Central Asian Brahmi Palaeography: the Relationships among the Tocharian, Khotanese, and Old Turkic Gupta Scripts 0-315-07437-X

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t

c ' CANADIAN THESES ON MICROFICHE

.S.B.N. THESES CANADIENNES SUR MICROFICHE

National library of C anada

Bibliotheque nationale du C an ada

C o l l e c t i o n s D e v e l o p m e n t IJranch

D irection d u d e v e l o p p e m e n t d e s co l l e c t i o n s

C a n a d i a n Theses o n 'M icrofich e Service

Ser vice d e s t h es es c a n a d i e n n e s sur m i c r o f i c h e

O t t a w a , Ca n ad a K1A 0 N 4

NOTICE , T h e q u a lity o f this u p o n th e -q u a lity of m ic ro film in g . Every th e highest q u a lity of

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m icro ffch e is heavily .depend en t t*he original thesis su b m itted fo r e ffo r t has been made to ensure re p ro d u ctio n possible.

La q u a lite de cette m icro fich e depend grandem ent de la q u a lite cje la these soumise au m icro film ag e. Nous avons to u t fa it pour assurer une q u a lite superieure de re p ro d u ctio n .

If pages are missing, co n tact th e university w hich g ran ted the degree. •

S'il m anque das pages, veuillez avec I'universite qui a co n fere le grade.

Some pages m ay have in d istin ct p rin t especially if th e original pages weVe typ ed w ith a poor ty p e w rite r rib b o n or if th e u niversity sent us a p oo r p h o to c o p y .

. La q u a lite - d'im pression de certaines pages peut Jaisser a desirer, -surtout, si les pages originates o n t ete, dactylographiees a I'aide d 'uh ruban use ou si I'univer^ site riOtrs a fa it parveeir une p ho toco pie de mauvaTse q ualite. ,

Previously co p yrig hte^ m aterials published tests, etc.) are n o t film ed .

Les d ocum ents qui fo ftt deja I'o b je t d 'u n d ro it d 'a u te u r (articles de revue, exam ens publies, etc.) ne sont pas m icrofilm es.

(journal articles,

R ep ro d u ctio n in fu ll or in part o f this film , is gov- # ern e d by th e Canadian C o p yrig h t A c t, R .S.C . 1 9 7 0 , c. C -3 0 . Please read th e a u th o riza tio n fo rm s w hich ac co m p an y th is thesis.

TH IS DISSERTATJON H A S .B E E N M ICROFILMED E X A C T L Y A S R E C E IV E D

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La re p ro d u ctio n , m em e. p a rtie lle , de ce m ic ro film est soumise a la Loi canadienne sur le d ro it d 'a u te u r, SR C 1 9 7 0 , c. C -3 0 . V e u ille z prendre connaissance des f e r r u le s d 'a u to risa tio n qui accom pagnent.cette these.

, L A - T H E S E A ETE M I C R O F I L M E E TELLE QUE N O U S L ' A V O N S RECUE

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PE R M IS SIO N TO MICROFILM — A UTORISATION DE M ICROFILM ER Please print or t ype — l=crire en lettres m o u le e s ou dactylographier Full N a m e of Author — Norn com p let d e l a u t e u r * O

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. ACRNOtJLEDGEMENTS

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To t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a lg a ry D epartm en t o f L i n g u i s t i c s fo r fin an c ial assistan ce . ».

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To Ron S o u t h e r l a n d f o r In d o E u ro p e a n , Jim A nderson f o r

H i s t o r i c a l L i n g u i s t i c s , P a la e o g r a p h y and s u p e r v i s i o n , Mike D ob rovo lsk y «

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f o r T u r k i c and T a r k i s h , B i l l O'G rady f o r S y n ta x , and t o my f e l l o w

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s t u d e n t s 78-81 f o r many t h i n g s .

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To t h e exam ple o f two s c h o l a r s whom I t a n n o t th a n k i n p e r s o n , C l a r a H o l l o s i o f B ro ck U n i v e r s i t y , and John C o la ru s s o o f McMaster .U n iv ersity .

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To E ls and Luke.

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vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

L

JTRODUCTION P u rp o s e

1

"The M echan ics o f C e n t r a l A sian Brahmi W r i t i n g \ " % F o o tn o t e s t o C h a p te r 1 :___________ _____

{Jonlndic

22

'______________________

F e a t u r e s i n t h e C e n t r a l A sia n Brahmi

The D i a e r e s i s i n t h e C h in ese C u rs iv e Gupta

21 22

THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN ORTHOGRAPHIC GROUPS In tro d u a tio n

14

__

23 i

27

The H i s t o r i c o c u l t u r a l A s s o c i a t i o n Between Khotan and N o rth w e s t I n d i a ■. •________

31

The O r t h o g r a p h i c E v iden ce

35

C h a r a c t e r M o rp h o lo g ies

__

37

_____

AO

____

41

S y s te m ic P r i n c i p l e s The a - p l u s P r i n c i p l e

The O r i g i n ^ o f t h e Brahmi D i a e r e s i s

A5

Saka Sounds___________ •_______________

48

Summary o f Arguments f o r t h e A and A' R outes

49

F o o tn o t e s t o C h a p te r 2_________________

52

THE SLANTING G U P T A _________________ _ In tro d u c tio n T o c h a r ia n

56

________ ^_________________ ;

56

•_________________ ___ __

56

t i

I

v ii Page Old T u r k i c

56

B u d d h is t H y brid S a n s k r i t

.

■57

M a r a l b a s h i and P e l l i o t Saka

I

5?

R e l a t i o n s h i p s Among t h e S l a n t i n g Gupta O r t h o g r a p h i e s ________________________

58

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e N on ln d ic R a d i c a l s

59

Konow's- M a l y s i s o f t h e M a r a l b a s h i Brahmi

61

Konow' s A ssig nm ent o f V a l u e s __________ _

61

R e a n l a y s i s o f Konow's M a t e r i a l s

64

Number 5

67

i_______ ______________

>

Number

69

6

Number 10

_

72

The M a r a l b a s h i w -d ip h th o n g s

_

74

The M a r a l b a s h i New S ig n s : P o ssib ility 3

C o n c lu s io n

___________ ‘_____________

F o o tn o t e s t o C h a p te r 3 THE TURKIC BRAHMI

16 77 79

______

84

In tro d u c tio n

84

W r i t i n g t h e N o n ln d ic F ro n t Vowels

84

T u r k i c Brahmi O r t h o g r a p h i c S c h o o ls

85

A l t e r n a t iv e s f o r W ritin g / a /

]____

86

Sound — Symbol R e l a t i o n s h i p s

_____

88

______________

88

9

Brahmi T u r k i c Vowels

Brahmi T u r k i c / < / ___ ___

___

T u r k i c Brahmi Symbols f o r / i /

90 93

.

Brahmi T u rk ic C o n son ants

v iil Page

____________ ;___________________

98

__________________ 'j__

98

Virama S p e c i a l i z a t i o n o f R a d i c a l s Virama R a d i c a l s f o r [ T u r k i c — > M a r a l b a s h i ____________ ;_____ ““J*********************

121

A n u s v a r a __________

122

|

'

The New L i q u i d R a d i c a l s ____________

122

The I r a n i a n Sounds

^4

______

The D e n t a l s ____________________________ * The D i s t r i b u t i o n - o f t h e D e n ta l R a d i c a l s i n M a r a l b a s h i ________ ;_______;_______ The D i a e r e s i s

_____

124

125 -^ 0

Summary o f t h e R e l a t i o n s h i p : K ho tan e se — ^ T u r k i c —> M a r a l b a s h i • ________ ;________

130

• K h o tan e se —> T u r k i c — > T ocK arian

__________________

131

The Four C l a s s e s o f Consonant R a d i c a l s i n t h e T o c h a r ia n Brahmi

__________________

*31

ix Page Complementary D i s t r i b u t i o n , Among t h e T o c h a r i a n Consonant R a d i c a l s A.

I n n onv iram a t o mark t h e n o n l n d i c vowel

B.

I n v ira m a p o s i t i o n

C.

The d u a l f u n c t i o n s o f vowel and v iram a m a rk in g _______________________________

______________________

•133 133

134 135

Virama A k saras i n t h e T o c h a r i a n and T u r k i c Brahmi O r t h o g r a p h i e s

137

The New L a b i a l G lid e R a d i c a l wa i n T u r k i c and T o c h a r i a n

139

The O r i g i n and Development o f th e New C onsonant R a d i c a l s i n T o c h a r ia n

140

C o n c lu s io n

145

F o o trfo tes t o C h a p te r 5

149

I*

,

LIST OF FIGURES

F ig u r e

Page

1

R e l a t i o n s h i p s Among C e n t r a l A sian Gupta O r t h o g r a p h i e s ____

2

2

Map o f C h in ese T u r k e s ta n

4

3

__________

I n d i a n 1 A slan GuP

■

'_________

'

'4 . A k s a r i c T r a n s c r i p t i o n a l , C a t e g o r i e s

12

.

16

5

Some S l a n t i n g Gupta A k s a ra s

6

Examples o f t h e L i g a t u r e r r a _________

24

7

P o s s i b l e T r a n s m i s s i o n R o u te s

25

8

R e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e S o u th e rn Group

9

A d d i t i o n o f F i n a l i i n t h e C hin ese Brahmi

10 11 12

_______________________

17

___________________ ______________________

26

_______________

28

Development o f t h e Two-Dot D i a c r i t i c _______________ Route

A'

____________ .

29

_______________________ |_____

Comparison o f C h a r a c t e r M o rp h o lo g ie s

~7-

35

_____________________

36

13

Comparing I n d i e R a d i c a l o w i t h S l a n t i n g wa

■ _________

14

The a - p l u s P r i n c i p l e

15

17

T r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h e Brahmi t h r o u g h t h e S o u th e rn Group t R e l a t i o n s h i p s Among t h e S l a n t i n g Gupta O rth o g rap h ies * D i s t r i b u t i o n - o f t h e N o n ln d ic R a d i c a l s

59

18

P o s s i b l e T r a n s m i s s i o n R o u tes o f t h e S l a n t i n g Gupta

60

39

»

^ 1

16-

51

58 '

20

Examples o f qci

21

Comparing Number 5 t o l a

/ '

62

19 ' The L i s t o f Twelve Symbols t .

'

■

.

6 6

67

A

•

/

1

xi F ig u re

Page i The Two C ases a t Number 5 Compared t o S i m i l a r C h a r a c t e r s

68

23

I n t e r r e l a t e d .M a ra lb a s h i Graphs

70

24

Comparison, o f Konow's [a ] w i t h hha

71

25'

Comparison o f Number 10, [y w a], and 8a

73

The P i v o t a l Role o f t h e T u r k i c Brahmi

77.

22

'

“ 26

4

4

*

__________

89

Back Vowel Words w i t h -

______________

94

29

F r o n t Vowel Words w i t h -

______________

94

30

The Dual F u n c t i o n s o f t h e D i a e r e s i s and ’ t h e New L i q u i d R a d i c a l s ' ______________

97

31

Brahmi T u r k i c Consonant In v e n to ry .-

98

32

W r i t i n g G u t t u r a l s i n T u rk ic Brahmi

99

33

T u r k i c Brahmi Virama R a d i c a l s

34

R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f Consonant Phonemes i n Virama

101

-35

T u r k i c Brahmi G u t t u r a l S ig n s i n Gabain 1 9 5 4 :C

103

36

Forms, o f R a d i c a l na

111

37

T r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h e S l a n t i n g Gupta

____________

121

38

M a r a l b a s h i D e n ta l S to p R a d i c a l s

___________

125

39

P r o b a b l e V a lu e s o f t h e D e n ta l R a d i c a l s

126

40

Comparison o f D e n ta l S p e l l i n g s i n , M a r a l b a s h i and P e l l i o t Sdka ________

127

41

D e n ta l R a d i c a l s i n S a n s k r i t Loans

128

42

Development o f D e n ta l Stop S ig n s Khotaiflkpe —> T u r k i c —> M a r a l b a s h i

129

43

The Four C l a s s e s o f T o c h a r i a n Consonant R a d i c a l s