Daniel Evokes Isaiah: Allusive Characterization of Foreign Rule in the Hebrew–Aramaic Book of Daniel 9780567665379, 9780567658579, 9780567658562

Table of contents :
Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Chapter 1. How Daniel Evokes Isaiah
1. Daniel’s Evocation of Isaiah Observed
2. Allusion
3. Narrative: The Rule of the Nations in Daniel
4. Texts of Isaiah and Daniel
a. Allusion and Critical Issues of Composition History
b. Composition History and Manuscript Evidence
5. Conclusion
Chapter 2. Intertextuality and Allusion in Daniel
1. Intertextuality and Allusion
2. Influence: Deutero-Isaiah and Daniel 2
3. Inner-Biblical Exegesis: Daniel 1 and 9
a. Daniel 1:1–2 and 2 Chronicles 36:6–7; 2 Kings 24:1
b. Daniel 9 and Jeremiah 25:11, 12; 29:10
4. Non-Literary Allusion: Daniel 7
a. Daniel 7–12 and Contemporary Events and Figures
b. Daniel 7 and the Chaos Combat Myth
5. Interliterary Allusion: Daniel 2 and Others
a. Daniel 2 and the Joseph Story
b. Some Other Interliterary Allusions
6. Internal Allusion: Toward a Narrative Unity
7. Allusion to Isaiah
Chapter 3. Allusions to Isaiah in yhe Apocalypses
1. Allusions to Isaiah
2. Antiochus IV, the “Assyrian” Arrogator
a. Isaiah’s Assyria and the King of the North: Daniel 10–12
b. Isaiah’s Assyria and the “Prince to Come”: Daniel 9:26–27 and Isaiah 10:22–23; 28:22
c. Assyria: The “Little Horn” in Daniel 8
d. Assyria: The “Little Horn,” Daniel 7:8 and Isaiah 10:12; 37:23
e. Antiochus IV and Allusion to Isaiah in Daniel 7–12
3. Daniel and the Maskilim
a. The Servant of YHWH: Daniel 10–12
b. Daniel the Exilic Penitent: Daniel 9:20–23 and Isaiah 65:24
Chapter 4. Allusions to Isaiah in the Court Legends
1. Isaiah and the Court Legends: Daniel 1–3
a. Daniel 2:34–35, 45 and Isaiah 41:15–16; 51:1
b. Daniel 2:46 and Isaiah 45:14; 49:7, 23 (cf. 60:14)
c. Daniel 3:25–27 and Isaiah 43:2
d. Daniel 1:3 and Isaiah 39:7
e. Conclusions: Isaiah and the Court Legends
2. Habits of Allusion in Daniel
a. Allusion and its Indicators
b. Daniel and the OG of Isaiah
c. Evoking Allusive Texts
d. Internal Allusion
3. Conclusions
Chapter 5. Isaiah and the Rule of the Nations in Daniel
1. Isaiah and the Rule of the Nations
2. The Rule of the Nations in Daniel’s Narrative
3. The Rule of the Nations: Isaiah 10 in the Apocalypses (Daniel 7–12)
a. Background to Daniel 8–12: Allusion and Rhetorical Play in Isaiah 10:22–25
b. The Latter Days of the Wrath”: Isaiah 10 in Daniel 8:19, 23–25
c. Flood, Decree, and Desolation: Isaiah 10 in Daniel 9:26–27
d. Flood, Decree, and Wrath: Isaiah 10 in Daniel 11
e. A Question of Intent: Isaiah 10 in the Aramaic Apocalypse (Daniel 7)
4. Other Allusive Contributions of Isaiah to Apocalyptic Daniel
a. Daniel 8 and Isaiah 14
b. Daniel 9 and Isaiah 65
c. Daniel 10–12: the Maskilim and Their Vindication
5. Allusion to Isaiah in Daniel 1–3
6. Allusion to Isaiah in Daniel: Some Comparisons
7. Conclusion
Appendix: Texts and Translations
1. Witnesses and Their Characters
a. Hebrew–Aramaic
b. Greek
2. Lists from Fragmentary Sources
a. Papyrus 967
b. Qumran Daniel
3. Texts and Translations
a. Isaiah
b. Daniel
Bibliography
Index of References
Index of Authors

Citation preview

LIBRARY OF HEBREW BIBLE/ OLD TESTAMENT STUDIES

606 Formerly Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series

Editors Claudia V. Camp, Texas Christian University Andrew Mein, Westcott House, Cambridge

Founding Editors David J. A. Clines, Philip R. Davies and David M. Gunn

Editorial Board Alan Cooper, John Goldingay, Robert P. Gordon, Norman K. Gottwald, James E. Harding, John Jarick, Carol Meyers, Carolyn J. Sharp, Daniel L. Smith-Christopher, Francesca Stavrakopoulou, James W. Watts

DANIEL EVOKES ISAIAH

Allusive Characterization of Foreign Rule in the Hebrew–Aramaic Book of Daniel

G. Brooke Lester

T&T CLARK Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA BLOOMSBURY, T&T CLARK and the T&T Clark logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2015 Paperback edition first published 2018 Copyright © G. Brooke Lester, 2015 G. Brooke Lester has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. For legal purposes the Acknowledgements on p. ix constitute an extension of this copyright page. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lester, G. Brooke, 1966Daniel evokes Isaiah : allusive characterization of foreign rule in the Hebrew-Aramaic Book of Daniel : / by G. Brooke Lester. pages cm. – (Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament studies ; volume 606) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-567-65857-9 (hardback) 1. Bible. Daniel–Criticism, Narrative. 2. Bible. Isaiah–Criticism, interpretation, etc. I. Title. BS1555.52.L47 2015 224’.5066–dc23 2015017057 ISBN: HB: 978-0-56765-857-9 PB: 978-0-56768-369-4 ePDF: 978-0-56765-856-2 Series: The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies Typeset by Forthcoming Publications Ltd (www.forthpub.com) To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters.

CONTENTS Acknowledgments Abbreviations

ix xi

Chapter 1 HOW DANIEL EVOKES ISAIAH 1. Daniel’s Evocation of Isaiah Observed 2. Allusion 3. Narrative: The Rule of the Nations in Daniel 4. Texts of Isaiah and Daniel a. Allusion and Critical Issues of Composition History b. Composition History and Manuscript Evidence 5. Conclusion

1 1 4 9 13 14 25 30

Chapter 2 INTERTEXTUALITY AND ALLUSION IN DANIEL 1. Intertextuality and Allusion 2. InÀuence: Deutero-Isaiah and Daniel 2 3. Inner-Biblical Exegesis: Daniel 1 and 9 a. Daniel 1:1–2 and 2 Chronicles 36:6–7; 2 Kings 24:1 b. Daniel 9 and Jeremiah 25:11, 12; 29:10 4. Non-Literary Allusion: Daniel 7 a. Daniel 7–12 and Contemporary Events and Figures b. Daniel 7 and the Chaos Combat Myth 5. Interliterary Allusion: Daniel 2 and Others a. Daniel 2 and the Joseph Story b. Some Other Interliterary Allusions 6. Internal Allusion: Toward a Narrative Unity 7. Allusion to Isaiah

31 31 31 34 35 36 41 42 43 47 48 55 56 59

1

vi

Contents

Chapter 3 ALLUSIONS TO ISAIAH IN THE APOCALYPSES 1. Allusions to Isaiah 2. Antiochus IV, the “Assyrian” Arrogator a. Isaiah’s Assyria and the King of the North: Daniel 10–12 b. Isaiah’s Assyria and the “Prince to Come”: Daniel 9:26–27 and Isaiah 10:22–23; 28:22 c. Assyria: The “Little Horn” in Daniel 8 d. Assyria: The “Little Horn,” Daniel 7:8 and Isaiah 10:12; 37:23 e. Antiochus IV and Allusion to Isaiah in Daniel 7–12 3. Daniel and the Maskilim a. The Servant of YHWH: Daniel 10–12 b. Daniel the Exilic Penitent: Daniel 9:20–23 and Isaiah 65:24

101

Chapter 4 ALLUSIONS TO ISAIAH IN THE COURT LEGENDS 1. Isaiah and the Court Legends: Daniel 1–3 a. Daniel 2:34–35, 45 and Isaiah 41:15–16; 51:1 b. Daniel 2:46 and Isaiah 45:14; 49:7, 23 (cf. 60:14) c. Daniel 3:25–27 and Isaiah 43:2 d. Daniel 1:3 and Isaiah 39:7 e. Conclusions: Isaiah and the Court Legends 2. Habits of Allusion in Daniel a. Allusion and its Indicators b. Daniel and the OG of Isaiah c. Evoking Allusive Texts d. Internal Allusion 3. Conclusions

107 107 108 112 116 123 127 128 128 130 131 131 133

Chapter 5 ISAIAH AND THE RULE OF THE NATIONS IN DANIEL 1. Isaiah and the Rule of the Nations 2. The Rule of the Nations in Daniel’s Narrative 3. The Rule of the Nations: Isaiah 10 in the Apocalypses (Daniel 7–12) a. Background to Daniel 8–12: Allusion and Rhetorical Play in Isaiah 10:22–25 b. The Latter Days of the Wrath”: Isaiah 10 in Daniel 8:19, 23–25 1

60 60 61 61 70 73 85 89 93 94

134 134 134 137 137 139

Contents

c.

4.

5. 6. 7.

Flood, Decree, and Desolation: Isaiah 10 in Daniel 9:26–27 d. Flood, Decree, and Wrath: Isaiah 10 in Daniel 11 e. A Question of Intent: Isaiah 10 in the Aramaic Apocalypse (Daniel 7) Other Allusive Contributions of Isaiah to Apocalyptic Daniel a. Daniel 8 and Isaiah 14 b. Daniel 9 and Isaiah 65 c. Daniel 10–12: the Maskilim and Their Vindication Allusion to Isaiah in Daniel 1–3 Allusion to Isaiah in Daniel: Some Comparisons Conclusion

vii

142 145 148 149 149 151 154 156 159 162

APPENDIX: TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS 1. Witnesses and Their Characters a. Hebrew–Aramaic b. Greek 2. Lists from Fragmentary Sources a. Papyrus 967 b. Qumran Daniel 3. Texts and Translations a. Isaiah b. Daniel

165 165 165 167 170 170 171 171 172 182

Bibliography Index of References Index of Authors

206 215 227

1

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work could never have been made without the efforts of the following people, and it would undoubtedly be better if I listened to them more. I am grateful to C. L. Seow, Dennis T. Olson, and F. W. “Chip” Dobbs-Allsopp for seeing the dissertation stage of this project to completion. Special thanks go to Amy Erickson and Sara M. Koenig: may I never write a sentence without I run it past you both. Finally, I am indebted to Michelle and A.J., who, like so many family members of academics, have given more than should be asked of them.

ABBREVIATIONS ABD AUS B B.C.E. BASOR BDB

BHS BJRL BZAW CBQ CBQMS CD DJD EdF FOTL GBS HALOT

HAT HBT HDR HSM HTS HUCA IB IDB JANESCU JAOS JBL

Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by D. N. Freedman. 6 vols. New York, 1992 American University Studies Series Codex Vaticanus Before the Common Era Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Brown, Francis, S.R. Driver, Charles A. Briggs, Edward Robinson, Wilhelm Gesenius, and Maurice A. Robinson. The New Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon: With an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic. Oxford, 1939 Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Editio funditus renovata. 5th ed. Stuttgart, 1990 Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentlische Wissenschaft Catholic Biblical Quarterly Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series Cairo Damascus (Damascus Document from the Cairo Genizah) Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Erträge der Forschung Forms of the Old Testament Literature Guides to Biblical Scholarship Köhler, Ludwig, Walter Baumgartner, M. E. J. Richardson, and Johann Jakob Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. Leiden, 1994–2000 Handbuch zum Alten Testamentum Horizons in Biblical Theology Harvard Dissertations in Religion Harvard Semitic Monographs Harvard Theological Studies Hebrew Union College Annual Interpreter’s Bible. Edited by G. A. Buttrick et al. 12 vols. New York, 1951–57 The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by G. A. Buttrick. 4 vols. Nashville, 1962 Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University Journal of the American Oriental Society Journal of Biblical Literature

xii JRAS JSNTSup JSOT JSOTSup JSPSup KHC KTU

LHBOTS Ms./Mss. MT

NCB NovTSup NRSV

OG Or NS OT OTG OTL OTP OtSt Pap. PTA PTL Q SBLDS Th TSK VT WBC WMANT ZAW

1

Abbreviations Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha: Supplement Series Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit. Now published in second enlarged edition: Dietrich, Manfried, Oswald Loretz, Joaquín Sanmartín. The Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani and Other Places. Münster, 1995 Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies Manuscript/manuscripts Masoretic Text (with biblical books, MT-Dan, MT-Isa) New Century Bible Novum Testamentum Supplements New Revised Standard Version Old Greek (with biblical books, OG-Dan, OG-Isa) Orientalia (New Series) Old Testament Old Testament Guides Old Testament Library Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Edited by J. H. Charlesworth. 2 vols. New York, 1983 Oudtestamentische Studiën Papyrus Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen PTL: A Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature Qumran (as in 1QIsaa and so on) Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series Theodotion-Daniel; also “Th-Dan” Theologische Studien und Kritiken Vetus Testamentum Word Biblical Commentary Wissenschaftlische Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament Zeitschrift für die alttestamentlische Wissenschaft

Chapter 1

HOW DANIEL EVOKES ISAIAH

1. Daniel’s Evocation of Isaiah Observed When is the violence that we undergo in this world a problem of our own making, and when is it the wanton assault of an unprovoked aggressor? As the Jerusalem Temple crowd took their sides under Antiochus IV’s suppression of Judaism, the apocalyptic book of Daniel challenged the community’s Deuteronomic traditionalists according to a time-tested principle: “If you want a new idea, read an old book.” Daniel establishes a narrative calling not for Judaean repentance but for Judaean vindication, and accomplishes this by allusive appeal to venerable source: the book of Isaiah. This work seeks to identify allusions to the book of Isaiah in the book of Daniel. Having identi¿ed allusions to Isaiah, it assesses those allusions as rhetorical tropes, arguing for their unique contribution to the narrative strategies of their immediate literary contexts, and to the narrative shape of the entire, Hebrew–Aramaic, apocalyptic book of Daniel.1 Allusions to Isaiah in Daniel craft a ¿gure of the rule of “the nations” over the people Israel, a ¿gure appropriate to the Jews of Jerusalem anticipating death “by sword and Àame” for covenant faithfulness to Torah under the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes. In this chapter, I review critical interest already expressed in allusion to Isaiah in Daniel. The history of that interest, and of concurrent developments in literary theories of allusion, demonstrates that a theoretically informed assessment of allusion to Isaiah in Daniel is both wanted and possible. I also bring literary allusion into relationship with other kinds 1. As does the apostle Paul, the book of Daniel proves upon inspection to tell “a particular version” of its Isaian source texts; but with J. Ross Wagner, I recognize that my own telling of this version is too “a construct of my own making”: J. Ross Wagner, Heralds of the Good News: Isaiah and Paul “In Concert” in the Letter to the Romans (NovTSup 101; Boston: Brill, 2002), 32.

2

Daniel Evokes Isaiah

of literary dependence, in terms familiar to literary biblical critics: the unfolding of meanings between author, text, and reader. Recognition that allusion is a ¿gurative trope calls for a treatment that attends both to asynchrony and synchrony, to historical criticism and to poetics (in the case of Daniel, a poetics of narrative). The chapter closes by addressing relevant issues of composition history and manuscript transmission, and with a brief description of the remaining chapters. Apparent recollections of Isaiah in the book of Daniel have been noted from time to time in the commentaries, with or without claims of inÀuence or allusion. The year 1948 saw a small blizzard of interest in Daniel’s use of Isaiah. Engnell observed in his commentary on Isaiah that Dan 12:3 is likely to be “directly dependent” upon Isa 52:13 and 53:11. Daniel’s maskilim (“wise,” or “teachers”) are “they that turn many to righteousness,” as is the “Servant of YHWH” in Isa 52–53 (himself also yaskil, “wise”).2 Seeligmann, writing in 1948 on the Greek translation of Isaiah, noted in passing that the translator of Dan 11:30 interprets the “ships from Kittim” that come “against Assyria” (Num 24:24) as a prophecy pertaining to his own Hellenistic context: the “ships” are those of Rome, and “Assyria” represents Seleucid Syria.3 This allusion to Numbers, Seeligmann observed, is in service of Daniel’s re-appropriation of Hab 2:3, and is served in turn by allusion to Isaiah: Dan 11:10, 40 take up the Assyrian “Àood” of Isa 8:7–8; also, Dan 9:27 and 11:36 take up the “decreed end” from Isa 10:23, and the “end of the wrath” from Isa 10:25. Finally, in the same year, in an endnote to his Studies in Daniel, H. L. Ginsberg made nearly identical observations: he omitted reference to Dan 9:27, included a note that Dan 11:22, 26 (“swept away”) may contribute to the allusive activity of 11:10, 40 (“overwhelming Àood”),4 and added that Dan 11:17 may quote Isa 7:7 “It shall not stand, it shall not come to pass.” Seeligmann’s observations on Daniel, written in the context of similar claims about the Greek translation of Isaiah, amount to less than a full page; Ginsberg’s, a single endnote, in support of his particular claims about the composition history of Dan 10–12.

2. Ivan Engnell, “The !Ebed Yahweh Songs and the Suffering Messiah in ‘Deutero-Isaiah,’” BJRL 31 (1948): 77. 3. I. L. Seeligmann, The Septuagint Version of Isaiah: A Discussion of Its Problems (Leiden: Brill, 1948), 82. 4. H. L. Ginsberg, Studies in Daniel (Texts and Studies of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America 14; New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1948), 78 n. 21. 1

1. How Daniel Evokes Isaiah

3

Bentzen, in his commentary of 1952, repeated some of the above,5 and added that the narrator of Dan 12:3 presents the vindication of the resurrected “wise ones” in terms reminiscent of Isa 53 with its death and resurrection of the Servant of YHWH.6 Bentzen describes this allusive activity as a “building upon” Isa 10:5–27, apparently seeing a connection to the use of Isa 10:23 (a “decreed end”) in Dan 9:27 and Dan 11:36.7 The following year, Ginsberg noted approvingly Bentzen’s claims, and expanded upon them. Not only are the “wise” of Dan 11:33, 35; 12:3 described in terms drawn from Isa 53:8–12 (they “justify the many”), but what is more, the “wise” (maskilim) draw their name from Isaiah’s epithet of the Servant (yaskil, “shall understand” or “shall prosper,” Isa 52:13), and the “many” (rabbim) in Isa 52:13–53:12 correspond to the “many” of Dan 11–12.8 Ginsberg also suggested that Antiochus’ end as portrayed in Dan 11:45 recalls the end of Assyria in Isa 14:25, and that the term “contempt” (Dan 12:2) is drawn from the ¿nal end of the wicked in Isa 66:24. He proposes further that the “end of the wrath” of Isa 10:25 (in which Dan 11:36 takes an interest) is itself related to the “wrath” of Isa 26:20; this latter text (through its proximity to Isa 26:19) prompts the writer of Dan 10–12 to base his depiction of the resurrection of the wise upon that adjacent verse Isa 26:19 (Dan 12:2).9 These observations and claims are repeated in the additions and corrections to “Daniel” in Encyclopaedia Biblica (1954).10 Ginsberg’s observations about Daniel’s use of Isaiah are almost entirely restricted to Dan 11–12 (with reference to 9:27), and concern Daniel’s application to Seleucid Syria of Isaiah’s prophecies about Assyria, and Daniel’s depiction of “the wise” in terms reminiscent of Isaiah’s Servant of YHWH. Again, the ends of these observations were principally in terms of their contribution to an understanding of Daniel’s composition history, whereas the rhetorical, narrative, or poetic effects of these “midrashim”11 on the book as a whole were not in view. 5. Aage Bentzen, Daniel (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1952). On Dan 9:27; 11:36 and Isa 10:23; 28:22, see pp. 68–69, 84; on Dan 11:17 and Isa 7:7, see p. 80. 6. Bentzen, Daniel, 86. 7. Bentzen, Daniel, 87. 8. H. L. Ginsberg, “The Oldest Interpretation of the Suffering Servant,” VT 3 (1953): 402–403. 9. Ginsberg, “The Oldest Interpretation of the Suffering Servant,” 402–404. 10. H. L. Ginsberg, “Daniel (Additions to Gimel-Dalet) [in Hebrew],” in Encyclopaedia Biblica: Thesaurus Rerum Biblicarum Alphabetico Ordine Digestus (Jerusalem: Instituti Bialik, 1954), vol. 2, cols. 949–52. 11. The works discussed above use the term “midrash,” rather than “allusion”; see, e.g., Seeligmann, The Septuagint Version of Isaiah, 82; Ginsberg, “Daniel,” col. 949; cf. André Lacocque, The Book of Daniel (London: SPCK, 1979), 201, 204. 1

4

Daniel Evokes Isaiah

The use of the term “midrash” to describe reÀexes of Isaiah in Daniel reÀects comparisons to post-biblical rabbinic midrashic exegesis of the Hebrew Bible, comparisons reinforced by the discovery of the exegetical pesharim among the Qumran scrolls. In time, the word “midrash” would prove inadequate to describe the variety of rhetorical uses to which an author might put an earlier text (or to put it conversely: by being pressed into service to embrace too great a range of literary strategies, the term “midrash” threatened to lose its discrete meaning). Similarly, the term “intertextuality” was being used sometimes as an umbrella term for the observation of generic, lexical, or thematic features shared between particular texts; sometimes more strictly for approaches that assessed such phenomena synchronically, without claims concerning authors, historical development, or directions of inÀuence; and increasingly as a technical term in the growing ¿eld of hermeneutics, especially those of Roland Barthes, Michael Bakhtin, and Julia Kristeva. Seeing the almost endless ways in which the commentaries on Daniel describe textual features shared by Daniel and Isaiah, the reader all but cries out for a system of expression on which she might rely.12 Exegesis, midrash, intertextuality, inÀuence, echo, allusion, and so on: the state of the conversation plainly has called for further delineation of terms. 2. Allusion “Allusion” is, for the purposes of this work, understood as a species of metaphor: a text-intended, rhetorical trope.13 If metaphor is a way of 12. For example, in one major commentary, one will ¿nd such statements of relationship as that a text in Daniel “reÀects the meaning of,” “is best explained by,” is “in imitation of,” or “a reminiscence of,” “recalls,” is “midrash” of, is “drawn from,” “reuses,” “quotes,” is “on the basis of,” or otherwise can be compared to a text from Isaiah. In another, one ¿nds that a text in Daniel or its notions show “inÀuence,” or “dependence,” suggest a “background,” “re-appropriate” a series of texts, “correspond to” a source, “go back to” an earlier notion, or have “parallels,” all indicating inÀuence of some type or other of the book of Isaiah upon Daniel. Finally, critical commentaries will include, in their notes, the standard complement of unadorned “cf. Isaiah” references in which a text from Isaiah is singled out for attention, but without explicit claims of any kind concerning its relation to Daniel. 13. Allusion, like allegory or metaphor, quali¿es as a “trope” in that tropes “always present two senses under the guise of a single verbal formulation.” A trope “allows language…to say and mean more or something other”: Timothy Bahti, “Figure, Scheme, Trope,” in The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (ed. Alex Preminger and T. V. F. Brogan; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1

1. How Daniel Evokes Isaiah

5

conjuring a ¿gure by speaking of one thing in terms reminiscent of another, then allusion is a way of conjuring a ¿gure by speaking in one text in terms reminiscent of an earlier text. Take, for example, the metaphor “The wild strawberries were cherries in the grass.”14 The reader recognizes the noun “cherries” and the referent that it denotes: a thing that, until that point in the utterance, is external to that utterance; a non-strawberry fruit with particular characteristics. Recognizing this external referent—and recognizing that cherries are not strawberries—the reader is beset with a “gap between the letter and the sense.”15 Garner uses, for metaphor, terminology already familiar in literary studies: tenor, vehicle, and ground. In this example, the “literal object under consideration” (the strawberries) is the “tenor”; the “thing to which the metaphor suggests some comparison” (cherries) is the “vehicle”; and the characteristics or connotations that “the tenor and vehicle share in common” constitute the “ground.” Importantly, this “ground” is “notoriously hard to specify completely and precisely.”16 Here, the hearer is forced to consider the connotations of the denoted “cherries” (perhaps roundness, hardness, smoothness, a dark red hue, but possibly anything including virginity, newness, etc.), generating a ¿gure between tenor and vehicle, such that the vehicle (here the word “cherry”) means twice, once literally (and here falsely, since strawberries are not cherries) and once ¿guratively. Just so with literary allusion. To select an example already described above as well established in the scholarship, Dan 9:26–27, we note that this text describes Antiochus IV as a “prince who is to come,” destroying city and sanctuary in a “desolation” that is “decreed” to come “like a Àood”—though that decree will ultimately be turned back and “poured out” against the “desolator” himself. The text at hand means, ¿rstly, as I have just outlined, quite plainly (if also poetically) in its own context. However, alluding to Isaiah, the text of Daniel evokes Isaiah’s

1993), 410. “The term [trope] applies to all devices by which words come to mean twice”; it “embraces all the so-called ¿gures of thought”: Mary Kinzie, A Poet’s Guide to Poetry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 142. 14. The example is Richard Garner’s, though the analysis that here follows is my own. Richard Garner, From Homer to Tragedy: The Art of Allusion in Greek Poetry (London: Routledge, 2009), 5. 15. So Conte on the function of this “gap” in allusive discourse: Gian Biago Conte, The Rhetoric of Imitation: Genre and Poetic Memory in Virgil and Other Latin Poets (Cornell Studies in Classical Philology 44; Ithaca: Cornell University, 1986), 54–55, cf. 59–60. 16. Garner, From Homer to Tragedy, 4–5. 1

6

Daniel Evokes Isaiah

characterization of Assyria in Isa 10:22–23. Given only the most tacit guidance on how to relate “cherries” to “strawberries” (excuse me: I mean, “Assyria” to “the prince to come”),17 the reader is forced to construct a ¿gure, drawing on the connotations of Isaiah’s “Assyria” in Isa 10 and integrating them with the Danielic text at hand such that these words and phrases—the “marker” in Ben-Porat’s terms—mean a second time. So, in the “ground” of characteristics shared by Isaiah’s “Assyria” and Daniel’s “prince to come,” the reader might (likely) include the portrait of the tool of divine punishment who arrogantly oversteps its bounds to its own destruction, but also (unpredictably) any of a number of other connotations, such as a proleptic vision of that “prince” as a once-rich forest burnt and mown to a sickly, straggly stand. Not every reference to an older text will be an allusion…not even, perhaps, most references. To return to metaphor, one might simply say, “The strawberries were edibles in the ¿eld.” Here, the referent evoked (“edibles”) is no more or less recognizable than in the metaphoric example (“cherries”); but in this prosaic utterance, recognition of the referent gives rise to no “gap between letter and sense” (in Conte’s terms), that is no “insuf¿ciency of sense.”18 Or the poet might choose simile rather than metaphor: “The strawberries were round, hard, and dark-red in the ¿eld, like cherries.” Here, although comparison is made (as in metaphor), that set of connotations desired by the text is overdetermined rather than underdetermined: the hearer is not forced to construct a ¿gure, since the text at hand prevents the opening of any “gap between letter and sense,” ¿lling that gap for the hearer before it has the chance to yawn open, so to speak.19 17. For allusion to function as a species of metaphor, it is essential that this guidance provided by the alluding text be tacit rather than heavily determined: Carmella Perri, “On Alluding,” Poetics 7 (1978): 291–93. 18. The phrase comes from Perri, “On Alluding,” 300–301. In a previous work, I wrongly conÀated this “insuf¿ciency of sense,” or as Conte has it, “irrelevance” or “non-pertinence,” with what Conte elsewhere describes as the “opacity” common to poetic language generally (and therefore ¿gurative language speci¿cally). As a consequence, I mistakenly placed the reader’s experience of such “insuf¿ciency of sense” at the point when she sees that some ¿gure—possibly literary allusion—is present in the text at hand. Rather, and correctly, the reader encounters “insuf¿ciency of sense” when, having recognized the allusion’s source material, she still ¿nds the alluding text to offer only tacit guidance on how that source’s connotations might modify her interpretation of the alluding text. G. Brooke Lester, “Inner-Biblical Interpretation,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation (ed. Stephen L. McKenzie; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 444–53 (447). 19. On simile as a mode by which one text may non-¿guratively evoke another, see Conte, The Rhetoric of Imitation, 67. What Conte calls ¿gurative or “integrative” 1

1. How Daniel Evokes Isaiah

7

Again, then, to take an example from Dan 9: as is well known, that chapter references Jeremiah’s prophecy concerning “70 years” of exile (Jer 25:11; 29:10; cf. Dan 9:1–3). There, the hearer recognizes that Jeremiah’s prophecy is evoked, the “70 years” meaning once, in the text at hand, as the number of years prescribed for the devastation of Jerusalem. Yet, if the reader asks what connotations of Jeremiah’s prophecy to draw on toward the making of a possible “second meaning,” she ¿nds herself preempted, since the guidance offered by Dan 9 is anything but “tacit”: rather, Gabriel shows up and explains precisely how Jeremiah’s prophecy is supposed to mean (Dan 9:20–27)! Any potential “gap between letter and sense” (in Conte’s terms) is already ¿lled by the text at hand, such that the reader—having no gap to integrate—is not invited to construct a ¿gure.20 The hearer need not modify her interpretation of the text at hand in light of the connotations of the evoked text,21 because the text at hand accomplishes that for her in a heavily determined way. No metaphor here; only simile. “Allusion,” then, is here de¿ned22 as a text-intended, rhetorical, ¿gurative device, by which the text at hand evokes (by describable means) an earlier text, such that the device-recognizing reader is confronted with an “insuf¿ciency of sense,” tacitly guided to generate—in a manner akin to that of metaphor—a likely yet irreducibly unpredictable ¿gure, integrating the local (“¿rst”) meaning of the allusive marker in its context with the connotations of the evoked marked in its context. In this way, the reader is thrust into an imaginative co-production of meaning (“second” meaning) in concert with the text at hand. allusion I (with Ben-Porat, Perri, Garner, and others) simply call “allusion.” What Conte calls non-¿gurative or “reÀexive” allusion, I join with Ben-Porat, Perri, etc. in simply bracketing off as non-allusive reference to an earlier text. Ziva Ben-Porat, “The Poetics of Literary Allusion,” PTL: A Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature 1 (1976): 105–28. 20. In Ben-Porat’s terms, the hearer completes the ¿rst two “stages” of allusion (perceiving that an external text is evoked, and recognizing what text that is), but not the crucial “third stage” that makes it allusion (modifying her initial interpretation of the alluding words or phrases—or “marker”—in light of how the evoked words phrases—the “marked”—mean in their own literary context: Ben-Porat, “The Poetics of Literary Allusion,” 110–11). Perri’s monumental (if only infrequently recognized) contribution to Ben-Porat’s four-stage scheme is to describe how a text facilitates a readerly move from Ben-Porat’s second to third stage…or does not; Perri, “On Alluding.” 21. Ben-Porat, “The Poetics of Literary Allusion,” 110–11. 22. Substantively with Perri, while integrating the work of Conte and Ben-Porat that precedes Perri’s article, as well as Garner’s, which follows it, as well as my own understandings. 1

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This element of “co-production of meaning” is the heart of allusion, as it is the heart of metaphor. To underdetermine the connotations of the evoked text, “tacitly guiding” the reader (in Perri’s terms) toward imaginative participation in meaning-making, is an ineliminably courageous authorial act. It differs fundamentally from the overdetermination of meaning found, at least as frequently, in interliterary reference (innerbiblical or other).23 Following upon such de¿nitions of allusion that include or presuppose “a covert reference” to a prior text,24 many scholars of allusion—while acknowledging a difference between ¿gurative and non-¿gurative reference—have de¿ned “allusion” as any reference that is less than “overt” (so, not a “quotation” or “citation”), but still yet not so covert as to lack evidence for the text’s intent (often “echo”). Thus allusion is de¿ned as some ill-de¿ned Goldilocks smear on an illde¿ned continuum between the “too overt” and the “too covert.” This results in obvious practical dif¿culties, and can produce only limited interpretive goods.25

23. Beside the 70-year prophecy in Dan 9, one of my favorite examples of “overdetermination” is found in Matt 2:14–15 (“Out of Egypt I have called my son,” cf. Hos 11:1). Should the reader begin, tentatively, to draw on the connotations of Hos 11:1 to modify her interpretation of the New Testament text at hand, she would ¿nd herself in the preposterous (for the New Testament narrator) position of integrating Jesus (the “son” in Matt 2:14–15) with the Baal-worshiping, recalcitrant, punishment-deserving “son” of Hos 11! The narrator of Matthew (as typically in its use of the “ful¿llment formula”) prevents the opening of such a disastrous “gap” by hastening simply to tell her why the reference to Hosea matters: that is, that there is such a thing in Scripture as prophecy; that prophecy is predictive in nature; and that prophecy has predicted the advent of the Christ. Michael P. Knowles describes Matthew’s use of the Hebrew Scriptures in such a way as to suggest a positive, pastoral intent for such overdeterminative interpretations as this: Michael P. Knowles, “Scripture, History, Messiah: Scriptural Ful¿llment and the Fullness of Time in Matthew’s Gospel,” in Hearing the Old Testament in the New Testament (ed. Stanley E. Porter; McMaster New Testament Studies; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006), 59–82. 24. So, prominently, Earl Miner, “Allusion,” in The New Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms (ed. T. V. F. Brogan; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 13– 15; previously, Earl Miner, “Allusion,” in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (ed. Alex Preminger; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965), 18. 25. This is a main point made by Perri: a creative, ¿gurative use of earlier material may refer to that material entirely overtly, and quote it with mundane precision. Conversely, a prosaic, non-¿gurative use of earlier material may refer to that material quite covertly, and evoke it with only the most restrained suggestion. Perri, “On Alluding,” 290–99. 1

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9

The distinction between the underdetermined, ¿gurative use of older texts (thereby inviting the reader to join in imaginative co-production of meaning) and the more overdetermined, non-¿gurative use of such texts (thereby dissuading such imaginative meaning-making on the reader’s part) is more cleanly drawn: we all can see plainly the difference between plain speech and metaphor, or between simile and metaphor. What Christopher Ricks writes about plagiarism is equally true of allusion: “That the supporting evidence for the accusation of plagiarism may on occasion be elusive, insuf¿cient, or uncertain is not the same as thinking that the de¿nition of plagiarism is uncertain.”26 De¿ning allusion as a ¿gurative literary device akin to metaphor is not only clearer than other approaches, it is also more promising exegetically.27 3. Narrative: The Rule of the Nations in Daniel The allusive work of Daniel takes place in a speci¿cally narrative literary matrix, and allusion to Isaiah in Daniel will be seen to contribute to the crafting of that book’s narrative world of Babylonian exile, and its characterization of foreign rule over the people Israel. Apocalyptic literature, no less than any other narrative genre of work, calls for narrative assessment.28 The de¿nition of apocalyptic literature put forth by Collins in his Introduction to Semeia 14, which has since been widely accepted, in its ¿rst words de¿nes “apocalyptic” as “a genre of revelatory literature with a narrative framework.”29 This narrative 26. Christopher Ricks, Allusion to the Poets (Oxford: Oxford University, 2002), 220–21. 27. I have written previously at greater length, with annotated bibliography, on the “two trajectories” of allusion criticism (i.e., allusion as a ¿gure akin to metaphor, and allusion as a relatively covert reference); that piece also describes the place of “allusion” in relation to “inÀuence,” “intertextuality,” etc.: Lester, “Inner-Biblical Interpretation.” To my knowledge, Benjamin Sommer is among the ¿rst biblical scholars to engage Perri, Ben-Porat, and (to a lesser extent) Conte on the subject of inner-biblical allusion: see Benjamin D. Sommer, A Prophet Reads Scripture: Allusion in Isaiah 40–66 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 10–13. 28. Thus I disagree with Fewell’s assessment, “Daniel 1–6 is narrative material; the remainder of the book falls into the genre of apocalyptic”; see Danna Nolan Fewell, Circle of Sovereignty: A Story of Stories in Daniel 1–6 (JSOTSup 72; Shef¿eld: Almond, 1988), 9. That said, Fewell makes the beginnings of a narrative assessment of Dan 7–12 with a sensitivity and success that belies the generic reservation (pp. 154–58). 29. John J. Collins, “Introduction: The Morphology of a Genre,” Semeia 14 (1979): 1–20 (9, emphasis added). In full, Collins’ de¿nition reads: “ ‘Apocalypse’ is a genre of revelatory literature with a narrative framework, in which a revelation is 1

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framework may be exceedingly brief and simple (as with, for example, the four individual revelatory episodes of Dan 7–12), or relatively extensive and complex (as with Dan 1–12 taken as a whole).30 The narrative framework of the apocalypses of the book of Daniel, taken to include the court tales of 1–6 along with the terse narrative frames of Dan 7, 8, 9, and 10–12, is an especially (even uniquely) promising environment for a sustained reading of an apocalyptic book’s narrative means and ends.31 The story told in the book of Daniel embraces, in time, a de¿nable narrative period.32 It begins with the inauguration of the rule of the nations over the people Israel, expressed as the fall of Jerusalem and the beginning of Babylonian exile (Dan 1:1–2). The story then concludes with the passing of the rule of the nations over the people Israel, in favor of the rule of God (Dan 11:40–45; 12). Yet, the text of the book of Daniel elects not to tell this story in a Àatly sequential way. On the one hand, a certain balance is struck, with the court tales of Dan 1–6 having primarily to do with the period of the Babylonian exile,33 and the four apocalypses of Dan 7–12 dealing almost exclusively with the post-exilic period.34 On the other hand, a number of textual factors belie the apparent simplicity of the story, lending its telling a complexity that has implications for the book’s plotting, characterization, and narration.

mediated by an otherworldly being to a human recipient, disclosing a transcendent reality which is both temporal, insofar as it envisages eschatological salvation, and spatial insofar as it involves another, supernatural world.” 30. Narrative can refer even to such large, composite works as Genesis–2 Kings; see Peter D. Miscall, “Introduction to Narrative Literature,” NIB 2:539–52 (540). 31. A ¿ne survey of the elements of narrative poetics, in the context of a narrative assessment of Daniel is that of Fewell, Circle of Sovereignty, 17–31. 32. By “story,” I mean the narrated events and characters of the work, as abstracted from the text and set into a sequential order. The “story” is a succession of events; the “text” of Daniel undertakes its telling. See Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics (2d ed.; London: Routledge, 2002), 3, 6. 33. Thus, Dan 1:21 envisions Daniel’s career concluding with the beginning of the reign of Cyrus, though cf. Dan 10:1. Similarly, Dan 6:29 summarizes the conclusion of the exilic reign of “Darius the Mede” and the beginning of Cyrus’s post-exilic rule. The inclusion of a ¿ctitious reign of “the Mede,” originating in the ¿nal-form interpretation of the oracle of Dan 2, is carried out consistently in the vision of Dan 7 and with the “exilic” court tale of Dan 6. 34. Only excepting Dan 7:4, opening the vision of Dan 7 with the ¿gure of exilic Babylonian rule. 1

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The book is remarkable for its interlacing of time, in how it orders its story.35 The ¿rst two apocalypses are narratively set before the action of Dan 5 (cf. Dan 7:1; 8:1; and also 5:30); also, the third apocalypse appears to be set either before the action of Dan 6, or at least prior to the summary of 6:29 (cf. Dan 9:1).36 Thus, the narration of Dan 7–9 involves the device of analepsis, sometimes less precisely called “Àashback” or “retrospection.”37 Only after the episodes of Dan 5 and 6 have been completed does the reader, belatedly, learn of Daniel’s visions of chs. 7– 9, even though these visions had taken place prior to and concurrently to the action of chs. 5 and 6. At the same time, as early as Dan 7 (set in Belshazzar’s reign), Daniel reveals to the reader a version of the story of the post-exilic rule of the nations over the people Israel, although much of Daniel’s exilic career has yet to be narrated at that point (e.g., his telling of the visions of Dan 8–12, and his activity of Dan 9:2–23). Thus in the context of analeptically revealed visions, the book proleptically narrates the post-exilic rule of the nations, not once but in four sequential apocalypses.38 The result is a complex textual interlacing of the two halves of the story, the exilic and post-exilic portions. This textual interlacing of the exilic and post-exilic periods is mirrored in part by an interlacing of narration. The court legends of Dan 1–6, with their exilic orientation, are narrated in the third person by an external narrator, one who is “above” the whole narrative level of the book of Daniel and who does not participate in the story.39 The apocalypses of Dan 7–12, with the post-exilic orientation of their visions and interpretations, are for the most part narrated in the ¿rst person by Daniel the seer.40 At the same time, the top-level narrator is by no means 35. The Old Greek translation of Daniel appears to try to “correct” the text’s ordering by placing chs. 7 and 8 before ch. 5. 36. The apocalypse of Dan 9 is set in the “¿rst year of Darius” (Dan 9:1). The action of Dan 6 is set at some unspeci¿ed time during Darius’ rule, though the ¿rst verses may give the impression that it is early in his reign. Daniel 6:29 offers a summary statement of Daniel’s prosperity during Darius’ rule and that of Cyrus. 37. Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction, 46. 38. For prolepsis, or less accurately “foreshadowing” or “anticipation,” see Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction, 46. 39. As the topmost narrative level of the book, this narrator is “extradiegetic”; not participating as a character in the story it tells, this narrator is “heterodiegetic”; see Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction, 92–93, 96–97. 40. Daniel’s narration is subordinate to that of the top-level extradiegetic (“thirdperson”) narration, and so is “hypodiegetic”; Daniel himself participates in the stories he narrates, and so his narration is “homodiegetic”; see Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction, 92–93, 96–97. 1

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excluded from the apocalypses: it maintains its controlling presence over that of Daniel (Dan 7:1; 10:1). Similarly, the Daniel who narrates the visions of post-exilic foreign rule over the people Israel is the same Daniel whose career is narrated in the court legends. Thus, the narrators of the book’s two halves are “interlaced” into one another’s territories. The exilic rule of the nations is not simply the purview of the extradiegetic narrator; the post-exilic rule of the nations is not simply a sphere belonging to the narrator Daniel. These two interlacings of time and of narration will have consequences, to an extent unpredictable, for the reader’s understanding of character and of narrative point of view. For example, after having read Daniel’s own revelation that he has at times in his courtly career been frightened and confused by his visions of the post-exilic rule of the nations (Dan 7:15–16, 28; 8:15–16, 27; 12:8), the reader may reassess the outward con¿dence attributed him in his exilic dealings with foreign rulers by the extradiegetic narrator of Dan 1–6.41 Also, to the extent that the reader might be tempted to associate the extradiegetic narrator’s point of view with the exilic period and Daniel’s point of view with the postexilic period, their mutual narrative interlacing cautions the reader to resist such a Àat reading in favor of a more complex understanding of narrative point of view. Some other factors contribute to how the book interlaces its narrative presentation of the exilic and post-exilic rule of the nations. For example, the book reveals in its ¿rst verses that God had brought Nebuchadnezzar against Jerusalem (Dan 1:1–2); yet, no overt explanation of this divine action is revealed until the ninth chapter of the book (Dan 9:4b–19). In the meantime, the visions of Dan 7 and Dan 8 have had opportunity to “have their own say” on the subject of the rule of the nations over the people Israel, a “say” alongside of which the prayer of Dan 9 must then be critically assessed. A second and more obvious example is the book’s well-known interlacing of genre and language. The Aramaic language of the court legends is extended into the ¿rst of the apocalypses in Dan 7. Just so, the Hebrew language that dominates the apocalypses is used also in the court legends’ introductory chapter, Dan 1.

41. This goes to character development. More complex than a simple distinction between “Àat” and “round” characterization, development can be seen to unfold over the three axes of complexity, development over the story, and (as here in Daniel’s self-revelation) penetration into the character’s inner life. See Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction, 40–41. 1

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As will be seen, allusion to Isaiah in the book of Daniel will be overwhelmingly concerned with the character of exilic and post-exilic rule of the nations over Israel. The complex interlacings described above, then, will provide a richly textured narrative matrix within which allusions to Isaiah may exercise their rhetorical and poetic functions. Finally, I readily acknowledge that the claims of the present work about the narrative shape of Daniel, and contributions to it by allusion to Isaiah, are presented here as but one possible narrative reading. They are not the last and only word on poetic assessment of this complex apocalyptic narrative.42 To advocate for an allusion is to make a claim about the author’s intent to allude; but to interpret an allusion poetically is to transcend claims of authorial intent in favor of exploring the unlimited meanings potentially unfolding in the unpredictable interplay of texts and readers. My suggestions concerning the narrative contribution of Daniel’s allusions to Isaiah, while earnestly held, are provisionally offered in a spirit of inviting further proposals.43 4. Texts of Isaiah and Daniel The narrative critic is normally free either critically to establish an original biblical text, or not to do so: there is no impediment, for example, simply to choosing the MT or even a given English translation as one’s narrative of study.44 Because, though, the study of allusion 42. My model in this sentiment is Fewell, who writes that every reading of a text is a misreading, asking only “consider this reading. Try it on. See if it ¿ts…it itself, doomed to be a misreading—one that I hope will prompt other readings” (Fewell, Circle of Sovereignty, 17). The sentiment is all the more apt when proposing readings for allusions, which are themselves necessarily the misreadings of our reading predecessors; see Louis A. Renza, “InÀuence,” in Critical Terms for Literary Study (ed. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 99, 101. 43. The critic of allusion acknowledges that, while the intent to allude is located in the author, the meaning-possibilities of a given allusion are unpredictable, opened anew with each reader; see Ben-Porat, “The Poetics of Literary Allusion,” 107–108; Chana Kronfeld, “Allusion: An Israeli Perspective,” Prooftexts 5 (1985): 137–63 (145, 147). 44. So, for example, Fewell is quite justi¿ed in choosing the “particular arrangement of the particular words as preserved in the Massoretic Text of Daniel 1–6” for narrative assessment, without regard to an original text or matters of manuscript transmission; see Fewell, Circle of Sovereignty, 9. That said, I would argue that this choice raises questions about Fewell’s occasional positing of “allusion”: Circle of Sovereignty, 11. 1

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Daniel Evokes Isaiah

presupposes an author’s intent to allude, the critical establishment of relevant texts is a necessary step in recovering allusive literary activity.45 In her proposal that an author intends to allude, the critic of allusion cannot be indifferent to issues of composition history and of textual criticism.46 a. Allusion and Critical Issues of Composition History A complex composition history need not deter the narrative critic, for even the narrative critic asks questions about an author’s apparent intent to allude. At the same time, substantial disagreement about composition history could, in principle, result in a “non-starter” between the critic and her audience regarding the context and concerns of the author(s) thought to allude in the text at hand. Here, I address three prominent critical issues in Daniel’s composition history—the unity of Dan 7, the original language of Dan 1, 8–12, and the prayer of Dan 9—and show how resolution of these critical issues is relevant to claims made in the body of this work about allusion in Daniel to Isaiah, and about how those allusions function rhetorically in their immediate narrative contexts. (A more comprehensive treatment of Daniel’s composition history follows further below.) (1) The Unity of Daniel 7. The narrative description of the “little horn” in Dan 7:8 comes herein under study as possibly alluding to Isaiah’s portraiture of Assyria. This verse some have considered secondary to the chapter as a whole. In principle, this is no impediment to the study of Dan 7:8 in its narrative context: the redactor, in his use of the source material and in his additions, would simply be construed as the “author” of the present form of the text. Nonetheless, with the majority of readers, I accept the arguments for this chapter’s compositional unity.

45. In principle, I suppose that one might choose the MT of Daniel (critically reconstructed, as, e.g., in the BHS) for the study of allusions to Isaiah; in such a case, the “author” would be the ¿nal tradents of the MT, and such texts as have arisen from manuscript error would be assessed, arti¿cially, in terms of their apparent “intent.” But, the rhetorical strategies of Daniel so clearly arise from the end of Seleucid rule that it has seemed to me better to establish an original text and assess its allusions correspondingly. 46. On the narrative assessment of allusion in the Gospel of Mark, Thomas R. Hatina, In Search of a Context: The Function of Scripture in Mark’s Narrative (JSNTSup 232; London: Shef¿eld Academic Press, 2002), 71, writes, “I am con¿dent that a narrative criticism which is textually oriented, as opposed to reader oriented, can be wed with an external approach in a supplementary way.” 1

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The unity of Dan 7 is accepted by most critics, though not by all.47 Some have proposed an original text not yet responding to Antiochus IV’s desolation of the Temple in 167 B.C.E., such that this original version of the chapter lacks the “little horn” and its interpretation.48 There is almost no agreement as regards which verses should be considered redactional, and this fact demonstrates the lack of clear literary-critical warrants for such textual surgery.49 The warrants to be considered are 47. Examples include James A. Montgomery, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1927), 95–96; R. H. Charles, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel (Oxford: Clarendon, 1929), 164–66; Bentzen, Daniel, 57; Harold Henry Rowley, “The Unity of the Book of Daniel,” Hebrew Union College Annual 23 (1950–51): 266–69; Otto Plöger, Das Buch Daniel (KAT 18; Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus G. Mohn, 1965), 106–107; Mathias Delcor, “Les sources du chapitre VII de Daniel,” VT 18 (1968): 290–312; John J. Collins, Apocalyptic Vision of the Book of Daniel (HSM 16; Missoula: Scholars Press for Harvard Semitic Museum, 1977), 127–32; John Goldingay, Daniel (WBC 30; Dallas: Word, 1989), 156–57. See John J. Collins, Daniel: A Commentary on the Book of Daniel (with an essay by Adela Yarbro Collins; Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), 277–80, including 278 n. 13. Meadowcroft’s survey is also useful (“a strong body of opinion arguing for the integrity of [Dan 7]”); see T. J. Meadowcroft, Aramaic Daniel and Greek Daniel: A Literary Comparison (JSOTSup 198; Shef¿eld: Shef¿eld Academic Press, 1995), 207 n. 34. 48. Haller proposed a date close to 300 B.C.E.: M. Haller, “Das Alter von Daniel 7,” TSK 93 (1921): 83–87. If one accepts an original Aramaic book, Dan 2–7 (with or without an introductory ¿rst chapter), then this model solves the perceived problem whereby an “Aramaic book” at the end of Seleucid rule can only circulate a very short time before the Hebrew additions are composed. See, e.g., Odil Hannes Steck, “Weltgeschehen und Gottesvolk im Buch Daniel,” in Kirche (ed. Dieter Lührmann and Georg Strecker; Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1980), 55. 49. Sellin proposed that Dan 7:8, 20–22, 24–25 be held redactional: Ernst Sellin, Enleitung in das Alte Testament (Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1910), 233–34. Hölscher agreed, further excising v. 7 “and it had ten horns” and Dan 7:11a; see Gustav Hölscher, “Die Entstehung des Buches Daniel,” TSK 92 (1919): 119–21. Ginsberg deletes Dan 7:8, 11a, 20b, 21, 22, 24b, 25 (though it should be noted that Ginsberg’s “Dan 7” is so thoroughly emended as to bear little resemblance to the text under discussion here); see Ginsberg, Studies in Daniel, 11–13, and the response of Norman W. Porteous, Daniel: A Commentary (Old Testament Library; London: SCM Press, 1965), 104–105. Very few critics now accept Ginsberg’s labyrinthine reconstruction of an Aramaic original of Daniel, though it received a new lease on life when presupposed by Louis Francis Hartman and Alexander A. DiLella, The Book of Daniel (AB 23; Garden City: Doubleday, 1978), 209. Klaus Koch rightly observes that almost every interpreter seeks to be original in his emendation, “if only by a half-verse”: Koch, Das Buch Daniel (EdF144; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1980), 70–71. 1

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those of vocabulary, syntax, and structure.50 Daniel 7:8 introduces the appearance of the “little horn” with the words, “I was considering,” instead of “I was seeing” which introduces action four times in the preceding six verses (Dan 7:2, 4, 6, 7). In a similar disjuncture, the exclamatory particle in Dan 7:8 is #+, while the variant #: is used four times in the previous verses and once soon after (Dan 7:2, 5, 6, 7, 13). The “little horn” is described with active perfect verbs, whereas the ¿rst three beasts are described with passive perfect verbs, and the fourth with active participles.51 Finally, the appearance of an eleventh horn is held by some to contradict the description of Dan 7:7, in which the fourth beast has “ten horns.” However, a redactional explanation of these phenomena is not forced, and fails to consider rhetorical and stylistic explanations which serve at least as well.52 Each of the variants described lends itself to a climactic function in Dan 7:8, differentiating the “little horn” from its chaotic surroundings and calling special attention to it.53 The change to “I was considering” from “I was seeing” breaks the rhythm established to that point, calling attention to the “little horn.” So too does the shift to #+ from #:.54 The active perfect verbs contribute to a sense of vividness, bringing the expression of the “little horn’s” actions into line with that of the extradiegetic (“top”) narrative level of the chapter (“he saw,” “he wrote,” “he said,” Dan 7:1). The diminutive size of the “little horn” has an arresting quality, following as it does the rapid descriptions of the superlative speed and appetite of the preceding beasts (Dan 7:4–6), as well as in apparent contrast to the “terrifying strength” of the fourth beast of which this horn is a part (Dan 7:7). The appearance of an “eleventh horn” cannot be said to contradict the previous verse, but simply continues the narrative. That the number eleven breaks the schematic 50. Luc Dequeker, “The Saints of the Most High in Qumran and Daniel,” OtSt 18 (1968): 115–21; cf. Collins, Daniel, 278–79. 51. The ¿rst beast’s wings “were plucked”; it “was taken up,” “was set down,” “was given” a human mind. The second beast “was raised” on one side. The third “was given” dominion. The fourth beast “was eating,” “crushing,” “trampling,” and “differing” from the others. The “little horn,” by contrast, “came up,” and “uprooted” three others. 52. John J. Collins, Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature (FOTL 20; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984), 77: “The redaction-critical approach to Dan 7 has not adequately allowed for the use of variation as a stylistic device.” 53. Plöger, Das Buch Daniel, 104–107; Collins, Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature, 75–78; idem, Daniel, 279. Without the little horn, the chapter “loses its point” (Porteous, Daniel, 97; cf. 102–107). 54. The form #+ cannot be taken as later than the other, considering its use in the court legends (Dan 2:31; 4:7, 10). 1

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depiction of “ten horns” simply underscores that horn’s difference from the others, and adds an element of the unexpected.55 Finally, Dan 7:8 shows not only disjuncture, but clear elements of continuity as well with its context.56 Every argument for a redaction history of Dan 7, revolving around the distinctiveness of the portrait of the “little horn” in Dan 7:8, serves as well or better to demonstrate the intent of the text to bring the account of the beasts toward a deliberate focus on the person and activities of the little horn.57 This “little horn” is the high point of the rebellion of the nations against the rule of God and against God’s will for the people Israel.58 Daniel 7:8 functions within its narrative context to portray the nations, and in particular the last of the foreign kings to rule over the people Israel before the in-breaking of the rule of God, as constitutionally inimical to that heavenly rule. A possible allusive trope exercised by the narrator in Dan 7:8 will, then, be assessed against the range of rhetorical strategies discerned in the chapter as a whole. (2) The Hebrew of Daniel 1, 8–12. The proposal of allusions, however overt or covert, concerns details of lexicon, grammar, and syntax. If the textual object of study were thought to be a translation of an original work, the complexities in discerning allusion might often be found insurmountable, and at least would need to be acknowledged.59 Fortunately, as

55. Collins, Daniel, 279, 299. 56. It shares with Dan 7:3 the verb, “come up” (9+2); with Dan 7:4, 13, the noun “man” ( *!:L' ˜ (the  eliding to quiescence and the ¿rst syllable opening as a consequence). Speculatively, one might read Eccl 9:9 as yet another example of the II- biform of root !#:: “Be sated of life with the wife whom you love.” Once !:' began to be read as “he shall see,” the object “light” entered as an exegetical plus. It cannot be known certainly whether this addition began in the Greek or in the Hebrew, but must of course predate the Qumran evidence. Seeligmann shows the possibility that the error displays “pregnostic ideas” of the OG translator’s Hellenistic context.63 It is agreed, with Thomas (apparatus to BHS), that 9'8 is properly transposed before 9'8'. This provides a clearly measured poetry, and improved sense; moreover, the accidental metathesis of the two forms of 98 is easily understood. Isaiah 65:24 3/ 88 967 (but see below, and in notes on 9:24 »À¸ÅǾ¿ýŸÀ Ìġ Ğɸĸ); Á¸Ė »À¸ÅÇû¿¾ÌÀ Ìġ ÈÉĠÊ̸ºÄ¸ “and he considered the command” Syh

91. So, e.g., W. Baumgartner, BHS note to Dan 9:20: “a 5#3 vel 53' (scilicit Daniel?).” Bevan, Daniel, 152. See also Charles, The Book of Daniel, 235; Delcor, Le Livre de Daniel, 193. 92. Porteous (“Àying swiftly”), Daniel: A Commentary, 139. Lacocque (“by a swift Àight”), Daniel, 187–88. 93. So Collins (apparently, though without speci¿c reference to Th), Daniel, 345. 94. Montgomery, Daniel, 41. 95. So Bevan, Daniel, 152. 96. Thusly Charles retroverts; Charles, The Book of Daniel, 236. 97. But accepted by Charles, The Book of Daniel, lxi. 1

Appendix: Texts and Translations

191

Daniel 9:23b 0!# !:/ is sometimes deleted on the basis of its absence in 88 and 967.98 One hesitates however to accept the OG in 9:23b, on account of the many transpositions and insertions in OG-Dan 9:24–27. An original OG likely agreed with the MT: Á¸Ė »À¸ÅÇû¿¾ÌÀ Ìġ Ğɸĸ Á¸Ė »À¸ÅÇû¿¾ÌÀ Ìġ ÈÉĠÊ̸ºÄ¸ (the verb is used by the translator freely to represent both the Qal and Hiphil forms of the verbal root 0').99 The words Ìġ Ğɸĸ Á¸Ė »À¸ÅÇû¿¾ÌÀ then fell out by haplography. Syh, “and he considered the vision,” may be a failed attempt to correct toward the MT, perhaps inÀuenced by the command-and-compliance sequence common in Scripture (“ ‘Now consider the vision’; and he considered the vision”). In this view, the OG insertion in Dan 9:24 (below), Á¸Ė »À¸ÅÇû¿¾ÌÀ Ìġ Ğɸĸ, may reÀect a marginal correcting addition to 9:23, Á¸Ė »À¸ÅÇû¿¾ÌÀ Ìġ ÈÉĠÊ̸ºÄ¸ (the verb then made in¿nitive, simply to conform to the several in¿nitives in 9:24).100 Daniel 9:24 ( are the many, and the wicked act wickedly….”

1

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Rowley, Harold Henry. Darius the Mede and the Four World Empires in the Book of Daniel. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Board, 1935. ——“Early Aramaic Dialects and the Book of Daniel.” JRAS (1933): 777–805. ——Review of H. L. Ginsberg, Studies in Daniel. JBL 68 (1949): 173–77. ——“The Unity of the Book of Daniel.” HUCA 23 (1950–51): 233–73. Sáenz-Badillos, Angel. A History of the Hebrew Language. Translated by John Elwolde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Scott, R. B. Y. “Isaiah.” In vol. 5 of IB. Seeligmann, Isac Leo. The Septuagint Version of Isaiah: A Discussion of Its Problems. Leiden: Brill, 1948. ——“Voraussetzungen der Midraschexegese.” Pages 150–81 in vol. 1 of Congress Volume, International Organization of Old Testament Scholars, Copenhagen 1953. Leiden: Brill, 1953. Sellin, Ernst. Einleitung in das Alte Testament. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1910. Seow, C. L. Daniel. 1st ed. Westminster Bible Companion. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2003. ——“From Mountain to Mountain: The Reign of God in Daniel 2.” Pages 355–74 in A God So Near: Essays on Old Testament Theology in Honor of Patrick D. Miller. Edited by Brent A. Strawn and Nancy R. Bowen. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2003. Sivan, Daniel. A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language. Leiden: Brill, 1997. Smith, Mark S. Ugaritic Narrative Poetry. Edited by Simon B. Parker. Writings from the Ancient World 9. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997. Smith-Christopher, Daniel. “Daniel.” Pages 19–152 in vol. 7 of NIB. Sommer, Benjamin D. A Prophet Reads Scripture: Allusion in Isaiah 40–66. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. Sperber, Alexander. The Bible in Aramaic: Based on Old Manuscripts and Printed Texts. Leiden: Brill, 1959. Stade, Bernhard, and Oskar Holtzmann. Geschichte des Volkes Israel. Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen. Berlin: Grote, 1887. Steck, Odil Hannes. “Weltgeschehen und Gottesvolk im Buch Daniel.” Pages 53–78 in Kirche. Edited by Dieter Lührmann and Georg Strecker. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1980. Sternberg, Meir. The Poetics of Biblical Narrative: Ideological Literature and the Drama of Reading. The Indiana Literary Biblical Series. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985. Sukenik, Eleazer Lipa. The Dead Sea Scrolls of the Hebrew University. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1955. Sweeney, Marvin A. Isaiah 1–39: With an Introduction to Prophetic Literature. FOTL 16. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996. Swete, Henry Barclay. Hosea–4 Maccabees. The Old Testament in Greek According to the Septuagint 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1894. Taylor, Gary. Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood. New York: Routledge, 2000. Teeter, Andrew. “Isaiah and the King of As/Syria in Daniel’s Final Vision: On the Rhetoric of Inner-Scriptural Allusion and the Hermeneutics of ‘Mantological Exegesis.’ ” Pages 169–99 in vol. 1 of A Teacher for All Generations: Essays in Honor of James C. VanderKam. Edited by Eric F. Mason et al. JSJSup 153. Leiden: Brill, 2012.

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INDEXES INDEX OF REFERENCES HEBREW BIBLE/ OLD TESTAMENT Genesis 1 47 3:6 96 15:16 78, 141, 192 22:5 114 22:7 181 23:7 114 23:12 114 29:9 102 31:11 181 37–50 48 37:36 124, 125 39–41 47, 48, 51, 115 39:1 124 39:6 51 40–41 48, 51, 53, 54 40:8 53 41 48–51, 53, 54, 115, 116, 129 41:1 52 41:2 51 41:4–5 52 41:8 51, 52 41:10 51 41:12 51 41:14 52 41:16 53 41:25 53 41:28 53 41:38–39 53 41:42 50, 115

Exodus 7:11 7:22 8:3 8:12–13 8:14–15 9:11 11:1 29:36–37 30:26–29 33:5 34:28 40:9–10

51 51 51 100 51 51 175 193 193 175 37 193

Leviticus 25:2 25:4 26 26:18 26:21 26:24 26:28 26:34 26:40

37 37 38 38 38 38 37, 38 37 24

Numbers 23:7–8 24:24

76 2, 64

Deuteronomy 28:60–61 28:60 28:63 29:9 29:17 30:1–10 32:18 32:29

175 175 175 96 181 152 131 96

Joshua 1:7 1:8

96 96

Judges 3:9 4:3 6:6 10:10 15 15:12 15:14 16 16:9 16:12 16:14 16:19–20

152 152 152 152 152 120 120 120 120 120 120 120

1 Samuel 18:5 18:14 18:15

96 96 96

2 Samuel 14:33 18:21 18:28 19:29 24:20

112 112 112 181 112

1 Kings 1:14 1:22 1:42 2:3 7:46 8

102 102 102 96 100 40

216

Index of References

1 Kings (cont.) 8:46–53 152 18:7 96 22:9 125 2 Kings 4:23 6:33 8:6 9:32 18:7 19:22 20:17–18 23:11 23:36 24 24:1 24:6 24:8 24:12 24:17

181 102 125 125 123, 124 86 125 125 35 35, 36 35, 36 35 35 124 35

1 Chronicles 28:1

125

2 Chronicles 4:17 33:10 36 36:5 36:6–7 36:9 36:10 36:21

100 105 35, 36 35 35, 36 35 35 37

Ezra 9 9:6–15

21 40, 142

Nehemiah 1:5–11 1:8–9 9 9:5–37 9:27 9:28

40, 142 152 21 40, 142 152 152

Esther 1:10 1:12 1:15 2:3 2:14–15 2:21 4:4–5 6:2 6:14 7:9

125 125 125 125 125 124 125 124, 125 102, 125 125

Job 1–2 1:16 1:17 10:15 22:2 34:27 34:35 37:5 37:7 42:7–17

161 102 102 181 96 96 96 201 178 161

Psalms 2:10 7:12 14:2 18:28 32:8 36:3 38:4 41:1 49:12 53:2 64:9 69:25 75:4–6 75:5 78:49 94:8 102:11 104:3 106 106:44–46 131:1

96 75 96 87 96 96 75 96 100 96 96 75 86 86 76 96 75 45 40, 142 152 87

Proverbs 1:3 1:8–9 6:17 10:5 10:19 11:25 12:14 13:2 15:24 16:20 16:23 17:2 17:8 18:20 19:14 21:11 21:12 21:16 22:14 24:1–2 24:24 25:23 26:4 26:5 29:12 30:13

96 129 87 96 96 181 87 87 96 96 96 96 96 87 96 96 96 96 75 129 75 75 135 135 105 87

Ecclesiastes 9:9

181

Isaiah 1–39 1–12 2:12 2:19 2:21 5:5 5:15 5:23 6 6:3 6:7 7:5 7:7

77, 161, 162, 172 109 86 172 172 188 86 95 122 109 122 172 2, 3, 171, 172, 199

Index of References 8 8:7–8

8:7 8:8

8:10 9:8 9:11 10

10:1 10:5–27 10:5–26 10:5–25 10:5–18 10:5–11 10:5–6 10:5

10:6 10:7–15 10:7–11 10:7 10:8–11 10:8 10:10–14 10:10 10:11 10:12–19

91 62, 91, 130, 131, 137, 138, 143, 145, 195 172 62–64, 70, 90, 91, 93, 130, 145, 172–74 173 87 64 60, 61, 67, 70, 71, 73, 75, 78, 79, 85, 88–93, 132, 137– 45, 147– 49, 156, 159, 162, 163 88 3, 77, 79, 88 71, 72, 90, 137, 140 78, 141 138 137 77 66, 75–79, 88, 92, 116, 131, 137, 139, 140, 176 130, 131 78, 79 77, 149 67, 78, 87 87, 88 87 141 79 88 137

10:12–15

10:12–14 10:12 10:13–15 10:13–14 10:13 10:14 10:15 10:20–27 10:20–26 10:20 10:22–26 10:22–25

10:22–23

10:22

10:23–25 10:23

66, 67, 88, 90, 139, 149, 155 77, 92 67, 85–87, 89, 173 149 87, 88 78, 79, 87, 88 79 67, 75, 87, 88 77 137 77, 138 90, 139 66, 67, 70, 88, 91, 92, 129, 132, 137, 143, 146, 149, 155 6, 28, 66, 71, 72, 90, 91, 101, 128, 131, 132, 138– 40, 143, 144, 147, 149, 154, 168 39, 63, 66, 70, 72, 74, 77, 88, 90, 92, 128, 138, 139, 141, 143, 145, 146, 174, 175, 197 65, 79, 138, 141 2, 3, 41, 58, 65, 66, 70, 72, 74, 88, 90, 92,

217

10:24–25 10:24

10:25–26 10:25

10:26–27 10:26 10:27–34 10:27 10:28–34 10:30 11:9 11:36 13:5 13:9 13:11 14

14:9 14:12–15

14:12–14 14:12 14:13 14:14 14:15

128, 129, 137–39, 147, 175, 196, 197 23, 68 61, 75, 77, 88, 100, 137, 138, 141, 143, 156, 175 141 2, 3, 65, 66, 72–79, 88, 92, 97, 100, 116, 131, 132, 137–41, 144, 146, 149, 176 77 61, 77, 100, 138 77 77, 137 68 105 109 138 76, 77, 175 175 175 61, 70, 80–84, 130, 141, 149, 150 172 79, 80, 82, 83, 90, 92, 150, 155 84, 137 82, 83, 130, 176 77, 80, 81, 83, 176 83, 177 83, 177

218 Isaiah (cont.) 14:17 14:21 14:24–27 14:24 14:25 14:26 19:1 21:5 22:5 23:7 23:12 24:1 24:4 24:20 26:13 26:14 26:15–18 26:16 26:19

26:20

27:6 28

28:2 28:14–22

28:15–18 28:15

28:16 28:17

28:18

Index of References

175 172 70 172 3, 68, 69, 177 175 45 172 177 175 172 175 175 172 100 172 100 77, 100 3, 94, 99, 100, 137, 156, 172, 178 3, 66, 75– 77, 92, 100, 156 175 71, 90–92, 137–39, 163 63, 92, 138, 174 70, 71, 90, 91, 137, 138 91 63, 71, 91, 92, 138, 174 138 63, 71, 90–92, 138, 174 63, 71, 90–92,

28:22

30:19–21 30:27 30:28 34:1 36–37 36:4–10 36:13–20 37 37:7 37:16 37:17 37:18 37:21 37:23 37:38 38:14 39:7 40–55

40:2 40:23 40:26 40:28 40:29 41:2 41:12–16 41:12 41:14 41:15–16 41:15 41:16 41:20

138, 174, 177, 188 3, 41, 58, 66, 70–72, 74, 90, 91, 128, 138, 143, 147, 178, 196, 197 131 76, 77 174 175 68 87 87 69, 89, 148 68, 69, 89, 178, 203 175 70, 87 175 87 85–88, 179 69 86 123, 125– 27, 179 98, 108, 113, 161, 162 161, 186 33 86 180 194 33 110 110 112 34, 108, 110 110, 171 110 96

42:1–4 42:1 42:9 43 43:1–5 43:1–3 43:1–2 43:1 43:2

43:3–4 43:5 43:11 43:14 44:15 44:17 44:18 44:19 44:25 45–60 45:13 45:14 45:19 45:21 46:6 47:13–15 48:6 49:1–6 49:6 49:7 49:23 50:4–11 50:4–9 50:8 51:1–2 51:1 51:2 52–53

98 116 33 121–23 101 120 127 121, 123 116, 118– 22, 174, 179 33 120–22 33 33 113 113 96 113 33 115, 116 113 34, 112– 14, 180 33 33 113 33 33 98 162 34, 112, 114 112–14 116 98 95 34, 109, 110, 127 108, 109, 131, 171 109 2, 47, 93, 94, 97, 116, 155, 157, 158, 162

Index of References 52:4–5 52:6 52:13–53:12

52:13–53:1 52:13–15 52:13

52:14–15 52:14 53 53:1–11 53:8–12 53:8 53:11–12 53:11

53:12 54:9 56–66 56 56:3–5 56:5 58:9 60:1–4 60:14 65 65:1 65:12 65:17 65:24

65:25 66:4 66:12

162 181 3, 93, 94, 98, 99, 155 162 98 2, 3, 94, 96, 98, 137, 154, 180 96 162 3 98 3 162 98 2, 94, 95, 97, 137, 154, 155, 180 94, 95 162 113 126 123, 124, 126 123 181 109 112–14 102, 105, 151 102 102 106 25, 36, 101–106, 131, 137, 151, 152, 154, 155, 162, 181 106 102 174

66:14 66:23 66:24

Jeremiah 1:1–9 3:15 8:6 9:24 10:10 10:21 15:8 15:17 20 20:11 25 25:1 25:11–13 25:11 25:12 26 29 29:1–23 29:2 29:10–14 29:10–11 29:10

29:12–14

29:13 29:14 29:24–32 32 34:19 38:17 39:3 39:13 41:16 44

76, 77 101 94, 99– 101, 137, 156, 182

219 48:25 50:25 52:25–26 52:25

86 76 125 124, 125

Lamentations 2:6 76 122 96 62 96 76 96 203 75 36 96 23 39 39 7, 36, 37 36, 37 40 23, 24, 116 23 124, 125 24, 25, 105, 151 24, 105 7, 23, 24, 36, 37, 39, 101 23, 41, 101, 105, 151, 152 24 24, 105 23 40 124, 125 125 123, 124 123, 124 124, 125 40

Ezekiel 1–2 1:28 9–10 21:36 22:24 22:31 22:34 34:19 36:3 38–39 Daniel 1–12 1–9 1–7 1–6

1–3

1–2 1

1:1–2:4

55 55 55 76 76 76 76 188 188 70

10, 26, 40, 58 163 52 9, 11–13, 26, 33, 43, 49, 50, 56, 57, 85, 106, 108, 117, 133, 135, 139, 152, 153, 156, 158– 60, 168 60, 107, 127, 156, 158, 159, 168 157 12, 14, 17, 18, 26, 27, 34, 36, 51, 52, 107, 126 18

220 Ezekiel 1:1–2

1:1 1:2 1:3

1:4 1:5 1:7–11 1:7 1:10–17 1:16–20 1:17 1:18 1:20–21 1:20 1:21 2–7 2–6 2–3 2

2:1–11 2:1 2:2–10 2:2–6 2:2 2:3 2:4–7 2:4 2:9–11 2:10–11

Index of References

10, 12, 35, 36, 40, 52, 106, 108, 135, 136, 139, 151, 153–55 35, 36, 123 35 123, 126, 127, 163, 182 96, 99, 125 52 123 123 171 171 52, 96, 99 52, 123 52 33 10, 103, 136, 153 15, 18, 19, 111 19, 107 159, 164 10, 26, 31–34, 47–55, 107, 108, 110, 112, 114–16, 129 33 51, 52 53 171 51–53 51 26 166 171 53

2:14 2:17–18 2:18 2:19–33 2:19 2:20–23 2:21 2:25 2:27–28 2:28 2:31 2:32 2:33–46 2:34–35

2:34 2:35 2:37–38

2:37 2:39 2:40 2:42 2:43 2:44–45 2:44 2:45

2:46–48 2:46–47 2:46

2:47–3:2 2:47

51 54 33 171 54 54 33 52, 182 33 53 16 139 171 34, 108, 109, 111, 112, 127, 171 58, 109, 112, 132 109, 110, 112, 131 33, 57, 108, 135, 151, 153– 55 106 37 183 203, 204 43 109 33, 57 33, 58, 80, 84, 108, 109, 111, 112, 127, 131, 132, 141, 171 34 108, 113, 114 108, 112, 113, 115, 116, 182 171 33, 53, 113

2:48–49 2:49 3–6 3

3:1 3:2 3:3 3:4 3:5 3:6 3:7 3:11 3:12 3:13 3:14 3:15 3:16 3:18 3:19 3:20 3:21 3:22–28 3:22 3:23–25 3:23 3:25–28 3:25–27

3:25 3:26 3:27–30 3:27–28 3:27 3:28 3:29 3:30

33 52 168 26, 48, 85, 107, 113, 116–22, 127, 157, 158 117 117 117, 127 117 117 122 117 122 117 117, 127 117 117, 122 117 108, 117, 159 117 117 122, 127 171 117, 127 171 27, 117, 122 108, 122 86, 101, 116, 119, 122 119–22, 183 117, 122, 127 171 127 119, 121, 183 117, 121 117 33, 117, 127

Index of References 3:31–33 3:33 3:72–4:9 4–6

4–5 4

4:1–3 4:5–9 4:7–9 4:7 4:9 4:10 4:11–14 4:12–16 4:13 4:16–19 4:17–19 4:17 4:19 4:22–25 4:22 4:28–30 4:29–30 4:30 4:31–34 4:31 4:33 4:34–35 4:34 5–9 5–6 5

5:1–5 5:5–7 5:7–12 5:10–11 5:12–17 5:12–14 5:12

135 57 170 26, 28, 60, 107, 127, 168 85, 155, 157 26, 48, 49, 57, 85, 107, 136 33 171 135 16 57 16 170 171 57 170 135 45, 93 57 170 57 170 57, 171 57 135 57 57 33 170 155 153 11, 26, 48, 50, 85, 107, 136, 153, 168 170 170, 171 170 171 170 171 171

5:13 5:14–16 5:14 5:16–19 5:17 5:18–19 5:18 5:19–22 5:23 5:25–26 5:28 5:29–30 5:29 5:30 6

6:1–3 6:1 6:4–5 6:6–8 6:8–22 6:8–12 6:12–13 6:13–16 6:14 6:16–18 6:18 6:19–28 6:22 6:26–27 6:27–7:6 6:27 6:29 7–12

182 171 33 171 170 57, 135 108 171 170, 182 170 18, 28, 131, 168 170 50, 115 11 10, 11, 26, 48, 107, 116, 117, 157 170 37, 170 170 170 171 170 170 170 182 170 182 170 121 33 171 57 10, 11, 37, 103, 136 9–11, 25, 26, 28, 42, 43, 60, 61, 89, 101, 107, 127, 132, 133, 135, 137, 146, 148, 155, 159, 160, 168

221 7–9 7–8

7

7:1–6 7:1

7:2–7 7:2 7:3–6 7:3 7:4–6 7:4

7:5–7 7:5–6 7:5 7:6–8 7:6 7:7–8 7:7 7:8–11 7:8

7:9–10

11, 155 61, 85, 93, 150, 152, 168 10–12, 14, 15, 17, 26, 32, 33, 40, 42–47, 56–58, 61, 73, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87–89, 93, 94, 132, 139, 144– 46, 148, 151, 153 170 11, 12, 16, 136, 152, 170 43 16, 44 55, 56 17 16 10, 16, 17, 44, 57, 136, 139 171 139 16, 17, 37, 57 170 16 44 15, 16, 44 170 14–17, 26, 42, 44, 46, 57, 58, 66, 67, 71, 79, 81, 85–89, 92, 132, 148, 149, 155, 163, 183, 184 17, 46

222 Ezekiel (cont.) 7:11–14 170 7:11–12 47 7:11 15, 26, 150, 171 7:12 57, 93 7:13–14 17, 43, 45 7:13 16, 17 7:14–19 170 7:14 136 7:15–23 171 7:15–16 12, 136, 152, 155, 161 7:18 45, 57, 93 7:19–22 170 7:20–22 15, 26 7:20 15, 66 7:21 15, 45, 85, 89, 93, 184 7:22–28 170 7:22 45, 93 7:23 85 7:24–26 85 7:24–25 15, 26 7:24 15 7:25–8:5 171 7:25–28 170 7:25 15, 39, 42, 44–46, 57, 80, 85, 87–89, 93, 101, 200 7:26–28 171 7:26 150 7:27 45, 93 7:28 12, 57, 136, 152, 155, 161, 170 8–12 11, 14, 17–19, 26, 28, 89, 95, 137, 139, 148, 149, 166, 168

Index of References 8–11 8–9 8

8:1–8 8:1

8:2–13 8:3–14 8:3–4 8:4–7 8:4–5 8:4 8:5–8 8:5 8:7–12 8:7 8:8 8:9–13 8:9–12 8:9 8:10–13

8:10–12

8:10

8:11–12 8:11 8:12–15 8:12

148 146, 147 10–12, 40, 42, 61, 73–77, 79, 81–84, 89, 92, 93, 101, 139, 140, 145, 148–50 171 11, 37, 132, 136, 152 73 74 37 170 139 170, 195 139 191 170 201 204 141 78, 79, 139 81, 204 42, 70, 79, 80, 82, 149–51, 155, 187 57, 69, 79, 84, 92, 130, 150, 162 81, 83, 184, 185, 187 101, 182 83, 182, 185–87 170 80, 132, 141, 185– 88, 192

8:13–16 8:13–14 8:13

8:14

8:15–20 8:15–16

8:15 8:16–26 8:16–17 8:16 8:17–23 8:17–18 8:17

8:18–19 8:18 8:19–26 8:19–25 8:19–23 8:19

8:20–24 8:20–21 8:20 8:21 8:22

171 26 39, 45, 55, 58, 80, 93, 132, 141, 186–88, 192, 197 73, 74, 80, 84, 140, 150 170 12, 136, 152, 155, 161 191 58 171 26, 55, 78 129 58 55, 72–74, 78, 97, 128, 132, 140, 143, 188, 191, 204 26 189 73 140 148, 149 23, 55, 58, 66, 71–79, 88, 92, 97, 116, 128, 129, 131, 132, 137, 139, 140, 143, 146, 147, 155, 188, 189 170 171 37, 139 76, 139 140

Index of References 8:23–25

8:23

8:24

8:24–27 8:24–25 8:25

8:26

8:27

9

9:1–11:26 9:1–3 9:1–2

78, 79, 88, 92, 94, 139, 141, 163 23, 71, 73, 74, 78–80, 86, 88, 92, 97, 116, 132, 139– 41, 187, 191, 192 45, 57, 58, 66, 79, 92, 93, 97, 132, 148, 149, 201 170 93, 94 58, 67, 78–80, 84, 93, 95, 132, 140, 150, 186 26, 55, 74, 80, 84, 140, 150 12, 26, 78, 136, 152, 155, 161, 191, 198 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 20, 21, 23–25, 34–36, 39, 40, 42, 55, 70, 71, 73, 76, 89, 91, 92, 101– 104, 132, 136, 142– 45, 151, 152–55, 163 170 7, 105 37, 103

9:1 9:2–23 9:2

9:3–4 9:3 9:4–19

9:4 9:11–14 9:11 9:12–14 9:13

9:15–19 9:15–17 9:16 9:17–18 9:17 9:18 9:19 9:20–27 9:20–23

9:20–21 9:20

9:21

9:22–23 9:22

11, 37, 136, 152 11 36, 38, 40, 76, 128, 191 20, 37 21–23 12, 20, 37, 41, 105, 151, 155, 156, 160 21 22 21 171 21, 96, 142, 191, 193 22, 152 171 105 21 105 105 21, 22, 105 7 35–37, 41, 58, 101, 105, 106, 116, 131, 143, 151, 152, 154, 155, 158, 162, 171 101–104 20, 21, 102, 105, 189, 190 21, 58, 102–105, 132, 189 56 21, 96, 99, 103, 190

223 9:23

9:24–27

9:24–25 9:24

9:25–27 9:25

9:26–27

9:26

9:27

21, 23, 101–104, 106, 191 21, 23, 37, 38, 40, 41, 70, 102, 145, 150, 191 171 21, 23, 24, 132, 144, 190, 192, 193, 197 61, 191 21, 39, 96, 99, 191, 193, 194 5, 24, 35, 39, 42, 58, 70–72, 74, 88, 91, 92, 101, 106, 116, 131, 132, 142– 44, 146, 147, 149– 51, 154, 155, 171, 188 38, 39, 41, 70–72, 92, 106, 128, 143–45, 194–97 2, 3, 21, 24, 41, 58, 66, 70–72, 80, 92, 93, 95, 100, 128, 131, 143, 144, 156, 188, 191, 195– 97, 202, 204

224 Ezekiel (cont.) 10–12 2, 3, 10, 18, 40, 42, 60, 61, 68, 73, 78, 92, 94, 96, 97, 99, 145, 151, 153– 56, 162 10 26, 58, 104 10:1 10, 12, 26, 37, 153, 191 10:2 37 10:3 37, 58 10:5–9 171 10:5–6 55 10:6 55 10:8–16 171 10:8 204 10:9 189 10:11–16 171 10:11 58, 190, 191 10:12 191 10:13 46, 58, 93 10:14–21 56 10:14 55, 74 10:15–19 55 10:16 58 10:18 58, 204 10:19 190 10:21 46, 93, 171 11–12 3, 56, 60, 94, 97–99, 116, 135, 155, 157, 158, 163 11 42, 47, 58, 61, 62, 64–66, 69, 70, 74, 75, 78, 89, 130, 145, 147, 148

Index of References 11:1–2 11:1 11:2 11:3 11:5 11:6 11:7 11:8 11:10–40 11:10

11:12 11:13–17 11:16 11:17 11:19 11:21 11:22

11:23 11:24 11:25–29 11:25 11:26

11:27–36 11:27

11:28 11:29–32 11:29–30 11:30

11:31

171 37 204 199 204 43, 204 199, 204 182 62, 63, 145, 146 2, 62–64, 88, 93, 94, 130, 145, 146, 171, 197, 200 204 171 204 2, 3, 43, 171, 198 204 146, 204 2, 63, 64, 93, 130, 145, 146, 171, 200 193, 202 191, 199 171 191 2, 63, 64, 93, 130, 145, 146, 171, 200 129 55, 74, 78, 97, 132, 189 199 170 64 2, 95, 100, 156, 191, 199 58, 101, 188

11:32 11:33

11:33–36 11:33–35 11:34–38 11:34 11:35

11:36–37 11:36

11:37 11:38–39 11:38 11:40–45

11:40

11:41 11:42 11:44–45 11:44 11:45 12

95, 100, 156, 204 3, 94–97, 135, 154, 180, 182, 200, 203 171 56 170 95 3, 55, 78, 94, 96, 97, 129, 132, 135, 154, 191, 201, 204 65, 67, 71, 88, 91 2, 3, 58, 65–67, 70–75, 79, 86, 92, 94, 97, 129, 132, 144, 146–49, 201, 202 65–67, 88, 201, 202 201 171 10, 65, 68, 69, 89, 94, 150, 170 2, 42, 55, 62–64, 88, 93, 130, 145, 146, 200, 202– 204 203, 204 203 68, 89 89, 203 3, 69, 195, 203 10, 27, 100

Index of References 12:1 12:2–6 12:2

12:11 12:13 16

46, 93 170 3, 26, 94, 95, 99, 100, 156 2, 3, 19, 94, 95, 97, 135, 154– 56, 204 26 55, 204 39 170 12, 191 55, 204, 205 94, 96, 154, 155, 191, 204 80, 188 26, 94 107

Hosea 7:16 11 11:1 13:7–8

75 8 8 55

12:3

12:4–9 12:4 12:7 12:8–13 12:8 12:9 12:10

Joel 3:2 Amos 4:10 5:13 Micah 6:10 7:10 Nahum 1:6 3:10

Habakkuk 1–2 1:6 1:11–12 1:17 2:1 2:3

2:4 2:5 2:6 2:7–8 3:12

140 140 140 140 74 2, 55, 72– 74, 79, 97, 116, 128, 129, 132, 140 74 140 140 140 76

Zephaniah 3:8

76

Haggai 1:11

176

Zechariah 1:12 2:7 14:2

55, 76 55 70

Malachi 1:4

225 Hebrews 2:6

128

Revelation 12:4

81

APOCRYPHA 2 Esdras 5:13

22

Baruch 1:15–3:8 2:30–35

40, 142 152

2 Maccabees 4:8–10 4:34 9:10

195 195 81

PSEUDEPIGRAPHA 1 Enoch 37–71 81 46:7 81 48:10 46 52:4 46 90:13–19 70 Ahiqar 5–7

49, 50

76

70

138 96

NEW TESTAMENT Matthew 2:5 128 2:14–15 8

75 188

Luke 9:62 14:28–33

76 176

Acts 12:7 16:26

135 135

120 120

DEAD SEA SCROLLS 1QS iii:13 96 ix:18–20 96 4QFlor 2:3 2:4

27 27

CD 20:18

19, 95

226

Index of References

CLASSICAL AND ANCIENT CHRISTIAN LITERATURE Herodotus The Persian Wars 6:9 125 6:32 125 8:105 125

UGARITIC TEXTS KTU 1.1.iii.24 46 1.2.iv.8–10 45 1.4.iv.24 46 1.6.i.36.49 46 1.6.i.53–65 82

Homer Iliad 12:22–23

111

CODICES Chigi Codex 88

Virgil Aeneid 8:538–40

111

Xenophon Anabasis 4:3:8

120

28, 167, 169, 183, 184, 187– 94, 198, 200, 202– 204

PAPYRI 967

27, 29, 166, 167, 169, 170, 183, 184, 187–93, 196, 198, 201–204

INDEX OF AUTHORS Aarne, A. 49 Abegg, M. G. 27, 166, 167 Alexander, P. S. 118 Allegro, J. M. 27 Alter, R. 153

171, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 193, 195–97, 199 Conte, G. B. 5, 6, 36, 52, 61, 79, 81, 82, 84, 98, 111, 119, 126, 150 Cowley, A. E. 201

Bahti, T. 4 Baillet, M. 27, 166 Baloian, B. E. 76 Barstad, H. M. 37 Barthélemy, D. 18, 27, 165 Baumgartner, W. 51, 190 Beatty, A. C. 29 Beek, M. A. 117 Ben-Porat, Z. 7, 13, 36, 43, 63, 64, 68, 79, 110, 111, 114 Bentzen, A. 3, 15, 20, 34, 70, 72, 79, 88, 113, 117–20 Bevan, A. A. 18, 22, 24, 37–39, 41, 42, 48, 51, 53, 55, 58, 66, 68, 70, 71, 86, 97, 99, 100, 104, 114, 132, 148, 168, 184, 188, 190, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198–200, 203, 204 Brownlee, W. H. 93, 94 Brueggemann, W. 161 Burrows, M. 27, 29, 166

Davies, P. R. 107 Day, J. 46 Delcor, M. 15, 62, 65, 67–69, 71, 81, 85, 89, 95, 101, 189, 193, 195, 197 Dequeker, L. 16 Deventer, H. van 21 DiLella, A. A. 15, 18, 20, 21, 45, 54, 75, 80, 88, 103, 137, 169, 184, 195 Doran, R. 49, 50, 53, 54, 114, 115, 117 Doukhan, J. B. 44 Driver, S. R. 18, 20, 22, 80, 187 Duhm, B. 66, 77, 90, 98, 100

Carroll, R. P. 37 Charles, R. H. 15, 18, 20, 21, 37–39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 51–53, 62, 67, 69–71, 89, 94, 101, 104, 112, 114, 119, 123, 165, 168, 184, 185, 189–92, 194–96, 199 Charlesworth, J. H. 19, 95, 96 Chazon, E. G. 129 Childs, B. S. 90, 91, 98, 102 Clements, R. E. 137 Clifford, R. J. 98 Clines, D. J. A. 96 Collins, J. J. 9, 15–17, 19–24, 27, 28, 33, 36, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 51, 54, 55, 61, 73, 78, 80–82, 85, 86, 93–95, 99, 103, 104, 107, 109, 117–19, 135, 142, 152, 165–69,

Faulkner, R. O. 51 Fewell, D. N. 9, 10, 13, 52, 57, 113, 117, 121, 123, 153, 157 Fischer, T. 81 Fishbane, M. 24, 25, 40, 55, 56, 65, 66, 71, 72, 94, 95, 99, 106, 119 Fretheim, T. E. 75 Fröhlich, I. 32, 33

Eggler, J. 43, 44 Eissfeldt, O. 20 Elam, H. R. 32 Elledge, C. D. 131 Engnell, I. 2 Everhart, J. 124, 125 Ewald, H. 201

Gammie, J. G. 32–34, 113, 116 Garner, R. 5, 110 Geissen, A. 29, 191, 204 Gesenius, W. 201 Gibson, J. C. L. 194

228

Index of Authors

Ginsberg, H. L. 2, 3, 15, 18, 20, 26, 63–65, 69, 77, 79, 86, 88, 94, 99, 100, 130, 144, 156 Glanville, S. R. K. 49 Goldingay, J. 15, 80, 94, 110, 113, 118, 120, 187, 188, 196 Gonçalves, F. J. 25, 29 Gudas, F. 134 Gunkel, H. 81 Gunn, D. M. 117, 153, 157

Kugel, J. L. 111 Kuhl, C. 116, 118–21

Haag, E. 118 Haller, M. 15 Hamm, W. 29 Hanson, A. T. 75 Hartman, L. F. 15, 18, 20, 21, 45, 54, 75, 80, 88, 103, 137, 169, 184, 195 Hatina, T. R. 14 Hayes, J. H. 35 Hays, R. B. 71, 88, 122, 126 Heaton, E. W. 20, 40, 41, 45–47, 50, 51, 53–55, 115 Hiebert, T. 121 Hollander, J. 68, 88, 148 Hölscher, G. 15 Holtzmann, O. 51 Humphreys, W. L. 48, 107

Malbran-Labat, F. 123 Marti, K. 18, 20, 37, 38, 40–42, 44, 67, 90, 195 McCarter, P. K. 28, 29, 166, 167, 170 Meadowcroft, T. J. 15 Mettinger, T. N. D. 98 Milik, J. T. 18, 27, 165, 166 Miller, C. L. 129 Miller, J. M. 35 Miller, P. D. 83 Miner, E. 8, 36, 68, 114 Miscall, P. D. 10, 153 Montgomery, J. A. 15, 20, 26–28, 35, 38– 42, 45, 47, 52, 55, 70, 71, 73, 75, 78, 80, 81, 83, 88, 94, 99, 103, 104, 112, 114, 117, 167–69, 184, 186–88, 190, 191–95, 197, 199, 200, 202, 203 Moore, G. F. 80 Muilenburg, J. 129 Müller, H.-P. 67

Isaac, E. 81 Jastrow, M. 121 Jeansonne, S. P. 28, 100, 168, 169, 184, 185 Johnson, A. L. 47, 63, 82, 126, 150 Jones, B. W. 22, 23, 25, 142 Juel, D. 98, 128, 133 Kaiser, O. 90 Kautzsch, E. 201 Keen, S. 157, 158 Kellermann, U. 118 Kenyon, F. G. 29 Kinzie, M. 5 Kleinknecht, H. 75, 76 Knowles, M. P. 8 Koch, K. 15, 19, 20, 26, 80, 81 Koehler, L. 51 Krappe, A. H. 116, 157 Kratz, R. G. 32, 55, 57, 108, 132, 135, 155 Kronfeld, C. 13

Labat, R. 123 Lacocque, A. 3, 21, 22, 24, 43, 45, 46, 55, 56, 71, 102, 142, 186, 190, 194 Lambert, W. G. 44 Lebram, J. C. H. 61, 88, 117 Lengerke, C. von 35 Lester, G. B. 6, 9, 81

Newsom, C. 160, 161 Nickelsburg, G. W. E. 32, 34, 113, 116, 157 Niditch, S. 49, 50, 53, 54, 114, 115 Niskanen, P. 85 North, R. 123 Noth, M. 17 Nyström, S. 98 O’Connor, M. P. 196 Olson, D. T. 129 Oppenheim, A. L. 124 Osten-Sacken, P. von der 32, 33 Ottley, R. R. 63, 173–79, 181 Parry, D. W. 27, 29, 98, 166 Perri, C. 6–8, 36, 56, 62, 64, 81, 101, 111, 122, 148, 160

Index of Authors Plöger, O. 15, 16, 18, 103 Polzin, R. 20 Porteous, N. W. 15, 16, 20, 37, 39, 40, 44, 45, 51, 53, 55, 57, 103, 117, 190 Propp, V. I. A. 50 Qimron, E. 27, 29, 98, 166 Rad, G. von 50, 69–71, 89, 135 Redditt, P. L. 21 Redford, D. B. 48, 49, 51–54, 114, 115 Reiner, E. 49 Rendtorff, R. 162 Renza, L. A. 13 Ricks, C. 9 Ricoeuer, P. 136, 161 Rimmon-Kenan, S. 10–12, 57, 65, 129, 157 Roca-Puig, R. 29 Rosenthal, L. A. 48, 184 Rowley, H. H. 15, 18, 26, 42, 85 Sàenz-Badillos, A. 19, 20 Scott, R. B. Y. 137 Seeligmann, I. L. 2, 3, 18, 28, 29, 64, 65, 71, 82, 97, 130, 131, 168, 170, 173–77, 181 Sellin, E. 15 Seow, C. L. 32–34, 51–54, 73, 81, 102, 109, 110, 112–14 Sivan, D. 74 Smith, M. S. 45, 82 Smith-Christopher, D. 37, 38, 40, 41, 45, 47, 48, 51–53, 57, 80, 115 Sommer, B. D. 9 Sperber, A. 118 Stade, B. 51 Steck, O. H. 15, 17, 23, 40, 76, 142 Sternberg, M. 129, 153

229

Sukenik, E. L. 27, 166 Sweeney, M. A. 63, 90, 137 Swete, H. B. 27, 169 Taylor, G. 125 Teeter, A. 62 Thompson, S. 49 Torrey, C. C. 99 Tov, E. 27, 166, 167 Towner, W. S. 21–23, 38, 142 Tucker, G. M. 63 Ulrich, E. 27, 98, 166, 173, 175, 176, 180, 187 Vaux, R. de 27, 166 Vermès, G. 95 Vorm-Croughs, M. van der 170 Wagner, J. R. 1, 170 Wallace, D. B. 103 Waltke, B. K. 196 Walton, J. H. 17, 44–47, 56, 57, 80 Werline, R. A. 21 Wildberger, H. 63, 91 Willis, A. C. M. 83, 136 Wills, L. M. 48–50, 53, 54, 115, 117 Wilson, G. H. 22–24, 38, 41, 142 Wolf, C. U. 123, 124 Yamauchi, E. M. 123–25 Yarbro Collins, A. 81 Ziegler, J. 27 Zimmerman, F. 18, 19 Zimmern, H. 81 Zuckerman, B. 161