1,214 170 81MB
English Pages 1162 Year 1915
Table of contents :
Front Cover
Table of Contents
Section 1 (Page 1)
Index (Page 335)
495 Yeeing
sc colchinese Library
Studies
Arthurst
,
Smith
1915
THE
BENJAMIN
MARCH
ORIENTAL LIBRARY
Yeaching Sc ' co . .
hines
Darrout
St
Rue
18
.
Leo
Rev
Studies Library
Yours
.)
Chine
(
ly
.E .
S
Tche
-
Mission
du
11€5
CHINESE CHARACTERS Their origin, etymology, history, classification and signification. A thorough
study from Chinese
documents
BY
Dr
Ef WIEGER,
S.J.
TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY
L. DAVROUT,
S.J.
VOLUME I. ■
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS. PHONETIC SERIES.
w
HO-KIEN-FU CATHOLIC MISSION PRESS. 1915
IP
!
295. 5
W645 +
Dar
ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED
.
8098
495
Marel 6
- 29 - 50
PREFACE .
اهدگامرلا
arded edition The end aimed
at
by
the Author has
been
analyze
to
the
characters ,
ancient forms of the Chinese to extract from them , primitive group together ac their constituents and then to them cording to these primitive elements , in an order both logical and synoptical
of
The materials of the Lessons were gathered from the works the Chinese philologists . After having eliminated the useless
characters , the Author picked out, among the usual characters , 223 Primitives . Around these elements were grouped about 1500
Sprincipal combinations the other characters The whole
♡
experiences
are derived
, this disposition
study The Introduction
explanation
and
all
seemed
into to
. After many
Lessons
177
be the most advantageous
designed
classifications of the Chinese characters .
the different
The Lexicon
which
to furnish some necessary , , the analysis history categories the the
is
respecting
from
.
matter was divided
.
for
and phonetic compounds
by order
of Phonetics
placed
was
at
the end
of
the first Volume as a natural complement of the Lessons . The second Volume comprehends the two other Lexicons , one by order of Radicals and the other by order of Sounds . •
The romanisation the Wade
system
adopted
by the Translator was according
. L
Hsien - hsien
(Ho - kien -fu ) ,
April
4
,
1915
.
. D . , S. J.
to
•
INTRODUCTORY .
B
that inval
well grounded
inductions
.
official Recorders
there were
of
be
the mist
in
,
-
' confirmed
it
to
centuries before
lost
positive arguments by
are
27
Ts
no
There
2697 2398
(
-
ang hsieh
personages
these
),
,
whilst
. C .
ti
.
.
Huang
admitted
is
,
idate the Chinese tradition
Under
of
Though the existence
era
the period may
time still
to
their
it
and
the Christian
must be ascribed
the characters
-
-
systematization be
Fu
hsi ,
According to tradition , the idea of
.
SKETCH
-
I. HISTORICAL
who
.
used the written characters
,
of
writing was used only for mallers government and means the Emperor was given information and his orders
,
of
,
,
,
-
use
by is
.
ku
.
t
a
be
.
-p
to
, or
in a
hiding lace
the
big heads
The name has stuck
Hua
LI *
*
*
*
7
EU
FL F
in
us
to
.
for
!
These are tadpoles
» ?
at
sight
the
appellation
Confucius was pulled
discovered
ever since
EN
of
PG
,
a
«
,
exclaimed
man
latter
of
.»
. C .,
B
«
,
in
the house
were
ku
wên
.
them
the year
the official
genuine
the
chou
The origin
when
learned
:
,
who was not
.
it
Lu
prince
and the slender threads to
-
2d
century
ancient characters
books written of
,
old
shows that
Towards
-
by
the
-
tou tzŭ
those
toWeAŻ
,
Kung
tadpoles
'
:
thus recorded
In
, a
is
hite
we know
Chinese philologists
k o
are called
wên
down
characters and fixed their classical shape
of
wich
the
of
of
and documents
drew
original
Their origin
handed
varied much
,
,
Fi
,
the then existing
chuan down
Chou
many monuments
, or w
,
wên
catalogue
ancient
the
their form
in
,
. C .
B
From
Shang Dynasty were
their
,
The
the
up
. C ..
study
come down
Other characters
of
.
to
transcriptions
successive
bronzes
18th Century
the
while their making was well defined 800 the Imperial Recorder scribes
, .
to
were engraved upon
traced back
that have of
characters
B
The most ancient form
in
up
-
.»
shih agrand master
t'
*
,
ai - ,
to
were transmitted the mandarins and the people The shih recorders registrars scribes were trained official schools under the direction
a
its
"
.
By
,
In
the beginning
adininistration
CHARACTERS. did
-
.
.
,
:
,
,
to
1
Ch in
, -
'
-
tikai
ne
a
-
of
,
ts '
,
of
-
his À
: ),
6
,
,
.
mul
of
:
excessive
the
state
?
Many
Lessons
new era was opened
this change
an
a
inter
.
a
ssů
causes
in
in
of
number
wrongly
, Li -
to
us
.
Li - ;
(
in
,
of
Li -
Li -
sufficient
wrong shape
these
.
;
,
up
of The the
fermen together
not well
be
could
as
to
,
sprang
Things
e
Hoş
2
t
.
E L
ki
Po
)
.
#
etc F,
thing
ff .
it .
to
;
, all F
of
m
fl 41
new
public
things
this disorderly
From
doubles
useless
stupidly
were
.
tek
.
n
The
.
which
names
ignorance
the
,
:
of
to
give
writing was
took
first
characters
a
to
characters
without control without criticism
F
,
,
,
an
,
#
the
probably
.
,
26 K
.
L
J,
24
.
L
it
,
21 B
.
17
,
.
45 L F
.
, L
.
,
A
.
44 L G 15 B
,
14 T
BL
,
C
L
.
.
See
42 L
*
*
easy one
thousands
E
1
the need felt
7
of
;
,
then
-
,
without direction
with useful characters
·
therefore
ssů
the Etymological
briefly
light ugly
learning was spreading
process hsing shêng was tation
,
,
-
'i -
.
brougt
posterity
was growing
Empire
Let
with
preexis
:
a
reproduced
under
ssŭ was edited
multiplication
the excessive
continually
who
by
.
1
Causes
seen
Two facts are peculiar
gradual transformation
philological phenomena scribes
of
,
of of
characters
for posterity
will
ssŭ
himself
and with
before
numerous
so
then
tzŭ
and fixed them
be
ch
. 2 .
the
these mistakes
;
A
tiplication
See page
Lacking ancient documents
years after the catalogue
few
hsiao chuan
but he contented
closed before the times
,
,
by
him
preted some characters
the study
as
of
hsing shêng
was certainly
many centuries before
instances
a
,
,
primitive
new
the names for objects which were unknown
characters
and deceived
=
,
,
of
evolution
the
3300
ssù discloses two facts
any
after the process
ting elements
ang contained
San
Li -
of
the work
He did not create
composing
entitled
prime minister published writing which became
writing was known
JE
.
1
The study
way
»
form
lesser steal character
of
of
.
His collection
ssů
fixed
huang
shih
.
.
«
new
This
and
Li -
Wi
the characters
for scholars
characters
or
a
the Emperor
under
who destroyed the classical hooks obligatory
left blank the characters
who
. 213
,
Towards the year new official index
Confucius
Consequently more such men were multiplied without restraint the
now there are
characters
usual
uttered this complaint
!»
;
odd
some scribes
500
etymology
. C .
of
a
tzů
'i -
the
great prejudice
Those non
writers became
. C .
;
, I
still knew
could not write ch
which
young
was
they
B
I
«
When
other ignorant
towards the year
, and
not remember the genuine
one
false
B
copied out again
himself made this statement
studies were neglected
When they
invented
)
,
,
characters
by
they blunderingly
character
.
ignorant
the scribes became more and more genuine
,
Chou Dynasty grew worse
no
As the decay of the
he
CHINESE
when one remembers
published
at the beginning
Two
centuries
later,
40.000
characters
characters.
K'ang-hsi contains monstrosities
:
invented
;
official
:
is
absorbent
became
remained the classical writing.
one
Meng-t'ien
is
|pj
succeeded 'j$
inventions
the writing-brush, the ink and the paper. This cannot trace lines against
further
used
by
writing-brush
many characters could not he written
letters, which
hand
»
«
^
§f[
li-tzu or
way being opened,
the
arbitrary and fanciful sketches. The materials Paper
was used for were thick and
and were replaced
helped to increase the
hence came the thick strokes, the thin strokes and
were
all
unknown
to the ancients.
A
happens,
hair, therefore
wooden pencil
varnish,
black
the curved lines were broken and
hsiao-chuan
was fatal to the characters.
the slabbery
a
-jJH
deeds, and the
said to have invented or improved
writing-brush,
with still' and elastic hair, flattens out when pressed down, twists when turn
chieh-tzii
what
remains
itself. Therefore the actual of the
"%_
^
the joints, the crooks
hence the swellings,
>J>
writing
~f
classical
raised up
and are due to the instrument
;
which are not intentional
:
its point when
ed, projects
is
made
But, not long after the
But this writing beingquicker than with the stylet, the pen
A
it
commonly
or
of every
all ages, figures
During his campaigns against the Huns, the genera]
confusion.
backwards
or curved ones, at
strips. The lines traced with this coarse instrument
the current writing, while the
the
j|§ Ch'eng-miao
the rounded figures became square
at right-angles.
invention
either
straight
through
being dipped in
^
a ;
which
cil was adopted for public
.As
wood may be cut as one
very intricate.
and oftentimes
edited,
coarse point,
chuan,
a
of Li-ssu was
another.
is
one may see, in the
on silk
finished
4000
the first to be noticed
directions,
in all
traces fine or thick lines,
shape, round, oval, sinuous,
writing
moved,
^JL
Therefore
it
; a
up and down;
ungraceful
as follows
EJ
and material used for writing. The an
wooden tablets:
stylet, upon small
stylet cuts any way
catalogue
of characters
transformation
change in the instruments
cients wrote with
ending in
plainly divided
of
use. We are far from the legendary number of 80.000
Causes of the gradual
a
"2.
is
of no practical
the complete
will.
there were 10.000. Now the dictionary
and 7380
ascribed lo the Chinese language.
characters,
forwards,
era, contains
of the Christian
that may be
3300
seven times,
in common use; 2000 proper names and doubles of limited use; 34.000
characters
likes
it was completed
edition,
;J,
7th
of Li-ssu contained
The index
In the space of two centuries,
it
the,
were multiplied,
that the centres of fabrication
and that the local idioms were very different. characters.
3
J|£
otherwise,
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
:
-
INTRODUCTORY.
then
hsiao-chuan,
jft
$£■
called
it
more rapidly and the strokes were
lien-pei-tzu; then
flew, throwing
ts'ao-tzu. The fancy for
use
first
connected
up, giving
on the paper these
went quickly
birth to the figures
misshapen
novelties
it
writing-brush in
became
was used j!^
more. The
a
There
is
as changed by the writing-brush.
St
$f-
which are
rage. At the begin
CHINESE CHARACTERS. era, a scholar believed
ning of the Christian
Towards jrt1
tffi.
|£
of renown
travel* undertaken
Hsii-shen
authentic
to pet the
or frf $L
Hsu-shu-chnng,
"&
J£
^
Hsii-shih published the lexicon IS Shuo-wen chieh-tzu. 15? amended, explained and classified was the collection of Li-ssu, controlled,
vulgo
It
the year B.C. 200, after loop
a literate
s
of a scholar saved what could still be saved.
legible wav. In this crisis, the initiative
originals,
if he wrote in
himself dishonoured
$.
4
under 540 rational
keys. The
was to impede any ulterior
altera of all
contains 'XX>.S simples and Holi doubles, which makes
I0.5M5
by setting their
authentical
form
was not less useful to the nation, the admirers say. than the Canals of tin-
in
way.
and
added
Later on. under each key
discoveries
annotated
were
ranged
in line
hooks, carefully
Groups give the genealogy to rectify
ff &
it
% % **•
£ £ S
ftl * m
% >h
ffl,#
ft £
&
1 s
I* R
Lessons
4o
analysed,
learnedly
characters.
contained
^i^SS T.
£
serie>
■>(
or from the
places, throughout explained,
these
Their study enabled
of Li-ssu and id' Hsii-shen.
and mistakes
for the Flt/mologiral
material
See
the errors
&
ciitics
of the actual
*
Published
Empire.
from tombs or oilier hiding
extracted
fc
that were
J'j
hooks
chronological
that were discovered,
ancient forms, copied either from stones or bronzes
tin'
to
Shuo-wen.
of the primitive
editions
of the Hsii-shen,
researches
according
published,
mere
>ludies which
and of philological were
&
fi'
the
3
Chinese
These successive
ku-wen.
R
J£J
of areheologiral
the origin
was
published for
effect than
gave
the the
in this volume.
*J.
*
them.
explained
hsiao-chuan.
light the antique
to
more far reaching
a
of the
brought
had
£
which
of Hsii-shen
ft
conservation
tzu, the authority
All the dictionaries
boast of their having followed the Shuo-wen. a
Llul the work
Chinese philologists.
II
the last 17 centuries,
^
time, the canon of the
from that
-&
W
¥
remained,
in all doubts,
II
Yu.
consulted
by
great
It
in all.
,Hj It
scholars.
'
His book
aim ol Hsii-shen
before the eves
tion of the characters
- $.
-
INTRODUCTORY.
A
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
specimen of those groups is here given: ISeries
of the character jg
chiin, prince, through 45 centuries. I.
primitive form,
A
kind of nip
ku-wen. to
horn-shaped,
A
inspire
awe. Two arm*, the executive [tower. A
power.
the legislative
mouth,
The elements
v2. A small difference.
are the same, hut their form is different.
to
is
is
idea
give to the
which
scribe
fanciful
cap
curious
the k'i-tzu
gave
who
the
i,
desired form,
the
so
the form varies.
came
Then
in
ku-wen;
the
same
It
a
all
determined,
a
with
form.
different
a
:!.
elements,
The
difference.
Another
elements being still the same.
thought
he
saw
same, but
idle
power,
the idea
the
still the are
elements
graphic
writer,
by
a
abbreviation, hands
the
different.
partially An
the
:
r>.
figure
mouth makes law
\l
the ch'i-tzu
invented
the cap, and he The hands
ignoramus,
an
two hands, instead of
is
II
writer,
next
The
for
the one
replaced
sake of
of the
simple stroke, which gave
the ch'i-tzu ti.
This last character, being in
li
mouth
hand which
which makes
fixed the hsiao-chuan
li-tzu
and
The writing-brush changed the li-tzu into the chieh-tzu in
made
10, which
is
the
law. Thus was with
this
9.
hsiao-chuan,
8
The. wood-pencil
acts,
a
it:
use at
Li-ssu
Dynasty,
7.
interpreted
a
the end of the Chow
still classic
our days. The latter being connected together became the lien-pei-tzu
is
It
abbreviations
of which gave the ts'ao-tzu
1$ 13, 14.
all about the same for the other series.
II,
the successive
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
II.
LIU -SHU .
Six Categories
.
,
-
E
in
-
,
h
ori
,
-i
,
.
-
;
.
A
or
.
125
symbols
up
.
.
.
down
A
.
:
Exam
Those symbols
the
-
.
or
a «
to
He
is
.
.
,
The
.
chan
are two more chia chieh
.
characters
The first
gives the sound
-
,
the
there
more
meaning
: L ; d . .;
L
A
;
;
is
shu
-
# and
two
not
Example
chan
pronounced
of
chuan chu
liu
the
the other
compounds
near
its the
study
,
moisten
;
ie , of to
,
.
They are made with
second
and
divination
.
.
LI L -
to
;
tinge
dif logic
the
contains 1167
and
mouth
several
cast lots
pronunciation
phonetic
of
the
meaning
,
to
7697
the meanings
of or
.
:
them
made with two
Shuo wên
The
gives the meaning
categories are based upon the composilion upon their use
or
.
in
;
a
.
of
.
the
the
,
studied
16
complete
of
to
.
-
means
,
be
To
compound
to
to
,
»
,
water gives
,
.
party
tellers
the compound
contains
The Shuo wên
They are
Phonetic compounds
One
but gives
the meaning
indicative
from
results from
composed
consult fortune
category
characters
element site
chan
.
Fourth simple
, .
is
combinations
A
bt
Example
;
al
Their signification
-
.
Logical combinations
ferent elements outcome
symbols
361 imitative
figure that suggests
The Shuo wên contains authority which exerts itself
more simple
characters
the object
sketch represents
motion
idea
category
Third
sieh
while the other
meaning
contains
-
.
L
TO
of an
the
combinations
hand
.
:
aT
suggest
images
The Shuo wên
ll .
.
#
nili
#
in :
)
action
shêng
details and instances
few
Indicative symbols
Second category
logical
.
Imitative symbols
the right
Example
often
with
summarize the matter
First category
and
Enhsing
which one part has
, .
us
points out the pronunciation
hsiang hsing imitative
hui
for
into
a
phonetic compounds
Let
the
,
are
-
meaning
,
,
shêng
parts have
anhsiang
subdivided
*
all
in
which
chih shih
lelters
X
letters .
indicative symbols
in
compound
The
a
,
and
!
symbols
into
subdivided
i
The figures
ple
tzů , compound
simple figures , and the
,
are
wên
divide the characters into two great classes : the
philologists
The Chinese
.
of Characters
categories
The above
four
The last two are based
-
SIX CATEGORIES.
Acceptation
of the character
INTRODUCTORY.
Fifth category. Chuan-chu. extended,
derived, generalized,
Example: $] picture of a fishing-net. net-work, cobweb, reticulate design;
As
the same
the ideas became The
proportion.
abstract
etc.
sense, any
of the primitive
in general,
to
i. e. begot by successive
refer to concrete
of characters
the signification
broader,
more
figurative,
to catch with a net, to catch
Nearly all the primitive characters
turns in the interpretation. objects.
By extension
in a meaning
adapted,
All these meanings are chuan-chu.
to gather, etc.
envelop,
analogous,
metaphorical,
7
terms are commonly
spread in
of concrete
chuan-chu
characters. Sixth
Use of a false borrowing. which is not its own, either i. By error, for an other existing
Chia-chieh,
category.
character
in a sense
character; or
has no special character.
but which
is
jjjfc
Formerly,
mistake,
written fjfc.
which was not
chia-chieh,
a
ffi:
was
a
for
it
^
scribe wrote
amended, on account of the superstitious "2.
one may find the charac
meaning to rejoice. Now fjfc means to apeak, and to rejoice
a
Once
has its name in the
Examples:
of the Analects of Confucius,
I. In the first paragraph ter
lit.
mistake,
to designate an object which
2. By convention,
spoken language,
a
text.
respect for the classical
the elder brother was called
in some time, in some place,
ko.
admitted; this was
a
with
were
artificial
thus given
also
to
the composition
meanings,
their
besides
Other characters,
own
how any relation
very easy. There was not
said wan in the spoken
a
character
and installed in its new functions,
with two claws and
to
mean a there
and from that
tail. See, in the Lessons,
a
many
47
and
answer was
characters was dispos
myriad
time,
the numbers
The
myriad, which
were
49
written
H, 50
Q, etc.
Those chia-chieh
are the very reason why
characters, which was primitively difficult.
the interpretation
so simple and eas\,
of the Chinese
became so intricate
They obscure many texts, fill up the lexicons, overburden
and exasperate the students. the Chinese characters,
their successive keepers.
These sad results spring
hut from
their antiquity
not from
and
from
and so
the memory,
vice inherent
to
the carelessness
of
a
71
proper
language. On the contrary,
student
meaning also a myriad,
X,
sessed,
meaning quite
Thus the foreign
scorpion and one among them was just pronounced wan. a
to write
scorpion
and their
meaning
may be found between the two terms?
a
is
he wonders
this was
names of lost things, or
either
new and in absolute contrast with their composition.
however
few usual characters
useless doubles, first disappeared and then appeared again with quite puzzled when he sees the figure of
was agreed that
of the character,
an arbitrary character. Not
chia-chieh,
different meanings chuan-chu.
new one,
elder brother. Though
mean,
is
be unconnected
meaning
used
be
0,
should
it
sing,
is
to
It
ko,
a
iU
it
ko had that meaning. Instead of making
characters
a
This word was used in the spoken language only. None among the then existing
CHARACTERS.
Notice .
In the Lessons
or a « logical
or a « phonetic compound
Lit
,
English
in
.
-
.»
More commonly we shall characters
.
The
:
imitative symbol
image
act action
.
,
to
image from
.
This
a
govern
is
;
, ,
4
,
of
meanings
the fusion
hand
to
.
,
from
by
a
;
i
;
the sound
.
be
.
the chia chieh absolutely
are
.
all
with
the text
-
,
satisfied in
,
a
.
It
is to
,
pl
.
;
,
.
H
.
, -
inserted
indicated but not larger dictionaries which
been
gives
indicat The most
The latter
necessary
on
the
rod
from
phonetic compound
we shall
chia chieh
,
in
looked for
meanings
or
words chuan chu
-
be
to
are
A
.
arbitrary
important chuan chu have
hand
from
hermetically
-
the
up He
,
ing them
or
for the derived
Lit
logical conbination Lit from conceal
.
É my
in
&
,
H
,
of
on
shut
the four sides
by
As
closed
strike
to
E
,
AM meanings
2 A
fusion
,
.
,
;
by
symbol
act indicative logical combination
Lit
,
shows the thing indicative symbol
,
J . '
M
Team
#
Ito
A
#
)
-
,
chih shih
Lit .
.
.
hsiang hsing
or
E
The
or
there
hsiang
the right hand
say
given in Chinese
the Chinese definition
with
not
symbol , » that is « an indicative symbol,»
an imitative
formulas for these definitions are thus given
, of
for the sake of brevity we shall
,»
combination
content ourselves ordinary
,
character : this is
about each
or
CHINESE
.
Primitives
ascribed
to
,
form
The strokes are
to
Their
:
previously
are all reduced into for the modern writing nine is
practice
.
in
,
explained
.
,
.
stand point the Chinese characters
about seventeen
as
.
and
writing brush -
the
Phonetics
These material elements amount
to
theory
,
of in
strokes
Radicals
-
the calligraphic
From
simple
AND DECOMPOSITION
.
COMPOSITION
.
III .
.
their account
the nature
-
INTRODUCTORY. Note well
material
and do not forget
that this
lias no connection
elements,
AND DECOMPOSITION.
COMPOSITION
reduction
9
simple strokes, into
into
study of
whatever with the etymological
the characters.
From the logical,
etymological point of view, the compounds are made, not
with strokes, hut with characters more simple, having their own These
simple
tions,
and decompositions.
its specific
for classification
look for
v\e
is decomposed
the
into
logical
^
S§. the element
and TjjT. Hut here,
etymological
one says that
j|j,
decomposition
two categories,
in
therefore
gives the sound;
^ we
decompose
not the question.
Now,
the
logical
formal
therefore
ends there.
indicated
or for
characters
simple
which are used to compose the most intricate
one must distinguish
answering,
this
analysis.
may be asked how numerous are those relatively
mal elements,
If
themselves compounds,
gives the meaning;
formal element. The etymological
It
into ^ and fgjq.
are evidently
of material analysis, one should
In the phonetic compound
element.
is decomposed
combination,
is
is a question
of these formal
and is of no interest
is
if it
into -3* »-• [Jj, and
What
a logical
it
compound,
P1]
no doubt,
combination
ulterior decomposition
belongs to histology,
|§,
Examples:
are given as elements,
is
^
The
fibres
|$jj
JUJ, a phonetic and [$ which answer:
the study of a plant is ended when one
botany,
if o
go Jh.
inl°
purposes.
into strokes would add nothing to
to decompose
organs.
cells and primary
by their
formed
it has separated and isolated the
a
into
fgjj|
elements
was
character
intricate
a
formal elements. To go further, knowledge; just as, in systematic has determined
more
must end when
is
The.
the analysis
it
and
association,
use and meaning.
elements are what we call «elemenls», when we speak of composi
Before
characters?
previously:
the mean
— Theoretically,
Meaning elements. of
for the composition
tactically
,
P
wanted.
a
I.
ing elements and the phonetic elements. any simple character
logical combination.
could
how many of those elements did they use? Relatively
few. Indeed, the research of those elements had to be made among
regular forms, and not among the modern imperfect
corrupted
from about live to six hundred
authors numbered because
used
be
The ancient writers used those they
there
were
compound
forms.
very
the ancient
Different
Chinese
elements, but their choice was
forms,
either
or inverted,
multiples
which were kept without reason. who
Chalmers
studied who
the
resumed
estimate. Our own researches deliberately led us to give 223 meaning
question,
J.-M. Callery,
this study, circumscribed
gave
suggested
also 300 as
a
European
in
first
J.
The
number of 300.
the
rough
the practical domain,
elements, the list of which may be found
at the head
2
of the Lessons.
CHINESE CHARACTERS . above , we call primitives
are not formally
and which
were added
dots
extend
in
of
,
.
salt
,
as
the grains
.
,
Lesson
,
67 0
.
,
elements
; .
of
a
. J. M .
,
of
to
a
head
the
only
the Chinese cared
the series which has twenty
,
,
his
domain
therefore one may see
which has one stroke only
from
seen
key
practical the
may
these phonetic
them
Callery
till
in
list
This
of
the
circumscribed
,
of
.
,
these phonetics
in
,
.
In
, .
the choice
in
of
Our researches prolific elements
1040
thou
one
sounds
found
scale
characters
Some Chinese authors numbered
characters and
these
phonetic
at
as
.
be
below
compose
greater number
be
numbers
phonetic elements
to
have been sufficient
,
.
,
,
,
,
the Chinese sounds not being numerous
about the sound and not about the character of
an
this is not a decomposition
they called the thousand mothers
which
groups
strokes
Theoretically
given
special study
gave 858 phonetic phonetic
or
and yet
.
,
11 D
, of
,
system
will
this
them
any
or
etc
the Chinese used
a
of
the reason who made
thorns
characters would
Practically
,
of sulphur
a bar
They are We call those characters partial primitives examples superadded the graphical See details the
Phonetic elements
four hundred
sand
Lesson
lif
in
Lesson 20
,
nipples
characters
,
primitives relatively
chemical
hammer
a
the
a
to
but a breaking up . In modify the meaning
to
few
iron ingot can be smashed with
body
to
Just as a simple
H
.
having
figures having sound
resolved into
120
use for the analysis
,
simple
they may be reduced into strokes , but this is without
,
Materially
, ideographic
shortly
relatively
characters
a
.
and meaning
element that cannot
; or ,more
,
sound and meaning
the primitives are
or
,
Therefore
iki
.
minimum
meaning
parts
into meaning
an ulterior decomposition
of ad
fundamental heads . The definition
well . Primitive , formal
is to be noted
this term
mit of
,
chien -shou
called by the Chinese
composition
of the logical
elements
the
;
said
iu
As
or
10
.
four
languages are decomposed
;
.
the
into
radical and
termination indicates case time
,
The radical gives the meaning
,
European
of
The inflected words
termination
to
inflected The first sinologists applied those grammatical terms belonging phonetic the inflected one not languages the Chinese language which compounds they called radical the meaning part They dared not call termina for
In
.
.
an
is
to
,
,
.
mood
.
.
,
viz
,
Phonetic
Radical formal
the formal element which
gives
element which
does not give the meaning
but
,
the meaning
,
,
.
the sense above given
,
strictly
in
but
.
a
it
,
,
They mistake would have been lion the phonetic part and with reason phonetic part phonetic and those two terms radical We ours make called that
:
is
ac
radical -
ang hsi
'
radicals only the 214 keys
,
,
phonetic
the term
;
a
phonetic
of K
and gave
one
a
,
radical
a
such
of or
a
, .
a
,
in
either
the
?
of
the dictionaries
radical and
act Others reduced the extension
.
to
it
has
as
the keys
the part of
to
cording
to
be ,
a
,
one ters into categories stating that such composition while any character may
is
an
in
sinology
this these terms The reason we insist thus upon the definition equivocal charac Some divided they were often used sense
,
in
Why
do
.
indicates the sound
-
INTRODUCTORY.
AND DECOMPOSITION.
COMPOSITION
they called phonetic any character which speaking, improper, equivocal and
was not radical.
Hence arose ways of
For example: because
false.
11
^
is the 751h key
in fil,, instead of saying
fj
is
|s radical
radical in
and
£L>
in ft^j. confused and inexact way of speaking,
a
To avoid such that radicals
and phonetics are not two categories
distinct. They are two categories of neuter or indifferent
or phonetics, according
remember specifically
which, being
certain number of characters
either as radicals,
Even the primitives are, in composition,
to the cases.
form
They
indivisible; elements which, being not composed,
elements formally
or as
radicals
class by themselves
a
to the cases.
one must
of characters
by nature, are used in composition,
according
phonetics,
a
phonetic
r5
say: the phonetic
is
r5f
of Kang-hsi. some say: the radical ^c is phonetic in ffc, instead of saying: /f; is the 100th key of Gallery, some phonetic in $C, and radical in ^. Because
only
as
compose all
could not be changed and consequently
the phonetics
ged, in order to get different characters.
f$
is a
dead tree. Now there elm, the character
the phonetic kind
had necessarily
of elm
which
also pronounced
of
category
to be chan
of trees,
had given the phonetic compound
k'u was made, in which
do?
objects
to the
proper
In the category
Example:
-jjj
;£,
is
radical of which
radical
The
could
placed
$j
kinds, but having the same sound.
there were to be
is
different
when four hundred
characters,
In certain categories,
is
use one thousand
^
Why did they
was to avoid confusion.
It
the others.
the k'u,
For this
k'u.
and so on
used as phonetic;
for many others. As above slated, the new characters are selected, for more than twenty centuries, exclusively
among the phonetic compounds. Out of the twenty thousand characters
that constitute
the main part of the big dictionaries,
are phonetic compounds.
necessity, to form
In which
a
them
way of distinguishing
thousands of
was of absolute
one from another. the assertion that the phonetics give their
must we understand
sense
about eighteen
Some variety in their composition
sounds to the phonetic compounds? To answer the question, one must presuppose
Further,
distance
phonetic,
.
li,
compounds, made after the same phonetic,
circulation with
that
sound went
to
In
the
li,
is
said are
understood.
a
of ages.
place and time
That
fact
rj
was
when
was pronotinded
were all pronounced the
dif
it
a
is
this character
a
first chosen to be used as
in
nothing
the dialect of the same district varied in. the course
rj
right
dialectic
half of the things
of two thousand
being granted, let us take as example
put
exaggerated, but
is
that, at
great number of
li, there are perceptible only
Chinese
Its sounds
distance of one hundred
li,
and
other. This assertion
distance of one thousand a
ferences; that, at understood:
each
distance of one hundred a
a
to say that, at
Hence arose
Chinese proverb says that at
people cannot understand
The
past, in an immense territory.
and may be easily confounded.
dialectic differences.
A
are not numerous,
that they need no proof.
so evident
spoken for tens of centuries
a
following facts which are is
the
language
chan.
Its
chan, and being
North and to the South. Now the
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
12
Chinese philologists
words , while
of
15
,
In a
a
, a
a
to
,
is
It
?
,
.
in
-e
.
so
),
is an
,
,
to
.
,
a
by to
, It
,
by
following
this volume
a
.
of
made
characters
to
is
of
by
of
of
,
.
.
is
It
(
?
.
. .3
.
1
:
so
to
to a
of .
,
by
a
simple
straight
form
3
for
)
stated
,
the
of
of
.
( as
above
,
of
or
same need
The
instead
7
instead for
a
,
compound
th
the
of
,
radical
phonetics
was used
character
,
a
a
,
of
simple
radical
I
as
.
NOTICES
or
,
for
,
for
ping
is
which
thus both
78
shui from radical and phonetic
ping
,
Lit
ice
.
,
element
being thus together radical and
. ,
; /
freeze
iyot
is
.A
y
the compound
an
,
some ancient characters
.
In
zk
to
–
.
ih
,
ping
sound to
its
.
olt
-
from
characters
F
For
.
.
,
Radicals
gives also ex
1 .
.
radical
an
.
.
11
for
Phonetic
phonetic
inverted
example
For
water
distinction
Item
The
certain
helps also
more useful than
and
that multiplied
the use sometimes
character etc
compound instead as a
,
impelled
xisting
series
,
of of a
1 .
of
variety
say
phonetics allows after
the reason why we add
IMPORTANT Use
and nearly non
exaggeration
much
for the
vague
somewhat
the study
more attractive
sounds
compounds
vague
useful For after all the sounds certain pilent and according
compound
Further
It
.
in
series
the sound
.
by
only
the sound
memory
the
or
to
,
following the phonetic the series by radicals phonetic
series
Therefore the knowledge
guess approximatively
those characters
lexicon
consonant
useless
eachi series varied
rules
certain dialectic
phonetics
the phonetic
is
initials and finals
fix
of
phonetics and
of
of
the study
is
But then
use
The determination
still more vague for the initial
for the tone and aspiration study
reduced
often
is
it
that
),
be
vowel
(
is to
final
regretted
deter was
sound
The
the dictionaries
something rather
is
practically
with regard
The sound was well
insertion
to
;
,
l'
-
.
. 2 .
,
fixed
was told pronounced
was
pon the whole
But then when one says that the phonetics determine this determination
and posterity
There were dialectical corruptions
and without any critical study
choice
nor returned
that
,
chan
of , a
,
,
.
,
t'
what was then used
big
characters
there were
neither made
pronunciation
was pronounced
common
the mother
under
,
,
for
-
.
,
at
,
as
to
it -
to
in to
:
.
a
of
th
in
n
,
t
,
note
dialect
the making
gathered
The compiler
the three following points
the beginning
in
,
set down
that
and
Southern
different places stuck
with odd colours
was their common phonetic
,
t'
finally
special
last when
instance
ieh
into yen
are also differences
which
restore the primitive
but simply
the phonetic series mined
nien and
i
,
once
and that
ieh
ma kuang
was diversified
,
,
,
,
dialect
him
Then
tien
chên
nor tried for
by
*
z chan
nor criticized
the latter
Ssů
roving brood
pronounced
unique
well
all ,
&
word
its ,
to
the former
dictionary
and
was ended
common origin
to
into
the same time the tones and aspirates as
origin
Hi
in
of :
ch
. At
became
hii
transformed
;
final
ên
an
had
into yeh which are dialectic differences the
the
finals in
the
the South alters the initials . Thus when passing over in the Northern its
Tuti
dialects,
is known as corrupting
say that the North
INTRODUCTORY.
IMPORTANT NOTICES .
–
13
Those characters are like a link between the logical combinations
. Radical
and the phonetic
compounds
the
.
'
in
K
's
,
B
.,
,
ex
.
on
,
, be
to
dictio
€
,
hu
which
the
in
Series
155
,
the phonetic
a
.,
to
ex us .
a
in
is
,
,
'
7 5
.
the other
,
and
phonetic
Ils
ao .
.
his
.
,
no
all
.»
-
,
no
’ -
radical
.
is
in
it
,
,
is
and
,
in
to
very important
conctracted
the
same way
,
it
find gave
«
'
,
ch u
,
one may which
,
,
in
–
.
where
contracted
is
chieh
suppressed
the series 455 nao con
in
.
substituted
under
its t
In
:
is
that
,
is
series 124
phonetic
of
,
of
te
contracted
–
:
ancient forms for example
The
J.,
E
44
and
, L .
See
.
in
some radicals are abbreviated
,
contracted several intricate
.
P
becomes
or
Thus
logical combinations #
In
.
the »
phonetic
logical
that they cannot
phonetic compounds would make
radical
the
compound
the
Their
.
to
another
akui
the character
are found
of
,
ku
They
radical Remember well this remark practice One may often read the Lessons the expression place
some ancient
the phonetic
ancient forms
phonetic
Later
the
, *
in
ui ,
.
Li -
I :
,
of
the
in
,
.
yeh
this
s
To
same happens
The
in
its
.
is
the phonetic
compounds
longer used
contracted
the addition
avoid
place the radical
tracted
added
one
come from hsin but ends not logical combination made from hsin But nao having already
ebben
to
lateral radical
with
wên
had
Those embellished
this
was
to
,
be
nao
a
It
,
.
, a
seems
but
compounds
one being
are
Radicals
and
.
4
Phonetics
ugly characters in
and
gave
which
For
the sound
element was added
elements ch u
,
.
'
Now
with the mention
etc
hsin
into two
remember
why
the rest being quite
logical combinations
the sense For
phonetic
the
example
Another
I
.
,
naries
from
decomposed
ch u
gave
recall the sound
differ
adequately
phonetic
anything
is
Étui
symbols
the memory
ssů
without changing
combinations
phonetic
time
to
,
characters
was added
of
the
in
specially
helped
or
The ancient figures
and nothing
element
This
form
,
is
in
;
, . 2 .
the same
ang
character remains
written
now
authority
compounds
synonym
ku wên ancient
with the radical
was enriched
chiao , to upon
radical 66th
the
nearly
useless , under
the master
while the primitive
the words
the Lessons
the ancient form
a
hee
read
the mention
Le
is
it
now
with
used now
is
the
in
the dictionaries
may often
have
,
happened
.
the old characters
and
that
of
was classified under
hsi Thus
compound
symbol
rod
See
was the cause why
This addition
holding
hand was added
element was super
descending
master
were
be made , then
Thus , to
.
dictionaries
the new
action
characters
to
chosen , but
well
it
figured
,
a
,
disciple
in
the
which nicely
#
,
teach
, of
which the character was classified
ancient begun
a meaning
the
was a new
This
«
.
to
them
radical,
a
of
1. The
–
classifications
meaning of those characters ,
in the
to many
the systematic
When
or
.
to
without change added
phonetic redundancies .
or
simple
is
relatively
li ,
3.
scribes definitively
CHARACTERS .
CHINESE
14 5.
Phonetics mixed . Under some numbers
of the phonetic
, one may
Lexicon
two series written in the same way , but of different sound . The reason is that the modern writing , two ancient phonetics were mixed . Thus one writes to - day example the same way two series utterly distinct in the ancient writing . See ,
,
in
,
2 B
.
.
LL
.
,
v .g
E
by
Li -
,
.
a
, *
a
or
:
,
.
mm
. 66 ,
,
L
,
fit
C
as
.
82
, L
I
.
to
in
in
to
all
prin
.
.
.
of
an
.
and the
element
.
.
things
,
of
its
-
is
Remodelled
, B. it C .) .
of
(
took
actual
of
.
,
hills
,
mounds
animals
In
earth
domestic
the
strokes
The
in
elements
the
,
series under keys *
by
were disposed
number
the
logical rest
the
meaning element
the meaning
.
.
from
Starting from
one among
of
or
by
.
and
,
heaven
,
music
wild
the
this world were distributed
,
,
,
,
those compilations
Tzú hsia
F
,
of
birds
,
,
utensils
Radicals
characters to
The paragraph
12th century
The things
more numerous
,
he
,
OF
2
H
to
. is
A
.D .
280
are
,
the
according
The prototype
.
.
A a
,
,
,
,
,
called Radicals
himself
CHARACTERS
fishes
compounds
the
series which contains the
the study
Confucius
houses
insects
classification
logical combinations
ascribed
disciple
deri Etymo
the others are
first classifications were encyclopedias
The
.
of
.
'p o
-
:
,
,
16
B .C
,
,
by
of
.
1
.
kindred
trees
the phonetic
All
classifications
Chinese
circà
the headings
Logical
are often
combinations under their
the same element
from
CLASSIFICATION
which
Kuo
sections
mi
Three
mastering less
may explain
the phonetical
to
refers
the present
the first sketch
shape from
consists
than 2000 characters
less
that exhausts practically
IV .
,
a
whole
century
high
See
the Chinese characters
the student knows them
Each paragraph
plants
.
of
is
,
,
that
Natural classification
the 5th
take less place
The Lessons explain the logical
after the manner
multitude
are the elements and groups that are treated
phonetic compounds derived series form
trees make
Two
and about 1500 principal combinations and phonetic compounds
When
.
. .
cipal primitive
.
,
in
,
.
L
.
Lessons
the compounds
men
Certain figures broader than
The knowledge
Those
.
logical
to
,
a
,
,
them
For example
Three
figures graphically
several times
tt
the
We a $
,
167
.
L
ved from
F
literati
big rumbling
the primitives
made with
blaze
the compounds
158
.
8
rolling
two
great intensily
Figures straightened
Conclusion
in
the
rival principalities and
1
,
means
than 300 primitives
2
Some double logical
ssé
the same cause
the
forin
sprung
they
. fires
straightened
of
different
fact that
the
E
.
B
.
Two
chariots
actual
origin
element reproduced
the great number
waters
times after
differences between
or An
32
.
7
Multiples
under
compounds
explained
times
those
forest
the modern
owe their
There were
phonetic
of
,
in
,
probably
combinations and
.
,
,
synonymous
is
,
perfectly
many different places
from
of
727
great number
to
bul
sound
330 573
The
.
.
6
Synonyms
in
and
,
,
the Series 215 277
.
in
etc
in
for
find
was the first
-
INTRODUCTORY.
CLASSIFICATION
thus disposed. It contains
lexicon,
and some very poor, according
540 keys, some
15
very abundant,
of them being
to the notion expressed by them. Later
the latter keys
sake.of simplitication,
OF CHARACTERS.
about the placing of the characters
were
suppressed.
on, for the
This reduction
brought
that had belonged to the keys left out, under
other keys, with which the former had some analogy of figures, but no real relation. The classification
thus became
number of keys was
of K'ang-hsi
RB
J^
*£
M,
use
to
committing
of etymology
it for any study worst
the
Under
fJJJ, the
the
belonging
is based upon llrese 214 keys. This in its definitions.
is easy enough to consult and precise
dictionary avoid
half arbitrary.
logical,
keys, were arbitrarily placed where they should not be.
to more than 300 ancient
The dictionary
half
reduced to 214; which meant that the characters
indicate,
We shall
blunders.
number of these mistakes, for which
But one
or of classification,
in the Lessons,
are not personally
the compilers
must
under pain of a certain
answerable,
was according
the
^,
each
prosodical initials.
tone.
To
gathering
category;
find
lastly
Examples:
called
by sounds,
were made. In
the finals
being very
character,
one
one must seek
The largest Chinese
dictionary,
the same category
all those that
so that now en, in, tin, un are mingled;
same category, etc. The a
for
dictionaries
to the Chinese prosody; a
an, uan, ien, form
the lirst of
there were 20G finals for 30 initials. Later on, the
number of finals was reduced, by rhymed according
vowel.
must
have in all the volumes, one
know lirst its
tone, then its
in the latter,
following the order of
§|
under
nearly
Jjjf
numerous:
lo this system that dictionaries
they were
Shen-
and mo make lo, etc.
Jfj", was composed after
the %,
this type. We join here the usual table of rhymes.
%
the beginning,
known characters,
two other
and the second the final
jjj
p'an and nieh make p'ieh;
It
character,
gives the initial consonant,
which
500, gj|r
consists in associating for the expression
jj}jj
unknown
of any
{ft, which
in
sound
the system
j^j
a
of
g£
Phonetic classification by Rhymes. Towards the year A. D.
li
3.
yao introduced
jfa
because the system of keys used by them was composed before their time.
CHINESE
10
CHARACTERS
Table of Rhymes
¥
±
*
•A
m
$
ft
8
*
J*)
m
*
m\
X
oi
i.L.
Eng, ing, iung.
Iu, on. En, in, an.
K
£J
An, ien.
E, I,
i
it &
A,
ai, ya, ua.
m
«
flf (ft)« «)
A, ia,
Ang. iang, uang.
o»
»
m
E,o.
«>
A} Si(
i,
*'
ih, o, no, fl.
m m
ffll
X]
Ao, iao.
]
M %
*'
Hi
ft"j
a
«■
V, m
ff
M)
■-J
u
* *i U
1
&k
»'
Ai, ei,
e,
i,
An, uan, yen.
ml
u'h. uch
Iao, ieh, o, uo, ac
ih. o,
K]
Vi-
En, in, fin, un.
£
ra1
in
etc.
o, ai.
K|
m)
Ei, uei.
A, ia.
e\
£
I.
»
1*1
m
Ai, uai. yeh
E,
*K
D.
3£
Ih, ei,
B
iS
Ei U.
ftv
U. u, iu etc.
Ih.
K
* k « »i
1
m ES
«
*> %]
Iang.
i*
&
i
*i
Ong.
M
tg
fcj II
ft
S|
■
*
*e^ &a £a
*! *j
ft' fii
•
Ieh, yeh.
no.
ieh,
-
INTRODUCTORY.
i. Phonetic classification, by sounds. Basing himself upon a certain tjt SH M, Fan-t'eng-feng 20 initials and 12 finals,
order though
Hie system g£
-{3J.
invented, towards the year 17(H), a combination
that is nearly
as
i,
it does not attain it. for sounds like
the European
as
easy
u,ei,
Hi,
alphabetical
are still confounded.
Instead of being capital, the division by tones is accessory. This classification far more convenient than the dictionaries by rhymes. Therefore the J£ % great success.
is
a
was
the most common
swear only by it. Its key
hsien-sheng
INITIALS
J
H
M
^
an, iang, uang.
n
ch
^r
It &K il'
T L
ft
,|N
tJCh
£|
i*i
e, ieh, iieh.
#£
a, ia, ua.
|Sj|j
$
^
ei, ui, in, erh, u, iii.
tzu-hsiao-chfi-yu that will
small hook that gives the form for the examinations,
be occasionally
of the
modern
actually required
contains some mistakes in the etymology and the orthography
Ro-kien-fu, 2.
replacing
la langue
dictionaries
as
the
Jjt
chinoise,
da
of characters.
was
original.
translated,
For
ex.,
the
P.S. Couvreur S. J.,
partake of the advantages and drawbacks
dictionary.
By phonetics. The type of the
auctore
de
1904 ». These
of the K'ang-hsi's
series.
figuration
classique
of K'ang-hsi "SO
enlarged,
radicals
J.-M. Callery,
The
characters
kind
were
gathered
according
the «Systema phoneticum
C. Miss., Macao, 1841.
»
or
iDictionnaire
is
abridged
by
European classifications. By radicals. The dictionary a
1.
B.
mentioned in
characters,
with an index of the wrong characters.
is
is a
5.
i,
ft
ai, uai.
It
the Lessons
^
-f|f
)5Eu.
>Ke
The
ou.
]f£ uo- iao, o.
M w
ch'
en, in, unn, un.
ao, iao.
let ,E§
=1-
ung, ing, eng, iung.
^Hs
±T,
A
ien, an, uan.
#Ch
f
a
fi ^
£Sb
&p'
*
FINALS
H
B?
in our
dictionary
thus given:
is
days. The
^£
^fc
Wu-fang-yllan-yin
It
~ff
is
it
of
M
CLASSIFICATION OF CHARACTERS.
to
the phonetic
scripturae sinicae,
the
chinois - français this method
.
after
,
radicals
which
which supposes
the
,
a
the study
Chinese
The a
as
romanisation
.
with
but they are not very useful
.
already far advanced
,
useful for study
its
well acquainted
to
sound
is
If
the
is
known with the help dictionary the shorter method use
.
-
made
the sound and meaning
character
by
a
1890 , »
dictionary
then
are
and the big « Dictionnaire
- fu ,
were English
characters The big
of
,
of
one
figuration
of
alphabetical order .
in
,
unless one
is
series are the most
dictionary
To
otherwise that
system
ang hsi
is
,
,
supposing
find
'
214 keys
,
Ho -kien to a
.
of
and Giles
.J,
the
Chinese master
phonetic
S
one must refer
unknown
sounds
,
the dictionaries
knowledge
by of a
Willianis
Couvreur
,
are
of
the
to
a
European
,
. S.
given
K
dictionaries
Use
Being
or
classified
P
.
sounds
according
of
By
of
3.
du
CHARACTERS .
CHINESE
18
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS
LIST OF THE PRIMITIVES . .
form
The
numbers
ancient given
after
Pi3,
Chin3 .
.
26 .
3
17.
.
51
85
.
.
.
. .
Tol
.
60
Hsina
.
.
Ta4
,
.
Hsil
.
33
Wu3
Tu3
.
Ts
'
.
X
? .
196
.
.
.
94
.
?
.
.
.
'
.2 . .
Kungl 87
.
. 'i
98 Ch
E V
Liange
.
.
.
4
Chi8
K
. .
.
A
.
x
,
Nais
Kungl
82
.
.
.
Chil 70
,
M2
34
Yeh3
ous
.
.
Chi4 68
.
Wei
35 .
. .
'e
Ch
18
.
Li4
1
102
Ro4 11
38
.
Kungl
Chil
Tzus
.
'
.
K
.
(
10
Kanl
.
15 an3
.
.
Jus
.
?
Ya
.
5
’
81
.
Yud
.
Jên
ai "
39
.
39 .
.
.
.
6
J1. .6
ieh1
.
sl
.
.
52
.
Suil
?
.
.
.
. ,
Tingl
'.
Fan
21
Taol
Han
.
.
.2
.
51
89
?
.
.
31 .
.
35
. . .
36
,
24
” .
ssid 11
Ssal
Har3
. .
?
.
Shan1
57
Yin3
.
Shui
55
49
U
62
Shao
Kun3
Ch
Shan1
/
.
3
Chiu3
Chüan3
P
67 .
Chihº .
Shih
Fangl
)
Nü3 .
Ch 'ü1.
uei
Chüeh
Chih3 .
Chinl
13
12
Mien ? 36 .
na.
.80
Chiung3.
.
Chi . 11 .
.
Chu3 .
Primitive .
. Pos
54 .
at the
. 'Ch .38
11.
be found
31.
Pingl .
Chiul .
34.
.
Phonetic
–
myself
men
.
.
was taken
259
for founding and
the manhood
by
.
Aptitude
,
D
109.
.
Fu3
family
110
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
its
;
as
,
,
of
-
. . by
.
the
.
,
MI
of
for the
.
);
it the
be
of
II
on
et
*
;
food
I
a
in
&
ves
roll in a
by
,
worms
This
.
of
grinding
venimousine
legend
.
.
111
.
Note
a
either
the
hotel
,
an
The
.
modern
of
unexplain
of
L
the last
.
abbreviation
.
ancient character
-
,
basket
is
whole
The ancient form the
. an in
a
;
cheap
6
,
. is
perhaps
.
series 773
86 to
.
L
order
China
(
in
,
in is
as
–
depute
.
to
commission
,
.
Ch iens
baskets
still done
in
. ,
dike
in
a
carry soil
phonetic To
is
To
.
wall
,
'
Ch iens a
recipient
series 693
erect
It
appears
It
t
l
7
;
'
. Il
*
44 ed G
Phonetic
'
It
It
Not mean
cowries
ancient
forms or
.
Kuit
bag
a
or
abbreviation
,
and slow
sorts
represents
.
.
’
K
uis
).
seems
compounds
basket
B
,
di
scorpions
to
.
rather
LESSON and
M
,
be
a
Ml to
seems
roof because
there are who say that the magici
poison sure
different
also
better the word
FT
of
W t
ans make vessel
urine
worms taken with
the
HE
Moreover
.
7
Ź
;
the sel
poison
etymology
This
Others
the venom
houses
the
Some
drink Hence
the venom
explains
,
;
that live there right one because
by
be
etc
soiled
it entire
to
supposed
food and
through
that has filtered
-
rain water is
of
animal found
a
gecko
About the primitive
with
the Chinese for the
all
( an
the dreadful fear
etc
,
worms swallowed
the
the interior
that these diseases are caused
,
of
explain
eat
A
P
+
;
body
worms M
suppose that
snails
which escapes
syphilis
tuberculosis
,
the Chinese
animals
the etiology
up
he is as
,
Chronic diseases
found
in
.
,
,
.
?
Ku
It
smaller sorts
the
frogs worms insects
it
it
now denotes
animals with legs
for
term
of
ancient
is
Ch ’ung . An
of all
CHINESE CHARACTERS.
260
Phonetic
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
.
of
,
JE
Pene
lt
is
It
),
on
a
.
the
.
saw the derivatives
jt
.
:
Add the following
66 D
heels
l
a
;
his
on
or
of
;
46
.
L
;
44 K
etc
–
,
;
,
,
top
to
;
.
We
,
–
).
26
.
L
(
's
to
it
E
.
(L
);
forms
7
.
foot
confounded
I.
.
altered
the modern
(
in
,
jb
of
two inverted
,
Not
below
the
steady
)
it
firm
E
It
,
z
the derivatives
two being straight and
and
series 417
Phonetic
well
posing
be
by
.
gait
A
. . ?
Now
this
.
as a
. ên
); ?. A AL
gait
D
63
’
.
firm
H
FT
pronoun
demonstrative
series 242
Phonetic
(L
heels
one
L
j
. To
.
the feet moving
(
to
.
;
44 F A
.
L
'it
TE
'
one
turn
-
ų ,
rising
the
the right
A
on
,
.
,
to
t
alt
, .
The
.
E
foot
,
the
.
ll
s
.
lt
,
. 7 ,
that
the ancient
of
”
Phonetic
series 310
in
.
Haha
.
,
Ş
NIE bottom radical
general
Compare
.
circle
two modern
(
the
157th
the
O
,
.
extension feet
by
By
at is
It
the
.
).
forms
rest represented
nerations WIS ATT .
O
ne
.
C
c
below
is
foot
it
JE
A
.
Tsu4
The stillness g
both being composed
shu
,
and
E
tsut
replace
now
write
surface
directions
*
&
.
a
symbol
to
difficult
irregular
different
in
modern contractions
Second series
£
rugged
many steps
jl .
to
obliges
form
increased with
,
Et
Rough
.
Shih
An
forms *
),
man
Ts ů3
with
di
march
the feet being still
chia chieh used
Yen
3
stop
foot
the heels
the ankle
radical Phonetic series
Ch
*
the
Derived meanings
Ch
writing
left side
), (
the toes
halt
77th
quadrupled
.
the
;
side
coarse representation on
footprint
E
A
.
A
Chih3
multiples
and
A
compounds
L
chih3
261
important derivatives
1
and
112.
112 .
?
,
,
.
ita
First series
it
its
About the primitive
its
LESSON
111.
CHINESE CHARACTERS. in motion , to
.pane
,
).
.
)
is
117
L
(
;
E
#
.
.
94 E F
's
.
. beetle
-
dung
By
-
the
by
.
Phonetic series
.
2
;
E
is
;
$
phonetic
rolled
&
Grey
phonetic
egg
.
,
to
,
to
156th
going
.
of
-
the
is
It
E
.
modes
walk
travel
to
go ,
;
to
.
.
A K
of t
;
bends
.
cho
jt
of
be
on
-
hsi the
to
,
.
move
ang
'
K
placed side
to
the 162th
uis
t'
il
is
to
. is
It
–
).
,
it
:
.
It
.
it D
; on
Not
relating
characters
the left
and
seems more
footprints
Examples
I
.
;
go
is
It
.
.L
(
to
a
of 63
are is
,
; To
the
placed
the 60th radical
' '.
T u
classified those characters under
composed
advance
the scribes divide
phonetic
3
,
characters
chine
,
etc
three
large group
il
back
with
, . ..
travel
e g
of
radical
step
some philologists
2
confounded
by
go
),
say
A
63 To
L . “. Ghat
(
1
step
probable that
underneath
MÉ
relating
characters
Cho
some modern
who
strides
“
E
radical
man
hasty
to
To
.
march
A
.
!
.
sail
.
Different
tsou3
Tsou3
In
first
series 614
is
–
.
.
“
The ball
quickly and with
,
heels
. 2 :Ei .
Gravy
.
Tan
.
one
woody land
#
A
.
'
ngah
e
T
turn
Phonetic
448
extension
side
coming
.
,
on
To
.
the
Hsül
right
a
of
it
Hsüanº
.
See
Ch u3
Note
modern chia
radical two modern forms
the feet
extended meanings
phone
Ek
The reading
(
It
–
.
It
.
Birth
phonetic
Fourth series
h
roll
piece
is
EMT
above B .
forms
Shul
Third series
turn . The motion
. Compare E.
the 103th
is
,
ET
the sense
in
'isp
chieh
S
,
AE.
by the
is
Shu ? . Foot it represented
L
262
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS.
Ts’ung'.
L
WE
A
263
A
A
'
move one s abode ; A
To
series
Hsis.
;
To follow
.
is
TE
112 .
not
.
-
JE
Phonetic series 611
Home
, is
it
,
7
.
.
H
FT
, the
to
,
. ,
,
.
–
lE
gain room
suppressed
Bike
B
It
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£
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separa
radical Note
.
feet
trample
,
;
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105th
idea
to
,
directions is
It
series 760
,
To
acclivity
forms
that presided over
Phonetic
with the two
of
now
beat part
an
Hj by
.
step
.
–
.
.
–
in
Jupiter
contrary
trampling
a
os
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P
about
the ancient character
the derivatives
is
wade
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#
;
pran
,
to
it
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.
step
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it
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The
. Suis
.
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Two of
, .
RO
ford
promote 71 P #
To
; .“
, 86 )
ascend
The planet
the wars
tion
planets
the
to
In
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;
uneasiness
steps
who flounders
160
,
In ♡
(
. L
Suit Po4
in
,
,
water
The
the
series 825
chiha merit
It
;
to
, H ,
). in
extension
was introduced between the two the modern character was
Chih
the
.
In
be
,
).
63
C
i (
.
the
A
’
man
two forms
march
succession
By
,
It
step
.L
It
.
forms
water
Phonetic
you
the
forms
in
P
les
.
To
Shêm
with ofi nor
are now written step
first
inverted
the
.
stars that move
inº
M
to
,
Í
(
compare
over
take
represents
.L
.
step
A
Puº
character
confounded
the second
In
( 18 H
, .
J
L
juxtaposition
in
placed
to
not
a
written
#
now
HK
and
,
G
,
the two forms are superposed
with
when
,
used alone but forms two important series
,
with
combined
to
inverted
it
il
.
Fifth series
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
was
the #
of
7€
. ,
708
7
,
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extension
.
panoply
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recent
invented
by the
;
F
became
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some
the
a
.
a
represented
to
others
.
Phonetic series
in
.
for this compound
reserved
is
series 458
.
.
Phonetic
of
,
firstly
cyclical character and means —
k
.
y
,
an
is
of
.
5
,
A
.
it
.
Phonetic
–
decided
.
certain
, ,
,
consequently
.M
,
and
correct
forms
It
.
house
,
fixed
—
,
,
.
B who
the
,
,
extension
;
peace
extension
Phonetic series 107
*
–
.
,
E
Order
tranquillity
in
-
,
.
Ting
the
reach without going
,
;
}
AE
stop
at
and
to
arrived
By to it
at
'.
To
be
.
.
other
according
the limit where one had
astray
By
a non
there
derivatives
Chêng line
,
pedestal
character
mutilated
series
any
series 675
contraction
the ten stems
special
,
of .
important
used
straight regular
:
10 8 K this
, L .
.
.
existence
–
's
?
1
,
,
reality
;
what
modern one
.
This character
aslant
,
the perpendicular
is a
.
correct
I
not
compares chih
476
Deflected from
7
is
.
Wai1
light
.
Phonetic series
sun
The Glose
with the etymology Extended meanings truthfulness
,
etymology
at
controlled
of
o
I
A
.
A
.
What was
.
Shiha
I
.
series 400
#
,
on
it
its E
last
arbitrary
Lastly
the
general
according
as a
. is
.
of
.
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form
I
up ,
,
to
to
of
scribes
Phonetic upon
) is
an arrow
character shooting
this
,
of a latent energy . The
with
with
four petals
tridents
form
DEL
then
Primitively
flower with
account
ascend
one foot
Kuis
chêng
bow
–
,
.
To
Têngi
Sixth series
instead
,
4
an
by
the
ascend
and , by extension
primitive
the ancient
arrow
arrow
with
( to trample
form
. In
sense
,
to
modern
arrow
an
any manifestation
a
,
–
shoot
To
in
Fai .
expansion
go
264
to
.113 .
a
by
54 .
an
,
,
to
of
view
.
,
Ź
It
is a
.
–
, ;
of
the
conceal
out
screened
,
,
is
is a
.
;
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.
.
30 B
.
L
dwelling
house
,
home
.
ab
.
F
See
,
. Ę
the
apron
the body
extension
woman at
.
.
The retreat
philo
forms
pregnant
A
ên
-
’
It
71
,
confinement
Phonetic series
to
By altered
,
extension
the
joined
here
a
to
.
Hik
the two forms
received
primitive
–
.
The scribes arbitrarily
character
man
.
guest
offered
;
house
FF
.
's
one
a
present
A
Pin1
in
forms
1
It
on
,
,
,
to
hide retreat
mistake
the right
part
lower
says the Glose
fanciful with
some
sitting
of ,
be
in
is
,
;
a
a
,
that hides the fore and
Min1
This
woman
the left the seat
pregnancy
Ch
considered
is
of
a
derivative representing
want
common
series
E
).
.
. as on
;
–
.
79 B
L
(
This character
primitive girdle
Phonetic
,
-
to
character
that has nothing
modern
the point
line
defect
abbreviation
logists
7
reach
The
Mien4
The inversion means
the
exhausted chih1
265
the left
not reach
where one had
.
it
that one did
to
is
turned
it
?
.
It
Fa
112
in
.
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS
Phonetic
.
series 787
.
.
is
It
on
be
, the
long
hair
is
.
or
The
modern
168th radical
radical
.
ihkih
.
the 190th
;
Blocks
3 k
It
to
l
the
.
. the
,
ke
of
,
);
in
Long
is
&
when
the
was added
forms
It
.
series 323
. .
Pao
manhood
.
an
is
Phonetic
long
fork
analogous
time distance arbitrary contraction the
extension
form
30 E
L
(
, .
$
of
one
on
.
J
Later
which made the composition
The primitive
long that they must
brooch
(
so
’ a
hair
Ź
hi
and
II
–
-
.
)
;
right
band
of
.
indicates locks
tied
a pren
form
Long
.
Ch ang
grow
by
'.
To
Chang
By
primitive
113
E
About
the
LESSON
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
266
Ssů
.
“
To expand
#
,
exhibit
to
L . 169.
unrestrained . See
Tao4.
,
the utmost
to
A modern
.
character
suit what
To
.
length
same { height and
Assortment
of
is
, to
the
unite
,
etc .
LESSON .
so
up
.
,
be
le
foundation
,
,
bottom
series 163
Phonetic
.
–
fixed and to
a
.
a
It
.
By
,
;
,
82 .
a
of
water
thee ,
en
u
–
bu
.
The floating plant
It
;
sink down forms
extension
forms
to
of
.
there
the last
the bottom By
A
to
.
development
rooted
series
Phonetic
wandering
family
clan
,
the
sprouts
&
;
t
of ti ( is
It
),
B
root
the
contracted
,
distinguished Phonetic
.
specially
way
that
the the
those
from
series 227
.
a
such
o
mouth
t;
's
in
.
102
be in
is
written
kuo2 cannot
See note
one
abbreviations
–
to
or
)
.
?
that of
,
compounds
hold
the modern
.
Note
last one
shê
put
L
To
. .
Kuo
above
phonetically
in
.
in
the bottom
.
a
different writing
being suppressed
?
(
-
striking
C
.
A
Kuo
form
Phonetic
wrong one
is
.
The
the
sup
-
;
series 363
when
was
below of
sun The
.
the horizon
twilight
is
,
Dusk
—
.
Hunt
pressed
of
Best
fix
,
,
primitive times
and
development
multiplication
development
the 83th radical
Tis
then
themselves
prodigious
a
,
a
,
extension hord
float first
spring
that
ferox and others
short time
in a
acquire
of
UNB
from
Euryale
grain
common
is
,
,
in
China
that
,
without root
ramifies and grows like the nymphæaceæ
It
.
plant
tie
floating
A
Shih4
–
Ę
or
:
IE and
,
About the two primitives
114 .
It
fif
,
the
ff
.
is
).
,
*
Phonetic series 137
.
a
third
arbitrary
resembling
character —
,
&
.
a
,
The
are
.
. # . 7 .
#
to
, , it
;
,
by a
. a
in
,
to
mean
the scribes
,
sword
, L . .
by
a
)
AT
was
52 )
used
dot
system
phonetic
(
See
Phonetic series 204
.
.
–
T
L E
in
now
and
antiquity
F
is
The
.
is
It
30
,
.p
49 .
.
use
represented
is
.
it
.
series
Legal punishment
?
public
for
was the custom
and the character
B A .
represent
,
agreement
.
row
,
level line
,
.
Even
, ;
represents two scales poised
F
Ft
E
WW
It
.
ieni
'
Ch
The
?
.
ien
is
,
many
Phonetic
fruitless
series 184
.
,
—
.
forms
of
of
of
Chinese
the dictionaries
It
above
.
See
Til
researches
for students
A
,
the cause
six
to
the
,
reducing Note the modern arbitrary contraction which phonetic important this strokes four in
'
ch
The well
Such
which was arbitrarily written below
FES *
Hsing
square
Historiques
Phonetic
—
.
S
# .
in
.
a
,
abolished
well
of
'.
#
-
1
well
was designed
fields divided among eight families
the middle
Textes
See
)
Primitively
reserving digging
770
one
115
eight square lots
#
#
*
Min
proliferous
chings
Ching
Second series
from
highly
erroneous that
the
.
.
First series
#
the
three primitives
therefore
derivative
LESSON About
the modern
.
(
and not
JE
and
form
abbreviations
character
,
ancient
second
ancient
sprouts t
a
, a
plant with
it
primitive
is
that this interpretation
is
probable
A
women
.
,
the sons
,
;
people
mu3
represent
that
is
),
,
.
multiplication
sprouts
with
.
the common multitude
consider this character as a
670
L
mother
(
, the mass ,
The people
Some philologists
267
of
Min .
114 . 115 .
is
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
hy
be
to 390
.
.
is a
It
F
is
F
.
;
is
for
A
.;
.
in
;
|
etc
to
the
.
-
.
10
,
to
shut that was explained
FEM
.A
A
take away
open
It
ma
. a
,
9
of
;
&
H
.I L
shuanı
with
Two bands door
series
tan1
it
no is
.
is
the
pit
of
a
,
of
;
Phonetic
to
-
, , N ,
M
cinnabar
a
is
,
,
4 C
the
of
#
.
is
cinnabar
red *
4
the M
.
F
;
that
Note
colour
the
);
L
.
t
4
#
hi
(
.
'
Light green
plants
M
.
It
83
.
See
the research
forms
Ch ingi
The
,
Taoist practice
sprouting
the subliming
.
's
,
stone
79 F
,
philosopher
series
allusion
-
time
crucible
There
the ancient form
An
kitchen stove
erroneous
and
LL by
.
This explanation
a
,
#
#
but
ff
brought
that
whence
#
the red stone and
in
represents
philologists
Some
.
.
Cinnabar
10 L
Tani
say
.
If
.
common
character
bar that closes
–
the
Phonetic
P9
representative
reverse
Third series
instead
side
counting
contracted form
eight
has nothing
It
.
’
K
cliente
the modern
–
,
six strokes
ail
,
also
Py
*
made here
with
of
.
Mff
side
HOW The remark made the last
, .
#
men who march
harmony
,
, .
**
Two
together delegt
A
Pingi
Tore
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
268
#
.
*
)
.
115
A
L
( is
It
chings
the
.
that
fire
*
seriously red
#
be
a
,
#
;
may
Ź
the
altered
I
that
JE
guess
Others
author explains
when burnt give
#
green plants
An
!
(
daltonism
, ).
,
,
It
seems rather curious that the two complementary green and colours red are here confounded
the 174th
a
, a
silken banner
of
. chan
).
117
.
116
is
It
.
E
;
. .
E
as
.
body
The
on
J)
35
.
L
(
.
phonetic
inverted
The scribes P
be
, in
common with
nothing
128
considered
second series
100
.
L
It
See
hair just growing
The
might
in
.
Jans
the
F7 ..
LESSON About the primitive
het
;
”
and
in
red
scarlet
,
ung
t’
ff
in
.
reddish colour
L
still found (
is
this
.
radical Phonetic series 337
and doubled now
write
Phonetic
series
in
.
;
21
DHT
.
from
#
91
.
.117
is
.
of
against
straw
,
its
, .
.
that resemble in
have nothing
each other
in
.
117
the modern
common
.
f
furs
.
fangi
,
,
a
-
to
.
th
the
Of
The
of
,
,
,
all .
,
is
unconnected
to
,
of
or
,
belong
radical
with
.
,
,
the top and two usually are more
556
extension border
.
D
,
to
open out
43
(
, .
,
steppe
e L
loosen
to
to
feed
.
space
Compare
ti
.
,
,
By
,
.
in
the open
to
, ; go
limits
the
;
as on
=
by
series
,
let
with
56
B
But
the charac
lay
–
Phonetic
Mi
.
A
;
light
.
M
to
emit
lie
It
*
. To
shine
;
,
forms
Yao4
Nt
£
drove
, ),
a
- .
land
Phonetic
to
– lead
down etc
.
that
the modern ones
.
lateral
To
,
By
radical
them
fictitious
The ancient forms
extension
.
series
indicated
than
Fangº
766
,
,
By
,
,
.
side lines
expressive
pasture
below
i
.
that space
side
three
The space with three dimensions
?
–
.tj
f
.
–
under this
,
ters classified
Pang
the
the 70th
of It
forms
two
Phonetic
this
see
four regions the extension square regular correct
the exception the primitive
a
character
;
the
in
.
earthly surface
difficult
seems rather
represent
forms etc
It
so
.
a
representation
rule
represent two boats lashed ferry boat pontoon
that they make
square barge
ancient
to
supposed
is
It
, .
Fangủ together
a
.
First series
,
and
that etymologically
of
,
but
made L
It
.
two primitives
ti
the
About
spoken
modern
the
This
now used
series 232
was explained
LESSON
and
16 D
–
.
.
Clothes
the West
altered
meaning
pronoun
Phonetic
#
a
Sol
furs
strangely
primitive
demonstrative
rain
c
A
.
.
lost
language
writing
wore
The scribes
5
Ž
Jil as
character
city and State
ancient
or
inhabitants
269
in
nas
',
Na
whose
116
.
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS
series
CHINESE CHARACTERS.
's
mind
;
that
,
Phonetic series 638
.
left side
L
roots
See
34
.
in
common with
i
It
.It
.
K
one
78 E
yens
,
;
,
or
is
all
the following
an
. It
,
).
.
.
Note
in
as
a
do
to and
i
.
(
C
112
),
,
orbit
L
foot
F
,
.
says the Glose
;
fifty
,
,
arrows
;
of
one
sheaf
of
a
21
the same from
Phonetic
-
like
.
are
.
Ź
descent
F
who
IN
À F
;
its of
,
a
traces
kindred relatives
individuals
beings
multitude
which
,
alterations
the characters
move
of
in
.
-
.
By
,
here
series 614
Phonetic
family
a
.
£
revolve
extension
ancestor
going
This character
the numerous sticks
means
kind
radical
Composed
bundle
A
”
Tsu
turn
.
motion
the
moving
forms nearly
to
.
To
Hsüana thing
of
compounds
lianæ
the successive
Note
the 70th
The mangrove
:
to
attributed
—
.
this character
hanging
many stalks
tj
,
,
of
unconnected with
),
right side
,
being
from
implant
and
rhizophoreæ
pſ
Idea
a
.
jungle
shooting
down
(
the ground
in
go
that
the banian tree and other and there waving
,
#
diffuse
,
to
,
;
to
bestow
prob
of
-
swim
.
,
float
it
motions to
)
to
;
the waving A
; 94
.
W
.
series 500
.
Phonetic
(L
the swimmer
repeated times
drink
to
Contraction *
.
Yu
707
of
; L .
generosity
at
pour out
ably something
B
.
To
Shih1
He
.
series 654
?
Me
(
its
roots
,
branches
themselves
Xu
on
A
tree
of
B
its
.A
tree
Yen .
Yen
Bh
.
,
has nothing
out (L .
to go
.
$
.
Second series
i
in order to unbend
licence
,
Yen .
Yeni
)
1
#
.
into
looseness
;
to ramble
th
contracted
,
–
To saunter
etc
Nao3 .
has
270
abode
in
a
It
it
, .
a
.
exists between grammatical
the
connection terms
I
–
two distinct
.
a
a
to
is
;
founded
used
on
.
derivative
,
for this
it
reserved
is
sub series
important compounds
of
.
)
wul
as
be
well
mere
graphically
=
series 419
it
a
Phonetic
(
between
-
t A
,
to
; ,
1
.
L
(
series
543
.
a
,
of
lifting
fog
Phonetic
–
till
suppressed
is
it
of
rising sun
the
I)
of
the
into
the ground which
evaporation
.
.
altitude
Idea
of
H
T
.
to
The bottom
,
of
,
up
vapours
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7
were
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’
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radical redundancy
the
forms
of
It
up
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Á
U
,
then
sunlight penetrating
The
, .
jungle
of
Kan
Z
of
,
.
. is
*
in
,
In
is
a
It
.
.
DE
,
and com
redundancy
F
,
more recent
absurd phonetic
power
,
extension
,
by
of be
:
,
.
to
long
being suppressed
that
which
the dampness
Te
an
is
character
licence
used
;
the radical
*
.
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monly used
Z
#
rod
#
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(
.
. A.
very
The second form
dry
is
,
the character 102 means the drying
Kanº
*
E
Ź
,
This
sense
capacity
),
of
(
. Z .
UN
sometimes used for kan
.
;
;
to
up
,
is
,
the vapours sent
Z
an
EHH
.up
A
?
.
last The proper room the vapours says the Glose upwards they make effort rise hence the meaning cloudy firmament and not light blue the skies heaven representing
is
.
“
A
kan
represents
my
contraction
does not seem
proposition
side
L
its
account
of
-
Sub series
It of
.
left
,
,
.
in
common with of
arbitrary
character was invented particle expressing the relation that
character
soldiers
immigrants
This modern
two terms
the wild
,
,
to
A
in
,
ordinary
This interpretation
.
staying
nothing
has certainly
thought
raven
temporarily
men
their
an
.?
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Yü
not
more recent
soldiers
travellers visitors
,
merchants
is
that
be
place
extension
sh
troop
character represents
soldiers
.
.
of a
By
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it
fields
271
The ancient
troops
represents
form
is
it
the stopping
117 .
of of
campment
A
Lüs
.
Bike
Moto
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
,
extension
on in
,
,
reign
a
,
dynasty
a
the
held
pronounced
now
is
,
it
-
.
.
of
.
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the By
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In
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and fro
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machine
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lance
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fissure
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55
,
of
bones
palatal
flesh
around
Compare
.
,
analogous
go
.
series 742
to
),
L
(
.
Phonetic
\
.
112
through
and which
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the 188th radical Phonetic
.
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-
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65 C
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from
Ê
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o
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forms
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borrowed
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series 547
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with
with
etc
forms
Kuo4
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explained
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s
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series 457
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B
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in a
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Phonetic
mouth
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defect
the
Ku
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article broken See below
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strip the flesh
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of
au
30
–
I
About the two primitives
.
form
LESSON 118 Hy
.2
the modern
water
Chis
First series
Academy
Phonetic series 664
–
ch
ao
,
Imperial courts early morning
Han
the Chinese
boat morning
so #
,
a
.
The rise from
seen
of
,
Chao1
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in
Han
sea
etc
high
.
very
*
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in
To
was suppressed
I
In
:
Note
the three following
fly
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for
CHARACTERS .
CHINESE
7
272
forms
.
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS
117
.
118
.
273
Pieh '.
To divide
difference
. Composed
of TJ a knife
bones
of
fallen
'
a man s
.
;
what fourth
The
.L
12 F a
.
.
pounded
on
,
or
.
,
.
, -
5X
the
,
and form
by 75
);
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A
H
of
to
)
,
;
to
shrewd
,
of
18
(
.L
of
DE
or #
M
5
.
8
.
(
AJ
.
;
the deep hollow
the
visual perception
of
eye penetrating H
À
The
158
the loess
intellectual perception
*
.
eye
and quickness
extension
,
by
substituting
the rocks
L
AT
hollow
of
,
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,
deep
erosion
byA
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the
Brightness
“
placed
:
Ravin
Jui
,
5
are written compound
Forms
profound
, a
a
,
of
Hsün
represents waters
and
compound
the following
, , 5x
“
.
'
Rice
extension feast whiteness purity
meal
The two preceding
a
top
.
Note
–
,
5
fragments into dust
By
.
It
into forms
*
reduce
series
Ts an
of
put
.LL
,
See also
.
.
Phonetic
308
Ts an
and
78th
See
to
a
ť
, of
#
man
bury
to
;
15
die
ground
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D
and
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52
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coffin
dissolution
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the
.
To
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It
–
radical. It forms
pieces , to
to
fine white oat meal
D
and
H
pieces
to
skeleton
death , misfortune, evil , bad , to break shatter , to grind , fragments , dust .
?
D
of
.
,
ancient form , relatively modern , is composed of P body, and of two strokes cut up by a third , to represent the disjunction of the body 's elements . By extension ,
26 H
E 2
;
primitive
A
remains definitively
'
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Tais .
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distinguish
tais.
its
T
To
Second series .
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the very bottom
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radical
a
£
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canal
a
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ditch
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hsün
is
canal Compare above
Ho4
;a
ravin , dug 58 by men
#
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artificial
An
A
a
Hot .
pit ,
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
274
.
redundancy
mu
of
top , ,
On
;
in
it
to
stop
so
Phonetic
-
.
clearly
;
.
t
a
,
.
tree
a
under
)
L
(
the
The modern
tree
but not *
It
It
that forces
,
to
,
the middle
forms
same idea
the
74
. “
camping
under
sleep
represents
the
is
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.
.
to
trees
the
the 75th radical
roots
exhaustion
Weariness
the way
a
series 286
.
A
; . 6 L
,
.
to a
By
to
live with
series 205
used
,
Phonetic
–
)
.
L
(
for
.
anciently
tablet
9 A
–
to
is
.
Z
extension
cease
Phonetic
information
the
with
.
;
*
,
wooden
thin
,
writing
for
A
.
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the same
particular
repudiate her
march Compare
to
to
,
a
general
in
,
wife
to
cease
the idea in
;
preceding
cease
tree
*
To
.
stop
under
man
.
series 101
he
t
.
–
in
;
primitive
a
t are
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tree
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the second form
.
The second See
99
*
,
alas
the scribes
.
invented
meaning
L
was
Compare
.
form
interjection by
now used
lost
trees
primitive !
This character
from its
derived an
.
M
Omens
.
B
,
modern
drops
drops from
series 598
as
. “
and
is
.
L
119
T
TI
.
JE
Nai
trunk
The
a
the
a
'
the branches and Phonetic
falls
substance that
,
Varnish
of
i1 .
Ch
5
35€
’
on K
un
Hsiud
rex
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at
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the bottom By extension wood
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tree
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represents
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Mu
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7€
cit
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.
*
multiples
.
*
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First series
and
119
“
About the primitive
its
LESSON
the
on a
t
of .
A
t
of
,
#
#
IL
.
,
.
two elements
,
of
the support
and
,
.
L
(
to
159
is
;
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the
because
rules
,
extension
of
eye
general
. apricots
hanging
the tree
The
.
from
O
;
that produces
fruits
the
Aline
)
is
ti .
law
t
.
point
,
,
rule
The tree
represents
mixture
the target
bull
in
the
Hsing
,
#
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It
*
. #
.
target
or
the
of
)
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an
,
16 M
L
streaked
contracted
central
then
pieces
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The scribes placed the
explained that
,
shooting
scribes
.
,
*
* To
face
meeting The
the target what the nose
to
; ,
the
is
black
roosting
forms
shoot into the black
is
It
.
“
.
H
Ah
the black
.
B
A
-
.
to
P9
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;
,
}
is
It
.
in
therefore
terrorem
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tree
in
the heads
,
a
top
of
To
. the
expose
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, -
place
on
.
23 A
its
.
in
hiding
,
See be L
(
.
si
.
)
Ě of
on
cages
times
nine
;
not shaped
the
tincloria
Gardenia
the head alone appears
or
in
owl
dipping
The
121
).
.
L
children
with
F
,
the
confounded
are
chi
*
be
to
Not
A
The tree
.
-
tree
.
fond
plum
;
.
Li8
of A
.
É
criminals
door
entrance
É
,
a
tree
the feet are
*
of
the top
and
repeated
must
;
species
.
the
,
Hsiao1
Glose
A
or
says
tinge
wood for dyeing
cordifolia
Rubia
t
dye
to
To
infusion
.
Jans
wood
obstructing
.
ti in
?
,
From
the doorway
of t
t
+
P9
Threshold
t
bar
equivalent
.
Hsien wooden
modern
is
stupid
,
Tail
.
inverted character
(
IDE
Nieh
then
.
.
ingredients
under Compare
X
;
particoloured
,
or
colours
made
X
.
stitched together
By extension
character
#
Garments
?
Tsa
#
old
contracted the
A
By
;
or
market
extension
fair
.
tree
number
assembly
a
great
275
a
.
(a
birds
Three
.
a
MIN
Chiº
119
.
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS
276
CHINESE CHARACTERS . stalk
.
represents
the
.
.
.
L
are hung See
the instruments
88 C
*
Here
.
.
.
.
on
which
.
.
to tot
,
,
.
. .
is
;
&
-
,
, i*
.
a
,
in
#
X
to
or
clearing
.
;
,
-
.
.
is
* *
.
extension
,
, . L
and
60 D
.
95 C
trees
by
of
and note
,
.
. .
L
I,
10
.
L
,
phonetic
;
the appetite
says the Glose
See
this
a
of
trees
Brahma
I
to
through
designate
.
.
trees Now
.
planted with
7
.
general
#
I
order either
greedy for gratifying
See
.
A
.
?
.
A
prepare
Hindu Chinese literature
great number
park
fire
the wind
bushy forest See
great number
.
phonetic
orderly well done
.
Clearing
the
L
.
Wu
.
A
'.
A
vice
Mao4
“
trees
39 L
,
, ,
fence
's
Fan
Yu
In
.
is
Covelous te
.
”
used
woman
Shêni
warn
general
in
to
phonetic
character
Lan
burn
The soughing
.
,
Ñ
is
Fan
a
forest
a
To
set
drive out the wild beasts
Hence
trees
series 730
in
to
Fèn
.
-
Phonetic
sharp
,
,
thorny
on
A
country planted with
Derived meanings
from
prohibit
extensionseries 727 Phonetic
–
.
F
.
,
u8 .
'
Ch
indicate
confounded
series 377
derived
extension
to
.
.
--
.
By
Jo
omens
119
forbid
compare
against
.
L
119
be *
of
cl
79 H
,
a
, . L
'
Phonetic
.L .9.by
.“
Bad
to
Compare
Two
Not
to
. a, futi p
ai4
trees
to
forest ,
Linº . t AA .
Linº
Chin in
Joy
clump forest many trees together with
*
cleanse
.
in
.
XX
* *
1
phonetic
of
Multiples
Lao4
Music
frame
M
the hair
general
Yao4
te
wood
in
To
wash
;
.
To
Muº
or a stick
.
Ý
*
Second series
of a shrub
is
The
; one of, each ;
*
Mei ?.
119 , 120 .
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
LESSON
, stump of the earth ;
Trunk
;
tree
Phonetic series 138
;
this character
,
chieh
-
tree
.
-
chia
big
of
are
,
a
,
The ancient
adze
.
,
The modern
etc
.
,
, to
the wood
work
form
,
tension
make
to
shows the notches
form
ex
By
.
's
cooper
an
*
a
“
a
axe
cut
sharp instrument
or a
with
.
Chih
To
as
meanings
negation
forms
It
series 167
.
Phonetic
its
.
The actual the cycle and
superposed
branches
to
.
tree with
*
tall
A
Weit in
branches
*
highest
a
the
The
series 147
extremity
-
,
top . ,
.
Mo4
-
,
.
Phonetic
-
the
Ho
tree , across the line
a
of
that denotes
series .
important
-
Pens.
end
120 .
119 ), that form
( L.
About some compounds of *
277 277
character completely
altered
the
.
ancient one
composition
To
ſ
;
to
. ,
in
as
,
o
-
;
A
tree
cedar
the
;
.
Phonetic series 188
prongs
The –
the
.
on
.
.
See
97 G
.
with
the sprongs
L
-
of
the trunk
wood
of
*
A
lost one
series 373
.
.
a
,
Phonetic
-
represented
by
. tree
general
of
fruit
fruits
in
.
of
The
;
is
It
form
or fiery
the 127th radical
K003 top
harrow
.
.
A
Leis
modern
.
's
–
.
is
red
the cutting
represents
cut down
represents
Phonetic series 627
reddish
.
extension
,
etc
middle
tree
#
big
a
its
Trees whose heart
.
,
thuja
By
.
Chu1
falling
analogous
one
*
.
?
A
Li
the preceding
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
Ch 'ao " .
A nest
in the tree
seen
in
.
nest ,
.
JE
of
the
series 594 .
It represents
til
The nest is
the feathers
thorny
a
tree ;
*
series 243 .
– Phonetic
*
Ít forms
the important following compounds and multiples :
Ts' ů “ . Primitively , It is
now
JJ knife .
thorn and
to be confounded
with
a
1.
Chai’. To
, to punish . A thorny 1 . Note the contraction
chastise
a fine in money # in the modern
Chi4.
ti
;
a torture
for pi . Not
used
la ?, below
Thorny
.
form
rod
and
of
into
$
Phonetic series 590 .
–
shrubs in general
.
duplicated
The
of
the jujube tree
thorns
:
to
referring
,
.
abundance
duplicated
thorn
From
very common
,
Tsao3
its
represents the great number of thorns.
.
in
China
.
, L.
#
Then
Lastly
the
the same
—
Compare the series
mouth
)
.
,
a
intot
clad
E
an
old
arms
.
the
,
by
-
form
two
added
the character
the evolution
form
Phonetic
.
, . 5 ;
ancient
man
of
,
rules over the
who
bottom
is
.
)
.
-
the
contracted
series
distinguished
one
from
's
to
hold
modern
con
shang
,
under
pag
its
's
,
650
cough
.
“
-
.
—
,
a
)
;
tie
to
.
L
( to
;
Phonetic
A
loose
.
Sou
.
tree
knot
here
Phonetic
forms
To
.
series 303
It
to
encompass
mean any object
breath
series 647
.
“
.
To
Sbu taken
74
.
15 D
.
be
.
tracted form
To
.
one
Phonetic series
,
control
To
Ti “
It
forms
tongue
.
scribes
the
changed
p
# 1
designated
Then
Li ssů
scribes
(
.
superior
.
compare
robes and
Q
24 in
long
478
the man
The ancient character represents
of
The Emperor
Ti4
Empire
L
*
Thorns
L . 120 .
See
in the
sitting bird . — Phonetic
Ts 'ů4.
.
a tree
, and
fast
that becomes
.
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS
Ch ’ ih .
I
fear . To stand
with
.
before a
with fear .
being bound
Government
279
tand
rod
A
*
a
the
,
Reserve
, as
superior
.
tie
Sêngs .
120
cut
in
,
to
;
;
821
.
. to
–
It
.
ma
.
to
1
of
in
,
in
tie
. It
by
is
phonetic
,
,
is
it .
*
88
,
or
#
;
one
left The
Ź
tot
.
the cases
mu
.
,
ancient
the
F
.
A
an
arbitrary
.
forms
the East
El (
deciding
trees
and
the East
,
.
two
in
were
To
.
at
of L
extension
series 405
It
By
*
.
.
I
*
),
its
,
, *
)
is
the
The
the earth
+
,
heavy
objects –
.
or
.
erroneous
three
:
is
which
the idea
,
,
middle
support around kind forms the two following
a
.
from
of
of
.
phonetic
certainly
represents
),
D
81
L
(
?
,
the
Hence is
.
rise
is
t'
I to in
, ;
character
enrolled
It
object
the phonetic
interpretation
ing
contracted
tries
a
The ancient
i
,
This
as
. by
the bottom
.
top
the
an
£
earth
,
on
Composed
represented
series 437
horizon
Compare
and
A
. “ of .
man
1
man and
.
a
on # in
.
,
of &
#
honour
with
the horizon
the top
the Eastern halls
contraction
Chung
increased
the
Phonetic
There
.
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is
A
.
.
ao
sitting
at
forms
derivatives
level with
under
–
at }
.
tribunals
'
Judges
modern
with
the horizon
;
143 B
shining
that are L
75
( L
it
is
'. that
place
sheath
appearing
whence light rises
Ž
i
bag
The sun
represented
weights
door
order
.
Tung
weight
bundle
series 429
a
'.
This compound
Ts
The
series 833
was explained
show
protection
Phonetic series
;
.
bar shutting
A
Lan
Phonetic
giving money
buy
at Pg
on
,
in a
.
To
partake
pick and cull
Phonetic
top
the
–
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to
Chiens
difficulty
competition
placed
is
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bribe
forms
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solve
or
Lai
binds
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series 459
this a
-
Phonetic
.
general
To
.>
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cut
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the
.
coercitive and legislative power
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CHINESE CHARACTERS .
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genera
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contracted
Weight measure
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*
on
110
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ended
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top
represents
The character
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crops
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corn being
of
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grains and
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enclosed
granary #
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Ch ün1
relating
characters
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etc
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of
the 115th radical their uses
of
.
X
,
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a
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le
pendent ripe ear Derived idea uniformity concord the grains growing waving ripening together
is
by
^
corn
resembling
L
Grain
.
?
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the plant
(
the primitive
series
.
LESSON About
contracted
.
75 to F
.
L
See
weight
Phonetic
,
;
some object
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Liang special
slaves were forced
extended meanings
virgin
,
spinster
A
a
,
bachelor
girl
which their
slavery
hence the a
to
*
of
,
and
Those
live unmarried
slave
contracted for
a
the parents
were reduced
children
crime
,
committed
counterpart
).
of the
Composed
to
(
grave
;
A slave boy
by
102
, L.
a
’ung ?.
).
T
E
280
Phonetic
;
-
'*
.
H
;
.
phonetic
the dead
,
rise from
is
mis
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,
revive
to
sense
, te
. ears
*
glean
The modern
,
.
burned
The autumn
series 433
To
Sul
grain
the
ripe
.
The season when
whitened
,
list
#
c
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Ch
is
.
351
.
st
,
;
TH
of
.
moạths formerly
union
,
phonetic
,
of
Harmony
*
Tune
. .
Ho
pipes
”
FAK
dis
;
,
E
Young delicate
still young and tender
.
#
Grain
.
Chih
.
-
chia chieh
musical
120 . 121.
;
*
are
.
.
like
in
mowed very
a
is
man
represented
is
.
There
series 409
a
,
–
head
This idea
serve
Phonetic
of a
.
When
#
field
the
Bald
.
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T
H G
ul
to
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,
suffer
different derived meanings
down
281
woman who must yield
extension
to
,
By
The
b
M
Weis .
lot of
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
is
character
an #
F
The modern
).
thousand
F
,
's
harvest
in
the the
,
'
harvest
24 s D
.
L
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A
year
The
The year year
.
grains Nions
.
H
F
Ž
Nien
.
.
elliptical way
.
absurd contraction
It
it
.
to
modern
The
.
.
B
. a
To
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.
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.
44
a
sao
The angled
!
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in
series 519
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Phonetic
the
See
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together
.
,
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Two bundles
Union
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hand
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by
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band lam
nhan the .1
hand
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as
i
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or 73
,
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held
# in
Chien 44 #
the
is
.
is
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corn
grasp
sweet
the 186th radical
my
of
-
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to to
in
A
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to
, forms
It
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*
K
of a
of
-
.
of
,
joint
series 745
,
. to
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the lathe
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with
the lathe
.
represents the motion
of
(
E
polish
n
in
a
h
Foi t
the jade
the stalks
=
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*
the walls
corner
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turn
ſ
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phonetic
To
It
Li
of
is the
Ears
bottom
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the
him
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so
Phonetic
joint
a
roof and
house
a
the
✓
Lien
.
forms
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bundle
ferments
strange contraction
See
character
forms
odour
It
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of
smell
taste
seize
The sweet
millet when
Sweet
uphold
ar
,
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the
,
is
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k
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Hsiang
Pings
spirits
radical
2021h
put
grain
whose
produces
fermented H
in
water
*
and
The panicled millet 75
.
Sho3
forms
.
,
,
-
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for
for ien
Ch
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the
lung
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calendar
used
,
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found
is
be to
or
shake the head
,
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commonly
now
to
, be
that
then
to
to
asquiesce
the right side seems
of
should
is
.
S
common
the head
bow
order
the scribes for
The meaning
to
,
a
ear
The compound
was
employed
compound
the head
bow
di
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to
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t
pendent
on in
To
.
error
.
longer
no
of
was
,
in
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an
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.
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.
#
edhe
por
examine
like
character
the Emperor
the following
Chii
used
This
was superseded by
inverted
only
a
iti
:
. 11
(L
consequently use
Phonetic series contracted 822
143
by
the
.
“
H
A
personal name
into
contracted
solar revolutions astronomy
scribes
line turn
travel over
Often
The
revolution
Li
turn
iti
To
make
;
.
Det
Li4
revolution
a
282
CHARACTERS
CHINESE
282
.
old men
mis straight
. the .
L
87
.
; +
by by
+
+ 54 D 78 ; E # **
L
. animale
.
.
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L
.
.
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.
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in
grain
phonetic
grain
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the
etc
bring out
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character
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separated
81 A
to
.
L
i
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62 to G
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forms
32 23 de E ; G are
.
that
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E
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.
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Grains
The
that are separated
bring
mis bent down
Miº
. X
X
B
*
,
characters
C
To
buy
sell
a
To
.
.
.
B
Tis
41 68
L L
*
;
L
iao4
;
160
'
T
.
See B
.
-
102
*
represents thrashing
Second series
different plants
of grains ,
four
Small grains
represents four grains
;
*
*
.
Mis
A
bent down
and
.
*
straight
.
.
First series
*
About the primitive
,
.
LESSON 122
these two
122 . 123 .
ép
fi
.
E
).
–
Men
X
P
.
an
,
,
the
-
);
65
. U
This
character
fermenting
is
.
,
;
stomach
written
now
a
U
,
vase
and
.
L
was explained
.
to
take the liquor out
It
'.
the 192th radical
.
is
It
—
in
).
.
'
.
C
character
32 E
see L
(
t
a
with
unconnected
analogous
that went through the
Grains
spoon
LESSON .
.
123
.
of
.
,
*
#
by
.
.
the
See
all
in
*
with
contraction
is a
.
.
2
; 676
el
house
-
get knowledge ate
one
footsteps
the foot
series
to
,
the
,
of
from
's
in
a
a
,
oří ,
It
.
, to
#
.
F
of
.
sole
search
investigate
series 811
tho
series 191
Phonetic
examine
with
particulars
call
and
wild beast
the
,
To To
study
Phonetic
Phonetic
PE
*
and
*
. .
Shéns
Tem
,
to
,
).
*
to
to
;
,
pick
.
,
The tracks
the claws
.
of
.
Fan1
and below
The
forms
comprehend
choose
the
means
unconnected
hands The modern character 47 K
.
L
F
.
To
Chüan3
sort out
indication
perfect knowledge
rough investigation
by
,
.
the
.
L
(
*
in
get
a
.
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To
is
It
.
.
L
Hsi
part
same
radical
the 165th
examination
The
animal hence the extended
104 A
to
,
secretions 122
discriminate
giving
secretions
of
the kind
trail indicating
meaning
soft parts
strokes
The
and the points
the five claws
to
the
of
the print
beast
wild
a
The steps
represent the print
It is
of of
“
.
*
Pien A
salt
later
scribes contracted
489
dung
Ch ang
About the primitive
then
the
fleshy
.
Plants
secretions
This
This series
it
Shih3
.
series
what incloses
viscer being
,
of .
.
L
Phonetic
26
ME ( L
;
H
grains
(
*
41 * D
E
into
.
the stomach
was added
room
store
*
on
*
food
:
.
“
The grain
.
Wei
283
is
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
let
.
sl ,
to
i
in
,
.
,
-
;
of
*
.
*
.
5
of
.
.
ã
;
to
designate
of
of
.
an
is
,
uncle
the same
,
now
used
from
the boughs
mean
of
F
of
.
may come
beans with to
hatchet
is
mowing It
–
This character
Phonetic series 393
.
it
Phonetic series 597
.
.
beans
now used
.
zk
.
125
The
primitive
is
.
the
The idea –
.
of Il
shou
).
represents
primitive
7
,
in
Clii
(
vulgo
crooked
and
brother ?
It
;
that sense
surname
sort
Ź
represent 4
to
is
.
.
?
.
'.
's
is
collecting
The
younger
the
thought
forms
father
a
.
shuis
primitive
The
obsolete
a
of
.
7
into
under the radical
plant two husks pending H
the
ti GERE forms
.
li
a by
,
,
classified
124
Bean
the kindred
explained
First series
interjection
changed
Often
it
-
'
matter
wrongly
LESSON different
obscure
.
obscure
Shu
to
her
kind
which one
groping
of
Shu
ENE
EL
mysterious
By
*
. A
. ),
to
ang hsi
JE
oto
|
A
extension
particle
creeping plants
About
house
things only
that comes before the explanation
LESSON About the primitive
out
series 750
58 E “
.
(
an L
Yüeh
accusation
a
.
Ź
BO
Phonetic
K
the
*
A
The dark corners
discerns
an
);
from
etc
nbs
Nao4
part
of
,
confinement
from
G
(L .
extension
investigation , an
by an
*
.
By
E
clear up
To
,
Shil4 . enquiry .
to 102
284
incidentally
.
,
,
.
17 etc B
.
Eft L
50 B
.
L
,
e . .g
;
47 0
.
of
.12 A .
. L .
is
.
L
,
#
JE
.
to
Different
.
a
water
See
.
; ; It
excess
.
Fi
a
,
fault
that spreads out
,
,
sok
,
,
ien1
advances an
Ý
that
inundation
'
ch
his
streams
and
the
series 395
,
--
Phonetic
.
Note
radical
the 85th
words flowing like
Yen3 Water forms
water
91 A
.
L
#
,
18 M
.
L
A
73
.
L
'.
Babbling
overflowing
See
already explained
were
Note the following
Ta
forms
relating
characters derivatives
water
.
foams
the
contracted
a
strokes
:
modern
represents
four small
The
It
represent
285
central stroke
ſh
il
The
rivulet ,
a
brook
Water .
;
,
124 . 125 .
of hy
Shuis .
het
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
licentiousness
.
scandalous behaviour
By extension
is
7
,
K
of
composed
composition
which
.
,
,
as
its
,
;
water
is
E
,
rightly
;
.
40
a
:
by
con
.
by
to
ancient character was
The
Ź
,
is
✓ * A
level
the different meanings given above
sky
,
and
in
it
as
was said
, Hi
–
:
the
the
the regular a
forms
);
32 G
.
.
L
(
Dropping
.
.
proof
It
(
the 173th radical a
is
the
soaking through F
TH
drops It
of
).
.
of
MJ
Rain
rain
.
“
.
Lou
K
a
shower
points
four
four points are An ancient form simply represen –
)
H
.
35
L
special primitive
the
,
to
.
Others still explain
(
.
falling
ted
the
-
,
.
.
the drops
some
upper line the skies
the clouds Others explain 1 B
o
.
According
Rain
represent
L
TO
FŹ
yü3
Yü3
B
vices
explanation
.
A
.
Second series
extirpating
adapt
one and
raise the moral
to
too far reached
firmed
modern
is
This character
model pattern means to a
law
,
.
,
Rule
.
Fal
.
in
nk
. +
a
,
,
an
It
.
,
#
;
o to
,
km
. pe
42
–
il
in
. , by
of
the
,
.
t
,
,
is
.
thus
extension th
By
is
;
series 539
.
–
that
down
Phonetic
.
t
water
bent
water
,
,
if
as
, .
#
overflowing
Z
MI
,
.
apply
adminis
represented
excess overplus
profit
M
is ,
;
full
of
I a
vase
,
–
. is
it .
the
and
idea
This
Phonetic series 757
over the vase and
expressing
fear
meant
form
overflows This circumstance
fact that
with
reports
form
one would be
.
ancient
writing
forms
Modern
E
An in
classics
so
in
-
,
,
represents
,
,
an
of a
to
,
that
t
. occurs
P
It
.
official superior
abyss
H M
tik
an
of
a
. to
report
heart
's i
14
it
a
.
E
,
ül ,
A
to
the brink
in
water veins
72
ik
of
flow
the
Abstracted
*., * .*
* *
,
earth
The unceasing
,
.
Yung3
.
-
;
,
-
.
103
A
,
. .
L
,
is
is
.
idea
-
.
li
$
joining the
,
a
The
stream si
h
forms
.
inverted
of
je
is
fill t
Ź It
series 234
.
Phonetic
;
artery
See
series 659
the headwaters 7K
gan ;
bet
main
it
,
.
’
P
Phonetic
Graphically
By
.
;
*
,
wearisomeness
ait
.
to
phonetic
exten uniformity model pattern
ile
as
sion
has the same meaning
.
.
Yangº
analogous
foams
the
forms
It
series 173
substituted
It
are
threads
Phonetic
of
is a
,
,
,
eternity perpetuity but notdeseruited duration ge the Graphically this character difference
meaning
slender
I
that
it
jje
28
.
graphical redundancy
Deferential fear
addition
Á
water
en hoe on P
Now
write
tering
E
The ancient
circle
that flows crookedly between two banks
one
R
water
represents the
more recent form
bere
and
abyss
flows across
commonly
D
yk a
character represented
Su4
Fourth series
gulf
,
whirlpool
A
Yüan
the
china
bent down
,
that is
.
CHARACTERS
.
Third series .
the
CHINESE
in
286
in
, ,
sk
; .
,
,
In
;
ancient
.
sf
,
r an
at
,
it
series 388
.
.
C
.
L
this
.
*
126
altered
became
Phonetic
–
a
way that
59
See
such
.
absurdity
.
in
.
character
form
from
a
out
is
gushing
It
the
In
.
a
;
.
source
springs
LESSON
Ascending
.
of
I,
etc L
Note the
,
;
melancholy
heat
in
;
in #
,
perplexed
,
sorry
,
,
.
C
,
.
L
160
heat
disgusted
;
caused
head
*
.
series 669
Morally head grieved
singed
,
morally
,
Burned
,
fire
.
K
.
,
;
fire dried
the
a
flt
under
by
?.
cauterize
Phonetic
in
–
.
Pan
Pain
See
46
.
,
K
,
L
119
0
. .
L
C
, , P
121
up
by
A
.
bird
blackened
sadness
the
, of
a
,
at
in
.
to
.
L
12
L
lesh To
.
roast
Chiao1
”
the bottom
:
To
Chih4
Fan
combination
group
contracted
See the compounds already explained
.
,
following
used
large
Note the modern
1
,
G
65
G
59
L
.
L
.
.
the compounds
heat
71
that
-
form
is
characters relating
names
radical
86th
of
forms the
It
-
Fire
.
.
Huo3
;
huo3
or
.
The
confection
lementernation armission cliff The scribes contracted first then
A
top
.
Any origin
?
Yüan
series
the
flowing
the
arbitrary
on
.
of
the earth sides
the middle
forms
there were three
First
,
the ground
pure
water
About the primitive
the
disper
. the
an
from
;
is
character
the
,
A
the gush that bubbles the water when risen modern
veins
and
gushing out from special primitive
.
in
rills
up
is
spring
A
.
'
Ch üan
and flowing
the
flesh
recent
more
,
sing streams
It
from
le
.
The second form
$
The blood
on
.
pulse
running
fil
.
Mait
287
126
.
125
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
CHARACTERS .
CHINESE
288 P’
Second series . '*
êngl.
To roast ;
( L . 75 D ) is phonetic
writing .
in the modern
contracted
like those of the first series. See
J,
. 24
L
L
ancient forms are
The
. 32 B ,
L
.
the
,
.
,
obs
his
;
in
k
,
it
),
N
.
is
It
to
bite
. .
,
:
141
;
. L .
1
.
e .g
,
.
etc
101
}
);
H
49
.
(L
monkey
);
J,
45
.
L
arbitrary abbreviation
K
of
.
,
to
as
an
. to
represent
).
.
L
(
Glea
doubled
hot fire
abbreviation
animals
138
.
red
more intricate forms
of of
abbreviation
of
sting
or
,
,
# if
,
.
J.
60
L
.
,
43
,
without ulterior
Carnation a
,
(L
, ; .
(
*
in
, .
It
otot ;
)
strike the
that inflames the skin
ning like
bird
the 155th
shee amnesty
C
.
etc
chê1
forms
Hot
swallow
137
136 B )
L
.
in
. .I
also used
(
(L
an
i
.
See
e g
103
142
Note
ashamed
same dots that are used
The
horse
L
, e, .g , . A ), . .
.
L
(
is
;
92 E
-.
fish
L
make him
the ordinary
the face turning red
sense was
recent characters relating
as
C
. 1. 2
The tail
man
the face
primitive
it
.
nan3
venimous insects
specially
age
the
house
with the last character was fancifully altered
form
or
of
on
li
the
culprit and punishment
Third series
A
.
.
Compare
being ashamed
to
; .
See
pardon
of 't
.
t
old
T
.
—
by
radical
scribes
and combined
Phonetic series 567
reddish carnation and crimson
37 )
fire
water The
who reached
man fire
fire
X
.
The
.
;
.
,
to
,
K
.
he
*
il14
'
the
other
man
the scribes
Ch
deep
Note
with the hand
fathom
the ancient
and see how
II .
J,
17
meanings
the derived
etc
.
Hence
must make
*
when
into
An
Sous
.
.
stirs
the hand
which
abstruse
search into
and
L
L
hole ( L
small
arbitrarily omitted the upper dot
kan
*
*
, in
, I
*
,
deep profound to
,a
The Chinese hearth
under the caldron
lamb
,
0
–
Shên1 .
The feet
50
Note the following :
Hj L . 41 A , etc .
are also used
.
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS.
Fourth series. !K
D&
doubled,
126.
£ yen'.
Yen8.
A rising name, fire that blazes; iR ft ± -&o ^ jg£0 — Phonetic series 416. It forms the important compounds:
MS
$
Hei8. The soot let by the fire around the M hole through which the smoke escapes. Black colour. See L. 40 D. It is the 203th radical. Phonetic series 678.
-
Hsflni.
Smoke, fumigation. A black
-
«f from the fire. See L. 40 D.
Lin3.
An
hovering.
ignis
(See
U
on old battlefields
and horses;
'A4.M contracted
Shun4. j£
#f flames that are seen 9%
and proceed from the blood of men
±
Chinese
convolvulus,
the ground with
W
4o ^ H iS
ancient
*
E)
was added
J"
creeps reddish
ft ^„
later
on;
Name of a famous
reigned B. C. 2255 to 2205.
—
series 703.
Liao8.
Sacrifice offered to Heaven, on the threshing-
floor, after the harvest;
^ ^
ancient forms represent the threshing-floor,
5t
Phonetic
*#. The
the grains,
the straw. The more recent form represents the straw and the grains offered as >Aj
gift
burnt; burnt offering
of
0
&
#
who
"j&
o
monarch
41,
a
jfc
E
that
its blooming
(lowers. The scribes strangely altered this charac
ter. The phonetic 9$ (L. 31
#
series 781.
L. 31 E). They rise, says the Glose,
A
#
smoke rising
& R ft ^ & ± fa ® %.& k agitation,
Compare jtpl L. 120 A.
supposed to represent long
addition of an appendix.
If
ffe
.&,
f)&
K6ng8.
ardour, generosity.
'X.
door. To bear, to learn, to smell.
ears, by the
jjjj.
CHINESE CHARACTERS.
.
is done by
which
HII
.
at
It
.
an
.
A
.
,
;
combine
.
to
gather
,
a to
hand
#
to
,
to
,
.
of
a
be or
,
–
B
).
on
seize
handle
It
.
was explain
.
E
AX
.
A
to
is
, or
.
con
See
.
.
*
;
to
,
. ?
join
.
.
F
.
I .
its
modern
On
the
of a
with great cries
-
,
.
injunction
.
,
severe
the Chinese way
series 858
bear
without
Hence
meaning
a
.
,
in
”
.
Yen Derived superior made
a
attack
cavern which operation does not
go
to
yen3
,
forms
it
.
series 622
It
.
hand that whips and provokes the bear
-
primitive
.
,
the bear
give room
.
this
to
On
.
altered
as
,
to
;
–
.
,whis .
to to
;
;
's ears 8
oto in
,
the left
suppressed
were
series 842
because
common with
one when
it .
of
two
toto
to
F
as
scribes
plot etc
Phonetic
intrepid
bold
,
ear
showing
whisper
,
,
a
ſ
its
appendix
Do cries and howlings
Phonetic
ears
an
close
the
To
it
J) .
27
.
Phonetic
three
another
whose paws
The modern
right
711
two ears
has nothing dare
}
;
To
J.
–
34
is
added
series
A
I.
.
ear
L
(
mouth
Hot
though
in
Phonetic
close
coming
Kan3
.
take
scrape together
coming
of
|
is
H
the end
arbitrary
forms
Collection
Composed
,
.
L
A
G
like
L
;
gather
placed
Phonetic series 414
M
In
.
.
27 K To
.
L
ed
Ts ’ .
L
Em Nieht
following character form
(
an
'
CI
Tsuit
See
putting
contracted
hold
Hear
plants
phonetic
102
ear
The
said
composition
ung
en
147
series 349
Phonetic
Chüt
It
.
holds
To
that
H
of
Ch
ü3 .
traction
particle
It
.
?
Interrogative sentence
the
lay
of
Yeh
growth
of
..
abbreviation
an
The luxuriant
as
Jung given
44
.
Phonetic series 425
is
,
—
;
ears
A
in
11
whispers
the
asperse , to blame one
A
Ch 'i1 . To
.
311
.148 .
..
148
.
147
E
.
#
.
of
.
.
L
.
,
e .g
elsewhere
this 37 D
is
It
F
E
, —
.
radical
the 92th
compounds
Different
explained
repre
The character
.
,
.
.
primitive were
A
series
and 145 –
Phonetic
54 F
Compare
hooks
jointing
mutual
their
sents
teeth
91
? .
The canine
LL
5
of
Ya
1
147
.
primitive
146
f
About
the
LESSON
..447
M
.wus
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS
impure
as
.
SB
difference
soiled
used
of E
146 #
for
.
(L
?
yeh
modern
,range
the East
means
the
lying
it
eis
.
-
character
given
I
(
J
is
i is
The
Now
chieh
chia
as a
,
, ).
particle
LESSON
.
148
$
a
(
big
to
,
the
,
It
–
of
the
.
;
explained
e .g
. to
158th
the shapes
At
, is
;
)
),
25
By leg
.
(L a
.
E
the body
is
be The
belly
.
*
;
fi
the
To
.
etc
,
90 F
.
L
;
D
character
extension
were
inverted
It is
the
with
turn
forms
The ancient
pantomimes
and
dancers
,
.
.
Yint
compounds
conception
moving forward
duration
relating
characters
4G
. It
.
L
.
11
round
's
Different
a
body
131
life
body
of a,
person
radical
and
; ),
a
keep the equilibrium
pregnant
body
human
primitive
partial
(a
to
means
still represents
meaning
primitive
The
.
Shên
gestures
with
and
who who
,
in
, .
all
in
.
extension
now commonly
,
this sense used
.
H
.
,
is
,
modern
compound
,
motion
In
Ź
high spirits zeal
activity
By
on
Ź
,
while
-
or
,
made their their holding banners feather brooms body turning their directions hands kept evolutions
Ź
^
phonetic p acient
vicious
garment
About the primitive
ancient city
an
.
;
me
Shantung
depraved
a
of
Name
?
sheh
of
OAS
FB
B
Hsieb
, lising in ) a ,in
Note
the
LESSON 149 .
.
'ien ?. Field ,country . It represents
,
to
L
.
#
;
53
to
com
A
.
;
40
the
L
of
another
to
;
D
.
123
fields
the
60 E
L
.
#
E
saw
substituted
L
forms the
mostly
We
–
.
;
is 36
I . ;
#
.
104
A
;
B
But
It
.
,
164
ML
–
L
. . 171
in
relating
series
L
.
.
*
L
–
the surface
Phonetic
his
;
fields
,
vegetation
at
Sprouts
,
.
”
Miao
44
.
.
L
150
l
;
character
for any object
characters
Phonetic
pounds
fi
symbol
a
,
radical
and land
C
of as
.
used
often
102th
91
is
H
a furrowed field ; character being simple and easy write
This
E
The
T
\
About the primitive
fields
chi ?
,
It
. .
,
is
It
.
É
.
to
-
stall
,
a
,
;
,
,
a
It
.
in a
each
dwelling
.
.
,
.
-
that
.
H
is
,
a
character
redundancy
represents the land measuring compass
was
and
now F
by
This
–
a
;
,
.
$
three lines
bớundary
is
which
I
a
limit
It
another
from
by
; in
#
The
,
–
. its £
shop
represented
Partition
*
.
town
Fields separated one
by .
E
allotted
series 795
divide two fields replaced
a
of
,
#
†
;
1894
the 166th
forms
build
to
residence
replaced
Chiang1
,
1 A
.
on
.
.
ching
the side
,
287
.
.
?
Phonetic
EH
A
nine
extension
distinct ground
in
The
–
’
the
forms
combined
and about 600 metres
the village
Chiang later
of
,
;
of joined
radical Phonetic series
estate
growing
the
the Chinese mile now usually measuring
,
,
?
ft
English
Ch an
sees
village
By
)
being
12
.
field and country
.
. 115
L
(
to
The smallest
ching
family
and
consequently
corn agriculture
Composed
H
.
Lis
them
il
, it;
who works plants
man who goes
, *
.
?
A
Chi
IL
.
series 464
Phonetic
.
the country
Phonetic
series 803
.
29
The fields
forms
,
.
?
Lei
–
.
series 724
It
A
CHARACTERS.
CHINESE
44
312
storm
of
things
ordering
.
.
heap
,
to
,
;
fields
by
To
.up
,
did
heap
or
bundle
contraction
.
*
bind
form
a
.
The modern
is a
to
series
,
a
in
written
See
.
should
L
fold
on
be
It
To
.
series 626
.up
.
build
.
£
up
piled
,
's
replace
to
sake
the
up ,
.
G
.
?
and
pises
join
To
. of
–
,
mean
objects
for rapidity
piled
and
:
LESSON
;
be a
is to
as ,
,
It
.
),
.
H
.
an
(L
,
, by
,
field
occurs
in
.
D
:
.. .
,
. *
L
.
(
,
the top *
E
,
yu –
radical compounds
.
, ,
principle
produce
etc
, ;
to
beginning
).
.
'inp
,
its
,
cause
*
,
up
extension
point
58 C
.
By is
coming
-
fruit stone on
of
a
. germination
series 170 See and
Not
uncultivated
series 406
there
.
).
–
; *
.
, 55 K
*
E
.
#
(
Phonetic
scribes
represents the grain
the germ starting
.
-
'
.
represents the
large grain
which
149
character
151
origin
L
in
12
.
I.
12
L
.
K
,
. .
a
of of
?
Yu
It
LESSON
About the primitive
Phonetic
pottery
few compounds which the modern ang hsi always write For instance
vessel See
A
Luº
),
E
III
and
the
tzůl
with
in a
a
,
radical
scribes
invented
form
explained
The modern
L
fanciful
confounded
earthenware
common either with
E
3K
with
vase
135
.
or
.
It
#
A
has nothing
a
represents
It
Tzů1
150
(L
at
.
7
I
or
II
by .
313
For instance
About the primitive
A
.
151
series 743
earth
Phonetic
Tieh scribes imagined
.
in From
piling
Leis
The
150
above
a
–
.
,
a
Lei
143
i
clouds
Phonetic
symbol
For instance ?
.
as
often used 72 L
l
.
L
Compare
is
. I.
Note
.
an
Lei ? . Rainy thunder
149
the
.
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
314
LESSON 152 . Chias.
Primitive
sense
,
,
L
.
.
etc
in
,
,
the sun
, L .
It
of
. *
143
forms
.
hand
.
F
the left
where
this character
,
the vase to
is
,
46 E
.
ii
resemble
series 388
.
.
LESSON
125
that happens
Phonetic
–
.
A
above
the
helmet
representing
Here
special primitive
a
,
chias
L
,
.
.
-
properly
See
held with
See
was fully explained
stems
series 217
vase
vulgar
crocodiles,
offensive weapons
and
serios
.-
o.
drinking
A
Pi
to
Poblete
Phonetic
–
710
Chuan chu
.
153
separat
(
pierce
custom
,
,
usage
,
.
forms to
.
$
It
,
Ź
kuant
.
Ź
,
together
t
)
Hence
cowries
,
of
tie
ti
.
two cowries strung
;
),
-
.
lie
Long string
to
,
together different
represents two objects
horizontal line
E
The
.
.
Kuan4 string
the
(
lt
to
,
,
The primitive
the vertical line
says the Glose Ho
string
to
To
.
by
ed
.
objects
pierce
tie
and
Kuana
in
of
not
chuan chu
-
,
cash
outside
,
inside
etc
and
is
same
the
rich
actual as
,
be
to
,
.
true
the
homogeneous
strings
have
really
Hence
,
,
massive
only
.
,
meaning
house
,
's
one
appearance
to
Primitive meaning oto
.
Shih
?
.
experience
in
0
of
a
of
i
L deze . ? .
See
arms
Defensive
109
man wearing
Compare the ancient form
Jung
est
series
on
the ten
.
,
-
.
to
the height
first
the
.
Later
F
.
E
Phonetic
–
etc
,
.
E
risen
ce
tall
,
*
on , by
a
extension
-
cycle
A
character
breast - plate , full armour ; lastly , any hard coverings Different chia chieh
About the two primitives
The
figuring
a
man ,
as the carapace of turtles , the scales
B
.
helmet
a
represents a helmet upon two strokes
To
AP
.
it
About the primitive
315 a
also
is
,
be
to
}
;
tie
to
; in
.
.
and
confounded
with
,
# a
is
, a
serie
It
heart
series
a
,
;
heart pierced
aa
above
vertical
forms
.
ašvới
.
;
'.
Huans troubles amiction
piered
.
of
A
L
Affliction
109
like
strung
on
mouth
)
.
To
Compare
The character
not
*
rod
Huan
string
(
.
.
Two objects
A
Not
.
.
L
'
Ch uand .
135
strongly
capturing
53 C
.
See
C
the
phonetic
prison
ferocity
#
send
represents
L
.
To
L03
152 . 153 . 154. 155 . to
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
E
is
.
E
)
It
;
Cf .
,
the
In
. . .
;
11
the
XVIII
At
.
,
if u
contracted
the bottom
it,
shorten
to
BK
to
par
the scribes
155
.
LESSON
found
the hearth
, hl
VI ,
.
,
.
IV
BK
,
.
33
Sect
order
In
bf . .
imagined
F
,
*
f
F
IL
,
to
sacrifice
On the top
the offering
phonetic
the
wood
:
in
ll; .
,
IV
.
par
middle
masonry holding
hands putting
bloody sacrifice
on
. .
Later
Sect
the boiling
the following
Primitively
Chi
the
À
x
contracted
Hsint
bottom
fire
;
;
the
the
the
then
,
;
prop
the top
tot
its
'
copper in
Chinese
the
Now
is
On
copper
.
Chinese hearth
at on ".
Ts uan
Li - le
.
cover
It
the steam
cook
of
represents
otherwise
in
used
.
.
It
Tsêng copper found
or
the modern writers
by
written
to
FI
,
About the primitive
by
.
LESSON 154
. lil , It
-
etc
;
A
134
#
.
E
, 545 . , . — phn L
hsien
See
“
I
A
;
lo 103
series
pot
personat
-
three legged
Phonetic
, . L .
kêng
?
non
;
#
87 B
.
a
?
represents
the 193th radical
L is ka
A
.
Ko
It
About the primitive
316
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
LESSON About the two primitives
. Ch 'ai? . imagined
,
103 .
, t' $ . The scribes th , which was wrongly .
–
Phonetic
series
It forms
Shani . It
Tien3 . The by
book
.
ended in an , in the series MH . books , either Canonic
preeminent
repre
is graphically
are placed high on a n
the fact that they
, out
of respect ;
The . –
An
Fi
those
,
being
by
.
.
the
–
.
– See
14 G
gather
L
;
fil
books
inscriptions
Phonetic series 473
A
the
meditate
to
To
texts
tablet
.
Lün
a
upon
.
,
extension
of
.
flat
inscription
;
By
H
slips
and
doors
written
”
door
.
From
H
Pien8
hung Over
.
series
.
Phonetic
398
scribes kept something of the ancient form
modern
.
stand
fi
from this character contracted , that are
is
al or Imperial. Their excellence sented
was done by
which
a TI knife what displeased in a
the compounds
derived
,
To correct and expurge
erasing with
*
book : engraved
ancient
an
together
tied
the modern form by K'ang -hşi under 0
classified
Phonetic
thought the series
.
.
legal
.
,
)
son
. F
.
The
etc
ancient character simply represented
HH
£
titles
ā
one
's
)
the
,
on
H
of
heir
See
series 835
.
succeed
,
succession
holes
the top
Phonetic
before judges
assert
,
is
-
the 214th radical
To
. “
a
To
.
14 of H
.
L
Ssů
pipes
straight line
ā
a
collection
which are put
in a
pipe
;
.
A
Yao4
A
.
380
to
A
represents
It
slips of bamboo
It
chrais
i .
and
.
First series .
)
.
156
156
by
,
of
a
.
into
.
I.
L
with
confounded
64
. It It
.
forms
44
straw
scribes changed
The modern
.
be
not
mat with
a
.
hand plaits
The
to
;
13 A
’
K
uai3
family name
mat
forms
.
157
;
,
the
is
Phonetic
.
It
phonetic
–
,
It
is
dishes
to
plate
radical
108th
:
in
the following
.
The first
.
eldest
son
The
)
,
"
.
,
(
Mệng
relating
F
Ż
characters mostly min ming mêng
.
TEJE
porringer
vessel
a
It
represents
W
.
Minᵒ
of ili
.
M
the
.
.
.
rushes
It
.
the plaiting
represents the
h primitive
317
158
. ’
K
uais
interlacing the rushes interlacing
LESSON About
157
uai3
'
k
.
Second series
W
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
);
25 B
.
.
W
; ;
50 135 B D
.
L L
. L
;
. .
38 D G
of is
L
.
.
.
L
a
of
.
.
See
-
ang hsi wrongly
'
.
series 208
Phonetic
.
).
K
It
–
to
blood 27 K
.
(
.
L
it
relating
Blood
.
158
;
is
It
–
room
.
give
relating
the
the
109th
the eye and vision
.
characters
then the
lastly the character was placed
to
;
to
of in
radical
Firstly
the pupil
socket with the two eyelids and
pupil was suppressed straight order
.
na
,
human
The
ne
eye
.
Mut
E
.
LESSON
E
–
; .
L
—
the 143th radical
L
blood
full
F
.
L
forms
characters
82 III
vase
classified under
About the primitive
The
series
Phonetic
. .
It
J.
1
TT
Por
; ,
.
L
;
Hsüehs few
169
benevo
etc
,
D
110
A
.
125 C
elsewhere 19 B
See
scribes invented the second form 580
.
(L
W
MI
LI
.
III
a
;
,
prisoner
H
feed
charity
lence
[
.
Wên1
To
1
.
series 382
;
;
D
V
118
L
L
etc
.
J,
34
L
.
;
97 F
L
.
;
. L
10 0
.
; .
.
176
or
a
in foe
of
an
. i .
A
;
radical
series
259
.
.
;
a
is
-
.
man
the 147th
Phonetic
.
2
7
is
seen
.
not
is
it
which
something
by
.
the
.
L
, .
16
to
;
better
narrow
18 M
see
F
59
.
L
to
; see the
be
to
is
,
to
i
said
.. .
are tantamount
Province
,
a
, “
viceroy
difference
a
be
in
,
better Compare
.
by
a
supervised
to
is
,
as
,
explained
point order gives
see
Shêng
but
are
may
eye
The first and the third explanation extension
said
m
,
to
this
same form
form
understand
compound
.
to
)
slit
aim the
of
In
at
eye
the
. 2 . kind
i
so
would
,
that the
which case
The second ancient
palpebral
try
the first ancient form
in
;
set the
of
To
.
. In
Three explanations
be 7 A a )
.
(L
to
Ë
others
examine carefully
frowning
eyebrows distinctly
By
series 834
, ?
. 1 .
given
of
take
to
apprehend
H
Hsing
.
It
I
.
To
.
?
seen
3
sight
often contracted into
Tê
-
It
.
An
–
Phonetic
look for something which
,
is
It
.
To
Mi4
Hoar frost
:
Note the compounds
«
m
.
relating
pun
pronounced
both
eye above
to
To
characters
of
.
A
JL
.
look
kind
forms
Shuang1 Chient
such
L
to
series 445
.
–
Phonetic
.
and
*
the two elements
being
wild
meaning
this character a
said
The
from
the woods
abstract
come from
to
is
,
,
extended use
watch
to eye
,
;
of
that gives
a
surprised
The
reciprocity
mu
by
the
open
to
be
,
or
to
order not
in
*
tree
a
behind
.
' i
;
,
examine
primitive meaning may have been
,
inspect
to
To
'.
Hsiang
,
VA
.
straight
beast
D
.
;
,
10 K
.
H
L
J;
34
L
.
and
L
etc
1
K
27
26
L
.
.
L
X
.
and
L
I
BE
First series
. 7 A;
L
;
R
L
;
54 16 , L
. L
37 F
. L
L
See
. 48 C ;
L
.
See
See
CHARACTERS .
CHINESE
318
the
territory
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
Tun . (L .
, with
A shield
30 ) from
158.
319
which one hides one' s self
F
of the enemy . The vertical
the eyes
stroke is unexplained . Other philologists consider the upper part as a special primitive , r to cover one' s eye
enemy ; the cross
.
Phonetic
Mut
The eyes
series
,
)
N
71
.
(L
that their eyes become Compare
.
t
U
of HUF so
,
is To
)
; ,
.
In
.
103 G
L
.
(
Y
of
;
,
at
.
,
&
It
the
eyes
's
top
.
view
rub one
to
,
On
Dimness
.
of
. “
the
Phonetic series 808
the
forms
the
.
to
of
.
“
night
dream
was the last
the confused
visions
during
seen
.
dim
y
,
and
radical the
the two eyes
series 838
forms
ti
,
,
.
.
of
the
the heart
fear
-
that must
birds
preservation
;
the
life
,
of
.
Phonetic
,
commonly written
their
circums
recent
now
Vigilance
watch
more
regard with
Fear
express the feelings
for
.
?
'ü
Ch
always
is
This character
form
.
,
second
fearful
's
the
heart was added
It
.
pection
In
,
reverent awe
apprehensive
.
,
open large and timid eyes
to
.
To
Chüt
to
.
,
doubled
The
substituted
;
Mêng Meng
to
en
og
compound
Dream
.
series
the frontiers
fatigue
—
).
D
Mêng
tt
directions
from
90
.
L
(
guardians
all
that look
derivatives
the whole
instead
The
in
heavy
i
In
.
.
looking
bottom
to
scribes write
Mieht
NI
Ħ
confused view
following
the
give room
the
in E
H in
order
squint
,
.
divergent
different directions
modern
1
u
bent
bent
Third series
to observe the
; fk
.
.
Second series
–
alone appearing is unexplained
+
.
, the
486
self totally
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
320
Kuo .
OI
SU
The vain
.
catch
A
.A
4
hand
.. -
.
U
by
; by extension ,
which it was seized
, to
to snap up
of
endeavours
a bird to escape the
Pho
netic series 851 .
LESSON About the two primitives
and
tzŭ4 . the
,
,
.
;
be
, the
to
of
.
E
of
.
.
L
;
.
L
;
142 119 A h
.
.
differen
radical
; .
the L
L
143 and 60 34 L K See
,
,
it
, is
It
;
;
.
LL
132th
this
confounded
,
,
.
H
shor
,
while
through
the
out
breathed
the heart
–
is
the Chinese theory
.
to
it
the heart
to
:
.
.
of
time
According
outside goes
A
'i' ' is
;
and
27 A 1
.
L
from
nose
134
L
;
.
full breath
ch ch
Hsil the
83 C C
.
L
Add the following
A
.
etc
;
40
.
L
See
—
;
73
tiating these characters
may
and difficulty
hence the importance
the rest
alterations
88
.
L
with the primitives
which
from
The successive
are the cause why
character
1
:
,
.
of
the body grows
origin
the
the nose being according
the embryo
Chinese embryology
own
the nose being
point
Starting
.2
.
;
evolution
,
,
,
–
.
,
beginning
my
some way the charasteristic
in
part and
individual
the
Sell
act action
to
behaviour
the projecting of
meanings
Extended
;
personally
the nose ,
to resemble
I,
thought
It is
JE
en
Tzů “.
the
Phonetic
)
attempts
fly
(
)
contracted
.
Phonetic series 610
same
act
practice
–
the
.
repeat
to
;
young bird
,
,
extension
a
made
The first
lo
.
?
Hsi
to
.
series 534
by
First series .
159 .
160
.
.
321
chês
. members
two
that
enough
crossed
came
what
represent
branches
of a
the
the point
represents
first
means
.
clearly
.
top
the
,
On
represent
It
.
a
text
represent
between the members
succession
it
and
;
.
Best
was invented
This character
to
Chê3
connexion
a
#
.
Second series
159
.
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS
;
,
,
of
,
,
It
.
separate
, ;
,
all
,
-
whole
,
A
.
“
particle is
It
A
.
. .
?
.up
to
,
Chao
relations
often
the
and
-
.
a
writing brush in a
The scribes altered
.
sentences
A
book
,
writing
,
To
write
a
to
clear
the moods
write
.
;
.
sentences
all kind
.
of
,
excess
To 44
a
,
39 C
)
.
.
series 789
.
a
is
—
.
)
L
FX
(
*
.A
To
,
to
manifest
indicate
Shul to
documents
character radical redundancy Two sounds and two meanings Chu
into
!
net
Phonetic
man who spreads
prodigality
contracted
.
strange way
).
forms
.
F
pierce
Te It
tis.
159
Compare
with
forms
the
heads
of
spear
to
ti
ancient
form
L ., .
ancient form
71
.
enemies
(
.
Kat
L
the nose
, L . .
mose ,
long
,
the
A
.
;
The head
9
Shoul
.
developments
T
.
160
.T
with
its
,
office
brag
LESSON I
to
,
To
;
a
public
modern
*
,
expose used
the
phrase
forms
express their mutual relations
. . .
ei .
'
By
This
A
.
n —
,
is
.
,
It
and
gather
extension
over
B
series 422
Chia chieh
govern
Ch
primitive
Phonetic
$ 3
for
to
used
phrases
Shus
About
extension
like the primitive
.
it
the continuation
document
Chul the
line H
,
;
the
speech
Barra
descending
to
a
discourse
the
By
right
I
on
,
where one stands the starting point for what follows
KK
with
radical
,
Inverted
.
185th
it
is the primitive
forms the
It
—
).
It
.
12
See L
a
.
,
The lüt
,
.go
to
169
lead
Compare
B
A
To
.
,
.
direction
speak
path
road
L
head
.
,
,
a
the
at law
,
,
speech
of
,
of
.
principle doctrine progress
The hair
92 B
The
go
.
To
. “
Tao
.
L
and
criminal hung upper part altered is
hanging down
,
is
.
The head
to
Hsiao1
. .up
becomes
N
rimitive
)
the
forehead
The second unauthorized
abbreviation
.
form
It
an
modern
is
;
,
face
the head and
that represents
,
.
.
(p
frame
Composed
of
The face
*
Mien
of the a
.
and chiend
).
.
29
. L
(
,
;
.
, .eg .
through
)
L
to
body
Note also
is
.
.
t L
(
, .
it
10 It
;
A
82
I
;
etc
Taoist
wander
in
melancholy
sadness
.
-
.
the bottom
of
;
i
from
phonetic
troubles altered
the
.
is
head and
series 816
docile
head
compliant
,
,
;
side
,
a
in
the
stream
the
.
*
of
;
a
heads
kind
capita specierum
,
animals
sort
,
,
a
to
follow
species *
or
A
agreeable
swim
,
To
upwards
; ; .
Shund
, .
the
radical
.
Phonetic
181th
elsewhere
,
scribes
the
It
,
go
;
with
the
To
.
how
of of
the
suffer from
heart sadness melancholy
Lei
the
The
Phonetic series 848
–
.
To
.
out
goes
through the space
plants
head
is
.
L
head
.
contemplative
Yu1
VL
to
L
The top
;
62 the
B
.
;
of
.
Tiend
A
.
126
the fontanel that the soul
See
body
compounds were explained
Different
Yu1
the
It
,
often restricted
,
is
.
meaning
head upon
man
A
Yehº
a
.
forms the 176th radical Phonetic series 466
L
DE
head .
The 12
.
L
hair
(
|
Shous.
the
CHINESE CHARACTERS.
322
.
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS A man
hands
a
the
,
citizen
.
;
.
,
widow
.
,
diminution
the
person
extension
,
By
a
;
living
in
persons
persons
a
the
} }
,
extended
Chinese
the regal We Ourself
goods
LESSON
also
over
the
contraction
married
solitary
of
hence
little
,
,
, of
;
partaking
means is a
character
house
'E
.
by
.
,
same
his
works being
themselves
summer
left alone
,
when
Separation
abo
I
.
Kua3
,
walks the
It
summer time plants grow
The modern
323
is the thing done by the countrymen
in
meaning
. 161 .
who
It
hanging down .
of
DX
Hsia " .
160
.
161
About the primitive
They
a
.) ;
B . .
till
under
.
E
then the
.
; ;
14 M A
.
L
.
.
L
;
#
.
L
.
L
#
;
130 52 D E
of
B
.
's
one
.
; H
Phonetic
–
.
65 E O
Compare
E
t
's;
round
cowrie
crush
.
,
to
en
to
;
another
.
.
break
L
general
or
,
to
,
”
.
Yüan
ruin
fortune
A
(
Ruin
153
:
.
;
if
L
.
120 H
.
.
“
own
in
111
series
primitive were explained
this
me
recall
Note the following
Pai
OMDE
us
.
L
#
.
etc
Let
radical
154th
values and trade Phonetic
298 Many compounds
elsewhere
the
is
.
to
relating
characters
It
moves
it
with which
of
,
The character represents the shell and the feelers
.
s
,
î
;
cowries were left out
C
Century
b
(
'in
Dynasty
3d
Ch
together with the coppers invented later the
current
were on ,
times
in
used for money
small shell
feudal
.
A
,
A
early
.
cowrie
in
Peit China
Round series
en the
To
cover
cowries
,
value
in
.
,
buy business its
.
.
an
.
)
Price
object with
object with
its
an
by
Phonetic series 697
.
up –
.
To
,
wrap 67
cowries
.
buy
/
value
in
.
Mais
To
.
.
41 C
L
(
DO
Chias Ku3
To
.
586
CHINESE CHARACTERS .
Fut. AU
The self -sufficiency
.
See L
Yingi.
r
Cowries strung .
primitive
A
Yingl. A
necklace made with
of women
is
form
of
the
-
.
.
162
.
I
as
,
the
;
in
;
The
From
of
characters
gourds
.
dig
radical
etc
sorts
37
the 97th
and
,
is
It
the parts
L
to
strokes
middle
;
a
o
per
tut
relating
The exterior
melons
weak tendrils
hanging
plants
cucurbitaceous
of
the
ñ
cucumber represent
fruit
etc
melon
,
cucumber
, meton
. , It
represents
of E.
Kual
.
the
ki
n
series 836
LESSON primitive
i
By extension , an infant , a still hanging to mother neck
tl .
.
Phonetic
li
ancient times ;
in U
's
..
cowries, ornaments
its
.
babe , a suckling ,
a
i .
man
following :
U
About
of a wealthy
28 C .
Phonetic
);
.
.
163
.
Ho
; to
the
,
,
I
.
etc
t
only
hence
elegant M
,
It
forms
following
,
the primitive
Phonetic
.
(
idea
to
TE
FJ
in
ME
droves
series 846
.
.
,
–
instead
bright
Ź
.
,
chieh
of
,
that live
RA
,
stags
E
}
used chia
elegant graceful
,
,
of
deers
-
now
,
is
assortment
mean
decoration
:
,
.
Antelopes
);
.
compound
t
Va
ornamented
?
E
,
graceful
Li4
two pendants
assortment
Ż
primitive representing
,
.
A
Li
the general notion
It of
HA
A
.
bei phonetic
LESSON About the primitve
(
,
.
BA
B
to
Hollow
.
Wai
is
.
series 133
.
.
illi
.
164
.
.
:
of
this character are given
79 B
.
.
L
)
of is
;
Ž Ž
A
(
*
;
— it
.
; old
.
)
B
be 41
L
to
the
). is
it
,
.
radical
.
.
,
Phonetic
–
*
weak
long
hair
;
man soft
,
,
extension
B
of
of
(
the chin
from
forms the 126th
of a
in
below
transition
hanging
It
of
a
-
.
It
72
.
By
.
not stiff
the
from
seems
part
particle
forms
beard
The
, .
med
as
is
.
L
series 193
Juan8
(
it
ju
Phonetic
the
the fact that the
from
the notion
from
Compare
slender
hanging
compare
like the bottom
A
.
E
of
As
the use
to
shape
derived
came
The first
.
true one
mouth
the
EU TAM
beard
The second interpretation
of
, Ź
E
It
2
.
uuder the
chin
the part
itri
the
represents
i
Elin
;
I
;
of
is
plant under the ground
15 a
.
i by
.
Compare
L
,
the ground
represented The ground part growing out the ground
plant spreading
of
roots the hair
is
tap
It
represents
–
.
1
Two explanations
.
Erh
hotel
325
164
êrhº
in
A
TO
First series
and
it
two primitives
in
About
ñ
the
LESSON
163
.
162
ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .
.
series 456
,
as
To
play
beards
,
false
the Chinese
others
dressed
women
of
by
,
self
This character
is
.
one
's
,
beard
T
's
restrain
to
take patience
playing with one
.
character
ti .
A
do ,
.
.
“
Nai
modern
some with
.
like
k
actors
To
Shua
relati
.
There
.
series
434
,
extension
uai come from
,
in
ended
E
4
By :
.
.
a
plant
estimate
.
feel
measure with high to
To
.
how To
span
.
up
†
'
Ch uais
,
the following contracted
Phonetic
–
.
A
this series
Te
.
a
t
;
E
the
See above of
.
fibres
The compounds
this
.
-
#
#
,
roots
plant that develops itself
ground
*
under
above and #
Bet
represents
:
.
Chuani
It
?
chuan
i
.
Second series
.
.
vely modern
the grew
CHINESE CHARACTERS. striking
.
H
the
In
.
)
the
,
D
To
81
796
.
operation
It
To
.
(L
an
.
*
;
w
s
in
to
Pal
. order
i
C
;
HE t
To
).
abbrevi kept
the
plants
small
,
was supressed
the
necessary
,
,
extension
.
.
165
.
ū
and
series
-
LESSON About the primitives
Phonetic
.
indispensable
remaining
.
.
ii
alone
bottom
thread
being
strike
that By
strike root Here the top
testify
.
necessary
rain
of it
The
ill
.
of
,
Phonetic series
–
phie
Hsül
above
with
485
fibres
contracted
.
,
on
the right
reduce into
this character
the top alone
as ( L in the 22 D
,
of
this
'.
The left part
Š
Data
ation
an
of A
slender
.
Huil
compo
explain
affair
Phonetic series
–
.
I
.
The to
Cliêng assurance threads
Tuan
to peel ;
forms
is
in
Chengi
give testimony
,
stealthily me
.
7
slowly
the sense
guests
contracted
forms<