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English Pages 297-430 [134] Year 1922
coos BY
LEO
J.
FRACHTENBERG
297
CONTENTS Page
Introduction 1.
303
2.
and history Phonology Vowels
3.
Consonants
306 306 306
4.
Sound groupings
307
Accent 6-14. Phoneticlaws
309
305
Distribution
2-14.
5.
310 310
6.
Introductory 7-11. Vocalic processes 7. Vocalic harmony 8. Consonantization of i- and u- diphthongs 9. Contraction 10. Hiatus 11. Processes due to change from terminal to medial position 12-14. Consonantic processes 12. Types of consonantic processes 13.
310 310 312
313 314 315 316 316 316 317 317 318 319 319 319 321 322
Consonantic euphony doubled consonants
14. Simplification of
15.
Grammatical processes
16.
Ideas expressed by grammatical processes
17-95.
Morphology
17-24. Prefixes
18.
The articles IE and hz The personal pronouns
19.
Inchoative qa-
17.
20. Privative k'/a-
323
r
323
Adverbial n22. Locative x23. Discriminative x24. Modal and instrumental x21.
323
324 325
326 326 328
25-80. Suffixes
General remarks 26-55. Verbal suffixes
25.
328
26-27. Transitive suffixes 26. Transitive 27.
-t,
-is
328
.'
331
Causative -lyat
332
28-31. Intransitive suffixes 28. Intransitive -aai 29. Keciprocal
*--
-m
fc',
7.8
k'/int 5.2
(St. Glair)
exceptional instance of a usually inadmissible sound grouping
was found $
$U
miltf 76.12
An
and
of terminal sound groupings
hata'yims 20.14 yi'xumx 122.22
xwdndj
l-\-t
n+
in xyi'hdq 20.21.
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All inadmissible terminal clusters are avoided through the insertion of a (weak) vowel between the two final consonants.
dsmst-
ds'msit prairie 22.12 he arrived 20.18
he'laq
Jielq-
Lki'nap he went through 22.11 mi'lax lunch 28.15 a'lqas fear 66.4
LJnnpmtix-
17-95)
(
17-24)
Three of the six prefixes found in this language namely, the local, discriminative, and modal xmust have originally expressed one general idea incorporating these
The number
of prefixes
is
small.
three concepts, because the phonetic resemblance between these sufIn addition to these fixes is too perfect to be a mere coincidence.
and the personal pronouns may be treated in this chapter, as they are loosely prefixed to the nominal (or verbal) stems, and in a great many cases form a phonetic unit with the words that
prefixes, the article
follow them.
The Articles
17.
The
article IE, or
A,
is
IE
and hE
used in the singular and plural alike, and
denote a definite or indefinite
The
definite
article
indicates an object that actually exists or that is intimately
known
may
to the speaker.
No
object.
fixed rules can be given for the occurrence of
the two different forms IE and A#, but the following general principle may be said to hold good: hs tends to occur at the beginning of
a sentence and after words ending in vowels, dentals, and sibilants; while IE occurs in all other cases.
hs hatafyims (1) mias'sd'wef (%) kfafwat (3) /IE to'qmas (4) the woodpecker (4) is pecking at (3) the lucky (2) money (1) 20.15 hli'nl stouq IE dl'lol
wdndj
tcbne'heni
young man 22.27 thus was thinking the young
there stood the
hs
d/i'lM
man
24.13, 14 '
IE i/ta, sticking out
was the earth 6.7
17
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[BULL. 40
The article very often performs the function of the personal pronoun of the third person singular, and in such cases is to be rendered by HE, SHE, or
IT.
IE he'laq IE wflnqas
u
temflsnatc
(in
to
order)
gamble he
arrived, the spider's grandson 66.20, 21 JIE tsu'tsu he was killed 96.14
The
nominal izing function, and when prefixed
article has a general
to adverbs, adjectives, etc., gives JIE
go
them the force of nouns.
us dtfl k'yEai's tsxawlfyat
everything separately he put down
48.18, 19
go
us
d/ffl
x lai' 'tset JIEX
appearance
(i.
e.,
kwVnau tc
everything was started the everything began to have its present appear(of)
ance) 12.7 TIE qa'LtEs the length
ma U
ma
ya'lanl surely, (whatever) the far-off people were talking 66.13 law he'tt Tcwi'leL IE e?k'%Ld u ts that (was) their sweat-house, which IE ehe'ntc
you found
62. 25 u dowayExta!is qa 'wa I last night 50.25, 26
ty'ne Its IE e
t
In some instances the article
am
the one
whom you
wanted
prefixed to the personal pronoun of the third person singular for the sake of emphasis. is
ta Is'xa lau qats VriiEx u to, IE Vlxa la
and he, he was just alone 68.2 psnLd'wai U Ldwet'wat and they, they whale are
eating 130.13 It is also prefixed for the
noun
same purpose
to the demonstrative pro-
lau .
lsla u qaL/axex'l'we these began to flop around 17.6 u qantc lsla laa'yam wherever these went 22.17, 18
In certain local phrases the article prefixed to the whole and lowed by the local term very often expresses local relation. JIE
ds'msU
sat TIE
down
ntcetne'nis
hau
fol-
E qtsu at the edge (of) the prairie they
til
22.15
tskwa' x iAs
nhaL/ sto'waq
at the lower part (of) the fir-tree he
stood up 26.17
(For the article as a possessive prefix, see .17
98.)
...
il.^
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321
The Personal I*>*onouns
The following are the personal pronouns
in Coos:
no special form for the third person singular, which expressed by the mere stem or by the article. he' mis dtfl nk'ilo'wit big something I saw 62.21 There
is
is
merely you are sleeping 68.19 a'yu to' hits indeed! he hit it 13.3 is ali' caul hanL we (two) will play 38.11 tsi e^qa'qal
ma
xwin wutxalfyat a man we (two) brought home 128.8 tso ic Idyl now you two (are) well 120.20 E afyu ux L an surely they two went down into the water 54.16 x linplf 'pi hanL we will go home 120.21 cin sqats hanL tE tdwdl } ou will seize that fire 40.18, 19 7
1
aso tcl
il
wu'txe again here the}7 returned 30.5
plural for the imperative form of 3 6 and cine are ice intransitive verbs respectively, instead of ic and cin.
The second persons dual and ice stouq 5
you two stand up! 120.15 here you two come! 82.13 Lduq you get up! 30.19
tsi'x'tl ice* djl
cine5
But compare heml'yE you two lay him bare! 24.10
tc te*
tci
qlmi'tsE this you two eat! 120.16 cin L/elfys ten Jc'e'la there you put this
ic
The pronoun
of the third person plural
my hand!
(il)
80.19
very often precedes
the article or the possessive pronoun of the third person singular in
order to emphasize the idea of plurality. go
us (Ml lau tc!le if wat,
everything he 34.25, 26 3045
is
Bull. 40, pt. 2
il
IE melafku'ku ,
drying, 12
21
il
IE ptsa,
the salmon hearts, the
il
IE mi'luxas
gills,
the
tails
18
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xle'Uc Mpllfyap Id a, U la k'e'la, U la Tcxla with faces, their hands, their feet 122.7
it
[BULL. 40
she painted their
The numerical particle iflc'l BOTH very often precedes the dual pronouns in order to emphasize the idea of duality. tso I'k'l
qaxa'ntc
In the same
forms
x'i'ntset
now both
(of
them) got on top 14.1
us
ALL is placed before the plural out the idea of bring plurality.
way
in order to
lau go us
ux
the particle go
.
wdndj
$,
L/d'xEm these
all
that
way
are talking 50.9, 10
As
has been remarked before, the pronouns are loosely prefixed enclitics. They form no integral part of the word, although with a few exceptions they precede immediately the noun or verb to which
they belong. in
They are always placed before the
prefixes enumerated
19-24.
ux nkwafxLa both of these have bows (literally, both they two [are] with bows) 12.9 tso tyqaLdwl'we now I commence to eat ic xqantcu'wis you two from what place (are)? 126.14 I'lc'l
$
Jc'!a,x(i'
a
they have no water
p
(literally,
they [are] without
water) 38.2
The personal pronouns are contracted with the negative particle In i NOT, en THOU NOT, etc. (see The prefixed personal pro9).
into nl
nouns are also used
pronouns
(see
in the formation of transitive subject
and object
46).
19. inchoative qaThis prefix denotes the commencement of an action. The verb to which it is prefixed takes, with a few exceptions, the suffixes -Iwe or -lye (see
32, 35).
a'yu qaLdwl'we indeed (she)
qatdnehenl'we (he) began
commenced
to eat 24.11
to think 20.7
ux qawelanl'we they two commenced to fight tso ux qayuwatlfye now they two commenced qambU'ye (he) commenced to swim 30.3
When
prefixed to an impersonal verb or to a force, the suffix is omitted. Id
L! aha,' was stiff
lau qa'xto w
to travel 12.6
noun with a verbal
her garments (these) commenced to get
110.3
qayixumata'is (he) commenced to travel around menced the traveling) 32.10 19
(literally, [he]
com-
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BOAS]
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20. Privative k*!asame function as the English suffix -LESS. With the possessive pronoun, it expresses ABSENCE (p. 399). U k'/dtdwd'l they (have) no fire 38.1 k'Id'tetcrrifclat (she) swam around naked (lit., without clothes) 86.1 fc/dhuwd'was mUslHtl'ye suddenly she became pregnant (literally, without delay she became pregnant) 10.7 It has the
21. Adverbial nThis prefix may be rendered by IN, AT, TO, ON, WITH. When preceded by the article or those pronouns that end in a vowel, it is suffixed to them, and the unit thus obtained is loosely prefixed to the noun.
The same
ma
ai'wit IE
rule applies to the discriminative and modal
nL/tafyas he killed
(all)
x-.
the people in the village
112.9, 10
afyu yu'kwe Idn yixd'wsx surely he came ashore at his house (and not Id nyixd'wEx) 36. 6 Lowi'tat
TIE dl'lol Idl
nrm'k'e ran the young
man
to that basket
28.27
nxalaJwls lau he'laq with heat she arrived 24. 9 n- in the sense of
WITH very often
In such cases the noun to which
auxiliary verb TO HAVE, TO BE.
prefixed takes the verbal suffix
exercises the function of our
-e
or -a (see
44).
Id ku hd'yeq his excrements are [are] his excrements) 20. 6, 7
nwi'tme blood is nhumd'k'ehe we two have wives
it is
bloody
(literally,
(literally,
with
we two with wives
are) 10.9
nda nt
ma
lau tc!pd'ya u
(literally,
nk/d'ha
many people
ntda'Jia