CERTAIN FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT COUNSELING.

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University Microfilms 300 N orth Z oeb R oad Ann A rbor, M ichigan 48106 A Xerox E d u c a tio n C om pany

: LD3907 .E3 ' 1950 ; .03

_ m i Casner, Daniel, I9 O9 Certain factors associated with success and failure in personal adjustment counseling. Uew York, 19^9v i ;l87 typewritten leaves, tables. 29 c m . Thesis (Ph.D.) - New York University, School of Education, 1950. Bibliography: p.l38-il|l4.. .

Cl;9503 S h e ll List

Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED.

3 * ' 3.

,'Thegis accepted

OCT i 9

rM

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CERTAIN FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT COUNSELING

DANIEL CASNER

Submitted in p a r t i a l f u lf illm e n t o f the requirem ents fo r th e degree o f Dootor of Philosophy in th e Sohool of Eduoation o f New York Ttai-rersity

1949

PLEASE NOTE:

S o m e p a g e s m a y have i n d i s t i n c t print. F i l m e d as received. Uni versity Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The in v e s tig a tio n re p o rte d in th e fo llo w in g pages was completed under th e guidance o f P ro fe ss o r B rian E* Tomlinson, P ro fe ss o r W illie s P. Sears and A s s is ta n t P ro fe ss o r Avrun H» Ben-Avi. Dr* Paul V. What, P ro fe sso r B n eritu s o f Bduoation, a s s is te d in planning th e study and was in stru m e n ta l in g e ttin g i t under way* C e rta in e s s e n tia l prooedures o f th e In v e s tig a tio n oould n o t have te e n follow ed w ith o u t the w illin g o o o p eratio n o f Dr* Louis long. Dr* Joseph V* Hama and Dr* Bernard F* R ieea, a s th e re s p e c tiv e d ir e c to r s o f th e C ity C ollege, YHCA and Hunter C ollege V eterans Advisement Centers* L ast, b u t n o t l e a s t , aoknowledgment must b e made to th e counsel­ o rs who served as judges*

Hr* H iohaol A* G uerriero, Mr. Hairy C*

Werner and Hr* Reuben Levenson o f th e C ity C ollege o e n te r; Mr* Richard R* P eebles, Hiss E lain e Grossman and Hr* M ilton L» Kleinman o f th e B anter College c e n te r; Mrs* E lisa b e th H* S ta b le r, Hr* C harles F* Leining and Hr* P e te r P* B arbara o f th e 1HCA o e n te r.

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................. ............................................................................................ LIST OF TABLES

i

..............................................................................

CHAPTER

iv Page

I

THE PROBLEM................................................................................................ P u rp o se o f th e S t u d y ................................. Need f o r th e S t u d y .............................

1 1 6

II

RELATED STUDIES....................................................................................... Foous o f P r e v io u s R e se a rc h ...................... S tu d ie s o f P s y c h o th e r a p e u tic O u tc o m e s ......................... S tu d ie s o f P r e d i c t i v e F a c t o r s ...................... Summary ...........

10 10 11 16 18

THE PROCEDURES......................................................... P e rso n n e l ........................................ M a te r ia ls ................................................................. C o u n s e l i n g ............................................... S te p s and O r g a n iz a tio n ...............

20 20 21 25 28

TREATMENT OF THE DATA.......................................................................... The R a t i n g s .................... The F a c t o r s .............................

29 29 35

THE RELIABILITY OF TEE DIFFERENCES........................... U n r e lia b le D i f f e r e n c e s ................................. F a i r l y R e lia b le D i f f e r e n c e s ............................... D e f i n i t e l y R e lia b le D if f e r e n c e s ................................................................. Summary

50 51 68 80 84

THE RARE, COMMON AND TYPICAL CLIENT CHARACTERISTICS................................................................................

85

THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH AMENABILITY TO COUNSELING......................... R e lia b le F a c to r s ............................................................. F a i r l y R e lia b le F a c to r s .............................................................. U n r e lia b le F a c to r s .........................................................................

103 105 112 114

III

IV

V

VI V II

V III

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS..................................................................... 116 Summary ........... 116 C o n c lu s io n s ......................................................................... 118

IX

Page RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................... 121 A p p lic a tio n s o f th e F in d in g s 121 S u g g e s tio n s f o r F u r th e r R e s e a r c h ...................... 136

BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................... APPENDICES

........................................................

138 145 145

A

THE COUNSELING INTERVIEW.................................................................

B

THE FOUR RATING SCALES OF IMPROVEMENT..................................... 159

C

AVERAGED RATINGS OF JUDGES ............................................................. 163

D

AVERAGED RATINGS OF FOUR SCALES .................................................. 166

E

POOLED RATINGS OF IMPROVEMENT

F

CHARACTERISTICS OF FIFTY SUCCESSESAND FIFTY FAILURES................................................................................ 170

iii

.................................................... 169

L IST OF TABLES

I II III IV

V

VI

V II V III

IX X

XI X II X III

XIV XV

XVI

Page . Chi S q u ares f o r D i s t r i b u t i o n o f R a t i n g s ...................... • • • . . 30 Chi S q u ares f o r D i s t r i b u t i o n o f R a tin g s

.............................

30

Chi S q u ares f o r D i s t r i b u t i o n o f R a t i n g s ..............................

31

I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e F o u r R atin g S c a le s i n te rm s o f th e P e a rs o n C o e ffic ie n t (r)

33

S ig n if ic a n c e o f t h e D if f e r e n c e Between th e Mean R a tin g s o f t h e H ig h e s t and Low est P e r c e n ta g e s i n e a c h Group o f C ases •

34

C o r r e l a ti o n C o e f f i c i e n t s Between P a i r s o f Ju d g e s

35

I n t e l l i g e n c e L e v e ls o f S u c c e sse s and ...................................................... F a ilu re s

36

Abnormal P e r s o n a l i t y Components o f th e C om parison Groups

*

S tro n g and Weak I n t e r e s t s o f S u c c e sse s and F a i l u r e s ..........• • • • • • • • • .................. A d ju s tn e n t S ta tu s o f S u c c e s s f u l and Un­ s u c c e s s f u l C ases E d u c a tio n a l L e v e l o f S u c o e sse s and F a i l u r e s

38 40

.............

43

...........

45

M a r ita l S t a t u s o f S uooesses an d F a i l u r e s .............................

46

A dvisem ent S t a tu s of S u c c e ss e s and F a ilu re s .............

46

D i s a b i l i t y S ta tu s o f t h e S u b je c ts

..............

47

L ength o f M i l i t a r y S e rv ic e a n d L ength o f Time S in c e D iso h a rg e f o r t h e S u c c e ss e s and F a i l u r e s

48

Age o f S u c c e ss e s and F a i l u r e s

49

Page XVII X V III

XIX

XX

XXI

XXII XX III

XXIV

XXV

XXVI

XXVII

XXVIII

XXIX

XXX

C r i t i c a l R a tio s o f Z ero f o r D if f e r e n c e s Between S u c o e sse s and F a i l u r e s

52

C r i t i c a l R a tio 9 Betw een Zero and One f o r D if f e r e n c e s Between S u co esses and F a i l u r e s ...........................

53

O c c u p a tio n a l A d ju stm en t S c o res o f Employed S u b je c ts a s m easu red by t h e B e ll A d ju stm e n t In v e n to ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

C r i t i c a l R a tio s Betw een One an d Two f o r t h e D if f e r e n c e s Betw een S u c c e sse s and F a i l u r e s ...........................................

70

C r i t i c a l R a tio s Between Two and T hree f o r t h e D if f e r e n c e s Between S u c o e sse s and F a i l u r e s ...........

74

R e la tio n s h ip o f High S ohool o r C o lle g e C o m pletion t o C o u n se lin g Outoomes

79

.............

C r i t i c a l R a tio s o f T h ree o r More f o r t h e D if f e r e n c e s Betw een S u c o e sse s and F a ilu re s ...........................

80

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Common t o S e v e n ty - f iv e P e r C e n t o r More o f t h e S u c c e s s f u lly C o u n seled S u b je c ts ....................... • • . • • • • • • • . ........................

86

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s M a n ife s te d by F i f t y t o S e v e n ty - f iv e P e r c e n t of t h e S u c c e s s f u lly C o u n seled S u b je c ts

88

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s P r e s e n te d by T w e n ty -fiv e t o F i f t y Po** C ent o f th e S u c c e s s f u lly C o u n seled S u b je c ts

89

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Coninon t o S e v e n ty - f iv e P e r C e n t o r More o f t h e U nsuccess­ f u l l y C o u n seled S u b je c ts

91

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s M a n ife ste d by F if ty t o S e v e n ty - f iv e P e r C e n t o f th e U n s u c c e s s f u lly C o u n se led S u b je c ts

94

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s P r e s e n te d b y T w en ty -fiv e t o F i f t y P e r Cent o f t h e U n s u c c e s s f u lly C o u n seled S u b je o ts ..................

96

R are C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f S u o o esses • • • • ......................................

98

v

Page XXXI XXXII X X X ni

XXXIV

R are C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f F a i l u r e s

..............

98

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s P e c u l i a r t o S u c c e s s f u lly C ounseled S u b je c ts .................

100

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s P e c u l i a r t o U nsuccess­ f u l l y C ounseled S u b j e c t s ...................................

101

R e la tio n s h ip s of Ten F a c to r s t o S u ccess i n C o u n se lin g

104

vi

...........

CHAPTER 1 IBB PROBLEM Purpose o f th e Study The purpose in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n is t o searoh f o r fa c to r s r e la te d to suooess and f a ilu r e in p e rso n al adjustm ent counseling w ith veterans* The s p e d f io asp eo ts o f th e problem which t h i s re s e a rc h i s designed to answer a re s ta te d in th e follow in g section* Sub-problems 1*

Khat a re th e d iffe re n c e s between th e sucoesses and f a ilu r e s

f o r th e follow ing te n fa c to rs* in te llig e n c e in te re s ts p e rs o n a lity adjustm ent age m a r ita l s ta t u s e d u catio n al le v e l advisem ent s ta tu s d is a b i l i t y m ilita r y s e rv ic e 2* Tfhioh o f th e observed d iffe re n c e s d is c rim in a te between th e two g ro q is? Host r e f e r r a ls f a r p e rso n al adjustm ent counseling a re made from v e te ra n s advisem ent o e n te rs by v o c a tio n a l co u n selo rs as a r e s u l t o f th e f a c t t h a t usual v o o a tio n a l guidance procedures f a i l e d to help th e v e te ra n e f f e o t a su cc e ssfu l v o o a tio n a l adjustm ent* In o th e r words* p e rso n a l adjustm ent counseling i s a c tu a lly a p sy ohotherapeutio

s u p p le m e n t

to v o o a tio n a l counseling f o r problems n o t

s e rio u s enough to re q u ire p s y c h ia tric tre a tm e n ts. At any rate* t h a t i s

-2 -

th e case in t h i s in v e stig a tio n * Jmong th e m ajor problsm s p re se n te d by v e te ra n s mho a re re fe rre d to th e p e rso n a l oounselor a re : fe e lin g s o f i n f e r i o r i t y and inadequacy in d eo isiv en e ss r e s tle s s n e s s over-dap endenoy la c k o f i n i t i a t i v e and s e lf - r e lia n c e in a b i l i t y to oonoentrate d if f ic u l ty in g e ttin g along w ith o th e rs Althoqgh suoh problems do n o t in c a p a c ita te th e v e te ra n , th e y may and o fte n do hamper him and a f f e o t h is e f fic ie n c y . to oonoentrate slows up t h e student*

For example, in a b i l i t y

Laok o f ocnfidsnoe stan d s in th e

way o f accomplishment and th u s outs o f f an im p o rtan t aouroe o f needed s a tis fa c tio n s *

in undue tendency to v a o illa te in a sk in g d e c isio n s

makes th e prooess o f ohoosing a v o o a tio n a l g o al one fra u g h t w ith humil­ ia tin g f r u s tr a tio n s in s te a d o f th e in s p irin g exper i«noo i t ought t o be* The kin d s o f problem s end t h e i r m a n ife sta tio n s a re alm ost as numerous as th e number o f in d iv id u a ls p re s e n tin g them*

While th e re i s

ooonton re c o g n itio n o f the e x te n t and v a r ie ty of th e se p e rso n a l d i f f i ­ c u l t i e s , le s s ia known about th e kin d s o f p erso n s who p re s e n t the th e problems*

What a re some o f th e im p o rtan t c h a r a c t e r i s tic s o f th e

p e rso n a l counseling o lie n t?

Can a knowledge o f o l i e n t c h a r a c te r is tic s

serv e in any way to p ro g n o s tic a te th e outoome in p e rso n al adjustm ent counseling?

These a re th e m ajor problsm s in th e p re s e n t study*

D e fin itio n s For th e purposes o f th e stu d y , th e fo llo w in g term s a re used a s d efin ed below:

Advisement o e n te rs , a lso r e f e r r e d to a s guidance o e n te rs, a re nongovernm ental aganoiee vhioh o o n tra o t w ith th e V eterans A dm inistration to provide e lig ib le v e te ra n s w ith ed u o atio n al and v o o a tio n a l eounseling s e rv io e s .

There a re s ix o en ters in th e m e tro p o lita n a re a o f Hew York

C ity , v i s . , Hunter C ollege Advisement C enter Hew York O liv e rs ity T esting and Advisement C enter The C ity C ollege Advisement C enter YlfCA V ooational Advisory S ervice Arohdiooesan Advisement C enter F ed eratio n Ihqployment Servioe P erso n al adjustm ent counseling i> th e t i t l e given t o t h a t p a r t of th e v o o a tio n a l r e h a b ilita tio n pro gram in th e V eterans A dm inistration whioh aims to a s s i s t v e te ra n s whose p e rso n a l o r em otional problems in ­ t e r f e r e w ith th e i r suooeasful v o o a tio n a l ad ju stm en t.

The term i s d is ­

tin g u ish e d from v o o a tio n a l and ed u o atio n al eounseling in whioh th e main oomoem o f t h e v o o a tio n a l o ounselo r i s to help t h e o l i e n t toward th e s o lu tio n o f a v o o a tio n a l o r e d u o atio n al problem .

Although p e rso n al o r

em otional problems eannot be n eg leo ted by th e v o o atio n al ooun selo r, h is a tte n tio n i s d ire o te d p rim a rily to th e v o o a tio n a l o r ed u o atio n al asp eo ts of th e o l i e n t 's d i f f i c u l t i e s .

The p erso n al oounselor on th e o th e r hand,

w hile n o t in d if f e r e n t t o th e v o o a tio n a l o r ed u o atio n al asp eo ts o f th e problem , reg ard s th e se a s s p e c ia l r a t i f i c a t i o n s of u n d erly in g p erso n al o r em otional d i f f i o u l t i e s .

A ccordingly, th e p rin o ip a l aim o f th e p e r­

so n al oounselor i s to a s s i s t th e o li e n t in e ffe o tin g an improved p erso n al adjustm ent.

P ersonal adjustm ent o ounseling, so d efin ed , denotes an in ­

te rv ie w prooedure between a oounselor and a oounselee f o r th e purpose o f help in g to d eal w ith p e rso n a l o r em otional problem s.

To t h a t e x te n t,

th e t e n t i s used interch an g eab ly w ith s im ila r term s, such a s psyoho-

th e ra p e u tio oounseling, adjustm ent eo u n selin g , and psychotherapy. Suoesses and f a i l u r e s r e f e r to th e m ost improved and l e a s t improved p e rso n a l counseling o lie n ts , re s p e c tiv e ly .

While i t i s reoognised

t h a t th e se term s a re n o t n e o e s s a rily e q u iv a le n t i n any o th e r c o n tex t, f o r th e purposes o f th e comparisons drawn i n t h i s study, they

ap p ear

to express adequately th e c o n tra s tin g n a tu re o f th e two groups. The la ck o f g en eral agreement as to w hat c o n s titu te s a su o o essfu l o r u n su ccessfu l outocme in psychotherapy appears to stan d in th e way o f 1 e f f e c tiv e re se a rc h in t h i s f i e l d .

Thus, from a s e r ie s o f f i f t e e n p ap ers

oonoerned w ith d if f e r e n t fo m s o f psyohiafczio tre a tm e n t, two m ajor con­ c lu sio n s a re d erived: 1.

There i s no agreement as t o what c o n s titu te s a th e ra p e u tic

fa ilu re . 2.

I t i s suggested t h a t p e rio d io review s o f suooess and f a il u r e

in tre a tm e n t may o la r if y many p o o rly understood prohlams in th erap y . The im p lic a tio n from t h i s , and th e assum ption u n derlying th e p re ­ s e n t in v e s tig a tio n , i s i h a t a study of suooess and f a i l u r e i n psycho­ th e ra p e u tic sndeavors need n o t w a it u n t i l a g e n e ra lly aooeptable de­ f i n i t i o n o f suooess i s reaohed.

In th e p r e s e n t stu d y , the d e sig n a tio n

o f suooesses and f a i l u r e s i s based on th e r a tin g s made by independent judges who ev alu a te d th e m o u n t of improvement shorn by each o l i e n t a t th e conclusion o f p e rso n al co u n se lin g .

The d e f in itio n o f suooess in

term s o f -the improvement ra tin g s o f o li e n ts i s employed a s a p r a o tio a l and reasonable compromise in th e absenoe o f a g e n e ra lly accep tab le d e f in itio n . 1 . Paul H. Booh, "Suwnaiy o f Symposium F in d in g s,” i n Hooh, P. F a ilu re s in P a y o h ia trio T ro ata e n t. p p . 224-238. —

D e lim ita tio n s Only male v e te ra n s a r e included aa s u b je c ts because i t was n o t p o s s ib le to o b ta in a s is e a b le re p re s e n ta tio n o f fem ale c lie n ts * A fu r th e r d e lim ita tio n a p p lie s to t h e ty p e o f oase p e rso n al counselors sure a u th o ris e d to a c c e p t.

In accordance w ith th e r e s t r i c ­

tio n s contained i n V eterans A d m in istratio n C ircu lar 77, d a ted April* 1946* oases diagnosed as psyohotio o r sev e re ly peyohoneurotio a re ex­ cluded as s u b je c ts in t h i s in v e stig a tio n * R e fe rra ls f o r p e rso n a l oounseling may come from s e v e ra l souroes* in c lu d in g d iv is io n s of th e Veterans A d m in istratio n o th e r th a n th e vo­ o a tio n a l r e h a b ilita tio n d iv is io n , employers* sohools* government ag en cies and advisem ent oenters*

However* f o r p r a c t i c a l c o n sid e ra tio n s concerned

w ith th e s i s e o f s u b je o t p o p u la tio n d e sire d and th e need f o r u n ifo rm ity o f r e f e r r a l procedures, th e so u rces a r e r e s t r i c t e d to th e C ity C ollege, Hunter College* and YMCA advisem ent oenters* The prim ary oonoerm o f th e s tu ty i s w ith the c lie n t* n o t w ith th e oounselor o r oounseling methods*

Although p e rso n a l adjustm ent co u n selo rs

a re s p e o ia lly tr a in e d i n th e u se of n o n d ire c tiv e or o l le n t-c e n te re d methods o f psychotherapy, i t i s n o t e n ti r e l y c o r r e c t to make th e term p e rso n al ad ju stm en t oounseling synonymous w ith n a n d ire o tiv e oounseling* K hile t h e i r s p e c ia l tra in in g i s an im portant determ inant i n t h e i r ohoioe o f oounseling methods* p e rso n a l co u n selo rs a re in flu en c ed by o th e r f a c to r s to o , such as th e o lie n t* s problsms and p e c u l i a r i t i e s , th e o ir oumstanoes o f r e fe rra l* and th e p e rso n a l id io s y n c ra s ie s o f th e oou n selo r him self*

Whatever th e method o f th erap y may be, th e g o als a re muoh th e same f o r moat p ro ced u res, being c u ltu r a lly determ ined j u s t a s t r u l y aa a re e d u o atio n al goals*

Iftioh depends, th e re fo re , on th e a t t i t u d e o f th e

oounselor o r p e y o h o th e ra p ist, and le s a on th e p a r tio u la r methods he employs*

In o rd e r f o r oounseling to be e f f e c tiv e , th e o li e n t m ust f e e l

t h a t th e oounselor i s a warm p erson who n o t only genuinely en jo y s l i s t e n ­ ing b u t seems to u n d erstan d as w ell* The use of any technique o f th erap y does n o t a u to m a tic a lly endow th e th e r a p i s t w ith a warn p e rso n a lity *

In p e rso n al adjustm ent oounseling,

a t any r a t e , th e oo u n selo r i s o fte n compelled to use w hatever prooedure i s most com fortable f o r h im se lf, re g a rd le ss o f h is p e rso n al a lle g ia n o e to t h i s o r t h a t method*

F a ilin g to provide f o r h is own com fort by

adhering to o r ig id ly to any one tech n iq u e ia lik e ly t o end d is a s tro u s ly f o r b o th oounselor and o lie n t*

For th e lack o f oom fort b rin g s te n sio n ,

o re a te s th e need f o r te n sio n re d u o tio n , and im pels th e oounselor to beoome unduly oonoerned w ith h is own needs r a th e r th a n w ith th o se of h is o lie n t*

This, a t l e a s t , i s th e oounseling view point u n d erly in g th e

p re s e n t study*

Bare, th e n , th e d ir e c tiv e v ersu s n o n d ire c tiv e contro­

v ersy in psyohotherapeutio oounseling i s n o t an issue* Heed f b r th e Study The number o f v e te ra n s r e f e r r e d f o r p erso n al adjustm ent oounsel­ in g ia la rg e enough to o o n s titu te a p re s sin g a d m in is tra tiv e problem* The s itu a tio n is aggravated by th e c u rre n t s o a ro ity o f tr a in e d counselors* I f i t i s p o s s ib le t o d isc o v e r f a c to r s which d is c rim in a te between oounsel­ in g sucoesses and f a i l u r e s , th en a means would be a v a ila b le whereby th e outcome o f psyohotherapeutio oounseling could be p re d io te d from a knots-

ledge o f th e se f a c to r s .

Thus, counselors and a d m in is tra to rs o f oounsel­

ing programs would be a b le to id e n tif y and s e le c t th o se o lie n ts who a re m ost lik e ly to p r o f i t from th e tre a tm e n t methods t h a t can b e made a v a il­ a b le .

As a r e s u l t , oounseling lo ad s oould be lig h te n e d , more ra p id

tu rn o v e rs e ffe c te d , and more o lie n ts oould be seen. The s itu a tio n w ith re g a rd to th e s o a ro ity o f oounseling p erso n n el i n th e p e rso n al adjustm ent oounseling program o f th e V eterans Adminis­ t r a t i o n is l i t t l e d if f e r e n t from t h a t e x is tin g today in many oounseling programs adm inistered by e d u o atio n al i n s t i t u t i o n s . According to th e 1 N atio n al V ooational Guidance A sso ciatio n , th e re a re n o t enough counselors to m eet th e needs.

Counseling methods a re ad m itted ly s t i l l in s u f f ic ie n t2 ly developed to be o f v alu e to a l l th o se in need o f h e lp . In 'view o f th e se lim itin g o o n d itio n s, i t beoomes im p erativ e to

employ some s e le o tiv e devioe to id e n tif y th o se in d iv id u a ls f o r idiom oounseling prooedures give same promise o f being e f f e o tiv e , a t l e a s t to th e e x te n t of m odifying a ttitu d e s whioh may be hampering th e in d iv i­ d u a l' s g e n eral e f fic ie n c y . and

Under p re s e n t o o n d itio n s, "th e lame, th e h a l t

the b lin d " a re re fe rre d to th e o o u n selo r, even though th ey may n o t

be amenable t o th e kind o f help th e oounselor i s a b le to g iv e . More th a n tw enty y e a rs ago, tn e need f o r knowing th e c l i e n t ' a a m enability to th erap y was p o in te d o u t by B llen F. Wiloox, who wrote* A study o f th e measurement o f suooess should giva ua a de­ f i n i t e b a sis f o r p lan n in g our work and f o r looking ahead to th e f u t u r e .•• I f we oould a s c e rta in i n whioh problems we have th e b e s t suooess and why, we should have a b e t t e r id e a o f w hat p a r t 1. 2.

fra iio n a l V ooational Guidance A sso c ia tio n , Counselor P re p a ra tio n , p . 3. Laurence F. S h a ffer, "The Problem o f Psychotherapy," The American P sy c h o lo g ist, 2 (November, 1947), p . 461.

•8» o f our technique needs to be stren g th en ed end what reso u ro es in th e oanmunity need t o be developed. * The need fo r e f f e c tiv e comparisons and th e s ig n ific a n c e o f th e problem in th e o h ild guidance f ie ld was reoognized as e a rly a s 1933 by 2 M in e r . More recen tly * t h e d ire o tio n of needed re se a rc h in o rd e r to understand w hat therapy i s and does has been suggested by S h a ffer in th e fo llow ing: How oan we understand w hat ta k e s p la c e i n th e th e ra p e u tic in ­ terview ? Why does i t r e a d ju s t th e d is tr e s s e d person? Under what oom diticns i s psychotherapy a p p lic a b le ? What tech n iq u e, ap p lied in a p p ro p ria te ly se le o te d circu m stan ces, w ill produoe p re d ic ta b le and e f f e c tiv e resu lts?® Rogers decided our understanding of w hat makes oounseling e f f e c tiv e or in e f f e c tiv e and s ta te d : What i s needed, i t would seem, a re some h y p o th e tic a l fo z u u la tio n s , based on oounseling experience, whioh may th e n be p u t t o th e t e s t . , . The f i e l d of oounseling has n o t been zioh in f r u i t f u l hypotheses. I t has r a th e r been a f i e l d where good in te n tio n s and a d e s ire to be o f a s s is ta n c e have been aooepted a s s u b s titu te s f o r th e o a re fu l fo m u la tio n o f th e p r in c ip le s involved. 4 The 1948 m eeting o f the .American O rth o p sy ch iatric A sso ciatio n recognized the problem in th e se words: There oan be l i t t l e f u r th e r p ro g ress i n our understanding o f psychotherapy u n t i l a system atic and o b je o tiv e comparison i s under­ taken o f suooesses and f a i l u r e s writh a l l form s o f tre a tm e n t on a l l re le v a n t ty p e s o f i l l n e s s under a l l p o s s ib le o iro u m sta n o e s... 6 The p re s e n t in v e s tig a tio n is oonoem ed w ith one a sp e c t o f th e se v e ra l ap p aren tly needed re sea rc h es in th e f i e l d of payohotherapeutic

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

"The Measurement o f Achievement i n Family Case Work," The Family, 8 (January, 1927), p . 49. Helen L. Witmer, "The Outcome o f Treatment i n a C hild Guidance C lin io : A Comparison and an E v a lu a tio n ," S a ith C ollege S tudies in S o c ia l Work, S (June, 1935), p . 242. S ta f f e r , oju p i t . , p . 460. C arl H. Rogers, Counseling Mid Psychotherapy, p . 16. "The O bjective E v a lu a tio n o f J’syonotherapy, Program o f th e American O rth o p a ro h ia tric A sso c ia tio n , Annual M eeting, A p ril 1?, 1$, and 14,1948.

-9 oounseling—-th e p e rs o n a l makeup and c h a r a c te r is tic s o f c l i e n t s mho respond s u c c e s s fu lly and o lie n ts mho ap p aren tly do n o t b e n e f it f r a a oounseling.

One of d ie m ajor purposes m o tiv atin g t h i s re s e a ro h i s to

g ain an adequate understanding of th e ty p e s o f in d iv id u a ls mho a re re fe rre d f o r p e rso n a l adjustm ent o ounseling.

The comparisons made

in th e study are designed to b rin g about auoh an u n d erstanding.

CHAPTER I I RELATED STUDIES Focus of P revious Research I t has been sa id t h a t th e f i e l d o f psy ch o th erap eu tic oounseling 1 s u ffe rs from a so a ro ity o f s o ie n t if ic in v e s tig a tio n s . So f a r a s oould be a sc e rta in e d from a searoh of th e p e r tin e n t l i t e r a t u r e p u b lish ed up to Ju ly , 1949, th e need f o r systm satio s tu d ie s in t h i s f i e l d s t i l l e x is t s . I t i s probably tru e th a t th e stu d e n ts and fo llo w e rs o f C arl Rogers' n o n d ire c tiv e p o in t o f view in psychotherapy have made s e v e ra l Im portant 2 c o n trib u tio n s in what i s ad m itted ly a d i f f i c u l t a re a o f re s e a ro h . How­ ever, w ith a few ex o ep tio n s, th e in v e s tig a tio n s by n o n d ire o tiv e as w ell as d ir e c tiv e counselors have been concerned w ith th e psy ch o th erap eu tic 5, 4, 5, 6 7,8 p ro o e ss, th e n a tu re o f d ir e c tiv e and n o n d ire c tiv e methods, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. / 6. 7. 8.

W illiam U. Snyder, "The P re s e n t S ta tu s o f P sy ch o th erap eu tic Counsel­ in g , " P sychological B u lle tin , 44 (J u ly , 1947), p . SIS. Ib id , p.'S

).

D e ll, i t seems Hr. _____ s e n t meup here m ainly beoause o f ny i n a b i l i t y to make a d e c is io n . I oould understand sh y he s e n t me up h e re , b u t I c a n 't understand my i n a b i l i t y to make a de­ c is io n .

S10:

Yes. (Pause) And I thought o f - o f going to o o lle g e . Eventhere, I had th e problem of ifa a t I would m ajor in . But - uh - w e ll. I ' l l be tw enty-seven t h i s June, and - go to o o lle g e f o r fo u r y e a rs I 'd be th ir ty -o n e when I g o t out o f i t . I a ls o f e e l t h a t I 'd be a l i t t l e too o ld t o g e t s ta r te d in something th e n .

S43:

Probably. D e ll, i t ' s probably tr u e , I th o u g h t - uh - I c o u ld n 't th in k o f anything m yself and I fig u red th e t e s t s would - would t e l l what I was b e s t q u a lifie d f o r and I m ight have had i n th e baok o f my mind; th e t e s t s woulds o r t o f p o in t th e n e ed le , and say t h i s i s th e job to do, and I 'd go r i g h t ahead and do i t . But I guess they d o n 't work t h a t way.

Another f a i r l y ty p io a l c h a r a c te r is tic of counseling c l i e n t s i s th e manner i n which th e l a s t few m inutes o f th e in te rv ie w a re used by th e c l i e n t to make a d e sp e ra te b id f o r th e c o u n s e lo r's su p p o rt, as in th e follow ing exchange: C81:

The hour i s 1 9 now. Would you l ik e to eome back ag ain and t a l k about t h i s some more?

S81: I 'd l i k e to ,

b u t - w e ll, I guess I would.

C82: I ' l l be a b le t o see you n e x t week. L e t's see - would you be able to oome a t n in e o 'o lo o k n ex t week? S82: Next Wednesday?

(Pause)

Yeah.

I guess so.

I oan come a t n in e .

C83: A ll r i g h t , th e n . S83: I ' l l g e t t o bed e a r l i e r Tuesday n ig h t. (Pause) Could I - I ’ d lik e to know in w hat re s p e c t a re th ese t a lk s supposed t o h elp me, in what way? I mecm, I 'd l ik e to th in k o f i t in suoh a way I

28-

oome in and kaep ta lk in g and th an f i n a l l y you* 11 aay to n et n o il, t h i s i a th e th in g fo r you to do* T h a t's another th in g I guess i t ' s th e some th in g - looking f o r someone to push me in to something* C84:

W ell, I th in k t h a t your i n t u i t i o n i s r i g h t , there* th in g lik e th a t*

I t i s n ' t any­

S84t

I know i t ' s n o t - I* d lik e to th in k o f i t lik e th a t*

C85*

Uh huh* I c a n 't go in to i t now because I have an o th er appointm ent w aitin g f o r me, b u t we oan t a l k about t h a t n e x t week*

S85:

In re s p e c t t o th e se ta lk s t h a t a re supposed to help me?

OK.

Steps and O rganisation The four t e s t s used to d eriv e fo u r fa o to rs in th e study were adminis­ te r e d and soored in aooordanoe w ith stan d a rd ise d procedures by q u a lifie d psyohom etrists a t th e advisem ent cen ters*

Each co n secu tiv e r e f e r r a l f o r

p e rso n a l counseling was given th e oomplete t e s t b a tte r y a t th e tim e o f re ­ f e r r a l , u su ally from one to taro weeks b e fo re the f i r s t scheduled p erso n al co u nselin g appointment*

The r e s u lts o f th e ib u r t e s t s p lu s in fo rm atio n f o r

th e o th e r s ix fa o to rs from th e advisem ent fo ld e r were s e n t to th e in v e s ti­ g a to r a f t e r p e rso n al oounseling was I n i t i a t e d w ith eaoh ease* Weekly appointm ents were arranged w ith each o l i e n t a t th e tim e o f th e i n i t i a l in te rv ie w w ith th e perso n al counselor*

Bach in te rv ie w was f o r about

45 o r 50 minutes* T£on th e co nclusion o f oounseling w ith eaoh o lie n t, o r le s s th a n two weeks th e r e a f te r , th re e judges a t th e advisement c e n te r from a h ie h th e c l i e n t had been r e f e r r e d ev alu ated th e c l i e n t 's improvement by means of a r a tin g soale*

The ra tin g s formed th e b a e is fo r th e s e le c tio n o f th e com­

p a ris o n groups* The s t a t i s t i o a l procedures involved in th e tre a tm e n t o f th e above d a ta a re desoribed i n th e n e x t ch ap ter.

CHAPTER IV TREATMENT OF THE DATA The R atings In o rd er t o draw m eaningful comparisons of o l i e n t o h a ra o te r is tio s in aooordanoe w ith th e purposes of th e study, i t was e s s e n tia l to form two d is o re te groups o f s u b je c ts as reg ard s oounseling outoomes.

The neoessary

d a ta forming the b a s is f o r s e le o tin g suoh groups a re p re sen te d in th e suooeeding ta b le s of t h i s sectio n * The obtained freq u e n cies o f r a tin g s a t eaoh of th e f iv e ste p s of th e ra tin g s c a le s a re shown in Tables I , I I and I I I .

For eaoh d is tr ib u tio n ,

th e ohi square value was oomputed by means o f th e form ula:

(fo - f t ) 2 ?t The th e o r e tie a l frequency shown in eaoh ta b le and used i n th e above form ula Chi Square

was determ ined by d iv id in g th e t o t a l d is tr ib u tio n in to f iv e p ercen tag es ly ­ 1 ing under th e normal ourve. Using th e method reocnmsnded by §ymonds, scores o f one and f iv e were assig n ed to th e low est and h ig h e s t seven p e r oent of eaoh d is tr ib u tio n , re s p e c tiv e ly .

Soores o f two, th re e and fo u r were a ss ig n ­

ed to th e in term ed iate 23 p e r o e n t, 40 p e r oent and 23 p e r o en t o f th e d is ­ tr ib u tio n . The value o f P (p ro b a b ility ) was th e n read from th e ta b le provided by 2 G a rre tt. The s is e o f P in d ic a te s how o lo s e ly th e o b tain ed d is tr ib u tio n H 2.

P e ro iv a l W. symonds, Diagnosing P e rs o n a lity and Conduct, p . 81. Henry E. G a rre tt, S t a t i s t i c s in Psychology and' Eduoation, p . 579.

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TABLE I Chi Squares f o r D is trib u tio n o f Ratings ♦ Judge A A A A B B B B C C C C

Soale D I R S D I R S D I R S

Obtained frequenoy a t eaoh step o f so ale (H -50) 1 2 3 4 5 7 3 5 5 5 6 6 5 6 6 3 3

T h eo re tic al frequency

13 12 11 13 13 10 11 9 14 10 12 12

17 15 15 20 15 15 15 15 18 17 15 16

10 3 14 6 15 4 10 2 12 5 12 7 13 5 14 7 9 3 13 4 14 6 14 5

♦♦ Chi Square 4.42 3.67 3.05 1.62 2.68 6.76 3.87 6.44 3.15 2.70 3.68 2.04

P • 35 • 45 •55 •80 • 80 .15 • 45 • 15 .5 0 .6 0 .45 .7 0

S.Si 11.5 20 11.6 3. 5

♦D- D eoisivenose; I- Independence} R- R e sp o n sib ility S- Self-aooeptanoe ♦♦Degrees of freedom 3 4 TABLE I I Chi Squares f o r D is trib u tio n o f R atings * Judge

Soale

O btained frequenoy a t eaoh step of so ale (N -53) 5 4 1 2 3

Chi Square

** P

.35 5 4.67 12 7 13 16 D D .4 0 3.95 7 I 5 11 18 12 D .75 4 1 .74 5 15 19 10 D R 2.27 • 65 6 14 20 10 3 D S •50 4 3.21 15 E 1 10 23 D • 90 4 1.08 2 14 21 12 I E •80 1.51 3 2 12 23 13 E R 1.72 .75 10 3 12 25 E 3 S 1.93 .7 0 2 10 5 14 22 P D 2 2.59 • 60 I 6 P 11 23 11 3.72 .45 8 2 6 13 24 P R .75 2 10 1.83 5 P 13 23 S T heoretioal 3.71 12.19 21.2 12. 19 3.71 frequency ♦D ecisiveness; I - Independence; &» R e sp o n sib ility ; S- S elf-acoeptanoe ♦♦Degrees of freedom 34

-3 1 -

TABUS I I I Chi Squares f o r D is trib u tio n o f R atings * Judge G a G G H H H H I I I I

Soale D I R S D I R S D I R S

T h e o re tio a l frequenoy

Obtained frequenoy a t eaoh step o f so ale (H*56) 1 2 3 4 5______ Chi Square 6 6 4 5 3 4 4 2 4 3 4 3

13 11 11 13 10 11 14 13 13 13 13 13

5.92

12*88

19 20 25 20 24 21 18 20 19 24 21 19

15 15 13 14 14 13 14 15 15 12 12 14

3 4 5 4 5 7 6 6 5 4 6 7

22.4

12*88 3.92

2*19 1*98 0.59 0.66 1.37 2.80 2.16 2.65 1.17 0 .39 1.25 3.28

** P .7 0 .70 •95 • 96 •85 .5 5 .7 0 • 60 • 90 • 98 • 90 •50

*D ecisiveness; I - Independence; R» R esp o n sib ility I S- Self-aooeptanoe ♦♦Degrees o f freedom =4 approxim ates th e th e o r e tic a l, o r normal d i s tr ib u tio n .

" O rd in a rily , a P

must be *02 o r le s s befo re th e o b tain ed d is tr ib u tio n i s considered to 1 d e v ia te s ig n if io e n tly from the normal form". In Tables, I , I I and I I I , i t oan be seen t h a t th e P v a lu es range between *15 and *98.

That i s to

say, w hile th e re o re wide d iffe re n o e s in the e x te n t to whioh th e r a tin g s resemble a normal d is tr ib u tio n , no sin g le d is t r ib u tio n by any one judge v a r ie s to a s ig n ifio o n t degree from th e th e o r e tio a l d is trib u tio n * According to th e evidence i n th e foregoing ta b le s , i t oould be assumed t a a t too tru e d is tr ib u tio n was normal*

Cm t h i s assum ption, i t was

p o s s ib le to reduoe the ra tin g s o f th e judges t o a comparable b a s is by 2 means o f Symonds' method, p re v io u sly d escrib ed on page 29 of t h i s ch ap ter 1* 2*

Ibid*, p * 124* Symonds, og* c l t * . p . 81*

32-

and to average thorn so as to f a o i l i t a t o f u r th e r s t a t i s t i c a l treatm ent*

The

d e ta ile d r a tin g s r e s u ltin g from t h i s prooedure a re giv en i n Appendix C (PP. 163 to 165). Whether o r n o t the average r a tin g s o f th e judges f o r eaoh s e a ls oould be averaged a g ain and expressed as a pooled r a tin g depended on th e degree to whioh th e so a le s were m easuring much th e seme th in g and balanced eaoh o th e r.

In o th e r words, i f a o lo se re la tio n s h ip m s found to e x i s t between 1 any two so a le s , i t would be j u s t i f i a b l e to combine thorn. Oh th e o th e r hand, i f th e evidence should in d io a te l i t t l e or no r e la tio n s h ip between th e so a le s , e x p ressin g them by means o f a composite measure would be tantam ount to adding apples and oranges.

The o o e ffio ie n t o f o o rr e la tio n (r ) m s se­

le c te d as an index o f th e in te r r e la tio n s h ip between th e s c a le s .

The c o e ffi­

c ie n ts a re p re se n te d in Table IV. TABLE IV I n te r r e la tio n s h ip s o f th e Four Bating Soales in term s o f th e Pearson C o e ffic ie n t (r) Soales*

(Cases 1-50 ) (Judges A,B,C)

(Cases 51-103) (Judges D.E.F)

D.I D, B D,S I,B I,B R,S

.8 0 .7 7 .79 .7 7 • 68 .63

• 69 .7 4 •85 .9 0 .68 .7 7

(Cases 104-159) (Judges G ,H ,I ) •84 •86 .88 • 91 .91 •88

*D- D eoisivsnesa; 1- Independence; ft- k s s p o n s ib ility j S- S elf-aooeptance From tn e d a ta shown in Table IV, i t can be seen t h a t f o r eaoh group o f oases ra te d by th re e ju d g es, th e in te r o o r r e la tio n s between s o a le s are 1.

C harles C. P e te rs mid W alter B. Van V oorhis, S t a t i a t l o a l Prooedures and Their M athaaatloal B ases, p . 450.

-3 3 -

p o s itiv e and range from *63 to .9 1 .

Moreover, even i n th e case o f th e

low est r (.63) between th e s c a le s o f r e s p o n s ib ility and self-a o ce p ta n o e f o r oases 1-50 ra te d by Judges A,B and C, i t oould n o t be in f e r r e d t h a t th e se so ale s a re independent m easures of improvement.

R ather, oonsidered

to g e th e r w ith th e o th e r in te r r e la tio n s h ip s shown, i t appears more reaso n ­ ab le to re g a rd th e so ale s as somewhat more in te rd e p en d e n t th a n o th erw ise. A ccordingly, pooled ra tin g s of improvement were formed by averaging th e averages (see Appendix E, p .1 6 9 ).

As P e te rs and Van Voorhis have p o in te d

o u t, I f th e se (averages) a re h ig h ly i n t e r o o rre la te d , t h i s averaging o f s e v e ra l g iv e s us a more r e l ia b le measure o f o a p aeity —- b u t i f th e in te r o o r r e la tio n s a re low, t h i s averaging beocmes a b o rtiv e , sinoe i t makes toward equal composite sco res fo r a l l th e in d iv i­ d u a ls .1 I t i s n o t known to what e x te n t th e in te r o o r r e la tio n s shown in Table IV were die to h alo e f f e o t and to th e lo g io a l e r r o r in r a tin g s .

While

ad m itting the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t such e r r o r s m ight have in flu en ced th e r a t ­ in g s, th e re were sev eral c o n sid e ra tio n s whioh tended to minimise t h e i r d is to r tin g e f f e c t s .

F i r s t , th e judges were oautioned a g a in s t suoh dangers

by th e in v e stig a to ry second, th e ju d g es, by reaso n o f t h e i r tr a in in g and ex­ p e rie n c e , were n o t u n fa m ilia r i d t h th e oommon p i t f a l l s o f r a tin g so a le s; b u t toe m ost im portant c o n sid e ra tio n was the f a o t t h a t th e judges based t h e i r ra tin g s n o t only on s u b je c tiv e im pressions gained through in terv iew s b u t e ls o on recorded no tes and o b serv atio n s, b e h av io ral changes, and o b je c tiv e o r i t e r i a r e la te d to th e o lient* s v o o a tio n a l o r e d u o atio n al ad ju stm en t. 1.

P e te rs and Van V oorhis, ojj. o it» , p . 450.

-3 4 f

On tiie b a s is o f th e pooled r a tin g s p re sen te d in Appendix E (pJ69 ) , th e h ig h e st f i f t y and low est f i f t y r a tin g s were s e le o te d as comparison groups.

In o rd e r to determ ine w hether th e groups were s u f f ic ie n tly d is c r e te

a s reg ard s t h e i r pooled r a tin g s , comparisons were made between th e means o f approxim ately the upper a id lower t h i r d s of eaoh group o f oases ra te d by th re e judges*

These comparisons appear i n Table V. TABLE V

S ig n ifican ce o f th e D ifference Between th e Kean E atings o f th e H ighest and Lowest Percentages i n each Group o f Cases Upper and Lower p e r­ centages s e le c te d

Cases

Sean R ating o f Upper Group

Sean R ating of Lower Group

’' E t f f e r ence

C r itic a l R atio

1-50

28#

S .92

2.08

1.84

14.05

51-103

32/S

4.03

2.06

1.97

16.55

104-159

34#

4.04

2.01

2.03

20.10

The evidence in Table 1 shows q u ite c le a rly t h a t f o r each group of oases th e r e i s a very si gn ific& n t d iffe re n c e between th e ra tin g s o f th e p ro p o rtio n s s e le c te d .

The r a tio s o f tiie d iffe re n c e s to t h e i r stan d ard

e r r o r s a re many tim es g re a te r th an th r e e whioh i s cu sto m arily tak en a s 1 in d ic a tiv e o f a r e a l d iffe re n c e . In Appendix E (p. 169), th e l e t t e r "S" n e x t to a r a tin g in d io a te s a oase s e le c te d as a su c c e ss fu lly counseled subje o tj th e l e t t e r "F" in d io a te s a oase s e le c te d a s an u n su c c e ssfu lly counsel­ ed s u b je c t. B e lia b lllty As a measure of th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e s o a le s , th e o o e ffic ie n t of Tl

G a rre tt, op. c l t r , p . 215.

-3 5 -

c o r r e la tio n was computed between p a ir s of judges*

The d a ta forming th e

b a s is o f th e com putations are p re sen te d in Appendix D (pp.166t o 168).

The

r e s u lts a re shown in Table VI below. TABLE VI C o rre la tio n C o e ffic ie n ts Between P a ir s o f Judges Judges A.B A.C B.C D.E D.F E.F G.H G .I H .I

r .90 .83 .82 .9 1 • 90 .86 .9 2 .90 .93

The c o e f f ic ie n ts appearing in th e Table a re in d ic a tiv e of h ig h re ­ lia b ility .

The c lo se agreement among th e judges which i s ap p aren t from

t h i s evidence i s s u f f io ie n t to e s ta b lis h th e r e l i a b i l i t y as w e ll as th e v a l i d i t y o f th e r a tin g so ale s employed in th e stu d y .

The o pinion of

G a rre tt may be quoted in th is connection: There i s muoh to be s a i d . • . f o r th e view t h a t v a lid ity i s b e s t expressed by a high c o r r e la tio n among ju d g e s ...A r a tin g s o a le .. . i s a v a lid and o b je c tiv e measure only to -the e x te n t th a t i t i s a r e lia b l e m easure. There i s co n sid erab le fo ro e to th e e o n te n tio n t h a t f o r p r a o tio a l purposes a man p o sse sse s i n t e l l e c t , t a c t o r judgment in b u sin ess m a tte rs , i f h is acquaintances agree t h a t he does. C e rta in ly th e re i s no h igher o o u rt o f appeal. In judging p e rs o n a lity t r a i t s , th e re ­ f o r e . r e l i a b i l i t y would seem to imply v a l i d i t y . 1 The F acto rs As a r e s u l t o f th e form ation o f two reaso n ab ly d i s t i n c t groups o f 1.

tfenry E. G a rre tt and H . R. Schneok. P sychological T e sts. Methods, and R esu lts. P a r t Two. p . 116.

-3 6 -

s u b je c ts w ith re g a rd to oounseling outcomes, i t mis p o s ib le to examine

th e

frequenoy w ith whioh v ario u s a sp e c ts of th e te n fa o to rs i n th e study were m anifested by th e s u b je c ts in each of th e comparison groups* a re p re se n te d in th e follow ing ta b le s of t h i s c h ap te r.

These d a ta

They p rovide th e

source from whioh o th e r d a ta sure d eriv ed i n ord er to study th e re la tio n s h ip s between th e su c c e ssfu l and u n su cc e ssfu l subjects* d iscussed in th e n e x t c h a p te r.

These re la tio n s h ip s are

The o rig in a l d a ta , c o n s is tin g of th e charac­

t e r i s t i c s of each c l i e n t , a re given in Appendix F (pp*170to]87). TABLE V II In te llig e n c e Levels of Suooesses and F a ilu re s Frequency of Suooesses

Frequenoy of F a ilu re s

S uperior in te llig e n c e

20

8

Above average in te llig e n c e

40

26

Average in te llig e n c e

10

19

0

5

C h a ra c te ris tic

Below average in te llig e n c e

The r e s u lts shown in Table V II were d e riv e d from -the Army Alpha Ex1 am ination. The f a c to r was stu d ie d w ith re fe re n c e to the le v e l o f i n t e l l i ­ gence c h a ra c te ris in g -the o lie n t*

Four le v e ls of in te llig e n c e were examined

under t h i s heading, v iz * , below average, average, above average, and super* io r.

The p e ro e n tile r a tin g s which determ ined -the s u b je c t's c la s s if i c a t io n

on t h i s f a o to r were based on th e ta b le of norms provided in th e t e s t manual, as follows* IT 2*

E ls ie 0* Bregaan, R evision of Army Alpha Examination, Form B* Manual o f D ire c tio n s, Scoring Key andNorms.

-3 7 -

below a v e ra g e - s c o r e s f a l l i n g below th e 3 4 th p e r c e n t i l e a v e ra g e - s c o r e s coming b e tw e en t h e 3 4 th and 6 1 s t p e r c e n t i l e above a v e ra g e - s c o re s ab o v e th e 62nd p e r c e n t i l e s u p e r io r - s c o r e s above t h e 92nd p e r c e n t i l e I t i s se e n from T a b le V II t h a t a t b o th th e s u p e r i o r a n d above a v e ra g e l e v e l s , more s u c c e s s e s th a n f a i l u r e s a re r e p r e s e n t e d .

A t t h e a v e ra g e and

below a v e ra g e l e v e l s , t h e r e a re few e r s u c c e s s e s th a n f a i l u r e s .

A lth o u g h

th e f e w e s t f a i l u r e s a r e o b se rv e d a t th e below a v e ra g e l e v e l , none o f t h e s u c c e s s f u l l y c o u n s e le d s u b j e c t s a p p e a r t h e r e .

As p r e s e n te d i n T able V II,

th e above a v e ra g e l e v e l in c lu d e s th e o a s e s a t th e s u p e r i o r l e v e l .

T h is

tr e a tm e n t o f th e d a t a a p p e a re d t o b e more l o g i c a l th a n w ould be th e c a se i f t h e above a v e ra g e l e v e l w ere c o n s id e r e d to e x c lu d e t h e s u p e r io r l e v e l w hioh i s , by d e f i n i t i o n , "above a v e ra g e " .

S ta te d o th e r w is e , w h ile s u p e r i o r

means above a v e ra g e , above a v e ra g e does n o t n e c e s s a r i l y mean s u p e r i o r .

A

d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s io n o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e te n d e n c ie s n o te d above i s p r e s e n te d i n C h a p te r V. T able V I I I g iv e s t h e r e s u l t s o f th e o b s e r v a tio n s made w ith r e g a r d t o th e p e rs o n a lity f a c to r .

These d a ta a r e b a s e d on s c o re s o b ta in e d by th e su b -

1 j e c t s on t h e MMPI,

(s e e A ppendix F, p p . 179 t o 1 8 7 ).

For t h e p u rp o se o f d is c u s s in g t h e r e s u l t s i n T able V I I I , r e f e r e n c e i s made t o page 24 i n th e p r e c e d in g c h a p te r w here t h e MMPI i s d e s c r ib e d . As s t a t e d t h e r e , th e

te s t

c o n s i s t s o f n in e s o a le s c o rre s p o n d in g t o n in e

abnorm al p e r s o n a l i t y com ponents.

In a d d i t i o n , f o u r v a l i d a t i n g s o a le s a r e

p ro v id e d by th e a u th o r s . T s c o re s o f s e v e n ty o r more a re c o n s id e re d by t h e a u th o r s t o b e e x 2 tre m e d e v ia t io n s from th e norm al r a n g e . A c c o rd in g ly , f c r p u rp o s e s o f t h i s study, TH 2.

S ta rk e R. Hathaway and J . C h a m le y M cKinley, The M in n e so ta M u ltip h a s io P e r s o n a l it y I n v e n to r y . Manual f a r t h e MMPI, p . 9 .

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TABIZ T i l l Abnormal P e rs o n a lity Components o f "the Comparison Groups C h a ra o te ris tio Abnormal hypoohondriasis Abnormal d epression Abnormal h y s te r ia Abnormal psyehopathio d e v iate Abnormal m a sc u lin ity -fe m in in ity Abnormal p ara n o ia Abnormal psyohasthenia Abnormal sohizophrenia Abnormal hypooania Question soale IAe soale Suppressor soale V a lid ity soale At l e a s t one abnormal eomponent At le a s t fo u r abnormal components Hypochondrias!s D epression fy s te ria Psychopathic d e v ia te Masoul in i ty -fe m in in ity P aranoia Psyohasthenia Schizophrenia Ifypcmania

Frequency of Suooesses

Frequenoy of F a ilu re s

11 28 12 18 16 7 24 21 5 0 0 3 6 45 20 2 16 2 7 9 0 8 6 2

15 50 16 16 11 8 25 25 9 1 2 1 11 41 20 1 15 4 6 3 1 12 9 5

o b serv atio n s ware made a s t o th e frequency o f suoh soores i n th e comparison groups*

In o rd e r to determ ine w hether th e presenoe of one o r more abnormal

ecmponenbs had a s ig n if ic a n t in flu en ce on oounseling outcomes* a study was a lso made of th e number o f su b je c ts having a t l e a s t one abnormal consonant,and th e number h aring a t l e a s t four abnormal components. A f i n a l a n a ly s is o f th e p e rs o n a lity f a c to r c o n sis te d in n o tin g f o r each s u b je c t th e one h ig h e s t soore on th e nine p e rs o n a lity s o a le s , w hether o r n o t i t was a s high o r h ig h er than seventy.

In t h i s way i t was p o s s ib le to study

o l i e n t c h a r a c te r is tic s using th e in d iv id u a l h im self as a r e f e r e n t r a th e r

-3 9 -

then th e p o p u la tio n on worn th e t e s t mas stan d a rd iz e d .

In 'the ta b u la r p re­

s e n ta tio n o f th e r e s u l t s , th e in d iv id u a l p ro file -d e te rm in e d c h a r a c te r is tic s a re r e f e r r e d to as hypochondriasis, d ep ressio n , h y s te r ia , e t c . , whereas th e te st-d e te rm in e d c h a r a c te r is tic s a re la b e lle d abnormal h ypochondriasis, abnor­ mal d e p re ssio n , abnormal h y s te r ia , e t c . According to the r e s u l t s shown in Table V III, a t l e a s t one abnormal p e rs o n a lity component i s c h a r a c te r is tic of alm ost a l l th e sib je o ts o f th e study] a t l e a s t fo u r abnormal ocmponents a re observed in alm ost h a lf th e t o t a l s u b je c t p o p u la tio n .

The four components m an ifested m ost fre q u e n tly

in su c c e ss fu lly end u n su cc e ssfu lly oounseled s u b je c ts a re abnormal de­ p re s s io n , abnormal psyo h asth en ia, abnormal sohizophrenia, and abnormal psychopathic d e v ia te .

This o rd e r i s m aintained f o r th e m ost p e r t even w ith

th e lower fre q u e n c ie s observed fo r th e in d iv id u a l p ro file -d e te rm in e d charac­ te ris tic s . The la r g e s t d iffe re n c e to be noted i n Table V III i s f o r th e m a sc u lin ity fe m in in ity ocxnponent.

This r e la tio n s h ip i s seen to o b ta in whether soores

o f seventy or above a re considered o r w hether th e one h ig h e s t score o f each s u b je c t i s recorded.

Exoept fo r th e m a s o u lin ity -fe n in in ity c h a r a c te r i s t ic ,

th e re appears to be no c o n s is te n t tre n d i n th e r e la tio n s h ip s between suo­ o esses and f a ilu r e s f o r th e p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c te r is tic s l i s t e d in th e ta b le , i n a n a ly s is of th e se re la tio n s h ip s i s d iscu ssed more f u l l y i n th e succeed­ in g c h a p te r. The d a ta p re se n te d in Table IX are based on p e r c e n tile ra tin g s d eriv ed 1 from th e Kuder P referen ce Reoord, (see page 24 and Appendix F, pp. 170 to 187 ) . 1.

Q. F red e ric kuder, Revised Manual f o r the Kuder P referen ce Record.

-4 0 -

TABLE IX Strong and Weak In te re a ta o f Suooesses and F a ilu re s C h a r a c te ris tio stro n g neohanieal stro n g com putational stro n g s c i e n t i f i c strong p e rsu asiv e stro n g l i t e r a r y stro n g a r t i s t i o stro n g m usioal stro n g s o c ia l serv io e stro n g c l e r i c a l stro n g o u ltu r a l stro n g p ra o tio a l strong in te rp e rs o n a l stro n g th e o r e tio a l a t l e a s t one strong i n t e r e s t a t l e a s t fo u r stro n g in t e r e s t s weak m echanical weak com putational weak s c i e n t i f i c weak p e rsu asiv e weak l i t e r a r y weak a r t i s t i o weak m usical weak s o o ia l serv io e weak o le r io a l weak c u l t u r a l weak p r a c tic a l weak in te rp e rs o n a l weak th e o r e tic a l a t l e a s t one weak i n t e r e s t a t l e a s t fo u r weak in t e r e s t s m echanical com putational ___ s c ie n tific p e rsu asiv e lite ra ry a rtis tio m usioal s o o ia l serv io e o le r io a l o u ltu r a l p r a o tio a l In te rp e rs o n a l th e o r e tio a l n eg ativ e meohanioal (oontinued)

Frequency of Suooesses

Frequenoy of F a ilu re s

7 9 11 19 16 16 11 23 5 29 12 29 17 49 5 16 12 17 4 6 3 2 6 17 10 28 9 23 41 1 3 2 6 5 8 10 4 13 0 22 3 18 8 13

12 8 8 17 8 12 5 17 8 19 18 27 13 49 1 14 15 12 4 10 11 3 3 12 19 22 7 23 39 5 7 4 6 10 5 7 1 8 4 13 11 18 18 13

41-

TABLE IX C h a ra c te ris tic

Frequency of Successes

Frequenoy of F a ilu re s

6 IS 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 21 6 18

10 9 1 4 7 S 1 8 14 17 2 17

(continued) n e g ativ e n e g ativ e n e g ativ e n eg ativ e n e ta tiv e n e g ativ e n e g ativ e n e g ativ e n eg ativ e n e g ativ e n e g ativ e n e g ativ e

com putational s c ie n tific p e rsu asiv e lite ra ry a rtis tic m usical s o c ia l s e rv ic e o le r io a l c u ltu r a l p ra o tio a l in te rp e rs o n a l th e o r e tic a l

As desoribed in th e precedin g c h ap te r, n in e i n t e r e s t a re a s a re measured by means of th e Kuder.

To th e s e , f o r purposes of th e study, were added th e se

fo u r com binations: C u ltu ra l, I* A, and Ifu P r a o tio a l, Me and Cl In te rp e rs o n a l, P and SS T h e o re tic a l, Co and S The t h ir te e n i n t e r e s t a re a s l i s t e d above were analysed in fo u r ways f o r eaoh s u b je c t o f the study. Soores in any i n t e r e s t a re a a t th e 80th p e r c e n tile o r over were recorded a s "stro n g ".* « Soores a t th e 20t h p e r c e n tile o r below were noted as "weak". As in th e oase o f th e p e rs o n a lity c h a r a c te r is tic s d eso rib ed i n connection w ith Table V III Cp> 38 ) , th e one h ig h e s t in d iv id u a l pro­ file -d e te rm in e d i n t e r e s t was noted and r e f e r r e d to simply by th e name o f the i n t e r e s t a rea alo n e, as i n "mechanical i n te r e s t " r a th e r th an "stro n g msohanioal in te r e s t " whioh would be in d io a te d by th e f i r s t men­ tio n e d 'type of a n a ly s is . The one low est p ro file -d e te rm in e d i n t e r e s t was reoorded a s "nega­ tiv e " . 1. 2.

Euder, op. o i t . , p . 4. Loo. oity*

-4 2 -

F in a lly , fo u r c h a r a c te r is tic s making a t o t a l o f 56 were stu d ie d to ta k e aooount o f th o se oases who showed a t l e a s t one stro n g i n t e r e s t , a t l e a s t one weak i n t e r e s t , a t l e a s t four stro n g i n t e r e s t s , and a t l e a s t fo u r weak i n t e r e s t s .

This a rra y o f i n t e r e s t o h a r a c te r is tie s i s p re sen te d

in Table IX in th e o rd er given by the a u th o r o f th e In v en to ry , t h a t being th e o rd e r ooanaonly used when d isc u ssin g th e in t e r e s t s measured by th e t e s t . The most fre q u e n tly m anifested o h a r a c te r is tie s l i s t e d in Table IX a re f o r a t le a s t one stro n g i n t e r e s t and f o r a t l e a s t one weak i n t e r e s t .

Very

few su b je c ts had fo u r o r more stro n g i n t e r e s t s , n o r d id any c o n sid erab le number have fo u r o r more weak i n t e r e s t s .

Of th e t h i r t e e n i n t e r e s t a re a s con­

s id e re d , th e evidence in Table IX re v e a ls t h a t more th a n h a lf o f th e suc­ c e s s f u lly oounseled s u b je c ts a re c h a ra c te ris e d a s having stro n g o u ltu r a l i n te r e s t s and stro n g in te r-p e rs o n a l i n t e r e s t s .

That i s , more than f i f t y

p e r e e n t of th e suooesses scored a t th e 8 0 th p e r c e n tile o r over i n one of th e c u ltu r a l a re a s , ( l i t e r a r y , a r t i s t i c or m u sic a l), and more than f i f t y p e r c en t achieved s im ila r p e ro e n tile r a tin g s in one o f th e in te r-p e rs o n a l a re as (p ersuasive o r s o c ia l s e r v ic e ).

I t i s in te r e s tin g to n o te t h a t ap­

proxim ately th e same number o f su o o es6 fu lly oounseled s u b je c ts m an ifested weak p r a c tic a l i n t e r e s t s .

In o th e r words, they scored a t or below th e

tw e n tie th p e ro e n tile in e ith e r th e m echanical or c l e r i c a l a re a s .

Another

in te r e s tin g fin d in g shown in Table IX i s th e f a i r l y high number o f successes who m anifested a o u ltu r a l i n t e r e s t a s t h e i r one s tro n g e s t i n t e r e s t . Balanoing t h i s fin d in g i s th e nunber o f su o o essfu l s u b je c ts who re v e ale d a n e g ativ e p r a o tio a l i n t e r e s t as t h e i r one w eakest i n t e r e s t .

G enerally,

among th e s u c c e ss fu lly counseled su b je c ts th e re eppears t o be a tendency fo r p re fe rrin g o u ltu r a l p u r s u its as c o n tra ste d w ith oooupobionally o rie n te d i n t e r e s t s such a s a re denoted by mechazdoal and o le r ic a l p re fe re n c e s .

-4 3 -

Among th e u n su cc e ssfu lly oounseled subjeots* I t ie seen from Table IX t h a t th e m ost fre q u e n tly m an ifested c h a r a c te r is tic o f th e th ir te e n stu d ie d i s a stro n g in te rp e rs o n a l in te re s t*

The g en eral tendency no ted above f o r

th e su o o essfu l oases i s re v e rse d among th e u n su ccessfu l oases*

In o th e r

words* th e tre n d appears t o be i n fa v o r o f o o e u p atio n ally o rie n te d i n t e r ­ e s ts a s a g a in s t o u ltu r a l in te r e s ts *

In th e t h ir te e n i n t e r e s t a re as con­

s id e re d as stro n g (p e ro e n tile r a tin g s of e ig h ty o r more)* th e re a re seen to be a t o t a l o f 204 ta b u la tio n s f o r the suooesses and 172 f o r th e fa ilu re s * As re g a rd s th e th ir te e n weak in te re s ts * th i r t e e n n e g a tiv e in te re s ts * and th ir te e n in d iv id u a l p ro file -d e te rm in e d i n t e r e s t s (f o r e x p lan atio n s o f th e se terms* see page 41 )* th e t o t a l ta b u la tio n s o f suooesses and f a il u r e s are n e a rly alik e * i n eaoh in stan o e th e d iffe re n o e being f i v e o r less*

The

la r g e r d iffe re n o e noted f o r th e stro n g in t e r e s t s suggests t h a t th e suc­ c e s s fu lly oounseled group as a mhole has a g re a te r oapaoity fo r i n te r e s t s than does th e unsuooessful grotp* In Table X a re p re se n te d th e r e s u lt s fo r th e adjustm ent fa c to r*

The

fo u r c h a r a c te r is tio s making up t h i s fa c to r were d eriv e d from th e B ell 1 Adjustment Inventory* TABUB X Adjustment S ta tu s of Suooessful and U nsuccessful Cases C h a ra c te ris tic u n s a tis fa c to ry u n sA tisfao to ry u n s a ti s fa o to ry u n s a ti sfa o to ry

Li

home adjustm ent h e a lth adjustm ent so o ia l adjustm ent em otional adjustm ent

Frequenoy of Suooesses

Frequenoy of F a ilu re s

28 13 16 25

23 17 19 29

Hugh M. Bell* ifanual f o r The Adjustment Inventory*

-4 4 -

For eaoh adjustm ent a re a l i s t e d in Table I , th e inoidenoe o f soores regarded as in d ic a tiv e o f u n s a tis fa o to ry o r very u n s a tis fa c to ry adjustm ent was noted f o r suooessful and unsuooessful subjeots*

The q u a lity o f a d ju s t­

ment, from e x o e lle n t to v e ry u n s a ti s f a o to ry , was determ ined by th e ta b le of 1 norms given i n th e t e s t manual* However, fo r the purposes o f th e compari­ sons drawn in th e study, only u n s a ti s f ao to ry o r very u n s a tis fa c to ry soores were recorded and re fe rre d to i n th e r e p o r t a s " u n s a tis fa c to ry ”, according to th e follow ing o r it e r i o n soores: u n s a tis fa c to ry u n s a ti s f a o to ry u n s a tis fa c to ry u n s a tis fa o to ry

home adj ustm ent - soore of tw elve o r more h e a lth adjustm ent - soore o f nine o r more s o c ia l adjustm ent - soore of s ix te e n o r more em otional adjustm ent - soore of tw elve o r more

Aooording to th e fin d in g s in Table X, th e unsuo o essfu lly oounseled su b jeo ts e x h ib it poor adjustm ent somewhat more fre q u e n tly th an do the suo­ o e ssfu l subjeots*

i n exception to t h i s statem en t i s seen f o r home a d ju s t­

ment, in whioh oase more suooesses th an f a i l u r e s a re re p re se n te d in th e tab le*

The presence of suoh exceptions to a g e n eral tre n d oan be noted a lso

in th e r e s u l t s p e rta in in g to th e p e rs o n a lity fa o to r (see Table V III, p . 38) and th e i n t e r e s t fa o to r (see Table IX, p . 41).

I t should be emphasized a t

t h i s p o in t t h a t th e fin d in g s to whioh a llu s io n i s made p o s sib ly r e f l e c t th e i n s t a b i l i t y o f th e re la tio n s h ip between th e groups) they do n o t n e o e sa a rily mean t h a t th e t e s t s a re u n re lia b le *

The purpose of axycne o f th e t e s t s

i s to in d io a te p e rs o n a lity o h a r a o te r is tio s , o r i n t e r e s t p a tte r n s , o r ad­ justm en t, as th e oase may be*

Whether o r n o t th ese in d ic e s oan be used to

d if f e r e n tia te suooesses and f a i l u r e s in p e rso n a l adjustm ent oounsellng i s the purpose o f th e in v e s tig a tio n . Table XI g iv e s th e r e s u lts p e rta in in g to th e eduoation faotor*

■46*

TABLE XI E ducational Level o f Suooesses and F a ilu re s Frequency of Suooesses

Frequenoy of F a ilu re s

e ig h t y e ars o r le s s

0

13

some high sohool

6

15

high sohool graduate

24

15

some c o lle g e

13

6

7

1

more than tw elve y e a rs

20

7

le s s th a n tw elve y e a rs

6

28

C h a ra c te ris tic

o o lleg e g raduate

Inform ation p e rta in in g t o th e number o f y e ars o f form al schooling com­ p le te d by 1iie s u b je c t mas o b tain ed from th e advisement fo ld er*

Compari­

sons o f th e su b jeo ts were made f o r th e follow ing seven o h a r a c te r is tie s coming under the g en eral heading o f education: e ig h t y e a rs o r le s s education some h ig h sohool high sohool g raduate some c o lle g e o o lle g e g raduate more th a n tw elve y e a rs education l e s s than tw elve y e a rs ed ucation Several s tr ik in g fin d in g s appear in Table XI*

None o f th e su o o essfu l

s u b je o ts had e ig h t y e a rs o r l e s s of form al sohooling*

Six a tten d ed high

sohool b u t d id n o t c o n tin u e , lfcereas f i f t e e n o f th e unsuooessful s u b je c ts d id n o t oomplete high school a f t e r having s ta r te d .

T h irteen o f th e f a i l ­

u re s i n oounseling had no more th a n an elem entary sohool ed u catio n .

B ather

c o n s is te n tly , as th e le v e l of eduoation in o re a se s, more suooesses them f a ilu r e s are represented*

-4 6 -

The n e x t ta b le p re s e n ts th e r e s u l ts f o r th e m a rita l s ta t u s o f th e subjects* The inoidenoe o f s in g le , m arried , and divorced o r sep arated su b je o ts in th e comparison groups was observed f o r t h i s fao to r*

Inform ation con­

cern in g i t was contained i n th e advisem ent fo ld er* TABLE X II M arital S tatu s of Suooesses and F a ilu re s Frequency of Suooesses

C h a r a c te ris tic

Frequenoy of F a ilu re s

sin g le

41

42

m arried

8

6

1

2

divorced o r

sep arated

The fo u r c h a r a c te r is tic s com prising th e advisem ent s ta tu s f a o to r are l i s t e d in th e follow ing tab le*

The d a ta were derived from item s o f reco rd

in th e advisem ent f o ld e r o f each subject* TABIE X III Advisement S tatu s of Suooesses and F a ilu re s frequency of Suooesses

frequenoy of F a ilu re s

f u ll- tim e stu d e n t

25

7

f u ll- tim e employed

15

14

unemployed

10

29

no v o c a tio n a l goal

37

34

C h a ra o te ris tie

I t is seen from th e r e s u l t s in Table X III th a t a f a i r l y la rg e p ro p o rtio n

-4 7 -

o f b o th

8uooe 6 8 0 8

and f a ilu r e s were unable t o deoide on an employment

o b je o tiv e a t th e t i n e o f r e f e r r a l f o r p e rso n al adjustm ent co u n selin g . E xactly h a lf of th e suooessful group were a tte n d in g c o lle g e s as f u ll- tim e stu d e n ts, f i f t e e n were working f u ll - tim e , and te n were unemployed.

The

re v e rse order i s seen to o b ta in in th e oase o f th e u n su cc e ssfu lly oounseled s u b je o ts.

That i s , more th a n h a lf were unemployed, fo u rte e n had jo b s,an d

seven were o o lle g e stu d e n ts as o f th e tim e o f r e f e r r a l fo r p e rso n al counsel­ in g . Suooesses and f a ilu r e s were compared w ith re fe re n c e t o th e presenoe of a p h y sio al d i s a b i l i t y , a n e u ro p sy eh ia trio d i s a b i l i t y , and any d i s a b i l i t y o la s s if ie d as c o n s titu tin g a v o c a tio n a l handicap.

The b a s is f o r determ in­

in g th e e x iste n c e o f any of th e se c h a r a c te r is ti c s was a m edical o r psychia­ t r i c d iag n o sis in the o f f i o i a l m edical fo ld e r, showing t h a t th e c o n d itio n was serv ice-co n n ected o r had been aggravated as a r e s u l t o f m ilita r y s e rv io e .

In th e ta b u la r p re s e n ta tio n o f th e r e s u lts o f th e study, th e se

c h a r a c te r is tic s a re l i s t e d a s: p h y sio a l d is a b i lity n eu ro p sy eh ia trio d i s a b i l i t y no v o c a tio n a l d i s a b i l i t y TABIE XIV D is a b ility S ta tu s o f th e Subjeots C h a ra c te ris tic

Frequenoy of Suooesses

Frequenoy of F a ilu re s

p h y sio al d i s a b i l i t y

6

4

neu rp p sy o h iatrio d is a b i l i t y

4

12

41

34

no v o c a tio n a l d is a b i lity

Table XV g iv e s the r e s u l t s p e rta in in g to m ilita r y serv io e, whioh f o r

-4 8 -

purposes of ih e stu d y , was considered i n two ways* The f i r s t , le n g th o f m ilita r y se rv io e , c o n siste d o f two o h a ra o te r ia tio s t " th re e y e a rs or more m ilita r y serv io e" and "two y e ars o r more m ilita r y s e rv ic e ”*

The seoond, perio d in te rv e n in g between d ate o f m ilita r y d isch arg e

and d a te o f f i r s t p erso n al co u n selin g in te rv ie w , in clu d ed th re e ch aracter* is tie s :

"discharged th re e y e a rs or m ore","discharged two y ears o r more", and

"discharged le s s th a n one y e a r" .

The in fo rm atio n reg ard in g a l l f iv e c h a ra c t­

e r i s t i c s was derived from item s o f reco rd ro u tin e ly reoorded i n th e advise­ ment fo ld er* TABIE XV Length of M ilita ry S ervice and Length o f Time Sinoe Discharge f o r th e Suooesses and F a ilu re s Frequenoy of Suooesses

Frequency of F a ilu re s

th re e y e ars or more m ilita r y serv io e

18

5

two y ears o r more m ilita r y serv io e

42

30

disoharged th re e y e a rs or more

16

14

discharged two y ears o r more

33

37

disohsurged le s s than one y e a r

5

3

C h a ra c te ris tic

According to th e r e s u l t s shown in Table XV, more suooesses th an f a il u r e s had long servioe re c o rd s . service*

Most of th e s u b je c ts had a t l e a s t two y e a rs

of

Again, seventy p er c e n t o f the su b je c ts were discharged from se r­

v ioe a t l e a s t two y e a rs b e fo re p erso n al counseling was i n i t i a t e d w ith them. Table XVI f o r th e te n th f a o to r , age, i s g iv en on th e follow ing page.

-4 9 -

TABIE XVI Age of Su0 0 8 8 8 0 8 and F a ilu re s C h a ra c te ris tic

Frequency of Suooesses

Frequenoy of F a ilu re s

over 35

5

4

under 30

42

34

under 25

24

25

I t oan bo soon from Table XVI t h a t m ost o f th e su b je o ts were le s s than t h i r t y y e ars of age a t th e tim e o f r e f e r r a l f o r co u n selin g .

Almost h a lf

were le s s th a n tw e n ty -fire years o f age. For th e 113 c h a r a c te r is tic s l i s t e d in the p reced in g te n ta b le s , a tte n ­ t io n was d ire c te d p r in c ip a lly to th e inoidenoe o f th e c h a r a c te r i s tic s in th e su o o essfu lly and u n su cc e ssfu lly counseled groups.

The v a rio u s r e la ­

tio n s h ip s between th e groups and th e s ig n ific a n c e of th e re la tio n s h ip s are p re se n te d and d iscu ssed i n th e fo llo w in g c h a p te r.

I

CHAPTER V THE RELIABILITY OF THE DIFFERENCES In o rd e r to determ ine th e s t a t i s t i c a l r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e d iffe re n c e be­ tween th e su c c e ss fu lly and u n su o o essfu lly oounseled c a se s, th e d iffe re n c e between th e two groups f o r any c h a r a c te r is tic was read from th e te n f r e ­ quenoy ta b le s d iscu ssed i n th e preced in g chapter*

For example, 40 p e r cen t

of the su c c e ss fu lly oounseled e ases and 14 p e r oent o f th e u n su o o essfu lly oounseled oases were seen to have more th an tw elve y e a rs education*

From

th e se sco res, 26 p e r o ent more o f the suooesses th a n o f th e f a i l u r e s mani­ fe s te d t h i s c h a r a c te ris tic *

The o r i t i o a l r a t i o o f t h i s d iffe re n o e was then

determ ined in the follow ing mannert The standard e r r o r of th e d iffe re n o e between two u n e o rre la te d percen tag es was ob tain ed from th e form ula given by G a r r e tt:1

Then th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o was computed by u sin g th e fom rala: C.R* S

JL Ob

The o r i t i o a l r a tio in d io a te s w hether or n o t an observed d iffe re n o e i s s ig n ific a n t*

According to G a rre tt, " i t i s custernary to ta k e a o r i t i o a l 2 r a t i o o f th re e a s in d ic a tiv e of a s ig n if io a n t d i f f e r e n c e ..." S ta te d simply, a s ig n if io a n t d ifferen o e means th e odds a re g r e a t t h a t th e tru e d iffe re n o e i s g re a te r than te r o . 1* 2.

T herefore, a r e lia b le d iffe re n o e ( c r i t i -

deary E* G a rre tt, S t a t i s t i c s i n Psychology and E ducation, p* 228* G a rre tt, og_. c i t . , p . 218.

-6 1 -

o a l r a t i o of th re e o r more) does n o t imply t h a t a p a r t ic u l a r o h a ra o te r is tio i s p e c u lia r to e ith e r group stu d ie d , b u t t h a t th e observed d iffe re n o e i s th e tr u e re la tio n s h ip between th e two groups f o r th e p a r tic u la r o h a ra c te ri s t i o being co n sid ered .

For example, i n th e o h a r a o te r is tic "more than tw elve

y e a rs education" th e su o o essfu lly counseled su b je c ts show 40 p e r oent and th e u n su o o essfu lly oounseled su b je o ts 14 per oen t, w ith a o r i t i o a l r a t i o of 5 ,1 0 .

However, the high o r i t i o a l r a t i o does n o t imply t h a t "more than

tw elve y ears education" i s p e c u lia r to th e s u o o e ssfu lly oounseled group b u t r a th e r th a t th e d iffe re n c e of 26 p er o en t i s a r e lia b le d iffe re n c e , and t h a t t h i s d iffe re n o e alm ost always w ill be ob tain ed when oomparing success­ f u l l y oounseled and u n suooessfully oounseled s u b je o ts.

"More than tw elve

y e a rs edu catio n ", i n o th e r w ords, d e f in ite ly does appear among unsuccess­ f u ll y oounseled su b je o ts, th e d iffe re n c e between th e two groups c o n sis tin g only in th e degree t o whioh i t appears.

F in a lly , an u n re lia b le c r i t i o a l

r a t i o in d io a ts s t h a t the obtained d iffe re n c e i s n o t ty p ic a l. A o r i t i o a l r a t i o was oanputed fo r th e d iffe re n o e between th e two groups f o r eaoh of th e 113 o h a r a c te r is tie s considered i n t h i s stu d y .

There i s a

wide range of d iffe re n o e in idle o r i t i o a l r a t i o s o b tain ed , v ary in g from a o r i t i o a l r a tio of zero fo r "weak p e rsu asiv e in t e r e s t " to a o r i t i o a l r a t i o o f 5.24 f o r " le s s than tw elve years ed u catio n ".

The o r i t i o a l r a t i o s w ill

be considered in ascending o rd er in th e ta b le s which fo llo w . U n reliab le D ifferences In Table XVII th e o r i t i o a l r a tio f o r eaoh o f th e e ig h t c h a r a c te r is tic s in clu d ed is zero .

Since a o r i t i o a l r a t i o o f th re e i s n ecessary to in d io a te

a s ig n ifio a n t d iffe re n o e , th e r e i s no r e lia b le d iffe re n o e f o r a vy o f th e o h a r a o te r is tic s in the ta b le .

This i s in te rp re te d to mean th a t th e obtained

-5 2 -

re la tio n s h ip (no d iffe re n o e o r p e rfe o t s im ila r ity ) is n o t a r e l i a b l e re ­ la tio n s h ip and t h a t i t i s extrem ely u n lik e ly t h a t t h i s r e la tio n s h ip would be ob tain ed in suooessive samples o f s im ila rly s e le c te d groups* p e r f e o t s im ila r ity between the

Although

groups w ith re g a rd to eaoh of th e eig b t

c h a r a c te r is tic s i s in e f f e o t a f o r tu ito u s occurrence, th e r e i s no contra** d io tio n in n o tin g t h a t a l l b u t one o h a ra o te r is tic a re o la s s if i e d a s in­ te re s ts *

Another fin d in g worthy o f note in th e ta b le i s t h a t th e ex p ressio n

o f a stro n g i n t e r e s t is very common to b o th suooesses and fa ilu re s *

These

o h a ra o te r is tio s w ill be discu ssed w ith th o se in Table X V IIl(p. 5 3 ) . t h i s point* i t i s to be emphasized t h a t a o r i t i o a l r a t i o of gero

At

does n o t

s ig n ify u n r e l i a b i l i t y of th e inoidenoe o f any given c h a r a c te r is ti c , b u t r a th e r th e u n r e l i a b i l i t y of th e re la tio n s h ip between two inoidenoes of th e g iv en o h a r a o te r is tio . TABLS XVII C r itio a l R atios of Zero f o r D ifferenoes Between Suooesses and F a ilu re s

a t l e a s t one stro n g in te re s t weak -th e o re tic a l in te re s t a t l e a s t fo u r abnormal p e rs o n a lity components in te rp e rs o n a l i n t e r e s t n eg ativ e meohanioal in te re s t s c ie n tific in te r e s t weak p e rsu asiv e i n t e r e s t n e g a tiv e m usioal i n t e r e s t

Per oent Suooesses

P er o en t F a ilu re s

98

98

.0 0

• 00

46

46

•00

.0 0

40 36

40 36

.00 .00

.00 • 00

26 12 8 6

26 12 8 6

o o*

O h a ra o te ristio

D iffe r­ enoe

•00 •00 •00 •00

•00 .0 0 • 00

C r itio a l R atio

In Table XVIII, th e o r i t i o a l r a t i o s o f f i f t y o h a ra o te r is tio s are p re ­ sented*

The average o r i t i o a l r a t i o f o r the group of o h a ra o te r is tio s in -

oluded i s *58 w hile th e range i s from *20 to *98*

These o r i t i o a l r a t io s

-5 8 -

TABIE X V III

C r i t i o a l R atios Between Zero and One fo r D ifferen ces Between Suooesses and F a ilu re s O h a ra o te ristio

Per o en t Suooesses

n eg ativ e s o ie n tif io in te re s t n eg ativ e l i t e r a r y in te re s t h y s te r ia com putational i n t e r e s t n e g a tiv e o le r io a l i n t e r e s t strong a r t i s t i o i n t e r e s t strong o le r io a l i n te r e s t lite r a r y in te re s t disoharged two y e ars o r more u n s a tis fa c to ry h e a lth adjustm ent schizoph renia n eg ativ e p r a o tio a l in te re s t u n s a tis fa c to ry em otional adjustm ent a r tis tio in te re s t disoharged le s s than one y e a r strong s o ie n tif io in te re s t abnormal h y s te r ia weak com putational in te re s t depression no v o o a tio n a l g o al divoroed o r sep arated hypoohondriaais negative p e rsu asiv e in te re s t m arried a t l e a s t one abnormal p e rs o n a lity component th e o r e tic a l i n t e r e s t a t l e a s t one weak i n t e r e s t abnom al hypoohondriaais hypomania weak m usioal in t e r e s t stro n g th e o r e tic a l in te re s t oontinued

P er oent F a ilu re s

" D i'fferenoe

'

C ritic a l Ratio

26

18

•08

• 98

4 4 4 10 32 10 16

8 8 8 16 24 16 10

.0 4 •04 •04 •06 •08 •06 • 06

.91 .9 1 .91 • 90 .9 0 • 90 .9 0

66

74

• 08

•88

26 12

34 18

• 08 • 06

• 88 •86

42

34

• 08

•82

50 20

58 14

.08 .06

•81 •80

10

6

.0 4

.7 4

22 24

16 SO

• 06 •06

.73 • 67

24 52 74 2 4

30 26 68 4 2

• 06 .06 •06 •02 .02

.67 .6 6 .6 6 .59 • 59

4 16

2 12

•02 •04 .

.59 .58

86 16

82 20

.0 4 •04

.56 •62

82 22 4 4

78 26 6 6

•04 •04 •02 •02

•50 .47 .45 •45

•08

.88

26 34 on n ex t page __ . . .

-5 4 -

TABLE XVIII

C h a ra o te rie tio

(continued from preoeding page) P er oent P er oent Suooesses F a ilu re s

C r itio a l R atio

18

14

•04

• 55

38

34

•04

• 43

32

28

.0 4

• 43

32

28

.04

.43

36 56 42

32 60 46

.0 4 .0 4 •04

•42 • 40 • 40

58 10 10 14 14 82

54 8 8 12 16 84

•04 •02 •02 •02 .02 •02

.40 • 55 •35 • 30 .28 .27

18 30

16 28

•02 •02

.27 • 22

36

38

O•

CM

weak in te rp e rs o n a l in t e r e s t stro n g p ersu asiv e in te re s t weak meohanioal in t e r e s t disoharged th re e y ears or more abnormal psyohopathio d e v ia te abnom al depression abnormal sch izo p h ren ia stro n g in te rp e rs o n a l in te re s t age over t h i r t y - f i v e p h y sio a l d i s a b i l i t y psyohopathio d ev iate abnom al p aran o ia sin g le stro n g com putational in te re s t employed fu ll- tim e u n s a tis fa c to ry s o o ia l a d ju s ts en t n e g a tiv e th e o re tio a l in te re s t abnormal psych asth en ic age under tw e n ty -fiv e

‘ " K T F e renoe

•21

36 48 48

34 50 50

.02 .02 .02

• 21 .2 0 • 20

are to o low to be reg ard ed as s t a t i s t i c a l l y sig n ifio a n t*

I f o th e r groups

o f su b je o ts were observed f o r th e same o h a ra o te ristio s* th e re la tio n s h ip m ight be re v e rse d o r e n tir e ly d i f f e r e n t .

This n eg ativ e fin d in g i s p a r t i ­

c u la rly in te r e s tin g in l i g h t o f th e n a tu re o f most of th e o h a ra o te r is tio s shown in the table* Adjustment F irst* i t i s t o be observed t h a t w hether th e adjustm ent a re a being considered p e rta in s to h e a lth , em otional, o r s o o ia l adjustm ent, no r e lia b le d iffe re n o e e x is ts between the two groups as reg ard s g en eral adjustm ent p r io r

-5 5 -

to counseling.

For eaoh a re a , m aladjustm ent i s j u s t about as ty p ic a l fo r

th e su o o essfu lly oounseled a s f o r th e u n su o o essfu lly oounseled o lie n ta .

For

th e p a r tio u la r groups stu d ie d , more f a ilu r e s th a n suooesses g iv e evidence o f u n s a ti s f aotory adjustment*

However, i t i s im p o rtan t to p o in t o u t t h a t suoh

d iffe re n o e s a re decidedly u n s ta b le , and lik e ly to v ary from one group to another*

To th e e x te n t t h a t th e B ell Adj usbaemt Inventory, whioh was used

to measure th e se o h a r a o te r is tio s , i s an index o f m aladjustm ent, th e evidence dem onstrates no re la tio n s h ip between t h i s fa o to r and suooess o r f a i l u r e . P e rs o n a lity A second o b serv atio n , worthy of n o te , o f f e r s a d d itio n a l confirm ation of th e fin d in g s w ith re g a rd to th e ad ju stm en t fao to r*

Of th e n in e abnor­

mal p e rs o n a lity components measured by th e MMPI, e ig h t appear i n Table IX w ith o r i t i o a l r a t i o s g e n e ra lly lower even tnan th o se o n a ra o te r is tie s de­ riv e d from th e B ell Adjustment Inventory*

Furtherm ore, th e g en eral tre n d

remains unchanged even i f the one h ig h e st sco re i s reco rd ed f o r each in d i­ v id u al in s te a d o f reoording a l l soores o f seventy or more* A f u r th e r a n a ly s is o f th e d a ta p e rta in in g to th e p e rs o n a lity fa o to r was to observe th e d iffe re n o e between the groups fo r th e o n a r a o te r is tie s " a t l e a s t one abnormal p e rs o n a lity component" and " a t l e a s t fo u r abnormal p e rs o n a lity components"«

The oompyrisons a re shown in Table XVIII and

Table XVII, re s p e c tiv e ly .

The r e s u lts a re so s im ila r t h a t they oan be

disoussed together*

Almost a l l th e su o o e ssfu lly oounseled su b je o ts (86

p e r oent) and th e u n su o o essfu lly oounseled su b jeo ts (82 p e r oent) showed a t l e a s t one p e rs o n a lity component regarded as deviate*

From Table XVII

( p .52) i t oan be seen t h a t 40 p e r o en t o f eaoh group m an ifested fo u r or more p e rs o n a lity components o u tsid e the normal range*

56-

I t i s e v id e n t t h a t no re la tio n s h ip e x is ts between th e p e rs o n a lity o r srityistment o h a ra o te r is tio s considered so fa r and th e outoome o f oounaeling. This fin d in g i s c o n tra ry t o th e g e n e ra lly held b e lie f th a t the more severe th e m aladjustm ent o r p e rs o n a lity d e v ia tio n the more unfavorable th e prognosis* The re s o lu tio n of the disorepancy depends on the a b i l i t y of th e t e s t s em­ ployed in t h i s re s e a rc h to measure suen f a c to r s as d ep th of m aladjustm ent. However, i t i s beyond th e soope of th e p re s e n t study to answer suoh a ques­ tio n .

I t s u ffio e s to ssy th a t i n b o th th e suooesses and f a i l u r e s examined,

th e o h a ra o te ri s tio s of m aladjustm ent and ab n o m al p e rs o n a lity components are p re s e n t in approxim ately equsil v a r ie ty b u t to a n undeterm ined degree as regards s e v e rity f o r eaoh kind o f m aladjustm ent. "While the o r i t i o a l r a t i o s a re no t in d ic a tiv e of a r e li a b le re la tio n ^ sh ip , i t i s o f i n t e r e s t to d isc u ss b r ie f ly some o f th e o h a ra o te r is tio s appearing in th e two preceding ta b le s . a t l e a s t fo u r abnormal p e rs o n a lity components suooesses - 40 p e r o en t f a i l u r e s - 40 p e r oent Although th e re i s no r e l i a b l e r e la tio n s h ip , i t i s c le a r t h a t th e char­ a c t e r i s t i c i s to be found r a th e r fre q u e n tly in e ith e r group.

Any su b je c t

whose scores were seventy or h ig h e r on a t le a s t fo u r of th e abnormal com­ ponent sca le s o f the UUPI was counted in t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t io n .

When a t l e a s t

one p e rs o n a lity d e v ia tio n is counted, a s i n Table XVIII (pp. 53-54), th e r e ­ la tio n s h ip i s seen to be s im ila rly u n re lia b le b u t th e inoidenoe i s very ooom on

in b oth groups.

I t i s e v id en t from th e in co n clu siv e n a tu re o f th e se

d iffe re n c e s t h a t no prognosis i n counseling oan be based on th e ooourrenoe o f th e se o h a r a c te r is tio s . d epression successes - 56 p e r o en t

f a il u r e s - 60 p e r o en t

-5 7 -

This o h a r a o te r ls tic has been s e le c te d f o r d iso u sslo n because i t i s the most fre q u e n tly ooourring one in b o th groups o f s u b je o ts .

I t has been

found more oammonly among th e l e a s t improved su b jeo ts b u t th e d iffe re n c e i s obviously in s ig n if io a n t. The au th o rs o f th e t e s t su g g est th a t a high soore on d ep ressio n char­ a c te r is e s th e person who laolcs s e lf-c o n fid e n c e , ten d s to w orry, and i s un1 a b le to c c n o e n tra ts. The evidence i n t h i s re sea ro h b e a rs o u t t h e i r s ta t e ­ ment t h a t some do p r o f i t from psychotherapy b u t a g r e a te r number do n o t respond r e a d ily .

However, th e r e s u lt s of th i s stucy do n o t d e f in ite ly in ­

d ic a te t h a t t h i s i s th e tr u e r e la tio n s h ip . psyohopathio d ev iate successes - 36 p e r o e n t

f a il u r e s - 32 p e r oent

This s c a le o f th e UUPI attem pts to measure the tendency to tra n s g re s s th e s o c ia l mores, such as alcoholism , lying,m isdem eanor8, hom osexuality 2 and drug a d d io tio n . Although i t i s g e n e ra lly h eld t h a t psycnotherapy i s n o t com pletely e f f e c tiv e w ith th e extreme case, the r e s u lts a t l e a s t su g g est t h a t even a " g re a t d e a l" o f improvement i s n o t preoluded in th o se sooring h ig h on t h i s s o a le . psyonastnenia suooesses - 48 p e r o e n t

f a i l u r e s - 50 p e r oent

Here again, the d a ta do n o t in d io a te tn e tr u e re la tio n s h ip between th e two groups, but in th e groups stu d ie d , a s iz e a b le p ro p o rtio n o f eaoh showed a high soore f o r p sy ch asth en ia.

This oomponent i s o h a r a o te r is tio of in d i­

v id u a ls tro u b le d by obsess ive-oom pulsive behavior and p h o b ias. quently i s found as one o f th e symptoms in a psyohotio syndrome. Tl 2.

I t very f r e ­ On th e

Starlce B. Hathaway m d J . C ham ley UoKinley, Manual f o r th e Minnesota M ultiphaaio P e rs o n a lity Inventory, p . 4. Hathaway and McKinley, op. p i t . , p . 5.

-5 8 -

o th e r hand, many persons m c n ife st s im ila r behavior w ith o u t being p sy eh o tio . The group stu d ie d o o n fira s t h a t a sse rtio n * When th e groups a re oompared on th e b a s is o f eaoh in d iv id u a l's one h ig h e st so o re, th e inoidenoe o f th e o h a ra o te r is tio deoreases and sharpens th e d ifferen c e*

A1-chough th e o r i t i o a l r a t i o i s r a is e d co n sid erab ly in th e

p ro o ess, i t s t i l l rem ains an u n re lia b le re la tio n s h ip (of* Table XX, p . schizophrenia suooesses - 42 p e r o e n t

70 )•

f a i lu r e s - 46 p e r oent

As th e naze im p lie s, t h i s so ale i s designed to measure o n e 's tendency to th in k u n r e a lis t io a ll y , whioh c a r rie d to an extreme c h a ra c te riz e s th e d is s o c ia tio n o f schizophrenia a s seen in th e c l i n i c .

This o h a ra o te r is tio

i s among th e th re e most common ones in b o th groups*

I t i s a ls o among th e

low est c r i t i o a l r a t i o s i n th e p e rs o n a lity categ o ry , in d io a tin g the ab­ sence o f any d e f in ite r e la tio n s h ip w ith fu tu re prognosis in co unseling. hypochondriasis suooesses - 22 p e r o en t

f a i l u r e s - 26 p er c e n t

Undue conoern about h e a lth and b o d ily fu n c tio n s as measured by th e MMPI i s n o t as c h a r a c te r is tic of e ith e r group as most o f the o th e r pej> s o n a lity o h a r a c te r is tie s s tu d ie d .

But l ik e most of th e o th e r oomponents so

f a r co n sid ered , th e d iffe re n c e i s of a very lew o rd e r of s ig n ific a n c e . h y s te r ia successes - 24 p e r oent

f a i lu r e s - 30 p e r c en t

This c h a r a c te r is tic shows one of th e la r g e s t d iffe re n c e s between th e groups as compared w ith th e o th er p e rs o n a lity oomponents ap p earin g in Table XVIII (pp. 53-54).

This so ale o f th e MMPI was designed to measure

th e in d iv id u a l's tendency to develop b o d ily symptoms under p sy ch o lo g ical s tr e s s .

I t i s one of the le s s comnon o h a r a o te r is tio s i n h ith e r group.

—59—

Although th e d iffe re n o e o f s ix p e r c e n t between the groups i s no t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e , i t i s ev id en t t h a t the c h a r a c te r is tic did appear among th e s u c c e ss fu lly oounseled s u b je c ts .

The r e l i a b i l i t y as

determ ined by th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o has only to do w ith th e d iffe re n c e between two groups, n o t th e m a n ife sta tio n of th e c h a r a c te r is tic in e ith e r group. The r e s u lts in Table XVIII show t h a t i t oan and does sppear among th e m ost improved a s w ell as among th e l e a s t improved s u b je c ts .

The d a ta do n o t p e r­

m it a determ in atio n to be made o f th e t r u e r e la tio n s h ip between th e two groups f o r t h i s o h a r a o te r is tio , b u t i t i s ev id en t t h a t i t i s n o t p e c u lia r to th e u n su c c e ssfu lly oounseled only. The m a sc u lin ity -fe m in in ity , p a ra n o ia, hypomania and th e v a lid a tin g s c a le s of the MMPI w i l l be ta k e n up in oonneotion w ith th e d isc u ssio n of -the r e s u lts shown in Table XX (p. 70). I n te r e s ts This is th e most fre q u e n tly occu rrin g category of th e c h a r a c te r is tic s l i s t e d in Table XVII (p. 52) and Table XVIIX(pp. 53-54).

I t i s a lso th e

eategory w ith th e la r g e s t number of s p e c ific c h a r a c te r is tic s in to whioh each o f th e te n f a c to r s has been an aly sed .

Of 56 o h a ra o te r is tio s belong­

ing to the i n t e r e s t c la s s if ic a t io n , 29 or 52 per oent a re l i s t e d in Table XVII and Table XVIII, showing c r i t i c a l r a t i o s of zero to .9 8 .

The sp eci­

f i c c h a r a c te r is tic s in the i n t e r e s t category were d eriv ed from th e p er­ c e n tile r a tin g s obtained on the Ruder P referen ce Record. c rib e d in Chapter I I I . used to exp lo re the

This t e s t was des­

I t should be noted h e re , t h a t w hile th e t e s t i s

in d iv id u a l's v o c a tio n a l p re fe re n c e s, i n n a tu re and

s tru c tu re i t c lo s e ly resem bles a p e rs o n a lity or adjustm ent in v en to ry . r e s u lts in th e l a s t ta b le show t h a t th i s s im ila rity extends even to the

The

-6 0 -

eap ao ity o f th e te s t e to d is c rim in a te between s u o o e ssfu lly and unsuccess­ f u l l y oounseled s u b je c ts .

Indeed, as w i l l be shown l a t e r , a f a i r degree of

r e l i a b i l i t y of the d iffe re n o e s between -the groups can be obtained only by combining th e s o a le s c f th e t e s t to form a d d itio n a l c h a r a c te ris tic s * With a few ex cep tio n s, however, the c h a r a c te r is tic s comprising the i n t e r e s t f a c to r show as l i t t l e re la tio n s h ip to the outcomes o f counseling as do th e p e rs o n a lity and adjustm ent f a c to r s . The term s used to d e sig n a te the i n t e r e s t o h a ra o te r is tio s a re s e lf explanatory in denoting the v o c atio n al or oooupational a re a s to whioh they apply.

B rie f ex p lan atio n s w i l l be given f o r th o se o h a ra o te r is tio s l i s t e d

below which have been derived by combining two o r more i n t e r e s t c h a ra c te r­ is tic s . strong com putational in t e r e s t suooesses - 18 p e r o e n t

f a il u r e s - 16 p e r o en t

There i s no r e lia b le d iffe re n c e between th e groups f o r t h i s c h a ra c te r­ is tic .

The same in te r p r e ta tio n oan be made w ith reg ard to com putational

i n t e r e s t when taken as the one h ig h e st sco re.

A dem onstration o f t h i s

u n r e l i a b i l i t y oan be seen in th e r e v e r s a l o f th e re la tio n s h ip between th e groups when th e o h a ra o te r is tio i s derived from th e in d iv id u a l's h ig h e s t in ­ te re s t.

The low percentages i n both groups i l l u s t r a t e the w ide-spread d is­

t a s t e f o r p u rs u its d ealin g w ith a rith m e tic , e sp e o ia lly when th e inoidence o f th is i n t e r e s t i s compared w ith t h a t f o r o th e r i n t e r e s t s , a s w ill be done in th e follow ing s e c tio n s . stro n g s o ie n tif io i n t e r e s t suooesses - 22 per c e n t

f a il u r e s - 16 p er oent

A r e l a t i v e l y sm all p ro p o rtio n of th e su b je o ts in e ith e r group in d i­ c ate d a strong s c i e n t i f i c p re fe re n c e , th a t i s , aoored a t th e 80th p e ro e n tile

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o r h ig h e r on th e s o ie n tif io soale of th e Kuder P referen ce Record.

A

s lig h tly h ig h e r percentage of su o o essfu l oases i s to he found w ith t h i s o h a r a o te r is tio than i s seen i n unsuooessful oases*

However, a s th e s iz e of

th e o r i t i o a l r a t i o (.75) in d ic a te s , th e d iffe re n o e cannot be s a id to re p re ­ se n t th e tr u e re la tio n s h ip , a t l e a s t on th e b a s is of th e evidence th u s f a r adduced. stro n g a r t i s t i o i n t e r e s t suooesses - 32 p e r o en t

f a ilu r e s - 24 p e r c e n t

The lik e s and d is lik e s o f a m oderate p ro p o rtio n i n b o th groups o lo se ly resemble th e p re fe re n ce s of people who a re su o o essfu l in a r t i s t i c p u r s u its , such as p a in te r s , a r c h ite c ts , d e s ig n e rs and h a ir d r e s s e r s .

I t i s neoessary

to n o te t h a t t h i s o h a r a o te r is tic does n o t in d ic a te th e le v e l o f i n t e r e s t , b u t only the marked p re fe re n ce f o r th e g en eral a re a .

H a ird re sse r, b a rb e r and

g la s s blow er, f o r exauple, a re o la s s if i e d a s a r t i s t i o p u r s u its , as are 1 fa sh io n a r t i s t , s c u lp to r and c a r to o n is t. The d iffe re n c e between th e groups in d ic a te s only th e re la tio n s h ip between them and a strong p referen o e a r t i s t i o p u rs u its o f d if f e r e n t le v e l s .

fo r

This r e la tio n s h ip , aooording to th e

r e s u lts in Table XVIII (pp. 53-54), i s n o t r e l i a b l e .

But even i f a de­

f i n i t e re la tio n s h ip were e s ta b lis h e d , i t should be emphasized t h a t t h i s re ­ s u l t would n o t show the le v e l o f i n t e r e s t p re fe rre d . Suooessful and u n su ccessfu l oases are n o t s ig n if lo a n tly d if f e r e n tia te d w ith re s p e c t t o -the o h a ra o te r is tio of g en eral a r t i s t i o i n t e r e s t .

I t may

s t i l l be p o s s ib le t h a t th e groiqps would show g r e a te r d iffe re n c e s a t sp eo if io i n t e r e s t le v e ls .

This p o s s i b i l i t y w ill be d iscu ssed in oanneotion

th e two subsequent ta b le s . 1.

Revised Manual f o r th e Kuder Preferenoe Record, p . 5 .

w ith

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stro n g in te rp e rs o n a l i n t e r e s t suooesses - 58 p e r oent

f a i l u r e s - 54 p e r c e n t

In o rd e r to examine th e tendency o f each group to p r e f e r a c t i v i t i e s c h a ra c te riz e d a s in te rp e rs o n a l r e la tio n s h ip s , th e p e rsu a siv e and s o c ia l se rv ic e sc a le s o f the Kuder P reference Record were combined.

The r e s u lts

obtained serve t o b rin g o u t th e f a o t t h a t t h i s i n t e r e s t i s more common to b o th groups than any o th e r sin g le i n t e r e s t o r com bination of i n t e r e s t s l i s t ­ ed in Table XVIII (pp. 53-54).

Furtherm ore, i t is alm ost eq u ally c h a ra c te r­

i s t i c o f th e su o o essfu lly and u n su c c e ssfu lly oounseled s u b je c ts , so t h a t th e d iffe re n o e i s c le a r ly n o t s ig n if io a n t.

For a l l p r a c t i c a l purposes, person­

a l counseling o lie n ts are q u ite a lik e as f a r a s t h i s o h a r a o te r is tic i s concerned, w hether o r n o t th e y prove to be amenable to co u n selin g .

In

th is re s p e o t, th ey a re u n lik e many oases met i n th e p s y c h ia tric o lin io who a re withdrawn and a p a th e tic as re g a rd s t h e i r s o c ia l a c t i v i t i e s .

In Chapter

I , m ention was made of the f a o t t h a t th e p erso n al counseling o l i e n t g en eral­ ly does n o t re q u ire p s y c h ia tric tre a tm e n t.

The stro n g in te rp e rs o n a l in ­

t e r e s t s o f th e s u b je c ts o f th is study are among th e many o th e r c h a r a c te ris ­ t i c s whioh d if f e r e n tia te them from c li n ic a l oases o fte n regarded as abnormal. Advisement S ta tu s Of th e fo u r c h a r a c te r is tic s considered under t h i s oategoxy, two sure l i s t e d in Table XVIII (pp. 53-54). showing low o r i t i o a l r a t i o s f o r the d iffe re n c e s between suooesses and fed lu r e s .

E v id en tly , th e r e s u l ts in d i­

c a te t h a t th e se o h a ra o te r is tio s have no dem onstrated u se fu ln e ss fo r p r e d ic t­ in g th e outoome o f p sy ch o th erap eu tic co u n selin g .

N ev erth eless, they a re im­

p o r ta n t enough to w arran t se p a ra te d iso u ssio n , p a r t i c u l a r l y in view o f the f a o t t h a t th e se o h a ra o te r is tio s a re q u ite common among b o th groups o f s u b je o ts.

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no v o c a tio n a l goal suooesses - 74 p e r c e n t

f a ilu r e s - 68 p e r oent

In d e d siveness as re g a rd s th e a b i l i t y t o choose an employment o b je c tiv e does n o t d if f e r c n tia te th e su o o essfu lly counseled from th e u n su cc e ssfu lly oounseled s u b je o ts i n t h i s study.

On th e c o n tra ry , th is kind o f in d e o i-

siv en e ss is j u s t about a s common to b o th groups.

I t mould seem th e re fo re ,

t h a t th e value o f t h i s o h a ra o te r is tio f o r judging counseling e f f e c tiv e ­ ness i s questionable u n le ss suoh s p e c ific o b je c tiv e s as a b i l i t y to ohoose a v o c a tio n a l goal a re accepted as one o f th e g en eral aims o f oounseling. S tudies mhioh olaim to have dem onstrated th e e ffe c tiv e n e s s of a oounsel­ in g program on the b a s is of s a tis fy in g a sp e o ifio c r i t e r i o n oan be charged 1 w ith "loading th e dio e" i n favor of th e a n tic ip a te d r e s u l t s . I t is a well-kncmn psychological f a c t , f o r example, t h a t b eh av io r in one sp e o ifio s itu a tio n does n o t n e o e s s a rily tr a n s f e r t o oth er d i f f e r e n t s itu a tio n s .

Y et,

to re g a rd a oounseling program as e ffe c tiv e because a m a jo rity of i t s c l i e n t s a t t a i n a h ig h ly s p e c ific o b je c tiv e i s tantam ount to oanfusing suoh o b je c tiv e s w ith the more general aims of oounseling.

Is counseling r e a lly

su cc e ssfu l i f th e o li e n t vho e v e n tu a lly decided on a v o c a tio n a l goal sub­ sequen tly m a n ife sts in d eoisiven es6 w ith reg ard to the type o f tr a in in g to pursue and how b e s t to seek employment? Of th e f i f t y su b je c ts who b e n e fite d from p e rso n a l oounseling as re ­ gards a b i l i t y to meke d e c is io n s (inoludLng v o c a tio n a l d e c is io n s ), 74 p e r o e n t m anifested v o o a tio n a l in d e o isio n a t th e s t a r t of oounseling.

Of th e

f i f t y s th je e ts uho f a i l e d to improve p e rc e p tib ly in t h i s re s p e c t, 68 p e r o e n t re v e alsd v o o a tio n a l in d e o isio n b efo re p erso n al counseling was begun. TH C liff o rd Ip. F roehlioh, "F acto rs B elated to E ffe ctiv e n e ss o f C ounseling," Uhpublished D octoral D is s e rta tio n , George Washington U n iv e rsity , Washington, D.C.

-6 4 -

I t i s s u f f ic ie n tly obvious from t h i s fin d in g t h a t th e s p e c ific c h a ra c te ris ­ t i c of v o c a tio n a l in d e c isio n does n o t r e lia b ly f o r e c a s t th e outcome in te rn s o f tbe more g e n eral o h a r a o te r is tic o f d e c is iv e n e s s .

I t would be a

re a d ily ap p aren t f a lla c y t o oonolude t h a t counseling was e f f e c t iv e because a t l e a s t f i f t y oases were helped to reach an employment o b je c tiv e , u n le ss i t oould be a s s e rte d t h a t t h i s re p re se n ts a fundamental aim of counseling r a th e r than a concomitant of e f f e c tiv e counseling. From Appendix F (pp. 170-187 ) i t i s p o s sib le to observe the outcome of oounseling f o r th e groups in terms o f th e sp e o ifio o r it e r i o n of a b i l i t y to s e le c t a v o c a tio n a l g o a l.

Of th e suooessful su b je c ts who were unable to

choose an o b je c tiv e a t th e s t a r t o f p e rso n al counseling, 88 p e r o en t had done so upon conclusion o f oounseling, whereas 44 p e r o en t o f the unsuccess­ f u l su b jeo ts were a b le to choose an o b je o tiv e upon te rm in a tio n .

The s i t e

of th e d iffe re n o e suggests t h a t t h i s a b i l i t y was an im portant fa c to r in ­ flu e n c in g -the ju d g es' ra tin g s of improvement.

This i s understandable in

view of th e f a o t t h a t th e judges were in s tru c te d to oonsider t h i s a b i l i t y p a r tic u la r ly in r a tin g improvement i n d e o isiv e n e ss.

However, the f a c t th a t

44 per oent of th e u nsuccessfu l s u b je o ts were a b le to ohoose an employment o b je o tiv e upon te rm in a tio n of oounseling in d ic a te s t h a t t h i s a b i l i t y was an im portant determ inant b u t n o t th e only one in judging improvement. f u ll- tim e employed suooesses - 30 per o en t

f a ilu r e s - 28 p e r o en t

The importance o f a job i n making fo r m ental h e a lth and s a tis f a c to r y 1 p erso n al adjustm ents has u s u a lly been taken f o r g ra n te d . The d a ta deriv ed 1.

Roger G. Barker, B ea trice A. W right and M ollie H. Goniok, "Adjustment to P hy sical Handioap and I ll n e s s : A survey o f the S o o ial Psychology of Physique and D is a b il it y ,” B u lle tin 65, 1946, S o o ial Science Re­ search Counoil, p . 264.

-6 6 -

frcm t h i s study in d io a ts , however, th a t having a job is simply n o t enough to guarantee a s a tis fy in g adjustm ent. There were

j u s t about as many f u l l y employed su b jeo ts among th o se who

e ffe o te d a s a tis f a c to r y adjustm ent through oounseling as among th o se who show­ ed l i t t l e o r no ap p reciab le improvement.

Taken a t i t s fa c e v a lu e, f u ll- tim e

employment i s n o t a r e lia b le p ro g n o stic in d ic a to r of oounseling outcomes. Presumably, the degree o f job s a tis f a c tio n m ight serve to d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e groups more sh arp ly than j u s t having a jo b .

Although t h a t a sp e c t o f employ­

ment was n o t considered f o r a l l th e su b je o ts in th e study, i t may be w e ll to p o in t o u t t h a t th o se in d iv id u a ls who a re w e ll s a t i s f i e d w ith t h e i r jobs would be le s s lik e ly t o p re s e n t them selves as o o u n selin g c l i e n t s .

Some evi­

dence f o r suoh an a s s e r tio n may be found i n th e o ccu p atio n al a d ju stsm it soores o f th e f u l l y employed s u b je c ts a s measured by th e B ell Adjustment Inventory.

This a re a of adjustm ent was n o t scored f o r a l l su b jeo ts beoause 1 i t i s n o t a p p lic a b le u n le ss th e s u b je c t i s employed. Table XIX p re s e n ts th e d is t r ib u tio n of occu p atio n al adjustm ent sco res fo r th e t o t a l number of employed su b je o ts and f o r th e suooesses and f a i l u r e s among th e employed s u b je c ts . TABLE XIX O ccupational Adjustment Soores o f Employed Subjects as measured by th e B ell Adjustment Inventory Number Per o en t — P er o en t o f Em­ F a ilu re s Suooesses ployed Soore S ubjects b 7 E 0-1 1 G 13 21 2-4 5 29 5-15 6 A 13 U 36 40 14-17 11 VU 7 17 / 6 34 26 57 B.S.A 12 0-13 u.vu 43 13/ 74 17 B- E x c e lle n t, G- Good, A* Average, V* U nsati sfa o to ry , VUIn te r­ p re ta ­ tion^-

1.

Manual fo r th e B e ll Adjustment Inventory.

te r enoe

C r itio a l R atio

.07 1.00 .08 .67 .16 1.07 .0 4 .22 1.93 • 27 1.82 .31 1.82 .31 Very U n sa tisfa c to ry

-6 6 -

A1though i t i s customary to reg ard a o r i t i o a l r a tio of th re e a s i n ­ d ic a tiv e o f a tr u e d iff e r e n c e , some a u th o r itie s oonsider t h i s as r a th e r 1 ,2 3 a r b itr a r y , p a r tic u la r ly when N i s sm all. At any r a t e , th e o r i t i o a l r a t i o of 1,82 f o r th e d iffe re n c e s between th e groups in Table XIX may be sa id to 4 in d io a te a f a i r l y r e lia b le d iffe re n c e . While th e f a c to r of job s a ti s f a c tio n , in so f a r a s i t i s in d io a te d by oooupational adjustm ent sc o re s, does serv e to emphasise th e d iffe re n c e be­ tween th e groups, i t can be seen th a t th e d ir e c tio n o f d iffe re n c e does n o t bear out th e g e n e ra lly p re v a le n t b e l i e f t h a t having a job or being s a t­ is f ie d w ith a job n e c e s s a rily f a c i l i t a t e s p erso n al adjustm ent.

On th e con­

tr a r y , Table XIX suggests a f a i r l y c o n s is te n t tendenoy toward su c c e ssfu l p e rso n al adjustm ent among th e o c cu p atio n ally m alad ju sted s u b je c ts , in con­ t r a s t w ith th e tendenoy toward u n su co essfh l p e rso n al adjustm ent in th e oocup a tio n a lly w e ll-a d ju ste d group. I t may be t h a t job d is s a tis f a c t i o n as r e f le o te d in oooupational a d ju s t­ ment scores re p re se n ts a oonorete and ta n g ib le a re a of p e rso n a l concern to th e in d iv id u a l.

I t m ight be e a s ie r f o r th e in d iv id u a l to r e s t r i c t i t s in -

fluenoe on th e t o t a l p e rs o n a lity th an i t would be i n th e case o f le s s de­ f i n i t e a re as o f d is s a tis f a c t io n , suoh as em otional, s o o ia l, e to .

from t h i s

p o in t o f view, i t would seem t h a t th e a b i l i t y of the in d iv id u a l to is o la te an a re a o f d is s a tis f a c t io n ought to be regarded as in ch o atin g a fa v o ra b le prognosis r a th e r than being accepted sim ply as evidence o f m aladjustm ent and no more.

The converse of t h i s i s a lso suggested by th e evidence in

Table XIX, v i s . , the i n a b ility of th e in d iv id u a l to express oonorete d is s a t­ is f a c tio n s i s an unfavorable in d ic a to r of counseling outcome. TH C harles C. P e te rs and W alter E. Van V oorhis, S t a t i s t i c a l Procedures and t h e i r Mathematical Bases, p . 476. ' 2. J . P. d u llfo rd , Eyoh'om otrio Methods, p . 61 3. E. F. L in d q u ist, S t a t i s t i c a l S ia ly s is i n B duoational Besearoh, p . 16. 4. P e te rs and Van Voorhis, op. o i t . , p . 477.

-6 7 -

M arital S ta tu s Comparison of th e groups w ith re fe re n o e to t h i s f a o to r re v e ale d no r e lia b le d ifferen ces*

Table XVIII (pp. 53-54) shows t h a t most of th e sub­

j e c t s i n both groups were sin g le and only a few i n eaoh group were c la s s i­ f ie d a s m arried, divoroed or se p a ra te d .

S p eo ifio a n aly se s f o r eaoh char­

a c te ris tic ) in d io a te a s l i g h t d iffe re n c e in fa v o r o f th e m arried group b u t th e d iffe re n c e i s d e a r l y n o t s ig n if ic a n t i n axy case.

Thus, two p e r oent

more o f th e f a i l u r e s than o f th e suooesses a re s in g le , divoroed o r separated* On the o th e r hand, fo u r per o en t more o f th e suooesses th an o f th e f a i l u r e s a re m arried .

So f a r as suoessive samples of s im ila rly s e le o te d groups

are

oonoem ed, th e r e s u l t s shorn i n Table XVIII a re inconclusive* D is a b ility S ta tu s Of th e th re e s e p a ra te comparisons made f o r t h i s fa o to r, one i s l i s t e d in Table XVIII showing no d e f in ite re la tio n s h ip between p h y sic a l d is a b i l ity and outcome in p erso n al adjustm ent counseling*

A more d e f in itiv e demonstra­

t i o n o f th e absenoe of such a re la tio n s h ip was made on th e b a s is of a com1 prehensive survey by B arker, Ooniok and "Wright, p re v io u sly oited * The presence of a p h y s ic a l d i s a b i l i t y was recorded only f o r th o se sub­ j e c t s whose o f f i o i a l m edical reoords in d io a te d a p h y sic a l d i s a b i l i t y due to m ilita r y se rv ic e or aggravated by service*

Inoluded under t h i s category

were such d i s a b i l i t i e s as f l a t f e e t , am putations, gun sh o t wounds, hearing lo s s and d e rm a titis*

Only the f a o t of presence of a d i s a b i l i t y i s l i s t e d

(see Appendix F, pp. 170^187 ) , because th e low inoidenoe o f t h i s c h a ra c te r­ i s t i c in e ith e r

group made a d e ta ile d breakdown o f ty p e of p h y sio a l d is ­

a b i l i t y unwarranted* 1.

^Adjustment to P h y sio a l Handioap and I lln e s s : A Survey of th e S o cial Psychology of Physique and D is a b ility ," B u lle tin 55, 1944* Sooial Scienoe Researoh Counoil*

Disohargg S ta tu s This fa o to r was d efin ed as th e le n g th of tim e between th e 3 u b je o t's m ilita r y disoharge and his f i r s t p erso n al counseling appointment*

The

purpose in examining th e groups f o r t h i s fa o to r was to determ ine th e a sso c ia ­ tio n between oounseling r e s u l t s and th e " g e s ta tio n " p e rio d o f p e rso n al d i f f i ­ c u ltie s sin ce leav in g m ilita r y servioe*

The m ost convenient and p la u s ib le

d a te s f o r t h i s purpose seemed to be th e ones adopted in th e stu d y . I t m ight be expected t h a t th e longer th e d u ra tio n of a problem th e le s s ao o essib le w i l l i t be to re s o lu tio n through p sy ch o th erap eu tio endeav­ ors*

One of th e re a so n s f o r d ep lo rin g th e s c a rc ity of counseling f a c i l i ­

t i e s i s p re o is e ly because i t is f e l t t h a t the longer th e p erso n w ith a problem rem ains w ith o u t some form o f psyohotherapeutio a s s is ta n c e , th e more d i f f i o u l t w i l l i t be to help him.

Suoh m isg iv in g s, however, are n o t borne

o u t by th e r e s u lts shown in Table XVIII (pp. 53-54) s h io h d eal w ith t h i s fa o to r • I t can be seen th a t whether th e in d iv id u a l was d ischarged about one, two or mare than th re e y ears ago makes l i t t l e d iffe re n c e in th e outcome of oounseling.

For th e su b je o ta stu d ie d , th e r e la tio n s h ip is u n r e lia b le , i n ­

d ic a tin g t h a t th e observed d iffe re n c e s are n o t ty p io a l*

S ta te d o th erw ise,

th e r e s u lts mean t h a t th e observed re la tio n s h ip f o r t h i s fa o to r m ight be re v e rse d o r e n tir e ly d if f e r e n t i f another group were s im ila rly examined* F a irly R eliab le D ifferen ces In Table XX, th e range of o r i t i o a l r a t i o s i s from one through two. Although t h i s i s h ig h e r than th e o r i t i o a l r a t i o s in Table XVII (p. 52) o r Table XVIII (pp. 53-54), th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e d iffe re n c e i s n o t s i g n i f i ­ c a n t, from a s t a t i s t i c a l p o in t of view*

Thus, i t cannot be s a id f o r any

—69-

o f th e c h a r a c te r is tic s l i s t e d th e r e , t h a t th e re la tio n s h ip expressed i s th e tr u e re la tio n s h ip , n o r the one t h a t m ight be expeoted f o r a s p e c ific char­ a c t e r i s t i c whenever su c c e ss fu lly counseled and u n su ccessfu lly counseled sub­ je c t s sure oompared. Mention has a lread y been made t h a t some a u th o r itie s d isag ree as to th e s is e of the o r i t i o a l r a tio in d ic a tiv e of s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n c e (see page 6 6 )•

For th e purposes o f t h i s study, a o r i t i o a l r a t i o o f th r e e , reg ard ed

by G a rre tt as th e most g e n e ra lly a cc e p tab le , i s ta k en as d e f in ite ly r e l i a b l e . I t w ill be u s e f u l, in re c o g n itio n o f th e d iffe re n c e of opinion -that e x is t s , 1 to re g a rd o r i t i o a l r a t i o s below th r e e and above 1.73 as f a i r l y r e l ia b le . There appears to be no disagreem ent about in te r p r e tin g o r i t i o a l r a t io s between sero and 1.73 as u n re lia b le .

This c l a s s i f i c a t i o n scheme has bean

follow ed i n d iso u ssin g th e r e s u l t s p re sen te d i n th e preceding ta b le s and w ill be th e one observed i n oonneotion w ith th e n ex t and subsequent ta b le s . As in Table XVIII (pp. 53-5 4 ), many of th e p ercen tag es a re exceedingly low f o r both groups, w ith th e e x cep tio n o f sp e o ifio o h a ra o ta r is tio s sub­ sumed under th e g en eral fa c to r s of ed u catio n , age, d i s a b i l i t y , p e rs o n a lity , and i n t e r e s t s .

I t w ill be most oonvenient, th e re fo re , t o p re s e n t a b r i e f

d iso u ssio n of th e r e s u lts shown in Table XX under th e headings of th e abovem entioned fa o to rs . Bduoation Table XX in o lu d es two comparisons of th e groups p e rta in in g to th e edu­ c a tio n a l fewt o r , v i z ., "high sohool g rad u ate" and "some c o lle g e " .

The f o r ­

mer comparison in o lu d es a l l th o se su b je c ts who ooaqpleted a fo u r-y e a r high sohool oourse b u t who did n o t pursue form al schooling beyond high sohool Tl

P e te rs and Van V oorhis, og. c i t . , p . 477.

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TABLE XX O r itio a l R atios Between One and Two fo r th e D ifferen ces Between Suooesses and F a ilu re s C h a ra c te ris tic c u ltu r a l i n t e r e s t age under t h i r t y stro n g l i t e r a r y i n t e r e s t hig h sohool graduate m a so u lin ity -fe m in in ity some oo lleg e n eg ativ e a r t i s t i c in t e r e s t a t le a s t fo u r stro n g in te r e s t s a t l e a s t fo u r weak in te r e s t s stro n g m usical i n t e r e s t no v o o a tio n a l handioap n e g ativ e in te rp e rs o n a l in te re s t l i e sc a le , MMPI p e rsu asiv e i n t e r e s t m usioal i n t e r e s t n e g ativ e s o c ia l serv ice in te re s t aeohanioal i n t e r e s t F s c a le , MMPI strong p r a c tic a l i n t e r e s t stro n g mechanioal in t e r e s t strong s o e ia l serv ice in te re s t so o ia l se rv ic e i n t e r e s t weak p r a o tio a l i n t e r e s t K s o a le , MMPI abnormal hypomania abnormal m a so u lin ity fe m in in ity weak s o ie n tif io i n t e r e s t weak o le r io a l i n t e r e s t weak l i t e r a r y i n t e r e s t n e g ativ e com putational in te re s t weak s o o ia l serv io e in te re s t u n s a tis fa c to ry home adjustm ent T so a le , MMPI p a ra n o ia psyohasthenia

P e r oent Suooesses

P er o en t F a ilu re s

D iffe r­ ence

C r itio a l f e tio

44 84 32 48 18 26

26 68 16 30 6 12

.18 .1 6 .1 6 • 18 • 12 .1 4

1. 91 1.90 1.90 1.88 1.88 1.82

4

14

• 10

1.79

10

2

.08

1.70

2 22 82

10 10 68

.08 .12 .1 4

1.70 1.67 1.65

12 0 10 8

4 4 20 2

.08 .0 4 .10 .0 6

1.48 1.43 1.41 1.40

8 6 12 24

2 14 22 36

.06 • 08 • 10 .12

1.40 1.36 1.35 1.32

14

24

.1 0

1.28

46 26 56 6 10

34 16 44 2 18

• 12 • 10 • 12 .0 4 •08

1.24 1.23 1.21 1.18 1.16

32 34 34 12

22 24 24 20

.1 0 .10 .1 0 .08

1.1 4 1.11 1.11 1.10

12

20

.08

1.10

12

6

• 06

1.05

56 0 0 16

46 2 2 24

• 10 • 02 .02 .08

1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00

-7 1 -

g ra d u a tio n .

Iha l a t t e r category in d ic a te s th e subjects.w ho went beyond a

high sohool ed u catio n in to c o lle g e b u t d id n o t oomplete c o lle g e as o f th e d ate of t h e i r f i r s t counseling appointm ent.

While th e r e s u lts do n o t con­

s t i t u t e conclusive evidence, they do suggest t h a t a oomplete high sohool eduoation and some c o lle g e education are f a c to r s a ss o c ia te d m th sucoess i n personal adjustm ent oounseling. Age Aooording to the c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f 1.90 f o r th e d iffe re n c e between the groups,under t h i r t y y ears of age th e odds a re approxim ately 33 to 1 in fa v o r o f the su c c e ssfu l s u b je c ts .

Compared to th e age groups over t h i r t y - f i v e and

under tw e n ty -fiv e a s shown in Table XVIII (pp. 53-54), the d iffe re n c e found f o r th e b ro a d e st age group is d e f in ite ly more r e l i a b l e . D is a b ility S ta tu s The im portance of d i s a b i l i t y s ta tu s i n t h i s re s e a rc h stems from th e f a c t t h a t n o n -d isab led v e teran s d e s irin g some kind of psy ch o th erap eu tic a ss is ta n c e have no acoess to p s y c h ia tric o u t- p a tie n t tre a tm e n t through the Veterans A d m inistration, t h i s being a v a ila b le only to v eteran s whose medio a l reco rd s show a n eu ro p sy eh iatrio d ia g n o sis, or e ls e show a p h y sio a l diag­ n o sis w hile th e v e te ra n i s pursuing -vocational or eduoational tr a in in g ap1 proved by the V eterans A d m in istratio n . I t i s t h i s r e s t r i c t i o n which ac­ counts f o r th e f a o t t h a t th e b u lk o f p e rso n a l oounseling c li e n ts a re non­ d isab led v e te ra n s . The r e s u lts shown in Table XX very d e a r l y in d io a te the la rg e r propor­ tio n of n o n -d isab led s u b je c ts in both groups as compared to th e d isab led sub­ je c t s i n Table XVIII (pp. 53-54) and Table XXI (p . 7 4 ) .

The o b tain ed d if f e r -

Servicemen1s Beadjuabsent A ct, P a rt V II and P a r t V III, 78th Congress, Public laws 16 and 346, June 22, 1944.

-7 2 -

enoe o f .1 4 in fa v o r o f th e su c c e ssfu l su b je c ts i s n o t s ig n if io s n t b u t i s a more r e lia b le d iffe re n c e than t h a t found fo r the p h y s ic a lly d isab led group i n Table XVTII.

That i s t o say, s u b je c ts w ith no v o c a tio n a l d i s a b i l i t i e s

tend to be successes more fre q u e n tly th a n th ey tend to be f a i l u r e s in person­ a l adjustm ent oounseling, b u t th e tendenoy i s n o t q u ite r e l ia b le . P e rs o n a lity Extreme soores on eaoh o f th e fo u r v a lid a tin g so ale s o f th e MIKPI are very r a r e i n b o th groups o f s u b je c ts . th e comparison groups a re r a th e r sm all. given in Chapter I I I .

A ccordingly, th e d iffe re n c e s between E xplanations o f eaoh so ale are

Even i n th e case o f the h ig h e st c r i t i c a l r a t i o shown

in Table XX f o r the l i e soale (1 .4 3 ), the d iffe re n c e i s q u ite u n re lia b le . The tendenoy f o r la rg e d e v ia tio n s on th e se so ale s to eppear in e ith e r group i s r e la tiv e ly r a r e and i t i s alm ost im possible to p re d io t what th e tru e relaitio n s h ip would be in successive samples on th e b a s is o f the evidence a v a il­ a b le in t h i s study. The evidenoe from th e ta b le s in t h i s ch ap ter in d io a te s t h a t use o f th e individual* s sin g le h ig h e st sco re, r a th e r than s ill soores o f seventy o r more, serv es to deorease th e frequency o f abnormal d e v ia tio n s in th e group and tends to in c re a s e the d iffe re n c e between th e groups.

The r e s u lt s p re sen te d

in Table XX dem onstrate the tendency i n th e case o f th e m ascu lin ity -fam in in i t y o h a ra o te r is tio d eriv ed from th e i n t e r e s t so ale o f th e MMPI.

T sco res o f

seventy or hig h er on t h i s sca le in d ic a te an u n u su ally d o s e s im ila r ity be­ tween th e subjeot* s i n t e r e s t p a tte r n and the i n t e r e s t p a tte r n o f th e op p o site 1 sex. Using th e authors* norms as a c r ite r io n , 32 per o en t o f th e suooessf u l s u b je c ts and 22 p e r oent of th e f a ilu r e s made abnormal sco res i n t h i s 1.

Manual fo r th e MMPI, p . 5.

-7 3 -

re sp e o t.

She d iffe re n c e is seen to be n o t s ig n if ic a n t ( o r i t i o a l r a t i o ,

1 .1 4 ). On the o th e r hand, talcing th e s u b je c t's one h ig h e st sco re reduoes th e inoidenoe of the o h a ra o te r is tio t o 18 p er o en t of th e su ccesses and 6 p e r o en t of the f a i l u r e s .

The r e s u ltin g d iffe re n c e , although n o t d e f in ite ly

r e lia b le , can n o t be dism issed as n o t s ig n if ic a n t, sin ce th e odds

cure

b e tte r

than 30 to 1 t h a t th e observed d iffe re n c e i s th e tru e d iffe re n c e . The sc a le f o r hypcmania shows a r e l a t i v e l y ra re inoidenoe f o r t h i s o h a ra o te ris tio in e ith e r group.

The s l i g h t d iffe re n c e in fav o r of th e un-

suooessfully counseled s u b je o ta , however, i s hard ly enough to e s ta b lis h even a f a i r l y r e l i a b l e re la tio n s h ip . in te r e s ts A ll fo u r kinds o f analyses f o r v o c a tic n a l p re fe re n c e s (see page 41 ) a re re p re se n te d in th e preceding ta b le .

Several o b serv atio n s o f varying

degrees of r e l i a b i l i t y a re to be noted -there.

F i r s t , p o s itiv e p re fe re n ce s

in th e o u ltu r a l a re a in clu d in g l i t e r a r y , a r t i s t i c and m usioal, d if f e r e n ti a te th e successes from the f a ilu r e s more or le s s r e lia b ly .

On th e oth er hand,

m echanioal, p r a c tic a l and " n o n -o u ltu ra l" p re fe re n c e s do n o t as c le a rly d if f e r e n tia te the groups.

Second, th e su o o essfu lly counseled su b je o ts a re

more v a ria b le in t h e i r lik e s and d is lik e s th an the u n su cc e ssfu lly counseled. L ast, th e only c o n s is te n t and f a i r l y d e f in ite tre n d i s th e g re a te r d iscrim ­ in a tin g power rev ealed by th o se c h a r a c te r is tic s which could be regarded as le s s o ccu p atio n ally o rie n te d them m ost o f th e o th e r i n t e r e s t s l i s t e d in Table XX (p. 70).

S trik in g co n firm atio n o f t h i s tre n d i s provided by th e

evidence p re se n te d in the n e x t ta b le . Table XXI i s oomprised of th o se c h a r a c te r is tic s f o r whioh th e c r i t i o a l

-7 4 -

r a t i o s a re between two and th r e e .

This i s n o t evidence o f a o e rta in ty o f

r e l i a b i l i t y o f d iffe re n c e s between th e comparison groups; however, th e average o r i t i o a l r a t i o is 2*28 whioh in d io a te s t h a t th e d iffe re n c e s h e re a re more n e arly r e lia b le th a n i n

th e prev io u s ta b le s*

the observed d iffe re n c e s approximate

The e x te n t to which

tru e d iffe re n c e s to be expected i n ob­

serving s im ila r groups can be expressed by a p ro b a b ility o f 98.6 ohanees in a hundred, or by saying th e odds

cure 82 to 1 t h a t th e d iffe re n c e s do favor

th e groups shown in the ta b le . TABDB XXI C r itic a l R atios Between Two and Three fo r th e D ifferen ces Between Suooesses and F a ilu re s Per oent Suooesses

O h a ra o te ristio s u p e rio r in te llig e n c e two y e a r8 or more m ilit a r y s e rv ic e below average in te llig e n c e p r a c tic a l i n t e r e s t weak a r t i s t i c i n t e r e s t some high sohool c o lle g e graduate neurop ay c h ia tr io d is a b i l i t y c le r ic a l i n t e r e s t strong c u ltu r a l i n t e r e s t n egative o u ltu r a l in t e r e s t weak o u ltu r a l i n t e r e s t average in te llig e n c e

P er c e n t F a ilu re s

D iffe r­ ence

C r itic a l R atio

40

16

.2 4

2.79

84 0 6 6 12 14

60 10 22 22 30 2

• 24 • 10 .1 6 .1 6 .18 .12

2.76 2.38 2.35 2.35 2.28 2.26

8 0 58

24 8 38

.1 6 .08 • 20

2.22 2.11 2.06

12 20 20

28 38 38

• 16 • 18 .18

2.05 2.02 2.02

Five o f th e te n f a c to r s in clu d ed in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n a re re p re se n te d in th e above l i s t . th e m issing f a c to r s : advisem ent s ta t u s .

At t h i s p o in t i t i s in te r e s tin g to d ir e c t a tte n tio n to p e rs o n a lity , adjustm ent, m a rita l s ta tu s , age and Of a l l th e p e rs o n a lity o h a ra o ta r is tio s fo r whioh com­

p a ris o n s were drawn, only m a se u lin ity -fe m in in ity showed a f a i r l y r e lia b le re la tio n s h ip w ith suooess (see Table XX, p . 70).

-7 5 -

The d iffe re n c e s observed f o r eaoh adjustm ent a re a were found to be no t s ig n if ic a n t.

However, when th e 29 employed s u b je c ts were s e p a ra te ly com­

pared as to oooupational m aladjustm ent, a f a i r l y s ig n if ic a n t re la tio n s h ip w ith suooess was d isco v ered (see Table XIX, p . 65).

For the age group under

t h i r t y , th e r e s u lts in Table XX (p . 70) dem onstrated a f a i r l y d e f in ite relartio n s h ip between t h i s group and suooess in oounseling.

No a ss o c ia tio n w ith

oounseling outcomes has th u s f a r been found to e x i s t f o r the fa o to r "advise­ ment s ta tu s " .

The fa c to r "m arital s ta tu s " has alread y been shown to have no

d isc rim in a to ry power.

The last-m en tio n ed fa o to rs a re d iscu ssed in

connection w ith Table XVIII (pp. 53-54). The fiv e f a c to r s t h a t a re included in Table XXI w ill be considered in­ d iv id u a lly . In te llig e n c e Although th e inoidenoe of th e c h a r a c te r is tic "average in te llig e n c e " i s n o t as high in each group as some o f th e o th e r o h a ra o te r is tio s l i s t e d in Table XXI, i t i s disoussed f i r s t because i t is among th o se c h a r a c te r is tic s which have n o t y e t appeared i n the p rev io u s ta b le s .

The d e sig n a tio n of

"average in te llig e n c e " was based on Army Alpha soores f a l l i n g between th e 1 34th and 61st p e ro e n tile s , as given in th e t e s t manual* Almost twioe as many f a ilu r e s as successes a re so r a te d .

The d iffe re n c e o f 18 p e r oent more

f a i l u r e s than suooesses showing average in te llig e n c e i s a f a i r l y r e l i a b l e d iffe re n c e ( o r i t i o a l r a t i o , 2 .0 2 ), according to th e c la s s i f i c a t io n o f degrees of r e l i a b i l i t y disoussed in th e preoeding s e c tio n s . S t a t i s t i c a l l y , a o r i t i o a l r a t i o o f 2.02 means t h a t , i f th e tru e d if f e r ­ ence were zero, an obtained d iffe re n c e a s much as 2.02 stan d ard e rro rs above 1.

Manual f o r the Ravi sad Army Alpha Examination, p . 4.

-7 6 -

zero would be expected in two p e r c e n t o f suooessive samples w hile th e o p posite expectancy would be 93 p e r c e n t. to 1 in fa v o r of the f a i l u r e s .

Thus, th e odds a re more th an 44

I t may th e re fo re be s a id t h a t th e re i s a

f a i r l y d e f in ite or f a i r l y r e lia b le re la tio n s h ip between f a il u r e and average in te llig e n c e as th e se terms are d efin ed i n th e in v e stig a tio n * The frequency of Army Alpha soores f a l l i n g below th e 34th p e ro e n tile i s n o t high in idie unsu ccessfu l group b u t i t i s n o t observed a t a l l as a c h a r a c te r is tic of the su cc e ssfu l s u b je c ts .

At th e o th e r extrem e, soores

above th e 92nd p e rc e n tile a re f a i r l y common in th e s u c c e ssfu l group and much le s s so in th e u n su ccessfu l group.

Both th ese d iffe re n c e s a re q u ite

s ig n if ic a n t. These r e s u l t s are c o n s is te n t w ith th e commonly observed c o rre la tio n between in te llig e n c e and e d u c a tio n a l achievement.

F u rth er d iscu ssio n of

these fin d in g s w i l l be p resen ted in connection w ith the r e s u lts shown in Table XXIII (p. 8 0 ). M ilita ry S ervice Twenty-four p er c e n t more o f th e su c c e ssfu lly counseled s u b je c ts than of ihe u n su cc e ssfu lly counseled had two o r more y e ars of m ilita r y s e rv ic e .

At the very l e a s t , t h i s d iffe re n c e i s to be regarded as f a i r l y

r e lia b le and somewhat more th a n su g g estiv e o f th e r e a l re la tio n s h ip e x is tin g between suooess in counseling and le n g th of se rv io e . f o r t h i s sure n o t so re a d ily e p p a re n t.

However, th e reasons

I t w ill be in s tr u c tiv e , th e re fo re ,

to examine some of the p o s s ib le ex p lan a tio n s th a t mey aooount fo r th e ob­ served d iffe re n c e .

Suoh a procedure may a lso help to e v alu a te th e s t a t i s t i c a l

s ig n ific a n c e o f th e d iffe re n c e in n o n - s ta t is tio a l term s. The th re e m ajor c r i t e r i a used by th e armed fo ro e s in o rd e r t o determine

77 -

e l i g i b i l i t y f o r disoharge during Iforld War II were le n g th o f s e rv ic e , 1 p h y sica l in c a p a c ity and mental in a p titu d e . For th o se s u b je c ts who were disoharged from s e rv ic e by v ir tu e o f th e f i r s t c r i t e r i o n , i t i s reasonable to oonclude th a t the second and t h i r d c r i t e r i a were probably in o p e ra tiv e . T herefore, in so f a r as i t oan be dan o n s tra te d t h a t p h y sio al d is a b i l i t y and/or mental in a p titu d e a re r e la te d to f a il u r e i n counseling, i t would lo g ic a lly fo llo w that* o th e r th in g s being eq u al, le n g th of se rv ic e i s r e ­ la te d to sucoess. As f o r p h y sic a l d i s a b i l i t y , i t was seen that* w h ile the evidence fo r a re la tio n s h ip w ith counseling outoames i s inoonolusive, th e in cid en ce o f th e c h a r a c te r is tic in e ith e r group i s exceedingly small (see Table XVIII, p . 535 4 ).

On the o th e r hand, th e evidence i n Table XX (p. 70) dem onstrated a

more n e a rly r e l i a b l e r e la tio n s h ip w ith suooess f o r th e absence of any o f f i ­ c ia l ly recorded v o c a tio n a l handicap.

In o th e r words, th e w eight o f th e a-

v a ila b le evidence in d ic a te s t h a t even i f p h y sic a l d is a b i lity made fo r f a i l ­ ure in counseling (and t h i s i s feu* from o e r ta in ) , th e c h a r a c te r is tic i s h a rd ly p re s e n t a t d.1 in th e groups stu d ie d . The fin d in g s o f t h i s in v e s tig a tio n a re more d e f in ite , however, as re ­ gards in te llig e n c e and n eu ro p sy ch ia tric d i s a b i l i t y , which term s a re in ­ cluded in th e d e f in itio n o f m ental in a p titu d e f o r "the purpose of d e te r1 mining e l i g i b i l i t y f o r d isch arg e. The r e s u lt s in Table XXI (p. 74) show t h a t th e re i s a f a i r l y r e lia b le re la tic n s h ip between f a ilu r e in oounseling and th e incidence of a n e u ro p sy c h ia tric d i s a b i l i t y .

Even more d e f in ite is

th e d iffe re n c e found fo r the c h a r a c te r is tic "below average in te llig e n c e ”, ( o r itio a l r a t i o , 2 .3 8 ). T.

These re la tio n s h ip s e x p lain and serve as c o n trib u -

United S ta te s War Department, "R elease from A ctive ftity j General Pro­ v is io n s , " Army R egulations 615-360, 20 Ju ly 1944.

-7 8 -

to ry f a c to r s to th e o lo se a s s o c ia tio n o f sucoess in oounseling and le n g th o f m ilita r y service* I n te r e s ts The r e s u lts p re sen te d i n Table XXI (p. 74) q u ite c o n s is te n tly show t h a t a s ig n if io a n tly g re a te r percentage of f a i l u r e s th an o f suooesses mani­ f e s t n o n -c u ltu ra l preferences*

Conversely, suooesses e x h ib it o u ltu r a l i n t e r ­

e s ts w ith a f a i r degree of consistency*

These o b serv atio n s hold b o th f o r

p o s itiv e end negative m a n ife sta tio n s of o u ltu r a l o r n o n -o u ltu ra l in te re s ts * Although p o s itiv e in te rp e rs o n a l p re fe re n ce s show no s ig n if ic a n t d i f f e r ­ ences between th e groups aeoording to Table XVII (p. 52) and Table XVIII (pp. 55-54), more n e a rly d e f in ite d iffe re n c e s fo r n eg ativ e in te rp e rs o n a l p re fe re n c e s are re v e ale d in Table XX (p. 70)*

A more than u s u a l " d is in te r e s t"

in s o c ia liz in g tendanoies as re p re se n te d by p e rsu asiv e n ess and s o c ia l s e rv io e would appear to b e a fa v o ra b le p ro g n o stic in d ic a to r f o r co u n se lin g . A lik e ly e x p lan a tio n o f t h i s phenomenon r e s t s on th e f a c t t h a t s o c ia liz a ­ tio n i s u s u a lly regarded a s an im p o rtan t and d e sira b le goal by th e in d iv i­ dual*

However, i t can and o fte n does come about t h a t a to o in te n se and an­

xious p u r s u it o f making o n e se lf s o c ia lly accep ted in te r f e r e s w ith n a tu ra l­ n ess and sp o n tan eity and th e re fo re serv es to be more h in d erin g than help­ ful*

I t may be then t h a t th e c h a r a c te r is tic "n eg ativ e in te rp e rs o n a l in ­

t e r e s t " i s adequately tapping the p e rs o n 's a b i l i t y to r e la x and to be fre e from th e te n sio n s o fte n surrounding u n iv e rs a lly sought goals*

In any ev en t,

t h a t in te r p r e ta tio n seems t o f i t th e f a c ts reasonably well* Education I t i s in te r e s tin g to examine the r e s u lts th u s f a r obtained w ith re ­ gard to th e education faotor*

Table XXII draws to g e th e r th e sep arate oosv-

-7 9 -

p a ris o n s made i n Table XX (p. 70) and Table XXI (p. 74), showing the d iffe re n c e s between th e groups a t v ario u s ed u catio n al levels* TABIE XXII R elatio n sh ip o f High Sohool o r C ollege Completion to Counseling Outo ernes Per c en t Suooesses

C h a ra c te ris tic

Per e e n i F a ilu re s

D iffe r­ ence

C ri'tio a l Ratio

.18

2*28

H

00 •

some high sohool

12

30

high school graduate

48

30

1.88

some c o lle g e

26

12

.14

1*82

co lleg e graduate

14

2

.12

2.26

I t i s easy to see from t h i s p re s e n ta tio n t h a t th e o b tain ed d iffe re n c e s are f a i r approxim ations of th e tru e r e la tio n s h ip e x istin g between th e groups* As th e le v e l o f education in c re a s e s , d e s p ite s lig h t flu c tu a tio n s in the s iz e of th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o s , th e odds c o n s is te n tly favor th e su c c e ssfu lly counsel­ ed subjects* D is a b ility S ta tu s Three tim es more f a ilu r e s th an suooesses showed a p s y c h ia tric d ia g n o sis f o r v ario u s psyohoneurotio d i s a b i l i t i e s .

Although th e d iffe re n c e i s q u ite

s ig n if ic a n t, i t i s im portant to emphasize t h a t th e o r i t i o a l r a tio in d ic a te s only the r e la tio n s h ip th a t e x is t s between two groups w ith re fe re n ce to a p a r tic u la r c h a r a c te r is tic .

I t does n o t d e a l w ith the p e c u lia r ity o f th e

o h a ra o te r is tio to one or the o th e r group* I t oan be seen from Table XXI (p. 74) t h a t a n eu ro p sy o h iatric d is ­ a b i l i t y i s found to some e x te n t in both groups stu d ie d , a l b e i t more f r e ­ quently among fa ilu re s *

The chances a re 99 i n 100 t h a t th e obtained

80-

d iffe rc n o e s between suooesses and f a i l u r e s fo r t h i s o h a ra o te r is tio i s a tr u e d iffe re n c e and m ight be expected i n observing su cc e ssiv e samples under s im ila r co n d itio n s. D e fin ite ly B eliab le D ifferen ces Table XXIII w ill

co n sid e r t h a t group of c h a r a c te r is tic s fo r whioh

the o r i t i o a l r a t i o s of the d iffe re n c e s are th re e or more. sham in t h i s ta b le a re d e f in ite ly re lia b le *

The d iffe re n c e s

This r e l i a b i l i t y means t h a t a t

any tim e t h a t groups of s u c c e ss fu lly aid u n su cc e ssfu lly counseled s u b je c ts a re compared f o r th e se c h a r a c t e r i s t ic s , i t i s a v i r t u a l c e r ta in t y t h a t the same r e la tio n s h ip w ill ooour* I t i s of i n t e r e s t to note t h a t only fo u r o f the te n fa c to r s inoluded in th e in v e s tig a tio n appear in Table XXIH.

A la rg e r percentage o f suc­

cesses than o f f a i l u r e s m a n ife st fo u r o f th e seven c h a r a c te r is tic s l i s t e d . In th re e oases, a la r g e r percen tag e o f f a i lu r e s m a n ife st th e c h a ra c te ris tic s * E ig h t y ears or le s s o f form al ed u catio n i s idle only c h a r a c te r is tic ex clu siv e ­ ly in d io a te d fo r th e f a i l u r e s . TABIE XXIII O r itio a l K atios of Three o r More f o r th e D ifferen ces Between Suooesses and F a ilu re s C h a ra c te ris tio le s s th an tw elve y ears education unemployed f u ll- tim e s tu d e n t e ig h t y e ars o r le s s eduoaticn th re e y e ars o r more m ilita r y serv io e above average in te llig e n c e more than tw elve y e ars eduoaticn

D iffer* enoe

Per o en t Suooesses

Per cen t F a ilu re s

C ritic a l R atio

12 20 50

56 58 14

.4 4 .38 • 36

5.24 4.22 4.19

0

26

.2 6

4.19

56 80

10 52

.2 6 .2 8

3.25 3.11

40

14

.2 6

3.10

-8 1 -

I t i s obvious from th e ta b le t h a t se v e ra l o h a r a o te r is tie s a re d i f f e r ­ e n t asp eo ts of th e same f a c to r .

Thus, in o h a ra o te ri s t i e s suoh as " le s s th a n

tw elve y e ars ed u catio n ", "more th a n tw elve y e ars education" e t o . , th e b r ie f d isc u ssio n to fo llo w w ill o o n sid er them to g e th e r under th e heading of th e education fa o to r. E ducation I t i s ev id en t from th e r e s u l t s shown in Table XXIII f o r t h i s fa o to r t h a t a n a ly s is o f ed u catio n al le v e l i n th e th re e ways l i s t e d serv es to high­ l i g h t th e d iffe re n c e s between su ccesses and f a il u r e s in the most c o n s is te n t mamer.

The meaning of th e observed d iffe re n c e s i s t h a t i t i s p r a c tic a lly

c e r ta in t h a t education i s an im p o rtan t fa o to r a ss o c ia te d w ith th e fu tu re prog n o sis in p e rso n al adjustm ent o o u n selin g .

The c e r ta in ty of th e r e ­

la tio n s h ip between f a i l u r e in co u n selin g end a "meager" eduoation i s some­ what g r e a te r th a n t h a t e x is tin g between sucoess and a "h ig h er" eduoation. The absence o f any su c c e ssfu l s u b je c ts from th e " e ig h t y e ars o r le s s " category i s a ra th e r s tr ik in g i l l u s t r a t i o n o f the n atu re o f the r e la tio n ­ sh ip .

However, t h i s is n o t to say t h a t h ig h e r eduoation i s n o t found as

a c h a r a c te r is tic o f th e u n su o o essfh lly counseled s u b je o ts ; nor does i t mean t h a t a meager education is ty p ic a l of the f a i l u r e s .

The r e s u l ts in

Table XXIII c le a r ly demonstrate t h a t th e se c h a r a c te r is tic s a re p re s e n t in both groups o f s u b je c ts .

The d iffe re n c e i s one o f degree and i t can only

s a fe ly be said th a t when o th e r s im ila r groqss a re compared, th e same re ­ la tio n s h ip w i l l o b ta in .

In o th e r words, th e c ritL o a l r a t i o p r e d ic ts the

re la tio n s h ip between groups, n o t th e in cid en ce o f any v a ria b le in e ith e r group.

* Advisement S ta tu s

I t was seen from Table XVIII (pp. 53-54) t h a t f u ll- tim e employment as

-8 2 -

a o h a ra o te r is tio of su b jec ts i s an extrem ely u n re lia b le in d ic a to r of th e outcome of o o unseling.

By talcing account o f th e f a c to r o f job s a tis f a c tio n

aa in d ic a te d by o ccupational adjustm ent sco res, a f a i r l y r e l ia b l e r e la tio n ­ ship was revealed between t h i s fa c to r (occupational adjustm ent) and suooess o r f a ilu r e among th e employed s u b je c ts .

Some a d d itio n a l l ig h t on th e in ­

flu e n c e o f the s p e c if ic advisem ent s ta tu s of s u b je c ts toward sucoess o r f a ilu r e is c o n trib u te d by th e evidence i n Table XXIII. While being f u l l y employed does n o t r e lia b ly in d ic a te suooess o r f a i l u r e , being unanployed very d e f in ite ly makes fo r f a i l u r e in co u n selin g . Again, i t must be emphasized t h a t th e c e r ta in ty o f th e observed r e la tio n ­ ship oan n o t be in te rp re te d to mean t h a t an unemployed in d iv id u a l would c e r­ t a in ly tu rn o u t to be an u n su c c e ssfu lly counseled s u b je c t in p erso n al counsel­ in g .

The a b su rd ity of such an in te r p r e ta tio n should be obvious from th e

f a c t t h a t twenty per c e n t o f th e suooesses in t h i s study are seen to be unemployed.

I t oan only be said fo r any h y p o th e tic a l unoaployed in d iv i­

dual th a t the odds a re h e av ily a g a in s t h is p r o f itin g from counseling under c o n d itio n s sim ila r to th o se of th e p re s e n t re s e a rc h .

The f a c t t h a t a few

in d iv id u a ls do b e n e f it in the face of such odds i s shown i n th e ta b le . Since a s iz e a b le number of a l l the su b je c ts were f u ll- tim e stu d e n ts, i t i s w orth w h ile to compare th e suooesses and f a ilu r e s w ith re fe re n c e to t h i s c h a r a c te r is tic . of th is

I t i s e s p e c ia lly in te r e s tin g to observe th e influenoe

fa o to r because of th e im portant ro le commonly assigned to counsel­

in g in ed ucational i n s t i t u t i o n s .

That t h i s c r u c ia l ta s k i s n o t m isplaced i s

suggested q u ite stro n g ly on th e b a s is o f th e fin d in g s of t h i s study.

Very

c o n s is te n tly , stu d e n ts b e n e f it ap p reciab ly from p erso n al adjustm ent oounsel­ ing more o fte n than they a re judged to have derived l i t t l e or no b e n e f it from such pro ced u res.

I t is a ls o in te r e s tin g to c o n tra s t th e fu ll- tim e

-8 3 -

employad w ith th e f u ll-tim e s tu d e n ts.

Sinoe th e form er o h a ra o te ris tio has

n o t been found to have any b earin g on oounseling outoomeB and th e l a t t e r o h a ra o te r is tio i s o lo sely a sso o ia ted w ith suooess, i t m ight be surmised th a t th e sohool r a th e r than in d u s try i s muoh more th e e ffe o tiv e s e ttin g f o r counseling programs. M ilita ry Service Of th e s u b je c ts who were in the m ilita r y serv io e th re e y ears o r more, a s ig n if ic a n tly g re a te r percentage o f successes th a n of f a i lu r e s i s ob­ served w ith t h i s c h a r a c te r is tic in Table XXIII (p. 8 0 ).

A ra tio n a le in

e x p lan a tio n of t h i s fin d in g was proposed in th e d isc u ssio n accompanying Table XXI (p. 74). Comparison of th e o r i t i o a l r a tio s f o r th is f a c to r appearing in Table XXI and Table XXIII in d ic a te s th a t f o r purposes of p re d ic tio n "th re e y e ars o r more m ilita r y s e rv ic e " i s co n sid erab ly more d iscrim in a tin g th an the c h a r a c te r is tic "two y ears or more m ilita r y s e rv io e " .

As th e se were the

only two c h a r a c te r is tic s appearing o fte n enough in th e s u b je o ts to be con­ sid ered under th e fa o to r of m ilit a r y serv io e, i t i s n o t p o ssib le to conclude t h a t s im ila r r e s u lts would be obtained in groups having muoh more than th re e to f iv e y e ars of serv io e or le s s th an one.

But f o r groups s im ila r, f o r t h i s

fa o to r, to th o se stu d ie d , i t can be sa id t h a t a. d e f in ite re la tio n s h ip e x is t s between len g th of servioe and oounseling su ccess. In te llig e n c e Whether viewed a t one p o rtio n of th e d is tr ib u tio n or another, i n t e l l i ­ gence was never found to be an u n re lia b le in d ic a to r of sucoess in oounseling. However, the most r e lia b le r e s u lt s a re obtained a t th e broad le v e l of above average in te llig e n c e .

For purposes of th e study, above average i n t e l l i -

-8 4 -

genoe was taken to be in d ic a te d by Army Alpha soores f a l l i n g above th e 6 1 st p e ro e n tile in accordance w ith th e ta b le o f norms provided i n th e t e s t manual. At th is le v e l o f in te llig e n c e , th e re i s a d e f in ite re la tio n s h ip w ith suooess.

The f a o t t h a t i t i s th e b ro a d e st oategory of the four c h a ra c te ris ­

t i c s considered fo r th e in te llig e n c e fa o to r p o ssib ly c o n trib u te d t o th e s iz e of the

d iffe re n c e between th e groups.

That i s , w ith in th i s broad category

an indeterm inate number of other c o n trib u to ry fa o to rs could o p erate to b rin g about the observed r e la tio n s h ip .

I t is n e v e rth e le ss c o n s is te n t w ith

th e r e s u l t s as re g a rd s the eduoation f a o to r and w ith th e fre q u e n tly ob­ served c o r r e la tio n between in te llig e n c e and e d u o atio n al le v e l in a g r e a t many re se a rc h e s.

Several fin d in g s are c le a r ly in d io a te d from ihe d a ta s e t f o r th in t h i s c h a p te r.

F i r s t , i t i s e v id e n t t h a t th e d iffe re n c e between successes and

f a ilu r e s in p erso n al adjustm ent counseling i s a m a tte r of degree and n o t of k in d .

Second, since both s u c c e ss fu lly and u n su c c e ssfu lly oounseled su b je c ts

can and do m a n ife st a l l kinds of c h a r a c te r is tic s inoluded i n th e stu d y , i t is c le a r t h a t th e oounselor must recognize h is r e s p o n s ib ility to serve a l l c lie n ts c o n sc ie n tio u sly and s k i l l f u l l y .

T hird, i t is p o s s ib le to d e riv e use­

f u l in d io e s of suooess or f a i l u r e in p e rso n al a d ju stn e n t counseling from th e n a tu ra l and normal procedures of a v e teran s advisem ent o e n te r.

F in a lly ,

varying re la tio n s h ip s between th e groups have been noted fo r th e c h a ra c te r­ i s t i c s considered.

In -the n e x t c h a p te r, a tte n tio n i s d ire c te d to th o se

c h a r a c te r is tic s found to be ra re , common, or ty p ic a l i n eaoh group r a th e r than to th e r e la tio n s h ip s between th e groups.

CHAPTER VI THE RARE, COMMON AND TOPICAL CLIENT CHARACTERISTICS In the preceding o h ap ter i t was dem onstrated t h a t o h a ra o te r is tio d iffe re n c e s between th e two groups sire a m a tte r of degree r a th e r them kind. This v a r ia tio n i s a lso tru e w ith in eaoh group.

For example, in th e oase of

su co e ssfu lly counseled su b je c ts , some o h a r a o te r is tie s are common to th e whole group, w hile o th e rs have a low in cid en ce.

The v a r ia tio n ranges from zero

p e r o e n t f o r " e ig h t y ears or le s s eduoation" to 98 p e r oent f o r " a t l e a s t one strong

i n t e r e s t ”.

Those c h a r a c te r is tic s whioh are most common to

successes and th o se most common to f a i l u r e s w ill be p resen ted below. In t h i s p re s e n ta tio n , no o h a r a o te r is tio was inoluded u n le ss i t was man­ if e s te d by a t l e a s t 25 p e r o en t of th e group.

For the su o o essfu lly oounseled

su b je c ts , the c h a r a c te r is tic s a re p re sen te d i n th re e t a b le s .

Table XXIV

o onsiders o h a ra o te ri s t i e s w ith a frequency of 75 p e r o en t and over; Table XXV ta k e s up those c h a r a c te r is tic s w ith a frequency between 50 p e r c e n t and 75 p e r cent; and Table XXVI in clu d es th o se c h a r a c te r is tic s w ith a frequency between 25 p e r oent and 50 per c en t. For th e u n su cc e ssfu lly oounseled s u b je c ts , a sim ila r arrangem ent i s follow ed in Tables XXVII, XXVIII and XXIX.

For every c h a r a c te r is tic in

both s e ts of t a b le s , th e stan d ard e r r o r of th e p er oent was obtained, u s1 in g th e form ula:

1^

Henry B. G a rre tt, S t a t i s t i c s in Psychology and Bduoation, p . 227.

86-

The standard e rro r of th e p e r o en t measures th e e x te n t to which th e p er c e n t i s a ffe c te d by e rro rs o f measurement as w ell as by flu c tu a tio n s which a r is e from s a i l i n g .

An example o f the meaning o f th e stan d ard e rro r

of a p e r o en t may be i l l u s t r a t e d w ith th e c h a r a c te r is tic "no v o c a tio n a l handicap" in Table XXIV. TABLE XXIV C h a ra c te ris tic s Common to S eventy-five P er Cent o r More of th e S u ccessfu lly Counseled Subjects Frequency (Per oent)

C h a ra c te ris tic a t l e a s t one stro n g in te re s t a t l e a s t one abnormal p e rs o n a lity component age under th irty two years o r more m ilita r y serv ice no v o c atio n al handicap a t l e a s t one weak i n t e r e s t sin g le above average in te llig e n c e

Standard E rro r (Plus o r Minus)

98

.020

86 84

.049 .052

84 82 82 82 80

.052 .054 .054 .054 .057

From the ta b le i t i s seen t h a t 82 p e r o en t p lu s or minus fiv e p e r c e n t of th e successes m an ifest t h i s c h a r a c te r is tic .

This means t h a t one may be

reasonably sure th a t th e percentage having no v o c a tio n a l handioap w il l n o t be g r e a te r th an 97 par oent nor le s s th an 67 p e r c e n t (w ill l i e w ith in p lu s or minus th re e standard e r r o r s ) . Beoause of th e e x ce p tio n a lly la rg e p ercentage of su c c e ss fu lly oounseled su b jec ts m an ifestin g th e se e ig h t c h a r a c te r is tic s , they may be considered ty p i­ cal of the make-up of th e su ccesses.

I t i s im portant to p o in t o u t t h a t t h i s

does n o t mean th a t th e se c h a r a c te r is tic s do n o t appear among u n su cc e ssfu lly counseled s u b je c ts .

Bather, t h i s can b in atio n o f c h a r a c te r is tic s appears in

a t l e a s t th r e e out of every fo u r su o o essfu l s u b je c ts stu d ie d .

By means of

-8 7 -

th e oombination p re sen te d in Table XX.IV, a convenient thum b-nail sketoh of the su o o essfu lly oounseled s u b je c t i s provided.

He i s seen to be a f a i r ­

ly young, unm arried v e teran who in c u rre d no ra te d p h y sio al o r p sy ch o lo g ical in ju r ie s as a r e s u l t of a t le a s t two y ears servioe in th e armed fo ro es; lik e most other people, he has seme stro n g lik e s and d is lik e s ; he i s c h a ra c te riz e d by a t l e a s t average in te llig e n c e .

one p e c u lia r q u irk of p e rs o n a lity and has above

This sk etch may be rounded out by means of the follow ­

ing case summary o f a ty p ic a l su o o e ssfu lly counseled su b je o t. *

Case 143 M.F. was re fe rre d to th e p e rso n al counselor from a v o o a tio n a l ad­ visem ent cen ter to whioh he had oome f o r a s s is ta n c e . He was in te r ­ viewed th e re by a v o o atio n al a d v ise r who noted i n h is r e f e r r a l l e t t e r t h a t M.F. app eared to be extrem ely d iso o u rag ed ,ap ath etio and oonfused as to h is fu tu re p la n s . The immediate oiroum stanoes surrounding h is d i f f i c u l t i e s revolved about th e f a c t th a t he was f a i l i n g s e v e ra l sub­ je c t s and had re c eiv e d a w arning from th e co lle g e o f f io ia l s t h a t he would be dropped u n le ss h is work showed s a tis f a c to r y improvement.. The s u b je c t aso rib ed h is poor sohool work to lack of m o tiv a tio n , saying -that he had no c le a r o b je c tiv e . By coming to th e advisem ent o en ter he hoped to re c eiv e help in c la r ify in g h is goals so as to pro v id e th e needed in o en tiv e to do b e t t e r work in school. During th e i n i t i a l advisem ent in te rv ie w , th e v o c a tio n a l a d v ise r d e sc rib e d th e procedures used a t the o en ter and th e v a r ie ty of se r­ v ic e s whioh were a v a ila b le . These included a complete lib r a r y of occupational inform ation, a plaoem ent se rv io e , p erso n al in terv iew s w ith a v o c a tio n a l a d v is e r, psyohologioal te s t in g , and advice p e rta in in g to a p p ro p ria te tr a in in g and e d u c a tio n a l f a c i l i t i e s . Although-M. F. av a ile d him self of alm ost every serv io e extended by th e o e n te r, he f a ile d to reach any c l a r i f i c a t i o n of h is g o als and olaimed t h a t th e t e s t s , p a r tic u la r ly , on whioh he had pinned m ost hope, " to ld me nothing t h a t I d i d n 't know a lre a d y ." Inasmuch as w hatever help was o ffere d to M.F. seemed to make l i t t l e ing>ression on him and because of h is g e n e ra lly l i s t l e s s a t t i t i d e , the personal oounseling serv io e was d escrib ed . M.F. decided to see the p erso n al counselor - "maybe he can g iv e me a d e f in ite an sw er." In the course of seven in te rv ie w s w ith th e p erso n al o ounselor, M.F. was given no " d e f in ite answer" b u t was allow ed p le n ty of o p p o rtu n ity to ta lk about him self and about what he regarded as h is d i f f i c u l t i e s . The oounselor re fra in e d from judging o r c r i t i c i z i n g th e c l i e n t in any way and adways attem pted to oonvey th e im pression t h a t th e counsel­ or was simply a very understanding person who was in te r e s t e d and w ill­ ing to l i s t e n . *

The d e ta ile d d a ta f o r a l l oases stu d ie d are given in Appendix F (pp. 170187).

-8 8 -

In t h i s perm issive ahnosphere, U.F. was able to a i r a g re a t many fe e lin g s and a ttitu d e s seemingly u n re la te d to h is immediate need " to deoide on a g o a l" . Such fe e lin g s and emotions ranged from experiences as a p ris o n e r of war t o c u r r e n t d i f f i c u l t i e s encountered in h is home w ith h is paren ts* M.F. was n o t r i d of h is problems b u t he d id suoceed i n rid d in g h im self of many a ttitu d e s whioh form erly prevented him from assuming r e s p o n s ib ility fo r h is own d e c isio n s and from fe e lin g capable of working o u t h is d i f f i c u l t i e s in ways th a t oould be s a tis f y in g to h im self. Thus* upon re tu rn in g to th e a d v ise­ ment c e n te r to complete th e advisem ent begun more th an two months p re ­ viously* M.F. was a b le to be helped merely by p re sen tin g to him e s s e n tia lly th e same kind of info rm atio n and serv io e t h a t had been a v a ila b le to him o r ig in a lly . He decided to re q u e st a leave of absence from sohool during whioh tim e he planned to work in h is f a t h e r 's shop* In d o s in g th e case* th e v o o ational a d v ise r noted th e f a c t th a t p r io r to r e v i s i t i n g th e oenter* U*F* had taken upon him self th e r e s p o n s ib ility fo r making necessary arrangem ents w ith th e school a u th o r itie s and th e V eterans A dm inistration looking tow ard h is ev en tu al resum ption o f th e stu d en t role* lh Table XX? th o se c h a r a c te r is tic s are l i s t e d which are ccmmon to th e m a jo rity of su c c e ssfu l subjects* IABUD XX? C h a r a c te ris tic s M anifested by F if ty to Seventy-five Per c e n t o f th e S uooessfully Counseled S ubjects C h a ra c te ris tic no v o c atio n al goal d ischarged two y e ars o r mere stro n g c u ltu r a l in t e r e s t stro n g in te rp e rs o n a l in t e r e s t weak p ra o tio a l i n t e r e s t u n s a tis fa c to ry heme adjustm ent abnormal depression u n s a tis fa c to ry em otional adjustm ent f u ll- tim e stu d en t

Frequency (Per cen t)

Standard E rro r (P lus o r Minus)

74

.062

66 58

.067 .070

58 56

.070 .070

56 56

.070 .070

50 50

.071 .071

Although th e c h a r a c te r is tic s p resen ted in th e ta b le can n o t be re ­ garded as ty p io a l of suooesses* they a re very ccmmon as can be seen frcm th e f a c t th a t most o f th e c h a r a c te r is tic s are m anifested by more than f i f t y

-8 9 -

p e r o en t o f th e su o o essfu lly oounseled group.

By adding th e nine c h a ra c te r­

i s t i c s appearing in Table XXV to th e e ig h t from Table XX17 (p . 8 6 ), the r e s u ltin g combination provides a f a r rio h e r p o r t r a i t o f th e su c c e ssfu l sub­ j e c t than can be d e lin e a te d from e ith e r ta b le a lo n e .

At th e same tim e, i t

i s p o ssib le to compare th e seventeen c h a r a c te r is tic s in th e l a s t two ta b le s w ith th e case summary of a ty p ic a l su c c e ssfu l s u b je c t (see Case 143, p . 8 7 ). The summary h elp s to e n liv e n and r e a l i s e muoh t h a t th e sep a ra te ch ar­ a c t e r i s t i c s can only denote.

By examining th e d a ta p e rta in in g to Case 143

in Appendix F (pp. 170 f f . ) , i t w ill be noted t h a t most of th e seventeen c h a r a o te ris tio s in th e two preceding ta b le s epply to the s u b je c t whose case i s summarized.

The r e s u lts in Table XXV show th a t more o fte n th an n o t, a t

th e s t a r t of p e rso n al co u n selin g , th e ev en tu a lly su cc e ssfu l s u b je c t i s a f u ll- tim e s tu d e n t under t t iir ty y e a rs of age who has been o u t of u n ifo m two years or more; lik e so many o th e rs , he i s u n c lea r as to h is v o c a tio n a l g o al; most of h is p e rso n al d i f f i c u l t i e s seem to stem from d is s a ti s f a c t io n w ith th e heme and fam ily environment; and f i n a l l y , h is p o s itiv e i n t e r e s t s may be c h a ra c te riz e d as hum anistic v i s a v i s m a t e r i a lis t ic . Table XXVI i s p resen ted below, eh owing th o se c h a r a c te r is tic s noted in 25 to 50 p e r c e n t of th e su cc e sses. TABLE XXVI C h a ra c te ris tic s P resented by Twenty-five to F if ty Per c e n t of th e S uooessfully Counseled S ubjects C h a ra c te ris tic high school g raduate age under tw en ty -fiv e abnormal psydhasthenia weak th e o r e tio a l i n t e r e s t stro n g s o c ia l serv io e in te re s t (oontinued)

Frequency (Per cent)

Standard E rro r (P lus or Minus)

48 48 48 46

.071 .071 .071 .070

46

.070

-9 0 -

TABIE XXVI C h a ra c te ris tic (continued) c u ltu r a l i n t e r e s t n eg ativ e p r a c tic a l i n t e r e s t abnormal sch izo p h ren ia su p erio r in te llig e n c e more than tw elve y e ars eduoation a t le a s t f o u r abnormal p e rs o n a lity components abnormal psychopathic d e v iate in te rp e rs o n a l i n t e r e s t n eg ativ e th e o r e tic a l in te r e s t u n s a tis fa c to ry s o o ia l adjustm ent th re e y ears o r more m ilita r y se rv ic e strong th e o r e tio a l i n t e r e s t weak c l e r i c a l i n t e r e s t weak s c i e n t i f i c i n t e r e s t abnormal m & sculinityfe m in in ity strong l i t e r a r y i n t e r e s t strong a r t i s t i o i n t e r e s t weak m echanical i n t e r e s t discharged th re e y e a rs o r more d epression strong p e rsu asiv e in t e r e s t fu ll- tim e employed u n s a tis fa c to ry h e a lth adjustm ent negative s c i e n t i f i c i n te r e s t negative m eohanical i n t e r e s t s o c ia l serv io e i n t e r e s t

Frequency (Per cen t)

Standard E rro r (Plus o r Minus)

44 42 42 40

.070 .070 .070 .069

40

.069

40 36 36

• 069 .068 .068

36

.068

36

.068

36 34 34 34

.068 .067 .067 .067

32 32 32 32

.066 .066 .066 .066

32 32 30 30

.066 •066 .065 .065

26 26 26 26

.062 .062 .062 .062

I t can be seen th a t t h i s l i s t i s muoh lo n g er th a n th e oombined l i s t s in the preceding two ta b le s .

The t o t a l number of c h a r a c te r is tic s appear­

in g in Table XXVI i s 31, which taken to g e th e r w ith 17 c h a r a c te r is tic s in th e l a s t two ta b le s c o n s titu te s 43 p e r o en t of -the 113 c h a r a c te r is tic s stu d ie d .

That i s to say, a t l e a s t 25 p er o e n t of the su o o essfu lly oounseled

su b je c ts m a n ife st 43 p er o en t of a l l c h a r a c te r is tic s co n sid ered .

Again,

-9 1 .

compering Table XXVI w ith th e p rev io u s two ta b le s , i t i s seen t h a t whereas th e v a rie ty o f c h a r a c te r is tic s i s much la r g e r f o r Table XXVI, a l l th re e ta b le s a re p r a c tic a lly a lik e as to th e v a r ie ty of fa o to rs whioh in clu d e severed c h a r a c te r is tic s .

Thus, Table XXIV com prises seven f a c to r s , Table

XXV in clu d es s ix , and Table XXVI accounts f o r seven. The r e s u lts in Table XXVI show th a t th e g re a t v a r i a b i l i t y of c h a ra c te r­ i s t i c s appearing th e re i s a ttr ib u ta b le to th e number of in t e r e s t s in clu d ed . A ll b u t two i n t e r e s t s (oom putaticnal and m usical) are re p re se n te d , and in a d d itio n , each of the fo u r i n t e r e s t a n aly se s d e sc rib e d in Chapter IV i s p re s e n t more th a n once f o r seme of th e same i n t e r e s t s .

For example, 46

p er c e n t m a n ife st weak th e o r e tic a l i n t e r e s t s , 35 p e r c e n t n e g ativ e th e o re ­ t i c a l i n t e r e s t s , 56 p e r o ent n e g ativ e th e o r e tic a l in te r e s t s , and 54 p e r c e n t show a stro n g th e o r e tic a l i n t e r e s t .

I t i s ev id en t from th e c h a ra c te r­

i s t i c s appearing i n Table XXVI t h a t more th an f o r ty p e r o e n t o f th e success­ f u ll y counseled s u b je c ts su*e a t l e a s t high sohool grad u ates o f su p e rio r in ­ te llig e n c e and v a rie d i n t e r e s t s of a c u ltu r a l o r s o c ia l n a tu re . The c h a r a c te r is tic s which are iy p io a l f o r the f a i l u r e s in counseling a re given in Table XXVII. TABLE XXVII C haracter! s t i e s Common t o S ev en ty -fiv e Per Cent o r More of th e U nsuccessfully Counseled S u b jects C haraoter i s t i o a t le a s t one in te re s t sin g le a t le a s t one p e rs o n a lity a t le a s t one in te re s t

Frequency (Per oent)

Standard E rro r (Plus or Minus)

strong abnormal component weak

98 84

•020 .052

82

.054

78

.059

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More than th re e out o f every fo u r unsuooessful s u b je c ts a re found to m a n ife st th e fo u r c h a r a c te r is tic s appearing in t h i s ta b le .

Only th re e of

th e te n fa o to rs included in th e study a re re p re se n te d by the c h a r a c te r is tic s l i s t e d i n the ta b le .

3y comparison w ith th e most oanmon c h a r a c te r is tic s

o f th e successes shown in Table XXIV (p. 8 6 ), i t i s obvious t h a t th e char­ a c t e r i s t i c s shown above are ty p io a l of f a ilu r e s b u t n o t p e c u lia r to them. The f cur c h a r a c te r is tic s most oommon among th e f a ilu r e s are a lso ty p io a l o f th e suooesses.

However, w hile th e c h a r a c te r is tic s "no v o c a tio n a l handi­

cap", "two years o r more m ilita iy s e rv io e " , "above average in te llig e n c e " and "age under t h i r t y " are found to be ty p io a l of th e su cc e ssfu l group, th e evidence in Table XXVII shows t h a t they are n o t ty p ic a l of th e unsuooessful group. The f a i l u r e in counseling is most commonly an in d iv id u a l w ith some strong lik e s and d is lik e s and a t le a s t one abnormal component in h is per­ s o n a lity .

As was done fo r the ty p ic a l su c c e ss fu l s u b je c t, th e follow ing

case summery of th e ty p ic a l f a i l u r e w i ll provide a more complete p ic tu re th a n i s obtained from th e scanty com bination o f c h a r a c te r is tic s in Table XXVII. *

Case 4 In d ecisiv en ess even when co nfronted w ith t r i v i a l problems char­ a c te ris e d the p e rs o n a lity o f E.H. I t was m ostly because o f t h i s de­ fic ie n c y t h a t he was r e f e r r e d from th e v o c a tio n a l advisanent oenter fo r p e rso n al adjustm ent co u n selin g . Although he was employed as an autom obile mechanic and the q u a lity of h is work was h ig h ly regarded by h is employer, E.H. was d esiro u s o f seeking an o b je c tiv e in a d if f e r e n t occupation. The reason given by him was n o t d is lik e f o r the work - in f a c t, he a d n itte d t h a t he r e a l l y lik e d th e job - b u t r a th e r t h a t he imagined h is neighborhood group looked down on a mechazdo as a m enial occupation. Obviously, h is d if f io u lly i n re a ch ­ ing d e c isio n s, e s p e c ia lly a v o c atio n al one stemmed from m istaken *

The d e ta ile d d a ta f o r t h i s case and a l l o th er oases stu d ie d are given in Appendix F (pp. 170 f f . ) .

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a ttitu d e s on h i 8 p a r t, and co n sid erab le confusion as to what he r e a lly lilced o r d is lik e d . The v o c a tio n a l a d v ise r remarked t h a t i t appeared to be f r u i t l e s s to suggest new goals fo r th e o l ie n t o r to persuade Mm a s to th e ad­ v i s a b i l i t y o f se v e ra l oourses of a c tio n . The in e v ita b le r e s u l t in E.H. from such procedures was an ag g rav atio n and heig h ten in g of h is own awareness t h a t he was n o t ab le to re s o lv e most is s u e s . In e f f e o t, he was attem pting to have someone e ls e tak e over f o r him a l l th o se r e s p o n s ib il itie s of which he was co g n izan t b u t toward whloh he f e l t inadequate. I t was ap p aren t in th e fo u r p e rso n al counseling in te rv ie w s w ith E.H. t h a t he was d is s a t i s f i e d and unhappy about the counseling pro­ cedure and w ith th e m o u n t o f help he b e lie v e d h im self to be d e riv in g from i t . Although a d d itio n a l appointm ents w ith th e p erso n al oounselor were planned and arranged f o r w ith him, he decided n o t to r e tu r n . He re p o rte d back t o th e advisem ent o en ter and gave a s M s reason f o r d isco n tin u in g p e rso n a l counseling th e com plaint th a t "the counselor l e t me do a l l th e ta lk in g and d i d n 't give me any advioe a t a l l " . Like so many u n su c c e ssfu lly counseled s u b je c ts , E.H. was unable to accep t a s itu a tio n in which th e r e s p o n s ib ility f o r making h is own d eo isio n s was n o t assumed by someone e ls e . I t m ight be sa id t h a t th e d is tr e s s he experienced as a r e s u l t o f h is p re s e n tin g d i f f i c u l t y of in d e o is iv e n ess was n o t as g r e a t as M s disoom fort a t b ein g co nfronted w ith th e fundam ental need to ta k e hold o f h is problems w ith M s own hands. "While E.H. was one of th o se f a i l u r e s in oounseling who was ab le to choose an employment o b je c tiv e a f t e r re tu rn in g to th e advisem ent c e n te r, th e vo­ c a tio n a l a d v ise r noted t h a t no f u r th e r step s were tak en to r e a liz e the s e le c te d g o a l. The judges who interview ed E.H. b e fo re p e rso n al oounseling was i n i t i a t e d were alm ost unanimous in r a tin g Mm a f t e r fo u r p e rso n al oounseling in te rv ie w s as showing "h ard ly any" p e rc e p tib le improvement. The pooled r a tin g o f th re e judges on fo u r scales o f improvement was 1.58 on a fiv e - s te p so ale , i n wMch th e ra tin g s of "1" and "2" re ­ p resen ted l i t t l e or no improvement and th e r a tin g s o f "4" and ”5" re p re se n te d co n siderable or d e f in ite improvement. As seen i n Appendix E ( p .169 ) , the pooled r a tin g o f th re e judges f o r th e typio& l success­ f u l s u b je c t (c f. Case 143, p . 87) was 4 .1 7 . The case summaries o f a suooeesful and an u n su ccessfu l s u b je c t i l l u s t r a t e the inadequacy o f u sin g th e a b i l i t y to s e le o t an employment o b je c tiv e as th e so le c r i t e r i o n by wMch to a p p ra ise th e e ffe c tiv e n e s s of oounseling. The evidence from t h i s study dem onstrates t h a t th i s f a c to r does n o t r e lia b ly d if f e r e n tia te th e su ccesses and f a i l u r e s i n p e rso n al adjustm ent oounseling when sucoess i s defined in terms of th e g e n e ra l g o als o f oounseling r a th e r th a n in terms o f too s p e c ifio o r i t e r i a which p re-d eterm in e th e r e s u lt s of

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th e e v a lu a tiv e study employing them. In Table XXVIII a re given th e r e s u lts f o r those c h a r a c te r is tic s mani­ f e s t by 50 to 75 p e r o ent of th e f a i l u r e s .

Nine o f the te n fa o to rs in ­

cluded in th e study appear in thLs ta b le and th e te n th fa o to r was p re s e n t i n Table XXVII (p. 9 1 ). TABLE XXVIII C h a r a c te ris tic s M anifested by F if ty to S eventy-five Per Cent o f the U nsuccessfully Counseled Subjeots C h a ra o te ris tie discharged two y e ars or more age under t h i r t y no v o c atio n al handicap no v o c a tio n a l goal abnormal d ep ressio n two y e a rs or more m ilita r y serv io e u n s a tis fa c to ry em otional adjustm ent unemployed le s s th a n tw elve y e ars eduoation strong in te rp e rs o n a l in te re s t above average in te llig e n c e age under tw en ty -fiv e abnormal psych asth en ia

Frequency (Per cen t)

Standard E rro r (P lus or Minus)

74 68 68 68 60

•062 .066 .066 • 066 .069

60

.069

58 58

.070 .070

56

.070

54 52 50 50

.070 .071 .071 .071

Most o f th e f a i l u r e s , lik e m ost of th e su co esses, a re seen to m a n ife st seventeen c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

According to th e r e s u lts shown in Table XXVIII,

m ost o f th e u n su ccessfu l su b je c ts a r e le s s th an t h i r t y y ears o f age, unem­ ployed, and have been o u t o f serv io e about as long as th ey were in one of th e armed fo ro e s ; few of them a re high school grad u ates and p ro d u cts of higher education, b u t most have above average in te llig e n c e . 1.

More o fte n than

C liffo rd P. F ro eh lio h , "Faotors R elated to E ffe c tiv e n e ss o f C ounseling," Unpublished D ootoral D is s e rta tio n , George Washington U n iv e rsity , 1948.

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n o t, th e u n su c c e ssfu lly oounseled s u b je c t has no s e rv ic e -in c u rre d d is ­ a b i l i t y , nor any d i s a b i l i t y which could be reg ard ed as aggravated by m ilita r y s e rv io e .

Confusion as to fu tu r e v o c a tio n a l g o als i s alm ost as common

among th e u n su c c e ssfu lly counseled as i t was seen to be among th e success­ f u ll y oounseled o a se s. On the o th e r hand, a l i t t l e more of the f a i lu r e s th an of th e sucoesses show th e com bination of e h a ra o te ris rtic s "abnormal d ep ressio n ", " u n sa tis­ fa c to ry em otional adjustm ent”, and "abnormal p sy ch asth en ia".

Quite common

anong the u n su ccessfu l s u b je c ts i s a s o c ia lis in g tendency as denoted by th e c h a r a c te r is tic " in te r-p e rs o n a l i n t e r e s t " . Between 25 and 50 per o e n t of th e f a i lu r e s show the 31 c h a r a c te r is tic s l i s t e d in Table XXIX.

By combining th e se r e s u l t s with those shorn in th e

preceding two ta b le s , i t oan be seen t h a t more th a n 25 per c e n t of the f a i l u r e s m a n ife st 43 p er oent of th e 113 c h a r a c te r is tic s stu d ie d .

While

the number o f c h a r a c te r is tic s appealing in t h i s t a b l e i s alm ost tw ice as g re a t as th e number in th e two preceding ta b le s , only seven of the te n fa c to rs are re p re se n te d in Table XXIX, n in e a re in clu d ed in Table XXVIII (p. 94) and th re e in Table XXVII (p. 91). Of the 31 c h a r a c te r is tic s in th e ta b le , s ix te e n p e rta in to th e i n t e r e s t f a c to r .

Among ttie u n su cc e ssfu lly counseled s u b je o ts, stro n g c u ltu ra l in ­

t e r e s t s are found as o fte n as weak c u ltu r a l in t e r e s t s .

S im ilar evidenoe o f

th e h etero g en e ity of th e group as re g a rd s in t e r e s t s is seen i n th e in cid en ce of strong and weak p ra o tio a l in t e r e s t s , and stro n g and weak th e o r e tio a l in ­ te re s ts .

Malad jus talent c en tered in th e home, h e a lth , and s o c ia l a re a s is

only s lig h tly le s s oonsnon than em otional m aladjustm ent, as shown in Table XXVIII (p. 9 4 ).

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TABLE XXIX C h a r a c te ris tic s P resented by Twenty-five to F if ty P er Cent o f the U nsuccessfully Counseled Subjects C h a ra c te ris tic u n s a tis fa c to ry home adjustm ent abnormal sohizophrenia weak th e o r e tic a l i n t e r e s t weak p r a c tic a l i n t e r e s t a t l e a s t fo u r abnormal p e rs o n a lity components stro n g c u ltu r a l i n t e r e s t u n s a tis fa c to ry s o c ia l adjustm ent average in te llig e n c e weak o u ltu r a l in t e r e s t strong p r a o tio a l i n t e r e s t in te rp e rs o n a l i n t e r e s t stro n g p e rsu a siv e i n t e r e s t strong s o o ia l serv io e in te re s t n eg ativ e p r a o tio a l i n t e r e s t n e g ativ e th e o r e tic a l in t e r e s t u n s a tis fa c to ry h e a lth adj ustment abnormal psychopathic deviate weak com putational i n t e r e s t abnormal h y s te r ia some high school fu ll- tim e employed weak m echanical i n t e r e s t n e g ativ e o u ltu r a l i n t e r e s t discharged th re e y e a rs or more n e g a tiv e m echanical in te r e s t c u ltu r a l i n t e r e s t d epression abnormal hypochondriasis e ig h t y ears or le s s eduoatian stro n g th e o r e tic a l i n t e r e s t

Frequency (Per oent)

Standard E rror (Plus or Minus)

46 46 46 44

.070 .070 .070 .070

40 38

.069 .069

38 38 38 36 36 34

.069 .069 .069 .068 .068 .067

34 34

.067 .067

34

.067

34

.067

32 30 30 30 28 28 28

.066 .065 • 065 .065 .063 • 063 .063

28 26 26 26 26

.063 .062 .062 .062 .062

26 26

.062 .062

A ll le v e ls of form al schooling up to h ig h sohool g ra d u a tio n a re found now and then in t h i s group.

A composite of th e c h a r a c te r is ti c s shown in

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Tabl a XXIX p o rtra y s th e u n su c c e ssfu lly oounseled s u b je c t as employed fu ll* tim e, o f average in te llig e n c e and a pro duo t o f le s s "than high sohool edu­ c a tio n . I t is in s tr u c tiv e to examine th o se c h a r a c te r is tic s whioh are very seldom found in eaoh group.

One of th e purposes m o tiv atin g t h i s in v e s ti­

g a tio n mas to o b ta in a b e t t e r understanding of th e p e rso n al oounseling c lie n t.

Toward t h a t end, i t i s n o t only neoessary to observe th e c h a ra c te r­

i s t i c s most ocomon t o th e s u b je o ts , b u t a lso to s p e o if io a lly d e fin e what ought to be regarded as a ra re o h a r a c te r is tio .

F in a lly , i t w i l l be u s e fu l

to compare th e r a r e and oommon c h a r a c te r is tic s p e c u lia r t o suocesses w ith those

irtiich are p e c u lia r t o f a i l u r e s . The r e s u lts o f t h i s phase o f th e study a re p re sen te d below in Table

XXX, showing ra re c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e su c c e ss fu lly oounseled s u b je o ts, Table XXXI g iv in g the r a re c h a r a c te r is tic s of 1h e u n su c c e ssfu lly oounseled s u b je c ts , and Tables XXXII and XXXIII p re se n tin g a summary o f the r a r e , common and ty p io a l c h a r a c te r is ti c s p e c u lia r to eaoh group of su b je c ts . Table XXX in c lu d e s a l l those c h a r a c te r is tic s w ith an in cid en ce o f le s s than te n p e r oent among th e s u c c e ss fu lly counseled s u b je c ts . Of th e 25 ra re o h a r a o te r is tio s appearing in Table XXX, fo u rte e n p e r ­ t a i n to th e i n t e r e s t f a c to r , seven to th e p e rs o n a lity f a c to r , and one eaoh to the four f a o to rs o f in te llig e n c e , education, m a rita l s ta tu s and d is ­ a b i l i t y s ta t u s .

A ll th e c h a r a c te r is tic s shown in th e ta b le are very seldom

found among su o o essfu lly counseled s u b je o ts .

I t i s Im portant t o p o in t out

th a t from t h i s ta b le alone i t i s n o t p o s s ib le to determ ine the in flu en o e of any of th e o h a ra o te r is tio s on oounseling outoomes.

Such re la tio n s h ip s

can only be e s ta b lis h e d by ta k in g in to aooount th e incidence of eaoh ohar­ a c t e r i s t i o in both groups of s u b je c ts .

That has a lread y been done in th e

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preoeding ch ap ter whioh p re sen te d a d e ta ile d d iscu ssio n of the sep arate c h a r a c te r is tic s *

From Table XXX i t i s only p o s sib le to say t h a t th e in c i­

dence o f eaoh c h a r a c te r is tic shown is exceedingly low* TABLE XXX Bare C har& o teristio s o f Successes

C h a ra c te ris tic below average in te llig e n c e e ig h t y ears o r le s s education p aranoia c le r ic a l in te re s t q u e stio n so a le , HUPI l i e s c a le , MMPI d ivorced o r sep arated a t l e a s t fo u r weak in te r e s t s hypochondri a s i s h y s te r ia hypomania weak n u s io a l i n t e r e s t com putational i n t e r e s t n e g a tiv e p e rsu a siv e i n t e r e s t n eg ativ e l i t e r a r y i n t e r e s t n e g ativ e a r t i s t i c i n t e r e s t weak a r t i s t i c i n t e r e s t m echanical i n t e r e s t p r a c tic a l i n t e r e s t n e g a tiv e m usical in t e r e s t Suppressor s c a le , MMPI weak p e rsu asiv e i n t e r e s t m usical i n t e r e s t n egative s o c ia l servioe i n t e r e s t neurop eye h ia tr io d i s a b il it y

Frequency (Per cen t) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8

At t h i s p o in t i t is in te r e s tin g to note t h a t n o n -c u ltu ra l in ­ t e r e s t s a re ra re in th e s u c c e ssfu l group and t h a t t h i s p a tte r n of in t e r e s t s is combined w ith th e fin d in g s t h a t none o f th e su ccesses has le s s than average in te llig e n c e or le s s th a n an elem entary school education* Table XXX in d ic a te s t h a t " h y s te ria " , "hypomania", "p aran o ia", and "hypochondriasis", eaoh r e fe rrin g to aua in d iv id u a l’ s one h ig h e st sco re, a re ra re p e rs o n a lity components among su ccessfu l sub jeo ts*

But "abnormal

-9 9 -

t y s t e r i a " , "abnormal hypomania", e t c . , eaoh r e f e r r in g to sco res o f seventy or moxe, are n o t r a r e a t a l l sin c e none o f them is shown in the ta b le . This proeedure seems to r e f l e c t more m eaningfully th e tru e o h a ra o te r is tio s of th e in d iv id u a l by u sin g h is om p e rs o n a lity p r o f ile as a r e f e r e n t. The ra re o h a r a o te r is tio s o f th e u n su o o essfu lly oounseled su b jeo ts are shown in Table XXXI.

Included i n t h i s ta b le a re a l l th o se o h a ra o te r is tio s

whioh were m anifested by le s s th an te n p e r o en t o f th e f a i l u r e s .

Twenty-

fiv e ra re o h a ra o te r is tio s are shown i n Table XXXI f o r th e u nsuooessful sub­ je c t s , as many a s were noted f o r "the suooesses in Table XXX. TABLE XXXI Bare C h a r a c te ris tic s of F a ilu re s C h a r a c te ris tic co lle g e grad u ate hypochondriasis p a ra n o ia m usioal in t e r e s t n e g ativ e p e rsu asiv e i n t e r e s t n eg ativ e s o c ia l servioe i n t e r e s t a t l e a s t fo u r stro n g i n t e r e s t s question so a le , MMPI suppressor s o a le , MMPI divoroed o r sep a ra te d n eg ativ e in te rp e rs o n a l i n t e r e s t l i e so a le , MMPI m a sc u lin ity -fe m in in ity hypomania weak m usioal i n te r e s t weak so o ial servioe i n t e r e s t n egative m usioal i n te r e s t discharged le s s than one year age over ih i r t y - f i v e h y s te r ia weak p e rsu a siv e i n t e r e s t com putational i n t e r e s t o le r io a l i n t e r e s t negative l i t e r a r y i n t e r e s t p h y sic a l d i s a b i lity

Frequency (Per oent) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8

-1 0 0 -

I t i s o f e s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t t o o b se rv e t h a t c o lle g e g r a d u a te s a r e so seldom found anong t h e u n s u c c e s s f u l l y c o u n s e le d s u b j e c t s .

I t is

•

se e n t h a t m ore th a n h a l f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a p p e a rin g i n t h i s t a b l e a r e a l s o l i s t e d a s r a r e f o r th e s u c c e s s f u l l y o o u n se le d s u b je o ts i n . Table XXX (p . 9 8 ).

The n e x t two t a b l e s , t h e r e f o r e , c a n c e l o u t th o s e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w hich a r e found i n b o th g ro u p s and p r e s e n t o n ly th o s e w hich a r e p e c u l i a r to each g ro u p . T a b le s XXXII and XXXIII, g iv e n b elow , sum m arise a l l th e p re c e d in g t a b l e s i n t h i s c h a p te r .

TABLE XXXII C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s P e c u l i a r t o S u c c e s s f u lly C o u nseled S u b je c ts *

* **

**

Rare

Common

e ig h t y e a rs or le s s e d u c a tio n below a v e ra g e i n t e l l i ­ gence weak a r t i s t i c i n t e r e s t p ra o tio a l in te r e s t n e u ro p s y c h ia tric d is ­ a b ility n e g a tiv e a r t i s t i c i n t e r e s t a t l e a s t f o u r weak in te re s ts m e c h a n ic a l i n t e r e s t

f u ll-tim e s tu d e n t s tr o n g c u l t u r a l in te re s t weak p r a c t i c a l in te re s t u n s a t i s f a c t o r y home a d ju s tm e n t

* P a re - l e s s t h a n te n p e r c e n t

T o p ic a l age u n d e r t h i r t y two y e a r s o r more m il­ i t a r y s e r v io e no v o c a ti o n a l h a n d i­ cap above a v e ra g e i n t e l l i ­ gence

** Common - f i f t y t o s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r oent *** T y p ic a l - m ore th a n s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r o e n t

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TABLE X X X III

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s P e o u l ia r t o U n s u c c e s s f u lly C ounseled S u b je o ts DHt-*

**

♦ Common

R are c o lle g e g r a d u a te m a s c u l in i ty - f e m in in ity a t l e a s t f o u r s tr o n g in te re s ts n e g a tiv e i n t e r p e r s o n a l in te re s t weak s o c i a l s e r v ic e in te re s t d is c h a r g e d l e s s th a n one year p h y s ic a l d i s a b i l i t y age o v e r t h i r t y - f i v e

ty p ic a l

l e s s th a n tw e lv e y e a r s e d u c a tio n unem ployed age u n d e r tw e n ty - f iv e abnorm al p s y o h a s th e n ia

* B are - l e s s th a n t e n p e r o e n t T y p ic a l - more th a n s e v e n t y - f i v e . per cent

**

(none)

*** Common - f i f t y t o s e v e n ty - f iv e p er oent

In o r d e r t o em phasize t h e d i s t i n o t i v e n a tu r e o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , o n ly t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a re in c lu d e d w h ich a re r a r e ( l e s s th a n t e n p e r c e n t ) , common ( f i f t y t o s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t ) , o r t y p i c a l (more th a n s e v e n ty f i v e p e r c e n t) i n one group b u t n o t i n th e o th e r g ro u p .

Thus, t h e c h a r­

a c t e r i s t i c " u n s a t i s f a c t o r y e m o tio n a l a d ju s tm e n t" i s p r e s e n t among 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e s u o o e ss e s and 58 p e r o e n t o f th e f a i l u r e s .

Since i t i s q u i te

common i n b o th g ro u p s , t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d oes n o t a p p e a r i n e i t h e r t a b l e . On t h e o th e r hand, "above a v e ra g e i n t e l l i g e n c e " i s m a n if e s te d a s a c h a r ­ a c te ris tic

o f 52 p e r o e n t o f th e f a i l u r e s and 80 p e r o e n t o f t h e s u c c e s s e s .

T h e re fo re , i t i s l i s t e d i n T able XXXII a s a t y p i o a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p e c u l i a r to t h e s u o o e s s f u l g roup o n ly . I t i s e v id e n t from th e t a b l e s t h a t r a r e , common and t y p i c a l ch ar­ a c t e r i s t i c s a s su c h do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y im ply any d is c r im in a to r y pow er f o r p r e d i c t i n g t h e outcome o f o o u n s e lin g .

For exem ple, t h e r e s u l t s i n T able

XXXII show t h a t "m ech an io al i n t e r e s t " i s seldom found among th e s u c c e s s f u l l y

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c o u n s e le d s u b j e c t s , b u t no s i g n i f i c a n t ; d i f f e r e n c e b etw een t h e g ro u p s was found f o r t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .

(See Table XX, p . 7 0 ).

L ik e w ise , a lth o u g h

’’abnorm al p s y c h a s th e n ia " i s q u ite commonly e v id e n c e d by u n s u c c e s s f u l sub­ j e c t s , t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c shows no r e l i a b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e i n p e r s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t c o u n s e lin g .

On th e o th e r h a n d , such c h a r­

a c t e r i s t i c s a s "unem ployed" and " l e s s th a n tw e lv e y e a r s e d u c a tio n " a r e se e n t o be common t o th e l e a s t im proved s u b je c t s o n ly and d e f i n i t e l y r e ­ l i a b l e as p r o g n o s t i c i n d i c a t o r s o f a n u n f a v o r a b le outcome i n p e r s o n a l ad­ ju s tm e n t c o u n s e lin g .

The r e s t o f th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t h e t a b l e s a r e t o

be s i m i l a r l y i n t e r p r e t e d . Prom t h e d a t a i n t h i s c h a p te r i t i s p o s s i b l e to a s c e r t a i n th o s e in ­ d i v id u a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s id iic h a r e v e ry seldom o r v e ry f r e q u e n t l y m a n if e s te d by s u c c e s s f u l and u n s u c c e s s f u l s u b j e c t s .

In th e p r e o e d in g

c h t p t e r , em p h asis

was p la c e d on th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e g ro u p s f o r each c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i n ­ c lu d e d i n th e s tu d y .

I t w i l l b e v a lu a b l e to t u r n a t t e n t i o n t o t h e r e l a t i o n ­

s h ip betw een t h e two g ro u p s f o r th e b r o a d e r c a t e g o r i e s of c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w hich are r e f e r r e d t o as f a c t o r s i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , and t o sum m arize th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s o b se rv e d .

I

CHAPTER V II THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH AMENABILITY TO COUNSELING In th e previous c h a p te rs emphasis was p laced upon th e s p e o ific char­ a c te ris tic s .

I t i s a lso im portant and v a lu ab le to compare th e r e la tio n ­

ships between th e most improved and l e a s t improved su b jeo ts fo r eaoh o f th e te n f a c to r s . Although th e counseling c l i e n t may p re s e n t a s p e c ific c h a r a c te r is t ic o r group of c h a r a c te ris tic s * i t i s customary to th in k of -these i n term s o f a p a r tic u la r categ o ry .

Thus* a g re a t deed o f controversy c e n te rs about th e

in te llig e n c e * p e rs o n a lity and h a b itu a l adjustm ent o f amenable oounseling c lie n ts .

Furtherm ore, -these broad c a te g o rie s o r fa c to rs have approxim ately

th e same meanings in d i f f e r e n t studies* whereas th e in d iv id u a l c h a ra c te r­ i s t i c s are s p e o ific to a given in v e s tig a tio n and depend, a s in thiB study* on th e p a r tic u la r i n t e r e s t of the in v e s tig a to r .

For example, th e q u estio n

as to th e in flu en e e o f th e educatio n al fa c to r in making fo r sucoess o r f a i l u r e in oounseling i s broken down in to seven c h a r a c te r is tic s i n t h i s study* each o f whioh has e s p e c ia l s ig n ific a n c e p e o u lia r to the s e tt in g of th e in v e s tig a tio n . In th e fo llo w in g p a g e s, the d e ta ile d ocmparisons f o r s p e c ific ohar­ a o te r is t io s w ill be drawn to g e th e r under th e f a c to r s to which they belong. Then a comparison w ill be made of th e degree o f r e l i a b i l i t y shown by each o f th e te n f a c to rs inoluded in th e stu d y .

F in a lly , b r i e f d iso u ssio n s of

eaoh f a c to r w ill summarize the main p o in ts of in te r e s t . The r e s u lts shown in Table XXXIV in c lu d e the number of s p e o ific ohar­ a o te r is t io s tak en up in the in v e s tig a tio n fo r eaoh o f th e te n f a o to r s .

-104-

Thls ta b le shows what p ro p o rtio n s of th e o h a ra o te r is tio s belonging to eaoh f a c to r are c l a s s i f i e d as u n re lia b le * f a i r l y re lia b le * and d e f in ite ly re ­ lia b le * TABLE XXXIV R elatio n sh ip s of Ten F acto rs to Suooess in Counseling Number of C haraoter i s t i o s

F acto rs Advisement s ta tu s Education In te llig e n c e M ilita ry servioe Age D is a b ility s ta tu s I n te r e s ts P e rs o n a lity Adjustment M arital s ta tu s

4 7 4 5 3 3 56 24 4 3

I

R e lia b ility * II III

50 0 0 60 67 67 84 96 100 100

0 57 75 20 33 33 16 4 0 0

50 43 25 20 0 0 0 0 0 0

0-1.73) II* P er c e n t f a i r l y r e l i a b l e ( c r i t i o a l ra tio s * 1*73-3*00) III* P er c en t d e f in ite ly r e l ia b l e ( o r i t i o a l ra tio s * 3*00 o r more) The evidence from Table XXXIV in d ic a te s t h a t some a sp e c ts o f fo u r fa c ­ to r s stu d ie d have r e a l value as d iso rim in an t6 of fu tu re successes and f a ilu r e s in oounseling; t h a t some a sp e c ts o f seven f a c to r s are u s e fu l as su g gestive in d ic e s only* b u t oannot be reg ard ed as oonolusive; and th a t some a sp e c ts of e ig h t fa c to rs are n e ith e r u s e fu l nor su g g estiv e in d i f f e r e n t i a t ­ ing th e groups of s u b je o ts.

I t i s a lso of i n t e r e s t to note t h a t o f th e

fo u r f a c to rs which the evidenoe shows have o r i t i o a l r a t i o s of th re e or more* only in te llig e n c e i s derived from t e s t r e s u l ts in th e in v e stig a tio n *

The

o th e r th re e f a c to r s a re based on f a c tu a l d a ta r e a d ily a v a ila b le from re ­ cords in advisement f o ld e r s .

Furthermore* only one o f the four r e lia b le

fa c to rs i s in a p p lic a b le to no n -v eteran groups*

This i s th e f a c to r o f m ili­

ta r y servioe* and p a r tic u la r ly the le n g th of suoh s e rv ic e .

The only o th e r

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" sp e o ia l group" facto r* d is a b i lit y statu s* is seen to have only suggestive v alu e a s reg ard s an a s s o c ia tio n w ith oounseling outcomes.

F in ally * two of

th e most r e lia b le fa o to rs are capable o f re v e a lin g a t le a s t f a i r l y s ig n if i ­ c a n t d iffe re n c e s between su c c e ss fu lly and u n su cc e ssfu lly oounseled groups. At the o th e r end of th e r e l i a b i l i t y c l a s s if ic a t io n shown i n the table* only two of th e f a o to r s considered i n the study show no a ss o c ia tio n a t a l l w ith th e r e s u lts of oounseling.

The rem aining fo u r fa o to rs range from Tour

p e r c e n t f a i r l y r e l i a b l e and 96 p er o en t u n re lia b le fo r p e rs o n a lity to 33 per cen t f a i r l y r e lia b le and 67 p e r o e n t u n re lia b le f o r age and m ilita r y s e rv ic e .

Of the s ix fa o to rs having th e low est o r i t i o a l ra tio s * th r e e are

seen to be based on t e s t r e s u l t s . I t i s obvious from an exem ination of th e ta b le t h a t th e number o f ohar­ a o t e r i s t i o s considered under eaoh f a c to r b e a rs no re la tio n s h ip to the re ­ l i a b i l i t y of th e f a c t o r .

The meaning o f t h i s fin d in g i s t h a t i n the p a r t i ­

c u la r way each f a c to r has been defined f o r purposes o f the study* f u r th e r analyses in to a d d itio n a l c h a r a c te r is tic s would very probably y ie ld very s im ila r r e s u lts to those shown in Table XXXIV.

I t m ight be said* th e re ­

fore* th a t w ith in the lim its o f the accepted d e fin itio n s * a reasonably exhaustive a n a ly s is has been made o f eaoh fa o to r included in the in v e s tig a ­ tio n . In th e follo w in g sections* th e major p o in ts of i n t e r e s t reg ard in g each fa o to r w ill be summarized,

h i so f a r as p ossible* th e d isc u ssio n w ill in ­

clude comparisons w ith the fin d in g s of o th er s tu d ie s . R eliab le F aotors Advisement S tatu s Sinoe a l l th e s u b je c ts o f th e study were re fe rre d fo r p e rso n al a d ju s t.

-106-

ment oounseling from advisem ent centers* i t seemed d e s ira b le to examine th e s ta tu s of each c l i e n t under four headings* o r c h a r a c te r is tic s *

Eaoh char­

a c t e r i s t i c was e i t h e r an im po rtan t p a r t of th e advisem ent process (e.g .* ohoosing a v o c atio n al o b jectiv e)* o r was an im p o rta n t.determ inant of th e n a tu re o f t h a t p ro cess (e.g .* e d u ca tio n a l counseling o f c o lle g e s tu d e n ts ). The fo u r c h a r a c te r is tic s under t h i s fa o to r were r e a d ily a v a ila b le from th e s u b je c t's advisement re c o rd a t th e tim e p erso n al oounseling in te rv ie w s were begun* and c o n siste d of n o ta tio n s as t o whether o r n o t th e o lie n t had been able to s e le c t m employment o b je c tiv e during advisement* w hether he was a f u ll- tim e student* f u ll- tim e employed* or unemployed. The r e s u lts in Table XXXIV (p. 104) show th a t two of th e o h a r a c te r is tio s considered in th e advisem ent s ta tu s category are found to be u n re lia b le and two a re d iscovered to d if f e r e n tia t e su c c e ssfu l and u n su ccessfu l su b jeo ts in a r e lia b le way.

By r e f e r r in g to the ta b le s g iv in g c h a r a c te r is tic s fo r

which u n re lia b le d iffe re n c e s a re found (see Table XVIII* pp. 53-54)* i t i s seen t h a t n e ith e r th e a b i l i t y to s e le o t an onployment o b je o tiv e nor th e f a c t o f being f u ll y employed a t th e s t a r t of p erso n al adjustm ent oounselix% have an im p o rtan t b earin g on th e outcome of such co u n selin g .

So f a r as

o th e r sim ila r groups o f s u b je c ts a re concerned, th e evidence from t h i s study i s in co n clu siv e as t o th e se two c h a r a c te r i s ti c s . On th e o th e r hand* a d e f in ite re la tio n s h ip w ith am enability i s found to e x i s t fo r the f u ll- tim e stu d en t c h a r a c te r is tic and fo r th e unemployed c h a r a c te r is tic .

These d a ta are p re se n te d in Table XXIII (p. 8 0 ).

So f a r

as th e se two a sp e o ts of th e advisem ent s ta t u s fa o to r are concerned* th e evidenoe from t h i s in v e s tig a tio n dem onstrates t h a t whenever o th e r s im ila r groups of su b jeo ts a re coopered* much the same re la tio n s h ip w i l l be found to o b ta in .

The importanoe of th i s fin d in g b o th f o r th e oounselor and th o se

107-

who r e f e r c l i e n t s r e s t s i n l a r g e p a r t i n t h e e a s i l y o b ta in a b le n a tu r e o f th e in f o r m a tio n r e g a r d in g th e f a c t o r .

S im ila r f i n d i n g s w ere o b ta in e d by

F rie n d and H aggard who c o n c lu d e d from t h e i r s tu d y t h a t : The tim in g o f r e f e r r a l s f o r c o u n s e lin g and t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t o t h e c l i e n t o f i t s p u rp o s e , a r e im p o r ta n t t o t h e r e s u l t s . I f th e o o u n s e le e i s r e f e r r e d p r i m a r i l y b e c a u se o f d e s p e r a te n eed f o r w ork, th e p r e s s u r e o f t h i s n e e d f o r some s o r t o f incom e w i l l o f o o u rse make him im p a ti e n t w ith c o u n s e lin g i n w hich th e c o u n s e lo r p la y s an unob­ t r u s i v e p a r t , w ith t h e o o u n s e le e m aking t h e d e c is i o n s . What he w a n ts i s a p la c e m e n t s e r v i c e ; c o u n s e lin g , w h ich h a s a f u n c t i o n d i s t i n c t from t h a t o f s o l i c i t i n g jo b s , s h o u ld be d e f e r r e d u n t i l such a tim e a s he has some so u ro e o f income and c a n a f f o r d t o b e c o n c ern e d w ith im­ p ro v in g h i s s i t u a t i o n . * S in ce th e s t u d e n t - s u b j e c t s a r e h ig h s c h o o l g r a d u a te s , th e r e s u l t s b e a r ­ in g on th e c o n s id e r a t io n o f t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e a d v ise m e n t s t a t u s f a c t o r a r e v e ry s i m i l a r t o t h e f in d i n g s f o r t h e e d u c a tio n a l f a c t o r .

The

n e x t s e o ti o n w i l l t h e r e f o r e c o n s id e r t h e s tu d e n ts a s in c lu d e d a t th e v a r io u s e d u c a tio n a l l e v e l s . E d u c a tio n The v a r i o u s a n a ly s e s made o f t h i s f a o t o r show i t t o be a s s o c i a t e d c l o s e l y w ith s u c c e s s i n p e r s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t c o u n s e lin g .

As was n o te d .a b o v e ,

t h i s i s i n a g re e m e n t w ith t h e r e s u l t s p e r t a i n i n g t o th e s tu d e n t c h a r a c t e r i s ­ t i c i n t h i s s tu d y .

T here i s p l e n t i f u l e v id e n c e i n th e l i t e r a t u r e w hich gen­

e r a l l y c o n firm s th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s fo u n d i n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . The 2 3 4 w orks o f W illia n s o n , Y/renn, and S tra n g , t o name o n ly a few , may be m en tio n e d i n t h i s c o n n e c tio n . IT 2. 3.

4.

J e a n n e t te &• F rie n d and E r n e s t A. H aggard, "Work A d ju stm e n t i n H a la tio n t o Fam ily B a c k g ro u n d ,” A p p lie d P sy ch o lo g y M onogrtphs, 16 (J u n e , 1948), p p . 141-1 4 2 . Edmund 6 . W illia m so n , How t o C ounsel S tu d e n ts . C. G i l b e r t Wrenn, "C o u n se lin g w ith S t u d e n t s ,G u i d a n c e i n E d u c a tio n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s , T h irty - S e v e n th Y earbook o f t h e N a tio n a l S o c ie ty f o r th e Study o f E d u c a tio n , p p . 119-144. Ruth M. S tra n g , B e h a v io r and Background o f S tu d e n ts i n C o lle g e and Seoondary S o h o o ls.

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R e c o g n itio n of t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f c o u n s e lin g w ith s tu d e n ts comes from t h e i n c r e a s i n g s u p p o rt f o r suoh c o u n s e lin g program s in se co n d a ry sc h o o ls and c o l l e g e s .

Thus, q u o tin g R ogers:

I t i s e v id e n t t o anyone a c q u a in te d w i t h seco n d ary s c h o o ls and c o ll e g e s t h a t g u id a n c e program s w hich make u s e o f c o u n s e lin g a r e s t e a d i ­ ly on th e i n c r e a s e . As sc h o o ls more and more become o rg a n is e d around th e o o n c e p t o f i n d iv i d u a l g row th and d e v e lo p m en t, s e r v io e s w hich a s s i s t th e s tu d e n t i n m aking th e b e s t a d j u s t s e n t t o h i s s i t u a t i o n n e c e s s a r i l y i n c r e a s e . As a d m i n i s t r a t o r s r e a l i s e m ore c l e a r l y th e trem em dous econom ic w a s te in v o lv e d i n m ass m ethods o f e d u c a tio n , th e y s e e k f o r p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n s . As th e y c a l c u l a t e th e c o s t o f f i t t i n g s q u a re p e g s i n t o ro u n d h o l e s , o f t r y i n g t o e d u o a te s tu d e n ts whose e n e r g ie s a r e ta k e n up w ith u n s o lv e d p ro b le m s, th e y lo o k f o r ways o f p r e v e n tin g t h i s w a s te . In im posing c e r t a i n u n ifo rm s ta n d a r d s upon t h e g ro u p , th e y become i n c r e a s i n g l y aw are o f t h e f a c t t h a t th o u g h s ta n d a r d s may be u n ifo rm , s tu d e n ts a r e n o t . Out of such enqoerience comes an in ­ c r e a s in g demand f o r pro g ram s d e s ig n e d to u n d e r s ta n d th e in d iv i d u a l and t o a i d him i n m e e tin g h i s p ro b le m s. The f o re g o in g q u o ta tio n i s o f p a r t i c u l a r s i g n i f i c a n c e i n view o f th e s tr o n g c o n t r a i n d i c a t i o n s f o r c o u n s e lin g r e v e a le d a s a r e s u l t o f com paring t h e g ro u p s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o l e s s th a n a se co n d a ry s c h o o l e d u c a tio n . A cco rd in g t o t h e c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f 5 .2 4 f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e b etw een t h e g ro u p s a s t o t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , i t i s a v i r t u a l c e r t a i n t y t h a t t h e o b ta in e d d i f f e r e n c e r e p r e s e n t s 'the t r u e d i f f e r e n c e w henever s u c c e s s iv e sam ples o f s i m i l a r l y s e l e c t e d g ro u p s a r e com pared.

I t w ould a p p e a r from t h i s s t a t e ­

m ent t h a t th e c a s e f o r c o u n s e lin g a t th e seco n d ary s c h o o l l e v e l f o r v e te r ­ an s o f l i k e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i s d o u b tf u l.

However, i t m ust b e remembered

t h a t t h e s u b je o ts o f th e s tu d y a re drawn from t h e v e te r a n p o p u l a t io n and as such a re n o t s t r i c t l y c o m p a rab le i n many r e s p e c t s t o a n o n - v e te r a n se co n d a ry sc h o o l p o p u l a t io n .

VJhether o r n o t t h e same r e s u l t s w ould b e o b ta in e d f o r

th e e d u o a tio n f a c t o r among n o n - v e te r a n s i s a p ro b le n t h a t s h o u ld b e in ­ v e s tig a te d .

1.

A t any r a t e , t h e e v id e n c e from t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y p l u s th e

C a rl R. R o g ers, C o u n se lin g and P s y c h o th e ra p y , p p . 6 -7 .

-1 0 9 -

f in d i n g s o f th e a u t h o r i t i e s p r e v i o u s ly m e n tio n e d s tr o n g l y s u g g e s t t h a t e d u o a tio n and o o u n s e lin g outoom es a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d .

As t o t h e f a v o r a b le

i n d i o a t i o n s f o r c o u n s e lin g , t h e d a ta sh e en i n T able XX III (p . 80) o l e a r l y i n d i c a t e t h a t c o lle g e s t u d e n t s a r e among t h o s e eho seem t o b e n e f i t m o st from c o u n s e lin g . Of im p o rta n c e to t h e c o u n s e lo r as w e ll a s t o th o s e r e f e r r i n g c l i e n t s f o r c o u n s e lin g i s t h e e a s i l y d e te rm in e d n a tu r e o f t h e e d u c a tio n a l f a o t o r a s i t i s d e f in e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y .

In m o st o a s e s su c h in f o r m a tio n a s

t h e am ount o f fo rm a l s c h o o lin g c o m p le te d can b e e l i c i t e d fro m th e c l i e n t h im s e lf w henever i t i s n o t a n ite m o f r e c o r d .

In te llig e n c e The e v id e n c e p r e s e n te d i n T able XXI ( p . 74) and T able X X III (p . 80) u n m is ta k a b ly d e n o te s a c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n b etw een i n t e l l i g e n c e and su o o e ss i n c o u n s e lin g .

A lth o u g h t h r e e o f t h e f o u r o h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o n s id e r e d i n

t h i s c a te g o ry a r e s e e n t o h av e o n ly f a i r r e l i a b i l i t y

( c r itic a l ra tio s

b etw een 1 .7 3 and 3 .0 0 ) , t h e o c m b in a tio n o f r e s u l t s f o r t h i s f a o t o r shows a d e c id e d ly f a v o r a b le p r o g n o s is i s w a r ra n te d a s i n t e l l i g e n c e i n c r e a s e s . C o n v e rs e ly , a s i n t e l l i g e n c e d e o re a B e s th e r e s u l t s te n d t o become l e s s con­ c l u s i v e and d e f i n i t e as to w h a t -the t r u e r e l a t i o n s h i p may b e .

P re su m a b ly ,

a t low i n t e l l e c t u a l l e v e l s f a o t o r s o t h e r t h a n i n t e l l i g e n c e a r e m ore i n ­ f l u e n t i a l and more c r u c i a l a s d e te r m in a n ts o f a d ju s tm e n t.

In t h i s connec­

t i o n , R ogers commented a s f o llo w s on s im i la r r e s u l t s o b ta in e d i n th e work

1 o f H ealy and B ro n n e r: . . . u n f a v o r a b le outoom es m a y b e owing t o t h e c o n c o m ita n t c ir c u m s ta n c e s w hich so o f t e n acoompacy low i n t e l l i g e n c e r a t h e r th a n t o th e low i n ­ te llig e n c e i t s e l f . In any e v e n t, t h e i r f i n d i n g s w ould le a d u s t o 1.

W illiam H ealy and A ugusta P . B ro n n e r, T re a tm e n t and What Happened A fte rw a rd , p . 3 4 .

-

110-

o o n s id e r t h e I n d iv i d u a l o f low i n t e l l i g e n c e w ith some o a re b e f o r e de­ c id in g upon o o u n s e lin g a s t h e b e s t t r e a tm e n t tp p ro a o h . A le x a n d er and F ren o h have b e e n e q u a lly c a u tio u s i n e v a lu a ti n g th e i n ­ f lu e n c e o f low i n t e l l i g e n c e on f a i l u r e i n t h e r a p y .

The f a o t o r s o th e r th a n

i n t e l l i g e n c e w hich m u st b e c o n s id e r e d a r e s u g g e s te d b y them i n t h e fo llo w ^ in g p a s s a g e : P e rs o n s o f l im it e d i n t e l l i g e n c e can c e r t a i n l y b e r e l i e v e d o f emo­ t i o n a l d i s t r e s s by s y m p a th e tic h a n d lin g . The d e c id in g f a o t o r i n such c a s e s l i e s o f t e n i n th e am ount o f change p o s s i b l e i n t h e l i f e s i t u a ­ t i o n . N a tiv e a b i l i t i e s and t a l e n t s s h o u ld a ls o b e t a k e n i n t o con­ s i d e r a t i o n . as sh o u ld e d u c a tio n o r t r a i n i n g .2 3 W ith t h e e x c e p tio n o f G la s sm a n 's f i n d i n g s , th e Sm ith C o lle g e s t u d i e s , re v ie w e d i n C h ap ter I I , p ro d u c e d r e s u l t s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h th o s e o f t h e p r e ­ s e n t s tu d y a s r e g a r d s th e i n t e l l i g e n c e f a o t o r , even th o u g h th e s u b je o ts o f th e fo rm e r w ere o h i ld r e n and a d o le s o e n ts w h e re as th e s u b je o t s o f t h i s s tu d y are a d u lts .

In v iew o f th e v e r y c l o s e a g re e m e n t among th e s tu d i e s and

a u t h o r i t i e s m e n tio n e d , i t i s w o rth w h ile c o n s id e r in g th e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t an im p o rta n t p a r t o f th e c o n s is te n c y n o te d may be n o t so much a f u n c t i o n o f low i n t e l l i g e n c e i n t h e c l i e n t a s muoh a s a b y - p r o d u c t o f t h e o f te n w ide d i f f e r e n c e i n i n t e l l e c t u a l l e v e l o f o l i e n t and t h e r a p i s t . O b v io u sly , i f t h e c o u n s e lo r f a i l s t o make h im s e lf u n d e rs to o d t o a l e s s i n t e l l i g e n t c l i e n t , th e be when t h e

r e s u l t s w i l l b e l e s s e f f e c t i v e th a n th e y may

c o u n s e l o r 's b e h a v io r , p r o c e d u r e s ,

more u n d e rs ta n d a b le t o th e o o u n s e le e .

id e a s and s ta te m e n ts a r e

I t may w e ll b e t h a t th e o o u n s e lo r

d e a lin g w iih a o l i e n t o f l i m i t e d i n t e l l i g e n c e s h o u ld r e l y l e s s on v e r b a l

31

Rogers, op. o l t . , p . 74.

2. 3.

F ranz A le x a n d e r and Thomas U. F re n o h , P s y c h o a n a ly tic T herapy, p p . 9 6 -9 7 . L i l l i a n A. G lassm an, " I s D u ll Normal I n t e l l i g e n c e a C o n tr a in d ic a tio n F or P s y c h o th e ra p y ? " Sm ith C o lle g e S tu d ie s i n S o o ia l Work, 13 (March, 1 9 4 3 ), p p . 275-2 9 8 .

-1 1 1 1 co m m unication a s a c o u n s e lin g m ethod and r e s o r t to more c a n o r e te d e v io e s , suoh a s so c io -d ra m a , p la y and r e o r e a t i o n th e r e p y te c h n iq u e s , and s p e o ia l t r a i n i n g p ro c e d u re s* In any e v e n t, i t w i l l b e n e o e s s a r y f o r t h e o o u n s e lo r t o choose h i s w ords w ith o a r e so a s to f i t t h e c o n c e p tu a l l e v e l o f h i s o l ie n t*

In o th e r

w o rd s, th e o l i e n t c a n only be a o o e s s ib le to tr e a iz a e n t i f th e c o u n s e lo r him­ s e l f i s a c c e s s i b l e t o th e c l i e n t *

I t i s im p o r ta n t to em p h asize t h a t su ch

a o o e s s i b i l i t y d o e s n o t o n ly im p ly t h e u s e o f a sim p le v o c a b u la ry , b u t e x ­ te n d s a l s o t o e v e ry f e a t u r e o f th e o o u n s e lin g s i t u a t i o n . Of t h e f o u r f a o t o r s showing a o r i t i o a l r a t i o o f t h r e e or m ore f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e g ro u p s, i n t e l l i g e n c e i s t h e o n ly one d e riv e d fro m t e s t re s u lts .

However, i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s a r e suoh a common p a r t o f t h e u s u a l

v o o a tio n a l g u id a n c e p ro o e d u re B , t h a t t h i s f a o t sh o u ld n o t c o n s t i t u t e any undue d i f f i c u l t y f o r th e p e r s o n a l o o u n s e lo r i n a tte m p tin g t o f o r e c a s t a p r o g n o s is on t h e b a s i s o f th e i n t e l l i g e n c e f a o t o r . M i l i t a r y S e rv io e F iv e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e re c o n s id e r e d u n d e r t h i s c a te g o r y .

T hree o f

them r e f e r r e d to t h e p e r io d b e tw e en m i l i t a r y d is c h a r g e and t h e f i r s t o o u n s e l­ in g a p p o in tm e n t.

The o th e r two p e r t a i n e d t o t h e le n g th o f m i l i t a r y s e rv ic e *

I t was m ore c o n v e n ie n t t o oom bine them u n d e r th e g e n e r a l o l a s s i f i o a t i o n o f " m i l i t a r y s e r v io e " a lth o u g h th e y s h o u ld m ore a p p r o p r i a t e ly be r e g a r d e d a s in d e p e n d e n t f a c t o r s .

The r e s u l t s shown i n T able XXX17 (p . 104) m u st b e

in te rp re te d in th is lig h t. The -th re e o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s r e f e r r i n g t o th e p e r i o d b etw een d a te o f d i s 1.

See A ppendix A (p p . 145 t o 158 ) f o r a n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f th e n a tu r e o f c o u n s e lin g i n -the p r e s e n t s tu d y .

-1 1 2 -

o h a rg e and d a te o f f i r s t o o u n s e lin g a p p o in tm e n t a p p e a r i n T able X V III (p p . 5 3 -5 4 ) among t h e o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s f o r w hioh no s i g n i f i o a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o b s e rv e d ( o r i t i o a l r a t i o s l e s s th a n 1 .0 0 ) .

On t h e o th e r h an d , l e n g t h of

m i l i t a r y s e r v i o e i s se e n t o have some b e a rin g on a m e n a b ility t o c o u n s e lin g . The r a t i o n a l e i n e x p la n a tio n of t h e s e f in d i n g s i s o f f e r e d i n o o n n e o tio n w ith -the d i s c u s s io n s acoom panying T able XXI (p .7 4 ) and T a b le X X III (p . 8 0 ) . From 1he e v id e n c e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s tu d y , i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o p r e d i o t t h e r e s u l t s w ith s i m i l a r g ro u p s u n l e s s th e l e n g t h o f s e r v io e i s d i s ­ t r i b u t e d a s f o r th e s u b je o t s o f t h e s t u t y .

S ta te d o th e r w is e , t h e p r e s e n t

f i n d i n g s a r e a p p l i c a b l e to g ro u p s who have had a maximum o f f i v e y e a r s o f m i l i t a r y s e r v io e ; w h e th e r or n o t th e y h o ld f o r g ro u p s w ith much lo n g e r p e r i o d s o f s e r v i o e c a n n o t b e s a id on th e b a s is o f t h e d a ta i n t h i s i n v e s t i ­ g a tio n .

F a i r l y R e lia b le F a c to r s Age R eg ard in g t h i s f a o t o r i n th e r a p y , A lex an d er and F re n ch have s a id : Age m u st a ls o be ta k e n i n t o c o n s id e r a t io n . S in ce tr e a tm e n t u s u a l l y im p lie s some change i n l i f e s i t u a t i o n , advanoed ag e may r e ­ duce t h i s p o t e n t i a l i t y and make tr e a tm e n t more d i f f i c u l t . Advanced age i s n o t an a b s o lu te c o n t r a i n d i c a t i o n ; on t h e o t h e r hand p r o g n o s is i s b e t t e r f o r t h e young who have a f a r g r e a t e r o p p o r tu n ity f o r change and who, t h e r e f o r e , u s u a l l y re s p o n d more r e a d i l y to t r e a t m e n t . *• The r e s u l t s o f t h i s stucty- a re n o t t o b e c o n s id e r e d a s e o n o lu s iv e f o r th e age f a o t o r .

A t b e s t , i t oan o n ly be s a i d t h a t th e c h a n ce s a re s l i g h t l y

i n f a v o r o f t h e group u n d e r t h i r t y y e a rs o f a g e . th e s e f in d i n g s

is

The i n d e f i n i t e n e s s o f

d e m o n s tra te d i n th e c a s e o f t h e g ro u p u n d e r tw e n ty - f iv e

y e a r s o f a g e , w here t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s found t o b e c l e a r l y n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . !•

A le x a n d er and F ren o h , op. o i t . , p . 97.

-1 1 3 -

F or th e r e s u l t s t o b e more o o n o lu s iv e , i t w ould b e e s p e o te d t h a t f o r t h e y o u n g e s t g ro u p c o n s id e r e d i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e c r i t i c a l r a t i o s h o u ld

1 be a t l e a s t 1*73* D i s a b i l i t y S ta tu s I t i s se e n from T able XXXIV ( p . 104) t h a t t h i s f a c t o r , l i k e t h e age f a o t o r , i s a t m ost s u g g e s tiv e r a i h e r th a n d e f i n i t e l y i n d i c a t i v e o f a n a s s o c i a t i o n w ith t h e r a p e u t i c outoom es.

The one o h a r a o t e r i s t i o in c lu d e d u n d e r

t h i s c a te g o r y w hich i s f a i r l y c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o outcom e i s " n e u r o p s y c h ia tr ic d is a b ility " .

A cco rd in g t o th e f in d in g s f o r t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

(o ritio a l

r a t i o , 2 .2 2 ) , th e odds a r e a p p ro x im a te ly 75 t o 1 i n f a v o r o f an u n s u c c e s s ­ f u l outcom e.

As P e t e r s a n d Van V o o rh is s a y , " . . . t h o s e (o d d s) w ould seem 2 t o b e h ig h enough t o gam ble on w h ile we se e k m ore c o n c lu s iv e e v id e n c e ." P h y s ic a l d i s a b i l i t y i s n o t o b se rv e d i n e i t h e r group t o any g r e a t de­

g ree .

The d a t a w ith r e g a r d t o t h e o h a r a c t e r i s t i o a r e to o m eager t o p e r m it

o f any d e f i n i t e c o n c lu s io n s . I n te re s ts Of t h e 56 c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s exam ined u n d e r t h i s c a te g o r y , 16 p e r o e n t a r e se e n t o b e f a i r l y r e l i a b l e i n d i c e s o f o o u n s e lin g a m e n a b ility .

T able

XX (p . 70) and T able XXI (p . 74) c l e a r l y c h a r a c t e r i s e th e s u c c e s s f u l l y c o u n s e le d s u b j e c t s a s t h o s e w i t h s tr o n g o u l t u r a l i n t e r e s t s i n g e n e r a l, and m arked l i t e r a r y , a r t i s t i c and m u sio a l p r e f e r e n c e s i n p a r t i c u l a r .

J u s t as

e v id e n t i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n o f th e u n s u c c e s s f u lly o o u n s e le d s u b je c t s a s h a v in g s tr o n g p r a o t i o a l i n t e r e s t s i n g e n e r a l and m arked p r e f e r e n c e s f o r o c c u p a tio n a lly o r i e n t e d a r e a s , suoh a s m e o h a n io a l and o l e r i c a l . 1. 2.

C h a rle s C. P e t e r s and W a lte r R. Van V o o rh is , S t a t i s t i c a l P ro c e d u re s and T h e ir M a th e m atic a l B a se s, p . 477. Loo. c i t .

-1 1 4 -

P e rs o n a lity O b s e rv a tio n s o f t h e 24 o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s i n t h e p e r s o n a l i t y c a te g o ry w ere d e r iv e d from s o o re s on t h e MMPI.

No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a r e ob­

t a i n e d i n oom paring t h e s u o o e s s e s and f a i l u r e s i n c o u n s e lin g .

However, i f

e a c h s u b j e o t '8 one h i g h e s t s c o re i s c o n s id e re d i n th e c o m p a riso n s, th e n i t i s fo u n d t h a t m a s c u l in i ty - f e m in i n it y i s a f a i r l y r e l i a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e s u c c e s s f u l l y c o u n s e le d s u b je c ts * , I t h as b e e n n o te d i n th e p r e c e d in g s e o ti o n t h a t t b s m o st im proved sub­ j e o ts a re c h a r a c te r is tic a lly in te r e s te d in o u ltu r a l p u r s u its .

The f in d i n g

w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e i r m a s c u l in i ty - f e m in i n it y p e r s o n a l i t y p a t t e r n s u g g e s ts t h a t th e s e o h a r a o te r is tio s a re a s s o c ia te d .

T h is ty p e o f a s s o c i a t i o n i s

som etim es e n c o u n te re d i n t h e o p in io n s o f p e o p le who r e g a r d o u l t u r a l i n t e r e s t s a s e f f e m i n a te .

The r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u t y i n d i c a t e t h a t i f t h e r e i s

su ch an a s s o c i a t i o n , i t b e to k e n s a h e a lth y a d j u s t i v e c a p a c ity i n th e i n d i v i d u a l p o s s e s s in g th o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

U n r e lia b le F a c to r s

Adjustment To t h e e x te n t t h a t t h e B e ll A d ju stm e n t I n v e n to ry i s a m easu re o f ad­ ju s tm e n t, t h i s f a o t o r i s se e n t o h a v e no d i s c e r n i b l e b e a r in g on o o u n s e lin g outcom es.

T his c a n n o t b e ta k e n t o m ean t h a t t h e f a o t o r h a s no v a lu e f o r

p r e d i c t i v e p u rp o s e s i n o o u n s e lin g , b u t o n ly t h a t on th e b a s i s o f th e a v a i l ­ a b le d a t a i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e r e s u l t s a r e in c o n c lu s iv e . F u rth e rm o re , a s was p o in te d o u t i n C h a p te r IV (s e e p . 44

) , th e ap­

p a r e n t u n r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h i s f a o t o r and o t h e r s w hioh have b e e n d e riv e d from p s y c h o lo g ic a l t e s t s s h o u ld n o t b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e t e s t s a re u n r e lia b le .

The t e s t s w ere n o t d e s ig n e d by t h e i r a u th o r s f o r t h e p u r -

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p o s e o f m e a su rin g a l i e n a b i l i t y t o c o u n s e lin g .

W hether o r n o t i t w ould be

h e l p f u l t o u se th o s e p a r t i c u l a r t e s t s f o r such a p u rp o s e i s a q u e s tio n t h i s r e s e a r c h i s d e s ig n e d t o a n sw e r. One q u a l i f i c a t i o n n e e d s t o b e m ade.

I n s tu d y in g th e o o o u p a tio n a l ad­

ju s tm e n t o f th e f u l l y em ployed s u b j e c t s , i t i s t o b e s e e n from t h e e v i ­ dence i n T able XIX (p . 65) t h a t a f a i r l y c o n s i s t e n t t r e n d to w a rd s u o o e ss i n o o u n s e lin g i s e v id e n t among t h e o c c u p a tio n a lly m a la d ju s te d s u b je o ts ( c r i t i c a l r a t i o , 1 .8 2 ) .

T h is r e s u l t may b e m ore m e a n in g fu lly a p p r a is e d by

s a y in g t h a t t h e r e a re 96 o h ah o es i n 100 t h a t t h e o b ta in e d d i f f e r e n c e i s s ta t is t ic a ll y s ig n ific a n t. M a r i ta l S t a tu s The g ro u p s a r e p r a c t i o a l l y a l i k e a s r e g a r d s th e t h r e e a s p e c t s o f m a ri­ t a l s t a t u s c o n s id e r e d i n t h e s tu d y .

As a f a o t o r i n o o u n s e lin g , m a r i t a l

s t a t u s a lo n e i s seen to have no p e r c e p t i b l e i n f l u e n o e .

From T able X V III

(p p . 5 3 - 5 4 ), i t i s o b v io u s t h a t t h e s e r e s u l t s a r e o s r t a i n l y i n c o n c lu s iv e and have t h e l e a s t v a lu e o f a l l t h e f a o t o r s s tu d ie d a s p o s s ib l e i n d i c a r t i o n s f o r p e r s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t o o u n s e lin g .

T hat i s t o sa y , w h e th e r a o l i e n t

i s s i z g l e , m a r r ie d , d iv o rc e d o r s e p a r a te d , th e c h a n ce s o f h i s b e n e f i t i n g from o o u n s e lin g a r e unknown on th e b a s i s o f t h e f i n d i n g s . The p re o e d in g s e c t i o n s p r e s e n te d t h e m ain f in d i n g s o f t h i s s tu d y i n term s o f th e t e n f a o t o r s f o r w hioh c o m p a riso n s a r e draw n betw een th e m o st im proved an d l e a s t im proved s u b je o t s t

Of t h e s e , o n ly m a r i t a l s t a t u s i s

se e n t o have no a s o e r t a i n a b l e v a lu e a s a d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g f a o t o r o f c o u n s e l­ in g outoom es.

A ll t h e o t h e r s a r e o b se rv e d to h av e some v a lu e a s i n d i c a t o r s

o f a m e n a b ility t o c o u n s e lin g . i n d i c e s f o r c o u n s e lin g .

F o u r f a o t o r s a r e n o te d a s d e f i n i t e l y r e l i a b l e

CHAPTER V I I I SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Summary T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n s e t o u t t o s tu d y th e o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s o f e l i e n t s a t t h e tim e of t h e i r r e f e r r a l f o r p e r s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t c o u n s e lin g .

The p r i n c i p a l

o b j e c t iv e w as t o d i s c o v e r o e r t a i n f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e outcom es o f c o u n s e lin g . Ten g e n e r a l o a t e g o r i e s c o m p risin g a t o t a l o f 113 s p e o if io o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s w ere s e l e c t e d f b r s tu d y .

The o r i t e r i a g o v e rn in g th e s e l e c t i o n o f e a c h f a c t o r

w e re : 1 . The f a c t o r had been c o n s id e r e d i n p r e v io u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e f i e l d o f c o u n s e lin g and p s y c h o th e ra p y , o r was p l a u s i b l y r e l a t e d t o th e p ro b le m o f o o u n s e lin g e f f e c t i v e n e s s . 2 . The f a c t o r was a p e r t i n e n t f e a t u r e o f th e p r o c e d u r e s i n th e v e te r a n s a d v ise m en t c e n t e r s w h ic h c o n s t i t u t e d t h e o n ly s o u rc e o f r e * f e r r a l of s u b je c ts . I n a d d i t i o n , d a t a h a v in g t o do w ith t h e f a c t o r w ere r e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e o r c o u ld b e o b ta in e d a s a b y - p r o d u c t o f u s u a l v o c a t i o n a l g u id a n c e p r a c t i c e s . Of t h e t e n f a c t o r s c o n s id e r e d i n th e s tu d y , f o u r were d e r iv e d from t h e s o o re e on o b j e o t iv e t e s t s a d m in is te r e d b e fo r e th e f i r s t p e r s o n a l o o u n s e l­ in g i n te r v ie w .

The t e s t s and t h e i r d e r i v a t i v e f a c t o r s w ere a s f o llo w s :

R e v is io n o f Army A lpha E x a m in a tio n (Form 8) In te llig e n c e The M in n e so ta M u ltip h a s ic P e r s o n a l i t y In v e n to ry P e rs o n a lity The B e l l A d ju stm en t In v e n to ry - A d justm ent The K uder P r e f e r e n c e Record - I n t e r e s t s The re m a in in g s i x f a o t o r s l h i o h f o llo w w ere b a s e d on ite m s o f re o o r d c o n ta in e d i n th e v o c a t i o n a l a d v ise m en t f o l d e r o f e a c h s u b j e c t : M a r ita l s t a t u s M i l i t a r y s e r v io e Age

117-

E d u o a tio n D is a b ility s ta tu s A d v is a n e n t s t a t u s As s u b je o t s o f th e s tu d y , f i f t y m ost im proved and f i f t y l e a s t im proved p e r s o n a l o o u n s e lin g o l i e n t s w ere s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e p o o le d r a t i n g s o f t h r e e ju d g e s*

The ju d g e s s e rv e d a s v o o a ti o n a l c o u n s e lo r s and p sy ch o ­

me t r i s t s i n t h e t h r e e a d v ise m e n t c e n te r s from w hich th e s u b je c ts w ere r e ­ ferred .

Eaoh c a s e was r a t e d a s t o t h e m o u n t o f im provem ent shown upon th e

c o n c lu s io n o f p e r s o n a l o o u n s e lin g .

F or t h i s p u r p o s e , a r a t i n g s c a le

ooxh

s i s t i n g o f f i v e s te p s was em ployed t o n o te t h e e x t e n t o f im provem ent i n f o u r d e s i r a b l e g o a ls o f o o u n s e lin g , v i z . . D e c is iv e n e s s Independence R e s p o n s ib i l it y S e lf - a c c e p ta n c e A t o t a l o f 159 o a s e s was r a t e d b y t h e ju d g e s and th e p o o le d r a t i n g s f o r th e h i g h e s t and lo w e s t f i f t y o a s e s w e re u s e d to d e s ig n a t e t h e s u c c e s s f u l l y o o u n s e le d and u n s u c c e s s f u l l y c o u n s e le d c a s e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a s se m b le d d a t a f o r

e a o h s u b j e c t w e re p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e s show ing

th e p r o p o r t io n o f eaoh group m a n if e s tin g e a o h o f 113 c p e o if io c h a r a c t e r i s ­ tic s .

The s ig n i f ic a n c e o f th e d i f f e r e n c e b etw een th e c o m p a riso n g ro v p s was

e v a lu a te d by means o f th e

o ritio a l r a tio .

B e s id e s n o tin g t h e d i f f e r e n c e s

b etw een t h e g ro u p s f o r e a o h o h a r a o t e r i s t i o , a t t e n t i o n was d i r e o t e d t o th o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d is c o v e r e d t o b e r a r e , oonmon and t y p i c a l among p e r s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t o o u n s e lin g o l i e n t s .

F i n a l l y , t h e s e p a r a te co m p a riso n s f o r a l l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ere oom bined a n d p r e s e n t e d u n d e r th e g e n e r a l o a t e g o r i e s o r f a c t o r s t o w hich th ey b e lo n g e d .

T h ro u g h o u t, th e m ajo r em phasis was p la c e d

on th e d e g re e o f r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e o b s e rv e d d i f f e r e n c e s . The f a v o r a b le i n d i c a t i o n s f o r o o u n s e lin g w ere found to b e :

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Advisemexrb s t a t u s a s a f u l l - t i m e s t u d e n t M i l i t a r y s e r v ic e o f t h r e e o r m ore y e a rs Above a v e ra g e i n t e l l i g e n c e More th a n tw e lv e y e a rs o f fo rm a l e d u c a tio n M arked c u l t u r a l p r e f e r e n c e s a s a g a i n s t o o e u p a tio n a lly o r i e n t e d in te re s ts L ess th a n t h i r t y y e a rs o f ag e A p e r s o n a l i t y p a t t e r n c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y i n t e r e s t s oommon t o t h e fem a le se x O c c u p a tio n a l m a la d ju s tm e n t o f th e f u l l y em ployed C o n tr a in d ic a tio n s f o r o o u n s e lin g w ere r e v e a le d a s f o llo w s : Less th a n tw e lv e y e a rs o f f o m a l e d u c a tio n A dvisem ent s t a t u s a s t o t a l l y unem ployed Below a v e ra g e i n t e l l i g e n c e Marked o o e u p a tio n a lly o r i e n t e d i n t e r e s t s Marked d i s t a s t e f o r c u l t u r a l p u r s u i t s P re s e n c e o f a c o n d itio n d ia g n o s e d a s n e u r o p s y o h ia tr io The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s l i s t e d above a s f a v o r a b le i n d i c a t i o n s f o r c o u n s e l­ in g w ere among th o s e m o st f r e q u e n tl y e n c o u n te re d i n th e m ost im proved sub­ je c ts .

On th e o t h e r h a n d , none o f t h e s e s u b j e c t s had l e s s th a n a n elem en­

t a r y so h o o l e d u c a tio n o r w ere o f b e lo w a v e ra g e i n t e l l i g e n c e .

L e ss th a n t e n

p e r c e n t had ever been d ia g n o s e d f o r a n e u r o p s y c h ia tr io c o n d it io n .

Very

few showed a s tr o n g oooupati. a n a l l y o r i e n t e d i n t e r e s t , o r m a n if e s te d a m arked la c k o f i n t e r e s t i n more th a n t h r e e a r e a s . I n c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e m ost im proved s u b j e c t s , t h e l e a s t im proved w ere q u ite o f t e n unem ployed, o f a v e ra g e i n t e l l i g e n c e and had l e s s t h a n e i g h t y e a r s o f fo rm a l e d u c a t io n .

T h e ir i n t e r e s t s , i n g e n e r a l, w ere s e e n t o be

p o s i t i v e l y o c c u p a tio n a l and n e g a ti v e l y c u l t u r a l .

The f o llo w in g c h a r a c t e r ­

i s t i c s w ere among t h o s e found t o b e r a r e f o r t h e f a i l u r e s o n ly : c o ll e g e g r a d u a te a p e r s o n a l i t y p a t t e r n c h a r a c te r iz e d by i n t e r e s t s common t o th e fem ale se x a t l e a s t f o u r s tr o n g i n t e r e s t s

C o n c lu sio n s So f a r as th e p e r s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t o o u n se lin g program i n th e V e te ra n s

119-

A d m in is tr a tio n i s c o n c e rn e d , t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y i s th e f i r s t a tte m p t t h a t h a s b e e n made t o d e te rm in e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n c e r t a i n c l i e n t c h a r a c t e r i s ­ t i c s a n d th e outoom es o f c o u n s e lin g *

A oheok o f c o m p le te d r e s e a r c h and i n ­

q u iry among a d m i n i s t r a t o r s o f v e t e r a n s c o u n s e lin g program s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h u s f a r i t i s t h e o n ly a tte m p t*

Of c o u r s e , t h i s i s l a r g e l y due t o th e

f a c t t h a t t h e p e r s o n a l o o u n s e lin g program was in tr o d u c e d l e s s t h a n t h r e e y e a r s ago*

In any c a s e , t h e p u rp o s e o f t h e s e rem arks i s n o t so muoh t o e s ­

t a b l i s h t h e e x c lu s i v e p r i o r i t y o f th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n a s muoh as t o p o i n t up t h e n eed f o r a d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h on s i m i l a r p ro b le m s.

One o f th e

u n d e rly in g p u rp o s e s o f t h i s s tu d y was t o d e m o n s tra te t h a t t h e a tte m p t o o u ld be w o rth w h ile and u s e f u l .

The m a jo r c o n c lu s io n s w hioh can b e d e r iv e d from

t h e f in d i n g s o f th e p r e s e n t s tu d y a r e : 1.

The d e f i n i t i o n o f su o o e ss i n o o u n s e lin g and p s y c h o th e ra p y n e e d

n o t b e a stu m b lin g b lo c k t o n e e d ed r e s e a r c h w hioh a tte m p ts t o d is o o v e r f a c ­ t o r s b e a r in g on t h e r a p e u t i c outoom es. w i l l p l e a s e e v e ry b o d y .

I t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t any d e f i n i t i o n

I n o r d e r t h a t u s e f u l r e s u l t s m ight b e o b ta in e d , t h e

e s s e n t i a l n e e d i s f o r c o n s is te n c y i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n a o o e p te d f o r p u rp o s e s o f a g iv e n r e s e a r o h . 2.

I t i s p o s s ib l e f o r c o m p e ten t ju d g e s t o re a o h c o n s id e r a b le a g re e ­

m ent i n t h e i r e v a lu a ti o n s o f c o u n s e lin g outoom es.

I t i s d e s i r a b l e t o de­

f i n e th e i t e a s t o b e r a t e d by ju d g e s i n term s o f g e n e r a l r a t h e r t h a n to o a p e o if ic g o a ls o f c o u n s e lin g . 3.

The n a t u r a l s e t t i n g o f a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n can d e te rm in e th e m a t e r i a l s

t o be u s e d so a s t o b r in g a b o u t r e s u l t s w hioh w i l l be d i r e o t l y a p p li c a b l e i n t h e sams s e t t i n g . 4.

M ost o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s a r e t o b e o b s e rv e d i n b o th g ro u p s o f s u b j e c t s ,

r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e d e g re e o f im provem ent.

Sinoe t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e en th e

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g ro u p s i s a m a t t e r o f d e g re e r a t h e r th a n kind* i t beh o o v es th e c o u n s e lo r t o s tu d y th e w h o le man i n o r d e r t o h e lp him s k i l l f u l l y and e f f e c t i v e l y * W hile r e o o g n is in g t h a t no i n d i v i d u a l oan b e red u o e d t o a c o n g lo m e ra tio n o f o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s , i t i s u s e f h l t o know w h ic h o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s a r e c o n s i s t e n t ­ l y a s s o o i a te d w i t h d e s ir e d outoom es o f o o u n s e lin g . 5.

The c o u n s e lin g s i t u a t i o n re s e m b le s a l e a r n in g s i t u a t i o n from w hioh

t h e more i n t e l l i g e n t and m ore h ig h ly e d u o a te d c o u n s e le e i s m ore l i k e l y t o d e r iv e u s e f u l s o l u t i o n s f o r h im s e lf th a n i s l i k e l y f o r l e s s i n t e l l i g e n t and l e s s e d u c a te d c l i e n t s .

E f f e o t iv e th e r a p y i s n o t v e ry d i f f e r e n t t h e r e f o r e ,

from e f f e c t i v e pedagogy i n d i v i d u a l l y a d m in is te r e d .

The p s y c h o th e r a p i s t may

w e ll lo o k t o t h e t r i e d te c h n iq u e s o f pedagogy f o r h e l p f u l s u g g e s tio n s i n d e a lin g w ith th e m e n ta lly r e t a r d e d and t h e slow l e a r n e r . 6.

There w ould a p p e a r t o b e a n im p o r ta n t r o l e f o r o o u n s e lin g i n i n ­

d u s tr y , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e w o rk e r who i s o c c u p a t io n a l ly m a la d ju s te d . 7.

The p e r s o n a l and em o tio n al p ro b lem s o f t h e unem ployed m ig h t be

more e f f e c t i v e l y d e a l t w ith th ro u g h em ploym ent s e r v i c e s a s an a d ju n c t o f o o u n s e lin g th a n by means o f o o u n se lin g a lo n e . 8.

S p e c ia l e d u c a tio n a l and t r a i n i n g d e v ic e s m ust b e d e v e lo p e d and

em ployed a s a p e r t o f t h e o o u n s e lin g s e r v i c e i n o r d e r t o a s s i s t t h e educa­ t i o n a l l y h a n d ic a p p e d , th o s e o f low i n t e l l i g e n c e and th e " p r a c ti c a l - m i n d e d ."

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g ro u p s i s a m a t te r o f d e g re e r a t h e r t h a n k in d , i t behooves th e c o u n s e lo r t o s tu d y t h e w h o le man i n o r d e r t o h e lp him s k i l l f u l l y and e f f e c t i v e l y * W hile r e c o g n is in g t h a t no i n d i v i d u a l c a n b e re d u o e d t o a c o n g lo m e ra tio n o f o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s , i t i s u s e f u l t o know w h ic h o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s sure c o n s i s t e n t ­ ly a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d e s i r e d outcom es o f c o u n s e lin g * 5.

The o o u n s e lin g s i t u a t i o n re s e m b le s a l e a r n in g s i t u a t i o n from w hioh

t h e more i n t e l l i g e n t and m ors h ig h ly e d u c a te d c o u n s e le e i s m ore l i k e l y t o d e r iv e u s e f u l s o l u t i o n s f o r h im s e lf th a n i s l i k e l y f o r l e s s i n t e l l i g e n t and l e s s e d u c a te d c l i e n t s .

E f f e c t i v e th e r a p y i s n o t v e r y d i f f e r e n t t h e r e f o r e ,

from e f f e c t i v e pedagogy i n d i v i d u a l l y a d m in is te r e d .

The p s y c h o th e r a p i s t may

w e ll lo o k t o t h e t r i e d te c h n iq u e s o f pedagogy f o r h e lp f u l s u g g e s tio n s i n d e a lin g w ith th e m e n ta lly r e t a r d e d a n d t h e slow l e a r n e r . 6.

There w ould a p p e a r t o b e a n im p o r ta n t r o l e f o r o o u n s e lin g i n i n ­

d u s tr y , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e w o rk e r who i s o c c u p a tio n a lly m a la d ju s te d . 7.

The p e r s o n a l and em o tio n al pro b lem s o f t h e u n a n p lo y e d m ig h t be

more e f f e c t i v e l y d e a l t w ith th ro u g h em ploym ent s e r v i c e s a s an a d ju n o t o f o o u n s e lin g th a n by means o f o o u n se lin g a lo n e . 8.

S p e c ia l e d u c a tio n a l and t r a i n i n g d e v ic e s m u st b e d e v e lo p e d and

em ployed a s a p e r t o f t h e o o u n s e lin g s e r v i c e i n o r d e r to a s s i s t th e ed u ca­ t i o n a l l y h an d io ap p ed , th o s e o f low i n t e l l i g e n c e and th e " p r a c t i c a l - m i n d e d ."

CHAPTER IX RECOMMENDATIONS A p p lic a tio n s o f t h e F in d in g s T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n was d e s ig n e d t o f i l l c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c n e e d s .

A

d e te r m in a tio n o f t h e f a o t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w ith s u c o e s s i n o o u n s e lin g and p s y c h o th e ra p y s h o u ld p r o v id e t h e know ledge n e e d ed by c o u n s e lo r s , b y th o s e who r e f e r c l i e n t s f o r t r e a t m e n t , and by a d n i n i s t r a t o r s o f c o u n s e lin g p ro ­ gram s.

I t i s th e p u rp o s e of to e f o llo w in g d i s c u s s io n to s u g g e s t how th e

f i n d i n g s may b e a p p lie d by e a ch o f t h e a b o v e -m en tio n ed g ro u p s . In t h e p r e c e d in g c h a p te r , one o f t h e c o n c lu s io n s s t a t e d t h a t f o r c e r ­ t a i n u n s u c c e s s f u l s u b je o t s c o u n s e lin g a lo n e d i d n o t a p p e a r t o be s u f f i ­ c ie n t.

I t was i n d ic a te d to e re t h a t a d ju n c t iv e s e r v i c e s w ould seem t o be

needed.

A g r e a t d e a l o o u ld be a c c o m p lish e d by m eans o f m u tu a l o o n s u lta ^

t i o n s among v o c a ti o n a l c o u n s e lo r s , p e r s o n a l c o u n s e l o r s , t r a i n i n g o f f i c e r s , t e a c h e r s and s o c i a l w o r k e rs .

C e r t a i n l y , w i t h i n th e fram ew ork o f t o e coun­

s e l i n g progrem i n th e V e te ra n s A d m in is tr a tio n , such m eans a r e re a d y a t h a n d . The c a s e of u n a n p lo y e d v e te r a n s may s e r v e a s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n o f th e p o s s i ­ b i l i t i e s open t o th e p e rs o n a l o o u n s e lo r a tte m p tin g t o h e lp su ch i n d i v i d u a l s . The f in d i n g s o f to e s tu d y , so f a r a s t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w as c o n c e rn e d , i n ­ d i c a t e d t h a t a d j u s t o e n t c o u n s e lin g was v e r y l i k e l y t o b e i n e f f e c t i v e w ith o u t o th e r s e r v i o e s .

V h ile c o n tin u in g w ith t h e c l i e n t a s b e s t he can , t h e p e rs o n ­

a l c o u n s e lo r s h o u ld e n l i s t th e a s s i s t a n c e o f p la c e m e n t w o rk e rs , v o c a ti o n a l a d v i s e r s , t r a i n i n g o f f i c e r s o r s o c ia l w o r k e rs , as n e e d ed .

I t is not a t a ll

unconmon t o f i n d many d i s t r e s s i n g problem s d is a p p e a r i n t o t h i n a i r onoe th e

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i n d iv i d u a l has b e e n h e lp e d to p r o c u r e em ploym ent.

Even i f su ch q u ic k

tr a n s f o r m a tio n s do n o t alw ays ta k e p l a c e , s t i l l i t i s re a s o n a b le t o e x p e c t t h a t th e e f f o r t s o f th e p e r s o n a l o o u n s e lo r w i l l b e more f r u i t f u l i f t h i s t h o r n i s removed fro m th e s id e o f h i s c l i e n t . The c o u n s e lo r c o n c ern e d p r i m a r i l y w ith th e p e r s o n a l and e m o tio n a l p r o ­ blem s o f h i s c l i e n t s c a n n o t e x p e c t any one p ro c e d u re t o be e q u a lly e f f e c t i v e w ith d if f e r e n t in d iv id u a ls .

The f in d i n g s i n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n

1 s u g g e s te d t h a t one c o u n s e lo r , u s in g i n te r v ie w p ro c e d u re s e x c l u s i v e l y , was u n a b le t o m odify t o any t p p r e o i a b l e e x t e n t , -the a d ju s tm e n t of m o st c l i e n t s o f below a v e ra g e i n t e l l i g e n c e .

T here i s common agreem en t among c o u n s e lo r s

t h a t m ethods and p r o c e d u r e s o u g h t t o be a d a p te d to t h e n e e d s o f th e c l i e n t . Too o f te n , however, o o u n s e lo rs assume t h a t b y v a ry in g t h e i r a p p ro a c h on a d i r e o tiT O - n o n d ir e c tiv e co n tinuum , a change of p ro c e d u re o r m ethod i s t h e r e ­ by e f f e c t e d .

The f a l l a c y o f t h i s re a s o n in g s h o u ld b e e v id e n t fro m t h e ex­

p e r ie n c e o f th e i n v e s t i g a t o r a s c o u n s e lo r i n t h i s s tu d y .

I t was s t a t e d in

th e op en in g c h a p te r o f t h i s r e p o r t t h a t a lth o u g h t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r f a v o r s th e n o n d ir e o tiv e v ie w p o in t i n c o u n s e lin g , h i s te c h n iq u e s do n o t i n v a r i a b l y con­ form w ith t h i s a p p ro a c h .

In th e o o u rse o f c o u n s e lin g th e s u b je c t s o f th e

s tu d y , d i r e c t i v e te c h n iq u e s w ere f r e e l y u t i l i z e d w henever i t seemed ap­ p r o p r i a t e t o do s o .

W hile no o b s e r v a tio n s w ere made a s t o w h e th e r s u o o e s s e s

o r f a i l u r e s more f r e q u e n tl y w ere d i r e o t i v e l y o r n o n d i r e c ti v e ly c o u n s e le d , t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r i s o f t h e .firm b e l i e f t h a t a c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s o f t h i s p ro ­ blem w ould have r e v e a le d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s on th e w hole i n t h e p r o ­ c e d u re s em ployed w ith b o th gro u p s o f s u b j e c t s .

A t any r a t e , t h e v e rb a tim

r e c o r d o f a f a i r l y t y p i c a l c o u n s e lin g in te r v ie w (se e A ppendix A, p . 145)

T.

See A ppendix A (p p . 145 t o 158) f o r an i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e n a tu r e o f o o u n s e lin g in th e s tu d y .

-1 2 3 -

w ould seem t o s u p p o r t t h i s b e l i e f * The im p o r ta n t p o i n t t o em p h asize i s t h a t a lth o u g h c o u n s e lo r s may assume t h e i r m ethods a r e ch anged by v a r y in g th e d i r e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e i r e p p ro a o h , t o th e c l i e n t t h e p ro o e d u re i s s t i l l " j u s t an i n t e r v i e w ."

I f he i s u n a b le

t o b e n e f i t fro m one k in d o f i n te r v ie w , t h e r e i s no e v id e n c e i n t h i s s t u t y t o j u s t i f y th e e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t he m ig h t b e n e f i t from a n o th e r k in d o f i n ­ te r v ie w .

C l e a r l y , t h e n eed i s f o r som ething r e a l l y d i f f e r e n t - b u t d i f f e r *

e n t f o r t h e c l i e n t and n o t m e re ly f a r th e c o u n s e lo r . I f i t i s t r u e t h a t th e i n d iv i d u a l w ith l e s s t h a n a v e ra g e i n t e l l i g e n c e i s a p o t e n t i a l l y u n s u c c e s s f u l c o u n s e lin g c l i e n t , w h a t c a n th e c o u n s e lo r do? In su ch s i t u a t i o n s i t i s n a t u r a l f o r th e c o u n s e lo r t o e x e r c i s e c a u ti o n i n t h e u s e o f w o rd s, s im p lif y in g h i s v o c a b u la ry i n o r d e r t o make h im s e lf u n d e r­ sto o d t o h i s c l i e n t .

B ut t h i s i s n o t enough.

b u t th e s i t u a t i o n i s t h e sem e.

The w ords may b e d i f f e r e n t

The in e s c a p a b le c o n c lu s io n i s t h a t th e

w hole s i t u a t i o n m u st u n d e rg o a change i n th e o l i e n t ' s e y e s .

I n te r v ie w s ,

however th e y may b e c o n d u c te d , a re sim p ly an i n e f f e c t i v e l e a r n in g medium f o r th e le s s i n t e l l i g e n t in d iv id u a l. I t i s recommended t h a t c o u n s e lo r s d e v e lo p and employ t r i e d and t e s t e d p e d a g o g ic a l s k i l l s and te c h n iq u e s f o r t e a c h in g th e slow l e a r n e r .

I f f o r any

r e a s m i t i s n o t p r a c t i o a l o r p o s s i b l e f o r t h e c o u n s e lo r t o do so h im s e lf , a t l e a s t he owes i t t o h i s c l i e n t t o make u s e o f a d ju n c tiv e s e r v i c e s w here i t w o u ld b e p o s s i b l e .

By such s e r v i c e s a r e m eant re m e d ia l r e a d in g ,r e m e d ia l

a r i t h m e t i c , sp e ec h t r a i n i n g , v o io e c u l t u r e , s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g c o u rs e s i n "how t o a p p ly f o r a j o b ," "how t o w r i t e a l e t t e r o f a p p l i c a t i o n , " and even i n "how t o w in f r i e n d s and i n f l u e n c e p e o p le ." * *

W hile t h e o o u n s e lo r may be

S e v e ra l o l i e n t s o f th e i n v e s t i g a t o r have e x p re s s e d v e ry f a v o r a b le r e a c t i o n s b a s e d on t h e i r e x p e r ie n c e s i n s o - o a l le d " p e r s o n a l i t y c o u r s e s ."

-1 2 4 -

q u i te w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t t h e s e recom m endations, t h e i r a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o o e r t a i n c l i e n t s w i l l o f te n e s c a p e him u n l e s s he i s on g u a rd f o r suoh s p e c ia l oases a s a re c o n s titu te d by th e le s s i n t e l l i g e n t c l i e n t .

In t h i s

r e s p e c t , th e f in d i n g s o f t h e s tu d y oan h e lp c o u n s e lo r s a n t i c i p a t e th e s e d i f f i c u l t i e s and g iv e him tim e to p l a n and p r e p a r e a d e q u a te ly t o m e e t them . Knowledge o f th e m ost r e l i a b l e f a c t o r s u n e a rth e d a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i n ­ v e s t i g a t i o n oan b e u s e f u l t o c o u n s e lo r s i n s c h e d u lin g t h e i r a p p o in tm e n ts w ith c l i e n t s .

The u s u a l g u id e c o u n s e lo r s f o llo w i n p la n n in g a p p o in tm e n t

s c h e d u le s i s " f i r s t come, f i r s t s e r v e d ."

T his i s e s p e c i a l l y t h e c a s e i n t h e

p e r s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t o o u n s e lin g p rogram o f t h e V e te ra n s A d m in is tr a tio n .

More

o f t e n th a n n o t , o o u n s e lin g a g e n c ie s h av e lo n g l i s t s o f c l i e n t s w a i ti n g t o be seen.

W hile i t i s n e c e s s a ry t o b e f a i r i n a r r a n g in g a p p o in tm e n ts f i r s t

f o r t h o s e who e p p lie d e a r l i e s t , t h e r e s u l t s o f th e s t u t y s u g g e s t t h a t i t i s a ls o n e c e s s a r y t o be j u d i c i o u s . te n tia l fa ilu re ,

I t i s even q u e s tio n a b le w h e th e r th e po­

a o o o rd in g t o f i n d i n g s i n t h e s tu d y , i s b e in g f a i r l y t r e a t e d

by b e in g g iv e n an a p p o in tm e n t on a p u r e l y c h r o n o lo g ic a l b a s i s .

I t is

a p p a r e n t t h a t u n l e s s a d e q u a te p r o v i s i o n i s made f o r him i n th e l i g h t o f h i s p o t e n t i a l i t i e s , s im p ly g i v in g him h i s " n e x t" a c c o m p lis h e s n o th in g f o r th e o l i e n t and o n ly s e r v e s t o p a l l i a t e t h e c o l l e c t i v e c o n s c ie n c e o f t h e a g e n cy . I t s h o u ld be p o s s i b l e to do b o t h .

Guided b y a know ledge o f th e

a p p l i c a n t 's c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w hich have been fo u n d t o have an im p o r ta n t b e a r in g on th e p ro b a b le outoome o f c o u n s e lin g , th e c o u n s e lo r can p la n i n s e v e r a l w ays.

F o r exam ple, he may d e c id e t o se e f i r s t th o s e a p p li c a n t s

whose o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s p o i n t t o a f a v o r a b le outcom e even though th e y may n o t have b een w a itin g f o r a p p o in tm e n ts as lo n g a s o th e r a p p li c a n t s whose c h a r­ a c t e r i s t i c s c o n s t i t u t e c o n t r a i n d i c a t i o n s f o r o o u n s e lin g .

Once h a v in g e s ­

t a b l i s h e d a c o u n s e lin g r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith th e fo rm e r, h i s m ind i s l e f t f r e e

-1 2 5 -

t o p l a n e f f i c i e n t l y such p r o c e d u r e s a s a r e d e s ig n e d t o m ee t th e a n t i c i p a t e d d i f f i c u l t i e s o f t h e l a t t e r g ro u p .

Looked a t i n t h i s way, th e c o u n s e lo r i s

j u s t i f i e d i n b e l i e v i n g t h a t he h a s g iv e n th e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e a p p o in tm e n ts t o a l l c o n c e rn e d .

S in ce i n te r v ie w m ethods a lo n e seem t o b e r e l a t i v e l y i n ­

e f f e c t i v e f o r some o l i e n t s , t h e c o u n s e lo r oan u s e th e f in d in g s o f t h i s s tu d y t o a rr a n g e f o r o t h e r p r o c e d u r e s i n such o a s e s w h ile r e s e r v in g in te r v ie w s f o r th o s e who a r e se e n t o b e m o st r e c e p t i v e to t h a t m ethod.

D epending on

t h e e x p e rie n c e o f t h e c o u n s e lo r and h i s c o n fid e n c e i n such o th e r p ro c e d u re s and s d ju n o ts t o o o u n s e lin g , i t mey e v e n b e p o s s i b l e f o r him to d is p o s e o f g ro u p s o f o a s e s s im u lta n e o u s ly .

Thus f r e e d o f th e a n x ie t y c o n se q u e n t upon

b e in g f o r c e d to s h o u ld e r overorow ded c a s e l o a d s , t h e c o u n s e lo r i s e n a b le d t o o p e ra te f a r more e f f e c t i v e l y w ith h i s c l i e n t s . F rie n d and H aggard s tu d ie d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een w ork a d ju s tm e n t and f a c t o r s i n t h e fa m ily b a c k g ro u n d .

A rec o m n en d a tio n from t h e i r f in d i n g s hav­

in g e q u a l r e le v a n o y i n t h i s c o n n e c tio n in v o lv e s t h e u se o f t h o s e f a c t o r s fo u n d t o b e m o st h ig h ly d i s c r im in a t o r y .

T hese, sa y th e a u th o r s ,

. . . c o u ld b e r o u t i n e l y oheoked and s c o re d by t h e c o u n s e lo r a f t e r t h e f i r s t i n te r v ie w w ith th e c o u n s e le e . T his w ould s e r v e t o c l a r i f y t h e a r e a i n w h ich t h e c o u n s e le e c o u ld b e h e lp e d and t o r a n k th e ex­ t e n t t o w hich he was l i k e l y t o b e n e f i t . The advance know ledge o f w h at t o e x p e o t r e l e a s e s th e c o u n selo r* s e n e rg y , w hich may b e t i e d up i n b a f f le m e n t a t a p e r s o n 's se e m in g ly s tr a n g e r e a c t i o n s , and f r e e s i t f o r o r d e r l y , c o n s t r u c t i v e p la n n in g . The r e a o t i o n s w i l l b e view ed n o t a s a n I s o l a t e d fra g m e n t o f b e h a v io r , b u t a s t h e a tte m p t o f an i n ­ d i v i d u a l , f a o e d w ith a s e t o f o ir c u m s tm c e s , t o f i t -them i n t o a way of lif e . The c o u n s e lo r w i l l h av e a b a s i s f o r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g b etw een th e s u r f a o e s ig n s o f a d ju s tm e n t and th e b u r ie d ones w h ic h a re even m ore s i g n i f i c a n t .* By u s in g th e f i n d i n g s o f th e s tu d y t o oheok h i s cu sto m ary p r o c e d u r e s , t h e c o u n s e lo r can o b s e rv e th e r e s u l t s o f a n y s y s te m a tic v a r i a t i o n s he may T7

J e a n n e t te G. F r ie n d and E r n e s t A. H aggard, "Work A d ju stm en t i n R e la tio n t o Fam ily B ack g ro u n d ," A p p lie d P sy c h o lo g y M onographs, 16 (Ju n e , 1 9 4 8 ), p . 143.

- 12 (^

d e o id e t o i n tr o d u c e i n o r d e r to h e lp h i s c l i e n t *

F o r exam ple, he can

s y s te m a t ic a l ly employ any d e s ir e d d e g re e o f d i r e c t i v e n e s s i n c o n d u c tin g i n ­ t e r v ie w s , n o tin g th e a m e n a b ility o f d i f f e r e n t ty p e s o f c l i e n t s who m a n if e s t v a r io u s c o m b in a tio n s o f f a v o r a b le and u n f a v o r a b le c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e v e a le d by th i6 s tu ty .

Or, he may w is h t o ocm pare th e e f f i c a c y o f i n te r v ie w p ro ­

c e d u re s i n g e n e r a l w ith such o th e r p ro c e d u re s as w ere m en tio n e d ab o v e.

The

f in d i n g s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n can th e n s e r v e a s v a lu a b le c o n t r o l s m aking i t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e o o u n s e lo r t o e v a l u a t e t h e r e s u l t s o f h i s e x p e rim e n t. I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t a c o u n s e lo r w i l l q u e s tio n some o f th e recommenda­ t i o n s made on -the g ro u n d s t h a t th e y do n o t a p p e a r to be c o n s i s t e n t w ith th e g o a ls o f c o u n s e lin g a o o e p te d i n t h i s s tu d y .

"How," he may a s k , "o an we

hope to im prove th e c l i e n t ' s o a p a c ity f o r assu m in g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , how can we i n c r e a s e h is in d ependence i n fa o in g p ro b lem s and i n fo rm in g h i s own de­ c i s i o n s , how oan we p r e s e r v e and im prove h i s own s e n se of w o rth , i f we ta k e o v er f o r him , and i n a s e n s e , l e a d him b y th e hand?

A r e n 't we r e a l l y

d e p riv in g t h e i n d i v i d u a l o f t h e ch a n ce t o l e a r n i n h i s own way and t o a t t a i n th e g o a l o f m a tu r ity th ro u g h h is own e f f o r t s ?

And u n l e s s h i s own e f f o r t s

a re e n l i s t e d , o an th e en d s b e r e a l l y m e a n in g fu l f b r him ?" The m is g iv in g s o f th e h y p o t h e t i c a l o o u n s e lo r s e t f o r t h above im ply a o o u n s e lin g v ie w p o in t which may b e r e f e r r e d to as th e " t r i a l by f i r e " m ethod o f t o r t u r i n g c l i e n t s f o r t h e i r own g o o d .

F o r i f c o u n s e lin g h a s b een

c o n s i s t e n t l y shown to b e u n s u o o e s s f u l w i t h c e r t a i n c l i e n t s no m a t te r w h at o o u n s e lin g m ethod i s u s e d , t h e n by r e s i s t i n g any r e a l change o f m ethod he i s a c t u a l l y w re a k in g vengeanoe on h i s c l i e n t a s a p e n a lt y f o r n o t b e in g am enable t o o rth o d o x t r e a tm e n t.

So f a r a s t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r knows, t h e r e i s

no e v id e n c e f o r t h e assu m p tio n t h a t "d o in g t h i n g s f o r p e o p le " o r " le a d in g

-1 2 7 -

them by t h e hand" n e c e s s a r i l y r e s u l t s i n f a i l u r e t o a t t a i n m a t u r i t y .

On

th e c o n tr a r y , t h e w e ig h t o f a v a i l a b l e e v id e n o e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e a r e p o w e rfu l g ro w th f o r c e s w i t h i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l im p e llin g him e v e r onward t o 1» 2 ,3 ,4 ,5 h i g h e r l e v e l s o f i n t e g r a t i o n and m a t u r i t y . I t i s no d is p a r a g e ­ m ent o f

t h e c o u n s e l o r 's e f f o r t s i n b e h a l f o f h i s

o l i e n t t o r e g a r d them a s

puny i n

o cm p ariso n w ith t h e g row th f o r c e s w i t h i n

th e i n d i v i d u a l .

T h is f o r ­

w ard d r iv e w h ic h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e org an ism o an b e r e l i e d upon t o a s s i m i l a t e " th i n g s " done f o r i t i n w ays w h ich w i l l b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h i t s i n t e g r a t i v e c a p a c i ty .

As a m a t t e r o f f a c t , such a c t i v e a s s i s t a n c e a s h as b e e n

recommended f o r th o s e c l i e n t s who a r e u n a b le t o b e n e f i t from i n te r v ie w p ro ­ c e d u re s

a lo n e s e r v e s t o f r e e th e norm al c a p a o ity

oome m a tu re .

For th o s e

o f th e i n d iv i d u a l t o b e -

i n d i v i d u a l s who a r e n o t c o m p le te ly a c c e s s ib l e

th ro u g h i n te r v ie w s , h e lp g iv e n i n f in d i n g a jo b , f o r exam ple, oan b e a s t r u l y c a t h a r t i c a s a r e l e a s e o f f e e l i n g s d u r in g an i n te r v ie w .

A t any r a t e ,

h a v in g been h e lp e d t o f i n d em ploym ent, he i s more l i k e l y t o s t r i v e to w ard d e s i r a b l e g o a ls th a n i f a llo w e d to s u f f e r t h e d e s t r u c t i v e e f f e c t s o f unem­ p lo y m e n t.

F o r R e fe rrin g A g en cies The g r e a t p re p o n d e ra n c e o f r e f e r r a l s f o r p e r s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t o o u n s e l­ i n g i s made by v o c a ti o n a l c o u n s e lo r s i n a d v ise m e n t c e n te r s u n d e r c o n t r a c t w ith th e V e te re n e A d m in is tr a tio n .

I n th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e s e cen­

t e r s c o n s t i t u t e d th e o n ly so u ro e o f r e f e r r e d o f s u b j e c t s .

I t i s th e re fo re

a p p r o p r i a t e t o a s k , "What u s e oan b e made o f -the f in d i n g s by v o c a ti o n a l 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

W alter B. Cannon, The Wisdom o f th e Body. A rth u r Combs and D onald Snygg, I n d iv id u a l B e h a v io r. K u rt G o ld s te in , The O rganism . George E. C oghi11, Anauomy~and th e P roblem o f B e h a v io r. Edward C. Tolman, P u rp o s iv e jiiehaviour i n A nim als anA k e n .

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o o u n s e lo r s o f v e t e r a n s ? "

A lth o u g h t h e d ls o u s s lo n w hioh f o llo w s w i l l o n ly

c o n s id e r v o c a ti o n a l c o u n s e lo r s , t h e re o c m n e n d a tio n s t o h e made s h o u ld be j u s t a s r e l e v a n t f o r m o st p e r s o n s who a r e i n a p o s i t i o n t o r e f e r i n d i v i ­ d u a ls f o r p s y o h o th e r a p e u tio c o u n s e lin g . The v o c a ti o n a l o o u n s e lo r i s v e r y o f t e n i n a p e c u l i a r l y s t r a t e g i c p o s i ­ t i o n f o r ju d g in g t h e r e a l n e e d s o f h i s o l i e n t .

On t h e b a s i s o f h i s ex­

p e r ie n c e i n h e lp in g o l i e n t s e f f e c t s a t i s f a c t o r y v o c a ti o n a l a d ju s tm e n t, he i s u s u a l l y a b le t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e tw e en t h o s e who p r o f i t from t h e a v a il a b l e s e r v i c e s and o l i e n t s who seen t o be c o n f l i c t e d f o r seme r e a s o n and t h e r e f o r e a r e h a r d ly r e a d y t o b e n e f i t .

The n a t u r a l r e a o t i o n o f t h e v o c a ti o n a l o o u n s e l­

o r i s t o c o n s id e r t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y o f em ploying o t h e r s e r v i c e s f o r th e l a s t m en tio n e d g ro u p .

Suoh o t h e r s e r v i o e s may i n c lu d e p s y o h i a t r i c t r e a tm e n t,

f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e , w e lf a r e s e r v i c e , h o u s in g , l e g a l a i d , m a r i t a l and p e r ­ s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t c o u n s e lin g and many o t h e r ty p e s o f s e r v i c e s n o t o r d i n a r i l y in c lu d e d i n t h e arm am entarium o f v o c a ti o n a l g u id a n c e a g e n c ie s .

What a r e

some o f th e oommon c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e o l i e n t s f o r whom o t h e r s e r v i c e s a r e s o u g h t? s e r v io e s ?

What happens a f te r w a r d s a s a r e s u l t o f m aking u s e o f th e s e

As f a r a s th e p e r s o n a l a d ju s tm e n t c o u n s e lin g program i s o o n o ern -

e d , t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a s f u r n i s h e d p a r t o f t h e answ er t o b o th q u e s tio n s . I t was s e e n t h a t c e r t a i n o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s o f c l i e n t s r e f e r r e d by v o c a tio n a l c o u n s e lo r s q u ite c o n s i s t e n t l y i n d i c a t e a f a v o r a b le p r o g n o s is i n p e r s o n a l ad­ ju s tm e n t c o u n s e lin g .

C e r ta i n o th e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ere fo u n d t o c o n s t i t u t e

c o n t r a i n d i o a t i o n s. O b v io u sly , t h e f in d i n g s o f t h e s tu d y p r o v id e t h e m eans w hereby t h e voca­ t i o n a l c o u n s e lo r oan a s s e s s t h e w o r th o f v a r i o u s d i s p o s i t i o n s made t o o t h e r q u a r t e r s f o r a s s i s t a n c e w ith c l i e n t s .

As was n o te d above, th e v o c a ti o n a l

o o u n s e lo r i s i n a p e c u l i a r l y s t r a t e g i c p o s i t i o n t o s tu d y t h e o o u n s e le e .

129-

He i s among t h e f i r s t t o o b se rv e t h e o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s p r e s e n te d by o l ie n ts * M oreover, one o f th e b a s io c r i t e r i a u s e d i n th e stu d y t o s e l e c t c h a r a c te r ­ i s t i c s f o r c o m p a riso n p u rp o s e s w as t h e i r a p p r o p r ia te n e s s t o t h e cu sto m ary s e t t i n g o f a v o c a tio n a l g u idanoe p ro g ra m .

A ll t h e o h a r a o t e r i s t i o s c o n s id e r ­

ed i n th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n a re r e a d i l y a c c e s s i b l e to v o c a tio n a l c o u n s e lo r s i n v e te r a n s a d v ise m e n t c e n t e r s .

E x c e p t f o r a few c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p e r t a i n i n g

t o m i l i t a r y s e r v i o e , th e v a s t m a jo r ity a r e e q u a lly a v a i l a b l e t o v o c a ti o n a l c o u n s e lo r s s e rv in g n o n - v e te r a n s .

By w h a te v e r o i i t e r i a t h e v o c a ti o n a l ooun­

s e lo r may w ish t o e v a lu a te o t h e r s e r v i c e s t o w hioh r e f e r r a l s a r e m ade, th e u s e o f th e f in d i n g s can s e rv e a s a g u id e .

More th a n t h i s , an a p p l i c a t i o n

o f th e f i n d i n g s f o r t h e v o c a ti o n a l o o u n s e lo r o o u ld r e v e a l w h e th e r o r n o t f a c t o r s w hioh have an im p o r ta n t b e a r in g on p e r s o n a l o o u n se lin g outoom es a re s i m i l a r l y r e l a t e d t o v o c a t i o n a l c o u n s e lin g r e s u l t s .

I n t h i s way, t h e

f in d i n g s oan b e u s e d t o ch e ck h i s own p r o c e d u r e s . A t t e n t io n has a lr e a d y b e e n d i r e c t e d to one o f th e im p l ic a ti o n s o f t h i s stu