Counterpoint: Essays in Archaeology and Heritage Studies in Honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen 9781407311265, 9781407340944

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABULA GRATULATORIA
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
KRISTIAN KRISTIANSEN BIBLIOGRAPHY
BEYOND ACADEMIA
LANDSCAPE, DEMOGRAPHY AND SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY
RITUALS, HOARDS AND WETLANDS
ROCK ART
GRAVES AND BURIAL MONUMENTS
MATERIALITY AND SOCIAL CONCERNS
TECHNOLOGY AND CRAFTSMANSHIP
TRAVEL AND TRANSMISSION
PROBLEMATIZING THE PAST
PRACTICES OF ARCHAEOLOGY
HERITAGE STUDIES
WRAPPING UP

Citation preview

BAR S2508 2013 BERGERBRANT & SABATINI (Eds) COUNTERPOINT: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF KRISTIAN KRISTIANSEN

B A R Bergent and Sabatini 2508 cover.indd 1

Counterpoint: Essays in Archaeology and Heritage Studies in Honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen Edited by

Sophie Bergerbrant Serena Sabatini

BAR International Series 2508 2013

09/05/2013 12:21:07

Counterpoint: Essays in Archaeology and Heritage Studies in Honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen Edited by

Sophie Bergerbrant Serena Sabatini

BAR International Series 2508 2013

ISBN 9781407311265 paperback ISBN 9781407340944 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407311265 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

BAR

PUBLISHING

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vi ix x xix

Tabula Gratulatoria Preface Introduction Kristian Kristiansen Bibliography

Beyond Academia Family Life Niels Hedeager Kristiansen

3

Six Periodic Encounters with Kristian Kristiansen Joakim Goldhahn

7 17

On the Organization of European Archaeology Willem J.H. Willems ‘The EAA is Up and Running’: Behind the Scenes of the Inaugural Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists 3UHGUDJ1RYDNRYLü

21

Landscape, Demography and Subsistence Economy Changes During the Late Mesolithic in the Central Scandinavian Inland Per Persson

29

The Stone Age Flood in Denmark and Mesopotamia Anders Fischer

35

9HJHWDULDQVRU0HDW(DWHUV"(QDPHOį13C and Neolithic Diet at the Frälsegården Passage Tomb, Central Sweden Karl-Göran Sjögren and T. Douglas Price The Steppe and the Caucasus During the Bronze Age: Mutual Relationships and Mutual Enrichments Natalia Shishlina Catchments, Settlement Chambers and Demography: Case Studies and General Theory in the Greek Landscape from Prehistory to Early Modern Times John Bintliff Expecting the Unexpected: Százhalombatta-Földvár Surprises Once Again Magdolna Vicze

43 53

61 71

Seeds from the Fire: Charred Plant Remains from Kristian Kristiansen´s Excavations in Sweden, Denmark, Hungary and Sicily Hans-Peter Stika and Andreas G. Heiss

77

‘Zone 4’ – Bronze Age Settlement in Thy, North-West Denmark: an Update on an Old Discussion About a Boom and Possible Subsequent Crisis Jens-Henrik Bech and Karen Margrethe Hornstrup

87

Herder Communities: Longhouses, Cattle and Landscape Organization in the Nordic Early and Middle Bronze Age Mads Kähler Holst and Marianne Rasmussen

99

Fields Chris Gosden

111

The Nature of Focal Places Joel Berglund

119

Rituals, Hoards and Wetlands Zoomorphic Sceptres and the Unicorn Leo S. Klejn

129

Bronze Age Horses: Beyond Dualist Explanations Kristin Armstrong Oma

141

i

Lady of the Battle and of the Horse: on Anthropomorphic Gods and their Cult in Late Bronze Age Scandinavia Jeanette Varberg

147

Budsene for Better and for Worse: Diffractions of the Lives of Farmer Women in the Late Bronze Age Tove Hjørungdal

159

Bronze Age Voyaging and Cosmologies in the Making: the Helmets from Viksø Revisited Helle Vandkilde

165

Bronze Age Hoards and Their Role in Social Structure: a Case Study from South-West Zealand Svend Hansen

179

An Archaeological Outline of Ritual Dynamics and Social Space Alexander Gramsch and Thomas Meier

193

Violent Death and Wetlands: Skeletal Remains from Gotland Sophie Bergerbrant, Christina Fredengren, Petra Molnar and Camilla Löfqvist

199

From Foot to Fact: New Light on the Fræer Bog Find Ulla Mannering and Niels Lynnerup

207

Symbols of Identity: a Phenomenon From the Migration Period Based on an Example from Finnestorp Bengt Nordqvist

213

Rock Art Deer, Goats, Suns, Faces and Geometric Designs: Symbols of Power in Prehistoric Pottery from Atlantic Europe M. Pilar Prieto Martínez

225 235

Violence and Virility Christian Horn Footprints on the Rock Faces – Following the Tracks of Cosmological Archetypes and Pictograms for Millennia of Prehistory Ulf Bertilsson

243

Rock Art Ships as a Method for Dating Lasse Bengtsson

253

Rock Art, Agency and Society Per Cornell and Johan Ling

259

Round and Round We Go – with Concentric Circles Flemming Kaul

265

An Epos Carved in Stone: Three Heroes, One Giant Twin, and a Cosmic Task Lene Melheim

273

Graves and Burial Monuments Setting Her Even Straighter: Further Notes on the Osteology and Necrodynamics of the Mesolithic Burial From Barum, Scania, Sweden Torbjörn Ahlström

285

Local Logic, Passage Graves and the Neolithic Landscape of Falbygden Tony Axelsson

295

Towards a Border - Traces of Megalithic Ritual in the Norwegian Fjord Country Einar Østmo

301

Expansion and Social Change at the Time of Varna John Chapman

309

What Distinguishes Caucasian Megaliths from European Ones? Viktor Trifonov

321

Bronze Age Megalomania Henrik Thrane

329

Making History: Ritual Variation in Pre-Christian Viking Age Reuse of Bronze Age Monuments in Halland, South-Western Sweden Tore Artelius †

ii

339

Materiality and Social Concerns The 3M: Materiality, Materialism and Materialization Timothy Earle

353

Cosmologies in Clay: Swedish Helmet Bowls in the Middle Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin Joanna Sofaer

361

In Small Things Remembered: Scale, Materiality and Miniatures in the British Early Bronze Age Andrew Jones

367

Drinking in Times of Crisis: Alcohol and Social Change in Late Bronze Age Italy Cristiano Iaia

373

The Culture of the Early Iron Age in the South-Western Regions of Poland in the Light of New Research 383 %RJXVáDZ*HGLJD Having an Axe to Grind: an Examination of Tradition in the Sicilian Iron Age Christian Mühlenbock

401

Golden Nodes – Linking Memory to Time and Place Elisabeth Arwill-Nordbladh

411

A Choreography of Furniture: the Art of Sitting, Standing Up and Lying Down Jarl Nordbladh

421

The Playful Archaeologist: an Approach to Gaming Remains from Bronze Age Mohenjo-Daro Elke Rogersdotter

429

A Sword for the Chief – a Conversation with Kristian Marie Louise Stig Sørensen

435

Technology and Craftsmanship Missed Innovation: the Earliest Copper Daggers in Northern Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia 443 Johannes Müller

449

The Flintknapper and the Bronzesmith Deborah Olausson A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the North European Plain: Butchering Marks on Bones from Central Poland $UNDGLXV]0DUFLQLDNDQG+DVNHO*UHHQ¿HOG Travels, Transmissions and Transformations – and Textiles Marie-Louise Nosch, Ulla Mannering, Eva Andersson Strand and Karin Margarita Frei Petrographic, LA-ICP-MS and XRD Analyses of Hallstatt Ceramics from a Scythian Age Settlement in North Hungary Attila Kreiter, Szabolcs Czifra, Éva Széles, Mária Tóth and Orsolya Viktorik A Bronze Age Ship Made of Stone: Record and Analysis of a Ship Setting from Lau, Gotland Peter Skoglund and Joakim Wehlin Ships in Stone: Ship-Like Stone Settings, War Canoes and Sailing Ships in Bronze Age Southern Scandinavia Magnus Artursson There was Snow in the Bronze Age - the Role of Winter in Spreading Innovations in the Bronze Age Jussi-Pekka Taavitsainen and Timo Kuokkanen

457 469

477 491

499 505

Travel and Transmission Boundaries, Flows and Connectivities: Mobility and Stasis in the Bronze Age Michael Rowlands and Johan Ling

517

Archaeology from the Dutch Twilight Zone Harry Fokkens, Patrick Valentijn and David Fontijn

531

Dilmun: Beyond the Southern Frontier of Mesopotamia Flemming Højlund

541

/HDYLQJ6DIH+DUERXUV0RYHPHQWWR,PPRELOLW\+RPRJHQHLW\WR'LYHUVL¿FDWLRQ$ &RPSDUDWLYH$UFKDHRORJLFDO6HTXHQFHIURPWKH:HVWHUQ3DFL¿F Matthew Spriggs Mysterious Raw Material from the Far North: Amber in Mycenaean Culture* Janusz Czebreszuk

iii

549 557

565

The Importance of Foreign Young Men Anders Andrén

Problematizing the Past Genes and Agents: Closing the Theoretical Gap John C. Barrett

575

Human-Thing Evolution: the Selection and Persistence of Traits at Çatalhöyük, Turkey Ian Hodder

583

Beaker Period Europe - Fighting, Feuding or the Enemy Within? Nick Thorpe

593

Italy in Late Bronze Age Europe: from Margin to Counterpoint Emma Blake

601

Recurrent Themes: Indo-Europeans in Norwegian Archaeology Christopher Prescott

607

Collapse or Resilience? Archaeology, Metaphor and Global Warming Orri Vésteinsson

613

On Rivers, Mountains, Seas and Ideas - or What Vast Spaces and Long Lines Mean to Culture and History617 Carsten Paludan-Müller Theoria est ancilla rationis politicae? The Neolithic Revolution in the Archaeological Research of Socialist Hungary Eszter Bánffy

623

Venezuela: Revolution, History and Cultural Identity Iraida Vargas Arenas and Mario Sanoja Obediente

631

Sherlock against Lestrade: a Study in Scale Fredrik Fahlander

637

Archaeology in the Making: the Human Face of Pasts-in the-Present Michael Shanks

643

Practices of Archaeology Time Traveller: Montelius and the British Bronze Age after 100 Years Richard Bradley Antiquarianism Reconsidered: Semi-Professional Antiquarians and Antiquarian Field Practice in Sweden in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries Ola Wolfhechel Jensen and Åsa Jensen

649

655

Visiting Museums - a Personal Story Lise Bender Jørgensen

661

5HÀHFWLRQVDQG+\SRWKHVHVRQ8QGHUZDWHU3UHKLVWRU\LQWKH&HQWUDO0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Sebastiano Tusa

667

Tales from the Beech Forest: Laser Scanning Project at Monte Cimino (Italy) Hillfort Serena Sabatini, Christopher Sevara, Martin Fera, Jakob Kainz and Petra Schneidhofer

679

Construction Archaeology, Fieldwork and Theory Marianne Lönn and Håkan Petersson

685

Restoration of Megalithic Tombs in Denmark Torben Dehn, Svend Illum Hansen and Jørgen Westphal

695

The Route to a History of the Cultural Landscape: a Danish Record of Prehistoric and Historic Roads, Tracks and Related Structures Jette Bang

703

Heritage Studies Cultural Heritage: Values and Ownership =ELJQLHZ.RE\OLĔVNL

719

The Management of Heritage Sites - in Need of a Vital Spark? Maria Persson and Anita Synnestvedt

725

From Nuclear Missile Hangar to Pigsty: an Archaeological Photo-Essay on the 1962 World Crisis Mats Burström, Anders Gustafsson and Håkan Karlsson

733

iv

Heritage Futures and the Future of Heritage Cornelius Holtorf and Anders Högberg

739

$+HULWDJHRI&RQÀLFWDQG&RQÀLFWVRI+HULWDJH John Carman

747

Wrapping up Female Clothing and Jewellery in the Nordic Bronze Age Kristian Kristiansen

v

755

TABULA GRATULATORIA A

Felipe Criado-Boado, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Torbjörn Ahlström, Lund, Sweden

Janusz Czebreszuk, Poznan, Poland

Henrik Alexandersson, Göteborg, Sweden

Szabolcs Czifra, Budapest, Hungary

Kristina Älveby, Göteborg, Sweden

D

Phyllis Anderson and Björn Ambrosiani, Stockholm, Sweden

Dalen Elin, Oslo, Norway

Hilde Rigmor Amundsen, Oslo, Norway

Torben Dehn, Copenhagen, Denmark

Eva Andersson Strand, Lund, Sweden

Philippe Della Casa, Zurich, Switzerland

Anders Andrén, Stockholm, Sweden Kristin Armstrong Oma, Stavanger, Norge

Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

Bettina Arnold, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

Liv Helga Dommasnes, Bergen, Norway

Tore Artelius, Göteborg, Sweden †

Paul R. Duffy, Toronto, Canada

Magnus Artursson, Malmö, Sweden

E

Tony Axelsson, Göteborg, Sweden

Timothy K. Earle, Evanston, Illinois, USA

B

Patrizia von Eles, Imola, Italy

Eszter Bánffy, Budapest, Hungary

Ericka Engelstad, Tromsø, Norway

Clarissa Belardelli, Rome, Italy

F

Jette Bang, Copenhagen, Denmark

Fredrik Fahlander, Stockholm, Sweden

-RKQ&%DUUHWW6KHI¿HOG8QLWHG.LQJGRP

Ramón Fábregas Valcarce, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Jens-Henrik Bech and Anne-Louise Haack Olsen, Thisted, Denmark

Martin Fera, Vienna, Austria Anders Fischer, Copenhagen, Denmark

Lise Bender Jørgensen and Oddmunn Farbregd, Tronhdeim, Norway

Peter M. Fischer, Göteborg, Sweden

Lasse Bengtsson, Lur, Sweden

Harry Fokkens, Leiden, The Netherlands

Sophie Bergerbrant, Göteborg, Sweden

David Fontijn, Leiden, The Netherlands

Joel Berglund and Maria Hinnerson Berglund, Styrsö, Sweden

Christina Fredengren, Stockholm, Sweden

Ulf and Catarina Bertilsson, Tanum, Sweden

Charles French, Cambridge, United Kingdom

John Bintliff, Leiden, The Netherlands

Karin Margarita Frei, Copenhagen, Denmark

Emma Blake, Tucson, Arizona, USA

G

Katarina Botwid, Lund, Sweden

Terje Gansum, Tønsberg, Norway

Richard Bradley, Reading, United Kingdom

%RJXVáDZ*HGLJD:DUVDZ3RODQG

Rasmus J. Brandt, Oslo/Rome, Norway/Italy

+DVNHO*UHHQ¿HOG:LQQLSHJ&DQDGD

James A. Brown, Evanston, Illinois, USA

Joakim Goldhahn, Lindköping, Sweden

Andrea and Hans Browall, Stockholm, Sweden

Chris Gosden, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jan-Heinrich Bunnefeld, Göttingen, Germany

Alexander Gramsch, Freiburg, Germany

Mats Burström and Nanouschka M. Burström, Stockholm, Sweden

Karina Grömer, Vienna, Austria Ole Grøn, Rudkøbing, Denmark

C

Anders Gustafsson, Göteborg, Sweden

Andrea Cardarelli, Rome, Italy

Lil Gustafson, Oslo, Norway

John Carman, Birmingham, United Kingdom John Chapman and Bisserka Gaydarska, Durham, United Kingdom

H

Niels-Christian Clemmensen, Helsingør, Denmark

Andreas G. Heiss, Vienna, Austria

Per Cornell, Göteborg, Sweden

Tove Hjørungdal and Raimond Thörn, Göteborg, Sweden

Trevor Cowie, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Ian Hodder, Stanford, California, USA

Svend Hansen, Berlin, Germany

vi

Flemming Højlund and Helle Vandkilde, Århus, Denmark

Carsten Lund, Copenhagen, Denmark

Anders Högberg, Kalmar, Sweden

Julie Lund, Oslo, Norway

Mads Kähler Holst, Århus, Denmark

Niels Lynnerup, Copenhagen, Denmark

Lars Holten, Lejre, Denmark

M

Cornelius Holtorf, Kalmar, Sweden

Mats Malm, Göteborg, Sweden

Barbara Horejs, Vienna, Austria

Göran Malmstedt, Göteborg, Sweden

Christian Horn, Kiel, Germany

Ulla Mannering, Copenhagen, Denmark

Karen Margrethe Hornstrup, Århus, Denmark

$UNDGLXV]0DUFLQLDN3R]QDĔ3RODQG

I

Julia Mattes, Berlin/Uppsala, Germany/Sweden

Cristiano Iaia, Rome, Italy

Mathias Mehofer, Vienna, Austria

Svend Illum Hansen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Thomas Meier, Heidelberg, Germany

Sonja M. Innselset, Bergen, Norway

Lene Melheim, Oslo, Norway Carola Metzner-Nebelsick, München, Germany

J

Egil Mikkelsen, Oslo, Norway

Ola Wolfhechel Jensen and Åsa Jensen, Stockholm, Sweden

Madelaine Miller, Göteborg, Sweden

Albrecht Jockenhövel, Münster, Germany

%DUU\0ROOR\6KHI¿OHG8QLWHG.LQJGRP

Andrew Jones, Southampton, United Kingdom

Petra Molnar, Stockholm, Sweden

Folke Josephson, Göteborg, Sweden

Tom Moore, Durham, United Kingdom

K

Christian Mühlenbock , Stockholm, Sweden

Anders Kaliff, Uppsala, Sweden

Johannes Müller, Kiel, Germany

Håkan Karlsson and Anna-Carin Andersson, Göteborg, Sweden

Museum Sønderjylland - Arkæologi Haderslev, Haderslev, Denmark

Jakob Kainz, Vienna, Austria Flemming Kaul, Copenhagen, Denmark

N

Kristina Kelertas Boving, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA

Franco Nicolis, Trento, Italy

Leo S. Klejn, St Petersburg, Russia

Gudrun and Viggo Nielsen, Roskilde, Denmark

=ELJQLHZ.RE\OLĔVNL:DU]DZD3RODQG

Poul Otto Nielsen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Attila Kreiter, Budapest, Hungary

Per Nilsson, Linköping, Sweden

Niels Hedeager Kristiansen and Lotte Hedeager

Catarina, Maria, Elisabeth och Jarl Nordbladh, Göteborg, Sweden

Gabriella Kulcsár, Budapest, Hungary

Bengt Nordqvist, Kungsbacka, Sweden

Kulturmiljö Halland, Halmstad, Sweden

Marie-Louise Nosch, Copenhagen, Denmark

Kulturstyrelsen, Denmark

3UHGUDJ1RYDNRYLü/MXEOMDQD6ORYHQLD

Timo Kuokkanen, Turko, Finland

Mariann Nyqvist, Varberg, Sweden

L

O/Ö

Bosse Lagerqvist, Göteborg, Sweden

Johan Öberg, Göteborg, Sweden

Mogens Trolle Larsen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Brendan O’Connor, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Lars Larsson, Lund, Sweden

Deborah Olausson, Lund, Sweden

Thomas B. Larsson, Robertsfors, Sweden

Olaf Olsen, Odder, Denmark

Åsa M. Larsson, Uppsala, Sweden

Atle Omland, Oslo, Norway

Per Lekberg, Kalmar, Sweden

Einar Østmo, Oslo, Norway

Kerstin Lidén, Lidingö, Sweden

Ida Östenberg, Göteborg, Sweden

Johan Ling and Anna Wessman, Göteborg, Sweden Linnaeus University/Linnéuniversitetet, Sweden

P

Camilla Löfqvist, Stockholm, Sweden

Carsten Paludan-Müller, Oslo, Norway

Carl Löfving, Göteborg, Sweden

Berit Pauly, Vanløse, Denmark

Marianne Lönn and Håkan Petersson, Jörlanda, Sweden

Unn Pedersen, Oslo, Norway

vii

Maria Persson, Göteborg, Sweden

T

Per Persson, Oslo, Norway

Jussi-Pekka Taavitsainen, Turko, Finland

Bodil Petersson and Jes Wienberg, Lund, Sweden

Maria Teschler-Nicola, Vienna, Austria

Christopher Prescott, Oslo, Norway

Nick Thorpe, Winchester, United Kingdom

T. Douglas Price, Madison, USA

Henrik Thrane, Copenhagen, Denmark

M. Pilar Prieto Martínez, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Mária Tóth, Budapest, Hungary Viktor Trifonov, St Petersburg, Russia

R

Sebastiano Tusa, Palermo, Italy

Peter Rasmussen, Copenhagen, Denmark Marianne Rasmussen, Copenhagen, Denmark

U

Mads Ravn, Oslo, Norway

Claes Uhnér, Berlin, Germany

Katharina Rebay-Salisbury and Roderick B. Salisbury, Vienna, Austria

V

Elke Rogersdotter, Uppsala, Sweden

Patrick Valentijn, Leiden, The Netherlands

Mats Roslund, Lund, Sweden

Jeanette Varberg, Århus, Denmark

Michael Rowlands, London, United Kindom

Orri Vésteinsson, Reykjavík, Iceland

Peter Rowley-Conwy, Durham, United Kingdom

Magdolna Vicze, Budapest, Hungary Orsolya Viktorik, Budapest, Hungary

S Serena Sabatini, Göteborg, Sweden

W

Mario Sanoja Obediente and Iraida Vargas Arenas, Caracas, Venezuela

Joakim Wehlin, Falun, Sweden

Jens-Peter Schmidt, Schwerin, Germany

Jørgen Westphal, Copenhagen, Denmark

Petra Schneidhofer, Vienna, Austria

Ola Wetterberg, Göteborg, Sweden

Michael Schultz, Göttingen, Germany

Günter Wetzel, Kiel, Germany

Heiner Schwarzberg, Munich, Germany

Helene Whittaker, Göteborg, Sweden

Christopher Sevara, Vienna, Austria

Dag Widholm, Stockholm, Sweden

Marianne Skandfer, Tromsø, Norway

Willem J.H. Willems, Leiden, The Netherlands

Christer Westerdahl, Trondheim, Norway

Michael Shanks, Stanford, California, USA Stephen Shennan, London, United Kingdom Alison Sheridan, Edinburg, United Kingdom Natalia Shishlina, Moscow, Russia Karl-Göran Sjögren, Göteborg, Sweden Peter Skoglund, Malmö, Sweden Joanna Sofaer, Southampton, United Kingdom Brit Solli, Oslo, Norway Marie Louise Stig Sørensen and Christopher Evans, Cambrigde, United Kingdom Matthew Spriggs, Canberra, Australia Hans-Peter Stika, Stuttgart, Germany Katarina Streiffert Eikeland, Strömstad, Sweden Swedish National Heritage Board, The Contract Archaeological Service, Lund, Sweden Swedish National Heritage Board, Contract Archaeology Service (UV), Stockholm, Sweden Anita Synnestvedt, Göteborg, Sweden Éva Széles, Budapest, Hungary 0DU]HQD6]P\W3R]QDĔ3RODQG

viii

PREFACE

The idea of this volume matured gradually over time. Our ¿UVWPHHWLQJZKHQZHIRUPDOO\VHWXSWKHSURMHFWDQGVWDUWHG work on it, took place in Gothenburg in May 2009. Much has happened since then, and many decisions have had to be made, but somehow we have managed to conclude this incredible project without harming each other and have even emerged on speaking terms! We knew from the start that the result could only be a mammoth volume with an enormous number of contributions from all over the world, and yet we still had not anticipated the huge response we got! In total the book comprises 87 articles written by 121 contributors – needless to say, the logistics were daunting at times. We knew also that it would become both time consuming and stressful, and indeed it ‘robbed’ us of more evenings and weekends than we had thought possible. Nevertheless, it has been a very rewarding time. In true Kristian spirit, we have had editorial meetings in Gothenburg, at various EAA conferences and one very warm week of joint work at Serena’s country house in Italy in the summer of 2012. Knowing Kristian’s work and personality it is not going to be DVXUSULVHWRPRVWUHDGHUVWR¿QGDZLGHUDQJHRIWRSLFVDQG issues relating to archaeology and heritage studies. As editors this journey has been, using a metaphor dear to Kristian, a sort of exciting Odyssey through the many languages of present academic discourses and we hope it makes interesting and enriching reading. Why Counterpoint? Kristian is not only passionate about archaeology, but he is also a skilled musician, as many of you will know. Many of us have heard him play, at a conference party, at the end of the Christmas dinner at the Department of Historical Studies of Gothenburg University or in a more SULYDWHVHWWLQJ+LVWDOHQWDWWKHSLDQRKDVHYHQEHFRPHOHJHQGDU\KDYLQJHQWHUHGWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOVFLHQWL¿FOLWHUDWXUH thanks to closing words in Andrew Sherratt’s article Who are you calling Peripheral?: Dependence and Independence in European Prehistory.1 Intense discussions in search of an appropriate title led us to a single word - counterpoint - that HQFRPSDVVHG.ULVWLDQ¶VFRPSOH[FKDUDFWHUDQGDFKLHYHPHQWV&RXQWHUSRLQWDSWO\GHVFULEHVKLVLQÀXHQWLDOUROHLQWKH discipline, encapsulates his willingness to encourage archaeological researchers and enter into healthy debate, and also acknowledges his capacity to set the standard to which others respond. At the same time it speaks to his love for music, which we know is also close to his heart. It is with all this in mind that we name this volume: Counterpoint: Essays in Archaeology and Heritage Studies in Honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen. This book could not have been completed without the kind encouragement and practical support of Professor Lotte Hedeager, who we thank for assisting us throughout the many stages of producing the book, and in particular for keeping LWDVHFUHWIURP.ULVWLDQZKLFKZHDSSUHFLDWHPXVWKDYHEHHQGLI¿FXOWDWWLPHV :HDUHDOVRJUDWHIXOWR$UFKDHRSUHVV ZKRGLGQRWEDWDQH\HZKHQZHVWDUWHGWRWDONDERXWWKHVL]HRIWKHYROXPH:LWKRXWWKH¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUWIURP%HULW Wallenbergs Stiftelse, Torsten Södebergs Stiftelse, Department of Historical Studies, Gothenburg University and Stiftelsen Längmanska Kulturfonden this book could not have been printed. Dr Kristin Bornholdt Collins consulted on languagerelated issues and has proofread the articles and supporting materials, and we are grateful for all her help and language support through the various stages of producing the book. Finally, we would like to thank our friends and colleagues, and not least our families, for their immense patience with us over the past years and in particular the last few months. Last but not least we would like to congratulate Professor Kristian Kristiansen on his 65th Birthday! Gothenburg and Trondheim, 2013-02-10 1

The article is published 1993 in C. Scarre and F. Healy (eds.), Trade and exchange in prehistoric Europe: 245-255. Oxford: Oxbow Book (Oxbow Monograph 33). The piece closes at page 253 this way: Hold on – Kristian Kristiansen has just sat down at the piano, and I think Sara Champion is going to sing ‘The World System Blues’. [..]

ix

INTRODUCTION

Professor Kristian Kristiansen is a highly respected scholar and an archaeologist of international renown. His interests are YDULHGDQGLQFOXGHPDQ\GLPHQVLRQVRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKIURPHDUO\SUHKLVWRU\WRWKH,URQ$JHDQGKLVLQÀXHQFH KDVEHHQSDUWLFXODUO\VWURQJLQDUHDVUHODWLQJWRWKH(XURSHDQ%URQ]H$JHZKLFKLVQRWWRRYHUORRNKLVVLJQL¿FDQW FRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKH¿HOGRIFXOWXUDODQGKHULWDJHVWXGLHV Kristian started his career as a student at Aarhus University, and graduated in 1975. Between 1976 and 1979 he held a research scholarship at Aarhus University, and during this time he wrote important articles such as The consumption of wealth in Bronze Age Denmark. A study in dynamics of economic processes in tribal societies, which have become classics in European archaeology, as demonstrated by many of the contributions in this volume. In 1979 he became the director of the Division of Cultural History of the National Forest and Nature Agency (today Heritage Agency of Denmark), where he worked actively until 1994. During this time he initiated a number of large projects including: • • • • • • • •

National restoration campaigns of medieval ruins National restoration campaigns of megaliths Digital recording of the Danish National Inventory of Archaeological Sites Systematic survey of underwater sites and shipwrecks A national information campaign at 700 selected monuments Natural gas rescue project 10-year project of systematic pollen diagrams in Denmark The Thy Archaeological Project 1990-1997 in collaboration with UCL (Michael Rowlands) and UCLA (Timothy K. Earle).

Some of these initiatives are ongoing or have developed in new directions, and the direct results may be traced throughout WKHYROXPH7KLVUHFXUULQJWKHPHLVYHU\PXFKDWHVWDPHQWWR.ULVWLDQ¶VIDUUHDFKLQJLQÀXHQFHDQGJUHDWDFKLHYHPHQWV SDUWLFXODUO\LQWKH¿HOGRIFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHSUHVHUYDWLRQ In 1994 he left Denmark and became Professor of Archaeology at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. It seems a posteriori that his dedication to research and to the development of research projects, which has involved the participation of senior academics as much as young students, was a perfect match for this arena. He continued his ambitious academic pursuits and engagement in many projects, either as the leader or as a member of large international teams. During the last 20 years the Department of Archaeology (today Department of Historical Studies) of Gothenburg University has become a leading international centre of research with a strong archaeological environment greatly enriched by the many Ph.D. students, post-docs and researchers who have passed through the department over the years. Kristian has been a key advocate of many projects in recent years. These include, but are not limited to: • • • • •

The Emergence of the European Communities (1997-2006) From Coast to Coast (1998-2002) Rock Art Archives of Sweden (2007-ongoing) http://www.shfa.se/?lang=en-GB Travels, Transmissions and Transformations in Temperate Northern Europe during the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC: the Rise of Bronze Age Societies (2011-ongoing). http://the-rise.se/ Forging Identities: The Mobility of Culture in Bronze Age Europe (2009-2012) http://www.forging-identities.com/

$OORIWKHPDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGLQWKH¿UVWSODFHE\EHLQJLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DQGDUHEDVHGRQH[FKDQJHVRIH[SHUWLVHDQGWKH interaction of researchers at various levels. They have all involved a large number of Ph.D. students, and thus provided opportunities to a whole generation of young European researchers who, thanks to Kristian, have begun their careers in a stimulating and vibrant international and interdisciplinary environment. ,QEULHI.ULVWLDQ¶VDFDGHPLFZRUNLVDERYHDOOHOVHDUHÀHFWLRQRIKLVSDVVLRQIRULQWHUQDWLRQDOFROODERUDWLRQVDQG interdisciplinary studies, as foreshadowed by the Thy archaeological project. His extraordinary enthusiasm is expressed well in several papers throughout the book. A fair account of his multifaceted commitment to archaeology must not forget his engagement in the European Association of Archaeologists, of which he was one of the main instigators, and in which he has been actively involved ever since. It should also include his active membership of several national and international academies, committees and societies such as the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, the Deutsche Archäologisches Institut and the European Science Foundation, to name but a few. Since the 1970s his commitment to archaeology has progressed and developed in parallel with his engagement in cultural

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heritage management and studies as demonstrated (see Kristian Kristiansen’s bibliography) for example by the many SDSHUVDQGRI¿FLDOUHSRUWVKHZURWHRQWKHVXEMHFW2YHUWKH\HDUVKHKDVKHOGPDQ\SRVLWLRQVDPRQJWKHP • • • •

(1979-1994) director of the Danish Archaeological Heritage Administration (1984-1992) member of specialist group for The Archaeological Plan of Europe promoted by the Council of Europe and of the ICOMOS committee (1982-1992) member of the ICHAM (= International Committee on Heritage Management) which produced the ¿UVWLQWHUQDWLRQDOFKDUWHURQKHULWDJHPDQDJHPHQW (current) member of the working group for the Cultural Heritage Seminar at Gothenburg University

In 1985 his contribution to the promotion of preservation of heritage earned him the prestigious Danish title of ‘Knight of Danebrog’ presented by the Danish Queen, and in 2005 the ‘European Archaeological Heritage Prize’ awarded by the European Association of Archaeology. $VFDQEHVHHQEHORZWKHDUWLFOHVLQWKLVERRNDUHDFOHDUUHÀHFWLRQRI.ULVWLDQVHQ¶VZLGHUDQJLQJDUFKDHRORJLFDODQG heritage interests. They reach across a vast geographical area and an even broader time span. The task of sorting the diverse contributions was not an easy one. Perhaps not too surprisingly, multiple possible logical outlines of the book presented themselves. After much consideration we settled on the present outline, which combines a variety of distinct units each with a thematic and internally coherent chronological focus. Beyond Academia This books open with a section which provides an opportunity for the reader to become acquainted with Kristian Kristiansen as a person beyond his administrative and academic passions and duties. In his Family Life paper, Niels Hedeager Kristiansen, who enthusiastically accepted the invitation to contribute to this project, warmly describes what it ZDVOLNHWRJURZXSZLWKWZRORYHO\SDUHQWVZKRDUHDOVRVRPHRIWKHPRVWSURPLQHQWLQÀXHQWLDODQGHUXGLWH(XURSHDQ archaeologists of at least the last 30 years of academic history. Other articles throughout the section contain various narratives about Kristian and his multifaceted involvement in archaeology. However, thanks to Joakim Goldhahn’s contribution Six Periodic Encounters with Kristian Kristiansen we view in sharper focus the author Kristian and his work, in particular from when he moved to Sweden to become Professor at Gothenburg University. Two more articles, On the Organization of European Archaeology by Willem Willems and ‘The EAA is Up and Running’: Behind the Scenes of the Inaugural Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists by Pedrag Novakovic, complete the section. With acute insights and an intimate sense of shared personal journeys they provide accounts of WKHVLJQL¿FDQWPRPHQWVIURPEHKLQGWKHVFHQHVOHDGLQJWRWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI$UFKDHRORJ\ Landscape, demography and subsistence economy Kristian has been involved in many excavation projects and has written numerous seminal articles dealing with subsistence economy. His engagement in these is clearly seen in this section, where the topics range from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age. The section starts with a contribution dealing with the importance of food, and the management of elk in Mesolithic Norway. Per Persson’s Changes During the Late Mesolithic in the Central Scandinavian Inland argues that management of food occurred before the Neolithic transition in Scandinavia. Anders Fischer takes on board old myths known from 0HVRSRWDPLDDQGODWHU DERXWWKHELJÀRRGDQGFRPSDUHVWKLVZLWKHVWDEOLVKHGDUFKDHRORJLFDOIDFWVIURP'HQPDUN and the Near East in his contribution The Stone Age Flood in Denmark and Mesopotamia. Karl-Göran Sjögren and Douglas T. Price’s article9HJHWDULDQVRU0HDW(DWHUV"(QDPHOį&DQG1HROLWKLF'LHWDWWKH)UlOVHJnUGHQ3DVVDJH Tomb, Central Sweden discusses diet based on people buried in megaliths in Falbygden, Sweden. The main focus here is on the relationship between vegetable and meat intake of food. Diet then takes us away from Scandinavia and into the Steppe and Caucasus. The contribution The Steppe and the Caucasus During the Bronze Age: Mutual Relationships and Mutual Enrichments by Natalia Shishlina discusses mobility on the steppes based on isotope studies. John Bintliff’s contribution Catchments, Settlement Chambers and Demography: Case Studies and General Theory in the Greek Landscape from Prehistory to Early Modern TimesWDNHVXVIURPWKHVWHSSHVWR*UHHFH%DVHGRQH[WHQGHG¿HOGZRUN it discusses landscape use over the long term in the province of Boeotia. In Expecting the Unexpected: Százhalombatta-Földvár Surprises Once Again Magdolna Vicze presents surprising results from the ongoing excavations at the Százhalombatta Bronze Age tell. Vicze’s contribution is just one of several presenting results that have been obtained within a major project involving Kristian and many others, The Emergence of European &RPPXQLWLHV+RXVHKROG6HWWOHPHQWDQG7HUULWRU\LQ/DWHU3UHKLVWRU\%&  Hans-Peter Stika and Andreas G. Heiss’s contribution Seeds from the Fire: Charred Plant Remains from Kristian Kristiansen´s Excavations in Sweden, Denmark, Hungary and Sicily includes many of the excavations in the abovementioned project, viewing them together LQDFRPSDUDWLYHDUFKDHRERWDQLFDODQDO\VLVWDNLQJXVIURP6LFLO\WR6FDQGLQDYLD.ULVWLDQ¶V¿UVWELJSURMHFWThe Thy

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)LJ($$,QDXJXUDWLRQPHHWLQJLQ/MXEOLDQD 3KRWR/RWWH+HGHDJHU $UFKDHRORJLFDO3URMHFW was co-directed with Jens-Henrik Bech, Michael Rowlands and Timothy Earle, and is represented in the contribution by Jens-Henrik Bech and Karen Margrethe Hornstrup ‘Zone 4’ – Bronze Age Settlement in Thy, North-West Denmark: an Update on an Old Discussion about a Boom and Possible Subsequent Crisis, which takes two publications by Kristian from 1978 as their starting point for discussion. This article includes the results from the Thy Project as well as later excavations on Thy and views it in the light of Kristian’s early work. Mads Kähler Holst and Marianne Rasmussen’s article Herder Communities: Longhouses, Cattle and Landscape Organization in the Nordic Early and Middle Bronze Age focuses on one site in Jutland and discusses landscape organization based on mounds, longhouses and cattle. In their article they propose a new hypothetical model for this based on long-distance herding. Chris Gosden discusses similar questions, but in a different region, in his article Fields, where he explores the evidence of agriculture ZLWKLQWKH0LGGOH%URQ]H$JH¿HOGVV\VWHPV+HFRQFOXGHVWKDWLWLVQRWDVFOHDUFXWDVVRPHWLPHVSUHYLRXVO\EHOLHYHG just as in Holst and Rasmussen it becomes clear that the Bronze Age landscape and subsistence require more research. Joel Berglund’s article The Nature of Focal Places transports us to the Arctic world of Greenland where we encounter cultures with different subsistence strategies, such as the Dorset Culture and the Norse culture. He highlights a fundamental element of continuity in the desire to create focal places, which are as just as important today as in the past. Rituals, hoards and wetlands .ULVWLDQ¶VHDUOLHVWZRUNDQG¿UVWSXEOLFDWLRQVGHDOWZLWKKRDUGVDQGODWHO\KHKDVUHWXUQHGWRWKHTXHVWLRQRIULWXDODQG ritual economy. This section has a large number of contributions involving many different aspects of wetlands hoards and ritual. The main focus, however, is on hoards in the Bronze Age. This section begins with an article by Leo S. Klejn, Zoomorphic Sceptres and the Unicorn, which discusses the mythical creature, the unicorn, and its manifestation and symbolism in a peculiar artefact type that has been called a ‘zoomorphic sceptre’. From the mythical unicorn in steppe cultures we move to the role of the horse in Bronze Age Scandinavia in Kristin Armstrong Oma’s piece, Bronze Age Horses: Beyond Dualist Explanations. It argues for both a celestial VLJQL¿FDQFHDQGDPRUHSUDFWLFDOKDQGVRQH[SHULHQFHRIKRUVHVLQWKH%URQ]H$JH$QRWKHUDUWLFOHGLVFXVVLQJKXPDQ animal relationships, this time focusing on a ritual sphere, is Lady of the Battle and of the Horse: on Anthropomorphic Gods and their Cult in Late Bronze Age Scandinavia by Jeanette Varberg. The article discusses the role of women in ritual activities as ‘cult specialists’ based on rock art, hoards and burials with horse gear, and argues that both women and horses had their place in the cosmic sphere. Tove Hjørungdal’s article examines the hoard from Budense and discusses women’s roles and human-animal relationships in her contribution Budsene for Better and for Worse: Diffractions of the Lives of Farmer Women in the Late Bronze Age. Helle Vandkilde’s contribution takes us from the realm of women to that of men and warfare. In Bronze Age Voyaging and Cosmologies in the Making: the Helmets from Viksø Revisited she unites warfare, journeys and the ritual world

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in her discussion about the two helmets found in Viksø. The social role of hoards is also the theme in the two articles that follow. First is that by Svend Hansen, who discusses the social role of hoards based on one case study. His paper Bronze Age Hoards and their Role in Social Structure: a Case Study from South-West Zealand argues for the need of more chronologically broad landscape and supraregional analyses of hoards and their contents in order to distinguish long-term trends such as centres of wealth. The topic of the social meaning of hoards is further examined in the paper by Alexander Gramsch and Thomas Meier An Archaeological Outline of Ritual Dynamics and Social Space. With Sophie Bergerbrant, Christina Fredengren, Petra Molnar and Camilla Löfqvist’s contribution Violent Death and Wetlands: Skeletal Remains from Gotland we stay within the wetland sphere but move from the classical hoards to different types of depositions of human remains in bogs. The article takes a long-term perspective even if the focus is on the Bronze Age depositions of human remains on the island of Gotland. The next article, by Ulla Mannering and Niels Lynnerup, deals with bog bodies rather than bog skeletons - or rather, with a foot. From Foot to fact: new light on the Fræer Bog Find demonstrates just how much information can be gleaned from something that from the outset VHHPVUDWKHULQVLJQL¿FDQWDVKRHZLWKDIRRWLQVLGHLWZKHQQHZVFLHQWL¿FPHWKRGVDUHDSSOLHG,Q%HQJW1RUGTYLVW¶V contribution Symbols of Identity: a Phenomenon from the Migration Period Based on an Example from Finnestorp we PRYHIURPWKHVPDOOVFDOHZHWODQGV¿QGVWRWKHODUJHVFDOHWKH0LJUDWLRQ3HULRGZDUERRW\VDFUL¿FHVLWHDW)LQQHVWRUS He relates some of the symbols observed on the artefacts found with those in Norse mythology. Rock art Rock art research is something Kristian has taken a keen interest in, for example he is one of the masterminds behind the ongoing project Rock Art: Archive of Sweden+LVLQYROYHPHQWLQWKLV¿HOGRIUHVHDUFKLVUHÀHFWHGLQWKHLPSUHVVLYH variety and broad scope of the articles here. Pilar Prieto Martinez’s article Deer, Goats, Suns, Faces and Geometric Designs: Symbols of Power in Prehistoric Pottery from Atlantic Europe discusses geometric designs on pottery and relates them to rock art and warriors. Maleness and warriors on rock art are also discussed in Christian Horn’s article Violence and Virility. Both of these articles encompass the Copper Age and Early Bronze Age. Ulf Bertilsson’s article discusses a motif that is common in many different time periods and geographical regions, the footprint, in the article Footprints on the Rock Faces – Following the Tracks of Cosmological Archetypes and Pictograms for Millennia of Prehistory takes us on a whirlwind jaunt from Israel to Scandinavia. The remaining articles in this section all deal with the Scandinavian rock art tradition, from the Late Neolithic to the Iron Age. Lasse Bengtsson’s piece Rock Art Ships as a Method for Dating points out that the actual time span for rock art is longer than normally viewed in Scandinavia and it endeavours to create a typology for Iron Age rock art ships. Per Cornell and Johan Ling discuss social dimensions of rock art in their contribution Rock Art, Agency and Society. 7KH\OLQNWKH%RKXVOlQURFNDUWWRDPDULWLPHJURXSLGHQWLW\UDWKHUWKDQDWWULEXWLQJLWWRDFKLHÀ\FRQQHFWLRQ)OHPPLQJ Kaul bases his article Round and Round We Go – With Concentric Circles on newly found rock carvings on the island RI%RUQKROP'UDZLQJRQFRQFHSWVVXFKDVLQWHUYLVLELOLW\LWLGHQWL¿HVDUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHURFNDUWRQ%RUQKROP and that in eastern Scania. In her article, An Epos Carved in Stone: Three Heroes, One Giant Twin, and a Cosmic Task, Lene Melheim draws on Indo-European mythology to elucidate the rock art panel from Fossum. Graves and burial monuments Burials are a rich and fundamental source in archaeology and are visible in most of the sections in this book in different ways. Approaches to burial archaeology range from osteological analyses to investigations of the monuments themselves. In the contribution Setting Her Even Straighter: Further Notes on the Osteology and Necrodynamics of the Mesolithic Burial from Barum, Scania, Sweden, Torbjörn Ahlström shows that taking a fresh look at the documentation from old burials in combination with osteology can produce fruitful new insights, in this case about the so-called Barum woman. Kristiansen’s engagement in the Megalithic tradition, as seen in the restoration project and his involvement with the Coast WR&RDVWSURMHFWDUHDFNQRZOHGJHGLQVHYHUDODUWLFOHVLQWKLVYROXPH,QWKLVVHFWLRQLWLVVHHQLQWZRFRQWULEXWLRQV¿UVWO\ that of Tony Axelsson entitled Local Logic, Passage Graves and the Neolithic Landscape of Falbygden, which discusses human interaction in relation to Megalithic monuments and landscapes in Falbygden based on some recent excavations. The second is Einar Østmo’s Towards a Border - Traces of Megalithic Ritual in the Norwegian Fjord Country, which deals with the question of whether there is any evidence of the megalithic and funnel beaker culture (TRB) in Norway. The reader is then transported back in time from Scandinavia and southward, to the legendary site of Varna, which John Chapman discusses in his contribution Expansion and Social Change at the Time of Varna. Based on a number of new radiocarbon dates from this time period and region he connects the burials from Varna with settlement changes. We then move east, returning to the Megalithic, with Viktor Trifonov’s contribution What Distinguishes Caucasian Megaliths from European Ones?, which investigates the origins and context for the often overlooked megaliths in the Caucasus. From here we take a large leap back to Scandinavia starting with Henrik Thrane’s piece Bronze Age Megalomania, which discusses another type of large-scale monument. It deals with Late Bronze Age monumental mounds, focusing on the island of Funen in Denmark. Bronze Age mounds are the main focus of Tore Artelius’ article, too. However, in Making History: Ritual Variation in Pre-Christian Viking Age Reuse of Bronze Age Monuments in Halland, South-Western Sweden

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KHGLVFXVVHVWKHUHXVHRIPRXQGVLQWKH9LNLQJ$JH+HUHPLQGVXVWKDWZHDUHQRWWKH¿UVWSHRSOHWREHLQWHUHVWHGLQ ancient remains, and that Bronze Age mounds have been seen as meaningful in different time periods. For instance, the Viking Age treatment of the mounds should not be seen as plundering, but rather a result of meaningful activities. Materiality and social concerns This section combines various approaches and perspectives to form an exciting collection of essays discussing material FXOWXUHDQGLWVVRFLDOYDOXH,WFRXOGVWDUWZLWKQRWKLQJRWKHUWKDQ7LPRWK\.(DUOH¶VUHÀHFWLRQVRQWKHLQWHUUHODWLRQVKLS between materiality, materialism and materialization. The 00DWHULDOLW\0DWHULDOLVPDQG0DWHULDOL]DWLRQ is not only DWKHRUHWLFDODUWLFOHEXW\HWDQRWKHU¿WWLQJWULEXWHWR.ULVWLDQDQGKLVSDUWLFXODUO\EURDGFRPPLWPHQWWRDUFKDHRORJ\ Johanna Sofaer’s Cosmologies in Clay: Swedish Helmet Bowls in the Middle Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin enriches the section by elucidating the possibility of reading cosmological symbols in material culture without necessarily implying the cultural nature of the context in which they have been found; thus entailing also the existence of a sophisticated level of interaction between objects and people. Andrew Jones’ In small Things Remembered: Scale, Materiality and Minatures in the British Early Bronze Age attempts to demonstrate how it was not only material culture that might be exchanged and moved around in order to articulate social relationships in different areas, but how the very same material IRUPDQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVPLJKWHPERG\WKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIDQREMHFW¶VSODFHRIRULJLQ The essay Drinking in Times of Crisis: Alcohol and Social Change in Late Bronze Age Italy by Cristiano Iaia provides a GHWDLOHGDFFRXQWRIKRZWKURXJKWKHPDWHULDOLW\RIGULQNLQJVHWVZHFDQSUREOHPDWL]HWKHVRFLDOVLJQL¿FDQFHRIDOFRKRO consumption during the Italian early part of the Late Bronze Age (Bronzo Recente) among the emerging local elites who come to dominate later parts of proto-history and early history on the peninsula. ,QWKHOLJKWRIQHZGLVFRYHULHVDQGUHVHDUFK%RJXVáDZ*HGLJDDUJXHVKRZDUFKDHRORJLFDOHYLGHQFHVXSSRUWVWKHUHGUDZLQJ cultural borders. In his essay The Culture of the Early Iron Age in the South-Western Regions of Poland in the Light of new Reseach he discusses how material culture of the Early Iron Age in the south-western regions of Poland appears to be much more consistent with that of the Hallstatt rather than with the Lusatian world. Both Christian Mühlenbock with the paper Having an Axe to Grind: an Examination of Tradition in the Sicilian Iron Age and Elisabeth Arwill-Nordbladh with Golden Nodes – Linking Memory to Time and Place discuss issues of memory and PHDQLQJV:RUNLQJLQWZRFRPSOHWHO\GLIIHUHQWFRQWH[WVUHVSHFWLYHO\6LFLO\GXULQJWKHVL[WKDQG¿IWKFHQWXULHV%&DQG Scandinavia during the local Roman Iron Age and Viking Age, both scholars argue for the re-use and/or reproduction of ancient objects. This area of research investigating ’the past in the past’ highlights the awareness humans have of previous ages and the diversity of narratives that precede us. In A Choreography of Furniture: the Art of Sitting, Standing Up and Lying Down Jarl Nordbladh proposes an original DQGYHU\LQWHUHVWLQJDSSURDFKWRWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIREMHFWVLQWKLVFDVHIXUQLWXUHQRWRQO\DVDPHDQVRISUHVWLJHDV WKH\DUHRIWHQVHHQLQWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOOLWHUDWXUHEXWDOVRDVPDWHULDOFXOWXUHWKDWKDVFHUWDLQVLJQL¿FDQWZD\VRIEHLQJ used and is therefore indicative of relations between their users. The essay The Playful Archaeologist: an Approach to Gaming Remains from Bronze Age Mohenjo-Daro by Elke Rogersdotter also partly discusses the materiality of objects, here with reference to the gaming evidence, and the interrelationships it represents, from the Bronze Age Indus Valley. 0DULH/RXLVH6WLJ6¡UHQVHQRIIHUVDQRWKHUVFLHQWL¿FHVVD\ZKLFKDOVRVKHGVOLJKWRQ.ULVWLDQ¶VOLIHDQGDFDGHPLFZRUN In A sword for the chief – a conversation with Kristian, she discusses the relationship between meaning and difference ZLWKUHJDUGWRREMHFWVLQJHQHUDODQG(DUO\%URQ]H$JHVZRUGVLQSDUWLFXODUDUJXLQJWKDWWKHLUVLJQL¿FDQFHOLHVQRWRQO\ in their use, but also in their making. Technology and craftsmanship The role of bronze-working has long been studied in archaeology, and it has therefore naturally played an important role in Late Neolithic and Bronze Age research. In recent years this dimension has expanded to include more craft production areas, such as ceramics and textiles. These areas now represent vital and constantly evolving specialist areas within the ¿HOGRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKDQGWKHLULPSRUWDQFHKDVQRWEHHQRYHUORRNHGE\.ULVWLDQ.ULVWLDQVHQ7KLVVHFWLRQ highlights some of the work currently being conducted in areas relating to craft production, particularly as it relates to the spread of ideas in the Bronze Age. In Missed Innovation: the Earliest Copper Daggers in Northern Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia Johannes Müller discusses an innovation that never took off, or rather one that was ignored for a long time. He points out that the two copper daggers found in a Funnel Beaker context never spread and that it took time before copper/bronze daggers were re-introduced to the local society. Deborah Olausson’s The Flintknapper and the Bronzesmith discusses the transition from stone to bronze from the perspective of the craftsperson. It explores the concept of specialists in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age based on material from southern Sweden. 7DNLQJDQRYHODSSURDFKWRWKHTXHVWLRQRIWHFKQRORJ\$UNDGLXV]0DUFLQLDNDQG+DVNHO*UHHQ¿HOGH[DPLQHWKHXVH

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of metal tools in butchering during the Neolithic and Bronze Age in A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Origins of Metallurgy in the North European Plain: Butchering Marks on Bones From Central Poland. They demonstrate that metal tools were actually adopted only gradually through the Bronze Age, with lithics continuing in common use for butchering animals. In Travels, Transmissions and Transformations – and Textiles, Marie-Louise Nosch, Ulla Mannering, Eva Andersson Strand and Karin Margarita Frei focus on textiles, a topic that has recently been given greater attention within archaeology. The authors investigate textiles, skins and tools from Bronze Age Denmark in order to obtain a GHHSHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIGLIIHUHQWWH[WLOHWHFKQLTXHV)URPWKHYHU\UDUH¿QGVRIWH[WLOHZHPRYHWRRQHRIWKHPRVW common archaeological materials, namely ceramics. Attila Kreiter, Szabolcs Czifra, Éva Széles, Mária Tóth and Orsolya Viktorik examine the technology and composition of Hallstatt ceramics from a Vekerzug group in north Hungary in Petrographic, LA-ICP-MS and XRD Analyses of Hallstatt Ceramics from a Scythian Age Settlement in North Hungary, showing that some of the material was locally made and some was imported. 7KHODVWWKUHHDUWLFOHVLQWKLVVHFWLRQGHDOZLWKWKHWHFKQRORJ\UHODWLQJWRWUDYHO7KH¿UVWFRQWULEXWLRQLVE\3HWHU6NRJOXQG and Joakim Wehlin who discuss Bronze Age ships from a ship setting from Gotland in A Bronze Age Ship Made of Stone: Record and Analysis of a Ship Setting from Lau, Gotland. They argue that the ship is a three-dimensional stone representation of a contemporary wooden ship and that we can gain insight into travel and boat technology from the stone ship settings. Magnus Artursson also discusses boat technology based on stone ship settings, however his focus is on examples found in southern Sweden. In Ships in Stone: Ship-Like Stone Settings, War Canoes and Sailing Ships in Bronze Age Southern Scandinavia he argues that some boats with sails were already present in Bronze Age Scandinavia. ,QWKHODVWDUWLFOHLQWKLVVHFWLRQZHPRYHIURPÀRZLQJZDWHUWRVQRZDQGWKHWHFKQRORJ\RIWUDYHOLQDZLQWU\ODQGVFDSH in northern Europe. Jussi-Pekka Taavitsainen and Timo Kuokkanen shed important light on the generally overlooked research area of winter travel in There was Snow in the Bronze Age - the Role of Winter in Spreading Innovations in the Bronze Age. They present the evidence for different types of Bronze Age sledges, suggest the relative ease of transport in this manner and expand on the commerce that inspired improved technology to facilitate trade. Travel and Transmission This section deals with one of the central topics in Kristiansen’s work and international projects, and in fact issues of travels and transmission are also inevitably touched upon in many other essays throughout the book. The contributions LQWKLVFOXVWHUGLVFXVVVSHFL¿FLVVXHVUHODWLQJWRWKHPDLQWKHPHGH¿QLQJLWVFRPSOH[FKDUDFWHU Michael Rowlands and Johan Ling’s essay Boundaries, Flows and Connectivities: Mobility and Stasis in the Bronze Age opens the section. Thanks to an ongoing project on metal sourcing in northern Europe they are able to argue in favour of systems of exchange and connectivity which seem to bind together all of Europe and the Mediterranean in an exciting ZHERIQHWZRUNVDQGH[FKDQJHSDWWHUQV$OWKRXJKZLWKDGLIIHUHQWSHUVSHFWLYHDQGIRFXVFRPSOHPHQWDU\UHÀHFWLRQV are expressed by Harry Fokkens, Patrick Valentijn and David Fontijn. Focusing on travels rather than exchange they provide relevant food for thought as far as the existence and management of various maritories in the southern North Sea and Britain in their paper Archaeology from the Dutch Twilight Zone. Two contributions in particular take the reader to geo-cultural contexts relatively far from the area most discussed in the book and studied by Kristian. At the same time they both show how certain theoretical approaches may be applied in contexts that are different from those for which they have originally been formulated. Dilmun: Beyond the Southern Frontier of Mesopotamia by Flemming Højlund analyses the Dilmun temple complex and its networks with Mesopotamia in the light of new evidence from recent excavations on the island of Failaka. While in Leaving Safe +DUERXUV0RYHPHQWWR,PPRELOLW\+RPRJHQHLW\WR'LYHUVL¿FDWLRQ$&RPSDUDWLYH$UFKDHRORJLFDO6HTXHQFHIURPWKH :HVWHUQ3DFL¿F0DWWKHZ6SULJJVVXFFHVVIXOO\HQYLVDJHV.ULVWLDQ¶VZRUNLQWKH3DFL¿FFRQWH[WVRIWKH/DSLWDFXOWXUH DQGLWVLPSUHVVLYHH[SDQVLRQDWWKHWXUQRIWKHVHFRQGDQG¿UVWPLOOHQQLD%& Mysterious Raw Material from the Far North: Amber in Mycenaean Culture by Janusz Czebreszuk presents new thinking on the luxury good amber, the circulation of which bridged Northern Europe and the rest of the continent including the Mediterranean basin. The section is concluded by Anders Andrén’s thought-provoking essay, The Importance of Foreign Young Men. Through examples drawn from Scandinavia, Central Europe and the eastern Mediterranean, the scholar discusses the necessity to reconsider warrior graves as the expression of the elite and rather consider the documented, at least in certain periods, SUHVHQFHRIIRUHLJQPD\EHXQIUHHRUPDUJLQDOL]HGDQG\HWVRFLDOO\VLJQL¿FDQW\RXQJZDUULRUV Problematizing the past This section is perhaps the most heterogeneous in the whole book, nonetheless all of the contributions are driven by the QHFHVVLW\WRSUREOHPDWL]HVSHFL¿FDVSHFWVRIWKHSDVW John Barrett’s Genes and Agents: Closing the Theoretical Gap opens the section with a probing essay on the necessity to question the Darwinian mechanisms of evolution for both biological and human socio-cultural histories. It argues in

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favour of the evolution of biological systems in response to agencies that aim to move genetic materials, environmental resources and energy across systems’ boundaries. Evolutionary patterns are also central in the illuminating essay by Ian Hodder on the case study of Çatalhöyük. In Human-Thing Evolution: the Selection and Persistence of Traits at Çatalhöyük, Turkey, Hodder explores non-biological HYROXWLRQLQWHUPVRIFKDQJLQJFRQGLWLRQVRIHQWDQJOHPHQWDQG¿WWLQJQHVV A completely different problematization of the past is presented by Nick Thorpe in his paper Beaker Period Europe - Fighting, Feuding or the Enemy Within? Through a series of case studies Thorpe discusses how we might explore WKHUROHRIYLROHQFHDQGZDUIDUHLQ(XURSHDQ&KDOFROLWKLFVRFLHWLHVZLWKRXWXQGHUHVWLPDWLQJWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIORFDO pre-existing traditions in the shaping of the different categories under study. Italy in Late Bronze Age Europe: from Margin to Counterpoint by Emma Blake reveals the urgent necessity for a deeper understanding in the international arena of the Bronze Age archaeological evidence from the Italian Peninsula. Cristopher Prescott approaches the renewed interest in Indo-European studies, largely promoted in several recent ZRUNVE\.ULVWLDQIRFXVLQJRQWKHVLJQL¿FDQWFDVHVWXG\RI1RUZD\. Recurrent Themes: Indo-Europeans in Norwegian Archaeology makes a point about the past and present of such studies, anticipating possible developments for the future. Collapse or resilience? Archaeology, Metaphor and Global Warming by Orri Vésteinsson is a thought-provoking paper WKDWTXHVWLRQVWKHXVHDEXVHRIWKHVSHFL¿FWHUPLQRORJ\RIFROODSVHDQGUHVLOLHQFHLQKXPDQVRFLHWLHVDQGDGGUHVVLQJWKH necessity to usefully revise our concepts for the interpretation of archaeological evidence. In On Rivers, Mountains, Seas and Ideas or What Vast Spaces and Long Lines Mean to Culture and History Carsten Paludan-Müller proposes a renewed approach to the concept of Europe inspired by geopolitical analyses and international relations theory in order to explore lines of development and logic between the past and the present. Two papers in particular, but deriving from two completely different contexts, explore the connection between archaeology, history and cultural identity and political narratives. Theoria est ancilla rationis politicae? The Neolithic Revolution in Archaeological Research of Socialist Hungary by Eszter Bánffy discusses the power of interpretation based on the contemporary Zeitgest that may supersede in different ways, equally worryingly, the objectivity of the archaeological data. Venezuela: revolution, history and cultural identity by Iraida Vargas Arenas and Mario Sanoja Obediente indeed does not really deal with archaeology, but rather with issues of social solidarity, cooperation and collective participation in communitarian self-government as a means for building a humanistic and democratic future in Venezuela. Fredrik Fahlander’s Sherlock against Lestrade: a study in scale by addresses the necessity to use bottom-up strategies in the interpretation of the past, since the attention to the particular represents an informative starting point for the exploration of the general, while the other way around has implicit risks of simplifying social complexity. This section ends with the stimulating essay by Michael Shanks, Archaeology in the Making: the Human Face of Pasts-in the-Present, who provocatively rejects most of the current practices of archaeology in order to promote an approach that focuses upon the ontology of our relations with the past and upon the possibility of building bridges between the past and the present. Practices of Archaeology This section contains essays dealing with a broad spectrum of practices within archaeology from chronology to laser VFDQQLQJDQGIURPWUDYHOOLQJWR¿HOGZRUNDQGWKHLUVLJQL¿FDQFHDVWRWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHSDVW 7LPHWUDYHOOHU0RQWHOLXVDQGWKH%ULWLVK%URQ]H$JHDIWHU