Classical Influences on European Culture, A.D. 500–1500 0521078423, 9780521078429

Table of contents :
Preface / L. P. Wilkinson v
Editor's note viii
Illustrations xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Contributors xiv
Introduction: A Way Ahead? / R. R. Bolgar 1
PART I. LATIN MANUSCRIPTS AND THEIR CATALOGUES
1. Vanishing and unavailable evidence: Latin manuscripts in the Middle Ages and today / R. D. Sweeney 29
2. L’Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes et l’etude des manuscrits des auteurs classiques / M.-Th. d’Alverny et M.-G. Garand 37
PART II. THE READERS AND FORTUNES OF CLASSICAL MANUSCRIPTS
3. The classics in Celtic Ireland / L. Bieler 45
4. The deposit of Latin classics in the twelfth-century renaissance / R. W. Hunt 51
5. I primi umanisti e l’antichità classica / G. Billanovich 57
6. Ausonius in the fourteenth century / R. Weiss 67
7. Oliviero Forzetta e la diffusione dei testi classici nel Veneto al tempo del Petrarca / L. Gargan 73
PART III. METHODS OF TEACHING AND SCHOLARSHIP
8. Living with the Satirists / B. Bischoff 83
9. La lecture des auteurs classiques à l’école de Chartres durant la première moitié du XIle siècle / E. Jeauneau 95
10. The "Opus de Conscribendis Epistolis" of Erasmus and the tradition of the "Ars Epistolica" / A. Gerlo 103
11. Humanism and humanist literature in the Low Countries before 1500 / J. Ijsewijn 115
12. The character of humanist philology / E. J. Kenney 119
PART IV. THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE
13. La Survie comparée des "Corifessions" augustiniennes et de la "Consolation" boécienne / P. Courcelle 131
14. Classical influence on early Norse literature / U. Dronke 143
15. Poetic rivalries at the court of Charlemagne / D. Schaller 151
16. Functions of classical borrowing in medieval Latin verse / E. P. M. Dronke 159
17. Sallust in the Middle Ages / B. Smalley 165
18. "Momus" and the nature of Humanism / J. H. Whitfield 177
19. Toni ed echi ovidiani nella poesia di Giano Pannonio / T. Kardos 183
PART V. THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL IDEAS
20. Later Platonism and its influence / A. H. Armstrong 197
21. Le commentaire ordonné du monde dans quelques sommes scientifiques des XIIe et XIIIe siècles / S. Viarre 203
22. Petrarch and the transmission of classical elements / C. N. J. Mann 217
23. Aspetti della vita contemplativa nel rinascimento italiano / F. Schalk 225
24. The conformity of Greek and the vernacular / J. B. Trapp 239
PART VI. CLASSICAL THEMES COMMON TO LITERATURE AND ART AND CLASSICAL INFLUENCES IN ARCHITECTURE
25. Personification / E. H. Gombrich 247
26. Criticism and praise of the Pantheon in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: T. Buddensieg 259
27. Quattrocento architecture and the antique: some problems / H. Burns 269
Index 289

Citation preview

CLA SSIC A L I N F L U E N C E S ON EUROPEAN CU LTU RE A.D. 500-15 00 Edited by

R. R. B O L G A R

,

Fellow o f King's College Cambridge

This volume consists of original papers first read at King’s College, Cambridge, in 1969 at the International Conference on Classical Influences. The contributors are distinguished in a wide range of academic disciplines but all are concerned in one way or another with the spread and influence of classical, particularly Roman, civiliza­ tion through a number of European cultures from a .d . 500 to 1500. Their primary inten­ tion here is to indicate the most urgent and promising directions for future research in what is still a relatively unexplored field. The book begins with the manuscript tradition— the contents, location and history of the literary remains which provide the basic evidence on which all research in this subject must to some extent rely. This leads naturally to a discussion of what classical texts were actually read and studied, when, where, and by whom. The majority of contri­ butors go on to examine the Roman tradition as a positive cultural influence on language, literature, philosophy and art. Classical civilization is shown to be a live historical force whose survival consists rather in the creative responses and developments it has inspired than in the mere preservation of its physical relics.

C L A S S I C A L I N F L U E N C E S ON EUROPEAN CU LTU R E A.D .500-1500

CLASSICAL I N F L U E N C E S ON EUROPEAN CULTURE A.D. 500-1500

P R O C E E D IN G S IN T E R N A T IO N A L H ELD

A T

OF

CO N FER EN CE

K IN G ’S C O L L E G E , A P R IL

E D IT E D

BY

AN

C A M B R ID G E

1969

R. R. B O L G A R

C A M B R ID G E A T

TH E

U N IV E R S IT Y

1971

PRESS

Published by the Syndics o f the Cambridge University Press Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London n .w . i American Branch: 32 East 57th Street, New York, n .y . 10022 © Cam bridge University Press 1971 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 77-113 599 i s b n : o 521 07842 3

Printed in Great Britain at the University Printing House, Cambridge (Brooke Crutchley, University Printer)

PREFACE: THE K IN G ’S CO LLEG E CO N FEREN CE In 1963 Lord Annan proposed to the governing body of K ing’s College, Cambridge, of which he was then Provost, a modest enlarge­ ment of the traditional rôle of a Cambridge or Oxford college. By a tradition which dates from the monastic institutions of the Middle Ages, these colleges have been places of residence and education. Research, along with laboratories, lectures and examinations for degrees, has been the province of the University. Provost Annan’s proposal was that K ing’s College should establish a research centre of its own where its Fellows could further projects in which they were interested. He had in mind both long-term group activities, for which the College would provide facilities (including Fellowships where appropriate) but not finance, and short conferences, for which it would be wholly responsible. The governing body agreed that the new buildings it was planning should include a research centre. These buildings, associated with the name of Lord Keynes, formerly Bursar of the College, were completed in 1967. As soon as Lord Annan’s proposal was accepted, Dr Bolgar and I applied for help with a conference on classical influences, a subject in which we were both interested. Having taken this step, our first thought was to ask for advice and assistance from the Warburg Institute, and these were generously given by its Director, Professor E. H. Gombrich and its Librarian, Mr J. B. Trapp. O f the limited number of periods which could be offered to us, we chose 8-12 April 1969. Unfortunately, this proved to clash with the annual conference of medievalists at Spoleto and lost us some speakers we should have welcomed. Our next task was to decide what form the conference should take. The field of classical influence has been very unequally explored. Some parts of it are known in great detail. Other parts remain virtually uninvestigated, their very existence hidden from all but a few specialists. It seemed therefore that the most useful function a conference could perform would be to bring to light the avenues which, given the present state of our knowledge, research could most usefully follow. Wé hoped that if we brought together a body o f scholars with varied but overlapping interests, all concerned with the V

PREFACE

survival of antiquity their discussions would draw the map of what has been discovered and indicate the obvious gaps which remain to be filled. To help with planning and running the Conference we needed a Cambridge committee and were fortunate to secure as colleagues Professor J. A. W. Bennett, Dr P. Boyde, M r E. P. M. Dronke, Professor L. S. Forster and M r E. J. Kenney. We decided after some heart-searching to restrict our field to the influence of Roman antiquity. It is true that Greece and Rome cannot be effec­ tively separated, as can be seen from the numerous references to Greek authors which will be found in this volume. But to bring in Greek studies during the Middle Ages is to bring in Byzantium ; and that is a huge subject, which would have needed a much longer conference to do it justice. O ur freedom of action was circumscribed by practical considera­ tions. The capacity of the College’s private dining-room limited the number of invited guests to between thirty and forty. We had about that number coming from outside Cambridge; and if the majority of them were to be given a chance to speak, then it was obvious that the amount of time allotted to each would have to be severely curtailed. Some authorities, chosen as representative, were asked to speak for half an hour. Others, often no less distinguished, were invited to make shorter ten- to fifteen-minute communications if they chose. No suggestion was made as to topics, and the field was so wide that in the event there proved to be hardly any instance where one encroached upon another.1 In addition to those specially invited, other scholars from Cambridge and elsewhere were encouraged to attend. We had decided to save valuable time by omitting complimentary speeches of introduction and thanks and by having no formal discussion. This was in the belief that the time saved would be more fruitfully em­ ployed in private conversation, both among the guests themselves and between them and the outside visitors who came for particular sessions. They came as it turned out in large numbers, attendance at the sessions varying between forty and seventy-five, and the contacts which were made proved to be a most useful aspect of the Conference. 1 W e are acutely aware that through ignorance or oversight we must have overlooked some scholars who had a good claim to be invited, had there been room. W e were also very sorry that Professors T . Kardos, C. Leonardi, C. Mohrmann and A . Perosa, Dr R . W alzer and M ile M .-T h . d ’Alverny, having originally accepted, were eventually prevented from coming. M ile d ’Alverny’s paper was however read by her collaborator, M m e Garand, while an English summary o f Professor Kardos’s contribution was read by Dr Bolgar. Both are printed in this volume, Professor Kardos’s in its original form.

VI

PREFACE

It remains to say that the Cambridge University Press paid us the compliment of agreeing to publish these Proceedings; and we are particularly indebted to the Syndics and their officers. But the Con­ ference Committee would like also to record their appreciation of Professor Schalk’s kindness who, approached by Professor Forster on our behalf, consented to see that the Proceedings were published in the series Wege der Forschung, if the Cambridge Press proved unable to undertake the work. Since this Preface was written we have had the sad news of the death of Professor Weiss. The final draft of the paper included in this volume must have been one of the last things he wrote. Its quality shows the measure of his scholarship and the extent of our loss, which are brought to mind also by the recent publication of his book The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity, the first full study of the beginnings of classical archaeology. But the memory of his unfailing kindliness and charm, seen last in the pleasant surroundings of a friendly gathering, will remain part of everyone’s recollections of the K ing’s Conference. L. P. W I L K I N S O N

v ii

E D IT O R ’S NOTE The papers do not follow here the order in which they were delivered at the Conference. They have been arranged in six groups according to subject and then chronologically in each group so as to provide a more connected story. It is a rough and arbitrary arrangement for which no great claims can be made. Many speakers discussed a wide range of topics, and their papers could figure with equal justice in some other group. This is particularly true of Professor Bischoff, Professor Courcelle and Professor IJsewijn. The chronological order is equally uncertain. Many papers cover large periods of time and overlap their predecessors and successors, and what is perhaps a more serious blemish, some adventure well beyond the fifteenth century, so that the retention of our original title with the date 1500 is not easy to justify. It was felt however that this title was still the one which best reflected the central purpose of the conference, and justifiably or not, it has been kept for that reason. Authors were asked to correct their contributions, and in some cases substantial notes have been added. Since the original purpose of the Conference was to call attention to the gaps in our knowledge of the survival and revival of Antiquity, it seems appropriate to call attention here to the item ‘ Research Opportunities’ in the Index which lists the pages where some obvious gaps are specifically indicated. Finally, the editor would like to take this opportunity to offer his personal thanks to the Syndics and Staff of the Cambridge University Press; and also to Mrs Julie Bird, Administrative Secretary of the K ing’s College Research Centre, without whose constant help neither the Conference, nor this book would have got off the ground.

vin

CONTENTS Preface:

l

.

p

.

page

w ilk in so n

Editor’s note Illustrations Acknowledgements Contributors Introduction: A W ay Ahead? P A R T I. L A T I N

viii xi xiii xiv r

.

r

MANUSCRIPTS

.

bol g a r

AND

TIIEIR

i

CATALOGUES

1

Vanishing and unavailable evidence: Latin manuscripts in the Middle Ages and today: r . d . s w e e n e y

2

L ’Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire des Textes et l’etude des manuscrits des auteurs classiques : M. - TH.

d ’a l v e r n y

PART

IL

THE

et

READERS AND

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12

FORTUNES

OF

MANUSCRIPTS

The classics in Celtic Ireland: l . b i e l e r The deposit of Latin classics in the twelfth-century renaissance: r . w . h u n t I p r i m i u m a n i s t i e l ’ a n t i c h i t à c l a s s i c a: g . b i l l a n o v i c h Ausonius in the fourteenth century: r . w e i s s Oliviero Forzetta e la diffusione dei testi classici nel Veneto al tempo del Petrarca: l . g a r g a n PART

III.

METHODS

OF

29

37

m .- g . g a r a n d

CLASSICAL 3

v

TEACHING

AND

51

57 67 73

SCHOLARSHIP

Living with the Satirists: b . b i s c h o f f La lecture des auteurs classiques à l’école de Chartres durant la première moitié du X Ile siècle: e . j e a u n e a u The Opus de Conscribendis Epistolis of Erasmus and the tradition of the Ars Epistolica: a . g e r l o Humanism and humanist literature in the Low Countries before 1500: j. i j s e w i j n The character of humanist philology: e . j . k e n n e y ix

45

83 95 103 115 119

CONTENTS PART

13

IV. T H E

INFLUENCE

OF

CLASSICAL

LITERATURE

La Survie comparée des Corifessio?is augustiniennes et de Consolation b o é c i e n n e : p . c o u r c e l l e page

131

14

Classical influence on early Norse literature: u.

143

15

Poetic rivalries at the court of Charlemagne

la

dronke

D. SC II A L L E R

15 I

16

Functions of classical borrowing in medieval Latin verse: e . p . m. d r o n k e

159

17

Sallust in the Middle Ages:

165

b. s m a l l e y

18

Momus and the nature of Humanism: j.

19

Toni ed echi ovidiani nella poesia di Giano Pannonio: τ.

183

KARDOS

PART

V.

THE

INFLUENCE

OF C L A S S I C A L I D E A S

20

Later Platonism and its influence:

21

Le commentaire ordonné du monde dans quelques sommes scientifiques des X lle et X H Ie siècles: s. v i a r r e

22

177

h. w h i t f i e l d

a

.

h

.A

r m str o n g

197

203

Petrarch and the transmission of classical elements: 217

C. N. J. M A N N

23

Aspetti della vita contemplativa nel rinascimento italiano:

24

F.

schalk

225

The conformity of Greek and the vernacular: j. B. T r a p p PART

239

VI. C L A S S I C A L T H E M E S C O M M O N T O L I T E R A T U R E

A N D A R T A N D C L A S S I C A L I N F L U E N C E S IN A R C H I T E C T U R E

25

Personification:

26

Criticism and praise of the Pantheon in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: τ. b u d d e n s i e g

259

Quattrocento architecture and the antique: some problems: h . b u r n s

269

27

e . h. g o m b r i c h

Index

247

289

X

ILLU STRA TIO N S PLATES (between p p . 2 7 2 and 273 ) 1 P ope Bon iface d ed icates the Pan th eo n to the V irg in . N o rth G e rm an , c. 1250. U n iv e rsity L ib r a ry , C a m b rid g e , M S . M m V , 3 1, A le x a n d e r M in o rità , E x p o ­ sitio in A pocalypsim , fo. 74 2 B en ozzo G o z zo li, B a b ilo n ia (c. 1470), C am p o san to , Pisa 3 T h e P a n th e o n : a A n to n io d a S a n ga llo the Y o u n ge r, G a b in e tto d e i disegni, a . 874, U ffizi, Floren ce b A n to n io d a S a n ga llo the Y o u n g e r, G a b in e tto dei disegni, a . 3990, U ffizi, F loren ce c F rancesco di G io rgio (c. i48 6), Bibl. R e ale , C o d . 148, fo. 80, T u r in 4

R a p h a e l, T h e Pan th eon, G a b in e tto dei disegni, λ . 164, U ffizi, Florence

5 a O r c a g n a ’s tabern acle (detail), O rsan m ich ele, Florence b Screen from the O ld Sacristy, San Loren zo , Floren ce 6 a P ortal, P a la z z o M e d ic i, Floren ce b P ortal, P a la z z o G o n d i, F loren ce c Sa rcop h agu s o f the A postles, G ro tte V a tic a n e , R o m e 7 a O l d Sacristy, Sa n Loren zo , F lorence b B aptistery, P a d u a 8 a G io tto , ca p ita l from A scension o f the E va n g elist, Peruzzi C h a p e l, S a n ta C ro ce, F loren ce b C a p ita l from the O ld Sacristy, San Lo ren zo , F lorence c G iu lia n o d a S a n ga llo , the Io n ic order after A lb e rti, B iblio teca C o m u n a le , G od . s. IV. 8, fo. 35, Sien a d F rancesco d i G io rgio , ‘ fa ccia del c h a m p ito lio ’ , B iblio teca R e a le , C o d . 148, fo. 82 V, T u r in a T a d d e o G a d d i, Presentation o f the Virgin (detail), Baroncelli C h a p e l, S a n ta C ro ce , F loren ce b N a v e , San Loren zo, F loren ce 10 a W in d o w o f A p se, SS. G io v a n n i e P aolo, V e n ice b P a zzi C h a p e l, S a n ta C ro ce, F loren ce c Sarcop h agu s (detail), G am po san to , Pisa d M asaccio ,

M adon n a and C h ild

(detail o f the

throne),

N a tio n a l

G a lle ry ,

Lo n d o n 11 a D e ta il from G l. kgl. Sam i.

6,

fo.

83V,

R o y a l L ib r a ry , C o p e n h a ge n

b Brunelleschi, A e d ic u le at base o f the C u p o la , D u o m o , F loren ce (detail) 12 a A g n o lo G a d d i, T h e M a k in g o f the Cross (detail), C a p p e lla M a g g io re , S a n ta G roce, F loren ce b D o n atello , P ortal, O ld Sacristy, San Loren zo , F loren ce c G iu lia n o d a S a n ga llo , an a n tiq u e portal, ‘ n ear the T o rr e d e ’ C o n ti ’ , in R o m e . V a tic a n L ib r a ry , C o d . B arb. 4422, fo. 38V

XI

ILLUSTRATIONS F IG U R E S 1

P lan, O ld Sacristy, San Loren zo , Floren ce (after Sanpaolesi)

page 278

2

P lan , Baptistery, P a d u a (after G u io tto )

'

3

Section, Baptistery, P a d u a (after G u io tto )

280

4

Section , O ld Sacristy, San Lo ren zo , F loren ce (after Sanpaolesi)

280

278

5

P lan, S a n ta M a r ia d egli A n g io li, F loren ce (after G iu lia n o d a S a n ga llo )

282

6

T ra n se p t, D u om o, F loren ce

282

XÜ

ACKNOW LEDGEMENTS Acknowledgement is due to the following for their permission to reproduce the plates listed: Alinari Fratelli, Florence, for Plates 5 u 3 n. 2 Madonna del Calcinaio (by F. di Giorgio), 276 M adrid, libraries, 39 Maecenas, C. Cilnius (d. a . d . 8 ) , 90, 92 Maffei, Raffaele of Volterra, scholar and grammarian (1481-1522), 241 n. 2 (cf. 234 n. 3 , C . Dionisotti) Maffei, Scipione, antiquarian (1675-1755), 6g n. 7 Magdalius, Jacobus, poet (fl. 1500), 117, 1 18 M agnus de Ramlot, (fl. 1563), 113 n. 4 M ainz, 106 M anegold von Lautenbach, teacher and theologian (c. 1035-c. 1103), his com­ mentaries, 83, 84, 84 n. 1 and 2 (M. Dickey, C . Meiser) M anetti, Antonio: Vita di Ser Brunellesco, 271 n. 1, 283 n. 3 M anetti, Giannozzo, Florentine scholar and orator (1436-58), 227, 228; de Dignitate Hominis, 230, 231 Manicheans, 132 Manitius, M ax, 8, 18, 7 6 n. 2, 77 n. 4, 159, 165, 163 n. 2; on H raban’s de Universo, 21, 21 n. i (P. Lehmann) Mann, C . N. J., 7 η. 1 ,2 1 - 3 ; publications, 217 n. 1, 221 n. 5, 223 n. 1 and 2 M antegna, Andrea (1431-1506), 74, 74 n. 1 (A. Moschetti, F. Saxl) M antua, map, 263, 263 η. i (A . P. Frutaz) Manuscripts : Christian authors, 65, 138

307

20-2

INDEX Manuscripts: (coni.) classical authors: copyists, 32; Antonio da Romagno (Marciano z l 469: Timaeus, de N at. Deorum, Macrobius, Saturnalia) 77, 77 n. 2 >(R. Sabbadini); Boccaccio (Laur. 54, 32: Apuleius), 70, 71,77 n .2 (P.G uttierez,O .H ech er), 76; Carolingian, 121 ; Froumond of Tegernsee (Maihingen 1,2 ,4 ° N 3s.x. : Boethius de Cons) 134 n. 1 : in fourteenth century Treviso, 75; Irish, 47, 48 fortunes, 8, 9, 29, 33, 34; in M ero­ vingian Gaul, 46; in Celtic Ireland, 4 7 -8 ; in twelfth-century France and Germany, 5 1 -5 ; in thirteenth and fourteenth centuries: Ausonius, 6 7 72; in North Italy, 57-63, 66; in the Veneto, 74-80 geographical distribution, 33 Greek, 4, 4 η . ! , (A. Dain), 62, 66 (P. Stadter) illuminations, 135, 135 n. 1 (J. P. Courcelle), 138, 138 n. 1 (J. & P. Courcelle) individual M SS mentioned, see under author’s name, losses in the M iddle Ages, 34 microfilms, 35, 38, 40 owners, 33, 41 ; Bernardo P. de (Apuleius), 77,7 7 η. i (L. Lazzarini) ; Boccaccio (Apuleius Lour. 54. 32), 76, (Ausonius, destroyed), 7 1; Bosso, M . (Ausonius/Prudentius fragment), 69; Forzetta (large collection), 7 5 -8 ; John of Salisbury (Cicero, de Off, de Orat), 52; Lupus of Ferrières, 33; Michel Adelmario (Horace, Odes, Bibl. Ambros. ς>. 75 sup.), 76; Petrarch (Apuleius, V at. Lat. 2193), 76, 76 n. 3; (Ausonius and Fulgentius, Paris Bibl. Nat. Lat. 8500), 70, 70 n. 1; Salutati (Ausonius, Flor. Bibl. Naz. Conv. Soppr. 1 vi 29), 71 71 n. 6 recent discoveries, 38 Manutius, Aldus (1449-1515), 125, 241 n. 1 Maps, see Geography M âr Lârusson, Magnus, 143 n. 1 Marcel, Raym ond, 230 Mars (Ares), 192, 251 ; the planet, 255 Marsilio da Padova, political thinker (1270-1342), 61 Marsuppini, Carlo, Florentine scholar {c. 1399-1453)» 227 Martens, Thierry of Alost, printer (c. 14501534), 106 308

Martial (M . Valerius Martialis, c. 4 1 c. 102): confused with Martianus Capella and Godfrey of Winchester, 76; found by Boccaccio in Monte Cassino, 76; known to Albertano da Brescia, 60, to Paduan humanists, 76, 7 6 η .2 (G. Martellotti) ; owned perhaps by Forzetta, 75; used by Janus Pannonius, 186 ‘ M artial’ (Godfrey of Winchester), 76 Martianus Capella (f l . early fifth century) : commentaries, 83, by Guillaume de Conches (lost), 95; influence on Norse mythology, 14 5 η . ι (H. Falk); owned by Forzetta together with medieval verse version, 76, 7 6 n. 1 (C. Leonardi) M artin o f Troppau (d. 1278), 260 n. 1 M arvell, Andrew (1621-78), 163 Masaccio, Tommaso (1401-28), Madonna and child, 284, 284 n. 3 (E. Borsook, (M . Davies,), PI. 10d Masolino da Panicale (1383-1447), 262 Matociis, Giovanni de, early humanist and historian (d. 1337): distinguishes the Elder and Younger Pliny, 68, 68 n. 6; his account of the Ausonius Veronensis, 68, 68 η. 9, 7 1, 72 ; works, 68, 68 η. 3 - 6 (R. Weiss (cf. 67 n. 7), P. O . Kristeller) Matthieu de Vendôme, teacher of rhetoric {fl. 1160-75), 134 Matthias Corvinus (K ing of Hungary 1458-90), 188, 191 ; his library, 17, 33, 33 η .3 (Fraknói, G . etc.), 184; relations with Janus Pannonius, 183, 194; sup­ ports humanism, 184, 184 n. 1 (T. Kardos) Maximus the Confessor, Saint, theologian (c. 580-662), 199 M edici, Cosimo de’ (1389-1464) : exponent o f the active life, 229; his library, 33 n. 3 (P. A. Stadter) ; his palazzo, 273, 274; patron of Bartolomeo Scala, i n η. i ; visit to Rome, 274 n. 1 (R. Krautheimer (cf. 26g n. 1) Medici, Lorenzo de’ (1448-92), 287 n. 2 (M . Martelli) Medicine : importance of Pliny for, 204 η. 12 ; in Richer, 173, 174; Petrarch’s atti­ tude to, 226; Roman medical writers in the M iddle Ages, 21 ; Salutati, de Nobilitate Medicinae, 227 M editatio, 2 32-3; in Francis Bacon, 235; in J. Bodin, 234-5 Medusa, 192 Mellrichstadt, Battle of, 86

INDEX Memmingen, library, 39, 40 Menalcas, a nickname, 156 Menniken, Carolus (Virulus) (d. 1493), 105, 1 13 n. 10; career, 117 ; Epistolarum Formulae, 109, 1 1o, his models, 117 ' Mercati, Cardinal Giovanni, 58, 59, 67 Mercury, 84 Merula, Georgius (c. 1424-94): discovers M S of Ausonius, 69, 72 η. i ; merits as editor, 12 3-5, I2 4 η· 2 (F· Gabotto and A . Bandini Confalonieri)

Métel, Hugues, scholar at Chartres (d. c. 1157), 9 7 , 9 7 n. i (FortiaD’Urban, A. Clerval) Meun, Jean de, poet (c. 1250-c. 1305), 138 Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564), 284 n. 3; his opinions on the Pantheon, 265, 263 n. 2 (C. Frea, G . Kleiner), 266 n. 6 (J. S. Ackerman, D. Gioseffi) Michel Adelmario, M . di {fi. fourteenth century), 76, 7 6 n. 1 (A. Marchesan) M ichelozzo di Bartolommeo, architect (1396-1472), 273; attribution of O ld Sacristy portals to, 284 n. 4 ; style, 271, 274, 284 n. 2 (H. Saalman) Microcosm, 14g n. 1 (R. Allers) Microfilms, see Manuscripts M igne, J-P. (1800-75), 5 M ilan, 1 1 7, 139, 163, 170; Benzo at, 61; early Christians in, 132; influences of its policies on humanism, 227, 228; the library o f S. Eustorgio, 69, 6g n. 4 (T. Kaeppeli) Mineralogy: in Pliny the Elder, 206, in Vincent de Beauvais, 205 n. 1, 214 Minerva M edica, Tem ple of, 283, 283 n. 1 (L. H . Heidenreich, M . Salmi) M irabilia Urbis Romae (final version, thir­ teenth cent.), 260, 260 n. 3 Mohrmann, C., 16, 46 n. 2 M onarchy, concept of: king as anti-hero: in Alberti, 180, in Waltharius 161, 162; as hero, in Dante, 180 ; as philosopher, in Alcuin, 134; M achiavelli’s attack, 180 Monosini, Angelo, 242, 243; Flos Italianae Linguae, 242 n. 12 Montaigne, Michel de (1533-92), 140 M onte Cassino, M SS found at, 76 Montepulciano, Palazzo Communale, 284 n. 2 Montpellier, 223; library, 39 Montreuil, Jean de, Papal secretary and humanist (1354-1418), 223 Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 5> 159

Moors, 171 Moral philosophy : independent of con­ templatio, 235; part o f humanist educa­ tion, 225, 226 M oralium Dogma Philosophorum, see Florilegia More, S. Thomas (1478-1535), as letterwriter, 107 n. 2 (H. S. Herbriiggen) M uirchu (late seventh cent.), knowledge o f Virgil, 47 M ulart, Simon, 116 n. 1 (P. C . Boeren) M unich, library, 39 Münster, 115 Murano, 281 Murmellius, Johannes, German school­ master and humanist (c. 1480-1517),

” 5 M ussato,Albertino(i26i-i329) : his interest in archaeology, 64, 65, in Livy and Seneca, 61, 66; merits as a textual critic, 126 Musset, A . de (1810-57), 140 Musurus, Marcus, Cretan scholar teaching in Venice (c. 1470-1517), 124, 125 Mythographers, 30, 148, 163 n. 3 Myths, classical: cave of the nymphs in Porphyry and Guillaume de Conches, 99, gg n. 1 (F. Buffière), 100; flood story in Janus Pannonius, O vid and Petrarch, 19 0 -19 1; Icarus and Phae­ thon in Neckam, 209; influence in Norse literature, 145, 145 n. 1 (A. Bouman, S. Bugge, H . Falk, A . Kabell, F. R . Schroeder, J. de Vries), 14 7-9 ; integumentum theory, 101, 101 n. 1 (E. Jeauneau) ; used by O vid and Janus Pannonius, 192 Nebridius, 132 Neckam, Alexander ( 1 1 5 7 -1 2 1 7 ): his blending o f Christian and pagan sources, 204 204 n. 4 and 5 (S. Viarre), 210, 210 n. 3 ; de Naturis Rerum, 209, 20g η. 5 (R. W . Hunt), 210, 2 1 1 negotium: bibliographical note, 237-8; humanist views on, 225-38; in Cicero, 22, in Petrarch and Velleius, 21; linked with republicanism, 228, 229 Negro, Francesco (F. Niger, 1450-1510), 109, iog n. 1 ; used at Cracow, 112 n.2 Nemius,Johannes (d. 1593), 112, 1 1 2 η . 2, 113 Neoplatonism: Alexandrian and Athenian schools, 198 ; bibliographical note, 201 ; concept o f hierarchy, 199, 200, and in art 253, 253 n. 2 (E. H. Gombrich) ;

309

INDEX Neoplatonism: (coni.) its influence. ι6, 19, 20, in Hungary i g i n. 1 (J. Huszti), mediated through Jewish and Muslim thinkers, 198, 199, on John the Scot, 200, on patristic thought, 198-200,200 n. 1 (O. du R oy) ; in Macrobius as interpreted by G uil­ laume de Conches, 12, 95-10 2; see also John the Scot, Macrobius, Plotinus, Porphyry, Proclus Neopythagoreans, 197 Netherlands, 109; bibliographical note, 114, 115 ; humanism in the fifteenth century, 6, 105, 10 9 -11, 1 1 5 -1 8 ; libraries, 39; relations with Italy, 118; schools, 110 n. 3 , 112 n. 3 , 115, 117 ; Seminarium Philologiae Humanisticae, 118; study of Petrarch’s de Remediis, 220-2 Niccoli, Niccolò de’ (1363-14 37): con­ nections with the world of art, 271 n. 1 (E. H. Gombrich) ; library, 33 n. 3 (P. A . Stadter) ; lists of desiderata, 4, 63 (N. Rubinstein), 66 (T. Foffano) ; poli­ tical activity, 228; responsible for change from gothic script, 63 Nicholas o f Gusa, philosopher and math­ ematician (1401-64), 35 n. i Nicobulos, 103 Niger, see Negro Nimeguen (Nijmegen), 112 n. 3 Niobe, 192 Nithart, illegitimate grandson o f Charle­ magne, historian (d. 844), 152 Nizo, Magister, 87 Nordal, S., 147, 147 n. 2 Normandy, 63, 174 Norse literature: classical influences: on its historians, 15, 18, 146-9, 148 n. 1 and 2 (W. Baetke, G . Neckel), on its mythology, 145 η. ι and 3 (A. Bouman, B. Bischoff, S. Bugge, H. Falk, A. Kabell, F. R . Schroeder, J. de Vries), 146, 148 n. 3 (R. M . Meyer) ; echo of Norse poem in Waltharius, 162; the reading of classical authors in Scandi­ navia, 146, 148 n. 2 (P. Lehm ann); the role of Christian literature in their transmission, 143, 146, 147, 147 n. 2 (J. Benediktsson, L. Loennroth, S. Nordal) Norway, 143, 146 Num a Pompilius, 89 Numenius of Apam ea, philosopher (late first cent.), 100 Numida, character in Horace, 90, 91

Numidians, 71 Nuremberg, library, 39 Oblongus, name given to the ninth-century Leiden M S Voss. lat. F 30 of Lucretius, 126 Oder, River, 143 Odin, 145 Odoricus de S. Bartolomeo, a schoolboy, 76 η. i O la f Kritaskald, Snorri’s nephew (d. 1259), 148 n. 2 Olym pia, 235 Olympiodorus, philosopher of the Alex­ andrian school (c. 500-after 565), 197 Olym pus, 249; its gods in Greek thought, 251, 152, their images, 232 n. 1 (R. Pfeiffer), 253 Orcagna, Andrea (1308-69), 271 n. 3, 272,

PI. 5* Ordericus Vitalis, ecclesiastical historian (1075-114 2), 171, 174 Orléans, 40 Orsanmichele, Church, Florence, 271, 271 n. 3, 272 273, PI. 5 a Orosius, Paulus (fourth/fifth centuries) : disciple of Augustine, 132; emphasises importance of geography in history, 17 1 ; Forzetta wants to buy, 75; in­ fluence on medieval historians, 165, 166 ; used by Heiric of Auxerre, 55, by John of Salisbury, 55 Orpheus, 193 Ossa, M t, 163 Osulf, friend o f Alcuin, 155 Otis, Brooks, 177 otium, 226-38; bibliographical note, 237-8; coupled with contemplation, 22, 226, with monarchic ideals 228; in Petrarch and Velleius, 21, in Pontano, 232 O tto II (Emperor 973-83), 140, 170 O tto von Freising, historian o f Frederick I (1114 -5 8 ), 167 O tto von Northeim, Duke of Bavaria (fl. 1070-4), 170 Ottoboni Collection (Vatican Library), 40,

41 O vid, (P. Ovidius Naso, 43 b .c . - a .d . 16), 155 ; attacked by Norse bishop, 146; commentary on his Fasti by Arnolphe d ’ Orléans, 78, 78 η. 2 (F. Ghisalberti) ; editio princeps, 123; flood myth in, 190, 191 ; irony, 187; legend o f his conver­ sion, 84 n. 4 (B. Bischoff) ; model for epistolary style, 111, 112 ; moralis-

31O

INDEX O vid , (cont.) ation by Bersuire, 6 ; used by Angilbert, 182, by encyclopedists, 206 n. u (S. Viarre), by Guillaume de Conches, 101, 208 n. 5, by Norse writers, 147, by Petrarch, 188, 190-2, byTh eod ulf, 17; works owned by Forzetta, 75, 78 Epistolae ex Ponto : used by Janus Pannonius, 184, 186 n . I , 187, 190, 192, by Petrarch 190, 192 Metamorphoses: in florilegium, 54; used by St Bernard, 54, by Guillaume de Conches, 99, by Janus Pannonius, 185, 190 Tristia, used by Janus Pannonius, 17, 184-94 (supp.) de Vetula, 84 η. 4 Oxford, 59; Bodleian library, 39 Padua: humanism in, 60, 61, 64-6, 75; links with Florentine architects, 27g n. 1 (R. Cessi) ; supposed Trojan founda­ tion, 64, 65 ; see also Baptistery, Padua Paedagogium Lilium or L ilii (Louvain), 109, 1 17 Palazzo Gondi (Florence), 274, PI. 6 b Palazzo M edici (Florence), 273, 274, 285, PI. 6a Palazzo Vecchio (Florence), 273, 274 Palmieri, M atteo, political thinker (140675) : political ideas, 2 2 7-9 ; works, 229, 237 Paludanus, Peter, an Erasmian fiction, 106 n. i Pannonia, 185 Panofsky, E., 23 Panormita, poet and courtier (Antonio Beccadelli, 1394-1471), 231 Pantheon (S. M aria Rotonda), 259-67; .bibliographical note, 263 n. 2 ; assess­ ments of its merits: humanist, 261, 261 n. 1 (Gi. Billanovich, G . M artel­ letti, P. P. Trompeo), medieval, 259, 260, 260 n. 2 (A. Graf) ; history, 259, 259 n. 1 (T. Buddensieg) ; representa­ tions : humanist, 262 n. 2 (B. Berenson, A . Chastel, P. Sanpaolesi, etc.), by Antonio da Sangallo, PI. 3 a and 3 b, 265, 266, 266 n .i, by F. di Giorgio, 263, 263 n. 2 (R. Lanciani, H. Kaeler, W . L.M acD onald, etc.), 264, PI. 3 c, by B. Gozzoli, 262, PI. 2, by M ichel­ angelo, 263 n. 2, 266, 266 n. 6, by Raphael, 266, 266 η. 7 (W. Raub), 267, PI. 5, by Sansovino, 265, by A . Strozzi,

262, 262 n. 3 (G. Scaglia) ; representa­ tions: medieval, 261 n. 1, PI. 1; the legend of the three architects, 263 Paris, 1 18; Benzo’s son visits, 6 1; Niccoli expects discoveries o f M SS in, 63 Pascal, Blaise (1623-62), 139, 140, 140 n. 1 and 2 (P. Courcelle) Pasti, M atteo de’ (d. 1468), 265 Pastrengo, Guglielmo da, see Guglielmo Patrick, Saint (377-460), 47, 132 Patrizi, Francesco, humanist philosopher (i 529-97), 226; works, 237 Paulinus of M ilan, 132 Paulinus of Noia, Saint (353-43 0 » I 32 Paulinus o f Pella, Latin poet (376- after 460), 132 Pécs, 185, 193; school at, 194 Peiresc, Nicole-Claude de, classical arch­ aeologist (1580-1637), 41 Pelagius (f l . fifth cent.), 132 Pelion, M t, 163 Pellegrin, E., 39, 40, 67 Penelope, 108 Penzo da Ilasi (fourteenth cent.), 61 Perion, Joachim, learned Benedictine monk

0 499-! 559)» 242, 242 n. 4 Perosa, A., 61, 129 n. 4, 126 n. 1, 249 n. 3 Peroni Niccolo, grammarian and encyclo­ pedist (1430-80), 109; works studied at Cracow, 112 n. 2 Persio, Ascanio (1554-r. 1605) : his theories on language, 239 n. 3 (T. Bolelli) ; Trattato, 241, 241 n. 5, 243 n. 11 Persius (A. Persius Flaccus, 34-62) : com­ mentaries on, 85-90; medieval view of, 90; owned by Forzetta, 77; school author in twelfth century, 55 Personification, 22, 23, 2 4 7 -5 7 ; as used in Christian literature, 253, 233 n. 1 (J. Held, F. Piper, R . van Marie) ; Fortune personified; in Byzantium, 236 n. 2 (R. Browning), in Florence, 254,. 255, 255 n. 2 (A. W arburg), 236 n. 2 (H. R . Patch) ; humanist atti­ tudes to, 249, 249 n. 3 (A. Perosa), 253, 233 n. 3 ; images and attributes of the ancient gods, 252, 232 n. 2 (R. Pfeiffer), 253; its prevalence in art, 135, 135 n- 1 (P· Courcelle), 248, 254, 294 n. 4 (E. H. Gombrich) ; Philosophy personified : in Boethius, 135, in medi­ eval authors, 134, 134, n. 2 and 3 (P. Courcelle, E. Farai). 135, 135 n. 1 ; relation o f personification to linguistic abstractions: in Greek thought, 249,

INDEX Personification (cont.) 24g n. 2 and 4 (L. Deubner, R . Hinks, T . B. L. Webster), 251, 252, 252 n. 1 (R. Pfeiffer), in the Psalms, 250 250 η. i (S. C . Chew), in Sanskrit, 250, 250 η. 2 (D. H. Ingalls), 251, 251 η. i (J. W . Boissevain, Jai Dev), in the Zend Avesta, 251, 251 n. 2 (J. Duchesne-Guillemin, R . C . Zaehner) Persoons, E., 116, 118 Pertusi, Agostini, 62 Peruzzi, Baldassare, sculptor and architect (1481-1536), 284 n. 3 Peter of Abano, medical writer ( 1250-1316), 61 Peter o f Blois, letter writer and moralist (c. 1 1 35-1204), two of his works owned by Forzetta, 79 Peter o f Compostella, imitator o f Boethius ( f l .c . 1150), 134 Peter of Spain, theologian (Pope John X X I I , 1316-34), 1 12 Peter the Venerable, theologian and trans­ lator of the Koran (c. 1092-1155), cites Sallust, 170, 170 n. 7 Peter Cantor, moralist (c. 112 5-9 7), cites Seneca, 53 Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca, 1304-74), 62, 73-5, 140, 167, 168; as Christian moral authority, 2 2 1-3 ; editions of his works, 7, 237; handwriting, 70, 70 n. 4 (A. Pétrucci) ; influence, 21, 23, as a letter-writer, 105, 117, in H u n ­ gary, 183, 183 n. 1 (T. Kardos), 185, on Jean de Montreuil 223, see also de Remediis below ; letter to Livy, 64; library: Apuleius, 76, 76 n. 3, Ausonius, 70, 70 n. 1 and 4, Liber Epigrammatum Augusti, 35 n. 1 ; M SS annotated by him : in the British Museum, 40, in the V atican Library, 7 6 n. 3 (M . Vattasso) ; met Benzo’s son in Paris, 61 ; study of S. Augustine, ! 37” 9» ! 42» of Ausonius, 70 n. 8 and 9; supposed reading of Lucretius, 62, 66 (G. Gasparotto, B. Hemmerdinger) ; tomb, 64; views on negotium and otium, 21, 22, 226, 227; works ; Africa, echoes O vid, 188 ; Epistolae Metricae, echo O vid, 190, used by Janus Pannonius, 185, 186, 188-94; de Remediis, blends Stoicism and Christi­ anity, 217, 2 17 n. 2 (K . Heitmann), 218, M S tradition, 217, 2 17 n. 1 (W. Fiske, C . N. J. M ann), trans­

mission o f classical elements, 21, 217224, cites Claudian, Cicero, Sallust, Seneca, 219, used by Flamenc, 223, 223 n. 5 (A. Germain, F. Simone), 224, 224 n. 1 (C. N. J. M ann), 222, by Gerson, 223, 223 n. 1 and 2 abridgements o f de Remediis : by Adrianus Carthusiensis 220; de Abusu (Quattuor Passionum, 221 ; Fioretti de’ remedii, 219, 219 n. 5, 220; Flors de Patrarcha, 218, 218 n. 2; in E y b ’s anthology, 222, 222 n. 3 ; Speculum M ortis, 221, 221 η. 3 ; translations o f de Remediis : French, by Jean Daudin, 223,2 2 3 n. 2 (L. Delisle) ; Italian by Giovanni da San Miniato, 219, 219 n. 5 Petronius (if Petronius Arbiter, d. 66), Irish text tradition, 48, 48 n. 1 (Diaz y Diaz) Petrus, see Peter Phaethon, 209 Philargyrius, Johannes (f l . fifth cent.), his commentary on Virgil, 47 Philippe de Harvengt, A bbot { fl. 1150), 136 Phocas (Emperor 602-8), 259 Phocas, grammarian (fifth century) M SS, 40 Picard, Jean {fl. 1556), 241, 241 n. 5 Piccolomini, see Aeneas Sylvius Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, eclectric philosopher (1463-94), 226, 230 Pierre, Pietro, see Peter Pilatus, Leontius, wandering Byzantine scholar (d. 1367), annotates archetype o f Pandects, 62, 66 (F. di Benedetto) Pindar (521-441 b . c . ) , 144 Pisa : Pandects at, 62, 66 architecture, 284 n. 3 (A. da Morrona) ; Campo Santo, 262, 262 n. 2 (P. Sanpaolesi, etc., A . Chastel) ; sarco­ phagus 284, 284 n. 3 (E. Carli, R . Papini, etc.), PI. 10c; Cathedral, 284 n. 3 Pius II, see Aeneas Sylvius Platina, V atican librarian (Bartolommeo de’ Sacchi, d. 1481), 237 Plato (429-347 b . c . ) , 19, 138, 142; Augustine’s classification o f his works, 214 n. 2 and 3; mentioned by Vincent de Beauvais, 214 n. 2 Republic, echoed by B. Fiera, 253 ; Timaeus, 55, commentary by Guillaume de Conches, 95, 97, 3 7 n. 2 208 n. 11 (E. Jeauneau), translation by Calcidius copied in fourteenth century, 77, 77 n. 2 (J. A . Waszink), owned by

3Ϊ2

INDEX Plato (cont.) Forzetta 77, 78, used by encyclope­ dists, 204, 204 n. i (E. Gilson, T . Gregory) Platonism : bibliographical note, 201 ; con­ cept of First Cause, 208, 208 n. 1, of hierarchy, 20, 199-200; hierarchy as represented in art, 253, 253 n. 2 (E. H. Gombrich) ; influence : on Alcuin, 134, on Augustine, 199, before tenth cen­ tury, 197-200, in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 136-7, on Guillaume de Conches, 95-102, on humanist thinkers, 226, 230, 231; reconciliation with Christianity, 13 6 -7, 198-9, 214, 214 n. 6; relation to the ideal of the con­ templative life, 230, 231 Platter, Thom as, printer at Basel (15381544), 106 Pléiade, their borrowings from Greek, 242, 242 n. i and 2 Pliny the Elder (C. Plinius Secundus 23/479) : de B ello Germanico, 35> 35 η · 1 ϊ Historia N aturalis: editio princeps, 123, 124, its influence on the encyclope­ dists 203, 204, 2 12, read in the M iddle Ages, 21, 35 η. i, 55, 205, 208, the plan of the work, 203, 204 Pliny the Younger (C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus, 61/2-before 1 14), influence on humanist letter-writing, 104,10 5,111 Plotinus (204/5-70), 20; bibliographical note, 201 ; concept of hierarchy, 200 ; influence on Augustine, 199; known through Macrobius, 98 ; position in the Neo-Platonist Canon, 197 Poetic techniques : in humanist Latin, 18 6 94; in medieval Latin, 1 5 2 -7 , 1 5 9 64; in Norse poetry, 144-6 Poggio Bracciolini, Gianfrancesco (1380Ϊ459), 35 n. i, h i ; bibliographical note, 237; consulted by Niccoli on M SS, 6 3 ; guides Cosimo de’ Medici round Rome, 271 n. 1; republican ideals, 229; translation of Xenophon’s Cyropedia, 231 Poggio, Iacopo, son of above, 69 (N. Rubinstein) Poland, 113 n. 6 Polenton, Sicco, humanist (1375/6-1447), 64, 65 Politian (Angelo Ambrogini Poliziano, 1454-94): bibliographical notes, 125 n. 4 ,2 3 7 ; letters, 105, used by Erasmus, h i , 1 1 2 ; quarrel with Scala, 111 n. 1 ;

textual criticism, 123-5, 125 n. 4 (A. Perosa), 126, 126 n. 1 (L. Maier), 127,128; sent fragment of Ausonius, 68 Miscellanea, 112, 125 Political commitment, its effects on humanists, 227-9 Pompeius Trogus, η η Pomponazzi, Pietro, Aristotelian thinker (1462-1525), 226 Pomposa, monastery, 59, 60 Pontano, Giovanni, Latin poet and moralist (1426-1503): bibliographical note, 237 \ de Prudentia, 231, 232 Ponte Amato, 272 Pontus, 190 Popularisation: commentaries as vehicles of, 84-94; its role in the history of thought, 20, 2 1 ; Petrarch distinguishes between vulgus and docti, 218 Porphyry (232-c . 303), 20; bibliographical note, 201 ; influence on Augustine, 198; monism, 197; known through Macrobius, 98 de Antro Nympharum, 99, gg n. 1 (F. Buffière, J. Pépin), 100, 100 n. 2 Porta della M andorla, 272 Port-Royal, 139 Possidius, 132 Post, R . R., 1 16 Postumius Albinus, 169 Prete, Sesto, 67, 1 19, 11g n. 2 Prévost d ’Exiles, l’A bbé (1697-1763), 142 Printing o f books, 123 n. 2 (C. F. Buehler, L. Febvre and H. J. Martin, R. Hirsch) ; influence on textual criticism, 123, 128 Priscian (sixth century) : Institutiones Grammaticae: commentaries, 6, by Guillaume de Conches, 5, 95, 96, by Kilwardby, 78 n. 3, by M anegold, 84, 84 n. i, by Theotonicus, 78; in Scandinavian libraries, 146, 146 n. 2 (P. Lehmann) ; owned by For­ zetta, 78 Summa Prisciani, by Peter Helias, 6 Proclus (c. 410-85), 20; bibliographical note, 201 ; ideas on hierarchy, 200 ; manual o f letter-writing attributed to, 103 Elements o f Theology, 198 (Dodds) Procne, 145 n. 1 (S. Bugge) Prometheus, 192 Promis, V ., 275 n. 5 Propertius, Sextus (54/48- after 16 b . c .) , 128

3!3

INDEX Prosper of Aquitaine, theologian and versifier (fifth century), 132 Protesilaos, 145 n. 1 (A. Kabell) Proverbs: derived from Sallust, 170 8 (H. Walter), 171 ; iq Guillaume de Conches, 208 n. 6 Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens (348- after 405), 68, 70 Pythagoras (sixth cent, b . c .), 235 Quadratus, Leiden M S Voss. lat. 94 of Lucretius, 126 Quadrivium, 83 Qiellenforschung, 18, 21, 205 Queriniana, library at Brescia, 58, 59 (A. Beltrami) Querolus (probably a fifth-century text),

66 Quintilian (M . Fabius Quintilianus c. 3 5 after 95) : influence on letter-writers, 105, on Erasmus, 108, 112, on Schut, 1 1 7 ; known in twelfth century, 53, to John of Salisbury, 52; (supp.) D e ­ clamationes, owned by Forzetta, 78 R aby, F. J. E., 5 Racine, Louis (1692-1763), 142 Rahewin von Freising, historian of the Emperor Frederick I (f l . 1144 -77), 170; uses Josephus, 170 n. 4, Sallust, 170 n.5 Raoul de Longcham p {fl. 1216), 204 n. 3 Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), 284 n. 3; drawing of the Pantheon, 266, 266 n. 7 (W .L o tz ),267,267η . i (T.Buddensieg), PI· 5 Ravenna, 73, 74 Recognitiones Clementinae (fourth cent.?), cited by Bartholomew of Glanville, 213 n. 5 Regensburg Kaiserchronik, 259. 260, 260 n. 1 Reims, 173, 174 Remaclus Arduenna, neo-Latin poet ( 14801524)» l l 5 Remi (Remigius) o f Auxerre {c. 841 -c . 908) : cited by Guillaume de Conches, 101 n. 3; commentary on Boethius, 135, 136; influence as a commentator, 83 Renan, Ernest (1823-92), 141 Research, opportunities: editing and translation of: medieval commentaries, 83, 84, 94-8; medieval and renaissance texts, 5 -8 ; Neoplatonist texts, 197-8 history of textual criticism, 128

intellectual climate o f Quattrocento architecture, 277 medieval encyclopedists, 203, 204 medieval florilegio, 10, 54 medieval and renaissance school texts, 11 Neoplatonism and theology, 200 Netherlands humanism, 1 1 5 -1 8 renaissance theories o f language, 239 rhetoricians of the thirteenth and four­ teenth centuries, 37, 58, 65 writing of verse in Carolingian schools, 11 Reynolds, L. D ., 11 n. 2, 53, 59, 121, 121 n. 2 Rezzani, Agostino, 69, 69 n. 2 (G. Turrini) Rhetoric: in humanist education, 225; in­ fluence on letter-writing, 12, 104, 108 ; prepares the w ay for humanism, 58, 59, 104, 105, 1 17; rejected by Neckam in favour of a plain style, 209 n. 6; use o f set speeches : by medieval historians, 168-70, by schoolmasters, 169 Rhetoricians: attack Augustine, 131 ; at Padua, 11, 57, 59, 60, 65; at Treviso, 75; during the late M iddle Ages, 105; their contribution to the study o f Livy, 61; see also Albertano, Benzo d ’Ales­ sandria, Lovati, Menniken, Mussato, Schut Richard, M ., 42 Richard de S. Victor, mystic and theologian (Riccardo di San Vittore, d. 1 1 73), 232 Riché, P., 46, 46 η. ι Richer de S. Rem i, historian o f his own times (c. 940- after 997), 170,1 7 0 n. 2, 1 73» 173 n· -2 (M . R . Latouche) Ridevall, John, allegorist {fl. 1331-40), 23; Fulgentius M elaforalis, 254, 254 n. 2 (H. Liebeschütz, B. Smalley) Rinucci, Cino, papal secretary {fl. 1397), 227, 228, 237 Rodnite, Helen, 98 Rolando da Piazzola {fl. 1303-19), 64 Romanesque style (architecture), 271, 271 n 1 (E. H . Gombrich, D. Morozzi) ; its influence on Brunelleschi, 281 Romania, 39 Romans, 88, 166, 262 Rom e: Latin associated with its glories, 240, 241 ; maps of, 262 n. 3 (A. P. Frutaz, C . Scaglia) ,263 n .i; monuments, 271, 273; moralization of its history, 166, 167, 260 n. 2 (A. G raf), 261 n. 1; poetry in its schools, 11 ; republican virtues, 167, 168; translatio imperii, 167; visit by Cosimo de’ Medici, 274 n. 1 (R. Krautheimer cf. 26g n. 1)

SH

I NDEX Rom e (icont.) architecture: Grotte Vaticane, 274, 274 n. 2, PI. 6 c ; San Prassede, 285; Trajan’s Forum, 285 Rome, École de, 37 Romeo, 116 Romulus, 90 Ronsard, Pierre de (1524-85), 242, 242 n. 2 (I. Silver) Rosenfeld, H ., 144, 144 n. 2 and 3 Rossi, Roberto de’, humanist and pioneer Greek scholar (c. 1355-after 1393), 228 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712 -78 ), 140, 141 Rubinstein, N., 63 Rucellai, Giovanni (1403-81), 256; I l Zibaldone, 277 n. 2 R ud olf o f Swabia (d. 1080), 86 Ruodlieb, a romantic epic (c. 1050), 93 Rupert, a lecher, 91 Rupert von Deutz (d. 1130), 136 Russia, 143 Rutebeuf, Parisian poet (fl. thirteenth cent.), 93 Sabbadini, R., 9, 58, 71 n. 3, 7 6 n. 2 ,77 n. 2 ; on Ausonius, 67, 67 n. 7 and 8. 6g n. 3 and 4; on Bussi, 123; on Petrarch, 70 n. 8 Sacy, Lemaistre de (1613-84), 139, 140, 140 n. 1 and 2 (P. Courcelle) Saemundr Sigfusson (fl. late eleventh cent.), 146 Sagas : classical influence on Irish, 49 ; Norse 147, 147 n. 2 (J. Benediktsson L. Loennroth) Saint, fo r individual saints see under respective names S. Andrea, Church, M antua, 276 S. Benoît-sur-Loire, monastery, 40 S. Bertin, monastery, S. Omer, 51 S. Chiara, convent, Urbino, 276 S. Croce, Church, Florence: chapels: Baroncelli, 2 8 1 ,281 n. 1 , PI. 9 a, Pazzi, 281, Peruzzi, 279 n. 3 (M . Gosebruch), 281 n. I, Rinuccini, 281 n. 1 ; painting by Agnolo Gaddi, 285 n. 3, PI. 12 b S. Eustorgio, monastery, Milan, library, 69, 6g n. 4 (T. Kaeppeli) S. Faustino, monastery, Brescia, library, 59 S. Francesco, monastery, Treviso, inherits Forzetta’s library, 74, 79 ' S. Gall, monastery, Switzerland, com­

mentaries, 85, 83 n. 2 (G. Scherrer), 88, 92, 93 S. Gimignano (Church o f S. Agostino at), 138 SS. Giovanni e Paolo, church, Venice, 281, PI. 10 b S. Giustina, abbey, Padua, 64, 65 S. Lorenzo, church, Florence, 273, Pis. 5 b and 9 b; old sacristy, 279, 281, 284, 284 n. 4 (Janson, M . Lisner), Fig. 1 (278), Fig. 4 (280), Pis. η a, 12 b S. M arco, library, Florence, 33 n. 3 (P. A. Stadter) S. Marco, Cathedral, Venice, 281 S. Margherita, Convent, Treviso: cata­ logues o f its library, 74, 74 n. 2; in­ herits Forzetta’s books, 74, 79 S. M aria degli Angioli, church, Florence, 283, Fig. 5 (282) S. M aria dei Battuti, Confraternity of, Treviso, 74 S. M aria dei Miracoli, church, Venice, 74 S. M aria del Popolo, church, Rome, 263 S. M aria Novella, church, Florence, 281 S. M aur, abbey, near Angers, 41 S. O yan, library, 67 S. Peter’s, Rome, Sangallo’s plans for, 266 n. 5 S. Prassede, church, Rome, 285 n. 1 S. Reparata, church, Florence, 281 S. Salvatore, monastery, Brescia, 60 S. Spirito, church, Florence, 265, 265 n. 1, 281, 283, 285 n. 1 (M . Salmi) S. Stefano, church, Padua, 64 S. Trinità, church, Florence, 271, 281, 285 η. i S. Victor, abbey, near Paris, 40 S. Vitale, church, Ravenna, throne of Saturn, 73, 74 Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin (1804-69), 140, 141 Sallust (C. Sallustius Crispus, 8 6 - c . 34 b . c .) , 19; commentaries, 169-70; influence: as analyst of motive, 172, as moralist, 165-8, as recorder o f geographical conditions and primitive peoples, 171, 171 n. 2 (M . Destombes), as story­ teller, 172, as stylist, 112, 171, 172, on Norse literature, 146, 147, on medieval historians, 165-75; John of Salisbury’s assessment of, 166; owned by Forzetta, 75,7 5 n. i ; used by Ado, 167, by ‘ Ekkeh art’, 167, by Guillaume de Conches, 101 n. 2, by Guillaume de Poitiers, 170, 1 71, by Henry o f Huntingdon,

315

I NDEX Sallust (coni.) 166, by John o f Salisbury, 170, by O tto von Freising, 167, by Peter the Venerable, 170, by Petrarch, 2 i9 ^ b y Richer, 170, 173, 173 n. 3, by Snorri Sturluson, 15, 147, 148, in the arts course, 168-71, in popular proverbs, 170, 1 71 Salutati, Coluccio (1330-1406): describes Baptistery at Florence, 2 71; echoes Ausonius, 71, 71 n. 8, mentions him, 7 1 , 7 1 n. 7, owns M S of his works, 71, 71 n. 6; ideal of an active life, 229; political activity, 227, 228 de Nobilitate Legum, 237', de Seculo et R eli­ gione, 71 n. 8, 229 Sanctus, Louis friend of Petrarch (‘ Soc rates, ’ Ludw ig van Kempen, 1304-61 ), 222 Sand, George (1804-76), 140, 140 n. 3 (J & P. Courcelle) Sandys, J. E., 8, 14 Sangallo, Antonio da, the Younger, archi­ tect (1485-1546): drawings o f the Pantheon, 2 65 ,266η. i to 4 (A. Bartoli), Pis. 3 a and b Sangallo, Francesco da, 285 n. 2 Sangallo, Giuliano da, architect (14451516) : conception of the Doric and Ionic orders, 276, 287, 287 n. 4, PI. 8c; debt to Alberti, 286, 287, 287 n. 4, PI. 8 c ; drawings, 286,286 n. 2 ,2 8 7 ,287 η .! (H uelsen),Fig.5 (282); Pis.8cand 12c; Palazzo Gondi, Florence, 274, PI. 6 b ; Palazzo Pazzi, 286 n. 3 (H. Saalman) Sanpaolesi, P., Fig. 1 (278), Fig. 4 (280) Sanskrit Literature: its use of personification, 250, 251; The Moon o f Intellect, 251, 231 n. 1 (J. W . Boissevain, Jai Dev, M . Schuyler) ; Vidayakara’s Treasury, 250, 230 n. 2 (D. H. Ingalls) Sansovino, Andrea de’, sculptor (146015 2 9 ), 74> 265, 265 n. i Sassetti, Francesco (1421-90), 255, 233 n. 2 (A. W arburg), 256 Satirists : commentaries on the ancient, 12, 83-94; their appeal for the M iddle Ages, 85 Saturn, Throne of, 73, 74, 74 n. 1 Saxo Grammaticus, historian o f Denmark (1150-c. 1216), debt to Martianus Capella, 147 Saxons, 85, 86, 92, 170 Scala, Bartolommeo, Florentine humanist (1430-97), h i n. i

Scaliger, Joseph Justus (1540-1609), Glossae Scaligeri (attributed to Isidore of Seville), 91 Scandinavia: classical influences, 144, 144 n. 3 (H. Shetelig), 145; libraries, medieval, 146, 146 n. 2 (P. Lehmann), modern, 39 Scandinavian vernaculars, 147 Schalk, F., 21, 22 Schaller, D ., 17; publications, 13 6 n. 1, 157 n. 2 Schirmer, W . F., 118 Schoeffer, John, publisher of M ainz, 106 Scholarship, classical: history of, 24, 11928; impact o f New Testam ent studies on, 11 n. 2 (L. D. Reynolds, N. G. Wilson) Scholia, see Commentaries Schut, Englebert (f l . 1489), n o , h i , 113 n. 10, 11 7 ; relations with Erasmus, 110 n. 3 ; A rs Dictandi, 117 Science: Arabic influence on, 204, 214; Christian speculation on, 149 ; encyclo­ pedists on, 149 ; history of, 21, 25 Scipio Africanus (234-183 b . c . ) , 167 Scotti peregrini: 4 5 -8 ; influence on later commentators, 83; quarrels, 151, l 53~4> 154 n. 1 (B. Bischoff) Script: Anglo-Saxon, 47; Caroline, 58; Gothic, 58,63; humanist, 41, Niccoli’s, 63, Petrarch’s 7 0 ,70 n. 4 (A. Pétrucci) ; Irish, 47, 48; pre-Carolingian, 58 Scriptoria : Brescia, 59 ; decline of monastic scriptoria, 122 Sculpture: influence o f classical models, 10; personification in, 248; throne of Saturn, 73, 74 Sedulius Scottus, grammarian and poet (d. c. 859), 45, 48, 49 Semi-Pelagians, 133, 133 n. 1 (P. Cour­ celle) Seneca the Elder, L(?) Annaeus (c. 55 b . g . a . d . 37), Declamationes owned by Forzetta, 78 Seneca the Younger, L. Annaeus (c. 5 b . c . A.D.65) : influence on letter-writing, 105, 111 ; role in the development of humanism, 226; used by Adrianus Carthusiensis, 221, by Petrarch, 219; works: in Vienna Staatsbibl. M S lat. 3134, 79, 80, 80 n. 1 (S. Endlicher), owned by Forzetta, 78 Epistolae: codex Querinianus, 9, 58 (A. Beltrami), 59, 60, 63 (C. V illa); textual tradition, 53, 1 2 1 ; used by

316

INDEX Seneca the Younger (cont.) twelfth-cent. writers, 53 (Dechanet, L. D. Reynolds) Quaestiones Naturales : used by encyclope­ dists, 204, by Vincent de Beauvais, 214 Sententiae : in Petrarch’s de Remediis, 2 17 -19 , 221, 222, 224; see a^s0 Proverbs Ser Ugolino Peruzzi, Filippo de, Florentine scholar and M S collector (fifteenth century), 227 Serlio, Sebastiano, architect (1475-1552), 259» 259 n. 2 Servius, M . Honoratus (f l . fourth/fifth cent.): commentary on Virgil, 11, 163 n. 3; its influence 12; sought by Forzetta, 75 Sextus Empiricus (fl. c. 190), 214 n. 3 Shakespeare, W illiam : debt to Erasmus, 1 14, 114 n. 2 (R. Soellner) Sheldon-Williams, I. P., 200 Shield-motif, 144, 144 n. 3 (H. Rosenfeld, H. Shetelig) Siberch (John Lair of Sieburg, publisher fl. 1520-53), 106 Sibylline Oracles, 145, 149 n. 2 and 3 (A. G. Bang, B. Bischoff, V . Rydberg) Siena : Giuliano da Sangallo’s drawings at, 286 n. 2, 287 n. 3, PI. 8c Silesius, Angelus, German poet (Johann Scheffler, 1624-77), 142 Simone de Bidiniano (fl. thirteenth cent.), 54, 55 Sixtus I V (Pope 1471-84), 263 Smalley, B., 19, 94, 254 n. 2; publications, 12 n. 1, 101 n. 3 Smith, Sir Thomas, lawyer and humanist ( I 5 I 3—77)» 244 n· 3 (W. Camden) Snorri Sturluson (1 17 9 -12 4 1): his Art of Poetry, 148 n. 3 ; influence of Sallust on, 15, 147, 147 n. 2 (J. Benediktsson, S. ÌNTordal), 148; Prose Edda 148, 149, 149 n. 1 (R. Allers, F. Rico, A . Holtsmark) ; see also O la f Kritaskald, his nephew Solinus, C . Julius (fl. 260), used by Neckam, 204 Solitude, Petrarch on, 226, 228 Spain, libraries, 39 Spalato, see Split Spanish Language, its conformity with Greek, 243, 243 n. 2 (B. Aldrete, D. M atute, J. de Valdes) Speculatio, 232-3; in Francis Bacon, 235; in Bodin, 234 Speroni, Sperone, Italian man o f letters (1500-88), 232, 238

Split, M S of Juvenal at, 38 Stadter, P. A . 33, 66 Statius, P. Papinius (c. 45-96) : school author, 55; work owned by Forzetta, 7 7 1 Thebais, 49 Stephanus, see Estienne Stockholm, library, 39 Stoicism, co-exists with Christianity in Petrarch, 21, 217, 2 17 n. 2 (K . Heitmann), 218; in the abridgements o f de Remediis, 219, 222; Stoic interpre­ tation o f Apollo’s attributes, 232 n. 1 (R. Pfeiffer), of Hom er’s catena aureay 210 Strasbourg, library, 35 Strozzi, Alessandro (fl. 1474), 262, 262 n. 3 (A. P. Frutaz, G . Scaglia) Style: in ecclesiastical Latin, 46; influence of classical Latin, 16; in letter-writing, 10 7 - 1 1 ; medieval historians as stylists,

1 7 p, 171 Suetonius (C. Suetonius Tranquillus, c. 69 ϊ4 °), 35 n. 1; influence on medieval historians, 165; Paris M S lat 5802 of his works contains poems by Ausonius, 67, 67 n. 6 (E. Pellegrin) ; used by Heiric and John of Salisbury, 55 Sulla, L. Cornelius (138-78 b .c .), 168 Sulpicia (late first cent, b .c .), 38 Sulpizio, Giovanni, grammarian and rhetorician (fl. 1475), 109 Surigonus, Stephanus, taught at Louvain and Oxford (fifteenth cent.), 117 Suthul, 173 Sverri (king of Norway, 1184-1202), 147, 147 n. 1 (G. M . Gathorne-Hardy) Sweden: Greeks in, 143; libraries, 39 Sweeney, R . D., 2-4, 4 η. i, 23 Sweynheim and Pannartz (printers, fl. 1465-

7 0 , 123 Switzerland : libraries, medieval, 3 4 ,34 η. i, modern, 39 Syme, Sir Ronald, 172, 172 n. 2 Symon de Parma (fourteenth cent.), 75 Tacitus, C . Cornelius (35-120), 172, sup­ posed twelfth-cent. citation, 51 ; Leidensis M S, 122, 122 n. 4 (F. R . D. Goodyear) Tarpeian Rock, 172 Teichoskopiay 49 Terence (P. Terentius Afer, c. 195-159 b . c .) : cited by Guillaume de Conches, 208, 208 η. 2 \ commentary by Donatus, 11

317

INDEX Terentianus Maurus {fl. c 200), 35 η. i. Teubner Editions, 41, 58 Textual criticism, 8, 126 n. i (R. Merkelbach, H. V an Thiel), 127, 127 n .^i (S. Timpanaro) ; Byzantine, 120, 121, 121 n. 3 (G. Zuntz) ; Greek humanist, 124, 124 n. 5 (G. Cammelli), 125, 125 n. 2 (D. J. Geanokoplos) ; Latin humanist, 119, u g n. 1 and 2 (S. Prete, U . v. W ilamowitz), 1 2 2 ,122 n. 1 to 5 (Gi. Billanovich, F. R . D. G ood­ year), 123, 123 n. 1 (R. Sabbadini), 124, 124 n. 2, 125, 125 n. 1 (G abottoBandini-Gonfalonieri), 126, 126 n. 1 (L. Maier, F. de Zulueta); medieval, 120, 120 n. 1 (Gi. Billanovich), 121, 121 n. 1 (C. J. Carter, W . M . Lindsay, J . Schnetz) ; prefaces to editiones principes, 124, 124 η. 2 (B. Botfield) Theodosius (Emperor 379-95),68 Theobald, Saint (d. 1066), 88, 91 Theodoric the Ostrogoth (454-526), 131, 133 Theodricus (f l . 1180), 147 Th eodulf d ’Òrléans, Latin poet and bishop {fl. 780-821), 17; quarrels at the court of Charlemagne 1 5 1 -7 , 154 n. 2 (B. BischofF), 156 n. 1 (D. Schaller) Theology : its need for a rational basis, 200 ; mystical concepts in Augustine, 136, 13 7 , 137 η. i (P. Courcelle, R . Javelot),

139 Theoria (θεωρία), 232, 235 Theresa, Saint, of Avila (1515-8 2), 140 Thesaurus Linguae Latinae 31, 31 n. 1, 91 Thom as Aquinas, Saint (1226-74), 137 Thom as de Cantimpre, encyclopedist {c. 12 1o —c. 93), 203 n. 2 Thracians, 88 Thucydides {c. 460-c. 395 b .c .), 168, 172, 173 Tim panaro, S., 119, 127, 127 n. 1 Titiano, Fra, 75 Toledo, library, 39 Tom i, 184, 188, 189, 191 Torelli, Lelio, editor o f the Pandects (1489-1576), 126 Torre de’ Conti, PI. 12c Tortelli, Giovanni, first Vatican librarian {c. 1400-66), 1 17 Tours, library, 39 T rajan ’s Forum, 285 Translation, influence of linguistic theories on, 244 Trapp, J. B., 21, 22, 259 n. 1 318

T ra versari, Ambrogio, Carmelite monk and humanist (1386-1435), 7 Trecento architecture, 271, 272; influence: on Brunelleschi, 278-81, 285, on M ichelozzo, 284 Trevet, Nicholas, commentator and poly­ math {c. 1260-after 1334), 6, 1 2 , 12 n. 1 (J. R . Dean, B. Smalley) ; his com­ mentary on Boethius owned by Forzetta, 78, 78 n. 4 (P. Courcelle) Treviso: copyists in, 75; Forzetta’s activities as collector, 73-80; humanism in, 73 -6 , 74 n. 1 (A. Serena), 75 n. 1 and 2 (L. Gargan), 7 6 n. 1 (A. Marchesan) ; its hospital, 73, 73 n. 1 (G. Biscaro) ; M S o f Horace at, 75, 76; names of thirteenth-century schoolboys, 9, 62,

75» 76, 7 6 n. 1 (I. Baldelli) Triclinius, Demetrius, Byzantine textual critic {fl. early fourteenth cent.), 120 (G. Zuntz) Trier, 134 n. 6 Trippault, L. {fl. 1662), 242, 242 n. 7 Trivulziana, library, M ilan, 39 Trojans, 65 Troy, 162 Troyes, library, 39 Turin library, 35; codex o f F. di Giorgio’s drawings at, 275 Turkey, libraries, 39 Turks, 187, 191 Tuscany Greek studies in the thirteenth century, 62 T ych o Brahé (1546-1601), his hand­ writing, 41 Tyndale, William, Biblical translator and theologian (d. 1536): on the simi­ larities of Greek and English, 244, 244 n. 2 Ullm an, B. L. : on florilegio, 10, 10 n. 1; on Gothic and humanist script, 63; on Salutati, 71 n. 6, 8 and g ; on the library o f S. Marco, 33 n. 3 Ulsenius, Theodoricus, neo-Latin poet {fl. 1500), 1 15 Unibos, 93 Upsala, library, 39 Urban V I I I (Pope 1623-44), 2^3 n· 2 Urbino, ιο ί n. 3, 276 Utrecht, library, 39 Valla, Lorenzo (1407-57), h i , 122-4; bibliographical note, 238; in Naples, 231

INDEX V alla Lorenzo (coni.,) de Voluptate, 231 ; Elegantiae : claim super­ iority o f Latin to Greek, 241, 241 n. 1, Erasmus’s paraphrase of, 107 Valerius Maximus (f l . c. 26) : commentaries, 48, 55; in E y b ’s anthology, 222; M S tradition, 120, 121, 121 n. 1 (C .J . Carter, W . M . Lindsay, J. Schnetz) V an Thieghem , P., 105 Varro, M. Terentius (116 -2 7 b . c .) , 205 Vasari, Giorgio (1 5 1 1 -7 4 ): Vite, 260 n. 2, 265 n. 1 Vatican, 267; library: Giuliano da Sangallo’s drawings in, 286 n. 2, PI. 12 c, inventory of classical M SS in, 3, 38, 40, Petrarch’s M SS, 7 6 n. 3 (M . Vatasso) Vegetius, P., {fl. c. 400), 38 Veldener, Jan (publisher at Louvain and Utrecht 1473-81), 109, n o Velleius Paterculus {c. 19 b . c . - after a . d . 31), 21, 35 n. I Venandus Fortunatus, Christian Latin poet (540-c. 600), 161 Veneti, 65 Veneto: Brunelleschi influenced by its architecture, 277, 277 n. 3 [C. K . Fabriczy), 281; Greek studies in, 62; importance for early humanism, 62, 64, 73, 74; libraries explored by Benzo, 61 ; M artial known in, 76 Venice, 62, 75; Greek scholars at, 125 (D. J. Geanokoplos), humanists at, 77 η. i (L. Lazzarini) ; architecture: all'antica, 271, gothic, 281, PI. 10a; Janus Pannonius flees to, 194; M SS of Apuleius at, 77; sculpture, 74 n. 1 (L. Planiscig) Verepaeus (Verrept), Simon (1522-98), '113 , 113 n. 6 Vergerlo, Pier Paolo, humanist educator {c. 1370-c . 1445): his influence in Hungary, 184, 184 n. 1 (T. Kardos); de Ingenuis Moribus, 238 Vernet, M . T h . Boucrel, 38, 38 n. 1 and 3 Verona : chapter library, 9, 68, 69, 69 η. 2 (G. Turrini), 75; fourteenth-century florilegium, 68; humanists at, 61, 62, 67 n. 7 and 8, (R. Sabbadini, R . Weiss) ; M S of Ausonius, 6 7-72 , 69 n. 7 (G. Batelli, E. M affei), o f M artial, 76 Vespasian (Emperor 69-79), 205, 206 Vettori, see Victorius V ia Prenestina, 274

Viarre, S., 20, 2 1; publications, 204 n. 5, 206 n. 11 Vibotius (W ybo), Joris, 113, 113 n. 3 Vicenza, early humanism at, 67 n. 7 (R. Weiss) Victorines, 136, 232 Victorinus, C . Marius {fl. 350), 38 Victorius, Petrus, editor of Aristotle and Cicero (Piero Vettori, 1499-1585), 125 Vidyakara, Treasury, 250, 250 n. 1 (D. H. Ingalls) Vieilliard, J., 37, 38, 3 8 n. 1 and 3 , 39 Vienna, libraries, 39 Vignola, architect (Jacopo Barrozio called, 1507-73), 284 n. 3 Villa, Claudia, 65 Villon, François {c. 1431-c. 89), 136 VincentdeBeauvais(c. 1190-1264): alchemy in, 205, 205 n. i ; as encyclopedist, 203 n. i (M . Lemoine); employs mirror metaphor to describe his book, 207, 207 n. 3 ; knowledge of the classics, 212, 212 n. 14 (E. Boutaric, L. Lieser, A . Marigo) ; uses, Aristotle, 214, Augustine, 213 213 n. 4, 214, 214 n. 4, Avicenna, 214, S. Basil, 213 n. 3, Florilegium Gallicum, 54, Isidore, 214, Pliny the Elder, 212 n. 14, Recognitiones Clementinae, 213 n. 5, Seneca, 53, 214 Speculum M undi, 205, 207 n. 3 , 208 n. 6; its plan, 2 12 -15 Virgil (P. Vergilius M aro, 70 -19 b . c . ) , i 41, 155; allegorisations, 84, 85; com­ mentaries : Adam nan, 47, Anselme de Laon, 84, 84 η. 3, Bernard Silvestris, 94, Philargyrius, 47, Servius, 11 ; editio princeps, 123; Homerie element in, 177; known in Celtic Ireland, 47, to Cellanus 47; style praised by Erasmus, 1 1 2 ; used as schoolbook, 55 Aeneid: used by Angilbert, 152; by the Archpoet, 163, 164, by Guillaume de Poitiers, 174, by the Waltharius, 160-2 Appendix Vergiliana : text tradition, 121 ; (supp.) Aetna 122 n. 4 Eclogues: cited by twelfth-cent. commen­ tator, 84 Georgies: commentary, 47, 47 n. 1 (E. A . Lowe) ; used by Archpoet, 103 Virgil the Grammarian {fl. late sixth cent.),

133 Virgin M ary, 261, 262, PI. 1, PI. 9 a Virulus, see Menniken Visigoths, 151, 152, 158

319

INDEX vita contemplativa : its cult at Naples, 231 ; its relation to Platonic contemplation, 230; see also otium Vita M athildis (c. 974), 140 Vitéz, Jânos, Hungarian statesman and humanist (1408-72), 184, 184 n. 1 (T. Kardos), 185 Vitruvius Pollio (f l . 10 b . c .) : edition by Giocondo, 286; influence, 286; used by Alberti, 276 n. 1 and 2 (R. K rautheimer), in E y b ’s anthology, 222, by F. di Giorgio, 275 Vivès, Juan-Luis, Spanish humanist (14921540), 1 13, 113 n. 1 Vladderaccus, Christophorus (1520-1608), 1 1 3 ,1 1 3 η . 7 Vocht, H . de, 1 18 Volga, River, 143 Voltaire (1694-1778), 140 Vòluspà, 145 Voragine, Jacopo da, hagiographer (c. 1230c. 1298), 141, 260 n. 2 Vulcan, 94, 153 Walahfrid Strabo, Latin poet (808/9-49), 140 Walter, the hero o f Waltharius, 160, 162 Walter (Gautier) o f Châtillon (c. 1135— after 1184), 5 Waltharius (between 965 and 991, author­ ship uncertain), 18; biblical and Virgilian echoes in, 160-2 Walther, H ., 170, 170 n. 8, 208 n. 6 Walther von Speier, allegorical Latin poet (Gautier de Spier, 964-1031), 134 W arburg, A ., 1, 247, 247 n. 1, (E. H. Gombrich), 255, 255 n. 1 , 256 W arburg Institute, 247, 259 n. 1 Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Journal o j 61 Wardrop, J., 253, 253 n. 3 Weber, M ax, 256

Weiss, R ., 6, 7, 9, 68 n. 3, 118; publications, 67 n. 7, 70 n. 10, 74 n. /, 75 n. 4 Wessner, P., 88, 88 n. 2 Whethamstede, John, polymath (d. 1465),6 Whitfield, J. H., 1 5 -1 9 ; publications, 178 n. 1 W ibod, a thug, 153 W ilamowitz-Moellendorf, U . von, 13, 119, 119 n. 1 William of Conches, see Guillaume de Conches William o f Malmesbury, English historian (c. 1080-1142), 1 71, 172 William of Poitiers, see Guillaume de Poitiers William the Conqueror, 174 Wilkinson, L. P., 25 W ind, E., 23 Wittkower, R ., 269 n. /, 277 Xenophon (c. 425-352 b . c . ) , translated by Poggio, 231

Cyropedia

Yates, F., 23, 254, 254 n. 1 York, cathedral library, 33, 33 n. 2, 84 n. 2 Yves de Chartres, see Ivo Zanobi da Strada M S, collector and papal secretary, his discovery o f Apuleius M S, 76, 7 6 n. 4 (Gi. Billanovich) Zend Avesta, 251, 251 n. 2 (J. DuchesneGuillemin, R . C . Zaehner) Zeus, see Jupiter Zoology : in Bartholomew o f Glanville, 204, 212; Neckam, 205, 210; in Vincent de Beauvais, 214 Zrinyi, Miklós, Hungarian epic poet (1620-64), 186 Zuntz, G ., 120, 12 1, 121 n. 2 Zurich, 88, 91 Zwolle, 1 15

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