Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Volume 2 - F-M 9781442673311

Table of contents :
Contents
Editorial Notes
Biographies
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
Works Frequently Cited
Short Title Forms for Erasmus’ Works
Contributors
Illustration Credits

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CONTEMPORARIES OF ERASMUS A B I O G R A P H I C A L R E G I S T E R OF THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION VOLUME 2 F-M

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Contemporaries of

ERASMUS A B I O G R A P H I C A L R E G I S T E R OF THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION VOLUME 2

F-M

Peter G. Bietenholz University of Saskatchewan Editor Thomas B. Deutscher University of Saskatchewan Associate Editor

University of Toronto Press Toronto / Buffalo / London

The research and publication costs of the Collected Works of Erasmus are supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (and previously by the Canada Council). The publication costs are also assisted by University of Toronto Press.

www.utppublishing.com

© University of Toronto Press 1986 Toronto / Buffalo / London Printed in Canada ISBN 0-8020-2571-4 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Contemporaries of Erasmus Supplement to: Erasmus, Desiderius, d. 1536. Works. Collected works of Erasmus. Includes index. Partial contents: v. i. A-E - v. 2. F-M. ISBN 0-8020-2507-2 (v. i). - ISBN 0-8020-2571-4 (v. 2) i. Erasmus, Desiderius, d. 1536 - Dictionaries, indexes, etc. 2. Renaissance - Biography. 3. Reformation - Biography, i. Bietenholz, Peter G., 1933ii. Deutscher, Thomas Brian, 1949in. Erasmus, Desiderius, d. 1536. Works. Collected works of Erasmus. PA85OO1975 suppl. 199492 €85-098027-5

Collected Works of Erasmus The aim of the Collected Works of Erasmus is to make available an accurate, readable English text of Erasmus' correspondence and his other principal writings. The edition is planned and directed by an Editorial Board, an Executive Committee, and an Advisory Committee.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Peter G. Bietenholz, University of Saskatchewan Alexander Dalzell, University of Toronto Anthony T. Graf ton, Princeton University Paul F. Grendler, University of Toronto James K. McConica, University of Toronto, Chairman Erika Rummel, Executive Assistant Robert D. Sider, Dickinson College J.K. Sowards, Wichita State University G.M. Story, Memorial University of Newfoundland Craig R. Thompson, University of Pennsylvania

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Peter G. Bietenholz, University of Saskatchewan Harald Bohne, University of Toronto Press Alexander Dalzell, University of Toronto Anthony T. Graf ton, Princeton University Paul F. Grendler, University of Toronto James K. McConica, University of Toronto Ian Montagnes, University of Toronto Press R.J. Schoeck, University of Colorado R.M. Schoeffel, University of Toronto Press, Chairman Robert D. Sider, Dickinson College J.K. Sowards, Wichita State University G.M. Story, Memorial University of Newfoundland Craig R. Thompson, University of Pennsylvania Prudence Tracy, University of Toronto Press

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ADVISORY

COMMITTEE

Danilo Aguzzi-Barbagli, University of British Columbia C.M. Bruehl, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Maria Cytowska, University of Warsaw O.B. Hardison jr, Georgetown University Otto Herding, Universitat Freiburg Jozef IJsewijn, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Robert M. Kingdon, University of Wisconsin Paul Oskar Kristeller, Columbia University Maurice Lebel, Universite Laval Jean-Claude Margolin, Centre d'etudes superieures de la Renaissance de Tours Bruce M. Metzger, Princeton Theological Seminary Clarence H. Miller, St Louis University Heiko A. Oberman, University of Arizona Margaret Mann Phillips, University of London John Rowlands, British Museum J.S.G. Simmons, Oxford University John Tedeschi, University of Wisconsin J.B. Trapp, Warburg Institute The manuscript editors for Contemporaries of Erasmus were Margaret Parker and Erika Rummel. The book was designed by Antje Lingner.

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Contents

Editorial Notes xi Biographies i Works Frequently Cited 479 Short-Title Forms for Erasmus' Works 484 Contributors 487 Illustration Credits 489

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Editorial Notes

In assembling Contemporaries of Erasmus, the following principles have been applied, with an appropriate degree of flexibility in view of the diversity of available material and fields of scholarly specialization among contributors. - No biography is offered unless the person in question could be plausibly identified. On the other hand, even persons known merely by their first names are included in the register, provided the references to them warranted investigation. It is hoped that our short notes will encourage further research and eventually lead to further identification of those so mentioned. - Both first and second names are given in the appropriate vernacular, provided predominant forms could be established; Latin forms often seemed preferable for unidentified or obscure persons. Humanist names in Latin or Greek were preferred wherever they seemed less uncertain than their vernacular counterparts or were deemed to be more widely known. - Persons known by place of birth rather than by family name are indexed under their first names, unless contemporaries already tended to use the place name as a surname. - In accordance with English-language custom, popes, emperors, queens, and kings are indexed under their first names, given in English; other members of royal houses, both legitimate and illegitimate, are similarly indexed. - All members of noble houses are listed together under the family name, with first names in the appropriate language. In some cases, however, the names of a house and a territory are identical or, as with many German princes, the territorial name, often in Anglicized form, is in general use, as with Albert of BRANDENBURG, archbishop of Mainz. - Women are listed under their maiden names, when known, rather than under names adopted in marriage. Cross-references are provided to married names. - Cross-references are provided to name forms and identifications proposed by Allen but now abandoned. Cross-references are also given for variant name forms, Latin or vernacular, wherever expedient. - An asterisk has been used with the name of an individual to indicate that a biography on that individual is included in Contemporaries of Erasmus; the asterisk precedes the name under which the biography is indexed.

EDITORIAL

NOTES

Xll

- For names of places, modern vernacular forms are used, with the exception of those for which there is a form commonly accepted in current English usage (for example The Hague, Brussels, Louvain, Cologne, Milan). Current political frontiers are respected in the choice of place names rather than historical geography; this practice was adopted as being the most acceptable to an international readership, despite the occasional anachronisms that result. - References to the correspondence and works of Erasmus are incorporated in each article without an obligation to completeness. Contemporaries of Erasmus is not intended as a substitute for the indexes that complement the CWE. - Contributors were given latitude in the preparation of the bibliographies that accompany their articles so that they could be arranged thematically, alphabetically, or chronologically, as was thought most appropriate for the particular biography. - Abbreviated references are used for works frequently cited throughout Contemporaries of Erasmus. A list of these works, offering fuller data, will be found at the end of each volume. On occasion, however, the full reference to a work cited in abbreviated form in the text of an article will be found in the bibliography following that entry. The biographies are signed with the names of their authors or co-authors. Initials identify the members of the team in the research office generously provided by the University of Saskatchewan: PGB TBD

Peter G. Bietenholz Thomas B. Deutscher

IG CFG

Use Guenther Catherine F. Gunderson

The biographies contributed by members of this team frequently reflect their fields of competence, but just as often they had to be compiled with local research facilities because of limits on time and available funds.

BIOGRAPHIES

Volume 2 F-M

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3 Jacobus FABER of Deventer, 19 August 1473-in or after 1517 Jacobus Faber, who should not be confused with his friend and namesake Jacques *Lefevre d'Etaples (Ep 719), was a pupil of Alexander *Hegius at his native Deventer and afterwards remained at St Lebuin's school, serving it as a teacher and as moderator of the domus clericorum. He is said to have recovered a Fulgentius text on a visit to Louvain. Faber owned a fine library (cf Jortin). *Alaard of Amsterdam tells an amusing story of how in 1514 he was at first refused admission to it after having travelled all the way from Louvain in hopes of finding what was supposed to be an excellent autograph manuscript of Rodolphus *Agricola's De inventione dialectica. Unfortunately the manuscript turned out to be only a rough draft, which needed laborious correction by Gerard *Geldenhouwer and Maarten van *Dorp before it could be published (Louvain: D. Martens 12 January 1515; NK 45). Faber was the author of panegyrics on the triumph of Christ (Deventer: R. Pafraet 15 September 1506; NK 918) and on the Virgin Mary (Deventer: J. de Breda c 1509; NK 3013), and he translated Basil's Oratio in ebrietatem (Deventer: T. de Borne 19 January 1510; NK 253). He is said to have edited Cato's Disticha in 1511, but no copy of this edition seems to be extant; he also contributed several letters and poems to other books (cf NK 47, 107, 3831, 4122). More interesting, however, are his editions of the Carmina (Deventer: R. Pafraet 29 July 1503; NK 1041) and the Dialogi (Deventer: R. Pafraet 31 December 1503; NK 1042) of his admired teacher, Hegius. Faber dedicated the Carmina to Erasmus (Ep 174 of 9 July 1503). How the two became acquainted is not clear; presumably they did not see each other at Deventer, for Faber remarked that they attended Hegius' school at different times (Ep 174). Ep 719 shows that they were still corresponding in 1517. Cornelis *Gerard dedicated the first part of his 'Marias' to Faber. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allen Ep 174, iv xxi / A.J. van der Aa et al Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden (Haarlem i852~78,repr 1965) vi i / P.C. Molhuysen in NNBW iv595-6 /J. Jortin The Life of Erasmus (London 1758-60) 11 711-12 /

FABER

A.J. Kolker Alardus Aemstelredamus en Cornelius Crocus (Nijmegen-Utrecht 1963) 23-6 C.G. VAN LEIJENHORST

Jacobus FABER of Lorraine, documented I5i8-c 1550 Faber (Lefevre, Verier) is known primarily as an important and prolific metal engraver who worked at Basel after designs by "Holbein and Urs Graf. After training in Paris he was at work in Basel in June 1518, or possibly earlier, introducing engravings to the Basel presses, which had hitherto used only woodcuts. He signed his work with the monogram 'J.F.' He worked primarily for Johann *Froben but also collaborated with Thomas *Wolff, Johann *Bebel, Johann *Schabler, and others. Through Konrad *Resch his plates reached some Paris printers. In the course of his years at Basel Faber travelled a good deal. In July 1524 he encouraged *Oecolampadius to write to Antoine *Morelet du Museau, having apparently met the latter in Paris. Later in the year he went to Lyon and circulated there a French treatise by Guillaume *Farel which greatly irritated Erasmus (Epp 1508, 1510). Faber probably left Basel in 1525 or 1526 at the time that Holbein moved to England. Thereafter his work is documented in Paris from about 1534 to 1550 and possibly also in Lyon. On occasion he continued to supply the Basel printers too, thus continuing to bring to various printing centres the styles of artists not normally found there. Faber is perhaps identical with Jacques le Fevre, 'tailleur d'histoires,' who was married to Marie Bienaise and who in Paris in January 1529 disposed of typographical material inherited from Marie's uncle, Jean Bienaise. Presumably the same person, now called 'Jehan' or 'Jacques Lefevre, dit le tailleur d'histoires,' fled from Paris after the placards affair of October 1534. If this was the engraver from Lorraine, who had been connected with supporters of the Reformation in his Basel years, it is necessary to assume that he was able to return to Paris shortly thereafter. Either Jacobus or one Petrus Faber, who is also mentioned in 1524 and is probably a relative of Jacobus, may be the stammering Lorrainer who carried a letter of Erasmus to Constance (Epp 1416, 1423).

FABER

BIBLIOGRAPHY: H. Koegler in Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Ktinstler ed U. Thieme et al (Leipzig 1907-50) / H. Koegler 'Wechselbeziehungen zwischen dem Basler und Pariser Buchdruck in der ersten Halfte des xvi. Jahrhunderts' Festschrift zur Eroffnung des Kunstmuseums ed Offentliche Kunstsammlung Basel (Basel 1936) 159-230, esp 173-220 passim / Herminjard 1249, 309, 382^ m 237n / BRE Ep 58 (c 1520-1) / R. Wackernagel Geschichte der Stadt Basel (Basel 1907-54) in 279, 51*, and passim / G. Berthoud in BHR 25 (1963) 320 PGB Jacobus FABER Stapulensis See Jacques LEF&VRE d'Etaples Johannes FABER, OP d before 22 February 1531 The place and date of Faber's birth are not known with certainty. He may have been born at Augsburg around 1470 and may have matriculated at the University of Freiburg on 20 July 1489. It appears that he studied theology in Italy. In 1505 he supervised the students at the Dominican house of studies in Venice. In 1507 he obtained a doctorate in theology from the University of Padua. In the same year he went to Augsburg, where on 24 July he was appointed prior of the Dominican monastery. From 1511 on he was vicar-general of the conventual Dominicans in the province of Southern Germany. In the autumn of 1512 he was registered, and presumably taught, at the University of Freiburg. In the winter of 1513-14 Faber went to Rome to solicit an indulgence for the rebuilding of his monastery's church. Pope *Leo x co-operated, and funds produced by the indulgence together with donations made by wealthy Augsburg families were sufficient to complete the new church in 1515. On his way back from Rome Faber visited Bologna, where he publicly discussed questions regarding indulgences, usury, and predestination. In 1515 he was named councillor and court preacher by the Emperor *Maximilian. On the emperor's death he delivered the funeral oration for Maximilian (Augsburg: S. Grimm and M. Wirsung 1519). In 1520 he attended the court of *Charles v in the company of Cardinal Matthaus *Lang. When

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the court visited Louvain in early October, Faber met Erasmus, who agreed to write several letters of recommendation on Faber's behalf so as to obtain for him from Charles v the same positions he had held under Maximilian (Epp 1149-52). It is uncertain whether these attempts were successful. A month later Faber and Erasmus met again when the court was at Cologne. In their meetings they discussed Faber's plan for a trilingual college in Augsburg and, above all, the *Luther question. Faber committed his views to writing, and they were shown to Cardinal Albert of *Brandenburg and Frederick the Wise, elector of *Saxony. In consultation with Erasmus, they were revised and published as the famous Consilium (n p, n d, Opuscula 338-61; cf Epp 1156, 1199, 1217, ASD ix-i 256-7). Although at that time Faber agreed with Erasmus in recommending an independent inquiry and arbitration as the only solution to the Luther controversy, he quickly came to change his mind. After the diet of Worms in 1521 he saw no further possibility of conciliation and fully endorsed a hard line against the Wittenberg reformers. When the reform movement began to take root in Augsburg, Faber opposed it with the same determination. In 1524 he was forced to leave the city for a while after he had claimed that the evangelical preachers caused civic disorders. Shortly after his return the city council prohibited him from preaching (i April 1525), and before long he was expelled from the city. Just as from 1521 he had taken a stand against Luther and his cause, he later also turned against humanism. In August 1529 Erasmus complained (Ep 2205) that Faber had slandered him at Rome so as to curry favour with the curia. Information on Faber's life after 1525 is scant. It appears that he again went to Rome (Ep 2205) and that he died 'in exile' (Ep 2430) when and where is not clear. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allen and CWE Ep 1149 / NDB iv 721 / ADB vi 493 / Matrikel Freiburg 1-196,203 / T.A. Dillis 'Johannes Faber' in Lebensbilder aus dem Bayerischen Schwaben ed G. von Polnitz et al (Munich 1952- ) v 93-111 / P. Dirr 'Eine Gedachtnisschrift von Johannes Faber iiber die Erbauung der Augsburger Dominikaner-

FABRI

5 Kirche' Zeitschrift des historischen Vereins fur Schwaben und Neuburg 34 (1908) 164-78 / N. Paulus 'Der Dominikaner Johann Faber und sein Gutachten iiber Luther' Historisches Jahrbuch 17 (1896) 39-60 / F. Roth Augsburger Reformationsgeschichte i 2nd ed (Munich 1901) passim / Deutsche Reichstagsakten Jiingere Reihe (Gotha-Gottingen 1893- ) n 4&4 and passim RAINER VINKE & PGB

Johannes FABER Emmeus documented from 1526, d 1542 Johannes Faber of Emmerich, in the county of Jiilich, became a citizen of Basel on 3 March 1526 and set up business as a printer, primarily serving the needs of the Roman party in Basel's Reformation controversy. Thus he printed works and pamphlets by *Glareanus, *Pelargus, and Augustinus *Marius. His publication in 1528 of a polemical tract by Johann *Eck enraged the Swiss diet as well as the owner of the premises he occupied, Heinrich *David, who expelled him. In 1529, when the reformers gained control of Basel, Faber was among the Catholic exiles who moved to Freiburg. There he continued his business, bringing to Freiburg an element of the humanistic tradition of Basel publishing. During his years in Basel Faber occasionally printed works by Erasmus, but at Freiburg Erasmus relied on him repeatedly, and a personal relationship developed between them which is documented in Epp 2321, 2412, 2827, 2865. Of tne books Faber published for Erasmus the Epistolae palaeonaeoi of 1532 was the most important. Faber also corresponded with Tielmannus *Gravius, to whose son he had lent a sum of money (Ep 3040). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allen Ep 2321 / Grimm Buchfuhrer 1411-12 / R. Wackernagel Geschichte der Stadt Basel (Basel 1907-54) HI 443 and passim / z ix Ep 707/ AK HI Ep 1441 / Easier Chroniken 164-6 / Aktensammlung zur Geschichte der Easier Reformation ed E. Dtirr et al (Basel 1921-50) n 677 / P. Heitz and C. Bernoulli Easier Euchermarken (Strasbourg 1895) xxix, 76 / Benzing Buchdrucker 33, 139 PGB Jacobus FABRI of Reichshoffen, d 6 June 1519 Jacobus Fabri of Reichshoffen, in Lower Alsace, was provost of the chapter of St Thomas in Strasbourg and an old friend of

*Wimpfeling. Fabri had been named provost by apostolic provision. His death opened the provostship at a moment of crisis in the church, and Erasmus was drawn into the controversy over the appointment of his successor. On the day of Fabri's death Johann Hepp, a member of the chapter, was elected to the provostship by his fellow canons. In 1521, however, Pope *Leo x moved to fill the provostship under papal provision, reserving the benefice for Wolfgang *Capito, although Capito had to overcome another threat to his claims in 1523 (Epp 1368, 1374) before he could be installed. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allen Ep 1374 / Paul Kalkoff Wolfgang Capito im Dienste Erzbischof Albrechts von Mainz (Berlin 1907) 7-9 /James M. Kittelson Wolfgang Capito (Leiden 1975) 54 and passim MIRIAM U. CHRISM AN

Johannes FABRI of Leutkirch, 147821 May 1541 Fabri was born in Leutkirch, Allgau, in 1478, the son of a smith, Peter Heigerlin. Virtually nothing is known about the first twenty-seven years of his life, except that at the age of twelve he left home to pursue a course of studies first in Constance and then in Ulm. In the fall of 1505 Fabri, who was already a BA and possibly a MA, entered the University of Tubingen to study theology and law. Under the influence of his theology professor, Jakob Lemp, Fabri attached himself to the via antiqua; he was later referred to by his humanist friends as a Scotist. It was in Tubingen that Fabri was ordained a secular priest (not a Dominican, as is sometimes thought). On 26 July 1509 Fabri matriculated at the University of Freiburg, where he studied theology and law under Gregor *Reisch and Udalricus *Zasius. He graduated with a doctorate in civil and canon law, not in theology, some time in 1510 or 1511. Fabri served in various minor ecclesiastical positions in Lindau, Leutkirch, and Basel. Making effective use of his legal and administrative training, Fabri rose to the position of vicar-general of Constance in 1517, and in 1521 he was appointed suffragan bishop of Constance. In 1520 Fabri's first work, the Declamationes divinae de humanae vitae miseria, was published. This collection of sermons, first preached at Lindau in 1511, is the first indication we have

FABRI

Johannes Fabri

of Fabri's intellectual propensities during this period. The sermons are made up almost entirely of quotations - most often from the Greek and Latin classics (eg 'the most holy philosopher Seneca'), but also occasionally from Scripture and the Fathers. In his preface addressed to Hugo von *Hohenlandenberg he praised Erasmus above all and also saw in *Capito and *Oecolampadius the overdue reformers of the art of preaching (BA Oekolampads i 89-90, 12 April 1519). Initially Fabri had been sympathetic to what he saw as *Luther's efforts to renew the life of the church. This began to change, however, when Luther took his stand against the papacy and canon law at the Leipzig disputation of 1519. After a trip to Rome in the fall of 1521 Fabri was finally convinced that Luther's teachings demanded correction. Still his opposition to Luther at this stage was by no means adamant. The tone of his first work against the reformers, Opus adversus dogmata Martini Lutheri (1522) was friendly throughout. Using the form of a scholastic disputation and quoting primarily from Scripture and the Fathers, Fabri pointed out several errors to his

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'most beloved Martin, select brother in Jesus. After reading the work, Luther, ridiculing Fabri's theological acumen and disdaining to reply personally, asked Justus *Jonas to reply. Jonas' reply was vicious and insulting. This abuse, of course, hardened Fabri's opposition, and in 1524 a new edition of the work appeared, this time under the title Malleus in haeresim Lutheranam. Fabri's relationship with *Zwingli followed much the same pattern. Relations were cordial to begin with, and Fabri regarded Zwingli as a friend, supporting him in his opposition to the sale of indulgences. But it gradually became clear to Fabri that the reforms they sought had little in common. Before the Zurich disputation in 1523 Fabri had been convinced that these differences could be overcome. After this disputation, however, Fabri began to write refutations of Zwingli's errors, though it was not until after the Baden disputation of 1526 that he abandoned his hope that reunion could be achieved. During this time Fabri's career was advanced by his appointment as an adviser to Archduke *Ferdinand in 1523. In this capacity Fabri took every opportunity to confirm Ferdinand's opposition to the Protestant heresy, and his influence can be discerned in some of the latter's edicts. Fabri also took part in the legal processing of heretics such as Kaspar Tauber and Balthasar *Hubmaier. He alerted the universities to the dangers of the new teaching, proposed candidates for bishoprics, and served as Ferdinand's censor of books. He also concerned himself with educational standards and financing, and diplomatic assignments took him to England and Spain. His role as Ferdinand's adviser did not prevent Fabri from taking an equally active role in ecclesiastical politics. In 1530 he was consecrated bishop of Vienna. He used his office as bishop to establish the Collegium Trilingue of St Nicholas to which he donated his considerable library. Although accused by his contemporaries of ambition, vanity, and greed, he proved a zealous bishop, a tireless opponent of the Reformation, and a patron of scholarship until his death in Vienna. It was probably soon after his graduation from the University of Freiburg in 1510 or 1511 that Fabri came into contact with the writings

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FABRI

and personality of Erasmus. Certainly by 1513, the Conclusiones of Diego *L6pez Zuniga, as Erasmus recalled in the preface of his Apologia when Fabri began serving as an ecclesiastical official in Basel, he had come to know Erasmus contra Stunicam, which he addressed to Fabri personally. Indications are that he immediately (Ep 1428). After Erasmus had received news of and enthusiastically welcomed Erasmus' work. Fabri's appointment as adviser to Ferdinand i In the following years, Fabri became increasin 1523 (Epp 1382, 1388), the personal correingly interested in Scripture and the Fathers, spondence resumed, though not at a frequent joyfully greeting each new edition that Erasrate. In a letter of 21 November 1523, Erasmus mus put out. reported on his activities and advised Fabri to oppose at court the influence of militant and The first concrete evidence of friendly acquaintance between the two is a letter from conservative theologians (Ep 1397; cf Ep 1398). Urbanus *Rhegius, a former fellow student at In the spring of 1524 Fabri tried unsuccessfully Freiburg, to Fabri dated February 1516. In this to arrange an audience for Erasmus with letter, Rhegius asked Fabri to try to persuade Archduke Ferdinand, but relations must have Erasmus to go to Ingolstadt to teach (Ep 386). remained cordial, for in April 1526 Erasmus asked Fabri to intervene in the case of Heinrich On 24 February 1516 Erasmus reported to Rhegius that Fabri had delivered the invitation *Schiirer of Waldshut, whose property had been confiscated in the wake of the peasant but that he had to decline (Ep 392). There is and Anabaptist troubles (Ep 1690). further evidence of friendship between the The same letter sheds light on another side of two in 1518, when Johann *Eck mentioned their relationship. Fabri had often spoken of Fabri as a friend of Erasmus (Ep 769). Their personal correspondence began with a Erasmus as a true and loyal defender of the Catholic church and the papacy. But since letter from Fabri to Erasmus on 26 April 1519 Fabri had not heeded Erasmus' advice on (Ep 953). Fabri confessed that Erasmus had made a new person out of him: though he had moderation, Erasmus no doubt wished to been a follower of recent theological trends for dissociate his name, at least to some extent, some time, he now found much greater joy in from Fabri and other Catholic controversialists. Consequently in this letter Erasmus reminded working with Scripture and the Fathers. Erasmus sent a friendly reply in the following Fabri that his position was more ambiguous than Fabri made it out to be and that the month (Ep 976). The correspondence between the two, as we Catholic controversialists were not much better know it, then broke off for a number of years than the Lutherans. And he also asked Fabri although the friendship did not, as is clear from not to irritate the latter by using his name in Erasmus' amicable mention of 'my friend Fabri' this connection (Ep 1437). in other letters (Epp 1103, 1294). Fabri again While attending the Baden disputation in expressed his admiration for Erasmus in his May 1526, Fabri wrote about an Irenaeus Dedamationes of 1520. In his opinion Erasmus manuscript which Erasmus evidently wished was no less a blessing to Germany than to borrow and promised to send it shortly. It Aristotle had been to Greece, and he expressed was on Fabri's recommendation that Erasmus the wish that Germany had more such men. dedicated the Irenaeus to Bernhard von *Cles, From November 1521 Fabri was in Rome; bishop of Trent (Epp 1738, 1739, 1754, 1755, Erasmus was told that unlike many others he 1771). In 1528 Fabri attempted to persuade had not come to chase after benefices (Ep 1260), Erasmus to take up residence in Vienna (Ep and on i December 1522 Pope *Adrian vi 2000), but Erasmus declined for reasons of poor himself informed Erasmus that Fabri was health (Ep 2006). praising his humanist friend at every occasion As for Erasmus, there is perhaps reason to and that Fabri would convey to him personally suspect that his slight misgivings about his the pope's invitation to Rome (Ep 1324). It is friend were reinforced by Fabri's harsh dealmore than likely that Fabri visited Erasmus ings with the Anabaptists (Ep 1926). At the diet early in 1523 when he was attending the Zurich of Speyer in 1529, although a protest was made disputation (BA Oekolampads i 203-4). Subse- on behalf of freedom of conscience, the quently Fabri provided Erasmus with a copy of position Fabri represented won the day, and

FABRI

the Anabaptists were placed under the penalty of death. Thus the diverging views of Erasmus and Fabri on this issue were thrown into sharp relief. Nothing, however, suggests that this topic was raised when they met that year at Freiburg (Epp 2158, 2196). Fabri clearly remained enamoured with his friend, perhaps in part because he thought that Erasmus could be of great service to the Catholic cause. As bishop of Vienna, Fabri censured one of Erasmus' opponents, *Medardus, and admonished another, Eck (Ep 2503). As for Erasmus, he continued to refer to Fabri as a friend and to write to him occasionally, discussing current political developments (Ep 2750; cf Ep 3017). Although he may have differed with Fabri on the issue of tolerance and moderation, he could nevertheless commend Fabri in a letter of 1532/3 for his warm pastoral concern as bishop: with his many sermons to the common people Fabri has shown himself to be a true bishop, and, Erasmus adds, others would do well to follow his example (Ep 2750). Fabri was the author of some eighty-one publications, most of which are either collections of sermons or polemical writings against the reformers. Among the sermons, the following may be seen as representative: Declamationes divinae de humanae vitae miseria (Augsburg: J. Miller August 1520) and Etliche Sertnonn von dem hochwirdigen Sacrament (Vienna: J. Singriener July 1528). Among Fabri's writings against Luther, the following are the most significant: Opus adversus dogmata Martini Lutheri (Rome: M. Silber 1522), better known under the title of the second edition as Malleus in haeresim Lutheranam (Cologne: P. Quentel 1524) and re-edited in Corpus Catholicorum vols 23-6; De antilogiis sen contradictionibus Martini Lutheri (Cologne: G. Hittorp August 1523); and Summarium ausz was Ursachen Fabri der Lutherischen Lere nit abhangig gewesen (n p, n pr, August 1526). Fabri also wrote against Zwingli, Balthasar Hubmaier, and Kaspar Schwenkfeld: Christliche Beweisung tiber seeks Artickel Ulrich Zwinglins (Tubingen: U. Morhart 1526); Ursach warum Balthasar Hubmayr verbrennet sey (Dresden: W. Stockel 1528); Adversus Doctorem Balthasarum Pacimontanum (Leipzig: M. Lotter 1528); Christenliche Ablainung des erschrockenli-

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chen Yrsal so Caspar Schwenckfelder ...hat (Vienna: J. Singriener 1529). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allen Ep 386 / NDB iv 728-9 / LihK HI 1333 /1. Staub Dr. Johannes Fabri bis zum offenen Kampfgegen Luther (Einsiedeln 1911) / L. Helbling Dr Johann Fabri: Generalvikar von Konstanz und Bischof von Wien, 1478-1541 (Miinster 1941) / Helvetia sacra ed A. Bruckner (Bern 1972- ) 1-1 254-5 / W. Kohler 'Zwingliana in Wildhaus und Einsiedeln' Zwingliana 6 (1934-8) 1-4 / BA Oekolampads i 89-90 and passim / BRE Ep 221 and passim / Pflug Correspondance i Ep 115 and passim DENIS R. JANZ

FABRI See also FABER and Johannes RUFFUS Fabri Petrus FABRICIUS (Epp 3099, 3100 of February 1536) Erasmus refers to a dedicatory letter from Ulrich *Hugwald to one Petrus Fabricius who has not been identified. Ulricus FABRICIUS of Koblenz, 148922 July 1526 Fabricius (Ulrich Windemacher) was born in Koblenz in the ecclesiastical principality of Trier, and matriculated in the summer term of 1506 at the University of Erfurt. He was soon in touch with the Erfurt humanist circles and gained a friend in the person of Ulrich von *Hutten. Subsequently he attended universities in Italy and France and obtained a doctorate of laws. Precise information on his years abroad is not available, however, nor is it known when he first entered the service of the archbishop of Trier, Richard von *Greiffenklau, whose tenure of the see began in 1511. Greiffenklau encouraged him to devote much time to searching for ancient manuscripts. He preferred to send his discoveries to Venice for publication by the press of Aldo *Manuzio and Francesco Torresani, which failed to return some of Fabricius' treasures after his death (AK iv Ep 1623). In the course of his activities Fabricius maintained an extensive correspondence, but unfortunately his letters appear to be lost. He also served as Greiffenklau's ambassador on several missions to Italy, France, and Spain. On his return from an embassy to *Charles v he

9

FALCK

sent to the Swiss diets as one of Fribourg's representatives. As a city councillor he, like Cardinal Matthaus *Schiner, opposed Swiss co-operation with France and thus became a major protagonist in the so-called Arsent affair, which led in 1518 to the execution of Franz Arsent, former Schultheiss (burgomaster) of Fribourg. In accordance with his political orientation, Falck took part in the Italian campaign of 1511-12, fighting as a captain with the Swiss army that played a key role in expelling the French from Milan. From November 1512 to November 1514 he served as Swiss 1623, l68o, 1726 RAINER VINKE ambassador at the courts of Rome and Milan Jan PAGE of Kortenberg, d 5 September 1526 and was greatly favoured by both Pope *Julius ii and Duke Massimiliano Sforza. In 1516 and Page (Facts, Fagie, Hagius), a native of Kortenberg, near Louvain, became an Augus- 1517 he was instrumental in bringing about the tinian canon in 1491. He was for a time rector of peace treaty between the Swiss and *Francis i, king of France, who bestowed upon him the the nunnery at Ekeren, near Antwerp, and spent the rest of his life in the monastery of St honour of knighthood. From 1515 to 1519, serving his city in the function of a Schultheiss, Maartensdal at Louvain. In 1519 an anonymous attack upon Erasmus Falck was the undisputed head of Fribourg's was sent to the Dominicans of Louvain. It was city government. A largely self-taught man of letters, excelling suspected that it had originated from St Maartensdal and that Page, who was known to in his ready knowledge of Latin and other be critical of Erasmus, was the author. When languages, Falck accumulated a considerable Page denied this accusation, Erasmus suggest- humanist library, while his frequent journeys and his correspondence kept him in touch with ed that Edward *Lee was responsible (Ep 1049). He soon reaffirmed his suspicion of Page notable humanist friends such as *Glareanus, (Ep 1052), although it was not shared by *Zwingli, *Vadianus, *Myconius, Andrea Maarten *Lips (Epp 1049, 1052 introductions). *Ammonio (Ep 450), Johannes *Dantiscus, and BIBLIOGRAPHY: de Vocht MHL 561-2 Johannes *Longicampianus. In 1515 and 1519 Falck undertook pilgrimCFG ages to Jerusalem. On his first journey, he took passage on the same boat as a group of English Peter FALCK of Fribourg, d 6 October 1519 A son of Bernhard Falck (d 1482), city clerk of pilgrims including John *Watson, who rememFribourg, in Switzerland, Peter Falck (Faulcon, bered him afterwards as a delightful and quite Falco) was born about 1468 and educated at unusual companion (Ep 450). It is not known first in his native city. From 1491 to 1492 he when he made the acquaintance of Erasmus, studied with the humanist Sebastian Murrho at who by January 1517 had read a report of that the chapter school of St Martin's in Colmar. On same journey, identifying Watson as one of his return to Fribourg, he established himself Falck's fellow pilgrims (Ep 512). On his return as a public notary and soon began to occupy voyage from the second pilgrimage to the Holy public offices. About 1499 he married Anna Land Falck contracted the plague and died von Garmiswil, the daughter of a well-to-do aboard ship. He was buried at Rhodes. Falck city councillor. was portrayed in a Dance of Death painted by his contemporary, the Bernese painter, writer, Thereafter, the city of Fribourg employed Falck on several diplomatic missions and also and politician Niklaus Manuel. On 15 May as administrator and judge. From 1500 to 1510 1516 Glareanus dedicated to Falck his Isagoge in he served Fribourg as bailiff of the town of musicen (Basel: J. Froben 1516). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allen Ep 450 / ADB vi 551 / Murten (Morat). Subsequently he was often

fell ill and died in Genoa. In 1527 his widow married the lawyer Justin *Gobler, who continued to edit and publish Fabricius' manuscripts, among them the Processus iudiciarius (Basel [c 1542]). Gobler is probably the author of a life of Fabricius which was published in the preliminary material of this edition. In Ep 1946 Erasmus asked Gobler to lend him a text by Tertullian which he knew to exist among Fabricius' manuscripts. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allen Ep 1946 / ADB vi 524-5 / Matrikel Erfurt n 245 / AK HI Ep 1117, iv Epp

FALCK

1O

DHBS in 52 / Joseph Zimmermann Peter Falck: Ein Freiburger Staatsmann und Heerfuhrer (Fribourg 1905, also in Freiburger Geschichtsblatter 12, 1905, 1-151) / Adalbert Wagner 'Peter Falcks Bibliothek und humanistische Bildung' Freiburger Geschichtsblatter 28 (1925) / Conrad Andre Beerli Le Peintre-poete Nicolas Manuel et devolution sociale de son temps (Geneva 1953) 58, 125-6 KASPAR VON GREYERZ Johann von FALCKENBERG d 12 September 1536 Johann, the brother of Otto von *Falckenberg, matriculated at the University of Erfurt in 1516 and on 26 June 1519 was appointed to a canonry of the chapter of Sts Germanus and Mauritius. At the beginning of August 1523 the papal nuncio Ennio *Filonardi provided him with a domiciliar's prebend at the Speyer cathedral chapter, and on 14 August 1527 he began his year of residence, thus meeting a prerequisite for his appointment to a full canonry, which followed on 5 November 1528. From 12 July 1529 he was active in the chapter's administration of finance, having charge of several offices including that of cellarer and the cista cleri, an archive of land titles. He occupied the canon's house 'am Fischertor' and at the time of his death the house 'zum Lobenstein.' In 1532 Ludolf *Cock used Falckenberg's name as a forwarding address (Ep 2687). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allen Ep 2439 /Matrikel Erfurt ii 295 / Michael Glaser 'Die Diozese Speyer in den papstlichen Rechnungsbiichern 13171560' Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins der Pfalz 17 (1893) 81 / Die Protokolle des Speyer'er Domkapitels ed Manfred Krebs (Stuttgart 1968- ) n nos 6045, 6925, 7447, and passim / Chorregel undjungeres Seelbuch des alien Speyerer Domkapitels ed K. von Busch and F.X. Glasschroder (Speyer 1923) i 478-9 KONRAD WIEDEMANN

Otto von FALCKENBERG d 24 June 1532 Otto von Falckenberg matriculated at the University of Cologne on 23 May 1504. The register lists him as a cleric of the diocese of Paderborn, as does a later entry in the papal books of account (Glaser 76). Very likely he belonged to the Hessian family von Falckenberg auf Herstelle in the territory of Paderborn.

On 13 November 1514 he satisfied the cathedral chapter of Speyer as to his noble descent. On 15 May 1516 he began his year of residence at Speyer, thus meeting a prerequisite for his appointment as canon, which took place on 20 July 1517. On 29 January 1524 he is mentioned as provost of the chapter of St Mary's in Bruchsal, a position which he held until his death. From 7 September to 7 December 1527 he was pastor at Freisbach. On 21 March 1530 the Speyer chapter appointed him to the office of custos following a recommendation issued from the papal court. Falckenberg was often engaged in legal business for the chapter, such as contesting candidates for prebends nominated by papal right of reservation. To settle time-consuming and costly legal disputes he undertook journeys to Rome in 1519 and from 1524 to 1525, while from November 1529 to March 1530 he went to Bologna with two fellow canons to obtain *Clement vii's confirmation of their new bishop, Philipp von Flersheim. As custos Falckenberg conducted the negotiations between the bishop and the cathedral chapter as well as concerning himself with building projects, rents, and payments for the war against the Turks. Falckenberg's first residence was a house next to the 'Senfgarten' (1515). On 18 January 1522 he exchanged the house 'zum Wolf for that 'zum Esel,' and from August 1525 to March 1527 he lived in a house 'am Fischertor.' In March 1531 Nikolaus *Winman was a guest in Falckenberg's house when he wrote to Erasmus (Ep 2439). On 9 July 1532 Ludolf *Cock proposed him as a forwarding address (Ep 2687), unaware of his death two weeks earlier. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allen Ep 2439 / Matrikel Koln 11-2 561 / Michael Glaser 'Die Diozese Speyer in den papstlichen Rechnungsbiichern 13171560' Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins der Pfalz 17 (1893) 76, 87 / Die Protokolle des Speyerer Domkapitels ed Manfred Krebs (Stuttgart 1968- ) i no 4298 and passim / F. Pfaff 'Die Burg Herstelle und das hessische Rittergeschlecht von Falckenberg' Hessenland 35 (1921) Heft 4,51 / Acta reformations catholicae ed Georg Pfeilschifrer (Regensburg 1959- ) i 249 / Franz Xaver Remling Geschichte der Bischofe zu Speyer (Mainz 1852) n 271-2 / Chorregel und

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jtingeres Seelbuch des alien Speyerer Domkapitels ed K. von Busch and F.X. Glasschroder KONRAD WIEDEMANN (Speyer 1923) i Johannes FALCO documented in Paris 1498-0 1499 Johannes Falco has not been identified. Erasmus met him in Paris by 1498 (Ep 80) and wrote to him from Tournehem in February 1499 (Ep 87). By February 1500 he had left Paris (Ep 119). It is possible that he had sisters living in Antwerp (Ep 87), and he was clearly a good friend of Jacob *Batt. Although he may thus have been a Netherlander, it is unlikely that he was identical with one Johannes de Falco (Jan Valck?) Gandavus (or Gaudanus?), to whom Josse *Bade dedicated his edition of Solinus, 12 July 1503. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allen Ep 87 MARCEL A. NAUWELAERTS

Petrus FALCO See Peter FALCK

Guillaume Farel

FALKENBERG See FALCKENBERG Guillaume FAREL of Gap, 1489Zurich. He returned to Basel by way of 13 September 1565 Constance and there met Johann von *BotzGuillaume Farel (Pharellus) was born at Gap, heim (Ep 1454). On 3 March 1524 he held a Dauphine, in 1489 and was a son of Antoine disputation at Basel, defending thirteen theses Farel, apostolic notary. From 1509 he studied at which he had formulated for the occasion; the Paris, where Gerard *Roussel (Ep 1407) and event stirred up great public attention and *Lefevre d'Etaples were among his teachers. controversy. Shortly afterwards he was exIn 1517 he graduated MA and subsequently pelled from Basel because of his radical received a professorship at the College du preaching and the dispute with Erasmus that is Cardinal Lemoine. In 1521 he was called to the discussed below. court of Bishop Guillaume (11) *Bric,onnet at Farel continued his preaching at MontMeaux, where he joined the humanists and beliard and from April 1525 to October 1526 at reformers grouped around Lefevre d'Etaples. Strasbourg, where he was on friendly terms Inspired by the latter's biblical humanism and with *Bucer and *Capito. From Strasbourg he by *Luther's first treatises, Farel became a visited Metz to launch an evangelical campaign Protestant reformer by 1521. In 1522 he went there - an exercise he was to repeat in 1542 and back to his native town to preach his new faith 1543, and in 1565. In October 1526 he left but soon returned to Meaux and Paris by way Strasbourg for Bern, where a former student of of Guyenne. When his evangelical radicalism his at Paris, Peter Cyro, had been appointed was no longer tolerated in France he emigrated town clerk in 1523. Farel was appointed in the autumn of 1523 to Basel, where he joined minister of Aigle, the centre of one of Bern's *Oecolampadius, *Pellicanus, and other rewestern bailiwicks. His singleminded devotion formers. From Basel, Farel probably visited the to his task, which often helped him to Strasbourg reformers that autumn, and in May overcome great resistance, soon made him the 1524 he made *Zwingli's acquaintance in foremost first-generation reformer of western

FAREL

Switzerland. He participated at the Bern disputation (January 1528), became the reformer of Neuchatel and Murten (Morat) in 1530, laid the groundwork for the reformation in Geneva between 1533 and 1538 (to which end he recruited Jean Calvin in 1538), and played the leading role during the Lausanne disputation of 1536. From 1538 to his death he was first minister at Neuchatel. In 1558 he married Marie Torel, a young Huguenot refugee from Rouen. Personal relations between Farel and Erasmus were precarious and short-lived. Farel reacted with enduring aversion to Erasmus' resistance to the increasing radicalism of the Reformation movement. Their antagonism first arose from Erasmus' opposition to the public disputation of Farel's thirteen theses of February 1524 and was aggravated by Erasmus' Exomologesis, which appeared in a French translation by Claudius *Cantiuncula (Basel: J. Froben April 1524). This work may have irritated Farel, and other factors (Ep 1496) prompted him to call Erasmus a venal 'Baalam' (Ep 1496; LB x i6i8A). Erasmus learned of Farel's slanders and confronted him in the presence of others (May or June 1524), demanding an explanation. Farel reacted by composing pamphlets against his opponent no fewer than three, according to Erasmus but all are lost today (Epp 1496, 1510; Allen i 31). Thereafter Erasmus often called Farel Thallicus' or something similar. He also disapproved of Farel's anonymous attack on the Paris theologians, Determinatio facultatis theologiae Parisiensis, a pamphlet of rare violence (Ep 1496). Farel's situation in Basel became precarious as a result of his sermons before a congregation of francophone exiles. His violent tone incensed the authorities, while his friends admonished him in vain to be more prudent (LB x 1616-18; Ep 1538). Erasmus, on the other hand, wrote to the Basel city council, denouncing what he considered Farel's seditious and slanderous activities. This undated letter (Ep 1508) helped to bring about Farel's immediate expulsion from Basel around 9 July 1524 (Biographic nouvelle 128) and must, therefore, be dated late June or early July rather than October 1524, as in Allen. Subsequently, Erasmus followed with great indignation

12

Farel's preaching at Montbeliard and Strasbourg and did not miss a chance to slur Farel as insane and a seditious liar (Epp 1510, 1522, 1531, 1534, 1548; the colloquy '\x&vo