Chronological Problems of the Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe: Symposium at the Institute of Prehistoric and Classical Archaeology, University of Copenhagen, December 8 1992 8789500040, 9788789500041

Table of contents :
Ryszard Wołagiewicz (19th of June 1933 - 14th of January 1994) / J. Martens, Copenhagen 5
Introduction / J. Martens, Copenhagen 9
The Pre-Roman Iron Age in Pomerania / R. Wołagiewicz, Szczecin 11
Chronologische Probleme am Übergang von der Bronze- zur Eisenzeit im Raum südlich der Ostsee / H. Keiling, Schwerin 35
Förromersk järnålder på Öland (The Pre-Roman Iron Age on Öland) / M. Rasch, Stockholm 45
The Pre-Roman Iron Age in Norway / P. O. Nybruget, Oslo & J. Martens, Copenhagen 73
Kronologiske problemer og deres betydning for forståelsen af førromersk jernalder i Syd- og Midtjylland (Chronological Problems and their Consequence for the Comprehension of the Pre-Roman Iron Age of South and Central Jutland) / C. K. Jensen, Århus 91
The Pre-Roman Iron Age in North Jutland / J. Martens, Copenhagen 107
Radiocarbon-Dating in the Pre-Roman Iron Age / U. Rahbæk & K. Lund Rasmussen, Copenhagen 137
Vapenfynd från förromersk järnålder på Sveriges fastland (Pre-Roman Iron Age Weaponry on the Swedish Mainland) / P. Nicklasson, Lund 145
Den keramiske udvikling i sen førromersk og ældre romersk jernalder i Sønderjylland (The Ceramical Development in the Late Pre-Roman and Early Roman Iron Age in Southern Jutland) / P. O. Rindel, Copenhagen 159

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CHRONOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE PRE-ROMAN IRON AGE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Symposium at the Institute of Prehistoric and Classical Archaeology University of Copenhagen, December 8 1992

edited bv Jes Martens

DANMARKS UN1VERSITETSFORLAG D A N I S H

U N I V E R S I T Y

P R E S S

Ryszard Wolagiewicz in memoriam

Chronological Problems of the Pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe.

Arkaeologiske Studier Published by "Selskabet Arkaeologiske Studier" c/o Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vandkunsten 5, DK-1467 Copenhagen K, Denmark Editor: Klavs Randsborg Volume 7

ARMOLOGISKE SKRIFTER 7

CHRONOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE PRE-ROMAN IRON AGE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Symposium at the Institute of Prehistoric and Classical Archaeology University of Copenhagen, December 8 1992

edited by Jes Martens

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of Copenhagen 1997

DANMARKS UNIVERSITETSFORLAG D A N I S H

U N I V E R S I T Y

P R E S S

Published with grants from: The Danish Research Council Dronning Margrethe 2. Arkseologiske Fond Published by: "Selskabet Arkaeologiske Studier" c/o Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of Copenhagen, Vandkunsten 5, DK-1467 Copenhagen K, Denmark Editor: Jes Martens Assistant editor: Vibeke Vandrup Martens

Printing: Special-Try kkeriet a-s, Viborg Sale and Distribution; Danish University Prcss/Akademisk Forlag N0rre Voldgade 90, P. O. Box 54 DK-1002 Copenhagen K, Denmark Phone(+45)33 11 98 26 Fax (+45) 33 32 05 70

1997 Danish University Press, Copenhagen ISSN: 0901-6732 ISBN: 87-89500-04-0

Contents: Ryszard Wofagiewicz (19th of June 1933-14th of January 1994), J. Martens, Copenhagen

;

5

Introduction, J. Martens, Copenhagen

9

The Pre-Roman Iron Age in Pomerania, R. Wolagiewiczf, Szczecin

11

Chronologische Probleme am Ubergang von der Bronze- zur Eisenzeit im Raum siidlich der Ostsee, H. Keiling, Schwerin

35

Forromersk jarnalder pa Oland (The Pre-Roman Iron Age on Oland), M. Rasch, Stockholm

45

The Pre-Roman Iron Age in Norway, P. O. Nybruget, Oslo & J. Martens, Copenhagen

73

Kronologiske problemer og deres bctydning for forstaelsen af f0rromersk jernalder i Syd- og Midtjylland (Chronological Problems and their Consequence for the Comprehension of the Pre-Roman Iron Age of South and Central Jutland), C. K. Jensen, Arhus

91

The Pre-Roman Iron Age in North Jutland, J. Martens - Copenhagen

107

Radiocarbon-Dating in the Pre-Roman Iron Age, U. Rahbsek & K. Lund Rasmussen, Copenhagen

137

Vapenfynd fran forromersk jarnalder pa Sveriges fastland (Pre-Roman Iron Age Weaponry on the Swedish Mainland), P. Nicklasson, Lund

145

Den keramiske udvikling i sen f0rromersk og asldre romcrsk jernalder i S0nderjylland (The Ceramical Development in the Late Pre-Roman and Early Roman Iron Age in Southern Jutland), P. O. Rindel, Copenhagen

159

Chronological Problems in the Pre-Roman Iron Age Northern Europe - Copenhagen 1992, pp. 5-7

RYSZARD WOL4GIEWICZt (19th of June 1933-14th of January 1994) Jes Martens, Copenhagen.

On January the 1st 1994 Ryszard Woiagiewicz died in a hospital in Szczecin after a long, serious illness. For his wife and for those who knew him personally, as well as for the archaeological society in general, his much too early death is a great loss. Wol^giewicz was the quintessence of Slavonic hospitality: you were always welcome, when dropping in at the Muzeum Narodowe in Szczecin, where he worked until his death. He could spend hours of his busy day entertaining guests, catching up with the lost time, however, by working late in the evenings. He had a genuine passion for Scandinavia, and with the freshness of yesterday he could recall memoirs from his scholarships in Copenhagen in 1972 and in Stockholm in 1979 and 1984. Born in Wilno, Woiagiewicz as a child experienced at first hand a part of the history of World War II which in our part of the world until recently has been suppressed. When the Soviet Union in September 1939 attacked and occupied the eastern parts of Poland, in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbendrop treaty, a large part of the inhabitants was deported deep into the interior of the Soviet Union. Woiagiewicz1 mother and her two boys shared this fate and spent six years in this merciless vasteland, mainly in the Komi ASSR in the northern part of Russia, close Ural. His father was among those thousands of Polish officers who were assassinated by the Soviet army in the Katyri forest. These events made a deep impression on the man, who, like many Poles bom in the eastern territories of Pre-War Poland, after the War had to carry a stamp in their passport saying "bom in the USSR". In spite of the painfulness of these experiences he did not mind telling the story, which in his version was coloured with a certain amount of humour. When, however, the softening of the Soviet system came about with the accession of Gorbachow, Woiagiewicz engaged himself in the

investigations of the mass murder in Katyri. He wrote a book basing on the letters of the captured officers (Woiagiewicz 1991, 1993a) and produced a radio documentary which was awarded in a contest in Berlin and has been transmitted by Polish, German, Danish and Norwegian Radio. Woiagiewicz graduated from the University of Poznari in 1956 as a pupil of Jozef Kostrzewski. After a short period as a worker of the Toruri section of the Polish Academy of Science, Woiagiewicz in 1958 mowed to Szczecin where he and his wife, Maria Danuta were employed at the Muzeum Pomorza Zachodniego (Muzeum Narodowe). Here he continued to work until his death, after 1980 as the director of the archaeological department. Woiagiewicz was a man who despised titles and careers, but at the same time he was the uncompromising, devoted and sharpminded scientist who left behind a long row of basic works, especially on the Late Pre-Roman and the Early Roman Iron Age cultures of Pomerania. Belonging to the first post-war generation which produced a lot of outstanding Polish archaeologists he probably outshined them all. An importance which, however, due to the language in which the major part of his work was printed, never really became apparent in the neighbouring Scandinavian countries. It could be a hope for the future that more of his work was published in one of the world languages. Several of his works deserve the designation "major works": The work from 1966 on weaponry in the late Pre-Roman Iron Age in Pomerania - with his wife as a co-author - is today the basic work on Oksywie weapon chronology. In general one could say that the first great passion of Wotagiewicz was the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age since many of his early works were devoted to this subject. In a series of papers he dealt with the eastern zone of the

Jastorf culture and the transition to the Oksywie culture in Western Pomerania (1959, 1963, 1968, 1969, 1979). Of these works the most important is the tribute to the congress on the Pomeranian Culture in 1979: in this he offers a synchronization of some of the major local chronologies of Northern and Central Europe. Finally, it was Wotagiewicz who wrote the contribution on the Oksywie and the Jastorf Cultures in the large collective work "Prahistoria Ziem Polskich" (I981b, 1981c, printed here as "The Pre-Roman Iron Age in Pomerania", pp. llff.). Beside of these more synthetical works he also published a long row of cemeteries from the period. One might wonder why these works have had so little influence on Scandinavian Archaeology. For example it is rather astonishing to note that in some recent works on the PreRoman Iron Age on Bornholm, considering "foreign influences", the name of Wotagiewicz is almost absent in the references. The second great passion of Wotagiewicz concerned the Wielbark Culture and the problem of the Goths. In 1966, the same year as the paper on the Pre-Roman weaponry, his first major work on this subject appeared. It was a chronology of the Roman period in Pomerania on the base of the Lubowidz cemetery. In 1970 he published in Polish a study on the influx of Roman imports which he separated in chronological horizons and directions (a summarized version appeared in German the same year). In 1974 Wolagiewicz suggested to use the cemetery at Wielbark/Willenberg as theeponym site for the Roman Iron Age Culture in northern and eastern Poland, a proposal which later has won general approval. In 1977 he published a comparative study on Iron Age stone circles in Northern Europe - a very interesting work but unfortunately also a very rare edition. Wolagiewicz was also the author of the chapter on the Wielbark Culture (1981b)and the Roman Iron Age cultures of the Elbian culture sphere (1981d) in Prahistoria Ziem Polskich. In the 80'ies his interest for the Gothic problem became more evident in works like "Kultury wielbarska - problemy interpretacji etnicznej" (The Wielbark Culture - the problem of ethnical interpretation) (198la) and "Die Goten im Bereich der Wielbark-Kultur" (1986). Finally, in 1993 on his sick-bed he managed to finish the book "Ceramika kultury Wielbarskiej miedzy Battykiem a Morzem Czarnym" - a study on the pottery of the Wielbark Culture - a work which was accepted as a dissertation (1993b).

Beside of these works which today occupy an important part of the basic works of Polish Iron Age Archaeology it should not be forgotten that during all his active years Wolagiewicz also managed to excavate several interesting sites and to publish reports on these, mainly in the periodical of his own museum - Materiaty zachodnio-pomorskie, and to the last moment he worked on the preparation of the publication of the Lubowidz cemetery. The life work of Ryszard Wotagiewicz is of long standing value - not only for Polish but for Central and Northern European Iron Age Archeology in all. But his own person was of equal magnificence. The straight-forwardness and hospitality of this great man was astonishing. His death leaves a large gap in the archaeological society. We shall miss you and we shall never forget you.

Acknowledgements:

I wish to thank Maria Danuta Wotagiewicz for her help with data and material about her late husband. Also thanks to Jacek Andrzejowski, Wadystaw Filipowiak and Henryk Machajewski.

Reference si

Machajewski, H. 1994: Pamieci Doktora Ryszarda Wot agiewicza. Folia Praehistorica Posnaniemis, t.7, in print. Pietrzak, M. 1994: Ryszard Wolagiewicz. Porn orania Antiqua, f. XV,pp.3 45-348. Wotagiewicz, R. 1959: Uwagi do zagadnienia stosunkow kulturowych w okresie lateriskim na Pomorzu Zachodnim (Bemerkungen zur Frage der Kulturverhaltnisse in Westpommern wahrend der Latenezeit). Materialy zachodnio-pomorskie torn V, pp. 121-143. Wotagiewicz, R. 1963: Oblicze kulturowe Pomorza Zachodniego u progu naszej ery (Kulturbild des Siedlungswesens in Westpommern um die Zeitwende). Munera Archaeologica losepho Kostrzewski, Poznan. pp. 291-311.

Wolagewiczowie, M.D. & R. 1966: Uzbrojenie ludnosci Pomorza Zachodniego u progu naszej ery (Die Bewaffnung der Bevolkerung in Westpommern um die Zeitwende). Materialy zachodnio-pomorskie torn IX, pp. 9-166. Wolagiewicz, R. 1966: Chronologia wzgledna okresu wczesnorzymskiego na Pomorzu Zachodnim w swietle niektorych jej wyznacznikow. Materiaty zachodnio-pomorskie torn XII, pp. 169-191. Wolagiewicz, R. 1968: Der ostliche Ausdehnungsbereich der Jastorfkultur und sein siedlungsgeschichtliches Verhaltnis zurpommerschen Gesichtsurnenkultur und der jiingeren vorromischen Unterweichsel-Gruppe. Zeitschrift fur Archdologie 2. Jahrgang, pp. 178-191. Wolagiewicz, R. 1969: Relacja miexlzy kultura jastorfska a kulturami luzycka, wschodniopomorska, przeworska i oksywska (Beziehungen der Jastorf-Kultur zur Lausitzer, Pommerellischen, Przeworsk- und Oksywie-Kultur). / miedzynarodowy kongres archeologii slowianskiej, torn II, ed. W.Hensel, Warszawa. pp. 162-174. Woiagiewicz, R. 1970a: Napiyw importow rzymskich do Europy na polnoc od srodkowego Dunaju. Archeologia Polski torn 15, pp. 207-252. Wolagiewicz, R. 1970b: Das Zufluss romischer Import in das Gebiet ndrdlich der mittleren Donau in der alteren Kaiserzeit. Zeitschrift fur Archdologie 4. Jahrgang, pp. 222-249. Wolagiewicz, R. 1974: Zagadnienie stylu wczesnorzymskiego w kulturze wielbarskiej. Studia Archaeologia Pomeranica, Koszalin. pp. 129-152. Wol^giewicz, R. 1977: Kr$gi kammienne w Grzybnicy (Steinringe in Grzybnice). Koszalin. Woiagiewicz, R. 1979: Kultura pomorska a kultura oksywska. Problemy kultury pomorskiej, ed. T. Malinowski, Slupsk, pp.33-69. Wot agiewicz, R. 1981 a: Kultury wielbarska problemy interpretacji etnicznej. Problemy kultury Wielbarskiej, ed. T. Malinowski, Slupsk, pp. 79-106.

Wotagiewicz, R. 1981 b: Kultura oksywska i wielbarska. Prahistoria Ziem Polskich, torn V. ed. J.Wielowiejski. pp. 135-190. Wolagiewicz, R. 1981c: Kultura Jastorfska. Grupa nadodrzariska. Prahistoria Ziem Polskich, torn V. ed. J.Wielowiejski. pp. 191-196. Wol agiewicz, R. 1981 d: Grupy kulturowe na pograniczu kregu nadlabskiego. Prahistoria Ziem Polskich, torn V. ed. J.Wielowiejski. pp. 200-216. Wotagiewicz, R. 1983: Przemiany kulturo we i osadnicze w kregu jastorfskim i na jego wschodnim pograniczu. Proba porownania. (Cultural and settlement changes in the Jastorf culture area and on its eastern boundary. An attempt at a comparison). Przem iany ludnosciowe i k ulturow e I tysiaclecia p.n.e. na ziemiach miedzy Odrq, a Dnieprem, ed. W.Hensel. Warszawa, pp. 83-106. Wotagiewicz, R. 1986: Die Goten im Bereich der Wielbark-Kultur. Peregrinatio Gothica. Polonia 84185, vol.VlI, pp. 63-98. Wotagiewicz, R. 1991: Katyn w albumach rodzinnych. Stowarzysznie "Katyri" w Szczecinie. Wolagiewicz, R. 1993a: Katyn w albumach rodzinnych. Suplement. Stowarzysznie "Katyri" w Szczecinie. Wolagiewicz, R. 1993b: Ceramika kultury Wielbarskiej miedzy Baltykiem a Morzem Czarnym (Die Tongefassen der Wielbarkkultur zwischen Ostsee und Schwarze Meer), Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie. Wolagiewicz, R. 1995: Lubowidz. Ein Birituelles Grdberfeld der Wielbark-Kultur aus der Zeit vom Ende des I . Jhs. v. Chr. bis zum Anfang des 3. Jhs. n.Chr. Secesja, Krakow. Wotagiewicz, R. 1990: Za drutami by I las. Transmitted in Danish Radio under the title: "Bag pigtraden la der en skov. Fangerne i Kozielsk beretter".

Chronological Problems in the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe - Copenhagen 1992, PP. 9-10

INTRODUCTION. Jes Martens, Copenhagen.

Many years have passed since the last time when the problems of the Pre-Roman Iron Age chronology of Scandinavia were debated at large. That was at the Nordic Archaeological Meeting of 1951 in Helsinki, a meeting which became a turning point in the discussion. It is therefore with the greatest pride that I now present a selection of fresh views on the topic. Most of the papers stem from a conference held December 8th, 1992 at the Institute of Prehistoric and Classic Archaeology, University of Copenhagen, except a few contributions which were later included in the report. One might with some right claim that within Scandinavian archaeology the general interest in chronological problems has died out since the major works of C. J. Becker and Erik Nylen. It was the aim of the conference to renew and inspire chronological research in all corners of Scandinavia - in honour of the occasion including Mecklenburg and Pomerania. This meeting by no means reflects the general interest in Pre-Roman Iron Age chronology of today in Northern Europe. Many more scholars, Scandinavian as well as Continental, could have taken part in the session, but due to the framework within which it was arranged and the wish to be able to realize it within a short time it was decided to invite only a selected group of scholars. Afterwards, while waiting for the contributions to arrive at the editors desk, I invited colleagues who had related interests to contribute. And as a special honour we were granted permission by Mrs Maria Danuta Wolagiewicz to bring a translation of a work on the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Pomerania written by her late husband, Ryszard Wolagiewicz, to whose memory this report is dedicated. In this way the conference report has become somewhat more complete. In today's archaeology of Southern Scandinavian Pre-Roman Iron Age we operate with a chrono-

logical three-period system. This system was originally suggested by Oscar Montelius in 1887 but was generally rejected until reintroduced by Carl-Axel Moberg and Carl Johan Becker in the forties and the fifties. However, nobody can deny that the material basically falls into two groups: an early not influenced by and a later strongly influenced by the Central European La Tene cultures. This is the reason why scholars all over the North European plain since the fifties have abandoned the three period scheme in favour of a general two-period system. In Scandinavia a similar development has only taken place on Gotland, thanks to the works of Erik Nylen. In Norway Erik Hinsch suggested a two-period system in 1951, but on a much more slender material background. In mainland Sweden and in Denmark we still operate with a threeperiod system in which the second is some sort of a "missing link". It is obvious that such a phantom period, whether existing or not, must influence the general comprehension of the age. This I say in order to justify our chronological obsession in the face of the modern demand of a more social-theoretical approach. It is my hope that this report will be the starting point of a renewed chronological discussion and demonstrate the necessity of a reconsideration of the Pre-Roman Iron Age chronology of Southern Scandinavia. The framework for our session was a course on the Pre-Roman Iron Age chronology of Northern Europe held at this very institute during the autumn of 1992. The original plan was to invite the present contributors as successive guestlecturers for the course. A second thought made me decide to try to make us all meet on one day thus providing us with the chance to discuss the problems on equal terms and with mutual benefit, I am grateful for the understanding which this wish has met from my working place. The Institute of Prehistoric and Classic Archaeology at the

University of Copenhagen has provided us not only with the physical but also the economical framework for the session, and for this I wish to express my personal gratitude.

From Norway Per Oscar Nybruget, Oldsaksamlingen in Oslo, took part in the session. For many years he has worked with the Pre-Roman Iron Age with the intention of publishing a monography of his country. Together with the editor he has finished a survey over the limited but at the same time surprisingly rich Southern Norwegian material of the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Much of the material stems from old, unsystematically recovered finds causing much distress for anyone who wishes to implement it for chronological research. However, the diversity of the material and the activity rate of modern Norwegian archaeology is promising for the future.

I would also like to thank the participants of the day for the willingness to with such short respite decide to participate. It is at the same time an honourable proof of your personal involvement in the cause. Finally I am indebted to my students, without whose practical help the day would have turned out less pleasant: Birgitte Borby Hansen, Xenia Pauli Jensen, Karen Busk Nielsen, Lene Nielsen, Vibeke Wheatley. As mentioned, you will find among the contributors to this report several who were not physically present at the session. Thus the first paper is a translation of Ryszard Wolagiewicz' contribution on Pomerania in the Pre-Roman Iron Age to a large collective work on Polish Prehistory. Wolagiewicz, seated in Szczecin, consecrated most of his life to the Early Iron Age of Pomerania. Of his many important works only little has so far reached us, and that has mainly concerned works on Roman Iron Age. The paper included here sums up the present state of research in an excellent and very concise manner.

South and Central Jutland is represented by Claus Kjeld Jensen, University of Arhus. It is encouraging to see that from a lecture on typology, after this session should emerge an article on chronology. Northern Jutland is dealt with by Jes Martens, University of Copenhagen, who for more than a decade has worked with this area. Obviously these two contributions may have a lot in common - the more surprising is the fact that they are rather different in outset, methods, and conclusions. Common to both is, however, the focus on the need to redefine the basic chronology system of Jutland, and to abandon the threeperiod system.

Our first participant, Horst Keiling, needs no further presentation. Just like Wolagiewicz - and only a few kilometres west of the Odra, in Schwerin - he has devoted a long career to the study of the Pre-Roman Iron Age. In the present paper he deals with the problems of the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in Mecklenburg, ending up with giving a clue to the eternal problem of absolute chronology.

Science is represented by Uffe Rahbick and Kaare Lund Rasmussen from the Department of Science at the National Museum of Denmark. In their highly interesting paper on C-14 they explain the mysterious ways of the calibration curves in the later half of the first millenium BC. The two final papers are, just like the very first, added after the conference was held. Pavel Nicklasson, University of Lund, has during the last years dealt with the weapon burial rites of Iron Age Mainland Sweden. We are therefore grateful that he could be persuaded to offer a summary of his research on the Pre-Roman part of his material. Per Ole Rindel, University of Copenhagen, has dealt with the longterm settlement development of Southern Jutland. During this, he made some interesting observations on the pottery chronology on the transition from Bl to B2. This has important implications for the understanding of the chronological problems concerning the transition from the Pre-Roman Age to the Roman Iron Age in Jutland.

Monika Rasch, the State History Museum in Stockholm, has during the last couple of years been occupied with the laborious but indeed very important work to prepare a complete publication of the Iron Age graves from Oland. We are grateful that she found the time to summarize her view on the Pre-Roman Iron Age for this volume. There are many interesting aspects of this, among others a surprisingly high number of finds from the hitherto rather badly illuminated Early PreRoman Iron Age, indications of a possibility to connect the Early Pre-Roman Iron Age with the Late in the same way as on the large cemeteries on Gotland, and finally, the problem of the transition to the Roman Iron Age.

10

Chronological Problems in the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe - Copenhagen 1992, PP. 11-33

THE PRE-ROMAN IRON AGE IN POMERANIA.i Ryszard Wofagiewicz f, Szczecin. The Jastorf Culture The Jastorf Culture can be divided into four major groups (Keiling 1968, pp. 161ff, 1968a): 1) the Lower Elbe Group, including the area with the eponym sites; 2) the Coastal Group, consisting of the area between Warnow and the Odra Estuary; 3) the Lake District Group, located between the lakes Plauer See, Kummerower See, Tollensee, and Berlin; and 4) the Havel-Middle Elbe Group, occupying the river systems of Spree and Havel and northern Saxony. Schwantes' original chronological system (Schwantes 1935, p. 49) is, apart from the preliminary Wessenstedt phase which corresponds to the Early Iron Age in Central Europe and Montelius VI in Scandinavia (750-600BC), divided into the following phases ("Stufen") during the period of the Jastorf Culture: Jastorf a (600-500BC); Jastorf b (500-400BC); Jastorf c (400-350BC); Ripdorf (350-120BC); and Seedorf (120-1BC). This system has undergone considerable modifications (Wolagiewicz 1970, p. 47). The pottery can generally be divided into three stylistic phases: an early comprising Jastorf a-b; a middle including Jastorf c and Ripdorf; and a late, the Seedorf phase (Schwantes 1950, pp. 119ff., 1958, pp. 334ff.). The Jastorf Culture ends in Seedorf I (corresponding to A2 in Poland), while phase Seedorf II (late A2 and A3 in Poland) is a part of the Elbe Germanic Culture (which is characteristic of the area in the Roman Iron Age (ed.)). The Jastorf Culture occupies a considerable territory of Central Europe. In many areas, mainly in the periphery, the culture received or was influenced by foreign cultures which resulted in quite considerable differences within the Jastorf Culture. The deviations are especially evident between the core area at the lower Elbe and the southern periphery. The Jastorf Culture transgressed the Odra-Neisse line at two points (fig. 5); at the lower Odra and at the lower Lusatian Neisse; in the first mentio-

ned area at the transition from Ha D to the Early Pre-Roman Iron Age; in the latter at the end of the Early Pre-Roman Iron Age. The Odra Estuary Group is a part of the Coastal Group of the Jastorf Culture while the Gubin Group at the lower Neisse is closely related to the HavelMiddle Elbe Group (Domanski 1975).

The beginning of the Jastorf Culture in Western Pomerania dates back to HaD/D2. It is connected with the influences from the Lake District Group of the Mecklenburg hinterlands, and initially it is limited to the left bank of the lower Odra (Wawelnica, woj. Szczecin). In the Early PreRoman Iron Age the Jastorf Culture expands its territory eastwards to the area in-between the Rega and Parseta rivers and southwards towards Notec, although the settlement hardly transgressed the Myslibork lake district. From this time onwards the Odra Estuary Group is closely related to the Coastal Group, Up to now (1980 (ed.)) about 40 sites are known from this culture group. Of these only three cemeteries have been excavated; Dlugie (Langenhagen), Kunowo, and Lubieszewo, all woj. Szczecin. The material allows us to distinguish four chronological horizons (Wolagiewicz 1968a, pp. 178ff, 1970,pp.43ff). The oldest phase (la) is only present at the left bank of the lower Odra. The older phase (Ib) is related to the younger part of the Early Jastorf style (Jastorf b) and is present all over the area as far east as in-between Rega and Parseta (fig. 1; 1-6). The younger horizon (II) is related to the middle Jastorf style (i.e. Ripdorf) and is contemporary with Al of the Polish Late Pre-Roman Iron Age (fig. 1; 7-25) the beginning of which it slightly precedes (fig. 1; 7-10). Typical ceramical forms are bipartite and tripartite vessels (zwei- und

Fig. 1: Relative chronology of the Odra estuary group of the Jastorf Culture. Phase I: 1-6; Phase HA: 7-10; Phases IIA-B: 11-12; Phase IIB: 13-25; Phase HI: 26-34. After Wolagiewicz 1981a, tab. XXVII.

12

dreigliederige Gefasse) and footed bowls (fig. 1; 12, 23, 24). Beside supra-regional artifacts like simple, bipartite and tripartite belt hooks (fig. 1; 13-15), local bronze ornament types are most numerous. As examples of the latter can be mentioned "Fliigelnadeln" of the Pomeranian type (fig. 1; 16) and neck-rings with thick cylindric terminals and deep cut ornamentation with enamel incrustation (fig. 1; 25, 34). Dominating among the brooches are iron specimens of Kostrzewski's types A-C (fig. 1; 18), often with one or two balls on the bow (fig. 1; 19-20), and the typical Jastorf type with rectangular bow (mit stufenformige Bugel) (fig. 1; 21) of Late La Tene construction. Also of Late La Tene construction are iron brooches with bronze "mantle" (fig. 1; 21) which are known from Bronholm and Gotland. Finally, the tripartite bronze belt hooks appear for the first time (fig. 1; 17).

further hinge belt hooks and bronze tripartite belt hooks (fig. 1; 27-29). Belt hooks and neck-rings of the previous phase occur sporadically.

Fig. 3: Dlugie, Szczecin woj. grave 90 from phase A1 of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age. Two bronze pins and a tripartite iron belt hook.

Apart from the pottery, all the artifacts known from the graves are ornaments or dress equipment, especially female dress equipment. It is composed of brooches, pins, neck-rings and belt hooks (fig. 2-3). The male equipment only comprised a few elements like brooches and, more rarely, belt hooks. The reason for this is closely connected with the "feminine" character of the grave furniture and the custom not to furnish the grave with weaponry or tools (except spindle whorls).

Fig, 2: Lubieszewo, Szczecin woj. grave no. 10 from phase A1 of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age. Enamel ornamented bronze neck-ring and brooch.

The youngest horizon (III) represents the early part of the late Jastorf Style (Seedorf I) and corresponds to the middle phase of the Late PreRoman Iron Age of Poland (fig. 1; 26-34), A2a to be more exact. The pottery of this phase is rather poorly known (fig. 1; 33) due to the domination during this phase of the cremation pit burial rite. Typical to the phase are brooches of Middle and Late La Tene construction of Kostrzewki's types F, G/H, and K (fig. 1; 30-32), simple iron belt hooks with the ends turned in opposite directions (fig. 1; 26), and a related type at which one of the hooks is shaped like a small shield (fig. 1; 28),

The dead were always cremated. In the Early PreRoman Iron Age (horizon la-b), unmarked urn graves were totally dominating (from time to time urn grave pits) besides graves without pottery just consisting of a heap of cleansed cremated bones ("knochenhaiifschen"). As a rule, the graves were surrounded by stones. In the Late PreRoman Iron Age (horizon II-III), the cremation pit grave dominated over the urn cremation pit. Both types were enclosed by a circle of small

13

Fig: 4 Lubieszewo, Szczecin woj. The relative chronology of the Pre-Roman part of the cemetery. I-II: Early PreRoman Iron Age, IU-V: Late Pre-Roman Iron Age (IH=A1, IVa=A2a, IVb=A2b, V=A3).

stones, covered by stones, or marked by a seldomly preserved stele. Circles of vertically positioned stones, enclosing the whole cemerery, known from Netzeband, Kr. Greifswald, in northeastern Germany, are hitherto unknown in Pomerania.

All Jastorf cemeteries known hitherto in the area between Warnow and Rega went out of use at latest at the end of the early part of the middle phase of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age (phase A2a). Only the cemeteries at the border to the Oksy wie Culture, along the Rega river, were used

14

continually into the Early Roman Iron Age (fig. 4) (Lubieszewo and Ginawa, Szczecin woj.). This very distinct interruption in the use of the cemeteries in the lower Odra region is not an isolated phenomenon within the Jastorf culture. A similar discontinuity is seen at cemeteries in certain other regions as well (Keiling 1968, pp. 199f., 1969, pp. 3 I f , Seyer 1973, pp. 323ff.). It is most likely connected with the displacement of certain population groups and the formation of new territorial and tribal units at the base of which the Elbian culture zone of the Suebi crystallized. The territory of our group, ie. the coastal areas on both sides of the Odra estuary, found itself excluded from this process and was during the Early Roman Iron Age strongly connected with the Pomeranian culture zone.

(Usedom), and considerable parts of the Szczecin region which lasted until the end of the PreRoman Iron Age was in all probability the effect of a displacement of the population to the east of Rega and Parseta (see the Oksywie Culture below). The ethnic appertinance of the population at the Odra estuary at the periphery of the Jastorf Culture is not clear. A marked regress of the settlement in the area at end of the Early Iron Age (dianostic finds of the final phase of the Goritzer culture are absent, and only a few dispersed sites of the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture2 are known west of the Rega) does not permit us to form anunambiguous comprehension of the expansion of the Jastorf Culture by way of assimilating a

Fig. 5: The cultural situation in the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age of northern Poland. Archaeological sites marked by a square with inner star, Jastorf Culture; filled triangles, Oksywie Culture; filled dots, Przeworsk Culture (after Prahistoria Ziem Polskich, vol. 5, fig. 30).

population of the Lusatian (Lausitz) Culture or the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture. However, the possibility cannot be ruled out that a population from the west of the Odra also took part in the

The interruption of the use of the Jastorf cemeteries in the middle phase of the Late PreRoman Iron Age and the depopulation of the west bank of the lower Odra, Riigen, Uznam

15

process. Pointing in this direction is the fact that the Jastorf cemeteries of the region around the Odra estuary do not comprise relicts of the locally preceding culture. A problem for future research is to consider the possibilites of identifying the population of the Jastorf Culture at the Odra Estuary and its later location east of the Parseta with the Rugii (Tacitus), and the Ulmerugii (Jordanes), ie. "the island Rugians", whose habitation has been localized to the Vistula estuary or rather the Kaszubsk lake district, where the Goths most likely emerged in the Early Roman Iron Age (the Lubowidz phase of the Wielbark Culture - see Wolagiewicz 1981a, pp. 143ff. and 1993). In the case of a positive answer to this identification, what remains to be explained is the presence of the Ulmerugii in Middle Pomerania where they arrived from the Odra estuary, that is from the very densely settled Jastorf Culture territory of the Rugii.

application of nomenclature, and the controversial character of the attempts at interpreting the cultural processes leading to the formation and development of the Oksywie and the Wielbark Cultures - stresses the necessity to formulate a new cultural systematic and as a consequence thereof a new consistent terminology. Earlier views on the cultures of Pomerania during the Late Pre-Roman and the Roman Iron Age are based on monographies, prepared from an allochtonical starting point (Kostrzewski 1919, Blume 1912-15, Bohnsack 1938, 1940, Schindler 1940). The autochtonical point of view, first of all presented by J. Kostrzewski (Kostrzewski 1939-48, 1961, 1966, 1969), is too superficial. It is based on a general hypothesis of an unbroken cultural development which has been illustrated by distribution maps of successive cultures and selected diagnostic types which have been quite arbitrarily classified culturally through a prism with a postulated ethnical angle (Kostrzewski 1961).

The economical base of the Jastorf Culture population at the Odra estuary is poorly illuminated. Indirect sources hint that the farmers based on husbandry and grain cultivation - mainly barley and wheat (Lange 1971, pp. 258ff.). At the beginning of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age, the metallurgy of iron handling (2/3 of all iron artifacts are of local ore) and bronze (mainly founding) was strongly developed. The high standing of the latter is witnessed by among other things the mastering of the technique of ornamenting bronze objects with enamel (neck-rings with thickened, cylindric terminals). The Odra estuary population already aquired this technique from the Celtic world at the beginning of Al of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age. Besides the Odra estuary group this technique spread to Gotland, Oland, Bornholm, and the Coastal Group of the Jastorf Culture (brooches ornamented with red enamel in the phases A1-A2).

The cultural systematic which groups the Oksywie and the Przeworsk Cultures under the common designation "the Cremation Pit Burial Culture", also called the "Venedian Culture", is not tenable. Against it speaks not only the burial rites which segregate the two areas and which stand in manifest contradiction to the very term "Cremation Pit Burial Culture", but also a difference in grave furnishing rites which offers different possibilities and outset for the investigation of the two cultures, and stylistic differences, manifesting themselves in ceramical forms, ornaments and aesthetically in ornamentation motives. Likewise is the "Venedic-ness" not something immanent to this culture but rather the product of an attempt at giving it a common ethnical interpretation - by nature a highly disputable outset. In both regions we are dealing with so independent cultures that to seperate one from the other causes no problems in spite of the existence of mixed forms.

The Oksywic Culture Compared to the cultural development of Poland and Central Europe, Pomerania - and during the late Roman Iron Age also Mazovia and Podlasie display an independent cultural development (during the Late Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age (ed.)). The unsatisfactory level of research concerning the cultural problems in the area - which finds expression in the non-standardized classification of artifacts, the ambiguous and arbitrary

In opposition to the Przeworsk Culture which underwent a gradual stylistic evolution, the transition from the Late Pre-Roman to the Early Roman Iron Age in Pomerania is marked by a radical cultural transformation. Until now the culture of the area has been termed by one name before and after the birth of Christ (the Oksywie Group or Culture), or by different names before and after the turn of the millenium (the Oksywie

16

ture and the East Pomeranian-Mazovian Culture (Godlowski 1970, Okulicz 1970), or the Mazovian-Wolynian Culture (Kuharenko 1970, 1971). The changes mentioned above necessitate the distinction between two archaeological cultures; the Late Pre-Roman Oksywie Culture (fig. 6-7) and the Early Roman Wielbark Culture (Wolagiewicz 198la, tab. XXI-XXI1). From this it appears that the actual number of common forms is limited to a minor number of shortlived relicts of the Oksywie Culture (within the early Wielbark Culture (ed.)). One ought, nevertheless, to stress the unbroken population continuity in the primeval area of the Wielbark Culture which at its earliest stage (Bl) exclusively covers the territory of the preceeding Oksywie Culture. However, later in the Roman Iron Age (in spite of the expanded territory (ed.)) it is impossible to distinguish between the different ethnical groups of the Wielbark Culture. Therefore, while abstracting from problems of ethnicity, during this period one may speak of a cultural community.

rzewski 1919, fig. 15). Brooches of Kostrzewski's type J which is inspired by the Nauheim brooch appear at the end of this phase and continue in use into the following phase (A3). The late phase (A3) corresponds approximately to LTD2 in southern Germany (Kramer 1962), that is it must be contemporary with the early Roman settlement of the upper Danube region, about 15 BC or a little earlier3. The late phase lasted a little longer in Pomerania than in areas with direct contact to the Roman civilization like Bohemia, This is indicated by the occurrence of types which in Bohemia are typical for the local phase A distinguished by Motykova-Sneidrova (1965, pp. 130ff) and her early phase 1 of Bl of the Early Roman Iron Age (Wolagiewicz 1968, pp. 82ff). The Late Pre-Roman Iron Age of Pomerania may thus last until the first or the second decade of the first century AD (ibid. p. 85). The name of the Oksywie Culture complex derives from an unpublished cemetery (Jasnosz 1972) from which the materials vanished during World War II (fig. 6; 36-45). In spite of this lack of reference material the name has won general acceptance within Polish archaeology.

The basic chronological division of the Late PreRoman and the Early Roman Iron Age in Pomerania does not deviate from the chronological system applied elsewhere for these periods in Poland. However, the Pomeranian chronology is due to cultural differences based on diagnostic types which are characteristic of the region. Concerning the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age this means "Jastorf type" ornaments and belt equipment and "Oksywie style" weaponry. During the Roman Iron Age, when weaponry and the majority of iron objects are missing, it means bronze, silver and gold ornaments and tools of Lubowidz and Celele-Wielbark style.

Diagnostic for the Oksywie Culture is a distinct style of pottery (vessels with egg-shaped body, vessels shaped like situlae or pots) and metal objects, especially weaponry (one-edged and two-edged swords, local types of spear and lance heads, slightly profiled shield bosses). However, the most significant feature is the burial custom, and in particular the sex specific attributes (weaponry and tools, etc.). The cremation pits which generally contain female attributes often enclose a minor number of (broken) pots, while the urn graves, which in general appear to be male burials, often contain weaponry.

The Late Pre-Roman Iron Age can on the base of a modification of earlier chronological systems (Kostrzewski 1919, Bohnsack 1938, Hachmann 1961) be divided into three phases, of which the early (Al) corresponds to the middle style of the Jastorf Culture (the Ripdorf phase) and LTC2 and the earliest part of LTD1 (of the Central European chronology (ed.)) ie. it falls within the later half of Middle La Tene and the very beginning of Late La Tene (fig. 6-7). The middle phase (A2) corresponds mainly to LTD1 and may be divided into two substages of which the earliest (A2a) comprises brooches of Middle and Late La Tene construction (Kostrzewski 1919, types F, G/H and K), the later (A2b) late derivates of these brooches and brooches of safety pin type (Kost-

At an early stage of research a theory of Bornholm descent of the Oksywie Culture was widespread due to a number of apparent similarities between that island and Pomerania (cremation pit burials, weaponry, belt equipment). Due to the fact that the research of the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Bornholm (Vedel 1870, 1886, 1897) at that time was more advanced than the Pomeranian, this was interpreted in favour of Bornholm. In support of this theory Kossinna claimed that the Burgunds (who were believed to be synonymous with the bearers of the Oksywie Culture (ed.))

17

14

18

Figs. 6-7: Left fig. 6: Oksywie pottery. 1-6, early phase; 7-14, late phase. Above fig. 7: typical ornaments and weaponry. 1-12, early phase; 13-34, middle phase (13-14+19-26, early subphase); 35-53, late phase (52-53, end phase).

189f, Larsen 1949, p. I, Klindt-Jensen 1957, pp. 4f. & 50f.). The present state of research on Bornholm4 suggests that the island in the Early Pre-Roman Iron Age as well as the Early and

derived their name from the old name of this island; "Burgundarholmr". Several Scandinavian scholars rejected the theory due to the lack of evidence of the immigration (Moberg 1941, pp.

19

Middle phases of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age had close connections with the other Baltic isles Oland and Gotland - as evidenced by the pottery. The metal objects from the same period clearly display influence from the Jastorf Culture, while a number of metal artifact types of the later part of the Pre-Roman Iron Age evidently are influenced by Pomeranian style. There is, on the other hand, nothing that suggests a Bornholm origin of the Oksywie Culture. The features common to Bornholm and Pomerania can either be explained as Jastorf influence in both areas (brooches and belt equipment) or as Pomeranian influence on Bornholm (eg. the adaptation of the latenized pottery style on Bornholm, where the Oksywie types have been reproduced in miniature size).

Przeworsk Culture and the WejherowoKrostoszyn Culture is so special that the Przeworsk Culture at first settled in those areas into which the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture never expanded and which to the end of the Early PreRoman Iron Age were occupied by the Lusatian Culture as late as in the Early Roman Iron Age (Gedl 1962, pp. 337f.; 1972, pp. 309f.; Wozniak 1971, pp. 197f.; Godlowski 1969, pp. 23f. & 21 If. & maps nos. 2-4). It is also difficult to prove the coincidence of the territory of the Oksywie Culture and the original area of the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture, because the only area where it is possible to talk about a geographical coincidence is at the Lower Vistula, and it is even only during the early part of the Early Pre-Roman Iron Age that the territory of the WejherowoKrotoszyn Culture at this spot coincides with the later territory of the Oksywie Culture. All the examples which Kostrzewski have produced of affinity between artifact types of the WejherowoKrotoszyn Culture and of the Oksywie Culture (Kostrzewski 1961, pp. 65f. & plate 5-8; 1970, pp. 166f.) origin from outside Pomerania. Indications of a highly developed iron metallurgy is known at first in southern Wielko Polska and Silesia, and a comparison between artifacts from these territories and Pomerania proves to be in disfavour of the latter area. This concerns both the number of belt fittings (5:1) and swords (21:5). This, and the fact that Kostrzewski (1961, pp. 85ff. & plates 5-8) could point out more forms that the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture has in common with the Przeworsk Culture than with the Oksywie Culture, and the disagreement between the territories of the cultures in question, forces us to reject his theory of the origin of the diagnostic differences between the two Late PreRoman Iron Age Cultures and as a consequence his conception of the origin of the Oksywie Culture.

The hypothesis of a local origin of the Oksywie Culture was formulated by Kostrzewski (Kostrzewski 1961, pp. 85f, 1970, pp. 161f). The outset was the diagnostic differences between the Oksywie and the Przeworsk groups within the socalled Cremation-Pit-Culture. The differences are the product of different cultural substrata, respectively the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn and the Lusatian Cultures, due to their different geographical origin. This should be testified by certain differences which continue to exist between the material culture of the two areas from the Early to the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age: Firstly, the superior position of the Przeworsk group concerning pottery while the Oksywie Culture has a superior craftmanship concerning iron products. Secondly, the coincidence of distibution areas of the Przeworsk and the Oksywie groups with the distribution areas of the Lusatian Culture in the Early Pre-Roman Iron Age and the original Pomeranian area of the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn (between the Parsenta, Pasleka and Notec Rivers). As further support for his thesis, Kostrzewski forwarded examples of affinity between artifact types from on the one hand the Przeworsk group and the Lusatian Culture, on the other the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture and the Oksywie group.

When analyzing the formation of the Oksywie Culture one must take into account the population processes of the successive phases and different cultures of Late Pre-Roman Pomerania.

However, there are some essential problems with Kostrzewski's conception both concerning the coincidence of distribution areas and the claimed affinity. Thus his conception does not take the very basic nature of the cultural metamorphosis which took place in both areas on the transition from the Early to the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age into consideration. The relation between the

In the early phase (Al (ed.)), the eastern and the western parts of Pomerania were under influence of the Jastorf and the Przeworsk Cultures. Along the lower Vistula, in Ziemia Chelmiska, a local group of the Przeworsk Culture existed with immanent germs of the Oksywie-Wielbark Cultures, The diagnostic artifact types of this group which

20

50cm

Fig. 8: Cross-sections of two Oksywie cremation burial. Left: Rumia, Gdansk woj. cremation pit grave 42 from phase A2. Right: Gostkowo, Slupsk woj. Urn cremation pit grave 76 from phase A3.

is represented by cemeteries like Rzadz (in German: Rondsen (ed.)) and Podwiesk can also be found at cemeteries from the same phase further down the river and in the area around its estuary (Bystrzec, Rumia, Oksywie, Karlikowo, etc.). The diffusion of latenized style in the lower Vistula region was mediated by the Przeworsk Culture whose territory, also concerning Pomerania, coincided with the areas of the preceding Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture. In western Pomerania, around Szczecin, a local group of the Jastorf Culture was existing since the Early Pre-Roman Iron Age. The territory of this group included the coastal lands on both sides of the Odra estuary, from Warnow in the west to Parseta (German: Persantes (ed.)) in the east. To the south the group was bordered by the Mecklenburgian and the Myslibork-Walcz lake districts. This group disappeared from the area east of the Odra river during the following phase.

In the beginning of the middle phase of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age some essential changes took place in Pomerania: the formation of the culture complex called the Oksywie Culture. The background for this was certain profound changes in the population pattern. During the middle phase, most probably in the end of the early part of it (phase A2a) Western Pomerania, which hitherto had been populated by the Warnow-Odra group of the Jastorf Culture, became almost totally depopulated (Keiling 1968, pp. 199f, 1969, pp. 3If.) - a phenomenon which lasted to the end of the Pre-Roman Iron Age. This breaking off of the continuous use of the cemeteries is also noticeable in the region of Szczecin, where some of the cemeteries went out of use during phase A2a. These changes in the settlement took place contemporarily with the transformation of the Jastorf Culture in its core area into the Elbe Germanic Culture at the end of Seedorf I. Important for the understanding of the changes in Pomerania is the fact that the territory of the Jastorf groups at the Odra river were outside the sphere of the Elbian culture zone: Pomerania west of the Odra was depopulated, while the cemeteries which were in continuous use until the Roman Iron Age in the Szczecin plain were integrated in the culture of the remaining part of Pomerania as a part of the Gustow group.

The territory of both groups (the lower Odra group and the Chelm group) were closely related to the population processes in Pomerania in the early phase (Al (ed.)). The eastern settlement was concentrated along the lower Vistula and did never cross the Wda and the Leba rivers to the west, while the western settlement on the other hand never reached further east than the rivers Perseta, Drawa and Gwda. There are no traces of settlement in-between these two areas within the first phase of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age of Pomerania.

At the same time as the desertion of Pomerania west of the Odra and partly also the Szczecin region, middle Pomerania became populated.

21

F/g; 9: Podwiesk, Torun woj. Urn cremation pit grave 294 (1-3) and grave 273 (4-6), both Al with Przeworsk traits.

until Parseta in the west with a minor inland concentration of sites in the Drawsko lake district. The Kaszubsk highlands and the WalczKrajenka lake district were still rather sparsely populated (fig. 5).

Here a number of cemeteries were founded which were to be in continuous use far into the Roman Iron Age (Konikowo, Parsecko, Niemica, Warszkowo, Gostkowo, etc.). The newly settled areas were part of the Oksywie culture, as proved by the weapon burial rite. It is assumed that the settlers of middle Pomerania were of local origin, a mixture of people from the Odra area with others from the Vistula region, and that both groups contributed with elements of their original cultures. Thus cremation pit burials with feminine attributes like the typical Jastorf feature belt hooks are considered a relict of the Odra population. The urn cremation graves which for a large part are furnished with weaponry are most likely due to influences from the Vistula population (Ziemia Chelminska), where they were already known before this phase. Besides the typical Oksywie cemeteries in the newly settled areas of middle Pomerania, pure female burial grounds were founded (Konikowo, Parsecko), a demonstration that this habit already reached as far east as Parseta in the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age. At the beginning of the Roman Iron Age it had spread to all Pomerania. Beside Ziemia Chelminska and the Lower Vistula area the Oksywie Culture came to cover the coastal area

The Oksywie Culture was firstly fully developed in the middle phase of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age, at the same time as its territory was established being the eastern and middle parts of Pomerania. The settlement did not cover all this area but was restricted to the area along the lower Vistula, Ziemia Chelminska, the Baltic coast and the Drawsko lake district (fig. 5). It did not extent to the Kaszubsk and Krajenka lake districts which remained unsettled until the end of the first century AD. The area settled by the people of the Oksywie Culture is strongly diverging from the settlement pattern of the previous population of the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture which was quite evenly distributed all over eastern and middle Pomerania and included the Kaszubsk, the Krajenka, and the Walcz lake districts. This divergence becomes even clearer when considering that the Oksywie settlement of the coastal area and the Drawsko lake district occurred as

22

2-4

Fig. 10: Rumia, Gdansk woj. Urn cremation grave, phase Al, with Jastorf Culture elements (2-4).

2cm 3-5

Fig. 11: Podwiesk, Torun woj. Urn cremation pit grave, phase A1/A2, with Jastorf Culture (2-3) elements.

23

10

16 3 cm

F(g. 72: Rumia, Gdansk woj. Cremation pit grave 42, phase A2. Female burial with glass (1-6), bronze (7-10, 1216) ornaments and iron belt ring and hook (11, 17).

of the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture. Alone the absence of traces of the inevitable connections between such a group and the contemporary Jastorf and Przeworsk Cultures rejects this theory. It is consequently necessary to reckon with considerable changes in the settlement of middle and eastern Pomerania during the Early Pre-Roman Iron Age, and to recognize that this meant an important decline in the population. The only place where an unbroken continuity between the

late as during phase A2 as evidenced by a number of Oksywie cemeteries founded in this phase. The clear interruption of the settlement of the Kaszubsk and Walcz lake districts which begins at the time of the disappearance of the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture proves that also in middle Pomerania we have to reckon with an intermission (phase Al) between the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture and the Oksywie Culture rather than the prolonged existence of a local retarded group

24

Oksywie population and the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn population is possible is in the area along the lower Vistula and in Ziemia Chelminska. Speaking in favour of this is the absence of a chronological interruption of the settlement of these areas, certain traits of the burial custom common to both cultures (like cremation burials where the urn is covered by a large inverted urn) (Heym 1961, pp. 155ff), further the "Przeworsk" style which is visible in the area at the beginning of the latenization process (fig. 6; 1-3 and fig. 9) - a style which was taken over in almost all the territory of the Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture at the beginning of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age.

with horizontal handles (fig. 6; 2). No local weapon types have (so far (ed.)) been developed (fig. 13). Two edged swords of Kostrzewski's type I (fig. 7; 9) and low, semispherical umba of Kostrzewki's type I fig. 7; 10) indicate that the Przeworsk Culture was the mediator (Wolagiewiczowie 1964, pp. 53, 73ff, fig. 8). In the burial rite the Przeworsk tradition is expressed in the custom of furnishing the cremation pit grave with sherds of several intentionally broken pots. Traits specific to the lower Vistula group are pots with egg-shaped body (fig. 6; 4, 6) and the custom of furnishing the urn grave with a minimal amount of pottery, mostly limited to the urn, only sporadically with an additional vessel. This group was more than the other local groups of the Przeworsk Culture submitted to influence from the Jastorf group at the lower Odra (figs. 10-11). This influence manifested itself by the occurrence already in Al of tripartite belt hooks which are typical of the Szczecin region (fig. 7; 7), certain brooches of Middle and Late La Tene construc-

In phase Al which is prior to the crystallization of the Oksywie Culture there are signs of strong Przeworsk influence. Ziemia Chelminska and the right bank of the lower Vistula should for this reason rather be categorized as a local group of the Przeworsk Culture with immanent traits of the future Oksywie Culture than as an independent culture group.

Fig. 13: Nowa Wies Krolewska, Elblag woj. Urn cremation pit grave 13, phase A!. Male burial, equipped with full armament of Przeworsk type.

tion (fig. 7; 3 & 6), and iron brooches with bronze mantle (fig. 7; 5), which are typical of the Lower Odra region, Bornholm, and Gotland. The

The Przeworsk influence in the pottery shows itself in inverted pyriform vessels with tall neck and outturned rim (fig. 6; 3) and jugs and bowls

25

Fig. 14: Warszkowo, Slupsk woj. Urn cremation pit grave, A2. Male burial equipped with full armament ofOksywie types. stele as grave marker is occurring in Ziemia Chelmiska and along the lower Vistula from Al or A2, most likely due to Jastorf influence (Bohnsack 1940a, pp. 22ff, Janikowski 1971, pp.lHff.).

Dobra (German: Neuguth) and Podwiesk; further at the right bank of the lower Vistula at the cemeteries Bystrzec, Nowa Wies Krolewska, Stary Targ, Pruszcz site no. 10, Gdynia-Oksywie and Karlikowo.

The earliest phase of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age which can be characterized as a local Przeworsk group with traits of Oksywie Culture and influence of Jastorf Culture (figs. 9-11) is represented at the following cemeteries in Ziemia Chelminska; Rzadz (German: Rondsen), Nowe

Simultaneous with the colonization of the Drawsko lake district and the eastern Pomeranian Baltic coast a relatively considerable number of new cemeteries were founded in these areas, mainly in the later part of A2 and often with continual use until Cl of the Late Roman Iron Age.

26

»5

3cm

Fig. 15: Rumia, Gdansk woj. Urn cremation pit grave 52, phase A3. Male burial, with "shield fighter" equipment.

fittings, sword, razor, and tweezer. Though graves which mix traits from these two groups occur (Schindler 1937, p. 377), they are our main information source on the Oksywie Culture.

In connection with the territorial expansion a homogenization and assimilation between middle Pomerania and eastern Pomerania took place. From the very start of A2, two types of burials are predominant at the cemeteries: cremation pit graves without pottery (fig. 8; 1), but furnished with feminine attributes (fig. 12) i.e. belt hooks, brooches, crescent shaped knives, spindle whorls, and pins; and urn cremation graves or quite often urn cremation pit graves (fig. 8; 2) furnishes with male attributes (figs. 13 & 16) i.e. lances, shield

The pottery is characterized by a very carefully smoothed ware with lustreless or glossy black surface. The rims are elaborately modelled and outturned (fig. 6; 5, 6, 14), or vertical with an inner thickening and facets (fig. 6; 8, 13). The profiles of the vessels are soft and are characteri-

27

3cm =1 1,3 -4

Fig. S6: Rumia, Gdansk woj. Urn cremation pit grave 38, phase A2. Male burial with "spear fighter" equipment.

17). The second group is comprised of horizontal friezes confined by narrow grooves and divided into minor squares with alternate motives. Besides the simple version (fig. 6; 6, 14), a more complex version occurs (fig. 6; 7, 13).

zed by the absence of classical biconical forms. On the other hand there is a tendency towards highly placed belly maximum., convex shoulder, and inverted conical lower part (fig. 6; 4, 6, 12, 14) or concave lower part (fig. 6; 7, 9). Consequently the pottery may be divided into egg-shaped, barrel-shaped, and situla-shaped vessels. The size variation is considerable. The following groups may be isolated; tall vessels (up to 40cm high), medium vessels (up to 20cm high), small vessels (cups), and miniatures (up to 10cm high). The ornamentation falls into two major groups which are confined to specific vessel types. The first group comprises plastic ornaments like vertical beads (fig. 6; 12), knops with central depression (fig. 6; 9), or very rarely figures (fig.

Considering the fact that the majority of the pottery found functioned as cinerary urns in weapon graves, the dating of the different groups is not very precise. The material has been divided into various basic groups (Bohnsack 1938, pp. 75ff; Wolagiewicz 1966, pp. 229ff). Among the earliest are three simple groups of egg- and barrelshaped vessels. Group I comprises egg-shaped vessels with narrow mouth (fig. 6; 4). This is the oldest group and is confined to the lower Vistula

28

region. The same goes for group IT, single-lugged vessels with open mouth (fig. 6; 5). Contrary to this is group III, barrel-shaped vessels (fig. 6; 6) also occuring in middle Pomerania.

velopment of a local metallurgy based on local iron ore with high contents of phosphorus and imported iron with low contents of phosphorus. Metallurgic investigations have demonstrated (Piaskowski 1969, pp. 332ff; 1971, pp. 13Iff) that the Oksywie population had at their disposal three types of iron - iron with high contents of phosphorus (50%) extracted from local bog iron ore, slightly carborized soft steel (35%) of a so far unknown origin, and hard steel (15%) which has been identified as "Swietokrzyski-iron". The metallurgy of the Oksywie Culture is strongly influenced by the metallurgy of the Jastorf Culture which in the Szczecin area already in phase Al disposed of its own iron with high phosporus contents (66.7%) and the above mentioned soft steel (33.3%). The metallografical evidence proves that the population of the lower Vistula area in phase Al mastered only an inferior metallurgy and was dependent on the import of iron with low

The later series (phases A2-A3) is characterized by convex shoulder and marked inverted conical lower part. To this series belongs group IV, situla-like vessels (fig. 6; 8, 9, 12). Their height exceeds their diameter. The vessels of the related group V are characterized by a tripartite profile with a marked distinct neck (fig. 6; 14). Vessels of groups IV and V are ornamented by plastic ornaments or simple beads. Group VI consists of vase-like jars with a single x-shaped handle (fig. 6; 7, 13). These vessels are as a rule decorated with friezes with complex motives. The width of the mouth equals or exeeds the height. A numerous version of group VI within the Oksywie Culture consists of small vases, which are close to biconical and most often not ornamented.

Fig. 17: Golebiewo, Gdansk woj. Urn grave 2.

Vessels of group VII with cylindric shoulders and inverted conical lower part may be counted as Przeworsk forms (Wolagiewicz 1966, pp. 231). Group VIII comprises cups (fig. 6; 10-11) and group IX miniatures (Bohnsack 1938, pi. 17:1). A final independent group is bowls (ibid. pi. 15; 2-3), which are quite common in the lower Vistula region, while rare in middle Pomerania. Twolugged jars of Przeworsk type are very rare in Oksywie context and is not a major type.

phosphorus contents of "Swietokrzyski-type". Owing to influence from the Odra estuary population a local metallurgy was develloped in phase A2, and thanks to the disposal of pig-iron and soft steel the import of low phosphorus iron was reduced so its importance fell to 15%. These three types of metal were consciously employed for different purposes: belt hooks, knives, scissors, and sickles were made of iron and soft steel, only very rarely of hard steel, weapon were made of soft and hard steel (especially swords) and in a minor scale of iron (some lance heads).

The Oksywie Culture shows up a particular rich variety of iron products. This is evident from phase A2 and is closely connected with the de

29

The most typical forms of the rich variety of iron products of the Oksywie Culture are, apart from brooches and tools which are mainly inter-cultural types, belt hooks which have been adopted from the Jastorf Culture and certain types of weapon which owe their origin to Celtic inspiration or local invention.

one-edged swords which spread to all barbarian Europe in the Roman Iron Age. Apart from U-shaped edge-fittings the shields (fig. 7; 47) were equipped with grips of four different types (Jahn 1916, pp. 160ff.) and with shield bosses of several different variants (Bohnsack 1938, pp. 56ff, fig. 36). The latter expose in the Oksywie Culture a local development from Bohnsack's types 4 (fig. 7; 31) and 6 to his type 9 (fig. 7; 43) and two versions of type 7 (fig. 7; 44).

In the fittings for the female dress the Jastorf influence is evident. It comprised two-three brooches., a belt hook (fig. 10) as basic elements; to this may be added ornaments like neck-rings (rarely) (fig. 11) and in phase A3 arm-rings (fig. 7; 48). Among the belt hooks the tripartite hook (fig. 10) is the earliest one (fig. 7; 7). From phase A2 the diversity increases; apart from hinged hooks (fig. 7; 21) simple iron hooks (with the ends bended in opposite directions (ed.)) arised (fig. 7; 20). In a later part of this phase one of the hooks of the latter type developed into a flat shield-like plate (fig. 7; 29). Furthermore two types of tripartite bronze belt hooks developed (fig. 7; 19, 28). In phase A3 occur, apart from the above mentioned types, ornamented versions of the simple belt hooks (fig. 7; 41) and the tripartite belt hooks (fig. 7; 40). At the transitional phase A3/B1 at some cemeteries (Warszkowo, Slupsk woj.) belt hooks are replaced by belt buckles shaped like the number 8 (fig. 7; 49), or key holes, or buckles with fixed spike (fig. 7; 50).

Spears and lances have been split up into the following three major groups (by M. D. & R. Wolagiewicz 1964 (ed.)); spear heads with wide blade (bay leaf, lancet, and deltaoid), lean bladed (with the variants A-C), and stocky. Most typical for the Oksywie Culture are barbed spears (fig. 7; 45), lean spear heads, and ornamented spears with waved profile (fig. 7; 33, 46). The ornamented spear heads (fig. 16), the belt hooks, and the frieze ornamented belt hooks are our main source to Oksywie Culture decoration art. The motives of the frieze ornamented vessels are repeated at the hinged belt hooks. Just as popular a motive are zigzag lines which ornament the majority of the spear heads and the tripartite bronze belt hooks (fig. 7; 19, 42). Similar ornaments occur at tripartite belt hooks from the Odra eastuary group of the Jastorf Culture in phase Al.

The armament comprised spears and lances, swords and shields. Basing on the grave furniture, the warriors can be divided into "spear fighters" (fig. 16), "shield fighters" (fig. 15), "sword fighters", and "fully armed men" (figs. 13-14) (Wolagiewiczowie 1964, pp. 75ff). Apart from two-edged swords of Kostrzewski's types I and II (Kostrzewski 1919, pp. 84ff) (fig. 7; 9, 22) which are copying Celtic types (fig. 13), and types III and IV (fig. 7; 34) which have a different outlook than the Celtic influenced swords and are quite specific for the lower Vistula region and Kujavia (Hachmann 1951, map. 8), oneedged swords are especially characteristic of the Oksywie Culture. The latter are also characteristic of Bornholm, Oland, Gotland and Ostergotland (Wolagiewiczowie 1964, pp. 37ff, fig. 7). Type 1 (according to the classification of Wolagiewiczowie 1964 (ed.)) (fig. 14) and type 2 (Wolagiewicz 1981a, fig. 35) occurred in the middle phase (fig. 7; 30, 35), while type 3 occurred in phase A3 (fig. 7; 42), when type 1 went out of use. Types 2 and 3 became the pattern of the

Tools are relatively common among the grave furniture of the Oksywie Culture. Most common in the female burials are different variants of crescent shaped knives (fig. 7; 27) and biconical, cylindric, or "pillow-shaped" spindle whorls (fig. 7; 23), and, more rarely, hemispherical bone spindle whorls from Bornholm (fig. 7; 24). In the male burials occur, on the other hand, "sheep scissors" (fig. 7; 51) and axes. A special group comprises handicraft tools like pistons, hammers, files, and chisels. An assemblage of black smith tools is known from the so-called "smiths grave" at Grudiadz/Rzadz (German Rondsen) (Anger 1890, p. 12, pi. 7). The cemeteries of the Oksywie population as a rule show up a continuous usage including the whole of the Roman Iron Age. In the lower Vistula region, the maximum duration is from phase Al to Eggers1 phase D. In middle Pomerania, on the other hand, burial grounds founded in A2

30

may last until Cl of the Late Roman Iron Age. There is no doubt that the cemeteries were used by the same population throughout this period, and the cultural metamorphosis which took place at the turn to the Roman Iron Age can consequently not be ascribed to the arrival of a new foreign population but is the result of internal cultural processes. It is very likely that the population groups of the lower Vistula and Ziemia Chelminska are direct descendants of the preceding Wejherowo-Krotoszyn population. The population groups of the Drawsko lake district and the middle Pomeranian costal zone seem on the other hand to have colonized this area not earlier than during the middle phase of the Late PreRoman Iron Age. Most likely they descent from the Odra estuary group (of the Jastorf Culture (ed.)) and Przeworsk groups along the Notec river. This is indicated by the settlement pattern which has been transferred from their places of origin, as well as by relicts of their former cultural identity as bearers of the Przeworsk or Jastorf Cultures.

cattle and sheep breeding and growing of crops, mainly barley and wheat, was the economic base of the Oksywie Culture. Besides farming the most highly developed occupation was iron extraction and forging basing on locally extracted iron and imported iron with low phosphorus contents, whose share did not exceed 1/3 of the total production. The beginning of the highly developed bronze casting technology which is characteristic of the Roman Iron Age dates back to the terminal phase of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age.

Translated from Polish by M. Hansen and J. Martens.

Acknowledgements: We wish to thank Mrs Maria Danuta Wolagiewicz for the permission to bring this translation of her late husband's works. We are furthermore indebted to Dr. Romuald Schild, director of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology at the Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, for allowing us to publish the material from Prahistoria Ziem Polskich. Finally a special thanks to Mrs Malgorzata Hansen, the National Museum of Denmark for the invaluable assistence with the translation.

The continuity of settlement and settlement pattern in middle and eastern Pomerania during the Late Pre-Roman and the Early Roman Iron Age indicate (Przewozna 1974) that the economical base of the population was not substantially changed during this period. Just like in the early Wielbark Culture, farming with fully developed

31

Notes: 1: The present paper is a translation of Ryszard Wolagiewicz' contribution to the fifth volume of the large collective work "Prahistoria Ziem Polskich" (ed. W. Ilensel 1979-81). The following parts have been included: on the Jastorf Culture pp. 191-196; on the Oksywie Culture pp. 135-136, 139-143 & 156-165. Due to the very compressed and congenial nature of the original text the editor has found it necessary at certain passages to add additional information. This is always stated. Otherwise it has been attempted to keep the wording as close to the original as possible. Due to technical problems it has unfortunately been impossible to use Polish characters.

Polski, vol. 7, pp. 337-345. 1972: Ze studiow nad schylkowa faza kultury luzyckiej. Archeologia Poiski, vol. 17, pp. 309-346. Godlowski, K. 1969: Kultura przeworska na Gornym Slasku. Katowize-Krakrow. 1970: The Chronology of the Late Roman and Early Migration Periods in Central Europe. Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersitctu Jagiellonskicgo, Prace Archeologiczne, z. 11. Krakow. Hachmann, R. 1951: Das Graberfeld von Rondsen (Rzadz), Krcis Graudenz (Grudiadz) und die Chronologic der Spatlatenezeit im ostliches Mittelcuropa. Archaeologia-Geografica Bd. I, pp. 79-96. 1961: Die Chronologic der jiingeren vorromischcn Eisenzeit. 41. Berichte der romisch-germanische Kommision. Heym, W. 1961: Drei Spatlatenegrabcrfelder aus Westpreussen. Offa Bd. 17-18, pp. 143-170. Jahn, M. 1916: Die Bewaffnung der Germanen in der dlteren Eisenzeit. etwa von 700 v. Chr. bis 200 n. Chr- Wiirzburg. .lanikowski, J. 1971: Z badan na stanowisku 2 w Podwiesku, pow. Chclmno. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne vol. 23, pp. 317-160. Jasnosz, S. 1972: Ocalale rnatcrialy z cmentarzysko w Oksywiu. Fontes Archeologici Posnaniensesvol. 21, pp. 148-167. Keiling, H. 1968: Stan i perspcktywy badan nad kultura jastorfska w polnocnych okregach NRD. Materiaiy Zachodniopomorskie t. 12, pp. 195-204. 1968a: Die Formenkrcise der vorromischen Eisenzeit in Norddeutchland und das Problem der Entstehung der Jastorf Kultur. Zeitschrift fur Archdologie Bd. 2, pp. 161177. 1969: Die vorromische Eisenzeit im Elde-Karthane-Gebiet, Schwcrin. Klindt-Jensen, O.1957: Bornholm i folkevandringstiden. Kebcnhavn. Kostrzewski, J. 1919: Die ostgermanische Kultur der Spatlatenezeit. Mannus Bibliothek Bd. 18. 1939-48: Od mezolitu do wedrowck ludow. Prehistoria Ziem Polskich, Krakow, pp. 118-358. 1961: Zagadnienie ciaglosci zaludnienia ziern polskich w pradziejach (od polowy II tysiaclecia p.n.e. do wczesnego sredniowiecza), Poznan. (appeared in German translation as Kostrzewski 1965(ed.)). 1965: Zur Frage der Siedlungsstetigkeit in der Urgeschichte Polens von der Mitte des II Jahrtausends v. u. Z. bis zum Friihen Mittelalter. Wroclaw, Warszawa, Krakow (see Kostrzewski 1961 (ed.)).

2: The Wejherowo-Krotoszyn Culture is also known under the names "Pomerarian Culture", "East Pomeranian Culture", or a northern "Stone Cist Grave Cultures" and a southern "Cloche Grave Culture" (ed). 3: This was written before Andrei Miron's revision of the base of the absolute chronology of the Central European chronology (Miron 1986: Das Grabcrfeld von Horath. Untersuchungen zur Mittcl- und Spatlatcnezeit im Saar-Moscl-Raum. Trierer Zeitschrift, 49, Jahrgang, pp. 7-198) (ed). 4: The following notes on Bornholm are based on literature until 1980 and a visit to the National Museum of Denmark in 1973 (ed.).

References: Anger, S. 1890: Das Grdberfeld zu Rondsen im Kreise Graudenz. Danzig. Blumc, E. 1912-15: Die germanische Stdmme und die Kuituren zwischen Oder und Passarge zur romischen Kaiserzeit. Mannus BibHothek Bd. 8 & 14. Bohnsack, D. 1938: Die Burgunden in Ostdeutschland und Polen wdhrend des Ictzten Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Leipzig. 1940: Die Burgunden. Vorgeschihcte der deutschen Stdmme, ed. H. Reinerth, Berlin. Bd. 3, pp. 1033-1148. 1940a: Ostgermanische Graber mit Steinpfeilern und Steinkrciscn in Ostdeutchland. Gothiskandza, Bd. 2, pp. 22-36. Domanski, G. 1975: Studia z dziejow srodkowego Nadodrza w ///-/ wieku p.n.e. Wroclaw, Warszawa, Krakow, Gdansk. Eggers, H.J. 1951: Der romische Import im freien Germanien. Atlas der Urgeschichte, Bd.I. Hamburg. Gedl, M. 1962: Uwagi o zanikow kultury luzyckiej na Gornym Slasku. Archeologia

32

Kostrzewski, J. 1966: Pradzieje Pomorza, Poznan. 1969: Uber die Bcziehungcn zwischen der Pommerellischen Kultur und der Wenedischen Kultur der Spatlatenezeit. /. Medzynarodowe Kongres Archeologii Slowianskiej, I 2, pp. 131-143. 1970: O pochodzeniu grupy polnocnej (oksywskiej) kultury wenedskiej pozncgo okresu latenskiego. Europa - Slowianszczyzna - Polska. Studia kit uczczeniu Prof. K. Tymienieckiego. Poznan pp. 161-172. Kramer, W. 1962: Manching II. Germania Ed. 40, pp. 304-317. Kuharenko, Ju. 1970: Volynskaja grupa polej pogrebenij i problema tak nazyvaemoj gotsko-gepidskoj kultury. Kratkie soobshchenija Instituta Archeologii, vol. 121, pp. 57-78. 1971: Jeshche raz o grupe polej pogrebenij i o puti Gotow k Chernomu Moriu. Archeologia Polski, vol. 16, pp. 249-253. Lange, E. 1971: Botanische Beitrdge zur mitteleuropdischen Siedlungsgeschichte. Ergebnissc zur Wirtschaft und Kulturlandschaft in fruhgeschichtlicher Zeit, Berlin. Larsen, K. 1949: Bornholm i eeldre jernalder. Aarb0ger for nordisk oldkyndighed og historic, pp. 1-214. Moberg, C.-A. 1941: Zonengliederungen der vorchristlichen Eisenzeit in Nordeuropa. Lund. Motykova-Sneidrova, K. 1965: Zur Chronologic der alteren romischen Kaiserzeit in Bohmen. Berliner Jahrbuch fur Vor- und Fruhgeschichte, Bd.5,pp. 103-174. Okulicz, J. 1970: Studia na przemianami kulturowymi i osadniczymi w okresic rzymskim na Pomorzu Wschodnim, Mazowszu i Podlasiu. Archeologia Polski, vol. 15, pp. 419-498. Piaskowski, J. 1969: Cechy materialo-technologicznc wyrobow zelaznych jako kryteria kulturowochronologicznc. Wiadomosci Archeologiczne vol. 34, pp, 332-354. 1971: Badania technologii przedmiotow zelaznych na Pomorzu Zachodnim w okresic od I w. p.n.e. do II w. n.e. Prace Komisji Metalurgiczno-Odlewniczej, Metalurgia, vol 17, pp. 131-187. Przewozna, K. 1974: Struktura i rozwoj zasiedlenia poludniowo-wschodniej strefy nadbaltyckiej u schylku starozytnosci, Warszawa-Poznan. Schindlcr, R. 1937: Zur Kenntnis des ostgermanischen Bestattungsbrauches im letzten Jahrhundert vor Chr. Geb. Blatter fur deutsche Vorgeschichte, Bd. //,pp. 27-29. - / 1940: Die Besiedlungsgeschichte der Goten und Gepiden im unteren Weichselraum aufGrund der Tongefdsse. Leipzig. Schwantes, G. 1909: Die Graber der iiltcrcn Eisenzeit im ostlichen Hannover. Prahistorische Zeit-

schriftBd. I, pp. 140-162. 1935: Die Hausurae von Seedorf und ihre Zeit. Althonaische Zeitschrift, Bd. 4, pp. 31-49. 1950: Die Jastorf-Zivilisation. ReineckeFestschrift, pp. 119-130. 1958: Die Gruppen der Ripdorf-Stufe. Jahresschrift fur mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte, pp. 334-338. Seyer, R. 1973: Zur besiedlungsgeschichte im nordlichen Mittelelbe-Havel Gebiet um die Wende u. Z. Ethnographisch-archdologische Zeitschrift Bd. 14, pp. 323-340. Vedel, E. 1870: Om de bornholmskc Brandpletter. Aarboger for nordisk oldkyndighed og historie, pp. 1-110. 1886: Bornholmske Oldtidsminder og Oldsager. K0benhavn. 1897: Efterskrift til Bornholmske Oldtidsminder og Oldsager. K0benhavn. Wolagiewicz, R. 1966: Cmentarzysko z okresu poznolatenskiego i rzymskiego w Warzskowie, pow. Slawno. Materially Zachodnio-Pomorskie, vol. 11. pp. 179-247. 1968: Stan badan nad wybranymi zagadnicniami okresu poznolatenskiego na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Zagadnienie okresu poznolatenskiego w Polsce. Wroclaw - Warszawa - Krakow, pp. 76-86. 1968a: Der 6 stliche Ausdehnungsbereich der Jastorf-Kultur und sein Siedlungsgeschichtliches Verhaltnis zur pommerschen Gesichtsurnenkultur und der jtingeren vorromischen Unterweichsclgruppe. Zeitschrift fur Archdologie Bd. 2, pp. 178-191. 1970: Kultura Jastorfska na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Materialy do Prahistorii Ziem Polskich, cz. 5, z. 4. pp. 43-66. 1981: Kultura Jastorfska. Grupa nadodrzanska. Prahistoria ziem polskich, Tom V, Pozny Okres Latenski i Okres Rzymski, ed. J. Wielowiejski, Wroclaw, Warszawa Krakow, Gdansk, pp. 191-196. 1981 a: Kultura oksywska i kultura wielbarska. Prahistoria ziem polskich, Tom V, Pozny Okres Latenski i Okres Rzymski, ed. J. Wielowiejski, Wroclaw, Warszawa Krakow, Gdansk, pp. 135-178+190-191. 1993: Ceramika kultury wielbarskiej miedzy Baltykiem i Morzem Czarnym. Szczecin. Wolagiewiczowie, M. D. & R. 1964: Uzbrojenie ludnosci Pomorza Zachodniego u progu naszej ery. Materialy Zachodnio-Pomorskie, vol. 9. pp. 9-166. Wozniak, Z. 1971: Z problcmatyki zaniku kultury luzyckiej w Polsce poludniowcj. Archeologia Polski, vol. 16, pp. 197-208.

33

Chronological Problems in the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe - Copenhagen 1992, PP. 35-43

CHRONOLOGTSCHE PROBLEME AM UBERGANG VON DER BRONZE- ZUR ElSENZEIT IM RAUM SUDLICH DER OSTSEE. Horst Keiling, Schwerin.

Zu Beginn unseres Jahrhunderts, als die JastorfForschung noch in den Anfangen lag, herrschte die Ansicht vor, dass an der Nahtstelle zwischen Bronze- und Eisenzeit ein Bruch in der Grabfeldbelegung festzustellen sei, der als Siedlungsabbruch und -neubeginn interpretiert wurde (Schwantes 1909, S. 140ff.)- Vollstandig untersuchte Urnenfriedhofe gab es zu jener Zeit ebensowenig wie gezielte Untersuchungen zur Gesamtnutzungsdauer der einzelnen Bestattungs-

plalze. Doch hob schon Gustav Schwantes hervor, dass es besonders im Metallsachgut der Jastorf-Kultur zahlreiche Formen gibt, die eindeutige Vorformen in der jiingeren Bronzezeit besitzen. Das betrifft Nadcln, Fibeln und Ringschmuck, insbesondere Hohl- und Wendelringe, aber auch Perlen, Pinzetten und Rasiermesser. Bei der Keramik kann ein allmahlicher Formenwandel festgestellt werden. Auch ein Weiterleben der bronzezeitlichen Bestattungssitten lasst sich beobachten. Das trifft sowohl auf Grabaufbau und -anlage (Steinschutz, Flachgraberfelder, flache Grabhiigel) als auch auf den Grabtypus (Urnengrab, Knochenlager, Brandgrube) zu. Das Bedecken der Urne mit einer Schale war in der Jungbronzezeit verbreitet und ist in der vorromischen Eisenzeit ublich geblieben. Erst im Laufe der Zeit treten hier Veranderungen ein.

BesiattungskonUnuitat • gesichert

O vennutet

Abb. I : Nutzung von Urnenfriedhofen in der Jungbronze- und der vorromischen Eisenzeit (nach Keiling 1989, Abb. S. 147).

Im Grunde genommen besteht auch in der Beigabensitte Kontinuitat. Als Beigaben fmden wir vorwiegend Schmuck, Kleidungsbestandteile und Toilettengerat. Selbst die Sitte, Urnen mit Seelenlochcrn beizusetzen, wird in der Eisenzeit weitergefiihrt (Keiling 1969, S. 175). Sowohl die jungbronzezeitliche Kultur als auch die fruhjastorfzeitliche ist im Gesamtverbreitungsgebiet nicht einheitHch, so dass regionale bronzezeitliche Traditionen sich gebietsspezifisch auswirken. Doch sowohl in kleinen wie in grosseren Gebieten gibt es ausreichende Hinweise fur eine kontinuerliche Entwicklung der Kulturgutformen, fur eine allmahliche Formveranderung bei Schmuckstucken, Trachtbestandteilen, Gebrauchsgegenstanden, Werkzeugen und Waffen (Keiling 1976, S. 88ff.)- Bei der als ortliches Produkt anzusprechen-

Korrelationstafel der geschlossenen Funde von Keramik und Metallgerat

Q HI

Yin

crfes

IX"

XI

10

12 13

O

16 17 18

Anzahl der Funde 29

1-2

30

3-4

31

5-6

3A

Abb. 2: Correlation von Keramik und Metallsachgut aus Grabfunden des Gebietes zwischen Havelmundung und Elde (nach Keiling 1979, Abb. 9).

36

Schortlappige Wendelnnge (Totenkranzel Halsnnge mil echter Torsion Spiralrollchen Schwa n enh al sn a d e In Bronzenadeln mit meormals gebogenem Schaf t QoppelkcH-iische Ternnen und Topfe Unregelrnaflig gelormte Terrinen mit abgesetztem Halsrand Tonklappern Hohlwulsle Sronzenadeln mit gestrecktem Schaft Schullerschalen Frngerringe (?] Ungegliederte Terrinen mit ausgeprdgter Schijlter Beigefafle Kannen Massive Bronzearmnnge Rotlenkoptnadeln Unverriertenjndstabige uricl kantige Haisringe Schleifen- und Spiralohrringe Schalenmit einladendem Rand Eiserne RasierrriMser und Prnietten Schalen rnit gerade auslaufenrtem Rand Hochhalsige Tdpfe Hohln'nge (Halsringe) Branzeblecharmringe Spiralrollchen Hochhdsiga und weitbauchige Vasen Dicklappig-breilnppige(echte) Wendelringe Halsringe "mit imilierter Torsion Terrinen mit abgeselztem Halsrand Gekropfie Nadeln mit ruridlichem Kopf Uagel- und Nietkopfnadeln ahtatirringe Sombenkopfnadetn ^ngkopfnadeln "iserne DoppelpQukenfibeln lechteckige Eisenbleche mit Ringen ]reigliedrige GefdHe vom Typ Jastorf b Spiralarmringe Ertwickelte Zungengurtelhaken Slabkopfnadeln Spotenkopfnadeln Topfe nvt abgesetztern.senkrechtem oder asgebogenem Rand Vierkantkopfnadeln :infache CGrtelringe Ireigliedrige GefdDe vom Typ Jastorf c )reieckige Gurtelhaken mil Nietabscrtun Jadeinmit kleinem Ringkopf Hoftarmgurtelhaken jurtelringe rnit kurzer Zwinge linggurtet Holsteinische Nadeln Halsringe mit Kolbenenden Terrinen rnit einfachem Trichterrand :ibeln vorn Mittel-Lat^ne -Schema ;iseme Hobdeckelhandhabe Terrinen niit verdtcktetn Trichlerrand ;lijgelnadeln ;ibeln vom Spat-Latene-Schema Gurtelringe mit langschmaler Zwinge Gesclweifte Draht libel 3unne Knochennadetn mit prof ilier tern Kopf Sichelmesser mit geradem Griff Augenfibeln

Zeitstetlung

la

BZ ^^mm

Ib

Ic

Hb

Ea

He

Bj

MMM WMMHi •MMMI

^r: •MMM •MM1

MMMi

ss ! -__

!

= ==

=

•MM* MMHM

i 3—i m| i =E ^^^m

mm

mm

^H

•MM

••MIH z=^ MMWHM ~ _

wmm

MMIMM

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•MMHI

vermutete Zeilstellunq

I

Abb. 3: Nutzungsdauer von Formengut im Gebiet zwischen Havelmundung und Elde (nach Keiling 1979, Abb.

11).

37

den Keramik kann man den allmahlichen Formenwandel besonders gut verfolgen. Untersuchungsergebnisse hinsichtlich der kontinuerlichen Nutzung des Platzes (Platzkontinuitat), der Siedlungskammer wie des Siedlungsraumes liessen die Erkentniss reifen, dass Kultur und Bevolkerung der vorromischen Eisenzeit im JastorfRaum aus der bodenstandigen jungbronzezeitlichen hervorgegangen sind. Die Siedlungsschwerpunkte auf der Jungbronzezeitkarte sind weitgehend identisch mit denen auf der Eisenzeitkarte (Keiling 1976, Abb. 2 & 3). Eine Karte der kontinuierlichen Nutzung der Urnenfriedhofe (Abb. 1) unterstreicht diesen Fakt.

Bildete sich doch aus dem a'rmlichen Grabbeigabenspektrum der P. VI in Stufe la eine Kultur heraus, in der im wesentlichen nur eiserne Gegenstande hinzutreten, die auf Grund der Metallknappheit aber wenig materialintensiv und dazu noch zahlenmassig gering sind. Infolge dieser Beigabenknappheit lassen sich viele Graber nur nach der Keramik einer der beiden iibergangsstufen zuordnen, und das nicht immer mit grosser Sicherheit, weil die Keramik langlebig ist und der Formennwandel sich allmahlich vollzieht. Es wird immer schwer sein - auch in materialintensiven Zeiten - zwei aneinandergrenzende Stufen eindeutig voneinander abzugrenzen, weil der Formenablauf das Ergebnis eines kontinuierlich verlaufenden historischen Prozesses ist, die Typologie nur ein Hilfsmittel zu dessen Darstellung und zur Hervorhebung charakteristischer qualitativer Unterscheide. Bei der Betrachtung der Ubergangsabschnitte ist es erforderlich auch Beobachtungen zur Grablegung und zu den Bestattungssitten einzubeziehen (Abb. 2-3).

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Jastorf-Kultur ist durch verschiedende regionale Schemata zur relativen Chronologic aufgeschlossen worden (Abb. 2), deren Erstellung allerdings auf unterschiedlichen methodischen Vorgehensweisen basiert. Grundlage war aber stets die Erarbeitung typologischer Abfolgen. Am zuverlassigsten erscheint die von Hans Hingst entwickelte korrelationsstatistische Methode (Hingst 1959, S. 112ff.). Nach typologischer Vorsortierung werden Metall + Metall und Keramik + Metall zueinander in Bezug gebracht, so dass relativchronologische Ablaufe mit Schwerpunkten entstehen, die im Vergleich und Ergebnis Aussagen zur Nutzungsdauer einzelner Kulturgutformen gestatten und zur Abfolge von Schwerpunkte tuhren, die als Zeitphasen betrachtet werden konnen. Je nach Fundgutanfall und Kombinationshaufigkeit kann deren Zahl unterschiedlich sein. So unterteilt Hingst die altere vorromische Eisenzeit Siidostholsteins in 4 Abschnitte, Keiling die Siidwestmecklenburgs nur in 3 (Keiling 1979, S. 36). Bei reichlichem Fundanfall und sich haufig wiederholenden gleichartigen Fundkombinationen hebt sich ein so erkannter, relativchronologischer Abschnitt deutlich ab. Schwierigkeiten entstehen bei der Anwendung der Methode fur Zeiten, in denen es an Sachgut und vor allem an sich wiederholenden Kombinationen in geschlossenden Funden (vorwiegend Grabfunde) mangelt. Und das trifft in hohem Masse auf die Ubergangszeit (Bronze-/Eisenzeit) im gesamten Raum siidlich der Ostsee zu. Sowohl in der P. VI der Bronzezeit als auch in Stufe la der vorromischen Eisenzeit treten keine sich wiederholenden Beigabenkombinationen auf. Das Typenspektrum der Nadeln ist beispielsweise so vielgestaltig, dass nur selten ziemlich gleichartige Formen anzutreffen sind.

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