Colloquial Malay: The Complete Course for Beginners [2 ed.] 9780415572521, 9780415572507, 9780415572514, 9780203856130, 9780415572538, 9781138958609, 9781315649825, 9781317305163

Table of contents :
Cover
Colloquial Malay: The Complete Course for Beginners
Copyright
Contents
Malay transcription and pronunciation
Unit One Berkenalan: Getting acquainted
Unit Two Maaf, saya tak faham: Sorry, I don’t understand
Unit Three Mau ke mana?: Where to?
Unit Four Nak keluar makan?: Want to go out and eat?
Unit Five Membeli-belah: Shopping
Unit Six Jangan!: Don’t!
Unit Seven Bila sampai?: When did you arrive?
Unit Eight Selamat Hari Raya: Happy Eid
Unit Nine Saya sakit kepala: I have a headache
Unit Ten Ada macam-macam: There are all sorts of things
Unit Eleven Amboi, tinggi sungguh menara ni!: Wow, this tower is so tall!
Unit Twelve Tak apa!: Never mind!
Unit Thirteen Entahlah!: I don’t know!
Unit Fourteen Helo, boleh saya bantu?: Hello, can I help?
Unit Fifteen Tiket dibeli minggu lepas: The tickets were bought last week
Key to exercises
Malay–English glossary
Index

Citation preview

Colloquial

Malay Colloquial Malay is easy to use and completely up to date! Specially written by an experienced teacher for self-study or class use, the course offers you a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Malay. No prior knowledge of the language is required. What makes this new edition of Colloquial Malay your best choice in personal language learning? • • • •

Interactive – lots of exercises for regular practice Clear – concise grammar notes Practical – useful vocabulary and pronunciation guide Complete – including answer key and reference section

Whether you’re a business traveller, or about to take up a daring challenge in adventure tourism; you may be studying to teach or even looking forward to a holiday – if you’d like to get up and running with Malay, this rewarding course will take you from complete beginner to confidently putting your language skills to use in a wide range of everyday situations. Accompanying audio material is available to purchase separately on two CDs or in MP3 format, or comes included in the great value Colloquial Malay paperback and CDs complete course. Recorded by native speakers, the audio material complements the book and will help develop your listening and pronunciation skills.

The Colloquial Series Series Adviser: Gary King The following languages are available in the Colloquial series: Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic (Levantine) Arabic of Egypt Arabic of the Gulf Basque Bengali Breton Bulgarian Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese (Mandarin) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French

German Greek Gujarati Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Malay Mongolian Norwegian Panjabi Persian Polish Portuguese Portuguese of Brazil

Romanian Russian Scottish Gaelic Serbian Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Spanish of Latin America Swahili Swedish Tamil Thai Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese Welsh Yiddish Yoruba Zulu (forthcoming)

Colloquial 2s series: The Next Step in Language Learning Chinese Dutch French

German Italian Portuguese of Brazil

Russian Spanish Spanish of Latin America

All these Colloquials are available in book & CD packs, or separately. You can order them through your bookseller or via our website www.routledge.com.

Colloquial

Malay The Complete Course for Beginners Zaharah Othman

First published 1995 This second edition first published 2012 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1995 Sutanto Atmosumarto and Zaharah Othman © 2012 Zaharah Othman The right of Zaharah Othman to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Zaharah Othman.   Colloquial Malay: the complete course for beginners / Zaharah Wan. — 2nd ed.    p. cm. — (Colloquial 2s series: the next step in language learning)   Previous ed.: 1995.   Includes bibliographical references and index.   1.  Malay language—Conversation and phrase books—English.  2.  Malay language— Spoken Malay.  I.  Title.   PL5108.O85 2012   499′.2883421—dc23 2011020908 ISBN: ISBN: ISBN: ISBN: ISBN:

978-0-415-57252-1 978-0-415-57250-7 978-0-415-57251-4 978-0-203-85613-0 978-0-415-57253-8

(pack) (pbk) (CD) (ebk) (MP3)

Typeset in Avant Garde and Helvetica by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong

Contents



Malay transcription and pronunciation

  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10 11 12 13 14

Berkenalan Getting acquainted Maaf, saya tak faham Sorry, I don’t understand Mau ke mana? Where to? Nak keluar makan? Want to go out and eat? Membeli-belah Shopping Jangan! Don’t! Bila sampai? When did you arrive? Selamat Hari Raya Happy Eid Saya sakit kepala I have a headache Ada macam-macam There are all sorts of things Amboi, tinggi sungguh menara ni! Wow, this tower is so tall! Tak apa! Never mind! Entahlah! I don’t know! Helo, boleh saya bantu? Hello, can I help?

vii

1 16 35 51 64 78 90 106 125 140 154 166 174 185

vi

Contents

15 Tiket dibeli minggu lepas The tickets were bought last week

195

Key to exercises Malay–English glossary Index

207 220 228

Malay transcription and pronunciation

Malay transcription and pronunciation

The Malay language, Bahasa Melayu, is an Austronesian language, spoken in countries such as Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, central eastern Sumatra in Indonesia, and parts of the Philippines and southern Thailand. Written in roman characters and without the problematic elements of tone and gender found in other languages, a student of the Malay language will find it easier to learn. All syllables are pronounced almost equally and speakers of the Malay language speak at a more flowing pace, almost singsong to the ear. Perhaps the most challenging aspect of learning Malay would be the use of classifiers or measure words, peculiar only to a handful of languages in Asia, such as Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Burmese and Bengali. Another challenging aspect is the usage of prefixes and suffixes. In this edition of Colloquial Malay, attempts have been made to teach Malay as it is spoken, as opposed to the way it is written. Malay spoken across the region varies in dialect and accent; in Indonesia it has a more staccato sound with a very distinct roll of the r, while in Brunei Darussalam, the Malay spoken there is more similar to that spoken in Sabah. Singapore Malay, while very similar to the Malay spoken in Malaysia, has a rather distinct Singaporean element only detectable by Malay speakers in the region. Within the Malay Peninsula itself, there are many different accents with some words having different meanings colloquially. Thus to have a truly Colloquial Malay from the region is an impossible task. It is impossible to learn a language without knowing its culture. Therefore, where possible, applicable and relevant, there are culture points, which usually follow a text. While the basic elements of grammar in Malay remain the same, its verb forms, nouns, adjectives and adverbs, prefixes, suffixes and

vii

viii

Malay transcription and pronunciation

the reduplication of words, sentence structure, spelling and pronunciation may differ slightly. This book has taken into account Malay as spoken every day, as it evolves with the challenges of the modern world and the ever increasing use of borrowed words, especially from Arabic, Sanskrit, Chinese, Indian and Portuguese. Similar to the English language, Malay uses a rising intonation for yes-no questions. In Malay, there are five vowels, a, e, i, o and u, and 34 consonants. The vowels do not have an exact equivalent in English, while out of the 34 consonants, six can be roughly pronounced as in English. They are f, m, n, l, s and y. Pronunciation of the Malay consonants and vowels is dealt with later in this section.

Word stress There is no stress in the Malay word. Speakers of Malay do not depend on stress to emphasise something but use intonation to express emotions and attitudes. The Malay word is segmented into syllables which receive almost equal stress, e.g. pa/pan (two syllables), ma/ ka/nan (three syllables), ke/sim/pu/lan (four syllables). Malay speakers tend to shorten their words, dropping prefixes and suffixes, all of which are understood in context. Here are some examples of such words: tetapi (but) sahaja (only) tetamu (guest) kakak (elder sister) abang (elder brother)

tapi saja tamu kak bang

Kamu hendak pergi ke mana? (Where do you want to go?) Kamu nak ke mana? John mencuci muka. (John washes his face) John cuci muka. In some words, a glottal stop // can occur at the end, especially when it ends with k, for example, kakak, but there are a few words which

Malay transcription and pronunciation

do not end with k but are actually pronounced as if there were a k. The glottal stop, or rather the voiceless glotta plosive, is a type of consonant sound used in many spoken languages and in Malay it is represented by the letter k. Here are a few examples: nasi: pronounced as nasi(k) bapa: pronounced as bapa(k) pula: pronounced as pula(k) juga: pronounced as juga(k) bawa: pronounced as bawa(k) ambil: pronounced as ambi(k)

Intonation In Malay, as in English, a statement can be turned into a question simply by using a rising intonation at the end of the statement, especially in sentences requiring a yes/no answer. Examples Dia beli kereta baru. Dia beli kereta baru?

He bought a new car. He bought a new car?

John suami Mary. John suami Mary?

John is Mary’s husband. John is Mary’s husband?

A falling intonation is used for questions with question tags, e.g. what, who, when. Examples Apa dia kata? Bila Heidi pergi? Siapa guru kamu?

What did he say? When did Heidi go? Who is your teacher?

Pronunciation In Malay there are five basic vowel phonemes: a, e, i, o and u. Diphthongs or glides are made by combining one with another.

ix

x

Malay transcription and pronunciation

Vowels (CD1; 2–5) a There are two ways of pronouncing a, depending on its position within a word. When it occurs in the initial position or in between two consonants, it is pronounced like the ‘a’ in ‘father’. Examples anak alamat amalan

child address practice

taman badan sasaran

garden body target

When a occurs in the final position, it is pronounced like the ‘a’ in the word ‘visa’. Examples ada apa acara

to have what event

bahaya mana apabila

dangerous where when

When combined with i or u, a produces the diphthongs ai as in ‘bye’ or ‘tie’ and au as in ‘cow’ and ‘bow’. Examples baik naik main

good to go up to play

laut daun pulau

sea leaf island

e (CD1; 6) There are two different ways to pronounce e in Malay. One is like the ‘a’ in ‘ago’ or ‘amiss’. The other is somewhere between the ‘e’ in ‘bed’ and the ‘a’ in ‘bad’. ‘e’ as in ‘ago’

‘e’ as in between ‘bed’ and ‘bad’

emas enam empat penat sedap

elak eja meja lelong

gold six four tired delicious

to avoid to spell table to auction

xi

Malay transcription and pronunciation

In words such as bela, it is most important to have the correct pronunciation: bela   to breed or to bring up     bela   to defend

i (CD1; 7) In the initial position, i is pronounced similarly to the English vowel sound in ‘be’. When it occurs in the second syllable, after a first syllable containing i, especially in between two consonants, the sound is between i and e. This is because the old spelling used to be i  .  .  .  e, while now it is i  .  .  .  i. Examples itu pintu berdiri mimpi

that door to stand to dream

bilik (pronounced as bilek) sisik (pronounced as sisek) titik (pronounced as titek) pilih (pronounced as pileh)

room scale dot to choose

o (CD1; 8) The Malay o is short, as in the English ‘saw’ or ‘door’. Examples soto kotor kosong

a kind of soup dirty zero

botol orang tonton

bottle people to watch

When combined with /i/, o produces the diphthong /oi/: (CD1; 9) amboi

(an exclamation)

u (CD1; 10) In an open syllable, this vowel sound is pronounced as in the English ‘put’. In the list below the two /u’s/ are pronounced in the same way. Examples susu bulu kuku

milk hair nail

sudu cucu suhu

spoon grandchild temperature

xii

Malay transcription and pronunciation

In a closed syllable, /u/ is pronounced like the /o/ in Malay. The old Malay spelling used to be /u/ followed by /o/. (CD1; 11) Examples subuh (suboh) luruh (luroh) untuk (untok)

dawn to fall for

musuh (musoh) gunung (gunong) burung (burong)

enemy mountain bird

Consonants There are 24 consonants in the Malay alphabet. To help you understand how to pronounce them, familiarize yourself with the following terms:

aspirated: followed by a puff of air. In English, there is a difference between the p in pin (aspirated) and the p in spin. Hold your hand in front of your mouth while saying these two words, and you will feel the difference! voiced/voiceless: the difference between, for example, b and p in English; in one you vibrate the vocal chords as you say it, and in the other you don’t. unreleased: no explosion in the production of /t/, /d/, /p/, /b/, /k/, and /g/ in the final position.

t and d (CD1; 12–14) Unlike the English t, the t in Malay is not aspirated when it occurs in the syllable-initial position (no puff of air) as in the English word ‘time’. When one of these sounds replaces the other in a word, the meaning changes. Initial position Examples tari tahan tua talam

dance to endure old tray

dari dahan dua dalam

from branch two inside

xiii

Malay transcription and pronunciation

Final position d is usually devoiced (voiceless) when it occurs at the end of a word/ syllable, whereas t is pronounced unreleased. Examples abad murid Ahad abjad

century pupil Sunday alphabet

cepat tempat sempit rumput

quick place narrow grass

p and b (CD1; 15–17) p is voiceless, never aspirated and unreleased when it occurs in the final position. Examples pagi petang potong

morning afternoon to cut

tutup tetap atap

to close to fix roof

b is voiced. Note the difference in meaning when these two letters replace each other in certain words. Examples bagi parang puluh palang

to give large knife ten to cross

pagi barang buluh balang

morning things/object bamboo a jar

In the final position in a word, both consonants, p and b, are pronounced unreleased. Examples sebab bab Arab lembab

because chapter Arab damp

tangkap dakap cukup lengkap

to catch to embrace enough complete

k and g (CD1; 18) When k is in the initial position it is not aspirated, and when in the final position it is pronounced unreleased, making it a glottal stop.

xiv

Malay transcription and pronunciation

The g in Malay is the counterpart of k and it is voiced and pronounced very much like in the English word ‘go’. Note the contrast in meaning in the pairs of words below when k is replaced by g or vice versa. Examples kelas kakak kalah karang

class elder sister to defeat to compose

gelas gagak galah garang

glass crow pole fierce

Here are some examples of k in the final position as a glottal stop.

(CD1; 19) anak pokok ajak

child tree to invite

banyak pekak pijak

plenty deaf to step

c and j (CD1; 20–21) In Malay, c is pronounced as in the English word ‘choose’. j is pronounced as in the English word ‘jump’. While c never appears in the final position, j makes a rare appearance there in some words. Examples cari acar

to find pickle

garaj faraj

garage vagina

jari ajar

finger to teach

h (CD1; 22–24) h is pronounced as in the English words ‘hooray’ and ‘hello’. It can be found in the initial, medial and final positions. It must be noted that in the final position, the h must be pronounced audibly otherwise it carries a different meaning. Initial and medial positions Examples hari hujan bahasa

day rain language

dahan tuhan dahaga

branch god thirsty

xv

Malay transcription and pronunciation

Final position Examples guruh darah mudah

thunder blood easy

guru dara muda

teacher virgin young

In the middle position and flanked by two different vowels, the h is not usually pronounced. written

spoken

meaning

tahu mahu pahit dahi

tau mau pait dai

to know to want bitter forehead

When h is flanked by the same vowel, it is pronounced clearly. Examples sihir leher

witchcraft neck

mohon dahan

to apply/request branch

ng (CD1; 25–28) These two letters represent one sound, very much like the ‘ng’ in ‘sing’ and ‘ring’. When ng occurs in the initial and medial positions, it often proves to be quite difficult for foreign speakers to pronounce. Initial and medial positions Examples ngeri nganga ngantuk

scary to gape sleepy

tengah tangan jangan

middle hand don’t

to fly to lose hole

pulang sarang subang

to return nest earring

Final position Examples terbang hilang lubang

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Malay transcription and pronunciation

Combined ng and g The three-letter combination ngg should be pronounced very much like the Engish ‘ng’ in ‘angle’, ‘dongle’, ‘tango’, ‘bongo’, etc. Examples ganggu bangga tinggal

tangga tinggi tanggal

to disturb to feel proud to live

stairs tall/high date

ny (CD1; 29) The two letters ny represent one phonemic unit and are pronounced like the ‘ny’ in ‘Kenya’ and ‘canyon’. Examples nyanyi nyawa banyak

nyamuk kenyang sunyi

to sing life plenty

mosquito to be full quiet

r (CD1; 30) r in Malay is similar to the English ‘r’, although it is rolled very gently, especially when in the final position. initial position

syllable cluster

rasa to taste drama rosak faulty program roda wheel pra

final position

drama sabar programme besar pre cabar

to be patient big to challenge

w (CD1; 31) The Malay w differs from the ‘w’ in English, as it is pronounced with much less rounding of the lips. Examples wajib warna kawan

obligatory colour friend

wajah tawar waktu

face tasteless time

xvii

Malay transcription and pronunciation

kh (CD1; 32) These two letters are represented by one phonemic unit kh. Together they sound like the ‘ch’ in the Scottish word ‘loch’ and can occur in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a syllable. Many of the words with this sound have their origins in Arabic words. initial

middle

final

khuatir to worry khabar news

akhlak moral behaviour makhluk creature

tarikh  date

sy (CD1; 33) These two letters give the sound ‘sh’ as in the English words ‘shame’, ‘shock’ or ‘shy’. Examples dasyat syukur isyarat

terrible to be grateful signal

syurga syarat syampu

heaven terms shampoo

m, n, l, s, f, v, y and z are all similar to their English counterparts.

(CD1; 34) Examples m n l s f v y z

makan nama lupa siapa fikir televisyen yang ziarah

to eat name to forget who to think television that to visit

mandi nampak lapar sapu filem

to bathe to see hungry to sweep film

Unit One Berkenalan Getting acquainted

In this unit you will learn: • how to introduce yourself and others • pronouns • greetings and how to say ‘thank you’: Apa khabar? Terima kasih • how to address people (formal and informal) • about the Malay family and Malaysian society • the question tag kah and how to give a yes/no answer • the question word siapa?

Dialogue 1 (CD1; 35) Salleh and his older brother Badrul meet Sarah Green, a student on an exchange programme. They get to know each other. Salleh

Apa khabar? Saya Salleh. Khabar baik. Nama saya Sarah Green. Salleh Selamat datang ke Malaysia. Ini abang saya Badrul. sarah Terima kasih. Apa khabar, Badrul? Badrul Baik. Anda dari England? sarah Ya, saya dari England. Saya orang Inggeris. sarah

2

Unit 1:  Berkenalan

How are you? I am Salleh. Fine. My name is Sarah Green. Salleh Welcome to Malaysia. This is my brother Badrul. sarah Thank you. How are you, Badrul? Badrul Fine. Are you from England? sarah Yes, I am from England. I am English. Salleh sarah

Vocabulary apa khabar?

How are you? (literally: What news?)

saya

I

khabar baik

I am fine (literally: Good news)

nama

name

selamat datang

Welcome (literally: Safe arrival)

ke

to (a place) (preposition)

terima kasih

Thank you (literally: receive (with) love)

ini

this

abang

older brother

anda

you (formal)

dari

from (a place)

ya

yes

orang

people, person

Inggeris

English

dan

and

Language point Personal and possessive pronouns In Malay, there are several pronoun words with the same English meaning but the ways of using them are different, especially when you are talking to different people. This will be dealt with in depth in the Culture points.

Unit 1:  Getting acquainted

Note that personal pronouns and possessive pronouns share the same form in Malay. You will also notice that there is no gender in the Malay language; for example, the third person dia can be male or female. When spoken in context, you will understand the gender of the person referred to. Once you are familiar with Malay names, this will become easier. saya, aku anda, kamu, awak,   engkau, kau dia mereka kita kami ia

I, me, my, mine you, your, yours he/she, him/her, his/hers they, them, their, theirs we, our, us (including person spoken to) we, our, us (excluding person spoken to) it, its

Examples Anda Sarah. Nama anda David. Ini anda punya. Saya Salleh. Nama saya Salleh. Ini saya punya. Dia suka saya.

You are Sarah. Your name is David. This is yours. I am Salleh. My name is Salleh. This is mine. She likes me.

Note that the third-person plural mereka ‘they’ is hardly used in spoken Malay. Instead, the term more commonly used is dia orang, literally ‘them people’. However, this must not be confused with dia orang Inggeris ‘he is English’. Example Mereka kawan saya. or Dia orang kawan saya. They are my friends. In spoken Malay, many words are shortened, and what you hear is not how these words are spelt. For example, the word itu ‘that’ is almost always shortened to tu and the word ini ‘this’ shortened to ni. Throughout the course you will notice that there are many words that are shortened in spoken Malay.

3

4

Unit 1:  Berkenalan

Examples orang tu nak (hendak) tau (tahu)

that person to want to know

Culture point Greetings In Dialogue 1, Salleh greets Sarah with Apa khabar?, which literally means ‘What news?’, and the answer is Khabar baik, which literally means ‘Good news’ or simply baik ‘good’. However, note that when Muslims greet each other, they almost always say: Assalamualaikum ‘Peace be upon you’. And the reply is: Wa’alaikumussalam ‘And peace be upon you too’. (Borrowed words will be dealt with in Unit 11.) A handshake is the norm when greeting people. However, as Malaysia is predominantly a Muslim country, you will find that some people are hesitant to shake the hands of people of the opposite sex. A fact worth noting is that when some Malaysian Muslims are about to do their prayers they perform their ablutions, so touching or being in contact with a person of the opposite sex would mean he/she would have to perform their ablutions all over again, thus the reluctance to shake hands. But this must not be taken as a rebuff. A nod of the head and a smile sometimes would suffice if you are not sure. How about a peck on the cheek? This depends on how close you are to that person. An overt display of affection is certainly not the thing to do. Hand kissing is the norm when a younger person meets an older person. This is done as a sign of respect, especially among family members. When you enter a hotel or a restaurant, the person greeting you will put his/her right hand on the chest just below the left shoulder, like this:

5

Unit 1:  Getting acquainted

Language point Countries, languages and nationalities When Sarah introduces herself she says: Saya orang Inggeris.   I am an English person. Put the words negara ‘country’, bahasa ‘language’ and orang ‘person’ before the name of a country and you get the country, language and nationality. While quite a few country names are the same as in English, except perhaps for a slight difference in spelling, some have totally different names in Malay. See the following table for some examples. Country

Language

Nationality

negara Jepun ‘Japan’ negara Jerman ‘Germany’ negara Belanda   ‘the Netherlands’ negara Perancis ‘France’

bahasa Jepun ‘Japanese’ bahasa Jerman ‘German’ bahasa Belanda ‘Dutch’

orang Jepun ‘Japanese’ orang Jerman ‘German’ orang Belanda ‘Dutch’

bahasa Perancis ‘French’

orang Perancis ‘French’

6

Unit 1:  Berkenalan

Exercise 1 Translate the following into Malay. 1 2 3 4 5 6

This is James. He is John’s older brother. They are English. That’s Andre and Anna. They are French. Yoko is Japanese. She speaks Japanese. Ingrid and Johan like Germany. Gopal works in Holland.

Vocabulary bercakap

to speak

bekerja

to work

suka

to like

di

in/at

Language point Compound nouns A noun can be qualified by another noun or nouns to produce a compound noun. In the English language, the qualifiers come before the noun they qualify, but in Malay it is the opposite. Therefore, if the English word order is 1, 2, 3 then the order in Malay is 3, 2, 1. Examples Salleh’s (older) brother (1, 2) my (older) brother’s name (1, 2, 3) (an) English person (1, 2) my friend (1, 2) my (older) brother’s friend (1, 2, 3)

abang Salleh (2, 1) nama abang saya (3, 2, 1) orang Inggeris (2, 1) kawan saya (2, 1) kawan abang saya (3, 2, 1)

However, the basic sentence structure in Malay is similar to English when a verb is involved. Examples I work (1, 2) she likes me (1, 2, 3) you eat bread (1, 2, 3)

saya bekerja (1, 2) dia suka saya (1, 2, 3) anda makan roti (1, 2, 3)

Unit 1:  Getting acquainted

Culture points Saya and aku In the conversation between Salleh, Sarah and Badrul, the pronoun saya is used for ‘I’. This is the most polite term meaning ‘I’ and is the recommended one to use in any situation. However, you might also hear people using the personal pronoun aku. Aku is a term that is quite problematic as its usage and meaning are quite extreme. It is usually used only among friends who are very familiar and close to each other, and among people around the same age. A younger person, a child, must never use aku to speak to older people; for example, parents, teachers or superiors. And aku is definitely not to be used on formal occasions, as in work situations, especially with people you have just met. However, at the other extreme, aku is used in songs to express love, as well as in prayers to show one’s closeness to God.

Anda/kamu/awak/engkau Similarly, although there are many words in Malay for ‘you’, it is best to use anda, especially when you are speaking to a person whose status you do not know. People who are familiar to each other can certainly use the other terms. Malays get away from using ‘I’ and ‘you’ because they generally use their own names instead of saya, almost as a third person, and refer to the person they are speaking to using his or her name. This is especially so when speaking to family members and friends. Examples Hannah to Maria: Maria to Hannah: Hannah to Maria: Maria: Maria to her mother: Mother to Maria: Maria to her mother:

Maria bekerja di bank? Ya, Maria bekerja di bank. Is Maria working in a bank? Yes, Maria (I) am working in a bank. Mak, Maria nak makan. Maria nak makan apa? Mak masak kari. Mother, Maria (I) want to eat.

7

8

Unit 1:  Berkenalan

Mother to Maria:

What does Maria want to eat? Mother   (I) has cooked curry.

Note: When Maria speaks to her mother, she addresses her as Mak (short for Emak). It is rather like saying ‘mum’ instead of ‘mother’. Some people called their mother Ibu.

Selamat The word selamat means ‘safe’. It is used to convey messages of goodwill. Here are several examples: Selamat Selamat Selamat Selamat

pagi tengah hari petang malam

Good Good Good Good

morning afternoon (from 12 noon to 2pm) afternoon (from 2pm to 6pm) night

Note that Selamat malam is seldom used to greet someone at night. It is usually used to bid someone ‘Good night’ before going to sleep or as a goodbye. Selamat tinggal Selamat jalan Selamat datang

Goodbye (said by the person who is leaving) Goodbye (literally ‘safe journey’ – said by   the person left behind) Welcome

Exercise 2 What do you say: 1 2 3 4 5

when when when when when

someone is leaving your house? you meet a friend in the morning? you welcome a friend at the door? you are leaving someone to go on a journey? you are parting company at night?

Dialogue 2 (CD1; 37) Badrul and Sarah are getting to know each other and exchanging information.

9

Unit 1:  Getting acquainted

Badrul

Anda suka Malaysia? sarah Ya, saya suka Malaysia. Saya pelajar di sini. Badrul pelajar? Badrul Saya bukan pelajar. Saya bekerja di bank. sarah Anda bekerja di Kuala Lumpur? Badrul Tidak. Di Muar. Mari makan. sarah Baiklah. Terima kasih. Badrul Sama-sama. You like Malaysia? Yes, I like Malaysia. I am a student here. Are you a student? Badrul I am not a student. I work at a bank. sarah You work in Kuala Lumpur? Badrul No. In Muar. Let’s eat. sarah All right. Thank you. Badrul You’re welcome. Badrul sarah

Vocabulary pelajar

student

makan

to eat

di sini

here

baiklah

all right

tidak

no, not

sama-sama

mari

let’s

you’re welcome, same to you

Language point Ya, tak/tidak and bukan As in English, a rising intonation at the end of a Malay sentence denotes a question, even if there is no question tag word. And you can answer using ya for ‘yes’ and tak or tidak for ‘no’. Tak is short for tidak and is more commonly used in conversational Malay.

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Unit 1:  Berkenalan

Tak negates a verb and adjective, whereas bukan negates a noun. The suffix kah is sometimes used at the end of a sentence to make it a question. Yoko orang Jepunkah? Ya, Yoko orang Jepun. Ingrid suka kari? Tidak, Ingrid tak suka kari. Paulo abang Sonia? Bukan, Paulo bukan   abang Sonia.

Is Yoko Japanese? Yes, Yoko is Japanese. Ingrid likes curry? No, Ingrid doesn’t like curry. Is Paulo Sonia’s brother? No, Paulo is not Sonia’s brother.

Culture point Malaysian society Malaysian society is one that readily ‘adopts’ other people. Thus it is most likely that you either find yourself to be a sister, brother, uncle or aunty to someone you have just met. You will also find yourself in situations where you are requested to call someone ‘sister’, ‘brother’, ‘aunty’ or ‘uncle’. Here are the most common terms of address in informal situations: Pak Cik ‘Uncle’ – this is usually the form of address to a man much older than you. Mak Cik ‘Aunty’ – as above but to a woman much older than you. Encik – any male of adult age Cik – a single woman of any age Puan – a woman who is already married. It is worth noting here that a Malay woman who is married does not take her hus- band’s name. She retains her father’s name, as in: Fatimah binti Hassan, binti being ‘daughter of’. (Binti in written form is usually shortened to bt.) When Fatimah marries Ali, she is still Puan Fatimah. It is her children who take their father’s name. For example, Fatimah’s son will be: Ali bin Ahmad; bin being ‘son of’. As with binti, bin is normally shortened to b in written form or left out altogether.

Unit 1:  Getting acquainted

Exercise 3 Use the appropriate pronouns (saya, kami, kita, anda, mereka/dia orang, etc) in the following sentences: 1 2 3 4 5

Mat is speaking to an elderly gentleman. Nama ________ Mat. Jane and Joan are telling Amy about their lunch. ________ makan di restoran. Anis and her sisters are talking to each other about their house. Rumah ________ besar. James is talking about Mary and her sisters. ________ bekerja di rumah. Kay is asking a guest his name. Apa nama ________?

Vocabulary rumah

house

besar

big

restoran

restaurant

Exercise 4 How would each person address the other? 1 2 3 4 5

a a a a a

child speaking to an elderly woman at a fruit stall woman speaking to a gentleman at a post-office counter student speaking to a woman who is still single man speaking to a married woman girl speaking to an elderly gentleman

Additional vocabulary A Malay family datuk nenek ibu-bapa

grandfather grandmother parents

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12

Unit 1:  Berkenalan

suami isteri anak bapa/ayah emak/ibu anak-anak anak perempuan anak lelaki cucu cucu perempuan cucu lelaki abang kakak adik adik perempuan adik lelaki sepupu emak saudara bapa saudara anak saudara

husband wife child father mother children daughter son grandchild granddaughter grandson older brother older sister younger sibling younger sister younger brother cousin aunty uncle niece/nephew

Language point Siapa ‘who’ When talking about people, the question word you use is siapa. Examples Siapa kakak Salleh? Siapa adik perempuan   Badrul? Siapa ibu Ali?

Who is Salleh’s older sister? Who is Badrul’s younger sister? Who is Ali’s mother?

Exercise 5 Look at Ali and Fatimah’s family and answer the questions that follow.

Unit 1:  Getting acquainted

Keluarga Ali dan Fatimah

Ali suami Fatimah. Fatimah isteri Ali. Dina, Badrul, Nani dan Salleh anak-anak Ali dan Fatimah. Dina kakak Badrul, Nani dan Salleh. Badrul abang Nani dan Salleh. Badrul, Nani dan Salleh adik-adik Dina. Dina ibu Ana. Johan bapa Ana. Badrul bapa saudara Ana, dan Asiah emak saudara Ana. Ana sepupu Abu. Ana dan Abu cucu Ali dan Fatimah. Ali datuk Ana dan Abu dan Fatimah nenek mereka.

Ali and Fatimah’s family Ali is Fatimah’s husband. Fatimah is Ali’s wife. Dina, Badrul, Nani and Salleh are Ali and Fatimah’s children. Dina is Badrul, Nani and Salleh’s elder sister. Badrul is Nani and Salleh’s elder brother. Badrul, Nani and Salleh are Dina’s younger siblings. Dina is Ana’s mother. Johan is Ana’s father. Badrul is Ana’s uncle, and Asiah is Ana’s aunty. Ana is Abu’s cousin. Ana and Abu are Ali and Fatimah’s grandchildren. Ali is Ana’s and Abu’s grandfather and Fatimah is their   grandmother.

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Unit 1:  Berkenalan

1 2 3 4 5

Siapa Siapa Siapa Siapa Siapa

ibu Ana? isteri Badrul? sepupu Abu? nenek Ana? cucu Fatimah?

Language points Ialah ‘to be’ You will notice that in spoken Malay, especially in Colloquial Malay, the verb ‘to be’ ialah is often left out. Example Dina ialah isteri Johan.  Dina is Johan’s wife. Leaving it out, especially in spoken Malay, doesn’t alter the meaning at all. Read Salleh’s short introduction of some of his family members. Note that he never uses ialah. Ini ibu-bapa saya, Ali dan Fatimah. Dina ialah kakak saya dan suami dia Johan. Ini anak mereka, Ana. Dia anak saudara saya. Ini adik perempuan saya. Nama dia Nani.

Titled people There are many titled people in Malaysia. The titles are conferred upon them, either by the state government or the Federal government. Here is a list of some of the titles: Male

Female

Tun Tan Sri Datuk Seri Datuk Dato

Toh Puan Puan Sri Datin Seri Datin Datin

Unit 1:  Getting acquainted

Examples Malaysia’s former Prime Minister is Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad. The present Prime Minister is Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak. The High Commissioner of Malaysia to the UK is Datuk Zakaria Sulong. His wife is Datin Hazizah Ahmad.

Culture point Introducing people When you are introducing people to each other, please do not point. It is polite to use the thumb when referring to someone present.

Exercise 6 Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that follow. Helen orang Inggeris. Dia kawan Ramlah. Dia belajar di Malaysia. Helen dan Ramlah suka belajar bahasa Jerman. Mereka mahu pergi ke negara Jerman. Abang Helen bekerja di negara Jerman. Kawan Ramlah, Alan dan Sam bekerja di bank di Singapura. Alan adik Sam dan mereka orang Inggeris. Isteri Alan orang Malaysia dan isteri Sam orang Singapura. Mereka bercakap bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Inggeris.

Vocabulary kawan

friend

mahu

to want

belajar

to study

1 2 3 4 5

Siapa kawan Helen? Helen dan Ramlah belajar apa? Siapa adik Sam? Isteri Sam orang ________ Mereka (isteri Alan dan isteri Sam) bercakap bahasa ________ dan bahasa ________

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Unit Two Maaf, saya tak faham Sorry, I don’t understand

In this unit you will learn: • helpful phrases for the beginner: maaf, saya tak faham, tolong ulang, etc. • how to ask for favours, how to accept and turn down requests politely using boleh, tolong and maaf • how to express your likes/dislikes, what you want/don’t want to do, and what you can/cannot do • the meaning of buat apa? • the prefixes me and ber • occupations: pe + verb = doer; juru, tukang, etc.

Dialogue 1 (CD1; 39) John is posting a packet to his mother in Australia. John

Saya mau hantar paket ini ke Australia. Ada apa di dalam? John Maaf, saya tak dengar. Tolong ulang. Pekerja Ada apa di dalam paket ini? John Oh, ada buku dan baju. Pekerja Tolong letak di atas timbang itu. John Maaf, saya tak faham. Pekerja Saya mau tahu berat paket itu. John Oh, baiklah. Pekerja

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Unit 2:  Sorry, I don’t understand

I’d like to send this packet to Australia. What is in there? John Sorry, I didn’t hear. Please repeat. Worker What is there in this packet? John Oh, there are books and clothes. Worker Please put it on the weighing scale. John Sorry, I don’t understand. Worker I’d like to know the weight of the packet. John Oh, all right. John

Worker

Vocabulary paket

parcel

hantar

to send, to post

ada

to have/there is/there are

tolong

please

letak

to put

di atas

on top

timbang

weighing scale

berat

weight

di dalam

inside

dengar

to hear

ulang

to repeat

buku

book

baju

clothes

Language points Helpful phrases In the early stages of learning a new language, it is useful to learn these phrases. Maaf, saya tak faham. Maaf, saya tak tau.

Sorry, I don’t understand. Sorry, I don’t know.

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Unit 2:  Maaf, saya tak faham

Maaf, saya tak dengar. Tolong cakap lambat sikit. Tolong eja. Tolong ulang.

Sorry, I didn’t hear. Please speak (a little) slowly. Please spell. Please repeat.

Maaf, maafkan saya The word maaf can be used to mean both ‘sorry’ or ‘excuse me’. It has many different forms to use when you are interrupting a conversation, stopping someone to ask for directions or when you have stepped on someone’s toes, literally and metaphorically. Examples Maaf, itu apa? Maafkan saya, saya terlambat. Saya minta maaf, saya silap. Maaf, di mana bank?

Sorry, what is that? Forgive me, I am late. I apologise, I was mistaken. Excuse me, where is the bank?

Vocabulary terlambat

late (unintentionally)

silap

mistaken

di mana

where

Exercise 1 What do you say when: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

you you you you you you you you

do not understand the instructions given to you? need someone to repeat something? need someone to talk a little bit slower? need the spelling of someone’s name? missed what is being explained to you? stepped on someone’s foot? were late for an appointment? didn’t know something?

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Unit 2:  Sorry, I don’t understand

Language point Requesting a favour/turning down a request politely There are as many different ways and combinations to request a favour as there are to refuse them; albeit politely. Boleh tolong pos surat ini? Boleh bawa saya ke stesen? Tolong kemas bilik ini. Tolong buat kopi. Tolong jawab telefon.

Can you please post this letter? Can you take me to the station? Please tidy up the room. Please make coffee. Please answer the phone.

If you are agreeable to the request, the answer should be a simple: baiklah

all right

tentu sekali

certainly

or

However, if you cannot fulfil the request, apologise politely, giving your reasons why as you do so: Examples Maaf, Maaf, Maaf, Maaf, Maaf,

saya saya saya saya saya

sibuk. tak ada masa. ada kerja. tak boleh. letih.

Exercise 2

Sorry, Sorry, Sorry, Sorry, Sorry,

I I I I I

am busy. don’t have the time. have work (to do). can’t. am tired.

(CD1; 43)

How do you accept or refuse these requests? Use baiklah; maaf, saya penat; maaf, saya sibuk; maaf, saya ada kerja; maaf, saya tak boleh; maaf, saya tak tau, etc., all answers are applicable. 1 2 3 4 5

Boleh Boleh Boleh Boleh Boleh

telefon saya? tolong beli roti? datang ke rumah saya? bawa saya ke kedai? angkat beg ini?

Can Can Can Can Can

you you you you you

phone me? please buy bread? come to my house? take me to the shop? lift this bag?

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Unit 2:  Maaf, saya tak faham

Language points Tolong Tolong literally means ‘to help’, but it can be used to mean ‘please’ as in a request to do something. While it can be used in the same way as ‘please’ is used in English, such as ‘Please close the door’, it cannot be used in this way: ‘Yes, please,’ or ‘Sugar, please’. This topic will be dealt with more in Unit 6.

Saya suka/mahu/boleh  .  .  . After introducing yourself, you will need to give more information about yourself, perhaps saying what you like and what you don’t like, what you can or cannot do, or what you want or don’t want to do. suka/tak suka mahu/tak mahu boleh/tak boleh

to like/don’t like to want/don’t want can/cannot

Dialogue 2 (CD1; 41) Listen to this conversation between two new friends, Adam and Ali. Ali

Saya suka main bola sepak dan hoki. Oh, saya tak boleh main hoki. Saya tidak suka main hoki. Ali Saya mau main hoki di stadium. Kamu mau pergi? Adam Saya tak boleh pergi. Saya sibuk. Ali Kamu suka apa? Adam Saya suka berenang dan berlari. Ali Oh, saya tak boleh berenang. Adam

I like to play football and hockey. Oh, I can’t play hockey. I don’t like to play hockey. Ali I want to play hockey at the stadium. Do you want to go? Adam I cannot go. I am busy. Ali

Adam

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Unit 2:  Sorry, I don’t understand

Ali Adam Ali

What do you like? I like swimming and running. Oh, I can’t swim.

Vocabulary main

to play

bola sepak

football

hoki

hockey

berlari

to run

Language point Suka, mahu and boleh As we have mentioned in the last unit, tak is the short form of tidak, which is used to negate a verb or an adjective. Let us use tak with suka, boleh and mahu. Suka means ‘to like (something)’ or ‘to like (to do something)’. It is not to be used to mean ‘I’d like to’. Mahu means ‘to want’. It is pronounced as mau and will appear in dialogues as ‘mau’. Boleh means ‘can’ or ‘to have the ability (to do something)’. Here is a list of action words that you can use with suka/tak suka, mahu/tak mahu and boleh/tak boleh. Note: You will notice that, in the table, some of the verbs used are not in their root form. They are used with prefixes such as ber and me, which will be dealt in greater detail later. Saya Dia John Mereka Kami Kita Kamu Jane

masak (to cook) suka tak suka boleh tak boleh mahu tak mahu belajar (to study)

berenang (to swim) pergi (to go) main tennis (to play tennis) menari (to dance) menyanyi (to sing) berlakon (to act)

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Unit 2:  Maaf, saya tak faham

Culture point Mahu/mau It has been frequently pointed out by English speakers that the usage of mahu, meaning ‘to want (something)’ or ‘to want (to do something)’, sounds a little harsh, not unlike a demand. However, this is not so in Malay. as you can use mahu in a gentle tone when you are requesting or stating that you want to do something. Mahu or mau is interchangeable with nak – short for hendak – which also means ‘to want’.

Dialogue 3 (CD1; 44) Ali is asking Mary what she wants to drink. Ali

Mary mau apa? Saya mau teh. Ali Oh, kamu tak suka kopi? Mary Ya, saya tak suka kopi. Saya tak boleh minum kopi. Ali Saya nak minum kopi dan kamu nak teh. Mary Oh, saya mau teh susu, terima kasih. Mary

What would you like, Mary? I’d like to have tea. Ali Oh, you don’t like coffee? Mary Yes, I don’t like coffee. I can’t drink coffee. Ali I want to drink coffee and you want tea. Mary Oh, I’d like tea with milk. Thank you. Ali

Mary

Vocabulary teh

tea

dengan

with

kopi

coffee

susu

milk

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Unit 2:  Sorry, I don’t understand

Exercise 3 1

Say in Malay that you like/can/want to a) makan kari b) bercakap bahasa Melayu c) main badminton

2

Say in Malay that you don’t like/don’t want to/cannot a) berenang b) bercakap bahasa Jerman c) masak

Language point Buat apa? This question can convey many meanings. It literally means ‘Do what?’ It can convey what a person is doing at that point in time: Dia buat apa? Dia makan.

What is he doing? He is eating.

Or what a person does for a living: Dia buat apa? Dia guru.

What does he do? He is a teacher.

Or intentions Buat apa? A: B: A: A: B: A:

What for?

Nak keluar? Buat apa? Makan. Saya mahu pergi pasar. Buat apa? Beli ikan.

Want to go out? What for? To eat. I want to go to the market. What for? To buy fish.

Note that, uttered in the wrong manner or tone, Buat apa? can convey a somewhat disdainful rebuff which does not really ask for an answer.

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Unit 2:  Maaf, saya tak faham

Dialogue 4 (CD1; 46) Read the following phone conversation between Maria and her friend Dena. Maria

Helo, Dena. Buat apa? Dena Tak buat apa. Tengok TV. Maria Nak keluar, tak? Dena Buat apa? Maria Makan dengan kawan baru saya, Leana. Mau tak? Dena Leana? Dia buat apa? Maria Dia guru. Hello, Dena. What are you doing? Dena Not doing anything. Watching TV. Maria ( You) Want to go out, or not? Dena What for? Maria To eat with my new friend, Leana. (Do you) Want or not? Dena Leana? What does she do? Maria She is a teacher. Maria

Vocabulary keluar

to go out

kawan baru

new friend

Language points Tag question, tak? When Maria asks Dena Nak keluar, tak?, it literally it means ‘Want to go out, no?’ or ‘Want to go out, or not?’, and requires a Ya or Tak answer.

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Unit 2:  Sorry, I don’t understand

Prefixes ber and me Me and ber are prefixes that enable you to identify a word as a verb. It is important to know that while most of the time these prefixes are dropped, the usage of the wrong prefix can change the meaning of the word completely. Some verbs take me and ber, whereas some take only me and some take only ber.

Dialogue 5 (CD1; 48) Heidi and her friend Jan are talking about their hobbies. Heidi

Saya suka berjalan. Awak? Saya main piano. Saya suka muzik. Heidi Awak berlatih di mana? Jan Saya berlatih di sekolah. Heidi Saya berjalan dan berlari di taman. Jan Saya main piano dengan kawan di sekolah. Heidi Kawan awak main apa? Jan Dia main violin. Jan

I like to walk. You? Jan I play the piano. I like music. Heidi Where do you practise? Jan I practise in school. Heidi I walk and run in the park. Jan I play the piano with a friend in school. Heidi What does your friend play? Jan He plays the violin. Heidi

Vocabulary berjalan

to walk

berlari

to run

muzik

music

taman

park

berlatih

to practise

dengan

with

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Unit 2:  Maaf, saya tak faham

Language points Verbs with the ber prefix As you can see from Dialogue 5, some of the verbs used are with ber and some without; with or without, it does not change the meaning. Saya suka berjalan = Saya suka jalan Saya suka main piano = Saya suka bermain piano However, the word latih must be used with ber in Dialogue 5 because here it means ‘to practise’. Used on its own, latih can also mean ‘to train (someone)’. Let us look at verbs that can be used independently as well as with ber: jalan Dia (ber)jalan di bandar. main Heidi (ber)main bola. lari Jan (ber)lari di padang. kerja Liam (ber)kerja di rumah. pindah Dia (ber)pindah ke York. cakap Saya (ber)cakap dengan dia.

to walk She walks in the city. to play Heidi plays ball. to run Jan runs in the field. to work Liam works at home. to move/to transfer He moved to York. to talk I spoke to her.

Let us now look at verbs which change meanings once ber is attached to them: angkat lepas latih tolak

to to to to

lift let go train push

berangkat berlepas berlatih bertolak

to to to to

leave for depart practise depart for

Examples Dia angkat beg itu. Dia berangkat ke London. Malik lepas tali itu.

He lifted the bag. He left for London. Malik let go of the rope.

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Unit 2:  Sorry, I don’t understand

Malik berlepas ke Amerika. Din tolak Jan. Din bertolak ke Singapura.

Malik departed for America. Din pushed Jan. Din left for Singapore.

Note: For words beginning with r, one r is dropped when ber is added. For example, berambut, berumah, berenang. In some words, for smooth pronunciation, the other r is also dropped. For example, bekerja, belayar. The structure ber + noun is dealt with in Unit 5.

Verbs with the me prefix The me prefix is more problematic as it has many variations (me, mem, men, meny, meng) and the word form changes depending on the first letter of the word. Me goes with words beginning with l, m, n, r, y, ny, w: me me me me me me me

+ + + + + + +

lukis masak nikah rompak yakin nyanyi wawancara

to to to to to to to

draw cook marry rob convince sing interview

Mem goes with words beginning with b, f and p (but p is dropped): mem mem mem mem

+ + + +

buka fitnah potong = memotong patah = mematah

to to to to

open slander cut break

Men goes with words beginning with d, j, c, t and z (t is dropped): men men men men men men

+ + + + + +

darat jual curi tulis = menulis tangkap = menangkap ziarah

to to to to to to

land sell steal write catch visit

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Unit 2:  Maaf, saya tak faham

Meng goes with words beginning with vowels (a, e, i, o and u) and g, h, and k (k is dropped): meng meng meng meng meng meng meng meng meng

+ + + + + + + + +

arah eja ikat olah urus gosok hidu kayuh = mengayuh kupas = mengupas

to to to to to to to to to

direct spell tie compose manage rub smell pedal skin

Meny goes with words beginning with s (s is dropped): meny + sokong = menyokong meny + sapu = menyapu meny + soal = menyoal

to support to sweep to question

Certain words take ber and me but the meaning changes. Also, words with me sometimes also have the suffix i or kan, which are usually used in written form: berangkat mengangkat berjalan menjalankan berjumpa menjumpai berlaku melakukan

to to to to to to to to

depart lift walk carry out meet find happen do

Exercise 4 Look at these pictures and, from the list of words below, say what each person is doing. Mereka buat apa?

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Unit 2:  Sorry, I don’t understand

Sam

Ali

Emily

Sally

Antoinne

Ely

Andy dan Jo Fran

drawing swimming watching television cooking dancing singing eating running

masak menari melukis makan menyanyi berlari berenang menonton televisyen

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Unit 2:  Maaf, saya tak faham

Exercise 5 Use the correct prefixes in the sentences below: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

June ________ (angkat) beg itu. Latif ________ (lepas) ke Brunei. Joe ________ (nyanyi). Heidi dan Mary ________ (lari) di taman. Dia ________ (sapu). Ahmad ________ (buka) buku. Yoko ________ (tulis). Sam ________ (jalan) ke pejabat.

Language points Occupations Derived from English Some occupations are derived from English: doktor akauntan polis arkitek konsultan diplomat

Pe + verb Most occupations are derived by adding the prefix pe to the appropriate verb, not unlike ‘verb + er/or’ in English. However, as with the prefix me, the tricky bit is that the root word changes depending on the initial letter of the word. Pe – with verbs beginning with l, m, n, ny, r, y, w: pe pe pe pe pe

+ + + + +

lakon = pelakon layan = pelayan lukis = pelukis latih = pelatih main = pemain

actor waiter artist trainer (coach) player, e.g., football player

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Unit 2:  Sorry, I don’t understand

pe + nasihat = penasihat pe + nyanyi = penyanyi

adviser singer

Pen – with verbs beginning with c, d, j, t, sy (the t is usually dropped): pen pen pen pen pen pen pen

+ + + + + + +

didik = pendidik jual = penjual jaga = penjaga tulis = penulis tari = penari tolong = penolong syarah = pensyarah

educator seller carer or caretaker writer dancer assistant lecturer

Pem – with verbs beginning with b, p (the p is dropped): pem + baca = pembaca

newsreader

Peng – with verbs beginning with vowels, g, h and k (the k is dropped): peng peng peng peng peng

+ + + + +

arah = pengarah adil = pengadil urus = pengurus edar = pengedar kawal = pengawal

director judge, umpire manager distributor guard

Peny – with verbs beginning with s (the s is dropped): peny + selia = penyelia

supervisor

This ‘pe + verb’ formula is the norm but there are exceptions.

Juru + verb There are also occupations made with ‘juru + verb’: juru juru juru juru

+ + + +

rawat = jururawat terbang = juruterbang jual = jurujual latih = jurulatih

nurse pilot sales assistant/promoter trainer, coach

Tukang The word tukang implies someone who is skilled in his/her area of work, usually manual labour as opposed to professionally trained positions.

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Unit 2:  Maaf, saya tak faham

tukang tukang tukang tukang tukang tukang

kebun masak kasut kayu tilik urut

gardener cook cobbler carpenter fortune teller masseur

Other occupations guru setiausaha kerani hakim

teacher secretary clerk judge

More formal ways of asking what work a person does Dia Dia Dia Dia

bekerja sebagai apa? bekerja sebagai guru. kerja apa? peguam.

What is he working as? He works as a teacher. What is his job? He is a lawyer.

Unit 2:  Sorry, I don’t understand

Culture point Personal information Do not be offended if you are probed about what you do. Some locals may even ask about your gaji ‘salary’!

Exercise 6 Complete the sentences below:   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

Sally bekerja di sekolah. Dia ________ Aman urus kedai kasut. Dia ________ Larry melatih kanak-kanak main bola sepak. Dia ________ Yoko melukis. Dia ________ Husin jaga kebun. Dia ________ Lili merawat orang sakit di hospital. Dia ________ Barry memandu bas. Dia ________ Lisa masak di restoran. Dia ________ Nora menari. Dia ________ Heidi belajar di universiti. Dia ________

Vocabulary jaga

to care for, to look after

kedai

shop

kasut

shoes

orang sakit

patient

memandu

drive

Exercise 7 Read the following conversations. a) Mary: John: Mary: John:

John Saya Saya Saya

bekerja sebagai apa? arkitek. Kamu buat apa? mengajar. Saya guru sekolah. buat bangunan.

33

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Unit 2:  Maaf, saya tak faham

b) Sam: Yoko: Sam: Yoko:

Yoko boleh buat kopi? Maaf, saya sibuk. Baiklah, saya buat kopi. Saya nak belajar.

c) Andre: Jane: Andre: Jane:

Jangan buat bising. Maaf, saya tak dengar. Boleh ulang? Jangan bising. Oh, maafkan saya.

d) Simon: Lee: Simon: Lee:

Lee boleh berenang? Ya, saya boleh berenang. Mahu berenang di laut? Oh, saya tak suka berenang di laut. Saya mau berenang di kolam.

Vocabulary laut

sea

kolam

pool

bangunan

building

Unit Three Mau ke mana? Where to?

In this unit you will learn: • • • • • • • • •

how to ask and give directions how to locate a place, an object or a person useful phrases when asking or giving directions yang – which/that/who prepositions used with places: di, di mana, di dalam, di antara, ke, ke mana ada and its dual functions – there is/there are, to have/to own the question word apa? bukan to negate a noun adjectives tinggi, cantik, besar, baru, mahal, etc.

Dialogue 1 (CD1; 50) Danial asks John some questions. Danial John Danial  John Danial John Danial John Danial

John, kamu mau ke mana? Ke pejabat. Pejabat di mana? Di Kuala Lumpur. Di mana di Kuala Lumpur? Di bangunan Angkasa di Jalan Ibrahim. Oh, saya tau, bangunan yang tinggi dan cantik tu. Betul. Ada banyak pejabat baru di dalam bangunan tu. Pejabat saya di situ juga.

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Unit 3:  Mau ke mana?

Danial John Danial John Danial John Danial John Danial

John, where to? (i.e. where are you going?) To the office. Where is your office? In Kuala Lumpur. Where in Kuala Lumpur? At the Angkasa building in Jalan Ibrahim. Oh, I know, that tall and beautiful building. Correct. There are many new offices in that building. My office is in there too.

Vocabulary ke mana

(to) where

banyak

many

di mana

(at) where

baru

new

pejabat

office

di dalam

in/inside

tinggi

high/tall

juga

also

cantik

beautiful

Language points The preposition di Di is a very useful preposition that can mean ‘in’ or ‘at’ when used with a place, as illustrated in the sentences below. Pejabat saya di Kuala Lumpur. Dia belajar di London. Dia di rumah.

My office is in Kuala Lumpur. He is studying in London. He is at home.

Di can also be attached to other prepositions, such as atas, bawah, dalam and antara. di di di di

atas bawah dalam antara

on top, above below, beneath in, inside in between

However, it is not uncommon to drop di in spoken Malay.

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Unit 3:  Where to?

Di mana? Literally, this phrase means ‘at where?’ and it can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or at the end. Di mana buku? Buku di atas meja. Kucing di mana? Kucing di bawah meja.

Where is the book? The book is on the table. Where is the cat? The cat is under the table.

Exercise 1 Choose the correct answer from the right-hand column. 1 2 3 4 5

Di mana baju saya? Roti di mana? Mana John? Di mana kucing? Di mana burung?

di di di di di

atas pokok bawah kerusi dalam balang pejabat dalam almari

Vocabulary almari

cupboard

kerusi

chair

balang

jar

pokok

tree

roti

bread

Dialogue 2 (CD1; 52) Sam is looking for her shoes. Sam

Mana kasut saya? Kasut yang mana? Sam Saya ada kasut putih dan kasut hitam. Saya mau kasut yang hitam. Jo Ada banyak kasut di dalam almari. Sam Tak ada kasut hitam di dalam almari. Jo Pakai kasut putih. Sam Kasut yang putih tu kotor. Jo

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Unit 3:  Mau ke mana?

Where are my shoes? Which shoes? Sam I have white shoes and black shoes. I want the shoes that are black. Jo There are many shoes in the cupboard. Sam There are no black shoes in the cupboard. Jo Wear the white shoes. Sam The shoes that are white are dirty. Sam Jo

Vocabulary kasut

shoes

yang

which/that

yang mana

which one

pakai

to wear

hitam

black

putih

white

kotor

dirty

Language points The two uses of ada Dialogue 2 illustrates the two uses of ada. Similar to English, ada ‘there is/are’ can be used either at the beginning of the sentence or in the middle. Saya ada kasut putih dan kasut hitam. I have white shoes and black shoes. Dia ada baju merah. She has a red dress. Ada banyak kasut di dalam almari. There are many shoes in the cupboard. Di atas meja ada buku. On the table there is a book.

39

Unit 3:  Where to?

Apa? What? Apa is a question word meaning ‘what’. It can be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence: Di atas meja ada apa?

(Lit.) On the table there is what?

Apa ada di atas meja?

What is there on the table?

Ada apa di atas meja?

(Lit.) There is what on the table?

Or

Or

Exercise 2 Look at these pictures and answer the questions using ada to mean ‘there is/are’. For example:

   Ada apa di atas meja?

1

2





Di bawah meja ada apa?

Ada apa di atas buku?

40

Unit 3:  Mau ke mana?

Apa di ada atas kerusi?



3

4



Di atas meja ada apa?

Language points The preposition ke Ke is another useful preposition. It means ‘to (a place)’. Sami berjalan ke kedai. Sami walks to the shop. Anne mau pergi ke pejabat pos. Anne wants to go to the post office. As with di, ke comes before a place and is also normally attached to another preposition showing the direction of the action.

41

Unit 3:  Where to?

ke atas ↑ Dia tengok ke atas. ke bawah ↓ Jo berlari ke bawah.

He looked up. Jo ran down.

Other prepositions dari – from a place Dia datang dari New York. He comes from New York. daripada – from a person/institution with people Saya dapat hadiah daripada guru. I got a present from the teacher. Dia terima surat daripada pejabat. He received a letter from the office. untuk – for Buku ini untuk anda. This book is for you. kepada – to a person Dia hantar emel kepada John. He sent an email to John.

Dialogue 3 (CD1; 54) Read this conversation between Hassan and his friend Matt. Hassan

Saya beli hadiah. Untuk siapa? Hassan Untuk kawan saya, Mary. Matt Oh, saya dapat emel daripada Mary. Hassan Ya, Mary hantar emel kepada kamu. Matt Kamu beli hadiah itu dari mana? Hassan Dari kedai buku. Matt

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Unit 3:  Mau ke mana?

I bought a present. For whom? Hassan For my friend, Mary. Matt Oh, I received an email from Mary. Hassan Yes, Mary sent an email to you. Matt Where did you buy the present from? Hassan From the book shop. Hassan Matt

Vocabulary beli

to buy

hadiah

present/gift

dapat

to receive, to get

Language point Noun + yang + adjective We have seen in the previous dialogues the usage of the particle yang to place emphasis on adjuncts. When yang is omitted, there is no difference in the meaning grammatically. The structure noun + yang + adjective forms a noun phrase and is not a complete sentence. Examples Bangunan yang tinggi dan cantik. The building that is tall and beautiful. kasut yang hitam kasut yang putih bangunan tinggi dan cantik kasut hitam kasut putih

the the the the the

shoes that are black shoes that are white tall and beautiful building black shoes white shoes

In a question, yang is used as follows: Buku yang mana? Bangunan yang mana?

Which book? Which building?

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Unit 3:  Where to?

Exercise 3 Read the passage below. Ramli mahu pergi ke majlis hari jadi Mary. Dia memakai kemeja baru yang bersih dan seluar panjang. Ramli membeli kemeja itu di bandar. Dia juga membeli hadiah untuk Mary; beg kecil yang cantik dan mahal. Mary kawan baik Ramli.

Vocabulary majlis

party

panjang

long

kemeja

shirt

membeli (beli)

to buy

baru

new

bandar

town

bersih

clean

kecil

small

seluar

trousers

mahal

expensive

Dialogue 4 (CD1; 56) Jane and Anna are enjoying a walk in the park. Jane Anna Jane Anna Jane Anna Jane Anna

Orang itu cantik. Yang mana? Yang tinggi dan kurus tu. Yang pakai cermin mata? Tak, yang pakai topi. Dia guru saya, guru yang ajar saya bahasa Melayu. Oh, dia yang mengajar kamu? Ya.

That person is beautiful. Which one? Jane The one that is tall and thin. Anna The one wearing glasses? Jane No, the one wearing a hat. Jane

Anna

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Unit 3:  Mau ke mana?

She is my teacher, the teacher who teaches me the Malay language. Jane Oh, she is the one who teaches you? Anna Yes. Anna

Vocabulary kurus

thin (as in slim)

guru

teacher

cermin mata

glasses

mengajar

to teach

pakai

to wear

topi

hat

Exercise 4 Match the following nouns with the most appropriate adjective from the right-hand column. 1 2 3 4 5

baju rumah gambar pelajar makanan

sedap (delicious) pandai (clever) nipis (thin) cantik (beautiful) besar (big)

Language point Asking and giving directions Useful phrases when asking for directions Maaf, saya sesat. Sorry, I am lost. Di mana taman? Where is the park? Boleh tunjuk jalan dari sini ke  .  .  .  ? Can you show me the way from here to  .  .  .  ? Saya mau pergi ke.  .  .  .  Boleh tunjuk jalan? I want to go to the.  .  .  .  Can you show me the way?

45

Unit 3:  Where to?

Jauhkah? Is it far? Note: The word sesat means ‘to lose one’s way’; it is not the word to use when you’ve lost something.

Useful phrases when giving directions pergi/jalan terus belok kanan/kiri belok kanan pertama belok kiri kedua kamu akan nampak dekat saja simpang jalan

go/walk straight on turn right/left turn first right turn second left you will see near (only) junction

Dialogue 5 (CD1; 58) Jo asks a passerby for directions to the post office. Jo

Maaf, saya nak pergi ke pejabat pos. Boleh tunjuk jalan? Lelaki Pejabat pos di Jalan Bunga. Jo Jauhkah? Lelaki Dekat saja. Dari sini, jalan terus, belok kanan ke Jalan Istana. Kamu akan nampak stesen bas di sebelah kanan. Pejabat pos di depan stesen bas. Jo Terima kasih. Jo Man Jo Man

Jo

 xcuse me, I want to go to the post office. Can you show E me the way? The post office is in Jalan Bunga. Is it far? It’s near (only). From here, go straight, turn right into Jalan Istana. You will see a bus station on the right-hand side. The post office is in front of the station. Thank you.

46

Unit 3:  Mau ke mana?

Vocabulary pergi

to go

sini

here

tunjuk

to show

nampak

see

jalan

road or way

kanan

right

stesen

station

belok

turn

dekat

near

terus

straight

saja

only

depan

in front of

Exercise 5 Study the map of the town below and answer the questions that follow.

1. Ask how to get from one place to the other as shown on the map: Example  Boleh tunjuk jalan dari bank ke kolam renang?

a) from b) from c) from d) from

the the the the

hotel to the school school to the post office school to the swimming pool post office to the bank

2. By looking at the map, tell someone how to get from: a) the bank to the post office b) the swimming pool to the school c) the hotel to the post office d) the bank to the hotel

47

Unit 3:  Where to?

Vocabulary kolam renang

swimming pool

sekolah

school

Exercise 6 Using the same map as in Exercise 5, answer the following questions, using prepositions you have learnt. Example Di mana kolam renang? Kolam renang di Jalan Padang, di depan muzium. 1 2 3 4 5

Di Di Di Di Di

mana mana mana mana mana

stesen bas? kedai bunga? sekolah? bank? muzium?

Vocabulary restoran

restaurant

stesen bas

bus station

kedai bunga

florist (flower shop)

muzium

museum

pasar

market

Exercise 7 Match the following places with the word on the right best associated with them. 1 2 3 4 5

pejabat pos pasar taman kolam renang sekolah

belajar (to study) membeli setem (to buy stamps) membeli daging (to buy meat) bermain bola (to play ball) berenang (to swim)

48

Unit 3:  Mau ke mana?

Culture point Getting about in Malaysia Malaysia has an excellent transport system. Whether you are travelling by road, air or river, there are various options available to take you where you want to go.

By air Malaysia has its own carrier, Malaysia Airlines System (MAS), as well as the no-frills budget airline Air Asia, both of which serve domestic and international destinations daily. There is also a domestic airline to touristy places called Firefly.

By road It is cheaper to travel by bus in Malaysia. Most, if not all, buses in Kuala Lumpur are air-conditioned. Teksi or taxis in major cities are usually fitted with meters and most are air-conditioned. If you want to drive, you need a Malaysian Driving Licence, Prob­ ationary Driving Licence or an International Driving Licence. To use a foreign licence, get it endorsed by the Road Transport Department. Note that all vehicles travel on the left-hand side of the road and that the use of safety belts by front passengers is mandatory in Malaysia.

By rail You can travel within Peninsula Malaysia by rail. There are also express services between big cities. Most have restaurant coaches.

By sea There are several ports of entry in Malaysia, namely Penang, Port Klang, Kuantan and Kuching. When you are in Malaysia, you will probably hear the locals referring to names of places by their initials. Here are some examples: Kuala Lumpur Port Dickson Petaling Jaya

KL PD PJ

49

Unit 3:  Where to?

Kota Kinabalu Johor Bahru Kota Bahru Kuala Terengganu

KK JB KB KT

Trishaws are known as the ‘kings of the road’. In most touristy places, such as Malacca, they are decorated to attract customers. The trishaw peddlers also have radios, blaring music and songs, giving the place an air of festivity.

Language point Modes of transport Regardless of the form of transportation that you take, you use the verb naik, which in this context means ‘to board’. You can also use the word ambil (pronounced ambik) to literally mean ‘to take’ a mode of transport.

50

Unit 3:  Mau ke mana?

Examples Saya naik teksi ke kedai. Dia naik basikal ke sekolah. Heidi naik kereta api ke Johor. Kami ambil bas dari PJ. You can also use dengan, meaning ‘with’. Examples Saya pergi ke Kuala Lumpur dengan kereta. Dia pergi dengan motorsikal. Or if you are walking, just say Saya berjalan kaki  .  .  .  , which literally means ‘I walk on foot’.

Exercise 8 Ahmad went to Raju’s house. Read his description of the journey, then answer the questions that follow. Dari rumah saya, saya naik bas ke stesen kereta api. Saya ambil kereta api Bandar Seri Melur. Saya turun di Bandar Seri Melur dan saya pergi ke Taman Anggur dengan bas. Di Taman Anggur, saya berjalan kaki ke Jalan Tasek, belok kiri ke Jalan Emas. Rumah Raju di depan pasaraya. Rumah Raju rumah yang besar dan cantik. 1 2 3 4 5

Ahmad naik apa ke stesen kereta api? Ahmad naik kereta api ke mana? Ahmad pergi ke Taman Anggur dengan apa? Di mana rumah Raju? Yang mana rumah Raju?

Unit Four Nak keluar makan? Want to go out and eat?

In this unit you will learn: • the different kinds of places to eat: gerai, restoran, layan diri • how to order food; ask for different kinds of food, and express likes and dislikes • how to give compliments or voice dissatisfaction • the different tastes of food: manis, tawar, sedap, masin, etc. • words and phrases related to food and eating: sudah kenyang, cukup, masih lapar • how certain nouns are formed: verb + an = noun makan + an = makanan (food) masak + an = masakan (cooking)

Dialogue 1 (CD1; 60) Lisa is hungry and phones Nina to ask her to join her for a meal. Lisa Nina Lisa Nina Lisa Nina Lisa



Helo Nina, jom keluar makan! Helo Lisa, boleh juga. Saya lapar. Nak makan di mana? Gerai boleh, restoran pun boleh. Boleh kita makan makanan India? Boleh tapi makanan India pedas. Ah, kita pergi ke restoran Vietnam. Masakan Vietnam tak pedas.

52

Unit 4:  Nak keluar makan?

Nina Lisa Lisa Nina Lisa Nina Lisa Nina Lisa

Nina Lisa Nina

Boleh juga! Sedap tapi mahal. Hello Nina, let’s go out and eat! Hello Lisa, can (also). I am hungry. Where do you want to eat? ( Lit.) Stalls okay, restaurants also okay. Can we eat Indian food? We can but Indian food is spicy. Ah, we go to a Vietnamese restaurant. Vietnamese cooking is not spicy. Can (also)! Delicious but expensive. Never mind, it’s my treat.

Vocabulary keluar

to go out

pun

also

juga

also

pedas

spicy

lapar

hungry

sedap

delicious

gerai

stalls

mahal

expensive

makanan

food

tak apa

never mind

masakan

cooking (N)

belanja

to treat

Language point Forming nouns with verb + an In Malay, nouns can often be formed by adding an to the end of a verb, as illustrated in Dialogue 1. Makanan India pedas. Indian food is hot. Masakan Vietnam tak pedas. Vietnamese cooking is not hot. makan (to eat) + an = makanan (food) minum (to drink) + an = minuman (a drink) tulis (to write) + an = tulisan (writing)

Unit 4:  Want to go out and eat?

jual (to sell) + an = jualan (sale) pakai (to wear) + an = pakaian (clothing) hibur (to entertain) + an = hiburan (entertainment) However, when formed this way, some nouns have totally unrelated meanings. angkat (to lift) + an = angkatan (a force, as in air force) alas (to place something underneath, like a placemat underneath a hot pot) + an = alasan (an excuse) bangun (to get up or stand up) + an = bangunan (a building)

Exercise 1 Turn the following verbs into nouns by adding an and then find their meanings in a dictionary. 1 nyanyi 2 layan 3 ajar

4 kirim 5 pinjam

Culture points Food, glorious food! You will find that the subject of food is a very popular one among Malaysians and eating is said to be a favourite pastime. In Dialogue 1, Lisa and Nina discuss where and what to eat. There are many eateries in Malaysia, ranging from roadside stalls to coffee shops and expensive restaurants with a variety of international foods in hotels and food courts. There are takeaway as well as self-service outlets, literally translated as layan diri, where you can help yourself to the food served and you pay at the till. Malaysian cuisine is a melting pot of influences from the main racial groups in Malaysia: Malays, Indian and Chinese. Malay cooking tradition­ ally uses lots of herbs and coconut milk, but it has also been heavily influ­ enced by Indian cooking, especially curries. The vegetable dishes, which tend not to be spicy, are a combination of Malay and Chinese cooking. Neighbouring countries such as Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam are also making an impact, as these offer a variety of choice for

53

54

Unit 4:  Nak keluar makan?

visitors, especially from the West, who come for a culinary experience. Western food is also widely available. So, the choice is yours!

Lauk A complete typical Malay meal usually consists of rice and several other accompanying dishes. which are collectively termed lauk. Anything that is eaten with rice is lauk, and these could be: kari ayam sayur campur ikan goreng sambal udang sup kambing

chicken curry mixed vegetables fried fish chilli prawns lamb soup

Language point Important words and phrases when talking about food When eating in big restaurants and hotels where buffets are served and menus are in English as well as Malay, you’ll have no problem understanding the menu or what to order. However, eating in a small stall or a restaurant in a remote area may prove more difficult. It would be helpful for you to learn some important phrases. Dishes are simply divided into: goreng ‘fried’

bakar/ panggang ‘grilled’

kari ‘curry’

sambal ‘chilli based’

sup ‘soup’

ayam ‘chicken’

ayam goreng

ayam bakar/ panggang

kari ayam

sambal ayam

sup ayam

kambing ‘lamb’

kambing goreng

kambing panggang

kari kambing

sambal kambing

sup kambing

lembu (usually called daging) ‘beef’

daging goreng

daging panggang

kari daging

sambal daging

sup daging

Unit 4:  Want to go out and eat?

It is worth noting that kambing is both ‘goat’ and ‘lamb’, while daging, although it means ‘meat’, almost always means ‘beef’. The word for ‘cow’ is lembu.

Additional food vocabulary udang ketam sayur

prawn crab vegetable

Most sambal are pedas (spicy) as they are chilli based, while kari can be hot or mild. There are also noodle dishes – mee ‘fresh rice noodles’, beehoon ‘dried thin noodles’ and kwayteow ‘flat noodles’, and all these can fall into the categories of sup and goreng. There are many varieties of noodle dishes, one just needs to explore!

Dialogue 2 (CD1; 62) Lisa and Hamid finally decide to eat at a stall. Pelayan

Nak makan apa? Saya mahu nasi dengan kari ayam dan sup sayur. Lisa Saya nak mee goreng, kurang pedas. Pelayan Nak minum apa? hamid Saya dahaga. Jus oren untuk saya. Lisa Untuk saya teh tarek tak mau gula. Pelayan Jus oren dan teh tarek tak mau gula. Apa lagi? Lisa Itu saja. hamid

Waiter hamid Lisa Waiter hamid Lisa

What would you like to eat? I want rice with chicken curry and vegetable soup. I want fried noodles, less spicy. All right. What do you want to drink? I’m thirsty. Orange juice for me. For me ‘teh tarek’, no sugar.

55

56

Unit 4:  Nak keluar makan?

Waiter

Lisa

Orange juice and teh tarek, no sugar. What else? That’s all.

Vocabulary dengan

with

kurang

less

jus oren

orange juice

teh tarek

a typical tea drink that is very sweet (literally, it means ‘pulled tea’)

gula

sugar

dahaga

thirsty

apa lagi?

what else?

itu saja

that’s all

Culture point Teh tarek Teh tarek – or literally ‘pulled tea’ – is a Malaysian speciality. Tea leaves are boiled, and then thick, sweetened condensed milk is added. Some people even add sugar. The tea is then poured from a big container into a glass. The act of ‘pulling’ produces froth and is said to enhance the taste.

Dialogue 3 (CD1; 64) After eating, Lisa and Nina discuss the food. Lisa

Mee goreng saya masin. Oh, kari ayam saya sejuk, tak panas. Lisa Ya, teh tarek saya pun sejuk. Nina

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Unit 4:  Want to go out and eat?

Nina Lisa

Jus oren saya tawar! Ya, makanan di sini tak sedap!

My fried noodles were salty. Oh, my chicken curry was cold, not hot. Lisa Yes, my teh tarek was also cold. Nina My orange juice was tasteless! Lisa Yes. The food here is not delicious! Lisa

Nina

Vocabulary masin

salty

panas

hot (temperature)

sejuk

cold

tawar

tasteless

Additional vocabulary to describe food pahit masam manis

bitter sour sweet

Language point Describing food Tawar is, literally, ‘tasteless’. If there’s no taste of salt in a curry, then it is tawar; coffee without sugar is tawar; and an orange that is neither sweet nor sour is also tawar. These adjectives describing food can be used with intensifiers such as: sangat terlalu sungguh kurang agak

very too so less quite

58

Unit 4:  Nak keluar makan?

Examples Kari saya terlalu pedas. Mee goreng itu sangat masin. Kopi ini sungguh pahit. Sup ini kurang sedap.

My curry is too spicy. Those fried noodles were   very salty. This coffee is so bitter. This soup is less (not so) tasty.

Exercise 2 Read the questions and choose one or more answers. 1

You cannot eat hot and spicy food. What would you choose to eat? a) sambal ayam b) kari udang c) sambal daging d) mee goreng pedas e) kwayteow sup

2 You are vegetarian but you eat seafood. What dish(es) would you avoid? a) sup ayam b) daging bakar c) sayur campur d) ikan goreng e) kari udang 3

The soup you ordered is not hot. What would you say? a) Sup saya manis. b) Sup saya masin. c) Sup saya tawar. d) Sup saya sejuk.

4

You want to compliment the chef on his food. What would you say? a) Makanan ini sedap. b) Makanan ini pahit. c) Makanan ini mahal. d) Makanan ini masam.

Exercise 3 What do these taste like?

59

Unit 4:  Want to go out and eat?

1



4  



2 



3 

5  

Dialogue 4 (CD1; 66) Yoko has been invited to Nina’s house for dinner. Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko Nina Yoko

Yoko nak makan dengan tangan atau dengan sudu? Dengan tangan. Bagus. Yoko boleh basuh tangan di sinki. Ini kari apa, Nina? Ini kari ayam. Ada kacang dalam kari ini? Tak ada kacang, tapi ada santan. Saya tak boleh makan kacang. Tambahlah. Makan lagi. Cukup, terima kasih. Saya sudah kenyang. Does Yoko want to eat with hand or with spoon? With hand. Good. You can wash your hands at the sink. What curry is this, Nina? This is chicken curry. Are there nuts in the curry? No nuts, but there’s coconut milk. I cannot eat nuts. Have some more. Eat more. That’s enough, thank you. I am full.

60

Unit 4:  Nak keluar makan?

Vocabulary tangan

hand (although what is meant here is actually ‘fingers’, which is jari)

atau

or

sudu

spoon

basuh

to wash

sinki

sink

kacang

nuts

santan

coconut milk

tambah

(literally, this means ‘to add’, but in this context, it means to have a second helping. ‘Take more rice!’)

lagi

more

cukup

enough

sudah/dah

already

kenyang

full

Language points More useful eating phrases Here are some more words and phrases relating to the art of eating. lapar – hungry Contrary to popular belief, Malaysians are not hungry all the time, BUT it does seem as if they eat all the time. belum lapar – not hungry yet If you have not felt the gnawing pain of hunger, and a friend asks you to go out and eat, you can say, saya belum lapar. masih lapar – still hungry If you have eaten but you are still hungry, and in the company of close friends, of course you can say masih lapar and help yourself to a second helping. tambah – a second helping Tambah means ‘to add’. However, when you are having a meal and you are about to finish, your kind host or hostess will cajole you to

Unit 4:  Want to go out and eat?

take a second helping. Because Malay food is served to be shared by all, you are encouraged to take more rice, and have more helpings of the curry or the side dishes. cukup – enough When you’ve had enough food, it is polite to say cukup, terima kasih, and usually with a gesture of the right hand to mean, ‘no more, please’. This can also be said and done when someone is scooping more food onto your plate, or putting sugar into your tea. sudah kenyang – already full When you have eaten enough food, it is polite to say sudah kenyang to mean you are already full. tak lalu makan (or tak ada selera) – no appetite Tak lalu makan can arise from various situations, such as: • You noticed a restaurant that is dirty and grubby: Saya tak lalu makan di sini. I don’t have the appetite to eat here. • You are not well and don’t feel like eating: Saya tak lalu makan. I don’t have the appetite to eat.

Tenses In Malay, verbs do not change their form when the action is done by either gender and they do not change even when the action is done or has yet to be done. Although the tenses, especially the present continuous, the future and the past tense, are normally omitted in colloquial Malay, it helps to know how they are used. saya saya saya saya saya

makan sedang makan telah makan nasi sudah makan akan makan

I eat I am eating I ate rice I have eaten I will eat

Sedang, telah, sudah/dah and akan are usually used for emphasis.

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Unit 4:  Nak keluar makan?

Note that the present continuous tense – sedang – is hardly used in colloquial Malay – it is instead replaced by the word duk from duduk ‘sit’ or tengah ‘in the middle of’. This is explained more in Unit 12. Example Dia sedang makan or Dia duk makan or Dia tengah makan

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks, choosing from the following words. The words in brackets will help you. sedang, sudah/dah, telah, akan, belum, masih 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Paulo masih lapar. Dia ________ makan. (present continuous) Dia makan nasi, kari dan sayur. Dia ________ kenyang. (past) Ahmad mahu minum jus lagi. Dia ________ dahaga. (present) Sekarang Joanne ________ masak untuk keluarga dia. (present continuous) Jangan bising! Kamelia ________ tidur. (past) Dia ________ belajar bahasa Malaysia di sekolah. (past) Betty beli ikan di pasar. Dia ________ masak kari ikan. (future) Alan beli tiket kereta api. Dia ________ pergi ke Singapura. (future)

Vocabulary sekarang

now

tidur

sleep

tiket

tiket

Culture point Going native Although in most restaurants and even at the stalls, forks and spoons (not knives) are provided, most locals prefer to eat with their fingers, especially if it is Malay or Indian food. In all eateries, there are sinks

Unit 4:  Want to go out and eat?

where you can wash your hands, or a special finger bowl is provided. You use your right hand to eat, NOT the left hand. And when you visit a Malay house, do not be surprised to find that some people sit on the floor (on a mat) to eat. Men and women have different sitting positions.

Exercise 5 Read the passage and then answer the questions that follow. Nisa masak nasi, kari kambing, ayam goreng, sambal udang dan sup sayur. Dia jemput Ali, Chong, Sami, Suan dan Ray datang ke rumah dia. Mereka suka masakan Nisa. Ali suka kari tapi dia tak makan ayam. Chong tak makan sambal udang. Sambal itu pedas. Suan bawa kek untuk Nisa. Kek itu terlalu manis untuk Nisa. Ray tak boleh makan kek itu sebab dia terlalu kenyang. Dia tambah nasi dan kari kambing. Kari kambing sangat sedap. Dia tak boleh makan lagi. Suan tidak sihat. Dia tidak lalu makan. Dia tak ada selera. Dia makan sup sayur saja.

Vocabulary jemput

to invite

bawa

to bring

kek

cake

sebab

because

1 2 3 4 5

Nisa masak apa? Nisa jemput siapa ke rumah dia? Ali tak makan apa? Suan bawa apa untuk Nisa? Suan tidak lalu makan sebab dia ________

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Unit Five Membeli-belah Shopping

In this unit you will learn: • the different kinds of outlets available: where to find what you want: pasar, pasaraya, kedai runcit, kedai buku, etc. • cardinal and ordinal numbers • classifiers: sehelai baju, dua orang anak • berapa ‘how many/much?’ or banyak mana? • how to ask for what you want • how to exchange goods: more adjectives with lebih, kurang, etc. • ber + noun = verb, e.g. ber + kasut = berkasut ‘to be with shoes’ = ‘to wear shoes’ • more adjectives with intensifiers: terlalu • shapes, patterns, colours: bulat, berjalur, kuning • the art of bargaining

Dialogue 1 (CD1; 68) Rajan has just arrived and he needs to buy some essential things for his stay in Malaysia. He discusses with Ali where to get them. Rajan

Saya perlu beli barang. Kamu mau beli apa? Rajan Saya perlu sehelai kemeja baru dan sepasang kasut. Ali Kita boleh beli kemeja di kedai pakaian. Di sini tak ada kedai kasut. Ali

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Unit 5:  Shopping

Rajan

Saya juga mau dua pos kad dan peta. Kalau begitu, mula-mula kita pergi ke kedai buku. Di situ ada pos kad dan peta. Rajan Selepas itu? Ali Selepas itu kita ke kedai pakaian untuk beli kemeja. Rajan Saya juga mau sebotol ubat batuk. Ali Kita beli ubat batuk di kedai ubat. Rajan Saya fikir, lebih baik kita ke pusat membeli-belah. Tentu semua ada di sana. Ali Oh, ya, kasut di tingkat kedua! Ali

Rajan Ali Rajan Ali

Rajan Ali

Rajan Ali Rajan Ali Rajan

Ali

I need to buy things. What do you want to buy? I need a new shirt and a pair of shoes. We can buy shirts from the clothes shop. There are no shoe shops here. I also want postcards and a map. If that is so, first of all we go to the bookshop. There are postcards and maps there. After that? After that, to the clothes shop to buy the shirt. I also want a bottle of cough medicine. We buy the cough medicine at the medicine shop. I think it is better if we go to the shopping centre. Surely everything is there. Oh, yes, shoes are on the second level.

Vocabulary kemeja

shirt

fikir

think

pos kad

postcard

lebih baik

better

peta

map

pusat membeli-belah

shopping centre

mula-mula

first of all

tentu

surely

selepas itu

after that

semua

all

ubat

medicine

tingkat

level

batuk

cough

kedua

second

kalau begitu

if that is so

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Unit 5:  Membeli-belah

Note that sehelai and sepasang are classifiers, which are dealt with later in this unit.

Language points What kind of shop? As you can see from Dialogue 1, it is easy to recognise what the shops sell. As in English, a shoe shop is kedai kasut and a bookshop is kedai buku, but this does not apply to all shops. Here are some more examples: kedai kedai kedai kedai kedai kedai kedai

daging bunga ubat roti rambut lampu emas

butcher’s florist medicine shop bakery/bread shop hairdressing salon lighting shop goldsmith

Jaime pergi ke kedai daging untuk beli ayam dan daging. Jaime went to the butcher’s to buy chicken and beef. Anne potong rambut di kedai rambut. Anne had her hair cut at the hairdressing salon.

Cardinal numbers To learn numbers, first memorise the numbers 0–10.   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

kosong satu dua tiga empat lima enam tujuh lapan sembilan sepuluh

Unit 5:  Shopping

Note that se in Malay is also ‘one’, as you will see when you start learning about classifiers. Puluh is ‘ten’. Therefore sepuluh is literally ‘one ten’. For numbers above 10, belas at the end of the a number denotes ‘teen’. 11 12 13 14 20 21 100 101 1000 1200 100,000 1,000,000 1,200,314

sebelas dua belas tiga belas empat belas and so on  .  .  . dua puluh dua puluh satu seratus seratus satu seribu seribu dua ratus seratus ribu sejuta sejuta, dua ribu tiga ratus empat belas

Exercise 1 Read these numbers out loud: 1 24 2 51 3 137

4 2,462 5 7,986

Exercise 2 Read these telephone numbers out loud. Phone numbers in Malay are read out by individual number.

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Unit 5:  Membeli-belah

Language point Ordinal numbers In Dialogue 1 Ali remembers that the shoe shop is on the second floor or second level of the shopping centre. Oh, ya, kasut di tingkat kedua! Oh, yes, shoes are on the second level! With the exception of pertama to mean ‘first’, the rest of the ordinal numbers simply have the prefix ke. pertama kedua ketiga keempat kelima keenam ketujuh kedua-dua ketiga-tiga

first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh both all three

Examples Buku ini buku kedua saya mengenai Malaysia. This book is my second book about Malaysia. Dia tinggal dengan ketiga-tiga anak dia. She lives with all her three children.

Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences into Malay. 1 2 3 4 5

Lillian’s second child is studying in her first year at university. Anton bought all four books from me. Jean has five children. Her third child is a girl. My first car is a Proton. Joshua is the tenth student to get a present from the school.

Unit 5:  Shopping

Culture point Shopping and bargaining Malaysia is a haven for shopping. Depending on what you want to buy, there are numerous places to choose from; ranging from exclusive boutiques to supermarkets, shopping malls, street markets and night markets (pasar malam). Huge complexes tend to house not only offices but also shops, and shopping here will not give you the liberty to bargain. You can buy everyday necessities from corner shops. Shops are easily identified by what they sell. At a pasar malam, you can get mostly everything from ready cooked food to household goods, CDs and DVDs (although you might want to check out the authenticity), clothes and fresh fruit and vegetables. This is where you will need your bargaining skills. The art of bargaining is to ask for a price, feign disinterest and walk away. You will be guaranteed a much lower price when you are called back to state your price. This is usually done repeatedly until both parties agree to a price. However, the streetwise, hardened pasar malam vendor knows a tourist who has just stepped off a plane when he sees one!

Exercise 4 Where do you go when you need: 1 2 3 4 5 6

flowers? bread? stationery? clothes? jewellery? medicine?

Dialogue 2 (CD1; 70) Listen to the conversation between Leela and a street vendor.

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Unit 5:  Membeli-belah

Leela Penjual Leela Penjual Leela Penjual Leela Penjual Leela Penjual Leela Vendor Leela Vendor Leela Vendor Leela Vendor Leela Vendor

Berapa harga baju ini? Murah saja. Lima puluh ringgit. Terlalu mahal. Dua puluh saja. Oh, jangan begitu. Ini kain cantik. Tak apa. Di sana lebih murah. Mau berapa? Empat puluh? Dua puluh lima saja. Dua puluh lima ringgit saya rugilah. Baiklah. Tiga puluh. Terima kasih! How much is this dress? Cheap only. Fifty ringgit. Too expensive. Twenty only. Oh, don’t be like that. This is good material. Never mind. It’s cheaper there. How much do you want? Forty? Twenty-five only. Twenty-five ringgit and I lose. All right. Thirty. Thank you.

Vocabulary harga

price

lebih murah

cheaper

kain

cloth, material

rugi

to lose (not make a profit)

Culture point The Malaysian currency The Malaysian currency is called the Ringgit Malaysia, denoted by the symbol RM. However, when spoken, only the word ringgit is

Unit 5:  Shopping

used. It used to be known as dollars and quite a few people still refer to the currency as dollars. This must not be confused with US dollars. The coins are known as sen; 100 sen make RM1. Examples empat puluh dua ringgit lima puluh sen lapan puluh empat ringgit lima ratus sembilan puluh ringgit empat puluh sen RM 7,429.30 tujuh ribu, empat ratus dua puluh sembilan ringgit tiga puluh sen RM42.50 RM84.00 RM590.40

Exercise 5 Answer the questions, using the prices given in brackets. 1 2 3 4 5

Berapa Berapa Berapa Berapa Berapa

harga harga harga harga harga

baju ini? (RM150.00) buku ini? (RM25.99) kereta ini? (RM45,670) beg ini? (RM365.99) kasut ini? (RM97.25)

Language point Classifiers Classifiers are used to quantify nouns and can vary according to the shape, size or nature of the object. However, it is comforting to know that in colloquial Malay, most of the time the classifiers are dropped. If you want to use classifiers, it is important that you use the right one. In Dialogue 1 Rajan says: Saya perlu sehelai kemeja baru dan sepasang kasut. Saya juga mahu sebotol ubat batuk. As se denotes ‘one’, helai, pasang and botol are all classifiers for the different objects. There are many other classifiers in Malay. Here are some examples:

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Unit 5:  Membeli-belah

orang – for people seorang guru dua orang anak empat orang polis

a teacher two children four policemen

helai – for things that are thin and flimsy dua helai kemeja empat helai kertas tiga helai saputangan

two shirts four pieces of paper three handkerchiefs

buah – although it means ‘fruit’, this applies to large things ranging from countries to houses, buildings, cars and tables dua buah negara tiga buah rumah enam buah kereta

two countries three houses six cars

keping – for flat, thin and stiff objects such as planks of wood, toast and postcards lima keping roti tujuh keping papan empat keping poskad

five pieces of bread seven planks of wood four postcards

ekor – associated with animals, as it means ‘tail’. However, this classifier is also used for animals without tails! dua ekor kucing empat ekor arnab lima ekor ikan sembilan ekor lembu

two cats four rabbits five fish nine cows

biji – means ‘seeds’ but is the classifier for fruit lima biji oren enam biji limau tujuh biji durian sebiji bawang

five oranges six lemons seven durians an onion

Some other useful classifiers are: dua botol susu secawan kopi lima gelas jus sepinggan nasi

two bottles of milk a cup of coffee five glasses of juice a plate of rice

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Unit 5:  Shopping

Exercise 6 Which is the odd one out in each group of words? 1 buah kereta rumah negara meja ikan

2 helai saputangan kerusi tisu kemeja kertas

3 ekor kucing anjing durian ikan lembu

4 biji pensil oren rambutan epal durian

5 keping kasut papan sanwic gambar poster

Dialogue 3 (CD1; 72) Rajan is choosing a shirt to buy at a department store. Penjual

Encik saiz apa? Sederhana. Warna apa? Saya suka biru. Saya ambil kemeja biru, saiz sederhana. Oh, tolong cari yang berjalur. Baiklah, yang berjalur. Dan berkolar putih.

Rajan Penjual Rajan Penjual Rajan Penjual Rajan

What size are you? Medium. Salesperson What colour? Rajan I like blue. Salesperson I will take a blue shirt, medium size. Rajan Oh, please find one with stripes. Salesperson All right, the one with stripes. Rajan And with a white collar. Salesperson Rajan

Vocabulary saiz

size

berjalur

with stripes

warna

colour

berkolar

with a collar

cari

to find

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Unit 5:  Membeli-belah

Language points Forming verbs with ber Ber is effectively a verb maker. Almost all words with the prefix ber are verbs. • ber + noun = verb Here ber carries the function of ‘to have’, ‘to wear’ or ‘to be using’. Examples berkasut = with shoes, to be wearing shoes berkereta = to have a car, to be driving berkemeja = to wear a shirt Helga berkasut putih ke sekolah. Helga wears white shoes   to school. Menon berkereta ke pejabat. Menon drives to the office. Simone berkemeja putih. Simone wears a white shirt. • ber + adjective = verb Examples berjalur = with stripes or stripey berbintik = with polka dots berbunga = with flowers, floral Rajan suka kemeja berjalur. Baju Anne berbintik biru. Saya tak suka seluar berbunga.

Warna Colours putih hitam merah biru kuning hijau ungu

white black red blue yellow green purple

Rajan likes shirts with stripes. Anne’s dress has blue polka   dots. I don’t like floral trousers.

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Unit 5: Shopping

To describe the shade of the colour, add tua (‘old’ or in this case ‘dark’) or muda (‘young’, in this case ‘light’). Baju Mariam warna apa? Warna merah tua. Seluar Jane warna apa? Warna hijau muda.

Additional vocabulary Corak Patterns berjalur berpetak berbintik

with stripes checked with polka dots

Bahan Materials kain kulit plastik

cloth leather plastic

Saiz Sizes kecil sederhana besar

small medium large

Exercise 7 You’ve lost your luggage. Look at the pictures and, using the list of descriptions below as a guide, describe what you have lost.

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Unit 5:  Membeli-belah

kemeja payung seluar pendek beg tangan beg

besar berjalur kecil plastik

kecil sederhana kulit berpetak

Dialogue 4 (CD1; 74) Rania bought a pair of shoes which she discovered were a little bit too tight. She goes back to the shop to exchange them. She also wants to exchange a blouse that is a size too big. Rania

Maaf, saya nak tukar kasut ini. Mengapa, cik? Rania Terlalu kecil. Tak padan. Penjual Cik pakai saiz apa? Rania Saiz 5, tapi ini saiz 4. Penjual Jadi, kasut ini ketat? Rania Ya, terlalu ketat. Tak padan. Penjual Dan blaus ni? Rania Terlalu besar. Dan saya nak tukar warna. Saya nak blaus warna merah. Penjual

Rania Penjual Rania Penjual Rania Penjual Rania Penjual Rania



Sorry, I would like to change these shoes. Why? They are too small. (They) don’t fit. What size do you wear? Size 5, but this is size 4. So, these shoes are tight? Yes, too tight. (They) don’t fit. And this blouse? Too big. And I would like to change the colour. I want a red blouse.

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Unit 5:  Shopping

Vocabulary tukar

to change

ketat

tight

mengapa

why

padan

fit

sebab

because

blaus

blouse

Language point Why? Mengapa, or alternatively kenapa, are question words that are a little bit formal. They are used, just not as frequently as pasal apa? (lit. ‘about what?’) or sebab apa? (lit. ‘because of what?’). Whichever question word you use to ask ‘why?’, it will always require the answer sebab or kerana, both of which mean ‘because’. Mengapa tak padan? Sebab apa nak tukar? Pasal apa tak beli?

Sebab terlalu ketat. Sebab tak cantik. Sebab tak suka.

For more on mengapa, pasal apa, etc., see Unit 12.

Exercise 8 Read Rajan’s notes, then translate them into English. Pergi ke pusat membeli-belah. Beli kemeja, sepasang kasut, poskad. Ali beli buku, peta dan pen. Kasut warna hitam. Cantik, tapi terlalu besar. Pergi tukar saiz. Kemeja warna biru berjalur, berkolar putih. Cantik. Poskad untuk ibu. Buku Ali mahal. Tak boleh tawar. Di pasar malam boleh tawar. Semua sekali belanja RM152.20. Masih ada RM732.00 untuk makan dan beli barang.

Unit Six Jangan! Don’t!

In this unit you will learn: • how to prohibit someone from doing something using jangan, janganlah! • more about inviting someone to join you in your activities, inviting someone to do something: mari kita, sila, jom • the ubiquitious lah! • how to use: larang, ajak, pujuk, suruh, minta, tanya • how to give instructions and sequences: mula-mula, selepas tu, kemudian, last sekali

Dialogue 1 (CD1; 76) Samira and Marsha are walking along a beach. They see a creature on the sand. Samira

Apa ni? Cantik! Tak taulah. Nampak macam binatang. Samira Saya nak ambil bawa baliklah! Marsha Jangan! Samira Tapi saya suka! Marsha Jangan pegang! Merbahaya! Samira Apa dia boleh buat? Marsha Tak taulah! Mari kita pergi! Samira Oh, okay! Marsha

Unit 6:  Don’t!

What is this? It is beautiful! Don’t know. Looks like an animal. Samira I want to bring it back! Marsha Don’t! Samira But I like (it)! Marsha Don’t touch! It’s dangerous! Samira What can it do? Marsha Don’t know! Let’s go! Samira Oh, okay! Samira

Marsha

Vocabulary binatang

animal

pegang

to touch, to hold

merbahaya

dangerous

Language point Jangan! Don’t! In Dialogue 1, Marsha is quite adamant that Samira shouldn’t touch the creature. She says: Jangan! Jangan pegang!   Don’t! Don’t touch! Jangan is a prohibitive term used with verbs and adjectives. Read this stern instruction from Milah to her son Atan: Atan, Ibu mahu keluar. Atan jangan nakal. Jangan menonton TV dan jangan bising. Ibu nak Atan baca buku, Jangan malas. Atan, I (mother) am going out. Atan, don’t be naughty. Don’t watch TV and don’t make a noise. Mother wants Atan to read books. Don’t be lazy.

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Unit 6:  Jangan!

Vocabulary nakal

naughty

bising

to make a noise

malas

lazy

For best effect, jangan is usually used in short sentences. It is usually, but not always, used with verbs in their root form. To make it sound less harsh, use lah – as in Janganlah – to sound persuasive or even to cajole. Examples Janganlah menangis! Janganlah!

Don’t cry! Please don’t!

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions, choosing from the responses given below. 1 What do you say when you want to stop children from making a noise? 2 What do you say when you want to tell someone not to smoke? 3 What do you say when you want to tell someone not to enter a room? 4 What do you say when you want to tell someone not to open the door? 5 What do you say when you want to tell someone not to sleep? Jangan tidur! Jangan bising! Jangan merokok! Jangan masuk! Jangan masuk! Jangan buka! Jangan lari!

Dialogue 2 (CD1; 78) Yoko goes to Hani’s house to ask her to go out with her. Yoko

Hani, mari kita ke kedai! Jom! Saya tak ada kerja. Yoko Saya nak cari buku. Hani

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Unit 6:  Don’t!

Hani

Mari masuk. Terima kasih. Hani Silalah minum dulu. Yoko Saya nak cepat. Jomlah! Hani Okay, Jom! Yoko

Hani, let’s go to the shop! Come! I don’t have anything to do. Yoko I want to find a book. Hani Come in. Yoko Thank you. Hani Do drink first. Yoko I want to be quick. Let’s go! Hani Okay, let’s! Yoko Hani

Language points Mari In Dialogue 2, Yoko asks Hani to go with her by saying: Mari kita ke kedai.   Let’s go to the shop. Mari is a very casual and informal term which can be used to invite others to join in activities in which you are involved. Examples Mari duduk. Mari minum. Mari masuk.

Come and sit down./Let’s sit down. Come and have a drink./Let’s drink. Come in./Let’s go in.

This must not be used on formal occasions as it is very informal language only to be used in casual situations.

The ubiquitous lah! Lah is very peculiar to the Malay language. It is a particle that is attached, usually to verbs, to soften a request. It is less formal than ‘please’; rather, it performs the function of ‘do’.

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Unit 6:  Jangan!

Examples Marilah. Makanlah. Masuklah. Minumlah.

Do Do Do Do

come. eat. come in. drink.

Do not be surprised if you hear eatlah, sitlah! That is ‘Manglish’ (Malay-English)!

Jom This word, found only in spoken Malay, is originally from the northern states. However, it is now used by almost everyone throughout the country. It can be used like this: Jom! Jom makan! Jom tengok wayang! Jom pergi rumah Ainon!

Let’s! (you beckon someone   to go with you) Let’s eat! Let’s go and watch a film! Let’s go to Ainon’s house!

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Unit 6:  Don’t!

Sila, silalah, silakan Sila is a polite term used to invite a person to do something. Examples Sila makan. Sila duduk. Sila masuk.

Please eat./Do eat. Please be seated./Please sit down. Please come in.

Sila can be used with lah and kan for added stress. These terms can also be used on their own without the verbs but with gestures; for example, to request someone at the door to come in.

Exercise 2 Read and act out the following dialogue with friends. Manan has a guest, Heidi. He greets her at the door. Manan: Heidi: Manan: Heidi:

Sila masuk, Heidi. Terima kasih. Duduklah. Ini Ibu saya, Puan Maria. Apa khabar, Puan Maria?

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Unit 6:  Jangan!

Puan Maria: Khabar baik. Mari minum. Heidi: Terima kasih. Puan Maria: Sama-sama.

Culture point Visiting a Malay house When entering a Malay house, you will see that shoes are left at the door. This is almost always the case, but there are exceptions, of course. Judge each situation and ask when you are not sure. You may see other guests taking off their shoes at the door or you may see that the host himself does not wear shoes in the house. Take the cue from there.

Dialogue 3 (CD1; 80) Diana is writing a report when Kim phones her. Kim Diana Kim Diana Kim Diana Kim

Diana Kim

Kamu buat apa Diana? Tulis laporan ni. John suruh. John suruh? Itu kerja dia! Ya, dia suruh saya buat sebab dia sibuk. Kamu mesti minta dia bayar. Aah, dia minta tolong. Dia tak minta tolong, dia suruh. Kata kamu sibuk. Mak saya larang saya bohong. Saya setuju.

What are you doing, Diana? Diana Writing this report. John asked (me). Kim John asked (you)? That is his job! Diana Yes, he asked me to do it because he is busy. Kim You must ask him to pay. Diana Aah, he asked for help. Kim

Unit 6:  Don’t!

He didn’t ask for help, he asked you (to do it). Say that you are busy. Diana My mother forbids me to lie. Kim I agree. Kim



Vocabulary suruh

to ask someone to do something

minta

to ask for something

kata

to say

larang

to forbid

setuju

to agree

Language point Ask vs. ask for In Dialogue 3, we see that Malay uses two words for ‘ask’. One is ‘to ask for’ and the other is ‘to ask’ as in ‘to instruct’. How does one know which is which? Look at these sentences: John:

Buat kopi untuk saya. → John suruh saya buat kopi. John asked me to make coffee.

John:

Tolong saya kemas bilik ni. → John minta saya tolong kemas bilik. John asked me to help tidy the room.

Anne:

Siapa Perdana Menteri Malaysia? → Anne tanya saya siapa Perdana Menteri Malaysia. Anne asked me who is the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Mary:

Tutup pintu! → Mary suruh saya tutup pintu. Mary asked me to close the door.

Mary:

Tolong pos surat ini. Mary minta saya pos surat itu. Mary requested me to post the letter.

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Unit 6:  Jangan!

Alan:

Minta kek tu. → Alan minta kek itu. Alan asked for the cake.

Here are some more examples: Hani:

Jangan buka pintu tu. → Hani larang saya buka pintu tu. Hani forbids me to open the door.

Farah: Jangan telefon Bill. → Farah larang saya telefon Bill. Farah forbids me to phone Bill. Puteri: Janganlah pergi! → Puteri pujuk saya jangan pergi. Puteri pleaded with me not to go. Alan:

Janganlah marah! → Alan pujuk saya jangan marah dia.

Tom:

Mari pergi ke kedai. → Tom ajak saya pergi ke kedai.

Heidi:

Jom makan. → Heidi ajak saja makan.

Helen: Sila masuk. → Helen jemput saya masuk.

Exercise 3 Say whether these sentences are: pujuk, larang, jemput, ajak, minta or suruh. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Beri sikit biskut tu. Beli kari ayam dengan nasi. Janganlah menangis. Jangan bising. Sila masuk. Mari minum. Sila duduk. Jangan berdiri di situ.

Unit 6:  Don’t!

Exercise 4 What do you say when you want to: 1 2 3 4 5

ask someone for a book? invite someone to sit down? forbid someone from running? ask someone to go with you to the restaurant? invite someone to your house?

Culture point Softening the tone As you can see, sometimes there’s a very fine line between a request and a command, a note of prohibition or a plea. Most of the time, it is in the tone of the voice. A request, no matter how simple, will sound like a command if it sounds harsh. Thus the use of lah usually softens the tone.

Dialogue 4 (CD1; 82) Karim and Jo are planning their day. Karim

Apa rancangan kita hari ni? Mula-mula kita melawat Tina. Karim Selepas tu? Jo Selepas tu, kita pergi ke kedai buku. Karim Kemudian? Jo Kemudian kita beli tiket teater. Karim Bagus dan last sekali? Jo Last sekali, kita makan dengan Ali. Jo

What’s our programme today? First we visit Tina. Karim After that? Jo After that, we go to the book shop. Karim And then? Karim Jo

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Unit 6:  Jangan!

Jo Karim Jo

And then we buy theatre tickets. Good. And finally? Finally we eat with Ali.

Vocabulary rancangan

programme

Language point Sequences In Dialogue 4, Jo outlines the programme she has laid out for her and Karim. She uses mula-mula, selepas itu, kemudian and last sekali. Selepas itu is usually uttered as lepas tu. This sequence can be applied to any instructions. Note that the phrase last sekali is one of many examples of words borrowed from the English language and turned into Manglish! More borrowed words will be discussed in Unit 15.

Dialogue 5 (CD1; 84) Listen to this message left on an answering machine, giving instructions on how to get to a destination. Mula-mula naik bas nombor 7 ke Pekan Alur. Kemudian turun bas di Pekan Alur dan jalan terus ke Jalan Siput. Selepas itu, masuk ke Taman Kota. Last sekali, awak akan nampak rumah saya di hujung jalan!

Exercise 5 Rearrange the sentences according to the sequence. 1 2 3 4

kemudian hidang di atas meja. mula-mula masak nasi. last sekali, ajak tetamu makan selepas tu masak kari ayam

Unit 6:  Don’t!

Exercise 6 Read these jottings from Mary’s notebook, and then answer the questions that follow. Jasmin ajak saya sarapan dengan dia pada hari Khamis. Saya suruh dia tunggu saya di kedai makan pada pukul 9 pagi. Saya minta Mak saya gerak saya pukul tujuh pagi. Saya akan naik bas ke kedai itu, Mak larang saya naik basikal. Selepas makan dengan Jasmin saya mahu pergi ke perpustakaan. Kemudian saya pergi ke pejabat pos untuk beli setem dan pos surat. Mak minta saya pos bungkusan untuk kakak dia di Paris. Mak jemput kakak dia pulang untuk majlis hari jadinya bulan depan. Dia pujuk kakak dia pulang kerana sudah lama tak pulang. 1 2 3 4 5

Bila Jasmin ajak Mary sarapan dengan dia? Mary suruh Jasmin tunggu di mana? Mary minta Mak dia gerak dia pada pukul berapa? Selepas makan, Mary mahu buat apa? Mak Mary jemput kakak dia pulang untuk apa?

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Unit Seven Bila sampai? When did you arrive?

In this unit you will learn: the question word bila? days, weeks, months, years, dates how to tell the time (malam Ahad, etc.) lengths of time: sepanjang, selama, semasa tadi, nanti, tiap-tiap, setiap the prepositions for time: pada, dalam pernah, tak pernah, kadang-kadang, selalu, jarang, sekali-sekala • weather: cuaca panas, hujan, ribut, sejuk, etc. • • • • • • •

Dialogue 1 Bila sampai?  When did you arrive? (CD1; 86) Rania meets some old friends at a party. Jamil Rania Jamil Rania Jamil Rania

Hi Rania! Bila sampai? Pada hari Sabtu. Sudah tiga hari. Berapa lama Rania di sini? Dua minggu saja. Tak lama. Kalau gitu, kita boleh pergi ke Pulau Tioman. Bagus. Saya tak pernah ke Tioman.

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Unit 7:  When did you arrive?

Jamil

Kita ajak kawan-kawan lain. Bila nak pergi? Jamil Hujung minggu? Rania Bagus tu! Rania

Vocabulary bila

when

sampai

to arrive

lama

long (length of time)

hari

day

gitu

that is so (short form of begitu)

minggu

week

tak pernah

never

ajak

to invite, to ask along

hujung

end of

Language points Bila Bila is a question tag for time. Bila sampai? Bila kita nak pergi?

When did you arrive? When are we going?

It is also the adjunct for time. Bila dia sampai kita makan. Bila mengantuk saya tidur.

When he arrives, we eat. When sleepy, I go to sleep.

Days/weeks/months/years When talking about days, it is common for the word hari to be attached to the day.

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Unit 7:  Bila sampai?

hari Ahad hari Isnin hari Selasa hari Rabu hari Khamis hari Jumaat hari Sabtu hari ini esok lusa semalam/kelmarin kelmarin dulu malam ini malam esok minggu ini minggu depan minggu lepas/lalu bulan bulan Januari bulan Februari bulan Mac bulan April bulan Mei bulan Jun bulan Julai bulan Ogos bulan September bulan Oktober bulan November bulan Disember bulan ini bulan depan bulan lepas tahun tahun ini tahun depan tahun lepas

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday today tomorrow day after tomorrow yesterday day before yesterday tonight tomorrow night this week next week last week month January February March April May June July August September October November December this month next month last month year this year next year last year

Unit 7:  When did you arrive?

Prepositions for time Pada means ‘at’ or ‘on’, and dalam means ‘in’. Examples Dia pergi ke Tioman pada hari Jumaat. She goes to Tioman on Friday. Rania sampai di sini pada hari Sabtu. Rania arrives here on Saturday. Johan dan Jane kerja pada hujung minggu. Johan and Jane work on weekends. Kamal belajar dalam bulan Mac. Kamal studies in the month of March. Amy nak makan di restoran pada hari ini. Amy wants to eat at the restaurant today. Yaya pergi ke sekolah tahun depan. Yaya goes to school next year. Hilman kerja minggu lepas. Hilman worked last week. Note: Do not be surprised if you hear people dropping the preposition, especially in spoken Malay. Examples Dia sampai hari Isnin.   He arrives Monday. Also, the preposition pada is NEVER used with: • esok (unless it is hari esok) • lusa • kelmarin/semalam Examples Esok dia pergi kerja. Lusa John balik. Dia belajar semalam.

Tomorrow he goes to work. John comes home the day after   tomorrow. He studied yesterday.

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Malam When malam ‘night’ is used with the days of the week, it can be problematic because its meaning is quite different from the English. For example, malam Ahad is actually the night starting on the Saturday, not the Sunday. So if you are being invited for dinner on malam Ahad, that means it is on the Saturday night in English. It is best to confirm the day and dates when you have such an appointment.

Culture point It is worth noting that when Muslims make appointments to meet each other, they sometimes use the time of prayers. There are five prayer times which are more or less fixed in Malaysia, unlike in the West: subuh zuhur asar maghrib isya

dawn prayer (6.48am–7am) noon prayer (1pm–4.30pm) afternoon prayer (4.30pm–7.19pm) evening prayer (7.19pm–8.30pm) night prayer (8.30pm onwards)

Examples Kita jumpa selepas maghrib. We meet after maghrib. (After maghrib prayers, i.e. when the prayer is finished, so after 7.19pm) Dia datang selepas isya. He came after isya. (After the performance of isya prayer, i.e. around 8.30pm)

Exercise 1 Here is Rania’s diary for the week she has been in Malaysia. Look at her activities and answer the questions that follow.

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Unit 7:  When did you arrive?

pagi

petang

Ahad

Isnin

Selasa

Rabu

Khamis

Jumaat

Sabtu

Jumpa

Sarapan

berenang

Jumpa

Main

Pergi ke

Ke Pulau

Anne

di hotel

Ali &

tenis

Singapura

Sentosa

Rajan &

dengan

Sam

Sam

makan

Ke

Melawat

Berehat

Jumpa

Membeli-

membeli-

digerai

taman

muzium

di hotel

dengan

belah

belah

Layla malam

Ke

Makan

Menonton

Makan di

Makan

Menonton

Pulang

teater

malam

filem

Restoran

malam

konsert

ke Kuala

dengan

Sri

dengan

Sam

Melayu

Layla dan kawankawan

Vocabulary sarapan

breakfast

berehat

rest

teater

theatre

menonton

to watch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Rania buat apa pada pagi Ahad? Rania makan di mana pada petang Ahad? Bila Rania pergi ke teater? Pada pagi Khamis, Rania main tenis dengan siapa? Bila Rania berehat di hotel? Pada malam Jumaat, Rania buat apa? Bila Rania pergi ke Singapura? Pada petang Sabtu, Rania buat apa?

Dialogue 2 (CD1; 88) Yoko and Mariam are talking about their holidays. Yoko Mariam Yoko



Cuti tahun depan, awak pergi ke mana? Saya nak pergi ke Australia dalam bulan Jun. Oh, bulan Jun tahun depan saya sibuk. Saya nak belajar bahasa Perancis.

Lumpur

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Unit 7:  Bila sampai?

Mariam

Bulan depan saya beli tiket ke Australia. Saya pergi ke Australia tahun lepas. Mariam Musim apa di London pada bulan Jun? Yoko Musim panas. Bagus, tak ada salji. Mariam Tahun ini nak pergi mana lagi? Yoko Bulan depan saya melawat kawan di Tokyo. Mariam Baguslah. Bulan lepas saya membeli-belah di Indonesia. Yoko

Vocabulary musim

season

salji

snow

Culture point In Malaysia, there are no distinct seasons; it is either wet or very wet. The monsoon season runs from September to December. But with the climate playing havoc around the world, sometimes there are severe dry spells or flash floods.

Additional vocabulary cuaca panas sejuk dingin hujan ribut kilat/petir banjir/bah banjir kilat kemarau angin kuat hujan renyai-renyai

weather hot cold cool rain storm lightning floods flash floods drought strong wind drizzle

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Unit 7:  When did you arrive?

musim panas musim hujan musim tengkujuh

hot season rainy season monsoon season

Language point Malay vs. Indonesian Although the Malay language is quite similar to the Indonesian language, there are a few words which have very different meanings. The words sejuk and dingin have the opposite meanings in Indonesian. Here are some other examples: Malay

English

Indonesian

sejuk dingin kerana memerlukan kakak banci bisa kapan

cold cool because to need older sister census poison shroud

dingin sejuk karena membutuhkan (which is actually   a rude word in Malay!) older brother transvestite can (ability to do something) when

Exercise 2

(CD1; 90)

James is listening to a weekly weather report because he is planning his holiday. Listen to the weather forecast and tick the correct weather conditions for each state in the chart that follows. Inilah ramalan cuaca untuk minggu ini. Di negeri Kedah, Perlis, Pulau Pinang dan Perak panas. Di Kelantan, Terengganu dan Pahang, hujan turun lebat dan banjir mungkin berlaku. Di Melaka ribut petir kuat dan hujan lebat. Di negeri-negeri Selangor, Negri Sembilan dan Johor, hujan renyai-renyai.

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Unit 7:  Bila sampai?

negeri KEDAH PERLIS PERAK PULAU PINANG SELANGOR MELAKA NEGRI SEMBILAN JOHOR PAHANG TERENGGANU KELANTAN

panas

hujan lebat

hujan renyai-renyai

ribut petir

banjir

Dialogue 3 Pernah pergi ke Pulau Pinang?  Have you ever been to Penang? (CD1; 92) Jamie is in Kuala Lumpur and is planning to go to Penang or, in Malay, Pulau Pinang. He asks Amin to go with him. Jamie Amin Jamie Amin Jamie Amin Jamie Amin Jamie Amin

Amin, awak pernah pergi ke Pulau Pinang? Ya, saya selalu ke Pulau Pinang. Kakak saya ada di sana. Saya nak pergi minggu depan. Nak ikut? Boleh juga. Naik apa? Naik kereta api. Kadang-kadang saya naik bas, tapi tak pernah naik kereta api. Saya jarang naik bas. Saya lebih suka kereta api. Sekali-sekala saya pergi dengan kereta. Tak apa. Kita cuba kereta api kali ini. OK. Nanti kita beli tiket.

Language point Pernah The best way to explain pernah is by explaining tak pernah first. While tak pernah is ‘never’, pernah is just the opposite. This is explained in the following sentences:

Unit 7:  When did you arrive?

Saya tak pernah pergi ke Tokyo. I have never been to Tokyo. Dia pernah datang ke rumah saya. He has come to my house (before). Jane pernah jumpa Rania. Jane has met Rania (before). Peter pernah bekerja di London. Peter has worked in London (before). Pernah is a word which tells you that however brief an experience was, you have done it before, as opposed to tak pernah which means you’ve NEVER done it. Some other terms of frequency used in the conversation between Jamie and Amin are: selalu kadang-kadang sekali-sekala jarang

always sometimes once in a while seldom

Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences into English. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Jane selalu melawat ibu dia. Saya tak pernah kerja pada hari Ahad. Sekali-sekala Maria telefon saya. Omar jarang pergi ke sekolah. Kami selalu balik pada waktu tengah hari. Mereka jarang bercakap bahasa Inggeris. Kadang-kadang Laila pergi kerja naik bas. Lim tidak pernah berjalan ke sekolah.

Language points Nanti This word has several meanings. In Dialogue 3, it means ‘later’, but it can also mean ‘to wait’. It is a word that has an infinite frame of time. It could be in the next five minutes or in the next month!

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Unit 7:  Bila sampai?

Nanti saya makan. Nanti dia datang.

I will eat later. He will come later.

Some other useful terms Tadi In contrast to nanti, tadi is in the past. Again, it does not have a definite period of time, although it is safe to say that it could have happened within the last five minutes or the last few hours. A: B: A: B:

Bila dia sampai? Tadi. Bila awak makan? Tadi.

When did she arrive? Just now (earlier). When did you eat? Just now (earlier).

Tiap-tiap/setiap Meaning ‘each, every’, these words can be attached to days, months, years and, in fact, anything. Examples Saya pergi ke pejabat setiap hari Isnin. I go to the office every Monday. Tiap-tiap bulan dia pergi bercuti. Every month he goes on holiday.

Ikut In Dialogue 3, Jamie asked Amin to go along with him. The word ikut means ‘to follow’. Thus Manglish speakers tend to ask someone ‘to follow’ rather than ‘to go along’ with them.

Dialogue 4 Pada berapa haribulan kita jumpa?  On what date are we meeting? (CD1; 94) Jane and Joe are looking at dates to invite Rania over.

Unit 7:  When did you arrive?

Jane

Rania nak balik pada 10 haribulan Jun. Joe Oh, kita mesti ajak dia makan. Jane Betul. Tapi pada berapa haribulan? Joe Tujuh haribulan bagus, sebab hari Sabtu. Jane Oh, tak boleh sebab saya kerja sepanjang hari Sabtu. Joe Lapan haribulan, hari Ahad? Jane Okay, saya datang waktu pagi untuk tolong awak. Joe Bagus tu. Semasa saya masak, awak kemas rumah.

Vocabulary haribulan

date (day of month)

mesti

must, to have to

sepanjang hari

all day long

waktu

a period of time

semasa

at the time, while

Language point Haribulan vs. tarikh Haribulan literally means ‘day of the month’. In written form it appears as such: 6hb Jun 2009   6th June 2009 enam haribulan Jun dua ribu sembilan 29hb Mac 1986 dua puluh sembilan haribulan Mac seribu sembilan ratus lapan puluh enam Tarikh also means ‘date’, but it is not used in the same way as haribulan. See the difference here: Tarikh ini tarikh hari jadi saya. This date is the date of my birthday. Pada tarikh 10 haribulan Mei dia pergi ke UK. On the date of 10th May, he goes to the UK.

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Exercise 4 Say these dates in Malay: 1 10th April 1967 2 18th December 2001 3 25th July 2010

4 9th March 2005 5 30th August 1991 6 18th May 2018

Language point Jam berapa/pukul berapa?  What time? Jam berapa or pukul berapa is used to enquire about time. Jam has two meanings – it can mean ‘clock’ or ‘watch’, and it can also mean ‘hour’. Pukul literally means ‘to strike’ or ‘to hit’. Thus pukul satu is ‘strike one/one o’clock’. To ask for the time, you can say: Jam berapa?   What’s the time? or Pukul berapa? Jam dua petang. Pukul dua petang. Sekarang jam/pukul berapa? Sekarang jam/pukul satu tengah hari.

Two o’clock What’s the time now? It’s now 1pm.

Additional vocabulary jam minit saat jam satu setengah pukul lima suku pukul enam lima minit jam tujuh empat puluh lima minit pukul tujuh sepuluh minit pukul lima tiga puluh lima minit

hour minute second one thirty five and a quarter,   five fifteen five past six seven forty-five seven ten five thirty-five

Unit 7:  When did you arrive?

Practice reading these times: Pukul/jam berapa?

Exercise 5 Study this programme for a three-day tour of places of interest in Malaysia, and then answer the questions that follow.

Angsana Tours PROGRAM MELAWAT MELAKA & NEGRI SEMBILAN 21 Mac 2012 8.00 Berkumpul di Hotel Sentosa 9.00 Berlepas ke Negri Sembilan 11.15 Sampai di Seremban 11.45 Melawat Istana Sri Menanti 12.10 Makan tengah hari di Restoran Sri Menanti 2.00 Berlepas ke Port Dickson 6.00 Pulang ke Seremban 8.00 Makan malam 11.00 Bermalam di Hotel Hang Tuah

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Unit 7:  Bila sampai?

22 Mac 2012 8.00 Sarapan 9.30 Berlepas ke Melaka 11.45 Sampai di Melaka 12.30 Makan tengah hari 3.15 Melawat Taman Buaya 5.00 Pergi ke Stadthuys 7.00 Melawat A’Formosa 9.15 Pulang ke hotel 23 Mac 2012 8.00 Sarapan 9.10 Berlepas ke Bukit Cina 11.30 Melawat Taman Burung 12.30 Makan tengah hari 3.00 Melawat Istana Kesultanan Melaka 5.00 Berlepas ke Kuala Lumpur 7.00 Sampai di Kuala Lumpur

Vocabulary berkumpul

to gather

berlepas

to leave for

bermalam

to spend the night

melawat

to visit

berapa lama?

for how long?

perjalanan

journey

1 2 3 4 5

Berapa Berapa Berapa Berapa Berapa

lama lama lama lama lama

makan tengah hari di Restoran Sri Menanti? perjalanan ke Melaka? lawatan ke A’ Formosa? lawatan ke Istana Kesultanan Melaka? perjalanan pulang ke Kuala Lumpur?

Exercise 6 Read this passage from Jane’s report about her visit to Kuala Lumpur and answer the questions that follow.

Unit 7:  When did you arrive?

Saya sampai di Kuala Lumpur pada pukul enam pagi pada 10hb Mei 2010. Maria jemput saya di lapangan terbang dan kami balik ke rumah dia. Saya tinggal dengan keluarga Maria selama seminggu. Pada hari Ahad lepas, kami pergi ke Taman Burung dan KLCC. Saya makan sepanjang hari sebab semua makanan sedap. Pada hari Sabtu, saya pergi ke Pulau Pinang dengan Sania. Kami naik kereta api pada pukul dua setengah petang. Perjalanan ke Pulau Pinang selama lima jam. Sania tidur sepanjang perjalanan! Kami jumpa Danial di Pulau Pinang. Pada malam Selasa, kami pergi ke majlis hari jadi Danial. Tarikh hari jadinya – 14hb Mei. Kami pulang ke Kuala Lumpur pada 17hb Mei. Hujan sepanjang hari.

Vocabulary jemput

to fetch

tidur

to sleep

1 Jane sampai di Kuala Lumpur pada jam berapa dan pada hari apa? 2 Berapa lama Jane tinggal dengan keluarga Maria? 3 Bila Jane pergi ke Pulau Pinang? 4 Sania buat apa sepanjang perjalanan? 5 Bila Jane dan Sania pulang ke Kuala Lumpur?

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Unit Eight Selamat Hari Raya Happy Eid

In this unit you will learn: • about the various festive seasons and celebrations in Malaysia • how to extend your best wishes: Selamat Hari Raya, Maaf, zahir dan batin • how to react when you hear good news, bad news or sad news: tahniah! syabas! salam takziah, kesian! • words to express feelings: gembira, sedih, seronok, etc. • characteristics and attributes: malas, rajin, pandai, baik, sombong, etc. • the use of the words tak payah, kena, tak kisah • the different functions and uses of ter

Dialogue 1 (CD2; 1) Latif is telling Jo about the celebration at the end of a month-long fast for Muslims in Malaysia. Latif

Hari Raya minggu depan. Kita pergi rumah Ani, ya? Jo Tapi dia tak jemput saya pun! Latif Dia buat rumah terbuka. Jo Rumah terbuka? Kena bawa hadiah? Latif Tak payah. Ini bukan Krismas. Jo Oh begitu. Hari itu tak puasa?

Unit 8:  Happy Eid

Latif

Tak. Selepas Ramadan, hari raya. Awak pun boleh makan banyak! Latif Ya, saya nak makan banyak-banyak. Jo

Vocabulary Hari Raya

Eid day (a Muslim day of celebration)

rumah terbuka

open house

jemput

to invite

kena

must, to have to

tak payah

no need

puasa

to fast

Ramadan

(a Muslim month)

banyak

a lot

banyak-banyak

lots

Language points Raya Raya is a word that has many meanings. In this context, it is the day of celebration in the Muslim calendar marking the end of Ramadan, a month-long fast. It is also called Idul Fitri. There is another festive day in the Muslim calendar and it is called Hari Raya Idul Adha. This is when lambs and cows are sacrificed to feed the poor. Raya can also be used as a verb, and as such it means ‘going to celebrate’. In other contexts, you will also see this word attached to other nouns to mean ‘big’ or ‘main’. Examples pasaraya jalanraya bandaraya

supermarket main road city (big town)

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Unit 8:  Selamat Hari Raya

Kena In Dialogue 1, Jo asks Latif if she has to bring presents when visiting Ani. She says: Kena bawa hadiah?

Must (I) bring a present? or Do I have to bring a present?

In this context, kena carries the meaning of ‘to have to’ or ‘must’. Let’s look at some other examples: Dia kena belajar. Jo kena buat kerja. Ibu kena masak di rumah. Pam tak kena bayar.

He must study. Jo has to do work. Mother has to cook at home. Pam didn’t have to pay.

Kena can also mean ‘to get’, ‘to be’. kena kena kena kena kena

marah denda selsema tahan penjara

to to to to to

be scolded be fined get the flu be stopped or detained be jailed

Let’s look at some example sentences: Dia kena marah dengan   mak dia. Jan kena denda. Danny kena selsema.

She got scolded by the mother. Jan was fined. Danny got the flu.

A third meaning of kena is ‘apt’, ‘suitable’. Baju tu tak kena dengan kasut kamu. That dress doesn’t go with your shoes. Tak kena kalau kita tak pergi. It wouldn’t be right if (we) didn’t go.

Tak payah When Jo asks Latif if she should bring presents, he replies: Tak payah. Ini bukan Krismas. No need. This is not Christmas.

Unit 8:  Happy Eid

Here tak payah means ‘no need’, or ‘not necessary’. It can be synonymous with tak kena. Let’s look at some other examples: Tak payah masak sebab kita nak makan di restoran. There’s no need to cook as we are eating at a restaurant. Tak payah bayar. Tiket itu percuma. There’s no need to pay. The ticket is free. However, when used without tak, payah does not mean the opposite of ‘no need’. It has a meaning of its own. Payah means ‘difficult’ and is synonymous with susah. Payah nak cari pembantu baik. It’s difficult to find a good helper.

Culture point Festivals and holidays Hari Raya is a day of celebration for Muslims, marking the end of fasting in the holy month of Ramadan. There’s much merriment, with festive food, and meeting and visiting friends and relatives. On this day, people ask for each other’s forgiveness. Small children are given money by their elders, and everyone wears new clothes. Hari Raya or Eid and the first day of Ramadan are determined by the sighting of the new moon. And having sighted the new moon, an announcement is made to declare the next day as Hari Raya. Muslims start the day with prayers at the local mosque and then visit graves of relatives who have passed away. Then, either they go home to prepare for the arrival of friends and relatives or they themselves go visiting. Ramadan is the holy month of Ramadan, where Muslims refrain from eating from sunrise to sunset. Although most Muslims do not mind being in the company of non-Muslims who are not fasting, it is usually polite not to eat or drink in front of them. Rumah terbuka or ‘open house’ is a relatively new phenomenon in Malaysian culture. Instead of inviting people to their house, or a hall rented for the festive day, the host will announce that he or she is

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Unit 8:  Selamat Hari Raya

having a rumah terbuka on such and such a date. Sometimes, the only fixed element on the card is the time – work colleagues are invited from a certain time to a certain time, relatives at a another time and so on. However, there is really no hard and fast rule. People take this opportunity to mingle and network. Chinese people celebrate their Chinese New Year this way and, similarly, the Indian community during their Deepavali or Festival of Lights. When Latif tells Jo that there is no need to bring gifts and that this is not Christmas, it is meant to say that people do not exchange gifts during these festivals. As in the Chinese community, only children and unmarried children get money from their elders. It is also worth noting that, although Christmas is very much a family affair in the West, in Malaysia Christians invite their friends over.

Ways of extending good wishes to others on their special days Selamat Hari Raya Cina or Gong Xi Fa Cai (from Mandarin Chinese) Happy (Lunar) New Year Selamat Selamat Selamat Selamat

Hari Deepavali Hari Natal Hari Jadi pengantin baru

Happy Deepavali Merry Christmas Happy Birthday (Wish of happiness to newlyweds)

Exercise 1 Use tak payah, payah, kena and tak kena to complete the following sentences.   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

________ beli tiket untuk Adil. Dia budak. Ani ________ masak untuk anak-anak dia. Ali sudah besar. Dia ________ puasa. Kita ________ bayar. Masuk percuma. Tulisan dia kecil ________ nak baca. Baju merah tu ________ dengan beg merah. Hisham tak pergi sekolah. Dia ________ selsema. Amir ________ pergi ke sekolah. Sekolah tutup. Kalau ________ jangan buat. Orang itu ________ tahan polis.

Unit 8:  Happy Eid

Dialogue 2 (CD2; 3) Jo and Latif are at Ani’s house for the Hari Raya celebration. A lot of people are there and wishing each other Happy Eid or Selamat Hari Raya and also asking for forgiveness. Latif

Selamat hari raya, maaf zahir dan batin, Ani. Selamat hari raya dan maaf zahir dan batin daripada saya juga. Latif Maaf kalau ada tersilap kata, terkasar bahasa. Ani Saya juga sama. Jo dan Latif, sila makan. Jo Terima kasih. Sedapnya kueh ini. Ani buat? Ani Ya, saya buat semua kueh raya. Latif Syabas! Sedap! Ani Taklah! Ani

Vocabulary zahir

physical

batin

spiritual

tersilap kata

(words mistakenly spoken)

terkasar bahasa

(language that’s unintentionally harsh)

syabas!

well done!

Language point The prefix ter There are many functions of the prefix ter. In Dialogue 2, it is obvious that it carries the meaning of ‘accidental’ or ‘unintentional’.

Tersilap kata Silap means ‘to make a mistake’. Tersilap emphasises that the actions or words uttered are unintentional.

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Terkasar bahasa Kasar means ‘rough’ or ‘harsh’, and terkasar implies that if the language used is harsh, it is unintentional. Let us look at other examples where ter is used with verbs to show that actions are unintentional or accidental. ter + jatuh to accidentally fall Dia terjatuh di dalam He accidentally fell in the drain.   longkang. ter + makan to unintentionally eat Jan termakan cili. Jan unintentionally ate the chilli. ter + nampak to see something unintentionally Jan ternampak orang Jan saw (unintentionally) someone   curi barang.   stealing things. ter + gelak to laugh unintentionally Bila dia dengar cerita itu, When she heard the story,   dia tergelak.   she laughed. Ter can also mean that something is already done. Makanan sudah terhidang. The food is already laid out. Kasut tersusun di atas rak. The shoes are already arranged on the rack. Baju dia tergantung di dalam almari. Her dress is hanging in the cupboard. Ter can also be used with a verb to imply an inability to do something. tak ter + bayar Kereta tu mahal sangat. Tak terbayar. The car is very expensive. (We) won’t be able to pay. tak ter + angkat Beg tu berat. Tak terangkat. The bag is heavy. (I’m) not able to lift it. tak ter + makan Terlalu banyak makanan tu. Tak termakan. There’s too much food. (I) can’t eat (finish) it.

Unit 8:  Happy Eid

Ter + adjective (and sometimes + sekali) is used as a superlative. ter + besar (sekali) Kedai ABC kedai terbesar (sekali) di Alor Setar. The ABC shop is the biggest shop in Alor Setar. ter + tinggi (sekali) Dia tangkap gambar bangunan tertinggi (sekali) di Malaysia. He took pictures of the tallest building in Malaysia.

Exercise 2 Use ter with the verbs or adjectives given in brackets and indicate whether they are unintentional, accidental, a superlative, the inability to do something or something that is already done. Example Lola ________ (pijak ‘to step on’) kaki saya. → Lola terpijak kaki saya. [accidental/unintentional]   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

Aziz ________ (tidur ‘to sleep’) di dalam kelas. Semasa Lili makan, dia ________ (gigit ‘to bite’) cili. Lily ________ (nampak ‘to see’) Jan di dalam kedai. Rumah dia yang ________ (besar ‘big’) di bandar itu. Baju saya ________ (susun ‘to arrange’) di dalam almari. Dia masak banyak. Saya tak ________ (makan ‘to eat’). Anne ________ (beli ‘to buy’) baju yang besar. Saya ________ (dengar ‘to hear’) Suan bercakap. Encik Ahmad orang ________ (kaya ‘rich’) di sini. Makanan sudah ________ (hidang ‘laid out’).

Culture points Salam Amongst the Malay community, the act of clasping each other’s hands, which is called salam, is usually done as a greeting. When done before one takes one’s leave, it is usually accompanied by the utterance maaf kalau tersilap kata, terkasar bahasa. This is especially so amongst very close friends, after a good banter when words are said

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carelessly and without much thought and consideration. This is to say, please forgive me for whatever was said and done. This salam and asking of forgiveness is normal, especially during Hari Raya. You forgive and forget.

Accepting compliments When Latif complimented Ani on her cooking, Ani coyly dismissed it as: Tak lah! ‘Not at all’. Malays, and it is safe to say most Asians, are usually coy when receiving compliments, and they tend to downplay their achievements or the compliments. Examples Baju awak cantik. Oh, murah saja. Awak pandai melukis. Tak juga.

Your dress is beautiful. Oh, it’s very cheap. You draw well. Not really.

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Dialogue 3 (CD2; 5) After studying hard to learn Malay, Heidi finally finishes her course. Johan Heidi Johan Heidi Johan Heidi Johan Heidi Johan Heidi

Syabas, Heidi! Terima kasih. Saya belajar selama dua tahun. Saya tau. Heidi sudah boleh cakap Melayu. Saya juga lulus peperiksaaan saya. Oh, tahniah! Kamu pandai. Terima kasih, tapi saya sedih Yoko tak lulus. Kesian! Ya, dia rajin tapi tak lulus. Mungkin susah bagi dia. Ya, mungkin.

Vocabulary lulus

to pass

rajin

hardworking

pandai

clever

mungkin

maybe

sedih

sad

susah

hard, difficult

kesian

pity

bagi

for

Language point Expressions and exclamations In Dialogue 3, Johan congratulates Heidi by saying Syabas! and Tahniah! Heidi has done well to finish her Malay course and pass her exams. You can say syabas! ‘well done!’ on these sorts of occasions: • Annie painted a beautiful picture • Jan answered a question correctly • Yoko sang a Malay song beautifully And you can say tahniah! on these sorts of occasions:

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• • • •

Mandy passes her driving test John and Sally announce their engagement Leila tells you she is getting married Sammy has graduated

There will be other occasions where you are required to express condolence, sadness, etc. For example, on receiving news about a death: Bapa saya meninggal. Oh, salam takziah daripada saya.

My father died. My condolences.

When exclaiming, you can simply add nya to the end of the adjective: cantiknya! malangnya! kesiannya!/sayangnya! tingginya! pandainya!

how how how how how

beautiful! unfortunate! pitiful!/what a pity! tall! clever!

You will also hear other expressions which are peculiar only to Malays. For example, in English we exclaim ‘ouch’ when in pain, but the Malays will say adoi! Another popular and common expression to indicate shock is Alamak! This will be dealt with in Unit 11.

Culture point Etiquette When you congratulate a Malay friend, you do so by shaking hands and not salam the way Malays greet each other. When there is death of a relative of someone you know, you are certainly allowed to visit. Dressing must be appropriate, although you are not expected to dress like a Malay. The rule of thumb is that you do not want to offend, especially in these circumstances. When you are giving gifts on special occasions, remember that it is not advisable to give alcoholic drinks or wine or champagne. Check chocolates and biscuits if you want to give these as gifts, to make sure they don’t contain alcohol.

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Exercise 3 Choose the most appropriate phrases from those given below. What do you say when:   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

Danial announces that his wife is pregnant? Heidi says she has lost her favourite pen? Yoko tells you that she has completed her essay? Aidan says he is getting married? Monica says regretfully that she cannot attend your party? Helen shows you a beautiful painting she has done? Jo tells you he could speak ten languages? Mike says his uncle has died? Miki’s pet went missing? A friend tells you he has to leave your party early?

sayangnya! malangnya!

kesian! syabas!

pandainya! cantiknya!

tahniah! salam takziah

Dialogue 4 (CD2; 7) Dino is happy after receiving some good news in the post. Jensen Dino Jensen Dino Jensen Dino Jensen Dino Jensen

Dino, awak nampak gembira! Ya, ada berita baik. Saya dapat masuk universiti! Wah, tahniah! Terima kasih! Tapi sedih juga sebab kena duduk jauh daripada keluarga. Eh, awak dah besar. Mak awak mesti bangga anak masuk universiti. Ya, dia belum tau. Nanti dia terkejut. Johan macam mana? Lulus? Saya tak tanya sebab dia nampak kecewa. Oh, mungkin berita tak baik.

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Vocabulary gembira

happy

masuk

to enter

berita

news

terkejut

surprise

duduk

to stay/to live (lit. ‘to sit’)

tanya

to ask

bangga

proud

kecewa

disappointed

Language points Expressing emotions There are many words in Malay to describe the feeling ‘happy’. In Dialogue 4, Dino’s feeling is described in the word gembira. Gembira is a state of happiness at that point in time. In English, the word ‘happy’ can cover all kinds of happiness, from being happy to be at a party to being happy in marriage. But this is not the case in Malay. rasa gembira Similar to English, you can sometimes use the phrase ‘to feel happy’ rasa gembira: Saya rasa gembira dapat pulang. I feel happy to be able to go home. Dia gembira sebab jumpa kawan dia. He is happy because he met his friend. John gembira dia menang. John is happy he won. rasa seronok Seronok is also a state of happiness, more like enjoyment. Filem tu seronok tak? Is the film enjoyable/good? Saya seronok kawan dengan dia. I am happy to be friends with her. Seronok dengar penyanyi tu. It’s enjoyable to listen to that singer. bahagia

Unit 8:  Happy Eid

Bahagia is more of a long-term state of happiness, and is especially used to describe a happy couple, a happy marriage, etc. You see these well wishes written for newlyweds: Semoga bahagia sehingga ke anak cucu. All the best for you and your future generation. Bahagia is not used to describe happiness during a particular point in time such as being happy to receive a present. It is used to describe happiness over a longer period of time, such as a happy marriage. sedih – sad Saya sedih awak nak pulang. I am sad you are going home. Jangan sedih. Saya tak marah. Don’t be sad. I am not angry. kecewa – disappointed Dia kecewa tak dapat pergi. She is disappointed she couldn’t go. Saya tak kecewa saya tak menang. I am not disappointed I didn’t win. bangga – proud Joe bangga anak dia lulus. Joe is proud that his son passed. Semua orang bangga kita menang. Everyone is proud that we won. bimbang – worried Dia rasa bimbang anak dia belum pulang. She is worried her son is not home yet. bosan – bored Liam rasa bosan dalam kelas. Liam feels bored in class. marah – angry Jan marah dia tak dapat makan. Jan is angry she didn’t get to eat. besar hati kecil hati

grateful slighted

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There are of course many more descriptions of emotions or feelings, but last but not least is syok! Syok is a word that describes a feeling of happiness, enjoyment and liking something or even someone. Syok tak konsert tu? Saya tak syok makan di situ. Dia syok kita beri dia hadiah.

Is the concert enjoyable/good? I don’t like eating there. He is happy we gave him   presents.

Duduk If you were to look up the dictionary, the word duduk means ‘to sit’. But in spoken Malay duduk or the shortened form duk can mean several things. Look at these examples: Dia duduk di London. Jan duk di hotel. Saya duk di rumah. Duk buat apa? Dia duk makan.

He lives in London. Jan stays at a hotel. I stayed at home. What are you doing? She is eating.

The two examples above are almost present continuous.

Exercise 4 Fill the blanks with the appropriate word describing feelings. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Hannah rasa ________ nenek dia meninggal. Semua orang ________ negara kita menang. Ibu Johan ________ dia tak lulus. Ibu-bapa Heidi ________ Heidi tak hantar emel. Anne menonton filem seram itu, tapi dia ________ Jo ________ dapat jumpa kawan lama. Yoko ________ ibu dia sakit. Sarah harap abang dia dan isteri ________ ke anak cucu.

Vocabulary sakit

to be ill or sick

harap

to hope

seram

scary

Unit 8:  Happy Eid

Dialogue 5 (CD2; 9) Yoko and Heidi are talking about their good friend Jamil who helped them a lot during their holidays. Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko

Saya suka Jamil. Dia baik hati. Betul. Semasa saya sampai, dia ajak saya makan. Dia juga murah hati. Dia belajar setiap hari, setiap malam dia bekerja. Sungguh rajin. Tapi adik dia sombong. Tak cakap dengan saya. Oh, dia bukan sombong, dia malu. Betul? Kalau gitu saya nak kawan dengan dia. Awak ni nakal, Heidi!

Vocabulary baik hati

kind, kindhearted

murah hati

generous

sombong

arrogant, proud

malu

shy, a shy person

nakal

naughty

Language point Attributes You will notice that many attributes in Malay contain the word hati, such as: baik hati murah hati

kind, kindhearted generous

Hati means ‘liver’, but when we are talking about attributes and feelings, the word hati takes the meaning of ‘heart’. Thus, there are many references to hati in Malay as we have seen in the section dealing with feelings earlier.

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Let’s look at the attributes Yoko and Heidi talk about. Their opposites are given in the right-hand column: baik hati murah hati rajin sombong malu nakal

kind generous hardworking proud shy naughty

busuk hati insidious, ill-intentioned kedekut mean, tight-fisted malas lazy mesra warm, friendly (there is no opposite for malu as tak malu would mean shameless) baik good

Let’s look at some others: pandai jahat cerewet angkuh rendah diri berani kuat lawak/lucu

clever bad fussy arrogant humble brave strong funny

bodoh baik

stupid good

angkuh penakut lemah

arrogant cowardly weak

Culture point Understatements It is fair to say that Malays tend to understate when making a point, especially when it is in the negative form. For example, instead of saying that someone is stupid, one is more likely to say they are not so clever, like this: Yanti tak begitu pandai. Johan tak begitu rajin. Another way of understating a point is by using the word sikit ‘a little bit’. Dia malas sikit. Helen sombong sikit. Martin kedekut sikit.

He is a little bit lazy. Helen is a little bit proud. Martin is a little bit mean.

Physical attributes will be dealt with in Unit 9.

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Exercise 5 Fill in the blanks with one of these attributes: baik hati, pandai, kedekut, lucu/menarik, malu, murah hati/baik hati, malas, sombong, garang. Kamil selalu lulus ujian. Dia ________ Jane tidak pergi sekolah. Dia ________ Heidi suka tolong orang. Dia ________ Ambrose tak suka beli barang. Dia ________ Leila tak makan sayur, tak makan daging dan tak minum susu. Dia ________ 6 Kanak-kanak suka Ken. Dia ________ 7 Helen tidak menyanyi. Dia ________ 8 Saya suka dengar cerita Tania. Dia ________ 1 2 3 4 5

Language point Tak kisah Tak kisah is ‘not fussy’. It can describe a person who is easygoing. It can also mean, ‘Anything, I don’t mind’. But this must not be misinterpreted as ‘not caring’ or ‘non-committal’. It can be taken as an answer to the English question, ‘Would you mind.  .  .  .  ?’. Let’s look at these examples: Belilah apapun saya makan. Tak kisah. Just buy anything I will eat it. I don’t mind. Saya tak kisah nak jemput siapapun. I don’t mind inviting anybody. A: Kita nak pergi mana? B: Tak kisah.

A: Where are we going? B: I don’t mind.

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Exercise 6 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow. Pada hari Sabtu lepas, Anis menyambut hari jadinya. Umur dia 20 tahun. Dia terima banyak hadiah daripada kawan-kawannya. Dia juga terima banyak ucapan Selamat Hari Jadi melalui emel dan sms. Kawan-kawan Anis suka Anis sebab dia seorang yang baik, rajin dan suka tolong orang lain. Dia tidak sombong. Anis tak payah rajin belajar sebab dia pandai. Dia selalu lulus peperiksaan. Ibu-bapa Anis bangga mendapat anak seperti Anis yang murah hati dan rendah diri dan tak suka cakap besar. ‘Anis anak yang tak cerewet. Saya masak apa pun dia makan. Dia tak kisah,’ kata ibu Anis. Kawan baik Anis, Meera suka belajar dengan Anis sebab dia suka tolong Meera belajar. ‘Anis tak kedekut dengan apa yang dia tahu. Kalau saya kena buat kerja sekolah, dia tolong saya. Saya seronok berkawan dengan dia,’ kata Meera.

Vocabulary menyambut

to celebrate

ucapan

wishes

melalui

via

peperiksaaan

exams

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Berapa umur Anis? Siapa beri hadiah kepada Anis? Dia terima ucapan Selamat Hari Jadi melalui apa? Mengapa kawan-kawan Anis suka dia? Mengapa ibu-bapa Anis bangga dengan Anis? Siapa kawan baik Anis? Anis tolong Meera buat apa? Adakah Anis kedekut dengan apa yang dia tahu?

Unit Nine Saya sakit kepala I have a headache

In this unit you will learn: ailments, aches and pains: sakit kepala, sakit perut, etc. different parts of the body: kepala, perut, dada, etc. different physical attributes: tinggi, kurus, gemuk, etc. doubling of adjectives: tinggi-lampai, lemah-lembut, putih-melepak • how to make adverbs: cepat-cepat, lambat-lambat, kuat-kuat, dengan baik • conjunctions: atau, tapi, sambil, etc. • • • •

Dialogue 1 (CD2; 11) Lisa was at a party all night and didn’t have enough sleep. She now has a headache. Lisa

Awak balik pukul berapa semalam? Saya balik awal. Awak? Lisa Saya balik pagi tadi. Tak tidur langsung. Alan Oh, awak sakit kepala nanti. Lisa Ya, saya sakit kepala. Ada ubat? Alan Tak ada. Saya pergi beli di kedai ubat. Lisa Baiknya! Alan Saya balik awal sebab saya sakit perut. Lisa Sakit perut? Awal salah makan? Alan

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Alan

Saya tak boleh makan pedas. Oh, dah makan ubat? Alan Dah. Lisa Kalau tak sihat, malam ni tak payah pergi teater. Lisa

Vocabulary awal

early

langsung

at all

sakit kepala

headache

baiknya!

how kind!

sakit perut

stomach ache

salah makan

(literally: ate something wrong), ate something that had gone bad, was poisonous or was too hot

Language point The body, aches and pains, and illnesses For most aches and pains, it is sufficient to use the word sakit, which means ‘pain’ or ‘ache’ and attach it to the part of the body where the ache or pain is felt. As in Dialogue 1, Lisa has sakit kepala or a ‘headache’, while Alan has sakit perut ‘stomach ache’. Before going further, let’s look at parts of the body.

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Common aches and pains sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit sakit

kepala mata telinga tekak leher gigi dada perut tangan kaki otak otot belakang

headache eye ache ear ache sore throat neck ache toothache chest pain stomach ache pain in the hand pain in the leg mental illness muscle ache backache

Other common health conditions batuk pening selsema demam ruam bengkak

to cough or a cough to feel dizzy or a dizzy spell common cold fever rash to swell or swelling

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luka patah kaki terseliuh cedera bersin pitam pengsan muntah penyakit penyakit barah/kanser barah payudara barah otak barah baru-paru penyakit jantung penyakit kencing manis penyakit darah tinggi

cut, injury broken leg sprained injury to sneeze to faint to pass out to vomit diseases cancer breast cancer brain cancer lung cancer heart disease diabetes high blood pressure

Culture point Illnesses Illnesses are often talked about quite openly in Malaysian society. Nothing is taboo and therefore do not be surprised if, while waiting for the doctor in the waiting room, you are interrogated by fellow outpatients. They are just concerned. A one-for-all ointment in a bottle is usually the solution for most aches and pains. This could come in the form of a balm, used to rub on the stomach for stomach ache, on the temples for a headache and on the joints for any muscular pain. Some Malaysian travellers never leave home without their favourite ointment or balm. A favourite diagnosis for all kinds of complaints is angin ‘wind’, which is blamed for all kinds of discomfort from headaches to stomach aches to colic. Malaysia offers some of the best medical care in the world. There are many private hospitals with the most advanced and sophisticated equipment and facilities, for indeed Malaysia is now promoting medical tourism. There are also government hospitals for the locals.

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Language point Hospitals and specialists Hospitals used to be called rumah sakit – literally ‘sick house’ – but the negative connotation has since seen the preferred use of the word hospital. For common illnesses, a visit to a clinic is sufficient, where medications are dispensed on the spot. These clinics are like the surgeries in the UK where you see your local general practitioner and then receive a prescription to get your medication from a pharmacy. As with the illnesses, aches and pains, simply attach the part of the body to the word doktor or klinik, to get your specialist doctor and clinic: doktor gigi dentist doktor haiwan vet doktor mata optician

klinik gigi dental clinic klinik haiwan veterinary clinic klinik mata optician

Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks, using the hints in brackets.   1 Muni terpotong jari dia. Jari dia ________ (cut)   2 Semasa Haris main bola, dia jatuh dan kaki dia ________ (sprained)   3 Jan masuk hospital. Dia ________ panas. (fever)   4 Liam jatuh basikal. Tangan dia ________ (broken)   5 Dalam kemalangan kereta, kawan Idrus ________ teruk. (injured)   6 Ibu Helen dapat ________ kanser payudara. (disease)   7 Saya nak pergi klinik gigi sebab ________ gigi. (ache)   8 Semalam saya tak tidur, sekarang saya ________ (dizzy)   9 Dia ________ sebab bilik itu panas. (fainted) 10 John tak boleh bernafas. Dia sakit ________ (chest)

Dialogue 2 (CD2; 13) Jan was away when someone visited her. Heidi is trying to describe the visitor to her.

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Heidi Jan Heidi Jan Heidi Jan Heidi Jan Heidi Jan

Kawan awak datang tadi. Lelaki atau perempuan. Macam mana rupa dia? Perempuan. Muda ke tua? Muda. Awak ingat rupa dia? Ingat. Rambut dia panjang, lurus. Muka bulat, mata besar. Dia tinggi, kan? Ya, tinggi lampai. Oh, Bertha, kawan saya dari Berlin.

Vocabulary atau

or

rupa

look, image

muda

young

tua

old

ingat

to remember

rambut

hair

panjang

long

lurus

straight

muka

face

bulat

round

mata

eyes

besar

big

tinggi lampai

tall and slender

kan

or not? (short for bukan?)

Language point Atau and other conjunctions In order to establish the identity of the visitor, Jan uses the conjunction atau with adjectives, physical attributes and nouns:

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lelaki atau perempuan muda atau tua

male or female young or old

This conjunction is used pretty much like the English ‘or’.

Other conjunctions tapi/tetapi – but Dia datang tapi awak tak ada. She came but you were not here. sambil – while Dia makan sambil berjalan. She eats while walking. sebab – because Dia gembira sebab dia lulus ujian (‘test’). She is happy because she passed the test. kalau – if Kalau hujan, saya tak pergi. If it rains, I will not go.

Exercise 2

(CD2; 15)

Fill in each blank with an appropriate conjunction, such as kalau, sebab, sambil, tapi, etc. 1 2 3 4 5

Dia sedih ________ dia tak boleh pergi. Ali belajar ________ bekerja. ________ awak tak pergi, saya juga tak mau pergi. Alia nak beli baju itu ________ tak ada duit. Farah masuk universiti ________ dia lulus.

Language points Perempuan and lelaki Perempuan and lelaki refer to gender. These terms can be safely used for females and males of all ages.

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Examples bayi perempuan/lelaki budak perempuan/lelaki orang perempuan/lelaki anak perempuan/lelaki

baby girl/boy girl/boy child woman/man daughter/son

There are, however, other terms to describe a woman. gadis wanita

a teenage girl who is not married yet an adolescent female, young or old, but never used for   a child

Lelaki does not change for men of any age. You are only required to state whether the person is a boy, an old man or a young man. Examples anak lelaki lelaki muda lelaki tua

son young man old man

Physical features Let’s look at some more words to describe physical features. tinggi pendek kurus gemuk besar kecil cantik hodoh comel ketak botak panjang pendek kulit putih

tall short (height/length) thin fat big small beautiful ugly cute wavy bald long short fair skinned

Unit 9:  I have a headache

kulit gelap muda tua separuh umur dewasa

dark skinned young old middle aged adult

Culture point Budak and some other references for people Budak is a term that can be safely used in Malaysia to refer to any gender child from a baby to a teenager. However, the word budak, although used in Indonesia, does not have the same meaning there. Instead it means ‘home help’. A visitor to a Malay family will be all right if he asks Di mana budak-budak? referring to the children of the host. However, if the same question is asked of an Indonesian family, they would either feel slighted or think you were referring to their team of helpers. Kanak-kanak refers to young children in general. However, anak-anak is used to refer to one’s own children. Kanak-kanak bermain bola sepak. The children are playing football. Anak-anak Hani bermain bola sepak. Hani’s children are playing football. While kanak-kanak can be both singular and plural, anak-anak is plural. Anak is singular. It is quite common among friends to refer to husbands as laki (instead of suami) and bini (instead of isteri). These terms of reference might seem crude to the uninitiated.

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Exercise 3 How would you describe these people in Malay? Example

wanita separuh umur, rambut pendek, lurus, muka bulat

1

3

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Unit 9:  I have a headache

Language point Descriptions Sometimes when adjectives are used to describe something, they are not enough, and another word is added to the adjective, regardless of whether that word has a meaning or not. Malay is a very rhythmic language and words are doubled or added just for the sake of making it sound nice. Example Tinggi lampai → Budak perempuan tu tinggi lampai. The girl is tall and slender. The word lampai does not mean anything itself but is used to intensify tinggi. Putih melepak → Hasnah putih melepak. Hasnah is white/fair. Bengkang-bengkok → Jalan ke kampong itu bengkang-bengkuk. The road to the village is winding.

Other adjectives hitam melegam besar agam kurus kering kering kontang manis melecas riuh rendah lintang pukang kecil molek cuci calat gemuk gedempol

dark big thin dry sweet noisy helter-skelter small and cute clean; spick and span fat

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Exercise 4 From the list of adjectives in the previous Language point, find the correct one to fill in each blank. 1. Suzi dan kawan-kawan dia bercakap ________ 2. Budak-budak itu lari ________ 3. Kek saya buat ________ 4. Adik saya tak makan. Dia ________ 5. Majlis hari jadi Hakim ________ 6. Dia masih muda, tapi ________ 7. Bilik Ani kecil dan ________ 8. Iza ________ Baju ini terlalu besar untuk dia.

Dialogue 3 (CD2; 16) Janet and Karen are preparing for Heidi’s surprise birthday party. Janet is giving instructions on what to do. Janet Karen Janet Karen Janet Karen Janet Karen Janet

Tolong atur kerusi itu elok-elok. Macam mana nak gantung belon-belon ini? Oh, gantung tinggi-tinggi dan tulis ucapan di dinding besar-besar dan terang-terang. Ya, Halim akan tulis. Dia tulis dengan teliti dan cantik. Kueh dan kek macam mana? Mariam buat kek. Yoko bawa kueh. Mesti sedap-sedap kueh Yoko. Ya. Dia pandai buat kueh. Dia hias cantik-cantik. OK. Bila Heidi datang, kita masuk senyap-senyap dan laung Selamat Hari Jadi, kuat-kuat!

Vocabulary elok-elok

nicely

gantung

to hang

belon

balloon

dinding

wall

Unit 9:  I have a headache

terang-terang

clearly

dengan teliti

with care, properly

hias

decorate

senyap-senyap

quietly

laung

to shout out

kuat-kuat

loudly

Language points Doubling words Doubling words, nouns or adjectives, is a feature of the Malay language. The doubling of a noun usually makes its plural. buku-buku rumah-rumah budak-budak

books houses children

However, when describing the actual number of children, for example, then there is no need to double the noun. Ada lima budak di dalam bilik. There are five children in the room. Budak-budak tu main di padang. The children played in the field.

Forming adverbs The doubling of adjectives is one of two ways to form adverbs. From Dialogue 3, you can see Janet giving instructions for the surprise party: atur kerusi itu elok-elok gantung tinggi-tinggi tulis ucapan di dinding besar-besar dan terang-terang masuk senyap-senyap laung Selamat Hari Jadi kuat-kuat!

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Here are some more examples: cepat-cepat jalan cepat-cepat cantik-cantik tulis cantik-cantik sedap-sedap masak sedap-sedap rapat-rapat susun rapat-rapat baik-baik kuat-kuat

to walk quickly to write beautifully to cook deliciously to arrange closely properly, nicely loudly/with strength

Adverbs can also be formed by using dengan + adjective. cakap dengan baik baca dengan teliti tidur dengan nyenyak dengan sopan dengan laju dengan segera

to speak nicely to read with care/properly to sleep soundly politely rapidly immediately

Note that while some adjectives can either be repeated or used with dengan to form an adverb, others can only be used one way and not the other.

Exercise 5 Turn the adjectives in the brackets into adverbs in the following sentences. Dia sakit kaki. Dia berjalan ________ (lambat) ke kedai. Bila Alan nampak anjing, dia lari ________ (cepat). Awak kena baca syarat-syarat tu ________ (teliti). Ketuk pintu itu ________ (kuat). Mungkin dia tak dengar. Semalam saya letih dan tidur ________ (nyenyak) sampai ke pagi. 6 Susun kasut-kasut tu ________ (rapat). 7 Anak dia bercakap ________ (sopan) dengan orang lebih tua. 8 Jangan cakap ________ (kasar) dengan bapa kamu. 1 2 3 4 5

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Vocabulary syarat

terms

ketuk

to knock

mungkin

maybe/perhaps

sampai

until

Exercise 6 Read the passage and then answer the questions that follow. Yumi berjalan lambat-lambat ke klinik. Dia sakit kaki. Dia jatuh semasa di sekolah. Di klinik, doktor periksa kaki Yumi dengan teliti. Ada luka di kaki Yumi. Jururawat cuci luka itu dengan baik dan balut kaki Yumi. Jururawat itu seorang yang lemah lembut. Dia bercakap dengan Yumi sambil dia merawat luka itu. Yumi tak boleh berjalan dengan laju. Doktor juga beri Yumi ubat tidur. Malam itu dia tidur dengan nyenyak. Heidi melawat Yumi dan ketuk pintu kuat-kuat, tapi Yumi tak dengar. Heidi pulang dengan segera. Cepat-cepat dia telefon kawan-kawan untuk beritahu Heidi sakit. Semua kawan Yumi pergi ke rumah dia tapi tak dapat jumpa Yumi sebab dia masih tidur. Yumi bangun esok hari dan pergi ke sekolah. Kawan-kawan dia menyambut dia dengan gembira. Kaki dia pun dah mula sembuh.

Vocabulary periksa

to examine

bangun

to get up

balut

to wrap/bandage

sembuh

to recover/get better

merawat

to treat

masih

still

1 2 3 4 5

Bagaimana Yumi berjalan ke klinik? Di mana dia jatuh? Bagaimana jururawat cuci luka Yumi? Siapa melawat Yumi? Bagaimana kawan-kawan Yumi menyambut Yumi di sekolah?

Unit Ten Ada macam-macam There are all sorts of things

In this unit you will learn: • the doubling of words which changes the original meaning: macam, macam-macam, agar, agar-agar, masak, masak-masak, baru, baru-baru ini, tiba, tiba-tiba, etc. • how to use macam mana? • words which only have meanings when doubled: kadang-kadang, pura-pura, masing-masing • functions of jadi  .  .  .

Dialogue 1 (CD2; 18) Alan is looking for souvenirs to take home for his friends and relatives. June suggests the Pasar Seni or Central Market where they can get almost everything. Alan June Alan

June Alan June Alan June

Saya perlu beli barang untuk kawan-kawan saya. Barang macam mana? Hadiah, cenderamata, macam-macam! Saya mau kemeja macam kemeja kamu. Kalau begitu, pergi ke Pasar Seni. Ada apa di sana? Ada macam-macam; makanan, pakaian, hiasan. Hiasan? Ya, macam lukisan.

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Alan June

Kamu ikut sama? Baiklah!

Vocabulary perlu

to need

macam-macam

all sorts

barang

things

hiasan

decorations

banyak

many (for things)

macam

like, such as

ramai

many (for people)

ikut

to come along

cenderamata

souvenirs

Language point The different uses of macam We already know that, in Malay, the doubling of words, especially nouns, makes them plural. And in the last unit, we learnt that the doubling of adjectives make adverbs. In this unit you will see more examples and functions of the doubling of words. In Dialogue 1, we see the different uses of the word macam. When on its own, the word macam means ‘like’ or ‘such as’. (In a formal con­ versation and in written form, it would be seperti and not macam.) Examples Saya mau kemeja macam   kemeja kamu. Dia beli kereta macam   kereta saya. Dia macam kakak saya. Saya suka kasut macam tu. Jangan cakap macam tu.

I want a shirt like your shirt. She bought a car like my car. She is like my sister. I like shoes like that. Don’t speak like that.

When doubled, macam-macam means ‘all sorts of’, ‘all kinds of ’. Examples Di kedai itu ada macam-macam barang. At that shop there’re all kinds of things.

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Jennie beli macam-macam. Jennie bought all sorts (of things). When used in a phrase, macam mana? literally means ‘like what?’ = ‘how?’, or ‘what kind of.  .  .  .  ?’, ‘what sort of  .  .  .  ?’. Macam mana can also be used at the end of a question. Examples Barang macam mana? Makanan macam mana? Macam mana nak buka pintu ni? Macam mana nak buat kek ni?

What kind of things? or   What sort of things? What sort of food? How do I open this door? How do I make this cake?

Note also that when macam mana? is used to mean ‘how’, sometimes the typical reaction or answer is: Macam ni. This is usually followed by a demonstration of how something is done. Example Ali: Macam mana nak guna telefon ni? Alan: Macam ni, dial nombor, kemudian tekan butang hijau ini.

Unit 10:  There are all sorts of things

Culture point Informal greetings When friends greet each other, they often use Macam mana? or Apa macam? to mean ‘How’re things (with you?)’. This is as colloquial as it gets. Apa khabar? is of course the standard greeting, but it is quite formal. Apa macam? or Macam mana? is the kind of greeting you use along with a pat on the back with old friends, but not acquaintances and people you meet on formal occasions.

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences into Malay using macam.   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

I like cars like this. Ray is like my older brother. This bag is like my bag. Helen is not like her sister. Helen is tall. Don’t speak like that. Alan is like a younger brother to Jan. She is spending like she is rich. John talks like he knows everything. It looks like he is not well. Martin is like a sad person.

Exercise 2 Use macam mana in the following questions. 1 2 3 4 5

nak nak nak nak nak

pergi ke pasar? buat kek pisang? menyanyi lagu ni? pasang komputer ni? masak kari ayam?

Dialogue 2 (CD2; 20) Nellie and Yoko are discussing their holidays.

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Nellie Yoko Nellie Yoko Nellie Yoko

Nellie Yoko

Nellie

Sungguh cantik Bali. Seronok bercuti di sana. Eh, bila kamu pergi ke Bali? Baru-baru ni. Kami baru saja pulang. Oh, seronoknya! Saya baru balik dari Berlin. Berlin terlalu mahal. Saya tau. Saya fikir masak-masak sebelum beli tiket. Saya pilih Berlin sebab ada ramai kawan di sana. Bali pun semakin mahal. Ramai pelancong. Di Berlin kami sewa flet, sebab boleh masak. Makan di luar mahal. Kami pun macam tu juga. Masak di rumah sewa.

Vocabulary flet

flat/apartment

semakin

increasingly

rumah sewa

rented house

Language point Words that change their meaning when doubled Dialogue 2 demonstrates another function of doubling words. When doubled, words change their meaning somewhat. See how the follow­ ing words change in meaning. baru – new Saya beli baju baru. Dia ada kereta baru. baru – just Saya baru habis makan. Maniam baru pulang. John baru telefon saya. Anne baru sampai. baru saja

I bought a new dress. He has a new car. I have just finished eating. Maniam has just come home. John has just phoned me. Anne has just arrived.

Unit 10:  There are all sorts of things

Note: The word saja is added for emphasis, so it literally means ‘only just’. Anne baru saja sampai. Bila Anne sampai? Baru saja.

Anne has only just arrived. When did Anne arrive? Only just (arrived).

baru-baru ini – recently Jan belajar bahasa Melayu baru-baru ini. Jan learnt Malay recently. Baru-baru ni, dia beli rumah. Recently he bought a house. Lenny telefon saya baru-baru ni. Lenny phoned me recently. masak – to cook masak-masak to think or consider something deeply Fikir masak-masak sebelum ambil kerja tu. Think thoroughly before taking on that job. Dia tak fikir masak-masak sebelum berhenti kerja. He didn’t think thoroughly before resigning. agar – so that Saya berdoa agar kau berjaya. I pray that you will succeed. Saya harap agar dia sembuh. I hope he recovers. agar-agar – jelly Saya suka makan agar-agar buah. I like eating fruit jelly. rupa – face, image, looks Rupa dia macam bintang filem. She looks like a film star. Dia ada rupa, ada duit. He has looks, has money. Hani tak ada rupa Mak dia. Hani doesn’t have her mother’s looks.

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rupa-rupanya – apparently Dia tak datang ke majlis saya. Rupa-rupanya dia sakit. He didn’t come to my party. Apparently he was ill. Rupa-rupanya, itu kakak dia. Apparently, that’s his older sister. mula – to start Saya mula belajar bahasa Melayu tahun ini. I started learning Malay this year. Jangan mula sebelum saya sampai. Don’t start before I arrive. Mula tulis sekarang. Start writing now. mula-mula – first of all, firstly Mula-mula, belok kiri. First of all, turn left. Mula-mula, saya pergi ke kedai. First, I went to the shop. Mula-mula saya tak nampak dia. At first I didn’t see him. tiba – to arrive Note: The word sampai is more colloquial. Dia tiba esok. Bila Alan tiba? Anne tiba di Jakarta hari ini.

He arrives tomorrow. When did Alan arrive? Anne arrives in Jakarta today.

tiba-tiba – suddenly Tiba-tiba dia jatuh. Tiba-tiba dia sakit kepala. Tiba-tiba budak tu menangis.

Suddenly he fell. Suddenly she has a headache. Suddenly the child cried.

sama – the same Raju pakai baju yang sama setiap hari. Raju wears the same clothes everyday. Tarikh lahir saya sama dengan tarikh lahir Joan. My date of birth is the same as Joan’s.

Unit 10:  There are all sorts of things

Lenny sama universiti dengan Tan. Lenny is at the same university as Tan. sama-sama – you’re welcome, together with A: Terima kasih. B: Sama-sama.

A: Thank you B: You’re welcome

Danny pergi sama-sama Leslie ke Bali. Lenny went together with Leslie to Bali. Mari kita sama-sama tunggu dia di sini. Let’s all wait for her together here. gula – sugar Saya tak mahu gula dalam kopi saya. I don’t want sugar in my coffee. gula-gula – sweets Jangan makan terlalu banyak gula-gula! Don’t eat too many sweets! kira – to count Tolong kira semua ini. Please count all these. Saya tak kira berapa orang yang datang. I didn’t count how many people came. kira-kira – about Kira-kira sepuluh orang mati. About ten people died. Dia ada kira-kira dua puluh lima kucing. She has about 25 cats. oleh – by Ikan dimakan oleh kucing. The fish was eaten by the cat. oleh-oleh – souvenirs Sebelum pulang dia beli banyak oleh-oleh. Before he went home, he bought many souvenirs.

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Dialogue 3 (CD2; 22) James is talking to Mona about a friend they have not seen for a long time. James Mona James Mona James Mona James Mona James

Sungguh lama saya tak jumpa Eddie. Ya, saya juga. Saya jumpa dia kira-kira enam bulan dulu. Kadang-kadang dia telefon saya. Saya harap dia sihat. Saya kenal dia sejak kanak-kanak lagi. Oh saya baru saja kenal dia. Baru-baru ni, saya jumpa ibu dia. Oh ya, kamu sekolah sama-sama, bukan? Ya, sejak sekolah rendah.

Vocabulary sekolah rendah

primary school

sejak

since

Language point Words that only have meaning when doubled In previous examples, we have seen how the meaning of a word changes when it is doubled. But in Dialogue 3, the words only have meanings when they are doubled. When single they do not mean anything. For example, kadang-kadang means ‘sometimes’ but there is no such word as kadang. It is the same with kanak-kanak, which means ‘child’ or ‘children’. On its own, the word kanak does not exist. masing-masing – to each his own Baca buku masing-masing. Read your own book.

Unit 10:  There are all sorts of things

Masing-masing ada rumah sendiri. Each one had his/her own house. sia-sia – a waste of effort/time Sia-sia saja kamu pergi ke rumah dia, dia tak ada. Such a waste of time, you went to his house and he wasn’t there. Sia-sia saya beli hadiah untuk dia sebab dia tak suka. What a waste buying the present for her, because she didn’t   like it. pura-pura – to pretend Dia pura-pura tidur. He pretends to sleep. Jangan pura-pura tak tahu. Don’t pretend you don’t know. It is worth noting that with some words that are doubled, there is now a tendency to add a prefix instead. This is only applicable to some doubled words, not all. Here are some examples: kadang-kadang → kekadang Kekadang dia kerja di Kuala Lumpur. Sometimes he works in Kuala Lumpur. tiba-tiba → tetiba Tetiba dia menangis. Suddenly she cried. sangat-sangat → sesangat Hiroko sesangat cantik. Hiroko is very beautiful.

Exercise 3 Use tiba-tiba, tiba, baru, baru-baru, mula, mula-mula, kadang-kadang, gula, gula-gula, sama, sama-sama, pura-pura, masing-masing, agaragar, agar, etc. in the following sentences.   1 Aleya tak suka minum teh dengan ________ tapi dia suka makan ________   2 ________ ini, Yoko terima emel daripada Heidi. Heidi ________ sampai di Tokyo.

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  3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

Semua pelancong ada pasport ________ ________ seratus lima puluh orang pergi ke majlis itu. Dia ________ sakit sebab tak mahu pergi sekolah. ________ dia jatuh dan pengsang. Ellie sudah ________ belajar bahasa Jepun di sekolah. Manuel suka makan ________ buah. Saya ________ ada sepuluh orang di dalam bilik itu. Mari kita pergi ________ ke taman.

Dialogue 4 (CD2; 24) Yoko and Heidi are getting ready to go to a show but their plans have gone wrong. Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi

Heidi, kamu dah siap? Ya, siap. Saya cuma nak cari tiket untuk konsert ni. Kamu simpan di mana? Saya tak ingat. Dalam dompet pun tak ada. Cuba tengok di dalam laci. Saya dah tengok. Tak ada. Jadi, macam mana sekarang? Mungkin hilanglah. Jadi, apa kita buat sekarang? Kita tak jadi pergilah. Kita tengok TV saja!

Vocabulary siap

to be ready

cuma

only

simpan

to keep

ingat

to remember

dompet

wallet

cuba

to try

laci

drawers

jadi

so, to happen

Unit 10:  There are all sorts of things

Language point Jadi Dialogue 4 illustrates two uses of this word, but it also has some other meanings. Jadi – so (introduces the consequence or result of an action   or activity) Jadi, apa kita buat sekarang? So, what do we do now? Saya sakit, jadi saya tak pergi ke pejabat. I am ill, so I didn’t go to the office. Hani penat, jadi dia nak berehat. Hani is tired, so she wants to rest. Jadi – (used as a time-filler; like ‘well’ in English, when one   needs time to think before continuing a sentence or answering   a question) Jadi, saya nak ke rumah kawan saya esok. Well, I want to go to my friend’s house tomorrow. Jadi – to be, to become Bila dia besar, dia nak jadi doktor. When he grows up, he wants to be a doctor. Mary jadi marah bila dia kalah. Mary became angry when she lost. Sam jadi hero dalam filem itu. Sam was the hero in that film. Jadi – to materialise, to happen Dia jadi datang ke rumah saya esok. He will come to my house tomorrow. Andy tak jadi pergi ke Bangkok. Andy is not going to Bangkok. Jadi tak? Tak jadi.

Is it going to happen? It’s not happening.

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Exercise 4 Answer the following questions using the word jadi and the words in brackets to guide you. 1 2 3 4 5

Apa dia nak jadi bila dia lulus? (peguam) Karen jadi apa di restoran tu? (pelayan) Onn jadi pergi ke Singapura esok? (tak) Maniam jadi masak untuk kita malam ni? (ya) Dalam cerita tu, Jane jadi apa? (ibu Tom)

Exercise 5 Read this short excerpt and try to understand the different functions of jadi. Lola dan Ellie baru tamat belajar di universiti. Lola mahu jadi jurutera dan Ellie mahu jadi macam bapa dia, seorang doktor. Mereka tak jadi belajar di luar negara sebab mereka mahu bekerja dahulu. Lola sudah dapat kerja di Kuala Lumpur, jadi dia akan pindah ke Kuala Lumpur bulan depan. Jadi, dia akan sewa rumah dan tinggal bersama kawankawan. Bapa Ellie mahu Ellie bekerja dengan dia di klinik dia di Ampang. Jadi, Ellie akan bekerja dengan bapa dia. Dia akan jadi penolong bapa dia di klinik itu.

Vocabulary tamat

to end

luar negara

overseas, foreign country

dahulu

first

pindah

to move

sewa

to rent

Note: The word dahulu (more commonly uttered as dulu) means ‘first’ as in ‘to do something first’.

Unit 10:  There are all sorts of things

Examples Saya nak balik dulu. I want to go home first. Awak pergi dulu, nanti saya pergi. You go first, I will go later. Tunggulah. Saya nak mandi dulu. Wait. I want to have a bath first.

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Unit Eleven Amboi, tinggi sungguh menara ni! Wow, this tower is so tall!

In this unit you will learn: • some exclamations peculiar to Malays: amboi, nah, adoi, alamak, kan, etc. • some phrases of Islamic nature, derived from Arabic words: Alhamdulillah, Insyaallah, etc. • about melatah • the use of saja, pun and patut

Dialogue 1 (CD2; 26) Lily and Heidi are looking at tourist sites in Kuala Lumpur. Lily Heidi Lily Heidi Lily Heidi Lily Heidi

Amboi, tinggi sungguh Menara Petronas ni! Mari kita naik! Takutlah. Tinggi sangat. Apa nak takut? Kita naik lif sampai tingkat atas. Wah, awak berani naik sampai ke atas? Ya, bukan kita naik tangga. Saya lebih suka tunggu di bawah. Awak pergilah. Okaylah. Nah, tolong jaga beg saya. Alamak, beratlah beg awak!

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Unit 11:  Wow, this tower is so tall!

Vocabulary menara

tower

berani

brave

takut

to be scared

tangga

stairs

lif

lift

jaga

to look after

Language point Exclamations with amboi, nah and alamak Different people in different countries have different ways of expressing themselves. Malays have their own set of expressions that are peculiar to them. The different ethnic groups in Malaysia have their own expressions when voicing pain, anger and admiration. amboi!, wah! – wow! These expressions are usually said when in admiration or in awe of something. Examples Amboi, sungguh tinggi Menara Petronas ni! Wow, these Petronas Towers are so tall! Wah, kamu berani naik sampai ke atas? Wow, are you brave enough to go up to the top? In these expressions from Dialogue 1, Lily is in awe of the towers, while Heidi is in awe of Lily’s enthusiasm to go up to the top of the towers. Let’s look at some other examples. Amboi, cantiknya baju ni! Amboi, pandai sungguh   budak ni! Amboi, rajinnya anak saya! Wah, dah besar anak awak! Wah, sedap masakan awak! Wah, dia dapat sembilan A!

Wow, such a beautiful dress! Wow, this child is so clever! Wow, Wow, Wow, Wow,

my child is so hardworking! your child has grown! your cooking is delicious! she got 9 As!

Spoken in a less flattering tone, however, these can express sarcasm, usually intended to deliver a totally opposite meaning.

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Unit 11:  Amboi, tinggi sungguh menara ni!

Examples Amboi, pandailah tu! Wow, that’s clever! (meaning: that’s really silly!) Amboi, tak boleh kurang harga? Wow, can’t you reduce the price? Amboi, makan tak jemput kita pun! Wow, you are eating without inviting us! alamak! – oh my God!/oh dear! Examples Alamak, Alamak, Alamak, Alamak, Alamak,

beratlah beg awak! saya takutlah! saya terlupa bayar! saya tertidur! dia jatuh!

nah

Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh

my God, your bag is heavy! my God, I’m scared! dear, I forgot to pay! my God, I fell asleep! dear, he fell!

– here

When Heidi hands over her bag to Lily, she says: Nah, tolong jaga beg saya.

Here, please look after my bag.

Nah is uttered when handing over something to someone. Examples Nah, ini duit kamu. Nah, hadiah untuk adik. Nah, kek saya buat tadi.

Here, this is your money. Here, a present for little   brother/sister. Here, the cake I made earlier.

Exercise 1 Fill the blanks with either amboi, nah or alamak. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________

ini buku saya pinjam dulu. lama awak bercuti! saya terlupa bawa buku! baju saya koyak! ambil hadiah ini. ramai sungguh anak awak! ini daripada saya. besar sungguh rumah awak!

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Vocabulary koyak

to tear, torn

Dialogue 2 (CD2; 28) Asiah and Lily are walking up the stairs of a shopping complex. Heidi trips and falls over. asiah Lily asiah Lily asiah Lily asiah Lily asiah

Adoi! Heidi, alamak! Kamu jatuh! Aha! Saya rasa kaki saya terseliuh. Adoi! Mari saya tolong. Duduk di sini. Aaah, Alhamdulillah. Syukur, tak patah. Ya, masih boleh jalan, kan? Ya, kalau saya rehat sekejap, tak sakit sangat. Duduk di sini sekejap. Saya urut. Oh, terima kasih, Lily. Syukur kamu pandai urut.

Vocabulary adoi!

ouch!

terseliuh

sprained

alhamdulillah

thank God

kan?

right?

syukur

to be thankful

urut

to massage

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Language point Some more exclamations Adoi is uttered not only when one is in pain but also when expressing despair. It is the spoken or colloquial version of aduh! Aduh is the written form. As with many words in colloquial Malay, the spoken and written forms often differ, sometimes influenced by the pronunciation in regional areas. Kan is the abbreviated form of bukan (‘no’, ‘not’). It is used in the same way as ‘right?’ in English, like a tag question. Or, when it is used liberally in a sentence, it is almost like ‘yeah’. However, when the stress is on kan, at the end of a question, it merely asks for confirmation of certain information. Examples Dia pergi sekolah, kan? He went to school, right? Musa dah kahwin, kan? Musa is already married, right? Selepas tu, kan, dia meninggal dunia. After that, yeah, he passed away.

Culture point Islamic phrases Malays who are Muslims greet each other in a different way. They also use many other phrases, which are actually Arabic and Islamic in nature. But these phrases are very much in the Malay vocabulary. Non-Muslims are not expected to say them. For example, when greeting another Muslim, they will say Assalamualaikum, which means ‘peace be upon you’ and the reply is Waalaikumsalam ‘peace be upon you too’.

Unit 11:  Wow, this tower is so tall!

When asking after someone’s health, a Malay Muslim will reply Alhamdulillah ‘thanks be to God’. In Dialogue 2, Heidi says Alham­ dulillah because she is thankful that her leg is not broken. Syukur derives from the Arabic word syukr, which means ‘gratification’, ‘thank God’. When Malay Muslims say something in praise or admiration, it is often followed by Masyaallah ‘as God has willed’. This is in recognition that all good things come from God and are blessings. When a Malay Muslim is invited to go somewhere or to do something, the reply will almost always be Insyaallah! ‘God willing!’

Exercise 2 What do you think the responses to the following questions and statements would be? Choose your answers from: insyaallah, alhamdulillah, waalaikumsalam, masyaallah. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Apa khabar? Boleh dia masuk universiti? Negara tu sungguh cantik! Assalamualaikum, apa khabar? Saya dah kenyang. Datanglah ke rumah saya malam ini. Isteri saya dah sehat. Bila dia dapat kerja, boleh beli kereta.

Culture point Melatah While we are on the subject of expressions, it would be interesting for students of the Malay language to know that some people from the Malay community are prone to what is known as melatah, especially when one is startled and surprised. This condition does not just happen to older people but also to young ones. It can best be described as a mild form of Tourette’s syndrome or Eskimo hysteria. Once startled, he or she will spew out words or phrases that in any normal situation he or she would never say. A person who just stumbles or trips on something will blurt out expressions such as Oh, Mak! ‘Oh, Mother!’,

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Oh, pocot! (which means nothing at all) or anything else that comes to mind. The extreme would be a stream of swear words or vulgarities, which could become worse when further provoked.

Dialogue 3 (CD2; 30) Trond and Malek are at a fruit stall looking at local fruits to buy. Trond Malek Trond Malek Trond Malek Trond Malek Trond Malek

Saya nak makan buah-buahan tempatan. Di sini ada banyak. Buah apa kamu mau. Saya dengar durian sedap. Betul tapi bau busuk. Saya tau. Boleh bau dari sini. Kamu nak berapa? Ada dua saja. Saya mau sebiji saja. Saya nak rasa. Saya pun. Saya tak pernah makan durian. Eh, mengapa tak makan? Tak suka? Bukan tak suka. Saja.

Vocabulary tempatan

local

saja

only

bau

smell, to smell

pun

also, too

busuk

smelly

rasa

to taste

Language points Doubling words to mean ‘variety’ Throughout the course you have come across many words in Malay that are repeated to represent the plural, or doubled to change their meanings or to create adverbs. In this unit, we see words, usually nouns, that are repeated and change form slightly to mean ‘variety’. Buah means ‘fruit’ in general, but you can add the name of the fruit to be more specific – buah durian ‘durian fruit’, buah rambutan ‘rambutan fruit’, etc. Buah-buahan means ‘a variety of fruits’.

Unit 11:  Wow, this tower is so tall!

Examples sayur-sayuran tanam-tanaman tumbuh-tumbuhan

a a a  

variety of vegetables variety of plants variety of growth (as in plants, shrubs, etc.)

Saja You will notice that there are two spellings for saja, which has several meanings. It is also spelt sahaja. Note: There are many Malay words that have different spellings but the same meanings. Another couple of examples are baru and baharu, which both mean ‘new’, and pasaraya and pasar raya, which both mean ‘supermarket’. Saja is used in Dialogue 3 to mean ‘only’. Examples Saya ada RM2 saja. Mary tengok saja,   dia tak beli.

I have only RM2. Mary only looked, she didn’t buy.

The other usage of saja is quite complicated to explain as it very much depends on context. In Dialogue 3, when asked by Trond why he doesn’t eat durian, Malik replies, ‘Saja’, which means ‘no obvious reason’ here. In another context it could mean ‘just’ or even ‘purposely’. Here are some more examples: Ani: Ani:

Halim, apa hal awak pergi ke Manila? Halim, why did you go to Manila?

Halim: Saja. Halim: For no reason.

Dia saja nak tunjuk pandai. He is just trying to show that he is clever.



Kami saja nak cuba makanan Thai. We just want to try Thai food.



Jane tak buat kerja, dia cakap saja. Jane didn’t do any work, she just talked.

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Pun Pun can have many meanings too, depending on the context. It can mean ‘also’, ‘too’ or ‘even’. When in written form, pun is either attached to a word or it can stand on its own. Examples Saya tak tidur pun. Dia tak tahu pun saya dah balik. Manjeet tak masak pun. Mary pun pergi dengan Ali. Ben pun tak faham. Kalau dia pergi, saya pun pergi.

I didn’t even sleep. She didn’t even know   I had gone home. Manjeet didn’t even cook. Mary also went with Ali. Ben also doesn’t   understand. If she goes, I also go.

Another usage of pun is more difficult to explain as it is used for emphasis. Dialogue 4 uses pun in this manner.

Dialogue 4 (CD2; 32) Ali can’t remember Jo’s address. Ali

Ann, di mana alamat Jo? Di dalam buku di atas meja. Ali Di atas meja? Tak ada pun! Ann Cuba tengok di dalam laci. Ali Di dalam laci pun tak ada. Ann Awak tak ingat alamat dia? Ali Tak ingat. Ann Saya pun. Ann

Vocabulary alamat

address

laci

drawer

cuba

to try

tak ingat

cannot remember

Unit 11:  Wow, this tower is so tall!

Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with pun or saja.   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

Saya tak tahu ________ dia anak awak. Danial nak tengok gambar tu ________ Alan kata dia ________ nak pergi teater. Lama saya cari rumah awak. Tak jumpa ________ Saya ________ nak telefon awak sebab sudah lama tak bercakap. Layla ________ nak makan satay di restoran tu. Tapi dia ada RM5 ________ Harga baju tu RM50 ________ tapi itu ________ saya tak boleh beli. Kana ________ yang pergi rumah Josie. Bila dia dapat berita bapa dia meninggal, dia ________ pulang. Saya tahu Dodi ________ tak mahu jawab telefon. Dia marah saya.

Dialogue 5 (CD2; 34) Helen and Yoko are at a shopping centre. They have witnessed an argument between a guard and a customer. Helen Yoko Helen Yoko Helen Yoko Helen Yoko Helen

Awak nampak cara pengawal tu cakap dengan orang tu? Nampak. Dia tak patut cakap macam tu. Betul. Orang tu orang tua. Lagipun, pengawal tu yang salah. Ya, dia patut minta maaf. Dia kasar dengan orang tu. Kita patut buat aduan. Sepatutnya, pengawal tu yang tolong orang tua tu. Betul tu.

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Vocabulary pengawal

guard

lagipun

moreover

aduan

complaint

Language points Patut Patut means ‘should’, which almost has a moral connotation to it. Examples Dia patut minta maaf. Susan patut bayar. Joseph tak patut cakap   macam tu. Maniam patut tolong mak dia.

He should apologise. Susan should pay. Joseph shouldn’t talk like that. Maniam should help his mother.

Patutlah Once in a while you will hear patutlah spoken in a manner that conveys the message ‘that explains it!’ Examples Amin: Andy: Jan: Laura:

Joe dah pindah ke Singapura. Joe has moved to Singapore Oh, patutlah! Saya dah lama tak nampak dia. Oh, that explains it! I have not seen him for some time. Simon di hospital. Dia sakit. Simon is in hospital. He is ill. Patutlah dia tak jawab telefon. That explains why he didn’t answer the phone.

Unit 11:  Wow, this tower is so tall!

Exercise 4 Write patut or tak patut in the bracket at the end of the sentence. 1 Jane makan semua makanan di atas meja. Orang lain tak makan. ( ________ ) 2 Hadi basuh bajunya sendiri. Ibu dia sakit. ( ________ ) 3 Russel ambil buku Laila. Dia tak beritahu Laila. ( ________ ) 4 Norin tak bayar selepas makan di kedai. ( ________ ) 5 Sita ganti telefon bimbit Sarah yang dia hilang ( ________ )

Vocabulary ganti

to replace

hilang

to lose; lost

Exercise 5 Read the following conversation. Andy: Sam: Andy: Sam: Andy: Sam: Andy: Sam: Andy: Sam: Andy:

Amboi, lamanya awak tak telefon saya! Oh, saya di Australia. Patutlah! Saya telefon banyak kali. Saya pergi sebulan saja. Saja pergi? Ada kerja sikit. Selepas kerja saya pun bercuti. Awak patut beritahu saya. Saya pun nak pergi. Alamak , saya terlupa! Tak patut awak lupa saya. Saya pun cuti juga. Nah, ini cenderamata dari Australia. Terima kasih. Ini saja?

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Unit Twelve Tak apa! Never mind!

In this unit you will learn: • the use of tak apa – the cultural implications – the tidak apa attitude • the implications of takut, kut • duduk • pasal? apa hal? • sikit • cuma, hanya

Dialogue 1 (CD2; 36) Johan and Jamil are planning to go on a week’s break to Langkawi. Johan Jamil Johan Jamil Johan Jamil Johan

Jamil Johan Jamil

Saya tak sabar nak pergi ke Langkawi. Dua minggu lagi kita pergilah. Awak dah tempah tiket kapalterbang? Tak apa. Masih awal. Dua minggu saja lagi. Takut tiket habis. Tak apa. Masih banyak masa. Jamil, dua minggu lagi cuti sekolah. Semua orang nak bercuti. Oh ya, saya lupa. Kalau kita tak tempah hotel, tak ada tempat duduk. Tak apa. Kita boleh duduk di rumah kawan saya.

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Vocabulary sabar

to be patient

tak sabar

impatient, can’t wait

tempat duduk

accommodation

duduk

to stay

takut

worried, afraid

Language points Tak apa Tak apa literally means ‘it’s all right’, ‘never mind’ or ‘it doesn’t matter’.

Duduk Duduk, as you know, means ‘to sit’. However, it can also mean ‘to stay’ or ‘to live’. People might ask you: Duduk di mana?

Where do you live/stay?

Examples Saya duduk di Kuala Lumpur. I live/stay in Kuala Lumpur. Mandy duduk di rumah Mandy stays at her mother’s   ibu dia.   house. Thus tempat duduk can either mean ‘accommodation’ or ‘place to reside’ or ‘seat (at a restaurant or cinema)’. Examples Dia tak ada tempat duduk. Jadi, dia berdiri. He didn’t have a seat, so he stood. Jimmy tempah tempat duduk di Pulau Redang. Jimmy booked accommodation at Redang Island. Tempat duduk Alia cantik. Alia’s accommodation is beautiful.

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Takut Takut, in the context of Dialogue 1, conveys the meaning of ‘worry’ rather than ‘afraid’. Johan says, ‘Takut tiket habis.’ He is worried that the tickets will be sold out. Here are some more examples. Nadia bangun awal. Dia takut lambat ke pejabat. Nadia woke up early. She was worried she’d be late for work. Kamil takut terlepas bas. Kamil is worried in case he misses the bus. And here are some examples where takut means ‘afraid’. Jamie takut hantu. Leela takut guru tu.

Jamie is afraid of ghosts. Leela is afraid of that teacher.

Kut Kut is usually used at the end of a sentence to denote ‘perhaps’, ‘maybe’. Examples Jim tak pergi. Dia sakit kut. Jim didn’t go. Perhaps he is ill. Anak Lola menangis. Dia lapar kut. Lola’s baby is crying. Maybe she is hungry. Harris lambat. Dia sesat kut. Harris is late. Maybe he lost his way.

Culture point The tak apa or tidak apa attitude The tak apa or tidak apa attitude is a sensitive subject. It is almost an attitude akin to ‘I couldn’t care less’, or ‘I can’t be bothered’. The reason why certain work remarks undone has been attributed to this

Unit 12:  Never mind!

attitude. A tak apa attitude is certainly frowned upon in this day and age when people want to move forward at a fast pace. However, there are still people who lag behind with this tak apa attitude in the belief that things will come to those who wait!

Exercise 1 Translate these sentences into English.   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

Tak apa. Esok saya tempah tiket kereta api. Jane duduk di Pulau Pinang di rumah kawan dia. Patrick takut tak ada makanan di rumah. Dia makan di kedai. Tamalia cuti kut. Dia tak ada di pejabat. Kami duk cari tempat duduk di Bali. Tak ada lagi tempat duduk di dalam bas. Adi tak mahu makan banyak, takut gemuk. Telefon dia tak ada bateri, kut. Dia tak jawab. Tak apalah, saya bayar bulan depan. Alia duduk tengok TV.

Dialogue 2 (CD2; 38) Suria is concerned about her friend Mandy whom she has not seen for some time, so she gives her a call. Suria Mandy Suria Mandy Suria Mandy Suria Mandy Suria Mandy Suria Mandy

Mandy? Hello! Hello, Suria. Apa hal? Tak ada apa. Saya teringat Mandy sebab lama tak jumpa. Oh, saya baik. Cuma ada hal sikit. Apa pasal? Awak sakit? Saya tak sakit. Saya sibuk sikit. Apa pasal sibuk? Saya ada kelas malam, belajar bahasa. Oh bagus! Peperiksaan saya bulan depan. Awak mesti lulus! Saya tau. Saya cuma ada seminggu untuk belajar.

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Vocabulary cuma

only, except that

hal

issue, things, matters

kelas malam

evening classes

Language points Apa hal Apa hal can be variously translated as ‘what’s the matter?’ or ‘what’s up?’. It can also be used as a greeting, especially among friends. Apa hal is also interchangeable with apa pasal? to mean ‘why?’ The formal mengapa ‘why?’, is hardly used in spoken Malay. It is only used in writing and in formal conversations. Examples Apa hal tak datang semalam? Apa pasal dia menangis? Apa hal? Lama tak jumpa.

Why didn’t you come last   night? Why is she crying? What’s up? It’s been a long   time since we met.

Cuma and hanya We have seen many other words, such as saja and pun, that mean ‘only’. Cuma in some contexts also means ‘only’. In some circumstances cuma and saja can be used together. Examples Saya cuma ada seorang anak. I only have one child. Cuma dua orang saja lulus. Only two people passed. Dia tak nakal, cuma dia suka menangis. He is not naughty, except he likes to cry.

Unit 12:  Never mind!

Cuma satu kerusi saja yang tinggal. There’s only one chair left. Saya faham cuma saya tak boleh jawab. I understand except I cannot answer. Hanya is another word that means ‘only’ and sometimes it is also used with saja. It can also mean ‘merely’. Examples Saya hanya ada RM20 saja. I only have RM20. Mandy hanya seorang pelajar. Mandy is merely a student. Patricia hanya duduk diam saja. Patricia merely sat quietly. Hanya seorang saja boleh duduk. Only one person can sit down.

Exercise 2

(CD2; 40)

1 You are at a corner shop. Tell the shopkeeper you would like to buy: a) only two bottles of milk b) one egg only c) one (bottle of ) shampoo only d) two apples only 2

You are in a hotel. Tell the hotel receptionist you need: a) one single room only b) breakfast only c) two nights’ stay only

3

Tell a friend who is coming to stay with you to bring: a) only one suitcase b) only RM500 c) only one camera

4

After being mugged, tell the police officer at the station that: a) you only have RM10 in your pocket b) you are fine except that you need to go back to your hotel c) you are only a tourist staying in the country for only one week

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Vocabulary telur

egg

bilik bujang

single room

syampu

shampoo

beg baju

suitcase

epal

apple

kamera

camera

Culture point Sikit Note that Mandy says Saya sibuk sikit ‘I am a bit busy’. Malays are known to understate situations. Even when seriously ill they will say Saya sakit sikit ‘I am a little unwell’. Sikit or sedikit means ‘a little’ or ‘a little bit’. This is used to play down the seriousness of a situation. Sometimes it functions as a comparison. Examples Dia susah sikit. Hashim malas sikit. Rumah saya kecil sikit. Hashim berani sikit. Anne tinggi sikit daripada Jo.

She is a bit difficult. Hashim is a bit lazy. My house is a bit small. Hashim is a bit bolder. Anne is a bit taller than Jo.

To request a little bit more of something, say: Tambah sikit lagi. Bagi banyak sikit. Bagi lebih cili sikit.

Exercise 3

Add a bit more. Give (me) a bit more. Give (me) a little bit more chilli.

(CD2; 41)

Using sikit, how would you say the following in Malay?   1   2   3   4   5   6

Say Ask Say Say Ask Say

your son is a bit older than Sue. for a bit more rice. that the exam was a bit difficult. that the bag is a bit heavy. for a little bit more time. you are a little unwell.

Unit 12:  Never mind!

  7   8   9 10

Say Ask Say Ask

your car is a bit expensive. for a bit more sugar. you will be a bit late. for a bit more money.

Exercise 4 Read the following email and answer the questions that follow. Amir, Apa hal kamu tak jawab sms saya? Saya risau sikit sebab cuti kita ke Bangkok minggu depan. Kalau kamu tak mau pergi tak apa, cuma beritau saya. Saya ada lima hari cuti saja. Tak boleh pergi lama. Apa pasal Raju tak ikut kita? Dia pun tak jawab sms saya. Dia cuma beritau kakak saya dia tak mau pergi. Saya tak boleh pergi ke rumah dia. Rumah dia jauh sikit dan saya ada hal di sekolah hari ni. Saya nak tanya sikit, kamu boleh tolong saya telefon Raju? Tanya dia pasal apa dia tak mau pergi. Kalau kamu dan Raju tak mau pergi , saya pun tak mau pergi. Lenny 1 2 3 4 5

Mengapa Lenny tulis emel kepada Amir? Lenny mahu bercuti dengan Amir di mana? Raju beritahu siapa dia tak mahu pergi? Mengapa Lenny tak boleh pergi ke rumah Raju? Mengapa Lenny mahu Amir telefon Raju?

Exercise 5 Reply to Lenny’s email in Exercise 4, giving the following details: 1 Say you are a bit busy. 2 Say you have phoned Raju and his mother is a bit unwell and he cannot go on that holiday to Bangkok. 3 Tell him, never mind, you will still go with him to Bangkok. 4 Tell him that you only have three days’ holiday. 5 Tell him you will only go for two days.

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Unit Thirteen Entahlah! I don’t know!

In this unit you will learn: • entahlah!, an ‘I don’t know’ substitute • different ways of saying ‘maybe’: entah-entah, mungkin, boleh jadi, barangkali • mana, used to mean ‘where?’ and ‘how?’: mana dia? • ikutlah! ‘it’s up to you!’

Dialogue 1 (CD2; 42) Layla is searching for her flight tickets. She asks Yoko if she has seen them. Layla Yoko Layla Yoko Layla Yoko Layla Yoko Layla Yoko Layla

Yoko, di mana tiket kapalterbang saya? Entahlah! Saya ingat kamu simpan. Tak, saya bagi kamu semasa di pejabat MAS tadi. Tak adalah. Kalau saya simpan, mana dia? Entah. Mana saya tahu? Di dalam beg, kut? Entahlah, saya dah cari, tak ada. Entah-entah tertinggal di pejabat MAS! Aha, boleh jadi jugak!

Unit 13:  I don’t know!

Vocabulary entah

don’t know

entah-entah

maybe

Language point Entah/entahlah! Entah or entahlah (sometimes pronounced as tah!) is actually tak tau ‘don’t know’, but depending on the tone, it can sound dismissive. Entah is never a formal or written word. Again, this is not a word that one would use when speaking in a formal situation. Entah or entahlah can also denote a sense of despair. Here are some examples of how entah or entahlah can be used. Entahlah bila dia nak balik. I don’t know when she is coming home. Siapa entah datang tadi. I don’t know who it was that came earlier. Entah berapa dia bayar untuk baju tu. I don’t know how much she paid for that dress. Entahlah. Saya pun tak tahu. I don’t know. I don’t know either. Entah betul entah tidak cerita dia tu. I don’t know whether his story is true or not. Note that in most of the above examples, although they sound more like questions, they do not really require answers. They are more like thoughts spoken out loud.

Exercise 1 Try responding to the following questions using entah or entahlah. Remember, the tone used conveys your attitude to the question asked.

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  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

Mana saya letak duit saya? Bila Joanne nak balik? Apa nama orang yang telefon saya tadi? Bila kita nak kaya? Mana hilang kunci kereta saya? Apa nak makan malam ni? Siapa yang datang tengah malam ni? Siapa nak bayar untuk semua ni? Baju siapa yang bersepah ni? Abu keluar dengan siapa?

Vocabulary bersepah

messy

Language point Different ways of saying ‘maybe’ When repeated, entah-entah means ‘maybe’ or ‘perhaps’. There are several words that convey the same meaning: mungkin, boleh jadi and barangkali, which literally mean ‘could be’, ‘maybe’ or ‘perhaps’. See how these words can be interchangeable in the following sentences: Mungkin  .  .  . Boleh jadi  .  .  . Entah-entah  .  .  . Barangkali  .  .  .

.  .  .  dia tak boleh datang hari ni. Maybe/perhaps he couldn’t come today. .  .  .  Amran bayar untuk saya. Maybe/perhaps Amran paid for me.



.  .  .  Jessie tak makan daging. Maybe/perhaps Jessie doesn’t eat meat.



.  .  .  Yoko sesat jalan.



.  .  .  Geeta tak tahu kita di sini. Maybe/perhaps Geeta doesn’t know we are here.



.  .  .  Sam terlupa hari ini ada mesyuarat. Maybe/perhaps Sam forgot there’s a meeting today.

Maybe/perhaps Yoko lost her way.

Unit 13:  I don’t know!

Vocabulary sesat

to lose one’s way

mesyuarat

meeting

Examples Andi: Ben: Andi: Ben: Ben: Andi: Andi: Ben:

Murni mungkin lambat. Ya, mungkin. Boleh jadi komputer dia rosak. Boleh jadi. Mungkin Juandi tak suka makan ikan. Mungkin juga. Boleh jadi dia malu nak jumpa kita Boleh jadi juga.

Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with either mungkin, boleh jadi, barangkali or entah-entah. 1 Budak tu selalu menangis. ________ dia sakit. 2 Sudah lama saya tak jumpa dia. ________ dia sudah balik Amerika. 3 ________ esok hujan. Kalau hujan, ________ saya tak pergi. 4 ________ Julie ikut kakak dia ke Jakarta. 5 ________ Danial tak suka makan sayur. 6 Malam ini ________ ada filem baru. 7 Kedai tu ________ jual filem. 8 ________ bateri telefon saya habis.

Language point Mana dia? Mana dia? literally means ‘where is he/she?’ However, mana dia? can also mean di mana? or ‘where is it?’. In spoken Malay, ia (see Unit 1), referring to things or animals, is hardly ever used. It is used mostly in writing. So, ‘where is it?’ does not translate as mana ia?

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Mana dia is used to ask about the whereabouts of people and things and animals. In fact, in spoken Malay, dia is frequently used to refer to animals as well. Examples Mana dia buku saya? Where is my book? Mana dia kek yang kamu buat? Where is the cake that you made? Mana dia kedai yang jual baju tu? Where is the shop that sold that dress? Mana dia Mak budak ni? Where is the mother of this child? Mana dia pejabat pelancong? Where is the tourist office?

Exercise 3 Read the lyrics of this famous rhyme. Di mana dia, anak kambing saya? Anak kambing saya main di tepi sawah Di mana dia, buah hati saya? Buah hati saya yang pakai baju merah Di mana dia anak kambing saya? Anak kambing saya yang suka minum susu Yang mana dia, buah hati saya? Buah hati saya yang pakai baju biru Kalau nak tahu anak kambing saya Anak kambing saya duduk di dalam bilik Kalau nak tahu buah hati saya Buah hati saya yang tinggi dan cantik Di mana dia anak kambing saya? Anak kambing saya yang suka makan ketam Yang mana dia buah hati saya? Buah hati saya yang pakai seluar hitam.

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Unit 13: I don’t know!

Vocabulary sawah

paddy field

buah hati

sweetheart

ketam

crab

Where is it, my little baby goat? My little baby goat is playing by the paddy field Where is she, my sweetheart? My sweetheart is the one wearing the red dress Where is it, my little baby goat? My little baby goat is the one who likes to drink milk Where is she, my sweetheart? My sweetheart is the one wearing the blue dress If you want to know my little baby goat My little baby goat is sitting in the room If you want to know my sweetheart My sweetheart is the one who is tall and beautiful Where is it, my little baby goat? My little baby goat likes to eat crabs Where is she, my sweetheart? My sweetheart is the one wearing black trousers.

Exercise 4 Using mana dia, ask the whereabouts of your belongings as shown in the pictures.

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Unit 13: Entahlah!

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Dialogue 2 (CD2; 44) kamal is puzzled why his computer keeps crashing. He discusses the problem with his friend Sean. kaMaL

Saya hairan apa pasal komputer saya selalu rosak. SEaN Boleh jadi dah lama. kaMaL Tak begitu lama. Baru dua tahun. SEaN Mana boleh rosak cepat sangat? kaMaL Saya pun tak tau. SEaN Mari saya tengok.

Unit 13:  I don’t know!

Kamal

Macam mana nak tukar bateri dia? Bawa ke kedailah. Kamal Mungkin saya bawa esok. Sean Bawa hari ni lah. Kamal Mana boleh? Mana ada kedai buka hari ni? Sean

Vocabulary hairan

to be amazed

Language points Macam mana, mana dia and mana ada In spoken Malay, the word for ‘how’ – bagaimana – is hardly used. The colloquial version is macam mana, loosely translated as ‘like where’. Examples Macam mana boleh jadi macam ni? How could it turn out like this? Macam mana nak buka tin ni? How do you open this tin? Kalau dia tak lulus macam mana? If he doesn’t pass, how? (i.e. what will happen?) Mana dia means ‘where’. Examples Mana dia Mak budak ni? Where is the mother of this child? Mana dia pejabat pelancong? Where is the tourist office? Mana ada literally means ‘where got?’, or ‘where is there  .  .  .  ?’ Used defensively, it can also mean ‘It’s not true!’

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Examples Mana ada orang kerja masa ni? Where do you get people working at this time? Atan: Kamu balik lewat semalam? Atan: You came back late last night? Sean: Mana ada! Sean: That’s not true!

Exercise 5 Use macam mana, mana dia and mana ada in the situations below. Use the words in brackets to guide you. 1 You want to know how to use the cooker. (guna dapur) 2 You want to know where your brush is. (berus) 3 You want to find someone who can help you. (orang boleh tolong) 4 You want to find a shop that’s open till midnight. (kedai yang buka sampai tengah malam) 5 You want to know how to reply to a certain letter. (jawab surat) 6 You want to find a shop that sells kebabs. (kedai yang jual kebab) 7 You want to know the whereabouts of a map you bought. (peta yang saya beli) 8 You want to know how to use a coffee-making machine. (guna mesin kopi)

Dialogue 3 (CD2; 46) Heidi and Yoko are planning a birthday surprise for their friend Ranjit. Heidi

Kita nak buat di dewan atau di restoran? Ikutlah. Saya tak kisah. Heidi OK, kalau gitu, di dewanlah. Yoko Siapa nak masak? Yoko

Unit 13:  I don’t know!

Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi Yoko Heidi

Oh, ya. Mana nak cari orang untuk masak? Mak saya boleh masak. Makanan apa kita nak hidang? Ikut suka awaklah. Saya ikut saja. OK, kita buat makanan ringan saja. Tak kisah, asalkan ada makanan. Kita boleh mula jemput kawan-kawan!

Vocabulary dewan

hall

ikutlah

it’s up to you

hidang

to serve

asalkan

as long as

Language point Ikut/Ikutlah Ikut or ikutlah is an endorsement or an agreement with what is being suggested or proposed. Ikut actually means ‘to follow’, ‘to go along’ and in this case ‘to go along with a suggestion’. Ikut suka can mean ‘to do as one wishes’. Examples Saya nak ikut awak ke kedai. I want to go along with you to the shop. Ikutlah apa awak nak makan. It is up to you what you want to eat. Dia buat ikut suka hati dia saja. He does things as he wishes.

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Dialogue 4 (CD2; 48) Listen to this conversation between Amran and his friend Atul. They are deciding what to do during the weekend. Amran Atul Amran Atul Amran Atul Amran Atul Amran Atul Amran Atul

Kamu masih mau pergi ke Cameron Highlands? Entahlah, saya belum tau lagi. Kalau nak pergi kena beli tiket bas cepat. Tak apa. Kita bawa kereta saja. Kamu tau jalan ke sana? Tak apa, kita ikut jalan baru. Macam mana kita nak dapat kereta? Kita sewalah. Mana dia lesen awak? Saya tak ada lesen, awaklah bawa kereta. Saya lebih suka naik bas. Ikutlah, asalkan kita sampai Cameron Highlands.

Exercise 6 Answer the following questions: 1 2 3 4 5

Amran dan Atul mau pergi ke mana? Atul nak pergi dengan apa? Macam mana mereka nak dapat kereta? Atul ada lesen keretakah? Amran lebih suka pergi dengan apa?

Unit Fourteen Helo, boleh saya bantu? Hello, can I help?

In this unit you will learn: • how to make simple phone conversations • how to ask relevant questions: dia pergi mana?, bila dia balik?, boleh tinggal pesanan? • apa salahnya! • pula (pulak) • the use of the prefix and suffix ke  .  .  .  an, as in kesihatan, kementerian • the use of the prefix and suffix pe  .  .  .  an, as in pengalaman

Dialogue 1 (CD2; 50)

Hannah is telephoning a box office to ask about the availability of tickets.

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Unit 14:  Helo, boleh saya bantu?

Hannah Pekerja Hannah Pekerja Hannah Pekerja Hannah Pekerja Hannah Pekerja

Helo. Helo, boleh saya bantu? Ya, saya nak tau, tiket untuk Hang Jebat ada? Untuk bila? Untuk malam esok. Masih ada banyak. Untuk berapa orang? Untuk lima orang. Mau beli sekarang? Tak. Nanti saya datang ke sana untuk beli. Terima kasih. Sama-sama.

Culture point Telephone greetings Greetings on the telephone are the same as in person. However, if a Muslim makes a phone call, there is a likelihood that he or she will use Assalamualaikum in addition to Helo, and if the person receiving the call is also Muslim, he or she will reply Wa’alaikum salam. If you are non-Muslim, you are not required to say this. These borrowed words from Arabic were dealt with in Unit 11.

Exercise 1 Imagine you are telephoning a hotel to ask about the availability of rooms. Answer the following questions using the prompts given in brackets to help you. 1 2 3 4 5

Untuk bila? (next month, 28th) Untuk berapa orang? (four) Untuk berapa hari? (a week) Mau sarapan? (yes, as well as dinner) Mau tempah sekarang? (yes)

Unit 14:  Hello, can I help?

Dialogue 2 (CD2; 52) Jane is ringing a number back after receiving a missed call. Jane Sarah Jane Sarah Jane Sarah Jane Sarah Jane Sarah Jane Sarah Jane Sarah

Helo, saya Jane. Ya, mau cakap dengan siapa? Ada orang telefon saya dari nombor ini. Oh, apa nama orang itu? Saya tak tahu. Ini rumah atau pejabat? Pejabat pelancongan. Oh, saya tau. Boleh jadi kawan saya, Tommy Loh? Tommy tak ada. Dia keluar. Boleh saya tinggal pesan? Boleh, apa salahnya! Tolong beritahu dia saya balik malam esok. Itu saja? Ya, minta dia telefon saya balik. Terima kasih. Sama-sama.

Vocabulary pesan

message

Language points Pesan Pesan is used to convey ‘message’. You can say mesej; however, pesan can also be used to mean ‘to leave a message of advice’, ‘to remind’. Examples Mak pesan Amir untuk rajin belajar. Mother advises Amir to study hard. Helen pesan Nur untuk makan ubat. Helen advises Nur to eat (take) her medicine.

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Useful telephone phrases In a telephone conversation, it is worth knowing the following phrases: Boleh tahu siapa bercakap? Puan/cik nak cakap dengan   siapa? Nak tinggal pesan? Boleh saya tinggal mesej? Boleh cakap perlahan sedikit? Bila boleh saya telefon balik? Apa sambungan dia? Talian dia sibuk.

May I know who is speaking? Who do you want to speak to? Do you want to leave   a message? Can I leave a message? Can you speak a little slower? When can I call back? What’s his/her extension? His/her line is busy.

Apa salahnya! Note that in Dialogue 2, when Jane asks whether she can leave a message for her friend, Sarah says: Apa salahnya! Although this sounds like a question, it is not. It literally means: ‘What is wrong?’, but the meaning it conveys is totally the opposite: ‘There’s nothing wrong (with leaving a message!)’, and so it can mean ‘of course!’. Here are some more examples. Boleh saya duduk? Boleh, apa salahnya! Saya saya tanya? Boleh, apa salahnya!

Can I sit down? Of course you can! Can I ask? Of course you can!

Exercise 2 On the left is a list of situations. Match them with the corresponding questions on the right. 1 2 3 4

Maaf, dia sibuk bercakap. Sambungan dia 2098. Saya Joan. Maaf, Encik salah nombor.

Bila saya boleh telefon balik? Boleh saya tau siapa bercakap? Boleh saya tahu sambungan dia? Boleh saya cakap dengan Amir?

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Unit 14:  Hello, can I help?

5 Telefon balik dalam masa   sepuluh minit. 6 Ya, nombor dia 76947369.

Dia ada talian langsung? Ini nombor Hamzah?

Dialogue 3 (CD2; 54) Hashim is speaking on the phone to his friend Sam. They are talking about their other friends. Hashim Sam Hashim Sam Hashim Sam Hashim Sam Hashim Sam Hashim Sam

Hello Sam, kamu sibuk? Tak. Kamu tau Alan dapat belajar di Tokyo? Wah, bagus! Tony pula dapat belajar di Melbourne. Ya, saya tau. Jane pula macam mana? Jane belum dapat surat lagi. Harap dia dapat tempat di Melbourne juga. Ya, kamu pula macam mana? Saya minta Melbourne, tapi dapat Sydney. Tahniah. Nanti kita cakap lagi. Bye. Bye.

Language point Pula Pula is one word that is very difficult to explain. It has no particular meaning but serves to show that one is changing subject or topic, as in the case of Dialogue 3. Hashim and Sam were speaking about several friends and whenever they mentioned another name, they used pula. Note that pula is pronounced pulak, as in juga – jugak. The best way to imagine one function of pula is to visualise a group of students sitting around a teacher. When the teacher asks for someone to come forward to read, all the children put up their hands and say ‘Saya pula, saya pula’.

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Unit 14:  Helo, boleh saya bantu?

Examples Joan bekerja di bank. Tom pula bekerja di kilang dan John pula bekerja di pejabat pos. Joan works in a bank. Tom works in a factory while John works at the post office. Sam suka makan nasi, Jane pula tak suka makan roti. Sam likes to eat rice whereas Jane likes to eat bread. Here are some examples of situations where pula can mean ‘turn’, as in ‘my turn’. Mula-mula Tom menyanyi, kemudian Alan pula menyanyi. First Tom sang, then it was Alan’s turn to sing. Bila Leslie habis menari, Joan pula menari. When Leslie finished dancing, it was Joan’s turn to dance.

Exercise 3 Where do you place pula(k) in the following sentences?   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

Kim baca sajak. Lim baca cerita. Heidi belajar sains. Susan belajar sejarah. Jan bercakap bahasa Perancis. Yoko bercakap bahasa Jepun. Selepas Tom bercakap, Yeo bercakap. Saya marah Jan. Heidi yang sedih. Lee main gitar. Jane main piano. Bila baik sakit gigit, dia sakit kepala. Selepas pergi ke Singapura, dia pergi ke Bali. Saya suruh Jane baca, tapi Jon yang baca. Pat dapat hadiah buku, Alan dapat wang.

Dialogue 4 (CD2; 56) Jade is contemplating doing work experience in the field of education. She discusses this with a friend. Jade May

Saya ingin mengajar di sekolah rendah di sini. Tulislah kepada kementerian pendidikan.

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Jade

Saya rasa saya ada cukup pengalaman untuk mengajar di sini. Kementerian pendidikan mungkin mau orang seperti awak. Jade Saya ada kelayakan mengajar kanak-kanak. May Betul. Jade Saya pernah bekerja dengan Kesatuan Kanak-kanak kurang upaya. May Itu sangat berguna. May

Vocabulary sekolah rendah

primary school

kelayakan

qualification

pengalaman

experience

kesatuan

society

kementerian

ministry

kurang upaya

less abled

pendidikan

education

berguna

useful

Language point Abstract nouns and the prefix and suffix ke  .  .  .  an and pe  .  .  .  an Abstract nouns can be formed using nouns, verbs and adjectives with the prefix and suffix ke  .  .  .  an. With some abstract nouns, the meanings are not far off that of the base word. Some, however, have quite different meanings.

ke + noun + an ke + menteri ‘minister’ + an = kementerian ‘ministry’ Dia menjadi menteri dalam kementerian kewangan. He became a minister in the ministry of finance. ke + ahli ‘member’ + an = keahlian ‘membership’ Untuk menjadi ahli kelab itu, saya mesti isi borang   keahlian. To be a member of the club, I must fill in the   membership form.

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Unit 14:  Helo, boleh saya bantu?

ke + juara ‘champion’ + an = kejuaraan ‘championship’ Siew Lee ialah juara badminton sekolah kami. Kejuaraan ini ialah yang pertama bagi Siew Lee. Siew Lee is our school’s badminton champion. This championship is the first for Siew Lee.

ke + verb + an ke + naik ‘to go up’ + an = kenaikan ‘increase’ Harga barang sudah naik. Orang ramai marah dengan kenaikan harga. The price of goods has gone up. The public is angry with the price increase. ke + duduk ‘to sit’ + an = kedudukan ‘position’ Murphy duduk di tempat saya. Murphy sat in my place. Kedudukan ahli politik itu tidak stabil. The position of the politician is not stable. ke + tiba ‘to arrive’ + an = ketibaan ‘arrival’ Menteri akan tiba pada pukul satu. Guru besar akan sambut ketibaannya. The minister will arrive at one o’clock. The headmaster will receive him on arrival.

ke + adjective + an ke + sihat ‘healthy/well’ + an = kesihatan ‘health’ Saya selalu sihat. Saya jaga kesihatan saya. I am always healthy. I look after my health. ke + miskin ‘poor’ + an = kemiskinan ‘poverty’ Di negara itu ada ramai orang miskin. Mereka hidup dalam kemiskinan. There are many poor people in that country. They live in poverty. ke + sedih ‘sad’ + an = kesedihan ‘sadness’ Raju selalu sedih. Hidup dia penuh kesedihan. Raju is always sad. His life is full of sadness.

Unit 14:  Hello, can I help?

Similarly, the prefix and suffix pe  .  .  .  an can be used with the same function, but the prefix pe has many variations, such as pem, pen, peny and peng, depending on the first letter of the word it is added to.

pe + noun + an pe + rumah ‘house’ + an = perumahan ‘housing/residential’ Saya tinggal di kawasan perumahan. I live in a residential area. pe + muka ‘face’ + an = permukaan ‘surface’ Ikan itu timbul di permukaan air. The fish appeared on the surface of the water.

pe + verb + an pe + jalan ‘to walk’ + an = perjalanan ‘journey’ Dia tidur sepanjang perjalanan. He slept throughout the journey. pe + urus ‘to manage’ = pengurusan ‘management’ Lola menjaga pengurusan syarikatnya. Lola looks after the management of her company.

Exercise 4 Use the words in brackets with the correct prefix and suffix, ke  .  .  .  an or pe  .  .  .  an, to complete the sentences. The affixes can be used with adjectives or nouns or verbs to make abstract nouns. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Saya bimbang tentang ________ (sihat) abang saya. Dia tinggal di kawasan ________ (rumah) itu. Dia tak ada ________ (layak) bekerja di sini. Di negara ini tak ada ________ (miskin). Saya kagum dengan ________ (cantik) dia. Kamil bawa banyak makanan untuk ________ (jalan) jauh. 7 Dari jauh ________ (dengar) budak itu menangis. Dia ada ________ (rakyat) Malaysia.

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Vocabulary kagum

to be in awe

rakyat

citizen

Exercise 5

(CD2; 58)

Read this email from Sam to his friend Abdul, and then answer the questions that follow. Abdul, saya baru dapat surat Kementerian Pertahanan. Saya dapat kerja di situ. Mula-mula saya tidak fikir saya ada kelayakan. Tapi bapa saya pula mau saya bekerja di situ. Saya tak ada pengalaman tapi saya rasa saya boleh buat kerja tu. Lama-lama saya akan dapat kepakaran. Bapa saudara saya jugak dalam Kementerian Pertahanan. Dia pesan saya untuk bekerja dengan rajin. Jangan lupa balas emel ini. 1 2 3 4

Sam dapat kerja di mana? Siapa mau Sam bekerja di situ? Siapa bekerja di Kementerian Pertahanan juga? Apa bapa saudara Sam pesan kepada dia?

Unit Fifteen Tiket dibeli minggu lepas The tickets were bought last week

In this unit you will learn: • • • • •

the passive form in a conversation: dibeli, dimakan, dimasak the use of di  .  .  .  kan, di  .  .  .  i the use of me  .  .  .  kan, me  .  .  .  i, pe  .  .  .  an some simple common idioms: jatuh hati, ringan tangan, etc. some common slang, and more Manglish and borrowed words

Dialogue 1 (CD2; 60) Luqman and Susan have bought tickets to a concert. They are looking forward to seeing their favourite singer. Luqman Susan Luqman Susan Susan Luqman Susan Luqman Susan Luqman Susan Luqman

Saya tak sabar nak ke konsert tu. Saya pun. Tiket dibeli minggu lepas. Ya, tapi tiket belum sampai! Saya masih tunggu tiket. Saya pun. Kamu bagi alamat yang betul ka? Alamat ditulis dengan terang dan betul. Saya harap tak hilang. Selalunya kalau hilang, duit diberi balik. Saya tak mau duit balik, saya mau tengok konsert tu! Betul, jugak. Baik kita telefon penganjur. OK.

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Vocabulary alamat

address

diberi balik

returned

hilang

missing

penganjur

organiser

Language point The passive In spoken Malay, unlike spoken Indonesian, the passive form of the verb is rarely used. However, it is useful to know how the passive forms are used, as they are usually used in the written form. There are several forms: di + verb, di + verb + i, di + verb + kan. In some cases, passive verbs are followed by oleh ‘by’.

The passive verb: di + verb Di is always attached to the verb in the passive form, as opposed to di written separately when used as a preposition meaning ‘at (a place)’. Examples diberi di kedai Tiket dibeli minggu lepas. Alamat ditulis dengan   terang. Ikan dimakan kucing. Kari dimasak oleh mak. Laporan ditulis oleh   pengarah.

was given at a shop The tickets were bought last week. The address was written clearly. The fish was eaten by the cat. The curry was cooked by mother. The report was written by the director.

Unit 15:  The tickets were bought last week

Exercise 1 Change these active sentences into the passive voice using the prefix di–.   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10

Emak beli hadiah. Susan buat kek. Kakak basuh baju. Saya tulis surat itu. Jane cuci pinggan. Tommy sapu sampah. Alan tanam pokok bunga. Hashim bawa Ali ke kedai. Abang gantung baju. Bapa potong rumput.

The passive verb: di + verb + i Adam dimarahi ibu. Kata-kata dia dicurigai. Alia diampuni bapa dia. Ali disyaki mencuri.

Adam was scolded by mother. His words were doubted. Alia was forgiven by her father. Ali was suspected of stealing.

Exercise 2 Form the passive voice from these words using di + verb + i, and then use the dictionary to find their meanings. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

kahwin sedar basah kenal lupa siram jumpa temu

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Reading 1 Read this newspaper report about flooding.

Kampong dibanjiri air Alor Setar (Jumaat) Beratus-ratus buah rumah di kawasan Alor Gajah dimasuki air apabila hujan lebat turun selama tiga hari. Tiga buah sekolah yang dilengkapkan dengan dapur dan tempat tidur disiapkan untuk mangsa banjir. Menurut laporan seratus orang telah dimasukkan ke dalam hospital kerana cedera semasa cuba keluar dari rumah mereka. Banyak buah bot yang dilengkapi jaket keselamatan telah pergi ke kawasan-kawasan kampong untuk menyelamat pendudukpenduduk kampong. Kebanyakan tempat tidak ada bekalan elektrik dan setiap malam bilik-bilik mereka diterangi cahaya lilin sahaja. Mangsa-mangsa banjir diterangkan tentang usaha untuk membantu mereka oleh kerajaan tempatan.

Vocabulary beratus-ratus

hundreds

penduduk

kawasan

area

bekalan

supply

disiapkan

to be provided with

elektrik

electricity

cedera

injured

cahaya

light

keselamatan

safety

lilin

candle

menyelamat

to save

usaha

efforts

residents

Language points The passive verb: di + verb + kan In the newspaper report, you will have seen the third form of the passive verb: di + verb + kan. Some verbs with di + verb + i and

Unit 15:  The tickets were bought last week

di + verb + kan differ in meaning, while others have similar meanings. However, not all passive verbs can be used this way. Examples rumah dimasuki air (lit.) house entered by water Orang dimasukkan ke dalam hospital. People were admitted to hospital. Bot dilengkapi jaket keselamatan. The boat was equipped with safety jackets. Sekolah dilengkapkan dengan dapur. The school was equipped with stoves. Bilik mereka diterangi cahaya lilin. Their rooms were lit by candlelight. Mangsa banjir diterangkan tentang usaha untuk membantu mereka. The flood victims were given explanations (lit. were explained) about the efforts to help them. As you can see from the first two examples, the meanings of dimasuki and dimasukkan differ. One describes the house being entered by water, while the other describes people being admitted to hospital. Here are some more examples of this passive verb. Rumah dia dimasuki pencuri. His house was broken into (entered) by a thief. Wang itu dimasukkan ke dalam bank. The money was deposited in the bank.

Other passive verbs with meanings that change diterangi diterangkan diingati diingatkan dihadapi dihadapkan

was lit by to be explained being remembered to be reminded being faced with to be put before

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Some passive words, such as dilengkapi and dilengkapkan, do not change in meaning. In the newspaper report, they both mean ‘to be equipped with’. Here are some other passive verbs with different prefixes and suffixes but with the same meaning: dimulai/dimulakan dianugerahi/dianugerahkan

Exercise 3

was started was awarded

(CD2; 62)

Choose the right form of the passive verb to use in the blanks. Air itu ________ ke dalam botol. (dimasuki/dimasukkan) Bilik saya ________ pencuri. (dimasuki/dimasukkan) Orang itu ________ kesusahan. (dihadapi/dihadapkan) Pencuri itu ________ ke mahkamah. (dihadapi/dihadapkan) Untuk keselamatan pelajar, mereka ________ cara memandu. (diterangi/diterangkan) 6 Malam itu ________ cahaya bulan. (diterangi/diterangkan) 1 2 3 4 5

Reading 2 Read the following two passages to understand the functions of me + verb + i and me + verb + kan. Reza datang ke Malaysia untuk menjalani rawatan rawatan di hospital. Doktor yang menjalankan rawatan ke atas Reza ialah Dr Prakesh. Dr Prakesh memasukkan tiub ke dalam badan Reza. Ubat memasuki badan Reza menerusi tiub itu. Dr Prakesh telah meneruskan rawatan itu selama seminggu sehingga Reza sembuh. Jehan mendekati orang tua itu dengan tenang. Dia tahu orang tua itu tidak kenal Alan, anaknya yang tidak ditemui selama sepuluh tahun. Jehan suruh Alan bersalam dengan bapanya. Mula-mula orang tua itu terkejut, tetapi apabila dia tahu Alan anaknya, dia memeluk Alan. Jehan gembira kerana dapat menemukan semula orang tua itu dengan anaknya. Dia berjaya mendekatkan hubungan mereka semula. Jehan menemui Alan semasa mereka bekerja di London.

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Vocabulary rawatan

treatment

bersalam

to shake hands

tiub

tube

terkejut

to be surprised

sembuh

to recover

memeluk

to hug/embrace

dengan tenang

calmly

hubungan

relationship

Language points Me + verb + i and me + verb + kan As with the passive verbs, the suffixes i and kan can change the meaning of verbs with a me prefix. Examples menjalani rawatan menjalankan rawatan memasukkan memasuki menerusi meneruskan mendekati mendekatkan menemui menemukan

to undergo treatment to carry out treatment to insert to enter by way of to continue to approach to bring closer to meet to enable a meeting to take place

From the examples above, you can see that the meanings change from the root word when the word uses prefixes and suffixes: jalan menjalani menjalankan perjalanan terus meneruskan menerusi dekat mendekati mendekatkan

to walk to undergo to carry out a journey straight on to continue by way of near to approach to make closer

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pendekatan temu (bertemu) menemui menemukan pertemuan

an approach to meet to meet to get two parties to meet up a meeting

Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks using the verbs in brackets but with the correct prefixes and suffixes. Dalam ________ (temu) antara kedua-dua orang pemimpin itu, mereka bersetuju untuk mengambil ________ (dekat) yang akan memberi manfaat kepada kedua-dua buah negara. Mereka berbincang selama dua jam dan ________ (terus) perbincangan mereka selepas makan tengah hari. Mereka akan ________ (jalan) program kerjasama ________ (terus) beberapa agensi kerajaan.

Dialogue 2 (CD2; 63) Luqman realises that he was not invited to Jo’s birthday party. He talks to Alan about it. Luqman Alan Luqman Alan Luqman Alan Luqman Alan Luqman Alan

Saya tak tahu Jo buat majlis hari jadi. Ya, saya pergi. Pasal apa dia tak panggil saya? Mungkin dia lupa. Dia tak akan lupa, saya kawan baik dia. Alahai, janganlah ambil hati! Saya sedihlah. Saya faham. Pasal dia tak ingat saya? Entahlah!

Vocabulary ambil hati

to be slighted

Unit 15:  The tickets were bought last week

Language point Idioms As mentioned in Unit 8, although hati means ‘liver’, in emotional terms it is considered the ‘heart’. Thus many idioms are connected to the ‘heart’. Here are a few of those idioms. jatuh hati besar hati buah hati murah hati

to fall in love to be grateful sweetheart generous

And here are some other idioms. ringan tulang hidung tinggi besar kepala berat tangan cepat tangan lapang dada mulut murai

to be helpful arrogant big-headed lazy someone who likes to steal to feel relieved chatterbox

Exercise 5 Try using idioms in the following sentences. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Saya suka dia. Dia ________ Amir kena buang kerja. Dia ________ Jasbir beri duit kepada saya. Dia ________ Leela memang ________ Dia tak cakap dengan semua orang. Jaga-jaga barang awak. Budak tu ________ Saya rasa ________ Saya dah lulus Bila dah dapat kerja, jangan ________ Mary tu ________ Jangan beritau dia apa-apa.

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Culture points Idioms Idioms are very important in the Malay language. Idioms certainly make the language more colourful and beautiful. As you can see from the above descriptions, many of these idioms derive from parts of the body to describe people’s attributes. As in English, the Malay language is also rich in similes and metaphors, mostly derived from observation of the surroundings. Malays are known to allude to something rather than speak directly. One of the most common ways of alluding to a situation is by using a two-line rhyme, or what is known in Malay as pantun dua kerat. One need only say the first line and the person for whom the message is intended will know what is meant. For example: Sudah gaharu cendana pula. You already have incense, why sandalwood? Sudah tahu bertanya pula. You already know, why bother to ask? or Terima kasih daun keladi. Kalau boleh mau lagi.

Thank you yam leaves. If possible, I want more.

There are many such examples which can make a conversation very interesting.

Manglish As with any other language, the Malay language is enriched, or some would say adulterated, by words borrowed from other languages and even ‘Malaysianised’. Manglish is a language of its own: Malay and English all rolled into one, for example, adding lah to English verbs: eatlah, sitlah, go lah, cannotlah! Sometimes English words are used, but they are turned into Malay words. Some of these words are self-explanatory, but others have veered dangerously from their original meaning.

Unit 15:  The tickets were bought last week

Examples gostan kona posmen best! (Filem tu best!

to go astern (to reverse) corner, to turn round a corner postman just what it means!, best, excellent! The film is excellent!)

Releklah!

Chill out!

Terror is pronounced as tera, and is not at all what it implies. It is usu­ ally meant as a compliment, as in: You ni teralah! ‘You are clever!’

Borrowed words The Malay language has borrowed words from many different sources, such as Arabic, Sanskrit, Dutch, Tamil, Chinese, and even Spanish and French. And certainly with the influx of Indonesian labourers there are many Indonesian words now in the Malay language. Here are some borrowed words: aksi almari bahasa bangku bendera boneka buat cawan garpu gereja keju kongsi mentega miskin

action cupboard (from Portuguese armário) language (from Sanskrit bha-sha- ) stool (from Portuguese banco) flag (from Portuguese bandeira) doll (from Portuguese boneca) to do (from Sanskrit wuat) cup (from Mandarin cháwaˇn) fork (from Portuguese garfo) church (from Portuguese igreja) cheese (from Portuguese queijo) to share (from Hokkien kong-si) butter (from Portuguese manteiga) poor (from Arabic mishkin)

Slang! If you try to avoid using slang, it will prove to be a losing battle, espe­ cially in the spoken Malay language. Slang words and abbreviated

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and butchered words started in short messaging services (SMS) and were popular in chatrooms, but have now crept into emails, formal letters and school essays. Some knowledge of slang will help you understand what people are saying although you need not use it. Filem tu best giler (gila). Awek tu cun. DVD tu ori.

The   is The The

film is excellent! (lit. ‘The film madly best!’) lass is beautiful. DVD is original.

Key to exercises

Unit 1 Exercise 1 1 Ini James. Dia abang John. 2 Mereka orang Inggeris. 3 Itu Andre dan Anna. Mereka orang Perancis. 4 Yoko orang Jepun. Dia bercakap bahasa Jepun. 5 Ingrid dan Johan suka negara Jerman. 6 Gopal bekerja di negara Belanda.

Exercise 2 1 Selamat jalan. 2 Selamat pagi. 3 Selamat datang. 4 Selamat tinggal. 5 Selamat malam.

Exercise 3 1 saya 2 kami 3 kita 4 mereka/dia orang 5 anda

Exercise 4 1 mak cik 2 encik 3 cik 4 puan 5 pak cik

Exercise 5 1 Dina 2 Asiah 3 Ana 4 Fatimah 5 Ana and Abu

Exercise 6 1 Ramlah 2 Bahasa Jerman 3 Alan 4 Orang Singapura 5 bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Inggeris

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Unit 2 Exercise 1 1 Maaf, saya tak faham. 2 Maaf, boleh ulang? 3 Maaf, boleh cakap lambat sikit. 4 Maaf, boleh tolong eja nama? 5 Maaf, boleh ulang? 6 Maafkan saya. 7 Maaf, saya terlambat. 8 Maaf, saya tak tau.

Exercise 2 All answers given are applicable.

Exercise 3 1 a) Saya suka makan kari, saya mahu makan kari, saya boleh makan kari. b) Saya suka bercakap bahasa Melayu, saya mahu bercakap bahasa Melayu, saya boleh bercakap bahasa Melayu. c) Saya suka main badminton, saya mahu main badminton, saya boleh main badminton. 2 a) Saya tak suka berenang, saya tak mahu berenang, saya tak boleh berenang. b) Saya tak suka bercakap bahasa Jerman, saya tak mahu bercakap bahasa Jerman, saya tak boleh bercakap bahasa Jerman. c) Saya tak suka masak, saya tak mahu masak, saya tak boleh masak.

Exercise 4 Ali – melukis; Susan – berenang; Emily – menonton; Antoinne – masak; Sally – menari; Ely – menyanyi; Andy dan Jo – makan; Fran – berlari

Exercise 5 1 mengangkat 2 berlepas 3 menyanyi 4 berlari 5 menyapu 6 membuka 7 menulis 8 berjalan

Exercise 6 1 Guru 2 Pengurus 3 Pelatih 4 Pelukis 5 Penjaga kebun 6 Jururawat 7 Pemandu bas 8 Tukang masak 9 Penari 10 Pelajar

Unit 3 Exercise 1 1 di dalam almari 2 di dalam balang 3 di pejabat 4 di bawah kerusi 5 di atas pokok

Key to exercises

Exercise 2 1 Ada kucing di bawah meja. 2 Ada kunci di atas buku. 3 Ada pen di atas kerusi. 4 Ada kerusi di atas meja.

Exercise 4 1 nipis 2 besar 3 cantik 4 pandai 5 sedap

Exercise 5 1 a) Boleh tunjuk jalan dari hotel ke sekolah? b) Boleh tunjuk jalan dari sekolah ke pejabat pos? c) Boleh tunjuk jalan dari sekolah ke kolam renang? d) Boleh tunjuk jalan dari pejabat pos ke bank? 2 a) Jalan terus di Jalan Besar, belok kanan ke Jalan Ros. b) Dari Jalan padang Jalan Padang. Kolam renang di Jalan Padang. c) Dari Jalan Bunga, jalan terus ke simpang jalan, belok kiri ke Jalan Ros. d) Dari Jalan Besar, jalan ke kanan ke simpang jalan. Jalan terus ke Jalan Bunga. Hotel i Jalan Bunga.

Exercise 6 1 Di Jalan Itik. 2 Di Jalan Ros di sebelah Pejabat Pos. 3 Di Jalan Itik, dekat stesen bas. 4 Di Jalan Besar di depan pasar. 5 Di Jalan Padang di depan kolam renang.

Exercise 7 1 membeli setem 2 membeli daging 3 bermain bola 4 berenang 5 belajar

Exercise 8 1 Ahmad naik bas ke stesen kereta api. 2 Ahmad naik kereta api ke Bandar Seri Melur. 3 Ahmad pergi ke Taman Anggur dengan bas. 4 Rumah Raju di depan pasaraya. 5 Rumah yang besar dan cantik.

Unit 4 Exercise 1 1 nyanyian 2 layanan 3 ajaran 4 kiriman 5 pinjaman

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Exercise 2 1 e. 2 a., b. 3 d. 4 a.

Exercise 3 1 pedas, 2 masin, 3 pahit, 4 masam, 5 manis

Exercise 4 1 sedang 2 sudah 3 masih 4 sedang 5 sudah 6 telah 7 akan 8 akan

Exercise 5 1 Nisa masak nasi, kari kambing, ayam goreng, sambal udang dan sup sayur. 2 Dia jemput Ali, Chong, Sami, Suan dan Ray ke rumah dia. 3 Ali tak makan ayam. 4 Suan bawa kek untuk Nisa. 5 tak sihat/ tak ada selera

Unit 5 Exercise 1 1 dua puluh empat 2 lima puluh satu 3 seratus tiga puluh tuhuh 4 dua ribu, empat ratus enam puluh dua 5 tujuh ribu, sembilan ratus lapan puluh enam

Exercise 2 kosong satu dua, tujuh enam lima, lapan kosong dua; kosong satu enam, empat sembilan satu, kosong kosong tiga; kosong tiga, sembilan sembilan dua, tujuh lima dua tiga; kosong empat, tiga tujuh satu, lapan tujuh enam empat; kosong satu tujuh, enam empat dua, lima empat kosong

Exercise 3 1 Anak kedua Lillian belajar dalam tahun pertama di universiti. 2 Anton beli keempat-empat buku itu daripada saya. 3 Jean ada lima anak. Anak ketiga dia perempuan. 4 Kereta pertama saya ialah Proton. 5 Joshua pelajar kesepuluh mendapat hadiah dari sekolah.

Key to exercises

Exercise 4 1 kedai bunga 2 kedai roti 3 kedai alat tulis 4 kedai pakaian/baju 5 kedai emas 6 kedai ubat

Exercise 5 1 seratus lima puluh ringgit 2 dua puluh lima ringgit sembilan puluh sembilan sen 3 empat puluh lima ribu, enam ratus tujuh puluh ringgit 4 tiga ratus enam puluh lima ringgit, sembilan puluh sembilan sen 5 sembilan puluh tujuh ringgit dua puluh lima sen

Exercise 6 1 ikan; 2 kerusi; 3 durian; 4 pensil; 4 kasut

Exercise 7 beg kulit besar payung plastik. kemeja berjalur, seluar pendek berpetak, beg tangan kecil.

Exercise 8 Went to the shopping centre. Bought a shirt, a pair of shoes, a postcard. Ali bought a book, a map and a pen. The shoes are black. Beautiful but too big. Went to change size. The shirt is blue with stripes, white collar. Nice. Postcard is for mother. Ali’s book is expensive. Could not bargain. At the night market can bargain. Altogether spent RM152.20. Still have RM732.00 for food and buying things.

Unit 6 Exercise 1 1 Jangan bising! 2 Jangan merokok! 3 Jangan masuk! 4 Jangan buka! 5 Jangan tidur!

Exercise 3 1 minta 2 suruh 3 pujuk 4 larang 5 jemput 6 ajak 7 jemput 8 larang

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Exercise 4 1 minta buku itu 2 sila duduk 3 jangan lari 4 mari kita pergi ke restoran 5 sila datang ke rumah saya

Exercise 5 1 mula-mula masak nasi 2 kemudian hidang di atas meja 3 selepas tu masak kari ayam 4 last sekali, ajak tetamu makan

Exercise 6 1 Pada hari Khamis. 2 Di kedai makan. 3 Pada pukul tujuh. 4 Pergi ke perpustakaan. 5 Mak Mary jemput kakak dia untuk pulang untuk majlis hari jadinya.

Unit 7 Exercise 1 1 Rania jumpa Anne pada pagi Ahad. 2 Di gerai. 3 Pada malam Isnin. 4 Dengan Sam. 5 Pada petang rabu. 6 Makan malam dengan Layla dan kawan-kawan. 7 Pada pagi Jumaat. 8 Dia membeli-belah.

Exercise 2 Negeri

panas

KEDAH

x x x x

PERLIS PERAK PULAU PINANG

hujan lebat

x

JOHOR TERENGGANU KELANTAN

banjir

x x x

NEGRI SEMBILAN PAHANG

ribut petir

x

SELANGOR MELAKA

hujan renyai-renyai

x x x

x x x

Key to exercises

Exercise 3 1 Jane always visits her mother. (melawat) 2 I never work on Sunday. (bekerja) 3 Once in a while Maria phones me. (telefon) 4 Omar seldom goes to school. (pergi) 5 We always come home at noon. (balik) 6 They seldom speak English. (bercakap) 7 Sometimes Laila goes to work by bus. (pergi kerja) 8 Lim never walks to school. (berjalan)

Exercise 4 1 sepuluh haribulan April sembilan belas enam puluh tujuh 2 lapan belas haribulan Disember dua ribu satu 3 dua puluh lima haribulan Julai dua ribu sepuluh 4 sembilan haribulan Mac dua ribu lima 5 tiga puluh haribulan Ogos sembilan belas sembilan puluh satu 6 lapan belas haribulan Mei dua ribu lapan belas

Exercise 5 1 sejam lima puluh minit 2 dua jam lima belas minit 3 dua am lima belas minit 4 dua jam 5 dua jam

Exercise 6 1 Pada pukul enam pagi pada 10hb Mei 2010 2 Jane tinggal dengan keluarga Maria selama seminggu 3 Pada hari Sabtu 4 Sania tidur sepanjang perjalanan 5 Jane dan Sania pulang ke Kuala Lumpur pada 17hb Mei

Unit 8 Exercise 1 1 Tak kena tak payah 2 kena 3 kena 4 tak payah 5 payah 6 kena 7 kena 8 tak payah 9 payah 10 kena

Exercise 2 1 tertidur (unintentional) 2 tergigit (accidental/unintentional) 3 ternampak (unintentional) 4 terbesar (superlative) 5 tersusun (something already done) 6 termakan (inability to do something) 7 terbeli (unintentional) 8 terdengar (unintentional) 9 terkaya (superlative) 10 terhidang (something already done)

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Exercise 3 1 tahniah! 2 sayangnya! 3 syabas! 4 tahniah! 5 sayangnya 6 cantiknya 7 pandainya 8 salam takziah 9 kesian! 10 sayangnya

Exercise 4 1 sedih 2 bangga 3 kecewa 4 bimbang 5 takut 6 gembira 7 sedih 8 bahagia

Exercise 5 1 pandai 2 malas 3 baik hati 4 kedekut 5 cerewet 6 murah hati/baik hati 7 malu 8 lucu/menarik

Exercise 6 1 dua puluh tahun 2 kawan-kawannya 3 emel dan sms 4 dia baik, suka tolong orang lain, tidak sombong 5 dia murah hati, rendah diri, tak cerewet, 6 Meera 7 tolong Meera belajar 8 tidak

Unit 9 Exercise 1 1 luka 2 terseliuh 3 demam 4 patah 5 tercedera 6 penyakit 7 sakit 8 pening 9 pitam 10 dada

Exercise 2 1 sebab 2 sambil 3 kalau 4 tapi 5 kalau/sebab

Exercise 3 1 gadis gemuk dan pendek, berambut panjang dan keriting; 2 bayi perempuan, gemuk; 3 lelaki tua, berambut pendek, gemuk dan tinggi, bermuka panjang dan mulut besar; 4 remaja perempuan berambut panjang dan ketak, bermuka kecil, tinggi dan kurus

Exercise 4 1 riuh rendah 2 lintang pukang 3 manis melecas 4 kurus kering 5 riuh rendah 6 besar agam 7 cuci calat 8 kecil molek

Key to exercises

Exercise 5 1 lambat-lambat 2 cepat-cepat/dengan cepat 3 dengan teliti 4 kuat-kuat 5 dengan nyenyak 6 rapat-rapat 7 dengan sopan 8 dengan kasar

Exercise 6 1 lambat-lambat 2 di sekolah 3 dengan baik 4 Heidi 5 dengan gembira

Unit 10 Exercise 1 1 Saya suka kereta macam ni. 2 Ray macam abang saya. 3 Beg ini macam beg saya. 4 Helen tak macam kakak dia. Helen tinggi. 5 Jangan cakap macam tu. 6 Alan macam adik Jan. 7 Dia belanja macam dia kaya. 8 John cakap macam dia tau semua. 9 Nampak macam dia tak sihat. 10 Martin macam orang sedih.

Exercise 2 1 Macam mana nak pergi ke pasar? 2 Macam mana nak buat kek pisang? 3 Macam mana nak menyanyi lagu ni? 4 Macam mana nak pasang komputer ni? 5 Macam mana nak masak kari ayam?

Exercise 3 1 gula/gula-gula 2 Baru-baru/baru 3 masing-masing 4 Kira-kira 5 pura-pura 6 Tiba-tiba 7 mula 8 agar-agar 9 kira 10 sama-sama

Exercise 4 1 jadi peguam 2 jadi pelayan 3 tak jadi 4 ya, Manam jadi masak untuk kita malam ni 5 jadi ibu Tom

Unit 11 Exercise 1 1 Nah, ini buku saya pinjam dulu. 2 Amboi lama awak bercuti! 3 Alamak, saya terlupa bawa buku! 4 Alamak, baju saya koyak! 5 Nah, ambil

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Key to exercises

hadiah ini. 6 Amboi, ramai sungguh anak awak! 7 Nah, ini daripada saya. 8 Amboi, besar sungguh rumah awak!

Exercise 2 1 alhamdulillah 2 insyaallah 3 masyaallah 4 waalaikum salam, ahamdulillah 5 alhamdulillah 6 insyaallah 7 alhamdulillah 8 insyaallah

Exercise 3 1 pun 2 saja 3 pun 4 pun 5 saja 6 pun, saja 7 saja, pun 8 saja 9 pun 10 saja

Exercise 4 1 tak patut 2 patut 3 tak patut 4 tak patut 5 patut

Unit 12 Exercise 1 1 Never mind. Tomorrow I will book the train tickets. 2 Jane stayed in Penang at her friend’s house. 3 Patrick feared there was no food at home. He ate at the shop. 4 Tamalia may be on leave. She is not at the office. 5 We are looking for accommodation in Bali. 6 There are no more seats on the bus. 7 Adi doesn’t want to eat a lot. He is scared he will be fat. 8 Perhaps his phone battery is flat. He didn’t answer. 9 Never mind, I will pay next month. 10 Alia is watching TV.

Exercise 2 1 a) dua botol susu saja; b) sebiji telur saja; c) satu syampu saja; d) dua epal saja; 2 a) satu bilik bujang saja; b) sarapan saja; c) saya tinggal di hotel dua malam saja; 3 a) satu beg saja; b) RM500 saja; c) satu kamera saja; 4 a) ada RM10 saja dalam poket; b) saya baik, cuma saya nak balik ke hotel; c) saya hanya pelancong di negara ini untuk seminggu saja

Exercise 3 1 Anak lelaki saya tua sikit daripada Sue. 2 Minta nasi sikit lagi. 3 Peperiksaan tu susah sikit. 4 Beg itu berat sikit. 5 Minta lebih masa

Key to exercises

sikit. 6 Saya tak sihat sikit. 7 Kereta saya mahal sikit. 8 Minta gula sikit lagi. 9 Saya lambat sikit. 10 Minta sikit lagi duit.

Exercise 4 1 sebab Amir tak jawab SMS dia 2 di Bangkok 3 kakak Lenny 4 rumah Raju jauh sikit 5 untuk tanya dia pasal apa dia tak mau pergi.

Exercise 5 1 Saya sibuk sikit. 2 Saya sudah telefon Raju dan ibu dia tak sihat sikit dan Raju tak boleh pergi bercuti di Bangkok. 3 Tak apa, saya akan masih pergi dengan kamu ke Bangkok. 4 Saya cuma ada tiga hari cuti saja. 5 Saya akan pergi dua hari saja.

Unit 13 Exercise 2 1 Budak tu selalu menangis. Barangkali/mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah dia sakit. 2 Sudah lama saya tak jumpa dia. Barangkali/mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah dia sudah balik Amerika. 3 Barangkali/ mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah esok hujan. Kalau hujan, Barangkali/ mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah saya tak pergi. 4 Barangkali/mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah Julie ikut kakak dia ke Jakarta. 5 Barangkali/ mungkin, boleh jadi/entah-entah Danial tak suka makan sayur. 6 Malam ini barangkali/mungkin, boleh jadi ada filem baru. 7 Kedai tu barangkali/ mungkin, boleh jadi jual filem. 8 Barangkali/mungkin, boleh jadi/entahentah bateri telefon saya habis.

Exercise 4 1 Mana dia pen saya? 2 Mana dia kasut saya? 3 Mana dia jam saya? 4 Mana dia buku saya? 5 Mana dia kereta saya? 6 Mana dia telefon saya? 7 Mana dia beg saya? 8 Mana dia teh saya? 9 Mana dia kamera saya? 10 Mana dia payung saya?

Exercise 5 1 Macam mana nak guna dapur ni? 2 Mana dia berus saya? 3 Mana ada orang boleh tolong? 4 Mana ada kedai yang buka sampai tengah

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Key to exercises

malam? 5 Macam mana nak jawab surat ni? 6 Mana ada kedai yang jual kebab? 7 Mana dia peta yang saya beli? 8 Macam mana nak guna mesin kopi ni?

Exercise 6 1 Amran dan Atul mau pergi ke Cameron Highlands. 2 Atul nak pergi dengan kereta. 3 Mereka akan sewa kereta. 4 Tidak. 5 Amran lebih suka pergi dengan bas.

Unit 14 Exercise 1 1 Untuk 28 haribulan depan. 2 Untuk empat orang. 3 Untuk seminggu. 4 Ya, dan juga makan malam. 5 Ya, saya mau tempah sekarang.

Exercise 2 1 Maaf, dia sibuk bercakap. Boleh saya cakap dengan Amir? 2 Sambungan dia 2098. Boleh saya tahu sambungan dia? 3 Saya Joan. Boleh saya tau siapa bercakap? 4 Maaf, Encik salah nombor. Ini nombor Hamzah? 5 Telefon balik dalam masa sepuluh minit. Bila saya boleh telefon balik? 6 Ya, nombor dia 76947369. Dia ada talian langsung?

Exercise 3 1 Kim baca sajak. Lim (pula) baca cerita. 2 Heidi belajar sains. Susan (pula) belajar sejarah. 3 Jan bercakap bahasa Perancis. Yoko (pula) bercakap bahasa Jepun. 4 Selepas Tom bercakap, Yeo bercakap (pula). 5 Saya marah Jan. Heidi (pula) yang sedih. 6 Lee main gitar. Jane (pula) main piano. 7 Bila baik sakit gigi, dia sakit kepala (pula). 8 Selepas pergi ke Singapura, dia pergi ke Bali (pula). 9 Saya suruh Jane baca, tapi Jon (pula) yang baca. 10 Pat dapat hadiah buku, Alan (pula) dapat wang.

Exercise 4 1 kesihatan 2 perumahan 3 kelayakan 4 kemiskinan 5 kecantikan 6 perjalanan 7 kedengaran 8 kerakyatan

Key to exercises

Exercise 5 1 di Kementerian Pertahanan 2 bapa dia 3 bapa saudara dia 4 bekerja dengan rajin

Unit 15 Exercise 1 1 Hadiah dibeli oleh emak. 2 Kek dibuat oleh Susan. 3 Baju dibasuh kakak. 4 Surat itu ditulis oleh saya. 5 Pinggan di cuci oleh Jane. 6 Sampah di sapu Tommy. 7 Pokok bunga di tanam oleh Alan. 8 Ali dibawa Hashim ke kedai. 9 Baju digantung oleh Abang. 10 Rumput dipotong bapa.

Exercise 2 1 dikahwini 2 disedari 3 dibasahi 4 dikenali 5 dilupai 6 disirami 7 dijumpai 8 ditemui

Exercise 3 1 dimasukkan 2 dimasuki 3 dihadapi 4 dihadapkan 5 diterangkan 6 diterangi

Exercise 4 pertemuan pendekatan meneruskan menjalankan menerusi

Exercise 5 1 baik hati 2 berat tulang 3 murah hati 4 hidung tinggi 5 cepat tangan 6 lapang dada 7 berat tangan 8 mulut murai

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Malay–English glossary

A abang ada adik adik lelaki adik perempuan adoi! aduan ajak ajar aku alamak alamat Alhamdulillah almari ambil (mengambil) amboi! anak anak-anak anak lelaki anak perempuan anak saudara anda angin angin kuat apa apa khabar?

apa lagi Assalamualaikum

older brother to have, there is/are younger sibling younger brother younger sister (expression) ouch! complaint to invite, to ask along to teach I (informal) (expression) Oh my God!, Oh dear! address thank God cupboard to take (expression) wow! child children son daughter niece/nephew you (formal) wind strong wind what how are you? (literally: What news?) what else Peace be upon you

atau awak awal

or you (informal) early

B bagi baik baik hati baiklah baiknya! baju balang balut bandar bangga bangun bangunan banjir/bah banyak banyak-banyak bapa/ayah bapa saudara barang barangkali baru basuh batin batuk bau bawa bawa kereta bekalan bekerja belajar

for; to give good kind, kind-hearted all right how kind! clothes jar to wrap/to bandage town proud to get up building floods many, a lot lots father uncle things maybe new to wash spiritual cough smell, to smell to bring, to carry (lit.) to drive car supply to work to study

221

Malay–English glossary

belanja beli (membeli) belok belon bengkak berani berat beratus-ratus bercakap berguna berita berjalan berjalur berkolar berkumpul berlari berlatih berlepas bermalam bersalam bersepah bersih bersin besar bila binatang biru bising blaus bola sepak boleh boleh jadi botak buah buah hati buku bulan bulat busuk

to treat to buy to turn balloon swollen, to swell brave weight, heavy hundreds to speak useful news to walk with stripes collar to gather to run to practise to leave for to spend the night to shake hands messy clean sneeze big when animal blue to make a noise blouse football can maybe bald fruit sweetheart book month, moon round smelly

C cahaya cantik cantiknya! cari (mencari)

light beautiful how beautiful! to find

cedera cenderamata comel cuba cucu cucu lelaki cucu perempuan cukup cuma D dahaga dahulu, dulu dalam dan dari datuk dekat demam dengan dengan teliti dengan tenang dengar depan dewasa di dia diberi balik di dalam dinding dingin di mana di sana disiapkan di sini dompet duduk

E eja elektrik elok elok-elok

injury, injured souvenirs cute to try grandchild grandson granddaughter enough only, except that

thirsty first, ago in and from (a place) grandfather near fever with with care, properly calmly to hear in front of adult in/at he/she, him/her, his/hers returned inside wall cool (at) where there to be provided with here wallet to sit, to stay/to live (lit – to sit)

to spell electricity nice nicely

222

Malay–English glossary

emak emak saudara empat enam engkau entah entah-entah esok

mother aunty four six you (informal) don’t know maybe tomorrow

ibu ibu-bapa ikut ingat Inggeris ini isteri itu itu saja

F fikir flet

think flat/apartment

J jadi

G ganti gantung gembira gemuk gerai gitu (short form of begitu) gula

jaga to replace to hang happy fat stalls that is so sugar

H hantar harga hari haribulan hari ini Hari raya

to send, to post price day date (day of month) today Eid day (Muslim day of celebration) hias to decorate hiasan decorations hijau green hilang to lose; lost hitam black hodoh ugly hoki hockey hubungan relationship hujan rain hujan renya-renyai drizzle hujung end of I ia

it, its

jalan jalan terus jemput jom juga jus oren K kacang kadang-kadang kain kakak (kak) kalau kalau begitu kami

kamu kan? (short for bukan?) kanan kari kasar kasut kata kau kawan kawasan

mother parents to come along to remember English this wife that that’s all

to happen, to become; so to care for, to look after, to wake up to walk; road, way to walk/go straight on to invite/to fetch let’s, come (colloquial) also orange juice

nuts sometimes cloth, material elder sister if if that is so we, our, us (excluding person spoken to) you or not? right curry rough/harsh shoes to say you (informal) friend area

223

Malay–English glossary

ke kecewa kecil kedai kedai bunga kedekut kedua kedua-dua keempat keenam kek kelas kelas malam kelayakan kelima kelmarin dulu keluar kena

kenyang ke mana kemarau kemeja kementerian kesatuan keselamatan kesian kesiannya!/ sayangnya! ketak ketam ketat ketiga ketiga-tiga ketujuh ketuk khabar khabar baik kilat/petir

to (a place) (preposition) disappointed small shop florist (flower shop) mean, stingy second both fourth sixth cake class evening classes qualification fifth day before yesterday to go out must, to have to, to be inflicted with, to be imposed with, apt, suitable to be full (to) where drought shirt ministry society safety pity how pitiful/what a pity! wavy crab tight third all three seventh to knock news I am fine (literally: Good news) lightning

kiri kirim kita

kolam kolam renang kopi kotor koyak kuat kuat-kuat kulit kulit gelap kulit putih kuning kurang kurang upaya kurus L laci lagi lagipun lama langsung lapar larang laung laut layan lebih lebih baik lebih murah letak lif lilin lima luar negara luka lulus lusa lurus

left to send, to convey we, our, us (including person spoken to) pool swimming pool coffee dirty to tear, torn strong loudly leather, skin dark skin fair skin yellow less less-abled thin

drawers more moreover long (as in length of time) at all, direct hungry to forbid to shout out sea to entertain more better cheaper to put, to place lift candle five overseas, foreign country cut to pass day after tomorrow straight

224

Malay–English glossary

M maaf macam macam-macam mahal mahu main majlis makan makanan malam malam esok malam ini malangnya! malas malu mangkuk manis marah mari masakan masam masin masuk mata melalui melawat memandu (pandu) memeluk, peluk menara mengapa menyambut menyelamat merah merawat merbahaya mereka mesti mesyuarat minggu minggu depan minggu ini minggu lepas

minta sorry, excuse me like, such as all sorts expensive to want to play party to eat food night tomorrow night tonight how unfortunate! lazy shy bowl sweet to be angry, to tell off let’s cooking (N) sour salty to enter eyes via to visit drive to hug/embrace tower why to celebrate to save red to treat dangerous they, them, their, theirs must, to have to meeting week next week this week last week

murah hati musim muzik muzium

to ask for something young face to start first of all maybe, perhaps to vomit, to throw up generous season music museum

N nakal nama nampak nenek (nek) nyanyi, menyanyi

naughty name to see grandmother to sing

O orang orang sakit

people, person patient

muda muka mula mula-mula mungkin muntah

P padan pahit pakai (memakai) paket panas pandai pandainya! panjang pasalapa? pasar pasar malam pasaraya patah kaki pedas pegang pejabat pelajar pendek

fit bitter to wear parcel hot (temperature) clever how clever! long why? market night market supermarket broken leg spicy to touch, to hold office student short (as in height and length)

225

Malay–English glossary

pendidikan penduduk pengalaman penganjur pengawal pengsan pening penyakit peperiksaan pergi periksa perlu pertama pesan peta pindah pinjam pitam plastik pokok pos kad puasa puluh pun pusat membelibelah putih R rajin Ramadan ramai rambut rancangan rasa ratus rawatan restoran ribut roti ruam rugi rumah rumah sewa

education residents experience organiser guard to pass out dizzy disease exams to go to examine to need first message map to move to borrow faint plastic tree, plant postcard to fast ten also even shopping centre

rumah terbuka rupa S sabar saiz saja sakit sakit kepala sakit perut salah makan salji sampai sama-sama santan satu sawah saya sayang sayangnya! sayur se

white sebab sebab apa? hardworking Muslim month many (for people) hair programme to taste, to feel hundred treatment restaurant storm bread rash to lose (not making profit) house rented house

sedap sederhana sedih sejak sejuk sekali-sekala sekarang sekolah sekolah rendah selalu selamat Selamat datang selepas itu selsema

open house look, image

to be patient size only to be in pain, to be ill headache stomach ache ate something wrong snow to arrive, until you’re welcome, same to you coconut milk one paddy field I to love (expression) what a pity! vegetables one (usually used with classifiers) because why? (literally: because why?) delicious medium sad since cold once in a while now school primary school always safe Welcome (literally: safe arrival) after that common cold

226

Malay–English glossary

seluar semakin semalam/kelmarin semasa sembuh semua senyap senyap-senyap separuh umur sepupu sesat setuju sewa siap siapa silap simpan simpang jalan sombong stesen stesen bas suami sudah/dah sudu suka suruh susah susu syarat syukur

trousers increasingly yesterday at the time while, during to recover/to get better all quiet quietly middle-aged cousin to lose one’s way to agree to rent to be ready, to be completed who mistaken, mistook to keep junction arrogant, proud station bus station husband already spoon to like to ask someone to do something hard, difficult milk terms to be thankful

T tahu, tau to know tak (short for tidak) no, not tak apa never mind tak payah no need, don’t bother tak pernah never takut to be scared, to be afraid, to be worried

taman tamat tambah

tangan

tangga tanya tapi, tetapi tawar teh teh tarek

tempat tempatan tempat duduk tentu sekali terang-terang terima kasih

terkasar bahasa

terkejut terlambat terseliuh tersilap kata terus tidak tidur tiket timbang tinggi tingginya! tingkat

park garden to end to add/to help yourself with a second helping hand (although what is often meant is ‘fingers’, jari) stairs to ask but tasteless, to bargain tea a typical Malaysian tea drink that is very sweet (literally: pulled tea) place local accommodation certainly clearly thank you (literally: receive (with) love) language that’s unintentionally harsh surprise; to be surprised late (unintentionally) sprained words mistakenly spoken straight on no, not to sleep ticket weighing scale, to weigh high/tall, slender how tall! level

227

Malay–English glossary

tiub tolong tua tunjuk

tube please/to help old to show

W Wa’alaikumussalam And peace be upon you too waktu a period of time warna colour

U ubat ubat gigi ucapan ulang ungu urut usaha

medicine toothpaste wishes to repeat purple to massage efforts

Y ya yang yang mana

yes which/that which one

Z zahir

physical

Index

abstract nouns, with ke  .  .  .   an and pe  .  .  .  an 191 ada (‘to have’, ‘there is/are’) 38 adjectives 135 for food 57 for people 132 comparative using ter  .  .  .  113 adverbs by doubling adjectives 137 dengan + adjective 138 adverbs of frequency 99–100 apa (‘what’) 39 attributes 121 bagaimana, macam mana (‘how’) 181 baiklah (‘all right’) 19 bila (‘when’) 91 body, aches and pains, and illnesses 126 borrowed words 205 buat apa? (‘to do what?’ ‘what for?’) 23 classifiers 71 colours 74 compound nouns 6 conjunctions 130

consonants xii countries, languages and nationalities currency 6 days/weeks/months/years 91 di mana (‘where’) 37 mana dia (‘where’) 177 directions: asking and giving 44   phrases when giving directions 45 ‘don’t’ 79 doubling words   to form plural 137   to form adverbs 137   with change of meaning 144 duduk as a continuous tense 62   (‘to sit’) 62   (‘to live/to stay’) 120 entah, entahlah (‘don’t know’) 175 exclamations 155 expressing emotions 118 expressions and exclamations 115 family, a Malay 11 festivals and holidays 109

229

Index

food 53   lauk (‘dishes eaten with rice’) 54   teh tarek (‘pulled tea’) 56   describing food 57 gender 132 getting about in Malaysia 48 good wishes: on special occasions 110 greetings   apa khabar (‘how are you’) 4   informal 143   selamat (‘safe’) 8 haribulan vs. tarikh (‘day of the month vs. date’) 101 helpful phrases 17–18 hospitals and specialists 29 ialah (‘to be’) 14 idioms 203 ikutlah (‘it’s up to you’) 183 intonation ix introducing people 16 Islamic phrases 158 jadi, the many meanings of (‘so’, ‘to become’, ‘to happen’) 151 jom (‘let’s’) 82

Malaysian society 10 Manglish 204 mari (‘let’s’) 82 materials 75 mengapa/sebab apa/pasal apa (‘why’) 77   apa hal (‘why’) 170 modes of transport 49 mungkin, boleh jadi (‘maybe’) 176 nouns   ke+adjective+an 192   pe+noun+an 193   pe+verb+an 193 numbers   cardinal 66   ordinal 68 occupations 30 only 170 passive verb 196–8 patterns 75 personal and possessive pronouns 3 physical features 132 prepositions 37, 40, 41, 93 pronunciation ix pula (used when changing subject or taking turns) 189 pun (‘also’, ‘too’, ‘even’) 162

lah (a particle attached to verbs) 83

raya (‘a celebration’, ‘big or main’) 107 requesting a favour/turning down a request politely 19

maaf, maafkan saya (‘sorry’, ‘excuse me’, ‘pardon me’) 18

salam 113 seasons 97

kena (‘must’, ‘to get’, ‘apt’) 108

230

Index

siapa (‘who’) 12 shopping and bargaining 69 shops 66 sikit (‘a bit’) 172 sizes 75 slang 205 superlatives 113 tak? (‘no’, ‘not’) tag question, 24 tak apa (it’s all right, never mind) 167 tak kisah (‘don’t mind’) 123 tak payah (‘no need’) 108 tak pernah (‘never’) 98 tenses 61 time 102   prayer times for Muslim 94 titled people 14

useful eating phrases 60 verbs 21   ber+verb 25   me+verb 25   ber+noun 74   me+verb+i 201   me+verb+kan 201 vowels x word stress viii ya, tak/tidak and bukan (‘yes’, ‘no’ and ‘not’) 9 yang + adjective (‘that is’ or ‘which is’) 42