Chinese Characters : Their origin, etymology, history, classification and signification. A thorough study from Chinese documents by L. Wieger, S.J. Translated into English by L. Davrout, S.J. 1-2 [1-2]

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Table of Contents
Section 1 (Page 1)
Index (Page 335)

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495 Yeeing

sc colchinese Library

Studies

Arthurst

,

Smith

1915

THE

BENJAMIN

MARCH

ORIENTAL LIBRARY

Yeaching Sc ' co . .

hines

Darrout

St

Rue

18

.

Leo

Rev

Studies Library

Yours

.)

Chine

(

ly

.E .

S

Tche

-

Mission

du

11€5

CHINESE CHARACTERS Their origin, etymology, history, classification and signification. A thorough

study from Chinese

documents

BY

Dr

Ef WIEGER,

S.J.

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY

L. DAVROUT,

S.J.

VOLUME I. ■

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS. PHONETIC SERIES.

w

HO-KIEN-FU CATHOLIC MISSION PRESS. 1915

IP

!

295. 5

W645 +

Dar

ALL RIGHTS

RESERVED

.

8098

495

Marel 6

- 29 - 50

PREFACE .

‫اهدگامرلا‬

arded edition The end aimed

at

by

the Author has

been

analyze

to

the

characters ,

ancient forms of the Chinese to extract from them , primitive group together ac their constituents and then to them cording to these primitive elements , in an order both logical and synoptical

of

The materials of the Lessons were gathered from the works the Chinese philologists . After having eliminated the useless

characters , the Author picked out, among the usual characters , 223 Primitives . Around these elements were grouped about 1500

Sprincipal combinations the other characters The whole

♡

experiences

are derived

, this disposition

study The Introduction

explanation

and

all

seemed

into to

. After many

Lessons

177

be the most advantageous

designed

classifications of the Chinese characters .

the different

The Lexicon

which

to furnish some necessary , , the analysis history categories the the

is

respecting

from

.

matter was divided

.

for

and phonetic compounds

by order

of Phonetics

placed

was

at

the end

of

the first Volume as a natural complement of the Lessons . The second Volume comprehends the two other Lexicons , one by order of Radicals and the other by order of Sounds . •

The romanisation the Wade

system

adopted

by the Translator was according

. L

Hsien - hsien

(Ho - kien -fu ) ,

April

4

,

1915

.

. D . , S. J.

to

•

INTRODUCTORY .

B

that inval

well grounded

inductions

.

official Recorders

there were

of

be

the mist

in

,

-

' confirmed

it

to

centuries before

lost

positive arguments by

are

27

Ts

no

There

2697 2398

(

-

ang hsieh

personages

these

),

,

whilst

. C .

ti

.

.

Huang

admitted

is

,

idate the Chinese tradition

Under

of

Though the existence

era

the period may

time still

to

their

it

and

the Christian

must be ascribed

the characters

-

-

systematization be

Fu

hsi ,

According to tradition , the idea of

.

SKETCH

-

I. HISTORICAL

who

.

used the written characters

,

of

writing was used only for mallers government and means the Emperor was given information and his orders

,

of

,

,

,

-

use

by is

.

ku

.

t

a

be

.

-p

to

, or

in a

hiding lace

the

big heads

The name has stuck

Hua

LI *

*

*

*

7

EU

FL F

in

us

to

.

for

!

These are tadpoles

» ?

at

sight

the

appellation

Confucius was pulled

discovered

ever since

EN

of

PG

,

a

«

,

exclaimed

man

latter

of

.»

. C .,

B

«

,

in

the house

were

ku

wên

.

them

the year

the official

genuine

the

chou

The origin

when

learned

:

,

who was not

.

it

Lu

prince

and the slender threads to

-

2d

century

ancient characters

books written of

,

old

shows that

Towards

-

by

the

-

tou tzŭ

those

toWeAŻ

,

Kung

tadpoles

'

:

thus recorded

In

, a

is

hite

we know

Chinese philologists

k o

are called

wên

down

characters and fixed their classical shape

of

wich

the

of

of

and documents

drew

original

Their origin

handed

varied much

,

,

Fi

,

the then existing

chuan down

Chou

many monuments

, or w

,

wên

catalogue

ancient

the

their form

in

,

. C .

B

From

Shang Dynasty were

their

,

The

the

up

. C ..

study

come down

Other characters

of

.

to

transcriptions

successive

bronzes

18th Century

the

while their making was well defined 800 the Imperial Recorder scribes

, .

to

were engraved upon

traced back

that have of

characters

B

The most ancient form

in

up

-

.»

shih agrand master

t'

*

,

ai - ,

to

were transmitted the mandarins and the people The shih recorders registrars scribes were trained official schools under the direction

a

its

"

.

By

,

In

the beginning

adininistration

CHARACTERS. did

-

.

.

,

:

,

,

to

1

Ch in

, -

'

-

tikai

ne

a

-

of

,

ts '

,

of

-

his À

: ),

6

,

,

.

mul

of

:

excessive

the

state

?

Many

Lessons

new era was opened

this change

an

a

inter

.

a

ssů

causes

in

in

of

number

wrongly

, Li -

to

us

.

Li - ;

(

in

,

of

Li -

Li -

sufficient

wrong shape

these

.

;

,

up

of The the

fermen together

not well

be

could

as

to

,

sprang

Things

e

Hoş

2

t

.

E L

ki

Po

)

.

#

etc F,

thing

ff .

it .

to

;

, all F

of

m

fl 41

new

public

things

this disorderly

From

doubles

useless

stupidly

were

.

tek

.

n

The

.

which

names

ignorance

the

,

:

of

to

give

writing was

took

first

characters

a

to

characters

without control without criticism

F

,

,

,

an

,

#

the

probably

.

,

26 K

.

L

J,

24

.

L

it

,

21 B

.

17

,

.

45 L F

.

, L

.

,

A

.

44 L G 15 B

,

14 T

BL

,

C

L

.

.

See

42 L

*

*

easy one

thousands

E

1

the need felt

7

of

;

,

then

-

,

without direction

with useful characters

·

therefore

ssů

the Etymological

briefly

light ugly

learning was spreading

process hsing shêng was tation

,

,

-

'i -

.

brougt

posterity

was growing

Empire

Let

with

preexis

:

a

reproduced

under

ssŭ was edited

multiplication

the excessive

continually

who

by

.

1

Causes

seen

Two facts are peculiar

gradual transformation

philological phenomena scribes

of

,

of of

characters

for posterity

will

ssŭ

himself

and with

before

numerous

so

then

tzŭ

and fixed them

be

ch

. 2 .

the

these mistakes

;

A

tiplication

See page

Lacking ancient documents

years after the catalogue

few

hsiao chuan

but he contented

closed before the times

,

,

by

him

preted some characters

the study

as

of

hsing shêng

was certainly

many centuries before

instances

a

,

,

primitive

new

the names for objects which were unknown

characters

and deceived

=

,

,

of

evolution

the

3300

ssù discloses two facts

any

after the process

ting elements

ang contained

San

Li -

of

the work

He did not create

composing

entitled

prime minister published writing which became

writing was known

JE

.

1

The study

way

»

form

lesser steal character

of

of

.

His collection

ssů

fixed

huang

shih

.

.

«

new

This

and

Li -

Wi

the characters

for scholars

characters

or

a

the Emperor

under

who destroyed the classical hooks obligatory

left blank the characters

who

. 213

,

Towards the year new official index

Confucius

Consequently more such men were multiplied without restraint the

now there are

characters

usual

uttered this complaint

!»

;

odd

some scribes

500

etymology

. C .

of

a

tzů

'i -

the

great prejudice

Those non

writers became

. C .

;

, I

still knew

could not write ch

which

young

was

they

B

I

«

When

other ignorant

towards the year

, and

not remember the genuine

one

false

B

copied out again

himself made this statement

studies were neglected

When they

invented

)

,

,

characters

by

they blunderingly

character

.

ignorant

the scribes became more and more genuine

,

Chou Dynasty grew worse

no

As the decay of the

he

CHINESE

when one remembers

published

at the beginning

Two

centuries

later,

40.000

characters

characters.

K'ang-hsi contains monstrosities

:

invented

;

official

:

is

absorbent

became

remained the classical writing.

one

Meng-t'ien

is

|pj

succeeded 'j$

inventions

the writing-brush, the ink and the paper. This cannot trace lines against

further

used

by

writing-brush

many characters could not he written

letters, which

hand

»

«

^

§f[

li-tzu or

way being opened,

the

arbitrary and fanciful sketches. The materials Paper

was used for were thick and

and were replaced

helped to increase the

hence came the thick strokes, the thin strokes and

were

all

unknown

to the ancients.

A

happens,

hair, therefore

wooden pencil

varnish,

black

the curved lines were broken and

hsiao-chuan

was fatal to the characters.

the slabbery

a

-jJH

deeds, and the

said to have invented or improved

writing-brush,

with still' and elastic hair, flattens out when pressed down, twists when turn

chieh-tzii

what

remains

itself. Therefore the actual of the

"%_

^

the joints, the crooks

hence the swellings,

>J>

writing

~f

classical

raised up

and are due to the instrument

;

which are not intentional

:

its point when

ed, projects

is

made

But, not long after the

But this writing beingquicker than with the stylet, the pen

A

it

commonly

or

of every

all ages, figures

During his campaigns against the Huns, the genera]

confusion.

backwards

or curved ones, at

strips. The lines traced with this coarse instrument

the current writing, while the

the

j|§ Ch'eng-miao

the rounded figures became square

at right-angles.

invention

either

straight

through

being dipped in

^

a ;

which

cil was adopted for public

.As

wood may be cut as one

very intricate.

and oftentimes

edited,

coarse point,

chuan,

a

of Li-ssu was

another.

is

one may see, in the

on silk

finished

4000

the first to be noticed

directions,

in all

traces fine or thick lines,

shape, round, oval, sinuous,

writing

moved,

^JL

Therefore

it

; a

up and down;

ungraceful

as follows

EJ

and material used for writing. The an

wooden tablets:

stylet, upon small

stylet cuts any way

catalogue

of characters

transformation

change in the instruments

cients wrote with

ending in

plainly divided

of

use. We are far from the legendary number of 80.000

Causes of the gradual

a

"2.

is

of no practical

the complete

will.

there were 10.000. Now the dictionary

and 7380

ascribed lo the Chinese language.

characters,

forwards,

era, contains

of the Christian

that may be

3300

seven times,

in common use; 2000 proper names and doubles of limited use; 34.000

characters

likes

it was completed

edition,

;J,

7th

of Li-ssu contained

The index

In the space of two centuries,

it

the,

were multiplied,

that the centres of fabrication

and that the local idioms were very different. characters.

3

J|£

otherwise,

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

:

-

INTRODUCTORY.

then

hsiao-chuan,

jft

$£■

called

it

more rapidly and the strokes were

lien-pei-tzu; then

flew, throwing

ts'ao-tzu. The fancy for

use

first

connected

up, giving

on the paper these

went quickly

birth to the figures

misshapen

novelties

it

writing-brush in

became

was used j!^

more. The

a

There

is

as changed by the writing-brush.

St

$f-

which are

rage. At the begin

CHINESE CHARACTERS. era, a scholar believed

ning of the Christian

Towards jrt1

tffi.

|£

of renown

travel* undertaken

Hsii-shen

authentic

to pet the

or frf $L

Hsu-shu-chnng,

"&

J£

^

Hsii-shih published the lexicon IS Shuo-wen chieh-tzu. 15? amended, explained and classified was the collection of Li-ssu, controlled,

vulgo

It

the year B.C. 200, after loop

a literate

s

of a scholar saved what could still be saved.

legible wav. In this crisis, the initiative

originals,

if he wrote in

himself dishonoured

$.

4

under 540 rational

keys. The

was to impede any ulterior

altera of all

contains 'XX>.S simples and Holi doubles, which makes

I0.5M5

by setting their

authentical

form

was not less useful to the nation, the admirers say. than the Canals of tin-

in

way.

and

added

Later on. under each key

discoveries

annotated

were

ranged

in line

hooks, carefully

Groups give the genealogy to rectify

ff &

it

% % **•

£ £ S

ftl * m

% >h

ffl,#

ft £

&

1 s

I* R

Lessons

4o

analysed,

learnedly

characters.

contained

^i^SS T.

£

serie>

■>(

or from the

places, throughout explained,

these

Their study enabled

of Li-ssu and id' Hsii-shen.

and mistakes

for the Flt/mologiral

material

See

the errors

&

ciitics

of the actual

*

Published

Empire.

from tombs or oilier hiding

extracted

fc

that were

J'j

hooks

chronological

that were discovered,

ancient forms, copied either from stones or bronzes

tin'

to

Shuo-wen.

of the primitive

editions

of the Hsii-shen,

researches

according

published,

mere

>ludies which

and of philological were

&

fi'

the

3

Chinese

These successive

ku-wen.

R

J£J

of areheologiral

the origin

was

published for

effect than

gave

the the

in this volume.

*J.

*

them.

explained

hsiao-chuan.

light the antique

to

more far reaching

a

of the

brought

had

£

which

of Hsii-shen

ft

conservation

tzu, the authority

All the dictionaries

boast of their having followed the Shuo-wen. a

Llul the work

Chinese philologists.

II

the last 17 centuries,

^

time, the canon of the

from that

-&

W

¥

remained,

in all doubts,

II

Yu.

consulted

by

great

It

in all.

,Hj It

scholars.

'

His book

aim ol Hsii-shen

before the eves

tion of the characters

- $.

-

INTRODUCTORY.

A

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

specimen of those groups is here given: ISeries

of the character jg

chiin, prince, through 45 centuries. I.

primitive form,

A

kind of nip

ku-wen. to

horn-shaped,

A

inspire

awe. Two arm*, the executive [tower. A

power.

the legislative

mouth,

The elements

v2. A small difference.

are the same, hut their form is different.

to

is

is

idea

give to the

which

scribe

fanciful

cap

curious

the k'i-tzu

gave

who

the

i,

desired form,

the

so

the form varies.

came

Then

in

ku-wen;

the

same

It

a

all

determined,

a

with

form.

different

a

:!.

elements,

The

difference.

Another

elements being still the same.

thought

he

saw

same, but

idle

power,

the idea

the

still the are

elements

graphic

writer,

by

a

abbreviation, hands

the

different.

partially An

the

:

r>.

figure

mouth makes law

\l

the ch'i-tzu

invented

the cap, and he The hands

ignoramus,

an

two hands, instead of

is

II

writer,

next

The

for

the one

replaced

sake of

of the

simple stroke, which gave

the ch'i-tzu ti.

This last character, being in

li

mouth

hand which

which makes

fixed the hsiao-chuan

li-tzu

and

The writing-brush changed the li-tzu into the chieh-tzu in

made

10, which

is

the

law. Thus was with

this

9.

hsiao-chuan,

8

The. wood-pencil

acts,

a

it:

use at

Li-ssu

Dynasty,

7.

interpreted

a

the end of the Chow

still classic

our days. The latter being connected together became the lien-pei-tzu

is

It

abbreviations

of which gave the ts'ao-tzu

1$ 13, 14.

all about the same for the other series.

II,

the successive

CHINESE CHARACTERS .

II.

LIU -SHU .

Six Categories

.

,

-

E

in

-

,

h

ori

,

-i

,

.

-

;

.

A

or

.

125

symbols

up

.

.

.

down

A

.

:

Exam

Those symbols

the

-

.

or

a «

to

He

is

.

.

,

The

.

chan

are two more chia chieh

.

characters

The first

gives the sound

-

,

the

there

more

meaning

: L ; d . .;

L

A

;

;

is

shu

-

# and

two

not

Example

chan

pronounced

of

chuan chu

liu

the

the other

compounds

near

its the

study

,

moisten

;

ie , of to

,

.

They are made with

second

and

divination

.

.

LI L -

to

;

tinge

dif logic

the

contains 1167

and

mouth

several

cast lots

pronunciation

phonetic

of

the

meaning

,

to

7697

the meanings

of or

.

:

them

made with two

Shuo wên

The

gives the meaning

categories are based upon the composilion upon their use

or

.

in

;

a

.

of

.

the

the

,

studied

16

complete

of

to

.

-

means

,

be

To

compound

to

to

,

»

,

water gives

,

.

party

tellers

the compound

contains

The Shuo wên

They are

Phonetic compounds

One

but gives

the meaning

indicative

from

results from

composed

consult fortune

category

characters

element site

chan

.

Fourth simple

, .

is

combinations

A

bt

Example

;

al

Their signification

-

.

Logical combinations

ferent elements outcome

symbols

361 imitative

figure that suggests

The Shuo wên contains authority which exerts itself

more simple

characters

the object

sketch represents

motion

idea

category

Third

sieh

while the other

meaning

contains

-

.

L

TO

of an

the

combinations

hand

.

:

aT

suggest

images

The Shuo wên

ll .

.

#

nili

#

in :

)

action

shêng

details and instances

few

Indicative symbols

Second category

logical

.

Imitative symbols

the right

Example

often

with

summarize the matter

First category

and

Enhsing

which one part has

, .

us

points out the pronunciation

hsiang hsing imitative

hui

for

into

a

phonetic compounds

Let

the

,

are

-

meaning

,

,

shêng

parts have

anhsiang

subdivided

*

all

in

which

chih shih

lelters

X

letters .

indicative symbols

in

compound

The

a

,

and

!

symbols

into

subdivided

i

The figures

ple

tzů , compound

simple figures , and the

,

are

wên

divide the characters into two great classes : the

philologists

The Chinese

.

of Characters

categories

The above

four

The last two are based

-

SIX CATEGORIES.

Acceptation

of the character

INTRODUCTORY.

Fifth category. Chuan-chu. extended,

derived, generalized,

Example: $] picture of a fishing-net. net-work, cobweb, reticulate design;

As

the same

the ideas became The

proportion.

abstract

etc.

sense, any

of the primitive

in general,

to

i. e. begot by successive

refer to concrete

of characters

the signification

broader,

more

figurative,

to catch with a net, to catch

Nearly all the primitive characters

turns in the interpretation. objects.

By extension

in a meaning

adapted,

All these meanings are chuan-chu.

to gather, etc.

envelop,

analogous,

metaphorical,

7

terms are commonly

spread in

of concrete

chuan-chu

characters. Sixth

Use of a false borrowing. which is not its own, either i. By error, for an other existing

Chia-chieh,

category.

character

in a sense

character; or

has no special character.

but which

is

jjjfc

Formerly,

mistake,

written fjfc.

which was not

chia-chieh,

a

ffi:

was

a

for

it

^

scribe wrote

amended, on account of the superstitious "2.

one may find the charac

meaning to rejoice. Now fjfc means to apeak, and to rejoice

a

Once

has its name in the

Examples:

of the Analects of Confucius,

I. In the first paragraph ter

lit.

mistake,

to designate an object which

2. By convention,

spoken language,

a

text.

respect for the classical

the elder brother was called

in some time, in some place,

ko.

admitted; this was

a

with

were

artificial

thus given

also

to

the composition

meanings,

their

besides

Other characters,

own

how any relation

very easy. There was not

said wan in the spoken

a

character

and installed in its new functions,

with two claws and

to

mean a there

and from that

tail. See, in the Lessons,

a

many

47

and

answer was

characters was dispos

myriad

time,

the numbers

The

myriad, which

were

49

written

H, 50

Q, etc.

Those chia-chieh

are the very reason why

characters, which was primitively difficult.

the interpretation

so simple and eas\,

of the Chinese

became so intricate

They obscure many texts, fill up the lexicons, overburden

and exasperate the students. the Chinese characters,

their successive keepers.

These sad results spring

hut from

their antiquity

not from

and

from

and so

the memory,

vice inherent

to

the carelessness

of

a

71

proper

language. On the contrary,

student

meaning also a myriad,

X,

sessed,

meaning quite

Thus the foreign

scorpion and one among them was just pronounced wan. a

to write

scorpion

and their

meaning

may be found between the two terms?

a

is

he wonders

this was

names of lost things, or

either

new and in absolute contrast with their composition.

however

few usual characters

useless doubles, first disappeared and then appeared again with quite puzzled when he sees the figure of

was agreed that

of the character,

an arbitrary character. Not

chia-chieh,

different meanings chuan-chu.

new one,

elder brother. Though

mean,

is

be unconnected

meaning

used

be

0,

should

it

sing,

is

to

It

ko,

a

iU

it

ko had that meaning. Instead of making

characters

a

This word was used in the spoken language only. None among the then existing

CHARACTERS.

Notice .

In the Lessons

or a « logical

or a « phonetic compound

Lit

,

English

in

.

-

.»

More commonly we shall characters

.

The

:

imitative symbol

image

act action

.

,

to

image from

.

This

a

govern

is

;

, ,

4

,

of

meanings

the fusion

hand

to

.

,

from

by

a

;

i

;

the sound

.

be

.

the chia chieh absolutely

are

.

all

with

the text

-

,

satisfied in

,

a

.

It

is to

,

pl

.

;

,

.

H

.

, -

inserted

indicated but not larger dictionaries which

been

gives

indicat The most

The latter

necessary

on

the

rod

from

phonetic compound

we shall

chia chieh

,

in

looked for

meanings

or

words chuan chu

-

be

to

are

A

.

arbitrary

important chuan chu have

hand

from

hermetically

-

the

up He

,

ing them

or

for the derived

Lit

logical conbination Lit from conceal

.

É my

in

&

,

H

,

of

on

shut

the four sides

by

As

closed

strike

to

E

,

AM meanings

2 A

fusion

,

.

,

;

by

symbol

act indicative logical combination

Lit

,

shows the thing indicative symbol

,

J . '

M

Team

#

Ito

A

#

)

-

,

chih shih

Lit .

.

.

hsiang hsing

or

E

The

or

there

hsiang

the right hand

say

given in Chinese

the Chinese definition

with

not

symbol , » that is « an indicative symbol,»

an imitative

formulas for these definitions are thus given

, of

for the sake of brevity we shall

,»

combination

content ourselves ordinary

,

character : this is

about each

or

CHINESE

.

Primitives

ascribed

to

,

form

The strokes are

to

Their

:

previously

are all reduced into for the modern writing nine is

practice

.

in

,

explained

.

,

.

stand point the Chinese characters

about seventeen

as

.

and

writing brush -

the

Phonetics

These material elements amount

to

theory

,

of in

strokes

Radicals

-

the calligraphic

From

simple

AND DECOMPOSITION

.

COMPOSITION

.

III .

.

their account

the nature

-

INTRODUCTORY. Note well

material

and do not forget

that this

lias no connection

elements,

AND DECOMPOSITION.

COMPOSITION

reduction

9

simple strokes, into

into

study of

whatever with the etymological

the characters.

From the logical,

etymological point of view, the compounds are made, not

with strokes, hut with characters more simple, having their own These

simple

tions,

and decompositions.

its specific

for classification

look for

v\e

is decomposed

the

into

logical

^

S§. the element

and TjjT. Hut here,

etymological

one says that

j|j,

decomposition

two categories,

in

therefore

gives the sound;

^ we

decompose

not the question.

Now,

the

logical

formal

therefore

ends there.

indicated

or for

characters

simple

which are used to compose the most intricate

one must distinguish

answering,

this

analysis.

may be asked how numerous are those relatively

mal elements,

If

themselves compounds,

gives the meaning;

formal element. The etymological

It

into ^ and fgjq.

are evidently

of material analysis, one should

In the phonetic compound

element.

is decomposed

combination,

is

is a question

of these formal

and is of no interest

is

if it

into -3* »-• [Jj, and

What

a logical

it

compound,

P1]

no doubt,

combination

ulterior decomposition

belongs to histology,

|§,

Examples:

are given as elements,

is

^

The

fibres

|$jj

JUJ, a phonetic and [$ which answer:

the study of a plant is ended when one

botany,

if o

go Jh.

inl°

purposes.

into strokes would add nothing to

to decompose

organs.

cells and primary

by their

formed

it has separated and isolated the

a

into

fgjj|

elements

was

character

intricate

a

formal elements. To go further, knowledge; just as, in systematic has determined

more

must end when

is

The.

the analysis

it

and

association,

use and meaning.

elements are what we call «elemenls», when we speak of composi

Before

characters?

previously:

the mean

— Theoretically,

Meaning elements. of

for the composition

tactically

,

P

wanted.

a

I.

ing elements and the phonetic elements. any simple character

logical combination.

could

how many of those elements did they use? Relatively

few. Indeed, the research of those elements had to be made among

regular forms, and not among the modern imperfect

corrupted

from about live to six hundred

authors numbered because

used

be

The ancient writers used those they

there

were

compound

forms.

very

the ancient

Different

Chinese

elements, but their choice was

forms,

either

or inverted,

multiples

which were kept without reason. who

Chalmers

studied who

the

resumed

estimate. Our own researches deliberately led us to give 223 meaning

question,

J.-M. Callery,

this study, circumscribed

gave

suggested

also 300 as

a

European

in

first

J.

The

number of 300.

the

rough

the practical domain,

elements, the list of which may be found

at the head

2

of the Lessons.

CHINESE CHARACTERS . above , we call primitives

are not formally

and which

were added

dots

extend

in

of

,

.

salt

,

as

the grains

.

,

Lesson

,

67 0

.

,

elements

; .

of

a

. J. M .

,

of

to

a

head

the

only

the Chinese cared

the series which has twenty

,

,

his

domain

therefore one may see

which has one stroke only

from

seen

key

practical the

may

these phonetic

them

Callery

till

in

list

This

of

the

circumscribed

,

of

.

,

these phonetics

in

,

.

In

, .

the choice

in

of

Our researches prolific elements

1040

thou

one

sounds

found

scale

characters

Some Chinese authors numbered

characters and

these

phonetic

at

as

.

be

below

compose

greater number

be

numbers

phonetic elements

to

have been sufficient

,

.

,

,

,

,

the Chinese sounds not being numerous

about the sound and not about the character of

an

this is not a decomposition

they called the thousand mothers

which

groups

strokes

Theoretically

given

special study

gave 858 phonetic phonetic

or

and yet

.

,

11 D

, of

,

system

will

this

them

any

or

etc

the Chinese used

a

of

the reason who made

thorns

characters would

Practically

,

of sulphur

a bar

They are We call those characters partial primitives examples superadded the graphical See details the

Phonetic elements

four hundred

sand

Lesson

lif

in

Lesson 20

,

nipples

characters

,

primitives relatively

chemical

hammer

a

the

a

to

but a breaking up . In modify the meaning

to

few

iron ingot can be smashed with

body

to

Just as a simple

H

.

having

figures having sound

resolved into

120

use for the analysis

,

simple

they may be reduced into strokes , but this is without

,

Materially

, ideographic

shortly

relatively

characters

a

.

and meaning

element that cannot

; or ,more

,

sound and meaning

the primitives are

or

,

Therefore

iki

.

minimum

meaning

parts

into meaning

an ulterior decomposition

of ad

fundamental heads . The definition

well . Primitive , formal

is to be noted

this term

mit of

,

chien -shou

called by the Chinese

composition

of the logical

elements

the

;

said

iu

As

or

10

.

four

languages are decomposed

;

.

the

into

radical and

termination indicates case time

,

The radical gives the meaning

,

European

of

The inflected words

termination

to

inflected The first sinologists applied those grammatical terms belonging phonetic the inflected one not languages the Chinese language which compounds they called radical the meaning part They dared not call termina for

In

.

.

an

is

to

,

,

.

mood

.

.

,

viz

,

Phonetic

Radical formal

the formal element which

gives

element which

does not give the meaning

but

,

the meaning

,

,

.

the sense above given

,

strictly

in

but

.

a

it

,

,

They mistake would have been lion the phonetic part and with reason phonetic part phonetic and those two terms radical We ours make called that

:

is

ac

radical -

ang hsi

'

radicals only the 214 keys

,

,

phonetic

the term

;

a

phonetic

of K

and gave

one

a

,

radical

a

such

of or

a

, .

a

,

in

either

the

?

of

the dictionaries

radical and

act Others reduced the extension

.

to

it

has

as

the keys

the part of

to

cording

to

be ,

a

,

one ters into categories stating that such composition while any character may

is

an

in

sinology

this these terms The reason we insist thus upon the definition equivocal charac Some divided they were often used sense

,

in

Why

do

.

indicates the sound

-

INTRODUCTORY.

AND DECOMPOSITION.

COMPOSITION

they called phonetic any character which speaking, improper, equivocal and

was not radical.

Hence arose ways of

For example: because

false.

11

^

is the 751h key

in fil,, instead of saying

fj

is

|s radical

radical in

and

£L>

in ft^j. confused and inexact way of speaking,

a

To avoid such that radicals

and phonetics are not two categories

distinct. They are two categories of neuter or indifferent

or phonetics, according

remember specifically

which, being

certain number of characters

either as radicals,

Even the primitives are, in composition,

to the cases.

form

They

indivisible; elements which, being not composed,

elements formally

or as

radicals

class by themselves

a

to the cases.

one must

of characters

by nature, are used in composition,

according

phonetics,

a

phonetic

r5

say: the phonetic

is

r5f

of Kang-hsi. some say: the radical ^c is phonetic in ffc, instead of saying: /f; is the 100th key of Gallery, some phonetic in $C, and radical in ^. Because

only

as

compose all

could not be changed and consequently

the phonetics

ged, in order to get different characters.

f$

is a

dead tree. Now there elm, the character

the phonetic kind

had necessarily

of elm

which

also pronounced

of

category

to be chan

of trees,

had given the phonetic compound

k'u was made, in which

do?

objects

to the

proper

In the category

Example:

-jjj

;£,

is

radical of which

radical

The

could

placed

$j

kinds, but having the same sound.

there were to be

is

different

when four hundred

characters,

In certain categories,

is

use one thousand

^

Why did they

was to avoid confusion.

It

the others.

the k'u,

For this

k'u.

and so on

used as phonetic;

for many others. As above slated, the new characters are selected, for more than twenty centuries, exclusively

among the phonetic compounds. Out of the twenty thousand characters

that constitute

the main part of the big dictionaries,

are phonetic compounds.

necessity, to form

In which

a

them

way of distinguishing

thousands of

was of absolute

one from another. the assertion that the phonetics give their

must we understand

sense

about eighteen

Some variety in their composition

sounds to the phonetic compounds? To answer the question, one must presuppose

Further,

distance

phonetic,

.

li,

compounds, made after the same phonetic,

circulation with

that

sound went

to

In

the

li,

is

said are

understood.

a

of ages.

place and time

That

fact

rj

was

when

was pronotinded

were all pronounced the

dif

it

a

is

this character

a

first chosen to be used as

in

nothing

the dialect of the same district varied in. the course

rj

right

dialectic

half of the things

of two thousand

being granted, let us take as example

put

exaggerated, but

is

that, at

great number of

li, there are perceptible only

Chinese

Its sounds

distance of one hundred

li,

and

other. This assertion

distance of one thousand a

ferences; that, at understood:

each

distance of one hundred a

a

to say that, at

Hence arose

Chinese proverb says that at

people cannot understand

The

past, in an immense territory.

and may be easily confounded.

dialectic differences.

A

are not numerous,

that they need no proof.

so evident

spoken for tens of centuries

a

following facts which are is

the

language

chan.

Its

chan, and being

North and to the South. Now the

CHINESE CHARACTERS .

12

Chinese philologists

words , while

of

15

,

In a

a

, a

a

to

,

is

It

?

,

.

in

-e

.

so

),

is an

,

,

to

.

,

a

by to

, It

,

by

following

this volume

a

.

of

made

characters

to

is

of

by

of

of

,

.

.

is

It

(

?

.

. .3

.

1

:

so

to

to a

of .

,

by

a

simple

straight

form

3

for

)

stated

,

the

of

of

.

( as

above

,

of

or

same need

The

instead

7

instead for

a

,

compound

th

the

of

,

radical

phonetics

was used

character

,

a

a

,

of

simple

radical

I

as

.

NOTICES

or

,

for

,

for

ping

is

which

thus both

78

shui from radical and phonetic

ping

,

Lit

ice

.

,

element

being thus together radical and

. ,

; /

freeze

iyot

is

.A

y

the compound

an

,

some ancient characters

.

In

zk

to

–

.

ih

,

ping

sound to

its

.

olt

-

from

characters

F

For

.

.

,

Radicals

gives also ex

1 .

.

radical

an

.

.

11

for

Phonetic

phonetic

inverted

example

For

water

distinction

Item

The

certain

helps also

more useful than

and

that multiplied

the use sometimes

character etc

compound instead as a

,

impelled

xisting

series

,

of of a

1 .

of

variety

say

phonetics allows after

the reason why we add

IMPORTANT Use

and nearly non

exaggeration

much

for the

vague

somewhat

the study

more attractive

sounds

compounds

vague

useful For after all the sounds certain pilent and according

compound

Further

It

.

in

series

the sound

.

by

only

the sound

memory

the

or

to

,

following the phonetic the series by radicals phonetic

series

Therefore the knowledge

guess approximatively

those characters

lexicon

consonant

useless

eachi series varied

rules

certain dialectic

phonetics

the phonetic

is

initials and finals

fix

of

phonetics and

of

of

the study

is

But then

use

The determination

still more vague for the initial

for the tone and aspiration study

reduced

often

is

it

that

),

be

vowel

(

is to

final

regretted

deter was

sound

The

the dictionaries

something rather

is

practically

with regard

The sound was well

insertion

to

;

,

l'

-

.

. 2 .

,

fixed

was told pronounced

was

pon the whole

But then when one says that the phonetics determine this determination

and posterity

There were dialectical corruptions

and without any critical study

choice

nor returned

that

,

chan

of , a

,

,

.

,

t'

what was then used

big

characters

there were

neither made

pronunciation

was pronounced

common

the mother

under

,

,

for

-

.

,

at

,

as

to

it -

to

in to

:

.

a

of

th

in

n

,

t

,

note

dialect

the making

gathered

The compiler

the three following points

the beginning

in

,

set down

that

and

Southern

different places stuck

with odd colours

was their common phonetic

,

t'

finally

special

last when

instance

ieh

into yen

are also differences

which

restore the primitive

but simply

the phonetic series mined

nien and

i

,

once

and that

ieh

ma kuang

was diversified

,

,

,

,

dialect

him

Then

tien

chên

nor tried for

by

*

z chan

nor criticized

the latter

Ssů

roving brood

pronounced

unique

well

all ,

&

word

its ,

to

the former

dictionary

and

was ended

common origin

to

into

the same time the tones and aspirates as

origin

Hi

in

of :

ch

. At

became

hii

transformed

;

final

ên

an

had

into yeh which are dialectic differences the

the

finals in

the

the South alters the initials . Thus when passing over in the Northern its

Tuti

dialects,

is known as corrupting

say that the North

INTRODUCTORY.

IMPORTANT NOTICES .

–

13

Those characters are like a link between the logical combinations

. Radical

and the phonetic

compounds

the

.

'

in

K

's

,

B

.,

,

ex

.

on

,

, be

to

dictio

€

,

hu

which

the

in

Series

155

,

the phonetic

a

.,

to

ex us .

a

in

is

,

,

'

7 5

.

the other

,

and

phonetic

Ils

ao .

.

his

.

,

no

all

.»

-

,

no

’ -

radical

.

is

in

it

,

,

is

and

,

in

to

very important

conctracted

the

same way

,

it

find gave

«

'

,

ch u

,

one may which

,

,

in

–

.

where

contracted

is

chieh

suppressed

the series 455 nao con

in

.

substituted

under

its t

In

:

is

that

,

is

series 124

phonetic

of

,

of

te

contracted

–

:

ancient forms for example

The

J.,

E

44

and

, L .

See

.

in

some radicals are abbreviated

,

contracted several intricate

.

P

becomes

or

Thus

logical combinations #

In

.

the »

phonetic

logical

that they cannot

phonetic compounds would make

radical

the

compound

the

Their

.

to

another

akui

the character

are found

of

,

ku

They

radical Remember well this remark practice One may often read the Lessons the expression place

some ancient

the phonetic

ancient forms

phonetic

Later

the

, *

in

ui ,

.

Li -

I :

,

of

the

in

,

.

yeh

this

s

To

same happens

The

in

its

.

is

the phonetic

compounds

longer used

contracted

the addition

avoid

place the radical

tracted

added

one

come from hsin but ends not logical combination made from hsin But nao having already

ebben

to

lateral radical

with

wên

had

Those embellished

this

was

to

,

be

nao

a

It

,

.

, a

seems

but

compounds

one being

are

Radicals

and

.

4

Phonetics

ugly characters in

and

gave

which

For

the sound

element was added

elements ch u

,

.

'

Now

with the mention

etc

hsin

into two

remember

why

the rest being quite

logical combinations

the sense For

phonetic

the

example

Another

I

.

,

naries

from

decomposed

ch u

gave

recall the sound

differ

adequately

phonetic

anything

is

Étui

symbols

the memory

ssů

without changing

combinations

phonetic

time

to

,

characters

was added

of

the

in

specially

helped

or

The ancient figures

and nothing

element

This

form

,

is

in

;

, . 2 .

the same

ang

character remains

written

now

authority

compounds

synonym

ku wên ancient

with the radical

was enriched

chiao , to upon

radical 66th

the

nearly

useless , under

the master

while the primitive

the words

the Lessons

the ancient form

a

hee

read

the mention

Le

is

it

now

with

used now

is

the

in

the dictionaries

may often

have

,

happened

.

the old characters

and

that

of

was classified under

hsi Thus

compound

symbol

rod

See

was the cause why

This addition

holding

hand was added

element was super

descending

master

were

be made , then

Thus , to

.

dictionaries

the new

action

characters

to

chosen , but

well

it

figured

,

a

,

disciple

in

the

which nicely

#

,

teach

, of

which the character was classified

ancient begun

a meaning

the

was a new

This

«

.

to

them

radical,

a

of

1. The

–

classifications

meaning of those characters ,

in the

to many

the systematic

When

or

.

to

without change added

phonetic redundancies .

or

simple

is

relatively

li ,

3.

scribes definitively

CHARACTERS .

CHINESE

14 5.

Phonetics mixed . Under some numbers

of the phonetic

, one may

Lexicon

two series written in the same way , but of different sound . The reason is that the modern writing , two ancient phonetics were mixed . Thus one writes to - day example the same way two series utterly distinct in the ancient writing . See ,

,

in

,

2 B

.

.

LL

.

,

v .g

E

by

Li -

,

.

a

, *

a

or

:

,

.

mm

. 66 ,

,

L

,

fit

C

as

.

82

, L

I

.

to

in

in

to

all

prin

.

.

.

of

an

.

and the

element

.

.

things

,

of

its

-

is

Remodelled

, B. it C .) .

of

(

took

actual

of

.

,

hills

,

mounds

animals

In

earth

domestic

the

strokes

The

in

elements

the

,

series under keys *

by

were disposed

number

the

logical rest

the

meaning element

the meaning

.

.

from

Starting from

one among

of

or

by

.

and

,

heaven

,

music

wild

the

this world were distributed

,

,

,

,

those compilations

Tzú hsia

F

,

of

birds

,

,

utensils

Radicals

characters to

The paragraph

12th century

The things

more numerous

,

he

,

OF

2

H

to

. is

A

.D .

280

are

,

the

according

The prototype

.

.

A a

,

,

,

,

,

called Radicals

himself

CHARACTERS

fishes

compounds

the

series which contains the

the study

Confucius

houses

insects

classification

logical combinations

ascribed

disciple

deri Etymo

the others are

first classifications were encyclopedias

The

.

of

.

'p o

-

:

,

,

16

B .C

,

,

by

of

.

1

.

kindred

trees

the phonetic

All

classifications

Chinese

circà

the headings

Logical

are often

combinations under their

the same element

from

CLASSIFICATION

which

Kuo

sections

mi

Three

mastering less

may explain

the phonetical

to

refers

the present

the first sketch

shape from

consists

than 2000 characters

less

that exhausts practically

IV .

,

a

whole

century

high

See

the Chinese characters

the student knows them

Each paragraph

plants

.

of

is

,

,

that

Natural classification

the 5th

take less place

The Lessons explain the logical

after the manner

multitude

are the elements and groups that are treated

phonetic compounds derived series form

trees make

Two

and about 1500 principal combinations and phonetic compounds

When

.

. .

cipal primitive

.

,

in

,

.

L

.

Lessons

the compounds

men

Certain figures broader than

The knowledge

Those

.

logical

to

,

a

,

,

them

For example

Three

figures graphically

several times

tt

the

We a $

,

167

.

L

ved from

F

literati

big rumbling

the primitives

made with

blaze

the compounds

158

.

8

rolling

two

great intensily

Figures straightened

Conclusion

in

the

rival principalities and

1

,

means

than 300 primitives

2

Some double logical

ssé

the same cause

the

forin

sprung

they

. fires

straightened

of

different

fact that

the

E

.

B

.

Two

chariots

actual

origin

element reproduced

the great number

waters

times after

differences between

or An

32

.

7

Multiples

under

compounds

explained

times

those

forest

the modern

owe their

There were

phonetic

of

,

in

,

probably

combinations and

.

,

,

synonymous

is

,

perfectly

many different places

from

of

727

great number

to

bul

sound

330 573

The

.

.

6

Synonyms

in

and

,

,

the Series 215 277

.

in

etc

in

for

find

was the first

-

INTRODUCTORY.

CLASSIFICATION

thus disposed. It contains

lexicon,

and some very poor, according

540 keys, some

15

very abundant,

of them being

to the notion expressed by them. Later

the latter keys

sake.of simplitication,

OF CHARACTERS.

about the placing of the characters

were

suppressed.

on, for the

This reduction

brought

that had belonged to the keys left out, under

other keys, with which the former had some analogy of figures, but no real relation. The classification

thus became

number of keys was

of K'ang-hsi

RB

J^

*£

M,

use

to

committing

of etymology

it for any study worst

the

Under

fJJJ, the

the

belonging

is based upon llrese 214 keys. This in its definitions.

is easy enough to consult and precise

dictionary avoid

half arbitrary.

logical,

keys, were arbitrarily placed where they should not be.

to more than 300 ancient

The dictionary

half

reduced to 214; which meant that the characters

indicate,

We shall

blunders.

number of these mistakes, for which

But one

or of classification,

in the Lessons,

are not personally

the compilers

must

under pain of a certain

answerable,

was according

the

^,

each

prosodical initials.

tone.

To

gathering

category;

find

lastly

Examples:

called

by sounds,

were made. In

the finals

being very

character,

one

one must seek

The largest Chinese

dictionary,

the same category

all those that

so that now en, in, tin, un are mingled;

same category, etc. The a

for

dictionaries

to the Chinese prosody; a

an, uan, ien, form

the lirst of

there were 20G finals for 30 initials. Later on, the

number of finals was reduced, by rhymed according

vowel.

must

have in all the volumes, one

know lirst its

tone, then its

in the latter,

following the order of

§|

under

nearly

Jjjf

numerous:

lo this system that dictionaries

they were

Shen-

and mo make lo, etc.

Jfj", was composed after

the %,

this type. We join here the usual table of rhymes.

%

the beginning,

known characters,

two other

and the second the final

jjj

p'an and nieh make p'ieh;

It

character,

gives the initial consonant,

which

500, gj|r

consists in associating for the expression

jj}jj

unknown

of any

{ft, which

in

sound

the system

j^j

a

of

g£

Phonetic classification by Rhymes. Towards the year A. D.

li

3.

yao introduced

jfa

because the system of keys used by them was composed before their time.

CHINESE

10

CHARACTERS

Table of Rhymes

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Eng, ing, iung.

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An, ien.

E, I,

i

it &

A,

ai, ya, ua.

m

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A, ia,

Ang. iang, uang.

o»

»

m

E,o.

«>

A} Si(

i,

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ih, o, no, fl.

m m

ffll

X]

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M %

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Hi

ft"j

a

«■

V, m

ff

M)

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u

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1

&k

»'

Ai, ei,

e,

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ml

u'h. uch

Iao, ieh, o, uo, ac

ih. o,

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En, in, fin, un.

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etc.

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Ai, uai. yeh

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ft

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ft' fii

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Ieh, yeh.

no.

ieh,

-

INTRODUCTORY.

i. Phonetic classification, by sounds. Basing himself upon a certain tjt SH M, Fan-t'eng-feng 20 initials and 12 finals,

order though

Hie system g£

-{3J.

invented, towards the year 17(H), a combination

that is nearly

as

i,

it does not attain it. for sounds like

the European

as

easy

u,ei,

Hi,

alphabetical

are still confounded.

Instead of being capital, the division by tones is accessory. This classification far more convenient than the dictionaries by rhymes. Therefore the J£ % great success.

is

a

was

the most common

swear only by it. Its key

hsien-sheng

INITIALS

J

H

M

^

an, iang, uang.

n

ch

^r

It &K il'

T L

ft

,|N

tJCh

£|

i*i

e, ieh, iieh.

#£

a, ia, ua.

|Sj|j

$

^

ei, ui, in, erh, u, iii.

tzu-hsiao-chfi-yu that will

small hook that gives the form for the examinations,

be occasionally

of the

modern

actually required

contains some mistakes in the etymology and the orthography

Ro-kien-fu, 2.

replacing

la langue

dictionaries

as

the

Jjt

chinoise,

da

of characters.

was

original.

translated,

For

ex.,

the

P.S. Couvreur S. J.,

partake of the advantages and drawbacks

dictionary.

By phonetics. The type of the

auctore

de

1904 ». These

of the K'ang-hsi's

series.

figuration

classique

of K'ang-hsi "SO

enlarged,

radicals

J.-M. Callery,

The

characters

kind

were

gathered

according

the «Systema phoneticum

C. Miss., Macao, 1841.

»

or

iDictionnaire

is

abridged

by

European classifications. By radicals. The dictionary a

1.

B.

mentioned in

characters,

with an index of the wrong characters.

is

is a

5.

i,

ft

ai, uai.

It

the Lessons

^

-f|f

)5Eu.

>Ke

The

ou.

]f£ uo- iao, o.

M w

ch'

en, in, unn, un.

ao, iao.

let ,E§

=1-

ung, ing, eng, iung.

^Hs

±T,

A

ien, an, uan.

#Ch

f

a

fi ^

£Sb

&p'

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FINALS

H

B?

in our

dictionary

thus given:

is

days. The

^£

^fc

Wu-fang-yllan-yin

It

~ff

is

it

of

M

CLASSIFICATION OF CHARACTERS.

to

the phonetic

scripturae sinicae,

the

chinois - français this method

.

after

,

radicals

which

which supposes

the

,

a

the study

Chinese

The a

as

romanisation

.

with

but they are not very useful

.

already far advanced

,

useful for study

its

well acquainted

to

sound

is

If

the

is

known with the help dictionary the shorter method use

.

-

made

the sound and meaning

character

by

a

1890 , »

dictionary

then

are

and the big « Dictionnaire

- fu ,

were English

characters The big

of

,

of

one

figuration

of

alphabetical order .

in

,

unless one

is

series are the most

dictionary

To

otherwise that

system

ang hsi

is

,

,

supposing

find

'

214 keys

,

Ho -kien to a

.

of

and Giles

.J,

the

Chinese master

phonetic

S

one must refer

unknown

sounds

,

the dictionaries

knowledge

by of a

Willianis

Couvreur

,

are

of

the

to

a

European

,

. S.

given

K

dictionaries

Use

Being

or

classified

P

.

sounds

according

of

By

of

3.

du

CHARACTERS .

CHINESE

18

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS

LIST OF THE PRIMITIVES . .

form

The

numbers

ancient given

after

Pi3,

Chin3 .

.

26 .

3

17.

.

51

85

.

.

.

. .

Tol

.

60

Hsina

.

.

Ta4

,

.

Hsil

.

33

Wu3

Tu3

.

Ts

'

.

X

? .

196

.

.

.

94

.

?

.

.

.

'

.2 . .

Kungl 87

.

. 'i

98 Ch

E V

Liange

.

.

.

4

Chi8

K

. .

.

A

.

x

,

Nais

Kungl

82

.

.

.

Chil 70

,

M2

34

Yeh3

ous

.

.

Chi4 68

.

Wei

35 .

. .

'e

Ch

18

.

Li4

1

102

Ro4 11

38

.

Kungl

Chil

Tzus

.

'

.

K

.

(

10

Kanl

.

15 an3

.

.

Jus

.

?

Ya

.

5

’

81

.

Yud

.

Jên

ai "

39

.

39 .

.

.

.

6

J1. .6

ieh1

.

sl

.

.

52

.

Suil

?

.

.

.

. ,

Tingl

'.

Fan

21

Taol

Han

.

.

.2

.

51

89

?

.

.

31 .

.

35

. . .

36

,

24

” .

ssid 11

Ssal

Har3

. .

?

.

Shan1

57

Yin3

.

Shui

55

49

U

62

Shao

Kun3

Ch

Shan1

/

.

3

Chiu3

Chüan3

P

67 .

Chihº .

Shih

Fangl

)

Nü3 .

Ch 'ü1.

uei

Chüeh

Chih3 .

Chinl

13

12

Mien ? 36 .

na.

.80

Chiung3.

.

Chi . 11 .

.

Chu3 .

Primitive .

. Pos

54 .

at the

. 'Ch .38

11.

be found

31.

Pingl .

Chiul .

34.




.

Phonetic

–

myself

men

.

.

was taken

259

for founding and

the manhood

by

.

Aptitude

,

D

109.

.

Fu3

family

110

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

its

;

as

,

,

of

-

. . by

.

the

.

,

MI

of

for the

.

);

it the

be

of

II

on

et

*

;

food

I

a

in

&

ves

roll in a

by

,

worms

This

.

of

grinding

venimousine

legend

.

.

111

.

Note

a

either

the

hotel

,

an

The

.

modern

of

unexplain

of

L

the last

.

abbreviation

.

ancient character

-

,

basket

is

whole

The ancient form the

. an in

a

;

cheap

6

,

. is

perhaps

.

series 773

86 to

.

L

order

China

(

in

,

in is

as

–

depute

.

to

commission

,

.

Ch iens

baskets

still done

in

. ,

dike

in

a

carry soil

phonetic To

is

To

.

wall

,

'

Ch iens a

recipient

series 693

erect

It

appears

It

t

l

7

;

'

. Il

*

44 ed G

Phonetic

'

It

It

Not mean

cowries

ancient

forms or

.

Kuit

bag

a

or

abbreviation

,

and slow

sorts

represents

.

.

’

K

uis

).

seems

compounds

basket

B

,

di

scorpions

to

.

rather

LESSON and

M

,

be

a

Ml to

seems

roof because

there are who say that the magici

poison sure

different

also

better the word

FT

of

W t

ans make vessel

urine

worms taken with

the

HE

Moreover

.

7

Ź

;

the sel

poison

etymology

This

Others

the venom

houses

the

Some

drink Hence

the venom

explains

,

;

that live there right one because

by

be

etc

soiled

it entire

to

supposed

food and

through

that has filtered

-

rain water is

of

animal found

a

gecko

About the primitive

with

the Chinese for the

all

( an

the dreadful fear

etc

,

worms swallowed

the

the interior

that these diseases are caused

,

of

explain

eat

A

P

+

;

body

worms M

suppose that

snails

which escapes

syphilis

tuberculosis

,

the Chinese

animals

the etiology

up

he is as

,

Chronic diseases

found

in

.

,

,

.

?

Ku

It

smaller sorts

the

frogs worms insects

it

it

now denotes

animals with legs

for

term

of

ancient

is

Ch ’ung . An

of all

CHINESE CHARACTERS.

260

Phonetic

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

.

of

,

JE

Pene

lt

is

It

),

on

a

.

the

.

saw the derivatives

jt

.

:

Add the following

66 D

heels

l

a

;

his

on

or

of

;

46

.

L

;

44 K

etc

–

,

;

,

,

top

to

;

.

We

,

–

).

26

.

L

(

's

to

it

E

.

(L

);

forms

7

.

foot

confounded

I.

.

altered

the modern

(

in

,

jb

of

two inverted

,

Not

below

the

steady

)

it

firm

E

It

,

z

the derivatives

two being straight and

and

series 417

Phonetic

well

posing

be

by

.

gait

A

. . ?

Now

this

.

as a

. ên

); ?. A AL

gait

D

63

’

.

firm

H

FT

pronoun

demonstrative

series 242

Phonetic

(L

heels

one

L

j

. To

.

the feet moving

(

to

.

;

44 F A

.

L

'it

TE

'

one

turn

-

ų ,

rising

the

the right

A

on

,

.

,

to

t

alt

, .

The

.

E

foot

,

the

.

ll

s

.

lt

,

. 7 ,

that

the ancient

of

”

Phonetic

series 310

in

.

Haha

.

,

Ş

NIE bottom radical

general

Compare

.

circle

two modern

(

the

157th

the

O

,

.

extension feet

by

By

at is

It

the

.

).

forms

rest represented

nerations WIS ATT .

O

ne

.

C

c

below

is

foot

it

JE

A

.

Tsu4

The stillness g

both being composed

shu

,

and

E

tsut

replace

now

write

surface

directions

*

&

.

a

symbol

to

difficult

irregular

different

in

modern contractions

Second series

£

rugged

many steps

jl .

to

obliges

form

increased with

,

Et

Rough

.

Shih

An

forms *

),

man

Ts ů3

with

di

march

the feet being still

chia chieh used

Yen

3

stop

foot

the heels

the ankle

radical Phonetic series

Ch

*

the

Derived meanings

Ch

writing

left side

), (

the toes

halt

77th

quadrupled

.

the

;

side

coarse representation on

footprint

E

A

.

A

Chih3

multiples

and

A

compounds

L

chih3

261

important derivatives

1

and

112.

112 .

?

,

,

.

ita

First series

it

its

About the primitive

its

LESSON

111.

CHINESE CHARACTERS. in motion , to

.pane

,

).

.

)

is

117

L

(

;

E

#

.

.

94 E F

's

.

. beetle

-

dung

By

-

the

by

.

Phonetic series

.

2

;

E

is

;

$

phonetic

rolled

&

Grey

phonetic

egg

.

,

to

,

to

156th

going

.

of

-

the

is

It

E

.

modes

walk

travel

to

go ,

;

to

.

.

A K

of t

;

bends

.

cho

jt

of

be

on

-

hsi the

to

,

.

move

ang

'

K

placed side

to

the 162th

uis

t'

il

is

to

. is

It

–

).

,

it

:

.

It

.

it D

; on

Not

relating

characters

the left

and

seems more

footprints

Examples

I

.

;

go

is

It

.

.L

(

to

a

of 63

are is

,

; To

the

placed

the 60th radical

' '.

T u

classified those characters under

composed

advance

the scribes divide

phonetic

3

,

characters

chine

,

etc

three

large group

il

back

with

, . ..

travel

e g

of

radical

step

some philologists

2

confounded

by

go

),

say

A

63 To

L . “. Ghat

(

1

step

probable that

underneath

MÉ

relating

characters

Cho

some modern

who

strides

“

E

radical

man

hasty

to

To

.

march

A

.

!

.

sail

.

Different

tsou3

Tsou3

In

first

series 614

is

–

.

.

“

The ball

quickly and with

,

heels

. 2 :Ei .

Gravy

.

Tan

.

one

woody land

#

A

.

'

ngah

e

T

turn

Phonetic

448

extension

side

coming

.

,

on

To

.

the

Hsül

right

a

of

it

Hsüanº

.

See

Ch u3

Note

modern chia

radical two modern forms

the feet

extended meanings

phone

Ek

The reading

(

It

–

.

It

.

Birth

phonetic

Fourth series

h

roll

piece

is

EMT

above B .

forms

Shul

Third series

turn . The motion

. Compare E.

the 103th

is

,

ET

the sense

in

'isp

chieh

S

,

AE.

by the

is

Shu ? . Foot it represented

L

262

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS.

Ts’ung'.

L

WE

A

263

A

A

'

move one s abode ; A

To

series

Hsis.

;

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.

is

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112 .

not

.

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it

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FT

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to

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–

lE

gain room

suppressed

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It

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£

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separa

radical Note

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feet

trample

,

;

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105th

idea

to

,

directions is

It

series 760

,

To

acclivity

forms

that presided over

Phonetic

with the two

of

now

beat part

an

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.

step

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–

.

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in

Jupiter

contrary

trampling

a

os

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about

the ancient character

the derivatives

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wade

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to

it

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step

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it

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ford

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ascend

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the wars

tion

planets

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to

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uneasiness

steps

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,

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(

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Suit Po4

in

,

,

water

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the

series 825

chiha merit

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to

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extension

was introduced between the two the modern character was

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the

.

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be

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les

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stars that move

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compare

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take

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step

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character

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, .

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juxtaposition

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placed

to

not

a

written

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and

,

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,

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with

when

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used alone but forms two important series

,

with

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inverted

it

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CHINESE CHARACTERS .

was

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of

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extension

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a

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represented

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in

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for this compound

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series 458

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of

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k

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of

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and

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house

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fixed

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the

,

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extension

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extension

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.

,

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tranquillity

in

-

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the

reach without going

,

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stop

at

and

to

arrived

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at

'.

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be

.

.

other

according

the limit where one had

astray

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a non

there

derivatives

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,

pedestal

character

mutilated

series

any

series 675

contraction

the ten stems

special

,

of .

important

used

straight regular

:

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, L .

.

.

existence

–

's

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1

,

,

reality

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modern one

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aslant

,

the perpendicular

is a

.

correct

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not

compares chih

476

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7

is

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light

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sun

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with the etymology Extended meanings truthfulness

,

etymology

at

controlled

of

o

I

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.

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.

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series 400

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arbitrary

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of

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form

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up ,

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to

of

scribes

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) is

an arrow

character shooting

this

,

of a latent energy . The

with

with

four petals

tridents

form

DEL

then

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flower with

account

ascend

one foot

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chêng

bow

–

,

.

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Sixth series

instead

,

4

an

by

the

ascend

and , by extension

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the ancient

arrow

arrow

with

( to trample

form

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sense

,

to

modern

arrow

an

any manifestation

a

,

–

shoot

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in

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expansion

go

264

to

.113 .

a

by

54 .

an

,

,

to

of

view

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.

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the

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.

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.

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.

L

dwelling

house

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home

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ab

.

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the

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extension

woman at

.

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philo

forms

pregnant

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ên

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71

,

confinement

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to

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extension

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joined

here

a

to

.

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the two forms

received

primitive

–

.

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character

man

.

guest

offered

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one

a

present

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forms

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hide retreat

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the right

part

lower

says the Glose

fanciful with

some

sitting

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,

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a

a

,

that hides the fore and

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woman

the left the seat

pregnancy

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considered

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of

a

derivative representing

want

common

series

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).

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;

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L

(

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,

-

to

character

that has nothing

modern

the point

line

defect

abbreviation

logists

7

reach

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Mien4

The inversion means

the

exhausted chih1

265

the left

not reach

where one had

.

it

that one did

to

is

turned

it

?

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Fa

112

in

.

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS

Phonetic

.

series 787

.

.

is

It

on

be

, the

long

hair

is

.

or

The

modern

168th radical

radical

.

ihkih

.

the 190th

;

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3 k

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to

l

the

.

. the

,

ke

of

,

);

in

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is

&

when

the

was added

forms

It

.

series 323

. .

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manhood

.

an

is

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long

fork

analogous

time distance arbitrary contraction the

extension

form

30 E

L

(

, .

$

of

one

on

.

J

Later

which made the composition

The primitive

long that they must

brooch

(

so

’ a

hair

Ź

hi

and

II

–

-

.

)

;

right

band

of

.

indicates locks

tied

a pren

form

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.

Ch ang

grow

by

'.

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By

primitive

113

E

About

the

LESSON

CHINESE CHARACTERS .

266

Ssů

.

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#

,

exhibit

to

L . 169.

unrestrained . See

Tao4.

,

the utmost

to

A modern

.

character

suit what

To

.

length

same { height and

Assortment

of

is

, to

the

unite

,

etc .

LESSON .

so

up

.

,

be

le

foundation

,

,

bottom

series 163

Phonetic

.

–

fixed and to

a

.

a

It

.

By

,

;

,

82 .

a

of

water

thee ,

en

u

–

bu

.

The floating plant

It

;

sink down forms

extension

forms

to

of

.

there

the last

the bottom By

A

to

.

development

rooted

series

Phonetic

wandering

family

clan

,

the

sprouts

&

;

t

of ti ( is

It

),

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root

the

contracted

,

distinguished Phonetic

.

specially

way

that

the the

those

from

series 227

.

a

such

o

mouth

t;

's

in

.

102

be in

is

written

kuo2 cannot

See note

one

abbreviations

–

to

or

)

.

?

that of

,

compounds

hold

the modern

.

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last one

shê

put

L

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. .

Kuo

above

phonetically

in

.

in

the bottom

.

a

different writing

being suppressed

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-

striking

C

.

A

Kuo

form

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wrong one

is

.

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the

sup

-

;

series 363

when

was

below of

sun The

.

the horizon

twilight

is

,

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—

.

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pressed

of

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fix

,

,

primitive times

and

development

multiplication

development

the 83th radical

Tis

then

themselves

prodigious

a

,

a

,

extension hord

float first

spring

that

ferox and others

short time

in a

acquire

of

UNB

from

Euryale

grain

common

is

,

,

in

China

that

,

without root

ramifies and grows like the nymphæaceæ

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.

plant

tie

floating

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Shih4

–

Ę

or

:

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,

About the two primitives

114 .

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fif

,

the

ff

.

is

).

,

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Phonetic series 137

.

a

third

arbitrary

resembling

character —

,

&

.

a

,

The

are

.

. # . 7 .

#

to

, , it

;

,

by a

. a

in

,

to

mean

the scribes

,

sword

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by

a

)

AT

was

52 )

used

dot

system

phonetic

(

See

Phonetic series 204

.

.

–

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L E

in

now

and

antiquity

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is

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.

is

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30

,

.p

49 .

.

use

represented

is

.

it

.

series

Legal punishment

?

public

for

was the custom

and the character

B A .

represent

,

agreement

.

row

,

level line

,

.

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, ;

represents two scales poised

F

Ft

E

WW

It

.

ieni

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The

?

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ien

is

,

many

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fruitless

series 184

.

,

—

.

forms

of

of

of

Chinese

the dictionaries

It

above

.

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Til

researches

for students

A

,

the cause

six

to

the

,

reducing Note the modern arbitrary contraction which phonetic important this strokes four in

'

ch

The well

Such

which was arbitrarily written below

FES *

Hsing

square

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Phonetic

—

.

S

# .

in

.

a

,

abolished

well

of

'.

#

-

1

well

was designed

fields divided among eight families

the middle

Textes

See

)

Primitively

reserving digging

770

one

115

eight square lots

#

#

*

Min

proliferous

chings

Ching

Second series

from

highly

erroneous that

the

.

.

First series

#

the

three primitives

therefore

derivative

LESSON About

the modern

.

(

and not

JE

and

form

abbreviations

character

,

ancient

second

ancient

sprouts t

a

, a

plant with

it

primitive

is

that this interpretation

is

probable

A

women

.

,

the sons

,

;

people

mu3

represent

that

is

),

,

.

multiplication

sprouts

with

.

the common multitude

consider this character as a

670

L

mother

(

, the mass ,

The people

Some philologists

267

of

Min .

114 . 115 .

is

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

hy

be

to 390

.

.

is a

It

F

is

F

.

;

is

for

A

.;

.

in

;

|

etc

to

the

.

-

.

10

,

to

shut that was explained

FEM

.A

A

take away

open

It

ma

. a

,

9

of

;

&

H

.I L

shuanı

with

Two bands door

series

tan1

it

no is

.

is

the

pit

of

a

,

of

;

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to

-

, , N ,

M

cinnabar

a

is

,

,

4 C

the

of

#

.

is

cinnabar

red *

4

the M

.

F

;

that

Note

colour

the

);

L

.

t

4

#

hi

(

.

'

Light green

plants

M

.

It

83

.

See

the research

forms

Ch ingi

The

,

Taoist practice

sprouting

the subliming

.

's

,

stone

79 F

,

philosopher

series

allusion

-

time

crucible

There

the ancient form

An

kitchen stove

erroneous

and

LL by

.

This explanation

a

,

#

#

but

ff

brought

that

whence

#

the red stone and

in

represents

philologists

Some

.

.

Cinnabar

10 L

Tani

say

.

If

.

common

character

bar that closes

–

the

Phonetic

P9

representative

reverse

Third series

instead

side

counting

contracted form

eight

has nothing

It

.

’

K

cliente

the modern

–

,

six strokes

ail

,

also

Py

*

made here

with

of

.

Mff

side

HOW The remark made the last

, .

#

men who march

harmony

,

, .

**

Two

together delegt

A

Pingi

Tore

CHINESE CHARACTERS .

268

#

.

*

)

.

115

A

L

( is

It

chings

the

.

that

fire

*

seriously red

#

be

a

,

#

;

may

Ź

the

altered

I

that

JE

guess

Others

author explains

when burnt give

#

green plants

An

!

(

daltonism

, ).

,

,

It

seems rather curious that the two complementary green and colours red are here confounded

the 174th

a

, a

silken banner

of

. chan

).

117

.

116

is

It

.

E

;

. .

E

as

.

body

The

on

J)

35

.

L

(

.

phonetic

inverted

The scribes P

be

, in

common with

nothing

128

considered

second series

100

.

L

It

See

hair just growing

The

might

in

.

Jans

the

F7 ..

LESSON About the primitive

het

;

”

and

in

red

scarlet

,

ung

t’

ff

in

.

reddish colour

L

still found (

is

this

.

radical Phonetic series 337

and doubled now

write

Phonetic

series

in

.

;

21

DHT

.

from

#

91

.

.117

is

.

of

against

straw

,

its

, .

.

that resemble in

have nothing

each other

in

.

117

the modern

common

.

f

furs

.

fangi

,

,

a

-

to

.

th

the

Of

The

of

,

,

,

all .

,

is

unconnected

to

,

of

or

,

belong

radical

with

.

,

,

the top and two usually are more

556

extension border

.

D

,

to

open out

43

(

, .

,

steppe

e L

loosen

to

to

feed

.

space

Compare

ti

.

,

,

By

,

.

in

the open

to

, ; go

limits

the

;

as on

=

by

series

,

let

with

56

B

But

the charac

lay

–

Phonetic

Mi

.

A

;

light

.

M

to

emit

lie

It

*

. To

shine

;

,

forms

Yao4

Nt

£

drove

, ),

a

- .

land

Phonetic

to

– lead

down etc

.

that

the modern ones

.

lateral

To

,

By

radical

them

fictitious

The ancient forms

extension

.

series

indicated

than

Fangº

766

,

,

By

,

,

.

side lines

expressive

pasture

below

i

.

that space

side

three

The space with three dimensions

?

–

.tj

f

.

–

under this

,

ters classified

Pang

the

the 70th

of It

forms

two

Phonetic

this

see

four regions the extension square regular correct

the exception the primitive

a

character

;

the

in

.

earthly surface

difficult

seems rather

represent

forms etc

It

so

.

a

representation

rule

represent two boats lashed ferry boat pontoon

that they make

square barge

ancient

to

supposed

is

It

, .

Fangủ together

a

.

First series

,

and

that etymologically

of

,

but

made L

It

.

two primitives

ti

the

About

spoken

modern

the

This

now used

series 232

was explained

LESSON

and

16 D

–

.

.

Clothes

the West

altered

meaning

pronoun

Phonetic

#

a

Sol

furs

strangely

primitive

demonstrative

rain

c

A

.

.

lost

language

writing

wore

The scribes

5

Ž

Jil as

character

city and State

ancient

or

inhabitants

269

in

nas

',

Na

whose

116

.

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS

series

CHINESE CHARACTERS.

's

mind

;

that

,

Phonetic series 638

.

left side

L

roots

See

34

.

in

common with

i

It

.It

.

K

one

78 E

yens

,

;

,

or

is

all

the following

an

. It

,

).

.

.

Note

in

as

a

do

to and

i

.

(

C

112

),

,

orbit

L

foot

F

,

.

says the Glose

;

fifty

,

,

arrows

;

of

one

sheaf

of

a

21

the same from

Phonetic

-

like

.

are

.

Ź

descent

F

who

IN

À F

;

its of

,

a

traces

kindred relatives

individuals

beings

multitude

which

,

alterations

the characters

move

of

in

.

-

.

By

,

here

series 614

Phonetic

family

a

.

£

revolve

extension

ancestor

going

This character

the numerous sticks

means

kind

radical

Composed

bundle

A

”

Tsu

turn

.

motion

the

moving

forms nearly

to

.

To

Hsüana thing

of

compounds

lianæ

the successive

Note

the 70th

The mangrove

:

to

attributed

—

.

this character

hanging

many stalks

tj

,

,

of

unconnected with

),

right side

,

being

from

implant

and

rhizophoreæ

pſ

Idea

a

.

jungle

shooting

down

(

the ground

in

go

that

the banian tree and other and there waving

,

#

diffuse

,

to

,

;

to

bestow

prob

of

-

swim

.

,

float

it

motions to

)

to

;

the waving A

; 94

.

W

.

series 500

.

Phonetic

(L

the swimmer

repeated times

drink

to

Contraction *

.

Yu

707

of

; L .

generosity

at

pour out

ably something

B

.

To

Shih1

He

.

series 654

?

Me

(

its

roots

,

branches

themselves

Xu

on

A

tree

of

B

its

.A

tree

Yen .

Yen

Bh

.

,

has nothing

out (L .

to go

.

$

.

Second series

i

in order to unbend

licence

,

Yen .

Yeni

)

1

#

.

into

looseness

;

to ramble

th

contracted

,

–

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etc

Nao3 .

has

270

abode

in

a

It

it

, .

a

.

exists between grammatical

the

connection terms

I

–

two distinct

.

a

a

to

is

;

founded

used

on

.

derivative

,

for this

it

reserved

is

sub series

important compounds

of

.

)

wul

as

be

well

mere

graphically

=

series 419

it

a

Phonetic

(

between

-

t A

,

to

; ,

1

.

L

(

series

543

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a

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ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

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forms

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ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS

117

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118

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ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS

276

CHINESE CHARACTERS . stalk

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represents

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are hung See

the instruments

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designate

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trees Now

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planted with

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general

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prepare

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fire

the wind

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phonetic

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trees

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burn

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trees

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, stump of the earth ;

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tree

Phonetic series 138

;

this character

,

chieh

-

tree

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chia

big

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the wood

work

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make

to

shows the notches

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cooper

an

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a

axe

cut

sharp instrument

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with

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as

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its

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tree with

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branches

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the

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series 147

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tree , across the line

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series .

important

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end

120 .

119 ), that form

( L.

About some compounds of *

277 277

character completely

altered

the

.

ancient one

composition

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in

as

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o

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tree

cedar

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;

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prongs

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.

on

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with

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the 127th radical

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represents

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extension

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tree

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nest ,

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series 594 .

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til

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the feathers

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the same

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intot

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ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS

Ch ’ ih .

I

fear . To stand

with

.

before a

with fear .

being bound

Government

279

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rod

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the

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the earth

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of &

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with

the horizon

the top

the Eastern halls

contraction

Chung

increased

the

Phonetic

There

.

?

is

A

.

.

ao

sitting

at

forms

derivatives

level with

under

–

at }

.

tribunals

'

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modern

with

the horizon

;

143 B

shining

that are L

75

( L

it

is

'. that

place

sheath

appearing

whence light rises

Ž

i

bag

The sun

represented

weights

door

order

.

Tung

weight

bundle

series 429

a

'.

This compound

Ts

The

series 833

was explained

show

protection

Phonetic series

;

.

bar shutting

A

Lan

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giving money

buy

at Pg

on

,

in a

.

To

partake

pick and cull

Phonetic

top

the

–

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to

Chiens

difficulty

competition

placed

is

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bribe

forms

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solve

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binds

that

series 459

this a

-

Phonetic

.

general

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.>

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.

coercitive and legislative power

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CHINESE CHARACTERS .

)

a

.

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;

a

716

,

),

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genera

in

–

.

( (

contracted

Weight measure

.

121

.

*

on

110

),

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ended

.

top

represents

The character

.

,

,

crops

the

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–

.

,

,

98

. L

}

;

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.L

;

F

.

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L

:

.

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corn being

of

;

grains and

compounds

the bundles

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idi

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enclosed

granary #

.

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relating

characters

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.

etc

;

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of

the 115th radical their uses

of

.

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,

,

a

;

le

pendent ripe ear Derived idea uniformity concord the grains growing waving ripening together

is

by

^

corn

resembling

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Grain

.

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the plant

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the primitive

series

.

LESSON About

contracted

.

75 to F

.

L

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weight

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,

;

some object

'.

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slaves were forced

extended meanings

virgin

,

spinster

A

a

,

bachelor

girl

which their

slavery

hence the a

to

*

of

,

and

Those

live unmarried

slave

contracted for

a

the parents

were reduced

children

crime

,

committed

counterpart

).

of the

Composed

to

(

grave

;

A slave boy

by

102

, L.

a

’ung ?.

).

T

E

280

Phonetic

;

-

'*

.

H

;

.

phonetic

the dead

,

rise from

is

mis

;

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,

revive

to

sense

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. ears

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glean

The modern

,

.

burned

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series 433

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Sul

grain

the

ripe

.

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whitened

,

list

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c

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is

.

351

.

st

,

;

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of

.

moạths formerly

union

,

phonetic

,

of

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. .

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pipes

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dis

;

,

E

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still young and tender

.

#

Grain

.

Chih

.

-

chia chieh

musical

120 . 121.

;

*

are

.

.

like

in

mowed very

a

is

man

represented

is

.

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series 409

a

,

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head

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serve

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of a

.

When

#

field

the

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.

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ul

to

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,

suffer

different derived meanings

down

281

woman who must yield

extension

to

,

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The

b

M

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lot of

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

is

character

an #

F

The modern

).

thousand

F

,

's

harvest

in

the the

,

'

harvest

24 s D

.

L

(

A

year

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The year year

.

grains Nions

.

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.

.

elliptical way

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absurd contraction

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it

.

to

modern

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.

.

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. a

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.

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.

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a

sao

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in

series 519

.

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together

.

,

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.

hand

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by

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band lam

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hand

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as

i

;

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or 73

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L

held

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the

is

.

is

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corn

grasp

sweet

the 186th radical

my

of

-

,

to to

in

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, .

to

, forms

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of a

of

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with

the lathe

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represents the motion

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(

E

polish

n

in

a

h

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the jade

the stalks

=

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scarce that the eye may distinguish

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*

the walls

corner

.

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turn

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phonetic

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of

is the

Ears

bottom

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him

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so

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joint

a

roof and

house

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the

✓

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.

forms

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|

bundle

ferments

strange contraction

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character

forms

odour

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of

smell

taste

seize

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millet when

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uphold

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,

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the

,

is

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k

#

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Pings

spirits

radical

2021h

put

grain

whose

produces

fermented H

in

water

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and

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.

Sho3

forms

.

,

,

-

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for

for ien

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!

the

lung

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,

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,

calendar

used

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found

is

be to

or

shake the head

,

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commonly

now

to

, be

that

then

to

to

asquiesce

the right side seems

of

should

is

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common

the head

bow

order

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to

,

a

ear

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was

employed

compound

the head

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,

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, .

t

pendent

on in

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error

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longer

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of

was

,

in

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edhe

por

examine

like

character

the Emperor

the following

Chii

used

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was superseded by

inverted

only

a

iti

:

. 11

(L

consequently use

Phonetic series contracted 822

143

by

the

.

“

H

A

personal name

into

contracted

solar revolutions astronomy

scribes

line turn

travel over

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The

revolution

Li

turn

iti

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make

;

.

Det

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revolution

a

282

CHARACTERS

CHINESE

282

.

old men

mis straight

. the .

L

87

.

; +

by by

+

+ 54 D 78 ; E # **

L

. animale

.

.

L

L

.

.

* In

.

)

)

in

grain

phonetic

grain

*

;

)

5

.

L

the

etc

bring out

is

character

.

L

.

,

separated

81 A

to

.

L

i

(

62 to G

.

L

forms

32 23 de E ; G are

.

that

, ; D; t P

E

;

.

.

.It

.

Grains

The

that are separated

bring

mis bent down

Miº

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X

B

*

,

characters

C

To

buy

sell

a

To

.

.

.

B

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41 68

L L

*

;

L

iao4

;

160

'

T

.

See B

.

-

102

*

represents thrashing

Second series

different plants

of grains ,

four

Small grains

represents four grains

;

*

*

.

Mis

A

bent down

and

.

*

straight

.

.

First series

*

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,

.

LESSON 122

these two

122 . 123 .

ép

fi

.

E

).

–

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X

P

.

an

,

,

the

-

);

65

. U

This

character

fermenting

is

.

,

;

stomach

written

now

a

U

,

vase

and

.

L

was explained

.

to

take the liquor out

It

'.

the 192th radical

.

is

It

—

in

).

.

'

.

C

character

32 E

see L

(

t

a

with

unconnected

analogous

that went through the

Grains

spoon

LESSON .

.

123

.

of

.

,

*

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by

.

.

the

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all

in

*

with

contraction

is a

.

.

2

; 676

el

house

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get knowledge ate

one

footsteps

the foot

series

to

,

the

,

of

from

's

in

a

a

,

oří ,

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, to

#

.

F

of

.

sole

search

investigate

series 811

tho

series 191

Phonetic

examine

with

particulars

call

and

wild beast

the

,

To To

study

Phonetic

Phonetic

PE

*

and

*

. .

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Tem

,

to

,

).

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to

to

;

,

pick

.

,

The tracks

the claws

.

of

.

Fan1

and below

The

forms

comprehend

choose

the

means

unconnected

hands The modern character 47 K

.

L

F

.

To

Chüan3

sort out

indication

perfect knowledge

rough investigation

by

,

.

the

.

L

(

*

in

get

a

.

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is

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.

.

L

Hsi

part

same

radical

the 165th

examination

The

animal hence the extended

104 A

to

,

secretions 122

discriminate

giving

secretions

of

the kind

trail indicating

meaning

soft parts

strokes

The

and the points

the five claws

to

the

of

the print

beast

wild

a

The steps

represent the print

It is

of of

“

.

*

Pien A

salt

later

scribes contracted

489

dung

Ch ang

About the primitive

then

the

fleshy

.

Plants

secretions

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This series

it

Shih3

.

series

what incloses

viscer being

,

of .

.

L

Phonetic

26

ME ( L

;

H

grains

(

*

41 * D

E

into

.

the stomach

was added

room

store

*

on

*

food

:

.

“

The grain

.

Wei

283

is

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

CHINESE CHARACTERS .

let

.

sl ,

to

i

in

,

.

,

-

;

of

*

.

*

.

5

of

.

.

ã

;

to

designate

of

of

.

an

is

,

uncle

the same

,

now

used

from

the boughs

mean

of

F

of

.

may come

beans with to

hatchet

is

mowing It

–

This character

Phonetic series 393

.

it

Phonetic series 597

.

.

beans

now used

.

zk

.

125

The

primitive

is

.

the

The idea –

.

of Il

shou

).

represents

primitive

7

,

in

Clii

(

vulgo

crooked

and

brother ?

It

;

that sense

surname

sort

Ź

represent 4

to

is

.

.

?

.

'.

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is

collecting

The

younger

the

thought

forms

father

a

.

shuis

primitive

The

obsolete

a

of

.

7

into

under the radical

plant two husks pending H

the

ti GERE forms

.

li

a by

,

,

classified

124

Bean

the kindred

explained

First series

interjection

changed

Often

it

-

'

matter

wrongly

LESSON different

obscure

.

obscure

Shu

to

her

kind

which one

groping

of

Shu

ENE

EL

mysterious

By

*

. A

. ),

to

ang hsi

JE

oto

|

A

extension

particle

creeping plants

About

house

things only

that comes before the explanation

LESSON About the primitive

out

series 750

58 E “

.

(

an L

Yüeh

accusation

a

.

Ź

BO

Phonetic

K

the

*

A

The dark corners

discerns

an

);

from

etc

nbs

Nao4

part

of

,

confinement

from

G

(L .

extension

investigation , an

by an

*

.

By

E

clear up

To

,

Shil4 . enquiry .

to 102

284

incidentally

.

,

,

.

17 etc B

.

Eft L

50 B

.

L

,

e . .g

;

47 0

.

of

.12 A .

. L .

is

.

L

,

#

JE

.

to

Different

.

a

water

See

.

; ; It

excess

.

Fi

a

,

fault

that spreads out

,

,

sok

,

,

ien1

advances an

Ý

that

inundation

'

ch

his

streams

and

the

series 395

,

--

Phonetic

.

Note

radical

the 85th

words flowing like

Yen3 Water forms

water

91 A

.

L

#

,

18 M

.

L

A

73

.

L

'.

Babbling

overflowing

See

already explained

were

Note the following

Ta

forms

relating

characters derivatives

water

.

foams

the

contracted

a

strokes

:

modern

represents

four small

The

It

represent

285

central stroke

ſh

il

The

rivulet ,

a

brook

Water .

;

,

124 . 125 .

of hy

Shuis .

het

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

licentiousness

.

scandalous behaviour

By extension

is

7

,

K

of

composed

composition

which

.

,

,

as

its

,

;

water

is

E

,

rightly

;

.

40

a

:

by

con

.

by

to

ancient character was

The

Ź

,

is

✓ * A

level

the different meanings given above

sky

,

and

in

it

as

was said

, Hi

–

:

the

the

the regular a

forms

);

32 G

.

.

L

(

Dropping

.

.

proof

It

(

the 173th radical a

is

the

soaking through F

TH

drops It

of

).

.

of

MJ

Rain

rain

.

“

.

Lou

K

a

shower

points

four

four points are An ancient form simply represen –

)

H

.

35

L

special primitive

the

,

to

.

Others still explain

(

.

falling

ted

the

-

,

.

.

the drops

some

upper line the skies

the clouds Others explain 1 B

o

.

According

Rain

represent

L

TO

FŹ

yü3

Yü3

B

vices

explanation

.

A

.

Second series

extirpating

adapt

one and

raise the moral

to

too far reached

firmed

modern

is

This character

model pattern means to a

law

,

.

,

Rule

.

Fal

.

in

nk

. +

a

,

,

an

It

.

,

#

;

o to

,

km

. pe

42

–

il

in

. , by

of

the

,

.

t

,

,

is

.

thus

extension th

By

is

;

series 539

.

–

that

down

Phonetic

.

t

water

bent

water

,

,

if

as

, .

#

overflowing

Z

MI

,

.

apply

adminis

represented

excess overplus

profit

M

is ,

;

full

of

I a

vase

,

–

. is

it .

the

and

idea

This

Phonetic series 757

over the vase and

expressing

fear

meant

form

overflows This circumstance

fact that

with

reports

form

one would be

.

ancient

writing

forms

Modern

E

An in

classics

so

in

-

,

,

represents

,

,

an

of a

to

,

that

t

. occurs

P

It

.

official superior

abyss

H M

tik

an

of

a

. to

report

heart

's i

14

it

a

.

E

,

ül ,

A

to

the brink

in

water veins

72

ik

of

flow

the

Abstracted

*., * .*

* *

,

earth

The unceasing

,

.

Yung3

.

-

;

,

-

.

103

A

,

. .

L

,

is

is

.

idea

-

.

li

$

joining the

,

a

The

stream si

h

forms

.

inverted

of

je

is

fill t

Ź It

series 234

.

Phonetic

;

artery

See

series 659

the headwaters 7K

gan ;

bet

main

it

,

.

’

P

Phonetic

Graphically

By

.

;

*

,

wearisomeness

ait

.

to

phonetic

exten uniformity model pattern

ile

as

sion

has the same meaning

.

.

Yangº

analogous

foams

the

forms

It

series 173

substituted

It

are

threads

Phonetic

of

is a

,

,

,

eternity perpetuity but notdeseruited duration ge the Graphically this character difference

meaning

slender

I

that

it

jje

28

.

graphical redundancy

Deferential fear

addition

Á

water

en hoe on P

Now

write

tering

E

The ancient

circle

that flows crookedly between two banks

one

R

water

represents the

more recent form

bere

and

abyss

flows across

commonly

D

yk a

character represented

Su4

Fourth series

gulf

,

whirlpool

A

Yüan

the

china

bent down

,

that is

.

CHARACTERS

.

Third series .

the

CHINESE

in

286

in

, ,

sk

; .

,

,

In

;

ancient

.

sf

,

r an

at

,

it

series 388

.

.

C

.

L

this

.

*

126

altered

became

Phonetic

–

a

way that

59

See

such

.

absurdity

.

in

.

character

form

from

a

out

is

gushing

It

the

In

.

a

;

.

source

springs

LESSON

Ascending

.

of

I,

etc L

Note the

,

;

melancholy

heat

in

;

in #

,

perplexed

,

sorry

,

,

.

C

,

.

L

160

heat

disgusted

;

caused

head

*

.

series 669

Morally head grieved

singed

,

morally

,

Burned

,

fire

.

K

.

,

;

fire dried

the

a

flt

under

by

?.

cauterize

Phonetic

in

–

.

Pan

Pain

See

46

.

,

K

,

L

119

0

. .

L

C

, , P

121

up

by

A

.

bird

blackened

sadness

the

, of

a

,

at

in

.

to

.

L

12

L

lesh To

.

roast

Chiao1

”

the bottom

:

To

Chih4

Fan

combination

group

contracted

See the compounds already explained

.

,

following

used

large

Note the modern

1

,

G

65

G

59

L

.

L

.

.

the compounds

heat

71

that

-

form

is

characters relating

names

radical

86th

of

forms the

It

-

Fire

.

.

Huo3

;

huo3

or

.

The

confection

lementernation armission cliff The scribes contracted first then

A

top

.

Any origin

?

Yüan

series

the

flowing

the

arbitrary

on

.

of

the earth sides

the middle

forms

there were three

First

,

the ground

pure

water

About the primitive

the

disper

. the

an

from

;

is

character

the

,

A

the gush that bubbles the water when risen modern

veins

and

gushing out from special primitive

.

in

rills

up

is

spring

A

.

'

Ch üan

and flowing

the

flesh

recent

more

,

sing streams

It

from

le

.

The second form

$

The blood

on

.

pulse

running

fil

.

Mait

287

126

.

125

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

CHARACTERS .

CHINESE

288 P’

Second series . '*

êngl.

To roast ;

( L . 75 D ) is phonetic

writing .

in the modern

contracted

like those of the first series. See

J,

. 24

L

L

ancient forms are

The

. 32 B ,

L

.

the

,

.

,

obs

his

;

in

k

,

it

),

N

.

is

It

to

bite

. .

,

:

141

;

. L .

1

.

e .g

,

.

etc

101

}

);

H

49

.

(L

monkey

);

J,

45

.

L

arbitrary abbreviation

K

of

.

,

to

as

an

. to

represent

).

.

L

(

Glea

doubled

hot fire

abbreviation

animals

138

.

red

more intricate forms

of of

abbreviation

of

sting

or

,

,

# if

,

.

J.

60

L

.

,

43

,

without ulterior

Carnation a

,

(L

, ; .

(

*

in

, .

It

otot ;

)

strike the

that inflames the skin

ning like

bird

the 155th

shee amnesty

C

.

etc

chê1

forms

Hot

swallow

137

136 B )

L

.

in

. .I

also used

(

(L

an

i

.

See

e g

103

142

Note

ashamed

same dots that are used

The

horse

L

, e, .g , . A ), . .

.

L

(

is

;

92 E

-.

fish

L

make him

the ordinary

the face turning red

sense was

recent characters relating

as

C

. 1. 2

The tail

man

the face

primitive

it

.

nan3

venimous insects

specially

age

the

house

with the last character was fancifully altered

form

or

of

on

li

the

culprit and punishment

Third series

A

.

.

Compare

being ashamed

to

; .

See

pardon

of 't

.

t

old

T

.

—

by

radical

scribes

and combined

Phonetic series 567

reddish carnation and crimson

37 )

fire

water The

who reached

man fire

fire

X

.

The

.

;

.

,

to

,

K

.

he

*

il14

'

the

other

man

the scribes

Ch

deep

Note

with the hand

fathom

the ancient

and see how

II .

J,

17

meanings

the derived

etc

.

Hence

must make

*

when

into

An

Sous

.

.

stirs

the hand

which

abstruse

search into

and

L

L

hole ( L

small

arbitrarily omitted the upper dot

kan

*

*

, in

, I

*

,

deep profound to

,a

The Chinese hearth

under the caldron

lamb

,

0

–

Shên1 .

The feet

50

Note the following :

Hj L . 41 A , etc .

are also used

.

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS.

Fourth series. !K

D&

doubled,

126.

£ yen'.

Yen8.

A rising name, fire that blazes; iR ft ± -&o ^ jg£0 — Phonetic series 416. It forms the important compounds:

MS

$

Hei8. The soot let by the fire around the M hole through which the smoke escapes. Black colour. See L. 40 D. It is the 203th radical. Phonetic series 678.

-

Hsflni.

Smoke, fumigation. A black

-

«f from the fire. See L. 40 D.

Lin3.

An

hovering.

ignis

(See

U

on old battlefields

and horses;

'A4.M contracted

Shun4. j£

#f flames that are seen 9%

and proceed from the blood of men

±

Chinese

convolvulus,

the ground with

W

4o ^ H iS

ancient

*

E)

was added

J"

creeps reddish

ft ^„

later

on;

Name of a famous

reigned B. C. 2255 to 2205.

—

series 703.

Liao8.

Sacrifice offered to Heaven, on the threshing-

floor, after the harvest;

^ ^

ancient forms represent the threshing-floor,

5t

Phonetic

*#. The

the grains,

the straw. The more recent form represents the straw and the grains offered as >Aj

gift

burnt; burnt offering

of

0

&

#

who

"j&

o

monarch

41,

a

jfc

E

that

its blooming

(lowers. The scribes strangely altered this charac

ter. The phonetic 9$ (L. 31

#

series 781.

L. 31 E). They rise, says the Glose,

A

#

smoke rising

& R ft ^ & ± fa ® %.& k agitation,

Compare jtpl L. 120 A.

supposed to represent long

addition of an appendix.

If

ffe

.&,

f)&

K6ng8.

ardour, generosity.

'X.

door. To bear, to learn, to smell.

ears, by the

jjjj.

CHINESE CHARACTERS.

.

is done by

which

HII

.

at

It

.

an

.

A

.

,

;

combine

.

to

gather

,

a to

hand

#

to

,

to

,

.

of

a

be or

,

–

B

).

on

seize

handle

It

.

was explain

.

E

AX

.

A

to

is

, or

.

con

See

.

.

*

;

to

,

. ?

join

.

.

F

.

I .

its

modern

On

the

of a

with great cries

-

,

.

injunction

.

,

severe

the Chinese way

series 858

bear

without

Hence

meaning

a

.

,

in

”

.

Yen Derived superior made

a

attack

cavern which operation does not

go

to

yen3

,

forms

it

.

series 622

It

.

hand that whips and provokes the bear

-

primitive

.

,

the bear

give room

.

this

to

On

.

altered

as

,

to

;

–

.

,whis .

to to

;

;

's ears 8

oto in

,

the left

suppressed

were

series 842

because

common with

one when

it .

of

two

toto

to

F

as

scribes

plot etc

Phonetic

intrepid

bold

,

ear

showing

whisper

,

,

a

ſ

its

appendix

Do cries and howlings

Phonetic

ears

an

close

the

To

it

J) .

27

.

Phonetic

three

another

whose paws

The modern

right

711

two ears

has nothing dare

}

;

To

J.

–

34

is

added

series

A

I.

.

ear

L

(

mouth

Hot

though

in

Phonetic

close

coming

Kan3

.

take

scrape together

coming

of

|

is

H

the end

arbitrary

forms

Collection

Composed

,

.

L

A

G

like

L

;

gather

placed

Phonetic series 414

M

In

.

.

27 K To

.

L

ed

Ts ’ .

L

Em Nieht

following character form

(

an

'

CI

Tsuit

See

putting

contracted

hold

Hear

plants

phonetic

102

ear

The

said

composition

ung

en

147

series 349

Phonetic

Chüt

It

.

holds

To

that

H

of

Ch

ü3 .

traction

particle

It

.

?

Interrogative sentence

the

lay

of

Yeh

growth

of

..

abbreviation

an

The luxuriant

as

Jung given

44

.

Phonetic series 425

is

,

—

;

ears

A

in

11

whispers

the

asperse , to blame one

A

Ch 'i1 . To

.

311

.148 .

..

148

.

147

E

.

#

.

of

.

.

L

.

,

e .g

elsewhere

this 37 D

is

It

F

E

, —

.

radical

the 92th

compounds

Different

explained

repre

The character

.

,

.

.

primitive were

A

series

and 145 –

Phonetic

54 F

Compare

hooks

jointing

mutual

their

sents

teeth

91

? .

The canine

LL

5

of

Ya

1

147

.

primitive

146

f

About

the

LESSON

..447

M

.wus

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS

impure

as

.

SB

difference

soiled

used

of E

146 #

for

.

(L

?

yeh

modern

,range

the East

means

the

lying

it

eis

.

-

character

given

I

(

J

is

i is

The

Now

chieh

chia

as a

,

, ).

particle

LESSON

.

148

$

a

(

big

to

,

the

,

It

–

of

the

.

;

explained

e .g

. to

158th

the shapes

At

, is

;

)

),

25

By leg

.

(L a

.

E

the body

is

be The

belly

.

*

;

fi

the

To

.

etc

,

90 F

.

L

;

D

character

extension

were

inverted

It is

the

with

turn

forms

The ancient

pantomimes

and

dancers

,

.

.

Yint

compounds

conception

moving forward

duration

relating

characters

4G

. It

.

L

.

11

round

's

Different

a

body

131

life

body

of a,

person

radical

and

; ),

a

keep the equilibrium

pregnant

body

human

primitive

partial

(a

to

means

still represents

meaning

primitive

The

.

Shên

gestures

with

and

who who

,

in

, .

all

in

.

extension

now commonly

,

this sense used

.

H

.

,

is

,

modern

compound

,

motion

In

Ź

high spirits zeal

activity

By

on

Ź

,

while

-

or

,

made their their holding banners feather brooms body turning their directions hands kept evolutions

Ź

^

phonetic p acient

vicious

garment

About the primitive

ancient city

an

.

;

me

Shantung

depraved

a

of

Name

?

sheh

of

OAS

FB

B

Hsieb

, lising in ) a ,in

Note

the

LESSON 149 .

.

'ien ?. Field ,country . It represents

,

to

L

.

#

;

53

to

com

A

.

;

40

the

L

of

another

to

;

D

.

123

fields

the

60 E

L

.

#

E

saw

substituted

L

forms the

mostly

We

–

.

;

is 36

I . ;

#

.

104

A

;

B

But

It

.

,

164

ML

–

L

. . 171

in

relating

series

L

.

.

*

L

–

the surface

Phonetic

his

;

fields

,

vegetation

at

Sprouts

,

.

”

Miao

44

.

.

L

150

l

;

character

for any object

characters

Phonetic

pounds

fi

symbol

a

,

radical

and land

C

of as

.

used

often

102th

91

is

H

a furrowed field ; character being simple and easy write

This

E

The

T

\

About the primitive

fields

chi ?

,

It

. .

,

is

It

.

É

.

to

-

stall

,

a

,

;

,

,

a

It

.

in a

each

dwelling

.

.

,

.

-

that

.

H

is

,

a

character

redundancy

represents the land measuring compass

was

and

now F

by

This

–

a

;

,

.

$

three lines

bớundary

is

which

I

a

limit

It

another

from

by

; in

#

The

,

–

. its £

shop

represented

Partition

*

.

town

Fields separated one

by .

E

allotted

series 795

divide two fields replaced

a

of

,

#

†

;

1894

the 166th

forms

build

to

residence

replaced

Chiang1

,

1 A

.

on

.

.

ching

the side

,

287

.

.

?

Phonetic

EH

A

nine

extension

distinct ground

in

The

–

’

the

forms

combined

and about 600 metres

the village

Chiang later

of

,

;

of joined

radical Phonetic series

estate

growing

the

the Chinese mile now usually measuring

,

,

?

ft

English

Ch an

sees

village

By

)

being

12

.

field and country

.

. 115

L

(

to

The smallest

ching

family

and

consequently

corn agriculture

Composed

H

.

Lis

them

il

, it;

who works plants

man who goes

, *

.

?

A

Chi

IL

.

series 464

Phonetic

.

the country

Phonetic

series 803

.

29

The fields

forms

,

.

?

Lei

–

.

series 724

It

A

CHARACTERS.

CHINESE

44

312

storm

of

things

ordering

.

.

heap

,

to

,

;

fields

by

To

.up

,

did

heap

or

bundle

contraction

.

*

bind

form

a

.

The modern

is a

to

series

,

a

in

written

See

.

should

L

fold

on

be

It

To

.

series 626

.up

.

build

.

£

up

piled

,

's

replace

to

sake

the

up ,

.

G

.

?

and

pises

join

To

. of

–

,

mean

objects

for rapidity

piled

and

:

LESSON

;

be a

is to

as ,

,

It

.

),

.

H

.

an

(L

,

, by

,

field

occurs

in

.

D

:

.. .

,

. *

L

.

(

,

the top *

E

,

yu –

radical compounds

.

, ,

principle

produce

etc

, ;

to

beginning

).

.

'inp

,

its

,

cause

*

,

up

extension

point

58 C

.

By is

coming

-

fruit stone on

of

a

. germination

series 170 See and

Not

uncultivated

series 406

there

.

).

–

; *

.

, 55 K

*

E

.

#

(

Phonetic

scribes

represents the grain

the germ starting

.

-

'

.

represents the

large grain

which

149

character

151

origin

L

in

12

.

I.

12

L

.

K

,

. .

a

of of

?

Yu

It

LESSON

About the primitive

Phonetic

pottery

few compounds which the modern ang hsi always write For instance

vessel See

A

Luº

),

E

III

and

the

tzůl

with

in a

a

,

radical

scribes

invented

form

explained

The modern

L

fanciful

confounded

earthenware

common either with

E

3K

with

vase

135

.

or

.

It

#

A

has nothing

a

represents

It

Tzů1

150

(L

at

.

7

I

or

II

by .

313

For instance

About the primitive

A

.

151

series 743

earth

Phonetic

Tieh scribes imagined

.

in From

piling

Leis

The

150

above

a

–

.

,

a

Lei

143

i

clouds

Phonetic

symbol

For instance ?

.

as

often used 72 L

l

.

L

Compare

is

. I.

Note

.

an

Lei ? . Rainy thunder

149

the

.

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS

CHINESE CHARACTERS .

314

LESSON 152 . Chias.

Primitive

sense

,

,

L

.

.

etc

in

,

,

the sun

, L .

It

of

. *

143

forms

.

hand

.

F

the left

where

this character

,

the vase to

is

,

46 E

.

ii

resemble

series 388

.

.

LESSON

125

that happens

Phonetic

–

.

A

above

the

helmet

representing

Here

special primitive

a

,

chias

L

,

.

.

-

properly

See

held with

See

was fully explained

stems

series 217

vase

vulgar

crocodiles,

offensive weapons

and

serios

.-

o.

drinking

A

Pi

to

Poblete

Phonetic

–

710

Chuan chu

.

153

separat

(

pierce

custom

,

,

usage

,

.

forms to

.

$

It

,

Ź

kuant

.

Ź

,

together

t

)

Hence

cowries

,

of

tie

ti

.

two cowries strung

;

),

-

.

lie

Long string

to

,

together different

represents two objects

horizontal line

E

The

.

.

Kuan4 string

the

(

lt

to

,

,

The primitive

the vertical line

says the Glose Ho

string

to

To

.

by

ed

.

objects

pierce

tie

and

Kuana

in

of

not

chuan chu

-

,

cash

outside

,

inside

etc

and

is

same

the

rich

actual as

,

be

to

,

.

true

the

homogeneous

strings

have

really

Hence

,

,

massive

only

.

,

meaning

house

,

's

one

appearance

to

Primitive meaning oto

.

Shih

?

.

experience

in

0

of

a

of

i

L deze . ? .

See

arms

Defensive

109

man wearing

Compare the ancient form

Jung

est

series

on

the ten

.

,

-

.

to

the height

first

the

.

Later

F

.

E

Phonetic

–

etc

,

.

E

risen

ce

tall

,

*

on , by

a

extension

-

cycle

A

character

breast - plate , full armour ; lastly , any hard coverings Different chia chieh

About the two primitives

The

figuring

a

man ,

as the carapace of turtles , the scales

B

.

helmet

a

represents a helmet upon two strokes

To

AP

.

it

About the primitive

315 a

also

is

,

be

to

}

;

tie

to

; in

.

.

and

confounded

with

,

# a

is

, a

serie

It

heart

series

a

,

;

heart pierced

aa

above

vertical

forms

.

ašvới

.

;

'.

Huans troubles amiction

piered

.

of

A

L

Affliction

109

like

strung

on

mouth

)

.

To

Compare

The character

not

*

rod

Huan

string

(

.

.

Two objects

A

Not

.

.

L

'

Ch uand .

135

strongly

capturing

53 C

.

See

C

the

phonetic

prison

ferocity

#

send

represents

L

.

To

L03

152 . 153 . 154. 155 . to

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

E

is

.

E

)

It

;

Cf .

,

the

In

. . .

;

11

the

XVIII

At

.

,

if u

contracted

the bottom

it,

shorten

to

BK

to

par

the scribes

155

.

LESSON

found

the hearth

, hl

VI ,

.

,

.

IV

BK

,

.

33

Sect

order

In

bf . .

imagined

F

,

*

f

F

IL

,

to

sacrifice

On the top

the offering

phonetic

the

wood

:

in

ll; .

,

IV

.

par

middle

masonry holding

hands putting

bloody sacrifice

on

. .

Later

Sect

the boiling

the following

Primitively

Chi

the

À

x

contracted

Hsint

bottom

fire

;

;

the

the

the

then

,

;

prop

the top

tot

its

'

copper in

Chinese

the

Now

is

On

copper

.

Chinese hearth

at on ".

Ts uan

Li - le

.

cover

It

the steam

cook

of

represents

otherwise

in

used

.

.

It

Tsêng copper found

or

the modern writers

by

written

to

FI

,

About the primitive

by

.

LESSON 154

. lil , It

-

etc

;

A

134

#

.

E

, 545 . , . — phn L

hsien

See

“

I

A

;

lo 103

series

pot

personat

-

three legged

Phonetic

, . L .

kêng

?

non

;

#

87 B

.

a

?

represents

the 193th radical

L is ka

A

.

Ko

It

About the primitive

316

CHINESE CHARACTERS .

LESSON About the two primitives

. Ch 'ai? . imagined

,

103 .

, t' $ . The scribes th , which was wrongly .

–

Phonetic

series

It forms

Shani . It

Tien3 . The by

book

.

ended in an , in the series MH . books , either Canonic

preeminent

repre

is graphically

are placed high on a n

the fact that they

, out

of respect ;

The . –

An

Fi

those

,

being

by

.

.

the

–

.

– See

14 G

gather

L

;

fil

books

inscriptions

Phonetic series 473

A

the

meditate

to

To

texts

tablet

.

Lün

a

upon

.

,

extension

of

.

flat

inscription

;

By

H

slips

and

doors

written

”

door

.

From

H

Pien8

hung Over

.

series

.

Phonetic

398

scribes kept something of the ancient form

modern

.

stand

fi

from this character contracted , that are

is

al or Imperial. Their excellence sented

was done by

which

a TI knife what displeased in a

the compounds

derived

,

To correct and expurge

erasing with

*

book : engraved

ancient

an

together

tied

the modern form by K'ang -hşi under 0

classified

Phonetic

thought the series

.

.

legal

.

,

)

son

. F

.

The

etc

ancient character simply represented

HH

£

titles

ā

one

's

)

the

,

on

H

of

heir

See

series 835

.

succeed

,

succession

holes

the top

Phonetic

before judges

assert

,

is

-

the 214th radical

To

. “

a

To

.

14 of H

.

L

Ssů

pipes

straight line

ā

a

collection

which are put

in a

pipe

;

.

A

Yao4

A

.

380

to

A

represents

It

slips of bamboo

It

chrais

i .

and

.

First series .

)

.

156

156

by

,

of

a

.

into

.

I.

L

with

confounded

64

. It It

.

forms

44

straw

scribes changed

The modern

.

be

not

mat with

a

.

hand plaits

The

to

;

13 A

’

K

uai3

family name

mat

forms

.

157

;

,

the

is

Phonetic

.

It

phonetic

–

,

It

is

dishes

to

plate

radical

108th

:

in

the following

.

The first

.

eldest

son

The

)

,

"

.

,

(

Mệng

relating

F

Ż

characters mostly min ming mêng

.

TEJE

porringer

vessel

a

It

represents

W

.

Minᵒ

of ili

.

M

the

.

.

.

rushes

It

.

the plaiting

represents the

h primitive

317

158

. ’

K

uais

interlacing the rushes interlacing

LESSON About

157

uai3

'

k

.

Second series

W

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

);

25 B

.

.

W

; ;

50 135 B D

.

L L

. L

;

. .

38 D G

of is

L

.

.

.

L

a

of

.

.

See

-

ang hsi wrongly

'

.

series 208

Phonetic

.

).

K

It

–

to

blood 27 K

.

(

.

L

it

relating

Blood

.

158

;

is

It

–

room

.

give

relating

the

the

109th

the eye and vision

.

characters

then the

lastly the character was placed

to

;

to

of in

radical

Firstly

the pupil

socket with the two eyelids and

pupil was suppressed straight order

.

na

,

human

The

ne

eye

.

Mut

E

.

LESSON

E

–

; .

L

—

the 143th radical

L

blood

full

F

.

L

forms

characters

82 III

vase

classified under

About the primitive

The

series

Phonetic

. .

It

J.

1

TT

Por

; ,

.

L

;

Hsüehs few

169

benevo

etc

,

D

110

A

.

125 C

elsewhere 19 B

See

scribes invented the second form 580

.

(L

W

MI

LI

.

III

a

;

,

prisoner

H

feed

charity

lence

[

.

Wên1

To

1

.

series 382

;

;

D

V

118

L

L

etc

.

J,

34

L

.

;

97 F

L

.

;

. L

10 0

.

; .

.

176

or

a

in foe

of

an

. i .

A

;

radical

series

259

.

.

;

a

is

-

.

man

the 147th

Phonetic

.

2

7

is

seen

.

not

is

it

which

something

by

.

the

.

L

, .

16

to

;

better

narrow

18 M

see

F

59

.

L

to

; see the

be

to

is

,

to

i

said

.. .

are tantamount

Province

,

a

, “

viceroy

difference

a

be

in

,

better Compare

.

by

a

supervised

to

is

,

as

,

explained

point order gives

see

Shêng

but

are

may

eye

The first and the third explanation extension

said

m

,

to

this

same form

form

understand

compound

.

to

)

slit

aim the

of

In

at

eye

the

. 2 . kind

i

so

would

,

that the

which case

The second ancient

palpebral

try

the first ancient form

in

;

set the

of

To

.

. In

Three explanations

be 7 A a )

.

(L

to

Ë

others

examine carefully

frowning

eyebrows distinctly

By

series 834

, ?

. 1 .

given

of

take

to

apprehend

H

Hsing

.

It

I

.

To

.

?

seen

3

sight

often contracted into

Tê

-

It

.

An

–

Phonetic

look for something which

,

is

It

.

To

Mi4

Hoar frost

:

Note the compounds

«

m

.

relating

pun

pronounced

both

eye above

to

To

characters

of

.

A

JL

.

look

kind

forms

Shuang1 Chient

such

L

to

series 445

.

–

Phonetic

.

and

*

the two elements

being

wild

meaning

this character a

said

The

from

the woods

abstract

come from

to

is

,

,

extended use

watch

to eye

,

;

of

that gives

a

surprised

The

reciprocity

mu

by

the

open

to

be

,

or

to

order not

in

*

tree

a

behind

.

' i

;

,

examine

primitive meaning may have been

,

inspect

to

To

'.

Hsiang

,

VA

.

straight

beast

D

.

;

,

10 K

.

H

L

J;

34

L

.

and

L

etc

1

K

27

26

L

.

.

L

X

.

and

L

I

BE

First series

. 7 A;

L

;

R

L

;

54 16 , L

. L

37 F

. L

L

See

. 48 C ;

L

.

See

See

CHARACTERS .

CHINESE

318

the

territory

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS .

Tun . (L .

, with

A shield

30 ) from

158.

319

which one hides one' s self

F

of the enemy . The vertical

the eyes

stroke is unexplained . Other philologists consider the upper part as a special primitive , r to cover one' s eye

enemy ; the cross

.

Phonetic

Mut

The eyes

series

,

)

N

71

.

(L

that their eyes become Compare

.

t

U

of HUF so

,

is To

)

; ,

.

In

.

103 G

L

.

(

Y

of

;

,

at

.

,

&

It

the

eyes

's

top

.

view

rub one

to

,

On

Dimness

.

of

. “

the

Phonetic series 808

the

forms

the

.

to

of

.

“

night

dream

was the last

the confused

visions

during

seen

.

dim

y

,

and

radical the

the two eyes

series 838

forms

ti

,

,

.

.

of

the

the heart

fear

-

that must

birds

preservation

;

the

life

,

of

.

Phonetic

,

commonly written

their

circums

recent

now

Vigilance

watch

more

regard with

Fear

express the feelings

for

.

?

'ü

Ch

always

is

This character

form

.

,

second

fearful

's

the

heart was added

It

.

pection

In

,

reverent awe

apprehensive

.

,

open large and timid eyes

to

.

To

Chüt

to

.

,

doubled

The

substituted

;

Mêng Meng

to

en

og

compound

Dream

.

series

the frontiers

fatigue

—

).

D

Mêng

tt

directions

from

90

.

L

(

guardians

all

that look

derivatives

the whole

instead

The

in

heavy

i

In

.

.

looking

bottom

to

scribes write

Mieht

NI

Ħ

confused view

following

the

give room

the

in E

H in

order

squint

,

.

divergent

different directions

modern

1

u

bent

bent

Third series

to observe the

; fk

.

.

Second series

–

alone appearing is unexplained

+

.

, the

486

self totally

CHINESE CHARACTERS .

320

Kuo .

OI

SU

The vain

.

catch

A

.A

4

hand

.. -

.

U

by

; by extension ,

which it was seized

, to

to snap up

of

endeavours

a bird to escape the

Pho

netic series 851 .

LESSON About the two primitives

and

tzŭ4 . the

,

,

.

;

be

, the

to

of

.

E

of

.

.

L

;

.

L

;

142 119 A h

.

.

differen

radical

; .

the L

L

143 and 60 34 L K See

,

,

it

, is

It

;

;

.

LL

132th

this

confounded

,

,

.

H

shor

,

while

through

the

out

breathed

the heart

–

is

the Chinese theory

.

to

it

the heart

to

:

.

.

of

time

According

outside goes

A

'i' ' is

;

and

27 A 1

.

L

from

nose

134

L

;

.

full breath

ch ch

Hsil the

83 C C

.

L

Add the following

A

.

etc

;

40

.

L

See

—

;

73

tiating these characters

may

and difficulty

hence the importance

the rest

alterations

88

.

L

with the primitives

which

from

The successive

are the cause why

character

1

:

,

.

of

the body grows

origin

the

the nose being according

the embryo

Chinese embryology

own

the nose being

point

Starting

.2

.

;

evolution

,

,

,

–

.

,

beginning

my

some way the charasteristic

in

part and

individual

the

Sell

act action

to

behaviour

the projecting of

meanings

Extended

;

personally

the nose ,

to resemble

I,

thought

It is

JE

en

Tzů “.

the

Phonetic

)

attempts

fly

(

)

contracted

.

Phonetic series 610

same

act

practice

–

the

.

repeat

to

;

young bird

,

,

extension

a

made

The first

lo

.

?

Hsi

to

.

series 534

by

First series .

159 .

160

.

.

321

chês

. members

two

that

enough

crossed

came

what

represent

branches

of a

the

the point

represents

first

means

.

clearly

.

top

the

,

On

represent

It

.

a

text

represent

between the members

succession

it

and

;

.

Best

was invented

This character

to

Chê3

connexion

a

#

.

Second series

159

.

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS

;

,

,

of

,

,

It

.

separate

, ;

,

all

,

-

whole

,

A

.

“

particle is

It

A

.

. .

?

.up

to

,

Chao

relations

often

the

and

-

.

a

writing brush in a

The scribes altered

.

sentences

A

book

,

writing

,

To

write

a

to

clear

the moods

write

.

;

.

sentences

all kind

.

of

,

excess

To 44

a

,

39 C

)

.

.

series 789

.

a

is

—

.

)

L

FX

(

*

.A

To

,

to

manifest

indicate

Shul to

documents

character radical redundancy Two sounds and two meanings Chu

into

!

net

Phonetic

man who spreads

prodigality

contracted

.

strange way

).

forms

.

F

pierce

Te It

tis.

159

Compare

with

forms

the

heads

of

spear

to

ti

ancient

form

L ., .

ancient form

71

.

enemies

(

.

Kat

L

the nose

, L . .

mose ,

long

,

the

A

.

;

The head

9

Shoul

.

developments

T

.

160

.T

with

its

,

office

brag

LESSON I

to

,

To

;

a

public

modern

*

,

expose used

the

phrase

forms

express their mutual relations

. . .

ei .

'

By

This

A

.

n —

,

is

.

,

It

and

gather

extension

over

B

series 422

Chia chieh

govern

Ch

primitive

Phonetic

$ 3

for

to

used

phrases

Shus

About

extension

like the primitive

.

it

the continuation

document

Chul the

line H

,

;

the

speech

Barra

descending

to

a

discourse

the

By

right

I

on

,

where one stands the starting point for what follows

KK

with

radical

,

Inverted

.

185th

it

is the primitive

forms the

It

—

).

It

.

12

See L

a

.

,

The lüt

,

.go

to

169

lead

Compare

B

A

To

.

,

.

direction

speak

path

road

L

head

.

,

,

a

the

at law

,

,

speech

of

,

of

.

principle doctrine progress

The hair

92 B

The

go

.

To

. “

Tao

.

L

and

criminal hung upper part altered is

hanging down

,

is

.

The head

to

Hsiao1

. .up

becomes

N

rimitive

)

the

forehead

The second unauthorized

abbreviation

.

form

It

an

modern

is

;

,

face

the head and

that represents

,

.

.

(p

frame

Composed

of

The face

*

Mien

of the a

.

and chiend

).

.

29

. L

(

,

;

.

, .eg .

through

)

L

to

body

Note also

is

.

.

t L

(

, .

it

10 It

;

A

82

I

;

etc

Taoist

wander

in

melancholy

sadness

.

-

.

the bottom

of

;

i

from

phonetic

troubles altered

the

.

is

head and

series 816

docile

head

compliant

,

,

;

side

,

a

in

the

stream

the

.

*

of

;

a

heads

kind

capita specierum

,

animals

sort

,

,

a

to

follow

species *

or

A

agreeable

swim

,

To

upwards

; ; .

Shund

, .

the

radical

.

Phonetic

181th

elsewhere

,

scribes

the

It

,

go

;

with

the

To

.

how

of of

the

suffer from

heart sadness melancholy

Lei

the

The

Phonetic series 848

–

.

To

.

out

goes

through the space

plants

head

is

.

L

head

.

contemplative

Yu1

VL

to

L

The top

;

62 the

B

.

;

of

.

Tiend

A

.

126

the fontanel that the soul

See

body

compounds were explained

Different

Yu1

the

It

,

often restricted

,

is

.

meaning

head upon

man

A

Yehº

a

.

forms the 176th radical Phonetic series 466

L

DE

head .

The 12

.

L

hair

(

|

Shous.

the

CHINESE CHARACTERS.

322

.

ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS A man

hands

a

the

,

citizen

.

;

.

,

widow

.

,

diminution

the

person

extension

,

By

a

;

living

in

persons

persons

a

the

} }

,

extended

Chinese

the regal We Ourself

goods

LESSON

also

over

the

contraction

married

solitary

of

hence

little

,

,

, of

;

partaking

means is a

character

house

'E

.

by

.

,

same

his

works being

themselves

summer

left alone

,

when

Separation

abo

I

.

Kua3

,

walks the

It

summer time plants grow

The modern

323

is the thing done by the countrymen

in

meaning

. 161 .

who

It

hanging down .

of

DX

Hsia " .

160

.

161

About the primitive

They

a

.) ;

B . .

till

under

.

E

then the

.

; ;

14 M A

.

L

.

.

L

;

#

.

L

.

L

#

;

130 52 D E

of

B

.

's

one

.

; H

Phonetic

–

.

65 E O

Compare

E

t

's;

round

cowrie

crush

.

,

to

en

to

;

another

.

.

break

L

general

or

,

to

,

”

.

Yüan

ruin

fortune

A

(

Ruin

153

:

.

;

if

L

.

120 H

.

.

“

own

in

111

series

primitive were explained

this

me

recall

Note the following

Pai

OMDE

us

.

L

#

.

etc

Let

radical

154th

values and trade Phonetic

298 Many compounds

elsewhere

the

is

.

to

relating

characters

It

moves

it

with which

of

,

The character represents the shell and the feelers

.

s

,

î

;

cowries were left out

C

Century

b

(

'in

Dynasty

3d

Ch

together with the coppers invented later the

current

were on ,

times

in

used for money

small shell

feudal

.

A

,

A

early

.

cowrie

in

Peit China

Round series

en the

To

cover

cowries

,

value

in

.

,

buy business its

.

.

an

.

)

Price

object with

object with

its

an

by

Phonetic series 697

.

up –

.

To

,

wrap 67

cowries

.

buy

/

value

in

.

Mais

To

.

.

41 C

L

(

DO

Chias Ku3

To

.

586

CHINESE CHARACTERS .

Fut. AU

The self -sufficiency

.

See L

Yingi.

r

Cowries strung .

primitive

A

Yingl. A

necklace made with

of women

is

form

of

the

-

.

.

162

.

I

as

,

the

;

in

;

The

From

of

characters

gourds

.

dig

radical

etc

sorts

37

the 97th

and

,

is

It

the parts

L

to

strokes

middle

;

a

o

per

tut

relating

The exterior

melons

weak tendrils

hanging

plants

cucurbitaceous

of

the

ñ

cucumber represent

fruit

etc

melon

,

cucumber

, meton

. , It

represents

of E.

Kual

.

the

ki

n

series 836

LESSON primitive

i

By extension , an infant , a still hanging to mother neck

tl .

.

Phonetic

li

ancient times ;

in U

's

..

cowries, ornaments

its

.

babe , a suckling ,

a

i .

man

following :

U

About

of a wealthy

28 C .

Phonetic

);

.

.

163

.

Ho

; to

the

,

,

I

.

etc

t

only

hence

elegant M

,

It

forms

following

,

the primitive

Phonetic

.

(

idea

to

TE

FJ

in

ME

droves

series 846

.

.

,

–

instead

bright

Ź

.

,

chieh

of

,

that live

RA

,

stags

E

}

used chia

elegant graceful

,

,

of

deers

-

now

,

is

assortment

mean

decoration

:

,

.

Antelopes

);

.

compound

t

Va

ornamented

?

E

,

graceful

Li4

two pendants

assortment

Ż

primitive representing

,

.

A

Li

the general notion

It of

HA

A

.

bei phonetic

LESSON About the primitve

(

,

.

BA

B

to

Hollow

.

Wai

is

.

series 133

.

.

illi

.

164

.

.

:

of

this character are given

79 B

.

.

L

)

of is

;

Ž Ž

A

(

*

;

— it

.

; old

.

)

B

be 41

L

to

the

). is

it

,

.

radical

.

.

,

Phonetic

–

*

weak

long

hair

;

man soft

,

,

extension

B

of

of

(

the chin

from

forms the 126th

of a

in

below

transition

hanging

It

of

a

-

.

It

72

.

By

.

not stiff

the

from

seems

part

particle

forms

beard

The

, .

med

as

is

.

L

series 193

Juan8

(

it

ju

Phonetic

the

the fact that the

from

the notion

from

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