Clinical veterinary microbiology [2 ed.] 9780723432371, 0723432376

Table of contents :
Front cover
Half-title page
Clinical Veterinary Microbiology
Copyright page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 General procedures in microbiology
1 Collection and submission of diagnostic specimens
Choosing and Working with a Laboratory
General Principles for Sample Collection
Tissue
Swabs and discharges
Samples from skin lesions
Blood
Faeces
Urine samples
Abscesses
Eye
Bovine mastitic milk samples
Specimens for anaerobic culture
Sample Submission
Interpretation of Diagnostic Results
2 Bacterial pathogens:
Microscopy
Stained Smears from Pathological Specimens
Preparing Bacterial Smears
Fixing the Smears
Staining the Smears: Staining Techniques
Gram stain
Dilute carbol fuchsin (DCF):
Modified Ziehl–Neelsen (MZN)
Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) or acid-fast stain
Alternative method for the Ziehl–Neelsen stain
Giemsa stain
Polychrome methylene blue stain (M’Fadyean’s Reaction)
Wet preparations
Bacteriological media
Preparation of Culture Media
Preparation of blood agar plates
Collecting sterile blood
Choice of culture media
Inoculation of Culture Media
Streaking the agar plates
Incubation of the Inoculated Culture Plates
Incubation atmosphere
Incubation temperature
Incubation time
Bacteria not yet grown on conventional agar media
Disposal of Culture Plates and Pathological Materials
Identification of bacterial pathogens
Pure Culture Technique
Primary Identification of Bacteria
Gram reaction
Other tests to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
LANA test
KOH test
Susceptibility to vancomycin
Cellular morphology (shape)
Growth or no-growth on McConkey agar
Catalase test
Oxidase test
Motility tests
Oxidation-fermentation (O-F) test
Secondary Biochemical Tests for the Identification of Bacteria
Commercial media incorporating several biochemical tests
Inoculation of TSI agar and lysine decarboxylase broth
Conventional biochemical tests
Miniaturized methods for the identification of bacteria
Bacterial cell counting techniques
Viable Counting Methods
Spread plate method
Pour-plate method
Miles–Misra technique
Filtration method
Most probable number (MPN) techniques
Total Counts of Bacterial Cells
Breed’s direct smear method
Counting chamber method
Turbidity standards
Coulter counter
Surface Contact Plates
Molecular Methods of Bacterial Quantification
Use of Marker Bacteria
Reference
3 Serological diagnosis
Precipitation
Agglutination
Complement Fixation
Viral Haemagglutination and its Inhibition by Antibody
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Immunofluorescence
Radioimmunoassay
Neutralization Tests
Immunoblotting
4 Molecular techniques in diagnostic microbiology
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR instrumentation
Reverse transcription PCR
Real-time PCR
Optimization of PCR
Strain Typing and Characterization
Microarrays
Conclusion
Further reading
5 The isolation of viruses and the detection of virus and viral antigens
Virus isolation
Direct demonstration of virus and viral antigens
Electron Microscopy
Immunofluorescence
Histopathology and Immunochemical Staining
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Agglutination
Immunochromatography
Agar Gel Immunodiffusion
6 Antimicrobial agents
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Disc Diffusion Method
Factors affecting the size of the zone of inhibition
Routine test procedure for the disc diffusion method
Standard method
Alternative method
McFarland 0.5 turbidity standard
Some observations on the interpretation of zones of inhibition
Meticillin-resistant staphylococci
Selection of antimicrobial discs
Interpretive criteria and reporting of results
Quality control procedures
Control strains of bacteria
Antimicrobial discs
The test medium
Zone size limits
Checklist of common sources of error
Quantitative Methods of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
Broth dilution method
Agar dilution tests
E test
Molecular Methods for the Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance
Antibacterial and antifungal chemotherapy
Drug Distribution
Selection of Antimicrobial Drugs
Antimicrobial Drug Interactions
Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents
Adverse Reactions to Antimicrobial Drugs
References
Further reading
2 Bacteriology
7 Staphylococcus species
Genus Characteristics
Staphylococci Compared with Other Gram-Positive Cocci
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Species Characteristics
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius
Staphylococcus chromogenes
Staphylococcus delphini
Staphylococcus felis
Staphylococcus hyicus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans
Other Staphylococcus species isolated from animals with uncertain clinical significance
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial characteristics
Microscopic appearance
Coagulase production
Biochemical tests
Phage typing
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
Molecular diagnosis
Strain typing
References
Further reading
8 The streptococci and related cocci
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
General Differentiation of the Streptococci
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial appearance
Biochemical tests
Identification of the streptococci causing bovine mastitis
Antigen preparation for Lancefield grouping by the ring precipitation test
Hot HCl extraction
Autoclave extraction
Ring precipitation test for Lancefield grouping
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
9 Corynebacterium species and Rhodococcus equi
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
CAMP tests
Biochemical characteristics
Serology
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
Further Reading
10 The Actinobacteria
Changes in Nomenclature
Natural Habitat
Pathogenicity
Actinomyces, Trueperella and Actinobaculum species
Nocardia species
Dermatophilus congolensis
Laboratory Diagnosis of Actinomyces, Trueperella and Actinobaculum Species
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology and microscopic appearance
Biochemical tests
Summary of the features allowing a presumptive identification of Actinomyces, Trueperella and Actinobaculum species
Laboratory Diagnosis of Nocardia Species
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial appearance
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical reactions
Differentiation of A. viscosus and Nocardia species
Laboratory Diagnosis of Dermatophilus congolensis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial appearance
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical reactions
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
11 Mycobacterium species
Runyon’s Groups
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Mycobacterium bovis
Mycobacterium avium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Atypical mycobacteria
Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacteria Causing Tuberculosis and Atypical Mycobacteria
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Media for the mycobacteria
Identification
Colonial morphology
Pigment production and response to light
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical tests
Animal inoculation
Field and laboratory immunological tests for tuberculosis
Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Mycobactin dependency
Field and laboratory immunological tests for paratuberculosis
In vitro lymphocyte stimulation test
Serological tests for antibody detection
Gamma interferon test
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular diagnosis
References
12 Listeria species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial characteristics
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical characteristics
CAMP procedure
Antibody-based tests
Pathogenicity Testing
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
13 Erysipelothrix species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy examination
Isolation
Identification
Colonial characteristics
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical characteristics
Pathogenicity testing
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
Further Reading
14 Bacillus species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Anthrax
Sporulation process
Other bacilli
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Bacillus anthracis
Direct microscopy examination
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical and other tests
Determination of pathogenicity
Ascoli test
Serology
Other Bacillus species
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
15 Non-spore-forming anaerobes
Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis: General
Choice of specimens
Collection of specimens
Direct examination
Isolation
Methods for anaerobic culture
Media for anaerobic bacteria
Identification
Colonial morphology and microscopic appearance
Commercial anaerobic identification systems
Conventional biochemical tests in tubed media
Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
Molecular Methods for Detection and Identification
References
Bibliography
16 Clostridium species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis (General)
Specimens
Direct microscopy
General isolation procedures
Biochemical reactions
Animal inoculation
Neurotoxic clostridia
Clostridium tetani
Natural habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Biochemical reactions
Toxin identification
Clostridium botulinum
Natural habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Toxin demonstration
Toxin identification
Isolation of C. botulinum from foodstuffs
Histotoxic clostridia
Gas-Gangrene Clostridia
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Fluorescent antibody technique
Gram-stained impression smears
Isolation and colonial appearance
Biochemical reactions
Nagler reaction of C. perfringens
CAMP reaction of C. perfringens
Histotoxic Clostridia Affecting the Liver
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Direct Gram-stained smears
Isolation
Biochemical reactions
Animal inoculation
Enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic clostridia
Clostridium perfringens
Natural habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Other enteropathogenic clostridia
Clostridium spiroforme
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium colinum
Atypical Clostridia
Clostridium piliforme
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
Molecular Diagnosis and Strain Typing
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium botulinum
Histotoxic clostridia
Other clostridia
References
Further reading
17 Enterobacteriaceae
Nomenclature
Habitat
Differentiation of the Enterobacteriaceae
Conventional microbiology
MacConkey agar
Brilliant green agar
XLD medium
Triple sugar iron (TSI) agar
Pathogenicity
Escherichia coli
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Predisposing causes
Types of pathogenic E. coli
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Enteropathogenic E.coli
Shigatoxigenic E. coli
Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli
Septicaemic E. coli
Laboratory Diagnosis
Diagnosis of the opportunistic infections caused by E. coli
Diagnosis of the septicaemic strains
Demonstration of the enterotoxigenic strains
Diagnosis of the enteropathogenic strains of E. coli
Diagnosis of oedema disease
Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Surface Antigens of E. coli
Molecular Diagnosis and Typing
Salmonella
Nomenclature
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Colonization of the intestinal tract and enteric disease
Laboratory Diagnosis
Isolation
Water, environmental and feed samples
Identification
Colonial morphology on selective/indicator media
Salmonella serotyping
Phage typing Salmonella isolates
Molecular Diagnosis and Typing Methods
Antimicrobial Resistance
Serology for the Detection of Salmonella Antibodies
Yersinia species
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Biochemical tests
Molecular diagnosis and typing
Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Serological Tests to Demonstrate Antibodies
Enterobacteria that are opportunistic pathogens
Natural Habitat and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Microscopy and tests for primary identification
Biochemical tests
Serotyping for Antigen Detection
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests
References
18 Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Stenotrophomonas species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical characteristics
Determination of pathogenicity
Serology and immunological tests
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
Further Reading
19 Aeromonas, Plesiomonas and Vibrio species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Selective media
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical and other characteristics
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Antimicrobial Resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
20 Actinobacillus species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial appearance
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical reactions
Other tests
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial resistance
Other actinobacilli
Strain Typing
Serology
Molecular Diagnosis
References
21 Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Bibersteinia and Avibacterium species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical reactions
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
22 Francisella tularensis
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical characteristics
Other tests
Serology
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial Resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
23 Brucella species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct examination
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical tests
Animal inoculation
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
Strain Typing
Brucella biotyping
Differentiation of B. abortus biotype 1 and strain 19 (S19)
Molecular Diagnosis and Typing
Immunological Tests for Detecting Antibodies to Brucella abortus
Immunological Tests for Detecting Antibodies to B. melitensis, B. ovis, B. suis and B. canis
References
Further Reading
24 Campylobacter, Arcobacter and Helicobacter species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation procedures
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical and other tests
Serology
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
25 Lawsonia intracellularis
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Antimicrobial Resistance
References
26 Haemophilus and Histophilus species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical reactions
Tests for X and V factor requirements
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
Molecular Diagnosis and Strain Typing
References
27 Taylorella species
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical reactions
Serology
Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
28 Bordetella species
Genus Characteristics
Natural Habitat
Pathogenicity and Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy examination
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical and other tests
Haemagglutination test
Determination of pathogenicity
Serology
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial resistance
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
29 Moraxella species
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial appearance
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical reactions
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Antimicrobial Resistance
Molecular Diagnosis and Strain Typing
References
30 Glucose non-fermenting, Gram-negative bacteria
Laboratory Diagnosis
Isolation
Identification
References
31 The spirochaetes
Leptospira species
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Culture
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Animal inoculation
Identification
Serology
Molecular diagnosis and typing
Brachyspira and treponema species
Normal Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial characteristics
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical characteristics
Tests for B. hyodysenteriae antigens
Molecular diagnosis and typing
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and antimicrobial resistance
Tests for B. hyodysenteriae antibodies
Borrelia species
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Borrelia anserina
Borrelia theileri
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato
Molecular Diagnosis and Typing
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Resistance
References
32 Miscellaneous Gram-negative bacteria
Bartonella species
Natural Habitat
Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Natural Habitat and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical reactions
Chromobacterium violaceum
Natural Habitat
Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical reactions
Capnocytophaga species
Natural Habitat and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Biochemical characteristics
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
Natural Habitat and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Riemerella anatipestifer
Natural Habitat and Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
References
33 Chlamydiales
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity
Clinical Infections
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Antigen detection
Isolation and cultivation
Serology
Molecular Diagnosis
References
Further reading
34 Rickettsiales and Coxiella burnetii
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation and cultivation
Identification
Antibiotic Susceptibility
Coxiella burnetii
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
References
Further reading
35 The Mycoplasmas (class: mollicutes)
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Culture media
Inoculation of culture media
Obtaining a pure culture
Identification
Differentiation from bacterial L-forms
Identification of the genus
Identification of species
Serology
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
Antimicrobial Resistance
Specific-Pathogen-Free (SPF) Programmes
Strain Typing
Molecular Diagnosis
References
36 Mastitis
Epidemiology
Clinical Syndromes of Mastitis
Mastitis in domestic animals other than cattle
Small Ruminants
Pigs
Horses
Dogs and Cats
Rabbits
Bovine mastitis
Aetiology
Pathogenesis
Contagious Pathogens
Staphylococcal mastitis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Mycoplasmal mastitis
Environmental Mastitis
Coliform mastitis
Streptococcus uberis
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
‘Summer mastitis’
Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis
Mastitis caused by Nocardia species
Infections by atypical mycobacteria and fungi
Infectious conditions of the skin of mammary glands
Diagnosis of Bovine Mastitis
Cell counts on milk
Other tests to detect mastitis
Microbial investigation of mastitis
Milk sample collection
Direct microscopy
Culture
Identification
Staphylococcus aureus
Mastitis-producing streptococci
Coliforms
Trueperella pyogenes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Nocardia species
Pasteurella species
Bacillus cereus
Mycoplasma species
Mycobacteria
Leptospiral agalactia
Fungal pathogens
Prototheca species
Molecular diagnosis
Investigation of Mastitis Problem Herds
Treatment
References
3 Mycology
37 Introduction to the pathogenic fungi
General characteristics of the fungi
Classification of the fungi
General features of fungal infections
General methods for the diagnosis of the mycoses
Direct Microscopic Examination of Clinical Specimens
Modifications to the KOH wet mount method
Isolation and Subculture of Fungi
Media for fungi
Inoculation of media
Subculturing fungal colonies
Identification of Pathogenic Fungi
Methods for the examination of the microscopic aspects of fungal colonies
Serological Tests for Fungal Diseases
Commonly Encountered Fungi on Laboratory Media
Safety Aspects in Mycology
References
Further reading
38 The dermatophytes
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Preliminary examination: Wood’s lamp
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial appearance
Microscopic appearance of the colony
Hair perforation test
Histological sections
Molecular techniques
References
Further reading
39 Aspergillus species and Pneumocystis carinii
Aspergillus species
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Serology
Molecular techniques
Pneumocystis carinii
References
40 The pathogenic yeasts
Candida albicans
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial appearance
Microscopic appearance
Demonstration of germ tubes
Chlamydospore production
Biochemical tests
BiGGY agar
Molecular techniques
Cryptococcus neoformans
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Isolation
Identification
Colonial morphology
Microscopic appearance
Ability to grow at 37°C
Biochemical tests
Mouse inoculation
Immunology
Molecular techniques
Summary of the characteristics for the presumptive identification of C. neoformans
Malassezia pachydermatis (pityrosporum canis)
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct examination
Isolation
Molecular techniques
Other yeasts that may occasionally be pathogenic
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster
Trichosporon beigelii (cutaneum)
Geotrichum candidum
References
41 The dimorphic fungi
Laboratory Diagnosis
Safety aspects
Direct microscopy
Yeast conversion of the dimorphic fungi
Colonial morphology
Sporothrix schenckii
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum
Coccidioides immitis
Microscopic appearance
Sporothrix schenckii
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum
Coccidioides immitis
Molecular techniques
Exoantigen test
Immunological tests
Mouse inoculation tests
Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum
Direct Microscopy
Culture
Identification
Colonial and microscopic appearance
Immunology
Mouse inoculation
Adiaspiromycosis
Culture
References
Further reading
42 The pathogenic Zygomycetes
The mucoraceous zygomycetes (orders mucorales and mortierellales)
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Culture
Identification
The entomophthoraceous zygomycetes (order entomophthorales)
Natural Habitat
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Culture
Colonial appearance
Microscopic appearance
References
Further reading
43 Fungi causing subcutaneous mycoses
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct microscopy
Culture
Identification
Molecular techniques
Serology
References
Further reading
44 Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses
Characteristics of Mycotoxins
Mycotoxicoses
Aflatoxicosis
Aflatoxins
Biological effects of aflatoxins
Diagnosis of aflatoxicosis: clinical aspects
Laboratory investigation of outbreaks
Control and prevention of aflatoxicosis
Diplodiosis
Ergotism
Ergot alkaloids
Clinical findings
Diagnosis
Prevention of ergotism
Facial eczema
Fescue Toxicity
Fusarium Toxicoses
Oestrogenism
Equine leukoencephalomalacia
Trichothecene toxicoses
Food refusal and emetic syndromes
Haemorrhagic syndrome
Other biological effects of trichothecene toxins
Mycotoxic Lupinosis
Myrotheciotoxicosis
Ochratoxicosis and Citrinin Toxicosis
Slaframine Toxicosis
Stachybotryotoxicosis
Tremorgens
Ryegrass staggers
Penitrem staggers
Paspalum staggers
Aspergillus clavatus tremors
References
Further reading
4 Virology (including prions)
45 Parvoviridae
Feline panleukopenia
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Canine parvovirus infection
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Porcine parvovirus
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
46 Circoviridae
Chicken anaemia virus infection
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Porcine circovirus infection
References
Further reading
47 Papillomaviridae
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bovine Papillomatosis
Equine Papillomatosis
Equine Sarcoids
Canine Oral Papillomatosis
References
Further reading
48 Adenoviridae
Avian adenoviruses
Inclusion Body Hepatitis
Egg Drop Syndrome
Canine adenovirus infection
Infectious canine hepatitis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
49 Herpesviridae
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Malignant catarrhal fever
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bovine herpes mammillitis and pseudo-lumpy skin disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Equine rhinopneumonitis and equine herpesvirus abortion
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Equine coital exanthema
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Aujeszky’s disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Canine herpesvirus infection
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Feline viral rhinotracheitis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Infectious laryngotracheitis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Marek’s disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
50 Asfarviridae
African swine fever
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
51 Poxviridae
Cowpox virus
Pseudocowpox virus
Bovine papular stomatitis virus
Orf virus
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Lumpy skin disease virus
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Sheeppox and goatpox viruses
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Fowl pox
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Swinepox
Myxomatosis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
52 Picornaviridae
Foot-and-mouth disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Swine vesicular disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Teschen/talfan disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Porcine enteroviral reproductive disorders
Avian encephalomyelitis
Equine rhinitis viruses
Encephalomyocarditis virus
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
53 Caliciviridae
Vesicular exanthema of swine
Feline calicivirus infection
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
54 Astroviridae
Clinical infections
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
55 Reoviridae
Avian orthoreoviruses
Rotaviruses
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
African horse sickness
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bluetongue
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
56 Birnaviridae
Clinical infections
Infectious bursal disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
57 Flaviviridae
Bovine viral diarrhoea
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Border disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Classical swine fever (hog cholera)
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Louping ill
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Japanese encephalitis
Wesselsbron disease
West nile virus
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
58 Arteriviridae
Equine viral arteritis (EVA)
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
59 Togaviridae
Equine encephalitis viruses
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
60 Orthomyxoviridae
Avian influenza
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Swine influenza
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Equine influenza
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
61 Paramyxoviridae
Rinderpest
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Peste des petits ruminants
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Canine distemper
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Canine parainfluenza virus
Avian paramyxoviruses
Newcastle disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Blue eye disease
References
Further reading
62 Coronaviridae
Feline infectious peritonitis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Canine coronavirus infection
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bovine coronavirus infection
Diagnosis
Transmissible gastroenteritis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Infectious bronchitis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
63 Rhabdoviridae
Rabies
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Vesicular stomatitis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bovine ephemeral fever
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
64 Bunyaviridae
Clinical infections
Rift valley fever
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Nairobi sheep disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Akabane disease
Cache valley virus
References
Further reading
65 Retroviridae
Avian leukosis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Jaagsiekte
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Small ruminant lentivirus group
Maedi-Visna
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Equine infectious anaemia
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Feline leukaemia and associated clinical conditions
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Feline immunodeficiency virus infection
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
66 Bornaviridae
Borna disease
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
67 Prions (proteinaceous infectious agents)
Clinical infections
Scrapie
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
References
Further reading
5 Zoonoses
68 Zoonoses
Taenia saginata Infection (Beef Tapeworm)
Toxocariasis (Toxocara canis)
Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium species)
Orf (Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae)
Leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans serovars)
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
Rabies (Lyssavirus, Rhabdoviridae)
Control
Reference
Further reading
6 A systems approach to infectious diseases on a species basis
69 Infectious diseases
Appendix 1 Reagents and stains
Biochemical test reagents
Decarboxylase Broth Base (Falkow’s)
Lead Acetate Paper Strips for Hydrogen Sulphide Detection
Kovac’s Reagent for the Detection of Indole
Methyl Red Reagent
Nitrate Reduction Test
Reagents A and B (test for nitrite)
Oxalic Acid Test Papers for Indole Production (SIM Medium)
Potassium Nitrate Paper Strips for Nitrate Reduction Test
Test Reagent for Sodium Hippurate Hydrolysis (Acid Ferric Choride Solution)
Antigen preparation for lancefield grouping by the ring precipitation test
Hot HCl Extraction
Autoclave Extraction
Ring Precipitation Test for Lancefield Grouping
Microbiological staining solutions and procedures
Preparation of Staining Solutions
Blue-Black Ink (for Staining Fungal Elements)
Calcofluor White (for Fungal Elements)
Preparation of solutions
Uses for calcofluor white
Castaneda’s Technique (for Chlamydial Elementary Bodies)
Dienes’ Stain (for Mycoplasmal Microcolonies)
Giemsa Stain
Giemsa-stain reagents
Buffer for Giemsa stain (pH 7.0)
Gram Stain Reagents
Crystal violet
Gram’s iodine (mordant)
Decolourizer
Dilute carbol fuchsin (counter-stain)
India Ink (for demonstrating capsules)
Lactophenol Cotton Blue Stain (for staining fungal elements in wet preparations)
Macchiavello’s Method (for staining chlamydial elementary bodies)
Basic fuchsin solution
Staining method
The methylene blue staining procedure for chlamydiae
Modified Ziehl–Neelsen Stain Reagents
Dilute carbol fuchsin
Acetic acid (decolourizer)
Methylene blue (counter-stain)
Nigrosin Staining Solution (for Demonstrating Capsules)
Silver Stain for Flagella (West et al. 1977)
Solution A
Solution B
Staining procedure
Victoria Blue Stain (for Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae)
Staining method
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain Reagents
Concentrated carbol fuchsin
Acid-alcohol (decolourizer)
Methylene blue (counter-stain)
Brilliant green (alkaline)
Reference
Appendix 2 Culture and transport media
Culture media
Selective Medium for Brucella abortus
Antibiotic supplement
Selective Medium for Brucella ovis
Mixture A
Mixture B
Chocolate Agar
Clostridium chauvoei Blood Agar (Batty and Walker)
Clostridium novyi (types B and C) and C. haemolyticum Medium (Moore)
Basal medium
Preparation of the reducing solution
Complete medium
Milk Agar for Casein Digestion
Niger Seed (Birdseed) Agar (Staib Agar)
PLET Agar (for Bacillus anthracis)
Smith–Baskerville Medium for Bordetella bronchiseptica (Smith & Baskerville 1979)
Antimicrobial supplement (given as the final concentration in the medium)
Carbohydrate supplement (filter-sterilized)
Indicator solution (filter-sterilized)
Taylorella equigenitalis Medium (Timoney et al. 1982)
Tween 80 Medium for the Hydrolysis of Tween 80
Skirrow Medium
Stonebrinks Medium for Mycobacterium bovis
Ingredients
Salt mixture
Dye mixture
Hens’ eggs
Preparation of medium
Ureaplasmas: Hayflick’s Medium (Modified)
Broth medium
Agar medium
Vitamin K-Haemin Supplement for Nonsporing Anaerobes
Stock haemin solution
Stock vitamin K solution
For addition to media
Transport media
Transport Medium and Transportation Procedures for Anaerobes
Modified Cary–Blair medium
Oxygen-free swabs
Transport Medium for Campylobacter fetus (Clark & Dufty 1978)
Transport Medium for Chlamydiae (Spencer & Johnson 1983)
Mycoplasmal Transport or Culture Medium
Transport medium
Culture medium
Transport Medium for Viral Specimens
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

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