser River at Emory Creek by Frank Malloway's fish camp, Albert Flat (Yale Indian Reserve #5):: Ó:ywoses.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary Alces alces andersoni) Alces alces andersoni) (Alces alces andersoni):: shxwiyáxkel. alder alder tree, red alder:: xéyth'elhp < xéyth'. a yellowish glow at night given off by old birch and alder:: qwéth'. small mountain alder:: wásewey. Alectoria (Bryoria) Alectoria (Bryoria) possibly Letharia vulpina or Alectoria (Bryoria) species or Usnea species:: mext'éles. Alectoria fremontii:: sqwelíp. alert
:: xwiyós < xwíy ~ x!í.
alfalfa sprouts:: tsqwá:y spéxwqel < qwá:y, píxw (lit. green + fine airborne seed) algae green pond slime or river slime, algae:: stíxem < tíxem. Alium cepa:: éniyels. alive be alive, be living, be in good health, be healthy, be well:: áylexw ~ áyelexw. come alive, come back to life, get better (from sickness), get well, revive:: áylexw ~ áyelexw. keep s-o/s-th alive:: á:yelexwstexw < áylexw ~ áyelexw. all all, every:: mékw' ~ mô3 kw'. all good:: 'al'álíy < éy ~ éy:. all of them (people):: semíkw' < mékw' ~ mô3 kw'. always, all the time, ((also) often, over and over [TG]):: wiyóth. ancestors past, (all one's ancestors):: syesyewálelh < yewá:l. (be) all bundled up:: stl'etl'íqw'. busy at home all the time:: yúkw'es. cut it all up:: t'eqw't'éqw'et < t'éqw'. perish together, many die (in famine, sickness, fire), all die, get wiped out:: xwà:y ~ xwá:y. (take all of themselves, pick themselves all up):: môkw'éthet < mékw' ~ mô3 kw', môkw'éthet < mékw' ~ mô3 kw'. take it all, pick it all up:: mekw'ét ~ môkw'ét ~ môkw'ót < mékw' ~ mô3 kw'. they all died:: xwó:y < xwà:y ~ xwá:y. uncles (all of them), aunts (all of them):: sxwemlá:lekw < shxwemlí:kw. all around distributive, all over, all around:: =x ~ =ex. allergic prickly (from fir bark, wool, or something one is allergic to), irritant, have an allergic
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary allergic (CONT’D) reaction (to fir powder or cedar bark):: th'íth'ekwem < th'íkw.
Allison's a place on Chilliwack River, a little above Anderson Flat and Allison's (between Tamihi Creek and Slesse Creek), a village at deep water between Tamihi Creek and Slesse Creek:: Iy'óythel < éy ~ éy:. Allium acuminatum Allium cernuum, prob. also Allium acuminatum:: st'áxet. Allium cernuum Allium cernuum, prob. also Allium acuminatum:: st'áxet. all over (be) scattered all over:: stl'ápx < tl'ép. distributive, all over, all around:: =x ~ =ex. (get) lots of water all over since it's raining so hard, really getting rainy:: t'emt'émqw'xel < t'émeqw'. you'll get punched all over:: th'óleqw'esthòm < th'í:qw'et. you're shaking all over:: xwóyeqwthòm. almost :: xwá:lq, xwá:lqi ~ xwálqey < xwá:lq. almost kill s-o:: xwíleqlexw. (be) partially blind, almost blind:: qelsílém < qél. going to piss right away, almost piss oneself, (have an urgent or extreme or painful need to urinate):: ts'áléqel. repeatedly almost kill s-o:: xwilxwíleqlexw or xwelxwíleqlexw < xwíleqlexw. to almost die:: xwá:lq. Alnus rubra:: xéyth'elhp < xéyth'. Alnus tenuifolia:: wásewey. alone
:: ilólets'e ~ hilólets'e < léts'a ~ léts'e. leave s-o alone, stop pestering s-o:: kwikwe'át < kwá:. one person, be alone:: lólets'e < léts'a ~ léts'e.
along
:: yewá:. accompany s-o, go with s-o, go along with s-o:: q'exí:lt < q'ó. along, together, be included, with:: sq'eq'ó < q'ó. along, with, together with:: sq'ó < q'ó. jumping along, jumping up and down:: ts'ats'etl'í:m < ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém. to sing along or follow in singing a spirit song:: t'à:m. travelling by, in motion, while moving along, while travelling along:: ye= ~ yi= ~ i,. (while) travelling along, in motion:: ye=.
Alopius vulpinus perhaps Cetorhinus maximus, Hexanchus griseus, Alopius vulpinus, and/or others:: q'ellhomelétsel < q'ellhólemètsel. already :: welh ~ ulh ~ =ulh.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary already (CONT’D) already written:: sxexé:yl < xél ~ xé:yl ~ xí:l (be) cooked, (be) already cooked:: sqw'eqw'í:l < qw'él. coming by foot, travelling by walking, already walking, travelling on foot:: ye'í:mex < i,m. he/she/it was (already), they were (already):: lulh < le. now I, (now I'm already):: tl'ékwálsulh < tl'ó ~ tl'o. alright be alright, be okay, it's alright, it's okay, can, be able, it's enough, be right, be correct, that's right:: iyólem ~ iyó:lem < éy ~ éy:. be alright, be well, be fine, be okay:: éy òl ~ éyòl ~ éyò < éy ~ éy:. be fine (in health), be alright (in health), be well:: we'éy òl ~ we'éyòl ~ we'éyò ~ u éyò ~ u'éyò < éy ~ éy:. alumroot small-flowered alumroot, and possibly smooth Heuchera:: qw'eléqetel < qw'eléqel, xweqw'ele'á:ltel < xweqw'él:a. always :: lexw= ~ xw=, lexw= ~ xw= ~ (rarely) le=. always, all the time, ((also) often, over and over [TG]):: wiyóth. a person that always:: lexws= < lexw= ~ xw= ~ (rarely) le=. a person that always hunts, hunter:: lexws=há:wa < háwe. a person that always sings:: lexwst'í:lem < t'íl. a person that's always lazy:: lexws'ú:met < emét. (be) always scared:: lexwsí:si ~ xwsí:si < síy. be always sickly:: q'é:yq'ey < q'ó:y ~ q'óy. coward, person that's always afraid:: lexwsí:si < síy. deeper, always deep:: lexwstl'ép < tl'ép. mountain on Fraser River between first tunnel and Yale where rotten fish used to (always) pile up:: Lexwyó:qwem Smá:lt < yó:qw. optimist, a person whose thoughts are always good:: wiyóth kwsu éys te sqwálewels te lólets'e < wiyóth. person who is always lazy:: lexws'í:ts'el < í:ts'el. pessimist, a person whose thoughts are always bad:: wiyóth kwsu qéls te sqwálewels te lólets'e < wiyóth. place on Fraser River between first tunnel and Yale where rotten fish used to (always) pile up:: Lexwyó:qwem < yó:qw. [someone] always working:: lexwsyóyes ~ lexwsiyó:yes < yó:ys. someone that always:: lexws=. sometimes?, always?:: lheq. Alwís name of second creek below (here south of) Suka Creek (as of 8/30/77), creek called Alwís's Bow-line:: Alwís Lhqéletel. Amadis Cultus Lake Mountain, actually Mount Amadis or International Ridge:: Swílhcha Smá:lt < Swílhcha. amazement) (expression of amazement):: hó'ì'.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
ambitious ambitious (be) ambitious, (be) willing:: shxwúxwe. (be) willing to do one's work, (ambitious [BHTTC]):: lexws'ó:les. Ambystoma gracile decorticatum Ensatina eschscholtzi and Plethodon vehiculum and possibly also: Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum, Ambystoma gracile gracile, and possibly Ambystoma gracile decorticatum:: pí:txel. Ambystoma gracile gracile Ensatina eschscholtzi and Plethodon vehiculum and possibly also: Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum, Ambystoma gracile gracile, and possibly Ambystoma gracile decorticatum:: pí:txel. Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum Ensatina eschscholtzi and Plethodon vehiculum and possibly also: Ambystoma macrodactylum macrodactylum, Ambystoma gracile gracile, and possibly Ambystoma gracile decorticatum:: pí:txel. Amelanchier alnifolia:: sk'ak'áxwe, ts'esláts, ts'eslátselhp < ts'esláts. America America, United States:: Pástel. American :: Pástel. American Bar burnt mountain across from American Bar:: Syíyeqw < yéqw. medicine spring on the Fraser River beach about a half mile above (north) of the American Bar beach:: Xwth'kw'ém < th'ekw' or th'íkw'. Mill Creek (at American Bar), Puckat Creek on map also:: Peqwchô3 :lthel Stótelô < péqw. mountain across the Fraser River from American Bar:: Qw'íywelh or Qw'éywelh. mountain on the west (C.P.R.) side of the Fraser River above American Bar which had a steaming pond at the top, (year-round village at mouth of American Creek on west bank of the Fraser River [Duff]):: Qétexem < qá:t. place in Fraser River two miles above American Bar with narrow rock:: Xeq'átelets < xeq'. village at American Bar, village on west bank of Fraser River at American Creek, American Bar Reserve:: Peqwchô3 :lthel ~ Peqwechô3 :lthel < péqw. American Creek mountain on the west (C.P.R.) side of the Fraser River above American Bar which had a steaming pond at the top, (year-round village at mouth of American Creek on west bank of the Fraser River [Duff]):: Qétexem < qá:t. village at American Bar, village on west bank of Fraser River at American Creek, American Bar Reserve:: Peqwchô3 :lthel ~ Peqwechô3 :lthel < péqw. year-round village at mouth of American Creek on west bank of the Fraser River:: Qétexem < qá:t. amidst (be in the) woods, (amidst bush or vegetation, be tucked away?):: sxí:xets' ~ sxíxets' < xí:ts' ~ xíts' ~ xets'.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1071
amount amount give an equal share or amount to s-o, give (food?) to s-o, share with s-o:: áxwest < áxw. amusement be fun, have (lots of) fun, have amusement, having lots of fun, be pleasant:: íyes ~ éyes < éy ~ éy:. Anas acuta Anas americana (~ M areca americana), prob. also Anas penelope (~ Mareca penelope), (Anas acuta [BJ]):: sése. Anas americana Anas americana (~ M areca americana), prob. also Anas penelope (~ Mareca penelope), (Anas acuta [BJ]):: sése. Anas penelope Anas americana (~ M areca americana), prob. also Anas penelope (~ Mareca penelope), (Anas acuta [BJ]):: sése. Anas platyrhynchos Anas platyrhynchos, perhaps generic for duck:: teléqsel ~ tel:éqsel. ancestor ancestors:: syewá:l ~ syewál < yewá:l. ancestors past, (all one's ancestors):: syesyewálelh < yewá:l. departed ancestors:: syewá:lelh ~ syewálelh < yewá:l. parents, relations (ancestors?):: shxwwáli < shxwewá(:)y. anchor :: mesíyeltel ~ mesí:ltel. homemade anchor, kilik, calik, (killick):: skw'éstel. anchor-line anchor-line, mooring-line, bow-line, what is used to tie up a canoe:: lhqéletel < lhqé:ylt. ancient ancient people over a hundred years old:: sxwolexwiyám < xwiyám. getting ancient, getting old:: q'e'ílém < q'a'í:lem ~ q'e'í:lem. very old, ancient, get ancient, be ancient:: q'a'í:lem ~ q'e'í:lem. and
:: qas < qe. and, but, or:: qe. and so, and then:: qesu < qe, qetl'osu ~ qetl'esu < qe. and so (he, she, it, they):: qetl'osésu ~ qetl'os'ésu < tl'ó ~ tl'o, tl'osésu ~ tl'os'ésu < tl'ó ~ tl'o. and then (he, she, it):: tl'esu < tl'ó ~ tl'o.
Anderson Flat a place on Chilliwack River, a little above Anderson Flat and Allison's (between Tamihi Creek and Slesse Creek), a village at deep water between Tamihi Creek and Slesse Creek:: Iy'óythel < éy ~ éy:.
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1072
angel angel
:: lisós.
anger snap one's eyes at s-o [in anger or disgust]:: th'éplexwlexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexwlexw) < th'éplexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexw). Anglican Englishman, English, Canadian, Canada, Anglican:: kelchóch ~ kyelchóch. angry being angry, continue to be angry, angry, mad, roused, stirred up:: t'át'eyeq' ~ t'át'iyeq' < t'ay. disappointed and angry-looking without talking:: sxéyxeth' < xíth' ~ xéyth'. get angry, get mad, be angry:: t'áyeq' < t'ay. Anguis fragilis Anguis fragilis:: aleqá:y < álhqey ~ álhqay. angular angular or perpendicular extension:: =áxel ~ =exel. animal a biter (animal, fish, etc.), a thing that is (always) biting:: ch'ech'émels < ts’ámet ~ ch'ámet. animal or bird one is afraid of and can't see, powerful creature, supernatural creature:: stl'á:leqem. animal tripe (stomach, upper and lower), bowel:: spéxw. catch an animal, get an animal:: kwélest < kwél. fisher (mink-like animal):: thswál. flesh (human, non-human), meat (of dried fish, animal, or bird):: slhíqw. furry on the whole body (of an animal):: siysá:yiws < sá:y. (game) animal, (meat):: sméyeth ~ sméyéth. growing (of animals, children, etc.):: ts'íts'esem < ts'ísem. growl (of an animal):: xéylém < xéykw'et. (have) animal smell (of bear, skunk, dog, etc.), (have) animal stink, (have) human smell (of underarm, body odor, etc.), (have) body odor:: pápeth'em. horn of an animal:: th'ístel < th'ís. [left] front leg quarter of deer or other animal:: sth'ikweláxel < th'íkwe. let oneself fall, drop oneself down (by parachute, rope, etc., said of little birds trying to fly out of nest, little animals trying to get down and let themselves fall):: chólqthet < tsélq ~ chélq. little animal(s):: smímiyàth < sméyeth ~ sméyéth. runt of litter, smallest pup or kitten or animal in litter:: th'íth'kw'oya < sth'ékw', th'íth'kw' < sth'ékw'. shaking bushes (of animal or person unseen, for ex.):: xwóykwem. sneaking after an animal:: tl'ítl'ets'élqem < tl'í:ts'. spear animals by torchlight:: lexéywa ~ lexíwa. spotted with irregular shaped blobs (like if mud-spattered, used of dogs, deer, and other animals so marked):: st'á:lq. swimming (of dog, deer, animal), (dog-paddling):: xólhchem < xélhchem. tail (of animal, bird):: stl'ep'él:ets ~ stl'ep'élets. to escape (as an animal from a trap), got away from something that trapped a person or
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary animal (CONT’D) animal:: tl'ewlómét ~ tl'ôwlómét < tl'í:w. to rot, rotten (of fruit, animal, flora, fauna, food):: th'óqw'em ~ th'ó:qw'em. tracking an animal:: chokwelélqem < chó:kw. unidentified animal with marks on its face, perhaps badger or wolverine:: sqoyép. wool, fur, animal hair:: sá:y. animate that's (an animate being), it's (usually animate):: tl'ó ~ tl'o. ankle ankle joint:: xweth'éqw'xel. ankle (the lump part):: qwémxwxel < qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. leg got sprained, (sprain one's ankle [JL]):: ts'lhéqw'xel < ts'lhóqw'. legs crossed, cross one's ankles (either sitting or standing) [prob. error], (ankles crossed (either sitting or standing)):: q'eyáweth'xel < q'ey ~ q'i. sprained ankle:: xweth'éqw'xel. Annis Rd. Schelowat, a village at the bend in Hope Slough at Annis Rd. where there was a painted or marked house:: Sxelá:wtxw < xél ~ xé:yl ~ xí:l announce speaker at a gathering, announcer at a gathering:: lheqqwóqwel or lheq qwóqwel < qwà:l. announcer speaker at a gathering, announcer at a gathering:: lheqqwóqwel or lheq qwóqwel < qwà:l. annoy annoyed:: th'íwél, th'íwél < ts'íw. annoyed s-o, bothered s-o, pestered s-o:: th'íwélstexw < th'íwél, th'íwélstexw < ts'íw. annoyed with s-th, annoyed by s-o, tired of s-o:: ts'íwélmét < ts'íw. being annoyed:: th'íth'ewel < th'íwél. to be fed up [with s-o/s-th], (annoyed with s-o/s-th):: th'íwélmét < th'íwél. another again, another, more:: qelát. another room, different room:: láts'ewtxw < láts'. (be) true to one another:: the'íttel < the'í:t. helping one another, (helper [Elders Group]):: momíyelhtel < máy. help out, go help, pitch in, help one another:: móylhtel < máy. purposeful control reciprocal, (perhaps just) reciprocal, (do purposely to) each other, (do purposely to) one another:: =t=el. ant
:: xá:ysem.
anthill lots of anthills:: qwemqwó:mth' < qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. anus in the rump, in the anus, in the rectum, in the bottom, on the insides, inside parts, core, inside the head:: =í:wel ~ =íwel ~ =ewel.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary any
any is there none?, isn't there any?:: wá:ta < éwe ~ ô3 we. anybody everybody, everyone, (anybody [Elders Group 3/1/72]):: mekw'ewát < mékw' ~ mô3 kw'. somebody, anybody:: tewátes < wát. who else?, who (of several)?, (anybody else (AC)):: kw'elhwát < wát. anything whatever it is, what it is, it is anything, it is something:: stámés < tám. anyway anyway, ever, (new information as in NStraits):: kwá. try to do something (no matter what, anyway):: iyálewethet < éy ~ éy:. apart break (of ground), crack apart (of its own accord) (of ground), ripped:: tl'éx. broke down, came (un)loose, came apart, (got) untied, loose, unravelled:: yéxw < yíxw. fall apart, come apart (of something man-made):: yíxw. rip it apart:: tl'xát < tl'éx. take s-th down, tear down s-th man-made, dismantle s-th, take it apart:: yíxwet < yíxw. Apidae order Hymenoptera, superfamily Apoidea, family Apidae, including Apis mellifera (introduced), also family Bombidae and family Vespidae and possibly bee-like members of family Syrphidae (order Diptera):: sisemó:ya ~ sisemóya ~ sisemóye ~ sísemòye. Apis mellifera order Hymenoptera, superfamily Apoidea, family Apidae, including Apis mellifera (introduced), also family Bombidae and family Vespidae and possibly bee-like members of family Syrphidae (order Diptera):: sisemó:ya ~ sisemóya ~ sisemóye ~ sísemòye. Apocynum androsaemifolium Apocynum androsaemifolium, possibly also Apocynum cannabinum:: méthelh. Apocynum cannabinum Apocynum androsaemifolium, possibly also Apocynum cannabinum:: méthelh. Apoidea order Hymenoptera, superfamily Apoidea, family Apidae, including Apis mellifera (introduced), also family Bombidae and family Vespidae and possibly bee-like members of family Syrphidae (order Diptera):: sisemó:ya ~ sisemóya ~ sisemóye ~ sísemòye. appear appear, come into view, rise into view:: pél:ékw. appearance in looks, -looking, in appearance:: =ó:mex ~ =óméx ~ =òmèx ~ =ómex ~ =omex ~ =emex. what does it look like?, what does he/she look like?, (how is he/she/it in appearance or looks?), (what color is it? [NP]):: selchímomex < selchí:m ~ selchím.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary apple) apple) chewing (something hard, like apple):: xéyxekw'els < xéykw'et. chew it (s-th hard, apple, pill):: xéykw'et. crabapple, (now) domesticated apple:: qwe'óp. crabapple tree, domestic apple tree:: qwe'ó:pelhp < qwe'óp. (spherical), round (of ball, apple, potato, rock, full moon, but not of a pear):: xelkw'ó:ls < xél. apple juice:: qwe’óp sqe’óleqw < qwe’óp, qó: (lit. apple + fruit juice) apprehend (emprisoned), put in jail, grounded, restricted, caught, apprehended:: qíq'. approach approach, get near, get closer, reach, go up to, get up to:: tés. approaching, getting near, getting closer:: tetés < tés. approach (your nets for ex.):: ts'ímélthet < ts'ímél ~ ts'ímel. get close, approach, get near, nearly, (go close, come close):: ts'ímél ~ ts'ímel. get close to s-o/s-th, approach s-th/s-o:: ts'ímélmet < ts'ímél ~ ts'ímel. April hungry time (about mid-April to mid-May), famine (Elders 3/72):: temkw'à:y < kw'à:y. month beginning in April at the mouth of the Fraser, May-June (Jenness:Sepass), oolachen moon:: temwíwe (or possibly) temswíwe < swí:we ~ swíwe. month or moon of March to April, grass moon:: soxwí:les < só:xwel ~ sóxwel. time of the baby sockeye's coming, early spring (usually April), April moon:: temkwíkwexel. April-fool fooling s-o, (fool s-o as a joke, April-fool s-o [Deming]):: q'íq'elstá:xw < q'á:l. apron
:: í:pel. dog-hair blanket dancing apron (DM 12/4/64):: kw'eléw ~ kw'elô3 w. loincloth, dog-hair apron, dog-hair mat:: sthíyep.
Aquila chrysaetos:: ts'ésqel. Aquila chrysaetos and Haliaeetus leucocephalus:: yéxwela. Arachnida class Arachnida, order Acarina, Dermacentor andersoni, and probably Ixodes pacificus:: t'pí. class Arachnida, order Acarina, probably Ixodes pacificus and Dermacentor andersoni resp.:: méth'elhqìwèl < méth'elh. class Arachnida, order Araneida, also order Phalangida:: q'ésq'esetsel < q'ey ~ q'i. class Arachnida, order Phalangida:: tl'áleqtxel q'esq'ésetsel < q'ey ~ q'i, tl'áleqtxel q'ésq'esetsel < tl'áqt. Araneida class Arachnida, order Araneida, also order Phalangida:: q'ésq'esetsel < q'ey ~ q'i.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary arch
arch arch of foot:: xwt'óxwesxel < t'óxw. Archilochus alexandri possibly Trochilidae family, probably including Selasphorus rufus, Archilochus alexandri, and Stellula calliope:: pésk'a. Arctium minus:: xéyxemels ch'ech'éqw' < xéym, xéyxemels < xéym. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, (intro.) Pisum sativum, (intro.) Phaseolus vulgaris, and probably Vicea gigantea:: tl'íkw'el. Ardea herodias Ardea herodias especially subspecies fannini:: sméqw'o ~ smô3 qw'o. area) Cowichan (people, dialect, area):: Qewítsel < qew. Saanich reserves area:: Sáléch. Salkaywul, an area with big cracked cedar trees on Hope Slough above Schelowat (Chilliwack I.R. #1) (Sxeláwtxw):: Salq'íwel < séq'. Sumas village and area from present-day Kilgard to Fraser River, Sumas village (on both sides of the Fraser at the east end of Sumas Mt.), (Devil's Run (below Láxewey), the area between Sumas Mt. and Fraser River [Elders Group 7/13/77], Sumas River (probably requires Stó:lô river or Stótelô creek to follow) [W ells 1965], Sumas Lake (probably requires Xótsa lake after Semáth for this meaning) [Elders Group 7/13/77]):: Smá:th ~ Semá:th ~ Semáth. Victoria, B.C., city of Victoria area, Fort Victoria:: Sth'ó:mes. village or area on north side of Suka Creek (which is on the east side of the Fraser River:: Kwókwxwemels < kwoxw. area up the mountainside an area up the mountainside from Ñwoxwelálhp (Yale):: Chelqwílh ~ Chelqwéylh < chá:l or chó:l. aren't isn't?, aren't?, don't?, doesn't?, (be not?):: ewá ~ ôwá ~ wá < éwe ~ ô3 we. Arion aster also Limax maximus and Arion aster:: q'oyátl'iye. arise sit, sit down, sit up, arise (from lying or sitting), get up (from lying down, from bed or chair):: emét. arm
:: t'á:lew ~ t'álew. armband:: q'ep'eláxtel < q'áp'. break an arm:: lekweláxel < lékw. carry a packstrap or both packstraps over the shoulder(s) and under the arm(s):: sq'iwq'ewíles < q'e:yw ~ q'í:w. carry s-th/s-o on one's arm:: s'ókw'(e)stexw < ókw'. cross one's arms (but not fold one's arms across chest) [prob. error], (arms crossed [but not
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary arm (CONT’D) folded across chest):: q'eyáweth'eláxel < q'ey ~ q'i. cut one's arm:: lhets'elá:xel < lhíts' ~ lhí:ts'. have something under one arm:: xixets'eláxel < xits' ~ xets'. hit on the arm:: kw'eqwelá:xel < kw'óqw. hold both arms (or wings) outstretched, (stretch out one's arms/wings):: texeláxelem < tex. holding a wee baby in one's arms:: xixe'át < xá'at. holding s-o in one's arms, (holding a baby in one's arms [Elder's Group]):: xe'át < xá'at. hold s-o in one's arms:: xá'at. I got hard (of arm, leg, penis, etc.):: tl'xwòlèm < tl'éxw. left arm:: sth'íkwechís < th'íkwe. lying on one's stomach with head down on one's arms:: qiqep'eyósem < qep'. on the arm, in the arm, on or in the wing:: =eláxel. point of elbow, arm bone:: th'emeláxel < hth'b.txt. put one's hands under one's arms:: xixets'eláxem < xits' ~ xets'. right arm:: siyachís < éy ~ éy:, s'iyláxel < éy ~ éy:. skin of the arm:: kw'elôwáxel < kw'eléw ~ kw'elô3 w. square, corner, arm with elbow out:: st'eláxel. strawberry birthmark on the arm:: schíyeláxel < schí:ya. stretch out the wings, stretch out the arm(s):: texeláxel < tex. to be arm in arm (like escorting someone), to take an arm (of someone):: s'ókw'ches < ókw'. to wave (one's arms):: xélqesà:ls < xélqes. waving (one's arms):: xólqesà:ls < xélqes. Armadillidium vulgare class Crustacea, order Isopoda, Armadillidium vulgare:: k'ák'elha. armband armband:: q'ep'eláxtel < q'áp'. arm in arm to be arm in arm (like escorting someone), to take an arm (of someone):: s'ókw'ches < ókw'. armpit
:: shxw'íláxel.
around around the outside of the house:: sélts'exel < sél or sí(:)l. beach in front of old Scowlitz village, the point the Harrison River goes around by Kilby's store:: Sq'iq'ewílem < q'éw ~ q'ew. (be) turned around, turned the wrong way:: sxá:lts' < xélts'. (circle) around the fire once and return to the start, make one circle in longhouse:: sélts' < sél or sí(:)l. distributive, all over, all around:: =x ~ =ex. feeling around:: qátxels < qétxt. go around a bend in the river, go around a turn, go around something in one's way:: q'ewílem < q'éw ~ q'ew. go around a bend (in water):: q'éwlets ~ q'ówlets < q'éw ~ q'ew. go around (a point, a bend, a curve, etc.) in the water, make a U-turn (in the water, could use today on land with a car):: q'ówletsem < q'éw ~ q'ew. go around inside the longhouse counter-clockwise:: selts'elwílem < sél or sí(:)l.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary around (CONT’D) go around s-th in the water:: q'ówletst < q'éw ~ q'ew. go over or around (hill, rock, river, etc.):: q'ál. has come around (of a cyclic period of time):: séqsel. hug s-o around:: qwemchíwet < qwem. it shook (shakes itself), shaking, bobbing around:: qwá:yxthet < qwá:y. location around a house, part:: =mel. moving, (many moving around in circles, moving around in circles many times):: xelxálqem < xálqem. on the side of the head, on the temples, around the ear, on the cheek:: =éla. pass around to give away (at a dance for example):: lhít'es < lhít'. pass it around (papers, berries, anything):: lhít'et < lhít'. pass it around to s-o:: lhít'est < lhít'. (perhaps) around in circles:: =qw' ~ =eqw'. (perhaps) round, around in circles:: =kw' ~ =ekw'. place above Yale where the Fraser River splits around a rock, island above Steamboat Island (latter just below Five-Mile Creek):: Sxwesálh < xwés. put a rope around s-o/s-th's neck, put a leash on s-th, hang s-o:: xwíqw'est < xwíqw'. rags wound around the legs in the cold or to protect from mosquitoes, (leggings):: q'élq'xetel < q'ál. rolling, moving [around in circles]:: xálqem. round, around:: =xw. running, run[ing] around:: xwó:mxelem ~ xwó:mxelem ~ xwómxelem ~ xwómxelem < xwém ~ xwém. staggering around:: xwexweló:ystem < xweló:y, yitá:lstem < tél ~ tá:l ~ tiy. swivel one's hips (as in the Hawaiian hula for ex.) (shake one's bottom around):: qwayxélechem < qwá:y. turn around a bend, go around a bend, turn around (to go back), turn around a corner:: q'ewqé:ylém ~ q'ewqéylém (better q'ewqí:lem) < q'éw ~ q'ew. turn (oneself) around, make a U-turn:: ts'elqéylém < ts'el. turn oneself around, turn (oneself) around:: xélts'thet < xélts'. turn s-th around:: ts'elqéylt or ts'elqí:lt < ts'el. twist s-th/s-o, turn it around, turn s-o, turn s-th (for ex. a page):: xélts't < xélts'. twist, turn around, around in circles:: =ts' ~ =elts' ~ =á:lts'. village on east bank of Fraser River below Siwash Creek (Aseláw), now Yale Indian Reserves 19 and 20, named because of a big rock in the area that the trail had to pass (go around), also the name of the rock:: Q'alelíktel < q'ál.
arrive arrive, arriving, come here, have come, get here, get back, come in (in a race):: xwe'í < í. get there, arrive there, reach there:: xwelí ~ xwlí < lí. just came, (just arrived):: tátsel. arrow
:: ts'eqw'eláx < ts'éqw'. arrow, gun:: sakweláx ~ sekweláx < kwél. arrow pouch, (a quiver for arrows):: th'esélatel. be hit (with arrow, bullet, anything shot that you've aimed), got shot, (got pierced), got poked into, got wounded (with gun or arrow):: ts'éqw'. blunt-headed arrow:: s-hótl'eqw. hit with an arrow accidentally:: ts'eqw'eláxw < ts'éqw'. miss s-th (in shooting at it with arrow, spear or gun):: qwíxwet < qwíxw. pointer to show direction (like in a trail) (could be an arrow or stick or mark in the ground):: shxwmót'estel < mót'es. to miss a shot (an arrow, spear or gun):: qwíxw.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1079
arrowhead arrowhead :: t'exelá. (perhaps) copper, (hard metal that looks like gold but isn't, maybe copper [Elders at Katz Class 10/5/76], metal found in mines and used for arrowheads [Elders Group 5/28/75], gold [EB]):: sqw'él. arrowleaf :: sqeqewíthelh < sqáwth ~ sqá:wth. arrowleaf, wapato, Indian potato:: xwôqw'ô3 :ls. potato (generic), including three or four kinds of wild potato: arrowleaf or wapato, Jerusalem artichoke, blue camas, and qíqemxel (so far unidentified plant), besides post-contact domestic potato:: sqáwth ~ sqá:wth. arthritis it aches of arthritis:: chálh. it's aching of arthritis:: cháchelh < chálh. Arthropoda probably class Arthropoda:: sth'ékw'. artichoke bulb or root called wild artichoke, Jerusalem artichoke:: xáxekw'. potato (generic), including three or four kinds of wild potato: arrowleaf or wapato, Jerusalem artichoke, blue camas, and qíqemxel (so far unidentified plant), besides post-contact domestic potato:: sqáwth ~ sqá:wth. wild red potatoes that pigs eat, (probably Jerusalem artichoke):: sxéykwel. wild red potato (grew at American Bar in the 1920's), possibly Jerusalem artichoke:: sxéykwel. article nominalizer (female present and visible or presence or proximity unspecified), demonstrative article:: the=. nominalizer (male or gender unspecified, present and visible or presence or proximity unspecified), demonstrative article:: ta=, te=. Aruncus sylvester:: chochkwó:les < chó:kw. as when (simultaneous subordinating conjunction), as:: kw'e. Asarum caudatum:: xéyeslótel, th'alátel < th'á:lá ~ th'ála ~ th'á:le ~ th'ále. Ascaphus truei if generic includes families Ranidae and Bufonidae and may include Hyla regilla and perhaps the introduced species: Rana catesbeiana, Rana clamitans, Rana aurora aurora, Rana pretiosa pretiosa, and Ascaphus truei, if not generic then includes only members of family Ranidae and/or family Bufonidae:: wexés, weléx < wexés. ash ashes (cinder-like), cinders (heavy and dirty), embers:: shxwiyélhtel ~ shxwyélhtel < yólh. fine ashes floating up from a fire:: tqwó:chep < tóqweltsep. fine white ashes:: sts'á:s ~ sts'ás. mountain ash berries, (perhaps also) mountain ash tree:: qwíqwelh. sparks, red hot ashes thrown out:: qw'á:ychep < qw'á:y.
1080
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
ashamed ashamed (accidentally) make s-o ashamed, insult s-o (accidentally or manage to):: xéyxelexw < xéyxe ~ xíxe. ashamed of s-th:: lhístexw < lháy. be ashamed:: xéyxe ~ xíxe. being ashamed:: xexéyxe < xéyxe ~ xíxe. be shamed:: lháy. feel embarrassed and shy because ashamed, be ashamed:: lhistélémét < lháy. make s-o ashamed:: xéyxestexw < xéyxe ~ xíxe. make s-o ashamed [happen to or accidentally or manage to]:: lháylexw < lháy.
ashamed (CONT'D) to shame oneself [accidentally], (get) embarrassed, (become ashamed of oneself?):: xéyxelòmèt < xéyxe ~ xíxe. ash color :: sts'á:s ~ sts'ás. ashes) baked (in ashes), baked (in a stove):: s'ótheqw < ótheqw. bake s-th in ashes, bake s-th in a stove:: ótheqwt < ótheqw. to roast potatoes in hot sand or ashes, bake in ashes, bake in stove:: ótheqw. ashore drift ashore:: qwélh. pull ashore in a canoe, land a canoe:: lhà:l. Asio otus possibly also the following other horned owls found in the area: long-eared owl Asio otus and spotted owl Strix occidentalis:: chítmexw. ask ask about s-o:: petá:mes < petá:m. ask a favor, ask pity, beseech:: th'exwstélémét < th'íxw ~ th'éxw. (ask for a favor or pity for s-o):: th'exwstí:lmet < th'íxw ~ th'éxw. ask for s-th[?]:: yexchí:met < yéxch ~ yéxts. asking about s-o, asking after s-o:: pétemes < petá:m. begging for a favor, asking for help:: th'íth'exwstélémét < th'íxw ~ th'éxw. asleep fall asleep:: itetlómet < ítet, léqw. nodding (falling asleep):: létqw'estem. numb in the foot, the foot is asleep:: xwókw'elxel < xwókw'. sleep, go to sleep, asleep:: ítet. sleeping, asleep:: í:tet < ítet. asparagus:: xwelítemelh yó:le < xwelítem, yó:le (lit. white man style + cow parsnip) aspen poplar, Lombardy poplar (intro.), also black cottonwood and perhaps trembling aspen which may have rarely occurred on the eastern and northeastern edges of Stó:lô territory:: p'elp'álq'emá:lews ~ p'elp'àlq'emá:lews < p'álq'em.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary aspen (CONT’D) "poplar", probably includes black cottonwood and trembling aspen (though trembling aspen is rare in Upriver Halq'eméylem territory):: th'estíyelhp < th'ís, th'extíyelhp < th'éx. ass butt, ass, rump, buttocks:: slhél:éts ~ slhél:ets ~ slhéléts ~ slhélets < lhél. (have a) sloppy ass:: slhelp'íwel < lhél. stick it up someone's rump:: t'ekwíwet < t'ékw. (stuck in the rectum), stuck in the ass:: st'ekwíwel < t'ékw. asthma roots (resembling eyes looking at you) of a kind of plant that's good for asthma:: qelémes < qélém ~ qél:ém. astonish be surprised, astonished:: lewálh. astride be astride, be sitting on:: sts'ets'á < ts'á:. they came on (top of):: ch'alech'á (~ ts'alets'á) < ts'á:. as usual as usual, this time, now, the first time:: yalh. at at home, be living (somewhere), stay:: tl'eláxw ~ tl'láxw < tl'élexw. be in, in, be on, on, be at, at, before (an audience), (untranslated):: lí ~ li. (place, location), where s-o is at:: shxwlí. where it's at, where it's from:: shxwlí < lí ~ li. Atchelitz Atchelitz Creek, an old Chilliwack River channel:: Áthelets < áthelets. Atchelitz village and now Chilliwack Indian reserve #8:: Áthelets < áthelets. Atchelitz Creek an old course of Atchelitz Creek:: (Yeqyeqámen). a tributary of Atchelitz Creek:: Kwôkwa'áltem ?. village site (burned) on Atchelitz Creek:: Syéqw < yéqw. attach put s-th on (of a design on a dress, of a shirt, shoes, etc.), attach it, stick it on, fasten it:: tl'álx < tl'ál. to be attached, to be fixed or fastened, be put on:: stl'átl'el < tl'ál. attempt make an attempt (to do something difficult, like running rapids in a canoe, mountain-climbing, winning a game, etc.), give it a try:: t'óthet < t'á. try it, attempt it:: t'át ~ t'á:t < t'á. attention pay attention to s-o:: xwe'íwelmet.
1081
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary auger
auger a borer, an auger:: sxoxwí:ls < xó:l. borer to make holes, auger:: sqweqwá:ls ~ shxwqweqwá:ls < qwá. augmentative comparative or augmentative:: =R1= or =C1e=. plural or augmentative:: R11= or C1V1=. August August run spring salmon that go up Silver Creek (near Hope):: shxwôqw'ô3 :lh. coho salmon time, August to September:: temkwô3 xweth < kwô3 xweth. July to August, (big spring salmon time):: temth'oló:lh < sth'olólh. sockeye moon, month to get sockeye salmon (begins with first quarter after black moon in July, lasts into August), July to August, (June to July [Jenness: W S]):: temthéqi < sthéqi ~ sthéqey. aunt parent's cousin, parent's sibling, uncle, aunt:: shxwemlí:kw. uncle, aunt:: kwiyó:s. uncles (all of them), aunts (all of them):: sxwemlá:lekw < shxwemlí:kw. uncle's wife, aunt's husband, parent's sibling's spouse, uncle by marriage, aunt by marriage:: xchápth ~ schápth. aunt's husband uncle's wife, aunt's husband, parent's sibling's spouse, uncle by marriage, aunt by marriage:: xchápth ~ schápth. Auricularia Fomes sp. including Fomes applanatus and probably others, possibly Polyporus sp., possibly Ganoderma sp., prob. also jelly fungi of Tremella and maybe Auricularia and Dacrymyces species, especially Tremella mesenterica (Yellow trembler) which is abundant only on the red alder and is reddish-orange matching the color, translucence and shape of those eaten by some of the Stó:lô elders, the jelly fungi could possibly have a different name from the bracket fungus:: s'ómó:qwes. automobile automobile, car:: toxwemíwel < tóxw, xwixwekw'elátsem < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. car, automobile:: kyó. high-bow canoe, high-bow river canoe, streetcar, tram, taxi, car, automobile:: xwókw'eletsem < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. autumn autumn, fall (season):: temhilálxw < híl. auxiliary (auxiliary verb), ([may also imply] here):: í. avalanche lily blue camas, yellow dog-tooth violet = yellow avalanche lily:: sk'ámets ~ sk'ámeth. Avena fatua both Avena sativa and Avena fatua:: ô3 ts.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1083
Avena sativa Avena sativa both Avena sativa and Avena fatua:: ô3 ts. avens big-leaved avens:: th'ith'kwimelálews, th'ith'kwimelálews < th'íkw, xwókw'eltel < xwókw'. avocado:: thós sth’emíwel sékwluwi < thi, th’em, sékwluwi (lit. big round + pit + soft smooth texture) awake be awake:: shxwexwí < xwíy ~ x!í. wide-awake:: shxwixwiyós or shxwiyxwiyós < xwíy ~ x!í. aware become aware (said for ex. of a child about three years or so, or of realizing how something is done), come to one's senses, sober up:: p'élh. away (an Indian doctor or shaman) working, curing, chasing the bad things away:: lhálhewels < lhá:w. be on the other side of, be on the side facing away:: sle'ólwelh < le'á. be tucked away, put away so well you can't find it, be solid:: slá ~ selá ~ slá: (probably). be watchful, be facing away:: sle'ó:les < le'á. carried away:: títiyexw < tíyexw, tíyexw. elope, run away together:: chó:mtel < chó:m. everybody put away (fishing gear, canoe and) paddles (for winter), put away each other's paddles [and canoes and gear] for winter:: xets'ô3 :westel < xits' ~ xets'. get away, leave, (perhaps just) away:: á:yel < á:y. get carried away and sleepy from eating too rich food:: melmelô3 ws < mál ~ mél. go away (as away from the fire):: tsxéylém or tsxílém. go away from the river:: chó:m. leave s-o, leave s-th, go away from s-o/s-th, abandon s-o, leave s-o behind:: áyeles < á:y. (one person) puts away his paddles (and canoe and gear for winter):: xets'ô3 :wes < xits' ~ xets'. part away from the river, side away from the river:: chóleqwmel < chá:l or chó:l. preserved fish, preserved meat, dried fish, dried meat (usually fish), smoked salmon, wind-dried salmon (old word), what is stored away, what is put away:: sq'éyle. put away, (it has been put away):: q'éylòm. put s-th away, save s-th (food for ex.):: qéylemt ~ qé:ylemt < qéylem ~ qé:ylem ~ qí(:)lem. run away:: lhá:w. running away:: tl'ítl'ew < tl'í:w. s-o has been put away (in grave-house or buried), he's/she's been buried:: qéylemtem ~ qé:ylemtem < qéylem ~ qé:ylem ~ qí(:)lem. s-o/s-th has been put away:: qéylemtem ~ qé:ylemtem < qéylem ~ qé:ylem ~ qí(:)lem. store away one's paddles:: xets'ô3 wesem < xits' ~ xets'. store it away (wedged-in up off ground), put s-th away for winter, stow s-th away:: xítse't < xits' ~ xets'. take it off (of a table for example), take it away (from something), take it off (of eyeglasses, of skin off an animal), take s-o off/away (from something), take s-th out (a tooth for ex.):: máx < má ~ má'-. to escape (as an animal from a trap), got away from something that trapped a person or
1084
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary away (CONT’D) animal:: tl'ewlómét ~ tl'ôwlómét < tl'í:w. to escape (of a man or a slave), run away:: tl'í:w. [travelling along] running away:: yitl'ítl'ew < tl'í:w. turn away, turn one's face away:: qelésem < qél. turn one's face, (turn one's body away [IHTTC]):: ts'ólesem ~ ts'ólésem < ts'el.
away from away from the shore, toward the river:: chúchu ~ chúwchuw ~ chéwchew < cháchew ~ cháchu. from away from the river:: telchó:leqwtel < chá:l or chó:l. in the backwoods, toward the woods, away from the river, in the bush:: chó:leqw < chá:l or chó:l. awhile hurt s-o/s-th [for awhile, accidentally]:: xelhláxw < xélh. awl awl (any kind):: stl'eqówtel. axe big axe, double-bladed heavy axe:: kw'óqweletstel ~ kw'óqwletstel < kw'óqw. chop one's foot (with axe), [get chopped on the foot (with axe)]:: t'émxel < t'ém. chop wood (with an axe), split wood:: th'iqw'élchep or th'iyqw'éltsep < th'íyeqw'. little hatchet, little axe:: kw'qwém < kw'óqw. Aythya valisineria:: lamélwelh. Aythys affinis:: xélq'eqs. Ay-wa-wis village at Union Bar, now also Hope Indian Reserve #5 (#15 in Duff 1952), Ay-wa-wis:: Iwówes. baby
:: sqá:qele ~ sqáqele < sqá:q. a swing, a little treadle they swing the babies on:: q'éyt'o ~ q'éyt'e. baby basket, cradle basket, basketry cradle:: p'ó:th'es ~ p'óth'es. baby basket rock just below main bay and sand bar of Lexwtl'átl'ekw'em (Klaklacum, Indian Reserve #12, first village and reserve south of American Creek), on the west side of the Fraser River:: Lexwp'oth'esála ~ Xwp'oth'esála < p'ó:th'es ~ p'óth'es. baby bottle:: sqemó'álá < qemó:. baby chicks:: chelichkelsó:llh < chékel. baby elk, (young elk):: q'oyíyetsó:llh < q'oyíyets or q'oyí:ts. baby frog, probably also tadpole:: pipehó:mó:llh < peh or pó(:)h. baby horse:: steqiwó:llh < stiqíw. baby (kin), child (kin) (up to about eigit years old):: mímele < méle ~ mél:a. baby sockeye salmon:: skwíkwexel. baby wren, little or young wren:: t'át'emiya < t'ámiya. buckskin straps for tying a baby in its cradle or basket:: yémqetel < yém ~ yem. child (post-baby to pre-adolescent), child (under 12), (young [BJ]):: stl'ítl'eqelh ~ stl'í:tl'eqelh. child, young, baby:: =ílh ~ =íylh ~ =éylh ~ =elh ~ =á(:)ylh.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1085
baby (CONT’D) deformed baby:: sxaxe'áylh < xáxe, t'ámiya. fawn, baby deer:: st'ít'ele < st'él'e. giving birth, having a child, having a baby:: tsméla < méle ~ mél:a. have given birth, already had a child, had a baby, (delivered):: sémele < méle ~ mél:a. hermaphrodite (person with organs of both sexes), hermaphrodite baby:: t'ámiya. holding a wee baby in one's arms:: xixe'át < xá'at. holding s-o in one's arms, (holding a baby in one's arms [Elder's Group]):: xe'át < xá'at. hush a baby from crying, (hush s-o (a baby) from crying):: ch'exwí:lt < ts'áxw. last baby (youngest baby), the last-born, a child cranky and jealous of an expected brother or sister:: óqw'a < óqw'. new dancer (new spirit-dancer), (new) baby (in spirit-dancing):: xawsó:lh < xá:ws. pacify a baby, pacify it (a baby), sing or hum to a baby to quiet it, sing to it (a zaby), (sing a lullaby to it):: tl'ó:t. rabbit: snowshoe/varying hare, now probably also eastern cottontail rabbit (introduced), (baby rabbit, small rabbit or hare [Elders Group]):: sqíqewàth < sqewáth. smallest peak just below Mount Cheam (on left of Mt. Cheam looking south), Lhílheqey's (M t. Cheam's) baby (located about where her breast would be on the left hand side facing her):: Óyewòt. soft spot on (top of) a baby's head, fontanel:: sqe'éleqw < qí: ~ qí'. swing for baby cradle:: séqtel < seqíws ~ seqí:ws. time of the baby sockeye's coming, early spring (usually April), April moon:: temkwíkwexel. water pygmies, water baby:: s'ó:lmexw. younger deer, baby horse, younger cow, fawn, colt, calf:: st'él'e. babysit babysitter (for kids, etc.):: xólhemìlh ~ xòlhemí:lh < xólh. babysitter (for new spirit-dancers), any of the workers who help in initiating a spirit-dancer, (initiator or helper of spirit-dancers):: xólhemìlh ~ xòlhemí:lh < xólh. babysitting:: xolhemílh < xólh. baby-sitting, the one baby-sitting, baby-sitter:: á:lmelh < álmelh. to baby-sit one's own children:: álmelh. to babysit someone else's kids (children):: xolhmílh < xólh. back arrive, arriving, come here, have come, get here, get back, come in (in a race):: xwe'í < í. back end of a house (inside or outside), back part of a house:: stselqwáxel < chá:l or chó:l. backing up:: héyethet ~ héythet < yóthet. back (of a tree) (the side away from the rising sun):: óqwelets. back of the body, the whole back:: óqwelets. (be) with one's back towards something or someone:: schewíts. break one's spine, break one's back, have a humpback/hunchback:: lekwewíts < lékw. bringing it back:: q'éyq'elstexw < q'ó:lthet. bring s-o/s-th back:: ámeq't. carrying on one's back, packing on one's back:: chmà:m < chám. carry s-th on one's back, pack s-th on one's back:: chámet < chám. drifting backwards in two canoes with net between to catch sturgeon, (drift-netting), backing up (of canoe, train):: tewláts. fight back:: xwtíyches < tiy. get hit on the back:: xwelemô3 welh ~ xwlemô3 welh, xwelemô3 welh ~ xwlemô3 welh < ló:m ~ lóm. get hunchbacked:: sqwómetsel < qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem.
1086
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary back (CONT’D) give it back, bring it back, return s-th:: q'élstexw < q'ó:lthet. have one's hands behind one's back:: sq'eth'ewíts ~ sq'eth'ôwíts < q'áth'. hit on the back:: kw'qwewíts < kw'óqw. hunchback, humpback, lump on the back:: skwómàtsel (sqwómàtsel) < qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. (in) back of a house:: tselqwáxel < chá:l or chó:l. in back of a house, behind a house:: tselqwáxelmel < chá:l or chó:l. it got smashed in the back end or rear end:: téslatstem < tós. lie down on one's back:: kw'aqálém < kw'e'í ~ kw''í ~ kw'í. lie on one's back, on his back:: kw'e'íyeqel ~ kw'e'íqel < kw'e'í ~ kw''í ~ kw'í. lying on one's back:: kw'e'í:qel < kw'e'í ~ kw''í ~ kw'í. marked on the back:: xep'ewíts < xéyp'. neck, (back of head and back of neck [EB], nape of the neck [Elders Group 5/3/78]):: tépsem. on the back:: =ewíts ~ =íts ~ =ích ~ =ech. on the back of the head, back of the neck:: =épsem. pack on one's back, carry on one's back:: chámem < chám. piggy-back:: méwiya. put one's hands behind one's back:: q'eth'ôwítsem < q'áth'. put one's head back (tilt one's face up):: q'óxesem. return, come back, go back:: q'ó:lthet. revive s-o, bring s-o back to life, heal s-o, (EB) give s-o medicine to make him better?:: á:yelexwt < áylexw ~ áyelexw. save s-o, (EB) bring s-o back to life:: á:yelexwlexw < áylexw ~ áyelexw. skin of the back:: kw'elôwíts < kw'eléw ~ kw'elô3 w. sloppy back:: slhellhélp'elets < lhél. sprain the back:: ts'lhéqw'ewíts < ts'lhóqw'. striped on back:: sxeyxep'ewíts ~ sxeyxep'ôwíts < xéyp'. the back (on the body), (lower back [Deming]):: slhéq'ôwelh < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. to back up (walk or move backwards):: yóthet. to the back (near the wall), on the inside (on a bed toward the wall):: lhelhá:l. travelling by and packing on his back (might be said of a passer-by):: iychmà:m ~ iytsmà:m < chám. turn back into a quiet slough from the river, be going into a slough from the river:: ts'élexw < ts'el. your back is sprained:: xwt'ó:welh < t'ó.
back and forth back and forth, (go or come back and forth):: q'elq'í:lthet ~ q'elq'éylthet < q'ó:lthet. backbone backbone (of human or other creatures), spine (human or other creature):: xekw'ólesewíts < xekw'óles. cord, muscle, tendon, nerve cord by backbone:: tl'e'ímél ~ tl'e'í:mel. dried fish backbone (with meat left on it):: sxéwe. fish backbone (not dried), (backbone of any creature [Elders Group 7/27/75]):: xekw'óles. (someone's) spine, (someone's) backbone:: th'omewích ~ th'ó:bewíts < sth'ó:m. the spine, the backbone:: shxwth'omewíts < sth'ó:m. back up drifting backwards in two canoes with net between to catch sturgeon, (drift-netting),
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary back up (CONT’D) backing up (of canoe, train):: tewláts. backward (be) tight, (leaning backwards [EB]):: sq'áq'eth' < q'áth'. drifting backwards in two canoes with net between to catch sturgeon, (drift-netting), backing up (of canoe, train):: tewláts. to back up (walk or move backwards):: yóthet. backwater slough, backwater, ((also) eddy [AC]):: sts'élexw < ts'el. backwoods in the backwoods, toward the woods, away from the river, in the bush:: chó:leqw < chá:l or chó:l. (maybe) the backwoods side:: stselqwóthel < chá:l or chó:l. (bad)
:: áx ~ yáx. bad-looking (of log or board not of a person), rough:: qelímó:les < qél. bad morning breath:: qeléqep látelh slhákw’em < qél. bad-smelling:: xwóxweqw'em. be bad (of water, person, anything), be dirty (of house, clothes, person, etc.):: qél. be naughty, be bad (a menace) (but not quite as bad as qél):: qíqel < qél. dirty (weather), bad weather, storm:: qél:em ~ qél:ém or leqél:e( 3)m < qél. get a spooky or spooked feeling, afraid that bad spirits are around, get spooked, fear something behind:: xéysel. getting spooked, being afraid that bad spirits are around, spooky feeling:: xéyxesel < xéysel. have a bad smell:: qeléqep < qél. it smells, give off a smell, smell bad:: hóqwem < hóqw. look bad, look mean:: qelóméx < qél. pessimist, a person whose thoughts are always bad:: wiyóth kwsu qéls te sqwálewels te lólets'e < wiyóth. said to a child of crawling age to teach him something is bad:: yax ~ áx. (said when something smells bad):: éxw. smell bad, (have a) bad fragrance, (have a) bad smell:: qéleqep < qél. strong smell, bad stink, smell that can't be located:: simáléqep < éy ~ éy:. taste bad:: qéleqep < qél. (this cry of a bluejay [Steller's jay] warns you of bad news):: chéke chéke chéke chéke. to scowl, make a bad face or a scowl:: xeywésem or xéywésem < xéywel. turn bad, (get) spoiled (of clothes for ex.), (get) dirty:: qelqéyl or qelqí:l < qél. turn bad in smell, smells like it's turned bad:: qelqéyláléqep < qél.
badger a spirit power of a kw'ô3 xweqs dancer, (perhaps wolverine or badger spirit power):: sqoyép < sqoyép. badger or wolverine:: melmélkw'es sqoyép < sqoyép. unidentified animal with marks on its face, perhaps badger or wolverine:: sqoyép. yellow badger, possibly wolverine:: sqoyép ~ melmélkw'es sqoyép. badminton a fairly flat clearing on a mountain in Morris Valley where they used to play ts'its'eqweló:l or Indian badminton:: Ts'éqwela ~ Th'éqwela < ts'éqw ~ th'éqw.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary bag
bag container for left-overs taken home from feast, doggie bag:: meq'ethále < méq'. skunk's stink bag, skunk's stink sac:: spú'amal ~ spú'emel < pú'. skunk's stink bag (stink sac):: skwukwtisláts. suitcase (Deming), luggage (Deming), clothing container, clothes bag, trunk (for clothes), etc.:: áwkw'emálá < á:wkw'. bagel donut, bagel:: sqweqwá seplíl < seplíl ~ seplí:l. bag net bag net, sack net:: lesák swéltel < swéltel. to bag net, to sack net, to still-dip with two canoes:: thqá:lem. bail a bailer, canoe bailer:: lhéltel < lhí:lt ~ lhílt. bail, (bail s-th):: lhí:lt ~ lhílt. bailing:: lhalhí:lt < lhí:lt ~ lhílt. bailing (a canoe, etc.), bail oneself:: lhí:lthet ~ lhílthet < lhí:lt ~ lhílt. bait bait (for fishing):: má:la ~ má:le. bait (for trapline):: má:la ~ má:le. baiting s-th (fish-line):: mamá:lat < má:la ~ má:le. baiting s-th (trap):: mamá:lat < má:la ~ má:le. bait it for s-o:: má:lalht < má:la ~ má:le. bait s-th (a trap for animals or birds):: má:lat < má:la ~ má:le. bait s-th (fish-line, fish-hook, fish-trap):: má:lat < má:la ~ má:le. fishing basket, bait basket:: shxwmálahá:lá < má:la ~ má:le. bake baked (in ashes), baked (in a stove):: s'ótheqw < ótheqw. bakery:: qw'elemáwtxw < qw'él. bake s-th in ashes, bake s-th in a stove:: ótheqwt < ótheqw. bake underground, (steam-cook underground, cook in a steam-pit):: qetás < qá:t. baking (bread esp.):: thá:yém < thíy. baking over an open fire, roasting over an open fire, barbecuing, cooking in an oven:: qw'eqw'élém < qw'él. baking underground:: qétes < qá:t. barbecue, bake (meat, vegetables, etc.) in open fire, bake over fire, roast over open fire, bake under hot sand, bake in oven, cook in oven, (boiled down (as jam) [CT, HT]):: qw'élém < qw'él. barbecued food, (salmon bake [Deming]):: sqw'él:ém < qw'él. barbecued, roasted, (baked (in an oven) [DC]):: s=qw'elém < qw'él. roast potatoes, baked potatoes:: s'ótheqw < ótheqw. stuff steam-cooked underground, what is baked underground:: sqetás < qá:t. to bake (bread, other food):: thíyém < thíy. to roast potatoes in hot sand or ashes, bake in ashes, bake in stove:: ótheqw. baked potato:: s’ótheqw < ótheqw (lit. something + baked)
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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Baker Baker Mount Baker:: Kwelxá:lxw < kwél. bakery bakery:: qw'elemáwtxw < qw'él. Balaenoptera borealis perhaps generic, most likely includes all local balleen whales, i.e., suborder M ysticeti, especially Balaenoptera physalus and Megaptera novaeangliae, possibly Eschrichtius glaucus, Balaenoptera borealis, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Sibbaldus musculus, Eubalaena sieboldi, could include the following toothed whales (suborder Odontoceti): Physeter catodon, possibly Berardius bairdi, Mesoplodon stejnegeri, Ziphius cavirostrus:: qwél:és ~ qwélés. Balaenoptera physalus perhaps generic, most likely includes all local balleen whales, i.e., suborder M ysticeti, especially Balaenoptera physalus and Megaptera novaeangliae, possibly Eschrichtius glaucus, Balaenoptera borealis, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Sibbaldus musculus, Eubalaena sieboldi, could include the following toothed whales (suborder Odontoceti): Physeter catodon, possibly Berardius bairdi, Mesoplodon stejnegeri, Ziphius cavirostrus:: qwél:és ~ qwélés. balance slip off (one's feet, hands, bottom), lose balance:: xwlhép. slip off with a foot, lose balance [on feet]:: xwlhépxel < xwlhép. slip with both feet, lose balance on both feet:: xwelhxwélhepxel < xwlhép. bald bald-headed:: th'óqweleqw. bald rock, bare rock:: ts'qó:ls. (be) bald-headed:: sth'ó:qweleqw < th'óqweleqw. bald eagle bald eagle (mature with white head):: sp'óq'es < p'éq'. immature bald eagle:: skw'álx. baldpate widgeon (duck), American widgeon or baldpate, probably also the European widgeon, (pintail duck [BJ]):: sése. ball (be) rolled up in a ball (twine, yarn, etc.):: sqw'ómxwes < qw'ómxw. five spherical objects, five fruit, five rocks, five balls (five fruit in a group (as they grow on a plant) [AD]):: lhq'atsesóls < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. roll s-th up in a ball:: qw'ómxwest < qw'ómxw. roughly spherical object(s), ball:: =ó:ls. small balls of snow on one's feet:: qwelqwélxel < qwélxel. (spherical), round (of ball, apple, potato, rock, full moon, but not of a pear):: xelkw'ó:ls < xél. balleen whale (perhaps generic), could include the following balleen whales: common finback whale, humpback whale, possibly gray whale, Sei/Pollack whale, Minke whale, blue whale, Pacific right
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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balleen (CONT’D) whale, could include the following toothed whales: sperm whale, poss. Baird beaked whale, Stejneger beaked whale, Cuvier whale:: qwél:és ~ qwélés. balsam fir balsam fir (has sweet sap or cambium, grows at higher altitudes, called larch by some, "balsam" is a popular name for trees of the genus Abies), from a sample taken prob. subalpine fir, if sample is mistaken poss. Pacific silver fir or grand fir, if the term balsam is mistaken too, poss. a variety of Douglas fir:: q'et'emá:yelhp < q'át'em. banana:: pelále banana bread:: pelále seplíl < pelále, seplíl (lit. banana + bread) band armband:: q'ep'eláxtel < q'áp'. headband, headband made out of cedar bark woven by widow or widower when mourning:: qítes ~ qéytes < qít. new spirit dancer's headband:: qítes ~ qéytes < qít. waistband of a skirt:: qéttel < qít. woven headband of packstrap, tumpline:: q'sí:ltel < q'ey ~ q'i. baneberry short unidentified plant, about 3 ft. tall with red berries like a short mountain ash, the berries are bitter but the plant is used as medicine, possibly red baneberry:: í:lwelh. bang make a banging sound:: kwótxwem ~ kwótxwem. [make a bang, make a sudden hard thump sound]:: kw'péxw. (make the) sound of a spank on a bottom, (fall down with a bang [Elders Group 5/19/76]):: welhéq'. bank a river bank caving in:: péqweles < péqw. bank (money house, money building):: tale'áwtxw < tá:le ~ tále. broken off in pieces (like a river-bank):: peqwpéqw < péqw. Katz river-bank, Ruby Creek settlement, village on north bank of Fraser River just below (west of) the mouth of Ruby Creek:: Spópetes < pó:t. riverbank, bank of a river:: semlóthel. steep drop-off, a drop-off, very steep slope, steep shore, steep riverbank, a slide:: xéylés. the whole riverbank on the CPR (west) side of the Fraser River just south of Strawberry Island and just north of Peqwchô3 :lthel:: Selch'éle < sél or sí(:)l. Bar a hunter turned to stone now located below Hemhémetheqw near Hill's Bar on the east bank of the Fraser River:: Tewít < tewít. a little bay in the Fraser River a quarter mile east of Iwówes (Union Bar, Aywawwis):: Qíqemqèmèl < qém:el. a rock shaped like a dog on the east shore of the Fraser River near Hill's Bar and below Tewít (a rock shaped like a human hunter):: Sqwemá:y (?) < qwem. a turn in the Fraser River on the CPR (northwest) side two miles east of American Bar, Texas Bar bend in the Fraser River:: Sq'ewílem < q'éw ~ q'ew.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary Bar (CONT’D) elk (or) moose turned to stone in the Fraser River by Hill's Bar:: Q'oyíyets ~ Q'oyí:ts < q'oyíyets or q'oyí:ts. flat rocks (bedrock) with holes at Hill's Bar where they used to make smótheqw (prepared fish oil) from sockeye heads:: Hemhémetheqw < mótheqw or metheqw. Hill's Bar:: Qwíth'qweth'iyósem < qwéth'. Hill's Bar (a stretch of shoreline between Yale and Hope, on the east side of the Fraser river):: Qw'elóqw' < qw'él. Hill's Bar (between Yale and Hope), Fraser River where it goes over Hill's Bar on the CN (east) side:: Qw'áléts. Mill Creek (at American Bar), Puckat Creek on map also:: Peqwchô3 :lthel Stótelô < péqw. spear-shaped rock on beach on the Fraser near Hill's Bar:: Tá:lh < tá:lh. village at American Bar, village on west bank of Fraser River at American Creek, American Bar Reserve:: Peqwchô3 :lthel ~ Peqwechô3 :lthel < péqw. bar a slough on Harrison River north side by the mouth of Chehalis River which has a knee-shaped sandbar at its mouth, this is the next slough above (upriver from) M eth'á:lmexwem:: Q'iq'ewetó:lthel < q'éw ~ q'ew. pry s-th, lock s-th (the Indian way/barred/wedged), pry s-th up, lever it up:: wáth'et < wáth'. sand bar:: syí:ts'emílep < syí:ts'em. barbecue baking over an open fire, roasting over an open fire, barbecuing, cooking in an oven:: qw'eqw'élém < qw'él. barbecue, bake (meat, vegetables, etc.) in open fire, bake over fire, roast over open fire, bake under hot sand, bake in oven, cook in oven, (boiled down (as jam) [CT, HT]):: qw'élém < qw'él. barbecued fish head:: xots'oyíqw. barbecued food, (salmon bake [Deming]):: sqw'él:ém < qw'él. barbecued, roasted, (baked (in an oven) [DC]):: s=qw'elém < qw'él. barbecue stick, cooking stick (split stick for barbecuing salmon),:: pí:kwel. barbecue sticks, (split roasting stick):: qw'éltel < qw'él. bare bald rock, bare rock:: ts'qó:ls. flat smooth and bare rock, a [rock] bluff, a bluff (straight up):: xeq'át < xeq'. (have a) bare foot:: semáxel < má ~ má'-. Bare Bluffs Bare Bluffs, a steep slope on the west side of Harrison Lake:: Lhó:leqwet. bark bark at s-o/s-th:: tl'éwt < tl'éw. bark house:: sokw'emáwtxw < sókw'. barking:: tl'áwels < tl'éw. barking a lot, lots of barking:: tl'éwtl'ewels < tl'éw. bark (of any tree):: p'alyí:ws ~ p'alyíws ~ p'elyíws. bark (of tree, bush, etc.):: p'elyú:s ~ p'alyú:s or p'elyíws ~ p'alyíws. bark, wood, plant:: =á:y ~ =ey ~ =iy. blackened bitter cherry bark:: pélel. break up s-th by crumpling, crush it up, rub it together fast (to soften or clean), rub it to
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary bark (CONT’D) soften it (of plants, etc.), fluff it (inner cedar bark to soften it):: yékw'et < yókw' ~ yóqw'. cedar bark mat:: slhqw'á:y < lhéqw'. cedar bark skirt:: lhqw'áy < lhéqw', sèqw'emí:ws < síqw'em. cherry bark (for baskets):: st'elém < t'elém. cottonwood bark driftwood (it was used to carve toy canoes), cottonwood driftwood used for carving toy canoes:: qwémélép ~ qwemélep. fir bark:: slá:y < lá:y. get dust or bark in both eyes:: thq'elq'ó:les < théq'. get dust or bark in one eye:: thq'ó:les < théq'. headband, headband made out of cedar bark woven by widow or widower when mourning:: qítes ~ qéytes < qít. inner cedar bark:: slewí < léw. inner cedar bark (maybe error), (birch bark [AHTTC]):: sèqw'emí:ws < síqw'em. new spirit-dancer's head-dress or [cedar-bark] hat:: sxwóyéleqws te xawsólkwlh < sxwóyéleqw. outer cedar bark:: sókw'em < sókw'. peel bark (as structured activity):: lheqw'á:ls < lhéqw'. peel cedar bark:: síqw'em. peeling bark:: lhólheqw'els < lhéqw'. peel it (bark off a tree), bark it, (de-bark it), pull itdown (of bark, board, etc.), pull it up (of bark, board):: lheqw'ó:t < lhéqw'. plane it (with a plane), trim it, taper it (about wood, like slats or roots for baskets, poles for houseposts/totem poles, paddles), taper it (with knife or plane), peel it (a fruit, etc.), whittle it, strip or peel bark off of it, scrape it (of carrots), (carve it, peel it [AC]):: xípet < xíp. prickly (from fir bark, wool, or something one is allergic to), irritant, have an allergic reaction (to fir powder or cedar bark):: th'íth'ekwem < th'íkw. rough (of wood), lumpy (of ground, bark, etc.):: smelhmélhqw. skin or bark pulls off:: síkw'em < síkw'. tinder, material used to start a fire with (fine dried cedar bark):: syeqwlhá:ltel < yéqw. tiny slivers of fir bark, fir bark powder:: sth'íkwem < th'íkw. to bark:: tl'ewéls < tl'éw.
bark-peeler bark-peeler:: lhéqw'ewsà:ls < lhéqw'. bark shield for fire torch (made from pitch) (SJ and MV), (bark shield for fire (Elders Group 3/6/78)):: swáts'et. barn barn, (hay house, grass building):: soxweláwtxw < só:xwel ~ sóxwel. barrel barrel, probably also tub:: q'eyós < q'ey ~ q'i. base base of a tree:: shxw'étselets < áthelets. base of mountain or something high:: shxw'étselets < áthelets. hull of berry (inside left after the berry is picked), "stem" or base of berry left after the berry is picked:: th'ép'oyeqw ~ th'épeyeqw.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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basin basin basin lake near top of Cheam Peak:: Xwoqwsemó:leqw. basket a lot of baskets:: sá:letel ~ sá:ltel < sí:tel ~ sítel. baby basket, cradle basket, basketry cradle:: p'ó:th'es ~ p'óth'es. baby basket rock just below main bay and sand bar of Lexwtl'átl'ekw'em (Klaklacum, Indian Reserve #12, first village and reserve south of American Creek), on the west side of the Fraser River:: Lexwp'oth'esála ~ Xwp'oth'esála < p'ó:th'es ~ p'óth'es. basket (any kind):: sí:tel ~ sítel. baskets:: sá'eltel < sí:tel ~ sítel. basket-weaving:: sch'eqw'ô3 welh < ts'éqw'. berry-basket:: sth'ímàlà ~ sth'ímà:la < sth'í:m ~ sth'ì:m. buckskin straps for tying a baby in its cradle or basket:: yémqetel < yém ~ yem. buckskin straps, lid for berry basket:: yémqetel < yém ~ yem. cedar sapling basket:: tl'pát. cedar slat basket, cedar sapling basket:: th'ô3 wex ~ th'ô3 wéx. cherry bark (for baskets):: st'elém < t'elém. clothes basket:: shxw'awkw'ála < á:wkw'. coiled bottom of a basket before the sides are on:: skwélets < kwél. design on basket:: sxéles < xél ~ xé:yl ~ xí:l designs on basket, basket designs:: sxelxéles < xél ~ xé:yl ~ xí:l face of a basket, (design on a basket):: =ó:s ~ =ós ~ =es. fine cedar root strips for baskets:: shxwth'á:lhtel. fishing basket, bait basket:: shxwmálahá:lá < má:la ~ má:le. grass scalded and bleached white for basketry imbrication (designs), sometimes called white straw grass, probably blue-joint reed-grass:: th'á:xey ~ th'áxey < th'áx. little basket:: sí:stel < sí:tel ~ sítel. little baskets:: selístel < sí:tel ~ sítel. little berry basket:: kw'álhem, lí:latses < elíle, skw'álhem < kw'élh. making a basket, (weaving a cedar root basket):: th'éqw'ôwelh ~ (probably ts'éqw'ôwelh) < ts'éqw'. plane it (with a plane), trim it, taper it (about wood, like slats or roots for baskets, poles for houseposts/totem poles, paddles), taper it (with knife or plane), peel it (a fruit, etc.), whittle it, strip or peel bark off of it, scrape it (of carrots), (carve it, peel it [AC]):: xípet < xíp. soapberry basket, Indian ice-cream basket:: sxwôsemálá < sxwô3 sem ~ sxwô3 :sem ~ sxô3 (:)sem. stink-egg basket, stink salmon egg basket:: kw'ôle'álá < kw'ô3 :la ~ kw'ú:la. storage basket (for oil, fruit, clothes), burial basket for twins, round basket (any size, smaller at top), clay jug (to store oil or fruit):: skwá:m ~ skwám < kwá:m ~ kwám. throw s-o down hard (like a wrestler), tap s-th (a container's bottom) [hard] on something to make the contents settle (like berry basket):: th'esét ~ th'sét < th'és. to weave a cedar root basket:: ts'eqw'ô3 :welh ~ ts'eqw'ô3 welh ~ ch'eqw'ô3 welh < ts'éqw'. water basket:: shxwqó:m < qó:. wide cedar root strips for baskets:: yemáwéstel < yém ~ yem. wide cedar (sapling) strips or slats from young cedar trunks, cedar slat work (basketry):: xpó:ys < sxéyp. bat
:: skw'elyáxel. bat, may include any/all of the following which occur in the Stó:lô area: western big-eared bat, big brown bat, silver-haired bat, hoary bat, California myotis, long-eared myotis, little brown myotis, long-legged myotis, Yuma myotis, and possibly the keen myotis:: p'íp'eth'elàxel ~ p'ip'eth'eláxel < p'í:. may include any or all of the following (all of which occur in the area): western big-eared
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary bat (CONT’D) bat, big brown bat, silver-haired bat, hoary bat, California myotis, long-eared myotis, little brown myotis, long-legged myotis, Yuma myotis, and possibly the keen myotis, respectively:: skw'elyáxel. young bat:: skw'íkw'elyàxel < skw'elyáxel.
bath) (bathe s-o, give s-o a bath), make s-o take a bath:: xó:kw'et < xókw' ~ xó:kw'. bathe (bathe s-o, give s-o a bath), make s-o take a bath:: xó:kw'et < xókw' ~ xó:kw'. bathing:: xóxekw'em < xókw' ~ xó:kw'. fourth day after a death (when everyone washes up (bathes)):: sxókw' < xókw' ~ xó:kw'. to bathe:: xó:kw'em < xókw' ~ xó:kw'. bathroom outhouse, toilet, bathroom:: atl'qeláwtxw < átl'q. bathtub :: shxwxóxekw'em < xókw' ~ xó:kw', xókw'emá:lá < xókw' ~ xó:kw'. battle) war-whoop, ((probably) a sung spell before battle):: syiwí:leqw < yéw: ~ yéw. Bay Echo Point on Echo Island, Echo Bay on Echo Island:: Xwixwe'áqel ~ Xwixwe'áqel ~ Xwôxwe'áqel < xwexwe'á. Pretty's Bay on Harrison River:: Sásq'etstel < sásq'ets. bay
:: sméya. a little bay in the Fraser River a quarter mile east of Iwówes (Union Bar, Aywawwis):: Qíqemqèmèl < qém:el. a little bay or eddy on Harrison River about two miles downriverfrom Chehalis:: Skw'á:lxw. bay at upper end of Íyém (Yale Indian Reserve #22):: Qémelets < qám. bay at upper end of Yale Indian Reserve #2 (Four-and-a-half Mile Creek) (near the northern end of Stó:lô territory):: Sqemqémelets < qám. Haig bay, a calm place on the west (C.P.R.) side of the Fraser River by the Haig railroad stop, below and across from Hope:: Sqám ~ Sqà:m < qám. largest deepest bay on Harrison River (between Victor McDonald's place and Morris Mt.):: Híkw Sméya < híkw. name of a seal bay on Harrison River just before Pretty's house going to Chehalis:: Áshxwetel < áshxw. Six-Mile Creek and bay on west side of Harrison Lake:: Lkwô3 xwethem < kwô3 xweth.
be a net is set, be set (of a net by canoe, not of a pole net):: semíliyel < mí:l ~ míl. be aching (of bones):: xáp'kw'tem < xep'ékw'. be ashamed:: xéyxe ~ xíxe. be brown:: tsqw'íxw < qw'íxw. be chewing s-th hard:: xéyxekw'et < xéykw'et. be considerate:: sts'íts'exw. be cut:: slhíts' < lhíts' ~ lhí:ts'. be deep, be very deep, be deep water:: shxwtl'ép < tl'ép. be drunk, got drunk:: só:les < sél or sí(:)l.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary be (CONT’D) be dry, get dry, to dry:: ts'íyxw ~ ts'éyxw ~ ch'íyxw. (be) dug out, (be hollowed out):: shxwótkw < xwótkw ~ xwótqw. be dumbfounded, be surprised, be stupified, be speechless:: slholhekw'íwel ~ slholhekw'í:wel < lhó:kw' ~ lhókw'. be feeling sorry:: xexélh te sqwálewel < xélh. be fixed, be fixed up properly:: sthethíy < thíy. be from where?:: tel'alétse ~ tel:étse < tel=. be gathered together:: sq'eq'íp < q'ép. [be getting black]:: sq'íq'exel < q'íx. [be getting brown]:: sqw'íqw'exwel < qw'íxw. be greedy:: sqél:éxw < qél:éxw ~ qel(:)éxw. be happy, being happy:: xwoxweyíwel < xwoyíwel ~ xwoyíwél. be hit (with arrow, bullet, anything shot that you've aimed), got shot, (got pierced), got poked into, got wounded (with gun or arrow):: ts'éqw'. be hopping:: ts'áts'ets'tl'ím < ts'tl'ám ~ ts'tl'ém. (be) hurting, be aching:: xexélh < xélh. be in a hurry:: s'ówth < áwth. be in a state of -ness:: =tem. being angry, continue to be angry, angry, mad, roused, stirred up:: t'át'eyeq' ~ t'át'iyeq' < t'ay. being ashamed:: xexéyxe < xéyxe ~ xíxe. being homesick:: t'ót'ekw'élmel < t'ó:kw'. being similar:: st'at'á < t. being tickled, (having tickling, getting tickling), tickley:: sá:yt'em ~ sayít'em < síyt'. be inside a pit-house:: sqemí:l < sqémél. be in the middle, be in the center:: shxwá:ye. be light (illuminated):: státewel < táw. be like, be similar to, be the same as, be a kind of:: sta'á ~ ste'á < t. be married:: smamalyí < malyí. be melting:: yíyet'em < yít'em. be near, be close to, be beside, be next to:: stetís < tés. be on top of:: sts'ets'á < ts'á:. be overcome with pleasurable feelings after eating great salmon or a great meal:: ts'éqw'. be over, past (passed):: yelá:w ~ yeláw ~ yiláw. be patient, Be patient.:: tl'épstexw ta' sqwálewel. < tl'ép. be really tangled, it's really tangled:: sq'á:lq' < q'ál. be skinny:: chtíth < títh ~ tí:th. be skinny, be thin:: stíth ~ stí:th < títh ~ tí:th. be sorry, the feelings are hurt:: xélh (te, kw'e) sqwálewel < xélh. (be) sunk:: smímeq' < míq'. be tangled (on something):: sq'álq' < q'ál. be twisted:: sxálts'ewel < xélts'. be twisted (mentally), he's twisted (mentally):: xélts'tem < xélts'. be under an umbrella:: sq'elóts'eqw < q'el. be unwrapped:: syíyexw < yíxw. be wearing a hat:: siyó:yseqw < yó:seqw ~ yóseqw. be yellow, be green:: tsqwá:y < qwá:y. continuative, be -ing:: -R1- or -C1e-, R5- or C1e-, R8= or C1a=, =R9= or =C1á(:)=. get angry, get mad, be angry:: t'áyeq' < t'ay. get stuck in the mud, get mired, be mired, get muddy:: t'ékw. have, get, stative or be with colors:: ts= ~ ts'.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary be (CONT’D) having labor pains, being in labor in childbirth:: ts'áts'elem. how beautiful., be really beautiful:: yú:wqwlha < yú:w. hurry, hurry up, be quick, be fast, move faster, quickly:: xwém ~ xwém. [looks a state of going brown, be getting brown-looking]:: sqw'íqw'exwelomex < qw'íxw. seven, to be seven:: th'ó:kws. sleeting, be sleeting:: xwí:qw'el < xwíqw'. stative, be:: s=. to be attached, to be fixed or fastened, be put on:: stl'átl'el < tl'ál. working, be working:: yóyes < yó:ys.
beach beach in front of old Scowlitz village, the point the Harrison River goes around by Kilby's store:: Sq'iq'ewílem < q'éw ~ q'ew. beach on east side of Harrison Lake across from Long Island where there are lots of flat rocks, most of which have holes in them:: Sqweqwehíwel < qwá. beach, shore:: cháchew ~ cháchu. go out from the beach (if in a canoe):: tó:l ~ tò:l. soft (knee-shaped) cliff on a beach:: =ó:lthel. bead
:: th'eth'xéyt or th'eth'xít < th'exét. little tiny beads:: ts'ets'emíkw. prayer beads:: lesúpli.
beak (have a) hook nose, beak nose, Roman nose, (be bent-nosed):: sqémqsel < qém. beam
:: shxwt'ólhestel < t'álh. cross-beam (in a house):: st'álh < t'álh, t'élhmel < t'álh. sunbeams:: sxelxéles te syó:qwem < yéqw. beams (of longhouse, all of them), houseposts:: stíqw’teqw’ < tíqw’.
bean kinnikinnick berry, bearberry, Indian tobacco, domestic pea, domestic green bean, and probably giant vetch berry:: tl'íkw'el. kinnikinnick plant, domestic pea-vine, domestic bean-vine, giant vetch vine:: tl'ikw'íyelhp < tl'íkw'el. open (of peas, beans):: xwís. bean sprouts:: ts’íts’esem tl’íkw’els (lit. growing up + bean) < ts’ís, tl’íkw’el kidney beans:: tskwimómex tl’íkw’el (lit. dark red in appearance + bean) < kwím, tl’íkw’el lima beans:: thós sp’eq’í:l tl’íkw’el (lit. big round + off-white + bean) < thí, p’éq’, tl’íkw’el Bear Female Grizzly Bear:: Yeqwílmetelòt < yéqw. Male Grizzly Bear:: Yeqwílmet ~ Syeqwílmetxw < yéqw. bear bear cub:: spathó:llh < pá:th. bear dung:: spàthélets < pá:th. bear (generic), esp. black bear, also includes brown bear, bear with a white breast, and grizzly bear though these all have separate names:: spá:th < pá:th. bear-shaped rock up on cliff on south side above Echo Point bay on Echo Island in
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary bear (CONT’D) Harrison Lake:: Spá:th < pá:th. bear trap:: pathúyel < pá:th. brown bear:: spá:th < pá:th, tskwímelqel < kwí:m. female black bear with white spot [or mark] on the chest:: Sxéylmòt or sxéylmòt < xél ~ xé:yl ~ xí:l. grizzly bear:: xeytl'áls ~ xeytl'á:ls, kw'í:tsel. male black bear with white spot [or mark] on the chest:: Sxé:ylmet or sxé:ylmet < xél ~ xé:yl ~ xí:l. to be born:: kwól ~ kwó:l. white-breasted bear, a bear with white on the breast, (brown bear with a white chest [AK]):: ts'aweyí:les < ts'áwi or ts'áwiy. bearberry kinnikinnick berry, bearberry, Indian tobacco, domestic pea, domestic green bean, and probably giant vetch berry:: tl'íkw'el. beard hair on the chin or jaw, beard, mustache:: qwiliyéthel < qwíl ~ qwel. Bear M ountain Bear Mountain, also called Lhóy''s Mountain:: Siyó:ylexwe Smá:lt < siyó:lexwe ~ syó:lexwe ~siyólexwe beat a drum, small stick used to drum or beat time to songs in slahal game:: q'ówet. beating (s-o/s-th), thrashing (s-o/s-th):: qw'óqw'eqwet < qw'óqw. beating s-o/s-th with a stick, hitting s-o/s-th with a stick, clubbing it:: kw'ókw'eqwet < kw'óqw. beating s-o up:: xexéyet < xéyet. beat s-o out of food:: (xwéweslexw). beat or hit s-o/s-th with a stick, hit s-th (on purpose), hit s-o intentionally:: kw'óqwet < kw'óqw. beat s-o up:: xlhét < xélh. beat s-o up, kick s-o in fight, lick s-o (in fight), spank s-o, fight s-o (till he cries for ex.), fight s-o in anger, fight s-o back:: xéyet. beat up s-o as a lesson till he learns or gives up, teach s-o a lesson:: lepét < lép. slow beat:: t'íw ~ t'ì:w. smash s-th to pieces (hard pitch, splintery wood, a glass), break s-th to pieces, beat s-th/s-o to a pulp:: th'ô3 :wt stick for beating blankets or clothes or mat, blanket-beater, clothes-beater, mat-beater, rug-beater:: kw'ekw'qwá:lth'átel < kw'óqw. beater soapberry beater, stick for whipping up soapberries or Indian ice cream:: th'amawéstel or th'emawéstel < th'ím ~ th'í:m. stick for beating blankets or clothes or mat, blanket-beater, clothes-beater, mat-beater, rug-beater:: kw'ekw'qwá:lth'átel < kw'óqw. beautiful.:: éyqwlha < éy ~ éy:, qélqwlha < qél. good-looking, beautiful, pretty, handsome, looks good:: iyó:mex ~ iyóméx ~ iyómex < éy ~ éy:. how beautiful., be really beautiful:: yú:wqwlha < yú:w, yú:wqwlha < yú:w. Beaver Beaver (name in a story):: Qelá:wiya < sqelá:w.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary beaver
beaver :: sqelá:w. little beaver:: sqiqelá:w < sqelá:w. Beaver Creek Beaver Creek (at U.S.-Canada boundary line):: Sqelá:w (Stótelô) < sqelá:w. beaver dam:: teqáp or teqíp < téq. Beaver Lake Beaver Lake or Hanging Lake:: Sqelá:w (Xóxtsa) < sqelá:w. because because (he, she, it, they):: tl'okw'es ~ tl'okwses ~ tl'ekwses < tl'ó ~ tl'o. become become aware (said for ex. of a child about three years or so, or of realizing how something is done), come to one's senses, sober up:: p'élh. become a widow, become a widower:: yatílém < syá:tel. become, get:: xwa ~ xwe, xwe=, xwe ~ xwa. become glad, become happy, happy inside:: xwoyíwel ~ xwoyíwél. be faded (of clothes), (get/become) faded, (go or get or become gray):: xwíkw'el < xwíkw'. [be get/go/become red]:: tskwímel < kwí:m. get, (become), turn, go:: =thet. (get closed, become closed):: xwtáq < téq. go, come, get, become:: =í:l ~ =i,l ~ =el. gone blue, (go blue, get blue, become blue):: meth'í:l < méth'. got red, became red, gone red:: kwí:mel < kwí:m. lose heart, become disappointed, become discouraged:: qelqéyl or qelqí:l < qél, qelqéyl or qelqí:l < qél. bed
:: pí:t, shxw'áxeth < áxeth. bed, (child, young):: =á(:)ylh ~ =á(:)lh ~ =elh (~ =iylh ~ =ó:llh ?). (be) doubled up in bed on one's side with knees drawn up:: sqw'emóxw < qw'ómxw. beds:: shxw'álexeth(') < áxeth. boards put under bed if moved outside:: lhexôwéstel < lhá:x ~ lháx. fix oneself in bed:: tl'ó:thet < tl'ó:t. make a bed, make (straighten up) a bed, make one's bed:: thiyá:lhem ~ thiyálhem < thíy. mattress, mats used in beds, (diaper(s) [AC]):: slhá:wel. platform (in house, etc.), bed platform, platform in bottom of canoe, flooring (the planks):: lálwes. riverbed:: stolôwálá < tó:l ~ tò:l. roll over in bed, turn over in bed:: ts'ó:lexeth' < ts'el. sofa, couch, chesterfield, place where one's sitting, (bed [AC, MC (Katzie)]):: shxw'ó:met < emét. to the back (near the wall), on the inside (on a bed toward the wall):: lhelhá:l. upset bed, mess s-th up:: yélqw't < yél or perhaps yá:l. wet one's head (sic?), (wet one's bed repeatedly):: lhélqwelhem < lhél. wet the bed, (urinate in the bed):: sexwe'áléxeth' < séxwe, xiwe'áléxeth < xíwe. wetting his/her bed:: xíxewe'áléxeth' < xíwe.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary bedbug bedbug common bedbug:: lhelhq'etíwel < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t, shxwelítemelh méxts'el < méxts'el. bedroom bedroom, hotel:: itetáwtxw < ítet, pí:tawtxw < pí:t. bee bee, honeybee, hornet, wasp:: sisemó:ya ~ sisemóya ~ sisemóye ~ sísemòye. bumblebee:: mékwmekw < mékw. yellow-jacket bee:: xexp'ítsel sisemó:ye < sisemó:ya ~ sisemóya ~ sisemóye ~ sísemòye. beef cow, bull, beef:: músmes. beer
:: p'óp'eqw'em < p'óqw'em.
beer parlor liquor store, beer parlor (AC):: lamáwtxw < lám. beets:: tskwím shxw’ólewù < kwím, shxw’ólewù (lit. red + turnip) beetle ladybug, ladybird beetle:: slhálhlí < slhá:lí. metallic blue-green beetle, "June bug", probably metallic wood-boring beetle, or possibly some types of long-horn beetle which aremetallic green with reddish legs:: tále te syó:qwem < tá:le ~ tále, tále te syó:qwem < yéqw. before
:: yewá:lmels ~ iwá:lmels < yewá:l. be in, in, be on, on, be at, at, before (an audience), (untranslated):: lí ~ li.
beg beggar:: lexwshxwmó:mel < shxwmó:l. begging:: shxwmómel < shxwmó:l. begging for a favor, asking for help:: th'íth'exwstélémét < th'íxw ~ th'éxw. to beg:: shxwmó:l. type of bird that begs for bones or food with the song: paspes(y)í(:)tsel kw'e sth'ò:m th'ò:m th'ò:m, probably a song sparrow:: paspesítsel ~ paspasyí:tsel ~ pespesí:tsel < pas ~ pes. begin begin(ning) to, start(ing) to, inceptive:: mí ~ mé ~ me. begin, start, (be) just started, just began, be just begun:: yálhò < yalh. feel like singing a spirit song, be in a trance making sighsand crying sounds before singing a spirit song, be in the beginning of a trance before the spirit song is recognizable (the motions and sounds, crying out or wailing before singing):: lhéch. behind be last, be behind, after:: lhiyó:qwt. be last (in travelling), be behind (in travelling):: yelhyó:qwt < lhiyó:qwt. be with behind facing toward something (like a fire):: sle'álets < le'á. dragging one's behind or rump or bottom:: xwókw'eletsem < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary behind (CONT’D) drag out behind:: tóxwem < tóxw. feel creepy, fear something behind one:: sísem < síy. feeling creepy, fearing something behind one:: sísesem < síy. follow after, coming behind (the one ahead knows):: chokwelélqem < chó:kw. follow behind s-o, trail s-o:: chokwí:lt < chó:kw. follow s-th/s-o (on foot, in a car, or on a horse, for ex.), follow behind s-o:: chó:lt < chá:l or chó:l. forget s-th, forget s-o, forget s-th behind:: málqlexw ~ málqelexw < mál ~ mél. get a spooky or spooked feeling, afraid that bad spirits are around, get spooked, fear something behind:: xéysel. go out of sight (behind something), disappear [behind something], [get in shade]:: t'á:l. (have a) dirty behind, (dirty in the rump, dirty in the rectum):: ts'epí:wel < ts'épx. have one's hands behind one's back:: sq'eth'ewíts ~ sq'eth'ôwíts < q'áth'. hit on the behind (with a stick-like object):: kw'qwélets < kw'óqw. in back of a house, behind a house:: tselqwáxelmel < chá:l or chó:l. kick s-o in the behind, kick s-o in the rump:: lamá'íwét < lemá'. leave s-o, leave s-th, go away from s-o/s-th, abandon s-o, leave s-o behind:: áyeles < á:y. put one's hands behind one's back:: q'eth'ôwítsem < q'áth'.
being being annoyed:: th'íth'ewel < th'íwél. being nervous, being excited, (getting nervous/excited):: th'óyéxwem < th'ó:yxwem. having labor pains, being in labor in childbirth:: ts'áts'elem. someone is being pinched:: th'ith'lhákw'etem < th'lhákw'. belch belching:: qwóqwets'et < qwáts'et. to belch, to burp:: qwáts'et. believe :: q'á:l. believe s-o, trust s-o:: q'élmet < q'á:l. believing:: q'áq'el < q'á:l. believing s-o:: q'áq'elmet < q'á:l. doubting s-o/s-th, be not believing s-o/s-th:: mameth'élexw < máth'el. doubt s-o, not believe s-th/s-o:: meth'éléxw < máth'el. bell bellringer:: tíltel mál < tí:ltel. to rattle (of dishes or anything else loose), jingle (of money or any metal shaken), peal or toll (of a bell), make the sound of a bell, to ring (of a bell, telephone, in the ears):: th'á:tsem < th'éts or th'á(:)ts. to ring a bell:: tí:ltel. bellringer bellringer:: tíltel mál < tí:ltel. belly belly fin:: th'étmel. belly, stomach:: kw'él:a ~ kw'éla.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary belly-button belly-button belly-button, navel:: mô3 xwoya ~ mô3 xweya ~ méxweya. little belly-button:: mímxwoya < mô3 xwoya ~ mô3 xweya ~ méxweya. ruptured belly button, ruptured navel:: lhéxwelòw < lhexw. belong chief's, (belonging to a chief, in the style of a chief):: siyómelh < siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m. (one's) own, belongs to (one):: swá. belongings belongings (AC):: á:wkw'. below "a little below":: stutuwóthel ~ stewtewóthel. a little below the mouth of a creek or slough:: chichewóthel < cháchew ~ cháchu. (be) below, (be) underneath, (be) at the bottom of a pile or stack:: stl'epólwelh ~ stl'pólwelh < tl'ép. (be) downstream below something:: sôqw'ólwelh < wô3 qw' ~ wéqw'. deep down, below, down below, low:: tl'ép. downriver, down that way, downriver below:: lhósexel < lhós. go down, go down below, get low:: tl'pí:l ~ tl'epí:l < tl'ép. belt belt, (necklace?? [DM]):: shxwyémtel ~ shxwiyémtel < yém ~ yem. tighten it (a belt, a pack, etc.):: q'íxwet. bench chair, bench, seat, something to sit on:: ch'áletstel ~ sch'á(:)letstel ~ shxwch'áletstel < ts'á:. bend a bend in a river, a curve of a lake:: sq'ówqel < q'éw ~ q'ew. a bend in a road:: sq'ówqel < q'éw ~ q'ew. a turn in the Fraser River on the CPR (northwest) side two miles east of American Bar, Texas Bar bend in the Fraser River:: Sq'ewílem < q'éw ~ q'ew. be bent, be crooked:: spópiy < pó:y. (be) bent, (perhaps bent round):: sqóqem < qém. bending lots of things, bending them (lots of things):: piypó:yt < pó:y. bending over:: qép'esem < qep'. bending s-th:: pópeyt ~ pópiyt < pó:y. bend s-th:: pó:yt < pó:y. bent over?:: stl'ítl'em. be supple, be easy to bend:: met'mét'. go around a bend in the river, go around a turn, go around something in one's way:: q'ewílem < q'éw ~ q'ew. go around a bend (in water):: q'éwlets ~ q'ówlets < q'éw ~ q'ew. go around (a point, a bend, a curve, etc.) in the water, make a U-turn (in the water, could use today on land with a car):: q'ówletsem < q'éw ~ q'ew. (have a) hook nose, beak nose, Roman nose, (be bent-nosed):: sqémqsel < qém. limber, supple, bend easily (of a person):: leqw'ímô3 ws. put one's head down, bend, bend over, bend over with one's head down, stoop down:: qep'ósem < qep'.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary bend (CONT’D) tree bent to ground with ice and frozen:: sxwíqel. turn around a bend, go around a bend, turn around (to go back), turn around a corner:: q'ewqé:ylém ~ q'ewqéylém (better q'ewqí:lem) < q'éw ~ q'ew.
benefactive benefactive, do for s-o, malefactive, do on s-o:: -lhts. bent bent U-shaped plane with handle on each end for canoe-making:: sqw'emóxw sxíxep < xíp, sqw'emóxw xíxepels < xíp. Berardius bairdi perhaps generic, most likely includes all local balleen whales, i.e., suborder M ysticeti, especially Balaenoptera physalus and Megaptera novaeangliae, possibly Eschrichtius glaucus, Balaenoptera borealis, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Sibbaldus musculus, Eubalaena sieboldi, could include the following toothed whales (suborder Odontoceti): Physeter catodon, possibly Berardius bairdi, Mesoplodon stejnegeri, Ziphius cavirostrus:: qwél:és ~ qwélés. Berberis aquifolium:: th'ô3 :lth'iyelhp. Berberis nervosa:: selíy, selíyelhp < selíy. bereft pitiful, (bereft, poor):: selá:wa. berry
:: =ó:me. a kind of blueberry:: sxíxeq? or sxíxeq'?. a sprout or shoot (esp. of the kinds peeled and eaten in spring), sweet green inner shoots, green berry shoots, salmonberry shoots, wild raspberry shoots and greens, salmonberry sprouts, blackcap shoots, thimbleberry shoots, wild rhubarb shoots, fern shoots:: stháthqiy. berry-basket:: sth'ímàlà ~ sth'ímà:la < sth'í:m ~ sth'ì:m. berry, berries, (fruit [AC, AD]):: sth'í:m ~ sth'ì:m. berry plant:: th'í:melhp < sth'í:m ~ sth'ì:m. berry juice:: sth’í:m sqe’óleqw < th’í:m, qó: blackberry, berry of the wild trailing blackberry, berry of evergreen blackberry (intro.), berry of Himalaya blackberry (intro.), respectively:: skw'ô3 :lmexw. blackberry (fruit), (before contact, only) wild trailing blackberry, (now also) evergreen blackberry, (now also) Himalaya blackberry:: skw'ô3 :lmexw. blackcap berry:: tselqó:mé < tsélq. blackcap berry or berries:: tselqó:me ~ tselqómo < tsélq ~ chélq. black hawthorn berry, blackhaw berries:: máts'el. blue elderberry:: th'í:kwekw ~ th'í:qweqw. bog blueberry, tall swamp blueberry:: mó:lsem ~ mólsem. bog cranberry:: qwemchó:ls < qwà:m ~ qwám. buckskin straps, lid for berry basket:: yémqetel < yém ~ yem. dried saskatoon berries:: sk'ak'áxwe. fall off (of leaves, berries):: xwís. fresh saskatoon berry, service-berry, June berry:: ts'esláts. gooseberry:: t'á:mxw. gray mountain blueberry which looks like sxwéxixeq but is sweeter, oval-leaved blueberry, could also be Cascade blueberry:: xwíxwekw' < xwíkw'.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary berry (CONT’D) hull of berry (inside left after the berry is picked), "stem" or base of berry left after the berry is picked:: th'ép'oyeqw ~ th'épeyeqw. Japanese wineberry:: th'elíth'eplexw ~ ts'elíts'eplexw (or perhaps ts'elíts'ep'lexw) < th'éplexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexw). kinnikinnick berry, bearberry, Indian tobacco, domestic pea, domestic green bean, and probably giant vetch berry:: tl'íkw'el. little berry basket:: kw'álhem, skw'álhem < kw'élh. mountain ash berries, (perhaps also) mountain ash tree:: qwíqwelh. pick berries, pick off (leaves, fruit, vegetables, hops), (pluck off, harvest):: lhím. plant with three black berries always joined together, (possibly black twinberry):: xó:lelhp. possibly high-bush cranberry, more likely squashberry:: kwúkwewels. prickly swamp currant, swamp gooseberry:: th'kw'íwíyelhp < th'ekw' or th'íkw'. red elderberry:: sth'íwéq'. red elderberry (the berry):: sth'íwéq'. red-flowering currant berry, Indian currant berry, probably also stink currant berry also called skunk currant berry:: sp'á:th'. red huckleberry:: sqá:la, sqá:le. salal berry:: t'áqe. salmonberry (the berry itself):: elíle. shiny black mountain huckleberry, also called a mountain blueberry by the speakers:: kwxwó:mels < kwoxw. short gray bog blueberries with berries in bunches, probably the Canada blueberry also known as velvet-leaf blueberry, this term is for both the fruit and the plant:: lhewqí:m. short Oregon grape berry:: selíy. smallest gray swamp blueberries, smallest variety of Canada blueberry:: lhelhewqí:m < lhewqí:m. small gray mountain blueberry on a low plant, dwarf blueberry:: sxwéxixeq ~ sxw'éxixeq. "snakeberry", includes False Solomon’s seal, star-flowered Solomon's seal, and probably Twisted-stalk (2 spp.) and Hooker's fairy bells:: sth'íms te álhqey < sth'í:m ~ sth'ì:m. snowberry:: pepq'éyò:s < p'éq'. snowberry plant:: qewówelhp. soapberry:: sxwô3 sem ~ sxwô3 :sem ~ sxô3 (:)sem. spread them out to dry (berries, bulrushes, etc.):: ts'íyxwt ~ ts'éyxwt < ts'íyxw ~ ts'éyxw ~ ch'íyxw. swamp gooseberry, prickly swamp currant:: ts'qw'í:wíyelhp. tall gray mountain blueberry, probably Alaska blueberry:: léth'ilets. tall Oregon grape berry:: th'ô3 :lth'iyelhp sth'í:m ~ sth'í:ms te th'ô3 :lth'iyelhp < th'ô3 :lth'iyelhp. thimbleberry:: t'qwém. to cup water in one's hands, to cup berries in one's hands:: qéltsesem < qó:. touch s-o purposely, squish it (of berries, etc.), smash s-th, mash it (berries, potatoes, carrots, etc.), bump it:: tóset < tós. whitecap berry, white blackcap berry:: p'éq' tselqó:me < tsélq ~ chélq. wild red raspberry, domestic red raspberry:: s'ó:ytheqw < éy ~ éy:. berry basket little berry basket:: lí:latses < elíle. beseech ask a favor, ask pity, beseech:: th'exwstélémét < th'íxw ~ th'éxw.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1104
beside beside be near, be close to, be beside, be next to:: stetís < tés. best (be) bragging, extravagant in claims, bull-headed, claims he's the best:: sqoyéxiya < sqáyéx ~ sqayéx. be totally independent, doing the best one can:: óyó:lwethet < éy ~ éy:. manage by oneself (in food or travel), try to do it by oneself, try to be independent, do the best one can:: iyólewéthet < éy ~ éy:. my dear, (little best friend, little dear friend, etc.):: q'éyq'eleq ~ (better) q'íq'eleq < q'ó. pal, best friend, dear friend, chum:: q'óleq ~ q'e'óléq < q'ó. better be good, good, well, nice, fine, better, better (ought to), it would be good if, may it be good, let it be good, happy, glad, clean, well-behaved, polite, virgin, popular, comfortable (with furniture, other things?),:: éy ~ éy:. come alive, come back to life, get better (from sickness), get well, revive:: áylexw ~ áyelexw. making s-th better, repairing s-th once discarded:: p'áp'ekw'et < p'ákw'. recover, be better:: i'éyel < éy ~ éy:. repair s-th once discarded, make s-th better, fix s-th up, repair s-th:: p'ákw'et < p'ákw'. revive s-o, bring s-o back to life, heal s-o, (EB) give s-o medicine to make him better?:: á:yelexwt < áylexw ~ áyelexw. Betula papyriforma commutata:: sékw'emiy < síkw'. between middle (in age or spatial position), between:: alxwítsel. put s-th between the teeth, put it in one's mouth, bite on s-th (not into it):: ts’ámet ~ ch'ámet. beware
:: siyót < yó:t ~ yót.
bicycle a bicycle:: póysekel. to cycle, ride a bicycle:: xwpóysekel < póysekel. big be big, be large, be high (of floodwater), rise (of floodwater):: híkw. be big (of a fire), the fire is big, the fire is going strong, big fire:: thó:lchep ~ thó:ltsep < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (be) larger, bigger:: thíthe < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. be very big:: hí:kw ~ hí::kw < híkw. big bird:: thehíws < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. big bird, (large bird (of any kind)), any waterfowl:: xwí:leqw ~ xwé:yleqw ~ xwéyleqw. big-bodied people, (have big bodies):: thíthehí:ws < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. big ears, (have big ears):: thithehá:lí:ya < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. big penis, (have a big penis):: thá:q < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. big person (of females), big lady:: thékwàl. big tree, (be big of a tree or plant):: sthá:lhp < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh, sthá:lhp < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. big voice (usually deep):: thíwelh < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1105
big (CONT’D) big waves, (have big waves):: thitheháleq < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. get big, rise (of floodwater):: híkwthet < híkw. (have) a big face:: xwthó:s < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. have a big head:: thó:qw < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have a) big mouth:: thehó:ythel < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh, xwthó:thel < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have a) big neck:: thahápsem < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have a) big nose:: sméqsel < méqsel. (have a) big rump:: thehíwel < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have a) big rump, (have a) big "bum" (bottom):: thahélets < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have a) real big foot, (have a) huge foot:: thí:thaxel < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have) big eyes:: thithehó:les < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have) big feet:: thíthexel < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have) big hand(s):: thíthetses < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have) big heads (of a bunch of fish for ex.):: thítheqw < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have) sloppy ears, big ears:: slhellhelp'á:lí:ya < lhél. longhouse for spirit-dancers, the big house, smokehouse (for spirit-dancing):: stháwtxw < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. rising, getting big:: hahíkwthet < híkw. something big (and round) (for ex. big fruit, big rocks, etc.):: thíthes < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. stout (of a person), thick (of a tree), thick around, coarse (of a rope), big (fat) (of a person). big (in girth):: mékw, mékw. Big Dipper Big Dipper, (the Elk):: Q'oyíyets ~ Q'oyí:ts < q'oyíyets or q'oyí:ts. bile gall-bladder, gall, bile, have bile trouble, be jaundiced, bilious:: leléts' ~ laléts'. bilious gall-bladder, gall, bile, have bile trouble, be jaundiced, bilious:: leléts' ~ laléts'. bill bird's bill:: t'óp'els < t'óp', t'ót'ep'els < t'óp'. Billy Harris's Slough slough called Billy Harris's Slough or Louie's Slough, the next slough east of Yálhxetel and west of Q'iq'ewetó:lthel:: Meth'á:lméxwem ~ Mth'á:lmexwem. bind tie it up, bind it, tie it (parcel, broken shovel handle, belt, two ropes together):: q'áp'et ~ q'á:p'et < q'áp'. birch a yellowish glow at night given off by old birch and alder:: qwéth'. birch, western white birch:: sékw'emiy < síkw'. inner cedar bark (maybe error), (birch bark [AHTTC]):: sèqw'emí:ws < síqw'em. place where a grove of birches stood/stand near the Kickbush place on Chilliwack River Road in Sardis, (village at junction of Semmihault Creek and Chilliwack River [W ells 1965 (lst ed.):19]) :: Sekw'sekw'emá:y < síkw'.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary Bird
Bird Female Salmonberry Bird, (Female Swainson's Thrush):: Xwatóy < xwét. Male Salmonberry Bird, (Male Swainson's Thrush):: Xwét < xwét. bird animal or bird one is afraid of and can't see, powerful creature, supernatural creature:: stl'á:leqem. big bird:: thehíws < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. big bird, (large bird (of any kind)), any waterfowl:: xwí:leqw ~ xwé:yleqw ~ xwéyleqw. bird's bill:: t'óp'els < t'óp', t'ót'ep'els < t'óp'. call of a little bird (chickadee?):: ts'í:ts'tlemeth' < ts'í:tl' ~ ts'ítl'. common nighthawk, (rain bird [Elders Group]):: pí:q'. eight birds:: tqatsíws < tqá:tsa. five birds:: lhq'atssí:ws < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. flesh (human, non-human), meat (of dried fish, animal, or bird):: slhíqw. four birds:: xethílews < xe'ó:thel ~ xe'óthel. gray or brown-gray chichadee-sized bird which calls t'ú' or tsk tsk in maple woods near American Bar:: t'ú'. larger bird (any kind, generic), waterfowl, duck, (mallard [Cheh. dial.]):: mó:qw. let oneself fall, drop oneself down (by parachute, rope, etc., said of little birds trying to fly out of nest, little animals trying to get down and let themselves fall):: chólqthet < tsélq ~ chélq. nine birds:: tuxwíws < tú:xw. one bird:: lets'íws < léts'a ~ léts'e. sailing (of a bird), gliding on the wind:: yáyelem. seven birds:: th'ekwsíws < th'ó:kws. six birds (dead or alive):: t'xemô3 ws < t'éx. small bird:: xwéyxweleqw or xwí:xweleqw < xwí:leqw ~ xwé:yleqw ~ xwéyleqw. small bird (any kind, generic):: mí:meqw ~ mímeqw < mó:qw. Swainson's thrush, the salmonberry bird:: xwét. tail (of animal, bird):: stl'ep'él:ets ~ stl'ep'élets. ten birds:: epálôws < ó:pel, opelíws < ó:pel. three birds:: lhxwíws < lhí:xw. thunderbird:: shxwexwó:s. to catch (fish, game, birds):: chxélcha < xélcha. two birds:: iselíws < isá:le ~ isále ~ isá:la, islóqw < isá:le ~ isále ~ isá:la. type of bird that begs for bones or food with the song: paspes(y)í(:)tsel kw'e sth'ò:m th'ò:m th'ò:m, probably a song sparrow:: paspesítsel ~ paspasyí:tsel ~ pespesí:tsel < pas ~ pes. birth after-birth:: s'ó:qw. giving birth, having a child, having a baby:: tsméla < méle ~ mél:a. have given birth, already had a child, had a baby, (delivered):: sémele < méle ~ mél:a. having labor pains, being in labor in childbirth:: ts'áts'elem. birthmark strawberry birthmark on the arm:: schíyeláxel < schí:ya. bit a little bit, small bit, a few:: emímel ~ amí:mel. a small person (old or young) is picking or trying to pick, an inexperienced person is picking or trying to pick, picking a little bit, someone who can't pick well is picking:: lhilhím < lhím.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary bit (CONT’D) (be a) little bit proud, [a little] proud:: smámth'el < máth'el. small (AC, BJ), little (AC), a little bit (Deming: EF, MC, Cheh.: EB):: axwíl. bite a bite:: sq'éykw' < q'éykw' or q'í:kw'. a biter (animal, fish, etc.), a thing that is (always) biting:: ch'ech'émels < ts’ámet ~ ch'ámet. a thing that bites:: ch'emá:ls < ts’ámet ~ ch'ámet. bite into s-th/s-o, bite s-th, bite s-o:: q'éykw'et ~ q'í:kw'et < q'éykw' or q'í:kw'. biting into s-th/s-o, biting s-o/s-th:: q'éyq'ekw'et < q'éykw' or q'í:kw'. biting on s-th:: ch'mát < ts’ámet ~ ch'ámet. put s-th between the teeth, put it in one's mouth, bite on s-th (not into it):: ts’ámet ~ ch'ámet. to snap (one's fingers, a louse when one bites it, etc.):: tl'eméqw < tl'ém. bitter
:: títexem. be bitter (like of cascara bark or medicine or rancid peanuts):: sásexem ~ sá:sexem < sáxem. bitter, rancid:: chíchexem. got rancid, got bitter:: chxí:mthet < chíchexem.
black be black:: tsq'éyx ~ tsq'íx ~ ts'q'éyx ~ ts'q'íx < q'íx. [be getting black]:: sq'íq'exel < q'íx, tsq'íq'exel < q'íx. black eye, bruised eye:: st'it'eqó:les < t'íq. black paint:: ts’q’éyx témelh < témélh. get black:: q'íxel < q'íx. [getting black]:: q'íq'exel < q'íx. paint one's face red or black (spirit dancer, Indian doctor, ritualist, etc.):: lhíxesem < lhá:x ~ lháx. plant with three black berries always joined together, (possibly black twinberry):: xó:lelhp. scorch s-th, blacken s-th with fire, heat it up (near a fire), burning a canoe with pitchwood to remove splinters and burn on black pitch):: qw'á:yt < qw'á:y. spread red or black paint on s-th(?)/s-o:: lhíxet < lhá:x ~ lháx. to paint red or black (spirit dancer, Indian doctor, etc.):: lhíx < lhá:x ~ lháx. blackberry blackberry, berry of the wild trailing blackberry, berry of evergreen blackberry (intro.), berry of Himalaya blackberry (intro.), respectively:: skw'ô3 :lmexw, skw'ô3 :lmexw. blackberry (fruit), (before contact, only) wild trailing blackberry, (now also) evergreen blackberry, (now also) Himalaya blackberry:: skw'ô3 :lmexw. blackberry juice:: sqw’ô3 :lmexw sqe’óleqw < qw’ô3 :lmexw, qó: blackberry vine, blackberry bush:: skw'ô3 :lmexwelhp < skw'ô3 :lmexw. Himalaya blackberry bush, evergreen blackberry bush:: xwelítemelh skw'ô3 :lmexwelhp < skw'ô3 :lmexw. trailing blackberry vine:: shxwelméxwelh skw'ô3 :lmexwelhp < skw'ô3 :lmexw. blackbird blackbird, Brewer's blackbird, or smaller crow, i.e., northwestern crow:: q'eláq'a.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
blackboard) blackboard) eraser (for pencil or blackboard):: shxwe'íqw'els < íqw'. blackcap a sprout or shoot (esp. of the kinds peeled and eaten in spring), sweet green inner shoots, green berry shoots, salmonberry shoots, wild raspberry shoots and greens, salmonberry sprouts, blackcap shoots, thimbleberry shoots, wild rhubarb shoots, fern shoots:: stháthqiy. blackcap berry:: tselqó:mé < tsélq. blackcap berry or berries:: tselqó:me ~ tselqómo < tsélq ~ chélq. blackcap bush:: tselqó:má:lhp < tsélq ~ chélq. blackcap plant:: tselqó:má:lhp < tsélq. whitecap berry, white blackcap berry:: p'éq' tselqó:me < tsélq ~ chélq. blacken blackened bitter cherry bark:: pélel. scorch s-th, blacken s-th with fire, heat it up (near a fire), burning a canoe with pitchwood to remove splinters and burn on black pitch):: qw'á:yt < qw'á:y. blackfish killer whale, blackfish:: q'ellhólemètsel. black fly gnat, probably includes non-biting midges, biting midges, and (biting) black flies:: pepxwíqsel < píxw. blackhaw black hawthorn berry, blackhaw berries:: máts'el. bladder :: séxwatel ~ séxwàtel < séxwe, sexwe'álá < séxwe. fish air-bladder:: xixxweláwa. blade shoulder-blade:: kweq'tál. Blaine W hite Rock, B.C., Blaine, W ash.:: P'eq'ó:ls < p'éq'. blank splitting wood (esp. blanks and bolts):: póqwels < péqw. blanket blanket (modern), covering:: léxwtel < lexw. blanket robe:: tl'exwewítstel < tl'xw ~ tl'exw. cover s-o with a blanket, cover s-th, cover s-th/s-o up:: léxwet < lexw. eight Indian blankets [Boas], eight dollars:: tqó:tsó:s < tqá:tsa. four dollars, ((also) four blankets [Boas]):: xethíles < xe'ó:thel ~ xe'óthel. nine dollars, (nine Indian blankets [Boas]):: tú:xwes < tú:xw. one dollar, one Indian blanket (Boas):: léts'es < léts'a ~ léts'e. pile it up (blankets, rocks, anything):: ts'itóléstexw. seven dollars, (seven Indian blankets or dollars [Boas]):: th'ókwses < th'ó:kws. shake s-th (tree or bush) for fruit or leaves, comb a bush (for berries), shake s-th (a mat or blanket for ex.):: xwíset ~ xwítset < xwís.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary blanket (CONT’D)) six dollars, (six Indian blankets [Boas]):: t'xém:es ~ t'xémés < t'éx. spread it out (of blanket, net, book, etc.):: tlhét ~ tlhát ~ telhét < télh. square dressing room or shelter of blankets where sxwóyxwey dancers change before doing the sxwóyxwey dance:: q'eléts'tel < q'el. stick for beating blankets or clothes or mat, blanket-beater, clothes-beater, mat-beater, rug-beater:: kw'ekw'qwá:lth'átel < kw'óqw. ten dollars, (ten Indian blankets [Boas]):: epóles < ó:pel. three dollars, three tokens of wealth, three blankets (Boas), three cyclic periods:: lhí:xwes < lhí:xw. two dollars, [Boas] two Indian blankets:: isó:les < isá:le ~ isále ~ isá:la. woven goat-wool blanket, (twilled weave (JL)):: swô3 qw'elh. blanket-beater stick for beating blankets or clothes or mat, blanket-beater, clothes-beater, mat-beater, rug-beater:: kw'ekw'qwá:lth'átel < kw'óqw. blast (make) a blast or boom (and the earth shakes afterward):: làtém. blaze (be) blazed (of a mark in a tree), chipped (of mark in tree):: st'ót'ep < t'óp. glowing of coals not quite gone out yet, red blaze of a fire (DM):: wóweqem. mark s-th, blaze it (of a trail), get/have s-th spotted (marked and located), make note of s-th:: xe'áth'stexw < xáth' ~ xe'áth'. (to) flame, (have/get) a flame, to blaze:: xwótkwem. bleach grass scalded and bleached white for basketry imbrication (designs), sometimes called white straw grass, probably blue-joint reed-grass:: th'á:xey ~ th'áxey < th'áx. bleed
:: choléxwem. bleeding:: chó:lxwem < choléxwem. bleeding nose, (be/have bleeding in the nose):: sthxwélqsel < thóxw or théxw. have a nose bleed:: thxwómélqsel < thóxw or théxw. having a nose bleed:: thóxwemélqsel < thóxw or théxw.
bless bless s-th/s-o:: plíst. blind (be) blind, (be) completely blind:: qéyxes ~ qíxes. (be) partially blind, almost blind:: qelsílém < qél. blinders window shades, blinds, blinders (on a horse, etc.):: t'oléstel < t'á:l. blinds window shades, blinds, blinders (on a horse, etc.):: t'oléstel < t'á:l. blink
:: lhéplexw < lhép. blinking one's eyes repeatedly:: lhéplhepxlexw < lhép.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary blInk (CONT’D)) blink one's eyes:: lhépxlexw < lhép. shut one's eyes, close one's eyes, (blink [EB]):: th'éplexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexw). shutting one's eyes repeatedly, (blinking [EB]):: th'épth'eplexw (or perhaps th'ép'th'ep'lexw) < th'éplexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexw).
blister :: qó:tsó:m < qó:. blob spotted with irregular shaped blobs (like if mud-spattered, used of dogs, deer, and other animals so marked):: st'á:lq. blood
:: scholéxwem < choléxwem, stháthiyel.
bloom bloom or (plant) fuzz (spore, pollen, seed fluff) after it bursts:: spekw'ém < pékw' ~ péqw'. just starting to flower, blooming, (flowering):: p'áp'eq'em < p'áq'em. to bloom, to flower:: p'áq'em. blow blow, blow s-th:: pó:t. blowing (of an Indian doctor on a patient):: pópexwels < póxw. blowing spray (humorously said of a child teething):: pópexwels < póxw. blown:: pepó:tem < pó:t. blow (spray) on a patient (of an Indian doctor or shaman), blow spray on s-o/s-th (of a shaman, a person ironing, a child teething):: póxwet < póxw. blow (wind):: pehá:ls < peh or pó(:)h. flute, wind instrument, blown musical instrument:: pepó:tem < pó:t. stop blowing (of the wind):: chémq ~ tsémq. to drop or blow plant fluff (like dandelions, fireweed, cottonwood, etc.), to blow (of dusty or flaky stuff like wood dust, dandruff, maybe seeds):: pípexwem < píxw. when plant fuzz blows:: pókw'em < pékw' ~ péqw'. blow-fly a fly, blow-fly:: xwexwiyáye ~ xwixwiyáye < xwôxwáye ~ xwexwáye ~ xwôxwá:ye. a lot of flies, big blow-flies:: xwiyxwiyáye < xwôxwáye ~ xwexwáye ~ xwôxwá:ye. blowfly, big fly, (little fly (one of them) [Elders Group 2/19/75]):: xwôxwáye ~ xwexwáye ~ xwôxwá:ye. blubber seal fat, seal blubber:: sqwló. blue [be a little blue]:: tsmímeth' < méth'. [be in a state of get blue]:: smeth'íl < méth', tsmeth'íl < méth'. [be in a state of getting blue]:: semth'íl < méth'. blue, be blue, have blue:: tsméth' < méth'. gone blue, (go blue, get blue, become blue):: meth'í:l < méth'. (have) blue eyes:: ts'meth'ó:les < méth'. (have) marble eyes, (have) blue eyes:: mopeló:les. [looks blue, blue-looking]:: tsméth'òmèx < méth'.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary blueberry blueberry a kind of blueberry:: sxíxeq? or sxíxeq'?. bog blueberry bush:: mólsemelhp < mó:lsem ~ mólsem. bog blueberry, tall swamp blueberry:: mó:lsem ~ mólsem, mó:lsem ~ mólsem. gray mountain blueberry which looks like sxwéxixeq but is sweeter, oval-leaved blueberry, could also be Cascade blueberry:: xwíxwekw' < xwíkw'. shiny black mountain huckleberry, also called a mountain blueberry by the speakers:: kwxwó:mels < kwoxw. short gray bog blueberries with berries in bunches, probably the Canada blueberry also known as velvet-leaf blueberry, this term is for both the fruit and the plant:: lhewqí:m, lhewqí:m. smallest gray swamp blueberries, smallest variety of Canada blueberry:: lhelhewqí:m < lhewqí:m. small gray mountain blueberry on a low plant, dwarf blueberry:: sxwéxixeq ~ sxw'éxixeq. tall gray mountain blueberry, probably Alaska blueberry:: léth'ilets, léth'ilets. bluebill duck bluebill duck, (identified from photos as) lesser scaup:: xélq'eqs. Bluejay :: Sqéyiya. bluejay bluejay, Steller's jay:: kwá:y. bluejay, Steller's jay (sacred fortune-teller):: xaxesyúwes or xaxe syúwes < xáxe. cry of a bluejay [Steller's jay] that means good news:: q'ey, q'ey, q'ey. (this cry of a bluejay [Steller's jay] warns you of bad news):: chéke chéke chéke chéke. Bluff W ahleach Bluff, a lookout mountain with rock sticking out over a bluff, also the lookout point on Agassiz M ountain:: Kw'okw'echíwel < kw'áts ~ kw'éts. bluff a little bluff (of rock):: sxeq'xéq'et < xeq'. flat smooth and bare rock, a [rock] bluff, a bluff (straight up):: xeq'át < xeq'. lying, telling a lie, (bluffing [BHTTC]):: mameth'álem < máth'el. Mount Ogilvie or a round peak or bluff on M t. Ogilvie where mountain goats live, the mountain or peak or bluff resembles big breasts:: Qwemth'í:les < qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. to bluff, pretend one knows something, (be) stuck up:: math'álem < máth'el. Bluffs Bare Bluffs, a steep slope on the west side of Harrison Lake:: Lhó:leqwet. blunder make a mistake, blunder:: mélmel < mál ~ mél. blunt (be) blunt (edge or point), dull (of edge/point):: qelóth < qél. blunt (end of canoe pole):: témkwes. blunt-headed arrow:: s-hótl'eqw. blunt (of poles):: témqweqsel.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1112
blush blush one's face is red, one is blushing:: kwelkwímelésem < kwí:m. board bad-looking (of log or board not of a person), rough:: qelímó:les < qél. board for stretching squirrel or skunk hides, etc.:: tépelhállh < tpólh. boards in a canoe bottom:: lhexôwéstel < lhá:x ~ lháx. boards put under bed if moved outside:: lhexôwéstel < lhá:x ~ lháx. (have a) flat head, (have cranial deformation by cradle-board):: sp'íp'elheqw < p'ílh. plank, board, lumber:: loplós ~ leplós. put s-th/s-o aboard, put it on-board:: ó:lhstexw < ó:lh. sticking out through a hole (like a toe out of a sock, knee out of a hole in pants, a nail driven clear through the other side of a board), come out into the open:: qwôhóls (or perhaps) qwehóls < qwá. boat
:: pô3 t. a boom on a boat:: ts'eqw'elítsetel. a canoe or boat cut off short in the rear (because the stern couldn't be repaired):: t'qw'á:lats < t'éqw'. a ferry (canoe, boat, ferryboat):: shxwt'át'ekwels < t'ákwel. bow of canoe or boat:: =ó:s ~ =ós ~ =es. canoe, boat:: =ô3 :welh ~ =ô3 welh ~ =ôwelh ~ =ewelh ~ =á:welh ~ =welh ~ =ewí:l. eight canoes, eight boats:: tqátsa'ô3 welh ? < tqá:tsa. five canoes belonging to one person, five boats:: lhq'atsesô3 welh ~ lhq'atseséwelh < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. four canoes, four boats:: xe'othelô3 welh < xe'ó:thel ~ xe'óthel. mast on a canoe or boat:: spotelálá < pó:t. nine canoes, nine boats:: tuxwô3 welh < tú:xw. one canoe, one boat:: lets'ô3 welh < léts'a ~ léts'e. row-boat:: pô3 tô3 welh < pô3 t. seven canoes, seven boats:: th'okwsô3 welh < th'ó:kws. six canoes, six boats:: t'xemô3 welh < t'éx. steamboat:: stim:ô3 :t. ten canoes, ten boats:: opelô3 welh < ó:pel. three canoes, three wagons, three conveyances (any form of transportation), three boats:: lhxwó:lh < lhí:xw. two canoes, two boats:: islô3 welh ? or isô3 welh ? < isá:le ~ isále ~ isá:la.
bob it shook (shakes itself), shaking, bobbing around:: qwá:yxthet < qwá:y. to bob:: pepélekwes < pél:ékw. Bobb W ahleach whistle stop on Seabird Island where W ayne Bobb lived in 1977, (now also W ahleach Lake (man-made) [EB]):: W olích < xwále ~ xwá:le. Bobcat
:: Sqelóts'emes < sqets'ómes.
bobcat
:: sqets'ómes.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary body body big-bodied people, (have big bodies):: thíthehí:ws < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. body (while alive):: slexwíws. breast bone, part of human body between breast bone and ribs:: th'xámél. club on the body:: kw'qwí:ws < kw'óqw. furry on the whole body (of an animal):: siysá:yiws < sá:y. ghost, corpse, dead body:: spoleqwíth'a < poleqwíth'a. grease one's body:: melxwíwsem < mélxw. hair anywhere on the body (arms, legs, chest, underarms, etc.):: qwilô3 ws < qwíl ~ qwel. hair on the body:: sqwelqwílôws ~ sqwelqwéylôws < qwíl ~ qwel. lather one's body:: yet'qw'íwsem. left side of the body:: sth'ekwe'í:ws < th'íkwe. one side of the body (between arm and hip):: slheq'ó:lwelh < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. on the body, on the skin, on the covering:: =í:ws ~ =ews. on the body, on top of itself:: =á:w ~ =í:w ~ =ew. paint one's body:: xé:ylthet < xél ~ xé:yl ~ xí:l put paint on the body:: yétl'q'íws < yétl'. relieved (in one's body):: ts'elxwí:wsem < ts'el. ten bodies:: opelíws < ó:pel. to drag (for a body in the river, for ex.):: xwekw'á:ls < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. to whip all over the body with cedar boughs:: kw'oqwchí:ws < kw'óqw. turn one's face, (turn one's body away [IHTTC]):: ts'ólesem ~ ts'ólésem < ts'el. wash one's body:: th'exwíwsem < th'éxw or th'óxw. yellow-bodied:: tsqwayíws < qwá:y. body odor (have) animal smell (of bear, skunk, dog, etc.), (have) animal stink, (have) human smell (of underarm, body odor, etc.), (have) body odor:: pápeth'em. bog Labrador tea, "Indian tea", "swamp tea":: mó:qwem. (sphagnum) bog, marsh:: mó:qwem. boil a boil:: sqw'echém. barbecue, bake (meat, vegetables, etc.) in open fire, bake over fire, roast over open fire, bake under hot sand, bake in oven, cook in oven, (boiled down (as jam) [CT, HT]):: qw'élém < qw'él. be boiled:: sqwóls < qwó:ls. boiling (currently):: lhó:tqwem < lhot. boiling, making boil, (cooking in boiling liquid):: qwó:ls. boiling s-th:: qwó:lst < qwó:ls. boil it for me:: qwelselhtsthó:x < qwó:ls. boil s-th:: qwélst < qwó:ls. boil water:: lhótqwem < lhot. pot to boil in:: lhámkiya. pot to boil in, iron pot, smaller iron pot:: lhémkiya ~ lhámkiya < lhém. something to boil in:: sh(xw)qwó:ls < qwó:ls. sound of boiling water:: xwótqwem. to boil:: lhetqwá:ls < lhot. to boil, make boil:: qwéls < qwó:ls. water kettle, boiler pan (for canning, washing clothes or dishes):: qowletsá:ls < qew.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
boiler pan boiler pan water kettle, boiler pan (for canning, washing clothes or dishes):: qowletsá:ls < qew. bolt splitting wood (esp. blanks and bolts):: póqwels < péqw. Bombidae family Bombidae, Bombus spp.:: mékwmekw < mékw. order Hymenoptera, superfamily Apoidea, family Apidae, including Apis mellifera (introduced), also family Bombidae and family Vespidae and possibly bee-like members of family Syrphidae (order Diptera):: sisemó:ya ~ sisemóya ~ sisemóye ~ sísemòye. Bombus spp. family Bombidae, Bombus spp.:: mékwmekw < mékw. Bonasa umbellus sabini:: skwéth' ~ skwéth'kweth', sqwéth', stíxwem. bone
:: sth'ó:m. backbone (of human or other creatures), spine (human or other creature):: xekw'ólesewíts < xekw'óles. be aching (of bones):: xáp'kw'tem < xep'ékw'. bone marrow:: slésxel < ló:s ~ lós. bones:: sth'emth'ó:m < sth'ó:m. breast bone, part of human body between breast bone and ribs:: th'xámél. collarbone:: (s)tl'lhíléstel < t'álh. dried fish backbone (with meat left on it):: sxéwe. fish backbone (not dried), (backbone of any creature [Elders Group 7/27/75]):: xekw'óles. it aches (like of bones), (be aching (of bones)):: xáp'qw'em < xep'ékw'. make a crunch underfoot (bones, nut, glass, etc.):: xep'ékw'. point of elbow, arm bone:: th'emeláxel < hth'b.txt. small bones:: sth'eth'eló:m < sth'ó:m. (someone's) spine, (someone's) backbone:: th'omewích ~ th'ó:bewíts < sth'ó:m. spoon-shaped bone back of upper lip of sturgeon:: xálew. the spine, the backbone:: shxwth'omewíts < sth'ó:m. wrist, wrist bone (on outer side of wrist, little finger side, lump of wrist):: qwémxwtses < qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem.
book spread it out (of blanket, net, book, etc.):: tlhét ~ tlhát ~ telhét < télh. boom a boom on a boat:: ts'eqw'elítsetel. (make) a blast or boom (and the earth shakes afterward):: làtém. boot gills, also "boot" (boot-shaped organ attached to fish gill):: xá:y ~ xà:y. gumboots, rubber boots:: kw'ekw'íxwxel < kw'íxw. boot-shaped organ gills, also "boot" (boot-shaped organ attached to fish gill):: xá:y ~ xà:y.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary bore bore a borer, an auger:: sxoxwí:ls < xó:l. bored:: ts'íts'ewel < ts'íw. borer to make holes, auger:: sqweqwá:ls ~ shxwqweqwá:ls < qwá. tired of s-th, bored with s-th:: xlhém:et < xélh. tired of s-th, bored with s-th:: lhchí:wsmet < lhchí:ws. to bore a hole:: xó:lt < xó:l. born first-born:: schí:lh < =chílh ~ chílh=. last baby (youngest baby), the last-born, a child cranky and jealous of an expected brother or sister:: óqw'a < óqw'. to be born:: kwól ~ kwó:l. borrow :: chélhta. be borrowed:: schókwelelh. borrowing:: chókwelhta (or chókwellhta) < schókwelelh. get credit, borrow (money for ex.), (getting credit, borrowing):: qw'íméls. lend it to s-o, let s-o borrow it:: chélhtat ~ chélhtet < chélhta. boss
:: shxwsiyám < siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m. chief, leader, respected person, boss, rich, dear:: siyá:m < éy ~ éy:. respected leader, chief, upper-class person, boss, master, your highness:: siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m.
both both burned, (many got burned):: kw'áles < kw'ás. both cheeks:: shxw'el'íle < shxw'íle ~ shxw'í:le. both eyebrows:: themthómél < thómél. both heels, two heels, (heel):: th'etselétsxel < th'éts. (both human) legs, (both) feet:: sxexéyle or sxexíle < sxél:e. chin, jaw (of fish, human, etc.), (lips (both), cheek, side of the face [DM]):: ts'emxó:ythel. get dust or bark in both eyes:: thq'elq'ó:les < théq'. got (both) shoes on wrong feet:: sts'ókw'elxel < sts'ó:kw'xel. heel, (both heels):: th'elétsxel < th'éts. hold both arms (or wings) outstretched, (stretch out one's arms/wings):: texeláxelem < tex. slip with both feet, lose balance on both feet:: xwelhxwélhepxel < xwlhép. whole leg, (whole of both legs):: sxexé:yle or sxexí:le < sxél:e. bother annoyed s-o, bothered s-o, pestered s-o:: th'íwélstexw < th'íwél, th'íwélstexw < ts'íw. bottle
:: shxwlámá:lá < lám. baby bottle:: sqemó'álá < qemó:. nursing bottle:: sqemálá < qemó:.
bottle-opener an opener, can-opener, bottle-opener:: shxwéma'ám < má ~ má'-, shxwémeqel < má ~ má'-, shxwémeqèyls < má ~ má'-.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
bottom bottom (be) below, (be) underneath, (be) at the bottom of a pile or stack:: stl'epólwelh ~ stl'pólwelh < tl'ép. bottom of a tree, trunk of a tree:: s'aléts. coiled bottom of a basket before the sides are on:: skwélets < kwél. deep bottom (of a river, lake, water, canoe, anything):: stl'epláts < tl'ép. dragging one's behind or rump or bottom:: xwókw'eletsem < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. foundation of a house, bottom of a tree:: s'alétsmel < s'aléts. (have a) big rump, (have a) big "bum" (bottom):: thahélets < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. (have a) skinny butt, (be skinny on the rump or bottom):: sth'émlets < sth'ó:m. hole in the bottom (of bucket, etc.):: sqwálats < qwá. in the rump, in the anus, in the rectum, in the bottom, on the insides, inside parts, core, inside the head:: =í:wel ~ =íwel ~ =ewel. it got smashed in the back end or rear end:: téslatstem < tós. (make the) sound of a spank on a bottom, (fall down with a bang [Elders Group 5/19/76]):: welhéq'. on the bottom (of anything):: =élets ~ =lets. on the rump, on the bottom, on the buttock(s):: =élets ~ =lets. (probably) tickle the bottom of someone's feet, (tickle s-o on the foot):: sét'xt < síyt'. rip on the bottom or insides:: xwetíwél < xwét. sat down (with a plop?), [slip off on one's bottom or chair]:: xwlhépelets < xwlhép. slide on one's seat, (sliding on one's bottom):: qíqexéletsem ~ qéyqexéletsem < qíxem ~ (less good spelling) qéyxem. slip off (one's feet, hands, bottom), lose balance:: xwlhép. spread one's legs (sitting for example), (be spread in the bottom):: spapxíwel < páx. swivel one's hips (as in the Hawaiian hula for ex.) (shake one's bottom around):: qwayxélechem < qwá:y. take it off from the bottom of s-th (a pack for ex.):: mexlátst < má ~ má'-. the bottom (of a waterfall, body of water, basket, anything):: áthelets. to still-dip, rest dip-net on bottom (of river):: thqá:lem. touching bottom (of a canoe or a person):: tesláts < tós. warming your bum, (be warming the bottom or rump):: sqewálets < qew. warm it up (on the bottom):: qówletst < qew. warm one's rump, warm one's bottom:: qewéletsem < qew. bough fir boughs, needle of any other conifer than spruce:: qwélatses. limb or bough of tree:: =tses ~ =ches. (red) cedar limb, (red) cedar bough:: xpá:ytses ~ xpáytses < sxéyp. to whip all over the body with cedar boughs:: kw'oqwchí:ws < kw'óqw. boulder place on mountain above Ruby Creek where there's lots of boulders all over the mountain lined up in rows:: Thíthesem < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. bounce bumping or bouncing hard on the rump:: th'esth'esélets < th'és. jumping up and down or bouncing up and down (of an Indian doctor training):: hélmethet < lá:m. "bound up" get constipated, "bound up":: xexekw'íwel ~ xaxekw'íwel < xékw'.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary Bovis Bovis genus Bovis:: músmes. bow bow of a canoe:: q'lhól. bow of canoe or boat:: =ó:s ~ =ós ~ =es. bow (weapon):: téxwets. draw a bow, cock a gun:: xwe'ít'et. draw a bow, cock a gun, (draw it (of a bow), cock it (of a gun)):: xwe'ít'et < ót'. high-bow canoe, high-bow river canoe, streetcar, tram, taxi, car, automobile:: xwókw'eletsem < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. bowel animal tripe (stomach, upper and lower), bowel:: spéxw. bowel movement have a bowel movement, defecate, to shit:: ó'. bowl grease bowl:: shxwlósàlà < ló:s ~ lós. sugar bowl:: shúkwe'àlà < súkwe ~ súkwa ~ shúkwe. Bow-line name of second creek below (here south of) Suka Creek (as of 8/30/77), creek called Alwís's Bow-line:: Alwís Lhqéletel. bow-line anchor-line, mooring-line, bow-line, what is used to tie up a canoe:: lhqéletel < lhqé:ylt. bowman) pull in once with a canoe paddle wide or slow, pull in in turning (a canoe paddling stroke done by a bowman):: lhímes. box be box-shaped:: kw'elókw'exwóles < kw'óxwe. (be) too tight (of shoes, clothes, trap, box), tight (of a dress one can't get into), too tight to get into (of dress, car, box of cards, etc.):: stl'etl'íq' < tl'íq'. box, trunk, grave box (old-style, not buried), coffin, casket:: kw'óxwe. dry storage box in tree or on top of pole (for salmon and other dried provisions):: póqw'elh < pó:qw' ~ póqw'. fire box or fire platform and fire shield for torch-lighting or pit-lamping fire:: tl'áts'eq. It's boxed., It's in a box.:: skw'ókw'exwe < kw'óxwe. (mice) chewing (a wall, box, etc.):: ts'átxwels ~ ch'átxwels. one's hand jammed (in a trap, under a box, etc.):: tl'í:q'etses < tl'íq'. take it out of a box, pull it out of a box:: xíqt. box lunch (food) provisions for a trip, box lunch:: sáwel.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary boy
boy adolescent boy (about 10 to 15 yrs. old), teenaged boy, young man (teenager):: swíweles ~ swíwles. boy (from 5 to 10 yrs.):: swiyeqe'ó:llh < swíyeqe ~ swíyqe ~ swí:qe. boy (from baby to 4 or 5 years):: swiwiqe'ó:llh < swíyeqe ~ swíyqe ~ swí:qe. boys:: siwíqe'ó:llh or siwí:qe'ó:llh < swíyeqe ~ swíyqe ~ swí:qe. changing in voice (of a boy):: qw'iqw'elá:mqel ~ qw'iqw'elámqel < qw'íl. little man (nickname for a person), (sonny boy (MV and DF)):: wíyeka < swíyeqe ~ swíyqe ~ swí:qe. lots of adolescent/teenaged boys:: swóweles < swíweles ~ swíwles. to change (of a boy's voice at puberty):: qw'elá:m < qw'íl. boy-friend sweetheart, person of the opposite sex that one is running around with, girl-friend, boy-friend:: ts'elh'á:y < ts'elh=. bra
:: sqemálá < qemó:.
brace put one's hand on s-th to brace oneself, brace oneself on s-th/s-o:: píyet < píy. bracelet :: th'ómetsel < sth'ó:m. Brachyura probably the tribe Brachyura (a tribe is intermediate between a family and a suborder):: á:yx. bracken bracken fern root, rhizome of bracken fern:: sá:q. bracken fern (top, part above ground):: ptákwem. bracket fungus:: s'ómó:qwes. bracket fungus, (possibly also some jelly fungi like yellow trembler):: s'ómó:qwes. brag (be) bragging, extravagant in claims, bull-headed, claims he's the best:: sqoyéxiya < sqáyéx ~ sqayéx. braid a braid:: st'amxá:lts' < t'ámex. to braid (hair):: t'ámex. brain
:: sméth'elheqw, sméth'qel.
branch break off branches of berries:: lekwátssá:ls < lékw. fan s-o, brush s-o with a branch:: xwélp't < xwélp'. fine needles of hoarfrost on a branch:: pú:ches ~ púwches, pú:ches ~ púwches < pí:w. heart of a root, seed, nut (kernel), core of plant or seedling, core (of tree, branch, any growing thing), pith (of bush), seed or pit [U.S.] or pip [Cdn.] of a fruit:: sth'emí:wel ~ sth'emíwel ~ sth'emíwél < sth'ó:m. tree limb, branch (of tree), (knot on a tree [CT]):: sts'á:xt. white fir branch:: t'óxwtses < t'ó:xw ~ t'óxw ~ t'óxw.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary brant brant smaller goose, brant, (black brant), for the smaller goose possibly also the cackling goose and lesser Canada goose:: tl'ákw'xel. Branta bernicla Branta bernicla, (Branta nigricans), possibly also Branta canadensis minima and Branta canadensis (leucopareia or parvipes):: tl'ákw'xel. Branta canadensis:: áxe. Branta canadensis canadensis:: tl'xwô3 málqel ~ tl'axwô3 málqel. Branta canadensis (leucopareia or parvipes) Branta bernicla, (Branta nigricans), possibly also Branta canadensis minima and Branta canadensis (leucopareia or parvipes):: tl'ákw'xel. Branta canadensis minima Branta bernicla, (Branta nigricans), possibly also Branta canadensis minima and Branta canadensis (leucopareia or parvipes):: tl'ákw'xel. Branta nigricans) Branta bernicla, (Branta nigricans), possibly also Branta canadensis minima and Branta canadensis (leucopareia or parvipes):: tl'ákw'xel. Brassica campestris:: shxw'ólewù. Brassica oleracea:: kápech. brave (be) brave:: iyálewes < éy ~ éy:. bread baking (bread esp.):: thá:yém < thíy. bread, flour:: seplíl ~ seplí:l. cover s-o, cover s-th (like yeast bread):: tl'xwét (or probably tl'xwét) < tl'xw ~ tl'exw. banana bread:: pelále seplíl < pelále, seplíl moss bread:: sqwelíp. potato bread:: sqáwth seplíl < qáwth, seplíl sourdough bread:: t’át’ets’em seplíl (lit. sour + bread)< t’áts’, seplíl to bake (bread, other food):: thíyém < thíy. break all broken up (of sticks or bones, of the bones of a person who got in an accident):: lékwlekw < lékw. be broken (of stick-like object):: selí:kw < lékw. break a leg, (have/get) a broken leg:: lekwxá:l ~ lekwxál < lékw. break an arm:: lekweláxel < lékw. breaking (everything):: yexwá:ls < yíxw. breaking it:: yóyekw'et < yókw' ~ yóqw'. break(ing) the canoe:: yekw'ólhem or perhaps yekw'wólhem < yókw' ~ yóqw'. break it:: yókw'et < yókw' ~ yóqw'.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary break (CONT’D)) break it in pieces with one's hands:: peqwpéqwet < péqw. break (of a flexible object like a rope, string or breath), it broke:: t'éqw'. break (of a stick-like object):: lékw. break off:: pqwá:ls < péqw. break off branches of berries:: lekwátssá:ls < lékw. break (of ground), crack apart (of its own accord) (of ground), ripped:: tl'éx. break one's neck:: lekwépsem < lékw. break one's spine, break one's back, have a humpback/hunchback:: lekwewíts < lékw. break s-th in two (with one's hands), break it in half (with one's hands only), break off a piece of s-th:: peqwót < péqw. break s-th (stick-like):: lekwát < lékw. break s-th (stick-like) (accidentally):: lekwlá:xw < lékw. break up s-th by crumpling, crush it up, rub it together fast (to soften or clean), rub it to soften it (of plants, etc.), fluff it (inner cedar bark to soften it):: yékw'et < yókw' ~ yóqw'. broke down, came (un)loose, came apart, (got) untied, loose, unravelled:: yéxw < yíxw. broken off in pieces (like a river-bank):: peqwpéqw < péqw. Chehalis River mouth (below the highway bridge, where land is breaking up into sand bars), (an opening one could get through in a canoe in high water near Chehalis {IHTTC 8/25/77], small creek (branch of Chehalis River) several hundred yards up Chehalis River from where the road goes from old Chehalis village site to Chehalis River [EL 9/27/77]):: Spôqwô3 welh ~ Speqwô3 :lh < péqw. dead and broken [of a plant]:: st'ápiy < t'ápiy. her hand is broken, his hand is broken:: selkwá:tses < lékw. I broke my fast:: le hóystexw tel sxwexwá < hò:y ~ hó:y ~ hóy. one's canoe is broken up:: yekw'ó:lh or perhaps yekw'wó:lh < yókw' ~ yóqw'. she broke her hand, he broke his hand:: lekwátses < lékw. smash s-th to pieces (hard pitch, splintery wood, a glass), break s-th to pieces, beat s-th/s-o to a pulp:: th'ô3 :wt. split off, break off, break a piece off, break in two, split in two:: péqw. to break [in pieces], it broke:: yóqw'em ~ yó:qw'em < yókw' ~ yóqw'.
break wind to pass gas, break wind, to fart:: pú'. breast breast bone, part of human body between breast bone and ribs:: th'xámél. breast, nipple, milk:: sqemó: < qemó:. Mount Ogilvie or a round peak or bluff on M t. Ogilvie where mountain goats live, the mountain or peak or bluff resembles big breasts:: Qwemth'í:les < qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. squeezing the breast of s-o/s-th, milking s-o/s-th:: p'ip'eth'élmet < p'í:. suckle, suck milk from a breast:: qemó:. white-breasted bear, a bear with white on the breast, (brown bear with a white chest [AK]):: ts'aweyí:les < ts'áwi or ts'áwiy. breath bad morning breath:: qeléqep látelh slhákw’em < qél. break (of a flexible object like a rope, string or breath), it broke:: t'éqw'. breath (noun):: slhákw'em. cut off one's breath:: t'eqw'lhálém < t'éqw'. (have/get) wheezing, rattling breath:: xwóyeqw'em. out of breath and over-tired and over-hungry:: pqwíles < péqw.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary breath (CONT’D)) run out (of breath):: t'éqw'. to sigh (of a spirit-dancer), make a loud (breathy) noise:: xeqlhálém. breathe breathing:: pexwelhálém < pexwlhálém. breathe in:: sot’elhàlèm. to breathe (once):: pexwlhálém. breathe out:: péxwelhàlèm < péxw. to sigh, breathe out whew:: hóxwethílém. bridge
:: shxwt'álh < t'álh. bridge, cable crossing:: xwt'át'ekwel < t'ákwel. bridge of nose:: sth'émqsel < hth'b.txt. fell of its own accord (of an object from a height or from upright), drop down (object/person, from a shelf, bridge, cliff, etc.), fall off:: wets'étl' ~ wech'étl'.
bright bright (in color):: tstáwél ~ táwél < táw. bring admitting s-o/s-th, letting s-o/s-th in, bringing s-o/s-th inside:: kwétexwt < kwetáxw. bringing it back:: q'éyq'elstexw < q'ó:lthet. bring it down (from upstairs or from upper shelf, etc.):: tl'pí:lx ~ tl'pì:lx < tl'ép. bring it out for the first time (of a spirit-song):: p'í:t < p'í:. bring oneself to a climax, to climax, to orgasm, masturbate:: wets'á:lómet < ts'á:. bring oneself to a summit (of a mountain):: wets'á:lómet < ts'á:. bring s-o/s-th back:: ámeq't. bring s-o/s-th here:: xwe'í:lstexw < í. bring s-o/s-th in (to a house/enclosure), take s-o/s-th in(inside a house/enclosure), admit s-o (into a house/enclosure), let s-o/s-th in (to a house/enclosure), put s-o/s-th in (inside a house/enclosure:: kwetáxwt < kwetáxw. bring s-th, brought s-th:: ma'eméstexw ~ máméstexw < mí ~ mé ~ me. bring s-th, fetch s-th, get s-th (bring it), give it to s-o(as s-th fetched, not as a gift):: méstexw < mí ~ mé ~ me. bring s-th/s-o across a river, (ferry s-o/s-th over):: t'kwíléstexw < t'ákwel. bring s-th/s-o outside (purposely):: atl'qílt < átl'q. bring s-th to someone:: le'áméstexw < mí ~ mé ~ me. give it back, bring it back, return s-th:: q'élstexw < q'ó:lthet. revive s-o, bring s-o back to life, heal s-o, (EB) give s-o medicine to make him better?:: á:yelexwt < áylexw ~ áyelexw. save s-o, (EB) bring s-o back to life:: á:yelexwlexw < áylexw ~ áyelexw. bring in bring in firewood, bring wood in:: kwtxwéltsep ~ kwetxwéltsep < kwetáxw. bring s-o food give s-o food, bring s-o food, pass food to s-o:: áxwet. brisket inside brisket of meat (deer, etc.):: th'xéyles or th'xíles. outside brisket of meat:: qw'íwelh.
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Bristol Island Bristol Island Bill Bristol Island:: W exésem ~ Lexwwexésem < wexés. brittle brittle, crisp:: xépkw'em < xep'ékw'. broccoli:: tsqwá:y p’áp’eq’em kápech < qwá:y, p’áq’, kápech (lit. green + flowering/flowered + cabbage) broke be broke [financially]:: stesó:s < t-sós ~ tesós. brome grass a grass that grows with berries in fields and everywhere and has seeds that stick in one's throat when eaten with berries, probably a type of brome grass, likely California brome grass, possibly sweet cicely:: táqalh. Bromus probably a Bromus sp., likely Bromus carinatus, possibly Osmorhiza chilensis and Osmorhiza purpurea,:: táqalh. Bromus carinatus probably a Bromus sp., likely Bromus carinatus, possibly Osmorhiza chilensis and Osmorhiza purpurea,:: táqalh. brooch brooch, pin (ornament pinned to clothing):: ts'eqw'eléstel < ts'éqw'. brood brooding:: st'á:yxw < t'ay. sit on eggs, to hatch eggs, to brood eggs:: tl'xwá:ylhem < tl'xw ~ tl'exw. broom
:: éxwtel < íxw.
brother (be) brother and sister, (be siblings to each other), (be) first cousin to each other:: qeló:qtel < sqá:q. brother-in-law's wife, (spouse's sibling's spouse), (step-sibling, step-brother, step-sister [AC]):: slets'éleq < láts'. girl's younger brother (pet name):: iyá:q, iyá:q. great grandparent, great grandchild, sibling or (up to fourth) cousin of great grandparent, great grandchild of brother or sister or (up to fourth) cousin:: sts'ó:meqw. half-sibling, half-brother, half-sister:: lets'ô3 w(e)yelh ~ slets'ô3 weyelh < láts'. husband's brothers, (perhaps also wife's sisters?, spouse's siblings?, sibling's spouses?):: smetmátexwtel < smátexwtel. husband's brother, wife's sister, spouse's sibling (cross-sex), brother-in-law, sister-in-law, sibling's spouse (cross-sex):: smátexwtel. nephew, niece, sibling's child (child of sister or brother or cousin (up to and including fourth cousin) [Elders Group]):: stí:wel. older sibling, elder cousin (child of older sibling of one's parent, grandchild of older sibling of one's grandparent, great grandchild of older sibling of one's great grandparent), cousin of senior line, older brother, older sister:: sétl'atel < sétl'a ~ sétl'o.
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brother (CONT’D)) sibling, brother, sister:: álex. (siblings), brothers:: el'álex < álex. spouse's sibling, sibling's spouse (cross sex), for ex., husband's brother, (wife's sister, woman's sister's husband, man's brother's wife):: smátexwtel. to make a sign with its foot it wants a younger brother or younger sister:: oqw'exélem < óqw'. younger sibling, younger brother, younger sister, child of younger sibling of one's parent, "younger" cousin (could even be fourth cousin [through younger sibling of one's great great grandparent]):: sqá:q. younger, younger sibling, cousin of a junior line (cousin by an ancestor younger than the speaker's), junior cousin (child of a younger sibling of one's parent, (great) grandchild of a younger sibling of one's(great) grandparent), younger brother, younger sister:: sóseqwt ~ (rarely) só:seqwt. brother-in-law husband's brother, wife's sister, spouse's sibling (cross-sex), brother-in-law, sister-in-law, sibling's spouse (cross-sex):: smátexwtel. brother-in-law's wife brother-in-law's wife, (spouse's sibling's spouse), (step-sibling, step-brother, step-sister [AC]):: slets'éleq < láts'. brother's wife sister-in-law, husband's sister, brother's wife, wife's sister (EB):: shxw'álex < álex. spouse's sibling, sibling's spouse (cross sex), for ex., husband's brother, (wife's sister, woman's sister's husband, man's brother's wife):: smátexwtel. brown
:: tsqw'iqw'exw < qw'íxw. (be) a dark color (of clothes, complexions, etc.), (dark gray, dark brown):: stl'ítl'esel < stl'ítl'es. be brown:: tsqw'íxw < qw'íxw. [be getting brown]:: sqw'íqw'exwel < qw'íxw, tsqw'íqw'exwel < qw'íxw. be red, red, reddish-brown, copper-colored:: tskwí:m < kwí:m. brown bear:: tskwímelqel < kwí:m. (brownish):: qw'íqw'exw < qw'íxw. [getting brown]:: qw'íqw'exwel < qw'íxw. have reddish-brown fur, have reddish-brown animal hair:: tskwímelqel < kwí:m. have red hair, have reddish-brown hair:: tskwí:meqw < kwí:m. [looks a state of going brown, be getting brown-looking]:: sqw'íqw'exwelomex < qw'íxw.
brownish) (tan, brownish):: p'íp'exwel, sp'íp'exwel < p'íp'exwel. bruise a bruise:: st'ít'eqel < t'íq. be bruised:: t'íqel < t'íq. black eye, bruised eye:: st'it'eqó:les < t'íq. brussels sprouts:: mémeles kápech < méle, kápech (lit. many little children of + cabbage)
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brush brush one's teeth:: th'exwélesem < th'éxw or th'óxw. brush s-th off, brush it (by hand or with branches):: píxwet < píxw. fan s-o, brush s-o with a branch:: xwélp't < xwélp'. shrub, small bush (for ex. growing on river edge, or like vine maple or thimbleberry or willow), brush, underbrush:: xwíxwel. Bryophyta phylum Bryophyta:: qwà:m ~ qwám. Bryoria) species possibly Letharia vulpina or Alectoria (Bryoria) species or Usnea species:: mext'éles. bubble foaming, bubbling, foamy:: p'óp'eqw'em < p'óqw'em. trickling, dribbling, water bubbling up in a river, add water to a container, water running under:: kw'átem. Bubo virginianus Bubo virginianus occidentalis, Bubo virginianus saturatus, and perhaps other Bubo virginianus subspecies:: chítmexw. Bubo virginianus occidentalis Bubo virginianus occidentalis, Bubo virginianus saturatus, and perhaps other Bubo virginianus subspecies:: chítmexw. Bubo virginianus saturatus Bubo virginianus occidentalis, Bubo virginianus saturatus, and perhaps other Bubo virginianus subspecies:: chítmexw. Bucephala clangula probably Bucephala clangula and Bucephala islandica:: láqleqem < léqem. Bucephala islandica probably Bucephala clangula and Bucephala islandica:: láqleqem < léqem. bucket collected rain-water drops in a bucket:: th'q'emelétsem < th'q'ém ~ th'eq'ém. pail, bucket, kettle (BJ, Gibbs):: skw'ó:wes ~ skw'ówes. buckskin buckskin clothes:: míyethélwét < sméyeth ~ sméyéth. buckskin, rawhide, tanned buckskin:: áxelqel. buckskin straps for tying a baby in its cradle or basket:: yémqetel < yém ~ yem. buckskin straps, lid for berry basket:: yémqetel < yém ~ yem. bud flower of wild rose, hip or bud of wild rose, including: Nootka rose, probably also dwarf or woodland rose and swamp rose, possibly (from Hope east) prickly rose:: qá:lq.
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bufflehead (duck) bufflehead (duck) a white-headed duck, [could be bufflehead, snow goose, emperor goose, poss. oldsquaw, or hooded merganser, other duck-like birds with white heads do not occur in the Stó:lô area and the emperor goose would be only an occasional visitor]:: skemí'iya. Bufo boreas boreas family Ranidae and family Bufonidae, esp. Bufo boreas boreas and recent introductions Rana catesbeiana and Rana clamitans, and Ascaphus truei, Rana aurora aurora, and Rana pretiosa pretiosa:: pípehò:m < peh or pó(:)h. Bufonidae if generic includes families Ranidae and Bufonidae and may include Hyla regilla and perhaps the introduced species: Rana catesbeiana, Rana clamitans, Rana aurora aurora, Rana pretiosa pretiosa, and Ascaphus truei, if not generic then includes only members of family Ranidae and/or family Bufonidae:: wexés, weléx < wexés. bug common bedbug:: lhelhq'etíwel < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t, shxwelítemelh méxts'el < méxts'el. ladybug, ladybird beetle:: slhálhlí < slhá:lí. little bug:: sth'ékw'oye < sth'ékw'. metallic blue-green beetle, "June bug", probably metallic wood-boring beetle, or possibly some types of long-horn beetle which aremetallic green with reddish legs:: tále te syó:qwem < tá:le ~ tále, tále te syó:qwem < yéqw. worm, bug:: sth'ékw'. build build a fire, make a fire, make the fire, (stoke the fire):: yéqwelchep ~ yéqweltsep < yéqw. build a house (make a house):: thiyéltxwem < thíy. making the fire, building the fire, (stoking a fire):: híyqwelchep < yéqw. building) bank (money house, money building):: tale'áwtxw < tá:le ~ tále. barn, (hay house, grass building):: soxweláwtxw < só:xwel ~ sóxwel. building, house:: =á:wtxw ~ =áwtxw ~ =ewtxw ~ =(á)ltxw ~ =(el)txw. church house, the church (building):: ts'ahéyelhá:wtxw < ts'ahéyelh. Indian dance-house, "smoke-house", (spirit-dance building):: smilha'áwtxw < mílha. plank building:: s'iltexwím < s'í:ltexw. three houses, (three buildings):: lhxwá:wtxw < lhí:xw. bulb bulb or root called wild artichoke, Jerusalem artichoke:: xáxekw'. unidentified plant with round bulbs that look and taste like potatoes, round root like potatoes that used to be eaten and tastes like potatoes:: qíqemxel ~ qéyqemxel < qém. bull cow, bull, beef:: músmes. bullet
:: xá:t. be hit (with arrow, bullet, anything shot that you've aimed), got shot, (got pierced), got poked into, got wounded (with gun or arrow):: ts'éqw'.
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bullfrog bullfrog big frog (even bigger than pípehò:m and cries like a baby), (probably bullfrog, possibly green frog):: wexó:mô3 :lh. big pretty frog, bullfrog with colors on his back:: pehó:mô3 :lh < peh or pó(:)h. frog, (esp. Northwestern toad, if generic also includes the tree toad and recent introductions the bullfrog and green frog, and the tailed toad, red-legged frog, and western spotted frog), (if generic may also include water frog that lives in springs and keeps the water cold [Halq'eméylem name unknown to Elders Group on 1/30/80], and a huge pretty frog (bigger than pípehò:m) that has supernatural powers and cries like a baby [sxexómô3 lh ~ wexó:mô3 :lh]), (big frog with warts [AD]):: pípehò:m < peh or pó(:)h. frog, (if generic may include Pacific tree toad and perhaps the introduced species: bullfrog, green frog, red-legged frog, western spotted frog, and the tailed toad):: wexés, weléx < wexés. bullhead bullhead, (brown bullhead):: smó:txw ~ smótxw. bull-headed (be) bragging, extravagant in claims, bull-headed, claims he's the best:: sqoyéxiya < sqáyéx ~ sqayéx. insistant, persistant (like a child pressing to go along), bull-headed, doesn't mind, does just the opposite, (stubborn, contrary):: sxíxeles. bulrush bulrush mat:: wô3 :lalh < wô3 :l. bulrush mat, reed mat, mat (of cattail/roots/bulrushes, etc.), (wall mat (Elders Group 11/12/75):: wá:th'elh ~ wáth'elh < wáth'. bulrush, tule:: wô3 :l. cattail, cattail rush or reed, (bulrush [AC, BJ]):: sth'á:qel. pillow, rolled bulrush mat:: sxwétl'qel. spread them out to dry (berries, bulrushes, etc.):: ts'íyxwt ~ ts'éyxwt < ts'íyxw ~ ts'éyxw ~ ch'íyxw. "bum" (have a) big rump, (have a) big "bum" (bottom):: thahélets < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. warming your bum, (be warming the bottom or rump):: sqewálets < qew. bumblebee :: mékwmekw < mékw. bump bumped on the head:: teséleqw < tós. bump, get hit by something moving (for ex. by a car):: tós. bumping or bouncing hard on the rump:: th'esth'esélets < th'és. bump the head:: tesálèqel < tós. bump them together:: testéstexw < tós. tapping it (with something), mashing s-th, grinding s-th, be bumping s-o:: tóteset < tós. to hurt again (as when a painful place is bumped and hurts again or as when a pain inside one's body returns again), (to ache [SJ]):: téqlexw. touch s-o accidentally, bump s-o, bumped s-o:: téslexw < tós. touch s-o purposely, squish it (of berries, etc.), smash s-th, mash it (berries, potatoes, carrots, etc.), bump it:: tóset < tós.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary bun bun (have the) hair in a bun:: sq'éth'ep < q'áth'. bunch a whole bunch having fun:: eyó:sthet ~ iyósthet < éy ~ éy:. bunch of rabbits:: sqweqwewáth < qwá. (have) big heads (of a bunch of fish for ex.):: thítheqw < thi ~ tha ~ the ~ thah ~ theh. little crows, small crows, bunch of small crows, (bunch of northwestern crows):: spepelól ~ spepeló:l < spó:l. (more than one) entering a house, going in (of a whole bunch):: kwetexwí:lem < kwetáxw. bunch of little ones a bunch of little ones:: emémel < emímel ~ amí:mel. bundle (be) all bundled up:: stl'etl'íqw'. small bundle, small package:: xixwelókw' < xél. Buprestidae probably order Coleoptera, family Buprestidae, genus Buprestis, or possibly family Cerambycidae, genus Gaurotes:: tále te syó:qwem < tá:le ~ tále, tále te syó:qwem < yéqw. Buprestis probably order Coleoptera, family Buprestidae, genus Buprestis, or possibly family Cerambycidae, genus Gaurotes:: tále te syó:qwem < tá:le ~ tále, tále te syó:qwem < yéqw. burdock :: xéyxemels ch'ech'éqw' < xéym, xéyxemels < xéym. burial burial grove of Scowkale:: Tl'átl'elh ?. storage basket (for oil, fruit, clothes), burial basket for twins, round basket (any size, smaller at top), clay jug (to store oil or fruit):: skwá:m ~ skwám < kwá:m ~ kwám. burl lump on a tree, burl:: smétsa. burn be burning:: héyeqw < yéqw. both burned, (many got burned):: kw'áles < kw'ás. burned in the throat:: kw'és=qel < kw'ás. burned (of rocks), scorched (of rocks):: qw'óqw'iy < qw'á:y. burned on the finger or hand, burnt the hand, a hand got burnt:: kw'éstses < kw'ás. burned on the foot:: kw'ésxel < kw'ás. burned on the lips:: kw'esó:ythel < kw'ás. burned on the rump:: kw'esélets < kw'ás. burned, to burn, scorch:: yéqw. burning s-th:: híyeqwt < yéqw. burn it for s-o:: yéqwelht < yéqw. burn s-th, light s-th:: yéqwt < yéqw. burnt color:: syeqwyíqw < yéqw.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary burn (CONT’D)) burnt (i.e. dry) grass:: yeqwílep < yéqw. burnt mountain across from American Bar:: Syíyeqw < yéqw. clothing, food, and possessions burned and given away when a person dies, (possessions and food burned and given away at a burning):: syeqwá:ls < yéqw. fire (out of control), forest fire burning, fire burning:: yíyeqw < yéqw. get burned (of human or creature):: kw'ás. have a ritual burning ceremony, have a burning, feed the dead, (food offered to the dead [at a ritual burning] [EB 5/25/76]):: yeqwá:ls < yéqw. have heartburn:: yeqwí:les < yéqw. (portion not burnt up, burnt or gone out completely portion):: th'exmíl < th'éx. scorch s-th, blacken s-th with fire, heat it up (near a fire), burning a canoe with pitchwood to remove splinters and burn on black pitch):: qw'á:yt < qw'á:y. stop burning (of a burn), go down (of swelling):: t'esí:l < t'ás. the one who burns [at a burning ceremony], (ritualist at a burning):: híyeqwels < yéqw. to scald s-th/s-o, burn s-th/s-o [with hot liquid]:: th'áxet < th'áx. village site (burned) on Atchelitz Creek:: Syéqw < yéqw.
burning a category of religious songs including sxwó:yxwey songs and burning songs, a burning song:: heywí:leqw < yéw: ~ yéw. a sung spell, power to help or harm people or to do [ritual] burning, power to do witchcraft and predict the future, an evil spell, (magic spell) (someone who has power to take things out of a person or put things in [by magic] [Elders Group 2/25/76], ritualist [Elders Group 1/21/76], witch [EB 4/25/78]):: syiwí:l ~ syewí:l < yéw: ~ yéw. clothing, food, and possessions burned and given away when a person dies, (possessions and food burned and given away at a burning):: syeqwá:ls < yéqw. have a ritual burning ceremony, have a burning, feed the dead, (food offered to the dead [at a ritual burning] [EB 5/25/76]):: yeqwá:ls < yéqw. the one who burns [at a burning ceremony], (ritualist at a burning):: híyeqwels < yéqw. transform it more, pass it over the fire more (at a burning):: xiyxéyt or xeyxéyt < xéyt. burp to belch, to burp:: qwáts'et. burst bloom or (plant) fuzz (spore, pollen, seed fluff) after it bursts:: spekw'ém < pékw' ~ péqw'. burst, burst out, (get) smash(ed) (something round and filled):: méqw' ~ mô3 qw'. burst open, split open of its own accord (like a dropped watermelon):: tl'xáxel < tl'éx. it burst (of spores or seed fluff):: pekw'ém < pékw' ~ péqw'. bury (be) buried:: spapí:l < pél (perhaps ~ pí:l by now). bury s-th, plant s-th:: pí:lt < pél (perhaps ~ pí:l by now). s-o has been put away (in grave-house or buried), he's/she's been buried:: qéylemtem ~ qé:ylemtem < qéylem ~ qé:ylem ~ qí(:)lem. bush bark (of tree, bush, etc.):: p'elyú:s ~ p'alyú:s or p'elyíws ~ p'alyíws. (be in the) woods, (amidst bush or vegetation, be tucked away?):: sxí:xets' ~ sxíxets' < xí:ts' ~ xíts' ~ xets'. blackberry vine, blackberry bush:: skw'ô3 :lmexwelhp < skw'ô3 :lmexw.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary bush (CONT’D)) blackcap bush:: tselqó:má:lhp < tsélq ~ chélq. blue elderberry bush, blue elderberry tree:: th'íkwekwelhp < th'í:kwekw ~ th'í:qweqw. bog blueberry bush:: mólsemelhp < mó:lsem ~ mólsem. gooseberry bush:: t'á:mxwelhp < t'á:mxw. hazelnut bush or tree:: sth'í:tsemelhp < sth'í:tsem. hazelnut tree or bush:: sth'í:tsemelhp < th'éts. heart of a root, seed, nut (kernel), core of plant or seedling, core (of tree, branch, any growing thing), pith (of bush), seed or pit [U.S.] or pip [Cdn.] of a fruit:: sth'emí:wel ~ sth'emíwel ~ sth'emíwél < sth'ó:m. Himalaya blackberry bush, evergreen blackberry bush:: xwelítemelh skw'ô3 :lmexwelhp < skw'ô3 :lmexw. Indian currant bush, red-flowering currant bush, prob. also stink currant bush:: sp'á:th'elhp < sp'á:th'. Indian plum bush:: mélhxwelelhp < mélhxwel. in the backwoods, toward the woods, away from the river, in the bush:: chó:leqw < chá:l or chó:l. red elderberry bush:: sth'íwéq'elhp < sth'íwéq'. red huckleberry bush:: sqá:lá:lhp ~ qá:lá:lhp < sqá:la. red huckleberry plant or bush:: qá:lá:lhp < sqá:le. salal bush:: t'áqà:lhp < t'áqe. saskatoon bush, service-berry bush:: ts'eslátselhp < ts'esláts. shake s-th (tree or bush) for fruit or leaves, comb a bush (for berries), shake s-th (a mat or blanket for ex.):: xwíset ~ xwítset < xwís. shaking bushes (of animal or person unseen, for ex.):: xwóykwem. short Oregon grape bush:: selíyelhp < selíy. shrub, small bush (for ex. growing on river edge, or like vine maple or thimbleberry or willow), brush, underbrush:: xwíxwel. tall Oregon grape bush:: th'ô3 :lth'iyelhp. thick crowded tight bushes, bushes growing wide from narrow roots or base:: sq'epláts < q'ép. thimbleberry plant or bush:: t'qwémelhp < t'qwém. wild rose bush, including: Nootka rose, probably also dwarf or woodland rose and swamp rose, possibly (from Hope east) prickly rose:: qá:lqelhp < qá:lq. bushes (come) out of thick bushes:: wexés. bush robin winter robin, bush robin, varied thrush:: sxwík'. bush-tit chickadee: black-capped chickadee, probably also chestnut-backed chickadee, possibly also the least bush-tit:: skíkek < sqá:q. chickadee: black-capped chickadee, prob. also chestnut-backed chickadee, poss. also least bush-tit:: méxts'el. bushy bushy hair:: stíxeqw ~ stí:xeqw. (have) bushy and uncombed hair:: chílheqw < =chílh ~ chílh=.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary busy
busy busy at home all the time:: yúkw'es. but and, but, or:: qe. butcher butchering:: kw'íkw'ets' < kw'íts'. cleaning or butchering a fish or animal:: kw'íkw'ets'els < kw'íts'. cut open and butcher it, clean it (of fish or animal):: kw'íts'et < kw'íts'. fish butchering knife:: kw'éts'tel < kw'íts'. sides of butchered salmon with knife marks in them:: kw'íkw'ets' < kw'íts'. Buteo Buteo jamaicensis, Buteo genus and Accipiter genus:: xemxímels ~ xemxíméls < xéym. Buteo jamaicensis Buteo jamaicensis, Buteo genus and Accipiter genus:: xemxímels ~ xemxíméls < xéym. butt butt, ass, rump, buttocks:: slhél:éts ~ slhél:ets ~ slhéléts ~ slhélets < lhél. cigarette butt:: th'exmíls te sp'ótl'em < th'éx. (have a) skinny butt, (be skinny on the rump or bottom):: sth'émlets < sth'ó:m. butter
:: péte. butter dish:: péte'àlà < péte.
butterfly :: sesxá, smímeyàth ~ smímoyàth. (butterfly (generic) [AC]):: lholeqwót. butterfly (medium- and small-sized):: ep'ó:yethel? or epó:yethel?. probably butterfly with white spot, (perhaps white butterfly), if the name applies to one or more predominantly white butterflies it could include the following which occur in the Stó:lô area: Clodius parnassian butterfly, Phoebus' parnassian butterfly, pale tiger swallowtail butterfly, white pine butterfly, checkered white butterfly, veined white butterfly, albino females of alfalfa sulphur butterfly:: p'ip'eq'eyós < p'éq'. salmonberry worm, (prob. larvae of moths or butterflies or two-winged flies):: xwexwíye. buttock butt, ass, rump, buttocks:: slhél:éts ~ slhél:ets ~ slhéléts ~ slhélets < lhél. on the rump, on the bottom, on the buttock(s):: =élets ~ =lets. button
:: lheq(e)léstel < lhéq. be buttoned:: slheq(e)lí:s < lhéq. (be) tight-fitting (of clothes, can't be quite buttoned):: spexelís < páx. button it:: lheqlíst < lhéq. button (up):: lheq(e)lí:sem < lhéq.
buttoned) (be) tight-fitting (of clothes, can't be quite buttoned):: spepíx < páx.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary buy buy buy (as structured activity), He bought (as structured activity).:: alqá:ls ~ alqáls < iléq. buying (as structured activity), He's buying (it) [as structured activity].:: íleqels < iléq. buy it for s-o:: iléqelhtst < iléq. buy s-th:: iléqet < iléq. buzz buzzing (of insects):: t'ít'elem < t'íl. buzz (of insects):: t'ílém ~ t'ílem < t'íl. by by (agent. human, gender unspecified, absent):: tl'. coming by foot, travelling by walking, already walking, travelling on foot:: ye'í:mex < ím. get separated (by distance), be by themselves, be separate:: halts'elí. go travelling by way of, go via:: ley ~ lay < la. pass by s-o:: yelá:wt < yelá:w ~ yeláw ~ yiláw. to pass by s-th/s-o:: yelá:wx < yelá:w ~ yeláw ~ yiláw. to travel by canoe, (nowadays also) travel by airplane, travel by train, travel by car:: yeló:lh < ó:lh. travelling by, in motion, while moving along, while travelling along:: ye= ~ yi= ~ i,. by way of by way of:: telál. go through (somewhere), go via (somewhere), go by way of:: lhe'á. cabbage :: kápech. skunk cabbage:: ts'ó:kw'e ~ ch'ó:kw'e ~ ts'ó:kw'a. cabin little house, cabin (say 12 ft. x 10 ft. or less), small home, storage house (small shed-like house, enclosed with door), outhouse (slang), toilet (slang):: lílem < lá:lém. log cabin:: t'mí:wsà:ls < t'ém. log house, log-cabin:: lokáwtxw < lók ~ làk. cable crossing bridge, cable crossing:: xwt'át'ekwel < t'ákwel. cake:: kíks carrot cake:: xáweq kíks seplíl (lit. carrot + cake + bread)< xáweq, kíks, seplíl lemon cake:: t’át’ets’em qwíqwòyèls kíks seplíl < t’áts’, qwá:y, kíks, seplíl (lit. lemon (itself from sour little yellowish fruit) + cake + bread) Calamagrostis canadensis probably Calamagrostis canadensis:: th'á:xey ~ th'áxey < th'áx. calf calf:: músmesò:llh < músmes. calf (of the leg):: q'átl'elxel. younger deer, baby horse, younger cow, fawn, colt, calf:: st'él'e. California:: kalipô3 li.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary calik
calik homemade anchor, kilik, calik, (killick):: skw'éstel. call call (by voice), shout, yell, holler:: tà:m. (calling a chicken):: chek chek chek. call of a little bird (chickadee?):: ts'í:ts'tlemeth' < ts'í:tl' ~ ts'ítl'. call of the chickadee:: swí:tì. call of the Swainson's thrush:: xwét. call of the winter robin or varied thrush:: sxwík'. call s-o (by voice), holler at s-o, shout at s-o, shout at s-o:: tà:met ~ tàmet < tà:m. call s-o to witness, call s-o to listen:: xwlalámstexw < xwlalá:. gray or brown-gray chichadee-sized bird which calls t'ú' or tsk tsk in maple woods near American Bar:: t'ú'. he/she called me to witness:: xwelalámsthòxes < xwlalá:. make a high hooting call (maybe only of spirits):: hó:kwt. the call of the female Swainson's thrush:: Xwatóy < xwét. they call him/her/them to witness (lit. “he/she/they is/are caused to listen”):: xwelalástem ~ xwelalámstem < xwlalá:. Calliphoridae order Diptera, family Calliphoridae:: xwexwiyáye ~ xwixwiyáye < xwôxwáye ~ xwexwáye ~ xwôxwá:ye, xwiyxwiyáye < xwôxwáye ~ xwexwáye ~ xwôxwá:ye, xwôxwáye ~ xwexwáye ~ xwôxwá:ye. calm be calm:: slílexwelh. be calm (of water or wind), (get calm (wind/water), calm down (wind/water), be smooth (of water) [AC, LH]):: qám. calm (of water), smooth (of water), (when the river is) quiet or calm:: p'ep'ákwem < p'ékw. calm water (calmer than sqám):: sqáqem < qám. (get) calm, (become) calm, peaceful:: líqwel < líqw. get calm (of wind):: qametólém ~ qametólem < qám. Haig bay, a calm place on the west (C.P.R.) side of the Fraser River by the Haig railroad stop, below and across from Hope:: Sqám ~ Sqà:m < qám. place in Katz or Ruby Creek, may be name for Charlie Joe's place near Katz at the mouth of a creek where the water is always calm:: sqemélwélh ~ sqemélwelh < qám. slackened down, calmed down:: líqwem < líqw. (the wind) is calm, calm (of wind):: qémxel < qám. Calvatia probably Calvatia gigantea and Lycoperdon perlatum/gemmatum and possibly other Calvatia or Lycoperdon spp.:: pópkw'em < pékw' ~ péqw'. Calvatia gigantea probably Calvatia gigantea and Lycoperdon perlatum/gemmatum and possibly other Calvatia or Lycoperdon spp.:: pópkw'em < pékw' ~ péqw'. camas blue camas, (any edible underground vegetable food [SP], vegetable root(s) [M H]):: spá:lxw.
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camas (CONT’D)) blue camas, yellow dog-tooth violet = yellow avalanche lily:: sk'ámets ~ sk'ámeth. potato (generic), including three or four kinds of wild potato: arrowleaf or wapato, Jerusalem artichoke, blue camas, and qíqemxel (so far unidentified plant), besides post-contact domestic potato:: sqáwth ~ sqá:wth. Camassia leichtlinii Camassia quamash and Camassia leichtlinii:: spá:lxw. including: Sagittaria latifolia, Helianthus tuberosus, Camassia quamash (and Camassia leichtlinii), and unidentified plant, besides Solanum tuberosum:: sqáwth ~ sqá:wth. resp. Camassia leichtlinii and Camassia quamash, Erythronium grandiflorum:: sk'ámets ~ sk'ámeth. Camassia quamash Camassia quamash and Camassia leichtlinii:: spá:lxw. including: Sagittaria latifolia, Helianthus tuberosus, Camassia quamash (and Camassia leichtlinii), and unidentified plant, besides Solanum tuberosum:: sqáwth ~ sqá:wth. resp. Camassia leichtlinii and Camassia quamash, Erythronium grandiflorum:: sk'ámets ~ sk'ámeth. cambium black cottonwood cambium (soft matter between the bark and the wood):: sxá:meth. cottonwood sap, cottonwood cambium:: ts'its'emá:welh. cottonwood sap or cambium:: sxá:meth. Cameleats Chilliwack Mountain, village of Cameleats on west end of Chilliwack Mountain:: Qwemí(:)líts. camp a camp:: q'élmel < q'el. camp and rest:: qelá:wthet < qá:w. to camp, (camping [BHTTC]):: q'élém < q'el. Camp River Camp Slough, Camp River:: S'alxwítsel < alxwítsel. Camp Slough Camp Slough, Camp River:: S'alxwítsel < alxwítsel. can be alright, be okay, it's alright, it's okay, can, be able, it's enough, be right, be correct, that's right:: iyólem ~ iyó:lem < éy ~ éy:. be totally independent, doing the best one can:: óyó:lwethet < éy ~ éy:. manage by oneself (in food or travel), try to do it by oneself, try to be independent, do the best one can:: iyólewéthet < éy ~ éy:. metal can (in U.S. English), a tin (in Canadian English):: q'éxq'xel < q'(e)x. water kettle, boiler pan (for canning, washing clothes or dishes):: qowletsá:ls < qew. Canada Englishman, English, Canadian, Canada, Anglican:: kelchóch ~ kyelchóch.
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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Canada goose Canada goose big Canada goose, big honker:: tl'xwô3 málqel ~ tl'axwô3 málqel. Canadian Englishman, English, Canadian, Canada, Anglican:: kelchóch ~ kyelchóch. canary-grass reed canary-grass:: ts'á:yas te th'á:xey < th'áx. candle point or tip of a long object (pole, tree, knife, candle, land):: =eqs ~ =éqsel ~ =élqsel ~ =elqs. candle-fish eulachon, oolachen, candle-fish:: swí:we ~ swíwe. candy
:: kálti.
cane cane, staff:: q'éwe. new spirit dancer’s cane:: q’ewú:w < q'éwe. Canis familiaris:: sqwemá:y ~ sqwmá:y ~ sqwemáy < qwem. Canis latrans lestes:: sk'ek'iyáp ~ slek'iyáp, slek'iyáp. Canis lupus columbianus Canis lupus fuscus [tentative], Canis lupus columbianus:: stqó:ya ~ stqó:ye ~ stqó:yá. Canis lupus fuscus [tentative] Canis lupus fuscus [tentative], Canis lupus columbianus:: stqó:ya ~ stqó:ye ~ stqó:yá. Cannery island in river on which Yune's Cannery was built:: Yù:l. Cannibal Cannibal Ogress, W ild Cannibal W oman:: Th'ô3 wxiya < th'ô3 wex ~ th'ô3 wéx. cannot locate smell that one cannot locate, strong stink:: simáléqep. canoe
:: =ólh. a bailer, canoe bailer:: lhéltel < lhí:lt ~ lhílt. a canoe or boat cut off short in the rear (because the stern couldn't be repaired):: t'qw'á:lats < t'éqw'. adze (for making canoes and pit-house ladders):: xwt'ót'epels ~ shxwt'ót'epels < t'óp. adze with handle for canoe-making, elbow-adze:: hálíytel < hà:y. a ferry (canoe, boat, ferryboat):: shxwt'át'ekwels < t'ákwel. all the equipment for making a canoe, canoe-making equipment:: halíyches < hà:y. anchor-line, mooring-line, bow-line, what is used to tie up a canoe:: lhqéletel < lhqé:ylt. be how many canoes?:: kw'ilô3 welh < kw'í:l ~ kw'íl.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary canoe (CONT’D)) big high-bowed canoe from the Coast, Nootka war canoe, huge canoe:: q'exwô3 :welh ~ q'exwô3 welh. blunt (end of canoe pole):: témkwes. boards in a canoe bottom:: lhexôwéstel < lhá:x ~ lháx. bow of a canoe:: q'lhól. bow of canoe or boat:: =ó:s ~ =ós ~ =es. break(ing) the canoe:: yekw'ólhem or perhaps yekw'wólhem < yókw' ~ yóqw'. canoe (any kind), car, vehicle (any kind):: sléxwelh. canoe, boat:: =ô3 :welh ~ =ô3 welh ~ =ôwelh ~ =ewelh ~ =á:welh ~ =welh ~ =ewí:l. canoe paddle:: sq'émél. canoe paddle, paddler(s):: =ô3 wes ~ =ô3 :wes ~ =á:wes ~ =ewes. canoe pole:: sxwô3 qw'tel < xwóqw'. canoe shed:: slexwelháwtxw < sléxwelh. canoe with shovel-nose at both ends, same as tl'elá:y:: sqwéthem < qweth. canoe-work, canoe-making:: s=há:y < hà:y. carry a canoe on one's shoulders, to portage:: xw'ilamô3 welh < ílàm. caulking a canoe, plugging a canoe:: t'ékwôwelh < t'ékw. come with s-o (in a canoe for ex.):: q'ewí:lt < q'éw ~ q'ew. cottonwood bark driftwood (it was used to carve toy canoes), cottonwood driftwood used for carving toy canoes:: qwémélép ~ qwemélep. crosspieces in a canoe, (thwarts):: lhexelwélhtel < lhá:x ~ lháx. deep bottom (of a river, lake, water, canoe, anything):: stl'epláts < tl'ép. double-ended canoe:: púpt < pô3 t. drifting backwards in two canoes with net between to catch sturgeon, (drift-netting), backing up (of canoe, train):: tewláts. drift-netting, catching fish with one or two canoes drifting downstream with a net in deep water:: xíxemel ~ xíxemal. eight canoes, eight boats:: tqátsa'ô3 welh ? < tqá:tsa. everybody put away (fishing gear, canoe and) paddles (for winter), put away each other's paddles [and canoes and gear] for winter:: xets'ô3 :westel < xits' ~ xets'. five canoes belonging to one person, five boats:: lhq'atsesô3 welh ~ lhq'atseséwelh < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. four canoes, four boats:: xe'othelô3 welh < xe'ó:thel ~ xe'óthel. get a canoe stuck on a rock or something:: xá:m. get in a canoe, get aboard:: ó:lh. get off (a canoe or conveyance), get out of a canoe, (disembark):: qw'í:m, qw'í:m. get s-th aboard (a canoe, car, conveyance):: eló:lhstexw < ó:lh. go out from the beach (if in a canoe):: tó:l ~ tò:l. group of canoes travelling upstream (moving to camp for fish-drying for ex.):: istéytiyel. high-bow canoe, high-bow river canoe, streetcar, tram, taxi, car, automobile:: xwókw'eletsem < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. inside or core of a plant or fruit (or canoe or anything):: =í:wel ~ =íwel ~ =ewel. make a canoe, making a canoe:: hà:y. make it hollow (of canoe, log, etc.):: thiyeqwewí:lt < thíy. making a canoe:: hahà:y < hà:y. mast on a canoe or boat:: spotelálá < pó:t. nine canoes, nine boats:: tuxwô3 welh < tú:xw. one canoe, one boat:: lets'ô3 welh < léts'a ~ léts'e. (one person) puts away his paddles (and canoe and gear for winter):: xets'ô3 :wes < xits' ~ xets'. one's canoe is broken up:: yekw'ó:lh or perhaps yekw'wó:lh < yókw' ~ yóqw'. patch a canoe:: lhéqôwelh ~ lhéqwôwelh < lhéq. poling a canoe:: xwóxweqw'et < xwóqw'.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary canoe (CONT’D)) pry (a canoe paddling stroke when the canoe is hard to turn):: lhímesem < lhímes. pry with paddle in stern to turn a canoe sharply, pry (canoe stroke done by a sternman):: q'á:lets. pull ashore in a canoe, land a canoe:: lhà:l. pulling a canoe through rough water by a rope in the front:: txwô3 welh < tóxw. pulling a canoe through rough water by a rope in the front, pulling a canoe with a rope:: tóxwesem < tóxw. pull in once with a canoe paddle wide or slow, pull in in turning (a canoe paddling stroke done by a bowman):: lhímes. push out from shore (in canoe):: thexósem < théx. racing-canoe:: táyewelh < tá:y. racing in a canoe, canoe-racing (while you're doing it):: tátey < tá:y. raid s-o in canoes:: sléxwelhmet < sléxwelh. scorch s-th, blacken s-th with fire, heat it up (near a fire), burning a canoe with pitchwood to remove splinters and burn on black pitch):: qw'á:yt < qw'á:y. set a net (by canoe), set one's net, fish with a net, (submerge a net):: míliyel < mí:l ~ míl. seven canoes, seven boats:: th'okwsô3 welh < th'ó:kws. short canoe:: ts'ítl'ewelh < ts'í:tl' ~ ts'ítl'. shovel-nose canoe:: tl'elá:y. six canoes, six boats:: t'xemô3 welh < t'éx. small canoe:: slílxwelh < sléxwelh. steer a canoe:: tháyelets. stern of canoe, stern-man among paddlers:: iláq. ten canoes, ten boats:: opelô3 welh < ó:pel. three canoes, three wagons, three conveyances (any form of transportation), three boats:: lhxwó:lh < lhí:xw. tie it up (of a canoe):: lhqé:ylt. tip over (of a canoe):: qwélh. tippy (of a canoe):: kw'éth'em < kw'eth'ém. to bag net, to sack net, to still-dip with two canoes:: thqá:lem. to fasten s-th by tying, tie up s-th (like canoe, horse, laces, nets, cow, shoelaces), tie it:: q'éyset ~ q'í(:)set < q'ey ~ q'i. to paddle, paddling a canoe (in rough water):: éxel. to pole a canoe:: xwóqw'et < xwóqw'. to race in a canoe:: tá:y. to travel by canoe, (nowadays also) travel by airplane, travel by train, travel by car:: yeló:lh < ó:lh. touching bottom (of a canoe or a person):: tesláts < tós. two canoes, two boats:: islô3 welh ? or isô3 welh ? < isá:le ~ isále ~ isá:la. unloading a canoe, taking things out of a canoe:: qw'íméls < qw'í:m. U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped knife for scraping out an adzed canoe:: sqw'emqw'emóxw < qw'ómxw. U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped knife (or plane) for scraping out canoe:: xepá:ltel < xíp.
canoe-making bent U-shaped plane with handle on each end for canoe-making:: sqw'emóxw sxíxep < xíp, sqw'emóxw xíxepels < xíp. can-opener an opener, can-opener, bottle-opener:: shxwéma'ám < má ~ má'-, shxwémeqel < má ~ má'-, shxwémeqèyls < má ~ má'-.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary can’t can't (be) tight-fitting (of clothes, can't be quite buttoned):: spepíx < páx. impossible, can't be:: kw'á:y ~ kw'áy. it is impossible, it can't be, it never is:: skw'á:y < kw'á:y ~ kw'áy. can't reach:: sq'thá:mtses < q'thá:m. can't reach (with hand):: q'thá:mtses < q'thá:m. can't see (have/be) dirty water, (not clear, unclear, can't see the bottom (of water) [EL]):: mímexwel. canvas-back duck:: lamélwelh. canyon canyon area on Chehalis Creek just above (upriver or north from) the main highway bridge (esp. the first cliff on the east side) [means one-legged ]:: Páléxel ~ Paléxel. canyon (narrow, walled in with rock):: sxexákw' < xékw'. cape
:: lópôs.
Capella gallinago:: wéthweth < wíth, wóthiya < wíth. Cape Mudge Yuculta Kwakiutl people, southern Kwakiutl people from Cape Mudge north who raided the Salish people:: Yéqwelhtax ~ Yéqwelhta. capsize tip over, capsize:: kw'élh. car automobile, car:: toxwemíwel < tóxw, xwixwekw'elátsem < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. (be) too tight (of shoes, clothes, trap, box), tight (of a dress one can't get into), too tight to get into (of dress, car, box of cards, etc.):: stl'etl'íq' < tl'íq'. canoe (any kind), car, vehicle (any kind):: sléxwelh. car, automobile:: kyó. get in a conveyance, get in a car, mount a horse:: ó:lh. get s-th aboard (a canoe, car, conveyance):: eló:lhstexw < ó:lh. get wedged (by falling tree, for ex.), got run over (by car, train, etc.):: tl'íq'. go around (a point, a bend, a curve, etc.) in the water, make a U-turn (in the water, could use today on land with a car):: q'ówletsem < q'éw ~ q'ew. high-bow canoe, high-bow river canoe, streetcar, tram, taxi, car, automobile:: xwókw'eletsem < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. run over it (with car), spread it (for ex. on bread with knife), put it up (of wallpaper), (stick it on), stick s-th closed (with pitch for ex.):: tl'íq't < tl'íq'. to travel by canoe, (nowadays also) travel by airplane, travel by train, travel by car:: yeló:lh < ó:lh. card a carder (for carding wool):: shxwtéxelqèyls < tex. card wool, comb s-th, (carding/combing s-th (wool/hair)):: téxelqèylt < tex.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary care
care care about s-o/s-th:: shxwlístexw < lí ~ li. carry it carefully, handle it with care:: sts'áts'elstexw < ts'á:. look after s-o, protect s-o, take care of s-o:: xólhmet ~ xólhemet < xólh. looking after s-o, taking care of s-o:: xóxelhmet < xólh. not care about s-o, have no use for s-o, be impassive:: ewéta shxwlístexw < shxwlí. take care of oneself, look after oneself, be careful:: xólhmethet ~ xó:lhmethet < xólh. taking care of oneself:: xó:lhmethet < xólh. careful be careful:: thehíthet < thehít, tu s'éy ~ u s'éyò < éy ~ éy:. take care of oneself, look after oneself, be careful:: xólhmethet ~ xó:lhmethet < xólh. carefully carry it carefully, handle it with care:: sts'áts'elstexw < ts'á:. caress caressing s-o:: ótqwt < etqwt. caress s-o:: etqwt. carp
:: scheláka.
carpet wrap it again, rewrap it, (correction by AD:) roll it up (of a mat, carpet, etc.):: xwelxwélekw't < xwélekw'. carraway) wild carrot (possibly spring gold or wild carraway), domestic carrot (both that planted and that gone wild):: xáwéq. carried away carried away:: tíyexw. get carried away and sleepy from eating too rich food:: ló:metsel < ló:m ~ lóm, melmelô3 ws < mál ~ mél. get carried away (emotionally):: théqw'. carrot carrot cake:: xáweq kíks seplíl (lit. carrot + cake + bread) < xáweq, kíks, seplíl carrot juice:: xáweq sqe’óleqw < xáweq, qó: carrot-like plant used for green dye:: xáweleq < xáwéq. little carrots:: xíxewíyeq or xíxewíq < xáwéq. plane it (with a plane), trim it, taper it (about wood, like slats or roots for baskets, poles for houseposts/totem poles, paddles), taper it (with knife or plane), peel it (a fruit, etc.), whittle it, strip or peel bark off of it, scrape it (of carrots), (carve it, peel it [AC]):: xípet < xíp. touch s-o purposely, squish it (of berries, etc.), smash s-th, mash it (berries, potatoes, carrots, etc.), bump it:: tóset < tós. wild carrot (possibly spring gold or wild carraway), domestic carrot (both that planted and that gone wild):: xáwéq. carry carried away:: títiyexw < tíyexw, tíyexw. carry a canoe on one's shoulders, to portage:: xw'ilamô3 welh < ílàm.
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carry (CONT’D)) carry a packstrap around the shoulders and across the chest at the collarbone:: s'íteyí:les. carry a packstrap or both packstraps over the shoulder(s) and under the arm(s):: sq'iwq'ewíles < q'e:yw ~ q'í:w. carry a packstrap slung across the chest (over one shoulder and under one arm):: st'át'elhíles < t'álh. carry[ing] a packstrap around the head:: chmaméleqw < chám. carrying on one's back, packing on one's back:: chmà:m < chám. carrying s-th/s-o on one's back, packing it on one's back:: chmá:t < chám. carry it carefully, handle it with care:: sts'áts'elstexw < ts'á:. carry on one's shoulder:: ílàm. carry s-o:: kwelát < kwél. carry s-th on one's back, pack s-th on one's back:: chámet < chám. carry s-th on one's shoulder:: í:lá:mt < ílàm. carry s-th/s-o on one's arm:: s'ókw'(e)stexw < ókw'. get carried away (emotionally):: théqw'. pack on one's back, carry on one's back:: chámem < chám. water (someone) carried, (water fetched/gotten):: sqó:m < qó:. carve a carving:: xét'kw'els < xet'kw'á:ls. a wood carving:: shxwqwó:lthels, shxwqwó:lthels. big serving spoon, spoon with handle about ten to 12 inches long, ladle, (spoon carved from mountain goat horn):: xálew. carved outside post on longhouse, totem pole:: xwíythi < xwíyth. carve stone, work in stone:: t'eléxot < t'éléx. carve wood, whittle:: xet'kw'á:ls. carving wood, whittling:: xát'kw'els < xet'kw'á:ls. plane it (with a plane), trim it, taper it (about wood, like slats or roots for baskets, poles for houseposts/totem poles, paddles), taper it (with knife or plane), peel it (a fruit, etc.), whittle it, strip or peel bark off of it, scrape it (of carrots), (carve it, peel it [AC]):: xípet < xíp. wood-carving knife:: xepá:ltel < xíp. carving a wood carving:: shxwqwó:lthels. cascara be bitter (like of cascara bark or medicine or rancid peanuts):: sásexem ~ sá:sexem < sáxem. cascara tree:: q'á:yxelhp. case clothes container, suitcase, clothes case:: áwkw'emálá < á:wkw'. pillow slip, pillow-case:: sxwetl'qelá:la < sxwétl'qel. tool case:: á:wkw'mal < á:wkw'. casket box, trunk, grave box (old-style, not buried), coffin, casket:: kw'óxwe. cast (cast a spell for s-o, use a magical power for s-o):: yewí:lmet < yéw: ~ yéw. cast a spell on s-o, put a spell on s-o, shoot power into s-o:: xt'ét < xét'. cast a spell, throw a spell, put on a spell, shoot power:: xt'áls or xt'á:ls < xét'. casting an evil spell on s-o:: yewí:lt < yéw: ~ yéw.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary caste
caste (have a) white caste over the eye, (have a) cataract:: p'eq'ó:les < p'éq'. Castor canadensis leucodontus:: sqelá:w, sqiqelá:w < sqelá:w. castrate castrated, he was castrated:: ma'elétstem < má ~ má'-. cat domestic cat:: pús. kitten:: púpsò:llh < pús. cataract cataracts:: xaxt'ó:les. (have a) white caste over the eye, (have a) cataract:: p'eq'ó:les < p'éq'. (have) one white eye, (have a cataract on one eye):: sqwelxwó:lés. catbird catbird (has black head), rufous-sided towhee:: sxwítl'. catch catch an animal, get an animal:: kwélest < kwél. catching a fish by hook, hooking s-th, gaffing a fish:: lhílhekw'et < lhíkw' ~ lhí:kw'. catch it:: kwút < kwú:t. catch s-o:: qíq'et < qíq'. catch up with someone:: chél:exw < chá:l ~ chó:l. contract a disease, catch a disease, get addicted:: q'áp'. drifting backwards in two canoes with net between to catch sturgeon, (drift-netting), backing up (of canoe, train):: tewláts. drift-netting, catching fish with one or two canoes drifting downstream with a net in deep water:: xíxemel ~ xíxemal. (emprisoned), put in jail, grounded, restricted, caught, apprehended:: qíq'. get s-th, catch s-th, have s-th, find s-th:: kwélexw ~ kwél:exw < kwél. hook fish, catch fish (by hook), to gaff-hook fish:: lhekw'á:ls < lhíkw' ~ lhí:kw'. November, time to catch salmon:: temth'ó:qwi < sth'ó:qwi ~ sth'óqwi. one's catch (fish, game, etc.):: sxélcha ~ sxélche < xélcha. see s-o/s-th, catch sight of s-th/s-o:: kw'étslexw < kw'áts ~ kw'éts. to catch (fish, game, birds):: chxélcha < xélcha. to hook, to catch (by horns or thorns):: lhíkw' ~ lhí:kw'. catechism :: katkasyéthem. category a category of religious songs including sxwó:yxwey songs and burning songs, a burning song:: heywí:leqw < yéw: ~ yéw. caterpillar:: smímexàlh. inchworm, (caterpillar of the geometrid moth family):: q'álq'elp'í:w < q'ál, q'alq'elô3 :wsem < q'ál. Cathartes aura:: éq''eq'esem.
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Catharus guttatus Catharus guttatus respectively Hylocichla guttata or Catharus guttatus, or possibly Hylocichla minima or Catharus minimus:: slhólho. Catharus minimus respectively Hylocichla guttata or Catharus guttatus, or possibly Hylocichla minima or Catharus minimus:: slhólho. Catholic :: Káthlek. Catostomus catostomus probably Catostomus catostomus:: skwímeth < kwí:m. Catostomus macrocheilus probably Catostomus macrocheilus:: q'óxel. prob. Catostomus macrocheilus:: qw'á:ts. cat-tail cat-tail, cattail reed:: sth'á:qel. cattail, cattail rush or reed, (bulrush [AC, BJ]):: sth'á:qel. cattail mat (large or small):: solá:ts. fine airborne seed(s) (not used of plum or apple seed(s) or the hard seeds -- sth'emíwél is used for those) (used for dandelion seeds, cottonwood seeds, etc., tail of a cat-tail reed, (plant fluff (possibly including tail of cat-tail rush) [Elders Group 2/27/80]):: spéxwqel ~ spéxwqel < píxw. cattail/roots/bulrushes bulrush mat, reed mat, mat (of cattail/roots/bulrushes, etc.), (wall mat (Elders Group 11/12/75):: wá:th'elh ~ wáth'elh < wáth'. cattle) small adult cows, (small adult cattle):: melúmesmes < músmes. Caucasian) W hite person, (Caucasian), W hite man:: xwelítem. cauliflower:: p’éq’ sp’áq’em kápech < p’éq’, p’áq’, kápech (lit. white + flower + cabbage) caulk caulking a canoe, plugging a canoe:: t'ékwôwelh < t'ékw. causative causative control transitivizer:: =st. cause (make that s-th (instead), cause that to be s-th (instead)):: tl'óst or tl'óstexw. cautious (be) cautious:: st'émt'em < t'ám. cave
:: kwelqéylém ~ kwelqílém.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary cave (CONT’D)) a river bank caving in:: péqweles < péqw. caves:: kwelkwelqéylém < kwelqéylém ~ kwelqílém. mountain with caves that is behind Hunter Creek (in 1976-1977 they blasted this mountain where it was beside Trans-Canada Highway #1 to shorten the highway past it):: Tómtomiyeqw.
Caves mouth of Hunter Creek, (Restmore Caves (W ells)):: ôqw'íles ~ ôqw'éyles < wô3 qw' ~ wéqw'. Restmore Caves [W ells]), (mouth of Hunter Creek [IHTTC]):: Uqw'íles. cedar cedar bark mat:: slhqw'á:y < lhéqw'. cedar bark skirt:: lhqw'áy < lhéqw', sèqw'emí:ws < síqw'em. cedar limb rope (slitted):: stélwél. cedar pole:: sókw'émelhp < sókw'. cedar sapling basket:: tl'pát. cedar slat basket, cedar sapling basket:: th'ô3 wex ~ th'ô3 wéx. cedar trough (to serve food):: xepyúwelh < sxéyp. fine cedar root strips for baskets:: shxwth'á:lhtel. fine cedar root weaving, fine cedar root work:: sts'éqw' ~ sch'éqw' < ts'éqw'. headband, headband made out of cedar bark woven by widow or widower when mourning:: qítes ~ qéytes < qít. inner cedar bark:: slewí < léw. inner cedar bark (maybe error), (birch bark [AHTTC]):: sèqw'emí:ws < síqw'em. making a basket, (weaving a cedar root basket):: th'éqw'ôwelh ~ (probably ts'éqw'ôwelh) < ts'éqw'. outer cedar bark:: sókw'em < sókw'. peel cedar bark:: síqw'em. prickly (from fir bark, wool, or something one is allergic to), irritant, have an allergic reaction (to fir powder or cedar bark):: th'íth'ekwem < th'íkw. (red) cedar limb, (red) cedar bough:: xpá:ytses ~ xpáytses < sxéyp. small float for nets (made from singed cedar):: qwôqwá:l ~ qweqwá:l. tinder, material used to start a fire with (fine dried cedar bark):: syeqwlhá:ltel < yéqw. to weave a cedar root basket:: ts'eqw'ô3 :welh ~ ts'eqw'ô3 welh ~ ch'eqw'ô3 welh < ts'éqw'. western red cedar tree:: xpá:yelhp ~ xpáyelhp < sxéyp. western red cedar wood:: xepá:y ~ xepáy ~ xpá:y < sxéyp. wide cedar root strips for baskets:: yemáwéstel < yém ~ yem. wide cedar (sapling) strips or slats from young cedar trunks, cedar slat work (basketry):: xpó:ys < sxéyp. yellow cedar:: pó:xeleqw. young cedar:: súsekw'. young (red) cedar:: shxwt'ám:etsel. cedar-bark] new spirit-dancer's head-dress or [cedar-bark] hat:: sxwóyéleqws te xawsólkwlh < sxwóyéleqw. ceiling :: skwetxwós < kwetáxw. roof, shake(s) on roof, shingle(s) on roof, ceiling:: síqetsel < seqíws ~ seqí:ws. celery:: xwelítemelh sókw' < xwelítem, sókw' (lit. white man style + inner core of cow parsnip (i.e., yó:le) wild celery, cow parsnip:: yóle ~ yóla ~ yó:le.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary cellar cellar root cellar, (root house [AD]}:: spepíláwtxw < pél (perhaps ~ pí:l by now). cent a half dollar, fifty cents:: lhséq' < séq'. ten cents, dime:: mí:t ~ mít. center be in the middle, be in the center:: shxwá:ye. core of a rock, center of a rock, core of anything, heart of anything inanimate:: sth'emí:wel ~ sth'emíwel ~ sth'emíwél < sth'ó:m. crown of head, center of the top of the head where the hair starts:: sq'eyxéleqw. centipede centipede, and poss. millipede:: lhets'íméls te pítxel < lhts'ímél. Centre Creek:: Stahiyáq?? or Stiyáq?? or St'ahiyáq?? or Stahí:q??. village across from or a little above the mouth of Centre Creek into Chilliwack River:: Swóyel. Cerambycidae probably order Coleoptera, family Buprestidae, genus Buprestis, or possibly family Cerambycidae, genus Gaurotes:: tále te syó:qwem < tá:le ~ tále, tále te syó:qwem < yéqw. Ceratopogonidae order Diptera, probably families Chiromidae, Ceratopogonidae, and Simuliidae:: pepxwíqsel < píxw. ceremony have a ritual burning ceremony, have a burning, feed the dead, (food offered to the dead [at a ritual burning] [EB 5/25/76]):: yeqwá:ls < yéqw. name s-o (in a ceremony):: kwíxet < kwí:x ~ kwíx. sxwóyxwey ceremony featuring a masked dance, the sxwóyxwey mask and dance:: sxwó:yxwey ~ sxwóyxwey. thank s-o (for a cure, for pall-bearing, a ceremony, being a witness):: xwth'í:t < ts'ít ~ ch'í:t. the one who burns [at a burning ceremony], (ritualist at a burning):: híyeqwels < yéqw. certainly (polite imperative?, (polite) certainly, (polite) of course):: òwelh ~ -òwèlh. Cervus canadensis nelsoni Cervus canadensis roosevelti, perhaps also Cervus canadensis nelsoni:: q'oyíyets or q'oyí:ts. Cervus canadensis roosevelti Cervus canadensis roosevelti, perhaps also Cervus canadensis nelsoni:: q'oyíyets or q'oyí:ts. Cestoidea order Cestoidea, esp. Taenia solium:: sqwó:qwetl'í:wèl.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
Cetorhinus maximus Cetorhinus maximus perhaps Cetorhinus maximus, Hexanchus griseus, Alopius vulpinus, and/or others:: q'ellhomelétsel < q'ellhólemètsel. chair a rocking chair:: xwíxweth'àlem sch'áletstel < xwáth', xwixweth'áletstel < xwáth'. chair, bench, seat, something to sit on:: ch'áletstel ~ sch'á(:)letstel ~ shxwch'áletstel < ts'á:. chamberpot, potty-chair, urinal:: shxwítel. (make/have a) squeaking sound (of a tree, of a chair, of shoes), squeaking (of shoes, trees), (creaking):: qá:ytl'em. missed the chair in sitting down, missed one's chair:: sépelets. sat down (with a plop?), [slip off on one's bottom or chair]:: xwlhépelets < xwlhép. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis:: pó:xeleqw. chamberpot chamberpot, potty-chair, urinal:: shxwítel. change :: iyá:q. change course (of a river):: táyéqel. change it (money) for s-o:: iyóqelhtsthet < iyá:q. change it (of money):: iyáqest < iyá:q. change (money):: siyóqelhtsthet < iyá:q. change oneself (purposely), change oneself into something else, change s-th on oneself:: iyóqthet < iyá:q. change s-o/s-th (into something else), transform s-o/s-th:: iyá:qt ~ iyáqt < iyá:q. change s-th (mental/emotional):: iyá:q. change s-th (physically), replace:: iyá:qt ~ iyáqt < iyá:q. change s-th (purposely), change s-o, transform s-o/s-th, trade s-th, replace s-th:: iyá:qt ~ iyáqt < iyá:q. changing in voice (of a boy):: qw'iqw'elá:mqel ~ qw'iqw'elámqel < qw'íl. to change (of a boy's voice at puberty):: qw'elá:m < qw'íl. transform s-th/s-o, change s-th/s-o:: xéyt. channel a channel between an island and the main shore a) across Harrison River from where the Phillips smokehouse was at Chehalis village (slightly downriver from the mouth of Chehalis R. into Harrison R.), also b) at Harrison Lake where the hatchery was:: Lheltá:lets ~ Lheltálets < lhà:l. a channel that makes an island, inside channel:: lheltálets < lhà:l. go through a channel:: lheltáletsem < lhà:l. char) speckled trout, (prob. brook trout, also called speckled char):: sp'íp'ehà:th' ~ sp'íp'ehàth' < sp'á:th'. characteristic:: =R12 or =C1V1. characteristic, inherent continuative:: =R2 or =C1eC2. characteristically] be crooked [characteristically]:: spóypiy < pó:y.
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charcoal charcoal black coals, charcoal:: p'áts't. charge charging (of an angry grizzly for ex.):: á:lqem, i'á:lqem < á:lqem. Charles a place just past the west end of Seabird Island, towards Agassiz, AK's grandfather only translated it as Hamersley's (see Hamersley's hopyards), it was located at the west end of Seabird Island i.e. property between Dan Thomas's and Uncle Dave Charles's places, across from Sqémelets [Elders on Seabird Is. trip 6/20/78]):: Qwoméxweth' < qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. chase (an Indian doctor or shaman) working, curing, chasing the bad things away:: lhálhewels < lhá:w. chase it away, (chase s-o/s-th away):: wálhet. chase s-o, chase s-th, chasing s-o/s-th:: á:ystexw < á:y. go after s-th/s-o, chase s-o/s-th (not stopping or slowing tillit's caught):: eyát < á:y. He's chasing them/it repeatedly.:: iy'iyátes < á:y. chase s-o to have sex:: á:ystexw < á:y. Cheam) a mountain facing Chilliwack and adjacent to M t. Cheam, theoldest sister of Lhílheqey (M ount Cheam):: Oló:xwelwet. another small peak just to the right of the Mount Cheam summit peak as one faces south, she is another daughter of Lhílheqey (M t. Cheam):: S'óyewòt < Óyewòt. Cheam Island (my name for an island in the Fraser River across from Cheam Indian Reserve #2), Cheam village, Cheam Indian Reserve #1:: Xwchí:yò:m < schí:ya, Xwchí:yò:m < schí:ya, Xwchí:yò:m < schí:ya. creek between Popkum and Cheam, also a location near Popkum, (must be second of two creeks above Popkum that cross Highway #1 [JL 4/7/78]):: sthamí:l. Mt. Cheam:: Lhílheqey. one (second) of two creeks just above Popkum which cross Highway #1, (creek between Popkum and Cheam, also a place near Popkum [AC]):: Sthamí:l < themá. other sister of Lhílheqey or Mount Cheam:: Ts'símteló:t < ts'ísem. smallest peak just below Mount Cheam (on left of Mt. Cheam looking south), Lhílheqey's (M t. Cheam's) baby (located about where her breast would be on the left hand side facing her):: Óyewòt. small peak next to Mount Cheam:: Xemó:th'iya < xà:m ~ xá:m. village now at north end of Agassiz-Rosedale bridge, now Tseatah Indian Reserve #2 (of Cheam band):: Siyét'e. youngest sister of Lhílheqey (Mount Cheam) that cries:: Ñemó:th'iya < xà:m ~ xá:m. Cheam Creek Cheam Creek on north side below Ford Creek:: Sqwe'óp (?) < qwe'óp. Cheam Lake village on east bank of Fraser River near the outlet from Cheam Lake, Popkum Indian village:: Pópkw'em < pékw' ~ péqw'.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
Cheam Peak Cheam Peak basin lake near top of Cheam Peak:: Xwoqwsemó:leqw. the hole (lake) at the foot of Cheam Peak on the south side:: Sqwá:p < qwá. Cheam View:: Slá:yli < yóle ~ yóla ~ yó:le. Penis Rock near Cheam View:: Sxéle < sxéle. cheap be cheap:: semyó: ~ semyó. cheat cheating s-o:: íhóyt < ehó:yt. cheat s-o (in slahal for ex.):: ehó:yt. check check a net or trap (for animal):: kw'echú:yel < kw'áts ~ kw'éts. check a net or trap (for fish):: kw'echú:yel < kw'áts ~ kw'éts. cheek
:: slheqwéla < slhíqw. both cheeks:: shxw'el'íle < shxw'íle ~ shxw'í:le. cheek, cheek-bone:: shxw'íle ~ shxw'í:le. chin, jaw (of fish, human, etc.), (lips (both), cheek, side of the face [DM]):: ts'emxó:ythel. fish cheeks:: thipéle, possibly th'ipéle. on the side of the head, on the temples, around the ear, on the cheek:: =éla. sitting on one cheek of the rump:: tewálehélets < tewále.
cheek-bone cheek, cheek-bone:: shxw'íle ~ shxw'í:le. cheeky cheeky, rough (of a person in conduct):: lhálts'. cheer make s-o happy, cheer s-o up:: xwoyíwelstexw < xwoyíwel ~ xwoyíwél. cheese:: chí:s tl’éxw ts’íyxw sqemó: < tl’éxw, ts’íyxw, qemó: (lit. cheese or hard + dry + milk) Chehalis Chehalis village on Harrison River, the Heart Rock for which Chehalis, B.C. was named (at the mouth of Chehalis River):: Ts'a'í:les < ts'á:. Morris Creek (near Chehalis, B.C.), Morris Lake (near Chehalis):: Sxáxe < xáxe. Morris Mountain (near Chehalis):: Sxáxe Smá:lt < xáxe. October moon, time to smoke Chehalis spring salmon:: tempó:kw' < pó:qw' ~ póqw'. slough facing south [east] across from Chehalis, B.C.:: Xwe'íweqw'óthel. small Chehalis spring salmon:: pepqw'ólh < pó:qw' ~ póqw'. Chehalis Creek canyon area on Chehalis Creek just above (upriver or north from) the main highway bridge (esp. the first cliff on the east side) [means one-legged ]:: Páléxel ~ Paléxel.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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Chehalis Creek (CONT’D)) Fraser River, (Chehalis Creek, Chehalis River [Elders Group, EL/EB/NP]):: Stó:lô < tó:l ~ tò:l. silver spring salmon that came up Harrison River and Chehalis Creek, (first spring salmon [Deming]):: sqwéxem < qwéxem. Statlu Creek, one of the main tributaries of Chehalis Creek:: stótelô < tó:l ~ tò:l. Chehalis Indian cemetery rock up the Harrison River from the old Chehalis Indian cemetery:: Xwyélés ~ Lexwyélés < yél:és. Chehalis Lake spring salmon which goes to Chehalis Lake in May then returns to salt water:: sth'olólh. Chehalis River a slough on Harrison River north side by the mouth of Chehalis River which has a knee-shaped sandbar at its mouth, this is the next slough above (upriver from) M eth'á:lmexwem:: Q'iq'ewetó:lthel < q'éw ~ q'ew. Chehalis River mouth (below the highway bridge, where land is breaking up into sand bars), (an opening one could get through in a canoe in high water near Chehalis {IHTTC 8/25/77], small creek (branch of Chehalis River) several hundred yards up Chehalis River from where the road goes from old Chehalis village site to Chehalis River [EL 9/27/77]):: Spôqwô3 welh ~ Speqwô3 :lh < péqw, Spôqwô3 welh ~ Speqwô3 :lh < péqw. Chehalis village on Harrison River, the Heart Rock for which Chehalis, B.C. was named (at the mouth of Chehalis River):: Ts'a'í:les < ts'á:. Harrison River spring salmon, Harrison River chinook salmon, big Chehalis River spring salmon, (preserved (smoked?) meat [AC: Tait dialect]):: pó:qw' ~ póqw'. heart-shaped island near the mouth of Chehalis River that beat like a heart:: Th'álátel ~ Th'á:lá ~ Th'ála < th'á:lá ~ th'ála ~ th'á:le ~ th'ále. island or point on north side of first slough north of the mouth of Chehalis River, (next slough and point above Mímexwel [EL 3/1/78]):: Yálhxetel. late fall Harrison River and Chehalis River sockeye salmon (last run, kind of red):: qwechíwiya. late fall sockeye salmon (last run on Harrison River and Chehalis River, kind of red):: sqwó:yxw. place near mouth of Chehalis River where they had a mass burial during a smallpox epidemic:: Smimstiyexwálá ~ Smímstíyexwá:le < mestíyexw. west fork of stream which goes into Chehalis River above Páléxel:: Th'ámxwelqs. cherry blackened bitter cherry bark:: pélel. cherry bark (for baskets):: st'elém < t'elém. choke cherry:: lhexwlhéxw < lhexw. wild cherry tree, bitter cherry tree:: t'elémelhp < t'elém. chest) (be) doubled up (a person with knees up to his chest), all doubled over:: sqw'emqw'emóxw < qw'ómxw. carry a packstrap around the shoulders and across the chest at the collarbone:: s'íteyí:les. carry a packstrap slung across the chest (over one shoulder and under one arm):: st'át'elhíles < t'álh. chest (human or animal thorax):: s'í:les ~ s'í:lés. cools one's chest inside:: th'elhílésem < th'álh. female black bear with white spot [or mark] on the chest:: Sxéylmòt or sxéylmòt < xél ~ xé:yl ~ xí:l.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary chest) (CONT’D)) have a hot drink, warm one's chest inside:: qatílésem < qá:t. hit on the chest:: kw'qwí:les < kw'óqw. male black bear with white spot [or mark] on the chest:: Sxé:ylmet or sxé:ylmet < xél ~ xé:yl ~ xí:l. on the chest, in the chest:: =í:les. skin of the chest:: kw'elôwíles < kw'eléw ~ kw'elô3 w. wheezing in the chest, rattling in the chest:: xwóyeqw'emíles < xwóyeqw'em.
chesterfield sofa, couch, chesterfield, place where one's sitting, (bed [AC, MC (Katzie)]):: shxw'ó:met < emét. chew
:: th'ám < th'a. be chewing s-th hard:: xéyxekw'et < xéykw'et. chewed it up:: xepxepkw't < xep'ékw'. chewing:: th'á:m ~ ts'á:m < th'a. chewing (gum):: th'eth'ám < th'a. chewing (something hard, like apple):: xéyxekw'els < xéykw'et. chewing s-th:: th'eth'át < th'a. chewing with a crunch, nibbling, gnawing:: xáp'kw'els < xep'ékw'. chew it (s-th hard, apple, pill):: xéykw'et. chew s-th:: th'át < th'a. chew with a crunch:: xep'kw'á:ls < xep'ékw'. gnaw s-th, chew s-th [crunchy]:: xép'kw't ~ xépkw't ~ (sic) xépkwt < xep'ékw'. (mice) chewing (a wall, box, etc.):: ts'átxwels ~ ch'átxwels.
chick baby chicks:: chelichkelsó:llh < chékel. chickadee call of a little bird (chickadee?):: ts'í:ts'tlemeth' < ts'í:tl' ~ ts'ítl'. call of the chickadee:: swí:tì. chickadee: black-capped chickadee, probably also chestnut-backed chickadee, possibly also the least bush-tit:: skíkek < sqá:q. chickadee: black-capped chickadee, prob. also chestnut-backed chickadee, poss. also least bush-tit:: méxts'el. chicken :: chékel. baby chicks:: chelichkelsó:llh < chékel. (calling a chicken):: chek chek chek. chicken drumstick:: sxéles te chékel < xéle, chékel (lit. leg of + the + chicken) chicken dung:: chèkelélets < chékel. roast chicken:: sqw’élem chékel < qw’él, chékel (lit. roasted/barbecued + chicken) chicken hawk chicken hawk (red-tailed hawk), hawk (large and small varieties):: xemxímels ~ xemxíméls < xéym. chickenpox (have) smallpox, measles, chickenpox:: pelkwí:ws < pél:ékw.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary chief chief chief, leader, respected person, boss, rich, dear:: siyá:m < éy ~ éy:. chief's, (belonging to a chief, in the style of a chief):: siyómelh < siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m. respected leader, chief, upper-class person, boss, master, your highness:: siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m. respected leaders, chiefs, upper-class people:: sí:yá:m < siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m. child adopt a child:: txwmelám < méle ~ mél:a, txwméla ~ texwméla < méle ~ mél:a. adopted child:: smelám < méle ~ mél:a. already had children:: semsémele < méle ~ mél:a. baby (kin), child (kin) (up to about eigit years old):: mímele < méle ~ mél:a. bed, (child, young):: =á(:)ylh ~ =á(:)lh ~ =elh (~ =iylh ~ =ó:llh ?). blowing spray (humorously said of a child teething):: pópexwels < póxw. blow (spray) on a patient (of an Indian doctor or shaman), blow spray on s-o/s-th (of a shaman, a person ironing, a child teething):: póxwet < póxw. child (of someone, kinterm), offspring, son, daughter:: méle ~ mél:a. child (post-baby to pre-adolescent), child (under 12), (young [BJ]):: stl'ítl'eqelh ~ stl'í:tl'eqelh. children (generic):: stá:xwelh. children (kinterm, someone's), sons, daughters:: mámele < méle ~ mél:a. children (not one's own necessarily, generic):: stá:xwelh. child, young, baby:: =ílh ~ =íylh ~ =éylh ~ =elh ~ =á(:)ylh. girl child, girl (from 5 to 10 years or so):: slheliyó:llh < slhá:lí. giving birth, having a child, having a baby:: tsméla < méle ~ mél:a. growing (of animals, children, etc.):: ts'íts'esem < ts'ísem. have given birth, already had a child, had a baby, (delivered):: sémele < méle ~ mél:a. her deceased children, (his deceased children):: mameláselh < méle ~ mél:a. illegitimate child:: skáslekem. insistant, persistant (like a child pressing to go along), bull-headed, doesn't mind, does just the opposite, (stubborn, contrary):: sxíxeles. it smells (said to child):: úx. last baby (youngest baby), the last-born, a child cranky and jealous of an expected brother or sister:: óqw'a < óqw'. nephew, niece, sibling's child (child of sister or brother or cousin (up to and including fourth cousin) [Elders Group]):: stí:wel. nephews, nieces, sibling's children:: statí:wel < stí:wel. older sibling, elder cousin (child of older sibling of one's parent, grandchild of older sibling of one's grandparent, great grandchild of older sibling of one's great grandparent), cousin of senior line, older brother, older sister:: sétl'atel < sétl'a ~ sétl'o. poor little one, you poor thing (said to a child):: t'ó:t'. reject someone as a spouse or partner for one's child:: qá:lmílh < qéylem ~ qé:ylem ~ qí(:)lem. reject someone as a spouse or partner for your child:: qá:lmílh. said to a child of crawling age to teach him something is bad:: yax ~ áx. step-child:: texwmélem < méle ~ mél:a. step-children:: texwmámelem < méle ~ mél:a. teachings for children, what is taught to one's children:: s'iwesá:ylhem < íwes. to babysit someone else's kids (children):: xolhmílh < xólh. younger sibling, younger brother, younger sister, child of younger sibling of one's parent, "younger" cousin (could even be fourth cousin [through younger sibling of one's great great
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary child (CONT’D)) grandparent]):: sqá:q.
childbirth having labor pains, being in labor in childbirth:: ts'áts'elem. child of deceased sibling child of deceased sibling, child of deceased brother/sister:: swelmáylh ~ swelméylh < swálém. child's in-law children's in-laws:: skw'ekw'ílwes < skw'élwés. child's spouse's parent, child's spouse's sibling, child's in-laws:: skw'élwés. child's spouse child's spouse, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, (man's) sister's husband:: schiwtálh. sons-in-law, daughters-in-law, children's spouses:: schí:wetálh < schiwtálh. child's spouse's parent child's spouse's parent, child's spouse's sibling, child's in-laws:: skw'élwés. child's spouse's sibling child's spouse's parent, child's spouse's sibling, child's in-laws:: skw'élwés. chill be chilled (of a person), got cold (of a person):: th'óth'elhem < th'álh. Chilliwack Chilliwack Indian people:: Sts'elxwíqw ~ Ts'elxwíqw ~ Ts'elxwéyeqw < ts'el. Squia-ala (now Chilliwack Indian Reserve #7):: Sxwoyehá:lá < xwà:y ~ xwá:y. Tzeachten, a (recent) settlement on the upper reaches of the lower Chilliwack River, now Chilliwack Indian Reserve #13 near Sardis:: Ch'iyáqtel < sts'iyáq. Yakweakwioose, next village above Scowkale, village near Sardis on the old Chilliwack River course, now Chilliwack Indian Reserve #9:: Yeqwyeqwí:ws < yéqw. Chilliwack Indian Reserve Kwakwawapilt village and reserve (Chilliwack Indian Reserve #6):: Qweqwe'ópelhp < qwe'óp. Scowkale, sometimes misspelled Skulkayn, now Chilliwack Indian Reserves #10 and #11:: Sq'ewqé(:)yl ~ Sq'ewqí:l < q'éw ~ q'ew. Chilliwack Lake:: Sxóchaqel < xó:tsa ~ xó:cha. Chilliwack Mountain Chilliwack Mountain, village of Cameleats on west end of Chilliwack Mountain:: Qwemí(:)líts. Chilliwack River:: Sts'elxwíqw ~ Ts'elxwíqw ~ Ts'elxwéyeqw < ts'el. an old course of the Chilliwack River, now Vedder River:: Lhewálmel < lhá:w. a place on Chilliwack River, a little above Anderson Flat and Allison's (between Tamihi Creek and Slesse Creek), a village at deep water between Tamihi Creek and Slesse Creek:: Iy'óythel < éy ~ éy:.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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Chilliwack River (CONT’D)) creek with its mouth on the south side of Chilliwack River and above the mouth of Middle Creek:: Sch'iyáq < sts'iyáq. place by Albert Cooper's house on Chilliwack River Road near Vedder Crossing, former village where a slide is now on north bank of Chilliwack River opposite Liumchen Creek:: Xéylés < xéylés. Semmihault Creek, a stream from the east joining the old Chilliwack River near the Chilliwack airport:: Smiyó:llh?. Soowahlie village (where Sweltzer Creek met Chilliwack River), Soowahlie Reserve near Vedder Crossing:: Th'ewá:lí < th'éw. Sweltzer Creek (the stream from Cultus Lake to Chilliwack River at Soowahlie):: Swílhcha Stótelô < Swílhcha. Tzeachten, a (recent) settlement on the upper reaches of the lower Chilliwack River, now Chilliwack Indian Reserve #13 near Sardis:: Ch'iyáqtel < sts'iyáq. village above Yakweakwioose on both sides of the Chilliwack River:: Sxwó:yxweyla ~ Sxwóyxweyla < sxwó:yxwey ~ sxwóyxwey. village across from or a little above the mouth of Centre Creek into Chilliwack River:: Swóyel. village at junction of Ryder Lake Creek and Chilliwack River:: T'ept'ô3 p. village on a small flat a little above Vedder Crossing, on the north side of Chilliwack River:: Th'óth'emels < th'óméls. W atery Eaves, a famous longhouse and early village on a flat area on Chilliwack River just a quarter mile upriver/east above Vedder Crossing:: Qoqoláxel < qó:. Yakweakwioose, next village above Scowkale, village near Sardis on the old Chilliwack River course, now Chilliwack Indian Reserve #9:: Yeqwyeqwí:ws < yéqw. Chilliwack River Road place where a grove of birches stood/stand near the Kickbush place on Chilliwack River Road in Sardis, (village at junction of Semmihault Creek and Chilliwack River [W ells 1965 (lst ed.):19]):: Sekw'sekw'emá:y < síkw'. Chilopoda class Chilopoda and poss. class Diplopoda:: lhets'íméls te pítxel < lhts'ímél. Chimaphila umbellata:: chéchelex < cháléx. chin chin, jaw (of fish, human, etc.), (lips (both), cheek, side of the face [DM]):: ts'emxó:ythel. hair on the chin or jaw, beard, mustache:: qwiliyéthel < qwíl ~ qwel. hit on the mouth, [hit on the chin, hit on the lip, hit on the jaw]:: kw'qwó:ythel < kw'óqw. on the lips, on the jaw, on the chin:: =ó:ythel. skin of the mouth, (prob. also skin of the chin or jaw or lips):: kw'elôwó:ythel < kw'eléw ~ kw'elô3 w. china long china platter:: qwsó:les. Chinese Chinese person:: chá:lmel. Chinese language:: chálmelqel < chá:lmel.
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chinook salmon chinook salmon Harrison River spring salmon, Harrison River chinook salmon, big Chehalis River spring salmon, (preserved (smoked?) meat [AC: Tait dialect]):: pó:qw' ~ póqw'. spring salmon (generic), (Chinook salmon):: tl'élxxel ~ tl'álxxel < tl'él. white Fraser River spring salmon that goes upriver with the redspring salmon, (white Fraser River chinook salmon):: speqá:s. chip (be) blazed (of a mark in a tree), chipped (of mark in tree):: st'ót'ep < t'óp. to chip it (like wood):: t'ópet < t'óp. wood chips:: t'ámel (or) t'ém:el < t'ém. chipmunk :: tsitsepyóthel. chipmunk, i.e., Northwestern chipmunk and Townsend chipmunk:: qwémxel < qwem. chipmunk with more than two stripes, Northwestern chipmunk, Townsend chipmunk:: xexp'í:tsel ~ xexp'ítsel ~ sxexp'í:tsel < xep'í:tsel. chipmunk with two stripes, Northwestern chipmunk, also Townsend chipmunk:: xep'í:tsel. Chiromidae order Diptera, probably families Chiromidae, Ceratopogonidae, and Simuliidae:: pepxwíqsel < píxw. Chiroptera order Chiroptera, family Vespertilionidae:: skw'elyáxel. order Chiroptera, family Vespertilionidae, may include any or all of the following: Corynorhinus townsendi townsendi, Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus, Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus cinereus, Myotis californicus caurinus, Myotis evotis pacificus, Myotis lucifugus alascensis, Myotis volans longicrus, Myotis yumanensis saturatus, and possibly Myotis keeni keeni:: p'íp'eth'elàxel ~ p'ip'eth'eláxel < p'í:. chisel a chisel:: t'et'émels < t'ém. Choate Creek Choate Creek on the west (C.P.R,) side of the Fraser River:: St'élxweth' stótelô < St'élxweth'. village near the mouth of Choate Creek, (Choate Creek [AK, SP/AD], (Stullawheets village on a hill on the east bank of the Fraser River near the mouth of Suka Creek [elders on American Bar Trip (AD/AK/?)]):: St'élxweth'. chocolate lily:: stl'éleqw'. choke (be) choked with smoke:: p'eltl'ómelh < p'ótl'em. choke on bone or s-th solid:: áq'elh. choke on food, get choked on food:: t'kwíles ~ t'ekwíles < t'ékw. choke on water, choked on liquid:: lexwslhém ~ lexwslhám < lhém. choke s-o/s-th:: p'ith'lhált < p'í:. getting choked on food:: t'ékweles < t'ékw. Chondestes grammacus Melospiza melodia morphna, (perhaps any/all of the following: Passerculus sandwichensis
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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Chondestes grammacus (CONT’D)) brooksi, Pooecetes gramineus, Chondestes grammacus, Spizella arborea, Spizella passerina, Zonotrichia querula, Passerella iliaca, Zonotrichia leucophrys, Zonotrichia atricapilla, Melospiza melodia morphna):: sxwô3 xwtha. choose pick it, choose it, sort it, (choose s-o/s-th):: míset < mís. chop adzing, chopping, chopping with an adze:: t'et'éméls < t'ém. chop one's foot (with axe), [get chopped on the foot (with axe)]:: t'émxel < t'ém. chop one's hand, [get chopped on the hand]:: t'émches < t'ém. chopped in different places:: st'amt'í:m (or better) st'emt'í:m < t'ém. chopping the ground (with hoe or mattock):: t'et'émélep < t'ém. chop s-th in different places:: t'emt'émet < t'ém. chop wood, split wood, (chop/split s-th wood):: séq'et < séq'. chop wood (with an axe), split wood:: th'iqw'élchep or th'iyqw'éltsep < th'íyeqw'. jade (nephrite) (used for sharpening [chopping] stones), any agate (can be used as flint to strike a spark):: t'émq'ethel. smooth a log by chopping:: t'mí:ws < t'ém. to chop with an adze, to chop, to adze, an adze:: t'eméls < t'ém. wood chips:: t'ámel (or) t'ém:el < t'ém. Chordeiles minor minor:: pí:q'. Christ Jesus Christ:: Síthikwi. Christmas Christmas day:: swáyels te Chíchelh Siyám < =chílh ~ chílh=. Christmas Eve, night before Christmas:: Xáxe Slát < xáxe. Chrysops family Tabanidae, genus Chrysops:: lheméléts'. chum ma'am, female friend, chum (female), little girl:: iyés < éy ~ éy:. pal, best friend, dear friend, chum:: q'óleq ~ q'e'óléq < q'ó. sir, male friend, chum (male), sonny:: iyéseq < éy ~ éy:. chum salmon dog salmon, chum salmon:: kw'ó:lexw. Church to pray, have a church service, (a Church (organization, not building) [Elders Group]):: ts'ahéyelh. church church house, the church (building):: ts'ahéyelhá:wtxw < ts'ahéyelh, ts'ahéyelhá:wtxw < ts'ahéyelh. to pray, have a church service, (a Church (organization, not building) [Elders Group]):: ts'ahéyelh.
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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Cicadidae Cicadidae probably mostly family Gryllidae, but perhaps family Prophalanopsidae, also perhaps singing groups such as family Tettigoniidae (order Orthoptera) or Cicadidae (order Hemiptera):: tó:lthíwa < tó:l ~ tò:l. cicely a grass that grows with berries in fields and everywhere and has seeds that stick in one's throat when eaten with berries, probably a type of brome grass, likely California brome grass, possibly sweet cicely:: táqalh. Cicuta douglasii probably Cicuta douglasii:: welékwsa. cigar
:: sikó.
cigarette :: sikelít. cigarette butt:: th'exmíls te sp'ótl'em < th'éx. Cimex lectularius:: shxwelítemelh méxts'el < méxts'el. Cimex lectularius (order Hemiptera, family Cimicidae):: lhelhq'etíwel < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. Cinclus mexicanus Cinclus mexicanus:: smélxweth'. cinder ashes (cinder-like), cinders (heavy and dirty), embers:: shxwiyélhtel ~ shxwyélhtel < yólh. circle a circle:: st'elákw' < t'elákw'. (circle) around the fire once and return to the start, make one circle in longhouse:: sélts' < sél or sí(:)l. circular frame (for tanning hides):: st'elákw' siyólh < yólh. go in a semi-circle (or part of a circle) with the current:: selch'éle < sél or sí(:)l. go in full circle with the current:: sá:lch'ôwelh < sél or sí(:)l. (in a) circle:: =iyó:s. lower circle under eye:: stl'epó:lemelh ~ stl'epó:les < tl'ép. moving, (many moving around in circles, moving around in circles many times):: xelxálqem < xálqem. (perhaps) around in circles:: =qw' ~ =eqw'. (perhaps) round, around in circles:: =kw' ~ =ekw'. rolling, moving [around in circles]:: xálqem. spotted with circles or round dots:: tl'eltl'élx < tl'él. twist, turn around, around in circles:: =ts' ~ =elts' ~ =á:lts'. upper circle over the eye, probably upper eyelid:: chelhó:lemelh < =chílh ~ chílh=, schelhó:les < =chílh ~ chílh=. circular circular frame (for tanning hides):: st'elákw' siyólh < yólh. circular objects:: =ó:s ~ =ós ~ =es. circular, round and flat:: st'elákw' < t'elákw'.
English-to-Halkomelem Index for Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary Cirseum arvense Cirseum arvense Cirseum vulgare, Cirseum arvense, and probably Cirseum edule, Cirseum brevistylum:: ts'eqw'ts'eqw' < ts'éqw'. Cirseum brevistylum Cirseum vulgare, Cirseum arvense, and probably Cirseum edule, Cirseum brevistylum:: ts'eqw'ts'eqw' < ts'éqw'. Cirseum edule Cirseum vulgare, Cirseum arvense, and probably Cirseum edule, Cirseum brevistylum:: ts'eqw'ts'eqw' < ts'éqw'. Cirseum vulgare Cirseum vulgare, Cirseum arvense, and probably Cirseum edule, Cirseum brevistylum:: ts'eqw'ts'eqw' < ts'éqw'. Citrus aurantium especially Citrus sinensis, also Citrus aurantium:: qwiqwóyáls ~ qwiqwóyéls ~ qwiqwòyàls < qwá:y. Citrus limon:: tsqwá:y < qwá:y. Citrus sinensis especially Citrus sinensis, also Citrus aurantium:: qwiqwóyáls ~ qwiqwóyéls ~ qwiqwòyàls < qwá:y. claim (be) bragging, extravagant in claims, bull-headed, claims he's the best:: sqoyéxiya < sqáyéx ~ sqayéx. clam clam, butter clam, fresh-water clam, fresh-water mussel:: s'óxwe, s'óxwe. dried big clams threaded onto a string of inner cedar bark (obtained in trade):: swà:m. (horse clam):: swà:m. clap clap one's hands, clap once with hands:: lhéqw'tsesem < lhóqw'et. clapping with (one's) hands:: lhólheqw'tsesem < lhóqw'et. class high class people:: semelá:lh < smelá:lh. low class person, [person on the lowest economic class]:: stít-sòs < t-sós ~ tesós. respected leader, chief, upper-class person, boss, master, your highness:: siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m. respected leaders, chiefs, upper-class people:: sí:yá:m < siyám ~ (rare) siyá:m. respected person, (high class person [EB]):: smelá:lh. claw fingernail, nail of finger, claw:: qw'exwéltses. scratch s-o/s-th and leave a mark, rake it, claw it, scrape it:: xéyp'et < xéyp'.
1155
1156
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary clay
clay diatomaceous earth (could be mixed with things to whiten them--for ex. dog and goat wool), white clay for white face paint (for pure person spirit-dancers), white powder from mountains, white clay they make powder from to lighten goat and dog wool for blankets, powder, talc, white face paint:: st'ewô3 kw'. hard clay, hard earth, smooth (hard) earth:: síq'. lumpy clay:: qwóméxweth' < qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. name of place with clay at the edge of the river at some location:: S'áqwemxweth' < qwó:m ~ qwóm ~ qwem. red ochre, (clay colored reddish by oxides of iron):: témélh. storage basket (for oil, fruit, clothes), burial basket for twins, round basket (any size, smaller at top), clay jug (to store oil or fruit):: skwá:m ~ skwám < kwá:m ~ kwám. clean be good, good, well, nice, fine, better, better (ought to), it would be good if, may it be good, let it be good, happy, glad, clean, well-behaved, polite, virgin, popular, comfortable (with furniture, other things?),:: éy ~ éy:. break up s-th by crumpling, crush it up, rub it together fast (to soften or clean), rub it to soften it (of plants, etc.), fluff it (inner cedar bark to soften it):: yékw'et < yókw' ~ yóqw'. clean hands:: éyetses < éy ~ éy:. clean [in everything: clothes, house, person, etc.], clean in one's person and what one owns:: eyétses < éy ~ éy:. cleaning or butchering a fish or animal:: kw'íkw'ets'els < kw'íts'. clean it (of table, land, etc.):: tí:lt. clean one’s face:: ep’ósem < á:p' ~ áp'. clean one's nose:: meqsélem < méqsel. cut open and butcher it, clean it (of fish or animal):: kw'íts'et < kw'íts'. is clean, good:: éy ~ éy:. (perhaps) (be) clean (of a house):: sts'ets'íx < th'xét. (possibly) clean out brush from a graveyard or the ceremony of graveyard cleaning:: stselqwá:ls < chá:l or chó:l. (possibly) to clean s-th:: th'xét. rub (oil or water) in s-th to clean or soften, rub s-th to soften or clean it, (shaping a stone hammer with abrasion?, shaping?, mixing paint?, pressing together or crushing? [BHTTC 9/2/76]):: yémq't. clear be clear (of water), be smooth (AC):: xwe'éyem ~ xw'éyem < éy ~ éy:. be in clear voice, be in good voice, be in good health, healthy:: shxw'éyelh < éy ~ éy:. clear it (of land):: tí:lt. clear up (of weather), turn fine (after a hard storm):: iyílem < éy ~ éy:. (have) a clear voice:: xw'éyeqel < éy ~ éy:. (have/be) dirty water, (not clear, unclear, can't see the bottom (of water) [EL]):: mímexwel. rapids, fast water, clear water, flowing fast, going fast, swift (water):: lexwô3 :m ~ lexwô3 m < xwém ~ xwém. to clear land:: tí:lthet < tí:lt. clearing a fairly flat clearing on a mountain in Morris Valley where they used to play ts'its'eqweló:l or Indian badminton:: Ts'éqwela ~ Th'éqwela < ts'éqw ~ th'éqw.
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1157
cleft cleft cleft in back of the neck:: t'ayéq'psem < t'ay. cleft palate cleft palate, harelip:: qiqewótheló:ythel < sqewáth. Clethrionomys gapperi cascadensis may include any or all of the following which occur in this area: creeping vole Microtus oregoni serpens, long-tail vole Microtus longicaudus macrurus, mountain heather vole Phenacomys intermedius oramontis, boreal redback vole Clethrionomys gapperi cascadensis, Norway rat (intro.) Rattus norvegicus, and perhaps roof rat Rattus rattus, also includes bushy-tailed wood rat (packrat) Neotoma cinerea occidentalis which has its own name below:: há:wt. prob. the introduced Rattus norvegius, native species possiblyincluding any/all of these four: Microtus oregoni serpens, Microtus longicaudus macrurus, Phenacomys intermedius oramontis, and Clethrionomys gapperi cascadensis, possibly also the introduced Rattus rattus:: ts'á:txwels < ts'átxwels ~ ch'átxwels. cliff cliff, vertical rock face:: qw'eléqel. fell of its own accord (of an object from a height or from upright), drop down (object/person, from a shelf, bridge, cliff, etc.), fall off:: wets'étl' ~ wech'étl'. soft (knee-shaped) cliff on a beach:: =ó:lthel. throat of a cliff or mountain:: =eqel. climax bring oneself to a climax, to climax, to orgasm, masturbate:: wets'á:lómet < ts'á:. to climax, come (sexually), ejaculate:: qw'lhòlèm or qw'lhlòlèm. climb climb a mountain, climb a hill, go up a mountain or hill:: kw'íyeqel < kw'í ~ kw'íy, kw'íyeqel < kw'í ~ kw'íy. climb, get up a vertical surface:: kw'í ~ kw'íy. climbing, rising:: kw'ekw'í < kw'í ~ kw'íy. clink clinking, tinkling (of glass, ice in glass, glasses together, dishes together, metal together):: ts'átxem ~ th'átxem. (have) clinking (of glass or dishes or metal), (have) tinkling sound (of glass, ice in glass, glasses together):: th'átxem ~ ts'átxem. clippers nail clippers (lit. “scissors for the fingernails”):: shxwth’ámqels qw’xwéltses/qw’xwélches < xwáth', qw'exw. clitoris clitoris:: clock
xawelhíqw < xá:welh
:: lhók. eight o'clock:: steqá:tsas < tqá:tsa. eleven o'clock:: slhéms < lhém.
1158
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary clock (CONT’D) Friday, five o'clock:: Slhq'átses < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. hour, o'clock, day of week:: s=...=s. nine o'clock:: stú:xws < tú:xw. o'clock:: s= =s. seven o'clock:: sth'ó:kws < th'ó:kws. six o'clock:: st'xéms < t'éx. ten o'clock, (tenth hour):: s'ó:pels < ó:pel. three o'clock (< the third hour):: slhíxws < lhí:xw. Thursday, four o'clock, (fourth cyclic period):: sxe'óthels < xe'ó:thel ~ xe'óthel. two o'clock, two hours:: isáles < isá:le ~ isále ~ isá:la.
(closable container):: =q close a lot of trees close together (young), thicket:: théqet < theqát ~ thqá:t. approach, get near, get closer, reach, go up to, get up to:: tés. approaching, getting near, getting closer:: tetés < tés. be closed:: xwtetáq < téq. be near, be close to, be beside, be next to:: stetís < tés. close by itself:: téq. close s-th:: tqát < téq. close s-th (for ex. a box), put a lid on s-th (for ex. a pot), cover it with a lid:: qp'á:qet < qep'. close together, (narrow? [MV]):: tl'éts' < tl'í:ts'. close up a meeting, wind up a meeting, complete a meeting:: yalkw'ólhem or yelkw'wólhem < yókw' ~ yóqw'. closing one's eyes, shutting one's eyes:: th'íth'eplexw (or perhaps th'íth'ep'lexw) < th'éplexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexw). come close, come near, come sit in (with a group):: teséthet ~ tséthet < tés. get close, approach, get near, nearly, (go close, come close):: ts'ímél ~ ts'ímel. (get closed, become closed):: xwtáq < téq. get close to s-o/s-th, approach s-th/s-o:: ts'ímélmet < ts'ímél ~ ts'ímel. getting close:: ts'íts'emel < ts'ímél ~ ts'ímel. (have) one eye closed:: lheq'ó:les. lots of eyes being closed:: th'elíth'eplexw ~ ts'elíts'eplexw (or perhaps ts'elíts'ep'lexw) < th'éplexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexw). pair of twins, pair of closest friends:: sq'eq'e'óleq < q'ó. run over it (with car), spread it (for ex. on bread with knife), put it up (of wallpaper), (stick it on), stick s-th closed (with pitch for ex.):: tl'íq't < tl'íq'. shut one's eyes, close one's eyes, (blink [EB]):: th'éplexw (or perhaps th'ép'lexw). cloth
:: sí:l. be wearing a loincloth:: sthiyáp < sthíyep. cloth or warm material to wrap around the foot, stockings:: chóxwxel. denim cloth:: xwétkw'em < xwót'kw'em. dishcloth:: shxwiyòtqw'ewí:ls. face-cloth:: shxwíqw'estel < íqw'. loincloth, dog-hair apron, dog-hair mat:: sthíyep. needle (for sewing cloth, for mat-making):: p'éth'tel < p'áth'.
clothes :: á:wkw', =íth'a ~ =íth'e.
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary clothes (CONT’D) (be) a dark color (of clothes, complexions, etc.), (dark gray, dark brown):: stl'ítl'esel < stl'ítl'es. be faded (of clothes), (get/become) faded, (go or get or become gray):: xwíkw'el < xwíkw'. (be) tight-fitting (of clothes, can't be quite buttoned):: spexelís < páx, spepíx < páx. (be) too tight (of shoes, clothes, trap, box), tight (of a dress one can't get into), too tight to get into (of dress, car, box of cards, etc.):: stl'etl'íq' < tl'íq'. be worn out (of clothes for ex.), be old (of clothes), smashed up when dropped, dissolved:: th'éw. buckskin clothes:: míyethélwét < sméyeth ~ sméyéth. clothes basket:: shxw'awkw'ála < á:wkw'. clothes, clothing (esp. Indian clothing, men's or women's), something to wear, dress, gown:: s'íth'em < íth'a. clothes container, suitcase, clothes case:: áwkw'emálá < á:wkw', áwkw'emálá < á:wkw'. clothes store:: awkw'áwtxw < á:wkw'. clothes store, clothing store:: ith'emáwtxw < íth'a. denim clothes:: xwétkw'emélwet < xwót'kw'em. patch s-th (of clothes, nets), patch s-th up:: p'ôwíyt ~ p'ewíyt < p'ewíy ~ p'ôwíy. peel it off (clothes):: lhqw'íwst < lhéqw'. slide down (of clothes):: lhósem < lhós. stick for beating blankets or clothes or mat, blanket-beater, clothes-beater, mat-beater, rug-beater:: kw'ekw'qwá:lth'átel < kw'óqw. suitcase (Deming), luggage (Deming), clothing container, clothes bag, trunk (for clothes), etc.:: áwkw'emálá < á:wkw'. take off one's clothes, undress:: lhôwth'ám < lhewíth'a. take someone's food or clothes:: kwétxwt. two garments, two (items of) clothes:: islélwet < isá:le ~ isále ~ isá:la. washing one's clothes:: th'éxwelwetem < th'éxw or th'óxw. wash one's clothes:: th'xwelwétem < th'éxw or th'óxw. water kettle, boiler pan (for canning, washing clothes or dishes):: qowletsá:ls < qew. clothing clothes, clothing (esp. Indian clothing, men's or women's), something to wear, dress, gown:: s'íth'em < íth'a. clothes store, clothing store:: ith'emáwtxw < íth'a. clothing, food, and possessions burned and given away when a person dies, (possessions and food burned and given away at a burning):: syeqwá:ls < yéqw. clothing, material:: =íth'a < íth'a. garment, clothing:: =elwet ~ =élwet. suitcase (Deming), luggage (Deming), clothing container, clothes bag, trunk (for clothes), etc.:: áwkw'emálá < á:wkw'. upper clothing, clothing on upper half of the body:: chlhíth'a < =chílh ~ chílh=. warm (of clothing):: hólem. cloud
:: shxw'áthtel < thá:t. be steaming (in many places), be cloudy with rain-clouds:: pelpólxwem < poléxwem. fleecy wave clouds that look like sheep:: xeylxelemós. (get a) ray of sun between clouds:: qeyqeyxelósem < qéyqeyxelà. getting cloudy, clouding up:: xwathtálém < thá:t.
1159
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1160
clove-hitch clove-hitch spear pole knot hitch (two half-hitches), clove-hitch knot:: ts'sítsim. clover clover, prob. both white clover and red clover:: lhô3 :me. club beating s-o/s-th with a stick, hitting s-o/s-th with a stick, clubbing it:: kw'ókw'eqwet < kw'óqw. clubbed on the back of the neck, clubbed on the back of the head:: kw'qwépsem < kw'óqw. clubbing many times, hitting many times:: kw'elqwál < kw'óqw. club on the body:: kw'qwí:ws < kw'óqw. hit s-o on the head, club him on the head:: kw'qwéleqwt < kw'óqw. hit with a stick-like object, clubbed:: kw'óqw. salmon club:: kw'óqwestel < kw'óqw. sturgeon club, fish club (for salmon, sturgeon, etc.):: slá:meth. war club, club for any purpose:: kw'óqwestel < kw'óqw. cluster] eight fruit in a group [or cluster] (as they grow on a plant):: tqòtsòls < tqá:tsa. four fruit in a group or cluster (as they grow on a plant):: x(e)'othelòls < xe'ó:thel ~ xe'óthel. nine fruit in a group or cluster (as they grow on a plant):: tuxwòls < tú:xw. seven fruit in a group or cluster (as they grow on a plant):: th'ekwòls < th'ó:kws. three fruit in a cluster (as they grow on a plant):: lhexwòls < lhí:xw. coal black coals, charcoal:: p'áts't. coal-oil lamp an electric light, coal-oil lamp, lamp:: yeqwí:l ~ yeqwì:l < yéqw. coarse (have) coarse hair:: mekwélqel < mékw. stout (of a person), thick (of a tree), thick around, coarse (of a rope), big (fat) (of a person). big (in girth):: mékw. coat
:: kopú.
coax coaxing imperative plural:: -atlha. coaxing imperative singular:: -tlh ~ -lh. Coccinellidae) order Coleoptera, family Coccinellidae):: slhálhlí < slhá:lí. cock draw a bow, cock a gun:: xwe'ít'et. draw a bow, cock a gun, (draw it (of a bow), cock it (of a gun)):: xwe'ít'et < ót'.
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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cock-eyed cock-eyed cross-eyed, prob. also cock-eyed:: skw'íts'òlès. cod ling-cod:: á:yt ~ é:yt, mechó:s. coffee
:: kópi.
coffee mate powdered milk/coffee mate:: ts’áyxw s-qemó < ts’áyxw, qemó (lit. dry + milk) coffee-pot:: kópi'álá < kópi. coffin box, trunk, grave box (old-style, not buried), coffin, casket:: kw'óxwe. coho salmon coho net:: kwô3 xwethtel < kwô3 xweth. coho salmon, silver salmon:: kwô3 xweth. coho salmon time, August to September:: temkwô3 xweth < kwô3 xweth. small (fully grown) coho salmon, [kokanee]:: sth'ímiya < sth'í:m ~ sth'ì:m. coil be coiled (ready to strike for ex. of a snake):: sq'elá:w < q'ál. (be) coiling (ready to strike) (of a snake):: sq'elq'elá:w < q'ál. coiled bottom of a basket before the sides are on:: skwélets < kwél. coiled up méthelh rope for fishing (for sturgeon and spring salmon):: ts'tíxem. coil it, wind it up (of string, rope, yarn):: q'élq't < q'ál. Colaptes cafer cafer Colaptes cafer cafer and rarely Colaptes cafer collaris, (if large is correct Dryocopus pileatus [AK], if small is correct, probably Sphyrapicus (varius) ruber or possibly Dryobates villosus harrisi and Dryobates villosus orius or Dryobates pubescens (esp.) gairdneri some zoologists replace the genus Dryobates with Dendrocopos, others with Picoides):: th'íq. Colaptes cafer collaris Colaptes cafer cafer and rarely Colaptes cafer collaris, (if large is correct Dryocopus pileatus [AK], if small is correct, probably Sphyrapicus (varius) ruber or possibly Dryobates villosus harrisi and Dryobates villosus orius or Dryobates pubescens (esp.) gairdneri some zoologists replace the genus Dryobates with Dendrocopos, others with Picoides):: th'íq. cold a cough, a cold with a cough:: stó:qw'em < tó:qw'em. be chilled (of a person), got cold (of a person):: th'óth'elhem < th'álh. be cold:: xéytl' ~ xí:tl'. (cold (of a person) or get cooled down, get cold):: th'ólhem < th'álh. freezing, freezing cold:: pípewels < pí:w. get cold:: xéytl'thet < xéytl' ~ xí:tl'. getting colder:: xé:ytl'thet < xéytl' ~ xí:tl'. (have) fingers so cold they can't bend:: memekwóyetses < mékw.
1162
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary cold (CONT’D) (have/get) a head cold:: th'ólhem sq'óq'ey < th'álh. north-east wind, north wind, east wind, cold wind:: só:tets. one's hand sticks to something (in cold, to honey, to glue, etc.):: t'elémtses < t'elém.
Coleoptera order Coleoptera, family Coccinellidae):: slhálhlí < slhá:lí. probably order Coleoptera, family Buprestidae, genus Buprestis, or possibly family Cerambycidae, genus Gaurotes:: tále te syó:qwem < tá:le ~ tále, tále te syó:qwem < yéqw. Colias erytheme if the name applies to one or more predominantly white butterflies it could include the following which occur in the Stó:lô area: family Papilionidae: Parnassius clodius, Parnassius phoebus Papilio eurymedon, family Pieridae: Neophasia menapia, Pieris occidentalis, Pieris napi, albino females of Colias erytheme:: p'ip'eq'eyós < p'éq'. collarbone:: (s)tl'lhíléstel < t'álh. collect collect, collect money, take a collection, gather:: q'pá:ls < q'ép. collected rain-water drops in a bucket:: th'q'emelétsem < th'q'ém ~ th'eq'ém. collected rain-water from a drip:: th'q'émelets ~ ts'q'émelets < th'q'ém ~ th'eq'ém. collect, gather:: q'pém < q'ép. collecting:: q'ápels < q'ép. collecting s-th, gathering s-th:: q'ápt or q'ápet < q'ép. gather s-th, pick up s-th (stuff that's scattered about), collect s-th, gather it up, pick them up (already gathered or not):: q'pét < q'ép. to gather (of people esp.), to collect:: q'ép. collection collect, collect money, take a collection, gather:: q'pá:ls < q'ép. collective) elders (many collective):: siyelyólexwa < siyólexwe. plural, (usually) many in a group, collective:: R3= or C1eC2=. (rare) plural, (usually) many in a group, collective:: R5= or C1e=, =R6= or =eC2=, R7= or C1á=, R8= or C1a=. color ash color:: sts'á:s ~ sts'ás. (be) a dark color (of clothes, complexions, etc.), (dark gray, dark brown):: stl'ítl'esel < stl'ítl'es. bright (in color):: tstáwél ~ táwél < táw. burnt color:: syeqwyíqw < yéqw. have, get, stative or be with colors:: ts= ~ ts'. in color:: =ó:mex ~ =óméx ~ =òmèx ~ =ómex ~ =omex ~ =emex. (many) different colors:: lets'ló:ts'tel < láts'. orange (fruit), especially mandarin orange (the fruit), also domestic orange, (also orange (color)):: qwiqwóyáls ~ qwiqwóyéls ~ qwiqwòyàls < qwá:y. red ochre color, color of red clay of iron oxide used for religious paint and face paint:: témélh. rose color:: qá:lq.
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary color (CONT’D) stative (with color terms), have, get (elsewhere):: ts= ~ ch=. what does it look like?, what does he/she look like?, (how is he/she/it in appearance or looks?), (what color is it? [NP]):: selchímomex < selchí:m ~ selchím. colt colt:: statiqíwò:llh < stiqíw. younger deer, baby horse, younger cow, fawn, colt, calf:: st'él'e. Columba fasciata including Columba fasciata, Zenaidura macroura, possibly Ectopistes migratorius, also Columbia livia (introduced):: hemó:. Columbia livia including Columba fasciata, Zenaidura macroura, possibly Ectopistes migratorius, also Columbia livia (introduced):: hemó:. comb card wool, comb s-th, (carding/combing s-th (wool/hair)):: téxelqèylt < tex. comb (for hair):: lhts'ímél. combing one's hair:: téxelqéylem < tex. comb one's hair, comb one's own hair:: texqéylem < tex. comb s-o's hair:: texqé:ylt < tex. fine comb:: lhémxts'el < méxts'el. (louse-comb):: lhémxts'el < méxts'el, lhémxts'eltel < méxts'el. real fine-tooth comb:: lhémxts'eltel < méxts'el. shake s-th (tree or bush) for fruit or leaves, comb a bush (for berries), shake s-th (a mat or blanket for ex.):: xwíset ~ xwítset < xwís. come
:: emí: ~ emí < mí ~ mé ~ me. appear, come into view, rise into view:: pél:ékw. arrive, arriving, come here, have come, get here, get back, come in (in a race):: xwe'í < í. back and forth, (go or come back and forth):: q'elq'í:lthet ~ q'elq'éylthet < q'ó:lthet. become aware (said for ex. of a child about three years or so, or of realizing how something is done), come to one's senses, sober up:: p'élh. broke down, came (un)loose, came apart, (got) untied, loose, unravelled:: yéxw < yíxw. come, came, He came., She came.:: ma'emí ~ ma'mí < mí ~ mé ~ me. come close, come near, come sit in (with a group):: teséthet ~ tséthet < tés. come, coming, come to, coming to:: mí ~ mé ~ me. come near me, (sic? for make me get near):: tesésthòx < tés. come near s-o, (come to s-o):: emíls < mí ~ mé ~ me. come out (of hair) (like hair in a comb):: qw'ém. come out (of sun), come up (of sun):: wep'éth' ~ wep'áth' < p'eth'. come to after fainting, (revive after fainting):: p'elhíws < p'élh. come to see s-o/s-th, visit s-o:: kw'átset < kw'áts ~ kw'éts. Come (urging one person).:: míthelh < mí ~ mé ~ me. come with s-o:: sq'ómet < q'ó. come with s-o (in a canoe for ex.):: q'ewí:lt < q'éw ~ q'ew. coming by foot, travelling by walking, already walking, travelling on foot:: ye'í:mex < i,m. coming with s-o:: sq'eq'ómet < q'ó. fall apart, come apart (of something man-made):: yíxw.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary come (CONT’D) follow after, coming behind (the one ahead knows):: chokwelélqem < chó:kw. get close, approach, get near, nearly, (go close, come close):: ts'ímél ~ ts'ímel, ts'ímél ~ ts'ímel. go, come, get, become:: =í:l ~ =i,l ~ =el. go with, come with, be partner with:: q'axí:l < q'ó. has come around (of a cyclic period of time):: séqsel. just came, (just arrived):: tátsel. just come out on (of sun):: p'eth'. just coming out of the earth (of plants for ex.):: qwósem. return, come back, go back:: q'ó:lthet. sticking out through a hole (like a toe out of a sock, knee out of a hole in pants, a nail driven clear through the other side of a board), come out into the open:: qwôhóls (or perhaps) qwehóls < qwá. they came on (top of):: ch'alech'á (~ ts'alets'á) < ts'á:. tide coming in, water coming in, water coming up (ocean tide or river):: qém:el. to climax, come (sexually), ejaculate:: qw'lhòlèm or qw'lhlòlèm. to float, come up to the surface, rise to the surface, to surface:: p'ékw. watch for s-o to come, be on the watch for s-o:: qw'óqw'elhmet < qw'ólh or qw'álh. where s-o came from:: shxwtelí < tel=.
come alive come alive, come back to life, get better (from sickness), get well, revive:: áylexw ~ áyelexw. come back to life come alive, come back to life, get better (from sickness), get well, revive:: áylexw ~ áyelexw. comedian a dandy, someone who overdresses, a show-off, comedian, someone who always cracks jokes, smart-alec:: swék'. come in go in (a house/enclosure), come in, come inside, enter a house or enclosure:: kwetxwí:lem < kwetáxw. come off :: má ~ má'-. it peeled off, comes off:: lhéqw'. come out come out (of sun), come up (of sun):: wep'éth' ~ wep'áth' < p'eth'. just come out on (of sun):: p'eth'. come to come, coming, come to, coming to:: mí ~ mé ~ me. come to after fainting, (revive after fainting):: p'elhíws < p'élh. come up (be) Spring, [cyclic period] when everything comes up:: kw'íyles ~ kw'éyles < kw'í ~ kw'íy. (be) Spring, [time or season] when everything comes up:: temkw'éyles < kw'í ~ kw'íy.
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come up (CONT’D) come out (of sun), come up (of sun):: wep'éth' ~ wep'áth' < p'eth'. place where the sun comes up:: swep'áth' < p'eth'. comfort comfort s-o, sympathize with s-o:: smámekw'et < mákw'a. comfortable:: éy ~ éy:. be good, good, well, nice, fine, better, better (ought to), it would be good if, may it be good, let it be good, happy, glad, clean, well-behaved, polite, virgin, popular, comfortable (with furniture, other things?),:: éy ~ éy:. command command imperative second person plural:: -alha. command imperative second person singular:: -lha. Commodore) Indian name of Mary Amy (Lorenzetto) (Commodore) Cooper:: Óyewòt. name of a fierce old warrior from Sumas, an ancestor of the Commodore family:: Qwá:l < qwá:l. communion :: lekaléstel. Comox language Sliammon people, Sliammon dialect (of the Comox language, Mainland Comox):: Sloyámén. companion companion, other part:: sq'ó < q'ó. comparative comparative or augmentative:: =R1= or =C1e=. complete be complete:: xéq. close up a meeting, wind up a meeting, complete a meeting:: yalkw'ólhem or yelkw'wólhem < yókw' ~ yóqw'. complete s-th:: xeqláxw < xéq. completely go out completely (of fire):: th'éx. (portion not burnt up, burnt or gone out completely portion):: th'exmíl < th'éx. complexion (be) a dark color (of clothes, complexions, etc.), (dark gray, dark brown):: stl'ítl'esel < stl'ítl'es. comprehend) find s-th out, understand s-th, learn s-th, realize s-th, now know what s-th is like, read (and comprehend) s-th, understand s-o:: tél:exw ~ (in rapid speech) télexw < tól. cone pine-cone:: sts'ék'.
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confess confess confession, to go to confession, to confess:: xáxemilàlèm ~ xáxmilàlèm < xáxe. confident know oneself, be confident:: lheq'elómet < q'á:l. confuse confused:: melmílets' < mál ~ mél. conifer fir boughs, needle of any other conifer than spruce:: qwélatses. conscience conscience, spirit (which can be lost temporarily), soul, life-spirit, power of one's will:: smestíyexw < mestíyexw. considerate be considerate:: sts'íts'exw, sts'íts'exw < th'íxw ~ th'éxw. (be) considerate of each other:: sts'its'exwtel < sts'íts'exw, sts'íts'exwtel < th'íxw ~ th'éxw. constant keep the fire at a constant temperature:: txwéltsep. constantly one's head is shaking constantly (like with disease):: xwóyqwesem, xwóyqwesem. constipated:: t'kwíwel < t'ékw. get constipated, "bound up":: xexekw'íwel ~ xaxekw'íwel < xékw'. really constipated:: ch'iyxwíwel < ts'íyxw ~ ts'éyxw ~ ch'íyxw. consumption hog fennel, Indian consumption plant:: q'exmí:l. contact (get) a disease gotten by contacting a frog, a skin eruption, also the same disease as the man got in Kawkawa Lake in the Sxwó:yxwey story, (perhaps also) leprosy:: qw'ô3 :m. container :: shxwélwels. (closable container):: =q. clothes container, suitcase, clothes case:: áwkw'emálá < á:wkw'. container for left-overs taken home from feast, doggie bag:: meq'ethále < méq'. container for, receptacle for:: =á:lá ~ =álá ~ =àlà ~ =ela. container(s):: =eqel. eight containers:: tqátsáleqel < tqá:tsa. empty container (like bottles esp. if there's lots):: shxwema'ámel < má ~ má'-. five containers:: lhq'átseqel < lheq'át ~ lhq'á:t. four containers:: xethíleqel < xe'ó:thel ~ xe'óthel. nine containers:: tuxwáleqel < tú:xw. one container:: léts'eqel < léts'a ~ léts'e. seven containers:: th'ekwsáleqel < th'ó:kws. six containers:: t'xémeqel < t'éx.
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary container (CONT’D) small container:: a'axwíleqel < axwíl, mímeleqel. small containers (a number of them):: mémeleqel < mímeleqel. suitcase (Deming), luggage (Deming), clothing container, clothes bag, trunk (for clothes), etc.:: áwkw'emálá < á:wkw'. take a cover off, take it off (a cover of a container), open it (bottle, box, kettle, book, etc.):: xwemá:qet < má ~ má'-. ten containers:: opeláleqel < ó:pel. the inside (of a container):: skwetxwewílh < kwetáxw. thirty containers:: lhexwelsxáleqel < lhí:xw. three containers:: lhíxweqel < lhí:xw. twenty containers:: ts'kw'exáleqel < ts'kw'éx. two containers:: isáleqel < isá:le ~ isále ~ isá:la. vessel, (container):: =ô3 :welh ~ =ô3 welh ~ =ôwelh ~ =ewelh ~ =á:welh ~ =welh ~ =ewí:l. continuative characteristic, inherent continuative:: =R2 or =C1eC2. continuative, be -ing:: -R1- or -C1e-, R5- or C1e-, R8= or C1a=, =R9= or =C1á(:)=. continuative, resultative:: há- ~ hé-. diminutive, little (of subject, object, agent, patient or action), small, (all diminutive verbs are also continuative):: R4= or C1í=, =R6= or =eC2=, R7= or C1á=. plural continuative:: R13= or C1V1C2=. structured activity continuative, structured activity continuative nominal or tool or person:: =els. continue being angry, continue to be angry, angry, mad, roused, stirred up:: t'át'eyeq' ~ t'át'iyeq' < t'ay. continuing on singing:: t'élt'elem < t'íl. continuous be dripping, (have) continuous dripping, water dropping:: th'áq'em < th'q'ém ~ th'eq'ém. continuous shooting or popping sounds:: tl'éltl'eleqw' < tl'ál ~ tl'á:l. (making a) continuous rustling noise (of paper or silk or material), rustling (of leaves, paper, a sharp sound):: sá:wts'em < sawéts'em. contract contract a disease, catch a disease, get addicted:: q'áp'. contrary) insistant, persistant (like a child pressing to go along), bull-headed, doesn't mind, does just the opposite, (stubborn, contrary):: sxíxeles. contrastive:: we= ~ u= ~ uw= ~ ew= ~ =ew ~ =w ~ =u. be only (contrastive), be just (contrastive):: welóy < lóy. then (action following a previous action, contrastive), so (contrastive):: su. control causative control transitivizer:: =st. purposeful control reciprocal, (perhaps just) reciprocal, (do purposely to) each other, (do purposely to) one another:: =t=el. purposeful control reflexive, do purposely to oneself:: =thet.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary control (CONT’D) purposeful control transitivizer, do purposely to s-o/s-th:: =t ~ =et. purposeful control transitivizer inanimate object preferred:: =ex.
conveyance) be aboard, be in (a conveyance):: eló:lh < ó:lh. get in a conveyance, get in a car, mount a horse:: ó:lh. get off (a canoe or conveyance), get out of a canoe, (disembark):: qw'í:m. get s-th aboard (a canoe, car, conveyance):: eló:lhstexw < ó:lh. three canoes, three wagons, three conveyances (any form of transportation), three boats:: lhxwó:lh < lhí:xw. convulsion (have) fits, convulsions:: q'áq'etl'. cook bake underground, (steam-cook underground, cook in a steam-pit):: qetás < qá:t. baking over an open fire, roasting over an open fire, barbecuing, cooking in an oven:: qw'eqw'élém < qw'él. barbecue, bake (meat, vegetables, etc.) in open fire, bake over fire, roast over open fire, bake under hot sand, bake in oven, cook in oven, (boiled down (as jam) [CT, HT]):: qw'élém < qw'él. barbecue stick, cooking stick (split stick for barbecuing salmon),:: pí:kwel. (be) cooked, (be) already cooked:: sqw'eqw'í:l < qw'él. boiling, making boil, (cooking in boiling liquid):: qwó:ls. cooked fish head:: sth'óqwes < sth'ó:qwi ~ sth'óqwi. cooked (over fire):: qw'él. cooking, (cooking) food:: skwúkw < kwúkw. cook s-th:: qw'élt < qw'él. dish, big cooking and serving trough used in longhouse, feast dish, plate (of wood or basketry), (platter), tray:: ló:thel. fish eggs, salmon eggs, roe, (cooked salmon eggs [JL]):: qéléx. getting cooked:: qw'eqwél < qw'él. not cooked enough (of fish), [undercooked]:: lálekw'em. something that's cooked:: sqw'éls < qw'él. stuff steam-cooked underground, what is baked underground:: sqetás < qá:t. (the) cooking:: sqw'él < qw'él. (the) cooking, (soup, stew [DM, CT]):: sqwéls < qwó:ls. to cook, cooking:: kwúkw. cookhouse cookhouse, kitchen:: kwukwáwtxw < kwúkw. cool (cold (of a person) or get cooled down, get cold):: th'ólhem < th'álh. cool down enough to touch (or handle or work with):: tóqweltsep. cool down (of a person):: th'álh. cooling it (of food):: títemí:lt < temí:lt. cooling off (of food):: titemí:lthet < temí:lt. cool it (of food):: temí:lt. cool off (of a person):: xálxwthet < xó:lxwem. cool off (of food):: temí:lthet < temí:lt. cool oneself:: th'ólhethet < th'álh.
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cool (CONT’D) cool oneself off:: th'álhethet < th'álh. cools one's chest inside:: th'elhílésem < th'álh. (have?) a cool drink:: th'elhílésem < th'álh, th'elhqéylem or th'elhqílem ~ th'elhqílém < th'álh. have a menthol taste, (have a cool taste):: xó:lxwem. it is cool [of weather], (be) cool (of a place):: sth'áth'elh < th'álh. Cooper Indian name of Mary Amy (Lorenzetto) (Commodore) Cooper:: Óyewòt. place by Albert Cooper's house on Chilliwack River Road near Vedder Crossing, former village where a slide is now on north bank of Chilliwack River opposite Liumchen Creek::Xéylés < xéylés. coordinated outfit dancer’s uniform, (any) coordinated outfit:: s-hóyews < hóyiws. copper :: qwíqwi ~ qwíyqwiy. big copper pot:: ts'qw'ô3 stel ~ ts'qw'ô3 wstel. (perhaps) copper, (hard metal that looks like gold but isn't, maybe copper [Elders at Katz Class 10/5/76], metal found in mines and used for arrowheads [Elders Group 5/28/75], gold [EB]):: sqw'él, sqw'él. copper-colored be red, red, reddish-brown, copper-colored:: tskwí:m < kwí:m. copy copy, imitate:: xwexwe'á. copy s-o, imitate s-o:: xwexwe'át < xwexwe'á. imitating s-o, copying s-o:: xwixwe'át < xwexwe'á. Coqualeetza Coqualeetza stream esp. where it joins Luckakuck Creek, later Coqualeetza (residential school, then hospital, then Indian cultural centre and Education Training Centre):: Kw'eqwálíth'a < kw'óqw. Coqualeetza stream Coqualeetza stream esp. where it joins Luckakuck Creek, later Coqualeetza (residential school, then hospital, then Indian cultural centre and Education Training Centre):: Kw'eqwálíth'a < kw'óqw. Coquihalla River:: Kw'ikw'iyá:la < kw'íy. maybe the same place as Sqw'exwáq (pool where Kawkawa Creek comes into the Coquihalla River and where the water pygmies lived):: Skw'íkw'xweq (or better, Sqw'íqw'xweq) < Sqw'exwáq. pool where Kawkawa Creek comes into the Coquihalla River:: Sqw'exwáq. Coquitlam :: Kwíkwetl'em. Coquitlam Indian people:: Kwíkwetl'em. cord cord, muscle, tendon, nerve cord by backbone:: tl'e'ímél ~ tl'e'í:mel. (poss.) cord, rope:: =í:wa ~ =í:wá: ~ =el=a,wa.
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English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary cord (CONT’D) spinal rope inside sturgeon, (sturgeon spinal cord):: qw'ólhla.
corduroy) rough (like corduroy):: xátqem ~ xétqem. core core of a rock, center of a rock, core of anything, heart of anything inanimate:: sth'emí:wel ~ sth'emíwel ~ sth'emíwél < sth'ó:m. heart of a root, seed, nut (kernel), core of plant or seedling, core (of tree, branch, any growing thing), pith (of bush), seed or pit [U.S.] or pip [Cdn.] of a fruit:: sth'emí:wel ~ sth'emíwel ~ sth'emíwél < sth'ó:m, sth'emí:wel ~ sth'emíwel ~ sth'emíwél < sth'ó:m. inside or core of a plant or fruit (or canoe or anything):: =í:wel ~ =íwel ~ =ewel. in the rump, in the anus, in the rectum, in the bottom, on the insides, inside parts, core, inside the head:: =í:wel ~ =íwel ~ =ewel. cork line float line, cork line:: qwôqwá:l ~ qweqwá:l. corn
:: kwól. white sweet corn:: p’éq’ q’áq’et’em kwó:l < p’éq’, q’át’, kwó:l (lit. white + sweet + corn)
Corner Cottonwood Corner:: Kwó:le. corner square, corner, arm with elbow out:: st'eláxel. turn around a bend, go around a bend, turn around (to go back), turn around a corner:: q'ewqé:ylém ~ q'ewqéylém (better q'ewqí:lem) < q'éw ~ q'ew. Cornus nuttallii:: qwítx, qwítxelhp < qwítx. Cornus stolonifera:: th'exwíyelhp. corpse ghost, corpse, dead body:: spoleqwíth'a < poleqwíth'a. correct be alright, be okay, it's alright, it's okay, can, be able, it's enough, be right, be correct, that's right:: iyólem ~ iyó:lem < éy ~ éy:. (meaning uncertain), (perhaps right, correct):: mà. right (correct):: leq'á:lh < léq'. Corvus brachyrhynchos Corvus brachyrhynchos, (Corvus corax [EF, some Deming elders]):: spó:l. Corvus caurinus:: spelól < spó:l, spepelól ~ spepeló:l < spó:l. Euphagus cyanocephalus, or Corvus caurinus:: q'eláq'a. prob. Corvus caurinus:: spopelál < spó:l.
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Corvus corax Corvus corax:: skéweqs < sqéweqs, sqéweqs, sqéweqs. Corvus brachyrhynchos, (Corvus corax [EF, some Deming elders]):: spó:l. Corylus cornuta:: sth'í:tsem, sth'í:tsemelhp < sth'í:tsem, sth'í:tsemelhp < th'éts. Corynorhinus townsendi townsendi Corynorhinus townsendi townsendi, Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus, Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus cinereus, Myotis californicus caurinus, Myotis evotis pacificus, Myotis lucifugus alascensis, Myotis volans longicrus, Myotis yumanensis saturatus, and possibly Myotis keeni keeni:: skw'elyáxel. order Chiroptera, family Vespertilionidae, may include any or all of the following: Corynorhinus townsendi townsendi, Eptesicus fuscus bernardinus, Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus cinereus, Myotis californicus caurinus, Myotis evotis pacificus, Myotis lucifugus alascensis, Myotis volans longicrus, Myotis yumanensis saturatus, and possibly Myotis keeni keeni:: p'íp'eth'elàxel ~ p'ip'eth'eláxel < p'í:. cost cost ten dollars:: epoléstexw < ó:pel. (costume) :: =ómet ?. dancer’s uniform, (any) coordinated outfit:: s-hóyews < hóyiws. dancing costume:: slewómet ~ lewómet. headdress, face costume, mask:: sxwéythiyes ~ sxwíythiyes < xwíyth. spirit-dancing costume, wool hat for spirit-dancer (Deming):: s-hóyiws. trimmings on uniform (paddles, etc.):: stl’íitl’ets < tl'íts ~ tl'ích. cotton balls cotton balls (lit. “little rolled balls”):: xíxelkwòls < xél. cotton balls (lit. “plant fluff - ball”):: pípexwem pó:l < píxw, pó:l. cottontail big rabbit, older rabbit, big/older snowshoe/varying hare, now probably also big/older eastern cottontail rabbit (introduced):: sqiqewóthel < sqewáth, sqwiqweyóthel. (larger) rabbit: snowshoe or varying hare, now probably also eastern cottontail rabbit (introduced):: sqewáth. rabbit: snowshoe/varying hare, now probably also eastern cottontail rabbit (introduced), (baby rabbit, small rabbit or hare [Elders Group]):: sqíqewàth < sqewáth. rabbit, (varying hare, perhaps now also the introduced eastern cottontail):: shxwóxw. cottonwood black cottonwood cambium (soft matter between the bark and the wood):: sxá:meth. black cottonwood tree:: chewô3 :lhp < cháchew ~ cháchu. cottonwood bark driftwood (it was used to carve toy canoes), cottonwood driftwood used for carving toy canoes:: qwémélép ~ qwemélep. cottonwood sap, cottonwood cambium:: ts'its'emá:welh. cottonwood sap or cambium:: sxá:meth. poplar, Lombardy poplar (intro.), also black cottonwood and perhaps trembling aspen which may have rarely occurred on the eastern and northeastern edges of Stó:lô territory:: p'elp'álq'emá:lews ~ p'elp'àlq'emá:lews < p'álq'em. "poplar", probably includes black cottonwood and trembling aspen (though trembling aspen is rare in Upriver Halq'eméylem territory):: th'estíyelhp < th'ís, th'extíyelhp < th'éx.
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
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cottonwood (CONT’D) to drop or blow plant fluff (like dandelions, fireweed, cottonwood, etc.), to blow (of dusty or flaky stuff like wood dust, dandruff, maybe seeds):: pípexwem < píxw. Cottonwood Beach Cottonwood Beach (in the southern quarter of Harrison Lake):: Chewô3 :lhp < cháchew ~ cháchu. Cottonwood Corner:: Kwó:le. couch sofa, couch, chesterfield, place where one's sitting, (bed [AC, MC (Katzie)]):: shxw'ó:met < emét. cougar
:: shxwéwe.
cough a cough, a cold with a cough:: stó:qw'em < tó:qw'em. coughing:: tóteqw'em < tó:qw'em. to cough:: tó:qw'em. count
:: kw'xá:m < kw'áx. be counted:: skw'ekw'íx < kw'áx. counting:: kw'áxem < kw'áx. counting them, counting s-th:: kw'áxt < kw'áx. count them, count s-th:: kw'xát < kw'áx.
counter-clockwise go around inside the longhouse counter-clockwise:: selts'elwílem < sél or sí(:)l. courage courage (lit. in the stomach):: =á:lwes ~ =élwes. in the stomach, in courage:: =álwes ~ =élwes. course an old course of Atchelitz Creek:: (Yeqyeqámen). change course (of a river):: táyéqel. cousin (be) brother and sister, (be siblings to each other), (be) first cousin to each other:: qeló:qtel < sqá:q. grandparent, grandparent's sibling, grandparent's first cousin:: sí:le. great grandparent, great grandchild, sibling or (up to fourth) cousin of great grandparent, great grandchild of brother or sister or (up to fourth) cousin:: sts'ó:meqw, sts'ó:meqw. great great grandparent, great great grandchild, sibling or cousin (up to fourth) of great great grandparent/-child:: th'ép'ayeqw ~ th'épayeqw. great great great great grandparent, great great great great grandchild, sibling or cousin (up to fourth) of great great great great grandparent or -child:: tómiyeqw. nephew, niece, sibling's child (child of sister or brother or cousin (up to and including fourth cousin) [Elders Group]):: stí:wel. older sibling, elder cousin (child of older sibling of one's parent, grandchild of older sibling of one's grandparent, great grandchild of older sibling of one's great grandparent), cousin of senior line,
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1173
cousin (CONT’D) older brother, older sister:: sétl'atel < sétl'a ~ sétl'o, sétl'atel < sétl'a ~ sétl'o. older siblings, elder cousins (first/second/third cousins by an older sibling of one's ancestor):: sá:tl'atel < sétl'a ~ sétl'o. parent's cousin, parent's sibling, uncle, aunt:: shxwemlí:kw. sibling/cousin of great great grand-parent/-child:: ékwiyeqw. sibling/cousin of great great great grandparent/-child:: ékwiyeqw. younger siblings, "younger" cousins (first, second, or third cousins [whose connecting ancestor is younger than ego's]):: sqelá:q < sqá:q. younger sibling, younger brother, younger sister, child of younger sibling of one's parent, "younger" cousin (could even be fourth cousin [through younger sibling of one's great great grandparent]):: sqá:q. younger, younger sibling, cousin of a junior line (cousin by an ancestor younger than the speaker's), junior cousin (child of a younger sibling of one's parent, (great) grandchild of a younger sibling of one's(great) grandparent), younger brother, younger sister:: sóseqwt ~ (rarely) só:seqwt, sóseqwt ~ (rarely) só:seqwt. cover a cover, lid:: qp'á:letstel < qep'. blanket (modern), covering:: léxwtel < lexw. close s-th (for ex. a box), put a lid on s-th (for ex. a pot), cover it with a lid:: qp'á:qet < qep'. cover it (s-th open):: qp'á:letset < qep'. cover oneself up:: léxwethet < lexw. cover s-o, cover s-th (like yeast bread):: tl'xwét (or probably tl'xwét) < tl'xw ~ tl'exw. cover s-o with a blanket, cover s-th, cover s-th/s-o up:: léxwet < lexw. take a cover off, take it off (a cover of a container), open it (bottle, box, kettle, book, etc.):: xwemá:qet < má ~ má'-. you get covered on the mouth (by a flying squirrel at night for ex.):: qep'ó:ythòm < qep'. covering floor, floor mat, floor covering, linoleum, rug:: lhexéyléptel < lhá:x ~ lháx. on the body, on the skin, on the covering:: =í:ws ~ =ews. thick plank for side of house, thick shake for longhouse roof, covering over hole in roof of pit-house:: s'í:ltexw. cow calf:: músmesò:llh < músmes. cow, bull, beef:: músmes. small adult cow:: múmesmes < músmes. small adult cows, (small adult cattle):: melúmesmes < músmes. to fasten s-th by tying, tie up s-th (like canoe, horse, laces, nets, cow, shoelaces), tie it:: q'éyset ~ q'í(:)set < q'ey ~ q'i. younger deer, baby horse, younger cow, fawn, colt, calf:: st'él'e. coward coward, person that's always afraid:: lexwsí:si < síy. cowboy :: káwpôy. cowboy hat:: kawpôyóweq(w) < káwpôy. (make) a whoop, a cowboy's whoop:: q'exelám.
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1174
Cowichan Cowichan Cowichan (people, dialect, area):: Qewítsel < qew. co-wife a husband's younger wives, co-wife:: sxáye. cow parsnip cow parsnip sprout (especially the edible inside part):: sóqw'. stringy fibers (as on cow parsnip):: xwéylem ~ xwé:ylem ~ xwí:lem. wild celery, cow parsnip:: yóle ~ yóla ~ yó:le. coyote :: sk'ek'iyáp ~ slek'iyáp, slek'iyáp. little coyote:: lilk'eyáp < slek'iyáp. crab
:: á:yx.
crabapple crabapple, (now) domesticated apple:: qwe'óp. crabapple tree, domestic apple tree:: qwe'ó:pelhp < qwe'óp. (have) sound of popping small round things (snowberries, herring eggs as when eating them, rice krispies, crabapples, cranberries, etc.), (have a crunching sound (as of grasshopper, rice krispies)):: tl'ámkw'em, tl'ámkw'em < tl'ém. crabby (be) cranky, crabby, dirty-minded:: lexwqélwelh < qél. crack a crack:: sisíq' < séq'. a cracked mountain where the pipeline crosses the Fraser River between Hope and Agassiz:: Sisíq' < séq'. break (of ground), crack apart (of its own accord) (of ground), ripped:: tl'éx. lots of cracks:: seq'síq' < séq'. plugging a hole or leak or crack in anything:: t'ót'ekwels < t'ékw. Salkaywul, an area with big cracked cedar trees on Hope Slough above Schelowat (Chilliwack I.R. #1) (Sxeláwtxw):: Salq'íwel < séq'. split s-th, crack s-th:: seq'át ~ sq'át < séq'. to crack, to split (of its own accord), ((also) cracked, a crack [AC]):: séq'. crackers:: xápkw’els < xépekw’ (lit. crunching noise structured activity [thing]) crackle crackling and popping (of a log in fire or firecrackers):: tl'áléxem < tl'ál ~ tl'á:l. crunchy (loud when eating), crackling (noise when eating):: tl'ámqw'els < tl'ém. crunchy (loud when eating), crackling (sound or noise when eating):: tl'ámqw'els < tl'ámkw'em. (have/get a) crackle and pop (sound of a log in a fire or of firecrackers):: tl'á:lxem < tl'ál ~ tl'á:l. make a crunching or crackling noise, crunching (gnawing) sound:: xápkw'em < xep'ékw'.
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary
1175
cradle cradle baby basket, cradle basket, basketry cradle:: p'ó:th'es ~ p'óth'es. buckskin straps for tying a baby in its cradle or basket:: yémqetel < yém ~ yem. (have a) flat head, (have cranial deformation by cradle-board):: sp'íp'elheqw < p'ílh. swing for baby cradle:: séqtel < seqíws ~ seqí:ws. Crago vulgaris suborder Natantia, probably Crago and other genera, especially Crago vulgaris, Pandalus danae were identified by AD from a photo as the kind AD's parents got dried from the Chinese and called by this name:: homò:y. cramp cramped:: q'á:lp'tem < q'élptem ~ q'élp'tem. cramping:: q'áq'elptem < q'élptem ~ q'élp'tem. getting a cramp:: q'elq'élp'tem < q'élptem ~ q'élp'tem. to have cramps, get a cramp, to be cramped:: q'élptem ~ q'élp'tem. cranberry cranberry juice:: kwúkwewels sqe’óleqw (or) qwemchó:ls sqe’óleqw) < kwúkwewels, qwà:m, qó: (lit. high-bush cranberry + fruit juice (or better:) bog cranberry + fruit juice) bog cranberry:: qwemchó:ls < qwà:m ~ qwám. (have) sound of popping small round things (snowberries, herring eggs as when eating them, rice krispies, crabapples, cranberries, etc.), (have a crunching sound (as of grasshopper, rice krispies)):: tl'ámkw'em, tl'ámkw'em < tl'ém. possibly high-bush cranberry, more likely squashberry:: kwúkwewels. crane (be) pigeon-toed, (sandhill crane toed:: slímiyeqwxel < slí:m. great blue heron, (often called) "crane":: sméqw'o ~ smô3 qw'o. sandhill crane:: slí:m. cranefly cranefly, leatherjacket (immature cranefly):: spelwálh qwá:l < qwá:l, tl'áleqtxel qwá:l < qwá:l. cranefly, "leatherjacket" (insect):: tl'áleqtxel qwá:l < tl'áqt. cranial deformation (have a) flat head, (have cranial deformation by cradle-board):: sp'íp'elheqw < p'ílh. cranky :: t'it'á:yeq' < t'ay. (be) aggressive, cranky, ready to fight, (be) violent, hot-headed:: sxóytl'thet ~ sxó:ytl'thet. (be) cranky, crabby, dirty-minded:: lexwqélwelh < qél. cranky, quick-tempered:: xéth'xeth' < xíth' ~ xéyth'. last baby (youngest baby), the last-born, a child cranky and jealous of an expected brother or sister:: óqw'a < óqw'. Crataegus douglasii:: máts'el, mats'íyelhp < máts'el. crawl
:: ts'tá:m. crawl (as of a snake, seal, slug, snail):: xwó:kw'thet < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. crawling:: ts'átem < ts'tá:m.
1176
English-to-Halkomelem Index to Upriver Halkomelem Dictionary crawl (CONT’D) crawling (as of snake, seal, slug, snail), (dragging oneself):: xwéqw'ethet < xwókw' ~ xwekw'ó. crawl through (like through a fence):: qwahéylém ~ qwahí:lém < qwá. crawl underneath, (go underneath):: eqílem ~ eqéylem. swimming, (swimming under the water after diving (Cheh.) [Elders Group], swimming with crawl strokes, etc. [Deming]):: t'ít'etsem ~ t'ít'echem < t'ítsem. swim (of a person), swim (with crawl strokes, etc.):: t'ítsem.
crayon:: mamelehá:yelh xéltel < méle ~ mél:a. crazy be crazy, be insane:: shxwóxwth' < xwáth'. (be) stupid, not all there (mentally), (be) a little crazy:: shxwixwóxwth' < xwáth'. you're crazy in the head, you're sick in the head:: xwoxwth'áleq[w]thom < xwáth'. creak (make/have a) squeaking sound (of a tree, of a chair, of shoes), squeaking (of shoes, trees), (creaking):: qá:ytl'em. creature) a fatal kind of shock on seeing a stl'áleqem (supernatural creature):: xò:lí:s. animal or bird one is afraid of and can't see, powerful creature, supernatural creature:: stl'á:leqem. backbone (of human or other creatures), spine (human or other creature):: xekw'ólesewíts < xekw'óles. (little supernatural creature), little stl'áleqem:: stl'ítl'leqem < stl'á:leqem. lots of stl'áleqems, (lots of supernatural creatures):: stl'eltl'áléqem < stl'á:leqem. two supernatural creatures:: yáysele ~ yéysele < isá:le ~ isále ~ isá:la. credit get credit:: íxem. get credit, borrow (money for ex.), (getting credit, borrowing):: qw'íméls. lend money to s-o, [give s-o credit]:: exímt < íxem. to put on credit ??:: exímels < íxem. Creek a neck of land on the west side of Harrison Lake just north of Twenty-Mile Creek and across from the north tip of Long Island:: Shxwtépsem < tépsem. an old course of Atchelitz Creek:: (Yeqyeqámen). a place on Chilliwack River, a little above Anderson Flat and Allison's (between Tamihi Creek and Slesse Creek), a village at deep water between Tamihi Creek and Slesse Creek:: Iy'óythel < éy ~ éy:, Iy'óythel < éy ~ éy:. Atchelitz Creek, an old Chilliwack River channel:: Áthelets < áthelets. a tributary of Atchelitz Creek:: Kwôkwa'áltem ?. August run spring salmon that go up Silver Creek (near Hope):: shxwôqw'ô3 :lh. Beaver Creek (at U.S.-Canada boundary line):: Sqelá:w (Stótelô) < sqelá:w. canyon area on Chehalis Creek just above (upriver or north from) the main highway bridge (esp. the first cliff on the east side) [means one-legged ]:: Páléxel ~ Paléxel. Centre Creek:: Stahiyáq?? or Stiyáq?? or St'ahiyáq?? or Stahí:q??. Cheam Creek on north side below Ford Creek:: Sqwe'óp (?) < qwe'óp. Choate Creek on the west (C.P.R,) side of the Fraser River:: St'élxweth' stótelô