This supplemental volume continues the rigorous standard set forth in the main, three-volumeClassical Chinese: A Basic R
755 63 17MB
English Pages 285 [299] Year 2005
READINGS IN
CLASSICAL CHINESE
POETRY AND PROSE CGILCQ)§§AmU]E§ ANAILW§]E§
~7}l9t
Naiying Yuan
rili:. J5
.. ;:et ~
..~ ;~
Haitao Tang
James Geiss
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock,Oxfordshire OX20 ISY All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Control Nwnber: 2005931446 ISBN-13: 978-0-691-11832-1 ISBN-I0: 0-691-11832-9 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This publication has been made possible by generous grants from The Mercer Trust and The Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning The publisher would like to acknowledge the authors of this volume for providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed Printed on acid-free paper pup.princeton.edu
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
FOREWORD
Foreword Selected Readings in Classical Chinese Poetry and Prose is the literary supplement to Classical Chinese -- A Basic Reader. It applies the same rigorous standard set forth in the Basic Reader and reinforces its linguistic lessons with carefully chosen exemplary works in literature to expand the scope of linguistic contact to a new realm. Literature is a linguistic art. It uses language as the medium to create pieces of writing that have lasting value because of their excellence of form, great emotional effects, remarkable imagination, etc. Chinese writers in ancient times were all influenced by the Confucian humanism and the Taoist naturalism. As a result, traditional Chinese literature demonstrated the linguistic characteristics of the Chinese language in its form, and to various degrees, either coverttly or overtly, embodied the essentials of the Confucian and the Taoist teachings. 1. The Contents: This volume comprises three sections: Poetry, Lyrics, and Prose. Section one contains thirty-two poems chosen from the Book of Odes, Han dynasty anonymous poems, Wei and nn pentasyllabic poems, six dynasties folk songs and poems by known authors, and down to Tang dynasty ancient poems and regulated verses in pentasyllabic and heptasyllabic meters, with the last poem drawn from the Song dynasty. Section two contains nine lyrics chosen from Tang, Five Dynasties, and Song times, plus the last selection which is a Yuan dynasty song-poem. Section three contains 15 short pieces of prose from Warring States period down to the QIng dynasty, including one from the Chii Ci at the beginning, and a parallel prose at the end. These selections represent a great variety of themes and styles, showing the richness and colorfulness of Chinese literary works. They are arranged in chronological order with an exception of the parrallel prose, placing Chinese literature in a historical perspective to reveal its continuity and change over a long course of development. In addition, two brief introductions, to regulated verse and to parallel prose, are provided so as to enable users of this book to get a better sense of the linguistic and artistic characteristics of these two highly sophisticated literary fonns. 2. The Fonnats: As poetry and lyrics are intimately related to music, and prose writings also needs to be chanted or read aloud, so each selection is here romanized in Hanyupmyln, with special attention called upon to redupicative, alliterative, and rhyming compounds as these are
iii
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE POETRY AND PROSE
frequently used devices for versification. The end rhymes of poems and lyrics are listed at the end of each selection, and their reconstructed sound values (of C. 600-1000 A.D.) are also given, so that users can get a feeling of the auditory effects they created. Regulated verses, lyrics, and song-poems are highly developed forms of Chinese literature. In order to highlight their respective structural characteristics we have provided specific rules for four regulated verses, two lyrics and one song-poem to show the cadence and tonal design in each form. A brief biographical sketch is given to each of the known author as a study aid. The glosses are explained in both modern Chinese and in English, as brief and to the point as possible. The grammatical categories and parts of speech of the glosses are detennined by their functions in their immediate contexts. When a gloss has two readings, both readings are given. Noteworthy grammatical points and sentence patterns are explained or analyzed immediately under the glosses where they appear. Some key words in the explanation of glosses are further explained, with a ~ sign preceding them. Set phrases derived from the text are marked with a
~
sign.
Additional vocabulary that can help clarify or elucidate the meaning of the text are given with a CO sign preceding them. 3. Understanding and Appreciation of Literature: As a linguistic art, literature is very difficult to understand fully. One needs to go beyond the basic linguistic meaning--Iexical, syntactic, and onerall structural--to grasp its descriptive, lyrical, narrative, or expository mode of expression; to perceive its visual, auditory and psycological appeal; to apprehend its theme and philosophical implication. Whether a work of literature is serene, lively, dashing, grand, cheerful, sorrowful, contemplative, or soul-stirring, it can be understood and appreciated through carefully analyzing its special linguistic effects--diction, imagery, alliteration, assonance, etc., and its literary techniques--allegory, contrast, allusion, personification, inversion, hyperbole, antithesis, etc. For each of the fifty-seven selections we have provided an introductory note to point out what we regard as some remarkable features of the work, in the hope that students can explore the work further along these lines. If students, after such exploration, can come up with their own understanding and critical assessments, it will be a very good substitute for routine linguistic exercises.
iv
FOREWORD
4. The Goals: Like philosophy and history, literature is a major component of culture. Poetry and prose hold the leading position in Chinese literarure. They touch upon the exploration of men and universe, the glorification of Nature, the adherence to life's ideals, the pursuit of love and beauty, and the lament for anitya or the impennanence of life and the eventual transcendence of that sorrow. They amply reveal the depth and breadth of Chinese culture. Through reading these selections students will further improve their knowledge in classical Chinese: such as the monosyllabic, tonal nature of Chinese morphemes and the grammatical versaltility of Chinese words; will strengthen their command of major grammatical rules; at the same time, through carefully analyzing the fonns and contents of these texts, will better comprehend and appreciate the artistic conceptions created in these literary works, and gain a better and deeper understanding of the thoughts, ideals, and aspirations of their authors, wherein lies the inner secret of Chinese culture. If in this process students develop a keen interest in the study of Chinese literature, we would regard that as an added gain.
The Authors
v
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE POETRY AND PROSE
Acknowledgments First and foremost, we want to express our heartfelt gratitude to Professor Frederick Wade Mote, the founder of the East Asian Studies Department at Princeton University, and to the late Professor Ta-Tuan Ch'en, Director of the Chinese Language Program in the EAS Department. This textbook project would not have been undertaken, much less completed, had it not been for their insight in recognizing that classical Chinese is a critical link in the teaching of Chinese culture. It was thanks to their strong support that we were encouraged to improve teaching materials and methods. L.L.D. David Finkelstein, President of Pro Re Nata, inc. Margaret HsU, and Professor Andrew Plaks, three friends known since the 1960s, helped to proofread and comment on the English portion of this text. We thank them all heartily. An earlier version of this book was sponsored and funded by the Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning. The publication of the current book was generously subsidized by the Mercer Trust Fund. To both institutions we are immensely grateful. Our Introductions to Regulated Verse and Parallel Prose were to a great extent based on works done by the late Professor Wang Ll of BeijIng University, to whom the credit goes; we are solely responsible for any misrepresentation of his main ideas in these introductions.
The Authors
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
~~n p' ~
-
'\
='\ ~
§
U ~ ...
,
;~ Hi
"ittt
~E*
#tt~,I]iW
006
_Iff
009
-!;#+/t.-t
013
-!; ~t + /t. -t
018
,~ ~Ji
022
Buxom Is the Peach Tree
n'\ ......J....
/ '\ '\
,I] iW
Book of Odes, Sixth
J: L1J f~K~
Climbing the Mountain to Collect Herbs
[g '\
~
m
~T ~=r ~=r ~T Going on, Always on and on
A Ballad, Anonymous
Ancient Poem, Anonymous
iliili~!f:£ Distant and Faint the Herd-Boy Star
fttt ~tt ~
To My Cousin
Ancient Poem, Anonymous
Liti Zhen
T'\
~~~=r '\', P
J\ '\
.~*A§Z[g
Miscellaneous Poems: the Fourth
Cao Zhi
fL'\
~milEBm On Returning to My Garden and Field
Tao Qian
+~
*~ .f£At~
Song ofYan
t~
025
t
~.t
030
f&J~
033
rIrJ~
039
Cao Pi
Building a Hut in the Human World
VII
TaoQian
READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE LITERATURE
+-'\
,k¥JJmx
~~
042
~~
044
rt-TJP
058
~.~. Ascend the Guanque Tower
£~~~
060
+11.'\
W@
.i.~1'1\
062
+A'\
r! jpX ElH
£~ft Wang Wei
064
+t'\
W}II 00 mfttt {{ 31§ ~ j!§
£~ft At Leisure in Wang River: a Poem to Pei Di Wang Wei
067
+='\ +_'\ +rm'\
+/\ '\
+11'\ =+'\ -
'\
=='\
A Song of the Chile Prairie
Folk Song, Anonymous
*M~* The Ballad of Muhin
Folk Song, Anonymous
~~ji'l.mx Climbing the Gate Tower at Youzhou
Chen Z'iang
Waug Zlnl1U3n
A Spring Daybreak
MengHaoran
A Song of Weicheng
~~~TW
';:'a
071
riI~ Sailing Down to Jiangling
3fa
073
3fa
076
'~-k ;r
079
~! rt
084
Sitting Alone in fmgting Mountain
L'i Bai
Li Bai
J3r~~ Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon
L'i Bai
~iP~Jt~~ In Changsha Passing Jia Yl' s Residence
Liu Zhangqing
D~&.'tl Night Thoughts Aboard a Boat VIII
DuFi'i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
--
"
=1l9"
=1i."
'±.1f
087
• • &rS
~~
091
Night Mooring at Feng Bridge
Zhang Ji
~-e-
.5:l. rsJ
Climbing the Heights
l:k & ~ .Ei: = +=
DuFil
~ J7~
Autumn Night: A Poem to Qiii, the 22nd
pc' ~~ + fL
"'4~
094
Wei Yingwu
Asking Liu, the Nineteenth
Bai Joyi
af/;i
096
=t"
~I~ Snow on River
~P~7G Liil ZOngyu3n
098
=;\ "
~TlPi
~3CF
100
--fL "
~JI:f~JJ;
-
--L.
-/'\
"
+" ..::. -
'\
-- " -=.-
A Wanderer's Song
Meng Jiao
Looking for a Recluse but Missed Him
Jiii Dao
t~
103
rW 8)3
,±.~
Pure Brightness
DuMn
105
L1J ~=r
,±.~
108
DnMli
Travelling in the Mountain
-.fst !x ~ J:. fJ] B~ ~i ~ Drinking on the Lake, Sunny, Then It Rains Sii Shi
111
~l ~~ fIJJ fi'
114
A Brief Introduction to the Regulated Verse
ix
READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE LITERATURE
~~ So
-
at
~n ~
§
~ :.t;~
122
~\~-r Fisherman's Song
Zhang Zhihe
="
11 iI f-¥.j
Reminiscing about Jiangnan
a~i
124
Bai Juyi
.= "
~~A The Beautiful Lady Yn
~~l.
126
LiYu
1m "
~~-r Raw Plum
~1t1~
130
Ji"
71< ~m ~ Bft
~tit
133
/"
~iI 1l1J Immortal at the River
~~
139
~lt
142
'\
--L....
"\
• • {W
J\ "\
~O¥~
+"
Oiiyang Xiii
Prelude to Water Melody
t"\
tL"\
~~~a
Sii Shi
Su Shi
An Immortal on the Magpie Bridge
Qin Guan
As in a Dream: a Song
~i!~
146
LiQingzhao
Il~X~ An Ugly Slave
.-i-~
149
~~'i1t '\ fj(~ (eb ) Sky-Clear Sand
,~It it
151
Xin Qiji
MaZhiyuan
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
, -xiR§~ .,~
- "
~~~ ~
="
(\\\ X An Old Fisherman
~~
155
MT~ft; Preface to the Lanting Poems
-tA:
H± ~~T
( ~
iilll) r!i
a reduplicative compound
diezl
iJll) 4
zhuo zhuo 4.
~
[said of trees] young and pretty
• 4 3.
4
~ a reduplicative compound
*I[off3colour] !¥ 8f! ; ~ & bright and brilliant II
1E"
~ flowers; blossoms
jt ¥ [ t i . 1i]] ~ ¥ ~~ ~~ ; tJ~ t!1 8~ lb iN !¥ B~
zhUQ zhUQ qi hua
~5 t!j 8~ lb .ft 1< - ~i ti!!!~ B~ ~ 11
The peach blossoms are as bright and brilliant as fire
7
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
5.
Zr
(~
6.
-T yu
(M~]~5~m*~~~T~fiE'**.~
M;
( JJJ
~~) ~W A. g~ ~ EI m~ [said of a girl] to get married
-TJm yuguI
( JJJ
i~)
'f:r,
( ~ W ~~]
'53f,
( ~ ii!)) ~ ~i
zhizi
7.
8. 9.
.t:::l.
.::t:.
yl
Shl
Ii j:t :¥: yi qi shljia
11.
ff
*
you
12. . . fen !Qi:
13. A
this young lady
~ g M' ~ ~ a prefix of a verb to fill in the needed syllable, and itself does not carry any lexical meaning
gul
10. ~ jia
' i§. fv: ~ 9:
i~ m) ~ T
shi
t±i ~
( ~ illl ] (tJJ
[said of a girl] to enter into matrimony
~ aii
hannonious; peaceful
mf± S3 mT the bed room of the couple r~ z pg ; ~ f~ ~ ~ the entire family
i~ m) {t~~~:§:
ff ~tl! 83 ~ ~ ~ ~ to make her [new] home hannonious and orderly
(M~)~5~m*~~~T~fiE'**.~
~ g JJt ~ ~ a prefIX of an adjective to fill in the needed syllable but without lexical meaning in itself
( ~ W iiJU] )( *. )( ~ (~
iJ!J]
*W '
plumpy and plentiful
j~ ~~ T the fruit, meaning peaches
ff.~.( • • ~)~~*W)(*.)(~ you fen qi shi
its fruits are plumpy and plentiful
d::::;:.~
14.~~ jia shi .... +
15. ~
ye
16.~~ zhen zhen
(~
~~] ~ T
; llt ~
( ~ W ilg] 4 ~ if ~ 8
the leaves
a reduplicative compound
luxuriant
READINGS IN POETRY
~ ~ ~ ~ (tii. 1JJ ) '8 8~ ~ if ~ ; '8 8~ ~ -T ~F 1jf if ~ qi ye zhen zhen
its leaves are luxuriant
17.,*A
r ~ ~J!] m)
* yi1i~1i,* shi yi jia
(1OC m] {f~~~~
jiaren
iL~
- ~ 83 A.
;
~ ~ 83 A.
family members
to make a hannonious and orderly home [used as a congratulatory message on wedding]
-*(3
B~ D
¥,~
-a
~,g~
~,~
-et
~g~
.,A
-en
~g~
'
rwJi~~
' A '
J:.wt~itti
~1T A;t~9T
r,
,IT A ~~ ~ if B - l& '
0
~~r~,~~
*:g~A~*
0
M~~Ji*§~~
~ A ~~ iii
0
*
~ ~ 1£ 3t ~
0
, ~1T A~1CJ~m ? ,
,IT A I ~ ~ , Tm if 1:b ~ ,
*
=t-m~*§tlD
0
~ AI ~ ~
0
~1T A ~ tlD ~
0
Zhuym: Shang shan cai mi WU,
xia shan feng gu fii.
Chang gul wen gu fii, xln ren fu he ru?
Xin ren sui yan hao, wei ruo gu ren shu. Yan se lei xiang sl, shou zhao bu xiang ru. Xin ren c6ng men ru, gu ren c6ng ge qu. Am ren gong zhI jian, gu ren gong zhI su. ZhI jian rl yl pI, zhI su wu zhang yu. Jiang jian lai bI SU, xIn ren bu rU gu.
9
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
This is a folk song and its author is unknown
~~~~~~~~*ffl~~M~'~~~.~. , ifiJ ~ *7~ a~ # ,tt ' ~ro JJi\ a~ .~ m ' & ttb 14 m0 This poem records the dialogue between a deserted wife and her former husband; the conversation was very simple, direct, and sincere, yet all the subtle expression and the minute detail of mentality were delicately and tactfully displayed.
1.
J: L1J
2.
t~
3.
.. ft ,\~~
( ~ iJ!J)
4.
rxia L1Jshan
( JJJ
~J!)
5.
3i
[ tJJ
~m)
6.
~~
shang shan
cm
~M
mlwu
feng
gu fii
7. ~ gui
~~
chang gul
I.~
9. ~~ fll
( JJJ i@ ( tJJ
j~) ~ 1: ill
i~) f~ ~
~!5
;
-$ to ascend a mountain
i* 1&
' 00 8
to pick; to gather
~ IJ\ 1t
m) jE l' L1.J * ; {tt L1J J: l'
*
to descend a mountain; to come down from a mountain
~ to meet; to come across
( ~ ~J!J j~) ~tt rru 8~ ~ ~ ;
( JJJ iJ!J ) WB l' ; ( JJJ iJ!J
' fi r! ~
Gracilaria confervoides, a kind of fragrant herb
i~)
( lid iJ!J] X
rru ~
fonner husband
~ J)l (Xi). BE ~ (zhu6)!it! to kneel
i$ H ij~ it!! WB ( ~ i]\ ~ ~ )
to kneel upright [in a solemn and respectful way]
again; then 10
READINGS IN POETRY
10.
{OJ ~D
hern 11.
~
t=l
yan
( _ II
~1g
[ tJJ iiI!) )
12. ~T hao
[ H¢ ~ i~
13.*~
[ • II
wei rUQ
14.
~*
shu
ia]
~ it If ? {G Mfl? to be like what? How does she look? How do you think of her?
~ to say; to be said
)
~ ~T good; fair
i~ a~) ~. ; ~ ~D not as ... as ...; not equal to...; inferior to ...
( H¢ ~ iiI!)] ~. pretty ~ --3" [~ p~ j
~~ ~affi
7\: 3&
I00k s;appearance
16.
J.R
lei
( Id
17.
*~
xiling
( itl jPJ) tt ~ f~ 1~
i~)
roughly here: it stands for the patient--you
~~~.ffl.tt.m~~m,@tiRW-n.W~
j1J l'F~T ~ 7~.& n~ Jj -
n ~ , *13 *tet~1t t~~j1J ~t
n~~m,~~~.-.,.=.,~.=.o
The adverb "xiang" means "mutually" or to "each other," indicating a reciprocal relationship. But when only one party acts upon the other party, the word "xiang" then assumes the function of a pronoun which stands for the patient/receiver of action, and it can be either in the first person, the second person, or the third person.
18. ~J2{ SI
iiPJ) {t
to be similar; to be alike
~~*~ ~J2{
( tJJ ilg ia]
=f m
( ~ illl] ¥ t~
; Jt~ ~ t~ *Jj fY ~ *1115 '
:f *~ ~D
( ~ II IPJ g~)
~ ~D i~ ; tb ~ 1: i~ to be not as good as you; inferior to you
lei xiang 81
19.
[ _ II
shou zhao
bu xiang ru
it *JJ ~ tl fi~
fingers; dexiterity; here referring to skills in spinning, weaving and other needleworks
2o.M ge
( ~ illl] -k
21.
( th
"* qu
*~ ~ {~ roughly similar to you
i~
) •
r 89 fMJ In
a woman's chamber
~ to leave; to depart 11
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
22.
I
23.
~ zhi
( tJJ pig )
24. ~ jian
su
25. ~ 26.
iN fJ
gong
[~
i~
-Ilh
[R
yip!
yu
28. ~ jiang
a fine, yellowish silk
B 13 83 ~ ~M
j i i~]
• .*. 27. ~
~i 1fi to weave
] rl li!i ~ *IB ~M
( ~ pig)
be good at
& 1m ~
zhang
a length slightly over 13 meters a unit of length (=3.33 metres)
(~ ~ jj~ )
t9
( tJJ iJg ]
;
~
pure white silk
more than
re
to take
j~t~
J::SJlVtJa J::SJlV--L.fB
M~~
-u
~D
-io
~
-u
~D
-io
J::SJlVtJa J::SJlV--L.fB ""
*
-io
*VAifJ
~
-u
~Vt~
~
-io
J:.SJl VA~,
~~~
-u
~Vt~
/
"\ 1 \ "
/ "\
~~~~.oc@~~.w (~*~-mW6) In ancient style poems, words of different tones can rhyme with each other, so long as the sound values are similar.
12
READINGS IN POETRY
~T ~T
m~T ~T
m&~ ~1i El *~ ~ B B
*JS '' it 00m OJ *i ' ~ ~ ~ 5JU. ~
,'Gt ~ ~ A:t '
~D
~
BB
~}j
tm 8
ff~
M~ m'
0
*~ ~
0
t~ J~ ~ ~ ~ It
0
l~ ~ iii
0
~ f~
BB
' '
?JJ tl m'
fr ~ - iJI
0
~ I~ ~ j¥j *1
0
~
Wi T ~ Jil jg g 1J 110 ~ flj
0 0
Zhuym: XIng xIng chong xfug xIng, yu jii sheng bie If. Xiang qu wan yu II, ge zai tian yi yi. Dao
Iu zu qie chang, hUI mian an ke zhl?
Hu rna yi rei £eng, yue niao chao nan zhi.
Xiang qu rl yl yuan, yi dm rl yi huan. Fu yun bi bai rl, you Zl bu gu fan. 8i jiin ling ren lao, sUI yue hii yI wan. Qi juan wu fu dao, nu fi jia can fan.
ttD it .'1
,
*' i:1A1t1tit it It ~
il. {l ;~ a~ ~:k ' W~ 1~ R Wi ~ Sf
~.~:t
0
it f; ~,. ,
~ f$
'P
~~
,1lL
1$lo This poem describes a pensive wife's thinking of her husband on a long journey. Since he has stayed away for a long time with no intention to return, she becomes suspicious and worrisome. The sentiment is sincere and cordial; though unavoidably plaintive, yet the tone can be regarded as mild.
1.-
1. ~T xing 2.
:m chong
( JJJ iiJ!J)
jE to walk
( Itl im) )( again 13
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
~T ~T ~ ~T ~T
r tJJ iJ!J Ilt)
xfug.x chong xing.x
3.
:g jon
4. ~
~ p~ X ~
, ~ f~ :f i~
to walk (travel) on and on
( ~ i~) ~ you [used in addressing a male in formal speech]
5JU It
sheng bie Ii
( 1iJJ
~J!J
it i$ « it. §X
Ilt) r5 ~ lJlJ ~
to part in life
:
",~ .)t. ,~ ~ ::E. h~ . " 0 Chii Ci, Nine Songs, The Lesser Master ofFate: "No sorrow is greater than the parting of the living"; translated by David Hawkes.
,
• 7' ~ ~»
)
5. ~ qu
( tJJ
........ 6. M
( IX if!) )
7.
wan
mrr
i~
~eft be apart from
-M
(~ i~) ~~M.ift, ?tz-0~ a unit of linear measure; 1/3 of a kilometer
;m; wan yum II
'*
(~
i~ m) -
ge
[ ft
i~) ~
8. ~
9. ~)£ yilya
~-r)£ tian yl yi 10. ~ ~~ daoln 11. ~1l
zu
( ~ iJ!))
( ~ iJ!J m) ( ~ if!))
)
i~
13.
*00
( ~ ?iJ. ( tJJ
jlt)
tfi. an
(Itl iJ!J)
14.
Mt9 ~
more than ten thousand II
each margin; limit; boundary
~ 8~ -
m~~
[ ~ ?iJ. iiI!))
i~
EI
if ~
12. ~ chang
hul mian
ten thousand
II
the end of the world
the road
~~!l
dangerous and difficult
jI ~ distant; remote; faraway ~ 00 to meet face to face
10J ;
{& Pr how
14
READINGS IN POETRY
15.
OJ
ke
16.~O zh1 17.
t~ }~
huma
18. ~ yi:
19.
20.
~D
( ~ iJ!J j~) ( Jb
m
~I!J] ~ to feel persistent attachment [for a thing or a person]; to lean toward
~~m
bei £eng
( ~ ~Pj H~) ~~ ~ t 151!X 8~ wind blowing from the North
~,~
( ~ iJg
*l
zh1
m wind
~~)
( ~ jim)
lSi *1
25.
Ii if§ 7t tffl
( ~ ~J!J) ~ day (m
B
m15 89 ~f *t twigs facing the south;
southern boughs
B
ii
,,~
~ ~ i:i!! day by day; daily
fF IU im) -
( ~ ~ jiPj)
JI JS
distant; far away in distance
27.~ dm
*l
to be apart from each other
yi
26.3& yuan
28.
birds inhabiting in the South
f~ ~ to build a nest
Jt ~
( th il!J
xiang qu
m
branches; boughs
f~ ~
j~)
*
m15 ~ i:i!! 89 ,I®
( JJJ iPJ) fJp ~ ;
( ~ ~Pj j~)
24.
~~ 15 i5~ i:i!! pIT illS9 I~ horses bred in the North
( ~ iJ!J]
21.1i chao
23.
m to know; to be known
m£eng
yUe niao
22.
( JJJ jPJ)
huan
(~ ~
iJg) J[~ loose
15
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
~~~
[ 11
yl dai huan
29.
7~ fu
30 .
iSW -P\
~
yun
a
1ij ) ~ ~ til! ~ Ej
D EI3 Jj~ JGt ~ ' -- ~ ~ ~11 ~
, nt III
~m IJ\ 7 to say tactfully that because she thinks of her husband she is becoming more emaciated each day, and her waist size has shrunk
[ ~ iJg) ~ clouds
t';}] e'j ~
[~
~PJ j~)
31.11& bi
[ JJJ
i~)
32.8 B bcii rl
[ ~ ~~ j~)
33.~ -T
[ ~ iP] m) i% j1H 1£ j~ S'j A.
l~~ fuyun
......
3m mi ; fS 13:
34.
il gu
[ JJJ
35.
&: fan
[ tJJ iPJ) reJ
SI jiin
37.~
A¥;
ling ren lao
* '
[ Jh
ji~) ~ ; r~ to think of; to care for II
J)Z "
, @]
*
to come back; to return
jilg j~) r~ ~ f$ to think of you; to miss you
( 1iJJ i'll
j~)
{t A. ~ ~ ; {t IX Wt ~
to cause one to become old; to cause me to become old
[ ~ jilg j~) ~ J=3 ; ~
39. ~ hii
[ liItl
40.
*
~~ th 0Dtr i% j1H 5m e'j ~ ~ the bright sun, standing for her wandering husband
8J3?t e'j
38.~ J]
sui yue
to cover; to obscure
a wanderer ll:t ~ j~ ~ ~ here: her husband
y6uzi
36.,16t ~
the floating clouds
i~)
iN t~ til!
ra'
years and months; time
quickly
B~ wan ~ J] ~
B Bt
sUI yue hii yi wan
41 . • J~ qijuan
[~J!J! 1ij ) -- ~ s'j ~
[ Jh
ra' iN ,t~ i1!! $U 7 Hi M
one's life time quickly comes to its late period
~~) 1.k!l (poo)~
16
to abandon; to desert
READINGS IN POETRY
42.
43.
r t1J jig ) m to speak of; to mention mdao o/J ~l m ( JJJ j~ j~) ~ ~ ~ m not to mention again wu fu dao g tJ
nu fi
44.:DD
jUi
( tJJ
jig m) ~ tJ to make great efforts to
( JJJ
i~] ±~ DO to increase
r ~ iJ!J)
45.9£ f&
can fan
g tJ no 9£ f&
~ ~~
food; meal
(*Jf f£ 1iJ ] g 1J ~ ~ fK ~ , f* mJi;;
m '
0
~ I~ ~
.fIlff~~O~fX ' OJ ~fXm~ ~ f~ ~ ~ ~ fil JJJt 'tk ~ 0 tl ie, • ~Jl1W» : II;jt ~ ~ JJ. ' ~ ~ -tt 0 " {Jt ~"it 'if Yh ~ i l] -1m. a}j 0
nufijiacanfan
m
!x ,
«
This line "strive to eat more" meant that even though you betrayed me, I still wish that you will take good care of yourself and be healthy and happy. In the rmgJie chapter of the Book of Rites, it says: "Tenderness and sincerity, these are the teaching of the Odes." This poem can testify to such a pronouncement.
• f"1t ~ qishlju
an imperative sentence
• iA~ wenrou Jf diinhou
warm and tender
•a • ' iJI ' ~O ~-iuen
,*t BJe
honest and sincere
J:.~V[gl:
-i
-um
~,!&
~tt
-
J:.V+=~
J:V+ll9!i!
-uen
t!J ~~ OJ kA" iJl
-m
{~ i~ ~ fU
73 -- {~ i~
In ancient style poems, rhymes are allowed to change--to switch from one rhyme to another. 17
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
ill ill ~ tj:: £ ' ~ B~~~ ' ~~-
7J(
a~ a~ tOJ il 3c
in ~~ ~ ~D ~
rs' , JI JI ~ ~~ ~g
0
~ ~ tl ~ ¥
' *L *L ~ ~ f7
0
rOJ il ~w 13. ~ '
*~
*
0
~l ~ ~q: ?
0
Zhuyln: Tiao tiao Qianniu xing, jiao jiao Hehan ni\. Xianxian zhuo su shou, zhazha nong ji zhu. Zhong rl bu cheng zhang, ql tIling
ru yii.
He Han qing qie qian, xiang qu fu jI xu?
Yingying yl shu! jian, momo bu de yii.
~.~£_*£~#U'~~J*~~'.~~ ~*m~.~'~.t.~.~.%o~~~m
,
~~'~~.*M4~~~._*~A~~~~
~'~'tti;
k~#6~t.it~~
0
Using the myth of the Herd Boy and the Weaving Maid to express the agony experienced by lovers unreasonably kept apart. Using six reduplicative compounds in a sequence to illustrate the beauty of the Weaving Maid and her tender love toward the Herd Boy is the artistic characteristics of this poem.
1.
ill ill ticio tiao
[ ~ ?iJ. iJ!J) 4
~ a reduplicative compound
j! ~ 8~ remote
18
READINGS IN POETRY
2. ~
tf:: £
qian mu xIng
3.
t& t&
r ~ ii~)
X15 rOJJt ' ft~rOJf¥j , ~~rOJ~t83~
~ £ *13 JJ the constellation of the Herd Boy, some stars in Aquila; the star Altair
r~ ?(J. ~Ig)
~
jHio jHio 4.
riiJ tl
r~
riiJ tt !J:.
r ~ jig)
he han
he han nu
4~
jig ) ~ 70J
a reduplicative compound
B BfJ ?t 89
; ~ 70J ; £ 70J
the Spinning Damsel -- the Star Vega in the constellation Lyra
zhTnilxTng
r ~ ?(J. i~)
xian xian
6.
ji
zhuQ
7. ~¥ su shOll 8.
*L *L
9.
* f7
4
~ a reduplicative compound
~ *m 89
'
~
m* fa) ~ ~ -=r 8~ ¥
delicate [hands of a woman]
flH t:p ] ~$ te *
r Jth iPJ) 51 ; ~$
; [~;t [from the sleeves]
r ~ iiJ!J m)
B ~ 89 ¥ ;
~
B 83 ¥
to stretch out
white hands
r•• ~)~~~~~~~.te*~Vfi; -Ftl-F tl tt1!
.Jt*1iJ
sound of weaving on a loom
an onomatopoeia
xiangshengci
nong
10. ~ ji: 11.
the Milky Way
t~ ~ 70J ~ t 83 ~ ~ £ the Weaving Maid
.~*£ 5. • •
white and bright
zhu
W:~f7
nongjIzhu
( Jth iJ!J)
m/
$ ··· ftt ··· to work with; to use a particular material to produce something
r ~ iPJ) ~~ ~ ~ a loom r ~ iJ!l] *~ ~ m8~ ~ (suo) -=r a shuttle r Jth iJ!J j!) ~fTft*~~.rru*~~
to weave with a shuttle on a loom 19
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE ~
12. • zhang
:f ~ ~
( ~ iil!J ] 1E *Jl: a pattern
( Jh i~ m]
,~
( ~ jil!J] B~ ~~ tears
¥~ ti
( ~ iPJ)
6~ r~ tears
in ¥~ ql tl
( ~ im)
B~ ~~ tears
( Jh iii!])
r~ to fall
13. ,(Jl ql
15. ~ lfug
~~D~ ling rii yu
16.
17.
¥~
*
( fJJ iJ!l m]
13. ~
(~~
qu
( Jh iPj)
qmg qie qian
xiangqu *~*
n ; ~ ~ PX: 1E *Jl:
( fJJ iPJ
iJ!l]
r~ ~~
X
f)Rj -
fl
X~~ X~ ; X~~rtiX~i~ clear and shallow
IWi
~§. ;
j~)
•r
to fall as if raining
to be apart
f§ ~~ ; Ii f§ ~~.
be apart from each other
18. ~l fu
(AU
19.~~
( IU ii!l] ~ j> how much; how many
~PJ)
~;;
j! xu }j'J}j'J
20 . nn
.rm.
22.
rs' jian
23.mm momo
again
im
M~ ~
Ja T~ tl ~
E8
13
,~, I~' AE
6IOi. ~ " ~ JJ4 ~
11;2
here: how far
( ~ ~ ii~) .. ~ a reduplicative compound r~ r~ rUX rti 89
ying ying 21. - lJ( yl shu!
' ~p ~~ ~
~ - ~ ~ unable to weave into a piece of cloth
bu cheng zhang
14.
~ ~~ ~l PX: 1E
r ~ iJ!l m]
m
- fJlliiJ ; ~ liiJ a river; the Milky Way
( JJJ iPJ) Fa' IWi ; 7t IWi
r lid ~~)
4
reJ
clear and limpid
to separate; to set apart
~ a reduplicative compound H
Wit Wit " ,
i~ 1W ti1! l±: 1ft
to gaze affectionately 20
READINGS IN POETRY
~ ~~~1i.J.!H "'" "'" /1" DO ~
J:R JlB ~m ~ ~ ~$P
m PI)( "'1" ~ x:E ~ I~' quietly sending the message of love 1.8
24.1v
r JtIJ JJJ iPJ ) r JJJ iPJ j~)
de
ntt ,~~
t:J:J 1t=!J ,is,
~~ can; be able to ~ ~~ IDt ~5" can not talk; be unable to talk
.~~~.~*~~.aAI~.*~*-.~~~a~.~ ;~
tK ~ ~-t. ~J.,
4=- ill '
~~~
At :tR lit a it
The general sense of the last two lines is that the dignified and pretty Weaving Maid, affectionately gazes at her lover, the Herd Boy, across the Milky Way, but she is unable to talk with him.
•
~
A!.. duangzhuang
sober; dignified
~ff~~4=-.*~~*~'~~~~~~~~.' ~-~-~~~~~8~7'm~.~.~~~~
, ~~**-.
It;t. « f.is ~ 1w»
0
'*
~-l-1t1f~~ «~,*;T»
~~
,
~
~~ ~t
-
a*4
~ it
According to a Chinese myth, the Herd Boy and the Weaving Maid were originally a couple; they committed a minor offense and were separated as a punishment. They were allowed to unite once a year on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month, when magpies build a bridge over the Milky Way for them to get together. Both Poem no. 7 and Lyric no.? dwell on this legend as well.
-io -iu
t!J ~~ J: VA~R~N J: Vt!l; OJ lBiW In ancient style poems these two rhymes are interchangeable.
21
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
¥¥wL~'M~~~momv-w~,~tt-W~! ~~~
••
,~.~.~o~~m~*,~~~*tto
Zhtl yIn: Tlngting shan shang song, sese gil zhong !eng. Fengsheng yi he sheng, songzhi yi he jlng! Bingshuang zheng canqi, zhongsUI chang duanzheng. QIbu II mnghan, songbO you renxing.
11 ~Jl
(d. 217) , ~ ~
#' ' tl.sr
(4' ~ tl .if- ~ _) A..
# 6~ Jllt ~ Jill] ~j] ~ 7J if ~ l~ ~ 1~ a~ A 1; it *>~ ~ qt A.. " 'jt.hi « # ~» 7 6, J:. ~ " ~ « I~ ~ .tt .1t » o
II
-Jt ~ k 1- "
~ --
0
0
1 ]
II
0
II
0
Liu Zhen (d. 217 A.D.), courtesy name Gonggan, was a native of Dongplng, present-day Pingyin district in Shandong province. He was one of the "Seven Literary Masters of the Jian'an Period." His poetic style was famous for being vigorous and forceful. eao Pi praised his poems as superior to those of his contemporaries, and the Liang dynasty critic Zhong Hong ranked him in the 'upper category' in his Classification ofPoets. His work is entitled
Collected Works ofLiu Gonggim.
«.~~»~~~'~k~~~~~o~~~~
*
~~t.~~~~-.~~.~.'~~~.~ a~. t1Q ~k ~ 3 ~ 0 Jllt ~~.i ISJ'] 1(: tii ~ 0 pk ~1f. 7ji
Jllt ~ '
~JtG #.,- 4Ji '4 -- ~
0
This is the second poem in a series of three. In the poem the poet exhorts his cousin to uphold a strong integrity, like the pines and cypresses that withstand
22
READINGS IN POETRY
the most adverse circumstances. The style is extremely vigorous and powerful. The strength of character and vigor of style, said to be characteristics of the Wei-fm period, can be sensed in this poem.
1.
J~ zeng
( tJJ
2.
~~ 5f3
( ~ il!]
--- --3.¥¥
( ~ ?(J.
c6ng di
ilg] ~ ~ to give to j~)
5.
tA
song
~ {S £ ~
a cousin
iPJ) .. ~
a reduplicative compound
~ fr ; ~ ~ ti H ti1! fr ~ tall and erect
ring ting
4.
!l ~ ;
( ~ jiJn ) r~ fit
' - tt 1it if< fj
evergreen tree
~=e ~=e
tI2:)\ tI2:)\
*
pine trees; a kind of
[ .. " IPJ) • ti (m6ni)7( me3 it fi ; if ~ (xHiosa) e3 simulating the rustling sound of the wind
se se
.Jt~1ij
an onomatopoeia
xiangshengcf
6. 7.
tt
gU
m
reng
8.m~
il!J]
L1.J
(~
iJ!J )
m wind
( ~ il!)
teng sheng
9. 10.
11.
a gorge; a deep valley
m) JEs3Wfi
the rustling sound of the wind
-101 ylhe
!.i
sheng
[ ~ ?(J. il!)) ~ 7( ; ~3l ~!~
; VI
powerful; strong; loud
tA *1
( ~ iJ!J j~)
«lJ Jmg
13.
tt
(~
bing
jPJ)
r~ t!t 8~ ~3l ~JJ
;
*1 ~*
the branches of pine trees
~ ~3l ~ 1J
strong; sturdy
that has frozen and become solid 23
ice; water
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
14. ~ shuang
(~~)m;~.~~oo~~*.~.~ffi~M~ 8~
It: ~ ~E a8a II
the ground at night 15. iE zheng
frost; a white frozen dew coating
(IiU jJij) iE ~ in the course of; in the state of ...
II
(M
~ jJij) ~~.(i; ; iiilS.~
j¥ ~
( IU
m) - ~ $U BIt
18. ~~ rn chang
( IIU
jJij]
19. ~ iE duan zheng
(M~
i~)
ti.i 83
20.:R =f qibu
( IU
) •
m~ ... ; mJj~ & rt3~ 1JJ ~ 1t J:E
21. ~li Ii
( J1J il!)) JI Je to encounter
22.~~
( ~ illll aD ) iii IS 8~ • (i;
16. 4~ canqI 17.
zhong sui
nfug han
23.
24.
*E
bo
*14
ben xing
severe and cold; harsh and cold throughout the year; year round; the
whole year
i~
fl ~
always; constantly upright
Isn't it...? Doesn't it...? Would it not...? Could it not...? Here: a rhetorical negative question is used to emphasize an affmnative meaning.
severe cold
( ~ il!)) fa f!t ; -
m1it ~ ~ *
evergreen tree
( ~ ill!) m] [W ff 89 tt ~
cypress; a tall, straight,
; ifiit. 89 R t1
intrinsic nature; a cold resistant nature
-ung - ng
~JJ'
t'.±
24
-i ng
READINGS IN POETRY
~m:~~T 1\" DJA "I
fxilffM~f(~~ @ffl€~!iRiifJ1~
,tt ,tt J~, !i ~~ ~ ~~ B~ .R:j(;
, , ,
0
~~~rn1mIfJl
0
~ {OJ l~
fa ~ 1m 15 ?
~ ~ ~ ?'c ~ ,x ID: EEl -E- -r T:tb -c:: !iZ: ..Jt ..Jt ~ .:c. fn ' ~ /t\: I~' 1=1 /1' J:tX I~'\
:tr.
~jti~rft§~~
8~ fj a~a~~fXJ*
*- j~ 3c ~ *~ ~
0
0
1& ~ P/~ ~ ~ ~. pJj , ~
¥*f&ft~~m
'
W7 ~ fi~ ~
0
£tllffi¥jE&*~
0
~R ~ ~ai
, fi 513 {OJ ~ ~f{ lOJ ~ ?
Zhuyin: Qiiiteng xiaose tianqlliang, caomu yaoluo lit wei shuang. Qun yan ci gui yan nan xiang, man jon ke you S1 duan chang. Qianqian sl gUl1ian guxiang, jiin he yanliu jl tuoffing? Jianqie qiongqiong shou kongfang, you 1m SI jiin bu gan wang. Bu jue lei xia zhan yIshang. Yuan qin ming xian fa qingshang, duan ge wei yin bUneng chang. Mingyue jiaojiao zhao wo chuang, xing han xi liu ye wei yang. Qianniu Zhlnu yao xiang wang, er du hegii xian he liang?
t
~ (187-226 A.D.)' ~ 1-~!i
'
~ ~ ~ iL ' ~ ifi1i. ~ ~ of
~t-1"F1J~ u~~~~"
'k~flJJl-fIt.J~~4~
~~t-' 1~1J~ u~*1i"
'~;fil~~~#Jl-f1t.J
o
k~#'~t~~~~l~~~~~o~~k~ 25
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
Cao PI (187-226 A.D.), courtesy name Zmuan, was known as Emperor Wen of Wei, after he usurped the collapsing regime and founded the new dynasty. He wrote an "Essay on Literature," which is regarded as the earliest important work of Chinese literary criticism. His "Song of Yan" is also regarded as the earliest extant poem written in the septasyllabic form. He held an important position in the history of Chinese literature, and was one of a few rulers who had achieved literary excellence.
Han
•
~~.4~~~~~~~~.~~~~~'~
1... ~ a~ il 5t it Ji: '
~ & ~tf1
JJl\ ' fh A. .;:.;
5~
0
~
*-
~A+~.*.$~.~m~~~~'~ff.~ ~~~4~.~
••
~ ~ it -f a~ -t- ~ #
••
'
o.~ • • '~A.4~o~
~ ~a 41i ~ ${- Ii
#
ra' ~tt j
--
•• ~~~t~~~~o
o4t~#~
This poem depicts the scene of a pensive woman thinking of her far away husband in a lonesome, chilly, and sleepless autumnal night; is a pensive but tactful and exquisite playing upon one's heartstrings. At the end of the poem, through crying out against an injustice imposed on the Weaving Maid and the Herd Boy, the heroine lamented over her own distress, leaving a lingering aftertaste for one to savor. This is probably the earliest poem with septasyllabie lines, with rhymes falling on the end of eaeh line. It built a bridge between Chue! and Tang verses, and played an important role in the development of Chinese poetry.
1.
~ ~ ~T ~~~g
( ~ iJ!J
jj)
11 « ~ Iff • *§ ~ ~
· ~ ~m aH»
,~~
~~o~Jff~~~~A~~'~~~
aH ~m 89 ~ 15 ~* In '
~~ t!t aH ~m )ic fW ~*!Rm *~~J to decrease; to dissipate
r th iP.I)
t~ ft to grow; to increase
$ ~ rll ~ (Jh il!1 3~] ¥U Jl: r9: fi r~ ~ §X: tl ~
zu mo xiao zhang
eventually it neither decreased nor increased 251
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
~ g3.i 134..an..
( lid jig) *. It tt!! ~ generally speaking
135. ~ jiang (J.i
136.
§ zl
(
am)
*"
jI ~ ~ Jcj , ~ IF II ~
, OJ ~ fjj(; II ~o a conjunction used at the beginning of a subordinate clause to express a supposition, it can be rendered as "if'
1t iJ!l] t:t
from
am) ~ ~ to change r IU am) ~ 1]\ $ }f ill A. ~ ~~ , ~8 ~ m~ 5& '
137. ~ bim (JiJJ 138. ~ zeng
139.
»A
yi
140. D~ shun
- D~
yishun
~
~"
[ tJJ jPJ) Jm
9t
II
II
somewhat to one's surprise ...; simply
to wink once
~~ (JJJ i~ m) 1m.l[ ~ ij~ i¥ .Ll: -
zeng bu neng yi yl shun
~
to wink
Oz 6~
( JJJ i~ j~) -
II
B" '1.1:. interchangeable with "yi", meaning "to stop"
r tJJ j~) Uz (zha) D~
:f ij~ ~ -
¥I .l["
OJ ~ it
~
Oz D~
ra' ) (~ ;; :x.. ffi! rB' -
1~8~ lB3i)
( 1JB Jr ~~ 8~ t)J $ ~m fl
cannot stay static for an instant (stressing the fleeting nature of all things in the world) 141. ~~ wu
( ~
iim) }l ~m
things; all things under the sun
r ~ ~ am) ~ Ii exhausted; ended 143. .ftiJ ~ ¥ r Jh jiPJ m] ~ it J!' IJJE? what to envy? 142.:Ii Jln
Mx~W
144.
El*=
qie fii
~~tt~m~.~~,~~~~~
When an interrogative pronoun is used as an object, it should precede the verb that governs it.
(~~)~R;ffiR'~~~~'~IF~~-~~m. moreover; besides, following the previous text, meaning to take a step further
252
READINGS IN PROSE
r ft iPJ) ~ § each 146. ff .± ( JJJ jJ!] m) 1f ± A
145. ~
ge
you zhii
++
147.1U gou 148.
(lid i~) ~D
r ~ iPJ m)
PIT ff
suo you
if
1f 83
*
@ things owned
; th IJIDJ ~ Ij\ ~ foj ~ a tiny hair; very small or very little [in size or quantity]
( ~ ~~ m) - *~ ~ =5
149. -~ yihao
r tJJ iPJ)
150.1f:£ qii
£L*-
( D1J
conj
[prep]
(~J [s ]
ID1J
C [conj ]
151.
*
to have a master; to have an owner
~ to take
1C !t!! 0
z rB1
~~
t:r
s adv v
(4tJJ
__
pn
(1l.AJ
[ s ] conj
[1 . v . ]
IDi
¥: p
Cia]
conj
: .. ~ -_. }J~ J.l ---
Jft -_. jfQ •--
:
(
,
0
Iii tE ef zpJi t:r. '
conj 1. v .
1sj -_. 111- --
Itt wei
~
~.
'
[ s ] adv v
Jft 11\ _•• .,. ~ -••
Itl jP]) ~ 1]\ ~N n~ ~ f~ fB II '
mff ± ~g ~ am ~g 83 mJ 00
· an adverb·IndicatIng the limit of a scope, used before the subject or predicate, can be -;:r, -Eo~ ~ []J p~ 1\\9
II
0 -J=i "
/" 'A
II
0"
/ "
~
~
rendered into modem Chinese as "zhi you" or "zhi".
r t1J iPJ ) ~ 11: to prohibit; to prevent ... from... rJ¢ ¥§ jJ!I) g~ m; ~ m to be exhausted; to be used up
152. ~ jm 153. ~~ jie 154. ~ ~~
if r ~ iPJ m)
zao wu zhe
155. ~ zang
'
r ~ iPJ]
~U ~ "FA ~m 83 N
the Creator; Mother Nature
jf ~ treasury
.~~(~~m)~1f~~~.~;~.~.ffl~~.~
wu jln zang
an inexhaustible treasury 253
SELECTED READINGS IN CLASSICAL CHINESE
r th JiiJ) t~ ; ~ ~ ; IiX ~ to like; to enjoy; to appreciate fin 3f!1 r ~ iPJ m) ~ ~ 8~ ti ~ Cf. poem 12, n. 10, p. 49
156. ~ shi
~J1X~89 ti~ what we enjoyed and appreciated
suo shi
pff~~ (~if!] m) FJT~reJ~~/J1XJi ~ roJ § ~ 83 ti ~
suo gong shl
~~ roJ J1X Ji 89 ti ~ what we enjoyed and appreciated in common adv
o (extra.posed)
U
S}] ~
(ll)
~'.EL~~illi
K~~illL s
v
( .j- ~
0
[s]
a
z
v
ft,aS}]J! ~
1}J ~
tt if SJL ffi tp
(A. )
v
0
g, Hi v
~
conj [s]
v
(?til. '
z.
[s]
0
0
1}J ~]
~.' adv pa
(!t] ~tm~Zglif't!! ' pn
[s ]
~ ~ Tffi ~
s
0
[o/s] v
v
mL (?t-''Jl ~) adv
k
0
[1.v . ]
s
v
conj [s]
.:r ] it JIl. '
( S)] ~ )
part
flWIZplf~~
(IL) [1 .v . ]
*13 Z
' ~ ~ ]I! ~
, ~ ~D
0
pn
~ ~ ~1 Ii
0
~f
B
' f1\ ~ ~~ if
0
*~ ~
0
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once again
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cooked food, especially meat and fish
254
READINGS IN PROSE
161. ~ he 162. ~f i'i jljln
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ji
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