Chemistry 08 [8]

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‫د پوهن‪ ３‬وزارت‬

‫کﻴمﻴا اتم ！ﻮل‪／‬ﻰ‬

‫اتم ！ﻮل‪／‬ﻰ‬

‫د ﭼاپ ﻛال‪ 1399 :‬ﻫـ ‪ .‬ش‪.‬‬

‫ملي سرود‬ ‫دا وطن افغانســـتـــان دى‬

‫دا عــــزت د هـــر افـغـان دى‬

‫کور د سول‪ ３‬کور د تورې‬

‫هر بچی ي‪ ３‬قهرمـــــان دى‬

‫دا وطن د ټولـــو کـور دى‬

‫د بـــــلـوڅـــــــو د ازبـکــــــــو‬

‫د پ‪＋‬ـــتــون او هـــــزاره وو‬

‫د تـــرکـمنـــــــو د تـــاجـکــــــو‬

‫ورســـره عرب‪ ،‬گوجــر دي‬

‫پــاميــريـــان‪ ،‬نـورســـتانيــــان‬

‫براهوي دي‪ ،‬قزلباش دي‬

‫هـــم ايمـــاق‪ ،‬هم پشـه يان‬

‫دا ه‪５‬ــــــواد به تل ځلي‪８‬ي‬

‫لـکـه لـمــر پـر شـــنـه آســـمـان‬

‫په ســـينــه ک‪ ３‬د آســـيـــا به‬

‫لـکــــه زړه وي جـــاويــــــدان‬

‫نوم د حق مـــو دى رهبـــر‬

‫وايـــو اهلل اکبر وايو اهلل اکبر‬

C h e m i s t r y

[email protected]

atomos

P

n

e

F

19 9

K

Cu

Cl

2n2

n n 1

2n n=1 2 12=2 1=2 2

1p

2n2 n=2 2 22=2 4=8

2p 2n

K

M

Cl

S

L

Mg

Al

Be

K

Ne

P

Ar

K

*

IUPAC

*(IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)

period

Na

Li

H

Kr Xe

)-107,1 C( 0

Ar

)-186 C( 0

Xe

Kr

Ar 2

o

152 3oC

( 107,1 C) ( 186o C) 2

146 550C

146,55o C

B

IIIA VIIIA

Fr

A

IIA

Li

IA

VIIIA

VIIA

He H

O2

C CO2

S

C CS2

NaCl

MgI2

Cl

Na

Br

Na

I

Mg

MgF2

F

Mg

AlCl3

Cl

Al

BCl3

Cl

B

Al Zn

Cu Fe

IA

3p 4n

19P

11P

20n

12n

IIA IIIA VIIIA He

VIIIA

Hg P O

Br N

S F

C H Cl

I

F

Fluorine

C

Carbon

Hydrogen Oxygen Fluorine Iodine Sulfur Tungsten Potassium

H

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Oxygen Fluorine Iodine Sulfur Wolfram Kalium

H O F I S W K

Ca

Calcium Cl Os Osmium

Chlorine Cr Chromium Ne Neon Na Natrium Ba Barium Br Bromine

Silver Gold Copper Iron Mercury Sodium Lead Antimony

Argentum Aurum Cuprum Ferrum Hydrargyrum Natrium Plumbum Stibium

Ag Au Cu Fe Hg Na Pb Sb

Tin

Stannum

Sn

NaCI

NH3

H2O

H2SO4 H

2 4

NaCl

NaCl HCl CaBr2 NH3 KF MgCl2 BaI2

3P 4n

p

e 4P 5n

Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra F Cl Br I

9P 10n

10P 10n

Octet

+ 11p+ 12n0

-

17p+ 18n0

3p 4n

9p 10n

(anion ) (cation )

NaCl 2+

1+ 1+ Na CaCl2 AlCl3

Ca+2

3+ 1Na2O

2

O2

Na AlCl3 NaCl

F Cl Br I 2

O

2

S 3 N 3

P H

F Cl Br I O S N P H

-

IO 4

Li

Li

-

CIO 4

Na

Na

CO 32

K

K

PO34

Ca

SO 24

Mg

NO3

-

2

Ca

2

Mg Al

3

Al

OH

H

H + 4

NH

Ionic Bond

Cl

Na

NaCl

HN

Covalent bond

H

H

H2

H-H

O

N

O

O2

N

N2

H2O NH3

O O

N

N

HCl

H2SO4

H

N

N H H

N

NH3

H2O

O H

H

O O

Metalic bond

N2

Ca2+

SO42

Na

NO3

(CuSO 4 5H 2 O)

A

B

AB

A B

AB B A

AB

s

l

g aq

2Fe s 3O2 g

2Fe2O3 s

H2 g

O2 g

H2O l

H2 g

O2 g

2H2O l

2H2)g( + O2)g( H O

2H2O)l(

KClO3 KClO3 s

KClO3 s

MnO2 ( )

KCl s

O2 g

KCl s

O2 g

MnO2 ( )

K Cl O

KClO3

O2 2KClO3 s

MnO2 ( )

KCl s

3O2 g

Cl K

KCl

2KClO3 s K Cl O

MnO2 ( )

2KCl s

3O2 g

CH4)g( + O2)g( Li)s( + Cl2)g(

H2O)l( + CO2)g LiCl)s(

2H2O)l(

2H2)g( + O2)g(

C ( s ) O2 ( g )

2H2)g( + O2)g(

2H2O)l

CO2 ( g ) E

Mg (s) 2HCl(aq)

MgCl 2 (aq) H 2 (g )

2HCl)aq( +2NaOH)aq(

2NaCl )aq( + H2O)l(

2Na)s( + Cl2)g(

Fe

Zn

Ca)s( + Br2)l(

2NaCl)s(

Ca

CaBr2)s

Mg

Li

Br2

K

F2 I2

VIA

O2

IA

4 K ( s) O2 ( g )

2 K 2 O( s)

IIA

2

Mg

O2 Mg

2Mg)s( + O2)g(

2MgO)s(

Ca 2Ca)s( + O2)g

2CaO)s(

2Zn)s( + O2)g

2ZnO)s(

H2

2H2)g( + O2)g

O2

2H2O)l(

NH 3

N2)g( +3H2)g S)s( + O2)g C)s(+O2)g

2NH3)g( SO2)g( CO2)g(

Ba

MgO MgS

C)s( + O2)g N2)g( + O2)g

CO)g( N2O5)g(

FeO

CaO SiO2

CO2

Fe2O3 Oxidation

SO2

Fe

Ca

Na

C

S

N2

Oxidation

Oxidation K2O, SO2,

H2O, CO2, CaO

Fe2O3,

Al2O3, MgO, Na2O, CaO Mg

Ca

2Ca)s(+O2)g(

2CaO)s(

Na Na

IIA

IA Na2O)s(+H2O)1(

2NaOH)aq(

MgO)s(+H2O)1(

Mg)OH(2)aq(

N2O5

NO2 N2O3 SO3 SO2 CO2

S

SO3 )g(+H2O)1(

H2SO4 )aq(

CO2)g(+H2O)1(

H2CO3)aq(

IUPAC

Na2O CaO

Sodium oxide Calcium oxide *)International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(

ic Cu2O CuO

ous

Cuprous oxide Cupric oxide

IUPAC Cu2O CuO

Copper)I( oxide Copper )II( oxide

I II

Oxide Mono Tetra

Tri CO CO2 SO3

Di Oxide Carbon mono oxide Carbon dioxide Sulfur trioxide CO2

Pent

CO SO3

IUPAC

2C2H6 g 7O2 g

6H2O g

4CO2 g

E

Cu

Zn

Al

Ag

Pt

Au

Na 2 O, MgO, Al2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaO

CaO

CaCO3)s(

CaO)s(+CO2)g(

CO2 NO2 SO3

SO2

H2SO3 HNO3

H2SO4 CO 2

CaSO4

CaCO3

Ca OH 2

CaO

–

Au

F2 1 4

BaO Magnetite Fe3O4 H2O CO2

Cl2

O2 1 5

C2H6 Cl2O7

SrO Fe2O3 PbO H2S Oxidation

Organic Fertilizers Inorganic Fertilizers

(NH 4 )3 PO 4

KC1 MgC12 6 H 2O

(NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4

[KCl NaCl]

CO(NH 2 ) 2

NH3

CO NH 2

2

NH 4 NO3 CO NH 2

2

132o C 119g

25 C

100g

Ammonium Carbamate

CO2

NH 3

2NH 3 (g)+CO 2 (g)

NH 2 COONH 4 (aq)

Exothermic

NH 2COONH 4 (aq)

NH 2CONH 2 (aq) H 2O(l)

Cl2

KCl

NaCl MgCl2 .6 H 2O

NaCl

2 NaCl(s)

Cl2 (g)+H 2 O(l)

NaClO Ca ClO 2

2 Na (s) Cl2 (g )

HCl(aq)+HOCl(aq) HClO(aq)

KClO NaClO

2 NaOH(aq) Cl2 (g)

NaOCl(aq) NaCl(aq) H 2O(l)

NaClO

NaClO

NH 2 COONH 4

NaOCl NH 3

Ca CN

2

NaOCl

CO (NH 4 ) 2

CaCO3

CO NH 2

2

CO 2

acidus

acid alkali (K 2 CO3 )

Svante Arhenius

H

OH

H HCl(g)

(SO2)

H2O

H (aq) Cl (aq)

(CO 2 ) CO 2 (g) H 2 O(l)

H 2 CO3 (aq)

H (aq) HCO3 (aq)

OH KOH ( s )

H 2O

K (aq ) OH (aq )

Debase

Base

(NH3)

OH NH 3 (g) H 2 O(l)

NH 4 (aq) OH (aq)

CaO K2O

NaOH

NH 3 , H 2SO 4 , HCl (HCl)

HCl(g)

H2O

H (aq) Cl (aq)

(SO3)

(H 2SO 4 )

SO3 (g) H 2 O(l)

H 2SO 4 (aq) ( NH 3 )

N 2 (g) 3H 2 (g)

‫ﺗﻮدوﺧﻪ‬

2NH 3 (g)

NaOH

Na 2 O(s) H 2 O(l)

2NaOH(aq)

(H 2 CO3 )

HCl

Hydrochloric acid

HBr

Hydrobromic acid

HNO3

Nitric acid

H2SO4

Sulfuric acid

H3PO4

Phosphoric acid

HCl HCl

- (

2Na(s) 2HCl(aq)

2NaCl(aq) H 2 (g)

(Mg 10mL

HCl HCl 5mL

HCl

HNO3 H2SO4 HCl

H 2 SO4 200mL

200mL

H

H2SO4

100mL

C2H5OC2H5

C

Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide

NaOH KOH

Ca(OH) 2

OH

NaOH

Indicators

HCl NaOH

10mL NaOH

5mL

C

H

OH

K 2O

CO 2

H 3 PO4

OH

H 2 CO3

KOH Na 2 CO3

Mg (OH) 2

H2SO4 H 2 SO4

NaCl

HNO3

HCl

HNO3

H 2 CO3

HCl

Ca

HCl

H

H 2 CO3 HNO3

Ca(OH) 2 SO3

NaCl

NH 4

NaOH

HCl

HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)

HCl (aq ) NH 4OH (aq )

NaCl(aq) H 2 O(l)

NH 4Cl (aq ) H 2O(l )

Neutralization

CH3COOH

NH4OH 20mL

Sodium chloride

NaCl

Magnesium flouride

MgF2

Potassium sulfide

K2S

Calcium nitrate

Ca)NO3(2

Sodium sulfite Potassium carbonate

Na2SO3

Aluminium sulfate

Al2)SO4(3

Zinc phosphate

Zn3)PO4(2

K2CO3

ic

ic

ous

ous IUPAC

ic ous II

Iron(II)sulfate

Ferrous sulfate

FeSO FeSO 44

III

Iron(III)sulfate

Ferric sulfate

Fe2 SO4 3

I

Copper (I)bromide

Cuprous bromide

CuBr

II

Copper(II)bromide

Cupric bromide

CuBr2

d BaCO3 , Fe(NO3 ) 2 , CuI 2 , Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Fe 2 (CO3 )3 , Cu(NO3 ) 2 , BaCl2 , HgBr2 , CuCl

I Br Cl NO3 CO23 PO34

Iodide

Cu 2

II

Bromide

Fe 3

III

Chlorate

Cu

I

Nitrate

Hg 2

II

Mercury

II

Iron

Carbonate Phosphate

Fe 2 Ba 2

Copper Iron Copper

Barium

NaNO3 CaSO4 2H2O CaCO3

CuSO4 5H2O

CaCO3

CaSO4 2H2O K2SO4

NaCl

H 2O

Na (aq ) Cl (aq )

BaCl 2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)

BaSO 4 (s)

Na 2 CO 3 (aq) Ca (OH) 2 (aq)

CaCO 3 (s)

Fe(s) CuCl 2 (aq)

FeCl 2 (aq)

Cu (s)

II

3 Na 2SO 4 (aq) Pb(NO3 ) 2 (aq) II

2HCl(aq) 2 NaOH(aq)

II

PbSO 4 (s) 2NaNO3 (aq) II

NaCl AgNO3

5mL

5mL

NaOH

AlCl3

AlCl3

NaOH

5mL 5mL AlCl3

- (

NaCl

NaCl

NaOH HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)

NaCl(aq) H 2 O(l)

NaCl

KCl KOH

HCl(aq) + KOH(aq)

Sylvenite NaCl KCl

KCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)

KCl

Chilesaltpeter

HNO3 (aq) NaOH(aq)

NaNO3

NaNO3 (aq) H 2 O(l)

NaNO3 KCl NaCl

Na22CO CO33((aq aq)) Ca Ca((NO NO33))22((aq aq)) Na HCl((aq aq)) LiOH LiOH((aq aq)) HCl KOH((aq aq)) H H22SO SO44((aq aq)) KOH

– II NaNO3

– –

CuCl BaSO4 SrI2 NaClO3 Li2CO3 Be NO3 2 – CuCl Be Be((NO NO33))22 Li Li22CO CO33 NaClO NaClO33 SrI SrI22 BaSO BaSO CuCl –44 Neutralization –

Neutralization tion Neutraliza

Al2 CO3 3

12 12

NaNO33 NaNO

B NO3 3 B2 SO4 3 Iron III phosphate Iron II phosphate

Pherous phosphate Ferric sulfate

HCl aq

Ba NO3 2 Ba CO3 2 Fe3 PO4 2

AgNO3 aq Sylvenite

CuSO4 KCl NaNO3 NaCl NaNO3)aq(+AgCl)s(

AgNO3 aq NaCl aq Copper II sulfate