Chinese Porcelain Marks from Coastal Sites in Kenya: aspects of trade in the Indian Ocean, XIV-XIX centuries 9780860540182, 9781407347233

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Maps
PUBLICATIONS REFERRED TO IN THE CATALOGUE
THE CATALOGUE
MING PERIOD
K'ANG HSI PERIOD
18TH AND 19TH CENTURY
LOCALLY ACQUIRED PORCELAIN
LIST OF CLASSES REFERRED TO IN CATALOGUE

Citation preview

Chinese Porcelain Marks from Coastal Sites in Kenya: aspects of trade in the Indian Ocean, XIV -XIX centuries Caroline Sassoon

BAR International Series (Supplementary) 43 1978

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil .

D. R. Walker, M.A.

B .A.R. International Series (Supplementary) 43, 1978: "Chinese Porcelain Marks from Coast.al Sites in Kenya". © Caroline Sassoon, 1978.

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540182 paperback ISBN 9781407347233 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540182 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS Page Acknow ledge men ts I n troduct ion

1

Maps :

9

The w estern I nd ian O cean s how ing a pprox i mate t rade r outes S ites o n t he K enya Coast a t wh ich marked Ch inese p orce la in h as b een f ound

1 0

Pub l icat ions r eferred t o i n t he c ata logue

1 1

The Ca ta logue:

1 3

M ing Per iod Ch 'eng h ua n ien h ao

1 4 1 4

Co mmendat ion a nd g ood w ish marks

1 8

l marks Hal

3 2

S quare marks ( good w ish )

3 4

I Vang Hs i Per iod

4 2

K 'ang h s i n ien h ao

4 2

Ch 'eng h ua n ien h ao

5 0

Ch 'eng h ua n ien h ao s quare marks

5 8

Ch ia Ch ing n ien h ao

6 0

Ch ia Ch ing n ien h ao s quare mark

6 2

Hsuan t e n ien h ao

6 2

Co m menda t ion marks

6 2

Good w ish marks

8 0

l marks Hal

8 4

S y mbo ls

9 2

1 8th a nd 1 9th Century

1 08

Co m mendat ion marks

1 08

Co m mendat ion o r g ood w ish marks ?

1 18

Mou lded marks

1 28

ly a Marks o n l ocal cqu ired p orce la in

1 32

L ist o f C lasses r eferred t o i n Ca ta logue

1 38

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

Iwou ld l i ke p ar t icu lar ly t o t hank Dr J ohn P ope a nd M iss Mary T regear f or t he ir p a t ience a nd g eneros i ty i n a nswer ing my mu l t i tud inous q ues t ions , a nd S ir J ohn Add is f or h is k ind e ncourage men t ; Omar Bwana , Cura tor o f F or t l l ec J esus Museu m , f or a low ing me c o mp le te f reedo m t o s tudy t he c ol t ion ; tick Mr N . C h it , D irector o f t he B r i t ish I ns t i tu te i n E as t A fr ica , whose i dea t he c a ta logue was f or a g ran t t owards p ho tograph ic c os ts ;

R obin P iercy a nd

l a my h usband f or b eing t he p ho tographers , a nd my s on C r ispin , f or s k il nd p a t ience i n t he d ark-roo m ;

ly a nd , f inal , Dr J ere my G reen , b u t f or whose

s ugges t ion t h is c a ta logue wou ld n o t h ave b een p ub l ished .

Mr . R ichard Wi ld ing , o f Add is A baba Un ivers i ty , h as r epor ted t he e x isl ec t ence o f a bou t 2 50 marks o nb lue a nd wh i te C h inese p orce la in c ol ted b y h im , ma in ly o n t he n or th K enya c oas t , wh i ls t h e was work ing f or t he B r i t ish I ns t i tu te o f Archaeology a nd P reh is tory i n N a irobi .

F ro m t he p ho tocop ies

o f t he marks s een b y t he wr i ter , t hey a pparen t ly c ons is t o f a few f ro m t he K 'ang h s i p er iod , t he ma jor i ty b e ing 1 8 th a nd 1 9th c en tur ies . Un for tuna te ly t ime d id n ot p er m i t t heir i nc lus ion i n t h is c a ta logue , b u t i ti s h oped t ha t Mr . l p Wi ld ing w il ub l ish t he m i n t he n ear f u ture .

I NTRODUCT ION

T he p urpose o f t h is p aper i s t o r ecord a r epresen ta t ive s e lec t ion o f marks o n C h inese p orce la in f ound i n e xcava t ions o f I s la m ic s i tes o n t he K enya c oas t , a nd n ow i n t he Museu m a t F or t J esus , Mo mbasa . T he d urabi l i ty o f p orce la in makes i to ne o f t he mos t r eward ing s ubs tances f or a rchaeo log is ts , b u t i t s l ack o f d ocu men ta t ion a s a n i t em o f t rade c auses t he r esearcher much f rus tra t ion .

T he t o ta l r ecorded e v idence o f t rade o n

t h is c oas t , i n Arab , C h inese a nd European s ources , t oge ther w i th r ecorded t o ra l h is tory , amoun ts t o v ery l i t le , a nd a s ar esu l t t he s a me i n for ma t ion i s q uo ted w i th d epress ing r egu lar i ty i n i n troduc t ion a f ter i n troduc t ion . I n t he e v idence t ha t d oes e x is t , r e ferences t o p orce la in a s at rade i t em a re a l mos t n on-ex is tan t , a nd many a t e mp t ing d escr ipt ion o f ac oas ta l s u l tan 's h osp i ta l i ty , f men t ion ing t he v ar ie ty o f f oods o fered t o t he v is i tors , madden ing ly n eg lec ts f t o s ta te wha t i t was o fered o n .

Bu t , b y t he a l mos t i ndes truc table e v idence

o f t housands o f p ieces o f p orce la in , t rade i np orce la in t here was , a nd f req uen t ly t he s herds t he mse lves p rove t o b e t he o n ly d a teab le a rchaeolog ica l r e ma ins . tick C h it , i n h is p aper T he p eop l ing o f t he E as t A fr ican C oas t ,

ls ta tes

t ha t

t here h ave b een s et nt he c oas t f ro m a t l eas t a s e ar ly a s t he b eg inn ing tlers o ecords t ha t merchan ts f ro m S .W . o f t he C hr is t ian e ra , a nd t he P er ip lus 2 r Arabia i n ter marr ied w i th t he c oas ta l p eople a nd " knew t he ir l anguage" . a lso d escr ibes t he f irs t r ecorded t rade i t e ms ;

I t

"Much i vory i s t aken away

f ro m t hese p laces ...and r h inoceros h orn a nd t or toise-shel i feren t f ro m l, d f t ha t o f I nd ia , a nd a l i t le c oconu t o i l ." t

S o t he Arabs h ad e v iden t ly a wel sl e

t ab l ished t rade u p a nd d own t he c oas t a t l eas t b y t he s econd c en tury A .D., t hough t here i s s o me q ues t ion a s t o h ow f ar s ou th t hey h ad v en tured , t he " las t ( i .e . s ou thernmos t . C .S .) ma in land marke t t own o f A zan ia , wh ich i s c al l ed Rhapta" h av ing n ot y e t b een i den ti f ied . I ti s n o t u n t i l t he s ix th c en tury , ag ap o f f our h undred y ears , t ha t t here i s a no ther r e ference t o t rade w i th t he E as t C oas t , when C os mas I nd icop leus tes 3 men t ions t he c oas t o f ' E th iop ia ', p resen t d ay S o ma l ia , a nd t hen t here i s a no ther rog ap u n t i l Tuan C h 'eng S h ih , wr i t ing a c ol t ion o f h earsay d escr ipt ions4 p l ec i s ts t he p roduc ts o f t he c oas t o f P pa l ia s b ab ly b ased o n Arab s ources , 5 l i vory a nd ambergr is . P o p a l ii s aC h inese r ender ing o f B erberab s o t ha t t he c oas t o f S o ma l ia i s a ga in t he a rea r e ferred t o . A l Mas 'ud i , a n Arab who h ad h i mse l f v is i ted C h ina a nd t he e as tern c oas t o f A fr ica i nt he t en th c en tury , d escr ibes t he p eop le a nd p roduc ts o f t he l and o f Z an j.

s t he c oas ta l a rea s ou th o f Z an j i s i den ti f ied b y T r im m ingha m 7 a

B erbera where t he i nhabi tan ts h ad a l ingua f ranca a nd t raded w i th Arabs , a nd whose o ver lord l i ved a t Mo mbasa .

A l Mas 'ud i s ta tes t ha t i vory t usks weigh-

i ng f i f ty p ounds a nd more were e xpor ted , a nd t ha t ; a nd f ro m t here a re s en t t o C h ina a nd I nd ia .

" they u sual o t o Oman , ly g

T h is i s t he c h ie f t rade r ou te , a nd

i fi t were n o t s o , i vory wou ld b e c o m mon i n Mus l im l ands ." 1

T h is i s t he f irs t

r e ference t o t rad ing w i th C h ina b y s ea , a nd A l Mas 'ud i a lso s ugges ts a r eason f or t he C hinese i n teres t i n i vory , r ecord ing t ha t a l h igh o f ic ia ls u se i vory l f p a lanqu ins a nd " no o f icer o r n o tab le d ares t o c o me i n to t he r oya l p resence f i n a n i ron p a lanqu in . "8

I n t he t h ir teen th c en tury , i n 1 226 , aC h inese c omm is-

s ioner o f f oreign t rade p rov ides t he f i rs t men t ion- o f p orce la in .

9

" Every

y ear t he Hu c h 'a l a ( Gu jera t ) a nd T a s h i ( Arab ) l oca l i t ies a long t he s ea c oas t s end s h ips t o t h is c oun try ( Zanzibar . C . S . )w i th wh i te c ot lo th , p orce la in , t on c c opper a nd r ed c ot o t rade ." And i n t he s a me c en tury t he C h inese a u thor it on t t ies , b e ing worr ied b y t he amoun t o f s pec ie u sed t o p ay f or c o m mod i t ies f ro m A fr ica , p rescr ibed p ay men t i n s i lk , b rocade , l acquered ware a nd p orce la in . " O f t hese , o n ly t he p orce la in h as s urv ived . T he C h inese t rade was c arr ied b y Arabs a nd I nd ians a nd i t was o n ly d ur ing t he n ava l e xped i t ions s en t b y t he M ing Yung L o Emperor i n t he f i f teen th c en tury t ha t C h inese s h ips a c tual eached t he e as t c oas t o f A fr ica . ly r

I n 1 417 a nd 1 421

t hey v is i ted Ma l ind i a nd i t was t here t ha t t hey f ound t he f a mous f irs t g iraf fe e ver t o b e s een i n C h ina .

1 1

A l though b y t hen t he C h inese were i n teres ted i n

t rade i n ambergr is , i vory , r h inoceros h orn , f rank incense , myrrh a nd t or toisel, s hel

1 2

t here i s , u n for tuna te ly , n o r ecord o f t he n ava l s h ips e ngag ing i n t rade .

T he P er iplus , i n a dd i t ion t o c on ta in ing t he f irs t r e ference t o e as t c oas t t rade , a lso g ives t he f irs t men t ion o f s et tlers , t he f orerunners o f t he i nhab it an ts o f t he I s la m ic s i tes f ro m wh ich t he p orce la in s herds c o me .

T he a rchaeo-

l og ica l e v idence s ugges ts t ha t a l though t he merchan ts were Arabs , t here were tle men I s la m ic s et ts e xcep t o n t he c oas ta l i s lands , u n t i l t he f our teen th c en tury .1 3 Bu t d ur ing t he f our teen th c en tury t he s et tlers s pread u p a nd d own t he c oas t , c ons truc t ing , i n K irkman 's words , " a u n i for m , p redo m inan t ly Arab , u rban c u l ture , marked b y h ouses , mosques a nd t o mbs b u i l t o f r ubb le masonry , a nd b y t he u se o f impor ted p orce la in a nd g lazed e ar thernware . "1 4 T he h is tory f eren tick h o f t he i s lands was d if t , f or C h it as f ound a t Manda , a n i s land i n t he tle men La mu a rch ipe lago , r e ma ins o f al arge s et t d a t ing b ack t o t he n in th c en tury a nd p oss ib ly e ar l ier ,

1 5

a nd p resu meab ly t he i nhabi tan ts were Mus l i ms .

G ar lake , i n t he i n troduc t ion t o h is d e ta i led d escr ipt ion o f t he e ar ly I s la m ic a rch i tec ture o f t h is c oas t , s ays :

" the r e l ig ion was I s la m a nd t he f unda men ta l

b ases o f t he c u l ture c a me f ro m a broad .

I n l anguage a nd t he ma ter ia ls o f

e veryday l i fe t he l oca l A fr ican i n f luence was s trong ....The r esu l t ing s ty le ( o f a rch i tec ture . C . S . )i s i nd iv idua l t o t he c oas t a nd h o mogeneous t hroughou t 6 i t s l eng th . "1

The l anguage was S wah i l i a nd j us t i f ies t he d escr ip t ion o f t he

s i tes a s S wah i li r a ther t han Arab , T r imm ingha m d escr ibing t he i nhab i tan ts a s b e ing , i nt he t wel f th c en tury , " Is la m ized B an tu w i th a n Arab r u l ing c lass tle men mod i f ied t hrough s et t o n t he c oas t a nd i n ter marr iage w i th i t s i nhab i7 t an ts . "1

One o f t he p ecu l iar ly A fr ican o r S wah i l i f ea tures o f t he a rch i tec tura l s ty le p rov ides t he r eason f or t he i n teres t i n i mpor ted p orce la in a nd g lazed e ar thernware , t hough i ti s n o t d e mons trable whe ther t h is p ar t icu lar u se o f c era m ics was a c ause o r ar esu l t o f t he ir impor ta t ion .

T he I s la m ic r e l ig ion d e mands

d a i ly p rayer i n a mosque , a b lu t ions b e fore p rayer , t he s ec lus ion o f wo men , l ow i a nd a p roper b ur ia l , a nd c er ta in t ypes o f b u i ld ing t here fore f ol t s s pread . lings I n t he c oas ta l s ty le o f t he n ecessary mosques , t o mbs , a nd dwel , b ow ls ls a nd d ishes o f impor ted c era m ics were s e t i n to t he c e i l ings , m ihrabs , w al

2

a nd p il , a nd , f or p rac t ica l r easons , i n to t he b ot f a b lu t ions t anks . l ars t o ms o The e ar l ies t c era m ics u sed i nt h is way were g lazed e ar thernware , ( i n K i lwa , T anzan ia ) b u t b y t he mid-fi f teen th c en tury C h inese p orce la in , a nd , r are ly , c e ladon , was e xc lus ive ly u sed .

T h is u se p ers is ted u n t i l t he impor ta t ion o f

European c era m ics d ur ing t he l a te n ine teen th c en tury .

T he n umber o f t hese

c era m ic i nser ts v ar ied c ons iderab ly , G ar lake s ays i ncreas ing ly a s t he d ev e lop men t p roceeded ,1 8 a nd t hough t he ma jor i ty o f mihrabs , f or i ns tance , d isp layed f ro m t hree t o s ix i nser ts , an ine teen th c en tury mosque a t T undwa , Pa te I s land , h as n o l ess t han f i f ty . A l though t h is f or m o f a rch i tec tura l embel ishmen t i s k nown n owadays i n d o mes t ic b u i ld ings i n N ubia a nd N iger ia , i t s u se a t a n e ar ly d a te , a nd , e xcep t f or o ne e xa mple i n T anzan ia , i t s r es tr ic t ion t o mosques a nd t o mbs s ee ms t o b e c on f ined t o t he e as t A fr ican c oas t .

T he i nser ts were u sual n t he p il ly i l ars

a nd wal f t o mbs , a nd o n t he s pandr i l o f t he mihrab a nd i t s s uppor t ing wal ls o ls i n mosques .

T he a b lu t ion t anks h ad o n ly o ne o r t wo d ishes ;

t he p rac t ica l

r eason f or t heir p resence b e ing t ha t smal ish were k ep t i n t he t anks t o e a t l f mosqu i to l arvae , a nd , t o e nsure t he ir s urv iva l s hou ld t he wa ter l eve l d rop , t he d ishes were s e t i n t he b ot o r e ta in t he l as t d rops a nd s us ta in t he f ish . tom t Bes ides t he a rch i tec tura l u se o f impor ted c era m ics , t here c an b e n o d oubt , f ro m t he a rchae log ica l e v idence , t ha t t hey were a lso u sed i np r iva te h ouses f or d isp lay a nd a s t ab leware . B y t he f i f teen th c en tury t he s et ts were e s tab l ished a nd t he t rade i n tle men p orce la in h ad b egun .

T he P or tugese , i nvad ing t he c oas t d ur ing t h is c en tury ,

g radual on trol he b u lk o f t he I nd ian Ocean t rad ing , b u t t he ir ma in i n teres t ly c l ed t was t he c arry ing o f g oods t o E urope , a nd t he c oas ta l t raders c on t inued a s b e fore , w i th t e mporary s e tbacks h ere a nd t here .

I n 1 563 a V ene t ian merchan t ,

M . C aesar F reder icke v is i ted I nd ia , a nd d escr ibed t he p or t o f C hau l , n or th o f H e s ays t ha t t he l arge G oa , a s b e ing h a l f a Moor ish t own , h a l f P or tuguese . 19 amoun ts o f merchand ise t here i nc lude " Porce la in o f Ch ina ," a nd t ha t t he d es t in a t ions f or t he merchand ise i nc lude " the c oas ts o f Me l inde , "b u t h e d oes n ot s pec i f ical i s t " Porce la in" amongs t t he m . ly l wr i t ing i n Ma lacca i n 1 512 , s ta tes t ha t

B u t T o me P ires , aP or tuguese

Arab merchan ts t ook w i th t he m , among

o ther i t e ms , p orce la in f or t rad ing i n Mogad ishu a nd Ma l ind i among o ther p or ts .

2 °

T he P or tuguese , a l though c arry ing t he b u lk o f t he ir c argo b ack t o

Europe , r e ta ined a c er ta in amoun t o f p orce la in f or t heir o wn u se , b o th i n t he ir s h ips ,

2 1

a nd i nt he ir r es idences .

E xcava t ions i n F or t J esus s ugges t

t ha t u pwards o f 1 ,330 p orce la in v esse ls were u sed d ur ing t heir h undred y ears o ccupancy .

2 2

T he P or tuguese were f inal ly d r iven o u t o f Mo mbasa , b y s ickness

a nd t he Oman i Arabs , i n 1 698 , a nd a l though t hey s et tled e lsewhere o n t he A fr ican c oas t , t hey h ad n o b ase l e f t i n K enya , a nd t he t raders c on t inued a s b e fore , w i th Europeans a nd Amer icans o ccas ional ly v is i t ing , ma in ly f or s lave t rad ing . C h inese p orce la in c on t inued t o b e impor ted o n t he c oas t u n t i l t he midd le o f t he n ine teen th c en tury , when t he p orce la in f ac tor ies a t C h ing t e c hen lions were d es troyed a nd t rade d isrup ted b y t he T a ip ing r ebel , a nd ' European c h ina ' c ap tured t he marke t , b u t t here a re n o f ur ther men t ions o f i ti n d ocumen ts o r r ecords o f t rade , a nd t he s herds t he mselves p rov ide t he o n ly e v idence . The I s la m ic s i tes i n wh ich t he ma jor i ty o f t he s herds were f ounds , a par t l o f ro m t hose i n F or t J esus , mus t n u mber wel ver a h undred f or t he E as t A fr ican c oas t , a nd i n K enya f or ty h ave b een r ecorded , o f wh ich t en h ave b een 3

s ys te ma t ical ly e xcava ted .

S o me o f t he p orce la in h as r e ma ined i n t he i nser ts

i n t he t o mbs a nd mosques , b u t mos t o f i th ad b roken o r b een p r ised o u t o f t he i nser ts , a nd t oge ther w i th s herds f ro m d o mes t ic p orcela in , was f ound g round d ur ing e xcava t ion .

i n t he

A smal l n u mber o f s herds h ave a lso b een f ound

wash ing o u t o n t o t he b eaches n ear t he s i tes .

T he s i tes , w i th t he e xcep t ion

l o f F or t J esus , c an b e b road ly g rouped i n to t hree s or ts , a nd a l o f t he m a re l ec c ol t ions o f r u ined c ora l s tone b u i ld ing .

T he l arges t were f or ti f ied t owns

ls l p w i th d e fens ive wal , c on ta in ing l arge a nd smal r iva te b u i ld ings , mosques a nd a d jacen t t o mbs .

l er a l The s econd g roup c o mpr ises smal reas w i th smal

d o mes t ic b u i ld ings , mosques a nd t o mbs , a nd t he t h ird c on ta ins mosques a nd t o mbs o n ly .

T he h ouses wh ich mus th ave b een a d jacen t t o t he b u i ld ings i n

t he t h ird g roup wou ld h ave b een made o f e ar th a nd w ood , a nd wou ld h ave r ap id ly d isappeared a f ter t hey were a bandoned .

l A l t hese s i tes d a te f ro m t he

l t h ir teen th o r f our teen th c en tur ies a nd a l c eased t o b e o ccupied t owards t he e nd o f t he s ix teen th . T he e vacua t ions were a pparen t ly n o t t oo h urr ied , f or v ery f ew h ouseho ld g oods were l e f t b eh ind , a nd a re t hough t t o h ave b een la c aused b y t he a dvance o f t he Gal , a maraud ing p eop le f ro m wha t i s n ow S o mal ia . O f t he s i tes wh ich h ave b een e xcava ted , f our , G ed i , Ungwana , Mnaran i , a nd K inun i ( Kurwi tu ) , h ave p roduced e xa mp les o f p orce la in marks . Ungwana a nd Mnaran i a re t own s i tes ;

G ed i ,

K inun i ( a lso k nown a s Kurw i tu ) i s i n

l ar t l p t he t hird g roup , as i te w i th p il o mbs a nd a smal r iva te h ouse n earby . The o ther marks , a par t f ro m t hose f ound i n F or t J esus , c o me f ro m u nexcav a ted s i tes , Ma mbru i a nd Ma l ind i o n t he ma in land , a nd P a te i n t he L a mu a rch ipelago . G ed i s ee ms t o h ave b een t he l arges t a nd b es t f or ti f ied , h av ing ls l a t o ne p er iod t wo d e fens ive wal , a nd a ccord ing t o t he e xcava tor o f a l t hese s i tes , J a mes K irk man , i tr eached i t s p eak o f p rosper i ty i n t he f i f teen th c en tury . l er t t Ungwana a nd Mnaran i were smal owns , t he l a ter , h av ing a mosque a nd t o mbs w i th p ar t icu lar ly g ood c u t c ora l d es igns a nd i nscr ip t ions , was t he s i te o f t he o ld K i li f i . Ma mbru i , n or th o f Ma l ind i , i s al arge a rea w i th a mosque l ar a nd t o mbs , o ne o f t he m u n ique i n i t s p il , wh ich mus t h ave s tood t wen ty s even f ee t when i t was e rec t , w i th t en M ing p la tes i n i nser ts a nd a c e ladon v ase o n t op.

l I np resen t d ay Ma l ind i a l t races o f t he o ld t own h ave

l ar t g one , e xcep t f or t wo p il o mbs s tand ing n ear t he b each .

P a te , a town s i te

tick l ech as b een s urveyed a nd t es t t renched b y C h it , b u t t he marks i n t h is c ol t ion c o me f ro m s urface f inds t here . For t J esus , t he s i te o n t he K enya c oas t wh ich h as y ie lded b y f ar t he l arges t l a n u mber o f p orce la in s herds , a s wel s many c era m ics n o t o f C h inese o r ig in , f eren h as a d if t h is tory .

Bu i l t b y t he P or tuguese a t t he e nd o f t he s ix teen th

c en tury ,t he impor ted c era m ics i tc on ta ined were e n t ire ly f or d o mes t ic u se , a nd t he s herds p rov ide a c on t inuous r ecord o f c era m ic impor ts f ro m t he l a te s ix teen th c en tury , when t he o ther s i tes were a bandoned , t o t he e nd o f t he n inet een th c en tury .

T he P or tuguese were d r iven away f ro m Mo mbasa a t t he e nd

o f t he s even teen th c en tury a nd t he Oman i Arabs who t ook o ver t he F or t e v id en t ly impor ted c ons iderab le amoun ts o f C h inese p orce la in f or t he ir own u se . I n 1 697 a P or tuguese s h ip s ank j us t i n f ron t o f t he F or t , a nd t he e xcava t ion o f wha t a re t aken t o b e h er r e ma ins i s i n p rocess a t t h is wr i t ing .

T hree p ieces

o f marked p orce la in h ave s o f ar b een r e tr ieved f ro m t he u nderwa ter s i te .

4

t ers d C h inese p ot id n o t s tar t mark ing p orcela in c ons is ten t ly u n t i l t he midd le o f t he f i f teen th c en tury .

l The f irs t marks were a l r eign marks ; t ha t

i s , t hey b ore t he n a me o f t he d ynas ty a nd t he r e ign n a me o f t he emperor . A t f irs t o n ly p ieces wh ich were made f or Imper ia l u se were s o marked , b u t j udg ing f ro m t he marks o n e xpor ted p orce la in , t hese marks q u i te s oon were l ence u sed o n o ther ware a s as or t o f g uaran tee o f e xcel .

Dur ing t he r eign o f

t ers b t he emperor whose r e ign n a me was Wan l i , 1 573-1619 , p ot egan t o p u t r eign marks o f e ar l ier r eigns o n t he p orce la in , n ot w i th i n ten t t o d e fraud , b u t t o e nhance t he v a lue o f t he o b jec t , a nd t h is p rac t ice p reva i led f or t he who le o f c en tury , t hus c on fus ing t he i nexper ienced p orce la in c ol tor . l ow l ec t he f ol ing . The ma jor i ty o f t he s herds b ear ing t he r eign n a me C h 'eng h ua , 1 465-1487, i n t h is c ol t ion were i n f ac t made d ur ing t he r e ign o f t he emperor k nown a s l ec K 'ang h s i , 1 662-1722 . The r e ign marks a re k nown a s n ien h ao , a nd a re wr it n d if t f or ms . t en i f eren The mos t c o m mon i s as ix c harac ter f or m a nd wou ld r ead , f or i ns tance , T a Ming C h 'eng h ua n ien c h ih , mean ing ' Grea t Ming ( dynas ty ) Ch 'eng h ua ( dur ing ) t he t ime o f made ' . T h is c an a lso b e wr it n f our c harac ters , om it he t en i ting t t a Ming , o r , l ess f requen t ly , w i th a t sao i ns tead o f ac h ih t h ing .

mean ing t he s a me

T hese marks a re u sual it n ad oub le r ing , o r c an b e c on ta ined l y wr t en i

i n ad oub le l ine s quare , a nd a l mos t i nvar iably , wha tever t ype o f p orce la in t hey a re o n , t hey a re wr it n u nderg laze b lue . t en i

There a re a few e xa mp les

i n t he Museum , F or t J esus , wh ich a re wr it n o verg laze r ed . t en i

S o me t i mes

t he r e ign mark i s wr it n as quare s hape i n a rcha ic c harac ters , b u t t here t en i i s o n ly o ne s uch mark i n t h is c ol t ion . l ec By t he l as t p er iod o f t he M ing d ynas ty , t he f irs t h a l f o f t he s even teen th c en tury , o ther marks were b e ing u sed .

S o me o f t hese were c yc l ica l d a tes o r

p ot 's marks , n e i ther s or t b e ing r epresen ted h ere . t er

O ther marks , c al l ed

c o m menda t ion marks , were f a ir ly c o mmon , a nd c o m mend t he p iece o f p orcel a in i t sel f .

I ti s n o t c lear who d ec ided t ha t ac er ta in p iece s hou ld b e c o m mended ,

whe ther t he mas ter p ot r t he c al , b u t l a ter t hese marks b eca me t er o ligrapher c o m monp lace , a nd c on te mporary H ong K ong ware f requen t ly c arr ies t he c haract ers mean ing ' prec ious j ade ' .

C o m menda t ion marks c an b e s ix , f our , o r t wo

c harac ters , a nd ' j ade ' i s f requen t ly u sed , b e ing t he h ighes t p ra ise t ha t c ou ld b e b es towed o n a man made o b jec t , s o t ha t marks a re o f ten worded t hus : me i y u y a wan , mean ing , ' e legan t o b jec t o f b eau t i fu l j ade . S o me o f t hese marks u se n a mes wh ich h ave s pec ia l mean ings i n C h ina .

T he moun ta ins o f T ibe t

were t hough t t o h ave v ery h igh q ua l i ty j ade i n t he m , s o t he C h inese n a me f or t hose moun ta ins , K 'un s han i s u sed , a s i n K 'un s han me i y u , mean ing t ha t t he b eau t i fu l j ade f ro m K 'un s han h ad s o me th ing o f t he a l mos t mag ica l q ua l i ty a ssocia ted w i th t hose moun ta ins .

2 3

Ano ther s or t o f mark , c al ood w ish o r d ed ica t ion marks , a re t hose l ed g p u t o n a n o b jec t wh ich was o r ig inal es igned a s ag i f t f or a c erta in p erson ly d o r f or a c er ta in r eason , b u t t he u se o f t hese a lso b eca me c o m monp lace .

The

g ood w ish marks c an b e s ix , f our , t wo o r o ne c harac ter , a nd p erhaps t he mos t f requen t ly u sed o f t he m a l a re t he c harac ters f u l l i fe .

h app iness , a nd s hou

l ong

Pu i s f requen t ly wr it n as quare a nd d ur ing t he e igh teen th a nd n inet en i

t een th c en tur ies many s quare marks , o f ten u nrecogn isab le b u t b ased o n t he c harac ter f u , were u sed .

Af requen t ly u sed f our c harac ter g ood w ish mark

en t housand h appinesses i s wan f u c hang t 'ung , wh ich c an b es t b e t rans la ted a s it 5

b rough t t oge ther ;

2 4

a nd i t , a nd o thers s im i lar , a re o f ten wr it ns ide a s ing le t en i

r ing wh ich h as a smal quare i n t he c en tre . T h is i s ar epresen ta t ion o f a l s c ash , aC h inese c o in wh ich c ou ld a lso b e u sed a s ac har m , o r made s peci f ical ly f or u se a s ac har m .

O ther g ood w ish marks were p a in ted a s p ar t o f t he d ecora-

t ion o f a piece when i t was i n tended f or a s pec ia l p urpose ;

f or i ns tance a

c harac ter mean ing ' doub le d e l igh t ' was p u t o n j ars i n tended a s wedd ing p resen ts , b u t t hese a re n o t t rue marks . The marks u sual nown a s h al on ta in t he c harac ter t 'ang , wh ich ly k l marks c i s c o m mon ly t rans la ted a s h al ing t he p ot he o b jec t was l, mean t ery where t made .

I tc an a lso b e r ead t o mean t ha t t he p iece was i n tended f or u se i n a

c er ta in h al r s tud io . l o

2 5

H al re u sual our c harac ter , l ess f rel marks a ly f

q uen t ly s ix , a nd f ol or mu la s uch a s c heng t u t 'ang c h ih , wh ich c an mean l ow a f i n t he h al f r ea l j ade , o r made f or t he h al f r ea l j ade . l o l o

Bu t a ga in t hese

marks b eca me c o m monp lace , a nd were u sed mere ly a s p ar t o f t he f in ish o f t he o b jec t . I nt he midd le o f t he r eign o f K 'ang h s i , b e tween 1 677 a nd 1 680 , a n o rder was made p roh ibi t ing t he u se o f t he emperor 's r e ign n a me o np orce la in . Th is l ed n o t o n ly t o many f a lse marks o f o ther emperor 's r e ign n a mes b e ing u sed , b u t a lso t o t he u se o f s y mbo ls i ns tead o f marks , a nd i ti s i n teres t ing t ha t t he p ieces o f p orce la in f ound i n t he wreck e xcava t ion a lready r e ferred t o h ave t hese s y mbo ls i n p lace o f marks , a nd c an p robab ly b e f a ir ly a ccura te ly d a ted a s h av ing b een made b e tween 1 677 a nd 1 697 when t hey s ank w i th t he s h ip . S y mbo ls o f v ar ious s or ts , Buddh is t , Taois t , t hose k nown a s t he p recious t h ings , a nd o thers , were u sed , a nd a re f a ir ly wel epresen ted i n t h is c ol t ion , a ll r l ec t hough t he v ery p opu lar h are a nd moon , u sed o f ten i n t he Wan l ip er iod a s a d ecora t ion , a nd mean ing l ong l i fe , i s miss ing .

B u t t he c ol t ion c on ta ins l ec

o ne s y mbo l , t wo i n ter locked r ings , wh ich a ppears t o b e u n ique .

2 6

T he marks o n t he e ar l ier e xa mp les h ave b een wr it y e v iden t ly l i tera te t en b p a in ters , b u t i n t he e igh teen th a nd n ine teen th c en tur ies many s ee m t o h ave b een c op ied b y i l i tera te h ands a nd o f ten d egenera te i n to mean ing less s qu igg les . l One a u thor i ty s ugges ts t ha t a s t he C h inese b eca me t o tal on f iden t o f t he s uly c p re macy o f t heir marke t , t hey t hough t t ha t a ny im i ta t ion o f a mark wou ld d o f or af ore igner , b u t t here a re p len ty i nt h is c a tegory wh ich a re o bv ious ly c op ies o f c opies b ased o np roper c harac ters .

These , a l though i leg ib le , may p rove l

t o a c t a s af or m o f h al ur ther r esearch h as b een u nder taken , l mark when f f or t here i s ac ons is tency b e tween t he s or t o f mark u sed a nd t he p ieces o f p orce la in t ha t t hey a re o n .

S o me t i mes t he e ar l ier wr i ters were i li tera te t oo , l

a s t here a re a few marks o f t h is s or t i n t he l a te M ing c ol t ion . l ec I n t he c a ta logue t ha t f ol xa mp les o f a l t he v ar ie t ies o f t he marks o n l ows e l t he K enya s herds a re s hown , w i th t he e xcept ion o f af ew f ro m a c ol t ion l ec made i n P a te wh ich a re n ow i n t he F reer Gal , Wash ing ton a nd wh ich a re l ery v ery s im i lar t o s o me o f t he l a te Ming marks f ro m G ed i .

2 7

The s herds f ro m

Kenya a re p ar t o f av as te n umber f ro m t he e as tern s ide o f A fr ica , f ro m F us ta t n ear C a iro t o Z i mbabwe i n Rhodes ia , a nd t he g rea t ma jor i ty o f t he m a re o n b lue a nd wh i te p orce la in .

Th is i s b ecause b lue a nd wh i te b eca me t he s or t o f

p orce la in mos t f requen t ly e xpor ted .

P ope , i n h is f or thco m ing b ook o n C h i-

n ese e xpor ted ware s ays " Beg inning i n t he f our teen th c en tury...b lue a nd wh i te c a me i n to b e ing a t at ime when C h inese mar i time a c t iv i ty was a bou t t o 6

b urgeon a nd t he v oyages o f C heng h o i nt he e ar ly f i f teen th c en tury h era lded a n ew , i fb r ie f , e ra i n C h inese f ore ign c on tac ts b y s ea .

A t t he s a me t ime t he

p orcela in i ndus try e n tered a per iod o f v as t ly i ncreased p roduc t ion w i th t he e ncourage men t o f t he e ar ly M ing emperors . "28

Wi th a br ie f d ec l ine i n t he

midd le o f t he s even teen th c en tury , when t he d is turbances a t t he e nd o f t he Ming d ynas ty c aused t he d es truc t ion o f t he p orce la in f ac tor ies , b lue a nd wh i te c on t inued t o b e t he d om inan t e xpor t p orce la in . P ope a lso r e marks o n t he c ons is tency o f t he wares which a re f ound i n A fr ica , a nd t h is i s e as i ly s een f ro m t he v ar ie t ies o f s herds f ound i n d if t s i tes . f eren

The s tudy o f t he I nd ian

Ocean t rade i n C h inese p orce la in i s o n ly i n i t s i n fancy , a nd t h is c a ta logue i s p ub l ished i n t he h ope t ha t i t may c on tr ibu te a l i t le t owards i t s c lar i f ica t ion . t

NOTES 1 .

2 .

H .N . C h it . tick

T he p eop l ing o f t he E as t A fr ican C oas t :

a nd t he Or ien t .

N ew Y ork & L ondon .

G . Free man G renv il . le

i n E as t A fr ica

1 975 .

T he P er ip lus o f t he E r i threan S ea .

Quo ted i n

The E as t A fr ican C oas t : S e lec t d ocu men ts f ro m t he f irs t t o t he e ar l ier n ine teen th c en tur ies . Ox ford 1 962 . 3 .

C os mas I nd icop leus tes .

4 .

Tuan CWeng s h ih .

5 .

tick H . N . C h it .

6 .

P . Whea t ley . Or ien t .

7 .

J .S . Tr imm ingha m .

Quo ted i n n . 2 .

Quo ted i n n . 2 .

i b id . Ana lec ta S ino-A fr icana R ecensa :

i n E as t A fr ica a nd t he

T he Arab g eographers a nd t he E as t A fr ican C oas t :

i n Eas t A fr ica a nd t he Or ien t . l e, n Quo ted i n F ree man Grenv il . 2 .

8 .

A l Mas 'ud i .

9 .

C hao J u k ua .

1 0 .

J .J . L .Duyvendak .

C h ina 's D iscovery o f A fr ica .

1 1.

J .J . L. Duyvendak .

i b id .

1 2 .

P . Whea t ley .

1 3 .

tick H . N . C h it .

i b id .

1 4 .

J .S . K irk man .

S o me c onc lus ions f ro m a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions o n

l e, n Quo ted i n Free man Grenv il . 2 .

i b id . K irk man , s ee n . 1 4 , s ays t h ir teen th c en tury .

t he c oas t o f K enya 1 948-1966 : 1 5 .

L ondon 1 949 .

tick H .N . Ch it .

i n E as t A fr ica a nd t he O r ien t .

S o me d iscover ies i n t he L a mu Arch ipe lago :

i n A zan ia ,

v ol . I ,Ox ford 1 967. 1 6.

P . G ar lake .

T he E ar ly I s la m ic Arch i tec ture o f t he E as t A fr ican c oas t .

Ox ford 1 966. 1 7.

J .S . Tr im m ingha m .

1 8 .

P . Gar lake .

i b id .

i b id .

7

1 9 .

M . Caeser Freder icke .

The v oyage a nd t rave l o f M . C aeser Freder icke ,

Merchan t o f Ven ice i n to t he Eas t I ndia , a nd b eyond t he I ndies :

i n t he

Pr inc ipa l Voyages t raf fiques a nd d iscover ies o f t he Eng lish N a t ion . R . Hak luy t Vol . 3 .

Every man L ibrary .

L ondon 1 926.

2 0 .

T o me P ires .

2 1.

Mo mbasa wreck e xcava tion .

u npubl ished .

2 . 2

J .S . K irk man .

Ox ford 1 976.

2 3.

Quoted i n Free man Grenv il , n . 2 . le

F or t J esus .

M iss Mary Tregear . c a t ion .

Ash mo lean Museu m , Ox ford .

P ersona l c o m mun i-

F or a g enera l i n troduc t ion t o t he d eve lop men t o f p or ts a nd t rade

i n E as t A fr ica f ro m t he n in th t o t he s ix teen th c en tur ies s ee Bash ir A . Da too .

P or t Deve lop men t i n E as t A fr ica .

N a irobi .

E as t A fr ican L i tera ture Bureau

1 975 .

2 4.

Dr . J ohn A . Pope.

P ersona l c o m mun ica t ion .

2 5.

M. Tregear , p ersona l c o m mun icat ion .

2 6.

Dr . J . A . P ope .

P ersona l c o m mun ica t ion .

2 7.

Dr . J . A . P ope .

P ersonal c o m mun ica t ion .

2 8 .

Dr . J . A . P ope .

F or thco m ing b ook .

2 9.

Dr . J .A . P ope .

3 0 .

As a bove .

F or thco m ing b ook .

8

I ND IA S urat

ARAB IA

Bo mbay Goa Ca l icut AFR ICA

TO ••

•

z

K "

EAST

Ma ld ives

Ma l ind i

FAR

Mo mbasa Zanz ibar

es, * Co moros 1 ( 3 > .

I ND IAN

Moza mb ique , M ALAGASSY , , • z › Maur it ius , REPUBL IC P / Reun ion

OCEAN

Cape o f Good Hope

TO ' 37

1 ,000 mi les

1 ,500 km

Routes o f Graeco-Ro man Per iod • —

Arab Rou tes —

FAR EAST

• •• • • ••

— Por tuguese a nd o ther European Rou tes

MAP OF THE WESTERN I ND IAN OCEAN S HO W ING APPROX I MATE TRADE ROUTES

9

MAP OF S ITES ON THE KE NYA COAST AT W H ICH MARKED CH INESE PORCELAIN HAS BEEN FOUND

Tanzan ia

5 0 km

1 0

PUBL ICAT IONS REFERRED TO I N THE CATALOGUE

S ir Harry Garner .

Ch inese Expor t Ar t i n S ch loss Ambras.

Or ienta l Cera-

mic S oc iety , 1 975 Dr . J ames K irk man .

The Arab C ity o f Ged i

Oxford , 1 954

Dr . J ames K irk man .

The T o mb o f t he Da ted I nscr ip t ion a t G ed i .

Anthropo log ica l I nst itute O ccas iona l Paper No . 1 4, 1 960 Dr . J a mes K irk man .

G ed i :

Dr . J ames K irk man .

Ungwana o n t he Tana .

Dr . J a mes K irk man .

F or t J esus.

Dr . J ohn A . Pope .

t he Pa lace .

The Hague, 1 963 The Hague , 19 64

Oxford , 1 974

Ch inese Porce la ins f ro m t he Ardeb i l S hr ine .

Sm ithson ian I nst itute, Wash ing ton , 1 956

1 1

Roya l

THE CATALOGUE

S o me o f t he marks s hown h ere h ave p rev ious ly b een p ub l ished b y Dr J ames K irk man i n F or t J esus , G ed i : t he G rea t Mosque , G ed i : t he Pa lace, U ngwana o n t he Tana , a nd T he T o mb o f t he Da ted I nscr ip t ion , b u t o n ly a few a re i l lustra ted i n t hese p ub l ica t ions. Ih ave f o l lowed h is c hrono logy i n d iv idi ng t he marks i n to : M ing p er iod : ( f our teen th t o e ar ly s even teen th c en tur ies) a ng h s i p er iod : ( t he l a t ter p ar t o f t he s even teen th c entury ) a nd e igh teen th/ n ineteen th c entur ies, a nd h ave a t te mpted t o c lass u npub l ished s herds a ccord ing t o h is c lass if ica t ion o f p orce la in t ypes i n F or t J esus, t he r e levan t s ect ions o f wh ich a re l i sted a t t he e nd . S o me o f t he r ead ings i n t h is c a ta logue a re d if feren t f ro m t hose p ub l ished , a r id h ave b een s uggested b y M iss Mary T regear o r Dr J ohn A . P ope . T he marks a re d iv ided i n to N ien h ao, C o m menda t ion , G ood w ish , Ha l l nd , e xcept where n o ted , a re r eproduced f u l s ize . marks a nd S ymbo ls 7 a l T he p hotographs a re n ot t o s ca le . T he n u mbers r efer t o t h is c a ta logue o n ly , a s t he s herds t he mse lves a re n u mbered a ccord ing t o e xcava t ion l eve ls, a nd a check l ist h as b een d epos ited w i th t he c o mp le te c a ta logue i n F or t J esus Museum .

Th is p ub l ished c a ta logue d oes n ot s how a l t he marks a nd f ragmen ts l

o f marks . I ts hows a l l t he M ing marks e xcep t f or t wen ty f rag men tary o nes, a nd s e lected marks f ro m t he o ther t wo p er iods, i n e very c ase s ta t ing t he t ota l n u mbers r epresen ted b y t he e xa mp les s hown .

1 3

MING PERIOD

CH ' ENG HUA M EN HAO

1 FORT J ESUS

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

2 GEDI

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

3

K INUN I

t a M ing CWeng h ua n ien c h ih

1 4

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 a smal l c up Pub l ica t ion K irk man F or t J esus l i wted o n ly

s ame c lass a s a bove

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 a a pparen t ly s im i lar t o a bove

1 5

MING PERIOD

4

1 / INARANI

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

5

e J k . -

GEDI

t a M ing n ien t sao

6

FORT J ESUS

p ar t o f n ien h ao

1 6

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 a v ery smal l c up

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 c smal l b ow l

b lue a nd wh i ,te o u ts ide, wh ite i ns ide , n o c lass , med ium smal l b ow l

1 7

MING PERIOD COMMEN�}\TION_;\ND..GO.OP WISH MARKS

7

GEDI

ch 1 ang ch 1 un chia ch 1 i

8

GEDI

tien tao chia ch1 i?

18

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 b , smal l b ow l, c f ,

8 and 1 0 , b ow ls i n t he s ame s ty le ,

a nd o ne i l lustra ted i n G arner : C h inese Expor t A r t i n t he S ch loss Ambras.

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 b ,s ma l l b ow l Pub l ica t ion K irk man G ed i : t he Pa lace P la te XV f i g 1 6 j.

M ING PER IOD

9 GED I

e h ' a ng e h ' u n c h ia e h '

1 0

GEDI

f u k ue i c h ia e h ' I

2 0

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 c med ium s ize b ow l .

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 c? med iu m s ize b ow l .

2 1

MING PER IOD

1 1

K ITANI

e h ' a ng

1 2

e h 'u n c h la e h ' I

MA N :BRI J'

f u k ue i c h ia e h a

2 2

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 9 b ? med iu m s ize b ow l.

b lue a nd wh ite , n o c lass smal la te , c f. i l S hr ine l p . Pope Ardeb p la tes 9 3 , 9 4 f or s ty le o f d ecora t ion .

2 3

MING PER IOD

1 3

GEDI

c h ' a ng

1 4

ming f u k ue i

MNARAN I

e h ' a ng m ing f u k ue i c ash mark

2 4

d ue a nd wh i te , c lass 6 c n ed iu m s ize b ow l . Pub l i a t ion K irk man 2 [ ' he Ar e C i ty o f G ed i , f ig . 3

i ron r ed w i th g o ld l i ne o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh ite i ns ide , k inrande ware , n o c lass med iu m smal ow l l b T h is p iece i s u n ique i n t h is c on tex t , c .f . Garner i b id , p la te 1 2 . Th is i s n ot a n e xcava ted s herd , b u t f ound i n wel l d igg ing .

2 5

M ING PER IOD

1 5

MAL IND I

c h ' a ng

ming ,f u k ue i

c ash mark

1 6

GEDI

ming f u ? p ar t o f e h ' a nge ming f u ?p ar t o f c h 'ang ming f u k uei c ash mark

1 7

GEDI

? ming ? k ue i p ar t o f mark a s a bove

2 6

b lue a nd wh ite , n o c lass ? med iu m s ize d ish , s ur face f i nd .

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 c ? med ium s ize b ow l .

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 c med iu m s ize b ow l

2 7

MING PER IOD

1 8

MNARAN I

w an f u y u t ung

1 9

4 1

FORT J ESUS

e h ' a n .g s hou

2 0

FORT J ESUS

s hou

2 8

b lue a nd wh i te , n o c lass med ium s ize b ow l , c f . P ope , Ardeb i l S hr ine p la te 1 08 f or s ty le o f d ecora t ion

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 a med ium s ize b ow l Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted o n ly .

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 a sma l l b ow l .

2 9

MING PERIOD

21

lNGWANA

fu

22

UNGWANA

ta

23

UNGWANA

ta part of four character mark?

30

b lue a nd wh ite , n o c lass smal ow l w ith mark i ns ide . l b

c e ladon , n o c lass c haracter i nc ised i nside b ow l b es ide l o tus f l ower Pub l ica t ion K irk man U ngwana o n t he Tana f ig 2 6k .

T zu c hou ware , n o c lass c harac ter i ns ide , b rown o n c ream-yel l ow g laze Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , f i g 2 8b .

3 1

MING PER IOD

2 4

GEDI

Vl en

2 5

GEDI

s hou ?

HALL MARKS

2 6

FORT J ESUS

y u t 'a ng c h ia e h ' 1

3 2

c e ladon , n o c lass mark i nc ised i ns ide b es ides t wo d a isy t ype f l owers Pub l ica t ion K irk man T o mb o f t he d a ted i nscr ip t ion . J .R .A .I . f ig 5 .

Ch ' i ng p a l ware , n o c lass mark i ns ide Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , p la tes I I , I V f ig . 6 j .

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 8 a l b smal ow l . Pub l ica t ion K irk man F or t J esus l i sted o n ly .

3 3

MING PERIOD

2 7

FORT J ESUS

t 't mg ( ?) t e

2 8

a ng c h ih

GEDI

o u ts ide :

?M ing ? ? ? ?f u ' we t ? ? min t 'a ng

SQUARE MARKS ( GOOD WISH )

2 9

GEDI

f u

3 4

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 5 a med ium s ize b ow l . Pub l ica t ion a s a bove .

b lue a nd wh ite , n o c lass med ium s ize b ow l u n ique i n t h is c on tex t ; P ope s uggests t ha t t he i ns ide mark i s p ar t o f a n e igh t c harac ter mark r ead ing : k ue i c h in y u min t 'a ng

c hang m ing f u

b lue a nd wh ite o u ts ide , wh ite i ns ide , n o c lass smal l b ow l . Pub l ica t ion K irk man G ed i : t he Pa lace f i g . 1 6H .

3 5

MING PER IOD 3 0

GEDI

b ased o n f u k ue i c h ia e h ' i

3 1

GED I

b ased o n f u k ue i c h ia c h 'i

3 2

MAL IND I

o w. e• •

M M .

b ased o n f u k ue i c h ia e h '

3 6

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass ? med ium s ize b ow l Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , f ig . 1 6f

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass ? smal l b ow l .

b lue a nd wh i te , wh i te i ns ide , c lass . medium s ize b ow l .

3 7

MING PER IOD

3 3

GEDI

b ased o n e h ' a ng s hou

3 4

GEDI

b ased o n c h ing c h ih

3 5

GEDI

mean ing less mark ?

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass ? smal ow l . l b

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 5 a smal ow l l b Pub l ica t ion K irk man G ed i : t he Pa lace f ig . 1 6 .

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 a smal ow l . l b

3 9

MING PERIOD

3 6

GEDI

mean ing less mark ?

3 7

GED I

1

1 5

b ased o n ?

3 8

i I I

GEDI

c heng ?

4 0

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 a smal l b ow l .

wh ite ware , c lass ? smal l s aucer

wh ite ware , c lass ? v ery smal l c up .

4 1

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

A l l marks f ro m F or t J esus u n less o therw ise i nd ica ted

I VANG HS I MEN HAO

1

\ \ \

\

\

\

\

t-

K ' a ng

h s t n ien c h ih

2

K ' a ng h s i n ien c h ih

3

t a C h ' i ng K ' a ng h s l n ien c h ih

4 2

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 5 c smal l b ow l r epresen t ing t hree s im i lar marks.

s ame g roup a s a bove

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 a med ium s ize b ow l r epresen t ing n ine s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

4 3

.

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD 4

t a C h ' i ng K ' a ng h s i n ien c h lh

4 4

s ame 7 , . roup a s 2L .) , t y !e CaLi T .T

ANG BS I PERIOD

t a Ch i ng K ' a ng h s i n ien c h ih

4 6

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 c med ium s ize b ow l r epresen t ing t hree s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

4 7

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

K ' a ng h s i n ien c hl i i

\

t a eh ' i ng - h s i -

4 8

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 0b v ery sma l l c up r epresen t ing t wo s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion K irk man F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

Ca fe-aula it o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh i te i ns ide , c lass 2 1a P la te Th is i s t he o n ly p la te i n t h is c lass t o h ave a K ' a ng h s i n ien h ao

K ' ANG HS I PERIOD

CH ' ENG HUA N IEN HAO

8

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

9

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

5 0

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 a smal l d ish r epresen t ing t en s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 6 b med ium s ize b ow l r epresen t ing f i ve s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion K irk man F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

5 1

K ' ANG HK PER IOD

1 0

C h ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

1 1

C h ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

1 2

C h ' e ng h ua / l ien c h ih

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 1 1c :th is s herd h as a danc ing b oy i nb ot to m , a nd p erhaps s hou ld d ish .

b e c lass i lk v ery smal l p la te o r

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass l ie v ery smal l c up

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass l id smal up l c o ne o f t hree marks h ere r epresen t ing f i ve s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus i l lustra t ed P la te 2 9: l isted a s c lass 1 0b

5 3

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

1 3

Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

1 4

C h ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

1 5

t a M ing C h ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih 5 4

s ame g roup a s a bove

s a me g roup a s a bove

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 1 7b ? b ow l o r p la te o ne o n ly

5 5

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

1 6

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

1 7

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

1 8

i t a M ing C h ' e ng h ua n ien c hl i

5 6

c a fe-aula i t o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh i te i ns ide , c lass 2 1a p la te o ne o f t hree marks h ere r epresen t ing t en s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted o n l

s a me g roup a s a bove

s a me g roup a s a bove

5 7

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

1 9

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

2 0

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih CH ' ENG HUA N IEN HAO SQUARE MARKS

2 1

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

5 8

wh ite , c lass 2 7a p la te o ne o n ly Pub l ica t ion K irk man F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass ? smal l c up o ne o n ly

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 2 v ery smal l c up o ne o n ly Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

2 2

t a M ing -- nien c h ih

2 3

t a M ing Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

CHIA CH ING N IEN HAO

2 4

1

t a M ing Ch ia Ch ing n ien c h ih

6 0

b lue a nd wh ite a s a bove p oss ib ly i l l itera te Ch ' e ng h ua n ien h ao o ne o n ly ;

t w ice a ctua l s ize .

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass16a smal up l c o ne o n ly Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

c a fg-aula it o u tside , b lue a nd wh ite i ns ide , c lass 2 1b smal l d ish o ne o n ly Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

6 1

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD CH IA CH ING N IEN HAO SQUARE MARK

2 5

t a M ing Ch ia

? n ien c h ich

HSUAN TE M EN HAO 2 6

t a M ing H suan t e n ien c h ih

CO M MENDATION MARKS

2 7

k 'u n s han me i y u

6 2

b lue a nd wh ite o u ts ide , wh ite i ns ide , n o c lass smal l c up p ossib ly a Ch ia c h ing n ien h ao o r e ar l ier p er iod? o ne o n ly ;

t w ice a ctua l s ize .

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 5 e smal l b ow l o ne o n ly Pub l ica t ion K irk man F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

b lue a nd wh ite c lass l if smal l c up o ne o f e igh t marks h ere r epresen t ing t wen ty t hree s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i lustra ted P la te 2 9

6 3

ANG HS I PER IOD

2 8

k 'u n s han me i y u

2 9

k 'i m s han me t y u

6 4

s ame g roup a s a bove

s ame g roup a s a bove

6 5

I V ANG HS I PER IOD

3 0

k 'u n ? m e i y u

6 6

s ame g roup a s a bove b u t c harac ter s han d if feren t

6 7

I V ANG HS I PER IOD

3 1

k 'i m s han me t y u

3 2 «ma

k 'u n ( ?) s han me t y u

6 8

s ame g roup a s a bove b u t c lass l ie p robab ly s ame mark

s ame g roup a s a bove b u t c lass l in f i rst c haracter d oub t fu l

6 9

K ' ANG HS I PERIOD

3 3

k 'u n ?me i y u

3 4

?s han me t y u

3 5

p i y u c hen w an

7 0

s a me g roup a s a bove b u t c lass l in c haracter s han a s i n 3 0

s ame g roup a s a bove

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass l ie l c smal up o ne o n ly

7 1

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

3 6

k tu n ?y a c h ih

3 7

k 'u n ?y a c h ih

7 2

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass I c smal l c up o ne o f t wo marks h ere r epr esen t ing s ix s im i lar marks

s ame g roup a s a bove

7 3

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

3 8

me i y u y a wan

3 9

c h ing s han p a ,o y u

7 4

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass I l k smal l c up o ne o n ly

b lue a nd wh ite c lass I I smal l c up o ne o f f our marks h ere r epr esen t ing e igh t s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted o n ly a s c heng c h i p ao y u

7 5

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

4 0

c h ing s han p ao y u

4 1

c h ing s han p ao y u

4 2

c h ing s han p ao y u

7 6

s ame g roup a s a bove

s ame g roup a s a bove

s ame g roup a s a bove

r

K T ANG HS I PER IOD

4 3

mo ?

wan

4 4

u nread

4 5

u nread

7 8

c of f ee o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh i te i ns ide , c lass 2 0a med iu m s ize b ow l r epresen t ing t wo s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted a s i l leg ib le

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass I l f v ery smal l c up o ne o f f our marks i n t h is g roup

s ame g roup a s a bove

7 9

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

4 6

u nread

4 7

u nread

GOOD WISH MARKS

4 8

FORT J ESUS WRECK

f u

8 0

s a me g roup a s a bove

s ame g roup a s a bove

c afg-aula i t o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh i te i ns ide , c lass 2 1a v ery smal l c up o ne o n ly f ro m Mombasa wreck e xcavat i on ; t h is i s au n ique mark i n t h is c a ta logue i n p er iod , a nd c lass

8 1

ANG HS I PER IOD

4 9

b ased o n f u

5 0

b ased o n f u

5 1

b ased o n f u

8 2

p o lychro me , c lass I a med ium s ize b ow l o ne o f t wo s im i lar marks

s ame g roup a s a bove

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass L l a smal l c up o ne o n ly

8 3

ANG HS I PER IOD

HALL MARKS

5 2

me t y u t 'a ng c h ih

5 3

?p i t 'a ng c h ih

5 4

? ?t 'a ng c h ih

8 4

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 7 h med iu m s ize b ow l o ne o n ly Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus l i sted o n ly

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass I r e smal l b ow l o ne o n ly Pub l ica t ion a s a bove

b lue a nd wh ite , p oss ib ly c lass I l f med iu m s ize b ow l s ame mark a s a bove ? one o n ly

8 5

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

5 5

me t t s ' e ng t 'a ng c h ih

5 6

me t t s ' e ng t 'a ng c h i l l

5 7

e h ' e ng y u t 'a ng c h ih

8 6

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass l i f v ery smal l c up o ne o f t wo s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion a s a bove : l i sted i n c lass 1 0b a s j u i y un t 'a ng c h ih i l lustra ted P la te 2 9

s a me g roup a s a bove

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass I j v ery sma l l c up r epresen t ing f our s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , l i sted i n c lass I f

8 7

ANG HS I PER IOD

5 8

s hu t . y un

a ng c h ih

5 9

p a t y u

8 8

a ng c h lh

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass E l f med ium s ize b ow l o ne o n ly r ead ing o f mark n ot c lear

b lue a nd wh ite , n ot c lassed v ery smal l c up o ne o n ly

8 9

K ' ANG HS I PER IOD

6 0

h ua y u

a ng e h ' i ng y a c h ih

6 1

u nread

9 0

p o lychro me , c lass I a med iu m s ize b ow l o ne o n ly Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , l i sts f our b u t o n ly o ne f ound , i l lustra ted P la te 2 6

s ame c lass a s a bove Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , i l lustra ted P la te 2 6

9 1

K 'ANG HS I

PERIOD SY MBOLS

6 2

FORT J ESUS WRECK

s acred f ungus

6 3

s acred f ungus

6 4

s acred f ungus

9 2

p o lychro me , c lass I c l arge d ish o ne o f t wo s im i lar marks f ro m Mo mbasa Wreck e xcava t ion . I ft he e d ict i n 1 680 b ann ing t he u se o ft he Emperor ' sn ien h ao was t he r eason f or u s ing s y mb o ls, t hese d ishes c an b e d a ted t o w ith in e igh teen y ears, a s t he s h ip c arryi ng t he m s ank i n 1 698

t he s econd mark a s a bove

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 0a v ery smal l c ups o ne o f t wo h ere r epresen t ing s ix teen o r s even teen s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , 6 1 l i sted o n ly

NOTE :

t he p o lychro me c o lours o n d ishes 6 2 a nd 6 3 f ro m t he f or t J esus wreck h ave a l mos t t o tal ly d isappeared . The d es ign t ha t r e ma ins i s u nderg laze s l ip o u t l ine s how ing where t he c olours were .

K UNG HS I PERIOD

6 5

s acred f ungus

6 6

MA L INDI

s acred f ungus

9 4

s a me g roup a s a bove

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 4 l arge b ow l t h is i s as ur face f i nd , s o h as n o s tra t if ica t ion , b u t t he s ty le s uggests K ' a ng h s i

9 5

WANG HS I PERIOD 6 7

PÂTÉ

/ / s acred f ungus

6 8

MAL INDI

L o tus f l ower ?

9 6

p o lychro me o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh i te i ns ide , c lass 2 3 med iu m s ize b ow l s ur face f i nd a s a bove

b ow l v ery s im i lar t o 6 6 s ur face f i nd a s a bove

9 7

KU NG HS I PER IOD 6 9

c herry o r p each

7 0

2

1°

c onch

7 1

c onch

y el l ow g laze i nside , n o c lass med iu m s ize b ow l o ne o n ly

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 0 1 3 v ery smal l c up r epresen t ing t hree s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , 6 4

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass I c v ery smal l c up o ne o n ly

9 9

KU M ; HS I PERIOD

7 2

c onch o r l ea f

7 3

c onch

7 4

a r te m is ta l ea f

1 00

c a fe-aula i t o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh ite i ns ide , c lass 2 1a v ery smal up l c o ne o n ly P ub l ica t ion a s a bove , l i sted a s l ea f?

wh i te , c lass 2 7a p la te r epresen t ing f i ve s im i lar marks Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , l i sted o n ly

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 6 d smal l b ow l o ne o n ly Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , l i sted a s t wo i n c lass 6 a

1 01

KTANG HS I PERIOD 7 5

. 4 #3 a r te m is ia l ea f

7 6

a r te m is ia l ea f

7 7

a r te m is ia l ea f

b lue a nd w h i te , c lass 1 0b smal l b ow l o ne o n ly

c of f ee o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh i te i ns ide , c lass 2 0e med ium s ize b ow l o ne o n ly P ub l ica t ion a s a bove , l i sted o n ly

b lue a nd wh i te o u ts ide , wh i te i ns ide , n o c lass med ium s ize b ow l o ne o n ly

1 03

KUNG HS I PERIOD 7 8

t wo f i shes

7 9

t wo f i shes

1 04

b lue a nd wh i te c lass 6 d med iu m s ize b ow l o ne o f t wo f i sh s y mbo ls Pub l ica t ion a s a bove

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 8 med iu m s ize b ow l Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , i l lustra ted P la te 2 8

1 05

WANG HS I PER IOD

8 0

l i nked r ings

8 1

MALIND I / /

,. . . .

7

, . -

. .,

7

\

\ %N .

. . .—

---

a r te m is ia l ea f

8 2

4 1 4

N . , f s

• 4 •\ . • 4,

f ive d ots

1 06

1

% .

wh i te , c lass 2 7a med ium s ize b ow l u n ique , t h is s ymbo l a ppears u nknown Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , l i sted a s t hree , o n ly o ne f ound

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass d oubt fu l p la te s ur face f i nd , t herefore n o s tra t i f ica t ion ; t h is i s a n u nusua l p iece

p o lychro me , c lass l a smal ow l l b o ne o f t wo s im i lar marks mark i n r ed Pub l ica t ion a s a bove , l i s ted a s o ne mark o n ly

1 07

•

1 8 th AND 1 9th CENTURY

CO MMENDATION MARKS l Marks f Al ro m F or t J esus

n f u Based o

2

b ased o n a rcha ic s ea l mark?

3

b ased o n a rcha ic s ea l mark?

1 08

p o lychro me o u ts ide , wh i te i ns ide , c lass 3 med ium s ize b ow l o ne o n ly

p o lychro me o u ts ide , wh i te i ns ide , c lass 1 0 med ium s ize b ow l o ne o n ly Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or tJ esus l i lustra ted P la te 3 5

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 2b l b smal ow l r epresen t ing t hree s im i lar marks

1 09

•

1 8th AND 1 9th CENTURY

mean ing less mark?

mean ing less mark?

mean ing less mark?

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 1 5 smal ow l l b o ne o f t hree marks h ere r epr esen t ing t en s im i lar

s ame g roup a s a bove

s a me g roup a s a bove Pub l ica t ion K irkman F or t J esus i l lustra ted P la te 3 6

i ll

1 8th AND 1 9th CE NTURY

mean ing less mark?

mean ing less mark?

mean ing less mark?

1 12

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 6a med ium s ize b ow l o ne o f s ix marks h ere r epr esen t ing n ine teen

s ame g roup a s a bove

s ame g roup a s a bove

1 13

1 8th AND 1 9 th CENTURY

1 0

mean ing less mark?

1 1

mean ing less mark?

1 2

mean ing less mark?

14 1

s ame g roup a s a bove

s ame g roup a s a bove

s ame g roup a s a bove

1 15

1 8th AND 1 9th CENTURY

1 3

b ased o n f u?

1 4

e a °

• 4 °

b ased o n ?

1 5

mean ing less mark?

1 16

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 1 9b med ium s ize b ow l o ne o n ly

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 1 9b p la te o r d ish o ne o n ly

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 1 9a o rb med iu m s ize b ow l o ne o f t hree marks h ere r epr esen t ing f i ve

1 17

1 8th AND 1 9th CENTURY 1 6

mean ing less mark?

1 7

mean ing less mark?

CO MMENDAT ION OR GOOD WISH MARKS ?

1 8

mean ing less mark?

1 18

s ame g roup a s a bove

s a me g roup a s a bove ( i ns idn c h ipped a nd n o t p hotographed )

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 2b l b smal ow l r epresen t ing f i ve s im i lar marks

1 8th AND 1 9th CENTURY 1 9

mean ing less mark?

2 0

b ased o n ?

2 1

b ased o n ?

1 20

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 2b smal l b ow l r epresen t ing t wo s im i lar marks

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 1 3a med iu m s ize b ow l o ne o f t hree h ere r epresen t ing f our teen s im i lar marks

s ame g roup a s a bove

1 21

1 8th AND 1 9th CENTURY

2 2

b ased o n ?

2 3

b ased o n ?

2 4

b ased o n ?

1 22

s a me g roup a s a bove

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 3a p la te o r d ish o ne o f t wo h ere r epresen t ing t wen ty s im i lar marks

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 2b o r 1 3a l arge b ow l s a me g roup a s a bove

1 8th AND 1 9th CENTURY

2 5

/

2 6

mean ing less mark?

2 7

mean ing less mark?

1 24

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 5 p la te o r d ish o ne o n ly

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 1 5 l b smal ow l o ne o n ly

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 5 smal l b ow l r epresen t ing t hree s im i lar marks

1 25

1 8th AND 1 9th CENT URY

2 8

mean ing less mark?

2 9

b ased o n at r igra m ?

3 0

mean ing less mark?

1 26

b lue a nd wh i te , c lass 1 5 smal l b ow l r epresen t ing f our s im i lar marks

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 9a o rb l arge b ow l o ne o n ly

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 9a sma l l b ow l o ne o n ly mark s im i lar t o 1 9

1 27

1 8th AND 1 9th CENTURY

3 1

u nread

3 2

u nread

MOULDED MARKS

3 3

t a

1 28

wh ite , c lass 2 9a o rb smal l c up o ne o n ly

wh ite, c lass 2 9a o rb med ium s ize b ow l mark p ossib ly Annamese o r J apanese o ne o n ly

b lue a nd wh ite o uts ide , wh ite i ns ide , c lass 1 2a? l b smal ow l r epresen t ing t hree s im i lar marks

1 29

1 8th AND 1 9th CENTURY

3 4

f e u nread

1 30

b lue a nd wh ite , c lass 1 9a o rb v ery smal l c up r epresen t ing t wo s im i lar marks

1 31

MARKS ON LOCALLY ACQU IRED PORCELAIN I N FORT J ESUS MUSEU M

Access ion n u mber 2 0

I r i 5

t a Ch ' i ng Ch ' t en l ung n ien c h ih

Access ion n u mber 2 5

s quare marks b ased o n f u?

Access ion n u mber 5 8

Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

1 32

B lue a nd g o ld i ns ide , i ron r ed o u ts ide P la te N ien h ao o f C h ' t en l ung , 1 736-1795, wr it t en i n a rcha ic c haracter i n b lue .

B lue a nd wh ite D ish mark i n u nderg laze b lue .

p o lychro me J ar mark i nc ised a nd o verpa in ted b rown

1 : 33

LOCALLY ACQUIRED PORCELAIN

A ccess ion n u mber 8 1

l t a C h ' i ng I V a ng h s i n len c h i l

Access ion n u mber 8 5

Ch ' e ng h ua n ien c h ih

1 34

u nderg laze b lue a nd manganese Vase mark i n u nderg la ze b lue .

c rack le g laze , y el ith r ed , l ow-buf f, w g reen , a nd y el l ow e name ls . J ar mark i n r ed .

1 35

LOCALLY ACQUIRED PORCELAIN

Access ion n u mber 8 7

g e

K ' a ng h s i n ien c h ih

K ' a ng h s i n ien c h ih

A ccess ion n u mbers 1 17 , 1 18

K ' a ng

1 36

h s i n ien c h ih

p o lychro me Vase mark i n r ed .

b lack/brown mot tled g laze p a ir o f v ases w ith i den t ica l marks i n u n .derg laze b lue .

1 37

K IRKMAN 'S CLASSES I N FORT J ESUS REPRESENTED I N CATALOGUE

M ING PERIOD B lue a nd Wh i te 5 a

L arge b ow ls w ith l andscape a nd a qua t ic s cenes .

6 a

Bow ls w ith o pen l otus b losso ms.

6 b

S im i lar b ow ls w ith g rotesque a n i ma l .

6 c

to m Bow ls w ith f l ora l d es ign i n b ot .

8 a

l b to m Smal ow ls w i th l i on i n b ot , d eep b lue .

9 a

to m a Bow ls w i th b ird i n b ot nd b irds o n o u ts ide .

Th ick a nd t h in b od ied

t ypes . K ' ANG HS I PERIOD Po lychro me I a

ly w Bow ls u sual ith o u t-turned l i ps ....pr inc ip le d ecora t ion o f p eony , to m a p lu m , p ineapp le mot ifs o n o u ts ide , mot if r epea ted i n b ot nd i n b order o n i ns ide o f l i p .

I c

lis g P la tes w i th g rooved r ing b ase , b losso ms o n ar ed t rel round o n i ns ide , c ur l ing waves a nd c lass ica l b orders o n o u tside .

B lue a nd wh ite 5 c

Bow ls a nd p la tes w ith s er ies o f s prays a bove b ase i n t wo t in ts o fb lue .

5 e

F lu ted b ow ls, p la tes, a nd s aucers w ith f l ora l d es igns i n t wo t in ts o f b lue

6 a

to m Bow ls w ith t urned-ou t l i ps a nd l o tus t endr i ls o n o u ts ide , l otus i n b ot , i n s ing le t int o fb lue .

6 b

B ow ls a nd c ups w ith v ar ious f l ora l d es igns, s o me t i mes smudged , s o me f ee c s im i lar t o d es igns o n c of o loured b ow ls .

6 c

S im i lar b ow ls w i th f igures i n a g arden .

6 d

Bow ls, l i ds, a nd s aucers w ith c hrysan the mu m , l o tus, o r p eony b losso ms

7

P la tes w i th g rooved f oot-r ing a nd p hoen ix w i th l ong t a i l , o r n ea t ly d rawn

8

Bow ls w i th f l ora l d es ign i n o u t l ine a nd s o l id b lue .

1 0a

to m Cups w ith c hevron b order , q ua trefo i l i n b ot .

a nd f orma l ized t endr i ls. f l ora l d es ign .

1 0b

to m S im i lar c ups w ith n ea t ly d rawn f l ora l mot if i n b ot .

ha

to m S im i lar b ow ls w ith y ing-yang a nd p a-kua d es ign , p a-kua i n b ot .

1 1c

to m S im i lar b ow ls w i th d anc ing b oys, r ocks i n b ot .

l id

to m S im i lar b ow l w ith im mor ta l , l andscape i n b ot .

l ie

t to m S im i lar b ow l w ith c lerk r ead ing l e ter i n b ot .

l lf

S im i lar b ow l w ith d es ign o f t rees, "t he t hree f r iends", g rassy t u f t i n to m b ot . 1 38

11

S im i lar b ow ls w ith f l ora l d es ign i n medal lion .

1j

S im i lar b ow ls w i th c ash i nb ot to m . ( The c ash i s ap ear l. C .S . )

I lk

S im i lar b ow ls w i th d anc ing b oy i nb ot to m .

l ln

S im i lar b ow ls w i th l o tus o n s te m i nb ot to m .

1 2

S im i lar b ow ls a nd min ia ture p ots w ith f l ora l d es ign i n o u t l ine .

1 4

B ow ls w ith r ough ly d rawn f l owers, p erhaps a n a ster , u sua l ly i n a g rey-b lue .

1 6a

B ow ls w ith p oe ms, u sua l ly i n g rey-b lue .

1 7b

P la tes w ith f l ora l d es igns, b rown e dge t o l i p .

C of f ee o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh ite i ns ide 2 0a 2 0e

B ow ls w i th t endr i ls a nd b losso ms, b order o f c hevron o r t rel lis. B ow ls a nd c ups, p la in i ns ide .

Ca fe-aula i t o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh ite i ns ide 2 1a

B ow ls p la tes a nd c ups w i th f l ora l s prays .

2 1b

P la tes w i th s che ma t ised l o tus d es ign .

Mot tled g reen a nd y el l ow o u ts ide , b lue a nd wh ite i nside 2 3

C ups w ith s che ma t ised f l ora l d es ign i nb ot to m .

Wh ite 2 7a

P la tes i n p la in wh ite p orce la in , s o me t i mes t h in .

E IGHTEENTH-N INETEENTH CENTUR IES Po lychro me 3

B ow ls a nd p la tes w ith f l ora l d es igns i n r ose-p ink , g reen , b lue a nd

1 0

y el l ow . 1 8 th c entury . B ow ls w ith c ora l-red , g reen o r y el l ow g round , a nd f o l ia te p ane ls w ith s prays i n r ed a nd r ose-p ink o n o u ts ide .

1 9th c en tury .

B lue a nd wh ite 1 2a

B ow ls g eneral l y smal l w ith r oset te b and b e low r im a nd t ied s pray o r s er ies o f c ones a bove b ase o n o u ts ide , i nb lue o n b lue ish wh ite b ackg round , o rb lack o n wh ite g round .

1 2b

S im i lar b ow ls w ith t rel lis a nd s pray b order b e low r im a nd a s er ies o f c ones a bove b ase .

1 3a

1 8 th c en tury .

Bow ls a nd p la tes w ith h orses o r d ragons, o r f l ora l d es igns, i n s o l id w ithou t o u t l ines.

1 5

1 8 th c entury .

1 8 th a nd 1 9th c en tur ies.

lis a B ow ls, r are ly p la tes , w ith t rel nd s pray o n o u ts ide , s pray o r c onto m c en tr ic c irc les i n b ot . 1 8 th a nd 1 9th c en tur ies, ( t he s prays a l terna te

1 6a

w ith s acred f ung i. C .S .) B ow ls w ith c hrysan themu ms o n o u ts ide , s ing le s pray i n b ot to m .

1 9a

a nd 1 9th c entur ies . B ow ls c ups a nd p la tes w ith o ver-al l c haracter ( ?) o r c o mb p at t ern o n o u ts ide , s im i lar c harac ter o r s y mbo l i n b ot to m .

1 39

1 8 th

1 8th a nd 1 9th c entur ies.

1 9b

P la tes w ith s im i lar d es ign o n i ns ide a nd l arge c haracter i n wh i te o n b lue g round i n b ot to m .

1 9th c en tury .

( Character i s as hou , i nb lue

o n wh ite . C .S . ) Wh ite 2 9a

Bow ls w i th t urned o u t l i ps a nd t al h ick r ing b ases, s o me t i mes w i th l t f o l ia te e dge .

2 9b

1 8 th o r 1 9th c en tury .

Smal ups a nd s aucers i n g rey-wh ite . l c

1 40

1 9th c en tury .