Computer Aided Analysis and Design 9789389872859

Table of contents :
Cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Engineering Design
1.2 Computer in Engineering Design
1.2.1 Designer vs Computer
1.2.2 Computer as a Design Tool
1.2.3 Computer System
1.2.3.1 Central processing unit
1.2.3.2 Secondary storage devices
1.2.3.3 Input/output devices
1.3 Computer Aided Design
1.3.1 Computer Aided Synthesis
1.3.2 Computer Aided Analysis and Optimization
1.3.3 Computer Aided Drafting
1.3.4 CAD Tools for Design Process
1.4 Computer Aided M anufacturing
1.5 Computer Aided Engineering
1.6 Computer Integrated Manufacturing
1.7 Essential Requirements of CAD System
1.8 Application Software
1.8.1 Analysis Software
1.8.2 Drafting Software
1.8.3 Complete CAD Software
1.9 Necessity and Benefits of CAD
1.10 Engineering Applications of CAD
1.11 Concluding Remarks
1.12 Book Organization
Review Questions
Chapter 2: Computer Graphics Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Advantages and Applications of ICG
2.3 Graphics Systems Hardware
2.3.1 Mainframe-based Graphics Systems
2.3.2 Minicomputer-based Graphics Systems
2.3.3 Microcomputer-based Graphics Systems
2.4 Graphics Input Devices
2.4.1 Cursor Control Devices
2.4.1.1 Thumbwheels
2.4.1.2 Mouse
2.4.1.3 Joysticks
2.4.1.4 Tracker balls
2.4.1.5 Light pen
2.4.1.6 Electronic tablets
2.4.1.7 Touch panels
2.4.2 Digitizers
2.4.3 Image Scanners
2.4.4 Speech Oriented Devices
2.4.5 Performance of Graphics Input Devices
2.5 Graphics Display Devices
2.5.1 Cathode Ray Tube
2.5.2 Image Generation Techniques
2.5.2.1 Random scan
2.5.2.2 Raster scan
2.5.3 Graphics Display Devices for CAD Applications
2.5.3.1 Refresh or calligraphic display
2.5.3.2 Direct view storage tube
2.5.3.3 Raster display
2.5.4 Color Frame Buffer
2.5.5 Color CRT Monitors
2.5.5.1 Beam penetration method
2.5.5.2 Shadow mask method
2.5.6 Solid-state Monitors (Flat Panel Display)
2.5.6.1 Emissive displays
2.5.6.2 Non-emissive displays
2.6 Graphics Output Devices
2.6.1 Impact Printers/Plotters
2.6.2 Non-impact Printers/Plotters
2.6.2.1 Pen plotters
2.6.2.2 Electrostatic plotters
2.6.2.3 Laser printers
2.6.2.4 Inkjet printers
2.6.2.5 Electrothermal plotters
2.6.2.6 Computer output to microfilm units
2.7 Graphics Systems Software
2.7.1 Graphics System Software Configuration
2.7.1.1 Graphics package
2.7.1.2 Application program
2.7.1.3 Application database
2.7.2 Coordinate Representation System
2.7.2.1 World coordinate system
2.7 .2. 2 Normalized coordinate system
2.7 .2. 3 Device coordinate system
2.7.3 Functions of Graphics Software
2.7.3.1 Creation of graphics elements
2 .7. 3.2 Geometric transformations
2.7.3.3 Viewing transformations
2.7.3.4 Segmentation functions
2.7. 3.5 User input functions
2.7.4 Graphics Software Standards
2.7.4.1 General programming softwar e
2.7.4.2 Application based software
2.8 Concluding Remarks
Review Questions
Chapter 3: Output Primitives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Image Representation in Computers
3.2.1 Image Conversion in Binary Form
3.2.2 Frame Buffer
3.2.3 Scan Conversion
3.3 Scan Conversion of Primitive Objects
3.3.1 Points
3.3.2 Lines
3.3.2.1 Digital differential analyzer algorithm
3.3.2.2 Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm
3.3.3 Circles
3.3.3.1 Circle generation using Cartesian coordinates
3.3.3.2 Circle generation usingPolar coordinates
3.3.3.3 Circle generation usingBresenham’s algorithm
3.3.4 Ellipses
3.3.4.1 Ellipse generation using Bresenham’s algorithm
3.3.5 Text in Graphics
3.4 Concluding Remarks
Review Questions
Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Geometric Transformations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Transformations of Geometric Models
4.3 Basic Transformations
4.3.1 Translation
4.3.2 Rotation
4.3.2.1 Rotation about the origin
4.3.2.2 Rotation about the pivot
4.3.3 Scaling
4.4 Complex Transformations
4.4.1 Reflection
4.4.2 Shear
4.5 Matrix Representation of 2D Transformations
4.6 Homogeneous Coordinates Representation
4.7 Homogeneous Transformation Matrices
4.8 Geometric Transformations of 2D Objects
4.8.1 Transformation of Points
4.8.2 Transformation of Straight Lines
4.8.3 Midpoint Transformation of Straight Line
4.8.4 Transformation of Plane Lamina
4.9 Composite Transformations and Concatenation
4.10 Rotation about an Arbitrary Point
4.11 Scaling about an Arbitrary Point
4.12 Overall Scaling
4.13 Reflection through an Arbitrary Line
4.13.1 Axis of Reflection Passes through Origin
4.13.2 Axis of Reflection is Arbitrary Line
4.14 Affine Transformations
4.15 Concluding Remarks
Review Questions
Chapter 5: Three-Dimensional Geometric Transformations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Three-Dimensional Transformations
5.2.1 Translation
5.2.2 Rotation
5.2.3 Scaling
5.2.4 Reflection
5.2.5 Shear
5.3 Composite Transformations
5.4 Rotation about Local Axes Parallel to the Global Axes
5.5 Rotation about an Arbitrary Axis
5.6 Scaling with respect to Fixed Point
5.7 Reflection through an Arbitrary Plane
5.8 Concluding Remarks
Review Questions
Chapter 6: Projections
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Plane Geometric Projections
6.2.1 Parallel Projections
6.2.2 Non-parallel Projections
6.3 Orthographic Projections
6.4 Oblique Projections
6.4.1 Cavalier Projections
6.4.2 Cabinet Projections
6.5 Axonometric Projections
6.5.1 Trimetric Projections
6.5.2 Dimetric Projections
6.5.3 Isometric Projections
6.6 Perspective Projections
6.6.1 One-point Perspective Projection
6.6.2 Two-point Perspective Projection
6.6.3 Three-point Perspective Projection
6.7 Stereographic Projections
6.7.1 Monocular Depth Perception
6.7.2 Binocular Depth Perception
6.8 Concluding Remarks
Review Questions
Chapter 7: Plane Curves
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Curve Representation
7.2.1 Analytic Curves
7.2.2 Synthetic Curves
7.3 Interpolation and Approximation
7.4 Classical Representation of Curves
7.4.1 Non-parametric Curves
7.4.2 Parametric Curves
7.5 Parametric Representation of Analytic Curves
7.5.1 Lines
7.5.2 Circles
7.5.3 Ellipses
7.5.4 Parabolas
7.5.5 Hyperbolas
7.6 Concluding Remarks
Review Questions
Chapter 8: Space Curves
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Properties for Curve Design
8.3 Parametric Representation of Synthetic Curves
8.4 Spline Curves
8.4.1 Specifications of Spline Curves
8.4.2 Classifications of Spline Curves
8.5 Hermite Curves
8.5.1 Blending Functions Formulation
8.5.2 Shape Control of Hermite Curves
8.5.3 Effect of Continuities on the Shape of Hermite Curves
8.6 Bezier Curves
8.6.1 Blending Functions Formulation
8.6.2 Properties of Bezier Curves
8.6.3 Composite Bezier Curves
8.6.4 Drawbacks of Composite Bezier Curves
8.7 Essential Requirements for Synthetic Curves
8.8 Non-rational B-spline Curves
8.8.1 Spline Blending Functions
8.8.2 Blending Functions Formulation
8.8.3 Knot Vector
8.8.3.1 Periodic uniform knot vector
8.8.3.2 Open uniform knot vector
8.8.3.3 Non-uniform knot vector
8.8.4 Shape Control of Non-rational B-spline Curves
8.8.5 Properties of Non-rational B-spline Curves
8.9 Rational B-spline Curves
8.9.1 Rational B-splines for Open Uniform Knot Vector
8.9.1.1 Effect of shifting a single internal polygon vertex
8.9.1.2 Effect of multiple coincident internal polygon vertices
8.9.2 Rational B-splines for Periodic Uniform Knot Vector
8.9.3 Rational B-splines for Non-uniform Knot Vector
8.10 Concluding Remarks
Review Questions
Chapter 9: 3-D Graphics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wireframe Modeling
9.3 Surface Modeling
9.3.1 Polygon Surfaces
9.3.1.1 Polygon meshes
9.3.1.2 Polygon equations
9.3.2 Quadric Surfaces
9.3.2.1 Sphere
9.3.2.2 Ellipsoid
9.3.2.3 Torus
9.3.3 Superquadric Surfaces
9.3.3.1 Superellipse
9.3.3.2 Superellipsoid
9.3.4 Blobby Objects
9.4 Solid Modeling
9.4.1 Boolean Set Operations
9.4.1.1 Ordinary Boolean operations
9.4.1.2 Regularized Boolean operations
9.4.1.3 Comparison of ordinary and regularized Boolean operations
9.4.2 Primitive Instancing
9.4.3 Sweep Representation
9.4.3.1 Translational sweep
9.4.3.2 Rotational sweep
9.4.3.3 Hybrid sweep
9.4.4 Boundary Representation (B-rep)
9.4.4.1 Types of boundary models
9.4.4.2 Data structure of boundary models
9.4.4.3 Euler operators for boundary models
9.4.4.4 Boundary representation of solid models
9.4.5 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
9.4.5.1 Unbounded hal f-spaces
9.4.5.2 Bounded solid primitives
9.4.5.3 Comparison of bounded and unbounded solid primitives
9.4.5.4 Data structure of CSG models
9.4.5.5 CSG model of a solid
9.5 Coloring in Computer Graphics
9.5.1 Color Models
9.5.1.1 RGB color model
9.5.1.2 CMY color model
9.5.1.3 YIQ color model
9.5.1.4 HSV color model
9.5.1.5 IILS color model
9.6 Concluding Remarks
Review Questions
Index
Backcover

Citation preview

Computer Aided Analysis and Design

Spread in two parts containing 11 chapters, the book broadly covers: • Background of the CAD systems. • Curve, surface and solid modeling techniques • Rapid prototyping technology • Fundamental techniques of computer aided engineering • Fundamentals of mechanical systems • Numerical techniques for analysis of mechanical systems • Finite difference method and finite element method.

978-93-89872-85-9

` 345/-

Srinivasa Prakash Regalla

Srinivasa Prakash Regalla holds Ph.D from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; M. Tech. from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India; and B. Tech. from Kakatiya University, Warangal, India, all in Mechanical Engineering. He also obtained certificates of training in ANSYS by Mallett Technologies, Philadelphia, USA, and in Advanced Internet Programming using Java from Pentasoft, Hyderabad. He has more than 12 years of research experience, 10 years of teaching experience and around 25 papers in reputed international journals and conference proceedings. He worked as a post-doctoral guest researcher at the NIST, Gaithersburg, USA during 1998 before joining as Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at BITS, Pilani, India. Currently, he is Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Assistant Dean of Research at BITS Pilani, India. He was mentioned in Marquis Who is Who in World in 2003. His current research work is focussed on computer aided design, rapid prototyping, analysis of micro-fabrication processes and nanotribology. He is a continuing member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and life member of the Tribology Society of India (TSI) and the Indian Society of Mechanical Engineers (ISME).

Computer Aided Analysis and Design

The book has all the details required for the complete coverage of either undergraduate-level or graduate-level course on Computer Aided Design for mechanical engineers, design engineers, and civil and architectural engineers. Emphasis has been laid on explaining the concepts and techniques more from the practical and implementation standpoint so that the reader can begin hands-on and to enable the reader to write his own programs and design CAD systems for any mechanical element. Each chapter has a large number of solved and unsolved exercise problems. The book is complemented by several open-ended projects, topics as well as partial details of solution, in all the chapters. Close knitting among the geometric modeling, computer aided engineering and applications, such as rapid prototyping, is a special feature of this book.

Computer Aided Analysis and Design Srinivasa Prakash Regalla

Distributed by:

9 789389 872859 TM

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©Copyright 2020 I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi-110002. This book may not be duplicated in any way without the express written consent of the publisher, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for the purposes of review. The information contained herein is for the personal use of the reader and may not be incorporated in any commercial programs, other books, databases, or any kind of software without written consent of the publisher. Making copies of this book or any portion for any purpose other than your own is a violation of copyright laws. Limits of Liability/disclaimer of Warranty: The author and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this book. The author make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book, and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness of any particular purpose. There are no warranties which extend beyond the descriptions contained in this paragraph. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The accuracy and completeness of the information provided herein and the opinions stated herein are not guaranteed or warranted to produce any particulars results, and the advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every individual. Neither Dreamtech Press nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Trademarks: All brand names and product names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks, or trade names of their respective holders. Dreamtech Press is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. ISBN: 978-93-89872-85-9 EISBN: 978-93-90078-49-3

Computer Aided Analysis and Design

Spread in two parts containing 11 chapters, the book broadly covers: • Background of the CAD systems. • Curve, surface and solid modeling techniques • Rapid prototyping technology • Fundamental techniques of computer aided engineering • Fundamentals of mechanical systems • Numerical techniques for analysis of mechanical systems • Finite difference method and finite element method.

978-93-89872-85-9

Srinivasa Prakash Regalla

Srinivasa Prakash Regalla holds Ph.D from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; M. Tech. from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India; and B. Tech. from Kakatiya University, Warangal, India, all in Mechanical Engineering. He also obtained certificates of training in ANSYS by Mallett Technologies, Philadelphia, USA, and in Advanced Internet Programming using Java from Pentasoft, Hyderabad. He has more than 12 years of research experience, 10 years of teaching experience and around 25 papers in reputed international journals and conference proceedings. He worked as a post-doctoral guest researcher at the NIST, Gaithersburg, USA during 1998 before joining as Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at BITS, Pilani, India. Currently, he is Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Assistant Dean of Research at BITS Pilani, India. He was mentioned in Marquis Who is Who in World in 2003. His current research work is focussed on computer aided design, rapid prototyping, analysis of micro-fabrication processes and nanotribology. He is a continuing member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and life member of the Tribology Society of India (TSI) and the Indian Society of Mechanical Engineers (ISME).

Computer Aided Analysis and Design

The book has all the details required for the complete coverage of either undergraduate-level or graduate-level course on Computer Aided Design for mechanical engineers, design engineers, and civil and architectural engineers. Emphasis has been laid on explaining the concepts and techniques more from the practical and implementation standpoint so that the reader can begin hands-on and to enable the reader to write his own programs and design CAD systems for any mechanical element. Each chapter has a large number of solved and unsolved exercise problems. The book is complemented by several open-ended projects, topics as well as partial details of solution, in all the chapters. Close knitting among the geometric modeling, computer aided engineering and applications, such as rapid prototyping, is a special feature of this book.

Computer Aided Analysis and Design Srinivasa Prakash Regalla

Distributed by:

9 789389 872859 TM

TM