Contributions Toward a History of Arabico-Gothic Culture 9781463208202

Table of contents :
Table of Contents
Foreword
Sources Quoted
Introduction
Virgilius Maro, the Grammarian
Hisperic Literature
Rubisca
Adelphus Adelpha
Lorica
Hisperica Famina
The Antiphonary of Bangor
The Gothic Forgeries
Vita. S. Columbani
Dorf, Bach, Etc.
The Eucharist
The Ghost Mask
Arras Cloth
Index

Citation preview

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE VOLUME

I

CONTRIBUTIONS

TOWARD

A HISTORY OF

ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE VOLUME I

By LEO WIENER PROFESSOR OF SLAVIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES A T HARVARD UNIVERSITY; AUTHOR OF " A COMMENTARY T O THE GERMANIC L A W S AND MEDIAEVAL DOCUMENTS." " H I S T O R Y OF YIDDISH L I T E R A T U R E . " " H I S T O R Y OF THE C O N T E M P O R A R Y RUSSIAN D R A M A . " " A N T H O L O G Y OF RUSSIAN L I T E R A T U R E . " "INTERPRETATION OF THE RUSSIAN P E O P L E ! " TRANSLATOR OF THE WORKS OF T O L S T O Y ; CONTRIBUTOR TO GERMAN. RUSSIAN. FRENCH. ENGLISH, AND AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL PERIODICALS. ETC.. ETC.

GORGIAS PRESS 2002

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2002. The special contents of this edition are copyright €> 2002 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey. This edition is a facsimile reprint of the original edition published by the Neale Publishing Company, New York, 1917-1921.

ISBN ISBN ISBN ISBN

1-931956-64-2 1-931956-96-0 1-931956-97-9 1-931956-98-7

(Volume (Volume (Volume (Volume

1) 2) 3) 4)

ÖP GORGIAS PRESS

46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com

Printed and bound simultaneously in the United States of America and Great Britain.

Gens bona Gothorum semper sine fine valeto, Electus domino populus, plebs inclyta salve. Praeclaris gentes ideisti maxime bellis Quam multas quondam: hostes modo vincite Christi Per clypeum fidei, per fortia tela salutis. Auxiliator erit vobis deus almus ubique, Si iam firma fides habitat sub pectore vestro, Atque opus egregium sequitur bona dona fidei. Has, rogo, litterulas placido percurrite sensu, Quas modo direxit vobis dilectio sancta. Prospera cuncta deus Gothis concedat Olimpi, Omnibus aeterni tribuens bona gaudia regni, Inque piis precibus memores estote, rogamus Albini semper, scripsit qui talia vobis. Fos deus omnipotens totum conservet in aevum, Aeternum tribuens vobis per saecula regnum. —Alcuin.

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

I. II. III.

FOREWORD

IX-X

SOURCES QUOTED

XI-XVII

INTRODUCTION

XIX-XXXVI

IV. VIRGILIUS MARO, THE GRAMMARIAN .

1-21

V. HISPERIC LITERATURE VI.

22-94

RUBISCA

24-51

VII. ADELPHUS ADELPHA VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.

52-59

LORICA

60-73

HISPERIC A FAMINA ANTIPHONARY

OF BANGOR

74-94 .

.

.

.

95-106

THE GOTHIC FORGERIES

107-131

VITA S. COLUMBANI

132-149

XIII.

DORF, BACH, etc

150-203

XIV.

THE EUCHARIST

204-215

XV. XVI. XVII.

THE GHOST MASK

216-223

ARRAS CLOTH

224-278

INDEX

279-301

FOREWORD My Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Mediaeval Documents has provoked a storm of indignation among those from whose printed conclusions I differ on the basis of documentary evidence. This is only as it should be, and my sole regret is that my critics have used language of such a general character that I am not able to reply to them without being drawn into a discussion of personalities quite beside the point at issue. I am, however, confident that many of my critics will experience a change of heart after becoming acquainted with the sum total of my mediaeval investigations. I ask the reader earnestly to weigh the facts adduced in the present volume. Some of the conclusions arrived at will be apparent at once, while others will become elear later, when a series of volumes still to be published will show how the literary Germanic languages have arisen on a weak Germanic substratum by a sudden influx of Low Latin, Arabic, and ghost words. The second volume will contain a study of the sources of the Old High German Keronian glosses. It will be shown there that they arose from the GraecoLatin glossaries under the influence of Gothic interpretations, which themselves owe their origin to the Graeco-Arabic learning of Spain. My works would greatly be retarded in publication, were it not for the generous aid offered me by my former student and present friend, John B. Stetson, Jr., of Philadelphia, whose faith in me and my work still holds in spite of the obstacles I have encountered. I wish also to record the name of another former student of mine, Mr. Phillips Barry, who for years has patiently

x

HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE

watched the progress of my investigations, and who has composed the Index to the present volume. P. S.—The present work was all printed, when the startling discovery was made that the Arabic glosses of the Codex

Toletanus

15, 8 of Isidore's

Etymologiae,

written soon after 733, contained the majority of the words treated by me so far and still to be treated in the following volumes. It is too late to discuss the results of this discovery at any length, but I wish to state that the manner in which the Arabic words got into the Gothic Bible and into the Keronian glosses has by this discovery been made clear beyond all anticipation, and the subjects surveyed by me have been removed from the field of speculation to that of self-evident facts. My next volume will contain a complete analysis of Codex

Toletanus

15, 8 and a dis-

cussion of Isidore's Etymologiae, in so far as this work is responsible for the oldest Old High German and Anglo-Saxon glosses, and for the language of the socalled Gothic Bible.

SOURCES QUOTED Achery, L. d'

Spicilegium ave collectio veterum aliquot scriptorum, vol. II, Parisiis 1723. Acta Sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur, Antverpiae 1643-1910. Aegyptische Urkunden aus den koeniglichen Museen zu Berlin, vols. I and III, Berlin 1895-1903. American Journal of Philology. Analecta Bollandiana, Paris, etc., 1882-1909. Archaeologia, vol. L, London 1887. Atti del reale istituto veneto, Venezia. Birch, W. de Gray Blanco, M. Blume, Von C. and Dreves, G. Bonet, J. Bouquet, M.

Cartularium Saxonicum, London 1885-1893. Flora de Filipinas, Manila 1837. Analecta hymnica medii aevi, Leipzig 1886-1908.

Dictionnaire annamite-français, Paris 1899-1900. Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, Paris 1869-1880. Bourrienne, V. Antiquus cartularius ecclesiae baiocensis, Rouen 1902-1903. Brewer, J. S. The Register of Malmesbury Abbey, London 1879. Brinkley, F. An Unabridged Japanese-English Dictionary, Tokyo [1896]. Byzantinische Zeitschrift. Camera, M.

Memorie storico-diplomatiche dell' antica Città e Ducato di Amalfi, Salerno 1876. Capasso, B. Monumenta ad Neapolitani Ducatus historiam pertinentia, vol. II, pt. I, Neapoli 1885. Capitula et Statuta Communitatis Baennarum, Romae 1892. Chambure, E. de Glossaire de Morvan, Paris 1878. Chronicon Paschale, vol. I, in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, vol. XV, Bonnae 1832. Chroust, A. Monumenta palaeographica; Denkmäler der Schreibkunst des Mittelalters, München 1899—. Close Rolls 16 Henry III, 22 Edward III. Cockayne, O. Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England, London 1864-1866. Codex principis olim laureshamensis abbatiae diplomaticus, Mannhemii 1768-1770. Codinus Curopalates, in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, vol. XXXVI, Bonnae 1839. Colleccion de documentes para el estudio de la historia de Aragon, vol. II, Zaragoza 1905. Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, vol. I, in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, vol. VIII, Bonnae 1829. Cortes de los antiguos reines de Leon y de Castilla, Madrid 1861.

xii

HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE

Devic, C. and Histoire générale de Languedoc, vol. II, Toulouse Vaissete, J. 1875. Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines. Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte, Leipzig 1906. Dombart, B. Commodiani Carmina, in Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, vol. XV, Vindobonae 1887. Dozy, R. Dictionnaire détaillé des noms des vêtements chez les Arabes, Amsterdam 1845. Dreizehnter Jahresbericht über das k. k. Franz-Joseph-Gymnasium in Wien, Wien 1887. Dronke, F. Codex diplomaticus fuldensis, Cassel 1850. Drury, H. The Useful Plants of India, London 1873. Ducange. Glossarium mediae et inflmae latinitatis, ed. Léopold Favre, Niort 1883-1887. Duchesne, L. Le Liber Pontificalis, 2 vols., Paris 1886-1892. Dugdale, Sir W. Monasticon anglicanum, vol. I, London 1817. España sagrada. Espinas, G. and Pirenne, H.

Theatro geographico-historico de la iglesia de España, ed. H. Florez, etc., 51 vols., Madrid, 1747-1879. Recueil de documents relatifs à l'histoire de l'industrie drapière en Flandre, Bruxelles 1906.

Fantuzzi, M.

Monumenti ravennati de' secoli di mezzo, 6 vols., Venezia 1801-1804. Feist, S. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, Halle a. S. 1909. Fejér, G. Codex diplomaticus Hungariae, vol. X, Budae 1834-1843. Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, Göttingen 1862-1886. Fraenkel, S. Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen, Leiden 1886. Frati, L. Statuti di Bologna dall' anno 1245-1267, Bologna 1869-1877. Freytag, W. Darstellung der arabischen Verskunst, Bonn 1830. Friedlein, G. De institutione arithmetica libri duo. De institutione musica libri quinque. Accedit Geometria quae fertur Boetii, Lipsiae 1867. Gairdner, J. Gayangos, P. de Gebauer, J. Geyer, P. Giles, J. Giulini, G. Goetz, G.

The Paston Letters, London 1872. The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, London 1840-1843. Slovnfk staro£esk£, Praze 1903. Itinera Hierosolymitana Saeculi IIII-VIII, in Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, vol. XXXIX, Vindobonae, Pragae, Lipsiae 1898. Sancti Aldhelmi Opera, Oxonii 1844. Memorie spettanti alla storia, al governo ed alla descrizione della città e campagna di Milano ne' secoli bassi, Milano 1854-1857. Thesaurus glossarum emendatorum, Lipsiae 18991901.

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Abhandlungen zur arabischen Philologie, Leiden 1896. Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz, Berlin 1834-1842. Graff, E. Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig, vol. I, Leipzig 1906. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, parts I and II, London, Grenfell, B. and 1898-1903. Hunt, A. Grenfell, B., Hunt, A. The Tebtunis Papyri, part II, London 1907. and Goodspeed, E. Grimm, J. Deutsches Wörterbuch. Gruyer, G. L'art ferrarais à l'époque des princes d'Esté, Paris 1897. Guerard, B. Polyptyque de l'abbaye de Saint-Remi de Reims, Paris 1853. Guerard, B. Polyptyque de l'abbé Irminon, Paris 1844. Guyard, S. Théorie nouvelle de la métrique arabe, Paris 1877. Historia monasterii S. Augustini Cantuariensis, Hardwick, Ch. London 1858. Textus roffensis, Oxonii 1720. Hearne, T. Die Handschriften der herzoglichen Bibliothek zu Heinemann, O. von Wolfenbüttel, vol. I, Wolfenbüttel 1884. Hermes, Zeitschrift für Classische Philologie. Lexicon Graecum suppletorium et dialecticum, Herwerden, H. van Lugduni Batavorum 1902. A Late Eighth-century Latin-Anglo-Saxon GlossHessels, J. ary preserved in the Library of the Leiden University, Cambridge 1906. Hirschberg, J., and Die Augenheilkunde des Ibn Sina, Leipzig 1902. Lippert, J. Hansisches Urkundenbuch, vol. III, Halle 1882Höhlbaum, K. 1886. Altceltischer Sprachschatz, Leipzig 1897. Holder, A. Historiae patriae monumenta, Augustae TauriHPM. norum, vol. VII, Liber iurium reipublicae genuensis, 1854. vol. XIII, Codex diplomaticus Langobardiae, 1873. vol. XXI, Codex diplomaticus Cremonae, 1895. Huemer, J. Virgilii Maronis grammatici opera, Lipsiae 1886. Metrologicorum scriptorum reliquiae, Lipsiae Hultsch, F. 1864-1866. Goldziher, I.

Ilarregui, P. and Lapuerta, S. Ioannes Malalas.

Fuero general de Navarra, Pamplona 1869.

James, M.

A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity Hall, Cambridge 1907. Codex diplomaticus Lusatiae Superioris, III bis 1419, Görlitz 1905-1910. Hisperica Famina, Cambridge 1908. Novellae.

Jecht, R. Jenkinson, F. Justinian.

Chronographia, in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, vol. XIV, Bonnae 1831.

xiv

HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE

Karadschitsch, V. Karlowicz, J. Kemble, J. Kessler, K. Klumker, J.

Kober, E. Kühn, K. Kühn, K.

Lexicon serbico-germanico-latinum, Vindobonae 1852. Siownik gwar polskich, Krakow 1900. Codex diplomaticus aevi saxonici, London 18391848. Mani, Berlin 1889. Der friesische Tuchhandel zur Zeit Karls des Grossen und sein Verhältnis zur Weberei jener Zeit, in Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst und vaterländische Altertümer zu Emden, vol. XIII, Emden 1899. Die Anfänge des deutschen Wollgewerbes, Berlin and Leipzig 1908. Aretaei Cappadocis Opera Omnia, Lipsiae 1828. Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia, Lipsiae 1833.

Les ducs de Bourgogne, Paris 1849-1852. Petri Hispani De lingua arabica libri duo, Gottingae 1883. La Grande Encyclopédie. Lane, E. Arabic-English Lexicon, London-Edinburgh 18631893. Leemans, C. Papyri graeci musei antiquarii publici lugdunibatavi, Lugduni Batavorum 1885. Levy, J. Neuhebräisches und Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Talmudim und Midraschim, Leipzig 1876-1889. Liebermann, F. Die Gesetze der Angebachsen, 2 vols., Halle a. S. 1898-1906. Löfstedt, E. Philologischer Kommentar zur Peregrinatio Aethe, riae, Uppsala, Leipzig [1911]. Lot, F. Etudes critiques sur l'abbaye de Saint-Wandrille, Paris 1913. Laborde, L. de Lagarde, P. de

Mabillon, J. Manitius, M.

De re diplomatica, Luteciae Parisiorum 1681. Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Poesie, Stuttgart 1891. Marca hispanica, Paris 1688. Marca, P. de I papiri diplomatici, Roma 1805. Marini, G. L'occident à l'époque byzantine, Paris 1904. Martroye, F. Frabauhtabokos oder die gothischen Urkunden Massmann, H. von Neapel und Arezzo, München 1837. Mayhoff, C. C. Plini Secundi Naturalis Historia Libri XXXVII, Lipsiae 1892-1909. Memorie e documenti per servire alla storia di Lucca, 16 vols., Lucca 18131881.

Meninski, F. Méry, L. and Guindon, F. Meyer, W.

Lexicon arabico-persico-turcicum, Viennae 1780 [-1802]. Histoire analytique et chronologique des actes et des délibérations du corps et du conseil de la municipalité de Marseille, depuis le X®« siècle jusqu'à nos jours, Marseille 1842. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur mitellateinischen Rythmik, Berlin 1905.

SOURCES QUOTED

XV

Meyer von Knonau, G. Ekkeharti (IV) Casus Sancti Galli, St. Gallen 1877. MGI!. Monumenta Germaniae histórica. Auctores antiquissimi, 1879-1913. Diplomata regum francorum, 1872. Diplomata Karolina, 1906. Formulae, in Leges, sec. V. Epistolae, 1887-1912. Leges, 1835-1889. Capitularía, in Leges. Scriptores, 1826-1913. Scriptores rerum langobardicarum et italicarum, 1878. Scriptores rerum merovingicarum, 1884-1913. Poetae latini, 1881-1886. Michel, F. Recherches sur le commerce, la fabrication et l'usage des étoiles de soie, Paris 1852. Migne, J. Patrologia Latina. Miklosich, F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen, Wien 1886. Milanesi, G. Documenti per la storia dell' arte senese, Siena 1854. Modem Language Notes. Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins, Mone, F. vol. IV., Karlsruhe 1853. Die Propheten in ihrer ursprünglichen Form, Müller, D. Wien 1896. La tapisserie, Paris [1883]. Müntz, E. Rerum italicarum scriptores, Mediolani 1723-1751. Muratori, L. Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde, vol. XIII. Nicole, J. Le livre du préfet, in Mémoires de l'Institut Genevois, vol. XVIII, Genève 1893. Odorici, F. Otte, H. Otto, J. Paul, H. Petschenig, M. Pleteránik, M. PMH. Prou, M. and Vidier, A.

Storie bresciane dai primi tempi sino all' età nostra, 11 vols., Brescia 1853-1865. Handbuch der kirchlichen Kunst-Archäologie, vol. I, Leipzig 1883. Justini Philosophi et Martyris opera, Ienae 1881. Grundriss der germanischen Philologie, Strassburg 1900-1909. Sancti Aureli Augustini Scripta contra Donatista», in Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, vol. LI, Vindobonae, Lipsiae 1908. Slovensko-nemSki slovar. Portugaliae monumenta histórica. Diplomata et chartae, 1867. Leges et consuetudines, 1856-1873. Recueil des Chartes de l'Abbaye de Saint-Benoitsur-Loire, Paris 1900-1907.

Quarterly Journal of Economics.

xvi

HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE

Revue archéologique. Revue celtique. Revue de linguistique et de philologie comparée. Revue de philologie de littérature et d'histoire anciennes. Revue des langues romanes. Rios, J. A. de los Historia critica de la literatura española, Madrid 1861-1865. Roberti, M. Le magistrature giudiziarie veneziane e i loro capitolari fino al 1300, vol. III, Venezia 1911. Rolls of Parliament, vol. IV. Roth, J. Geschichte des nürnbergischen Handels, Leipzig 1801. Ruland, O. Handlungsbuch, Stuttgart 1843. Saavedra, E.

Estudio sobre la invasión de los Arabes en España, Madrid 1892. Sacy, S. de Chrestomathie arabe, Paris 1826. Sancti Aurelii Augustini Opera Omnia, ed. Ord. S. Benedicti, Paris 18361839. Savioli, L. Annali bolognesi, vol. I, pt. II, Bassano, 1784. Schiller, K. and Mittelniederdeutsches Wörterbuch. Lübben A. Schmeller, J. Bayerisches Wörterbuch, München 1878. Sella, P. Statuta Comunis Bugelle et documenta adiecta, Biella 1904. Seybold, C. Glossarium latino-arabicum ex unico qui exstat codice leidensi undécimo saeculo in Hispania conscripto, Berolini 1900. Simonet, F. Glosario de voces ibéricas y latinas usadas entre los mozárabes, Madrid 1888. Simonet, F. Historia de los Mozárabes de España deducida de los mejores y más auténticos testimonios de los escritores cristianos y árabes, Madrid 1897-1903. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Sreznevski, I. Materialy dlya slovarya drevne-russkago yazyka. Sreznevski, I. Svyedyeniya i zamyetki o maloizvyestnykh i neizvyestnykh pamyatnikakh, Sanktpeterburg 1867. Stälin, C. von Wirtembergische Geschichte, Stuttgart, 1841-1873. Statuta varia civitatis Placentiae, Parma 1860. Statuti del comune di Padova dal secóla XII all' anno 1285, Padova 1873. Statuti e ordinamenti del comune di Udine, Udine 1898. Steinmeyer, E. and Die althochdeutschen Glossen, Berlin 1879-1898. Sievers, E. Stubbs, W. Chronico Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, vol. IV, London 1871. Surtees Society. Tabularhim Casinense, Codex diplomatics Cajetanus, Monte Casino 1887-1891. Tapisseries du quinzième siècle conservées à la Cathédrale de Tournay, leur fabrication à Arras en 1402, etc., Tournay, Lille 1883.

SOURCES QUOTED

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Theophanes Continuatus, in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, vol. XXXII, Bonnae 1838. Thomas, G. Capitular des deutschen Hauses in Venedig, Berlin 1874. Tiraboschi, G. Storia dell' augusta badia di S. Silvestro di Nonantola, Modena 1784-1785. Tischendorf, C. Evangelia Apocrypha, Lipsiae 1876. Tommaseo, N. Dizionario della lingua italiana, Torino [1865-1879], Totius Latinatis Lexicon opera et studio Aegidii Forcellini. Vámbéry, H. Vámbéry, H. Van Drivai, E. Van Drivai, E. Villanueva, J. Walsingham, T. Warren, F. Wartmann, H. Watt, G. Weckerlin, J. Wellhausen, J. Wiener, L. Wiesner, J. Williams, H. Williams, M. Wölfflin, E.

Zabyelin, I.

Óagataische Sprachstudien, Leipzig 1867. TJigurische Sprachmonumente und das Kudatku Bilik, Innsbruck 1870. Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Vaast d'Arras rédigé au XII e siècle par Guimann, Arras 1875. Les tapisseries d'Arras, Paris s. d. Viage literario á las iglesias de España, 22 vols., Madrid 1806-1852. Gesta abbatum monaster« Sancti Albani, London 1867. The Antiphonary of Bangor; an Early Irish Manuscript in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, London 1893-1895. Urkundenbuch der Abtei Sanct Gallen, Zürich 1863-1913. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Calcutta 1889. Le drap "escaríate" au moyen âge, Lyon 1905. Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, Berlin 1884-1899. Commentary to the Germanie Laws and Mediaeval Documents, Cambridge 1915. Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches, Leipzig 1901. Gildae De excidio Britanniae, London 1899-1901. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford 1872. Archiv für lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik mit Einschluss des älteren Mittellateins, Leipzig 1884-1908.

Domashni byt russkago naroda v XVI. i XVII. st., vol. II, Moskva 1901. Zangemeister, C. Pauli Orosii Historiam Adversum Paganos Libri VII, in Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, vol. V., Vindobonae 1882. Zeitschrift für deutsche Wortforschung. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie. Zeuss, K. Traditiones possessionesque wizenburgenses,"¡Spirae, etc., 1842. Zimmer, H. Nennius vindicatus, Berlin 1893. Zunz, L. Die synagogale Poesie des Mittelalters, Berlin 1855.

INTRODUCTION I My discovery of the late date of the Gothic Bible is fraught with important consequences, the whole bearing of which upon the civilization of the Middle Ages I am as yet able to discuss only in detached investigations. I have no theory to offer or to defend,— I merely wish to ascertain the facts through the maze of falsehoods propagated by the mediaeval writers and their modern congeners, the comparative philologists. 1 In time I shall write a chapter on the history of human follies, in which I shall pass in review the various fashions in philology from their inception to the creation of " s t a r s " of diminutive magnitude with which to show up the cosmic darkness of the philologic brain. At present I am not concerned with philology, but with history. If I adduce etymologies, I do so as part of the documentary evidence and in support of facts ascertained independently of the philologic method. I t would be presumption in me to assume that I have always struck the right solution. My task is accomplished if I compel the world of scholars to take into consideration the influence of ArabicoGothic culture upon the history of Europe. 1 Naturally, there are among them also serious and sympathetic men, but their number is as yet very small. I wish to reccommend Sigmund Feist's Indogermanen und, Germanen, Halle a S. 1914, to every young philologist who is not under the spell of the philological madness. In spite of the innumerable blunders contained in Feist's work, due to his inability to tear himself completely away from the Brugmann school, this book gives the sanest view on Indo-Europeanism and Proto-Germanism, two arbitrary divisions, which have created havoc with facts and truth. All honor to men like Feist who have the courage to dissent!

XX

HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE

The present book brings but a small number of Arabic words which have entered into the composition of the Germanic languages. A much larger number will be discussed in the subsequent volumes. Feist 1 has already noticed the presence of one Semitic word, namely kas "pitcher, dish," kasja "potter." He gives also ONorse ker, AS. blkar "alvearia," OHG. char, plur. cherir "vessel" as belonging here. Observing that Heb. kos, Aram, kds, Arab, kas, Assyr. kasu means "beaker," he concludes that, in all probability, the name for "dish" entered at an early time through the South of Europe, and points out the strange fact that Lat. vas "vessel" is also without etymology. All of these references are irrelevant. The AS. blkar is obviously borrowed from OHG. blakar, otherwise Anglo-Saxon and English have no word of this type. ONorse coincides with OHG. in the use of ker as a compound in words which refer to boxes or dishes containing certain objects. In OHG. char is translated by "cratera, sinus, concha," and in the compounds it has the meaning of "container," hence, "jar, box, vat." We have the diminutive karel, cherola. In the modern German dialects kar has survived in the general sense of "container" and "measure of a certain size." The word appeared rather late in Old High German and has not maintained itself in the literary language. 2 This is the Arab. ; ¿>. . garrah " a jar, a vessel made 1 2

Etymologisches Worterbuch der gotischen Sprache, Halle a. S. 1909. 1 retain, in general, Steingass's transliteration of Arabic sounds, but I

write

t and

t, $ d and

i dz, because

to Goth, p, with the sound of Eng. th in "thick," p, apparently with the sound of Eng. th in "this,"

generally corresponds to Goth.

to Goth.

to Goth, d, ^ to

xxi

INTRODUCTION

of potter's clay," as may easily be shown from a study of the distribution of the word. We have LLat. jarra, I t a l . giarra,

OProv.

garra, jarra,

F r . jarre,

etc.,

"a

vessel containing oil," OFr. car, carre " a certain measu r e , " a n d f r o m this L L . gerula,

"wine jar, wine measure."

gerla,

zerla,

garleta

Most interesting are the

c o n t r a c t i o n s of t h e d i m i n u t i v e , gella, gillo, gellus,

galo,

jalo, all with the same meaning of "wine-measure," from which ultimately come our gallon and gill. I shall treat this group more in full at another time, but here it is enough to direct attention to OFr. car, carre, OProv. garra, Prov. and Basque charro, to show that OHG. char is from the same origin, namely, from the Arabic, hence cannot be quoted, in spite of the seeming relationship, as an Old High German form corresponding to Goth. has. This, then, leaves has all sole alone, and, if it is Semitic, it can be nothing but Arab. kas " a vessel without handles, cup." Goth. dz.

" I write h, except when it enters organically as a t into Gothic,

when I write t.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to ascertain the precise

vocalic values of Arabic in the eighth century, hence Goth, a, ai and e appear in the Arabic transliteration as a, Goth, ai, e and i as i, Goth, au, o and u as u.

Indeed, it is the Gothic that will some day help to recon-

struct the Arabic sounds of that period.

Arab. ^ is always g in Gothic,

exactly as it is in the Egyptian dialect.

I t is, therefore, doubtful if Span.

3 from the same Arab.

_ was ever pronounced dz in Spain, even though

the later Arabic pronounces it so.

^ seems to have been a guttural g

while Goth, g was probably even more guttural. from the Arabic transliteration of " G o t u s " b y

This appears to be so ^ g

qûtï.

All this I

shall be able to discuss only after all the Arabic words in Gothic have been investigated. I write the nominative ending " -un only in those cases where it has entered into the composition of the Gothic words.

xxii HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE We have a still better proof t h a t some Arabic words have entered the Gothic without affecting the other Germanic languages. This is the case with balsan " b a l s a m u m , " which is the Arab. j\,..U

balsan.

I n M a r k XII.l ktokqvtov, " t h e hole under the wine-press," is translated by dal uf mesa. Mes, it is true, occurs several times in the sense of "table, dish," but how did it come to mean "wine-press?" On t h a t point all the dictionaries are silent, whereas we have Arab. ^ mi'sar " t h e things in which grapes and olives are pressed, to force out the juice," j U «

mi'sar

" t h a t in which a thing is p u t and pressed, in order t h a t its water, or the like, may flow or ooze out," from the verb

'asarahu " h e squeezed it out."

Still better is the case of the clause dpa ds xal is translated by Goth, bijandzuppan, of which says: " M i t diesem leybfizvov ist nichts fangen." Quite so, since it is the Arab. AJii

which Feist anzu¿ii bi

an dzatah " a t the identical time." Apparently the translator slipped into the Arabic clause, as he could think of no corresponding Gothic word. The combination is not common even in Arabic, although perfectly correct. I t is even possible t h a t the translator made up the combination and thought of the adverb ^li

dzatan "essentially the

s a m e " and

jb

oian

" a t the time," which would account for the ending -an. Goth, aihtron " to beg, pray," aihtrons " p r a y e r " is not represented in any Germanic language. I t is from Arab. £-1

'iqitrahun "petition, grievance" from Gr. ¡xerypia,1

1 " A ¿ a v o r a i/yefuii/, TT)I> ixeTtipiav -rrpoa-dyoi" (303), B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, London 1898, vol. I, p. 132.

xxiii

INTRODUCTION

Goth, a i s t a n " t o be ashamed" is by Feist compared with OHG. era, AS. ar, OFris. ere "honor" ONorse eir "peace, clemency," and this with Sansk. ide " I honor," Lat. aestumo " I honor," Gr. aido/iw " I am ashamed." But in the latter case Feist admits that the relation is doubtful. Here everything is problematic. Lat. a e s t u m o , which originally means " I tax, appreciate," is so uncertain a combination that it must be left out completely from consideration. Sansk. Id, il is obviously related to Canarese tlu "attachment, as that of children to parents," Telugu i l u v u "honor, decorum," and the great Dravidian %du group, which means "plenty, greatness, largeness, wealth, means." This is only a suggestion, and not a solution. I merely wish to point out that the very rare Sanskrit word, which has left no trace elsewhere, has nothing whatsoever to do with our Germanic word. In the Germanic, OHG. era stands quite alone. The northern correspondents are borrowings from the German. In ONorse eir occurs only in poetry. In Anglo-Saxon it does not appear before 900, and it vanishes, as it appeared, from the language, because it never gained citizenship. I t remained a foreign word. In Gothic it is not recorded. If it existed there, it should have been, according to the "rules," a i z d . It is not unlikely that such a word did exist, and from this the OHG. naturally would have formed its

era.

Now Arab.

means "he was or became strong, powerful,"

y

l

a z z a

y

'izz

"high or elevated rank, nobility, gloriousness," y

'azz "mighty, powerful, noble, invincible." However it may be, there is not the slightest chance of connecting this OHG. era with Goth, a i s t a n " t o be

xxiv HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE ashamed."

This is more likely Arab.

^¿iJ

'istahya

" h e felt or had a sense of shame, shyness, bashfulness." Goth, aips " o a t h , " O H G . eid, AS. dp, ONorse eidr. N o Indo-Germanic relationship has been discovered. It is Arab,

'ahd " a n injunction, a charge, bidding,

order, command, contract, covenant, bond, obligation, promise," from

Sf. 'ahida

"he

enjoined,

charged,

bade, ordered, commanded him, fulfilled a promise, was observant of what was sacred." Goth, akran " f r u i t , produce." This is not found in Old High German, is very late in A S . aecern " a c o r n , " and dial. Ger. acheram, akram "acorn, beechnut." I t is obvious that the word is not primarily Germanic and that its original meaning is "increase, produce, fruit."

This is from Arab.

akrahu " h e made a

contract, or bargain, with him to till and sow and cultivate land for a share of its produce,"

akrun

" t o till the ground, plough it up for sowing." Goth, balpaba " b o l d , " balpei "boldness," A S . beald, ONorse ballr, O H G . bald " b o l d . " The Romance languages possess the same word, Span, balde, baladi " i n vain, worthless," balda " f a u l t , weakness," baldo " e m p t y , " baldio " i n vain, useless," Ital. baldo " b o l d , " Prov. baut, baudos, OFr. baud " j o l l y . " All these are from Arab.

Jio

batal "courageous, brave, one whose

wound goes for nothing, so that he does not care for i t , " Jial, batil

"false,

useless, v a i n . "

untrue, wrong, futile, worthless,

The change from the form bail to balp

is due to a confusion with Arab, jh balada " h e was

INTRODUCTION

xxv

or became stupid, dull, soft, weak," juL balid" stupid, dull, inert," jj\j balid "lasting, t h a t does not

pass

away." In both cases contrary meanings arise from the same f u n d a m e n t a l idea. From batata, " i t was false, useless" arises the idea of "boldness, heroic," t h a t is, "considering suffering as useless," while from balada " h e stayed, r e m a i n e d " we get " c o u n t r y , countrylike, stupid, lazy, languid" and also "lasting." Goth, balweins " p a i n , torment," OS. balu, OHG. balo "evil," AS. bealu " b a d , " ONorse bolva " t o curse." Also found in OBulg. boV "sick, sickness," boleti " t o have pain."

From Arab,

prove, test with evil, to afflict," ^

y, balwun " t o try, bala\

¡J^J balwa

" a trial, probation, a trouble or an affliction of any kind by which one's patience or any grace or virtue is tried, proved or tested." Goth, baups " d u m b , deaf." " D a s Wort steht isoliert d a " (Feist).

From Arab. cA> batt " c u t off

from reason, or intellect, by drunkenness, stupid or foolish," ^ batt " o n e who is drunk, who does not speak plainly, who does not articulate speech." Goth, heist " y e a s t , " gabeistjan " t o leaven," OHG. biost, AS. bedst, byst "biestings," given in LLat., in the AS. vocabularies, as obestrum, obesca, obestum. From Arab. £Li. gablsat " t h e preparation of curd called

Jaii

moistened and beaten up, or mingled with clarified butter," 1-..C. 'ablsat " t h e preparation of curd called Jajl whereof what is moist is poured out, when it is cooked, upon what is dry thereof, and mixed with it." These

xxvi HISTORY OF ARABICO-GOTHIC CULTURE words are from mingled."

This

'abasa, Jail

gabasa " h e mixed or

'aqit is " a preparation of dried

eurd, a preparation made from milk of sheep and goats which has been churned, and of which the butter has been taken, cooked, and then left until it becomes concrete, or made from the milk of camels in particular, a thing made from milk, being a kind of cheese." Apparently this 'aqit is related to, or derived from, Lat. acetum. I t is very likely t h a t this Arabie form determined the form of Goth, ake.it "vinegar." In any case we have here an important contribution towards the use of curd or buttermilk as a leaven in the eighth century. From a philological standpoint this Arab. gablsat is extremely interesting, since it introduces us to a large number of words in Gothic in which the organic ga- of Arabic words has been considered a prefix and dropped in the formation of the Gothic words. I shall end with two extremely interesting words, which lead to Eng. iron and beam, leaving the remaining words for my later volumes. Goth, eisarn. If the Gothic Bible is based on a Greek text, then eisarn never means " i r o n , " but only "chains, irons," for it is the translation of Greek dh'jmiz and -¿da:.1 As the corresponding passages in the Vulgate have each time " c a t e n a e " for eisarn, there cannot be the slightest doubt t h a t eisarn did not mean " i r o n " in Gothic. I t 1

"Jah ni naudibandjom eisarneinaim manna mahta ina gabindan, unte is ufta eisarnam bi fotuns gabuganaim jah naudibandjom eisarneinaim gabundans was jah galausida af sis }>os naudibandjos jah jx> ana fotum eisarna gabrak, KOI OVTL a\v