Desert RATS: Rock Art Topographical Survey in Egypt's Eastern Desert: Site Catalogue 9781407307107, 9781407337104

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Illustrations
Foreword
Preface to 2nd edition
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Map of Survey Area
Routes taken through Survey Area
Notes on Site Descriptions
Section One - Comprehensive Coverage
Wadi Umm Hajalij
Wadi Umm Salam
Wadi Abu Mu Awwad
Wadi Shalul
Wadis Abu Iqaydi and Dahabiya
Section Two - Targeted Sites
Wadis Barramiya and Miya
Wadis Abu Wasil and Minah
Wadi Atwani
Wadi Hammamat
Hammamat Schist Quarry
Appendices

Citation preview

l na tio ne di nli ad l o ith ria W ate m

BAR S2166 2010

Desert RATS

MORROW, MORROW, JUDD & PHILLIPSON (Eds)

Rock Art Topographical Survey in Egypt’s Eastern Desert Site Catalogue

Edited by

DESERT RATS

Maggie Morrow Mike Morrow Tony Judd Geoff Phillipson

BAR International Series 2166 9 781407 307107

B A R

2010

Desert RATS Rock Art Topographical Survey in Egypt’s Eastern Desert Site Catalogue Edited by

Maggie Morrow Mike Morrow Tony Judd Geoff Phillipson Consultant Editor

Pete Cherry Foreword

Toby Wilkinson

BAR International Series 2166 2010

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 2166 Desert RATS: Rock Art Topographical Survey in Egypt’s Eastern Desert Fully revised second edition First edition published in 2002 by Bloomsbury Summer School, Department of History, University College London © The editors and contributors severally and the Publisher 2010 Watercolours by Anna-Maria Pigott. RATS logo based on a rock carving from SAL 43 in Wadi Umm Salam.

COVER IMAGE

Email: [email protected] The authors' moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781407307107 paperback ISBN 9781407337104 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407307107 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2010. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

BAR PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from: BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK E MAIL [email protected] PHONE +44 (0)1865 310431 F AX

+44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

Hunting scene from MIY 5 in Wadi Miya

Thiis book is dedicated d to the memoryy of

Hans Winkller who hass been our innspiration, and to the latter day ‘Desert D Ratts’ whose enthuusiasm, hardd work and financial asssistancemaade this ventture possiblle

Contents Illustrations ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Preface to Second Edition ............................................................................................................................. 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 11 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... 23 Map of Survey Area .................................................................................................................................... 26 Routes taken through Survey Area ............................................................................................................. 27 Notes on Site Descriptions ......................................................................................................................... 28 Section One - Areas Systematically Covered .......................................................................................... 29 Wadi Umm Hajalij ...................................................................................................................................... 30 Wadi Umm Salam ....................................................................................................................................... 43 Wadi Abu Mu Awwad ............................................................................................................................... 105 Wadi Shalul ............................................................................................................................................... 131 Wadi Abu Iqaydi ....................................................................................................................................... 147 Wadi Dahabiya .......................................................................................................................................... 160 Section Two - Targeted Sites .................................................................................................................. 163 Wadi Barramiya ........................................................................................................................................ 164 Wadi Miya ................................................................................................................................................ 175 Wadi Abu Wasil ........................................................................................................................................ 184 Wadi Minah .............................................................................................................................................. 196 Wadi Atwani ............................................................................................................................................. 206 Wadi Hammamat ...................................................................................................................................... 215 Hammamat Schist Quarry......................................................................................................................... 227 Appendices .............................................................................................................................................. 239 Appendix I:

DVD Contents ...............................................................................................................240

Appendix II:

Photographer Credits ....................................................................................................... 242

Appendix III: Re-recorded Sites ............................................................................................................ 242 Appendix IV: Composite List of Rock Art Sites in Survey Area ........................................................... 243 Appendix V:

Glossary........................................................................................................................... 248

Appendix VI: Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 250 Appendix VII: Survey Teams .................................................................................................................. 254 RATS DVD Sites by wadi in above sequence with additional colour images and material

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Illustrations Introduction fig. 1

Geological cross-section of the hills between the Nile and the Red Sea in Upper Egypt (after Sandford & Arkell, 1928)

fig. 2

Ecological zones in Egypt and the Sudan 5000-3000 BC (after Butzer, 1959)

fig. 3

Desert RATS site recording sheet, front - with illustrative dummy data

fig. 4

Desert RATS site recording sheet, back - with illustrative dummy data

fig. 5

North-African paleo-climates (after Muzzolini, 1982)

fig. 6

Rock Art Horizons Chart (after Cervicek, 1986)

fig. 7

Naqada I clay orant figure, Brooklyn Museum (after Leclant, 1978)

fig. 8

Naqada I decorated hippopotamus bowl, Boston Museum (after Leclant, 1978)

fig. 9

Naqada I pot (after Capart, 1905)

fig. 10 Naqada I pot from Abydos, Cairo Museum, author’s photograph fig. 11 Naqada I bowl, sickle boat with oars and animal depictions, Cairo Museum, author’s photograph fig. 12 Naqada II pot, Cairo Museum (after Donadoni, 1969) fig. 13 Naqada II pot, featuring totem standard, orant and armed figures, Cairo Museum (after Donadoni, 1969) fig. 14 Linked twin-plumed figures from Barramiya site ED-1, author’s photograph fig. 15 Naqada II pot, linked figures and rows of desert animals, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Inv. no. 1958.345, author’s photograph fig. 16 Naqada II pot, linked figures above boat, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Inv. no. E.2823, author’s photograph

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Foreword We are used to thinking of Egypt, ancient and modern, in terms of the Nile valley: well-watered, green and fertile, a narrow strip of life-sustaining land between vast tracts of hostile desert. But this accustomed view is an illusion: even today, the deserts of Egypt – which seem so inhospitable – support flora, fauna and people. In prehistoric times, the climate was wetter and life was much more abundant. The deserts’ early inhabitants left behind images of their environment, lifestyle and deepest beliefs in the form of rock art, etched into the landscape. One of the biggest concentrations of this ancient, ancestral art is found to the east of the Nile, in the wadis (dry valleys) that dissect the hills and plains between the Wadi Hammamat to the north and the Wadi Barramiya to the south. In the space of just five months, between October 2000 and February 2001, three teams of dedicated volunteers carried out a systematic survey of this remarkable region. They succeeded in locating and recording over 100 new sites of rock art, previously unknown to archaeology. The results, comprising many thousands of individual scenes, are presented here for the first time. They open up a fascinating and largely unexpected window on Egypt’s past, and on the beginnings of civilisation in north-eastern Africa. Hence, the present volume is, without doubt, an important contribution to an exciting new area of Egyptology. As always, new discoveries raise as many questions as they answer. The study of ancient Egyptian origins has been pursued for more than a century, yet many puzzles remain. For example, how and why did a great civilisation emerge in Egypt? Did the prehistoric inhabitants already share essentially the same culture, or did rival groups play a part in fashioning the distinctive Pharaonic tradition that we all recognise? The rock art of Egypt’s Eastern Desert promises important new clues to these and other unsolved mysteries – clues that scholars will now have the chance to decipher and debate. Future generations of archaeologists and ancient historians will be thankful that the study of Egypt has enthusiasts as committed as the editors of this excellent survey report. Toby Wilkinson Christ’s College, University of Cambridge October 2002 Entrance to the ‘Jacuzzi’ site (SAL 14) from the Wadi Umm Salam

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Maggie & Mike Morrow at HAJ 3

Pete Cherry checks the route

Toby Wilkinson in the ‘Jacuzzi’ Geoff Phillipson near the Schist Quarry

Tony Judd at HW 5 in Hammamat

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Preface to 2nd edition In 2008 Christopher Coleman suggested to Maggie and Mike Morrow, the original editors, that owing to the number of requests he was still receiving for the out-of-print first edition, they should prepare a new version of Desert RATS. They accepted his suggestion and asked Dr Tony Judd and Geoff Phillipson, two of the original contributors, to share the duties of co-editorship. Fortunately both agreed and a further two years’ work on the original and more recent data led to the production of this volume. In late 2009 Tony Judd introduced us to David Davison who expressed an interest in publishing a second edition as part of their BAR International series, thus giving it a greater exposure than it had previously enjoyed. In the editorial process our top priority has been to correct a number of major and minor errata identified in the first edition and to bring the site descriptions to a higher level of consistency. A second objective was to present as many of the images as possible. This has been achieved through the inclusion of a companion DVD with this volume that contains some 2,500 colour images including a selection from other sites in the target area recorded elsewhere, along with other associated items of interest . The original surveys, whose findings are contained herein, took place in 2000 and 2001. However time and technology march on and although the majority of images on the DVD are of a good to excellent quality it should be understood that over 95% were recorded on acetate film using SLR cameras - the de facto standard at that time. Were we to record the same wadis today we would use 100% digital photography with a consequent increase in the number and quality of images available. Major layout changes from the first edition include:

• Colour inserts which are now on the DVD rather than in the printed volume. Previously both the outline and satellite maps and the Plates sections were printed in colour • Removal of the appendix dealing with Winkler’s Site 18. This site has subsequently been rediscovered and recorded and awaits publication. A selection of images taken since the rediscovery will be included in the forthcoming republication of Hans Winkler’s Rock-Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt, Vol.I (1938).

Carvings from many periods at the Hammamat Schist Quarry

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0600 hrs - striking camp

0500 hrs - maintaining standards 0800 hrs - the search is on

1800 hrs - time to relax

1530 hrs - a major site found in Umm Hajalij

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INTRODUCTION

Introduction The first edition of this report, issued in 2002, presented selected images of the rock art found by three expeditions into the Eastern Desert of Egypt conducted in late 2000 and early 2001. These expeditions visited one hundred and fifty-three rock art sites, most of them newly-discovered. The report contained a brief description of each site, its rock art and over nine hundred and thirty photographs, providing details of several thousand rock art images. Together with The Followers of Horus (2000), edited by David Rohl, it drew attention to the wealth of rock art in the Eastern Desert that had remained largely unknown except to the few nomadic inhabitants of the region. Earlier publications, notably Hans Winkler’s Rock Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt (1938), had given only a glimpse of this rich and ancient source of historical information. However the photographs published in the first edition were only a selection of the number taken by the three expeditions. Space limitations meant that many had to be omitted, even though they were generally of a high quality, showed additional images and, in many cases, the relationships between individual images. The editors wished to include more and as reproduction on paper would have been both unwieldy and expensive an electronic format was the obvious solution. This second edition therefore includes a DVD containing some 2,500 photographs giving a more comprehensive coverage of one hundred and fifty-four sites (the addition being a recent find in Umm Salam), together with a selection of images from other sites in the same and adjacent wadis. Apart from allowing many more photographs to be published the DVD has the advantage that the rock art can be presented in greater detail, both because the resolution of the images is much higher than anything that can be achieved in print, and because they are in colour (although, as explained on the DVD, it is no easy matter to decide the ‘correct’ colour of a rock surface). Because so many more images were available all the site descriptions have been checked and completely rewritten for the second edition so that readers can understand the relationships between the printed photographs and those on the DVD. The opportunity has also been taken to revise the supporting text of the printed volume and include additional written material on the DVD. As in the first edition no attempt has been made to present a detailed analysis of the images, to ascribe economic, social or religious significance to them, or to establish links with indigenous or foreign traditions. A brief summary of existing interpretations is given at the end of this introduction and for more information the reader is referred to the specialist publications listed in the Bibliography. The original objective of the expeditions was to concentrate on finding and recording unpublished sites, and to resurvey the published sites that could benefit from modern recording methods. It became evident that all the previouslyknown sites in the main survey area to the north of Wadi Barramiya deserved to be included, but because of limitations of time and recording effort it proved impractical to do so. For this reason the region surveyed was divided with different levels of site coverage and reporting: Section One - contains systematic coverage of all currently known sites within the Wadis Umm Hajalij, Umm Salam, Abu Mu Awwad, Shalul, Abu Iqaydi, and Dahabiya. It includes ninety-seven ‘new’ and twelve re-recorded sites; Section Two - contains partial coverage of sites in the Wadis Barramiya and Miya (to the south of those in Section One) and the Wadis Abu Wasil, Minah, Hammamat, Atwani and the Hammamat Schist Quarry (to the north). It includes twenty-three ‘new’ and twenty-two re-recorded sites. Images from the Hammamat Schist Quarry have been included to stimulate interest in a well-known site that is badly in need of modern interpretation. The present standard reference dates from 1912, J. Couyat and P. Montet, Les Inscriptions Hiéroglyphiques et Hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât. The DVD contains comprehensive coverage of the inscriptions and images on the south wall of the Hammamat gorge. The two main east-west roads, which follow the Wadi Hammamat to the north and Wadis Abbad and Barramiya to the south, are indicated on the Map of Survey Area, which also shows the area surveyed. The individual sites, both those that are ‘new’ or re-recorded in this report and also those recorded by the Eastern Desert Survey but not re-recorded here, are indicated. Detailed site maps for the main wadis have been included at the beginning of the relevant subsections, as in the first edition. Place names on both maps and site descriptions have been standardised to conform to accepted Western Egyptological practice. Names in quotations have been left as originally published. It should be noted that the Wadi

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INTRODUCTION Geological cross-section of the hills between the Nile and the Red Sea in Upper Egypt Nile

Red Sea

Pre-Cambrian Limestone

Upper Limestone

Sandstone

River and Sea Deposits

Primitive Limestone

Sea Level

fig.1 - after Sandford & Arkell, 1928

Umm Hajalij referred to here lies to the north of the Barramiya road and is not to be confused with a similarly-named wadi to the south. The terminology used in Sections One and Two can be found in Notes on Site Descriptions and a Glossary is included as Appendix V. GEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF THE SURVEY AREA The Eastern Desert of Egypt stretches from south-east of the Nile delta into north-eastern Sudan, and lies between the Nile valley to the west and the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea to the east. With an approximate length of 1,100 km north to south and an average breadth of 225 km, it encompasses over 222,000 sq. km. The area is sometimes divided into two regions, the Arabian Desert to the north and the Nubian Desert to the south, with demarcation along the line of the Wadi Hammamat. The survey area lies midway between the Nile and Red Sea and from the Wadi Barramiya in the south to just north of the Wadi Hammamat, forming a rectangle approximately 125 km by 50 km (6,250 sq. km or 3% of the total Eastern Desert area) with the co-ordinates 25º 00’ to 26º 05’ N and 33º 15’ to 33º 45’ E. The geological structure of the terrain is not uniform and consists of a sandstone ridge angled from NNW to SSE and it is across this ridge that the richest concentration of petroglyphs is located. To the west lie sandstone uplands with rock surfaces that become increasingly friable as they stretch to the Nile. To the east are the Red Sea Hills, a line of pre-Cambrian volcanic mountain chains that curve along the coast with several peaks rising above 2,000 metres. These consist of crystalline slates, gneiss and granite, although in this central area rock surfaces tend towards shale (fig.1). For much of the past five thousand years the desert has received only occasional rainfall but the extensive array of wadis that dissect the sandstone ridges indicates that this was not always the case. In the millennium covering the late Predynastic and Early Dynastic, the Nile valley, Libyan and Eastern Deserts were substantially more humid than in later times and wadis, subject to periodic flash floods, may have contained occasional standing water (fig.2). These wetter conditions supported a highly diversified flora and fauna that encouraged seasonal game hunting and this savannah would have proved suitable for exploitation by herdsmen or pastoral activity by nomadic people. By the end of the Early Dynastic Period the average temperature had risen and rainfall decreased to leave a terrain that had changed from a savannah akin to that in present-day East Africa to the current arid desert. During this epoch many of the depicted species, including elephant and giraffe, retreated southwards. A majority of the indigenous Eastern Desert human population moved to more habitable areas on the fringes of the Nile valley, undoubtedly taking their traditions and lifestyle with them, while others withdrew to the Red Sea coast leaving the central area open to nomadic exploitation. Such moves would have been gradual and accompanied by a way of life that evolved from hunter-gatherer through pastoralist to a dependence on farming. Today the Umsayri clan of the nomadic Ma’aza tribe claim dominion over territory north of the Hammamat road and the ’Ababda tribe land south of that boundary. These desert dwellers still live by herding and trading.

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INTRODUCTION The Eastern Desert is rich in natural resources, including gold, copper, lead, emeralds and galena, and mining for such ores and minerals began prior to the Pharaonic era. Today deposits of phosphate, asbestos, manganese and uranium are being excavated and there is significant oil extraction along the Red Sea coast. Re-opening of the Pharaonic gold mines has restricted access to parts of the Eastern Desert for much of the past decade and track gradation through some of the wadis threatens the existence of a number of the petroglyphs.

Ecological zones in Egypt & the Sudan 5000-3000 BC

EXPLORATIONS IN THE SURVEY AREA A few rock inscriptions, drawings and site descriptions were published by early explorers including Richard Lepsius (1852), Arthur Weigall (1909) and J. Couyat & Pierre Montet (1912). More detailed surveying of the central Eastern Desert was undertaken by Leo Frobenius in 1926 and his finds, some of which were published in 1927, were incorporated by Pavel Cervicek in his 1974 survey. Walther Resch travelled through the Wadis Minah and Barramiya in 1963 and published a selection of the results from his and previous surveys (1967). Gerald Fuchs produced two papers with extensive photographs mainly from the Wadi Barramiya (1989 and 1991). Donald and Susan Redford published pictures, line drawings and comprehensive details from the central Hammamat region (1989) and David Rohl (2000) presented the results from a series of trips to re-record sites published by Winkler, Weigall and Fuchs and detailed seventysix sites of which thirty-nine were ‘new’.

fig.2 - after Butzer, 1959

Yet the standard reference remains Winkler’s Rock-Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt Vol. I (1938). Winkler had travelled in the region of the Wadi Hammamat in 1934 and 1936 and published his findings in 1937. As a result of these finds he received expedition funding from Sir Robert Mond and during the 1936/7 season concentrated on surveying an area from north of Wadi Hammamat to south of the Bir Shalul, away from the fruitful Wadis Abbad and Barramiya. His 1938 publication listed over seventy main and sub-sites of which sixty-two fall within our survey area (the remainder being in and west of the Nile valley) and included a selection of his photographs. Cervicek, assisted by Hans Winkler’s widow, translated Winkler’s travel diaries, and published a further fifty plates from the EES archives together with a reinterpretation of his findings (1986). To date, twenty-nine of his sites from this area have been re-recorded and published including fifteen in this volume. RECORDING THE ROCK ART Site naming – There has been a lack of consistency in the various naming standards adopted for the Eastern Desert sites but the convention used by Gerald Fuchs (1989) appears the most useful because it enables the location of a site to be determined. It has been adapted for use here. Each wadi has been given a three-letter identifier with individual sites numbered from west to east. Within each section of this report wadis are listed in roughly south-to-north sequence. Where a site has previously been published under a different name (for example in the Eastern Desert Survey report in 2000) this is noted within the individual site description and in Appendix III - Re-recorded Sites and Appendix IV - Composite List of Rock Art Sites in Survey Area. This methodology is good for Section One with its comprehensive coverage of specified wadis, but is less satisfactory for Section Two where ‘new’ sites are interspersed amongst

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INTRODUCTION others featured in earlier publications. Where a previously published site has been re-recorded the original identifier is listed under Other Site ID along with the temporary RATS number allocated during the field recordings, see Notes on Site Descriptions. Definition of a ‘site’ – In general a group of petroglyphs separated by at least 50 metres from another such grouping is counted as a ‘site’. Exceptions include SAL 12, 14 & 15 where the large numbers of images necessitated a division to ensure clarity, and WAS 3 where adherence to Winkler’s numbering resulted in a single site that would otherwise have been recorded as a number of sites. Co-ordinates – Site co-ordinates are included to facilitate further study in the field and to allow analysis of the nature and position of the images than would otherwise be impossible. They are recorded throughout in the ‘Old Egyptian’ datum on the site sheets and also in the now more universal WGS84 datum in Appendix IV. Orientation and date and time of recording – The direction and quality of the sunlight can affect the contrast between a petroglyph and the surrounding rock greatly, and often there is only a short period, perhaps a matter of minutes each day, when a petroglyph is clear, or in some cases visible at all. Certain carvings appear markedly different under changed lighting conditions. Date and time are therefore crucial when deciding the ideal time to visit a particular site. Recording details – Dr Cherry prepared the site recording templates (figs.3 & 4) and photographic log sheets that were utilised on site and these formed the framework for the recording process. It was decided that as a broad rule the description of the patination of the images would be limited to ‘dark’, ‘medium’ or ‘light’, and of the nature of the incisions to ‘pecked’ or ‘scratched’, although these descriptors were not universally applied. Despite some variability in the extent of information recorded, it was considered preferable to include all available site statistics rather than omit valuable data. The information as recorded, together with the original recording sheets, is available for researchers on application to the editors. Photographic limitations – The expedition members responsible for photographing the petroglyphs supplied a corpus of over three thousand slides, negatives and digital files from which the printed and DVD compilations have been selected. The criterion adopted for the printed images was to choose the most representative images of an individual site. The photographers did not have the luxury of waiting for perfect lighting conditions (typically when the sun is low and casts a shadow over shallow incisions) and a balance had to be struck between the number of sites recorded and the time available at a single site. This inevitably compromised quality and on occasion photographs of a less than ideal standard have had to be used. None of the petroglyphs in the volume has been ‘touched up’ in any way and thus the photographic record is faithful to the original. In

fig.3 - Sample recording sheet with illustrative dummy data, front

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INTRODUCTION a few cases images have been digitally enhanced for publication in this volume to highlight features not otherwise obvious. In the majority of instances this has been noted on the photographs. Completeness of coverage - Due to time constraints searches were conducted mainly by scrutinising cliff faces from slow-moving vehicles to identify likely areas for carvings, then examining promising faces on foot. Because of these limitations some sites which are not clearly visible from the wadi may well remain undiscovered. One such site is the hidden SAL 14, which was found only because it is close to the more obvious SAL 12. The area surveyed contains numerous solitary camel images which, because of the time constraints, were not recorded. LOCATION OF ROCK ART SITES Analysis of previous survey data indicates that a majority of rock carvings are to be found along the wadis or in the Nile valley, that the frequency of carvings decreases to the south, and that by the second cataract, boat depictions, which feature heavily in the target area, form less than 2% of the corpus. It would appear that despite a relatively even spread of animal motifs in both Eastern and Libyan Deserts, the main concentration of boat images lies to the east of the principal Predynastic centres of power, Naqada, This, and Nekhen.

fig.4 - Sample recording sheet with illustrative dummy data, back

As the rock art was recorded and ‘new’ sites were discovered it became apparent that certain topographical features had encouraged the carving of petroglyphs. These include: • A through wadi rather than a side wadi or dead-end • Protection from the sun, typically on the south face of a steep-sided wadi or under a rock overhang (such locations also, apparently, having advantages as camp sites) • Promontories and the inside of bends, apparently where a natural track comes close to the wadi wall • A smooth, unbroken, relatively soft and uniformly patinated rock surface, most often sandstone, at or within easy reach of the wadi floor • A prominent position, suggesting that certain of the petroglyphs may have been designed to be easily seen, possibly as tribal or boundary markings Not all the sites, however, are located according to these features. In particular some images were drawn in what seem to be concealed places, e.g. behind boulders or in narrow crevices. A few larger sites, such as SAL 14, are in locations that cannot be easily seen from the wadi. Petroglyphs have been found hundreds of metres distant from the obvious present-day trails, possibly indicating that the terrain has altered and that previously passable routes have become blocked by rock falls, flash floods or wind-blown dunes. Many of the sites are on the main east-west routes between the Nile and the Red Sea via the wadis Hammamat and Barramiya and the primary access paths from these to Predynastic mining areas. In addition there are several in some major diagonal wadi systems, suggesting these were also key through routes. One runs from the Laqeita well in the Wadi Hammamat south-east via the Wadis Qash, Minah and Abu Wasil through the Shalul pass and across Wadi

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INTRODUCTION Barramiya towards Berenike (a route that was used extensively in Ptolemaic and Roman times). Another leads from the Wadi Barramiya in a north-easterly direction via the Wadis Miya, Umm Salam, Abu Mu Awwad and Umm Hajalij. There are major concentrations of rock art sites with, in particular, many images of boats, on all of these routes. DATING THE IMAGES In the absence of affordable and portable scientific technologies, rock art has traditionally been dated by association and its chronology is thus subject to a high degree of uncertainty as the sheer variety of techniques and styles employed by the desert artists defies secure classification. Dating from associated settlement sites is notoriously unreliable, particularly so in the Eastern Desert. Indeed the scale of occupation in the Eastern Desert at any time is hard to determine as the wadis have been subject to periodic flash floods which leave few traces in the archaeological record. Comparative dating By its very nature comparative dating is indirect and utilises combinations of: • • • •

North-African paleo-climates

Faunal identity Comparative patination Contextual and stylistic dating Relative dating against artefact types

The application of various techniques for producing carvings is not regarded as a reliable guide to dating in this area, as a mixture of incision, scratching, pecking and engraving can be found in examples from all periods, often within the same image. Faunal identity – Animals depicted in the rock art are taken to represent species that were familiar to the artists because they were indigenous at the time when the images were drawn, although it is not inconceivable that in some cases later artists may have copied early work. In all probability Neolithic societies began domesticating animals during the significant dry period around 5,000 BC, which led to the transition from a large game hunting and gathering economy to a more sedentary society (Redford & Redford 1989 p.3). After the end of the fourth millennium wet phase, during the Early Dynastic period, variations in climatic conditions caused significant changes in animal population patterns and certain zoomorphic depictions may reflect the invocation of spiritual assistance in the capture of dwindling game fig.5 - after Muzzolini, 1982 resources. Continued deterioration in desert grazing resulted in further reduction of faunal populations so that by the end of the 3rd Dynasty elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes and gerenuks had disappeared from the Upper Egyptian desert, and it was no longer possible to pasture cattle there (fig.5). Despite the savannah-like climate before the Old Kingdom it is unlikely the desert would have supported semiaquatic mammals such as the hippopotamus, a creature present in hunting scenes at a few central desert sites. Their presence in the desert art indicates some interaction between the wadi dwellers and the Nile valley (Wilkinson 2000 p.159). It is possible that some of the carvings commemorate abnormal and apparently anachronistic events. For instance the majority of the elephant illustrations appear to be of early origin, when these animals were indigenous, but representations are also present among what appear to be more recent images (see SHA 14). Late carvings may conceivably have been inspired by noteworthy events, such as occurred during the Ptolemaic era when a train of elephants captured near the Ethiopian coast was walked from the Red Sea through the Wadis Barramiya and Abbad to the Nile (Majer 1992 p.228).

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INTRODUCTION Images of camels, of which there are many in the Eastern Desert, must be comparatively recent as these animals were not introduced into Egypt until the first millennium BC. Images of warriors mounted on horseback or fighting with lances, swords and shields are identified by Winkler as dating from the Blemyan period. Among the images that occur most frequently in the Eastern Desert are those of ibex, characterised by their long curved horns. The images are often crude with horns that are exaggerated in length and sometimes shown almost as semicircles. It is not possible to assign a date to these images on formal grounds because ibex appear always to have been present, especially in the Red Sea mountains. They are still to be found occasionally in the Eastern Desert. Comparative patination – Winkler puts the case succinctly ‘the thing an observer notices is the difference in patination; one picture looks as fresh as if carved yesterday, another has faded and become the same colour as the stone itself, and between these extremes are many degrees of patination’ (1938 p.13). The older a carving the more it will have weathered and reverted back to the natural hue of post 250 AD the surrounding rock F surface. Recent additions can be identified, through differentiation in shade 250 AD E between the incised image and that of the surrounding rock. For relative dating 1050 BC within a single site - where D the rock face, site orientation and climatic 1400 BC conditions are uniform C comparative patination is capable of providing 2100 BC reliable results in a limited B number of cases, such as Site HSQ 3 (Judd 2008, 2009). 4000 BC This technique has not been utilised as a field tool in the Eastern Desert and fig.6 - Rock Art Horizons Chart - after Cervicek, 1986 although Winkler used a variety of coloured cards to record the rock colours the results do not feature prominently in his publications. Cervicek used an elaborate method in an attempt to date rock art by means of the colour and darkness of the patina, but was able to apply it only in cases where it could be calibrated by reference to datable written inscriptions. There are very few such in the Eastern Desert. The variable effects of exposure and weathering on dispersed rock surfaces is sufficient to limit the use of such approaches, and accurate comparison between sites in different wadis, with varying conditions, has proved to be impossible. Over-carving assists with sequencing and the relative patination of the images is important to help identify the order in which the incisions were cut. Contextual and stylistic dating – Rock faces possessing the necessary attributes presumably attracted carvings in all eras (in much the same way as today certain walls apparently invite graffiti) and thus a popular site might support a history of petroglyphs, in some cases spread over eight or more millennia. Based on their work in the Wadi Hammamat, Redford & Redford discuss the contention that the earliest work would tend to use the best part of the rock surface (1989 p.7). Whitney Davis takes this argument further and proposes that after 5,000 BC specimens are found on large rough surfaces while more ancient drawings appear at a higher elevation, usually on small smooth surfaces (1978 p.216). This suggests that earlier carvings utilised the whole of the best faces so that later artists were forced to overcarve previous incisions or make do with poorer quality surfaces. Although there is evidence to support this view at sites in or near the Nile valley it is not the case in desert locations where many first rate virgin surfaces can be found in prime positions. In addition, and for no discernible reason, there are many instances of rock faces being overcarved despite the presence of adjacent untouched surfaces.

17

INTRODUCTION Winkler split his finds into three classifications, Inscriptions, Signs and Pictures, which he placed into four distinct chronological periods and within which he identified various social groupings. This led him to conclude that the quantity of drawings varied widely in different epochs, thus in the: • Predynastic - as indicated by the fauna - an enormous quantity of rock carving was produced • Dynastic - only a few pictures were added to the rocks • Blemyan period (three to five centuries within the Graeco-Roman and Coptic eras) - at least as much was drawn as during the whole Arab period • Arab period (a millennium and a quarter) - few pictures were drawn Winkler considered it possible to cross-relate social groupings on the basis of the representations (1938 pp.15-19). Cervicek constructed a revised chronology (1986 pp.54-60) based on a comparison of previous finds with securely dated Nilotic artefacts to distinguish six distinct Horizons for carving activity (fig.6). This classification, though useful in a general sense, is not helpful as far as the Eastern Desert is concerned because Cervicek’s B-Horizon embraces the whole of the Predynastic and Old Kingdom and incorporates the majority of the desert petroglyphs. Further subdivisions would be necessary to assign images to recognisable Egyptological periods. The desert routes would have been used by indigenous and foreign traders travelling between the Nile and the Red Sea coast, particularly in the more equitable climate of the late Predynastic and early Dynastic eras. Among these traders may have been people from Mesopotamia although there is little evidence in the rock art of the Mesopotamian motifs that are found on a number of contemporaneous Nilotic artefacts. Relative dating against artefact types – The presence of images of cattle and biggame animals suggests that at least some of the rock art was drawn in the fourth millennium BC or earlier when what is now the Eastern Desert was more moist fig.7 - Naqada I clay orant figure, and able to support these animals, but we are unable to draw similar conclusions Brooklyn Museum about the other images, and in particular those of anthropoid figures and of boats. However it does suggest that there may be parallels with the images that appear on the pottery of the Naqada culture that dates to this period. Winkler asserts that many of the rock art images date to the Naqada I and II periods because of their presence on C-ware (Naqada I, ~3,700 BC) and D-ware (Naqada II, ~3,300 BC). C-ware pottery – Amratian period (Naqada I). The Amratians were identified by Flinders Petrie as the people who ushered in the continuous civilisation of Egypt (1920 pp.46-50) but whose archaeological presence appears limited to the latitudes between the Faiyum and Kom Ombo. The C-Ware pottery demonstrates a technological advance on the earlier Badarian ware. Surfaces of the ceramic mix were coated with a red haematite paste and the prepared product fired in hearths at perhaps 800ºC (Krzyzaniak 1977 p.108). Although the pottery wheel had yet to be introduced the resultant quality and precision of manufacture is remarkable. Products were made in a variety of styles, the most

fig.8 - Naqada I decorated hippopotamus bowl, Boston Museum

18

INTRODUCTION common being bowls, dishes and vases with geometric motifs - abstract patterns in the form of rhomboids, triangles, parallel lines, chevrons and bars - possibly representational of woven basketry. This geometric decoration has no direct correlation with the rock art, but a few of the pots have representational decoration depicting mountain ranges (presumably flanking the Nile valley) and flora. An even rarer group depicts fauna, boats and humans with and without associated flora, and it is comparisons between this group and the rock art that are most enlightening. Common animal depictions include longhorned bovids, antelopes, giraffes, gerenuks, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, mongooses, hippopotami (fig.8), scorpions, river turtles, crocodiles and fish as well as human figures, sometimes with maces (fig.10) and often in an orant pose or sporting penis sheaths (fig.9). One example suggests that humans armed with fig.10 - Naqada I pot, from Abydos double-curved bows went hunting with leashed dogs (Baumgartel 1955 p.30). The majority of the boats are sickle-shaped, with cabins and oars with blades (fig.11). Hunting scenes on C-ware pots are similar to those found in the rock art with fig.9 - Naqada I pot, after Capart, 1905 hippopotami and antelopes being the most common quarry. Thus there are several parallels between the subjects depicted on the C-ware and in the rock art, but the styles in which they are depicted are rather different. For example the oars of the C-ware boats are often shown with pointed blades, but this feature does not appear in the rock art. Similarly the decoration of the hippopotamus and crocodile images on the pots (figs.8 and 11) do not appear in the rock art. This may suggest that C-ware and some of the rock art were made by people with similar interests rather than by the same people. Wilkinson considers it conceivable that ‘new features associated with the beginning of the Naqada I culture may have been brought in by a wave of people moving into the Nile valley to practise agriculture’ (2000 p.159). D-ware pottery – Gerzean period (Naqada II). This pottery was produced over a limited period and belongs to the same tradition as the painted scenes in Tomb T100 at Nekhen. The Naqada II D-ware has a more limited range of decorative themes and styles than C-ware and is more formalised. D-ware was fired in an improved kiln in which higher temperatures could be produced and kept under greater control. This resulted in a uniform surface suitable for decoration, on which drawings were made in manganese oxide before firing. Such high technology would have been limited to the proto-states developing along the Nile valley.

fig.11 - Naqada I bowl, boat and animal depictions, Cairo Museum

19

INTRODUCTION The decorative designs include sickle-shaped boats, hills, plants, animals and humans (Kamil 1984 p.24). The extant D-ware pottery examples demonstrate such remarkably similar ‘standard’ characteristics that it can be assumed that a local ‘elite’ art style and manufacture were responsible. This difference from the much more varied C-ware may indicate a change in the social fabric due in part to a further migration of semi-nomadic cattle-herding pastoralists, bringing elements of their culture to the Nile valley (Wilkinson 2000 p.159). This influx may have stimulated the development of a more symbolic art style as against earlier representational forms. The anthropoid figures are rarely given prominence (fig.13). The hull shape is similar across the corpus and to the white boats from Tomb T100 at Nekhen. The petroglyphs do not exhibit any ‘standard’ form, and sickle, incurved sickle, square, incurved square and flared boats often appear on the same surface and bear a similar degree of patination. Cabins (or shrines) are not the norm but where present range from one to three in number, occasionally covering the entire inboard area. Less than 25% have totems and typically prows and sterns have pennants and, frequently, stylised tree fronds. There are very few examples of the central gap in the bank of oars prominent on the Naqada II pottery. One such is at SAL 7. Human images associated with boats tend to fall into four main groupings:

fig.12 - Naqada II pot, Cairo Museum

• Oversized human figures, often with plumes, holding throwsticks or bows • Human figures, sometimes plumed, frequently pointing forwards • Orant figures • Oarsmen (crew) Other artefacts - Detailed comparisons have been made with other Nilotic artefacts roughly contemporaneous with the D-ware pottery, including the Gebelein linen fragment, the Nekhen Tomb T100, the Gebel el-Arak and Metropolitan Museum knife handles, various ceremonial mudstone palettes of the late Predynastic, and orant figurines. Many of these sources contain depictions of ships, animals and humans and each has received its share of scholarly attention. However even a cursory look at these artefacts indicates a stylistic assortment such that the evidence can legitimately be interpreted in disparate ways. It may be concluded that Dware, found primarily in funerary contexts, was prepared for a (male) ruling elite by craftsmen attached to official workshops, whilst the desert images are almost certainly the work of non-specialist artisans for a variety of purposes and as such conclusions based on perceived similarities or dissimilarities are difficult to sustain.

fig.13 - Naqada II pot, Cairo Museum

Dating the boats - In some cases boats of a specific form occur frequently in a particular wadi or topographic area. This may indicate the development of an artistic style within tribal boundaries or the regular use of certain trading routes by specific groups. The close similarity between images

20

INTRODUCTION within a narrow topographic area suggests they may be the work of a single artist. An example is that of flared boats, which are frequently depicted in the Wadi Umm Salam and adjacent wadis but rarely elsewhere. Another is that of the sickle boats that occur in the Wadi Hammamat. These, however, are among the few petroglyph boats that are quite, but not exactly, similar to the D-ware boats. It seems reasonable to conclude that they date to the Naqada II period, but the rest have such a wide range of forms that it is not possible to draw any overall conclusion about their dates. Some, notably those of the incurved sickle form, look very similar to illustrations in New Kingdom Book of the Dead papyri; others look like the funerary boat of the Old Kingdom Pharaoh Khufu that is preserved at Giza. Some of the petroglyph boats are shown as being towed by a team of figures in a manner strongly reminiscent of images of the journey through the underworld that decorate tombs in the Valley of the Kings. It is possible that when oars are present lines above the deck may be a pre-cursor for the Pharaonic artistic convention of depicting an object from different viewpoints: in such an instance the lines above the vessel could represent oars on the far side of the vessel. As an overall conclusion it seems likely that the boats date from all periods from the Predynastic onwards. fig.14 - Linked figures from Wadi Barramiya

Direct dating Reliable direct dating of petroglyphs is particularly difficult and recent scientific developments such as cation-ratio techniques have still to be applied in this region. It had hitherto been considered that as the carvings have no organic properties they would not be amenable to carbon dating. However Huyge has recently applied AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) to Egyptian petroglyphs for the first time and dated carbon-bearing substances trapped within the patina of carvings at the Nile Valley site of El-Hosh. The findings set human and certain animal carvings as early as 4,400BC with older curvilinear etchings, tentatively identified as fish traps, perhaps dating to the 8th millennium BC or earlier (Huyge 1998 pp.97-100 & 2001 pp.68-72). INTERPRETATION Egyptian rock art specialists hold a broad spectrum of views about the meaning of the images. They can be divided into two categories: those who consider the petroglyphs predominantly religious in nature (Winkler, Cervicek and Wilkinson) and those who opt for socio-economic, cultural and climatic interpretations (Butzer, Krzyzaniak and Huard). Evidence presented in this volume gives little support to the theory that animal depictions and ‘hunting’ scenes indicate a ‘shamanistic’ need of the originators to exercise control, generally over the natural world and specifically over their faunal prey. There are none of the specific images that have been identified elsewhere as relating to shamanistic practices, and there is almost no evidence of shamanism in other aspects of Egyptian culture. Zoomorphic illustrations combined with the enigmatic boat depictions appear to reinforce primarily religious associations albeit with cultural overtones. For Cervicek ‘the big divine barks of the Upper Egyptian and Nubian rock art are an important motif known from the art mobilier of the Naqada culture and the Pyramid texts’ (1998 pp.110-111), and Wilkinson considers ‘the roots of ancient Egyptian religion may be better preserved in the little known rock art of the Eastern Desert than on well-known artefacts from tombs’ (2000 p.159). The restriction of boat illustrations to wadis south-east of the Qena bend, together with examples of Mesopotamian motifs on funerary and ritualistic artefacts, led early researchers to consider that they may record an invasion of the country by a ‘Dynastic Race’, either across Sinai or through the east-west wadis from the Red Sea. The pictures of

21

INTRODUCTION boats on the rocks might represent actual boats being dragged overland from the sea to the river. This was presumed to have taken place during the Predynastic era and to have kick-started late-Naqada culture. Proponents of this theory included Flinders Petrie, Winkler and Emery. This supposition is no longer endorsed by a majority of Egyptologists and Pharaonic civilisation is generally regarded as having developed primarily through indigenous stimuli (see Desmond Clark, Arkell and Hassan). Mesopotamian motifs heavily influenced the elite artistic production of the transitional period, however this influence waned during the early years of the 1st Dynasty. Growth of urban civilisation, the appearance of a stratified society, writing, superior craftsmanship and monumental architectural design can be regarded as the result of regular interaction with Mesopotamia and the Levant through trade, movement of skilled artisans and the exchange of ideas and knowledge of political and social developments (Trigger 1968 pp.85-86). Finished elite goods imported into Egypt from the east would be more likely to make an appearance in the archaeological record than would raw materials (e.g. precious metals) and perishable commodities exported in exchange. Mesopotamian influence is, as pointed out above, hard to find in the Eastern Desert rock art.

fig.15 - Naqada II pot, linked figures and rows of desert animals, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1958.345

FUTURE RESEARCH Further analysis is required to: • Identify patterns of movement within the wadis and the eras during which such patterns existed • Explain the predominance of boats and fig.16 - Naqada II pot, linked figures above boat, orant figures within this data set in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, E2823 context of the paucity of such imagery among otherwise similar examples of rock art in neighbouring areas, e.g. Nubia, Sudan, the Libyan and Sahara deserts and Saudi Arabia • Account for the ‘battle’ scenes depicted in Cervicek’s Horizon F, tentatively regarded as of Blemyan origin, and interpret the many signs and tribal marks attributed to Blemyan customs • Establish direct relationships between rock art images and later Pharaonic traditions, e.g. the apparent link between the ‘boat-towing’ scenes in the desert petroglyphs and funerary barques • Determine whether or not specific rock art conventions can be tabulated and dated within topographical areas • Produce a detailed relative chronology for the appearance and disappearance of faunal populations, to assist placement of rock art depictions within time horizons • Produce an acceptable definition and description of the boat types.

22

ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS

Acknowledgements Chief plaudits are reserved for the titular ‘Desert Rats’, those volunteers who have willingly given of their time and not insignificant sums of hard cash to participate in and thus ensure the success of this endeavour. Unlikely travelling companions including academics in disparate disciplines ranging from nuclear physics to mediaeval history, jostled alongside non-academics from the very different worlds of commerce and local, national and international government. This heady mix was leavened by a fair sprinkling of the recently retired and beatified by a man of the cloth. The expertise brought to bear became so highly tuned that experienced ‘Ratters’ were eventually able to spot a promising rock surface at 500 paces. The expeditions boasted many fine photographers who have put their work, including their logs which greatly assisted analysis of the sites from the comfort of the UK, at the editors’ disposal. Invidious as it is to name individuals, particular mention must be made of Dr Peter Dixon, and also Anna-Maria Pigott who provided the exquisite watercolours. Our grateful thanks go to all who have contributed to either edition. The business of establishing an infrastructure that can cater for over twenty volunteers camping out in Egypt’s Eastern Desert, well away from the benefits of civilisation, is daunting and fraught with difficulties. All three trips were organised by Ancient World Tours together with their Egyptian associate Pan Arab Tours, and our sincere thanks go to both these organisations and especially Michael Ackroyd, then AWT’s Tour Director, and PAT’s Managing Director Ahmed Mousa, for cutting through swathes of red tape and logistic issues. However the most vital members of the support team were the local drivers who, having put in all the hours between sunrise and sunset, made camp, cooked a sumptuous repast and entertained us with song and dance late into the night. It is trite but true that without their splendid assistance we could not have contemplated the production of this volume. The Expedition leaders Dr Pete Cherry (October 2000 & February 2001) and Dr Toby Wilkinson (December 2000) brought their own individual brand of enthusiasm and organisation to potentially chaotic situations involving a glut of chiefs and insufficient Indians. When decisions had to be made they were determined swiftly and with clarity such that harmony and tranquillity became the general rule. Valuable working time was saved through Pete’s manipulation of an imposing array of electronic gizmos utilised to plan new desert routes to areas of particular interest. He also prepared the maps and aerial photographs, which are based on the Egyptian Authority’s topographic maps and on NASA’s MrSID satellite images. Hans Winkler provided the initial inspiration for more recent surveys of the Eastern Desert through his seminal work, Rock-Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt Vol. I (1938). Published immediately prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, this and its companion volume on Western Desert petroglyphs explore areas well away from traditional trade routes. Sadly he did not survive the war and his pioneering work lay dormant for many years. These volumes are still in need of republishing. The impetus for more recent surveys came from David Rohl who initiated the EDS (Eastern Desert Surveys) which culminated in the publication The Followers of Horus - EDS Vol. I (2000). Dr Patricia Spencer of the Egypt Exploration Society kindly allowed us access to the Winkler archive and this engendered a variety of leads later fruitfully pursued. Closely linked with the name of Winkler is that of Dr Pavel Cervicek who delved into the EES archives and got to grips with the Winkler diaries for his influential work, Rock Pictures of Upper Egypt and Nubia (1986). He provided us with both advice and help and his own volumes on the subject are recommended reading. Much discussion, communication and guidance have readily been given by Dr Dirk Huyge who has worked on the very different rock art of el-Hosh and Qurta in the Nile valley; by Dr Stephen Sidebotham, who has been excavating the Red Sea site at Berenike; by Dr José Pérez-Accino - an enthusiastic teacher, friend and mentor; and by Giancarlo Negro, another desert expert and inveterate traveller who is closely associated with the prestigious Sahara magazine which regularly includes many essential and stimulating papers on rock art and related subjects. A very special ‘thank you’ is reserved for Dr Francis Burrows, who so ably led the 5th Cavalry to the rescue when a potentially disastrous computer failure threatened the entire enterprise. His intervention saved many weeks of effort.

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ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS Software sage Alan Chow freely gave both advice and assistance and having his technical know-how to hand proved priceless. A deep debt of gratitude is owed to Christopher Coleman, Director of Bloomsbury Summer School, who agreed to publish the first edition of this catalogue and to raise the funds that would enable copies to be donated to academic institutions. We must not forget the aggressive proofreading of the first edition by Dr Wilkinson and Dr Cherry who suggested a great number of amendments. The majority of their recommendations were acted upon. Following their sterling work Geoff Phillipson and Tony Judd joined the editorial team and have contributed hugely to this new edition. The editors collectively bear responsibility for any remaining errors. Our grateful thanks to David Davison who agreed to publish this new edition and enthusiastically supported the relatively novel concept of including a DVD with the volume. He gave us every encouragement and ensured a smooth passage through the production process.

Blocked wadi near IQA 15

24

Abortive search in a side wadi

Toby ushers the troops to the ‘Jacuzzi’

Lunch time in Wadi Umm Salam

After lunch in Wadi Umm Salam

25

Map of Survey Area

26

Routes taken through Survey Area

27

Notes on Site Descriptions Heading

Site identifier comprising a three letter wadi abbreviation and a sequence number e.g. HAJ 1 (site number one in Wadi Umm Hajalij).

Date/Time

Date and approximate time at which the recording was made and the photographs taken.

Location

A brief description of the geographical position and overall appearance of the site together with the GPS coordinates. All site co-ordinates in this catalogue were recorded in the ‘Old Egyptian’ datum and not the more widely used WGS84 in order that they correspond with the datum used by the indispensable Egyptian Survey Authority 1:50,000 scale New Topographic Maps (1995), which are based on the Helmert 1906 Ellipsoid. Latitudes and longitudes are recorded in degrees (º) and minutes (´) and were obtained from hand-held GPS receivers utilizing the Global Positioning System, a constellation of satellites operated by the US Government. Prior to May 2000, this primarily military system was available for civilian use but was deliberately limited in accuracy to about 100 metres by the application of Selective Availability. In May 2000 the US Government suspended Selective Availability thus allowing access to improved positional accuracy of about 10 metres for general civilian use. All sites described in detail in this catalogue were recorded after the suspension of Selective Availability and so benefit from this improved accuracy. In addition, a number of previously recorded sites were revisited during the surveys and the opportunity was taken to update their co-ordinates with the improved accuracy. All coordinates in both WGS84 and ‘Old Egyptian’ are listed by site in Appendix V - Composite List of Rock Art Sites in Survey Area.

Orientation

The approximate direction faced by the main rock art surface(s) of the site.

Other Site ID 1. A temporary site identifier assigned during the RATS field surveys and now superseded by the above ‘Heading’ identifier. The temporary field identifier is date-based with the format YMMDDA, where A is an alphabetic character denoting the sequence of sites recorded on a particular day e.g. for HAJ 1 – 10217L: Year 2001, Month 02, Day 17, L – 12th site recorded on 17th February 2001. 2. Additional identifiers of sites recorded by previous surveys: RME Robert Mond Expedition (Hans Winkler) (1936-37) R&R Donald Redford & Susan Redford (1982-86) GF Gerald Fuchs (1985-90) EDS Eastern Desert Survey (1997-2000)

Description

A detailed list of the main elements of the rock art with accompanying photographs and line drawings. The main elements are ordered generally from left to right and are identified by a sequential number e.g. 1, 2, etc. Associated photographs and line drawings are identified by an alphabetic character e.g. A , B , etc. The photographs may contain more or fewer elements than listed against the numerical identifier and where necessary, more than one photograph taken at the site may have the same alphabetic identifier. The initials (e.g. GP) associated with each photograph identify the photographer, a list of whom is provided under Appendix II - Photographer Credits. ‘Image enhanced’ indicates that the photographic original has been digitally enhanced to highlight details that would not otherwise be apparent on the printed page. Where it has been necessary to rotate an image to highlight specific features, this is indicated e.g. 90ºL. A brief discussion on patination as a dating tool is included in the Introduction. The following terms are used to describe the approximate degree of patination of various elements of the rock art: Dark Same or near same colour as nearby rock surface (usually oldest incisions) Light Relatively recently exposed under-surface with greatest contrast with surrounding rock surface Medium Between the above extremes. Note gradations between these terms where pertinent.

Further information on terminology used in site descriptions can be found in Appendix V - Glossary

28

Section One - Comprehensive Coverage Wadi Umm Hajalij (HAJ - 9 sites) Wadi Umm Salam (SAL - 47 sites) Wadi Abu Mu Awwad (MUA - 22 sites) Wadi Shalul (SHA - 14 sites) Wadi Abu Iqaydi (IQA - 15 sites) Wadi Dahabiya (DAH - 2 sites)

29

Wadi Umm Hajalij

A member of the support team in Wadi Miya

30

AFH

HAJ 1 Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 15.20

Location:

25º 13.291’N by 33º 33.164’E. Wadi Umm Hajalij. South side. Shallow cave with vertical rear wall, small overhang to right, boulder in front

Orientation:

Facing north-east

WADI UMM HAJALIJ

Other Site ID: 10217L Description:

A

B

C

Main face, rear wall of cave Many carvings and over-carvings from different periods across face 1. High-prowed sickle boat (88cm) with cabin, large central figure, eleven crew, mast and ‘sail’ with cross-feature and rudder 2. Right of 1: square boat (102cm), decorated prow and stern, cabin to left of centre with figure inside, ‘box’ feature on deck right, crew and oars; figures and animals above 3. Immediately above 2: small incurved square boat, crew, possible mast and cabin 4. Above right of 3: unfinished square boat (76cm), cabin to left, crew, mast; ibex above deck; large figure with penis sheath to left 5. Right of 4: flared boat (100cm), mast, nineteen crew, possibly being towed; ‘double-headed’ giraffe above

MM A

PD

B

PD D

E

PD

31

PD

WADI UMM HAJALIJ HAJ 1 cont

D

E

F

G H

I J

Main face, rear wall of cave (cont) 6. Large flared boat with thirty-eight crew, possible central figure, cabin 7. Right of 6: sickle boat with high prow and stern; animal above; five other small flared and square boats above 8. Below left of 6: figures with bows; tethered ostriches 9. Miscellaneous animals including antelopes, ostriches, hippopotami, ostriches and ibex across all faces

I

Right face of cave 10. Flared boat, fifteen crew; smaller flared boat, ten crew, immediately above 11. Surrounding and right of 10: asses, other animals; symbols Low overhang, to right of main site 12. Sickle boat silhouette with ‘palette knife’ appearance 13. Second sickle boat silhouette 14. Left of 12: indeterminate symbol 15. Miscellaneous animals

PD J

Boulder in front of main site 16. Top: sandal-print; indistinct figures and shapes; figure with tethered bovid 17. Back: plumed figure 18. Front: two square boats, one with steering oar; figure

F PD G

PD PD

C H

PD

32

PD

WADI UMM HAJALIJ

HAJ 2 Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 15.40

Location:

25º 13.261’N by 33º 33.205’E. Wadi Umm Hajalij. South side. Lower portion of cliff face and adjacent boulder

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10217O Description:

A

B

C D

Main rock face 1. Incurved sickle boat (28cm) 2. Right of 1: flared boat (31cm), possible tow or anchor rope; figure to left; animal above deck 3. Right of 2: simple square boat (30cm), lines above deck 4. Right of 3: two overcarved sickle boats (42cm and 35cm) 5. Right of 4: small sickle boat (12cm) 6. Right of 5: square boat (36cm); antelope and dog below 7. Square boat (25cm); figure, bovid and animals below 8. Other animals including antelopes, asses, dogs, ibex across face

MM D

Large boulder in front of main rock face 9. Top left: figure holding tethered bovid 10. Right of 9 on top edge: pecked sickle boat 11. Right of 10: incised sickle boat with animal above 12. Below 11: figure holding tethered bovid 13. Below 12: incurved square boat with ten plus crew 14. Other animals, heavily weathered

MM B

A

MM C

MM

33

MM

WADI UMM HAJALIJ Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 15.30

Location:

25° 13.285’N by 33° 33.242’E. Wadi Umm Hajalij. South side. End of rock face

Orientation:

Facing north

HAJ 3

Other Site ID: 10217N Description: A

B

Left section 1. Eleven dancing figures, several ithyphallic, four hunters with bows, in ‘theatrical’ poses 2. Ibex, antelopes, ostriches, dogs and animal B 3. Dog drawn upside down, between ostriches

MAM

Centre section 4. Sickle boats (84cm, 43cm, 90cm and 67cm) 5. Square boat (66cm), decorated prow and stern, central figure with hands on hips and two figures pointing left 6. Square boat (34cm) with five crew 7. Flared boat (92cm) with thirty crew 8. Square boat (46cm) with palm fronds 9. Incurved sickle boat (55cm) with seven crew; two ostriches above deck

MM

A

MAM

34

WADI UMM HAJALIJ HAJ 3 cont B

MAM

C

D E F

G H

I

Centre section (cont) 10. Lower register: simple square and sickle boats, some with asses on deck and in vicinity 11. Many animals, including ostriches, dogs, bovid 12. Sickle boat, animals and signs above deck 13. Two figures, one multi-plumed, in act of copulation Right section 14. Square boat (32cm) with decorated stern 15. Sickle boat (138cm) towed by thirty-five plus figures, animals on deck 16. Immediately above 15: sickle boat (116cm), with crew and steering oars 17. Simple square boat (33cm) 18. Above and right of 15: hippopotamus, ostrich, ibex; unidentified shapes Boulders, in front of main site 19. Animals, including ibex, dogs; figures 20. Copulation or sacrificial scene

E

MAM

G

D

MAM

MAM

35

WADI UMM HAJALIJ HAJ 3 cont H

MM I

C

MAM

MM F

MAM

36

WADI UMM HAJALIJ

HAJ 4 Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 15.25

Location:

25º 13.463’N by 33º 33.331’E. Wadi Umm Hajalij. North side. Cliff face 7m above wadi floor and boulder in front

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10217M Description: A B C

D

Main face 1. Three horses and riders with lances/swords; figure with shield and lance; ostrich and animals 2. Right of 1: sickle boat (64cm), two large figures on deck, mast and yard, steering oar and thirteen crew 3. Horse with rider and lance, figure with shield and lance 4. Two rows, each of seven ibex; other animals including bovid, ibex, camel, ostriches below and above

AFH A

Boulder 5. Bovid with cross-hatched markings D

AN C

AN

AN

B

AN

37

WADI UMM HAJALIJ

HAJ 5

Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 16.05

Location:

25º 13.396’N by 33º 33.647’E. Wadi Umm Hajalij. South side. Vertical cliff face with loose boulders in front, 20m apart

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 10217Q Description:

A B

C

D E F

Main face under overhang 1. Three ibex and four dogs 2. Right of 1: plumed ‘hunter’ with bow and bull’s tail 3. Below 2: ostrich with ten young; figures below 4. Plumed figure with bow; ibex with exaggerated horns below Right boulder, in front of main face 5. Left side: sickle boat with high prow and stern, mast and yard, steering oar and anchor; two small figures 6. Front: large boat, weathered 7. Right of 6: two symbols 8. Right side: two weathered sickle boats, crews; animals 9. Top: possible boat

C

Left boulder, 22 metres left of main face 10. Three groups of ibex and dogs; two camels led by figure with stave on shoulder; two indistinct more recent carvings D

PD

PD E

A

PD

PD

F PD B

PD

PD

38

HAJ 6 Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 16.00

Location:

25º 13.420’N by 33º 33.665’E. Wadi Umm Hajalij. North side. End of spur at wadi junction, loose blocks part way up cliff

Orientation:

Facing west

WADI UMM HAJALIJ

Other Site ID: 10217P Description: A

B

C D

Left boulder 1. Sickle boat (26cm) with crew; bovid to right; other animals 2. Below 1: hunting scene, figure with two dogs pursuing ostrich 3. Right of 2: figure holding tethered cross-hatched bovid; second bovid and figure; animals 4. Modern signs on front of boulder

GP A

Right boulder 5. Serpentine line motifs 6. Camels and ostriches

C AN D

AN B

AN

AN

39

WADI UMM HAJALIJ Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 16.35

Location:

25º 13.345’N by 33º 34.286’E. Wadi Umm Hajalij. North side. Cliff face 1 metre above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing south

HAJ 7

Other Site ID: 10217R Description: A B

C

D

E

Cliff face 1. Pecked sickle boat (30cm) with decorated prow and stern, two figures above deck, central section of hull not pecked; ibex to right 2. Right of 1: pecked square boat (37cm) with decorated prow and stern, central cabin and figures above deck, central hull area not pecked 3. Below 2: square boat (28cm) with decorated prow and stern, central hull area not pecked; ibex to right 4. Right of 3: simple square boat (13cm) 5. Above right of 2: simple sickle boat (28cm)

AN C

A AN D

AN

AN B

E

AN

AN

40

WADI UMM HAJALIJ

HAJ 8 Date/Time:

18th February 2001 at 08.00

Location:

25º 13.298’N by 33º 34.986’E. Wadi Umm Hajalij. South side. Vertical cliff face, from wadi floor upwards 3 metres

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10218A Description:

A B C D

E F G

Main face 1. Animals, including ibex, bovids and antelopes 2. Right of 1: sickle boat (80cm) with twentytwo crew, towed by thirty figures 3. Right of 2: simple sickle boat (70cm), possibly towed; several figures and many ibex, some drawn vertically 4. Right of 3: indistinct figure 5. Right of 4: figure with bow; ibex, ostriches, other animals Upper register 6. Square boat (40cm) with high prow and stern, and palm fronds; incised over earlier giraffes 7. Right of 6: figure (30cm) with stave 8. Right of 7: asses, dogs and other animals

MAM F

C

A

PD

PD

D

PD G

PD PD

E B

PD

PD

41

WADI UMM HAJALIJ Date/Time:

18th February 2001 at 08.05

Location:

25º 13.293’N by 33º 35.058’E. Wadi Umm Hajalij. North side. Large boulder in a narrow part of the wadi

Orientation:

Facing south

HAJ 9

Other Site ID: 10218B Description: A B C

D

Boulder 1. Lower left: stylised giraffe (51cm), ibex and animals 2. Right and above 1: hunting scene with MAM two ibex, three dogs and two figures with bows 3. Right of 1: tethered hippopotamus between two figures, possible figure with bow and other animals

A

B

MM C MM D

MAM

MAM

42

Wadi Umm Salam

View down Wadi Umm Salam near SAL 16

43

GP

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 1

Date/Time:

13th February 2001 at 12.30

Location:

25º 14.812’N, 33º 33.364’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Cliff face 1-3 metres above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site IDs: 10213G; MS-1 (EDS) Description:

A

B

C

Left face 1. Two small boats, third boat apparently upside down; ibex 2. Falcon and indistinct carving below 3. Right of 2: possible bovid, dog, possible antelope 4. Below and right of 3: possible high-prowed sickle boat (42cm) with large twinA plumed eroded figure; animal to left

GP

C

Main face 5. Line of five sickle boats, from left: - first (25cm), nine crew, towed by seven figures - second (29cm), fourteen crew linked to - third (24cm), nine crew - fourth (13cm), no crew, steering oar - fifth (24cm), fourteen crew 6. Above 5: partitioned rectangle; square boat (18cm), central cabin, decorated prow and stern 7. Right of 6: twin-plumed figure; square boat (41cm) with decorated prow and stern, eight crew

GP

B

GP

44

SAL 2 Date/Time: Location:

Orientation:

WADI UMM SALAM

13th February 2001 at 12.50 25º 14.864’N, 33º 33.683’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Vertical cliff face 1-2 metres above wadi floor Facing north-east

Other Site IDs: 10213H; JC-1 (EDS) Description: Boulders, left of main face 1. Large simple flared boat, two smaller boats with crew; animals including ibex; all dark patination 2. Separate boulder: high-prowed square boat, five crew, six oars and steering oar; two antelopes to left; all medium B patination A

B

GP

Main face 3. Flared boat (115cm), twenty-four crew, large central cabin, pecked, medium patination 4. Right and below 1: flared boat (77cm), twenty-four crew, majority in cabin, decorated prow and stern, central figure or mast, towed by fifteen figures 5. Left of 4: simple sickle boat East face, 20 metres right of main face 6. Ostrich; five ‘tent’ markings 7. Ibex, other animals; signs

GP

A

GP

45

GP

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 3

Date/Time:

13th February 2001 at 12.55

Location:

25º 14.861’N, 33º 33.747’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side, on smooth rock surface, 2-3 metres above wadi floor and boulders at base

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site IDs: 10213I; LP-1 & OW-1 (EDS) Description: A

B

C

D

Left face, sloping 1. Twin-plumed figure with bow, holding tethered bovid; dogs, ass, ibex, antelope, ostrich, all in dark patination; camel in light patination 2. Group of ibex in dark patination, two in light patination 3. Square boat (102cm), decorated prow, central figure with hands on hips, all in dark patination; ibex above, light patination 4. Right of 3: sickle boat, decorated prow, figure and tethered elephant, all in light patination 5. Base of cliff: weathered carvings

GP A

Right face, vertical 6. High-prowed square boat (85cm), eighteen crew, central figure, possibly towed, antelope and ass below; three dogs, bovid 7. Right of 6: square boat (92cm), central figure, ibex above deck; animals 8. Right of 7: square C boat (15cm), high prow and stern; animals; carvings

GP E

Left boulder 9. Dog and ibex E

Right boulders 10. Simple incurved square boat, ibex above deck; animals; second boat below 11. Figure with spear; antelope, ibex

GP GP

D B

GP

GP

46

GP

SAL 4 Date/Time:

13th February 2001 at 14.15

Location:

25º 14.887’N, 33º 33.749’E Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Rock face under overhang, 1-2 metres above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing south

WADI UMM SALAM

Other Site IDs: 10213L; MG-1 (EDS) Description: A

B

C

Left section 1. Hippopotami with speckled bodies, giraffes with long tails, ibex (largest with smaller ibex within the compass of its horns), other animals 2. Right of 1: long simple square boat with outlined hull, giraffe and other animals above 3. Below 2: rudimentary simple square boat B

GP

Central section 4. Four overlapping boats: square (40cm); to right flared (70cm) with ‘rope’; farther right flared (c.120cm), animal above deck; below square (55cm) high prow, antelope above deck, towed by five figures 5. Right of 4: square boat (15cm), cabin, central figure, ‘rope’ to right 6. Above right of 5: small sickle boat (15cm) with steering oar 7. 1 metre above 4: flared boat (75cm) with ‘rope’ to right

GP

A

MM

47

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 4 cont D

Right section, by wadi floor 8. Putative map of wadi system 9. Below 8: flared boat (105cm), decorated prow, eight crew 10. Right of 8: small sickle boat (35cm), four crew 11. Below 10: square boat (72cm), eleven crew, possible central figure 12. Below 11: simple pecked sickle boat, animal above 13. Right of 12: sickle boat (133cm)

C

D

MM

Date/Time: Location:

13th February 2001, 14.30 25º 14.845’N, 33º 33.847’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Smooth rock face close to wadi floor, 150 metres from wadi entrance

SAL 6 A

Orientation: Facing north-east Other Site ID: 10213F Description: A

Main face: 1. Hunting scene: two ibex each faced by a dog; two figures, one with stave, one with bow; scratched outlines, pecked bodies

TJ

48

SAL 5 Date/Time::

13th February 2001 at 13.55

Location:

25º 14.890’N, 33º 33.768’E Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Beneath overhang, near wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing south

WADI UMM SALAM

Other Site IDs: 10213K; CT-1 (EDS) Description:

GP

Far left section A 1. Camel

A

Left section 2. Incurved sickle boat, decorated prow and stern, crew 3. Figure with ibex 4. Camels, ibex and other animals in dark patination 5. Flared boat with three figures and cabin, figure near prow 6. Flared boat with split stern and indistinct carvings Main face 7. Figure with tethered hippopotamus; ibex and other animals 8. Flared boat (c.100cm), twenty-two crew, ibex incised over bow 9. Above and right of 8: simple flared boat (c.40cm) D 10. Right of 9: flared boat (108cm) on baseline with three or four figures, cabin E 11. Below 8: ostriches, various animals; Djed-like symbol 12. Below 10: sickle boat (c.50cm), large decoration on prow; various animals

B C

GP G

GP

D

GP

GP

49

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 5 cont F

Right section 13. Square boat (45cm), ten crew, large figure; tethered/harpooned animal G 14. Below and left of 13: square boat (35cm), decorated prow and stern, four crew, large figure with tethered/harpooned animal 15. Below 13 and right of 14: ass

C

E GP B

GP

MM

GP F

MM GP

50

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL7 Date/Time:

18th October 2000 at 12.30

Location:

25º 14.815’N, 33º 33.893’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Inclined cliff face, from wadi floor to 10 metres above. Site 50 metres wide

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 01018B; MAM-1 (EDS) Description:

A

B C

D

E

F

G

H

Upper face, 10 metres above wadi floor, 5 metres left of overhang 1. Large camel (110cm) Left section, below overhang 2. Square boat (56cm), high prow and stern, seven crew; two antelopes to left 3. Right of 2: flared boat (76cm), twenty crew, twenty-three oars 4. Below 3: square boat (c.40cm), twelve crew; animal above 5. Right of 3: flared boat (110cm), central twinplumed figure, thirty-one crew, some plumed, twenty-seven oars; two animals and indistinct figure above 6. Right of 5: simple sickle boat (30cm), three crew; various animals 7. Below right of 6: square boat (60cm), decorated stern, plumed figure, eighteen crew and oars; ass to left, indistinct animals to right 8. Below 7: bovid, elephant, ibex, dogs, animals

AFH B

GP C

Central section, right of overhang 9. Square boat (50cm) with decorated prow and MM stern, central figure holding object (throwstick?), fourteen crew, sixteen oars 10. Right of 9: sickle boat with decorated prow and stern, central figure pointing, twelve crew and oars; immediately right square boat with decorated prow and stern, central figure holding object, fourteen crew and oars, break amidships

D

G MAM E

MM

51

MM

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 7 cont

I

J K

L

M N O

Central section, right of overhang (cont) 11. Right of 10: row of animals extending several metres, including ibex, ostriches, asses, dogs and two antelopes with apparently joined horns; ‘hoof-shaped’ marks 12. Below 10, partially covered by wadi floor: row of figures and animals including ibex, asses 13. Right of 12: flared boat (50cm), high prow and stern, four crew; overlain by ibex

H

Right section 14. Just above wadi floor: two figures, one with bow, the other possibly holding tail of indistinct animal 15. Right of 14 and 1 metre above wadi floor: group of antelopes 16. Two metres right of 15: small square boat with rounded cabin and object inside 17. Right of 16: simple flared boat (32cm), square boat (42cm) 18. Right of 17: figures and animals including antelopes, dogs, giraffes, ibex, ostriches, asses, crocodile 19. Hippopotamus and dog in lighter patination 20. Below 17: possible bovid and dog

MM K

MM

M

N

MM L

MM

GP

J

MM

52

SAL 7 cont

P

Right section (cont) 21. Right of 18: small simple incurved sickle boat, ‘tent’ symbols (cf SAL 2) 22. Right of 21: line of ibex 23. Below 22: simple square boat (53cm), decorated prow and stern; tribal signs to right in light patination 24. Above 22: simple flared boat (44cm) 25. Right of 24: incurved sickle boat (55cm), with decorated prow and stern, large plumed figure pointing, twenty-three crew and twenty-six oars 26. Immediately above 25: reticulated giraffe 27. Right of 26: hippopotamus, antelope, dog; twin-plumed figure with bow

WADI UMM SALAM

I

MM P

I

TJ MAM A O

MM

GP F

MM

53

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 8

Date/Time:

13th February 2001 at 14.40

Location:

25º 14.835’N, 33º 33.981’E Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Cliff face, 5 metres above wadi floor

and adjacent boulder Orientation:

Facing south

Other Site ID: 10213B Description: A

B

Rock face 1. Figure with stave or bow; dog and antelope or ass 2. Below 1: square boat with eleven crew

GP

Boulder, near wadi floor 3. Hunting scene: figure with stave; four dogs and four ibex

A

GP B

GP

54

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 9 Date/Time:

18th October 2000 at 12.50

Location:

25° 14.785’N, 33° 33.996’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. On and below vertical cliff face 3 metres above wadi floor. Site 7 metres wide

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 01018A Description: A B C D E F G

Main face 1. Simple square boat (30cm), high prow and stern, pecked 2. Figure with penis sheath, hands on hips; smaller figure above 3. Simple square boat (50cm) with high prow and stern, large plumed figure extending below hull 4. Right of 3: figure (39cm) with twin plumes and triangular torso 5. Right of 4: square boat (33cm) with decorated high prow and stern, central figure with triangular torso, seven crew 6. Right of 5: hunting scene: figure with stave, ibex and two dogs, light patination 7. Right of 6: two ibex, dark patination 8. Additional ibex; symbols

C

MM B

PR

G

D

PR

PR A

F

PR E

RON

55

PR

PR

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 10

Date/Time:

13th February 2001 at 16.30

Location:

25º 14.821’N, 33º 34.043’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Four groups of petroglyphs on long, broken cliff face

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10213E Description: A B C

Left section 1. Square boat (23cm) with nine crew 2. High-prowed square boat (27cm) with four crew 3. Sickle boat with decorated prow and stern, steering oar, large twin-plumed figure, five crew

GP A

D

Central section, 15 metres right 4. Large speckled short-horned bovid (74cm)

E F

Right section, 31 metres farther right 5. Long-tailed giraffe (97cm), ass, dogs; serpentine lines

G

Far right section, 18 metres right of above 6. Simple square boat (15cm) G GP GP

B

E

D

GP

GP GP

C F

GP

GP

56

GP

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 11 Date/Time:

13th February 2001 at 15.25

Location:

25º 14.866’N, 33º 34.131’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Rock face 3 metres high by 50 metres wide, in three sections, broken cliffs above

Orientation:

Facing north west

Other Site ID: 10213C Description: A B C

D

E

Far left face, upper register 1. Square boat with eight crew 2. Sandal outline with fifteen small marks below 3. Group of nested squares and two geometric patterns

MAM H

Left face, above crack in rock 4. Square boat (87cm); animal 5. Below 4: figure with stave; ibex, dog and animals 6. Flared boat (46cm), pecked hull, twentytwo crew, towed by seventeen figures Left face, lower register of main surface 7. Group of three boats, heavily weathered - square boat with central figure and crew - immediately below: simple square boat - below and left of above: sickle boat with eleven crew 8. 2.5 metres right of 7: figure and ibex 9. Right of 8: serpentine lines and ibex in dark patination; symbol in light patination, with two animals below near ground level 10. Right of 9: serpentine lines and other carvings 11. Right of 10: square boat with fourteen crew; two animals below 12. Immediately right of 11: square boat with large figure and nine crew, possibly being towed; two animals below

GP F

GP

J

GP E

MAM

57

GP

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 11 cont Left face, lower register of main surface (cont) 13. Right hand side of section: figures, signs, ostriches, animals 14. On angled face to right of section: possible giraffe

A

Central face, on flat shelf near left hand corner 15. Two figures with bows, one plumed; dog, ibex and symbol 16. Below 15: figure with tethered bovid F G H I

J

K

MM

Central face, left hand corner 17. Left side of angled face: two elephants with raised trunks, other animal Central face, left of vertical crack 18. On front of face: plumed figure and tethered animal 19. Below 18: plumed figures; ibex, giraffe, antelopes, asses, ostriches; symbols and serpentine lines 20. Bovid L 21. Group of three boats: - flared boat with crew - overlying above: simple flared boat - simple high-prowed square boat 22. Right of 21: square boat (58cm) with twenty-three crew, overlain by lightGP/MM patinated cross symbol 23. Farther right of 22: square boat (83cm), decorated stern, central figure 24. Below 23: figures; animals including ibex and ostriches; nested circular symbol

L M

Central face, right of vertical crack 25. Hippopotamus, ibex, gerenuk, antelopes, bovid, crocodile/lizard, animals; symbols and serpentine lines 26. Above right of 25: ‘sun’ sign with ‘pennant’

N

Right face 27. Figure with tethered bovid; generuks, ibex, possible leaping feline and other animals; symbols G

GP

58

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 11 cont K

GP

B

MM

GP D

GP I

M

GP N

GP GP

GP

C

N

MM

59

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 12

Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 08.55

Location:

25º 14.914’N, 33º 34.182’E Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Cliff face 8 metres above wadi floor and boulders at foot; immediately left of SAL 14

Orientation:

Facing south-east

Other Site ID: 01207A Description: A B C D E

F G

H I

High cliff face 1. Five ostriches 2. Left of 1: four ibex, other animals (possibly dogs) 3. Left of 2: elephant 4. Below and within 2: four figures, three with bows 5. Below 1: crocodile attacking animal 6. Below 4: two sickle boats, one with large figure, the other with decorated prow and stern 7. 2 metres right of 1: square boat with eleven crew

CD F

Large boulder, in front of site centre 8. Geometric carving including radiating lines, dark patination 9. Carved over 8: square boat, decorated stern, lighter patination GP

Cliff face, behind large boulder 10. Three simple sickle boats and part of a fourth, light patination Corridor between boulders to right of site 11. Addax, four antelopes, one tethered; other indistinct carvings 12. Two indistinct figures; ibex 13. Bearded addax or helical-horned caprid; plumed figure below

B

Fallen boulders 14. Ibex; indistinct marks and deeply cut lines E GP I

GP H

CD CD GP

60

GP

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 12 cont G

TJ C

A

GP D

GP

GP

61

WADI UMM SALAM Date/Time:

13th February 2001 at 16.00

Location:

25º 14.885’N, 33º 34.184’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Two caves and adjacent boulders

Orientation:

Facing north

SAL 13

Other Site ID: 10213D Description:

A B C

D

Left section 1. Ibex and other animals, overlapping 2. Incurved sickle boat (22cm) overlain by ibex 3. Outline of sickle boat (58cm) 4. Below 2: simple flared boat (87cm) 5. Right of 3: outline of sickle boat (55cm), obscured by ibex 6. Rectangular boulder at back of cave: square boat (73cm) with ibex, antelopes, other animals and carvings above, to left and to right of boat Right section 7. Twin-plumed figure with hands on hips 8. Possible giraffe overlain by ibex 9. Crocodile/lizard; figure 10. Below and left of 8: serpentine line 11. Below and right of 8: several animals including camels, ibex and ostriches

GP GP

GP D

A

GP GP

B

C

GP

GP

62

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 14 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 08.55

Location:

25º 14.916’N, 33º 34.198’E Wadi Umm Salam. North side. In small gulley behind three vertical rocks, 3 metres above wadi floor.

Orientation:

Facing south

Other Site ID: 01207B ‘Jacuzzi’ Description: Rock, left of megaliths 1. Top left: ass 2. Below and left of 1: line of ostriches 3. Below 1: line of ibex

A B C

D E

GP MAM

Megaliths 4. Front of left megalith at ground level: Megaliths in front of main site asses and other indistinct animals 5. Ass on right side of right megalith A 6. Above and right of 5: further ass and two elongated ostriches 7. Above 6 and further towards the back: boat with high decorated prow, ten crew 8. Left of 7: possible sickle boat, second high-prowed boat Boulder, extreme left of raised area 9. Lightly patinated elongated ostrich, animals in darker patination; signs Rock face left of and facing ‘Jacuzzi’ 10. At least six ostriches with wings, one overlain by snake; other animals

C

RON B

GP

63

RON

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 14 cont F G

‘Jacuzzi’ 11. Around rim: bovids and antelope

H

Wall to far right of ‘Jacuzzi’ 12. Ibex, asses, bovids and dogs

I J

Main face, left panel (photo on last page of site) 13. Bottom centre: sickle boat (29cm), two cabins, crew, oars and steering oar

F

D

GP E

MAM G

GP G

TJ

64

RON

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 14 cont H

GP

K

L

M N O

Main face, left panel (cont) 14. Above 13: twin-plumed figure 15. Above left of 14: figure holding bovid on tether, with two further bovids below 16. Multiple animal depictions, including more than twelve ibex, eleven ostriches, seven giraffes, seven snakes, asses, dogs

MAM

L

Main face, centre panel, angled to right of above 17. Large giraffe with horizontal neck 18. Below and to the left of 17: snake K

J

GP

GP

65

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 14 cont RON

M

P

Main face, centre panel (cont) 19. Below and right of 17: hippopotamus 20. Below 19: boat with decorated prow and stern, ten crew and oars 21. Multiple animal depictions, including more than twelve ibex, three ostriches, three lizards, bovids and antelopes

P

S

Main face, right panel, angled to right of above 22. Bottom left: line of two large and GP twelve smaller ostriches behind ass 23. Bottom right: large flared boat with two figures and at least seven crew 24. Above 22 and 23: numerous animal depictions including ibex, antelope, ostriches, camels, dogs and asses 25. Below 23 and under the main face: five figures in ‘dance’ poses

O

N

Q R

GP

GP

66

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 14 cont Q

Q

GP S

GP R

PD GP U

GP

T

U

Main face, far right 26. Large speckled camels, ostriches and bovids 27. Left of 26. five ibex, lizard and other animals 28. Below right of 26: camel and figure in dancing pose

GP Right panel & far right panel

T

Rocks below main face 29. Figure with bow and penissheath; figures on horse-back; signs; ibex, bovids and other indistinct carvings

Main face, left panel (overleaf)

GP

67

GP

WADI UMM SALAM

GP

Main face - left panel

I

SAL 14 cont

68

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 15 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 09.00

Location:

25º 14.927’N, 33º 34.222’E Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Right of SAL 14, to 3 metres from wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing south

Other Site ID: 01207C Description:

A

B C D E

Main face 1. Animals, including camels, elephant, crocodile, giraffe, ostriches 2. Below and right of 1: large plumed figure with tethered animal; sickle boat with wavy-armed figure above deck 3. Two square boats with crews 4. Possible tethered ostrich 5. Twin-plumed figure (36cm) 6. Indistinct animals and wavy lines

MH C

A MH B

MH

MH D

E

GP

GP

69

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 16

Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 13.00

Location:

25º 14.910’N, 33º 34.238’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Cliff face with boulders in front

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 01207H Description: A

B

C

D

Main face 1. Square boat (130cm) with decorated prow and stern, two large orant figures, twenty plus crew, steering oars; animal by prow 2. Above and right of 1: square boat (100cm) with decorated stern, thirty-five crew 3. Two simple sickle boats 4. Sickle boat with high prow and stern, crew and two oars 5. Immediately right of 4: sickle boat with very high prow and stern, eleven crew, five oars 6. Right of 5: square boat 7. Immediately right of 6: simple flared boat 8. Square boat (42cm) with central plumed figure, two steering oars 9. Reticulated giraffe 10. Other animals and indistinct images B

MH

D

MH

Boulder 11. Incised lines and grid A

GP C

GP A

TJ

GP

70

MH

SAL 17 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 13.15

Location:

25º 14.916’N, 33º 34.273’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Large boulder in front of cliff face

Orientation:

Facing north

WADI UMM SALAM

A

Other Site ID: 01207I Description: A

Face of boulder 1. Plumed figure 2. Right of 1: square boat with large central figure and eight crew 3. Above: possible second square boat

GP

SAL 19 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 13.20

Location:

25º 14.935’N, 33º34.319’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Large irregular boulder

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 01207K Description: A B

Boulder 1. Flared boat with fourteen partiallydepicted crew; animal behind stern 2. Plumed figure; various indistinct animals CD

B

GP A

CD

GP

71

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 18

Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 13.17

Location:

25º 14.944’N, 33º 34.292’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Gap between two boulders

Orientation:

Facing north-west

Other Site ID: 01207J Description: A

B C D

E

Left boulder 1. Damaged figure possibly with bow; overlying animals 2. Right of 1: second figure without arms 3. Between 1 and 2: ibex in medium and dark patination, dog and other animals 4. Right of 2: ibex 5. Right of 4: mixed group of ostriches and bovids 6. Below 1: bovids 7. Below 6: bovid with possible sun disk between horns 8. Left of 7: hippopotamus Right boulder 9. Hippopotamus 10. Bovids, ibex and other animals

DK

A

C

DK E

DK B

DA D

DK

DK

72

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 20 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 13.25

Location:

25º 14.942’N, 33º 34.354’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Small cave and adjacent cliff face and boulders

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 01207L Description: A B

C D E

F

G

Flat rock, 10 metres long, 5 metres left of cave 1. Two multi-plumed figures with dog to right 2. Right of 1: two figures: one with three plumes and stave/bow, the other with hands supporting object on head 3. Right of 2: antelope, dog, unidentified animal

GP B

Projecting ledge to left of cave 4. Possible hunter spearing animal 5. Right of 4: indistinct boat or camel; serpentine lines Cliff face immediately to left of cave 6. Ibex 7. Right of 6: crocodile/ D lizard, ass above, animal to left, all in light patination 8. Below 6: figures with plumes and other animals 9. Right of 7: ostrich, ass, ibex, other animals Left wall in cave 10. Ibex, ass; indistinct patterns

GP

RON

C

E

F

GP G A

RON

GP GP

73

GP GP

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 21

Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 14.21

Location:

25º 14.934’N, 33º 34.372’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Base of heavily eroded ‘bulge’ in cliff face

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 01207M Description: A B

C D

Cliff face 1. Simple sickle boat with mast and decorated prow and stern 2. Right of 1: ostriches, ibex and other animals 3. Below 2: two unidentified animals 4. Right of 2: ibex with exaggerated horns, ostriches and animal; wavy line 5. Right of 4: two figures; irregular design (possible animal skin)

CD D

CD

A C

CD

CD

B

CD

74

SAL 22 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 13.50

Location:

25º 14.954’N, 33º 34.412’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Large boulder and cliff face behind

Orientation:

Facing north

WADI UMM SALAM

Other Site ID: 01207N Description: A B

C

Large boulder 1. Ibex, dogs, ostrich and giraffe 2. Right of 1: figure with left hand on hip and bow in right hand; dogs, ostriches and ibex 3. Overlying 2: large ibex in lighter patination with scratched outline

CD

C

Cliff face 4. Ibex, ostrich, possible dog 5. Above 4: geometric pattern

A

CD

TJ

B

TJ

75

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 23

Date/Time:

7 December 2000 at 13.55

Location:

25º 15.011’N, 33º 34.648’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Vertical cliff face and boulders below

Orientation:

Facing north

th

Other Site ID: 01207O Description: A B C D

Cliff face 1. Square boat (36cm), decorated prow and stern 2. Right of 1: similarly-shaped square boat 3. Two pairs of figures in combat; animal above

GP A

Large block on wadi floor 4. East face: animal, possibly antelope or ass 5. North face centre: four animals including ibex 6. Above 5: camel, light patination 7. Right of 5: indistinct animal 8. Right of 7: two groups of peck marks 9. Right of 8: figure and indistinct animals 10. Above 9 and right of 6: antelope H 11. Right of 9: antelope with symbol above I 12. Right of 11 and vertical crack: line of animals including elephant, ass, dog and antelopes; snakes J 13. Right of 12: bovid pecked over ass and other animal; figure with penis sheath holding bow to right 14. Above 13: antelope K 15. Right of 13: ibex and other animal; lightlypatinated figure; hieroglyphic numerals; sign L 16. Right of 14: two antelopes; nfr symbol in lighter patination M 17. Above 12: circle with line to top of block, possibly elongated nfr symbol N 18. Below and right of 16: figure, possibly with bow; various animals

E F G

GP B

GP C

D

C

GP

GP

GP

76

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 23 cont O

P

Small boulder, 100 metres right 19. Two possible figures with raised arms, one inverted; four asses 20. Indistinct ibex 21. Top of boulder: ibex

E

F

GP

GP

Large block - north face

G

GP

H

GP I

GP J

GP GP K L

GP GP 77

GP

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 23 cont M

N

GP

GP

O

GP P

GP

78

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 24 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 14.37

Location:

25º 15.064’N, 33º 34.872’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Two small boulders and smooth vertical cliff face to right

Orientation:

Facing north-west

Other Site ID: 01207P Description: A B C

D E F

First boulder 1. Ibex with exaggerated almost circular horns Second boulder 2. Various animals including camels, ibex, possible antelope

DK C

C

Flat smooth face at bottom of cliff, right of above DK 3. Figure with plumes, ‘bull’s tail’, hands on hips 4. Ass 5. Below 4: snake, with dog to right 6. Right of 5: ibex 7. Other indistinct animals

DK D

E

F

DK

DA

A DK B

DK

79

DK DK

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 25

Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 14.45

Location:

25º 15.092’N, 33º 34.889’E Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Smooth boulder

Orientation:

Facing north-west

Other Site ID: 01207Q Description:

A

B

C D

Boulder 1. Square boat (70cm) 2. Right of 1: three figures, one with triple plumes, holding staves or bows; ostrich, ibex, antelopes and dogs 3. Right of 2: two sickle boats, one with central figure 4. Right of 3: figure with stave across shoulders, two larger figures with twin plumes carrying bows, further figure below; animals including antelopes, ass and dog 5. Right of 4: plumed figure with bow or stave; ass to left and simple sickle boat to right 6. Top of boulder: stylised figures; ibex, dogs, other animals; symbols

MH B

C

MH A

MH

D

MH

MH

80

SAL 26 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 14.45

Location:

25º 15.149’N by 33º 34.943’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Cliff face and boulders. Tree in front of site

Orientation:

Facing north-west

WADI UMM SALAM

Other Site ID: 01207R Description: Left boulder 1. Unidentifiable animal 2. Figure with bow; ibex 3. Below 2: second figure with ibex and bovid A

B

RON B

Large boulder on wadi floor, 50 metres to right of above 4. Ibex 5. Plumed figure between two animals 6. Right of 5: three ibex, ostrich, other animals

RON A

RON

81

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 27

Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 15.00

Location:

25º 15.183’N by 33º 35.066’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Craggy cliff face and adjacent boulders, near mouth of narrow side wadi

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 01207S Description: Top of flat boulder near base of cliff 1. Ibex surrounded by four dogs 2. Ibex, antelope and other animals MM A B C D

E F G H

I

J

Behind boulder, low on cliff face 3. Figure with bow and two dogs

F

Main face, left of diagonal crack 4. Beneath overhang: simple square boat (63cm) 5. Below 4: two sickle boats (each 60cm) 6. Above and left of 5: antelope, ibex, possible dog and other animals Main face, right of diagonal crack 7. Square boat (62cm) with plumed figure, animal overcarved near bow; dog to left 8. Three metres right of 7: group of fifteen ostriches 9. Figure with bow next to large ostrich 10. Two ibex overlain on larger ibex 11. Figure with large plume surrounded by animals J Slab below cliff 12. Incurved sickle boat with figure 13. Figure with bow 14. Bovid, ibex and other animals 15. Small square boat

GP D

GP

GP

E

Cliff face, right of slab 16. Ostriches and ibex D

GP

GP

82

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 27 cont C

H

GP D GP A

GP I

GP G

GP

B

GP

GP

83

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 28

Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 9.55

Location:

25º 15.212’N by 33º 35.179’E. Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Crevice under overhang 1 metre above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing south

B

Other Site ID: 10214X

MAM

Description: A B

Left surface 1. Geometric pattern: swirls and concentric circles with pecked ‘pock marks’, dark patination

C

Right surface 2. Right of 1: two grid patterns, one oval, one square, ‘pock marks’, dark patination

A

MAM C

MAM

84

SAL 29 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 15.00

Location:

25º 15.184’N by 33º 35.222’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Vertical cliff face, 3 metres high

Orientation:

Facing north-west

WADI UMM SALAM

Other Site ID: 01207T Description: A

B C

Main face 1. Square boat (85cm), decorated prow and stern; cross-hatched giraffe with calf, immediately above ‘deck’ 2. Below 1: group of thirteen ibex and other animals 3. Right of 2: flared boat (c.70cm) with decorated prow and stern, cabin, central figure, twelve oars 4. Right of 3: simple square boat (c.40cm) with cabin; ibex

A

C

MAM

MAM

MAM B

CD

85

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 30

Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 09.50

Location:

25º 15.210’N by 33º 35.330’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Boulders on wadi floor and vertical cliff face behind. Site extends 60 metres

Orientation:

Facing north-west

Other Site ID: 10214K Description:

A B C

D

E F

Main face 1. Possible oryx with long horns 2. Right of 1: three ibex, medium patination and three ibex, dark patination 3. Right of 2: figure with bow 4. Right of 3: plumed figure with bow 5. Right of 4: ibex and two dogs

PD A

C

Large boulder to left 6. Ibex, asses, speckled animal with indistinct head, possibly feline 7. Above 5: ibex and figure Boulder to right 8. Square boat (46cm), decorated stern, central figure, thirteen crew

PD

Boulder in front of site (on three faces) 9. Facing cliff face: ibex, antelope, bovids 10. Bovids, ibex and possible dog

PD

F

E

PD PD B D

PD

86

PD

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 31 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 09.40

Location:

25º 14.914’N by 33º 35.418’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Foot of cliff on east-facing bend, and nearby boulder

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10214J Description: A

B

C

D E F G H

F

Left face 1. Simple square boat (90cm), c.33 crew, badly weathered 2. Immediately right of 1: simple square boat (64cm), badly weathered 3. 5 metres left of 1: two ostriches

GP

A

Right face (10 metres right of above) 4. Ibex and other animal 5. Above and to right of 4: simple square boat (55cm), cabin, central figure, nine crew 6. Below 5: simple flared boat (35cm), five crew; animal 7. 5 metres right of 6: weathered figure with animals 8. Gerenuk

GP

Top of boulder (20 metres right of above) 9. Inverted figure (33cm) with bow; dog, tethered bovid, animal above 10. Figure holding bow and animal; indistinct animals to left 11. Orant ‘stick’ figure with pecked animal above 12. Two figures each with bow; antelopes and other animals 13. Small boat (10cm) 14. Left side facing escarpment: antelope with curved horns

GP

C

GP D

B G GP E

GP H

GP

GP

87

GP

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 32

Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 09.30

Location:

25º 14.900’N by 33º 35.424’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Broken rock on sloping cliff face by bend in wadi

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10214I; CM-1 (EDS) Description: A

B

Main face 1. Rectilinear pattern (crossing heavily patinated ibex in places) 2. In and around 1: figures (one without arms); ibex, animal with exaggerated wavy horns 3. Right of 1: square boat (32cm) with high decorated prow and stern 4. Right of 3: second square boat (25cm) with mast

GP

B

C

Face, east of above 5. Four figures, two with bows, hands on hips 6. Between 5: ibex and other animals

C

GP

PD

B

GP

A

PD

88

SAL 33 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 09.08

Location:

25º 14.856’N by 33º 35.511’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Sloping rock face by bend, 3 metres from wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing north

WADI UMM SALAM

Other Site ID: 10214G; CM-1 (EDS) Description: A

B

Main face 1. Single-plumed figure with stave, hand on hip 2. Right of 1: plumed figure with bow and hand A on hip 3. Below 1 and 2: figure with raised arm; ibex, animals 4. Square boat (50cm), cabin and decorated stern 5. Right of 4: plumed figure holding tethered bovid 6. Ibex and dog; bucket-shaped symbol

GP

B

GP

GP

SAL 34 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 09.23

Location:

25º 14.924´N, 33º 35.542´E. Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Vertical cliff face amid shattered rocks and scree

Orientation:

Facing south-east

Other Site ID: 01207D; CM-1 (EDS) Description: A B

Main face 1. Sickle boat with decorated prow and stern and large cabin containing eight crew, towed 2. Right of 1: two indistinct animals

A

DA

B

DA

DA

89

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 35

Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 08.30

Location:

25º 14.953’N by 33º 35.736’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Cliff face behind and to left of large boulder, c.15 metres above the wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10214D Description: A B

C

Main face 1. Prominent figure (90cm) with six plumes, decoration at waist, possibly holding bow, attached by ropes to bovids 2. Three smaller figures, one with five plumes and hands on hips, two in orant posture; three other possible figures 3. Bovid with patterned hide and lowered head, attached by ropes to figure in 1 above 4. Various other animals including ibex, ostriches, dogs, ass and giraffe Rear face of boulder 5. Square boat (76cm) with decorated stern, indistinct central plumed figure and twenty-one crew 6. Right of 5: simple square boat (34cm) 7. Right of and touching 6: simple sickle boat with central feature Cliff face, 20 metres to right 8. Plumed figures with raised arms 9. Boat with high prow and stern; twenty ostriches

GP

A

GP C

GP

B

GP

90

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 36 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 09.15

Location:

25º 14.959’N by 33º 35.768’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Opposite small wadi on north side, right of large rocky outcrop

Orientation:

Facing north

A

Other Site ID: 10214H Description: A B

Main rock face 1. Two ostriches with raised wings; possible giraffe browsing from a tree; other animals, possibly dog, antelope and ibex 2. Below 1: six figures, one with bow, two with plumes; other objects including possible small square boat 3. Right of 1 and 2: large giraffe

MM

B

MM

SAL 37 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 08.35

Location:

25º 14.944’N by 33º 35.802’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Fallen rocks at base of cliff

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10214M

B

C

Description: A

Horizontal rock 1. Simple square boat 2. Left of 1: plumed figure and animal; possible outline figures to left 3. Below and right of 1: two plumed figures with animals (possible hunting scene) B

B

Inclined rock 4. Two ibex and two possible dogs 5. Animals on adjacent rock

C

Rock, 2 metres below and right 6. Simple sickle boat (30cm) with mast, to edge of rock face

MM

91

MM

A

MM

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 38

Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 08.20

Location:

25º 14.930’N by 33º 35.843’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Foot of cliff face and adjacent boulders, opposite small side wadi

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10214C Description: A

B

Main rock face 1. Four simple square boats with decorated prow and stern (14cm, 10cm, 16cm and 25cm); ostrich and other animal 2. Right of 1: square boat (18cm) with crew of six; ibex above

C D

Rock at base of face 3. Three ostriches on a sickle boat or meandering line; another ostrich to right 4. Below 3: simple flared boat with possible elephant above and ass below; other animals 5. Left of 4: ostrich, animals

E F

Large boulder in front of face 6. East face: square boat (45cm), decorated stern, plumed figure with stave, cabin, fifteen crew 7. Below 6: four finely incised figures and two dogs 8. North face: array of figures, including warriors and various animals, finely incised 9. Below 8: square boat (23cm), decorated prow and stern, orant figure, thirteen oars; ibex below

G

H

MAM

C

MM

F

H

MAM

92

MM

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 38 cont Rock leaning against the large boulder 10. North face: ibex and other animals 11. Indistinct boat (67cm) with central figure (18cm)

I

D

Adjacent boulder 12. Top face: square boat (38cm) with decorated stern, plumed figure (15cm), crew; second simple sickle boat, upside down; indistinct animals, medium patination 13. East face: square boat (25cm) with plumed central figure (17cm), nine oars 14. West face: various indistinct animals including camels and ibex

MM

Boulder to left and rock in front 15. North face: square boat (40cm), crew and oars, with further boats; ibex 16. Below 15: possible boat with four figures 17. Below and right of 16: hunting scene with five plumed figures holding bows; four ibex, three depicted vertically 18. North-east face: figure; various animals 19. Upper surface of rock in front: square boat (28cm), central plumed figure, five crew Boulder to right 20. Elephant, ostrich, oryx, ibex, dogs and signs

MM E

AH

G

Various boulders, extending 15 metres right 21. Boats and animals including antelopes, dogs, ibex A

MAM

GP

B

I

MAM

93

MAM

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 39

Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 09.30

Location:

25º 15.063’N by 33º 35.822’E. Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Two boulders on west side of small side wadi

Orientation:

Facing south-east

Other Site ID: 01207E Description:

C

Large boulder at foot of cliff 1. Ibex and antelope 2. Right of 1: square boat (86 cm) with two cabins and crew, some in cabins 3. Below 2: two asses 4. Right of 3: four ibex, two ostriches, ass, dog, bovid and unidentified animal 5. Above and right of 4: ibex

D

Shattered boulder to left 6. Two indistinct animals 7. On rear: ibex and animal with forward-curving horns

A

B

TW

B

C

TW

TW

A

D

TW

TW

94

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 40 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 08.00

Location:

25º 15.158’N by 33º 35.856’E. Wadi Umm Salam. North side. East face of side wadi: fallen boulders forming cave

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 10214A Description: A B

C

D

E F

Cave 1. Figure; ass, ostriches; symbol 2. Kneeling figure (120cm); ibex 3. Figure with outstretched arms 4. Plumed figure 5. Hieroglyphs

PD

B

B

Boulders outside cave 6. Animals, including hippopotamus, giraffes, ostriches, ibex 7. Figure with three plumes 8. Hunting scene with antelopes, three dogs 9. Concentric circles, wavy lines and other geometric designs; figures; boats; animals Boulder face 10 metres to right 10. Flared boat, plumed figure to right, square boat to left; four other boats with crews 11. Figure with penis sheath flanked by animals including antelopes and dogs 12. Other indistinct carvings 13. Three figures, two holding staves D 14. Front of boulder: longnecked giraffes, feline and other animal to left 15. Above 14: two indeterminate designs, possibly boats; ostrich and animal to left

PD

Image enhanced

MM

E

PD

PD

F

PD

95

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 40 cont A

PD D

D

PD D

GP

C

PD

PD

96

SAL 41 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 08.45

Location:

25º 15.198’N by 33º 35.881’E. Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Cliff face with overhang. On west face of small side wadi

Orientation:

Facing east

WADI UMM SALAM

Other Site ID: 10214F Description: A B

C D E

F G

H

Main face, below overhang 1. Top left: simple sickle boat (20cm), cabin, towed by four figures; figure with bow below and figure to right of boat 2. Right of 1: figure with tethered bovid 3. Right of 2: simple sickle boat, fourteen oars and crew 4. Below left of 1: figure with bow; ibex, two animals; indistinct carving 5. Right of 4 and below 2: plumed figure with hand on hip; possible tethered animal 6. Right of 5: possible crocodile 7. Below 4: bovid with ostrich to left and group of ostriches to right Main face, above overhang Multiple overcarvings 8. Eight-legged creature (30cm); small sickle boat with central feature and ibex to left; other animals and geometric patterns

PD

B

PD I

F

GP H

PD D

PD

PD

97

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 41 cont I

Fragmented boulders in front and left of main face 9. Plumed figure with tethered bovid 10. Right of 9: square boat with decorated prow and stern, large central figure, eight crew and oars 11. Below 10: square boat with decorated prow, six crew and oars 12. Top face of boulder: ibex 13. Adjacent boulder: square boat with decorated prow; figure above 14. Below 13: square boat with decorated prow and stern, possible central cabin; other indeterminate carvings E

A

PD

GP C

G

PD

PD

SAL 43 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 08.05

Location:

25º 14.895’N by 33º 35.989’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Vertical face of boulder 2 metres above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10214E

A

B

Description: A B

Main face, all in medium patination 1. Elephant and two ibex, one clearly pecked, the other in loose dotted outline 2. Possible sandal, pecked MAM

98

MAM

SAL 42 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 10.18

Location:

25º 14.954’N by 33º 35.942’E. Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Two large boulders

Orientation:

Facing south-east

WADI UMM SALAM

Other Site ID: 01207F Description: A

Right boulder 1. Left side: two figures, one higher than other, both with hands on hips, ‘bow’ to left of lower figure; ibex, ass, possible dog and other animals

DA

D

B

DA

B

C

D

2. Right of 1: ass 3. Right side: square boat (57cm), with thirteen crew and cabin containing figures 4. Right of 3: indeterminate animal in front of boat 5. Right of 4: simple square boat (30cm), decorated prow and stern

DA

A

C

DA

DFK

99

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 44

Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 08.00

Location:

25º 14.705’N by 33º 36.371’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Boulders c.2 metres high and fallen blocks In front of high cliff

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 10214B Description: A

B

Main boulder Many overdrawn images with various patinations 1. Square boat (50cm), decorated prow and stern 2. Right of 1: square boat (95cm) with central plumed figure, decorated prow and stern and forty crew 3. Below 2: two simple square boats (80cm and 46cm) 4. Over 2 and 3: large pecked and incised bovid 5. Below and left of 4: sickle boat (50cm), decorated prow and stern, cabin, large plumed figure with hands on hips B 6. Underlying 2 and 3: darkly-patinated images possibly of ibex 7. Right of 5: three figures, all with hands on hips; ass, ibex, oryx 8. Below 7: ass, ibex and other animals 9. Below and left of 1: figure possibly wearing skirt Other boulders 10. Simple square boat 11. Two simple sickle boats, one with decorated prow and stern 12. Ibex and other animals

GP

GP

A

PD

100

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 45 Date/Time:

7th December 2000 at 10.40

Location:

25º 14.804’N by 33º 36.577’E. Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Large boulder on wadi floor with smooth vertical rock (8m x 15m), boulder to left and cliff face on escarpment

Orientation:

Facing south

TW

Other Site ID: 01207G Description: A

B

C

Main boulder, on wadi floor 1. Scenes from left: hippopotamus, ibex chased by dog, second ibex, bovid, possible antelopes, equid, four camels, giraffes B 2. Right of 1: two antelopes 3. Right of 2: falcon and hieroglyph on exposed substrate 4. Below 3: figure; line of dogs and ibex 5. Various other animals 6. Square boat (50cm) on exposed substrate

MM C

Boulder to left 7. Figure holding tethered bovid Main escarpment, from left TW 8. Left face: eight ibex, one with elongated horns; five dogs 9. Right of 8: figures, hippopotamus, five dogs, ibex and antelopes 10. Right of 9: rudimentary pecked lines

TW

A

TW

101

WADI UMM SALAM Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 11.30

Location:

25º 14.819’N by 33º 37.585’E. Wadi Umm Salam. South side. Flat-topped boulder under overhanging rocks

Orientation:

Facing north-east

SAL 46

Other Site ID: 10214L Description: A B

C

D E

Main boulder 1. Ibex and possible dog 2. Square boat, central figure (possibly mast and yard) 3. Indistinct figure and various animals 4. Sandal outlines and other patterns 5. 2 metres to right: indistinct animals and figures

PD

Boulder 20 metres to right 6. Small boat (10cm) 7. Hippopotamus, ibex, dogs or felines, antelope 8. Ibex, antelope, possible bovid, animals 9. Indistinct square boat with decorated prow and View from SAL 46 to campsite

GP

C D

GP B

A

GP E

GP

stern

GP

102

GP

WADI UMM SALAM

SAL 47 Date/Time:

8 February 2008 at 15.15

Location:

25º 14.975’N by 33º 35.816’E. Wadi Umm Salam. North side. Low cliff face c.10 metres above wadi floor on east corner with side wadi, and rocks below

Orientation:

Facing west

th

Other Site ID: 80208A Description: A

B

C

Main face 1. Left side: eight ibex, one shown vertically, nine asses 2. Within 1: boat with four crew or animal depicted upside down 3. Right side: ibex, ass, other pecked animals 4. Right of 3: probable animal with horns and tail, depicted from above, attached to figure with single plume and penis sheath 5. Right of 4: square boat with seven crew, towed by six figures to left and eleven figures to right; indistinct pecked animal below

GP C

Rocks immediately in front of main face 6. Pair of sandal outlines 7. Single sandal outline Other rocks on escarpment 8. Small figure, bovids and other animals 9. Figure with bow, animals and other indistinct carvings

D

Rock near bottom of escarpment 10. Figure with twin plumes and bow, second figure to right possibly holding same bow; ibex and dog to right 11. Around 10: indistinct carvings, possibly figures, with partly scratched bovid to left

GP

D

GP

103

WADI UMM SALAM SAL 47 cont A

GP B

GP

104

Wadi Abu Mu Awwad

View across Wadi Abu Mu Awwad to MUA 17

105

GP

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 1

Date/Time:

18th October 2000 at 14.28

Location:

25º 14.876’N by 33º 32.689’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. North side. Mixed and broken rock surfaces near west end of wadi

Orientation:

Facing south-east

Other Site ID: 01018C; CW-1 (EDS) Description: A B

Main face 1. Square boat with high prow and stern and fourteen crew, towed by five figures 2. Right of 1: sickle boat with pennant and possible animal head on prow, and eleven crew

A

GP

B

GP

View down Wadi Abu Mu Awwad, indicating typical broken rock surfaces and width of wadi

106

GP

MUA 2 Date/Time: Location:

8th December 2000 at 09.15

Orientation:

Facing north-west

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

25º 15.100’N by 33º 33.131’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. East side. Overhang 50 metres from wadi entrance and adjacent boulder

Other Site ID: 01208E Description: A B C

Main face under overhang 1. Two incised horses, one with saddle and indication of rider 2. Gazelle, camel scratched over indistinct carvings Boulder in front of rock face 3. Ostriches, dogs, bovids and other animals

GP

A

A

GP B

GP C

GP

GP

107

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 3

Date/Time:

8th December 2000 at 09.30

Location:

25º 15.213’N by 33º 33.131’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. East side. Outer face of boulder 10 metres from north-east wall of wadi

Orientation:

Facing south-west

Other Site ID: 01208D Description: A

B

C

Outward face of boulder 1. Top left: two ibex with further older ibex below 2. Below 1: four figures holding tethered bovids B 3. Below and right of 2: figure on camel lassoing addax 4. Below and right of 3: ibex and possible antelope

CD

Side face 5. Two ibex C

CD

CD A

GP

108

CD CD

MUA 4 Date/Time:

8th December 2000 at 09.15

Location:

25º 15.762’N by 33º 33.447’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. East side. Cliff face 1 metre above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing north-west

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

Other Site ID: 01208C Description: A

B

Main face 1. Two simple square boats (85cm and 43cm) with possible prow and stern decoration, worn and eroded 2. Three square boats (57cm, 43cm and 70cm), one with indeterminate number of crew

DA

A

B

DA

DA

MUA 5 Date/Time:

18th October 2000 at 15.15

Location:

25º 15.791’N by 33º 33.420’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. West side. Smooth cliff face

Orientation:

Facing north-east

A

Other Site ID: 01018D; MA-2 (EDS) Description: A

Main face 1. Square boat (62cm), high decorated prow, large figure possibly with bow, fifteen crew 2. Right of 1: flared boat (92cm) with five crew 3. Below 2: camels, ostrich and other animals

MM

109

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 6

Date/Time:

8th December 2000 at 08.15

Location:

25º 15.950’N by 33º 33.154’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. West side. Vertical cliff face

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 01208A Description: A

B

C

D E

F G

H

I

J

Left section 1. Flared boat (60cm) with high decorated prow and twelve crew, towed by five plus figures 2. Above 1: sickle boat (17cm) with crew, and square boat (15cm) with crew 3. Right of 1: flared boat (86cm) with decorated stern and sixteen crew, towed by nine figures 4. Above 3: two animals F 5. Right of 3: two ibex 6. 6 metres right of 5: sickle boat, sixteen plus crew, towed by seventeen figures

RON

Central Section 7. Tethered gerenuk and other animals 8. Two simple sickle or flared boats each with nine crew Right Section 9. Geometric design 10. Right of 9: six ibex 11. Above 10: sickle boat with mast, rigging and steering oar 12. Right of 11: sickle boat with mast and rigging, twelve oars and steering oar 13. Right of 12: various geometric signs

CD A

2 metres to right 14. Two ‘stick’ figures, one with possible animal on a tether 15. Giraffe

C

TJ

GP

110

WADI ABU MU AWWAD MUA 6 cont E

H

GP GP

J

G

GP B

GP

GP I

D

GP

111

GP

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 7

Date/Time:

8th December 2000 at 08.40

Location:

25º 15.972’N by 33º 33.097’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. West side. Cliff face and boulders

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 01208B Description: A

B

Top of boulder 1. Animals including antelope and bovids 2. Figure possibly holding club 3. Square boat with high prow and stern, central mast and possible figure 4. Symbol or unfinished A figure

GP

A

Cliff face, left section 5. Antelope

C

Cliff face, right section 6. Antelope 7. Right below 6: sickle boat (62cm), thirtyeight crew

GP

MH

C

GP A

B

A

MH

GP

112

MH

MUA 8 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 16.10

Location:

25º 16.263’N by 33º 33.510’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. West side. Top of large boulder in front of cliff face

Orientation:

Facing south

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

A

Other Site ID: 10214S Description: A

Boulder 1. Square boat with decorated prow and stern, indistinct central figure and eighteen oars 2. Right of 1: two animals 3. Above left of 1: possible double square 4. Below left of 1: scratched marks

MAM

MUA 9 Date/Time:

14 February 2001 at 16.25

Location:

25º 16.440’N by 33º 33.761’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. East side. West face of large boulder by cliff

Orientation:

Facing north

th

Other Site ID: 10214T Description: A

B

Boulder 1. Sickle boat (57cm) with central cabin and two small objects (possibly kiosks) near prow and stern, twelve oars, steering oar and figure near prow 2. Below 1: ibex and figure with raised arms

GP

A

B

GP

GP

113

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 10

Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 16.42

Location:

25º 16.626’N by 33º 34.509’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. East side. Five large and other small boulders near west-facing bend in wadi wall

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 10214U Description: A B C

D

E

Boulder A 1. Crowned Horus falcon facing altar 2. Crocodile and ostrich 3. Hunting scene with bovid, two ostriches, two antelopes and dog 4. Above 3: small square boat 5. Square boat with decorated prow and stern, central plumed figure with S-shaped arms, ten crew and eleven oars 6. Indistinct hieroglyphs 7. Back of boulder: animals including ibex 8. Behind boulder: possible sharpening stone

PD

Boulder B - front face 9. Bovids F

G H I J

K L

Boulder B - rear face 10. Two square boats (66cm, 30cm) 11. Right of 10: plumed figure holding tethered bovid 12. Right of 11: animals including ibex, camel and bovid 13. Below 11 and 12: animals including bovids, ibex, addax, camel, ostrich 14. Two images, possibly falcons 15. Plumed figure and falcon (possibly Min and Horus) 16. Twin-plumed, crude figure and other indistinct carvings 17. Plumed figure holding object 18. Below 17: addax facing ibex; figure with wedge-shaped torso to right 19. Right of 17: indistinct hieroglyphs; falcon; figure Boulder C 20. Two ostriches flanking bush 21. Square boat with ostrich and other animals above 22. Three or four dogs surrounding two antelopes or asses

A

MM

D

B

GP

PD

114

WADI ABU MU AWWAD MUA 10 cont

M

N O P

Boulder D 23. Geometric sign

H

Boulder E - front face 24. Feline chasing oryx 25. Below 24: incised animal (possibly saluki) chasing oryx 26. Simple sickle boat with large cabin, mast, sail and steering oar 27. Pharaonic boat with cabin, square sail, steering oar

Q R S

Boulder E - rear face 28. Two rows of six and eight ostriches 29. Concentric circles and ibex

T

Boulder F 30. Geometric symbol of circle and arrows 31. Indeterminate animals

MAM K

Boulder G 32. Plumed figure and indeterminate animals 33. Plumed figure and tethered bovid U

Rocks in front of main boulders 34. Two sickle boats, the larger with mast and rigging, each with figure with S-shaped arms 35. Four ostriches, antelopes, bovid, dog

PD

F

MM

115

WADI ABU MU AWWAD MUA 10 cont Q

R

MM MM

U P

PD L

PD

C

M

PD

PD

MM

O

N

MAM

116

AFH

WADI ABU MU AWWAD MUA 10 cont J

MAM G

S

T

PD I

GP

GP

PD E

MM

PD

117

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 11

Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 16.45

Location:

25º 16.666’N by 33º 35.158’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. South side. Two boulders

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10214V Description: A

B

C D

E

F G H I

Main boulder 1. Simple sickle boat (25cm) with steering oar, below roughly incised hieroglyphs 2. Below 1: simple square boat (15cm) 3. Sickle boat (36cm) with cabin, mast, rigging, twelve oars and steering oar 4. Below and right of 3: square boat (50cm) with high prow and stern and twenty-one crew 5. Below 4: simple square boat (30cm) with ten crew 6. Left of 5: indistinct animals 7. Below 5: simple square boat (50cm) 8. Right of 7: square boat (21cm) carrying animal 9. Right of 8: sickle boat, central cabin and twin steering oars 10. Below 8: square boat (24cm) with crew 11. Below 10: square boat (67cm), high decorated prow, four ostriches on deck; bovid above, ibex below 12. Right and above 11: square boat (71cm) with decorated prow and stern, central feature 13. Above 12: sickle boat (57cm) with decorated prow and stern, orant figure

GP

D

GP F

Second boulder, 20 metres east 14. Tethered and speared hippopotamus 15. Right of 14: fourteen plus animals including addax, four ostriches, some in ‘sitting’ position 16. Figure with triangular torso 17. Second triangular figure and possible crocodile GP

H I

GP

GP

118

WADI ABU MU AWWAD MUA 11 cont C

B

GP E

Image enhanced

GP

A

GP G

GP

GP Image enhanced

119

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 12

Date/Time:

18th October 2000 at 16.12

Location:

25º 17.092’N by 33º 35.414’E. Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. North side. Vertical cliff face near wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing south

Other Site ID: 01018E; JEW-1 (EDS) Description: A

B

C D

E

F G

H I

Left face 1. Two sickle boats, each with cabin, steering oar and apparently mounted on plinth 2. Right of 1: two outlined figures

GP I

Main face, 15 metres to right 3. Group of animals: including bovid and possible feline 4. Right of 3: two giraffes and other animal 5. Right of 4: ibex, two dogs and animal 6. Below and right of 5: square boat (41cm), decorated prow 7. Right of 6: square boat (40cm), similar to 6 but with central orant figure and indistinct oars 8. Above 6 and 7: indistinct animals 9. Right of 7: sickle boat (40cm) with low incurved prow, antelopes above 10. Below 9: square boat (45cm) with incurved stern, decorated prow and eighteen oars 11. Right of 10: sickle boat (20cm) with low incurved prow 12. Above and right of 11: giraffe and animal 13. Right of 12: row of animals including three ibex, two ostriches, camel, bovid; stick figure with raised arms; figure linked to possible horse 14. Below right of 13: hieroglyphs and various symbols 15. Two stick figures, camels, ostrich

A

GP

B

PD

GP

C

D

GP

GP

120

WADI ABU MU AWWAD MUA 12 cont F

G

GP

GP GP

E

H

PD

MUA 13 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 15.10

Location:

25º 17.066’N by 33º 35.498’E. Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. North side. Lower rear face of boulder near the side of wadi

Orientation:

Facing south

Other Site ID: 10214Y Description: A

Rear face of boulder 1. Drawing in black medium of tree with figure and antelope

GP A

A

PD

121

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 14

Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 15.34

Location:

25º 16.975’N by 33º 35.561’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. North side. South face of large boulder on west-facing bend

Orientation:

Facing south

Other Site ID: 10214R Description: A

B C

D E

Main face of boulder 1. Left side: figure (35cm) flanked by several ibex and other animals 2. Right side: plumed figure (28cm) 3. Two figures with hands on hips 4. Possible hunting scene: two dogs and antelopes

GP E

Second boulder, 20 metres to left 5. Simple square boat (18cm), possible central figure 6. Sickle boat (31cm) with cabin, mast, sail, steering oar, prow and stern features, ten oars 7. Unidentified animal

D

GP C GP B GP A

GP

GP

122

MUA 15 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 16.50

Location:

25º 16.662’N by 33º 35.739’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. South side. 2 metres above wadi floor, immediately adjacent to side wadi

Orientation:

Facing north-west

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

Other Site ID: 10214W Description: A

Main face, approximately half-way up cliff 1. Square boat (23cm) with nine crew and oars 2. Right of 1: square boat (80cm) towed by five figures, with three cabins and decorated prow and stern, containing central figure with looped arms; nine crew inside main (left hand) cabin, which has a further cabin above, and figure with looped arms in each of the other cabins 3. Below 2: figure with triangular torso; animal 4. Right of 3: simple square boat (22cm)

MAM C

Immediately below, just above wadi floor 5. Square boat with decorated prow and stern, heavily weathered MM B

C

D

Fifteen metres right of main face 6. Two figures (20cm and 13cm), smaller with bow; simple square boat immediately left 7. On boulder below 6: square boat (47cm), twenty-one crew 8. Right of 7: sickle boat (32cm) with two figures (15cm, 13cm) 9. Right of 8: ibex 10. Above 7: figure holding tether attached to animal

D

Boulder 15 metres left of main face, 3 metres above wadi floor 11. Two stick figures holding objects 12. Below 11: U-shaped symbol or sickle boat 13. 2 metres right of 11 and 1 metre from wadi floor: weathered animals; indeterminate drawings

AFH

A

B

MAM

Image Enhanced

123

MAM

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 16

Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 09.05

Location:

25º 16.599’ N by 33º 35.778’ E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. South side. East face of wadi and boulders under overhang

Orientation:

Facing west

GP

Other Site ID: 10215C Description: A B C

D

E F G

H I

J

Cliff face under overhang 1. Two figures with triangular pecked torsos with scratched symbol to left 2. Below and right of 1: dog and five ibex, one with triangular torsoed figure inside horns; further symbol and indistinct pecked carving between ibex 3. Left and lower than 1: group of three figures with triangular torsos; dog and possible sickle boat Boulder A 4. Square boat on right hand side

B

J

Boulder B – top 5. Two figures with elongated torsos and large round heads, medium patination, surrounded by small figures with rectangular bodies, light patination 6. Surrounding 5: carvings including asses, ibex, circles, serpentine lines, geometric marks, various patinations 7. Right of 5: square boat (47cm), eight crew, decorated prow; two ibex, two addax and other animals 8. Above 7: ‘wheel’ design; flared boat with decorated prow; animals including ostrich, ibex and addax to right

GP H

GP

Boulder B – sides 9. Row of nine ibex, further ibex, symbol and animals, many other overcarved animals 10. Pecked ‘hand’ outline

G

A

GP

124

GP

WADI ABU MU AWWAD MUA 16 cont

K

L

Rocks to back of boulders 11. Near boulder A: rock with asses/antelopes 12. Near boulder B: rock with simple pecked sickle boat with indistinct central feature 13. Near 12: large square boat with crew, partly broken away and carved over an ibex; two pecked figures; ibex; indistinct shapes below

D

I

GP L GP C

GP

GP F

F

GP GP

K

GP E

GP

125

G

GP

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 17

Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 08.40

Location:

25º 16.867’N by 33º 36.192’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. South side. Under overhang at corner of side wadi

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10215B Description: A

B

Main face 1. Four figures, each with single plume, two holding bows; dog 2. More recent figure and other shapes

GP

Boulder at corner of side wadi, 35 metres to right 3. Several animals including ibex and exaggerated giraffes, possible dog, falcon A

GP B

GP

126

MUA 18 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 15.14

Location:

25º 16.557’N by 33º 36.644’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. North side. Two boulders, 1.5 metres from wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing south

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

Other Site ID: 10214Q Description:

A B C

Main boulder 1. Square boat (20cm), steering oar and crew 2. Right of 1: square boat (24cm) with crew 3. Right of 2: square boat (c.25cm) 4. Below 3: incurved sickle boat (24cm) with crew Second boulder 5. Ibex and two dogs; ‘stick’ figure below 6. Incised symbols over indistinct pecked images including possible ibex

GP

B

A

GP

GP C

GP

127

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 19

Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 08.20

Location:

25º 16.990’N by 33º 37.531’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. South side. Flat-topped boulder c.1.5 metres above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10215A Description: A

B

C D E

Flat boulder 1. Simple sickle boat with cabin and steering oar 2. Left of 1: indistinct animals, possibly antelopes

MAM B

Boulder to left 3. Weathered falcon and arrow symbol 4. Severely weathered square C boat Boulder to right 5. Ass and antelope (possible gerenuk) 6. Right of 4: three indistinct figures; two camels, animal

MAM

MAM

A

D

MAM

MAM

MAM

E

128

MUA 20 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 15.00

Location:

25º 17.288’N by 33º 37.687’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. North side. Boulders 2 metres from wadi floor at east-facing bend

Orientation:

Facing east

WADI ABU MU AWWAD PD

Other Site ID: 10214P Description: A

B

Main boulder 1. Simple square boat (80cm) with thirty-one crew and possible extended ‘awning’, possible stern decoration Boulder to right 2. Two warriors fighting on horseback 3. Below 2: rider A on horseback holding vertical pennant above crudely carved fourth rider 4. Right of 3: camel

B

PD

PD

MUA 21 Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 14.45

Location:

25º 17.599’N by 33º 37.728’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. North side. Two boulders by bend

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10214O Description: A

Boulder to left 1. Square boat (30cm) with decorated prow and stern and two large plumed figures (24cm and 20cm) 2. Below 1: plumed figure (25cm) 3. Below 2: serpentine lines 4. Left of 2: unidentifiable shape

MAM A

Boulder to right 5. Simple incurved sickle boat (50cm) MAM

129

WADI ABU MU AWWAD

MUA 22

Date/Time:

14th February 2001 at 14.40

Location:

25º 17.824’N by 33º 37.710’E Wadi Abu Mu Awwad. North side. Block and boulders within 25 metre radius near corner

Orientation:

Facing south-east

Other Site ID: 10214N Description: A

B C

Main face of block 1. Sickle boat (50cm) with cabin and steering oar, carved over animal 2. Below 1: sickle boat (53cm) with central cabin 3. Right of 2: sickle boat (53cm) with central cabin, crew, two steering oars 4. Other images overlain by above boats 5. Right of 3: ostrich

GP A

Other boulders to right 6. Various shapes and unidentifiable objects; camel 7. Cupules forming outline of sandal; camels, ibex

A GP C

MAM

GP

B

GP

130

Wadi Shalul

View across Wadi Shalul from SHA 3

MM

131

WADI SHALUL

SHA 1

Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 10.45

Location:

25º 16.203’N by 33º 30.611’E. Wadi Shalul. South side. At entrance to wadi on west-facing bend

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10215D Description: A B C D

Left face 1. Figure with staff holding animal on tether; two antelopes to left, possible unfinished ibex below 2. Right of 1: figure with three antelopes Right face 3. Large face with more than forty images including figure, ibex, antelopes, ostriches and dogs 4. Below 3, under horizontal crack: ibex and animal

GP

A

D GP B

GP

GP C

GP

132

SHA 2 Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 11.10

Location:

25º 17.493’N by 33º 30.667’E. Wadi Shalul. South side. Rocky outcrop approximately 3 km from wadi entrance

Orientation:

Facing north

WADI SHALUL

Other Site ID: 10215F Description: A

B

C D E

Main face 1. Camel with small rider, led by plumed figure; second camel to left 2. Right of 1: bovid with possible calf 3. Right of 2: camel by tree, dog, ostriches and symbol, all light patination; ibex in darker patination below 4. Right of 3: large pecked bovid with adjacent symbols all in light patination 5. 2 metres to right of 4: figure; bovid, five ostriches - central one upside down 6. Right of 5: camels, ibex; ‘cross’ and other symbols 7. Large pecked camel; two warriors to right, figure with one raised arm 8. Below 7: figures with bows, one facing hippopotamus; dog, bovid, oryx, ibex; symbols 9. Group of camels (some ridden); rider on horse, figures standing; ostriches, ibex; symbols 10. Warriors (some mounted); geometric symbols, ‘altar’ symbol above

PD

A

PD E

F

PD

PD C

D

PD

PD

133

WADI SHALUL SHA 2 cont

F G

H

Adjacent boulders 11. Antelope, camel, possible crocodile, indistinct animals 12. Pecked ostriches with incised outlines 13. Above 12: reined horse with rider, oryx 14. Right of 13: camel, ibex; figure with outstretched arms with dog and ibex, all pecked 15. Line of hieroglyphs; falcon above and figure with triangular torso below

B

PD

H

G

PD

PD

SHA 3 Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 11.25

Location:

25º 17.706’N by 33º 31.187’E. Wadi Shalul. North side. Large boulder 30 metres down side wadi, 10 metres above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10215H Description: A B

Main boulder 1. Bovid attached by ‘halters’ to two figures; ostrich and two antelopes 2. Right of 1: bovid, antelope, ibex, dog

MM B

A

MM

MM

134

SHA 4 Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 11.20

Location:

25º 17.571’N by 33º 31.327’E. Wadi Shalul. South side. Sections on a prominent cliff face, 4 metres high

Orientation:

Facing north

WADI SHALUL

Other Site ID: 10215G Description:

A B C D

E

F

Far left face 1. Figures; ibex, camels, dogs 2. Right of 1: two warriors above geometric figure with further possible figure inside 3. Right of 2: figure in ‘palanquin’ above animal; figure on horseback; four camels 4. Above 3: square boat (70cm), twelve crew 5. Right of 3: two riders on horseback, one with with sword, second with lance; camel to left 6. Right of 5: weathered square boat with thirty oars overlain by mounted warrior with lance; warrior with bow; figure with shield

GP A

Upper register 7. Two groups of stylised curvilinear animals, comprising three felines surrounding giraffe with two giraffes and elephant to right 8. Two lightly patinated figures and camels 9. Right of 8: giraffe with D simple sickle boat near head, two pecked camels

GP

Left face 10. Three mounted figures with lances and armed figure between B

GP C

GP

GP

135

WADI SHALUL SHA 4 cont G

E

GP I

GP G GP G H

I

Main face 11. Two figures; two ostriches, camel, animals; three panels of hieroglyphs 12. Right of 11: four columns and a row of hieroglyphs across face; weathered square boat (58cm), c.15 crew 13. Right of 12: mounted warrior with lance; ostrich, ibex, other animals in lighter patination 14. Right of 13: towed square boat (98cm), decorated prow and stern; camels and bovid above deck 15. Left of 14: ibex, camels, ostriches, giraffe with elongated neck 16. Right of 15: row of hieroglyphs 17. Right of 16: mounted figure with lance, two plumed warriors, other figure; camels, dogs, animals 18. Right of 17: plumed orant figure; bovids and animals in dark patination 19. Right of 18: four riders with weapons F on camels; symbols, light patination

H

GP

GP

Adjacent rocks 20. Figure with lance; camel, four dogs H

GP

GP

136

GP

SHA 5 Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 11.45

Location:

25º 18.014’N by 33º 31.614’E. Wadi Shalul. North side. On boulders by east-facing bend

Orientation:

Facing east

WADI SHALUL

Other Site ID: 10215I Description: A

B

C

Main boulder 1. Antelope being attacked by three dogs 2. Below 1: figure holding bow 3. Overhang, 2 metres above 1: line of hieroglyphs Adjacent boulders 4. Possible scorpion, ibex, antelopes, animals 5. Camel and other animal 6. Mounted warrior with lance; ass attacked by two dogs 7. Horse with rider

AFH

20 metres right 8. Scratched square containing two indistinct animals 9. Weathered hunting scene C

MAM A

AFH

B

MAM

137

AFH

WADI SHALUL

SHA 6

Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 12.15

Location:

25º 19.194’N by 33º 32.116’E. Wadi Shalul. South side. Rock face immediately behind prominent boulder, near bend in wadi

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 10215J Description: A B C D

Main face 1. Horses with riders; elephant, ibex, camels 2. Many camels, some ridden 3. Sickle boat with mast, rigging and two figures 4. Geometric symbols (of a type common in this vicinity) 5. Feline attacking ibex

PD B

C

PD D

PD

MAM

A

PD

138

WADI SHALUL

SHA 7 Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 12.20

Location:

25º 19.248’N by 33º 32.120’E. Wadi Shalul. South side. Vertical cliff face, 2 metres from wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 10215K Description: A B

C D

Main face, dark patination except as noted 1. Two figures, each with single plume and bow 2. Above right of 1: two figures with looped arms 3. Below 2: three figures, two with bows 4. Animals including ibex, antelopes, caprids, dogs and ostriches; possible tethered hippopotamus 5. Below right: simple flared boat 6. Top left: mounted figure with lance, light patination 7. Right: figure with staff; two dogs, light patination 8. Other indistinct carvings Second face, below and to the right 9. High-prowed square boat with crew, overlain by large pecked animal, possibly a bovid 10. Right of 9: simple square boat, ibex above; figure; line of ostriches, ibex, camel, other animals, all in dark patination 11. Overlying 10: figure; camels, ibex and symbols including swastika, all in lighter patination Under overhang 15 metres to the left 12. Many animals and figures 13. Row of five ostriches

MAM

MM

A

B

MAM MAM

D

C

MAM

MAM

139

WADI SHALUL

SHA 8

Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 12.25

Location:

25º 19.411’N by 33º 32.017’E. Wadi Shalul. North side. On east-facing bend at junction with Wadi Talat Farhan

A

Orientation:AN Facing east

AN

Other Site ID: 10215L Description: A

B

Main face 1. Animals including giraffes, dogs, camels, bovid, ibex and possible elephant; symbols 2. Horses and riders in light patination 3. Possible unfinished ostrich or giraffe

B

AN View across Wadi Shalul at SHA 5

AN

140

AFH

WADI SHALUL

SHA 9 Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 12.40

Location:

25º 19.623’N by 33º 32.178’E. Wadi Shalul. North side. Low cliff face

Orientation:

Facing south

A

Other Site ID: 10215R Description: A

Main face 1. Square boat (66cm) with decorated prow and stern 2. Ibex

SHA 10 Date/Time:

15th Feb 2001 at 12.39

Location:

25º 19.876’N by 33º 32.496’E. Wadi Shalul. North side. Cave behind partially sawn-through acacia tree

Orientation:

Facing south-east

Other Site ID: 10215Q Description: A

Main face 1. Camel in light patination 2. Below 1: two bovids, dark patination 3. Right of 2: two ostriches, bovid; symbols 4. Below 3: camels, ostrich and other animals; symbols

MM

A B

Horizontal rock to left of cave 5. Antelope with pecked band across abdomen, in light patination 6. Below 5: two bovids in dark patination, camels, other animals

B

MM

AFH

141

WADI SHALUL

SHA 11

Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 13.45

Location:

25º 20.131’N by 33º 33.021’E. Wadi Shalul. South side. Cliff face and large boulder 30 metres down side wadi

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10215M Description: A

B

Main face 1. Numerous animals, including ibex, camels; figures (some mounted); geometric symbols 2. Pottery fragments on wadi floor below face 3. ‘Master of the animals’ between two giraffes?

GP

Cliff face to right 4. Many camels, animals (mainly ‘stick’ representations); many symbols C

B

Rock to left 5. Lightly-patinated mounted warriors with lances; camel 6. Below 5: bovid, ibex, camel

C

GP

GP

A

GP

142

SHA 12 Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 14.15

Location:

25º 20.564’N by 33º 33.505’E. Wadi Shalul. South side. Boulder by cliff face, at junction with Wadi Abu Iqaydi

Orientation:

Facing west

WADI SHALUL

Other Site ID: 10215N Description: A

B C

Main boulder 1. Sickle boat (44cm) with steering oar and decorated prow and stern; above deck horse MAM and rider carrying angled lance 2. Right of 1: unfinished boat and symbol possibly depicting hand print or foot print 3. Left of 1: sickle boat with mast, other possible sickle boats; camel, horse and rider; geometric symbols Boulder, 30 metres to right 4. Two camels; symbols

A

B

MM

MAM

C

MAM

143

WADI SHALUL

SHA 13

Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 15.00

Location:

25º 19.904’N by 33º 35.169’E. Wadi Shalul. South side. On boulders and in cave, near wadi junction

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10215O Description: A

B C

D

Main boulder, angled to wadi floor 1. Top left carving: simple sickle boat with decorated stern GP 2. Below 1: row of geometric symbols/letters, all lightly-patinated 3. Below 2: ibex by prow of simple sickle boat 4. Below left of 3: hunting scene of ostrich attacked by three dogs and two plumed figures, one with bow 5. Below 4: two lightly-patinated fighting men F 6. Right of 4: square boat, seven oars; two ostriches, one overlying boat; lightlypatinated hand print 7. Above and right of 5: animals and symbols Rear face of main boulder 8. Hunting scene of caprid attacked by three dogs and figure with bow 9. Right of 8: tethered hippopotamus 10. Above 9: ostrich 11. Right of 10: two antelopes, one being attacked by dog

GP

A GP

GP

144

WADI SHALUL SHA 13 cont B

E

GP

Small boulder beneath above 12. Symbols, light patination

E

F

GP

C

‘Cave’ between two boulders 13. Square boat (50cm) with decorated prow, central orant figure, eleven crew, six oars, steering oar 14. Square boat (70cm) with decorated prow; small sickle boat Flat rock behind main boulder 15. Figure; ostriches attacked by dogs 16. Below 15: large pecked figure with looped arms 17. Right of 16: two smaller figures, looped arms; ostrich; possible boat 18. Below 17: hand print

GP

D

GP

145

WADI SHALUL

SHA 14

Date/Time:

15th February 2001 at 15.55

Location:

25º 20.555’N by 33º 35.654’E. Wadi Shalul. South side. Two rectangular blocks above scree

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 10215P Description: A

B

Main face 1. Top centre: rider on possible camel; lion, both pecked 2. Below 1: elephant, pecked 3. Right of 2: seated figure C holding bovid by short tether 4. Below 2: pecked fish 5. Surrounding above: figures (one holding long staff); camels (some ridden), ostriches, scorpion, fish, three dogs, bovid, oryx; symbols

D

D

MM

PD B

Rock to left of main face 6. Symbols, one in the shape of a scorpion C

PD

Right block 7. Sickle boat with cabin, steering oar and three crew 8. Left of 7: figure above animal 9. Above 7: faint pecked letters 10. Two ostriches, other animals; various symbols Boulder on wadi floor 11. Oryx, camels, dogs, other animals; symbols

PD

A

MAM

146

Wadis Abu Iqaydi and Dahabiya

View from Wadi Abu Iqaydi into cul-de-sac behind IQA 3

147

MM

WADI ABU IQAYDI

IQA 1

Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 12.20

Location:

25º 21.594’N by 33º 34.490’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. West side. Boulders in front of cliff

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10217K Description: A

B

Main boulder 1. Top: ibex, other animals in ‘stick’ style; riders 2. Side: ibex, camels, other animals in similar style Low rock face 30 metres to left 3. Two figures each with unidentifiable animal on either side, in ‘master of animals’ pose 4. Below 3: ibex and other animals

MAM

B

A

MM

MAM

IQA 3 Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 12.10

Location:

25º 22.194’N by 33º 34.760’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. East side. Boulders at base of cliff face

Orientation:

Facing north-west

Other Site ID: 10217H Description: A B

Main boulder at edge of scree 1. Five bovids with asymmetrical horns, dog, camel and rider; symbols 2. Adjacent face to right: three bovids similar to above; geometric B symbols

MAM A

Second boulder 3. Figure; bovid; numerous symbols including foot print MM

148

MAM

WADI ABU IQAYDI

IQA 2 Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 12.15

Location:

25º 21.732’N by 33º 34.522’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi . East side. Smooth cliff face with fallen blocks beneath

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 10217J Description: A B C

D

Main face 1. Ibex facing ostrich (47cm) 2. Right of 1: figure with bow; antelope, dog, two other animals; other carvings 3. Right of 2 and vertical crack: flared boat (42cm) with orant figure on deck near high prow; dog to right 4. Below 3: orant figure; three tiered antelopes, flanked by two outward-facing ibex; other carvings

AN B

Adjacent face 5. Bovid

C

AN D

AN

AN

A

AN

149

AN

WADI ABU IQAYDI

IQA 4

Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 11.45

Location:

25º 23.740’N by 33º 36.189’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. West side. Rocks by cliff and large boulder on wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing north-east

A

Other Site ID: 10217G Description: A

Main boulder, light and medium patination 1. At least fourteen bovids with splayed horns, five camels with exaggerated humps, ibex and animals; possible horse with rider; figures; symbols

MM

D

B

C D E

Boulders at foot of cliff 2. Lightly-patinated camels (one with rider), ibex; symbols, overlying darker-patinated ibex and animals 3. Seven camels (one with rider); figure; symbol 4. Camels and figure; symbol 5. Unfinished crocodile

C MM E

MM

MM B

MM

150

WADI ABU IQAYDI

IQA 5 Date/Time:

17 February 2001 at 08.52

Location:

25º 27.111’N by 33º 36.775’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. West side. Solitary boulder

Orientation:

Facing north-east

th

Other Site ID: 10217D Description: A B C D

Boulder 1. South face: simple sickle boat (45cm) with mast; antelope; symbols 2. East face: two simple sickle boats with masts (18cm and 17cm); animal; symbols 3. West face: pecked ibex and other animals 4. Top: possible stylised pecked bovid, other D weathered animals

MAM

D

MAM C

MAM MAM

MAM

B

A

MAM

151

MM

WADI ABU IQAYDI Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 09.10

Location:

25º 27.174’N by 33º 36.729’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. West side. Boulder on edge of scree

Orientation:

Facing north-east

IQA 6

Other Site ID: 10217E Description: A

B

Main face 1. Figure with club holding horns of bovid with second figure to right, possible third figure to left of bovid 2. Below 1: bovid and indistinct animal 3. Above left of 1: ibex, two other animals

MAM

B

A

MAM

MAM

IQA 7 Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 09.00

Location:

25º 26.704’N by 33º 36.106’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. West side. Large rock 1 metre above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10217S

AN

Description: A

Top face of boulder 1. Possible hunting scene: two figures, one with bow, each to right of ibex; small unidentifiable animal above left of right-most ibex 2. Other carvings and marks across face

A

AN

152

IQA 8 Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 08.30

Location:

25º 26.793’N by 33º 36.047’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi . West side. Block 3 metres long, 10 metres from cliff face

Orientation:

Facing east

WADI ABU IQAYDI

Other Site ID: 10217C Description: A B C

D

E

Main face 1. Twin-plumed figure (40cm); simple sickle boat (30cm), small boat (10cm); two animals 2. Right of 1: ‘stick’ figure; elephant (47cm), ibex 3. Below and left of 1: ass 4. Right of 3: indistinct animal

AN

A

Side face 5. High-prowed square boat (10cm) with three crew 6. Below 5: sickle boat (10cm) with cabin Boulders on wadi floor 7. Bovid, ass, ibex, ostrich, dog 8. Two figures, ibex 9. Antelope

E

AN C

AN AN

B D

AN

153

AN

WADI ABU IQAYDI

IQA 9

Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 08.00

Location:

25º 27.077’N by 33º 35.786’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. West side. By sweeping bend in wadi. Loose blocks and crevice to rear of main block

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10217A Description: A B

Main block 1. Simple pecked square boat (60cm) 2. Overlying 1: figure (46cm), four smaller figures; animals; symbols

AN A

Crevice 3. Other carvings

B

AN

IQA 11 Date/Time:

16th February 2001 at 16.30

Location:

25º 27.492’N by 33º 36.073’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. East side. Large arrow-shaped rock jutting up from wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 10216G Description: A

Main face 1. Single-plumed figure flanked by six or more animals. Outer animals not identifiable, inner two each side of figure are ibex. All animals are drawn vertically and with medium patination

MAM A

MAM

154

IQA 10 Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 08.05

Location:

25º 27.191’N by 33º 36.355’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. East side. In short blind side wadi

Orientation:

Facing north-west

WADI ABU IQAYDI

Other Site ID: 10217B Description: A B C

Main face 1. Square boat (60cm) with central figure 2. Below 1: square boat (110cm) with two large plumed figures (one with mace), sixteen crew; ostrich and ibex immediately above 3. Below and right of 2: sickle boat with two figures, mast, steering oar, palm tree and other object 4. Above 3: ass, two ibex with exaggerated horns A F 5. Surrounding 3: letters and symbols 6. Below 2: simple sickle boat (40cm) with mast

PD

Right face 7. High prowed boat (60cm) and various animals D E

F E

Adjacent boulder 8. Square boat, high decorated prow and stern, plumed figure, eight crew 9. Right and below 8: figure and animals including four gerenuks, elephant, ostriches, ibex, dogs, camel; serpentine lines 10. Standard or symbol

PD

PD

D

PD

MAM B

C

PD

PD

155

WADI ABU IQAYDI

IQA 12

Date/Time:

16th February 2001 at 16.20

Location:

25º 27.562’N by 33º 36.083’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. East side. Rocks and boulders below vertical cliff face in small blind side wadi

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 10216F Description: A

B C D

E

Main boulder 1. Top face: animals; geometric shapes, serpentine lines, ‘pock’ marks and indistinct depictions, all with medium patination; overcarved by animals with lighter patination 2. Left of 1: ibex, light/medium patination 3. Below 2: possible animals and other shapes, mostly light/medium patination 4. Above and behind boulder: ostrich

PD A

Flat topped boulder, 5 metres from wadi floor 5. Ibex, dog and ‘tent’ symbol with medium patination

PD A

D

C

PD

PD

PD

B

E

PD

156

PD

IQA 13 Date/Time:

16th February 2001 at 16.15

Location:

25º 27.633’N by 33º 35.762’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. West side. Boulder 3 metres above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing east

WADI ABU IQAYDI

Other Site ID: 10216H Description:

B

Main boulder 1. Four ostriches in medium patination, animal and three further ostriches in lighter patination 2. Figure spearing ibex; dog

C

Boulder 90 metres to the east 3. 1 metre above wadi floor: single ostrich

A

Google Earth Image C

B

AN

AN A

AN

157

WADI ABU IQAYDI

IQA 14

Date/Time:

16th February 2001 at 16.05

Location:

25º 27.685’N by 33º 35.744’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. West side. Triangular boulder and rock face immediately behind, in side wadi

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10216D Description: A

B C

D

Main face 1. Sickle boat (70cm) with four large figures 2. 3 metres left: bovid, lightly-patinated symbols

GP

Boulder 3. Sickle boat (26cm) with three large figures, six crew and steering oar 4. Below and right of 3: five bovids with variously-shaped horns; ibex 5. Overlying 4: three horses with riders and three other figures; geometric shapes, all more lightly patinated 6. Modern inscription (dated 1997) 7. Camel

D

A

AN C

AN

AN

B

GP

158

WADI ABU IQAYDI

IQA 15 Date/Time:

16th February 2001 at 16.10

Location:

25º 27.818’N by 33º 36.095’E. Wadi Abu Iqaydi. East side. Rock face and boulders to right

Orientation:

Facing north-west

Other Site ID: 10216E Description: A

Main surface 1. Three ibex attacked by three dogs

C

First boulder 2. Ibex and indistinct animals 3. Parallel lines apparently crossing corner from vertical to horizontal face 4. On horizontal face: further lines

D E

Second boulder 5. South face: single-plumed figure; antelope 6. West face: elongated figure with bow; ostrich hunted by dog, animals

B

C

MAM

MAM B

MAM

D

MAM A

E

MAM

159

MAM MAM

WADI DAHABIYA

DAH 1

Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 10.30

Location:

25º 26.428’N by 33º 33.491’E. Wadi Dahabiya. Two blocks each 2 metres high by low escarpment, near junction with Wadi Abu Iqaydi

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Description: A

B

C D E F G

Left face 1. Square boat (78cm) with cabin and twentyseven crew (seven in cabin), towed by twelve figures 2. Above and right of 1: square boat (51cm) with twenty-one crew, towed by eleven figures 3. Below 2: simple square boat (27cm) 4. Below 3: simple square boat 5. Below 4: small simple square boat with high prow; ostrich, ibex

MM G

Right face 6. Sickle boat (15cm) with nine crew 7. Square boat (40cm), decorated prow and stern, cabin, three crew and three oars 8. Square boat (27cm) with cabin 9. Square boat (37cm) with eleven crew 10. Overlying and among 6-9: various lightly-patinated symbols

MAM C

H I

Adjacent rocks 11. Four camels (two ridden), three ostriches 12. Sickle boat (23cm) with seven crew 13. Giraffe, ibex 14. Various heavily-eroded animals and symbols

MAM

B

MAM A

MM

160

WADI DAHABIYA DAH 1 cont D

E

MAM

MM

I

F

MM

MAM

H

MM

161

WADI DAHABIYA

DAH 2

Date/Time:

17th February 2001 at 11.00

Location:

25º 26.370’N by 33º 33.502’E. Wadi Dahabiya. West side. Large block and boulders near base of low cliff, near Wadi Abu Iqaydi

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10217I Description: Left block 1. Ostrich A B

C

Large block to right 2. Right face: two figures and dog; ostrich (43cm) 3. Left face: geometric symbols 4. Below and left of 3: weathered sickle boat (19cm) with decorated prow and stern 5. Below 4: ibex, ostrich and two other animals, overlain by lightly-patinated mark

AN C

Boulders in front of large block 6. Various symbols D

Near main site 7. Crocodile seizing figure AN

B D

PD

AN A

AN

162

Section Two - Targeted Sites Wadi Barramiya (BAR - 4 sites) Wadi Miya (MIY - 7 sites) Wadi Abu Wasil (WAS - 9 sites) Wadi Minah (MIN - 9 sites) Wadi Atwani (ATW - 7 sites) Wadi Hammamat (HAM - 6 sites) Hammamat Schist Quarry (HSQ - 3 sites)

163

Wadis Barramiya and Miya

December team approaching BAR 4

164

GP

WADI BARRAMIYA

BAR 1 Date/Time:

13th February 2001 at 11.20

Location:

25º 03.496’ N by 33º 04.815’ E. Wadi Barramiya. North side. Northwards from large boulder at apex of isolated rocky headland at junction with Wadis Abbad and Umm Rukbah (west of wadi map)

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 10213A Description:

A B C D E

Main face, left section 1. Group of fifteen or more stick figures, possibly fighting 2. Right of 1: sickle boat with crew; animal to left 3. Ibex with exaggerated horns, animal, dog; figure and animals below 4. Below 3: banded animal, possibly bovid, with indistinct figure attached 5. Right of 3 and 4: indistinct animals 6. Right of 5: human head in profile; falcon above 7. Right of 6: two human figures below bovid; ibex, falcon 8. Below 5: two simple sickle boats (150cm), rounded ends, overlain by images of animals, figures and B smaller boats

GP G

GP

D

GP C

GP F

GP

GP

165

WADI BARRAMIYA BAR 1 cont Q

O

MAM F G

MM

Main face, central section 9. Two figures; hippopotamus, at least four dogs, two ostriches, other animals and carvings, in light patination 10. Right of and below 9: figure (39cm) with outstretched arms and penis sheath; second figure with bow 11. Right of 10: sickle boat, second smaller boat with oars below 12. Right of 11: three falcons, bovid, dog, animal; symbols I

H I

J K L M

N O

Main face, right section 13. Crowned pharaonic sphinx; feline overlain by front legs of sphinx 14. Below 13: ostrich, dogs, elephant, horse; other carvings 15. Right of 13: three sickle boats each with cabin and oars 16. Below 15: lightly-patinated camel 17. Farther right: simple sickle boat with mast and steering oar Flat-topped boulder 18. Top surface: incised bovid; sandal, other images, cupules 19. Lines radiating from natural hole 20. Side faces: camels and horses with riders; J antelopes, other animals; symbols

GP

Large boulder to right 21. Front face: pecked boat with sail 22. Camels, some with riders; ostriches, other animals 23. Other indistinct carvings on all faces

P

Other boulders 24. Camels

Q

Rock face above recess, 12 metres right of boulders 25. Hieroglyphs; figure with bow; camel; falcon

GP L

K

MAM

MAM

166

WADI BARRAMIYA BAR 1 cont H

GP E

MM

167

WADI BARRAMIYA BAR 1 cont A

P

AFH

GP L

MM

PD N

M

GP

AFH

MM

168

WADI BARRAMIYA

BAR 2 Date/Time:

6th December 2000 at 12.20

Location:

25º 00.854’ N by 33º 30.922’ E. Wadi Barramiya. South side. High vertical rock face and adjacent boulders, 200 metres from road

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 01206A; WB-1 (GF) Description: Main face, behind boulders 1. Two giraffes with indistinct carving to left 2. Right of 1: two giraffes and elephant 3. Below 2: three tethered addax, dogs, ibex A

B C D

E F

GP

Main face, central section 4. Incurved sickle boat (95cm) with decorated prow and central cabin, overlying ibex; animal 5. Right of 4: one large and two smaller indistinct animals, ibex 6. Right of 5: square boat (32cm) with decorated stern, central figure and eleven crew 7. Below 6: falcon 8. Above 7: square boat (90cm) with decorated stern, central figure and seven crew; square boat (90cm) with decorated stern, cabin and six crew 9. 2 metres right of 8: incurved sickle boat (80cm) with decorated prow and central cabin B 10. 6 metres right of and above 9: figure with stave, dog and ibex; hippopotamus, ibex, dog to right

P

RON

A

GP C

MH D

GP

GP

169

WADI BARRAMIYA BAR 2 cont E

F

GP

GP

K

H

DK

Main face, right section 11. Simple square boat G 12. Sickle boat with bovid figurehead, decorated stern, cabin, fifteen crew and twenty-two oars 13. Below 12: scratched figure; animal to left H 14. Antelope, lightly-patinated camel and Arabic inscriptions 15. Right of 14: sickle boat with mast and crescent moon feature; Arabic inscriptions 16. Right of 15: simple sickle boat with cabin and bovid 17. Below 15: simple sickle boat I 18. Incurved square boat with decorated prow; possible hieroglyphs below; antelope 19. Ibex, bovid 20. Ostrich, ibex and dog 21. Simple pecked square boat, decorated stern J 22. Overlying 21: incised bovid

GP L

GP M

N

GP J

170

GP

WADI BARRAMIYA BAR 2 cont Large boulder to left of site 23. Square boat with horizontal feature; antelope, dog 24. Square boat (67cm) with decorated stern, thirteen oars and fifteen crew 25. Left of 24: square boat (85cm), decorated prow and stern, twenty-one oars, twenty-six crew 26. Right of 23: figure with bow; tethered bovid, antelope, animal M 27. Right of 24: figure with stave; animal K L

N O P

O

Other boulders 28. Flock of thirteen ostriches 29. Outline bovid with banded body 30. Square boat with decorated stern, twelve crew 31. Various animals

RON

G

DA J

I

DA

171

DK

WADI BARRAMIYA Date/Time:

6th December 2000 at 12.45

Location:

25º 00.894’ N by 33º 31.292’ E. Wadi Barramiya. South side. Low cliff 300 metres south-east of bend in road

Orientation:

Facing west

BAR 3

Other Site ID: 01206B; WB-2B (GF) Description: A

Main face 1. Flared boat (100cm) with large central figure, twenty-eight crew, towed by eight figures 2. Right of 1: similarly styled boat (50cm) with nine crew 3. Right of 2: square boat (50cm) with high prow and stern 4. Above 2: group of four animals, possibly asses or antelopes 5. Right of 4: high-prowed square boat (80cm) with twelve crew and tow rope 6. Right of 5: prow of unfinished boat 7. Below 2: S-shaped mark; two roughly-pecked square boats 8. Symbols or unfinished carvings

CD CD

A

CD

172

BAR 4 Date/Time:

6th December 2000 at 15.50

Location:

25º 01.136’ N by 33º 35.627’ E. Wadi Barramiya. North side. Vertical face above boulders

Orientation:

Facing south-east

WADI BARRAMIYA

Other Site ID: 01206C Description: A B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I J

Main face 1. Incurved sickle boat (95cm), decorated prow, large orant figure, cabin, twenty crew; ibex to left, outline below 2. Below and left of 1: square boat (80cm) with decorated prow and stern, five plumed figures and cabin; ibex below and to left 3. Below 2: square boat (80cm) with decorated prow and stern 4. Below 3: unfinished sickle boat with high prow; ibex across hull 5. Below 4: simple square boat 6. Right of 3: simple square boat B with two crew; ostrich below 7. Right of 6: square boat (80cm) with decorated prow and stern, cabin and masts; two antelopes to left 8. Right of 7: simple square boat with three crew; bovid flanked by two dogs above 9. Right of 8: incurved sickle boat, decorated prow, cabin, fifteen crew; gerenuk above deck 10. Below 9: simple incurved sickle boat with decorated prow; animal above deck 11. Right of 9: square boat with decorated prow and stern, six or seven crew; animal above deck 12. Below 11: square boat, decorated A prow and stern, eight crew 13. Below 12 and right of 10: simple sickle boat, mast and two crew 14. Right of 11: square boat with decorated prow and stern and cabin containing figure 15. Right of 14: square boat with decorated prow and stern; ibex above deck, ass to right 16. Right of 15: square boat with decorated prow and stern, cabin Upper cliff face 17. Two square boats, decorated prow and stern (25cm and 89cm) 18. Right of 17: two square boats (30cm and 69cm) with sickle boat (36cm) above

MH

TJ

GP

173

WADI BARRAMIYA BAR 4 cont H

E

GP

GP C

F

TJ

GP D

G

GP

GP I

J

GP

174

GP

MIY 1 Date/Time:

18th February 2001 at 11.15

Location:

25º 01.165’ N by 33º 24.382’ E. Wadi Miya. South side. Outcrop, 20 metres above wadi floor, near Wadi Barramiya junction (SW of map)

Orientation:

Facing north-west

WADI MIYA

Other Site ID: 10218G Description: A

B

C

Outer left face 1. Incurved square boat (30cm), decorated bow, orant figure, thirteen crew and twenty oars 2. Above and right of 1: square boat (45cm), with decorated prow and stern, nineteen crew 3. Below 2: simple sickle boat (21cm) 4. To right: single-plumed figure with bent arms 5. Surrounding 1-4: two giraffes, five ibex, elephant, other animals; pecked X-shaped symbols Inner left face 6. Square boat (25cm) 7. Below 6: square boat (40cm), with splayed and decorated prow and eighteen crew C 8. Left of 7: sickle boat (40cm), seven crew 9. Below 7: square boat (10cm), four crew 10. Below 9: boat (45cm), decorated prow 11. Addax, bovid with incurved horns, two ibex, other animals 12. Right of bovid: triple-plumed figure with stave 13. Right of crack: two PD gerenuks and animal

MAM

B

PD

A

PD

175

WADI MIYA MIY 1 cont D

PD D

E

F

Main face 14. Square boat (33cm) with decorated prow, pecked 15. Figure with bow, figure with stave, orant figure, three other smaller figures 16. Six elephants with exaggerated trunks, other animal 17. Unidentified animal with tail, ibex and other animals; sinuous lines (possibly snakes) in dark patination, overlain by items 14-16 18. On rock to right: two asses, ibex, other animals 19. Right of 18: triple-plumed figure holding object

F

PD

Right face 20. Elephant, ostrich, bovid, other animals; symbols 21. Two lightly-patinated camels led by figures holding bows E

G

Back face of boulder 22. Figure holding bow; ostriches, dogs and other animals

G

Boulder, on wadi floor 23. Sickle boats overlain by large pecked bovid

PD

MAM

176

MIY 2 Date/Time:

18th February 2001 at 09.30

Location:

25º 08.521’ N by 33º 35.529’ E. Wadi Miya. North side. Rock face 1 metre above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing south

WADI MIYA

Other Site ID: 10218H Description: A

Main rock face 1. Two horses, one led by figure holding stick

PD

A

PD

MIY 3 Date/Time:

18 February 2001 at 09.33

Location:

25º 08.584’ N by 33º 35.827’ E. Wadi Miya. North side. Large sloping rock 1 metre above wadi floor.

Orientation:

Facing south

th

Other Site ID: 10218I Description: A

Main face of boulder 1. Speckled bovid on register line, front legs overlain by indeterminate image

PD A

A

PD

177

WADI MIYA

MIY 4

Date/Time:

18th February 2001 at 09.45

Location:

25º 08.504’ N by 33º 36.493’ E. Wadi Miya. South side. Long, low cliff

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 10218C Description: A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Left cliff face, 8 metres from wadi floor 1. Four sickle boats: upper two, each with mast and rigging, faintly scratched; lower two, each with mast and steering oar, heavily pecked over faint scratches 2. Above 1: possible hunting scene with two ibex and five dogs, bovid 3. Left of 2: bovid B 4. Left of 3: animal (possible elephant), dog and figure with exaggerated headdress 5. Right of 2: three ibex 6. Other animals, one tethered

GP

25 metres right of above 7. Cliff face: hieroglyphic inscription 8. Boulder below 7: elephant, ibex, ostrich, antelope Cliff face, 30 metres right of above 9. Bovid held on tether by figure, second bovid and ibex, all GP browsing bushes 10. Five bovids, one held on tether by figure, one with calf, five ibex, two other animals; five bushes, two of which are browsed 11. Above 10: two figures, one with stave; two bovids, ibex, ostrich, four other animals 12. Right of 11: bovid; sickle boat (15cm) with mast, cabin and two or three figures, one of whom appears to be waving; two figures holding staves to right 13. Below and right of 12: G sickle boat (18cm) with mast, rigging and two or three figures; small animal 14. Right of 13: bovid 20 metres right of above 15. Simple sickle boat with mast; geometric design; camels

I

Cliff face, 50 metres right of above 16. Sickle boat (28cm), ten oars and steering oar 17. Below 16: geometric design

GP

178

WADI MIYA MIY 4 cont I

E

GP

GP F

H

GP D GP A

C

AN

GP

179

GP

WADI MIYA

MIY 5

Date/Time:

18th February 2001 at 09.50

Location:

25º 08.586’ N by 33º 36.761’ E. Wadi Miya. South side. Cliff face rising to 10 metres

Orientation:

Facing north-west

Other Site ID: 10218D Description: A

B

C D

E F

Main face, light patination except where noted 1. Five mounted warriors, three on horseback, two on camels, all armed with lances, all facing right 2. Below and right of 1: six camels and one MM figure on horseback, all facing left 3. Right of 2: at least thirteen camels; two mounted warriors; two figures fighting with sword and shield 4. Among 3: oryx confronted by figure with D bow; ostrich and other animals 5. Below 4: seated figure possibly with flute or blow pipe 6. Right of 5: ibex apparently attacked by figure with stave and two dogs 7. Eleven bovids, some with ‘drooping’ horns, one with figure holding its tail, all in dark patination and overlain by 1-4 Boulders in front of main face 8. Seven camels, dog or calf; figure with outstretched arms 9. Rider on horseback brandishing sword

MM

A

MM

180

WADI MIYA MIY 5 cont E

MM B

C

MAM

MAM

F

AFH MAM

B

181

WADI MIYA

MIY 6

Date/Time:

18th February 2001 at 10.20

Location:

25º 08.707’ N by 33º 36.941’ E. Wadi Miya. South side. Cliff face and boulders, at junction with small wadi

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 10218F Description: A B

C

D E

Upper face 1. Rider on horseback holding lance; figure with outstretched arms

MAM

Main face 2. Row of four bovids, three with horns as seen from above, two of these with distorted horns 3. Left of 2: figure with shield and lance 4. Right of 2: inscription in Greek characters 5. Below left of 4: rider on horse, sword, shield; figure 6. Below 2: three ostriches, ibex, camel, animals; marks

A

Right face 7. Three riders on horseback carrying lances; three figures holding weapons and shields; ibex and animals 8. Above 7: two ibex, camels (one ridden); armed figure Adjacent faces 9. Horse and pack (camel?); armed rider on horse; oryx 10. Figure with large head; indistinct animals

MM

Boulder in front of main face 11. Ibex, two camels; indistinct images

D

MAM

B

AFH

E

C

AFH

MAM

182

MIY 7 Date/Time:

18th February 2001 at 09.55

Location:

25º 08.561’ N by 33º 36.991’ E. Wadi Miya. South side. West side of side wadi, on boulder 5 metres up from wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing north-east

WADI MIYA

Other Site ID: 10218E Description: A

Top face of boulder 1. Square boat (30cm) with decorated stern carrying three figures with outstretched arms, towed by four figures 2. Right of 1: figure with outstretched arms

PD

A

PD

View down Wadi Miya at dusk

183

MAM

Wadis Abu Wasil and Minah

Wadi Minah

184

CD

WAS 1 Date/Time:

19th October 2000 at 08.15

Location:

25° 30.868.’ N by 33° 32.129’ E. Wadi Abu Wasil. South side. West side of side wadi, 1 metre above wadi floor. Site width 30 metres

Orientation:

Facing north-east

WADI ABU WASIL

Other Site ID: 01019C; HW39 (RME) Description: A

B

Shattered rock face and boulder 1. Square boat (39cm) with high prow and decorated stern, steering oar and large cabin containing ostrich and figure holding club, medium patination, pecked 2. Two single-plumed figures (each 40cm) with outstretched arms, one with possible penis sheath, pecked, patination similar to undisturbed rock surface 3. Left of 2: symbol or uncompleted image 4. Right of 2: ibex with animals below, all with incised outlines and pecked infill, patination similar to undisturbed rock surface

GP B

GP

A

GP

185

WADI ABU WASIL

WAS 2

Date/Time: Location:

19th October 2000 at 07.55 25° 31.286’ N by 33° 32.311’ E. Wadi Abu Wasil. South side. West side of small side wadi, 8 metres above wadi floor. Site width 20 metres

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 01019B; HW38 (RME) Description: A B C

Boulder standing away from rock face 1. Two elephants, the larger tethered, pecked, medium patination Large outcrop 10 metres to right 2. Square boat (100cm) with umbels on prow and stern, mainly pecked, medium patination

GP

C

B

GP

MM A

GP

186

WADI ABU WASIL

WAS 3 Date/Time:

19th October 2000 at 07.00

Location:

25° 31.615’ N by 33° 32.254’ E (south edge of site). Wadi Abu Wasil. South side, at wadi junction, site runs for 250 metres from large boulder (8 x 3 metres); split into four sections

Orientation:

Facing south-east and east

Other Site ID: 01019A; HW38 (RME) Description:

A

Large boulder 1. Figure with hand on hip, medium patination 2. Filled rectangle with indented top (21cm), possibly an ‘altar’, light patination 3. Figure (23cm) holding stave resembling was sceptre; indistinct smaller figure, both medium patination 4. Three figures with raised arms below fourth incomplete figure; inverted inscription ‘LONDON’, not present in Hans Winkler’s 1938 photograph 5. Right of 4: hunting scene with four bovids and dog

MM K

Back of boulder 6. Hunting scene with two bovids and dog 7. Camels and oryx; Arabic inscriptions 8. Indistinct markings near wadi floor

B

C

Cliff face behind boulder, 4 metres above wadi floor 9. Oryx (40cm) and two ibex B 10. Sickle boat with decorated prow, fifteen crew and central cabin containing two figures; ostrich immediately above

GP

Main face, 80 metres right of large boulder 11. Three ‘altars’ (similar to 2 above) 12. Below 11: possible hunting scene consisting of figure with bow, two ibex, six dogs; four camels, one in darker patination MM

A E

MM

GP

187

WADI ABU WASIL WAS 3 cont

D E

F

G

H

13. Surrounding 11 and 12: various geometric symbols 14. Small rock to left: two figures joined by possible ‘lasso’ 15. Left of 14: rider on horseback 16. Farther left: possible hunting scene with ibex, two dogs, figures

C

Rocks below main face 17. Camel (30cm) ridden by figure holding object, medium patination 18. Above 17: similar image 19. On smaller rocks near wadi floor: several camels; geometric symbols Crevice under overhang above main face 20. ‘Altar’ (similar to 2 and 11); ibex, asses and other animals; ‘stick’ figures; geometric symbols 21. Right of 20: five ‘altars’ surrounded by geometric symbols; square boat (20cm) with seven crew, seven oars and steering oar 22. South-facing rock on floor of crevice: ibex, other animals; geometric symbols 23. Passage at rear of crevice: hunting scene consisting of three ibex, four dogs and two figures with bows, four ostriches, three asses 24. Right of 23: ostrich pursued by figure on horseback

Various rocks spread over 250 metres to right (north) and into main wadi I 25. Ostrich with spread wings pursued by four armed figures mounted on camels, all pecked, medium patination J 26. Three figures with outstretched arms, light patination; ibex, darker patination 27. Left of vertical fissure: three camels; figure on horseback; other animals and symbols 28. Two camels and two horses, all mounted, dog and two ostriches, F medium patination 29. Ibex, dog, camel and antelope 30. In front of 29: simple sickle boat K 31. Simple sickle boat, cabin, decorated prow, dark patination L 32. Twenty-one ostriches and single figure, light patination M 33. Elephant or antelope with lowered head N 34. Two possible oryx J

TJ D

GP

TJ

G

MM

188

PR

WADI ABU WASIL WAS 3 cont 35. Animal with tether held by figure, dark patination 36. Camel; other indistinct images O

M

West of sand dune 37. Camel, two horses with riders, figure carrying horizontal stave, second figure, scratched and pecked, medium patination

L

PR H

GP I

TJ N

GP

O

GP

PR

189

WADI ABU WASIL

WAS 4

Date/Time:

8th December 2000 at 16.00

Location:

25º 31.419’ N by 33º 35.380’ E. Wadi Abu Wasil. South side. Rock face and boulders 5 metres above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 01208F; HW26 (RME) Description: A B C

D

E

Main boulder under overhang 1. Square boat (45cm) with decorated prow and stern, medium patination 2. Below 1: square boat (23cm), apparent copy of above, medium patination

GP

Nearby rock surfaces 3. Symbol of cross between two semicircular domes, scratched with light patination; similar to image on WAS 3 photo G rotated through 180° 4. Plumed figure with hands on hips, between two ibex 5. Sickle boat (30cm) with cabin 6. Geometric symbols

A

E GP D

GP

GP C

B

GP

190

GP

WAS 5 Date/Time:

19th October 2000 at 11.15

Location:

25° 31.562’ N by 33° 35.442’ E. Wadi Abu Wasil. North side. Boulder (2 x 1 metres) to right of cave, 8 metres from wadi floor. Site width 5 metres

Orientation:

Facing south

WADI ABU WASIL

Other Site ID: 01019D; HW26 (RME) Description: A

B

Boulder to right of cave 1. Wavy lines forming possible map of local wadi system, medium patination, mainly pecked (detailed in ‘Rock Maps?’ section on accompanying DVD) 2. Side of boulder: various animals, medium to dark patination

MM B

Adjacent boulder 3. Figures, some on horseback; ibex, possible elephants and other indistinct animals, overlying other images

A GP MM

Rock with putative map to right of cave

MM

191

WADI ABU WASIL Date/Time:

19th October 2000 at 12.00

Location:

25° 31.187’ N by 33° 35.714’ E. Wadi Abu Wasil. West side. Four boulders on a 200 metre stretch of the wadi floor, all near the escarpment

Orientation:

Facing north-east

WAS 6

Other Site ID: 01019E; HW27 (RME) Description: A

Flat square boulder 1. Five bovids including cow with calf, mainly scratched, dark patination

GP

Boulder, 100 metres right of above 2. Faint outline of square boat with decorated prow; plumed figure in or above boat, medium to dark patination B C D

E

B

Square boulder, 50 metres right of above 3. East face: several lines of old Arabic writing 4. Below 3: three camels; further writing; symbols 5. North face: ibex, two camels, medium patination; scratched symbols, light to medium patination 6. South face: two indistinct figures; possible animals, medium patination

GP

Boulders, immediately right of above 7. Two mounted camels, medium to dark patination; other indistinct animals; old Arabic writing, medium patination 8. Single camel, light patination

A

GP

C

GP D

E

GP

192

GP

WADI ABU WASIL

WAS 7 Date/Time:

19th October 2000 at 15.25

Location:

25° 30.427’ N by 33° 35.881’ E. Wadi Abu Wasil. West side. Vertical rock face 10 metres from wadi floor. Site width 4 metres

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 01019H; HW28 (RME) Description:

A

B

C

D E

F

Main rock face 1. Square boat with decorated prow and possible cabin 2. Right of 1: square boat (58cm) with decorated prow and central twin-plumed figure, light to medium patination 3. Below 2: square boat (59cm) with similar central figure (50cm) and smaller twin-plumed figure 4. Right of 3: simple incurved square boat with elaborately-decorated stern (or overlying separate image) and twin-plumed figure 5. Below 4: square boat, decorated prow and stern 6. Below 5: simple square boat 7. Below 6: sickle boat with centre E detail 8. On smaller rock below: sandal outline, medium patination 2 metres below 9. Two figures with penis sheaths, one with bow 10. Right of 9: two tethered antelopes mainly pecked, medium patination 11. Addax or bovid

MM F

MM B

GP A

D

C

GP

MM

MM

193

WADI ABU WASIL

WAS 8

Date/Time:

19th October 2000 at 14.55

Location:

25° 29.949’ N by 33° 35.750’ E. Wadi Abu Wasil. West side. Two free-standing boulders, one on wadi floor, one above

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 01019G Description:

A

B

C

D

Lower boulder, 8 metres long, medium to dark patination 1. High prowed square boat (100cm) containing horizontal figure with penis sheath 2. Above and left of 1: second square boat, badly worn 3. Surrounding 1 and 2: rudimentary figure; ostrich, bovid with meeting horns, ibex, various indistinct animals; symbols 4. Right of 3: multiple-plumed figure (130cm) horizontal to other images with large extended hands and legs continued over edge of boulder 5. Left of 4: camel 6. Left of 5: bovid, elephant, ass, antelopes 7. Top of boulder: several sandal outlines and footprints Upper boulder 8. Several sandal outlines and footprints

GP C

GP

D

B

MM MM

A

B

Image enhanced

GP

GP

194

WADI ABU WASIL

WAS 9 Date/Time:

19th October 2000 at 12.15

Location:

25° 29.357’ N by 33° 35.805’ E. Wadi Abu Wasil. West side. On either side of recess and boulder to left

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 01019F Description: Boulder 1. Square boat (84cm) with speckled hull, decorated prow and ten crew, pecked, medium patination 2. Above 1: simple square boat (14cm), pecked, lighter patination 3. Below and right of 1: simple square boat (25cm), plumed figure, medium patination 4. Right of 3: ibex, antelope, other animal; other marks, medium patination

A B

C D

MM

C

Rock face behind boulder, medium patination 5. Twin-plumed figure (30cm) with bow and penis sheath 6. Right of 5: square boat (55cm) with decorated prow, cabin and ten crew, pecked 7. Indistinct animals

GP A

Rock face to right of recess 8. Square boat (101cm), decorated prow, two cabins and mast or standard 9. Right of 8: square boat (150cm) with decorated prow and stern, five standing figures (three with bows), three or four seated figures, medium/ dark patination

MM

B

GP

D

GP

195

WADI MINAH

MIN 1

Date/Time:

20th October 2000 at 10.30

Location:

25° 44.741’ N by 33° 22.832’ E. Wadi Minah. South side. Cliff face on 10 metre overhang, and rocks and boulder beneath (north-west of wadi map)

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 01020A; HW23 (RME) Description: Cliff face to left, all medium patination, except as stated 1. Ibex and other animals 2. Dog, pecked 3. Left of 2: elongated figure with large feet, scratched 4. Rock at foot of cliff: camels, ibex, ostrich 5. Symbols, light patination

MM

A

B

A B

C

D E

Cliff face to right, all medium patination, except as stated 6. Arabic writing, light patination 7. Figure holding horizontal bow 8. Above 7: ass 9. Various animals including bovids, antelopes, ostrich, ibex; other crude images, light patination Rock below cliff 10. Confused mass of images of camels, ostriches and other animals 11. Two simple sickle boats

PR

GP

E

Boulder 12. Figure with stave in each hand behind longhorned bovid suckling calf 13. Below 12: two birds with raised wings 14. Left of 13: animal

C GP D

GP

GP

196

MIN 2 Date/Time:

9th December 2000 at 08.45

Location:

25º 34.009’ N by 33º 32.042’ E. Wadi Minah. South side. 100 metre cliff face

Orientation:

Facing north

WADI MINAH

Other Site ID: 01209A Description: A B

C

Main face, from left 1. Geometric symbols (or ‘stick’ figures) 2. Other geometric symbols 3. Below 2 and above scratched ‘baseline’: two figures (one riding horse); symbols 4. Below 3 and ‘baseline’: figure holding sling or lasso 5. Rider on camel or horse

GP C

A

GP

GP B

GP

197

WADI MINAH

MIN 3

Date/Time:

9th December 2000 at 09.00

Location:

25º 33.623’ N by 33º 32.919’ E. Wadi Minah. South side. On 50 metre boulder-strewn rock face

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 01209B; HW24F (RME)?; MC-2 (EDS) Description: A

Large boulder to left centre of site 1. Three camels; two riders on horseback (one carrying lance); three figures holding tethers attached to ibex; dogs and other animals

GP

Boulders in front of cave B 2. Four armed riders on horseback; camels C 3. Figure leading apparent string of four camels with riders; two other camels, bovid; figure 4. Below 3: two camels with riders; three ibex, two ostriches, other animals D 5. Among 3: simple square boat with mast; sickle boat with mast and elaborate rigging 6. Boulder to right: figure leading camel with rider E

F

B

Boulders to right of cave 7. Camel with rider, overlain by second camel; antelope, symbols 8. Camel with rider led by figure; indistinct animals 9. c. eleven camels (facing left); ostriches, animals, symbols 10. Mounted horseman carrying lance D 11. Other symbols and images

GP C

E

GP

GP

GP

A

F

GP

198

GP

MIN 4 Date/Time:

9th December 2000 at 09.30

Location:

25º 33.494’ N by 33º 33.132’ E. Wadi Minah. South side. Large sloping boulder and surrounding rocks, in front of 20 metre cliff. Site width 50 metres

Orientation:

Facing north-east

WADI MINAH

Other Site ID: 01209C; HW24F (RME)? Description: A

B C

D E

Main boulder 1. Nine camels, two bovids with distorted horns; various geometric symbols 2. Upper face: figure holding halters attached to two camels; second figure; indistinct image 3. Two armed figures on horseback

DA

C

Boulder to left 4. Cow with long horns, second bovid with short horns; indistinct images 5. Left of 4: two small armed figures, lightly patinated Adjacent boulders 6. Two camels 7. Two figures with raised arms; camel, two bovids 8. Three animals, camel; ‘A’ symbol, lightly D patinated 9. Figure, lightly patinated; camel, animal; indistinct image 10. Various animals and symbols

DA

B

DK A

DA E

DA

DA

199

WADI MINAH

MIN 5

Date/Time:

9th December 2000 at 09.45

Location:

25º 33.404’ N by 33º 33.252’ E. Wadi Minah. South side. Many boulders around base of cliff

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 01209D; HW24F (RME)? Description:

A B

C

D

Scattered boulders Major groupings of carvings recorded 1. Animals including camels and horses, some ridden by men with lances 2. Figures, some armed with shields, bows and staves 3. Cow, with touching horns or C sundisk 4. Group of three figures, largest twin-plumed, carrying bow 5. Adjacent face to 4: horse-rider and camel 6. Three boats: two with masts, extended cabins and occupants; a third crudely drawn, lighter patination

CD D

CD

CD

A

A

CD

CD B

A

CD

CD

200 CD

MIN 6 Date/Time:

9th December 2000 at 10.00

Location:

25º 33.125’ N by 33º 33.877’ E. Wadi Minah. South side. 3 metre wide boulder

Orientation:

Facing north-west

WADI MINAH

Other Site ID: 01209E Description: A

B

Main boulder, all pecked 1. Square boat (37cm) with decorated prow and central figure 2. Two square boats with decorated prows (81cm and 59cm) 3. Eight simple square boats (39cm, 25cm, 47cm, 26cm, 39cm, 57cm, 30cm and 33cm) B 4. Square boat (27cm) with animal above deck 5. Two simple sickle boats (38cm and 20cm) 6. Sickle boat (54cm) with decorated prow and stern

GP

Boulder 20 metres to left 7. Rudimentary pecked giraffe, medium patination 8. Right of 7: camel in lighter patination with unclear carving between legs

RON

A

RON

201

WADI MINAH

MIN 7

Date/Time:

16th February 2001 at 13.12

Location:

25º 33.400’ N by 33º 38.525’ E. Wadi Minah. East side. High on left on heavily eroded sandstone ridge above igneous rock and loose boulders, opposite wadi entrance

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 10216C; HW25 (RME) Description: A

Main face 1. Figure with bow; two ibex, dog

B

Boulder to left 2. Figure (23cm) with bow 3. Right of 2: possible figure or ibex 4. Right of 3: figure (c.20cm) holding what appears to be an unusually long bow (40cm); two animals 5. Left of 2: dog and animal

C

D

Adjacent boulder 6. Two bovids 7. Below 6: four dogs, ostrich, other animals

AFH C

Other boulders 8. Indistinct images

D

AN

MM A

B

MM

202

MM

MIN 8 Date/Time:

16th February 2001 at 12.30

Location:

25º 33.294’ N by 33º 38.473’ E. Wadi Minah. East side. 50 metres from wadi entrance

Orientation:

Facing south

WADI MINAH AFH

Other Site ID: 10216B Description: A B C D

Rear face of boulder and adjoining faces 1. Two groups, each of three ostriches 2. Figure holding bow 3. Figure possibly throwing object 4. Figure with bow, with two bovids to left, two ostriches and three bushes to right 5. End of boulder: figure holding long bow 6. Boulder to north: C three animals

D

AN

AN B

A

AN

AN

203

WADI MINAH

MIN 9

Date/Time:

16th February 2001 at 10.15

Location:

25º 31.409’ N by 33º 39.034’ E. Wadi Minah. East side. Distinctive rocky outcrop, from 5 metres above wadi floor to top of vertical face

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 10216A; HW25B (RME) Description:

A

B

C

D E

F

G

H

I

J

Left Section 1. Small boulder below main outcrop: antelope, dog, light patination; other animals 2. Left of 1: simple sickle boat with two figures, figure to left 3. Below and left of 2: smaller square boat with possible figures 4. Left of 2: two small square boats 5. Back of main wall: antelope 6. In front of main wall: several ibex, animals 7. Boulder in front of face: three figures, two in skirts, medium patination; figure with triangular torso, light patination 8. Back wall: figure holding ‘mace’ 9. Left of 8: camels and indistinct carvings 10. Boulder by face: figure with triangular torso holding object, smaller figure to right 11. Above 10: bovid and ostrich Flat-topped boulder facing back wall 12. Seated figure sniffing lotus 13. Above and left of 12: figure, perhaps female, oriented sideways with feet to left, partly overlain by animal 14. Left of 13: figure similarly oriented, also partly overlain by animal 15. Right of 12: two ostriches and figure

PD A

PD E

F

Left of flat-topped boulder 16. Indistinct pecked animals 17. Above 16: two ibex 18. Behind and left of 16: figure; animals 19. Farther left: pecked figure, possibly female; ibex

PD

Right section, block broken into two 90ºL 20. Left section: large tethered bovid with calf, held by broken figure on edge of block 21. Above 20: figure with bow; ostriches, antelope, dog; marks 22. Right section: remainder of broken figure (in 20); plumed figure with hands on hips; two ibex, dog Round headland, 30 metres to right 23. Three bovids 24. Above and right of 21: three ostriches, bovid 25. Various other animals

PD

B

PD

204

WADI MINAH MIN 9 cont J

H

MM

MM C

I

MM

G

PD

PD

D

MAM

205

Wadi Atwani

MM Marker boulders at bend in Wadi Atwani south of ATW 6

206

WADI ATWANI

ATW 1 Date/Time:

21st October 2000 at 15.00

Location:

25° 59.654’N by 33° 15.981’E. Wadi Atwani. South side. Rocks over 10 metres at SE end of long isolated ridge

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 01021H; HW12 (RME) Description: A B

Boulder near wadi floor 1. Figure, possibly with bow, on horseback 2. Various animals including camels, light patination GP

Rocks 7 metres to left 3. Ibex, antelopes

B

B

Note - the elephant depictions recorded by Hans Winkler were not found

GW

GW

A

MM

207

WADI ATWANI

ATW 2

Date/Time:

21st October 2000 at 09.45

Location:

26° 00.840’N by 33° 18.405’E. Wadi Atwani. East side. Vertical cliff face near bend to east. Site stretches 200 metres southwards

Orientation:

Facing west

Other Site ID: 01021F; HW16 (RME) Description: Left (north) end of face 1. Single ibex, pecked and scratched, light patination 2. Right of 1: more ibex, possible bovid and possible lizard, all pecked, medium to A dark patination A B

GP

Right (south) end of face 3. Square boat (60cm) with decorated prow and stern, cabin or possible animal outline, nineteen crew, pecked, medium to dark patination 4. Left of 3: dogs, pecked 5. Right of 3: two animals, pecked, light patination 6. Right of 5: further animals, dark patination GP

B

GP

208

ATW 3 Date/Time:

21st October 2000 at 09.15

Location:

26° 01.086’N by 33° 18.378’E. Wadi Atwani. West side. Boulder, 4 metres square, at edge of escarpment, and nearby smaller rocks

Orientation:

Facing east

WADI ATWANI

Other Site ID: 01021E Description:

A B

C

D

Main boulder Carvings mainly on north face 1. Figure with lance on horseback, patination dark as undisturbed rock 2. Overlain by 1: faint animal 3. Right of 1: two equids with speckled bodies, pecked, medium patination 4. Right of 3: figure on horseback holding reins, scratched, medium patination 5. Below 3: three ‘stick’ animals; possible sandal or footprint; geometric symbols or possible eroded remains of animals 6. Right of 5: ‘stick’ horse with rider; ‘stick’ figure with tethered animal, scratched, medium to dark patination 7. Below 6; animal, scratched; antelope or possible oryx, pecked, medium to dark patination 8. Bottom of face: four ostriches, pecked, medium patination

GP A

PR

B

Boulder to right, images scratched, light patination 9. Figure pointing to camel 10. Right of 9: ‘stick’ figure leading camel with ‘stick’ rider; camel to left 11. Right of 10: outlined animals; symbol Adjacent rock flat on wadi floor 12. Geometric marks or sharpening scars, scratched, dark patination 13. Camel with head turned back

GP D

C

PR

GP

209

WADI ATWANI

ATW 4

Date/Time:

21st October 2000 at 09.00

Location:

26° 01.401’N by 33° 18.588’E. Wadi Atwani. South side. Cliff face behind two sloping 3 metre rocks and under overhang

Orientation:

Facing north-west

Other Site ID: 01021D Description: A B

Back of sloping rock to right of cave 1. Several poorly-pecked ibex

GP

Outer cliff face, medium patination 2. Elephant, pecked; rounded symbol below 3. Left of 2: spreadeagled animal, pecked 4. Right of 2: simple sickle boat or symbol, pecked

B

A

GP

GP

ATW 5 Date/Time:

21st October 2000 at 08.35

Location:

26° 01.515’N by 33° 19.302’E. Wadi Atwani. South side. 200 metre long hill on wide S-bend to east under narrow overhang 4 metres above wadi floor

Orientation:

Facing north

MM

Other Site ID: 01021C Description:

A

Main face 1. Eleven ibex facing left, three with light patination, remainder with dark patination 2. Possible figure with lasso, medium patination; figure on horseback, light patination, to right 3. One ibex with long horns depicted vertically 4. Other animals including two dogs, two antelopes; indistinct carving

A A

PR

210

WADI ATWANI

ATW 6 Date/Time:

21st October 2000 at 07.45

Location:

26° 01.881’N by 33° 19.655’E. Wadi Atwani. North side. Cliff face 15 metres above wadi floor, in 3 sections over a width of 30 metres

Orientation:

Facing south-east

Other Site ID: 01021A; HW17 (RME) Description:

A B

C

D E

In all cases the images described as crocodiles could equally well be lizards Outer left main face 1. Hand prints, dark patination 2. Below 1: scratched criss-cross lines or net, dark patination; possible djed pillar, medium patination 3. Surrounding 1 and 2: three or more possible crocodiles, animal, dark patination

GP A

Inner left face 4. Three hand prints; small crocodile; geometric pattern (possible hut or grid), dark patination 5. Below 4: various indistinct images including several crocodiles, figures, hand prints, possible bovid and geometric patterns, dark patination 6. Right of 5: crocodile (40cm), long tail, light patination; hand print with later overcarving, medium patination 7. Right of 6: further possible crocodiles, dark patination 8. Above and right of 7: crocodile (50cm) with shorter tail and claws on hind feet, medium patination 9. Right of 8: ‘hedgehog’, spread claws, medium patination 10. Below 9: crocodile, dark patination, ‘lugged pot’ shape (similar to 17) below; ostrich to left 11. Right of 9: crocodile (75cm) with long claws 12. Right of 11 (around corner): six ibex and other carvings

D

MM B

E GP C

GP

GP

211

GP

WADI ATWANI ATW 6 cont

F

G

H

I

J

K

Centre face, 4 metres wide, medium patination 13. Two elephants (135cm and 82cm), both pecked 14. Above 13: indeterminate symbols or animals

F

Right face, 10 metres wide 15. Elephant, dark patination; large pecked ‘U-shape’ below and left 16. Above 15: animal (possible giraffe) facing upwards, dark patination 17. Right of 15: ‘lugged pot’, pecked, dark patination 18. Right of 17: hand print and three ibex, medium patination 19. Right of 18: further ‘lugged pot’ shape H 20. Between ibex: figure (46cm) with distinct fingers and long wavy plume, figure to right 21. Below 15 and 18: ibex; indistinct images and network of wavy lines (possible map) Boulder on wadi floor in front of left face 22. Top and side face: fifty plus cupules; sets of short parallel lines; ibex

GP I

GP

GP

G

MM

212

WADI ATWANI ATW 6 cont L M

Boulder 10 metres in front of right face 23. Figures of various sizes, some with splayed fingers; ibex; mounted figure near centre, dark patination 24. Right of 23: broken circle with radiating lines (possible sun depiction), dark patination with two figures each side, other carvings below

K

J

MM

‘Map’ image enhanced MM

L

K

MM

MM M

MM

213

WADI ATWANI

ATW 7

Date/Time:

21st October 2000 at 08.30

Location:

26° 01.904’N by 33° 19.761’E. Wadi Atwani. South side. Large boulder with small boulder to left

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 01021B Description: A

Front of small boulder, all medium/dark patination 1. Upper centre: figure with tethers attached to bovids on either side 2. Ibex and further bovids 3. Left of 1: possible small sickle boat Large boulder 4. Figure behind camel, both with medium patination

B

Nearby boulder flat on wadi floor 5. Two scratched antelopes, pecked bovid

B

GP A

GP

MM Wadi Atwani southwards from ATW 2

PR

214

Wadi Hammamat

View across Hammamat road from HAM 4

215

MM

WADI HAMMAMAT

HAM 1

Date/Time:

10th December 2000 at 08.15

Location:

25º 55.274’N by 33º 15.693’E. Wadi Hammamat. North side. Isolated outcrop (Qusur el Banat) and boulders immediately to east

Orientation:

Facing east

Other Site ID: 01210A; HW1 (RME), R&R Description:

A B C D E

F

Flat-topped boulder, sloping to west, near SE corner of outcrop 1. Top surface: various geometric symbols, mostly incised, and many rectilinear, including a deeply-cut pentagram; at least twenty sandal prints and a number of cupules, some containing incised symbols 2. Overlain by 1: two pecked sickle boats (65cm and 36cm) 3. North, east and south faces: inscriptions in Arabic and other scripts, indistinct symbols and images Central boulder, north of above 4. Possible pecked square boat 5. Below 4: pecked ibex 6. Various incised marks

GP E

GP C

Boulder, north of central boulder 7. South-west face: confused mass of images possibly including three boats 8. Other faces: extensive inscriptions, mainly Arabic, and other scripts East face of main outcrop 9. On smooth face about 2 metres above ground level: square boat (23cm) 10. Right of 9: confused images 11. Right of 10: antelope overlain by divided square

GP I

D

180º

GP

216

GP

WADI HAMMAMAT HAM 1 cont

G

H

I

East face of main outcrop (cont) F 12. Below 11: sickle boat (82cm) with cabin, steering oars; ostriches above deck 13. Below and right of 12: pecked sickle boat (54cm), decorated prow 14. Overcarved on 13: hieroglyphic panel (46cm tall) 15. Right of 13: incurved square boat (c.60cm), decorated prow; giraffe to right 16. Right of 15: further confused images 17. Right of 16: sickle boat (74cm), decorated stern; camel to left 18. On rougher surface below 9-17: incised realistic drawing of a horse’s head 19. Various eroded marks; Arabic date ‘3/9/2000’, light patination 20. Three bovids, ibex 21. Left panel: ibex; Arabic inscription; date ‘1977’ These surfaces contain a plethora of overcarved images and the descriptions are representative of the more obvious carvings

GP

B

A

GP

GP

G

H

GP

217

RON

WADI HAMMAMAT

HAM 2

Date/Time:

22nd October 2000 at 08.35

Location:

25° 55.981’N by 33° 21.199’E Wadi Hammamat. South side. Opposite HAM 3 and HAM 4. 20 metres above wadi floor under overhang near top of escarpment, on boulders near base of rock face. Site 18 metres wide

.

Orientation:

Facing north-west

Other Site ID: 01022C; HW3 (RME), R&R Description: A B

C

D

E

MM

Main site, under overhang 1. Falcon; hieroglyphs, incised, medium to dark patination 2. Right of 1: falcon, incised, medium patination; overlying square boat, pecked 3. Right of 2: animals, incised, medium patination 4. Square boat with high prow 5. Above 2, near top of face: sickle boat (39cm) with seventeen crew, pecked, medium to dark patination Rocks, right of main face 6. Figure holding tether attached to bovid and geometric symbol 7. Separate rock: symbols in light patination 8. Right and below 7: antelope facing downwards, medium patination 9. Right of 8: ibex, dog to right; figure with bow above dog, incised and pecked, light/ medium patination

D

Boulders at foot of escarpment 10. Left boulder: two ibex and two dogs, elephant to left 11. Right boulder: elephants, oryx

GP

E

GP

218

WADI HAMMAMAT HAM 2 cont C

D

MM

GP A

B

MM

GP

View from HAM 2 across Wadi Hammamat to HAM 3 and HAM 4

219

GP

WADI HAMMAMAT

HAM 3

Date/Time:

22nd October 2000 at 07.20

Location:

25° 56.277’N by 33° 21.310’E. Wadi Hammamat. North side. South-west quadrant of rocky hill. Site 130 metres wide

Orientation:

Facing south

Other Site ID: 01022A; HW2 (RME), R&R Description: A

B

C

D

E

F

Left side of hill, on and near rock outcrop 1. Face: geometric symbols; linear grooves (knife-sharpening marks?) 2. Adjacent flat rock on wadi floor: pecked bovid with speckled infill; symbols; linear grooves 3. Rock to right: camel, pecked; symbols; grooves 4. Other adjacent rocks: symbols, grooves and animals Main face, pecked, medium patination except as noted 5. Upper panel: sickle boat with central figure, towed by second figure with third standing by the stern 6. Above 5: speckled animal, elephant, caprid 7. Right of 6: two figures apparently embracing; camel, other indistinct animals 8. Lower panel: sickle boat with mast; animal to left; small sickle boat above K 9. Right of 8: square mark; simple square boat above to left; figure above and right 10. Right of 9: square boat with high prow and stern and mast with diagonal yard; ‘stick’ animal 11. Above and left of 10: animal, possible elephant; double-looped symbol 12. Right of 11: sickle boat with mast; animal; sickle boat with mast and rigging, lightly patinated 13. Right of 12: key-shaped symbol, lightly patinated

GP A

GP H

GP O

GP

J

G

Under overhang at foot of outcrop, medium patination except as noted 14. Symbols, grooves; ‘stick’ animals 15. Right of 14: three similar ‘stick’ figures with looped arms; hieroglyphs (traces of chalk)

GP

220

GP

WADI HAMMAMAT HAM 3 cont

H

I

J K L M

Under overhang at foot of outcrop (cont) 16. Right of 15: camel, animal; symbols (some X-shaped) 17. Right of 16: symbols; grooves; animals 18. Above 17: hieroglyphs

B

Right face of outcrop, 2 metres above wadi floor 19. Upper panel: figures, one in orant pose; bovid, seven ibex, six asses, dogs, antelope, other animals, medium patination; symbol to right, light patination 20. Lower panel: elephant, hippopotamus, gerenuk all in darker patination; tethered ostrich and ibex, medium patination; symbols (possible boat) in light patination Boulders at edge of escarpment, 30 metres to right, incised, medium to dark patination 21. Central boulder: bird, bovid, oryx below 22. Right of 21: two oryx with another animal 23. Rock to left of 22: line of symbols 24. Boulder 10 metres to right of 23: oryx followed by possible dog 25. Other boulders to right: animals, perhaps asses, ostriches, ibex 26. Figures; antelopes and other animals

GP G

Large sloping boulder near wadi floor, 10 metres to right, incised, medium or dark patination N 27. Arabic inscription L O 28. Vertical line of hieroglyphs 29. Rock in front and to right: crude ibex; other incisions

P

Q

Overhang near top of escarpment 30. Hunting scene: archer, dog and ibex bearing boxshaped structure, pecked except for incised ‘box’ 31. Headless figure, light patination

MM

GP

D

E

GP

GP

221

WADI HAMMAMAT HAM 3 cont I

M

MM N

GP MM

F

Q

P

GP

GP

MM

C

GP

222

HAM 4 Date/Time:

22nd October 2000 at 07.45

Location:

25° 56.295’N by 33° 21.414’E. Wadi Hammamat. North side. Right centre of rocky hill on larger two of three boulders in front of escarpment 200 metres east of HAM3

Orientation:

Facing south

WADI HAMMAMAT

Other Site ID: 01022B; HW2 (RME) Description:

A

B

C

D

E

F

G H

Medium boulder, pecked with medium/ dark patination 1. Possible sickle boat, five crew; ibex, three ostriches; multiple curved lines, all pecked 2. Near raised section: pair of sandals, one with ‘straps’ incised over animal and above pecked ibex 3. Raised section: row of eleven cupules; incised ibex; curved and straight lines, pecked and incised 4. Below 2: animal, pecked; array of incised roughly parallel lines 5. Below 4: simple sickle boat; possible figure; inverted sickle boat, all pecked 6. Above and right of 5: incised bovid with three neck appendages; other animals; deep grooves; other indistinct pecked mages 7. Above 6 (on slightly raised section of rock): incised pair of sandals, one with cross 8. West face: figures; antelopes, ibex, caprids Sides of large boulder, pecked with medium/dark patination unless stated 9. West face: incurved sickle boat with cabin, decorated prow and figure 10. Right of 9: caprid 11. Below 9: confused mass of overlapping images of ibex, ostriches and other animals 12. Incised sickle boat with two cabins; ibex; geometric symbols 13. East face: sickle boat with cabin and pointing twin-plumed figure 14. North face: square boat, central cabin, high prow and stern; simple square boat

MM

A

PR F

MM

223

WADI HAMMAMAT HAM 4 cont

I

J

K

Top of large boulder, medium/dark patination 15-19 stylistically similar to boats depicted in Nekhen Tomb 100 15. Top left: square boat with high prow and two central cabins, pecked 16. Top centre: sickle boat 17. On sloping face above 16: simple sickle boat with damage at centre where rock has eroded 18. Top right: large outline sickle boat with rounded ends, mast, possible central figure overlying smaller outline sickle boat, both pecked; incised antelope above and parallel incised horizontal lines below smaller boat 19. Mid left, below 15: sickle boat with two round cabins and mast with ‘Min’ totem near prow 20. Mid centre: sickle boat with cabin and sixteen oars 21. Figure on a baseline holding bow and arrow 22. Simple square boat with possible orant figure below

K

E H GP B MM C

MM

MM

G

D

MM

MM

J

GP

I

MM

224

MM

HAM 5 Date/Time:

8th September 2001 at 11.25

Location:

25° 56.895’N by 33° 22.190’E. Wadi Hammamat. North side. Vertical face 4 metres above wadi floor, near mouth of Wadi Abu Kua

Orientation:

Facing south-east

WADI HAMMAMAT

Other Site ID: 10908A Description: A B

Main face 1. Sickle boat, apparently unfinished, pecked, light to medium patination; other marks 2. 5 metres to right: five ibex, five antelopes, ostrich, dog

GP

A

GP

GP

B

GP

225

WADI HAMMAMAT

HAM 6

Date/Time:

21st October 2000 at 13.25

Location:

25° 58.113’N by 33° 22.541’E. Wadi Hammamat. North side. 4 kms north of wadi by west escarpment in Wadi Abu Kua, on flat-topped boulder in front of two freestanding vertical slabs

Orientation:

Facing north-east

Other Site ID: 01021G Description: A

Main face 1. Incised ‘lute’-shaped symbol, light patination 2. Right and below 1: several ibex, barbary sheep, dogs, antelope, other animals, medium patination 3. Figure holding stave, light patination 4. Other indistinct images, light patination

GP A

GP

GP Wadi Atwani northwards from ATW 2

GP

226

Hammamat Schist Quarry

Hammamat Schist Quarry (south side) viewed from the west

GP

227

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY

HSQ 1

Date/Time:

22nd October 2000 at 9.30

Location:

25° 59.439’ N by 33° 34.159’ E. Wadi Hammamat Schist Quarry. Mainly south of road, in narrow gorge. Many smooth dark rock faces close to road. Site extends over 100 metres width and to 6 metres above road

Orientation:

Mostly facing north

Other Site ID: 01022F Description: South side - east section (left side)

GP

MM

GP

MM

228

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY HSQ 1 cont

MM

GP

MAM

MAM

MAM

229

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY HSQ 1 cont South side - central section

GP

MM

GP GP

GP

230

GP

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY HSQ 1 cont

GP GP GP

GP

GP

GP

231

GP

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY HSQ 1 cont

MAM MM

MM

South side - west section (right side)

GP

GP

232

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY HSQ 1 cont

MM

GP

MAM

MAM

233

MAM

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY HSQ 1 cont

GP MAM

MAM

GP

GP

234

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY HSQ 1 cont

GP

MAM

GP

GP

MAM

235

GP

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY HSQ 1 cont North side, opposite southern section: further inscriptions and unfinished sarcophagi

RM

GP

GP

GP

236

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY

HSQ 2 Date/Time:

22nd October 2000 at 10.15

Location:

25° 59.485’N by 33° 34.261’E. Wadi Hammamat Schist Quarry. South side. Vertically split rockface, 2.5 metres wide, and adjacent surfaces 100 metres east of main site

Orientation:

Facing north

Other Site ID: 01022D Description: A

B

C

D

Main face Multiple overlying carvings - many Pharaonic in style (incised) and earlier (pecked) 1. Top left: six-line Arabic inscription A 2. Right of 1: Pharaonic images, including Anubis and two pecked antelopes 3. Below 1: three cartouches - two erased; hieroglyphic inscriptions 4. Right of 3 and below 2: further hieroglyphic inscription enclosed in rectangle 5. Right of 4 and vertical crack in face: Pharaonic images, including Anubis and antelopes; hieroglyphic inscriptions; incised, incurved sickle boat with cabin 6. Right of 5: cartouche and serekh; pecked and incised ibex; orant figures; other indistinct marks, pecked serpentine lines

GP

GP D

GP

Adjacent rocks and faces both sides of above 7. Several large-scale hieroglyphic inscriptions 8. Small sickle boat, roughly pecked, light patination 9. Four ostriches; orant figure 10. Other animals, figures and boats

C

B

GP

237

GP GP

HAMMAMAT SCHIST QUARRY Date/Time:

22nd October 2000 at 10.30

Location:

25° 59.677’N by 33° 34.393’E. Wadi Hammamat. North side. Vertical face of outcrop near slight bend in road, 200 metres east of schist quarry

Orientation:

Facing east

HSQ 3

Other Site ID: 01022E Description: A Rock surface, all pecked with various

patinations Carvings at base of rock are in dark patination; rest of surface in various patinations 1. 2.

B 3.

MM

B

Animals, mainly ibex, antelopes, also lizard/crocodile; dark or medium patination Lighter patinated images including ibex and figures with bow or shield; antelopes, dogs, camels, ‘sail’ and ostriches, some running Right of 2 on split rock face: figure; oryx, ibex, dogs, all pecked, light/medium patination

Farther to right 4. Group of hieroglyphs, including ‘Golden Horus’ inscription, light/medium patination

GP

A

GP

238

Appendices I. DVD Contents II. Photographer Credits III. Re-recorded Sites IV. Composite List of Rock Art Sites in Survey Area V. Glossary VI. Bibliography VII. Survey Teams

View across Wadi Umm Salam from the Jacuzzi Site (SAL 14)

239

GP

APPENDIX I

DVD Contents The accompanying DVD contains an archive of rock art photographs from the area surveyed in the Eastern Desert. The images include the most representative taken at the sites recorded. Sites are displayed in the same sequence as in the volume: by site within wadi and in two sections – wadis with full coverage and wadis with ‘in-filled’ coverage to complement other published surveys.

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Additionally the DVD contains:

• • • • • • • • • •

Maps of each wadi indicating the position of the sites Satellite images of the survey area with sites and routes highlighted GPS co-ordinates of all known sites in the target area in both Old Egyptian and WGS84 datums Images from other recorded sites in the survey area Samples of blank and completed site recording forms An explanation of issues concerning the preparation of images with correct tonal hues A paper by one of the editors on Egyptian trade with India via desert routes A sample of one of the survey reports Images and evidence of possible ancient maps Details of the editors and links to web sites

READING THE DVD Our aim is for the DVD to be fully intuitive and it is recommended that the files on the DVD are copied to a dedicated folder on a suitable hard drive. This will ensure faster access than can be achieved from directly reading the DVD itself. However assuming that initial access is required from the DVD then a self-loading module has been included: • Place the DVD into the preferred CD/DVD drive and it should self-load into your default web browser (Mozilla Firefox has an advantage in that it provides access without the warning messages inherent in Internet Explorer) • Should the DVD fail to self-load, open the root directory in Windows Explorer and double click the file DEFAULT - the disk will then open in a default browser window Assuming the DVD files have been copied to a hard drive then the DEFAULT.HTM file can be read either from there, through an internet browser, or from Windows Explorer. It is suggested that once opened the ‘web’ page is bookmarked to enable future direct access from the browser.

IMAGE SETTINGS The majority of photos on the DVD have been scanned and scaled to a uniform 1,500dpi width for landscape and 1,500 height for portrait images. This setting enables the archive of over 2,500 images to be accommodated on a single DVD and displayed at a quality comparable with that of the original images.

DVD LAYOUT The first screen is the Entry Menu which explains how to make use of the main menu. It also contains a link to ‘About Us’ details listing brief CVs of the editors, contact details and other publications. There are also links at the foot of the page to associated web sites. To access the Main Menu click anywhere within the box containing the image of the main menu (see opposite). The Main Menu lists the wadis surveyed and allows access to sites via the Site Menus. It also contains links to the additional material. Each Site Menu page lists the sub-sites with thumbnails of every image included for the sub-site and identifiers on each image. Clicking on any thumbnail brings up a full window display of the image which is automatically scaled to fit the screen, unless the image is smaller than the screen resolution. Clicking on the ‘full window’ image displays it at its maximum size which in many cases results in a magnified and marginally clearer picture. To return to the Site Menu press either the ‘Backspace’ key or the ‘Back’ button in the browser toolbar. 240

APPENDIX I DVD Contents cont The ‘Home’ button on either Main or Site Menus switches back to the Entry Menu. The ‘Back’ button on the Site Menu returns to the Main Menu.

Entry Menu (describing Main Menu)

Site Menu

All images have been downsized from the scans to enable more efficient use on a computer screen by balancing file size, clarity and access speed. However the original scans are available along with the Desert RATS Site Recording Sheets and Photographic Logs and can be viewed by arrangement with the editors. Please note that, as with this book, all the information on the DVD is fully protected by copyright. Permission for use of any copyright material must be obtained from the editors prior to use. 241

APPENDICES II & III

Photographer Credits Each photograph in the body of the catalogue is identified by 2 or 3 initials mostly in the bottom right-hand corner of the image. These refer to the individual photographer as identified below: AFH CHC CD DA DK GP GW MAM MG MH

Alan Hall Christopher Coleman Chris Dann David Ashby Don King Geoff Phillipson Gurth Walton Maggie Morrow Malcolm Gay Martin Heydon

MM PD PR RM RON SA TJ TW WD AN

Mike Morrow Pete Dixon Paul Reynolds Richard Morrow Roger O’Neil Shirley Asher Tony Judd Toby Wilkinson Bill Dixon Anonymous

All photographs remain the copyright of the photographers

Re-recorded Sites Site Name Previous ID

Site Name

Previous ID

ATW 1 ATW 2 ATW 6 BAR 2 BAR 3 HAM 1 HAM 2 HAM 3 HAM 4 MIN 1 MIN 3 MIN 4 MIN 5 MIN 7 MIN 9 MUA 1 MUA 5

MUA 12 SAL 1 SAL 2 SAL 3 SAL 4 SAL 5 SAL 7 SAL 32 SAL 33 SAL 34 WAS 1 WAS 2 WAS 3 WAS 4 WAS 5 WAS 6 WAS 7

JEW-1 (EDS) MS-1 (EDS) JC-1 (EDS) LP-1/OW-1 (EDS) MG-1 (EDS) CT-1 (EDS) MAM-1 (EDS) CM-1 (EDS) CM-1 (EDS) CM-1 (EDS) HW39 (RME) HW38 (RME) HW38 (RME) HW26 (RME) HW26 (RME) HW27 (RME) HW28 (RME)

HW12 (RME) HW16 (RME) HW17 (RME) WB-1 (GF) WB-2B (GF) HW1 (RME); (R&R) HW3 (RME); (R&R) HW2 (RME); (R&R) HW2 (RME) HW23 (RME) HW24F (RME)?; MC-2 (EDS) HW24F (RME)? HW24F (RME)? HW25 (RME) HW25B (RME) CW-1 (EDS) MA-2 (EDS) EDS GF R&R RME

Eastern Desert Survey (David Rohl) Gerald Fuchs Susan Redford and Donald Redford Robert Mond Expedition (Hans Winkler)

242

APPENDIX IV

Composite List of Rock Art Sites in Survey Area Old Egyptian Datum RATS

EDS

RME

ATW 1 ATW 2 ATW 3 ATW 4 ATW 5 ATW 6 ATW 7 BAR 1 BAR 2 BAR 3 BAR 4 DAH 1 DAH 2 HAJ 1 HAJ 2 HAJ 3 HAJ 4 HAJ 5 HAJ 6 HAJ 7 HAJ 8 HAJ 9 HAM 1 HAM 2 HAM 3 HAM 4 HAM 5 HAM 6 HSQ 1 HSQ 2 HSQ 3 IQA 1 IQA 2 IQA 3 IQA 4 IQA 5 IQA 6 IQA 7 IQA 8 IQA 9 IQA 10 IQA 11 IQA 12 IQA 13 IQA 14 IQA 15 MIN 1 MIN 2 MIN 3 MIN 4 MIN 5 MIN 6 MIN 7 MIN 8 MIN 9 MIY 1 MIY 2

(01021H) (01021F) (01021E) (01021D) (01021C) (01021A) (01021B) (10213A) (01206A) (01206B) (01206C) (10217F) (10217I) (10217L) (10217O) (10217N) (10217M) (10217Q) (10217P) (10217R) (10218A) (10218B) (01210A) (01022C) (01022A) (01022B) (10908A) (01021G) (01022F) (01022D) (01022E) (10217K) (10217J) (10217H) (10217G) (10217D) (10217E) (10217S) (10217C) (10217A) (10217B) (10216G) (10216F) (10216H) (10216D) (10216E) (01020A) (01209A) (01209B) MC-2 (01209C) (01209D) (01209E) (10216C) (10216B) (10216A) (10218G) (10218H)

HW12 HW16

Others

HW17 WB-1 WB-2B

HW1 HW3 HW2 HW2

HW23 HW24F ? HW24F ? HW24F ? HW25 HW25B

R&R R&R R&R

WGS84 Datum

Latitude

Longitude

Latitude

Longitude

25º 59.654' N 26º 0.840' N 26º 1.086' N 26º 1.401' N 26º 1.515' N 26º 1.881' N 26º 1.904' N 25º 3.496' N 25º 0.854' N 25º 0.894' N 25º 1.136' N 25º 26.428' N 25º 26.370' N 25º 13.291' N 25º 13.261' N 25º 13.285' N 25º 13.463' N 25º 13.396' N 25º 13.420' N 25º 13.345' N 25º 13.298' N 25º 13.293' N 25º 55.274' N 25º 55.981' N 25º 56.277' N 25º 56.295' N 25º 56.895' N 25º 58.113' N 25º 59.439' N 25º 59.485' N 25º 59.677' N 25º 21.594' N 25º 21.732' N 25º 22.194' N 25º 23.740' N 25º 27.111' N 25º 27.174' N 25º 26.704' N 25º 26.793' N 25º 27.077' N 25º 27.191' N 25º 27.492' N 25º 27.562' N 25º 27.633' N 25º 27.685' N 25º 27.818' N 25º 44.741' N 25º 34.009' N 25º 33.623' N 25º 33.494' N 25º 33.404' N 25º 33.125' N 25º 33.400' N 25º 33.294' N 25º 31.409' N 25º 1.165' N 25º 8.521' N

33º 15.981' E 33º 18.405' E 33º 18.378' E 33º 18.588' E 33º 19.302' E 33º 19.655' E 33º 19.761' E 33º 4.815' E 33º 30.922' E 33º 31.292' E 33º 35.627' E 33º 33.491' E 33º 33.502' E 33º 33.164' E 33º 33.205' E 33º 33.242' E 33º 33.331' E 33º 33.647' E 33º 33.665' E 33º 34.286' E 33º 34.986' E 33º 35.058' E 33º 15.693' E 33º 21.199' E 33º 21.310' E 33º 21.414' E 33º 22.190' E 33º 22.541' E 33º 34.159' E 33º 34.261' E 33º 34.393' E 33º 34.490' E 33º 34.522' E 33º 34.760' E 33º 36.189' E 33º 36.775' E 33º 36.729' E 33º 36.106' E 33º 36.047' E 33º 35.786' E 33º 36.355' E 33º 36.073' E 33º 36.083' E 33º 35.762' E 33º 35.744' E 33º 36.095' E 33º 22.832' E 33º 32.042' E 33º 32.919' E 33º 33.132' E 33º 33.252' E 33º 33.877' E 33º 38.525' E 33º 38.473' E 33º 39.034' E 33º 24.382' E 33º 35.529' E

25º 59.660' N 26º 0.846' N 26º 1.092' N 26º 1.407' N 26º 1.521' N 26º 1.887' N 26º 1.910' N 25º 3.502' N 25º 0.860' N 25º 0.900' N 25º 1.142' N 25º 26.434' N 25º 26.376' N 25º 13.297' N 25º 13.267' N 25º 13.291' N 25º 13.469' N 25º 13.402' N 25º 13.426' N 25º 13.351' N 25º 13.304' N 25º 13.299' N 25º 55.280' N 25º 55.987' N 25º 56.283' N 25º 56.301' N 25º 56.901' N 25º 58.119' N 25º 59.445' N 25º 59.491' N 25º 59.683' N 25º 21.600' N 25º 21.738' N 25º 22.200' N 25º 23.746' N 25º 27.117' N 25º 27.180' N 25º 26.710' N 25º 26.799' N 25º 27.083' N 25º 27.197' N 25º 27.498' N 25º 27.568' N 25º 27.639' N 25º 27.691' N 25º 27.824' N 25º 44.747' N 25º 34.015' N 25º 33.629' N 25º 33.500' N 25º 33.410' N 25º 33.131' N 25º 33.406' N 25º 33.300' N 25º 31.415' N 25º 1.171' N 25º 8.527' N

33º 16.079' E 33º 18.503' E 33º 18.476' E 33º 18.686' E 33º 19.400' E 33º 19.753' E 33º 19.859' E 33º 4.912' E 33º 31.019' E 33º 31.389' E 33º 35.724' E 33º 33.589' E 33º 33.600' E 33º 33.261' E 33º 33.302' E 33º 33.339' E 33º 33.428' E 33º 33.744' E 33º 33.762' E 33º 34.383' E 33º 35.083' E 33º 35.155' E 33º 15.791' E 33º 21.297' E 33º 21.408' E 33º 21.512' E 33º 22.288' E 33º 22.639' E 33º 34.257' E 33º 34.359' E 33º 34.491' E 33º 34.587' E 33º 34.619' E 33º 34.857' E 33º 36.287' E 33º 36.873' E 33º 36.827' E 33º 36.204' E 33º 36.145' E 33º 35.884' E 33º 36.453' E 33º 36.171' E 33º 36.181' E 33º 35.860' E 33º 35.842' E 33º 36.193' E 33º 22.930' E 33º 32.140' E 33º 33.017' E 33º 33.230' E 33º 33.350' E 33º 33.975' E 33º 38.623' E 33º 38.571' E 33º 39.132' E 33º 24.479' E 33º 35.626' E

243

APPENDIX IV Composite List of Rock Art Sites in Survey Area cont

Old Egyptian Datum RATS MIY 3 MIY 4 MIY 5 MIY 6 MIY 7 MUA 1 MUA 2 MUA 3 MUA 4 MUA 5 MUA 6 MUA 7 MUA 8 MUA 9 MUA 10 MUA 11 MUA 12 MUA 13 MUA 14 MUA 15 MUA 16 MUA 17 MUA 18 MUA 19 MUA 20 MUA 21 MUA 22 SAL 1 SAL 2 SAL 3 SAL 4 SAL 5 SAL 6 SAL 7 SAL 8 SAL 9 SAL 10 SAL 11 SAL 12 SAL 13 SAL 14 SAL 15 SAL 16 SAL 17 SAL 18 SAL 19 SAL 20 SAL 21 SAL 22 SAL 23 SAL 24 SAL 25 SAL 26 SAL 27 SAL 28 SAL 29 SAL 30

EDS (10218I) (10218C) (10218D) (10218F) (10218E) (01018C) (01208E) (01208D) (01208C) (01018D) (01208A) (01208B) (10214S) (10214T) (10214U) (10214V) (01018E) (10214Y) (10214R) (10214W) (10215C) (10215B) (10214Q) (10215A) (10214P) (10214O) (10214N) (10213G) (10213H) (10213I) (10213L) (10213K) (10213F) (01018B) (10213B) (01018A) (10213E) (10213C) (01207A) (10213D) (01207B) (01207C) (01207H) (01207I) (01207J) (01207K) (01207L) (01207M) (01207N) (01207O) (01207P) (01207Q) (01207R) (01207S) (10214X) (01207T) (10214K)

CW-1

MA-2

JEW-1

MS-1 JC-1 LP-1/OW-1 MG-1 CT-1 MAM-1

RME

Others

Latitude 25º 8.584' N 25º 8.504' N 25º 8.586' N 25º 8.707' N 25º 8.561' N 25º 14.876' N 25º 15.100' N 25º 15.213' N 25º 15.762' N 25º 15.791' N 25º 15.950' N 25º 15.972' N 25º 16.263' N 25º 16.440' N 25º 16.626' N 25º 16.666' N 25º 17.092' N 25º 17.066' N 25º 16.975' N 25º 16.662' N 25º 16.599' N 25º 16.867' N 25º 16.557' N 25º 16.990' N 25º 17.288' N 25º 17.599' N 25º 17.824' N 25º 14.812' N 25º 14.864' N 25º 14.861' N 25º 14.887' N 25º 14.890' N 25º 14.845' N 25º 14.815' N 25º 14.835' N 25º 14.785' N 25º 14.821' N 25º 14.866' N 25º 14.914' N 25º 14.885' N 25º 14.916' N 25º 14.927' N 25º 14.910' N 25º 14.916' N 25º 14.944' N 25º 14.935' N 25º 14.942' N 25º 14.934' N 25º 14.954' N 25º 15.011' N 25º 15.064' N 25º 15.092' N 25º 15.149' N 25º 15.183' N 25º 15.212' N 25º 15.184' N 25º 15.210' N

244

Longitude 33º 35.827' E 33º 36.493' E 33º 36.761' E 33º 36.941' E 33º 36.991' E 33º 32.689' E 33º 33.131' E 33º 33.131' E 33º 33.447' E 33º 33.420' E 33º 33.154' E 33º 33.097' E 33º 33.510' E 33º 33.761' E 33º 34.509' E 33º 35.158' E 33º 35.414' E 33º 35.498' E 33º 35.561' E 33º 35.739' E 33º 35.778' E 33º 36.192' E 33º 36.644' E 33º 37.531' E 33º 37.687' E 33º 37.728' E 33º 37.710' E 33º 33.364' E 33º 33.683' E 33º 33.747' E 33º 33.749' E 33º 33.768' E 33º 33.847' E 33º 33.893' E 33º 33.981' E 33º 33.996' E 33º 34.043' E 33º 34.131' E 33º 34.182' E 33º 34.184' E 33º 34.198' E 33º 34.222' E 33º 34.238' E 33º 34.273' E 33º 34.292' E 33º 34.319' E 33º 34.354' E 33º 34.372' E 33º 34.412' E 33º 34.648' E 33º 34.872' E 33º 34.889' E 33º 34.943' E 33º 35.066' E 33º 35.179' E 33º 35.222' E 33º 35.330' E

WGS84 Datum Latitude

Longitude

25º 8.590' N 25º 8.510' N 25º 8.592' N 25º 8.713' N 25º 8.567' N 25º 14.882' N 25º 15.106' N 25º 15.219' N 25º 15.768' N 25º 15.797' N 25º 15.956' N 25º 15.978' N 25º 16.269' N 25º 16.446' N 25º 16.632' N 25º 16.672' N 25º 17.098' N 25º 17.072' N 25º 16.981' N 25º 16.668' N 25º 16.605' N 25º 16.873' N 25º 16.563' N 25º 16.996' N 25º 17.294' N 25º 17.605' N 25º 17.830' N 25º 14.818' N 25º 14.870' N 25º 14.867' N 25º 14.893' N 25º 14.896' N 25º 14.851' N 25º 14.821' N 25º 14.841' N 25º 14.791' N 25º 14.827' N 25º 14.872' N 25º 14.920' N 25º 14.891' N 25º 14.922' N 25º 14.933' N 25º 14.916' N 25º 14.922' N 25º 14.950' N 25º 14.941' N 25º 14.948' N 25º 14.940' N 25º 14.960' N 25º 15.017' N 25º 15.070' N 25º 15.098' N 25º 15.155' N 25º 15.189' N 25º 15.218' N 25º 15.190' N 25º 15.216' N

33º 35.924' E 33º 36.590' E 33º 36.858' E 33º 37.038' E 33º 37.088' E 33º 32.786' E 33º 33.228' E 33º 33.228' E 33º 33.544' E 33º 33.517' E 33º 33.251' E 33º 33.194' E 33º 33.607' E 33º 33.858' E 33º 34.606' E 33º 35.255' E 33º 35.511' E 33º 35.595' E 33º 35.658' E 33º 35.836' E 33º 35.875' E 33º 36.289' E 33º 36.741' E 33º 37.628' E 33º 37.784' E 33º 37.825' E 33º 37.807' E 33º 33.461' E 33º 33.780' E 33º 33.844' E 33º 33.846' E 33º 33.865' E 33º 33.944' E 33º 33.990' E 33º 34.078' E 33º 34.093' E 33º 34.140' E 33º 34.228' E 33º 34.279' E 33º 34.281' E 33º 34.295' E 33º 34.319' E 33º 34.335' E 33º 34.370' E 33º 34.389' E 33º 34.416' E 33º 34.451' E 33º 34.469' E 33º 34.509' E 33º 34.745' E 33º 34.969' E 33º 34.986' E 33º 35.040' E 33º 35.163' E 33º 35.276' E 33º 35.319' E 33º 35.427' E

APPENDIX IV Composite List of Rock Art Sites in Survey Area cont

Old Egyptian Datum RATS SAL 31 SAL 32 SAL 33 SAL 34 SAL 35 SAL 36 SAL 37 SAL 38 SAL 39 SAL 40 SAL 41 SAL 42 SAL 43 SAL 44 SAL 45 SAL 46 SAL 47 SHA 1 SHA 2 SHA 3 SHA 4 SHA 5 SHA 6 SHA 7 SHA 8 SHA 9 SHA 10 SHA 11 SHA 12 SHA 13 SHA 14 WAS 1 WAS 2 WAS 3 WAS 4 WAS 5 WAS 6 WAS 7 WAS 8 WAS 9

EDS (10214J) (10214I) CM-1 (10214G) CM-1 (01207D) CM-1 (10214D) (10214H) (10214M) (10214C) (01207E) (10214A) (10214F) (01207F) (10214E) (10214B) (01207G) (10214L) (80208A) (10215D) (10215F) (10215H) (10215G) (10215I) (10215J) (10215K) (10215L) (10215R) (10215Q) (10215M) (10215N) (10215O) (10215P) (01019C) (01019B) (01019A) (01208F) (01019D) (01019E) (01019H) (01019G) (01019F) AB-1 AB-2 AG-1 AM-1 * AW-1 AW-2 * BL-1 CC-1 * CT-2 * DA-1 DB-1 DF-1 DK-1 DR-1 DR-2 * DTF-1 DTF-2 *

RME

HW39 HW38 HW38 HW26 HW26 HW27 HW28 HW24J HW14 HW26 HW26 HW26 HW26

HW26 HW26

Others

Latitude

25º 14.914' N 25º 14.900' N 25º 14.856' N 25º 14.924' N 25º 14.953' N 25º 14.959' N 25º 14.944' N 25º 14.930' N 25º 15.063' N 25º 15.158' N 25º 15.198' N 25º 14.954' N 25º 14.895' N 25º 14.705' N 25º 14.804' N 25º 14.819' N 25º 14.975' N 25º 16.203' N 25º 17.493' N 25º 17.706' N 25º 17.571' N 25º 18.014' N 25º 19.194' N 25º 19.248' N 25º 19.411' N 25º 19.623' N 25º 19.876' N 25º 20.131' N 25º 20.564' N 25º 19.904' N 25º 20.555' N 25º 30.868' N 25º 31.286' N 25º 31.615' N 25º 31.419' N 25º 31.562' N 25º 31.187' N 25º 30.427' N 25º 29.949' N 25º 29.357' N 25º 33.39' N 25º 59.83' N 25º 59.59' N 25º 31.281' N 25º 26.80' N 25º 31.235' N 25º 33.82' N 25º 31.401' N 25º 31.490' N WB-11 ? 25º 2.04' N WB-8 25º 1.15' N 25º 2.99' N 25º 33.73' N WB-5 25º 1.95' N 25º 31.471' N 25º 33.51' N 25º 31.444' N

245

Longitude 33º 35.418' E 33º 35.424' E 33º 35.511' E 33º 35.542' E 33º 35.736' E 33º 35.768' E 33º 35.802' E 33º 35.843' E 33º 35.822' E 33º 35.856' E 33º 35.881' E 33º 35.942' E 33º 35.989' E 33º 36.371' E 33º 36.577' E 33º 37.585' E 33º 35.816' E 33º 30.611' E 33º 30.667' E 33º 31.187' E 33º 31.327' E 33º 31.614' E 33º 32.116' E 33º 32.120' E 33º 32.017' E 33º 32.178' E 33º 32.496' E 33º 33.021' E 33º 33.505' E 33º 35.169' E 33º 35.654' E 33º 32.129' E 33º 32.311' E 33º 32.254' E 33º 35.380' E 33º 35.442' E 33º 35.714' E 33º 35.881' E 33º 35.750' E 33º 35.805' E 33º 36.40' E 33º 17.27' E 33º 17.33' E 33º 34.173' E 33º 42.37' E 33º 34.204' E 33º 38.20' E 33º 35.303' E 33º 35.075' E 33º 42.39' E 33º 35.52' E 33º 38.55' E 33º 38.23' E 33º 37.56' E 33º 35.192' E 33º 34.43' E 33º 35.462' E

WGS84 Datum Latitude

Longitude

25º 14.920' N 25º 14.906' N 25º 14.862' N 25º 14.930' N 25º 14.959' N 25º 14.965' N 25º 14.950' N 25º 14.936' N 25º 15.069' N 25º 15.164' N 25º 15.204' N 25º 14.960' N 25º 14.901' N 25º 14.711' N 25º 14.810' N 25º 14.825' N 25º 14.981' N 25º 16.209' N 25º 17.499' N 25º 17.712' N 25º 17.577' N 25º 18.020' N 25º 19.200' N 25º 19.254' N 25º 19.417' N 25º 19.629' N 25º 19.882' N 25º 20.137' N 25º 20.570' N 25º 19.910' N 25º 20.561' N 25º 30.874' N 25º 31.292' N 25º 31.621' N 25º 31.425' N 25º 31.568' N 25º 31.193' N 25º 30.433' N 25º 29.955' N 25º 29.363' N 25º 33.40' N 25º 59.84' N 25º 59.60' N 25º 31.287' N 25º 26.81' N 25º 31.241' N 25º 33.83' N 25º 31.407' N 25º 31.496' N 25º 2.05' N 25º 1.16' N 25º 3.00' N 25º 33.74' N 25º 1.96' N 25º 31.477' N 25º 33.52' N 25º 31.450' N

33º 35.515' E 33º 35.521' E 33º 35.608' E 33º 35.639' E 33º 35.833' E 33º 35.865' E 33º 35.899' E 33º 35.940' E 33º 35.919' E 33º 35.953' E 33º 35.978' E 33º 36.039' E 33º 36.086' E 33º 36.468' E 33º 36.674' E 33º 37.682' E 33º 35.913’ E 33º 30.708' E 33º 30.764' E 33º 31.284' E 33º 31.424' E 33º 31.711' E 33º 32.213' E 33º 32.217' E 33º 32.114' E 33º 32.275' E 33º 32.593' E 33º 33.118' E 33º 33.602' E 33º 35.266' E 33º 35.751' E 33º 32.227' E 33º 32.409' E 33º 32.352' E 33º 35.478' E 33º 35.540' E 33º 35.812' E 33º 35.979' E 33º 35.848' E 33º 35.903' E 33º 36.50' E 33º 17.37' E 33º 17.43' E 33º 34.271' E 33º 42.47' E 33º 34.302' E 33º 38.30' E 33º 35.401' E 33º 35.173' E 33º 42.49' E 33º 35.62' E 33º 38.65' E 33º 38.33' E 33º 37.66' E 33º 35.290' E 33º 34.53' E 33º 35.560' E

APPENDIX IV Composite List of Rock Art Sites in Survey Area cont

Old Egyptian Datum RATS

EDS ED-1 ER-1 ER-2 * FL-1 GH-1 GP-1 HM-1 IKM-1 * IM-1 JAW-1 JCB-1 JEW-2 JEW-3 * JF-1 JH-1 JJH-1 JW-1 KE-1 KE-2 KM-1 * KS-1 KW-1 LK-1 LS-1 LS-2 * MA-1 * MC-1 MF-1 MH-1 MH-2 MJM-1 MLM-1 MLM-2 * MN-1 MO-1 PC-1 PC-2 * PC-3 * PCB-1 PCB-2 * PD-1 PD-2 PE-1 PL-1 PL-2 * RH-1 RM-1 * RP-1 SG-1 * SH-1 TJ-1 * TJ-2 * TW-1 * VF-1 * WD-1 WD-2 *

RME

Others WB-4

HW15 HW26 HW8 WB-6B HW24F ? HW26 HW24H

HW24J

HW24H HW7 HW24J WB-10 HW18A HW26 HW8

WB-6 R&R

HW24H HW18B HW26 HW4 HW25A WB-9 HW26 HW26 HW8 HW26 HW13 HW26 HW24B HW6

R&R

HW26 HW26 HW5 R&R HW1A ** HW8A **

Latitude 25º 1.84' N 25º 59.52' N 25º 31.391' N 25º 56.79' N 25º 33.47' N 25º 1.01' N 25º 33.40' N 25º 31.371' N 25º 56.55' N 25º 33.09' N 25º 0.27' N 26º 0.07' N 25º 57.709' N 25º 1.99' N 25º 33.45' N 25º 1.96' N 25º 1.59' N 25º 0.57' N 25º 33.18' N 25º 57.881' N 25º 26.79' N 25º 33.56' N 25º 2.45' N 25º 2.19' N 25º 48.072' N 25º 31.406' N 25º 0.63' N 25º 0.99' N 25º 56.72' N 25º 59.56' N 25º 1.29' N 25º 33.21' N 25º 46.793' N 25º 33.47' N 25º 33.90' N 25º 31.19' N 25º 56.140' N 25º 33.757' N 25º 2.15' N 25º 31.409' N 25º 31.04' N 25º 56.66' N 25º 1.31' N 25º 0.26' N 25º 31.498' N 25º 0.25' N 25º 59.669' N 25º 1.93' N 25º 31.524' N 25º 28.86' N 25º 39.679' N 25º 56.723' N 25º 56.860' N 25º 31.503' N 25º 31.48' N 25º 56.944' N 25º 57.6' N 25º 57.4' N

246

Longitude 33º 37.19' E 33º 17.32' E 33º 35.266' E 33º 23.87' E 33º 34.33' E 33º 36.18' E 33º 33.20' E 33º 34.247' E 33º 21.92' E 33º 34.27' E 33º 18.59' E 33º 17.12' E 33º 22.466' E 33º 37.35' E 33º 36.37' E 33º 37.19' E 33º 31.51' E 33º 18.83' E 33º 34.25' E 33º 22.649' E 33º 42.36' E 33º 36.02' E 33º 38.33' E 33º 39.33' E 33º 20.815' E 33º 35.346' E 33º 18.92' E 33º 36.00' E 33º 23.36' E 33º 17.32' E 33º 32.51' E 33º 34.38' E 33º 21.730' E 33º 34.22' E 33º 38.33' E 33º 34.22' E 33º 21.655' E 33º 38.380' E 33º 38.13' E 33º 35.332' E 33º 34.76' E 33º 23.32' E 33º 32.43' E 33º 18.59' E 33º 35.273' E 33º 18.64' E 33º 16.387' E 33º 37.15' E 33º 35.307' E 33º 32.75' E 33º 29.048' E 33º 22.584' E 33º 22.161' E 33º 35.274' E 33º 35.16' E 33º 22.245' E 33º 18.9' E 33º 25.2' E

WGS84 Datum Latitude 25º 1.85' N 25º 59.53' N 25º 31.397' N 25º 56.80' N 25º 33.48' N 25º 1.02' N 25º 33.41' N 25º 31.377' N 25º 56.56' N 25º 33.10' N 25º 0.28' N 26º 0.08' N 25º 57.715' N 25º 2.00' N 25º 33.46' N 25º 1.97' N 25º 1.60' N 25º 0.58' N 25º 33.19' N 25º 57.887' N 25º 26.80' N 25º 33.57' N 25º 2.46' N 25º 2.20' N 25º 48.078' N 25º 31.412' N 25º 0.64' N 25º 1.00' N 25º 56.73' N 25º 59.57' N 25º 1.30' N 25º 33.22' N 25º 46.799' N 25º 33.48' N 25º 33.91' N 25º 31.20' N 25º 56.146' N 25º 33.763' N 25º 2.16' N 25º 31.415' N 25º 31.05' N 25º 56.67' N 25º 1.32' N 25º 0.27' N 25º 31.504' N 25º 0.26' N 25º 59.675' N 25º 1.94' N 25º 31.530' N 25º 28.87' N 25º 39.685' N 25º 56.729' N 25º 56.866' N 25º 31.509' N 25º 31.49' N 25º 56.950' N 25º 57.6' N 25º 57.4' N

Longitude 33º 37.29' E 33º 17.42' E 33º 35.364' E 33º 23.97' E 33º 34.43' E 33º 36.28' E 33º 33.30' E 33º 34.345' E 33º 22.02' E 33º 34.37' E 33º 18.69' E 33º 17.22' E 33º 22.564' E 33º 37.45' E 33º 36.47' E 33º 37.29' E 33º 31.61' E 33º 18.93' E 33º 34.35' E 33º 22.747' E 33º 42.46' E 33º 36.12' E 33º 38.43' E 33º 39.43' E 33º 20.913' E 33º 35.444' E 33º 19.02' E 33º 36.10' E 33º 23.46' E 33º 17.42' E 33º 32.61' E 33º 34.48' E 33º 21.828' E 33º 34.32' E 33º 38.43' E 33º 34.32' E 33º 21.753' E 33º 38.478' E 33º 38.23' E 33º 35.430' E 33º 34.86' E 33º 23.42' E 33º 32.53' E 33º 18.69' E 33º 35.371' E 33º 18.74' E 33º 16.485' E 33º 37.25' E 33º 35.405' E 33º 32.85' E 33º 29.146' E 33º 22.682' E 33º 22.259' E 33º 35.372' E 33º 35.26' E 33º 22.343' E 33º 19.0' E 33º 25.3' E

APPENDIX IV Composite List of Rock Art Sites in Survey Area cont

Old Egyptian Datum RATS

EDS

RME

Others

HW8B ** HW8C ** HW8D ** HW9 ** HW10 ** HW11 ** HW12A ** HW12B ** HW12C ** HW12D ** HW12E ** HW12F ** HW12G ** HW12H ** HW18 HW19 HW20 ** HW20 ** HW20 ** HW20 ** HW21A ** HW21B ** HW21C ** HW22 ** HW24 ** HW24A ** HW24C ** HW24D ** HW24E ** HW24G ** HW24L ** HW24M ** HW24N ** HW25C ** WB-3 ** WB-7 **

Latitude 25º 58.0' N 25º 59.5' N 26º 4.4' N 25º 55.9' N 25º 56.4' N 25º 56.3' N 26º 7.0' N 26º 7.6' N 26º 9.2' N 26º 17.9' N 26º 17.4' N 26º 17.5' N 26º 11.4' N 26º 7.0' N 25º 50.047' N 25º 50.413' N 25º 50.3' N 25º 50.0' N 25º 50.0' N 25º 50.2' N 25º 50.4' N 25º 50.0' N 25º 51.1' N 25º 45.2' N 25º 42.4' N 25º 40.7' N 25º 36.0' N 25º 35.4' N 25º 34.4' N 25º 33.1' N 25º 35.9' N 25º 37.0' N 25º 39.0' N 25º 24.6' N 25º 1.0' N 25º 1.3' N

Longitude 33º 25.8' E 33º 25.6' E 33º 22.2' E 33º 25.3' E 33º 27.2' E 33º 27.9' E 33º 13.3' E 33º 13.1' E 33º 13.4' E 33º 9.1' E 33º 4.3' E 33º 3.0' E 33º 6.0' E 33º 0.8' E 33º 23.788' E 33º 22.872' E 33º 31.5' E 33º 29.2' E 33º 27.9' E 33º 29.9' E 33º 32.8' E 33º 32.5' E 33º 33.0' E 33º 26.3' E 33º 27.2' E 33º 28.5' E 33º 29.1' E 33º 30.1' E 33º 31.8' E 33º 33.6' E 33º 34.8' E 33º 34.3' E 33º 31.8' E 33º 49.6' E 33º 33.5' E 33º 34.4' E

WGS84 Datum Latitude 25º 58.0' N 25º 59.5' N 26º 4.4' N 25º 55.9' N 25º 56.4' N 25º 56.3' N 26º 7.0' N 26º 7.6' N 26º 9.2' N 26º 17.9' N 26º 17.4' N 26º 17.5' N 26º 11.4' N 26º 7.0' N 25º 50.053' N 25º 50.419' N 25º 50.3' N 25º 50.0' N 25º 50.0' N 25º 50.2' N 25º 50.4' N 25º 50.0' N 25º 51.1' N 25º 45.2' N 25º 42.4' N 25º 40.7' N 25º 36.0' N 25º 35.4' N 25º 34.4' N 25º 33.1' N 25º 35.9' N 25º 37.0' N 25º 39.0' N 25º 24.6' N 25º 1.0' N 25º 1.3' N

Longitude 33º 25.9' E 33º 25.7' E 33º 22.3' E 33º 25.4' E 33º 27.3' E 33º 28.0' E 33º 13.4' E 33º 13.2' E 33º 13.5' E 33º 9.2' E 33º 4.4' E 33º 3.1' E 33º 6.1' E 33º 0.9' E 33º 23.886' E 33º 22.970' E 33º 31.6' E 33º 29.3' E 33º 28.0' E 33º 30.0' E 33º 32.9' E 33º 32.6' E 33º 33.1' E 33º 26.4' E 33º 27.3' E 33º 28.6' E 33º 29.2' E 33º 30.2' E 33º 31.9' E 33º 33.7' E 33º 34.9' E 33º 34.4' E 33º 31.9' E 33º 49.7' E 33º 33.6' E 33º 34.5' E

* Site co-ordinates rerecorded to improved accuracy following suspension of Selective Availability. ** Approximate co-ordinates of sites yet to be relocated (derived from small scale maps only). RATS Rock Art Topographical Survey EDS Eastern Desert Survey

RME Robert Mond Expedition R&R Redford & Redford

HW Hans Winkler WB Wadi Barramiya (Gerald Fuchs)

Site co-ordinates in this catalogue were recorded in the "Old Egyptian" datum in order that they correspond with the datum used by the Egyptian Survey Authority 1:50,000 scale New Topographic Maps (1995), which are based on the Helmert 1906 Ellipsoid. However, in view of the increasing availability of high resolution images from web sites such as Google Earth ©, this table also lists the co-ordinates of sites in the more popular and universal WGS84 datum. Latitudes and longitudes are recorded in degrees (º) and minutes (´) and were obtained from hand-held GPS receivers utilizing the Global Positioning System, a constellation of satellites operated by the US Government. Prior to May 2000, this primarily military system was available for civilian use but was deliberately limited in accuracy to about 100 metres by the application of Selective Availability. In May 2000 the US Government suspended Selective Availability thus allowing access to improved positional accuracy of about 10 metres for general civilian use. All sites described in detail in this catalogue were recorded after the suspension of Selective Availability and so benefit from this improved accuracy. In addition, several previously recorded sites were revisited during the three surveys and although not re-recorded in detail here, the opportunity was taken to update their co-ordinates with the improved accuracy. These updated co-ordinates are also recorded in this table.

247

APPENDIX V

Glossary Animals: Addax

An antelope with long, slender, spiralled and twisted horns that slope backwards; indigenous from lateNeolithic to 19th century AD. Animal Any quadruped not readily identifiable. Antelope A member of the bovid family that cannot be further classified; may include Kob and Kudu. Ass Nubian wild ass originally from Sinai, it became the dominant species in the Late Pleistocene and can still be found in south-east Egypt. Usually shown with long, forward-pointing ears, the ass had been domesticated by the mid-4th millennium BC. Bovid Family name, used herein to denote both wild and domesticated cattle. Domestication of cattle can be traced back to c.7,000 BC in the Western Desert (notably at Nabta Playa). Short-horned cattle were introduced from Asia during 3rd millennium BC and interbred with indigenous long-horned species. Camel Single-humped dromedary. Remains from the Holocene (10,000 - 5,500 BC) have been found at Gilf Kebir but it is assumed this strain mainly died out during the Late Paleolithic (before 10,000 BC), although isolated examples have been dated to the late-Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods. The species was reintroduced in conjunction with the opening of trade routes to Arabia. Large scale migration began with the Assyrian invasion (665 BC) and camels became the standard form of desert transport during the Ptolemaic era. Canid Family name, includes pariah and fully domesticated dogs. Caprid Subfamily that includes ibex, barbary, wild and domesticated goats and sheep. Probably migrated from Asia during the Paleolithic and still extant. The main species depicted in the rock art is the Nubian ibex with many representations from Prehistoric to Graeco-Roman times. Cheetah Examples may have been introduced and trained for hunting during the Pharaonic era; identification in the rock art record is uncertain. Crocodile Large reptile that can weigh 800+ kilograms and measure over 10 metres, now found only south of the Aswan Dam. Dog Generic term for any domesticated or hunting canid. Elephant Flourished throughout Egypt from the Paleolithic but gradually forced southwards, possibly due to excessive hunting. Elephants were eliminated from the Nile Valley by the end of the Old Kingdom (c.2,000 BC) although diminishing numbers may have been present at isolated places in the Eastern Desert into the New Kingdom. Equid Medium to large single-hoofed animals, e.g. horses, asses. A skeleton found at Buhen has been dated to the Middle Kingdom although mass introduction is credited to the Hyksos (c.1,730 BC). It is unlikely horses were ridden until some time after the technique had been initiated by the Assyrians in the 9th century BC. Gazelle Small antelope with relatively short, curving horns. The Dorcas gazelle, whose horns have forward pointing tips (often depicted as fully forward-pointing), is the most common species. Extant from Prehistory to the present day. Difficult to identify unambiguously in the rock art and so mostly grouped under the term antelope. Gerenuk Long-necked and tall gazelle, a few possible depictions in Predynastic and Early Dynastic rock art. As with gazelle, difficult to identify unambiguously. No longer indigenous in Egypt. Giraffe Increasing aridity, perhaps exacerbated by hunting, led to its disappearance during the Predynastic era. A late depiction in Unas’ causeway (VIth Dynasty) is alongside other exotic alien beasts. Hartebeest An antelope with lyre-shaped horns shorter than head. Numerous from the Late Paleolithic until eventually eliminated in mid-19th century AD. Hippopotamus Indigenous in the Delta, Faiyum and Nile valley from Neolithic (c.5,000 BC) to 19th century AD; hunted for its skin, meat and for sport. Hyrax Small, short-eared rodent-like mammal, the nearest living relative to the elephant. Few depictions. Ibex A caprid. The Nubian ibex is the most commonly depicted species with males having thick, ridged, backwards-curving horns that diverge and taper towards the tips. Representations span the Predynastic, Pharaonic and later eras. Jackal No rock images found that can be positively identified. Leopard Indigenous from the Epipaleolithic (c.9th millennium BC) to Pharaonic times. May still exist in south-east Egypt. Distinction between cheetahs and leopards in the rock art record is problematic. Lion Largest African cat. Depictions are common on Pharaonic artefacts but rare in the rock art. 248

APPENDIX V Glossary cont Lizard Oryx Pariah Dog

Rhinoceros Saluki Tesem Humans: Chieftain Figure Orant figure Boats: Crew Flared Fronds Incurved Oars/Paddles Pennants Sickle Square Umbels Carvings: Chiselled Incised Patination

Pecked Scratched

Indeterminate varieties distinguished by crooked front and rear legs. One of three species of antelope with long and slender horns - Arabian: straight or almost straight horns; Beisa: similar in style but larger than the Arabian; Scimitar: long narrow horns curving backwards. Wild or semi-domesticated dog; earliest remains date from 5th millennium BC. Types include those of a wolflike appearance with upturned tail; a smaller, thickset variety the size of a collie (c.55 cm at the shoulder) with straight bushy tail and a later graceful ‘greyhound’ type. The former two are termed ‘Pariah’, the latter, ‘Tesem’. Retreated southwards with the increasing desertification c.3,000 BC; few depictions in the rock art. Probable ‘Tesem’ variant, sleek greyhound build used for hunting. One example dates from the Old Kingdom but more widely prevalent by the Middle Kingdom. Hunting dog resembling a greyhound with slender, prick-ears and a curly tail. Dominant ‘authority’ figure, often with plumes, or as the largest (usually central) figure in a boat. Shorthand term for a human figure. Sex is not differentiated in the site descriptions although assumptions may be made through the nature of the scenes depicted, eg hunting, fighting, copulation. Human with arms raised either side and above head in a ‘round arm’ style similar to a cow’s horns. Sometimes depicted with heads and arms but more usually as strokes often above corresponding ‘oars’. Variant of square boat with prow and stern angled outwards away from the deck area. Examples most often found in the vicinity of the Wadi Umm Salam. Depictions tend to be of a significant size with both crew and oars common. Palm tree branches variously used and depicted on boats. Prow and stern curve inwards above the deck area (often with an outwards turn near the tip). Usually strokes below the hull often related to similar above deck; blades rarely depicted. Long slender flag-like objects attached to either prow or stern. Round-bottomed, hull curving upwards at prow and stern. Flat-bottomed hull. The precise boundary between flared, sickle and square is not always clear-cut. Round decoration(s) at the upturned end of the raised prow and/or stern. Incisions made using two stones in the manner of a hammer and chisel, permitting greater accuracy. Applied when carving method is uncertain or when mixed techniques used. Term as used is interchangeable with ‘etched’. Natural weathering and the accumulation of organically derived particles ensure the rock surface acquires a different colour from the underlying rock. Carvings through the rock surface reveal the underlying rock and gradually revert to the surface colour. More recent carvings will have a greater contrast and appear clearer. Multiple carvings on the same surface can sometimes be sequenced. Incision caused by percussive use of a hard stone used as a hammer. Marks caused by the abrasion of a stone being rubbed against a softer rock face.

Miscellaneous: Blemyan The nomadic people known to the Romans as ‘Blemmyes’ entered Egypt in the 3rd century AD and established a kingdom in the Red Sea hills and the Eastern Desert with a few settlements on the Nile. Many of the ‘fighting scenes’ (e.g. MIY 5) may depict their attempts to fight off either the Nubian Nabataeans in the 6th century or Arab invaders of the 9th century. GPS Global Positioning System - a worldwide system of satellites operated by the US government to provide positional information anywhere on the globe. GPS Receiver A hand-held device that receives signals from the GPS satellites and displays the current latitude and longitude to an accuracy of about ten metres. Wusum Bedouin camel brand or tribal marking signs; possibly an origin for the Arabian alphabet. 249

APPENDIX VI

Bibliography Rock Art – Egypt Almagro Basch, M. & Almagro Gorbea, M. 1968. Estudios de Arte Rupestre Nubio: 1 Yacimentios situados en la orilla oriental del Nilo, entre Nag Korodna y Kars Ibrim (Nubia Egipcia). Madrid, Ministerios de Asuntos Exteriores y Educacion Nacional. Anati, E. 1979. L’arte rupestre del Negev e del Sinai. Milano, Jaca. Bietak, M. & Engelmayer, R. 1963. Eine Frudynastische Abri-Siedlung mit Felsbildern aus Sayala-Nubien. Wien, Herman Bohlaus. Campbell, A. 2005. The cave above Wadi el-Obeiyd (Farafra, Egypt). Sahara 16. Cervicek, P. 1974. Felsbilder der Nord-Etbai, Oberägyptens und Unternubiens. Wiesbaden, Steiner. Cervicek, P. 1986. Rock Pictures of Upper Egypt and Nubia. Rome, AIUO. Cervicek, P. 1993. Chorology and Chronology of Upper Egyptian and Nubian Rock Art up to 1400 BC. Sahara .5. Cervicek, P. 1998. Rock Art and the Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Sahara 10. Cherry, P. 2000. Noah’s Egyptian Ark – A Field Guide to the Fauna of the Eastern Desert? In D. Rohl (ed) EDS Vol. I. Basingstoke: ISIS. Cherry, P. 2000. The World’s Oldest Maps? A Preliminary Study of the Abstract Rock Art Lines. In D. Rohl (ed) EDS Vol. I. Basingstoke: ISIS. Coulson, D. & Campbell, A. 2001. African Rock Art. New York, Abrams. Couyat, J & Montet, P. 1912. Les Inscriptions Hiéroglyphiques et Hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât. Cairo, Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale. Curto, S., Maragioglio, V. & Rinaldi, C. 1987. Korosko – Kasr Ibrim: Incisioni Rupestri Nubiani. Milan, La Goliardica. Davis, W. 1989. Dating Prehistoric Rock Drawings in Upper Egypt and Nubia. Current Anthropology 19. De Cola, L., Peroschi, M. E., Cambieri, F. 2009. Il sovrano della Water Mountain e i suoi prigioneri. Sahara 20. Degreef, J. D. 2009. The Jebel Uweinat relief of Mentuhotep II: a jubilee scene? Sahara 20. Dunbar, J. 1941. The Rock-Pictures of Lower Nubia. Cairo, Government Press. Engelmayer, R. 1965. Die Felsgravierungen im Distrikt Sayala – Nubien. Wien, Böhlaus. Fakhry, A. 1974. The Oasis of Egypt Vol. II. Cairo, American University Press. Frobenius, L. 1927. Die Forschungsreise in die Nubische Wüste. Frankfort: Heft 2. Frobenius, L. 1937. Prehistoric Rock Pictures in Europe and Africa. New York, Museum of Modern Art. Fuchs, G. 1989. Rock Engravings in the Wadi el-Barramiya. African Archaeological Review 7. Fuchs, G. 1991. Petroglyphs in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: New Finds in the Wadi el-Barramiya. Sahara 4. Goyon, G. 1957. Nouvelles Inscriptions Rupestres du Wadi Hammamat. Paris. Green, F. W. 1909. Notes on some Inscriptions in the Etbai District. Proc. Soc. Biblical Archaeology 31. Hellström, P. & Langballe, H.. 1970. The Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia - The Rock Drawings Vols. I & II, Odense: Scandia University Books. Hobbs, J. J. & Goodman, S. M. 1995. Leopard-Hunting Scenes in Dated Rock Paintings from the Northern Eastern Desert of Egypt. Sahara 7. Huyge, D. 1998. Hilltops, Silts and Petroglyphs: The Fish Hunters of El-Hosh. Bulletin des Musée Royaux, Bruxelles. Huyge, D. 1998. Possible Representations of Palaeolithic Fish-Traps in Upper Egyptian Rock Art. Rock Art Research 15. Huyge, D. 2002. Cosmology, Ideology and Personal religious Practice in Ancient Egyptian Rock Art. In R. Friedman (ed.), Egypt and Nubia: Gifts of the Desert (qv). Huyge, D. et al. 2001. Dating Egypt’s oldest ‘art’: AMS 14C age determinations of rock varnishes covering petroglyphs at El-Hosh. Antiquity 75. Huyge, D. et al. 2007. ‘Lascaux along the Nile’: Late Pleistocene Rock Art in Egypt. Antiquity Journal 81. Judd, T. 2008. A rock art palimpsest: evidence of the relative ages of some Eastern Desert petroglyphs. JEA 94. Judd, T. 2009. Rock Art of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. BAR International Series 2008. Oxford, BAR Publishing. Kuper, R. 1996. Between the Oases and the Nile: Rohlfs’ Cave in the Western Desert. In L. Krzyzaniak et al. (eds.) Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa (qv). Le Quellec, J.-L. 1998. Art rupestre et préhistorique du Sahara. Paris, Payot. Le Quellec, J.-L. 2006. The Sense in Question: Some Saharan Examples. Rock Art Research 23. Le Quellec, J.-L. 2009. Les images rupestres du Jebel el-‘Uweynât. Archéo-Nil 19. Le Quellec, J.-L. et al. 2005. Du Sahara au Nil. Paris, Soleb Fayard. Lepsius, R. 1852. Discoveries in Egypt., Ethiopia and the Peninsula of Sinai in the years 1842-45. London, Bently. Morelli, M. et al. 2006. Segnalazione di nuovi sits d’arte rupestre nel Great Sand Sea egiziano. Sahara 17. Morrow, M. & Morrow, M. 2000. Ships of the Desert. In D. Rohl (ed) EDS Vol. I. Basingstoke, ISIS. 250

APPENDIX VI Bibliography cont Morrow, M. & Morrow, M. 2000. The Followers of Horus: Forging a Route through the Eastern Desert. D. Rohl (ed) EDS Vol. I. Basingstoke, ISIS. Morrow, M. & Morrow, M. 2004. In the Footsteps of Hans Winkler - A Search for the Origins of Pharaonic Egypt. In Ancient Egypt, 4,3. Myers, O. H. 1958. Abka Re-excavated. Kush 6. Myers, O. H. 1960. Abka again. Kush 8. Negro, G. 2009. Segnalizione di nuovi siti d’arte rupestre nel Great Sand Sea egiziano – Seconda parte. Sahara 20. Otto, K.-H. & Buschendorf-Otto, G. 1993. Felsbilder aus dem sudanesischen Nubien. Berlin, Akademie Verlag. Redford, D. & Redford, S. 1989. Graffiti and Petroglyphs Old and New from the Eastern Desert. JARCE XXVI. Resch, W. 1967. Die Felsbilder Nubiens. Graz, ADV. Rhotert, H. 1952. Libysche Felsbilder: Ergebnisse der XI. und XII. Deutschen Inner-Afrikanischen Forschungs-Expeditionen (DIAFE) 1933/1934/1935. Darmstadt, Wittich. Riemer, H. 2009. Prehistoric Rock Art Research in the Western Desert of Egypt. Archéo-Nil 19. Rohl, D. (ed) 2000. The Followers of Horus – EDS Vol. I. Basingstoke, ISIS. Storemyr, P. 2009. A Prehistoric Geometric Rock Art Landscape by the First Nile Cataract. Archéo-Nil 19, 121-150. Storemyr, P., Kelany, A., Negm, M. A. & Tohami, A. 2008. More ‘Lascaux along the Nile’? Possible Late Palaeolithic rock art in Wadi Subeira, Upper Egypt. Sahara 19. Váhala, F & Cervicek, P. 1999. Katalog der Felsbilder aus der Tschechoslowakischen Konzession in Nubien. Prague, Karolinium. Vandekerckhove, H. & R. Muller-Wallermann. 2000. ELKAB VI: Die Felsinschriften des Wadi Hilâl. Brussels, Brepols. Weigall, A. 1909. Travels in the Upper Egyptian Desert. London, Blackwood. Weigall, A. 1907. A Report on the Antiquities of Lower Nubia (The First Cataract to the Sudan Frontier) and their condition in 1906-7. Oxford, OUP. Wilkinson, T. 2000. Rock Drawings of the Eastern Desert. In D. Rohl (ed) EDS Vol. I. Basingstoke, ISIS. Wilkinson, T. 2003. Genesis of the Pharaohs. London, Thames & Hudson. Winkler, H. 1938. Rock Carvings of Southern Upper Egypt, Vol. I. London, EES. Winkler, H. 1937. Völker und Völkerbewegungen in vorgeschichtlichen Oberägypten im Lichte neuer Felsbilderfunde. Stuttgart, Kohlhammer. Zboray, A. 2005. (expanded edition 2009) Rock Art of the Libyan Desert. DVD, Newbury, Fliegel Jezerniczky Expeditions. Zboray, A. 2009. The rock art of Jebel Uweinat. Some results of the ongoing survey. Archéo-Nil 19.

Rock Art - General Anati, E. 1997. L’Art Rupestre dans le Monde. Paris, Larousse-Bordas. Bednarik, R. G. 1994. A taphonomy of palaeoart. Antiquity 68. Bednarik, R. G. 1995. Logic in Direct Dating of Rock Art. Sahara 7. Bednarik, R. G. 2007. The Science of Dampier Rock Art – Part 1. Rock Art Research 24. Bradley, R. 1997. Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe. London, Routledge. Chippindale, C. & Taçon. P. 1998. The Archaeology of Rock-Art. Cambridge, CUP. Coulson, D. & Campbell, A. 2001. African Rock Art. New York, Abrams. Hugott, H. & Bruggmann, M. 1999. Sahara Art Rupestre. Yverdon-les-Bains: Les edition de l’Amateur. Kuhn, H. 1952 (1956). Die Felsbilder Europas – The Rock Pictures of Europe. London, Sidgwick & Jackson. Kuper, R. 2009. A Paradise off Rules? Sahara 20. Le Quellec, J.-L. 2004. Rock Art in Africa. Paris, Flammarion. Lewis-Williams, D. 2002. The Mind in the Cave. London, Thames and Hudson. Loendorf, L. et al. 1988. A Manual for Rock Art Documentation. National Park Service. Lorblanchet, M. & Bahn, P. 1993. Rock Art Studies: The Post-Stylistic Era or Where do we go from here? Oxford, Oxbow. Muzzolini, A. 1989. L’état actuel des etudes sur l’art rupestre saharien: pesanteurs et perspectives. Ars Praehistorica 7/8. Muzzolini, A. 1990. The sheep in Saharan Rock-Art. Rock Art Research 7. Nayeem, M. 2000. The Rock Art of Arabia. Hyderabad: Hyderabad Publishers. Ritchie, C. I. A., 1979. Rock Art of Africa. New Jersey, Associated University Presses. Sanger, K. & Meighan, C. 1990. Discovering Prehistoric Rock Art – A Recording Manual. Calabasas, Wormwood Press. Whitley, D. S. 2001, Handbook of Rock Art Research. Oxford, AltaMira Press. Whitley, D. S. 2005, Introduction to Rock Art Research. California, Left Coast Press. Wilson, B. 2008. Oodles of Doodles? Doodling Behaviour and its Implication for Understanding Palaoearts. Rock Art Research 25. 251

APPENDIX VI Bibliography cont

Early Egyptian Maritime Transport Faulkner, R. 1940. Egyptian Seagoing Ships. JEA 26. Greenhill, B. & Morrison, J. 1995. The Archaeology of Boats and Ships. London. Jenkins, N. 1980. The Boat Beneath the Pyramid. London, Thames & Hudson. Jones, D. 1988. A Glossary of Ancient Egyptian Nautical Terms and Titles. London, Kegan Paul International. Jones, D. 1995. Boats. London, British Museum. McGrail, S. 2001. Boats of the World - From Stone Age to Medieval Times. Oxford, OUP. Heyerdahl, T. 1971. The Ra Expeditions. Guildford, Allen. Landström, B. 1970. Ships of the Pharaohs. New York: Doubleday. Partridge, R. 1996. Transport in Ancient Egypt. London, Rubicon Press. Reisner, G. 1913. Models of Ships and Boats. Cairo, IFAO. Vinson, S. 1994. Egyptian Boats and Ships. Princes Risborough, Shire Books. Wachsmann, S. 1998. Seagoing Ships & Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. Texas, A&M UP.

Background - Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods Adams, B. 1988. Predynastic Egypt, Aylesbury: Shire. Arkell, A. 1975. The Prehistory of the Nile Valley. Leiden: Brill. Asselberghs, H. 1961. Chaos en Beheersing (Chaos and Control). Leiden, Brill. Bard, K. 1994. From Farmers to Pharaohs. Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press. Baumgartel, E. 1955. The Cultures of Prehistoric Egypt Vols. I & II. Oxford, Griffiths Institute. Baumgartel, E. 1971. Prehistoric Egypt. In The Cambridge History on the Ancient World, Vol. 1.1.London, CUP. Boessneck, J. 1988. Die Tierwelt des Alten Ägypten. München, C. H. Beck. Brewer, D., Clark, T., & Phillips, A. 2001. Dogs in Antiquity - Origins of the Domestic Dog, Warminster, Aris & Phillips. Brewer, D., Redford, D. & S. 1999. Domestic Plants & Animals - The Egyptian Origins, Warminster, Aris & Phillips. Butzer, K. 1959. Die Naturlandschaft Ägyptens während der Vorgeschichte und der Dynastichen Zeit. Wiesbaden, Steiner. Butzer, K. 1968. Desert and River in Nubia. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press. Butzer, K. 1976. Early Hydraulic Civilisation in Egypt. Chicago, Chicago University Press. Callender, G. 1998. Egypt in the Old Kingdom – An Introduction. Melbourne, Longman. Capart, J. 1905. Primitive Art in Egypt. London, Grevel. Clark, J Desmond. 1970. The Prehistory of Africa. London, Thames & Hudson. Clark, J. D. & Brandt, S. A. (eds.) From Hunters to Farmers: the Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. Berkeley, University of California Press. Davies, V. & Friedman, R. 1998. Egypt. London, British Museum. Davis, W. 1992. Masking the Bow. Berkley: University of California Press. Donadoni, S. 1969. Egyptian Museum Cairo. Feltham Hamlyn. Emery, W. 1961. Archaic Egypt. Harmondsworth, Penguin. Faulkner, R. 1969. Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Oxford, OUP. Friedman, R. & B. Adams (eds) 1992. The Followers of Horus – Studies dedicated to Michael Hoffman. Oxford, Oxbow. Friedman, R. (ed.) 2002. Egypt and Nubia: Gifts of the Desert. London, British Museum. Gardner Wilkinson, J. 1835. Topography of Thebes and General View of Egypt, London. Gautier, A., Schild, R.,Wendorf, F. & Stafford Jr., T. W. 1994. One elephant doesn’t make a savannah. Palaeoecological significance of Loxodonta Africana in the Holocene. Sahara 6, 7-20. Harpur, Y. 1987. Decoration in Egyptian Tombs of the Old Kingdom. London, Kegan Paul International. Hassan, F. 1988. The Predynastic of Egypt. Journal of World Prehistory 2/2. Hayes, W. 1965. Most Ancient Egypt. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Hoffman, M. Egypt Before the Pharaohs. 1980. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. Kamil, J. 1984. The Ancient Egyptians – Life in the Old Kingdom. Cairo, AUC Press. Kemp, B. 1989. Ancient Egypt – Anatomy of a Civilisation. London, Routledge. Krzyzaniak, L. & Kobusiewicz, M. 1984. Origin and Early Development of Food-Producing Cultures in North-Eastern Africa. Poznan, Polish Academy of Sciences. Krzyzaniak, L. 1977. Early Farming Cultures on the Lower Nile – The Predynastic Period in Egypt. Varsovie, Editions Scientifiques de Pologne. Krzyzaniak, L. 1983. Les débuts de la domestication des animaux etc. du Nil. BSFE 96. 252

APPENDIX VI Bibliography cont Krzyzaniak, L. et al. 1993. Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and North Africa Until the Second Millenium BC. Poznañ, Polish Academy of Sciences. Krzyzaniak, L. et al. 1996. Interregional Contacts in the Later Prehistory on Northeastern Africa. Poznan, Polish Academy of Sciences. Kuper, R. & Kröpelin. S. 2006. Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa’s Evolution. Sciencexpress 20 July. Leclant, J. 1978. Le Temps des Pyramides. Lausanne, Larousse Linstädter, J. & Kröpelin, S. 2004. Wadi Bakht Revisited: Holocene Climate Change and Prehistoric Occupation in the Gilf Kebir Region of the Eastern Sahara, SW Egypt. Geoarchaeology 19. Lucas, A. 1962. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. 4th Edition revised by J. Harris. London, Arnold. Macdonald, D. 2001. The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford, OUP. Majer, J. 1992. The Egyptian Desert and Egyptian Prehistory. In R. Friedman & B. Adams (eds) The Followers of Horus (1992). Oxford, Oxbow. Malek, J. 1986. In the Shadow of the Pyramids. Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press. Mark, S. 1998. From Egypt to Mesopotamia. London, Chatham. Meiggs, R. 1982. Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Oxford, OUP. Midant-Reynes, B. 2000. The Prehistory of Egypt. Oxford, Blackwells. Nicholson, P. & Shaw, I. 2000. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge, CUP. Osborn, D. & Osbornova, J. 1998. The Mammals of Ancient Egypt. Warminster, Aris & Phillips. Petrie, W. M. F. 1974 (1920). Prehistoric Egypt. Warminster, Aris & Phillips. Petrie, W. M. F. 1974 (1921). Corpus of Prehistoric Pottery. Warminster, Aris & Phillips. Quibell, J. E. & Green, F. 1989 (1902). Hierakonpolis, Vol. II. London, Histories & Mysteries of Man. Sadr, K. 1991. The Development of Nomadism in Ancient NorthEast Africa. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania. Said, R. 1997. The role of the desert in the rise and fall of Ancient Egypt. Sahara 9. Sandford, K. & Arkell, W. 1928. Report of the Prehistoric Survey Expedition. Chicago. Schild, R. & Wendorf, F. 2001. Geoarchaeology of the Holocene Climatic Optimum at Nabta Playa, Southwestern Desert, Egypt. Geoarchaeology 16. Scullard, H. H. 1974. The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World. London, Thames & Hudson. Spencer, J. 1996. Aspects of Early Egypt. London, British Museum. Trigger, B. 1968. Beyond History: The Methods of Prehistory. Stanford, Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Trigger, B. 1993. Early Civilisations – Ancient Egypt in Context. Cairo, AUC Press. Trigger, B., et. al. 1983. Ancient Egypt: a Social History. Cambridge, CUP. Váhala, F. 1972. Der Elefant in Ägypten und Nubien. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 98. Vermeersch, P. M. et al. 1994. Sodmein Cave Site, Red Sea Mountains (Egypt). Sahara 6. Wendorf, F. & Schild, R. 1976. Prehistory of the Nile Valley. New York, Academic Press. Wilkinson, T. 1996. State Formation in Egypt – Chronology and Society. Oxford, BAR International Series 651. Wilkinson, T. 1999. Early Dynastic Egypt. London, Routledge. Wilkinson, T. 2000. Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt - The Palermo Stone and its Associated Fragments. London, Kegan Paul International.

Background - The Desert Environment Bagnold, R. A. 1941. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. London, Chapman and Hall (reprinted 1971). Breed, C. S. et al. 1997. Wind Erosion Forms. In D. S. G. Thomas (ed), Arid Zone Geomorphology, 2nd edn. Chichester, Wiley. Cooke, R., et al. 1993. Desert Geomorphology. London, UCL. Hobbs, J. J. 1989. Bedouin Life in the Egyptian Wilderness. Austin, University of Texas. Said, R. 1962. The Geology of Egypt. New York, Elsevier. Tregenza, L. A. 1955. The Red Sea Mountains of Egypt. London, OUP. Watson, A. 1997. Desert Crusts and Varnishes. In D. S. G. Thomas (ed), Arid Zone Geomorphology, 2nd edn. Chichester, Wiley.

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APPENDIX VII

Survey Teams

October 2000 Pete Cherry, Bill Dixon, Mike Morrow, Geoff Phillipson, Alta Reynolds, Paul Reynolds, Gurth Walton, Maria Walton

December 2000 David Ashby, Shirley Asher, Mike Bailey, Christopher Coleman, Chris Dann, Christine Dann, Bill Dixon, Gene Greenwood, Martin Heydon, Richard Huntley, Tony Judd, Paul Lancaster, Don King, Joan O’Neil, Roger O’Neil, Geoff Phillipson, Mary Anne Romfh, Toby Wilkinson, Kevin Wright, Ann Zierold

February 2001 Pete Cherry, Margaret Clemmie, Bill Dixon, Pete Dixon, Mick Fairfield, Malcolm Gay, Alan Hall, Cheryl Hanson, Lynda Howard, Christine Mason, Maggie Morrow, Mike Morrow, Geoff Phillipson

AWT/PAT Support Team Salah Mohmoud Ahmed, Amir Mohamed Hassen, Hamdi Mahdi, Ibrahim Mahmoud, Fikry Morrsy, Esam Salah-Feedi, Mostafa Abdlam Satel, Ahmed Abdel el Shafi, Salla Soaek, Janet Wilton, Mohammed Zaki 254