Cities of the Biblical World [Illustrated] 1556351208, 9781556351204

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Cities of the Biblical World
TABLE oF coNTENTs e
ABBREVIATIONS

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Citiesofthe BiblicalWorld

Citiesof the Biblical World An Introduction to the Archaeology, Geography, and Historyof BiblicalSites

LAMOINE

F. DEVRIES

Wipf&Stock PUBLISHERS Eugene, Oregon

Wipf and Stock Publishers 199 W 8th Ave, Suite 3 Eugene, OR 97401 Cities of the Biblical World By DeVries, LaMoine F. Copyright©1997 by DeVries, LaMoine F. ISBN 13: 978-1-55635-120-4 ISBN 10: 1-55635-120-8 Publication date 11/29/2006 Previously published by Hendrickson Publishers, 1997

This book is dedicatedto my parents, Ferdinandand Velmat DeVries, throughwhom I came to appreciatethe Bible.

TABLE oF coNTENTs

e xi xv xvii

Abbreviations Preface Introduction PART I

CITIESOF THE OLD TESTAMENTWORLD

Unit 1: Cities of Mesopotamia Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

1: 2: 3: 4:

Chapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Chapter 8:

Mesopotamia: Land between the Rivers Ashur: Fortified Citadel of Southern Assyria Babylon: City of Marduk Haran: City at the Crossroads in Upper Mesopotamia Mari: City of Zimri-Lim Nineveh: City of Ashurbanipal Nuzi: Community of Hurrian Customs and Traditions Ur: City of Ur-Nammu

5

8 13

22 26 31 35 38

Unit 2: Cities of Aram/Syria and Phoenicia Chapter 9:

Aram/Syria & Phoenicia: Israel's Neighbors to the North Chapter 10: Byblos: Phoenician Timber and Shipbuilding Center Chapter 11: Carchemish: City of Decisive Battles Chapter 12: Damascus: Caravan Center in the Oasis

45 48

53 59

viii Citiesof the Biblical World Chapter 13: Ebla: Monumental City-State of North Syria during the Third Millennium BCE Chapter 14: Sidon: Phoenician Seaport with Dual Harbors Chapter 15: Tyre: Citadel in the Sea Chapter 16: Ugarit: City of Baal and Center of Canaanite Religion

67 73 78 83

Unit 3: Cities of Anatolia

Chapter 17: Anatolia: Land Bridge between the Fertile Crescent and the West Chapter 18: Hattusas: Citadel of Hittite Culture, Government, and Religion

93 99

Unit 4: Cities of Egypt

Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

19: 20: 21: 22: 23:

Egypt: Gift of the Nile Akhetaton: Capital of the Amarna Age Avaris: Capital during the Hyksos Period Memphis: Royal Necropolis of Ancient Egypt Pithom and Rameses: Store Cities and Border Fortresses in the Eastern Delta Chapter 24: Thebes: City of Temples, Palaces, and Tombs

107 111 117 120 124 126

Unit 5: Cities of Palestine

Chapter 25: Palestine: Homeland of Israel Chapter 26: Ai: Citadel of Terrace Farming during the Iron Age Chapter 27: Ashkelon: Harbor City of the Canaanites and Philistines Chapter 28: Beersheba: Traditional Southern Boundary of Ancient Israel Chapter 29: Bethshan: City at the Crossroads Chapter 30: Dan: Traditional Northern Boundary of Ancient Israel Chapter 31: Ekron: Site of a Major Olive Oil Complex in the Ancient Near East Chapter 32: Gezer: Pharaoh's Gift to Solomon Chapter 33: Hazor: Leading Canaanite City-State in the North

133 138 144 150 156 163 169 176 182

IX

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 34: Jericho: Citadel of the Neolithic Age Chapter 35: Jerusalem: Citadel of Government and Religion in Ancient Israel Chapter 36: Lachish: Strategic Center in the Shephelah Chapter 37: Megiddo: City of Many Battles Chapter 38: Samaria: Capital of the Northern Kingdom Chapter 39: Shechem: City of Altars, Sacred Pillars, Trees, and Temples

189 197 208 215 224 231

PARTII CITIESOF THE NEW TESTAMENTWORLD Unit 1: Cities of Palestine

Chapter 40: Palestine: Land Bridge between East and West Chapter 41: Bethlehem: Site of Jesus' Birth Chapter 42: Caesarea Maritima: Seaport Gateway to Herod's Kingdom Chapter 43: Caesarea Philippi: Capital of Herod Philip Chapter 44: Capernaum: Home Base of Jesus' Galilean Ministry Chapter 45: Gerasa/Jerash: An Important Greco-Roman Center on the King's Highway Chapter 46: Jericho: Winter Palace of Herod the Great Chapter 47: Jerusalem: Herod's Showplace of Greco-Roman Building Techniques Chapter 48: Masada: Fortified Retreat and Recreation Center of Herod the Great Chapter 49: Qumran: Religious Commune of the Essenes Chapter 50: Samaria-Sebaste: Herod's Chief Building Enterprise in Samaria Chapter 51: Sepphoris: Hometown of Joachim and Anna, the Parents of Mary Chapter 52: Tiberias: City Founded by Herod Antipas

243 249 255 264 269 276 282 288 299 306 314 318 325

Unit 2: Cities of the Roman World

Chapter 53: The Roman World: Setting for the Spread of the Early Church Chapter 54: Alexandria: Home of the Allegorical Approach to Scripture

333 337

X

Citiesof the BiblicalWorld Chapter 55: Antioch: Where Christian Doctrine Was Defended and Debated Chapter 56: Athens: City of Gods and Goddesses, Monumental Buildings, and Temples Chapter 57: Corinth: Shipping Link between Aegean and Adriatic Chapter 58: Damascus: A City of the Decapolis Chapter 59: Ephesus: Leading Seaport of Asia Minor Chapter 60: Rome: Chief City of the Empire

380

Chart of Historical Periods Maps and Photo Credits Index of Place Names Index of Biblical and Ancient Sources

387 388 389 395

345 351 359 369 372

ABBREVIATIONS

ABD

e

Anchor Bible Dictionary.Ed. D. N. Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992 (6 volumes)

BA BAF

BiblicalArchaeologist K. N. Schoville, Biblical Archaeology in Focus. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978

BAR RASOR

BiblicalArchaeologyReview Bulletin of the American Schoolsof Oriental Research

BCE

Before the Common Era

BBB

Baker Encyclopediaof the Bible. Ed. W. A. Elwell. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1988 (2 volumes)

BI BW

BiblicalIllustrator The Biblical World:A Dictionary of BiblicalArchaeology.

ca.

Ed. C. F.Pfeiffer. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1966 circa (approximately) Common Era

CE

EAEHL

HBD HolBD IDB IDBSup ISBE

Encyclopediaof ArchaeologicalExcavations in the Holy Land. Ed. M. Avi-Yonah. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society and Massada Press, 1975 (4 volumes) Harper's Bible Dictionary. Ed. P. J. Achtemeier. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985 Holman Bible Dictionary. Ed. T. C. Butler. Nashville: Holman, 1991 Interpreter'sDictionary of the Bible. Ed. G. A. Buttrick. New York: Abingdon, 1962 (4 volumes)

Interpreter'sDictionary of the Bible, Supplementary Volume. Ed. K. Crim. Nashville: Abingdon, 1976 International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Ed. G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979-88 (4 volumes)

Xll

Citiesof the Biblical World MDB NBD NBD2 NEAEHL

Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Ed. W. E. Mills. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1990 New Bible Dictionary. Ed. J. D. Douglas. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1962 New Bible Dictionary.Ed. J. D. Douglas and N. Hillyer. 2d edition. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1982

The New Encyclopediaof ArchaeologicalExcavations in the Holy Land. Ed. E. Stern. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Carta; New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993 (4 volumes)

NIDB

NIDBA

NT

The New International Dictionary of the Bible. Ed. J. D. Douglas and M. C. Tenney. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1987 New International Dictionary of BiblicalArchaeology.Ed. E. M. Blaiklock and R. K. Harrison. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983 New Testament

OEANE

The Oxford Encyclopediaof Archaeologyin the Near East.

OT

Ed. E. M. Meyers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 Old Testament Zondervan PictorialEncyclopediaof the Bible. Ed. M. C. Tenney. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975 (5 volumes)

ZPEB

Biblical Books and Related Literature

Old Testament Gen Exod Lev Num Deut Josh Judg Ruth 1-2 Sam 1-2 Kgs 1-2 Chron Ezra

Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1-2 Samuel 1-2 Kings 1-2 Chronicles Ezra

xiii ABBREVIATIONS

Neh Esth Job Ps/Pss Prov Eccl Song Sol Isa Jer Lam Ezek Dan Hos Joel Amos Obad Jonah Mic Nah Hab Zeph Hag Zech Mal

Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Solomon Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi

New Testament Matt Mark Luke John Acts Rom 1-2 Cor Gal Eph Phil Col 1-2 Thess

Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1-2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1-2 Thessalonians

xiv Citiesof the Biblical World 1-2 Tim Titus Phlm Heb Jas 1-2 Pet 1-2-3 John Jude Rev

1-2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1-2 Peter 1-2-3 John Jude Revelation

Other Early Writings 1 Mace 1 Maccabees Ag. Ap. Josephus, AgainstApion Ant. Josephus, The JewishAntiquities Philo, Against Flaccus Flaccus Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History Hist. eccl. Life Josephus, The Life of FlaviusJosephus Josephus, The Jewish War War

PREFACE

e

The setting is still quite vivid in my mind, although I am not sure how old I was at the time. It was a typical summer evening in 1947 or 1948.In the driveway in front of our house on the grain and dairy farm where I grew up, my parents were visiting with neighbors, a tradition in that old German Lutheran and European Catholic community. They discussed current world events, particularly those in the Middle East and Palestine. As I listened to the conversation,it dawned on me that Jerusalem, the city I had heard about in Sunday school and church, was an actual city on the face of the earth. The story of the Bible suddenly took on new meaning. Jerusalem was not some ethereal city in the heavenly realm; it was a real city with real people who were involved in turmoil, like others in our world. Though the story of this experience may seem insignificant, it is nevertheless through encounters of this nature that we grow and mature as persons. I still remember asking my parents that evening, "Jerusalem is a real town on earth?" What a breakthrough for a seven-year-old farm boy! That initial realization has led me, that simple farm boy from central Illinois, on an exciting, ever-expanding study of the biblical world and history. Cities of the Biblical World is an introductory text. It is designed to introduce students of the Bible to the archaeology, geography, and history of several important sites of the OT and NT worlds. The text aims to be interesting, readable, and informational. It is designed with "handles." For instance, the title of each chapter includes a subtitle that highlights some important feature of the site's history, location, etc. In addition to the subtitles, the reader will find other "handles" which constitute important features of the story of the site. Because the text is intended for beginning students, numerous one-volume works have

XVI

Citiesof the Biblical World been cited in the bibliography for further reading. While the one-volume resources are limited in their treatment of a topic, they are often more accessible to the student and layperson. By presenting material in this way, it is my desire that Citiesof the BiblicalWorld:An Introduction to the Archaeology,Geography,and History of BiblicalSiteswill help expand the readers' understanding of the biblical world.

INTRODUCTION

e

Urban centers have always played an important role in the story of humankind and the shaping of history, including biblical history. The dynamic impact urban centers have had in shaping history is directly related to the factors that contributed to the establishment of the sites themselves. Villages, towns, and cities developed at precise locations for special reasons. In ancient times the location of a village, town, or city was often determined by the availability of water; by features of the terrain that made the site easy to defend; by the convergence of trade routes; or by other features that enhanced subsistence.Consequently, the village, town, or city became a dynamic part of society because its establishment, growth, and development came as a result of meeting the basic needs of the people. Usually beginning as a small village, the city often became a center for trade and exchange, a melting pot for different cultural groups, a fortified defense center, the focal point for religious activities, the dwelling place of deities, a center for craftsmen and industry, and a seat of government or authority. In essence, it became a citadel for humans, a focal point for the settlement of people, a center of activity and change. This important role is reflected in the development of roads and highways, with the thoroughfares of the region, both primary and secondary, leading inward to the village, town, or city like spokes in the hub of a wheel. Several terms appear in the text with which the reader may be unfamiliar. Two terms that appear frequently in reference to the geographical and archaeological features of sites in Palestine are tell (or tel) and wadi. The terms tell (Arabic) and tel (Hebrew), which mean hill or mound, are used in reference to ancient sites. In an archaeological context, the term tell/tel signifies an important feature of the ancient

xvm

Citiesof the Biblical World site, namely that it is a mound comprised of layers of debris with each stratum or layer representing a different period in the history of the site. Wadi, on the other hand, is an Arabic term used in reference to a stream or watercourse that is seasonal in nature. In other words, wadis have water in them during the rainy season but are usually dry during the summer months. Palestine has many wadis. Many important villages, towns, and cities are mentioned in the Bible. They were a part of societies that formed the background for both OT and NT. Our purpose in this work is to provide a basis for the study of the cities that existed during the OT and NT periods. This study will concentrate on the cities in Mesopotamia, Aram/Syria and Phoenicia, Anatolia, Egypt, and Palestine during the OT period, and Palestine and the provinces of the Roman world during the NT period. Special attention will be given to the geographical setting of the city, the history of the development of the site and how it relates to the Bible, the major features of the city, and the significant archaeological discoveries at the site. Bibliography: BONINE,M. E., "Cities: Cities of the Islamic Period," OEANE, 2:35-36; DRINKARD, J. F., Jr., "Cities," HBD, 171-73; idem, "Cities and Urban Life," HolBD, 264-66; ELWELL, W. A., "City," BBB, 1:468-73; FREYNE, S., "Cities: Cities of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods," OEANE, 2:29-35; FRICK,F. S., "Cities: An Overview," DEANE, 2:14-19; idem, The City in Ancient Israel (Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press, 1977); FRITZ,V., "Cities: Cities of the Bronze and Iron Ages," OEANE, 2:19-25; idem, The City in Ancient Israel (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995); HAMMOND, M., The City in the Ancient World, assisted by L. J. Bartson (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972); HERZOG,Z., and J. E. Stambaugh, "Cities," ABD, 1:1031-48; HOPKINS,D. C., "City/Cities," MDB, 157-58; HousTON, J. M., "City," ZPEB, 1:873-80; McCowN, C. C., "City," IDB, 1:632-38; MYERS,A. C., "City," ISBE, 1:705-13; PAUL,S. M., and W. G. Dever, eds., "Cities," Biblical Archaeology (Jerusalem: Keter, 1972) 3-26; STERN,E., "Cities: Cities of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods," OEANE, 2:25-29; STONE,E., "The Development of Cities in Ancient Mesopotamia," Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J.M. Sasson (New York: Scribners, 1995) 1:235-248; THOMPSON, J. A., and J. N. Birdsall, "City," NBD, 236-38; idem, "City," NBIY, 212-14; WESTENH0LZ, J. G., ed. Royal Cities of the Biblical World (Jerusalem: Bible Lands Museum, 1996); WHITE, W., Jr., "City," BBB, 1:468-73.

Part I

e CITIES OLD

OF THE

TESTAMENT WORLD

Caucasus Mts. 200 0

100

200

300

400kilometers ' ,/

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l)ynasties

11:..v,

Fir$t lq~rmec;liate··

•··.Ut!l! ~eripd

2200-2040 BCE..

21()(j.l,;20i')O BC~ ·

Dynasties(\/IJ:..X) Middle Bronze (MiddleCanaanite) 2000-1550 BCE

Middle Kingdom ·

Patriarchal Period

1040-1640

Early Olc;IBa~ylonia.n 2000-1800 BC£•

Oynasties XI-XIV Old Babyl0qjanPeriod 1g()(j.l,;J600 BCE Hammurabi Age Second Intermediate

1792-1750 BCE

1640-1550 BCil

Qynasties XV-XVII Hyksos P~riod Late Bronze (Late Canaanite) 1550-1200 BCE

New Kingdom

Joseph's Descent Oppression

1550-1070 11(:E

•Middle Baby(oniaq

l 60()..1000 BCE

Dynasties XVIII-XX AmarnaAge·. Exodus Conquest

Iron Age I (EarlyIsraelite)

Late Period

1200-900 BCE

1070-332 BCE

Period of the Judges United Monarchy

Assyrian Period 1~2613CE

Dynasties XXJ-;XXXI Iron Age II (Middle& Late Israelite)

DividedMonarchy Fallof Samaria Neo-BabylonianPeriod

900-600 BCE

626-539 BCE

IronAgeIll600-300 BCE BabylonianPeriod

Fall of Jerusalem ExilicPeriod

587-539 BCE

Persian Period

Post-ExilicPeriod

539-332 BCE

Persian Period 539-332BCE

Hellenistic Period

Greek Period

332-64 BCE

332..:200BCE

Roman Period 64 BCE-324CE

Byzantine Period 324-640CE

New Testament Period

MAPS AND PHoTo

CREDITS

e

LIST OF MAPS

Old Testament World 2 Mesopotamia 4 Aram/Syria and Phoenicia 44 Anatolia 92 Egypt 106 Palestine/Israel(OT) 132 New Testament World 240 Palestine/Israel(NT) 242 Roman World 332 PHOTO CREDITS

Individuals: LaMoine F. DeVries:pp. 139, 142, 150, 159, 161, 172, 174, 178, 184, 185,189,190,197,205,209,220,221,225,249,250,252,261, 266,268,270,272,274,289,301,303,307,308,310,319,322,326 JackFinegan:pp. 13, 20, 41, 121, 127, 129 Ralph Harris:pp. 218,255,259,300 Allen Kerkeslager:pp. 165,199,340,342 VictorH. Matthews:pp. 158,166,279,280 RichardE. OsterJr.:p. 376 Institutions: BeineckeRareBookand ManuscriptLibrary,YaleUniversity:p. 338 Collection of the Israel Antiquities Authority, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem:p. 194 Michael O'Mara Books:p. 29 SouthwestMissouri State University:pp. 79,260,334

INDEX OF PLACE NAMES

Abana River (see also Barada River) 46, 59 Abila 277, 370 Abu Ghurab 122 Abu Rawash 122 Abusir 122 Aero 216 Achaia 333, 359, 362, 372 Adriatic 359,360,361 Aegean 50,55,95,96,97,99, 102,130, 148,171,173,215,351,354,359,360, 361,362,372 Aegean Sea 93, 94, 372, 373 Ai (et-Tell) 104, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 244 Aijalon, valley of 176, 199 Akhetaton/Tell el-Arnarna 109, 111, 112, 114, 124, 127 Akkad 9, 26, 68 Alaca Huyuk 95, 96 Aleppo 26, 54, 67, 101 Alexandria 109, 120, 256, 257, 333, 335, 336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343, 344,345,354,372,374,380,385 Alexandrium 247,291,299,372 Ammon (kingdom) 62, 192 Anti-Lebanon Mountains 46, 59 Antioch 97,277,333,335,336, 337, 345,346,347,348,349,370,372,380, 385 Apum, Upi, land of 61 Arabah 129, 151, 182 Arabia/Arabian Desert 45, 60, 80, 108, 133, 135, 182, 277 Arad 151, 154, 214 Aram 45 Armenia 24, 94

e

Arraphe/Kirkuk 35 Arvad 47, 80 Ashdod 144, 145, 169 Ashkelon 83, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 169 Ashur 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 32, 33, 39, 56, 71 Asia Minor 16, 93, 333, 335, 346, 359, 372,374,375,385 Assyria 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 32, 33, 56, 63, 64, 75,136,153,183,227 Athens 256,258,333, 335,351,352, 353,354,355,356,357,358,359,362, 363,374,377,380 Attica 351,353 Auranitis 246,247,264 Avaris (Tell el-Dabah or San el-Hagar [ancient Tanis, biblical Zoan]) 109, 111, 117, 118, 119, 126 Avva 228,315 Azekah 213 Babylon 5, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 32, 57, 58, 75, 83, 101,228, 315 Babylonia 7, 15, 16, 17, 57,147,206, 244,245,252,289 Balikh River 5, 22, 23 Barada River (biblical Abana River) 59 Bashan 64, 80 Batanea 246,247,264 Beersheba 133, 135, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154,163,164,211,244 Berea 335, 357 Beth-rehob valley 164, 182, 264 Bethaven 138

390

Cities of the Biblical World Bethel 138, 141, 157, 164, 166, 167, 192 Bethlehem 249,250,251,252,253,254, 308 Bethsaida 82, 271, 328 Bethshan (see also Scythopolis) 156, 157,158,159,160,161,191,199,216, 244,277 Bethtogormah 80 Beycesultan 95, 96 Black Sea 93, 94, 96, 99, 148 Boghazkoy/Hattusas 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103 Bosphorus pass 93, 94 Byblos/Gebal 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 73, 75, 78, 80, 83, 115, 146 Caesarea Maritima 76,247,255,256, 257,258,260,261,262,263,291,292, 296,314,335,337,372 Caesarea Philippi 264,265,266,267,268 Calah/Nimrud 11, 35 Capernaum 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274,275,326,327 Carchemish 10, 11, 17, 25, 46, 53, 54, 55,56,57,97, 102 Carthage 80, 333, 335, 382 Caucasus Mountains 94 Cayster River 373 Cenchreae 360, 361, 363, 364, 366 central hill country 134,198,243,245, 251 Chatal Huyuk 95 Chayonu Tepesi 95 Chebar River 17 Chorazin 82, 271 Chrysorrhoas valley 276,277,280 Cilician Gates 94, 99 coastal plain 134, 135, 169, 243 Colossae 373 Corinth 333, 335,359,360,361,362, 363,364,365,366,367,368,372,380 Crete 55, 83, 87 Cuthah 228,315 Cyprus 75,80,83,335 Dahshur 122 Damascene 60

Damascus 10, 26, 36, 46, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,64,65,67, 73,80, 164,182,227, 264,269,277,333,369,370 Dan/Laish 28, 133, 150, 152, 163, 164, 165,166,167,168,170,182,244,264, 265 Daphne 346, 349 Dead Sea 134, 191, 192, 198,243,247, 250,282,288,299,306,312 Decapolis 159,247,276,277,283,369, 370 Deir el-Bahri (among Theban ruins) 128 Deir el-Medina (among Theban ruins) 128 Derbe 97, 3~5 Dion 277,370 Dor 255 Dothan 225 Ebia 26, 46, 58, 67, 69, 70, 71,200,210 Ekron 144, 145, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174,244 el-Awaj River (biblical Pharpar River) 59 Elam 39 Elephantine 109 En-gedi 134 Ephesus 97,333,335,336,337,372, 373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380 Esdraelon plain 157,215,216,225,314 Euphrates River 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19,22,23,26,27,38,39,40,45,53, 54,55,56,57,67,83, 101,107,127 Ezion-geber 79, 129 Fertile Crescent 10, 25, 45, 49, 56, 60, 64,93,97,99,107, 113,118,133,135, 164,178,183,215,243,244 Gadara 277, 370 Galilee 80, 182,246,247,269,270,272, 291,314,318,320,321,322,323,325, 327 Gamad 80 Gasur (see Nuzi) Gath 64, 144, 169 Gaulanitis 246, 24 7, 264

391 INDEX OF PLACE NAMES

Gaza 144, 145, 169,208 Gebal (see Byblos) Gennesaret, Lake of 327 Gennesaret, plain of 269, 326 Gerasa/Jerash 276, 277, 278, 280, 370 Geshur (kingdom) 62, 63 Gezer 115, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 183, 186,187,212,216,221,244 Ghassul 134 Ghuta 59 Gibeon 179 Gilead 64,276 Gilgal 138 Giza 122 Greece/Achaia 80,335,352,353,354, 359,360,361,362,365,385 Gulf of Corinth 361, 362, 364 Hacilar 95 Halys River 94, 99 Hamath 46, 64, 67,228,315 Hamrin Mountains 8 Haran 6, 10,22,23,24,25,36,38,56 Hattusas (see Boghazkoy) Hazor 26, 28, 59, 104, 114, 155, 164, 176, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,188,189,190,212,216,221,244 Hebron 114,151,199,216,231,325 Hellespont pass 93, 94, 96, 97 Herculaneum 303 Hermus River 94,373 Herodium 247,253,291,299 Hippos 277,370 Hormah 151 Huleh valley 164, 182, 183 Hyrcania 291,299 lconium 97,335 Idumea 246,247,291 Ishmia 364, 367 Iturea 246,247,264 Jabbok River 276 Jalud River 158 Jamnia 292 Javan 80 Jebus (see Jerusalem) Jerash (see Gerasa)

Jericho 95, 134, 135, 159, 189, 190, 191, 192,193,194,195,199,244,247,282, 283,284,285,286,291,306 Jerusalem 7, 10, 13, 17, 32, 64, 65, 80, 114,115,123,135,136,145,147,154, 156,169,176,177,191, 193,19~ 19~ 199,200,202,203,204,205,206,208, 209,211,212,216,225,231,232,234, 236,244,245,247,249,250,251,255, 256,283,285,288,289,290,291,292, 293,294,296,299,306,311,314,322, 325,328,337,345,348,368,378,380, 385 Jezreel 157, 158,216 Joppa 283 Jordan River 62, 64, 134, 138, 157, 158, 163,190,191,216,225,243,247,264, 269,276,282,283,284,325,369 Judah/Judea 10, 13, 17, 19, 32, 34, 53, 56,63,64,65,80, 109,122,135,145, 147,151,152,153,154,168,170,173, 193,205,208,209,210,216,244,245, 246,247,249,250,251,253,257,260, 261,283,288,291,292,299,301,309, 314,320,322,334 Kadesh 101 Kanatha 277 Kanesh 96 Karamles 31 Karnak (among Theban ruins) 109, 128,145,147 Khabur River 27 Khirbet Kerak 140 Khorsabad 11, 31, 170 Khoser River 31 King's Highway 135, 157, 277 Kirkuk (see Arraphe) Kish 39 Lachish 177,208,209,210,211,212, 213,244 Lagash 39 Laish (see Dan) Lake Huleh 28 Lake Mareotis 339 Laodicea 373 Larsa 39

392

Cities of the Biblical World Lebanon Mountains 46, 47, 48, 49, 59, 164,182,264 Lechaion 360,361,362,363,364,365 Leontes River 46 Litani River 78 Lower Egypt 109, 120, 124, 126 Lower Zab 8 Lud 57, 80 Luxor (among Theban ruins) 128, 129 Lydia 97, 374 Lystra 97, 335 Maacah (kingdom) 62, 63 Macedonia 333, 385 Machaerus 247,291,299 Magdala 326,327,328 Mari 5,9,26,27,28,29,30,54,58,83, 101, 164, 184, 188 Masada 247,291,295,299,300,301, 302,303,304,306 Meander River 94, 95,373 Medinet Habu (among Theban ruins) 128,129 Megiddo 57,115,129,145,155,176, 179,180,183,186,187,211,212,215, 216,217,218,219,220,221,222,225, 231,244 Memphis 109,118,120,121,122,123, 126,338 Merj 59 Meshech 80 Miletus 97,373 Mitanni 54, 61, 101 Modein 290 Moresheth 249 Mount Carmel 45,134,215,262 Mount Eba! 231,232,233 Mount Gerizim 231,232,236,237,246, 316 Mount Gilboa 157 Mount Hermon 59, 163, 164,182,264, 265 Mount Koressos 373, 375, 376 Mount Pion 373, 374, 375, 376, 377 Mount Silpius 345, 346 Mycenae 364 Myrna 373

Nabatea 247 Nahr Banias 264 Nahr Leddan 163, 164 Nazareth 197,270,297,318,323 Negeb 151, 152 Neopolis 237 Nile River 107, 108, 112, 120, I 24, 126, 12~ 128,129,130,337,340 Nimrud (see Calah) Nineveh 5, 10, 11, 24, 31, 32, 33, 35, 56, 210 Nippur 39 North Africa 80, 333, 335 Nuzi/Gasur 5, 35, 36, 37 Orantes River 46, 83,101,345,346,347 Palestine 45, 50, 53, 55, 56, 61, 62, 69, 84,85,93,95,97,99, 101,103,108, 109,111,112,113,114,116,118,119, 127,129,133,134,135,145,146,156, 157,158,161,164,167,169,170,176, 177,178,182,183,184,185,186,187, 190,191,192,197,200,205,206,215, 216,217,218,219,225,230,231,232, 234,235,243,244,245,246,250,251, 255,256,257,269,270,271,272,277, 282,284,291,292,320,321,325,32~ 328,329,333,335,337,341,343,345, 346,347,369,370,372,380,384,385 Paphos 335, 378 Pella 276,277,370 Peloponnesus 353, 363 Penuel 224 Perea 246,247,318,320,321,325 Perga 335 Pergamum 47, 356, 373, 375 Pharpar River (see el-Awaj River) Philadelphia 276, 277, 283,370,373 Philippi 335 Philistia 133, 169, 171, 208 Philus 364 Phoenicia 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 74, 83, 115, 133,227,256,335 Phrygia (kingdom) 97 Piraeus 258,346,351 Pithom (Tel er-Retabeh or Tell el-Maskhutah) 109, 124, 125

393 INDEX OF PLACE NAMES

Rabbath-Ammon 277, 283 Raddana 104, 141 Rameses (San el--Hagar [ancient Tanis] or Tel el-Dabah [Qantir]) 109, 124, 125 Raphana 370 Ras Shamra (see Ugarit) Red Sea 47, 79, I 08, 204 Rehob (kingdom) 62 Rhodes 80 Rome 76,256,291,292,303,320,328, 333,335,336,33~339,343,345,348, 349,354,359,362,365,368,372,375, 380,381,382,383,384,385

shephelah 134, 169, 176, 208, 243, 245 Shiloh 167 Sicily 333 Sicyon 364 Sidon 47, 48, 59, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82,83,216,256 Sinai 108, 133 Sorek valley 169 Spain 333, 359 Sumer 9, .38, 70 Sychar 314 Syria 26, 45, 46, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 76, 83, 84, 85, 93, 97, 99, 100, 10 l, 102, 103, 104,108,112,113,114,115,116,127, 128, ]29, 133, ]35, 139, 140,141,142, 145,156,161,164,182,183, ]84, 186, 187, ]93, 195,205,206,215,217,220, 234,245,246,256,265,269,277,320, 321,334,335,336,337,345,346,347, 348,349,359,369,370,372,380,385

Salamis 335 Samaria/Sebaste 7, 10, 136, 165,224, 225,226,227,228,229,230,23],236, 244,247,249,291,3]4,315,316,317 Samaria 237,246,247,257,262, 29], 314 Sangarius River 94 Saqqarah 122 Sardis 97, 373 Saronic Gulf 360, 361 Scythopolis (OT Bethshan) 159,160, 277,370 Sea of Galilee 45, 62, 63, 82, 157, 163, 182,246,247,264,269,270,272,276, 318,319,325,326,327,369 Sea of Marmara 93 Sebaste (see Samaria) Seleucia 17,346 Senir 80 Sepharvaim 228, 315 Sepphoris 318,319,320,321,322,323, 325,328 Sharuhen (Tel el-Farah [south]) 118,119 Shechem 114,115,135,199,216,217, 224,225,231,232,233,234,235,236, 237,244,314,316

Taanach 216 Tarshish 80, 204 Tarsus 97 'faurus Mountains 94, 101 Tell Abu Matar 153 Tell d-Amarna (see Akhetaton) Tell Halaf 84 'lei Qasilc l 73 Ienea 364 Thebes 10, 56, 109, 114, 118, 119, 120, 124, 126, 127, 128, 130, 177 Thessalonica 335, 357 Thyatira 373 Tiber River 380, :rnl Tiberias 318,321,325,326,327,328,329 Tigris River 5, 6, 8, 9, I'/, 23, 31, 35, 107 Tirzah 224 'Job (kingdom) 62, 63 T\·achonitis 246,247,264 'fransjordan 134, 13'.-i,157,190,191, 227,243,246,24'/, 276,277,369 "froas 97, 335 'froy 96 Tubal 80 lbran valley 318

Pompeii 295, 303 Ptolemais 318, 321 Put 57, 80 Qarqar 51, 64 Qumran 306,307,308,309,310,311,312

394

Citiesof the Biblical World Tyre 47, 48, 51, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,83,164,204,216,335 Ugarit/Ras Shamra 46, 48, 55, 83, 84, 85,86,87,88 Upper Egypt 109, 120, 124, 126 Upper Zab 8 Ur 5, 6, 15, 20, 22, 23, 26, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,83 Urartu 24, 99 Uruk 38, 39 Via Maris/Way of the Sea 135,144,157, 176,199

Wadi Arah 215 Wadi Besor 151 Wadi Natuf 134 Wadi Qelt 192, 195,282,283,284, 285 Wadi Qumran 306, 308 Wadi Timnah 169,171 Wadi Tumilat 125 Yamhad (kingdom) 69 Zagros Mountains 16 Zawyet el-Aryan 122 Zobah (kingdom) 62, 63

INDEX OF BIBLICAL AND ANCIENT

souRcEs

OLD TESTAMENT

29 23 30:3 36 33:18-20 231, 232 34 232-233 34:2 233 34:8-24 233 34:25-26 233 34:27-29 233 35:4 233 35:19 251 37:12-14 233 37:25-28 109 42:1-5 109 43:1-15 109 46:1-5 152 48:7 251

Genesis 10:9-10 14 10:11 32 10:15 74 10:22 8 11:1-9 20 11:28 6, 38 11:31 6,38 11:31-32 22 12:4-6 23 12:5-6 133 12:6-7 231, 232 12:8 138 12:10 109 13:3 138 14 198, 201 14:14 164 14:18 200 15:2 36, 61 15:7 38 16:3 36 21:14 152 21:22-34 151 21:27-32 151 21:33-34 152 22:2 200 22:19 152 23 103 24 36 24:10 6, 23 . 24:53 36 25:29-34 36 26:17-33 151 26:28-29 151 26:32-33 152 26:34 103 27:27-35 37 27:43 23 28:10 6, 23, 152

Exodus 1:8-22 109 1:11 124 12:37 124 12:37-14:30 109

Leviticus 7:32 214

Numbers 22:l 191 26:3 191 27:8 37 31:12 191 33:3 124 33:5 124 33:48 191 33:50 191 35:l 191

Deuteronomy 27:1-8 232 27:11-14 232 32:49 191 34:3 191, 282

e

Joshua 2:1 191, 192 3-4 138, 192 5 138 6 192 6-8 138 6-11 135, 138 6:3-14 192 6:15-21 192 6:26 192 7 141 7-8 140, 141 7-11 138 7:2 138 8 141,233 8:2 192 8:11-12 192 8:21 192 8:30-32 232 8:30-35 231, 233 9-10 138 9:3 192 10 209 10:l 192,202 10:1-27 202 10:3 209 10:16-27 209 10:28 192 10:30 192 10:31-32 209 10:33 177 11 138, 186, 189 11:1-4 183 11:5 183 11:6-9 183 11:8 74 11:10 28, 182, 183 11:10-11 183 11:10-14 187 11:17 265

12:9 192 12:12 177 12:21 216 13:1-5 49 13:3 144, 169 13:5 48 15:2 152 15:20 170 15:39 209 15:45-46 170 15:63 202 16:l 192 16:10 177 17:11 156,216 18:28 200 19:2 152 19:28 74 19:29 74 19:32 183 19:35 326, 327 19:36 183 19:40 170 19:40-47 163 19:43 170 19:47 163 20:7 233 21:20-21 233 21:21 177 24 231 24:1-28 233 24:15 6 24:26-27 233 24:32 233

Judges 1 135 1:8 202 1:18 145, 170 1:27 156,216 1:29 177 1:31 76

396 Cities of the Biblical World 1:34 163 3:3 265 3:7 142 3:8 7 3:12-13 192 4 183 5:19 216 8:29-31 233 9 231,233,235 9:1 233 9:1-6 233 9:2 233 9:4 233,236 9:6 233,236 9:22-41 233 9:37 232 9:42-45 233 9:42-49 236 9:46 233, 236 9:46-49 233 14:19 145 17:4 222 17:6 233 18 163,164,166 18:1 163,233 18:2 163 18:7 28, 163 18:14-20 167 18:27 163 18:28 164 18:28-29 163 18:30 167 18:31 167 19-20 251 19:1 233 19:10 200 20:1 133, 152, 164 21:25 233

Ruth 1:1-2 251 1:2 251 1:19-22 251 2:4 251 4:11 251

1 Samuel 3:20 164 5:2 71 5:10 170 6:4 145 6:17 135, 145, 169 7:14 170 8:1-2 152 14:47 63 16:1-13 251 16:14-22 251 16:23 71 17:12 251 17:15 251

17:52 170 20:6 251 20:28 251 31 145, 157 31:6 157 31:8-10 156 31:10 160

2 Samuel 1:20 145 2:4 203 3:10 152, 164 5:3 203 5:6-8 203 5:6-9 202 5:6-10 177,198 5:6-12 135 5:7 200 5:9 200, 202, 203 5:11 80,198,203 5:25 177 6:12-19 198,203 8:3-8 63 8:5-6 63 10:4-5 192 11 103 17:11 164 17:17 199 23:14-16 251-52 24:1 152 24:2 152, 164 24:7 152

1 Kings 1:33 198 1:38 198 3:1 109, 177 4:7 216 4:12 160,216 4:25 152, 164 5-7 135 5:6 74 5:8-10 47 5:10-11 80 5:10-12 204 5:18 49 80 6-7 203 6-8 198 7:2 203 7:6 203 7:7 203 7:8 203 7:13-47 80 7:27.:..30 173 9:10-11 80 9:15 135, 176, 180, 183,186,187,203, 216,221 9:15-17 179 9:15-19 135, 179

9:16-17 176 9:26-28 47, 79, 204 9:27-28 79,216 10:11-12 79 10:14-15 204 10:22 79, 204 10:28-29 109, 204 10:29 103 11:1 103 11:24 63 11:26-28 234 12 234 12:1 234 12:1-20 231 12:2 234 12:3-5 234 12:12-15 234 12:16 234 12:20 234 12:25 136,224,231, 234,236 12:26-29 136 12:26-31 166 12:28-33 167 12:29 164, 167 12:31 167 14:17 136,224 14:25 170 14:25-28 109, 129, 136, 160, 177, 204, 217 15:16-17 63 15:18-19 63 15:20 63, 164, 183 16:23-24 224 16:24 136,224,226, 315 16:27 63 16:31 226 16:32 226 16:34 192 18:19 226 20:1-19 63 20:lff. 226 20:16-21 226 20:23-34 63 21 226 22:1-40 64 22:29-37 227 22:37 227 22:38 227, 229 22:39 226, 229 22:51 227

2 Kings 1:2 170 1:2-17 227 1:3 170 1:16 170

2 192 2:5 192 2:15 192 2:18-22 192 5:1-14 65 5:2 133 5:12 59 6:24ff. 227 8:7-15 64 9:1-37 227 10:1-17 227 10:11 227 10:32 64 10:32-33 227 12:17-18 64 13:1-9 64 14:17-19 210 14:23-29 227 14:25 64, 164, 227 15:8-12 228 15:8-31 315 15:13-16 228 15:23-26 228 15:27-31 228 15:29 183, 186 16:5 64 16:8 65 16:9 65 16:10-16 65 17:1-6 228,315 17:6 136 17:24 228,315 18:3 136 18:13 205,210 18:17-19:9 10 18:22 154 19:10 24 19:35-36 32 20:22 204 23:8 152-53 23:29 109 23:29-30 217 23:31-35 109 25:5 193 25:8-10 205 25:8-17 136

1 Chronicles 6:67 7:28 11:4 11:8 19:6

177 177 200 203 7

2 Chronicles 2:13-14 80 3:1 200,203 4:11-17 80 10:10 160 11:5-6 252

397 INDEX OF BIBLICAL AND ANCIENT SOURCES 11:5-10 209 11:5-12 135 11:9 208 11:11 212 11:11-12 210 12:1-9 177 19:4 152 25:26-28 210 26:9 204 26:10 309 26:15 204 28:5-8 193 28:15 193 30:5 152 32:3 204 32:5 204 32:9 208,210 35:20-27 57

Ezra 2:21 252 2:34 193 3:1-6:22 245 3:8-13 136,206, 289 5:1-2 136, 206, 289 6:13-15 136,206, 289

Nehemiah 2-3 206,289 3:1-32 136 3:1-4:6 245 3:2 193 6:15 206,245,289 7:26 252 7:36 193 11:27 153 11:30 210

Isaiah 9:9 228 10:5 8 10:5-11 56 10:10-11 228 10:9 56 19:13 122 19:20 109 23 76,80 29 200 37:37 32

Jeremiah 2:16 122 25:20 145, 170 25:22 76,81 27:1-7 80 27:3 76 27:3-11 81 34:7 208,210,213

41:17 252 43:1-7 109 44:1 109,123 46:1-12 109 46:9 57 46:14 122 46:19 122 46:25 130 47:5-7 145

Lamentations 1:1 244 4:4 244

Ezekiel 16:3 104 23:1-10 228 26-28 80,81 26:1-6 80 26:4 78 26:5 79 27:3 79 27:4 78 27:5 80 27:6 80 27:7 80 27:8 80 27:9 49,80 27:10-11 80 27:12 80 27:13 80 27:14 80 27:15 80 27:16 80 27:17 80 27:18-19 80 27:21-22 80 27:23-24 23,80 27:27 80 28:1-10 80 28:20-23 76 29-32 109 30:13 123 30:15-16 130

Hosea 8:13 109 9:6 122 11:1 109 13:4 109

Amos 1:5 64 1:6-8 145 1:8 170 2:6-7 228 2:6-8 227,315 3:9-10 227,315 3:15 227,315 4:1 228

4:1-3 227,315 4:4-5 228 5:5 152,154 5:10-12 228 5:10-13 227,315 6:1-7 228 6:4 229,315 6:4-6 227 6:4-7 315 8:14 152,154

Jonah

9:9 269 10:5 314 11:20-22 82 11:20-24 271 11:21 76 15:21-28 76,82 16:13 268 16:13-20 267 16:16 267 17:24-27 270 26:3 296 26:36 296

3:3 31

Micah l:5b 249 1:6-7 228 5:2 250,251,252

Nahum 32 3:8 109 3:8-10 130

Habakkuk 311

Zephaniah 2:4 170 2:4-7 145 2:13-15 32

Haggai 1:1-15 245

Zechariah 8:9-10 245 9:5 145 9:5-7 170 12:11 217

NEW TESTAMENT

Matthew 253 2:1 250,252 2:1-12 252 2:5-6 250 3:15-17 284 4:1-11 284 4:5 295 4:12 270 4:13 270 4:18-22 270 4:25 276 8:5 270 8:5-13 270 8:28 276 8:28-34 276

Mark 1:14 270 1:21 270,273 1:29-31 270 1:32-34 270 2:1 270 2:1-12 270 2:13-17 270 3:8 82 5:1 276 5:1-20 276 7:24-30 76,82 8:27 268 8:27-30 267 9:33-50 270 10:46-52 284 14:15 296

Luke 2:1 385 2:4 250 2:4-7 252 2:8-20 252 4:9 295 4:14 270 5:1 327 6:17 82 7:1-5 273 7:2 270 8:26 276 8:26-39 276 9:52 315 10:13-14 82 10:13-15 271 10:14 76 10:30 284 10:33 315 17:11 314 17:16 315 19:1-10 284 21:20-24 385 22:39 296

John 4:4 314 4:5 314 4:7 314

398 Cities of the Biblical World 4:9 314-15 4:19-20 232 4:39 315 4:40 315 4:46-54 270 5:1-18 296 6:1 325 6: 16-21 270 6:22-40 270 6:23 325 6:41-59 270 7:42 252 8:48 315 10:22 290 12:20-21 276 18:28 296 21:1 325

Acts 2:10 384 5:37 321 6:1 343 6:5 348 6:9 343 8:5 314 8:5-17 317 8:9 314 8:9-24 348 8:14 314 8:40 262 9:2 370 9:2-30 370 9:11 370 9:30 262 10:1-11:18 262 11:19 348 11:20 348 11:22-24 348 11:24-26 348 11:26 335,348 12:19 262 13:1-3 335,348 13:1-28 385 13:4-28 335 14:26 348 15:1-21 348 15:22-35 348 15:35-41 348 16:1-21:16 335 16:11-17:15 385 17:1-14 358 17:15-34 357 17:16-17 385

17:17 358 17:18 358 17:19 355,358 17:23 354 17:34 358 18:1-3 368 18:1-17 367 18:2 384 18:4 367 18:8 368 18:11 367 18:12 367 18:12-17 365 18:19 378 18:19-21 372 18:22 262 18:22-23 348 18:24 343 19:1 378 19:1-41 372 19:8 378 19:10 372,378 19:11-20 378 19:21 384 19:23-27 378 19:28-29 378 20:2-3 367 21:1-6 335 21:3-4 82 21:8 262 23:11 384 23:23-26:32 263 24 263 26 263 26:1-12 263 26:1-32 247 27:1-28:14 335 27:3 76 27:6 343 28:11 343 28:14 335,384,385 28:16 384,385

Romans

6:12-20 368 7:1 367 7:1-9 368 8:1-13 368 9:24-27 367 10:25 367 11:2-16 368 11:17-33 368 11:2-16 368 12-14 368 15 368

2 Corinthians 11:32-33

370

1 Thessalonians 3:1 357

The JewishWar

2 Timothy

1.408-14 258 2.119 312 2.477 148 2.585-646 328 3.30-34 322 3.61 322 3.443-44 267 3.445-61 328 4:468 283 7.23-24 267 7.304-406 305

1:17 384

Hebrews 13:24 336

1 Peter 1:1 336

Revelation 1:4 336 16:16 217

OTHER ANCIENT SOURCES

EUSEBIUS 2.16 343 7.18 268

HERODOTUS

Histories 1.178-186 2.98 120

14

JOSEPHUS

1 Corinthians

1.77-78

72.403 12.64 327 55.283 327 10:89 171 11:63 67,186 13:43-48 179 13:53 179 14:34 179 16:1-16 284

PHILO

Against Flaccus 55-57

Against Apion 121

The Jewish Antiquities 5:331-41

The Life of Flavius Josephus

1 MACCABEES

EcclesiasticalHistory

1:7 384 1:15 384 16:23 367 1:10-17 368 5:1-5 368 5:9 367 6:1-8 368

8.62 81 11.9-10 171 12.8 343 13.102 171 13.171 312 13.338 320 13.397 266 14.54 283 14.414-17 320 16.148 347 17.271 321 17.289 321 18.27 318,321 18.36 326 18.38 327

258

343

PLINY

Natural History 2.201 373 5.15 326 5.15.73 312