Constructing Inequality in Multilingual Classrooms 9783110226645, 9783110226638

In her groundbreaking and innovative study, the author takes us on a fascinating journey through some of Madrid's m

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Constructing Inequality in Multilingual Classrooms
 9783110226645, 9783110226638

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
Contents
Chapter 1 Journey around our classrooms
Chapter 2 Educating in multilingual and multicultural schools in Madrid
Chapter 3 Critical sociolinguistic ethnography in schools
Chapter 4 The classrooms of Madrid: Shaping a new cultural map
Chapter 5 Compensatory logic in the construction of knowledge
Chapter 6 Constructing the “good” and “deficit” student through norms and assessment
Chapter 7 Managing linguistic diversity in a traditionally monolingual area
Chapter 8 Who is a “legitimate participant” in multilinugal classrooms? Essentialising and naturalising culture
Chapter 9 Discipline and resistance in multilingual classrooms in Madrid
Chapter 10 Facing inequality
Backmatter

Citation preview

Constructing Inequality in Multilingual Classrooms

Language, Power and Social Process 27

Editor Richard J. Watts

De Gruyter Mouton

Constructing Inequality in Multilingual Classrooms by Luisa Martı´n Rojo with contributions by Adriana Patin˜o-Santos, Esther Alcala´, Ana Marı´a Relan˜o Pastor and Irina Rasskin Gutman

De Gruyter Mouton

ISBN 978-3-11-022663-8 e-ISBN 978-3-11-022664-5 ISSN 1861-4175 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Constructing inequality in multilingual classrooms / [edited] by Luisa Martı´n Rojo. p. cm. ⫺ (Language, power and social process; 27) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-11-022663-8 (alk. paper) 1. Education, Bilingual ⫺ Spain ⫺ Madrid (Region) 2. Multicultural education ⫺ Spain ⫺ Madrid (Region) 3. Sociolinguistics ⫺ Spain ⫺ Madrid (Region) 4. Linguistic minorities ⫺ Spain ⫺ Madrid (Region) 5. Education ⫺ Social aspects ⫺ Spain ⫺ Madrid (Region) 6. Educational equalization ⫺ Spain ⫺ Madrid (Region) I. Martı´n Rojo, Luisa. LC3736.S72C27 2010 370.11715094641⫺dc22 2010020404

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. 쑔 2010 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/New York Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Laufen Typesetting: Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ⬁ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com

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