Crime scene search

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Горшенева И.A., Куценко Л.И.

CRIME SCENE SEARCH

Данная учебно-методическая разработка предназначена для курсантов И, III курсов, а также для занятий в группах адъюнктов. Основной целью УМР является развитие навыков ознакомительного и изучающего чтения, навыков аннотирования, реферирования и перевода. Разработка включает в себя оригинальные тексты: «Оодеотр места преступления», «Действия полицейского на месте преступления», «Предварительный осмотр места преступления» и серию заданий, направленных на отработку навыков реферирования и умения извлекать необходимую информацию по теме. Данная разработка ориентирована на выполнение различных учебных приемов: 1) работа над словом (словообразование, слова с интернациональным корнем, синонимы, анонимы и т.д.); 2) ознакомительное чтение текста; 3) изучающее чтение текста и непосредственное понимание содержания текста и извлечение нужной информации; 4) полный перевод отдельных частей и всего текста; 5) аннотирование текста; 6) реферирование. Работа над УМР рассчитана на 8 часов аудиторных занятий.

UNIT L Active vocabulary to be memorized: ascertain, v - устанавливать (syn. establish) assault, n - нападение available, adj - имеющийся в наличии bulglary, n - ночная кража со взломом detain, v - задерживать embezziment, n - хищение evidence, n - улики, (syn. clues) estimate, n - оценка fingerprint, n, v - отпечаток пальца, снимать отпечатки пальцев forgery, n - подделка, подлог homicide, n - убийство identify, v, n - устанавливать личность, личность (преступника) impression, n - отпечаток, след inquiry, n - наведение справок, расследование move, V- двигать movement, п - передвижение notify, V- уведомлять obtain, V - получать overlook, V- недоглядеть perpetrator, п - преступник question, v - опрашивать state, v - заявлять statement, n - заявление summon, v - вызывать, (syn. call) safeguard, v —оградить, защитить touch, v - прикасаться trace, v, n - выслеживать, след thorough, adj - тщательный witness, n, v - свидетель, быть свидетелем search, v, n - осматривать, осмотр (syn. examination) medical examiner - медицинский эксперт to take photographs - фотографировать to treat the search - проводить осмотр to make an estimate - произвести оценку to gather (collect) evidence (clues) - собирать улики the corpus delicti - состав преступления blood stains - пятна крови the crime of violence - насильственное преступление; to reconstruct the crime - воссоздать преступление the modus operandi (lat) -способ действия, «почерк» (the movement and methods of operation)

Task I. Read and translate the words with the international root: scene, type, physical, criminal, contact, manner, active, material, action, person, police, object, to select, to form, photograph, to isolate. Task II. Form the corresponding nouns from the verbs given below? to search, to trace, to fingerprint, to witness, to photograph, to form, to measure, to estimate, to search for. Task III. Give the corresponding verbs which the nouns are formed of: assistance, movement, activity, investigator, identity, observation, statement, examination, existence, selection, completion. Task IV. Form the words with the help of suffixes and prefixes and translate them: unauthorize important to cover known natural

lessusefui motion careful meaningful

in- (il-, im-) dependent possible direct competent significance legal

Task V. Read and translate: thorough - thoroughness - thoroughly; crime - criminal - criminality; imagine - imagination; offence - offender; investigate - investigator - investigation; act - active - activity - action; examine - examiner - examination. Task VI. Read pairs of synonyms: to assist to establish a perpetrator to summon to employ clues to link search to arrive (at) to occur to search for significance identity to gather footprints

to collect to connect to help evidence to ascertain examination a criminal to call to come (to) to use importance personality to look for to happen foot impression

disto agree order to appear

Task VII. Read the title of the text and say what it is about. Which science deals with this subject Crime Scene Search I.

The search of the scene of the crime is, in certain types of offenses, the most important part of the investigation. Obviously, many kinds of crimes do not have a “scene” in the sense of an area where traces are usually found. Offenses such as forgery and embezzlement require no vigorous or exceptional physical activity in their commission. There is no impact of the criminal on his surroundings. Crimes of violence, however, involve a struggle, a break, the use of weapons, and the elements of unpredictability. In homicide, assaults, and burglary, the criminal is in contact with the physical surroundings in a forceful manner. Traces may be left in the form o f clothing, shoe impressions, fingerprints, blood stains, overthrown furniture, disturbed articles in general, and jimmy marks. The scene of the crime must, moreover, be viewed in an active as well as a passive sense. There is not only the effect of the criminal on the scene to be considered, but also the manner in which the scene may have imparted traces to the criminal The investigator must be able to visualize the way in which the perpetrator may have carried with him the available evidentiary material that may link him to the scene.

II. Before treating the search itself, it is profitable to consider the actions and duties of the investigator on first arriving at the scene of the crime. The following measures or steps will ordinarily be found necessary: a. Identify and, if possible, retain for questioning the person who first notified the police. b. Determine the perpetrator by direct inquiry or observation if his identity is immediately apparent, c. Detain all persons at the scene. d. Summon assistance if necessary. e. Safeguard the area by using appropriate orders and by physically isolating it. All unauthorized persons must be excluded from the crime scene. f. Subsequently permit only authorized persons to enter the area. g. Separate the witnesses so as to obtain independent statements. h. Do not touch or move any object. As a matter of common experience, however, the investigator will frequently find that he must perform all of the crime scene duties without assistance. IIL The first natural inclination of the investigator is to form a quick opinion of what happened. The most advisable measure at this point is to stand aside and make an estimate of the situation. Determine what areas bear no foot impression. A place should then be selected for a “headquarters”. Notebooks, equipment, and receptacles for evidence can be placed in this designated area, Having formed the estimate, the investigator now determines the number, kind, and views of the photographs he wishes taken. With the photography accomplished, he my proceed with the search. In case of homicide, he should, of course, await the arrival and services of the medical examiner before disturbing the body. IV. Method rather than intuition should guide the basic search. The examination must, of , course, be thorough. A plan of search should be formed which will cover all the ground. In gathering the evidence some principle of selection must be employed. As a basic guide that investigator should look upon the evidence as serving to establish one or more of the following: a. The corpus delicti or the facts that the crime was committed.

b. The method of operation of the perpetrator. c. The identity of the guilty person. V. The investigator should employ imagination as well as thoroughness in his search. For example, in searches of indoor crime scenes the following are typical of the points that should not be overlooked: cracks in the floor, new paint or plaster, light fixtures, closets, clothing, shades, draperies, door locks, casings, sills, stairs, banisters, garbage pails, toilets, fuse boxes, asbestos lining of pipes, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, and so forth. VI. Clues and evidentiary traces will have been collected and preserved without specific regard for their relation to the crime. With the completion of the main search the investigator should devote some time to developing a directive principle to determine the significance of the evidence. It serves to identify or it belongs to the relation of cause and effect. Blood stains or scuffmarks are examples. The investigator recognizes that these traces are not of the normal scene. He is aware that their existence is attributable to the human agency in the crime of violence that has taken place. What exactly does the evidence prove or partly prove? What additional evidence must be looked for to supplement the proof- to definitely establish an element or an identity? To answer these questions the investigator must carefully study the materials to determine their significance and probative use. Basically he is searching for two kinds of evidence. In the first category are those facts and materials which establish the elements of proof, these may show that a crime has been committed: that a certain person committed the crime; or that it was committed in a certain manner which indicates the degree of the crime or the specific offense and also reveals the modus operandi of the criminal. Other evidence, or the same evidence looked at in a different light, may serve to trace the criminal. In the latter category we have as examples the fingerprint or the dry cleaner’s mark on a garment. The fingerprint establishes the fact that the criminal was at the scene and assists in tracing the criminal by means of files and comparisons. VII. Subsequent to the search of the scene of a crime an effort should be made to determine from the appearance of the place and its objects what actually occurred and, particularly, what were the movements and methods of the criminal, since this latter constitutes part of the modus operandi. The process of ascertaining the circumstances of a crime is known as reconstructing the crime.

Task VIII. Read the text without using a dictionary and render it in Russian. Task IX. Read passages И, III and give the titles to them. Task X, Make up a plan of the text using key sentences. Task XI. Find in the text the answers to the questions: 1. Do all kinds of crimes have a “scene” in the sense of an area where traces are usually found? 2. In which form may traces be left by the criminal? 3. What are the actions and duties of the investigator on first arriving at the crime scene? 4. How should the investigator look upon the evidence? 5. What do they mean by “reconstructing” the crime?

Task XII. In passage I find the sentences with modal verb + Perfect Infinitive. Translate them. Task XIIL In passage III find the sentence with Participle I. T ranslate it. Task XIV. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following; 1. Следует изучить не только следы пребывания преступника на месте преступления, но также способ, которым, возможно, место оставило следы на преступнике. 2. Следователь должен отчетливо представлять себе, каким образом преступник, мог бы унести улики, связывающие его с местом преступления. 3. Следователь должен в основном руководствоваться тем, что улики должны служить для установления одного или нескольких следующих элементов: I. Состав преступления. II. «Почерк» преступника. III. Личность виновного лица. Task XV. Find the passage which tells us about two kinds of evidence the investigator searches for. Task XVI. In each passage find the sentences expressing the main idea. Task XVIL Express the contents of passage VII in one sentence. Task XVIII. Find the key words of the text. Task XIX. Prepare the annotation of the text using the following: This text is devoted to..... The text tells us (analyses)......... A special attention here is paid to....... ■ Task XX. Divide the text into sense parts. Task XXI. Say what new information you have learnt from this text. Task XXII. Compare methods of crime scene search in our country and in the USA (from the text).

UNIT II. TEXT Crime Scene and Duties of a Police Officer at a Crime Scene When the crime is reported to the police, the initial police actions on arrival usually are: - to arrest the perpetrators of the crime, if possible; - to give first aid if required, protect the crime scene, question witnesses at the scene;

to make a preliminary search for, recording and preserving of, and delivery of pertinent physical evidence to a laboratory. The investigating process very often depends on the discovery of physical evidence found at the scene. The correct handling of any criminal evidence involves the vital need for proper collection and identification of all articles of interest. Proper handling means to prevent careless destruction of any evidence, to establish and maintain the chain of evidence and to prevent, wherever possible, the addition of any extraneous data to evidence already collected. A competent search of a crime scene requires that an officer should have specialized training, an understanding of basic procedures, good knowledge of the “why” of certain actions, and close attention to detail in carrying them out. To satisfy the legal requirements concerning physical evidence the investigator must be able to - identify each article of evidence, even months after he collected it; - describe the exact location of the item at the time it was collected; - prove that from the moment of its collection until it was presented in court, the evidence was continuously in proper custody; - describe changes that have occurred in the evidence between the time of its collection and its presentation in court. Task I. Find the following phrases in the text: первоначальные действия полиции по прибытию; опросить свидетелей; оградить место преступления; осуществить предварительный поиск, сохранение и доставку относящихся к делу вещественных доказательств в лабораторию; обнаружение вещественных доказательств, найденных на месте происшествия; надлежащее обращение с уликами; точное местонахождение предмета; изменения, которые произошли с уликой. Task II. Find in the text and read the answers to the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4.

What are the initial police actions on arrival at the crime scene? What does proper handling of evidence mean? What does a competent search of a crime scene require? What must the investigator be able to do to satisfy the legal requirements concerning physical evidence?

Task III. Read and translate the word combination and phrases: to report about the crime to the police; the initial police actions on arrival; to give first aid; to protect the crime scene; to question witnesses; to make a preliminary search for evidence; the correct handling of criminal evidence; proper collection and identification of all articles of interest; to prevent careless destruction of evidence; to establish and maintain the chain of evidence; to prevent the addition of any extraneous data to evidence already collected.

UNIT III TEXT The Two Major Stages of the Investigation Process. The two major stages of the investigation process are the preliminary investigation and the follow-up investigation.

The preliminary investigation is normally the responsibility o f the patrol officer who is the first to arrive at the scene of the crime. The five major responsibilities include: 1) arresting any suspect or suspects, 2) providing aid to any victims, 3) securing the crime scene to prevent loss of evidence, 4) collecting all relevant physical evidence, and 5) preparing a preliminary report. Once the responding officer has completed preliminary investigation, the case is assigned to the detective bureau for the follow-up investigation. In all but the smallest departments, the detective unit is separate from the patrol unit. The smallest departments have no separate detective unit. Medium-sized departments have a separate detective unit but detectives handle all types of crime here. Larger departments specialize according to a type of crime (e.g., crimes against person, crimes against property). Technical specialists in investigation are normally located in a separate administrative unit. They are available upon request to assist detectives in the follow-up investigation. Only the larger police departments are able to maintain their own criminalistics specialists. The follow-up investigation includes the following steps: 1) interrogation of suspect or suspects, if arrested at the scene of the crime; 2) interview of witnesses; 3) search of the crime scene for physical evidence; 4) modus operandi review to determine, if the crime is similar to others under investigation or resembles crimes committed by known suspects; 5) development of additional information from informants, contacts, official records, etc.; 6) preparation of reports. To obtain information about suspected criminal activity, the police make use of informants. Persons who are either criminals themselves or who associate with criminals are extremely valuable sources of information. Police officers seek to develop a list of informants. Task I. Read the text End find the answers to the following questions there: 1. What are the two major stages of the investigation process? 2. Whose responsibility is it to conduct the preliminary investigation? 3. What are the major responsibilities of the patrol officer who is the first to arrive at the crime scene? 4. Where are technical specialists in investigation located? 5. What steps does the follow-up investigation include? 6. Where do the police obtain information about suspected criminal activity? Task II. Read the sentences from the text with the following word combinations: preliminary investigation; the patrol officer who is the first to arrive at the scene of the crime; securing the crime scene to prevent loss of evidence; to complete preliminary investigation; technical specialists in investigation. Task III. Translate the text in a written form.