Chronicle, Crusade, and the Latin East: Essays in Honour of Susan B. Edgington (Outremer. Studies in the Crusades and the Latin East, 16) (English and Latin Edition) [Bilingual ed.] 2503586201, 9782503586205

Table of contents :
cover_1_l
Chronicles 01
Chronicles 02

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:. Edired by Andrew D. Buck and Thomas W. Smirh

BR.EPOLS

CHRONICLE, CRUSADE, AND THE LATIN EAST

OUTREMER: STUDIES IN THE CRUSADES AND THE LATIN EAST VOLUME

16

General Editor Dr Alan V. Murray, University of Leeds

Editorial Board Prof. Alfred Andrea, University of Vermont Dr Jessalynn Bird, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame Prof. Jochen Burgtorf, California State University, Fullerton Dr Niall Christie, Langara College, Vancouver Prof. John France, Swansea University Prof. Nikolas Jaspert, University ofHeidelberg Prof. Kurt Villads Jensen, Stockholm University Prof. Graham Loud, University of Leeds Dr Christoph Maier, University of Zurich Prof. Helen Nicholson, Cardiff University Dr Guy Perry, University of Oxford Dr Angus Stewart, University of St Andrews

C ronic e, Crusa e, an Latin East

t e

Essays in Honour of Susan B. Edgington

Edited by ANDREW D. BUCI< AND THOMAS W. SMITH

BREPOLS

Cover illustration: Decorated initial from Book X of the 'new' manuscript of Albert of Aachen's Historia Ierosolimitana in MS Freiburg, Universitatsbibliothek Freiburg im Breisgau, 379, fol. 61 r. Generously provided without copyright restrictions by the Universitatsbibliothek Freiburg.

© 2022, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. D / 2o22/oo9s / 54 ISBN 978-2-503-s862o-s eiSBN 978-2-503-s8621-2 DOl 10.1484/ M.OUTREMER-EB.s.I18395 ISSN 2565-8794 eiSSN 2565-988X Printed in the EU on acid-free paper.

Contents

List of Illustrations

9

List of Contributors

11

List of Abbreviations

15

Preface

17

Introduction Andrew D. BucK and Thomas W. SMITH

19

Susan B. Edgington: An Appreciation William]. PURKIS and Carol SWEETENHAM

25

Part I Narrating the First Crusade

New Manuscript Witnesses to the Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, the Historia lerosolimitana of Albert of Aachen, and the Historia Hierosolymitana of Fulcher of Chartres: Preliminary Observations Thomas W. SMITH

35

A Textual Puzzle: 'Ihe Early Accounts of the First Crusade and their Relationships John FRANCE

51

Albert of Aachen, the Gesta Francorum, and the Fall of Antioch: A Reflection on the Textual Independence of Albert's Historia lerosolimitana Stephen J. SPENCER

71

Women at the Walls: Teichoscopy, Admiration, and Conversion on the First Crusade Simon Thomas PARSONS

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CONTEN T S

Digesting Cannibalism: Revisiting Representations of Man-Eating Crusaders in Narrative Sources for the First Crusade l(aty MoRTIMER

109

Legitimising Authority in the Historia lerosolimitana of Baldric of Bourgueil Natasha R. HoDGSON

131

Miracles and Crusade Narrative in the First Old French Crusade Cycle Beth C. SPACEY

149

Part II Crusade and Narrative

'Ihe De Gestis Herwardi as a Crusade Text Marcus BuLL

167

Pis a's Double Century: 'Ihe Case for an English Translation of the Pis an Annals 1 83

Martin HALL

'Ihe Colbert-Fontainebleau Continuation ofWilliam ofTyre, 11841247: Structure and Composition Peter ED BURY

203

'Ihe Sultan at the Hospital: A Thirteenth-Century Tale of Saladin and the Hospitallers Helen]. NICHOLSON

223

'Ihe Lords ofZimmern, Baldwin I ofJerusalem, and a Crusader's Ghost: 'Ihe Uses of a Distant Crusading Past in an Early Modern Family Chronicle Alan V. MURRAY

239

Part III Crusading and the Latin East

Urban Myth: 'Ihe First Crusade and a Foundation Narrative of Conquest, Settlement and Defeat in the Principality of Antioch Carol SWEETENHAM

255

CONTENTS

Fulcher of Chartres and Armed Pilgrims, 1104-27 James DoHERTY

273

Remembering Baldwin 1: 'Ihe Secunda pars historiae Iherosolimitane and Literary Responses to the Jerusalemite Monarchy in TwelfthCentury France AndrewD.BucK

285

'Ihe 'Land Route' to the Holy Land: Latin Travellers Crossing Asia Minor at the Time of the Early Crusades {1095-1187) Nicholas MoRTON

301

Gifts in Christian-Muslim Diplomacy in the Latin East Yvonne FRIEDMAN

315

Lions, Actual and Allegorical, in the Holy Land AndrewjOTISCHKY

327

Index

341

Tabula Gratulatoria

3 53

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List of Illustrations

Thomas W. Smith Figure

1.

MS Freiburg, Universitatsbibliothek Freiburg im Breisgau, 3 79, fol. 61 r, showing the beginning of Book X- note the preceding list of chapter titles. Generously provided without copyright restrictions by the Universitatsbibliothek Freiburg.

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Simon Thomas Parsons Figure

1.

Pagan sorceresses work their magic, in MS Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France, fr. 9081, fol. 77r. Generously provided without copyright restrictions by the Bibliotheque nationale de France.

97

Helen J. Nicholson Table

1.

A comparison of the two versions of Saladin's visit to the Hospital of Acre, in summarised translation.

225

Yvonne Friedman Figure

1.

Ring with engraving of Rogerus me tulit. Historiska museet, Stockholm, SHM 25030, Item 43950. Generously provided without copyright restrictions by the Historiska museet.

323

List of Contributors

Andrew D. Buck is a Government of Ireland Postdoctoral Fellow at University College Dublin. He completed his PhD at Q!Ieen Mary University of London in 2014 and is Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. He has published widely on the principality of Antioch, including a monograph, The Principality of Antioch and its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century ( 2017), and over a dozen articles and book chapters on Antioch and the political and cultural history of the Latin East. His current research focuses on medieval historical writing on the Crusader States. Marcus Bull is Andrew W. Mellon Distinguished Professor of Medieval and Early Modern Studies at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. He has published widely on crusading motivation and crusade narrative, and his current research interests concern the Great Siege of Malta and the memoirs ofBrantome. James Doherty is a Teaching Fellow in Medieval History at the University of Birmingham. In previous roles, he was Network Facilitator for the Leverhulmefunded project 'Charlemagne: A European Icon' at the University of Bristol, and he has taught at the Universities of Lancaster, Manchester Metropolitan, Glasgow, and Leeds, where he was Deputy Director of the Institute for Medieval Studies. His publications have examined the socio-political and cultural impacts of crusading on medieval Europe, and his first book will explore these issues by focusing on the career of Count Hugh of Champagne. Peter Edbury is Professor Emeritus at Cardiff University. He has written widely on the history of Cyprus and the Latin East, including The J(ingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191-1374 (1991) and (with the late John G. Rowe) William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East (1988). He has provided critical editions of John of Ibelin's Le Livre des Assises ( 2003) and Philip of Novara's Le Livre de Forme de Plait ( 2009). Together with Massimiliano Gaggero of the Universita degli Studi di Milano, he has been preparing an edition of the Chronicle of Ernoul and the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre (expected 2022). In 2014 he was the recipient of a Festschrift: Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, edited by Susan Edgington and Helen Nicholson.

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L IST OF CONTRIBUTORS

John France is Professor Emeritus in the History Department at Swansea University. He specialises in the history of warfare and crusading and has produced a number ofbooks, articles, and chapters in these areas. Yvonne Friedman is Professor of General History and Land of Israel Studies at Bar-Ilan University (retired). Her research foci include the crusades and MuslimCrusader peace processes in the Levant and interreligious contacts. A volume of essays under her editorship, Religion and Peace: Historical Aspects, was published by Routledge in 2018. Other fields of interest include medieval anti-Semitism, medieval art as a historical source, women in a fighting society, and pilgrimage. Martin Hall, MVO, MBE, is an independent researcher. After a non -academic career in the public and private sectors, he completed an MAin Crusader Studies ( 2009) and a PhD ( 20 1 7) at Royal Holloway, University of London. He has published Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth-Century Crusades ( 2013) with Jonathan Phillips and an edition and translation of John of Garland's De triumphis Ecclesie ( 2019). He is currently working with Peter Denley and Susan B. Edgington on a translation of Latin documents from medieval universities. Natasha Hodgson is Associate Professor in History and Director of the Centre for the Study of Religion and Conflict at Nottingham Trent University. She wrote Women, Crusading and the Holy Land ( 2017), and has co-edited Crusading and Masculinities (Abingdon, 2019); Religion and Conflict in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Identities, Communities and Authorities ( 2020); and Miracles, Political Authority and Violence in Medieval and Early Modern History ( 2021 ). She is the editor of Themes in Medieval and Early Modern History Series, and Advances in Crusader Studies (Routledge), and co-edits Nottingham Medieval Studies. She is a co-director with Chris Jones on the Canterbury Roll Project and is currently writing a monograph for Palgrave Macmillan, Gender and the Crusades. Andrew Jotischky is Professor of Medieval History at Royal Holloway, University of London. He is the co-author, with Bernard Hamilton, of Latin and Greek Monasticism in the Crusader States (2020 ), and has written extensively on the Church in the Crusader States and more widely on medieval monasticism and religious life. Katy Mortimer is a PhD researcher at Royal Holloway, University of London, working on a thesis entitled Understanding Narrative Representations of ChristianMuslim Diplomacy within a Crusading Context c. 1095-c. 1291. Her research interests include interfaith contact, narrative theory, and medieval historical writing. She has two forthcoming publications: an article in the inaugural volume of Medieval People entitled 'Networks of Crusading: An Introductory Overview of Digital Resources for Research into People, Place, and Space~ and a chapter on

LIST O F CONTRIBU T ORS

Fulcher of Chartres as a narrative source in an edited volume to be published by Boyd ell.

Nicholas Morton is Senior Lecturer in History at Nottingham Trent University. He specialises in the history of the Crusades and the Near East in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and has published extensively on these topics. His recent monographs include: The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187 (2o2o) and Encountering Islam on the First Crusade (2016). He is also editor of three Routledge book series: Rulers of the Latin East, Global Histories before Globalisation, and The Military Religious Orders: History, Sources and Memory. Alan V. Murray is Senior Lecturer in Medieval Studies at the University of Leeds and Director of the International Medieval Bibliography. He is the author of The Crusader I(ingdom ofJerusalem: A Dynastic History ( 2000) and Baldwin of Bourcq: Count of Edessa and I(ing ofJerusalem ( 2022), and editor of the four-volume reference work The Crusades: An Encyclopedia (2oo6), as well as of several collections of essays on the crusades to the Levant and the Baltic region. Helen J. Nicholson is Professor in Medieval History at Cardiff University. She has published extensively on the Templars and Hospitallers, the crusades, medieval warfare, and various related subjects. She has recently completed a study of Sybil, queen of Jerusalem, 1186-90, which has been published as part of Routledge's Rulers of the Latin East series. Simon Thomas Parsons is Lecturer in Medieval History at the University of Bristol. He was awarded his PhD in 2016 from Royal Holloway, University of London, and has held previous academic posts at both Royal Holloway and !Zing's College London. He has published variously on patterns of crusade recruitment, the chansons de geste, medieval gendered performativity, and traditions of historical storytelling relating to the First Crusade. William]. Purkis is Reader in Medieval History at the University of Birmingham. His publications include a monograph on Crusading Spirituality in the Holy Land and Iberia, c. 1095-c. 1187 (2oo8) and a co-edited special issue of the journal Material Religion entitled Material Religion in the Crusading World ( 2018). He is currently completing a book on the devotional ideas and practices of crusaders and other Latin Christians associated with the crusading movement, to be published by Yale University Press. Thomas W. Smith is l(eeper of the Scholars and Head of Oxbridge Admissions (Arts and Humanities) at Rugby School, where he teaches history. He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and the Royal Asiatic Society. His first monograph, Curia and Crusade: Pope Honorius III and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1216-1227 (2017 ), was Highly Commended in the British Records Association's Janette

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L IS T 0 F C 0 N T RI B U T 0 RS

Harley Prize 2018. He is currently completing a second monograph on The Letters from the First Crusade, to be published by the Boydell Press, and, with Susan B. Edgington, an edition and translation of the Gesta Francorum Jerusalem expugnantium traditionally attributed to Bartolf ofNangis. Beth C. Spacey is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Q!Ieensland where she is conducting research into ideas about nature and landscape in Latin crusade narratives. She gained her PhD from the University of Birmingham in 2017 and has published several articles and chapters on the miraculous and crusading. Her first book, The Miraculous and the Writing of Crusade Narrative, was published by Boydell & Brewer in 2020. Stephen J. Spencer is Leverhulme Early Career Fellow at !Zing's College London and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. In 2017-19, he was Past & Present Postdoctoral Fellow at the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, having completed his PhD at Q!Ieen Mary University of London in 2015. His first book, Emotions in a Crusading Context 109 5-1291 ( 2019), was shortlisted for the Royal Historical Society's Gladstone Prize in 2020. He has published several journal articles and book chapters on the Latin and Old French narratives of the crusades (with a particular focus on their emotional rhetoric and accounts of the Third Crusade) and his current project explores the memorialisation of the Third Crusade in western Europe between 1187 and 1300. Carol Sweetenham holds research fellowships at Warwick University and Royal Holloway, University of London. She has published widely on crusading literature, with a particular focus on Latin, Old French, and Occitan sources. She has produced a number of translations, including Robert the Monk's Historia Iherosolimitana ( 200 5) and, with Susan B. Edgington, The Chanson d'Antioche ( 2011). She is currently working with Linda Paterson and Simon Parsons on the Old French Siege d'Antioche.

List of Abbreviations

AA

BB

Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey to Jerusalem, ed. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Oxford Medieval Texts (Oxford, 2007) Baldric of Bourgueil, The Historia Ierosolimitana ofBaldric of Bourgueil, ed.

FC

Steven]. Biddlecombe (Woodbridge, 20 14) Fulcher of Chartres, Fulcheri Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana ( 109 5112

GF

7), ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer (Heidelberg, 1913)

Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum: The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem, ed. [Roger Mynors] and trans. Rosalind Hill

GN

(London, 1962) Guibert ofNogent, Dei gesta per Francos et cinq autres textes, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 127A (Turnhout,

HAl

1996) Hystoria de via et recuperatione Antiochiae atque Ierusolymarum (olim Tudebodus imitatus et continuatus): I Normannni d'Italia alla prima Crociata in una cronaca cassinese, ed. Edoardo D'Angelo (Firenze, 2009)

l{b

Epistulae et chartae ad historiam primi belli sacri spectantes: Die Kreuzzugsbriefe

MGH

ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer (Innsbruck, 1901) Monumenta Germaniae Historica

MGHSS

Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores (in folio), ed. Georg Heinrich

ov

Pertz et al., 32 vols in 34 (Hannover, 1826-1934) Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. and trans.

PG

Marjorie Chibnall, 6 vols (Oxford, 1969-80) Patrologiae cursus completus, series Graeca, ed. J.-P. Migne, 162 vols (Paris,

PL

1857-86) Patrologiae cursus completus, series Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne, 221 vols (Paris,

PT

1841-64) Peter Tudebode, Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere, ed. John H. Hill and

RA

Laurita L. Hill (Paris, 1977) Raymond of Aguilers, Le 'Liber' de Raymond d'Aguilers, ed. John H. Hill and

RC

Laurita L. Hill (Paris, 1969) Ralph of Caen, Radulphi Cadomensis Tancredus, ed. Edoardo D'Angelo,

RHCOcc

Corpus Christiano rum Continuatio Mediaevalis 23 1 (Turnhout, 2011) Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux, 5 vols (Paris,

RHCOr

1844-95) Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Orientaux, 5 vols (Paris, 1872-

aus den Jahren

1906)

1088-11001

16

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

RM WT

Robert the Monk, The Historia Iherosolimitana of Robert the Monk, ed. D. K.empf and M. G. Bull (Woodbridge, 2013) Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 67 I 67A (Turnhout, 1986)

Preface

We are indebted to Alan V. Murray for enthusiastically accepting this Festschrift into the series Outremer and for helping to steer the volume through to publication, which included offering feedback on the entire typescript. We are also grateful to Chris VandenBorre and all at Brepols involved in its publication. Our thanks also go to the Universihitsbibliothek Freiburg for allowing the publication of the cover image from the 'new' manuscript witness to Albert of Aachen's Historia under a generous Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0 licence. Susan Edgington has been, and continues to be, a great scholar, teacher, collaborator, friend, and cricket conversationalist to many scholars and students in the field of crusade studies and beyond. Sue's contribution to the study of chronicles, crusades, and the Latin East is sketched in the fine appreciation penned by William Purkis and Carol Sweetenham below. Suffice it to say here that the editors, among several of the contributors and numerous others, have benefited not only from Sue's friendship, but in particular from her famed Latin Therapy sessions in which difficult passages of Latin sources are subjected to scrutiny under her expert eye. In rooms at Qyeen Mary and Royal Holloway Colleges, University of London, and now via Zoom (in what is known as Latin Therapy Mark Two), Sue has led small armies of postgraduate students into battle against stubborn crusade texts, armed with her trusty copy of Chambers Murray Latin-English Dictionary (preferred for not including English-Latin), a seemingly encyclopaedic knowledge of both the early crusading movement and Latin literature, and a fervent (if yet unfulfilled) wish that references to Lucan would be recognised as such. Latterly, both editors have been honoured to work with Sue as collaborators. When Sue announced her retirement from teaching, we thought it would be fitting to mark her considerable contribution to the field with a collection of essays, and we are very pleased to see that impulse come to fruition in the form of the present volume. Unfortunately, we were not able to include all the chapters originally planned. In particular, the late and much missed Professor Bernard Hamilton was to contribute an essay on 'The Apocalypse and the IZingdom of Cilician Armenia, c. 1180-c. 1280: The Influence of Joachim of Fiore and Angelo Clareno: The Tabula Gratulatoria, however, includes the names of well-wishers in addition to the contributors assembled here. We offer this volume to Sue in gratitude and with respect. We hope that she will enjoy reading the essays collected herein, perhaps while ensconced in a

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PREFACE

comfortable chair, just off Malet Street, before a seminar of the Crusades and the Latin East series at the Institute of Historical Research.

Andrew D. Buck

Thomas William Smith

ANDREW D. BUCK AND

THOMAS W. SMITH

Introduction

The essays in this volume seek to contribute to the overlapping themes of chronicle, crusade, and the Latin East which have defined so much of Susan Edgington's scholarly output. The book is thus divided along these lines into three interconnected parts. Part I focuses on the sources that detail the First Crusade, and begins with a series of chapters analysing the manuscript and textual traditions of the Latin narratives of this venture. Thomas W. Smith's chapter introduces a number of 'new' manuscript witnesses to three important texts: the Gesta Francorum, and the Historiae of Albert of Aachen and Fulcher of Chartres. In addition to expanding the corpus of known manuscript sources and demonstrating that there is still work to be done in excavating the evidence from them, especially concerning their reception and transmission, Smith draws attention to a manuscript of Albert's Historia that appears to represent a significant missing link in the tradition. In the following chapter, John France pursues a critical evaluation of the relationships between the early eyewitness accounts of the First Crusade a question still fiercely debated by scholars. France analyses, among other sources, Raymond of Aguilers' Historia, the so-called Laodicea letter, sent by several leaders to Pope Urban II in September 1099, and the Gesta Francorum, evaluating them in the light of the contemporary ecclesiastical-political context and taking us a step closer to solving the textual puzzle of these interrelated sources. In doing so, moreover, he advances the argument that it is Raymond's Historia, not the Gesta Francorum, which represents our earliest surviving eyewitness account of the venture. Next, Stephen J. Spencer reconsiders the hitherto customary view that Albert's Historia is entirely detached from the other sources for the First Crusade, particularly from the traditions of the Gesta Francorum, which influenced several other narratives. Through a comparative reading of Albert's text against the Gesta, most especially concerning the sections detailing the siege of Antioch, he thus demonstrates that at least this part of Albert's narrative is related to the Gesta, if perhaps not via direct textual borrowing but rather through oral performance. He concludes, therefore, that Albert's text should not be treated as wholly independent from the tradition sparked by the Gesta a finding which has ramifications both for our understanding of the composition of the text and its use to corroborate the other narratives. The next set of chapters in Part I move from the manuscript and textual traditions of the sources for the First Crusade to the myriad ways in which we can read them. Simon Thomas Parsons makes an important contribution to the study

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I NTRODUCTION

of women on crusade in his chapter on teichoscopy (that is the act of viewing from walls), admiration, and conversion. Deconstructing the value of traditional approaches to women's roles on crusading expeditions as functional, peripheral figures often closely associated with sex work through the loaded terminology of 'camp followers~ Parsons instead centres them in the narrative sources for the First Crusade as crucial witnesses to, and validators of, crusading heroism. He argues that because acts of valour performed by male crusaders depended on a witnessing audience to be appreciated, the gazes of women (often from walls) upon crusaders locates them at the core of the value systems of crusade texts. Connected to this, Parsons also analyses the theme of Muslim conversion and involvement in the world of Christian virtues through the transmission of simple glances. In the following essay, IZaty Mortimer turns to the issue of crusader cannibalism. Exploring several early texts of the First Crusade, she challenges the common historiographical trope that crusade and cannibalism were viewed by contemporaries as incompatible, and that the stock response to these events was unbridled horror that fed into longer term traumas. In opposition to this, Mortimer situates accounts of anthrophagy against biblical exemplars with which authors and audiences would have been familiar, and, by examining the broader narrative arcs of the texts in question, demonstrates that moments of man-eating actually served to contribute to wider dialogues surrounding suffering and redemption, leadership, and God's support for the crusade. In doing so, the varied narrative purpose which accounts of cannibalism served across the corpus of First Crusade texts is made clear and the traditional belief in a uniformity of response is problematised. Next, Natasha Hodgson turns to the Historia Ierosolimitana of Baldric of Bourgeuil, analysing the varied ways in which he sought to provide his own frameworks for understanding the legitimation of authority. Exploring the presentation of power and leadership across Baldric's text, it is argued that he presented the vision of a group-led collective, held together by a unity of purpose, the intelligence and measured emotions of secular figures, and the careful pastoral guidance of certain clergy, with Christ as the ultimate leader; direct speech served as an important medium through which such ideas were carried. In tracking these themes, Hodgson suggests, we can gain a stronger insight into how Baldric himself understood authority, the message he sought to convey of the idealised Christian community, and the continued value to be found in returning even to well-known texts with fresh eyes and new perspectives. In the last chapter of Part I, Beth C. Spacey tackles the question of how the First Old French Crusade Cycle (the Chanson d'Antioche, the Chanson des Chetifs, and the Chanson de Jerusalem) produced for lay audiences of potential crusaders engaged with, and mobilised, the miraculous. Drawing out the complexity of each chanson in the cycle, it is argued that all three instalments use the miraculous in unique (if interconnected) ways that are distinct from Latin First Crusade texts but in keeping with the epic genre. Through such motifs as saintly intervention, celestial knights, and the appearance of dragons, Spacey demonstrates how the Cycle's incorporation of the miraculous contributed to the wider narrativisation of the crusade.

I NT R 0 DUCT I 0 N

Advancing from this, Part II of the book adopts a longer chronological and geographical view of the interplay between crusading and its narrativisation. Marcus Bull argues that, in order truly to understand the cultural context in which crusading unfolded, we must soften the boundaries which scholars have artificially constructed to insulate crusading from its wider surroundings. In a study of the De Gestis Herwardi, a twelfth-century text relating the adventures of Hereward 'the Wake' on the Continent and during the Penland rebellion against the Norman Conquest of England, Bull demonstrates how it can be read as a 'crusade text~ teasing out, through the narrative theory notion of 'motivation~ the more diffuse shared values, practices, and ideas which connect it to the crusading movement. In so doing, this chapter opens up new avenues for research into the cultural imprint and resonances of crusading, as well as the nature of crusade writing and medieval narratives more generally. Martin Hall then makes the case for an English translation of the early Pisan Annals (and other related texts) for the years 1 ooo-1200 Pisa's so-called 'double century: Crafting a 'helicopter view' of Pisa's military and political activities from the Annals as a prelude to the project, which will be of interest to scholars whose work touches on Pisa, the papacy, and the Holy Roman Empire in the age of the crusades, Hall reveals the richness that the Annali can also bring to the study of Italy and its interactions with Iberia, North Africa, Byzantium, Sicily and southern Italy, and the crusader states. His chapter also reveals the importance of considering how specific actors in the wider crusading movement and Mediterranean world conceptualised their own place in contemporary history. Similarly, Peter Edbury delves into high politics this time in the kingdom of Jerusalem in his chapter assessing the composition and value of the Old French Colbert-Fontainebleau Continuation of William of Tyre's history, which represents the fruits of a long-term research project. Combing through the complex textual tradition, upon which many scholars have relied, but which hitherto was only partially understood, Edbury reveals that although the Colbert-Fontainebleau Continuation is an important work of historical literature, as a historical compendium, that is a text upon which empirical reconstructions of the past might be built, it is both partisan and unreliable. Rather, it is a text influenced strongly by the particular intellectual milieu of the legalistic lay nobility linked to the inner circle of John of Brienne during his time as king of Jerusalem ( 1210-25 ), as well as their descendants, and is thus reflective of their concerns for posterity. In her chapter, Helen J. Nicholson interrogates another thirteenth-century narrative an Old French fictional tale of Sultan Saladin's visit to the Hospital in Acre and the level of treatment that he received there and what it can tell us about contemporary discourse on the Hospitallers. In the first detailed analysis of the story and its manuscript tradition, Nicholson draws out evidence of the concern among some in thirteenth-century Europe about how the Hospitallers allocated their resources in the East, as well as a strong sense of humour coursing through the text. What becomes clear, therefore, is that although the Hospitallers' charitable and medical functions were morally sound, critical discourse existed regarding whether this contributed,

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I NTRODUCTION

or might contribute, to the Order's losses in the Holy Land and Christianity's struggle against Islam (embodied here in the figure of Saladin). In the final chapter of Part II, Alan V. Murray explores another fictional story, one which revolves around the German lords of Zimmern, Baldwin I of Jerusalem, and a ghostly crusader. Murray discusses the early modern Chronicle of Zimmern, composed by the German nobleman Proben Christoph, count of Zimmern, which details the apparent adventures of one Friedrich of Zimmern during the First Crusade and the reigns of Baldwins I and II of Jerusalem, as well as Friedrich's later ghostly appearance before his descendant, Albrecht of Zimmern, alongside several companions held with him in Purgatory for their failure to preserve their ancestral lands. In analysing this text, Murray shows how Proben Christoph used it both to confect the kind of crusading lineage vital to noble status across the Middle Ages and to warn his kin against further alienating their inheritance. Part III turns to narratives concerning the Latin East. Examining the principality of Antioch in the context of national foundation narratives, Carol Sweetenham questions the extent to which we can trace such a narrative regarding the conquest, settlement, and defeat of Antioch (or Antiochene forces) in the period starting with the First Crusade and leading to the loss at Ager Sanguinis (the Field of Blood), as well as the 'after-echo' of the disastrous battle of Inab, where the principality's ruler, Raymond of Poitiers, was killed in 1149. Exploring how this foundation narrative was first concocted through the machinations of the principality's founder and First Crusade hero, Bohemond of Taranto, and how it came to shape the behaviours of successive princes in seeking battle on key feast days, particularly that of SS Peter and Paul on 28 June, she establishes that -with a bitter irony the influence of the First Crusade's success contributed to the repeated disasters which befell the principality it was designed to bolster. Moving to the kingdom of Jerusalem, James Doherty then interrogates why the chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres says so little about armed pilgrims after the First Crusade. Noting how most modern historiography has considered Fulcher's text as a composition designed (and frequently revised) to attract potential reinforcements, the author's failure to comment upon most of those who took up this challenge, as well as the military orders which emerged to contribute to Latin defences, is worthy of scrutiny. Doherty posits that this discrepancy could be the result of Fulcher's distaste for aspects of Baldwin II's rule (as well as his own disappointment at his reduced status at court following Baldwin I's death), which caused him to excise or downplay the people or actions which aggrandised the king, or even that Fulcher simply sought to construct as models only those who selflessly extended the borders of the kingdom, such as the Norwegian and Venetian fleets which came to Palestine in the early 11 oos and 1120s respectively. In Andrew D. Buck's chapter, we travel to twelfth-century France to examine how Baldwin I and the Jerusalemite monarchy were remembered in the West. Utilising a rarely used text, the adaption of Fulcher of Chartres' Historia known as the Secunda pars historiae Iherosolimitane which is traditionally, but somewhat anachronistically, attributed to Lisiard of Tours, Buck investigates what it can

I NT R 0 DUCT I 0 N

tell us about the nature and function of memories which circulated in Europe regarding the reign of Baldwin I in the mid-twelfth century. He concludes that, in portraying Baldwin as a Christ-like ruler and idealised warrior, albeit one who was humbled by God with defeat to guide him on the correct path, the Secunda historia sought to provide !Zing Louis VII of France with a model for achievable emulation that might convince him to return to the East after his failure on the Second Crusade. The rest of Part III draws on a wide pool of sources to illuminate specific aspects of travel, culture, and life in the Latin East. Nicholas Morton presents the evidence for Latin travellers who took the land route to the Holy Land between 1099 and 1187. Hitherto, it has been assumed by many scholars that, after the successes of the First Crusade, the roads across Asia Minor became steadily more dangerous and, after a time, were essentially closed to pilgrims on account of a perceived constant state of conflict. Morton's study complicates this picture by demonstrating that, aside from when a large crusade was under way, for much of the twelfth century Frankish pilgrims were reasonably free to travel across Asia Minor, and that, in the 116os and 11 7os, such travellers were positively encouraged by the Turks and the Byzantines, even being showered with gifts. The chapter which follows surveys the topic of gift-giving in a different context: that of Christian-Muslim diplomacy. Yvonne Friedman emphasises that the emotional value of objects given as gifts between Christians and Muslims at the time of the crusades was a culturally dependent concept that could change according to shifting circumstances. She shows that the reception of a diplomatic gift was determined not simply by its material worth or symbolic meaning, but by the contemporary political intentions and interests of the protagonists and the negotiation of different languages of gifts. In the final chapter of the collection, Andrew Jotischky draws out the complexity of ideas current in medieval Christendom about lions in the Holy Land. Through analysis of narratives relating to pilgrimages (armed or otherwise), monks, and holy men, as well leonine appearances in art, he shows how lions formed an important part of literary and visual depictions of the Holy Land throughout the Middle Ages. Thus, Greek and Latin authors invoked lions variously as savage beasts, as models of kingship and justice, and also as conduits for dialogues on monastic traditions, theologies of salvation, sin, and knightly heroism. Though in the Greek tradition lions became more synonymous with holy men and hermits, and in the Latin one they were adopted as images of power and nobility, Jotischky demonstrates the varied, important, and symbolic narrative functions which Holy Land lions served in constructing images of monastic, religious, and noble identities across the Christian world. What is clear, therefore, is that across this volume, the contributing authors have sought to engage with, and advance, the varied topics and approaches which have characterised Susan Edgington's many scholarly contributions and interests. Whether directly discussing her ideas, or more abstractly adding to wider debates of which she is a part, it is hoped that these chapters will serve as testament to the importance of her work and the continued value it offers to the future of the field.

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WILLIAM

J.

PURKIS AND

CAROL SWEETENHAM

Susan B. Edgington: An Appreciation

Anybody who works on the First Crusade owes Susan Edgington a huge debt of gratitude. She has made it her life's work to edit, to translate, to explain, and to illuminate the texts recounting the early history of crusading and of the Latin East. Sue is perhaps best known for her magisterial edition and translation of the Risto ria Ierosolimitana of Albert of Aachen ( 2007 ). This is a massive and important work, mostly independent of any other source and preserving large amounts of eyewitness testimony about the First Crusade and the first decades of the crusader states. Before Sue's work it was accessible only in the nineteenthcentury edition of the Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, and often underrated and underused as a result. It is now hard to imagine studying the First Crusade or the early history of the Latin East without access to Albert, not only in terms of the substantial information he provides found in no other source, but also in terms of understanding how a medieval historian could gather and compile such a large amount of testimony, much of it oral. This work alone would suffice to ensure her immortality on the shelves of all serious research libraries around the world. Making Albert's twelve books accessible was just the start, however. Sue has gone on to open up numerous other texts to students of the crusading movement. Together with Tom Asbridge she produced a translation of the chronicle of Walter the Chancellor ( 1999), thus providing an accessible insight into the early history of Antioch as a crusader state. More recently, she has worked with Steven Biddlecombe to produce the first English translation of Baldric of Bourgueil's Historia Ierosolimitana ( 2020); and her current project is to work on an edition and translation of the text commonly ascribed to Bartolf of Nangis, with Tom Smith. It will be apparent from the above that people queue up to collaborate with Sue. And no surprise: she is a generous and constructive collaborator with whom it is a privilege to work. I ( CS) first met Sue in 2oo s at a Rencesvals conference in Cambridge. We spent hours talking about the texts of the First Crusade, and by the end of the conference we had agreed to work together on a translation of the Chanson d~ntioche: Sue would bring historical expertise and I would

Chronicle, Crusade, and the Latin East, ed. by Andrew D. Buck and Thomas W. Smith, Outremer: Studies in the Crusades and the Latin East, 16 (Turnhout, 2022), pp. 25-32 BR.EPOLS ~ PUBLISHE RS DOI10.1484/M.OUTREMER-EB.5.128879

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WIL L IAM

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PURKIS AND CARO L SWEETENHAM

supply the literary background. To work with Sue in this way was a privilege. We quickly found that our differing backgrounds made translation an enjoyable and stimulating process, with two heads better than one. Sue had an uncanny knack for toning down the irrational exuberance of this particular translator: I remember an attempt to translate 'balz e lie' as 'over the moon' meeting with the tart rejoinder, 'and was Godfrey sick as a parrot then?' Being able to work together on disentangling the complex history and sources of the text was fascinating and allowed us to combine our different perspectives. Sue's unparalleled knowledge of Albert of Aachen was invaluable in the study of a text that shows numerous parallels with, but not obvious borrowings from, his Historia. Having completed our translation of the Antioche in 2011, Sue subsequently generously commented on and improved my translation of its companion texts, the Chanson des Chetifs and the Chanson de Jerusalem. Since then, Sue and I have continued to correspond on a range of issues reflecting her extensive interests and expertise, from medieval medical treatments to the finer points of whether crusaders might have eaten an early form of quiche (we eventually opted for a more run-of-the-mill rendering). Her sharp intellect, wide-ranging knowledge, and wry ability to ask just the right question make such exchanges a pleasure. Sue's interests range far and wide, however, thus taking her work far beyond editing and translating. She has produced articles on subjects as diverse as espionage and the use of carrier pigeons on crusade, the portrayal of crusade in recent fiction (showing an extraordinary instinct for finding obscure novels), and a fight between Wicher the Swabian and a giant. More recently, Sue has also produced a monograph on !Zing Baldwin I of Jerusalem's eighteen-year reign following his brother Godfrey of Bouillon's death, as part of a series of new studies of the Rulers of the Latin East ( 2019). She has also co-edited three important collections of essays: Gendering the Crusades with Sarah Lambert ( 2001), Jerusalem the Golden: The Origins and Impact of the First Crusade with Luis Garcia-Guijarro (2014), and Deeds Done Beyond the Sea: Essays on William of Tyre, Cyprus and the Military Orders Presented to Peter Edbury with Helen Nicholson (2014). All this has given her an encyclopaedic knowledge which enables her to make links and ask truly insightful questions, to the benefit of speakers and audiences alike. Much of the present volume rightly celebrates Sue's achievements as a researcher but it is important, too, to acknowledge her considerable gifts as a teacher. From 1976 to 1997 she taught numerous cohorts of Further Education students at Huntingdonshire Regional College (now the Huntingdon campus of Cambridge Regional College). At the book launch for her edition of Albert of Aachen in 2007, Sue spoke fondly and proudly of her experiences of working in Further Education, all of which no doubt informed her enthusiastic and empathetic approach to teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students at the Open University and at Qyeen Mary, University of London, from 1997 onwards. I (WJP) had the privilege of working closely with Sue at Qyeen Mary from 200 s to 2007, principally through delivering a survey module on medieval Europe for first-year undergraduates. Teaching with Sue was a formative experience. In our

SU SA N B . E D G I N G T 0 N : A N A P P R E C I AT I 0 N

first year of working together, before we would go our separate ways to deliver the various weekly seminars for the module, I would attend Sue's fifty-minute lectures, through which I had an exceptional opportunity to observe, appreciate, and learn from her pedagogical expertise not least her command of pacing, her effective use of a range of visual aids, and her understanding of the value of a good anecdote as an entry-point to any new topic. In the year that followed, however, our roles were reversed: I lectured, Sue observed, and in an end-of-the-day debrief she would always make the time to give me her reflections and suggestions, both on matters of style and content, in conversations that proved to be invaluable for my own development as a teacher. This generosity was and is absolutely characteristic of Sue's mentorship of, and kindness towards, postgraduate students and early career researchers more generally. In addition to her official teaching responsibilities at Q!Ieen Mary, Sue has for many years taken the time to organise and lead a regular, informal seminar for PhD students and early career researchers working in crusading studies, known to aficionados as 'Latin Therapy: These sessions normally timed to precede a meeting of the Crusades seminar at the Institute of Historical Research were conceived to enable students to work through any particularly thorny passages of Latin that they were grappling with, translating collaboratively with their peers under Sue's guidance and supervision. One attendee of the seminar has written that 'Coming together with fellow early career scholars for the communal catharsis of Latin Therapy ... was a true highlight of my time as a doctoral student: At a time when opportunities for postgraduates and early career researchers to practise their Latin and especially the medieval Latin used by the authors of their sources without formal accreditation or assessment are few and far between, Sue's coordination of these sessions (together, more recently, with one of the seminar's graduates, Martin Hall) has been invaluable. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to say that Sue's mentoring of young Latinists with interests in crusading studies has been instrumental for the careers of many junior scholars within and beyond the United IZingdom. Both of us count ourselves lucky to have Sue as a collaborator, a colleague, and a friend. Combined, we have lost track of the number of pizzas eaten together with her after the Crusades seminar at the Institute of Historical Research not to mention the number of text messages exchanged to provide updates on the cricket score and we have many happy memories of travelling and conferencing together, whether negotiating power-cuts on the Euston Road, eating frozen yoghurt in the heat of southern Spain at 1 a.m., or, memorably, a deft rescue from an interesting position during an epic wine-tasting in Hungary. This Festschrift is a way for Sue's many friends, colleagues, and collaborators to thank her for a lifetime's work of opening up and bringing new perspectives to the texts we all work with. It is a truism to say that somebody has made a massive contribution to their field. For Sue that is the literal truth: all of us in some way or other draw on her scholarship and the field of crusade studies is the better for it.

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PURKIS AND CARO L SWEETENHAM

Susan B. Edgington: A Bibliography

1.

'Pagan Peverel: An Anglo-Norman Crusader', in Crusade and Settlement: Papers Read at the First Conference of the SSCLE and Presented toR. C. Smail, ed. Peter W Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 90-93

2.

'Siward- Siward- Sifrid? The Career of an English Missionary in Scandinavia', Northern

Studies 26 (1989), 56-59 3. 'The First Crusade', in Chronicles of the Crusades, ed. Elizabeth Hallam (London, 19 8 9),

PP· 59-113 1994 4· '[The View] From Aachen: A New Perspective on Relations between the Crusaders and

Byzantium, 1095-112o~MedievalHistory4 (1994), 156-69 5. 'Medical Knowledge in the Crusading Armies: The Evidence of Albert of Aachen and Others~

in The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick, ed. Malcolm Barber (Aldershot, 1994), pp. 320-26

6. 'The Doves ofWar: The Part Played by Carrier Pigeons in the Crusades', Autour de la

Premiere Croisade, ed. Michel Balard (Paris, 1996), pp. 167-75 7· The First Crusade (London, 1996) 8. 'The Lisbon Letter of the Second Crusade~ Historical Research 69 ( 1996), 328-39 1997 9· 'The First Crusade: Reviewing the Evidence', in The First Crusade: Origins and Impact,

ed.Jonathan Phillips (Manchester, 1997 ), pp. 57-77

1998 1 o.

'Albert of Aachen and the chansons de geste', in The Crusades and their Sources: Essays

Presented to Bernard Hamilton, ed. John France and William G. Zajac (Aldershot, 1998), pp. 23-37

SUSAN B. EDGINGTON: AN APPREC I ATION

11. 'Albert of Aachen Reappraised', in From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies, 1095 - 15oo, ed. Alan V. Murray (Turnhout, 1998 ), pp. 55-67 12. 'Medical Care in the Hospital of StJohn in Jerusalem', in The Military Orders, Volume Welfare and Warfare, ed. Helen Nicholson (Aldershot, 19 9 8), pp. 27-3 3

2:

1999 13. 'The Hospital of StJohn in Jerusalem', in Medicine in Jerusalem through the Ages, ed. Zohar Amar, Efraim Lev and Joshua Schwartz (Tel Aviv, 1999 ), pp. ix-xxv 14. (translator) Walter the Chancellor's The Antiochene Wars, with Thomas S. Asbridge (Aldershot, 1999) 2000

15· 'Holy Land, Holy Lance: Religious Ideas in the Chanson d'Antioche', Studies in Church

History 36 (2ooo), 142-53 2001

16. 'Albert of Aachen, St Bernard and the Second Crusade', in The Second Crusade: Scope

and Consequences, ed. Martin Hoch and Jonathan Phillips (Manchester, 2001), pp. 5470 17. Gendering the Crusades, ed. with Sarah Lambert (Cardiff, 200 1) 18. ' "Sont