Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Data-Driven Approaches to Cross-Clausal Syntax 9783110280692, 9783110276466

The volume is a collection of thirteen papers given at the “Third Syntax of the World’s Languages” conference, complemen

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Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Data-Driven Approaches to Cross-Clausal Syntax
 9783110280692, 9783110276466

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Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective

Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 249

Editor

Volker Gast Founding Editor

Werner Winter Editorial Board

Walter Bisang Hans Henrich Hock Heiko Narrog Matthias Schlesewsky Niina Ning Zhang Editor responsible for this volume

Volker Gast

De Gruyter Mouton

Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective Data-Driven Approaches to Cross-Clausal Syntax

Edited by

Volker Gast Holger Diessel

De Gruyter Mouton

ISBN 978-3-11-027646-6 e-ISBN 978-3-11-028069-2 ISSN 1861-4302 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. ” 2012 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Typesetting: PTP-Berlin Protago TEX-Production GmbH, Berlin Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen 앝 Printed on acid-free paper 앪 Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com

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