Cavum Antrum Phrygiae: The Organization and Operations of the Roman Imperial Marble Quarries in Phrygia 9780860546191, 9781407347707

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements
Abbreviations of Works Frequently Cited
Chapter I: Introduction
Chapter II: The Organization of the Quarries at Docimium
Chapter III: The Operations of the Quarries in the Antonine Period
Chapter IV: The Inscriptions

Citation preview

Cavum Antrum Phrygiae The Organization and Operations of the Roman Imperial Marble Quarries in Phrygia

J. Clayton Fant

BAR International Series 482 1989

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR S482,1989 : 'Cavum Antrum Phrygiae'. © J .Clayton Fant,1989

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860546191 paperback ISBN 9781407347707 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546191 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CAVU M ANTRU M PHRYGIAE THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS OF THE RO MAN IMPERIAL MARBLE QUARRIES I N PHRYGIA

b y J .C lay ton F an t

.r upes ...s o la c avo P hryg iae q uam S ynnado s a n tro t i p se c ruen ta v i t macu l is l u cen t ibus A t is S ta t iu s , S i lvae I5 , 3 7-38

1

f or T er ry a nd C lara

Wa lk ing i n B o s ton Is ee Ma ine g ran i te r a ranged a round me o ld q ua rry mark s l e f t o n s t ep s , c urb s tone s , p ecked b lock s r i se s qua red l i ke l edge a l ong B eacon , C ommonwea l th . S oon Iam f l oa t ing i n my o ld q ua rry . Is t roke t hrough C ommon s , s w im f en s , S quare s , i n to o ld T r in i ty Church , c raw l u p t he ma in a i s le : wha t mean ing o nce f e l t i n s o l id s , t he se wa ter s .

t, "Nega t ive S pace No . 1 " , J . T erry P lunket s, Ha l l T ouch ing G round ( The Qua rry P res lowe l , Ma ine , 1 984 )

1

C avum A ntrum P hrvg iae The O rgan iza t ion And Opera t ions O f The R oman I mper ia l Marb le Quarr ies I n P hryg ia

CONTENTS

i v i

P reface a nd Acknow ledgemen t s Abbrev ia t ion s o f Work s F requen t ly C i ted

i x

Chap ter I I ntroduc t ion P rev ious Work D e scr ip t ion o f t he S i te T he Geo logy o f t he Ma rb le B ed s a t Doc im ium rie The H is tory o f t he I mper ia l Quar s i n P hryg ia The U se o f I n scr ip t ion s i n Quarr ie s B e long ing t o t he Emperor T he New Qua rry I n scr ip t ion s • ries a Chap ter I The O rgan iza t ion o f t he Quar t D oc im ium The F ormu lae o f t he E p igraph ica l R eg ime s T ype I A a nd T ype I B T ype I T ype II Adm in i s tra t ive a nd F isca l R eg imes

1 1 3 5 6 1 1 2 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 8 2 6 2 8

Chap ter I I The Opera t ions o f t he Quarr ies i n t he A nton ine P er iod P er sonne l Caesura 0ff i c ina t t T he R o le a nd S ta tus o f t h e L e ter C u ter The H i s tory o f t he E xp lo i ta t ion o f B acaka le

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 9 4 1

Chap ter I V The I nscr ip t ions I n troduc t ion t o t he C a ta logue r angemen Ar t o ft h e C a ta logue C onven t ions a nd A ssump t ions U sed i nD escr ip t ions o f O bjec ts l I lus tra t ions Ed i tor ia l U sage s a nd A ssump t ions l S ummary T ab le s 1 0-12 o f A l I n scr ip t ion s C a ta logue o f N ew I n scr ip t ion s lu F igures 1 5 147 I s tra t ing t he N ew I n scr ip t ion s

4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 5 0 5 0 5 1 7 7 1 85

Chap ter V I C onc lus ions

2 49

A ppend ix I The V a t ican C o lumns

2 51

A ppend ix I A rch i tec tura l E lemen ts f rom t he D oc im ium Quarr ies B a ses R ecorded a t t he A l imog lu Y ard rie C o lumns F ound a t t he D oc im ium Quar s

2 55 2 55 2 57

I ndex 1 P age Number s o f T he N ew I nscr ip t ions I ndex 2 C onsu lar N omenc la ture : Emperor s a nd Members o f t he I mper ia l House I ndex 3 C onsu lar N omenc la ture : P r iva t i

2 59 2 62 2 65

11

L is t o f T ab les sive Y T ab le 1 Iden t ica l L ocus Number s i n S ucces ea r s T ab le 2 S im i lar L ocus Number s I n D ifferen t B racch ia T ab le 3 Number o f Men t ion s o f t he B racch ia b y D ecade s T ab le 4 T he C aesura Ch ief s a nd t he ir C hrono log ica l R ange s i T ab le 5 T he Offc inae a nd t he ir Chrono log ica l Range s i T ab le 6 T he Hand s o f t he Offc ina A ndae/Caesura A lexandr i G roup T ab le 7 T he "Monumen ta l " Hand ( 160 s ) T ab le 8 T he " Po in ted " Hand ( 160 s ) T ab le 9 I n scr ip t ion s o f Known P roven ience i n D eb r i s T ab le10 Al l T ype II n scr ip t ion s ( by Da te ) l ry I T ab le 1 A l T ype I Quar n scr ip t ion s l T ab le 1 2 A l T ype I I Qua rry I n scr ip t ion s T ab le 1 3 C oncordance o f R eference Number s o f t heN ew I n scr ip t ions a nd P rev iou s ly P ub l i shed I n scr ip t ion s

19 2 0 2 1 3 4 3 7 4 0 4 0 4 1 4 4 5 2 5 3 6 0 7 3

l L is t o f I lus tra t ions l I . l I . l I . l I .

1 2 3 4

l I . 5 l I . 6

L oca t ion o f Doc im ium i n A s ia a nd P hryg ia rie I a Quar s I -VI t Doc im ium S ke tch p lan o f B acaka le Röder 's R econ s truc t ion o f P ha se s o f E xp lo i ta t ion o f B acaka le ( a f ter Röder 1 971, Abb . 1 4 ) P lan o f G roup s o f B lock s a nd C o lumn s o f S ecure P roven ience ( s ee a l so T ab le 9 ) s B S ec t ion NW-SE a cros acaka le S how ing L oca t ion o f D a ted G roup s o f Ma ter ia l i ns i tu

4 1 3 1 4 4 1 4 2 4 8

S ke tche s o f I n scr ibed B lock s & C o lumns l I . l I . l I . l I . l I . l I . l I . l I . l I . l I . l I .

7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7

No . 9 No . 1 6 No . 1 7 No . 2 0 No . 2 3 No . 2 9 • No . 3 0 No . 2 36 P refabr ica ted B a se a t A l imog luY ard , A fyon Prefabr ica ted B a se ( A l tar? ) a t A l imog lu Y ard P refabr ica ted S tepped B a se a tA l imog lu Y a rd

8 2 8 9 9 0 9 2 9 4 9 9 1 00 1 83 2 55 2 55 2 56

L is t o f F igures F ig . 1 F ig . 2 F ig . 3 F ig . 4 F ig . 5

Genera l v iew o f B acaka le f rom t he e n trance ( 1984 ) . ry f Anc ien t q uar l oor n ear t he e n trance o f B acaka le ( 1984 ) . Dump f or a nc ien t b lock s o u t s ide t he e n t rance o f B acaka le ( 1984 ) . T he d i sca rd a rea f or a nc ien t b lock s a t t he ting y A l imog lu c ut ard i n A fyon ( 1986 ) . r ymen u T urk i sh q uar s ing as cabb l ing p ick s ab t o d res lock . i v

6 1 4 1 5 1 6 3 5

F ig . 6 F ig . 7 F ig . 8

F ig . 9

F ig . 1 0

F ig . 1

F ig . 1 2 F ig . 1 3 F ig . 1 4

T emper ing b a s in o n S rim o f B acaka le . V iew W t o B acaka le e n trance r oad ( l ef t ) a nd l t he b i sec ted d ebr i s h i l ( r igh t ) . View f rom t h e N r im d own o n to t he e n trance o f B acaka le , w i th t he o ld r oad ( now s evered ) , a bove a nd , b e low , a nc ien t q uarry f l oor ( l a ter d ynam i ted ) . 1986 v iew f r om t he e n trance i n to B acaka le l a l ong t he Sw a l . G roup s 3a nd 4 are ma rked r b y t he l ower a nd u pper t h in a row s r e spec t ive ly ; l r t he b ou lder ma rked b y t he h o low a row i s t he c ommon r eference p o in t w i th F ig . 1 0 . 1983 v iew o f t he n ew ly c u t e n trance r oad l s o i n to B acaka le . No te t he s ha lownes f t he c u t a nd t he a nc ien t ma ter ia l i n t he s ca rp . l r T he h o low a row ma rk s t he s ame b ou lder i n F ig . 9 . r T he s o l id a row a tt he l ower r i gh t i nd ica te s No . 1 32 . 1986 v iew f r om t he N . r im o f B acaka le o n to ried f l a nc ien t q uar ace a l ong t he Swa l . rrow T he a s i nd ica te ( c lockw i se f rom a bove ) No s . 1 97 , wh ich r e s t s u pon 1 99 , 1 92 ( Group 4 ) , a nd 8 3 G roup 3 ) . Scaffo ld h o le ( 24cm x 23 x 1 8 ) n ear p roven ience o f G roup 3 . ry I G roup 5 block s ( s ee T ab le 9 ) i n Quar ; l i n b ackground , e n trance r oad t o Quarry I a nd S wa l . ting l N arrow c ut , l a ter r ef i led a s s hown , where t he G roup 5b lock s ry I w ere f ound i n Quar .

F igs . 1 5 147

T he N ew I n scr ip t ion s

36 42 43

45

45

46

46 47 47

1 85-248

Append ix I T he V a t ican C o lumn s F ig . 1 48 F ig . 1 49 F ig . 1 50

ruzza 2 58 No .10 2 =B Bruzza 2 59 g enera l No . 12= ruzza 2 59 No . 1 2 =B

2 51 253 254

Append ix I A rch i tec tura l E lemen t s f rom Doc im ium F ig . 1 51 F ig . 1 52

Two b a se s i n t he A l imog lu y a rd d i scard a rea S t epped b a se i n t he A l imog lu y a rd p ark ing l o t

2 55 256

P reface a nd A cknow ledgemen t s

sroom o T h i s s t udy h a s i t s o r ig in s i n ac l as f S t . S t ephen 's S choo l i n Rome when Ib egan s s i t oa semb le s a mp les o fc o lo red marb le s t oe n l iven an in th g rade c l as n Roman t opography . l l Iw a s l ucky e nough t o h ave a s ac o league t he s cu lp tor P e ter Rockwe l , who w a s t hen b eg inn ing a s econd c areer a s a con su l tan t t o t he a n t iqu i t ie s d epar tmen t o f t he c omune d i l R oma o n t he s cu lp tura l t e chn ique o f as e r ie s o f ma jor monumen t s , e spec ia ly t he A ra P ac i s e p o in ted o u t h ow t oo l ma rk s r evea l s cu lp tor s ' me thod s a nd a nd t he C o lumn o f T ra jan .1 H p u t me o n to a nc ien tq uar sa se xo t ic t our i s ta trac t ion s . T here c ou ld h ave b een n one b et rie t ter t o b eg in w i th t han Chem tou i n t he s pr ing o f 1 980 when t he w i ldf lower s w ere b loom ing . When In o t iced t he i n scr ibed q uar lock s a t t he mu seum p ark ing l o t a t O s t ia An t ica , ry b e p igraph ica li n tere s t s , wh ich h ad s eemed r emo te t hen ,w ere r ek ind led . Roman q uar ere ries w a dded t ot he i t inera ry o fa nE n tdeckungsre ise t hrough T urkey i n 1 982 , i nt he c our se o f wh ich Ic ame u pon t he g rea t I s ceh i sar q uar s . Imade t ha t t r ip i n t he c ompany o f t wo o ft he b e s t rie f r iend so ne c ou ld h ope f or , T er lunket nd C lara S chröder ; t he r e su l to f wha tb egan t here ry P t a i sd ed ica ted t o t hem . My c h ief d eb t i st ot he T urk i sh Genera l D irec tora te o f Mu seum s a nd An t iqu i t ies a nd i t s G enera lD irec tor Nuret ard imc if or p erm is o work i nP hryg ia a nd w e s tern Ana to l ia tin Y sion t s i nce 1 983 . A t A fyon Ahme t T opba e , D irec tor o f t he A fyon A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum , a nd S eda t Heper , s t aff a rchaeo log i s t ( now D irec tor o f t he S ey i t Gaz i Mu seum ) , r epre sen t ing t he D irec tora te , w ere b o th h e lpfu l a nd p a t ien t . I n 1 986 Iwa s l u cky t oh ave Ugur Ho sgören a s r epre sen ta t ive ; i ti sh a rd t o i mag ine more i n te l igen t a nd k ind c o labora t ion . I n I s tanbu l , l l Nu s in A egar i , f ormer D irec tor o f t he A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum s , n o t o n ly d i rec ted me t o i mpor tan t ma ter ia l f rom A fyon f ound i n a n I s tanbu l marb le y a rd b u t w i th h er u sua l g enero s i ty e n tru s ted me w i th t he p ub l ica t ion o f an umber o f p iece s wh ich s he h ad r ecorded a tI s ceh i sar i n t he l a te 1 970 s . Iowe a c on s iderab le d eb t t o t ho se who make t he ir l i ve l ihood f rom t he q ua rry ing o f ma rb le . The A l imog lu f am i ly n o to n ly t o lera ted my p re sence a tt he ir q uar s n ea r I s ceh i sa r rie b u th ave u nfa i l ing ly ( i fb emu sed ly ) g ran ted me a cces ot he ir y ard i n A fyon . T he k indnes s t s o f s o many workmen who h ave t aken p a in s t o p o in t o u t n ew ma ter ia l a nd h e lp w i th a cces s t oi t u nder s o me t imes d iff icu l tc ond i t ion s h a s b een a n i mpor tan tf ac tor i nt he work f rom t he b eg inn ing . I brah im B ayram k ep t a n a l er t e ye f or i n tere s t ing o b jec t s i n h i s d ump t r uck , a nd Ip ar t icu lar ly w i sh t o t hank A l imog lu emp loyee A l ir iza A s ian a nd h i s c rew o f q ua rrymen f rom S inop , who h ave h e lped me s h if t b lock s , wa rned me a bou t d e tona t ion s , i n s t ruc ted me a nd f ed me o n e very v i s i t t oB acaka le . F or a cces o p r imary ma ter ia l o u t s ide T urkey , Iam g ra tefu l t o t he D irec tor o f t he s t V a t ican Mu seum s , Dot a r lo P ie trange l i ,a nd e spec ia ly t o Dot van d iS t efano , who k ind ly t. C l t. I l e f t n o c orner o f t he E x-La teran 's e p igraph ica l s t oreroom s u nd i s turbed i n a semb l ing t he s V a t ican h o ld ing s f or me i n 1 983 . Many s cho lar s h ave h e lped me w i th e xper t i se a nd p rac t ica l a dv ice . Wha t Ih ave l e arned f rom P e ter Rockwe l , Marc Wae lken s ( now o f t he C a tho l ic Un iver s i ty o f L euven ) a nd l Amanda C lar idge ( Br i t i sh S choo la t Rome )i s too p erva s ive t oa cknow ledge i nd e ta i l( bu tt hey mu s t n o t b e b lamed f or my b lunder s ) . P rofes s J ohn D 'Arm s a nd L udw ig Koenen ( The s or Un iver s i ty o f Mich igan ) ,S i lv io P anc iera ( I n s t i tu te o fE p igraphy , Un iver s i ty o f Rome ) ,J ame s

1S ee Rockwe l 's a r t ic le " P re l im inary S tudy o f t he C arv ing T echn ique s o n t he C o lumn o f l T ra jan , " Marm ia n t ich i . P rob lem id ' imp iego ,d ir e s tauro ed ' iden t if i caz ione ( S tud i Mi sce lane i l 2 6 , Rome 1 985 ) 11-12 . v i i

P acker ( Nor thwe s tern Un iver s i ty ) , Rober t C ohon ( The N e l son-A tk in s Mu seum o f A r t , l Kan sa sC i ty ) ,a nd S u san Kane ( Ober l in C o lege )h ave c on t r ibu ted i nva luab le a dv ice a nd c r i t ic i sm . T ony Koze lj o f t he E co le f ran p i se i n A then s h a s u n s t in t ing ly s hared h i s v a s t ry t k now ledge o f q uar e chno logy a nd d ug d eep i n h i s a rch ive s f or c omparanda . My l a rge s t l p rac t ica l d eb ti st oI s abe la S jö s tröm , who se h e lp i n t he 1 986 f i e ldwork wa s i nva luab le . S he , l Dona ld McCo l a nd S u sanne F reeman r ead p ar t s o ft he manu scr ip t i nf i na l d raf t a nd g rea t ly i mproved i t . No o ne n amed h ere , t hough , i si mp l ica ted i n r ema in ing e rror s o r h e terodox v i ew s . s or Dona P rofes ld Wade ( Ken t S ta te Un iver s i ty ) g ave me h e lpfu l a dv ice o n e p igraph ica l f orma t . P rof s . P au l D e P aepe ( Un iver s i ty o f L e iden ) a nd Cha r le s C ar ter ( Un iver s i ty o f Akron ) h ave g iven g u idance i n g eo logy ( bu t mu s t n o t b e b lamed f or wha t a n ama teur h a s d one w i th i t ) , a nd C e la l T a sk in o ft he T urk i sh Geo log ic S urvey g enerous ly s upp l ied m e w i th t he r e su l t s o f h i s t e s t s o n t he v ar ie t ie s o f A fyon ma rb le . Mr . Ma r t in Hemm , Manag ing D irec tor o ft he V ermon t Ma rb le C ompany o fP roc tor ,V e rmon t , n o to n ly s howed me t h rough siona V er MarCo 's o pera t ion a nd a n swered many q ue s t ion sb u ta l so l ooked w i th ap rofes l 's e ye a t many p ho tograph s o f t he q uarr ie s a tI s ceh i sa r . s or G sics o P rofes . P . Goo ld , Cha irman o f t he D epar tmen t o f C las f Y a le Un iver s i ty , s t l g enerou s ly g ave me a cces o t he d epar tmen t 's e xce len t l i bra ry i n t he w in ter o f 1 984 . Iam l d eep ly g ra tefu l t o L uc i la Mar ino a nd t he s t aff o f t he l i brary o f t he Amer ican A cademy i n Rome , where mo s to fr e search f or t h i s monograph a nd o ther p ro jec t s wa sc arr ied o u ts ummer a f ter s ummer a nd t h roughou t 1 984 . r as sing t I ti sa lway s embar of i nd e p igraph i s t s s t umb l ing o ver e ach o ther , b u t o ne d oub t s l s t ha t t he p resen t c a se w i l b e t he l a s t . On t he a sump t ion t ha t t he g ran t ing o f a re search s t p erm i t i mp l ied s o le a cces on ew ma ter ia l , Id ec ided e a r ly o n t oc omp i le ac orpus o fq uarry l i n scr ip t ion s r a ther t han t o p ub l i sh t hem i n i n s ta lmen t s , i n o rder b o th t o g a in ab road b a se l o fu nder s tand ing o ft he i n scr ip t ion s , wh ich a re u sua ly u n informa t ive o ne b y o ne , a nd t ob e rie a b le t op resen tt hem t oge ther w i th as t udy o ft he q uar sa sa n i n s t i tu t ion . I n t he meanwh i le T homa s D rew-Bear , who se work i nP hryg ian e p igraphy c on t inue s t he a dm irab le t r ad i t ion o f ry i L ou i s Rober t , h a s b egun t op ub l i sh ( and r epub l i sh ) q uar n scr ip t ion s i n t he j u s t t he f orma t wh ich i ts eemed b e s t t o a vo id ( s ee b e low , p . 2 2 ) . I ti su nfor tuna te t ha t i th a s n o t b een sib p os le t o work o u t as en s ib le d iv i s ion o f l abor . The p ro jec t wa ss uppor ted d ur ing 1 985 b y ag enerou sg ran tf rom t he Un iver s i ty o f Akron R e search O ff ice a nd aS ummer S t ipend f rom t he Na t iona l E ndowmen t f or t he Human i t ie s . I n 1 986 h e lp w a s p rov ided b y t he Un iver s i ty o f Akron a nd t he O ff ice o f t he D ean o f t he l B uch te l C o lege o f A r t s a nd S c ience s , t he Amer ican C ounc i l o f L earned S oc ie t ie s , a nd t he l Amer ican P h i lo soph ica l S oc ie ty . Iowe t he se a genc ie s g ra t i tude f or mora la sw e la sf i nanc ia l s uppor t . Ih ave b een s t ead i ly a pprec ia t ive o f t he e ncouragemen t a nd c rea t ive h e lp o f t he l d ean o f t he C o lege o f A r t s a nd S c ience s , C la ibourne E . G r iff in , who s t and s a sa na rgumen t a ga in s t s kep t ic i sm t ha t h uman i s t ic r e search c an t h r ive a t l a rge p ub l ic i n s t i tu t ion s l i ke t he l Un iver s i ty o f Akron . It hank T r i sh E lg in f or s k i led h e lp a nd a dv ice i n p repa r ing t he lu t sic i s tra t ion s a nd f or d raw ing t he l a s t f ew i n t oo l i t le t ime . G inger G ray , C las s D epar tmen t s ecre tary , w a s a mode l o f d i l igence a nd t o lerance i n t he f i na l p ha ses o f p roduc ing t he manu scr ip t . Iowe a grea t d eb t o f g ra t i tude t o An thony Hand s n o t o n ly f or h i s me t icu lou sg u idance o fB r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica lr epo r t sb u ta l so f or h i sc our teou sa nd l ongl s, i s uffer ing p a t ience . F ina ly , It hank L i sa a nd J ame sF en tres n who se g rac iou sh ou se b eh ind l t he C ance ler ia i n Rome t he l a rge s t s t re tch o f w r i t ing b ecame ap lea sure e ven i n t he Augu s t h ea t . November 1 988

i i v i

Abbrev ia t ions o f Works F requen t ly C ited

B acc in i 1 979 = P . B acc in i , Marm i d i c ava r i nvenu t i a d O s t ia ec ons ideraz ion i s u l c ommerc io d e i marm i i ne ta r omana ( S cav i d i O s t ia X , 1 979 ) . B lake 1 947 = M. E . B lake , A nc ien t R oman C ons truc t ion i nI t a ly f rom t he P reh is tor ic P e r iod t oA ugus tus [ Wa sh ing ton DC 1 947 ] , 5 2 , 5 4 , 1 81) . B ruzza 1 870 = L . B ruzza , " I scr iz ion i d e i marm i g rezz i , " A nna l i d e l I ns t i tu to 4 2 ( 1870 ) 1 06l 2 04 . I n scr ip t ion s f rom t h i s c o lec t ion a re c i ted i n t he f orm " Bruzza n o . 0 0 . " B uck ler , C a lder , C ox 1 928 = W. H . B uck ler , W . M . C a lder , a nd C . W . M . C ox , " As ia M inor l 1 924 . V . Monumen t s f r om t he Upper T embr i s V a ley , " J RS 1 8 ( 1928) 2 2-23 , n o s . 2 32-33 Chr i s to l&D rew-Bea r 1 987 =M . Chr i s to la nd T h .D rew-Bear ," Documen t sl a t in sd eP hryg ie , " T yche 1( 1986 ) 3 9-87 , e sp . 6 2ff . si 1 si l' I D egras 952 = A . D eg ras , IF as t i c onso lar i d el mpero r omano ( Rome 1 952 ) . rr Dubo i s 1 908 =Ch . Dubo i s ,E tude s ur l ' adm in is tra t ion e te xp lo i ta t ion d es c ar e res d e marbre , p orphyre , g ran i t . ..d ans l e monde r oma ine ( Par i s 1 908 ) . I n scr ip t ion s a re l i s ted i n t he f orm " Dubo i s n o . 0 0 . " Dworakow ska 1 983 = A . Dworakow ska , Qua rr ies i n Roman P rov ince s ( Wa r saw 1 983 ) . E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 = W . E ck a nd Th . D rew-Bea r , "M i l i tär-und S te inbrüch in schr if ten a u s P hryg ien , " C h iron 6( 1976 ) 3 12-18 , n o s . 1 6-25 . ry I F an t 1 984 = J .C . F an t , " Seven Uned i ted Quar n scr ip t ion s f rom Doc im ium ( I sceh i sar , Turkey ) , " ZPE 5 4 ( 1984 ) 1 71-82 . F an t 1 985 =J .C . F an t , " Four Unf in i shed S arcophagu s L id s i nt he Quarr ies a t Doc im ium a nd t he I mper ia l Quarry S y s tem i n P hryg ia , " AJA 8 9 ( 1985 ) 6 65-72 . F an t 1 987 = J . C . F an t , " Three S ea son s o f E p igraph ica l S urvey a t t he Roman I mper ia l ries a Quar t Doc im ium ( I sceh i sar ) 1 983-85 , " I V . A ra , s t irma s onuv lar t t op lan t is i . A nkara 2 63 0 May is 1 986 ( Anka ra 1 987 ) 1 27-32 . F an t 1 988 = J .C . F an t e d . , A nc ien t Marb le Q uarry ing a nd T rade ( Br i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epor t s , I n terna t iona l S er ies n o . 4 53 , 1 988 ) . F an t 1 989 = J .C . F an t , " Po ik i lo i L i tho i : t he Anoma lou s E conom ic s o f t he R oman I mper ia l ry a sica Ma rb le Quar tT eo s , "f or thcom ing i nt he P roceed ing s o ft he X th B r i t i sh Mu seum C las l l C o loqu ium ( Un iver s i ty o f L ondon I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy Monograph s ) . Horn a nd Rüger 1 979 = H. G . Horn a nd C . B . Rüger e d s . , D ie Num ider . R e i ter u nd K ön ige n örd l ich d er S ahara ( Bonn 1 979 ) 1 78 . l'As Monna-Pen sabene 1 977 =D . Monna a nd P .P en sabene , Marm id el ia Minore ( Rome 1 977) . P en sabene 1 978 = P . P en sabene , " A C a rgo o f Marb le S h ipw recked a t P un ta S c ifo n ea r C ro tone , " I JNA 7( 1978 ) 1 05-118 .

i x

R am say 1 882 = Wm . R am say , " I n scr ip t ion s i ned i te s d e marbre s p hryg iens , " Mé langes d 'Arc Ho log ie e td 'H is to ire 2( 1882 ) . Rober t 1 962 = L. Rober t , " Le s k ordak ia d eN icee , l ec ombu s t ib le d eS ynnada e tl e s p o is s on si èc le . P h i lo log ie e tr ea l i te s , " J .d es s c ies . S ur d e s l e t tre s d 'un me tropo l i te d e P hryg ia a u Xe s S avan ts 1 962 , 1 2-55 . Rober t 1 980 = L . Rober t , At r avers l ' As ie m ineure . P Mes e tp rosa teurs , monna ies g recques , v oyageu rs e t, Oograph ie ( Pa r i s 1 980 ) . Röder 1 971 = J . Röder , "Marmor p hryg ium . Wes tana to l ien , " J dI 8 6 ( 1971) 2 53-312 .

D ie a n t iken Marmorbrüche v on I s ceh i sar i n

Wae lken s 1 982a = M . Wae lken s , Dok ime ion . D ie W erks ta t d er r eprä sen ta t iven k le inas ia tt i s chen S arkophage ( Archäo log i sche F or schungen 1 , B er l in 1 982 ) . Wae lken s 1 982b = M . Wae lken s , " Car s d e marbre e n P hryg ia , " BMusAr t ( 1982 ) 3 3-54 . riere Wae lken s 1 985a = M . Wae lken s , D ie k le inas ia t ische T ürs te ine (Ma inz 1 985 ) Wae lken s 1 985b = M . Wae lken s , " From aP hryg ian Quar : T he P rovenance o ft he S ta tue s o f ry t he D ac ian P r isoner s i n T ra jan 's F orum a t Rome , " AJA 8 9 ( 1985) 6 41-53 . Wae lken s e t a l . 1 986 = Marc Wae lken s , P . D e P aepe a nd L . Moen s , " Survey i n t he Wh i te Marb le Quarr ies o f Ana to l ia , " I VA rap irma S onuv lar l T op lan t is i . A nkara 2 6-30 May i s 1 986 ( Anka ra 1 987 ) 13-126 . Wae lken s e t a l . 1 988? = Monumen ts D iscovered i n A s ia M inor b y C . W . M . C ox a nd A . C ameron f rom T iber ioupo l is , t h e Upper T embr is V al , a nd Mys ia A bba i t is , e d . B . L ev ick , ley S . Mi tche l , J .P ot , a nd M . Wae lken s ( i n p res . , l ter s)

Chap ter I I NTRODUCTION

ry T he i mmed ia te p urpo se o f t h i s monograph i st o p u t o n r ecord a new c orpus o f q uar i n scr ip t ion s f rom Doc im ium a nd t oi den t ify t he c on tr ibu t ion t hey make t ot he h i s tory o ft he q uarry a nd o f t he I mper ia l marb le s y s tem o f wh ich i t wa s ap ar t . I ti sn o t i n tended a s a rie d ef in i t ive t r ea tmen t o f t he Doc im ium q uar s ( a much l a rger p ro jec t ) b u t a s af ounda t ion l o n wh ich t o e rec t s uch . Ia l so h ope t ha t t he s t udy w i l b e o f i n tere s t t oh i s tor ian s o f Roman o rgan iza t ion s , I mper ia l a nd p r iva te , a nd t he ir e conom ic c u l ture . W i th s o me o ne h undred t wen ty i n scr ip t ion s a l ready p ub l i shed a nd t he t wo h undred f or ty l e d i ted h ere , Doc im ium n ow h a s t he mo s t e x ten s ive e p igraph ica l d ocumen ta t ion o f a l t he ries h I mper ia l q uarr ie s . E ach o f t he g rea t q uar a s ad i s t inc t ive c harac ter , a nd Doc im ium i s o ne o ft he more u nu sua l . A s al a rge o pera t ion w i th av a r ie ty o f p roduc t s i n f i ne ma rb le a nd f a r r e moved f rom e a sy ma r i t ime t r an spor t , i t embod ie s a number o f e x tremes among t he rie I mper ia l q uar s a nd s o i s ac on tro l c a se o fp ar t icu lar u t i l i ty f or i s o la t ing t he t h ink ing o fi t s t a dm in i s tra tor s . P avonazze to e n tered t he a rch i tec tura l r ep r to ire s l igh t ly l a ter t han s o me o f l t he o ther we lk nown p o lychrome marb les , b u ti t immed ia te ly b ecame o ne o ft he mo s tp r ized . l l T he p re sen t s t udy w i l h e lp f i l i nt he b ackground a ga in s t wh ich t oe va lua te o ther a dvance s . P rev ious Work l Doc im ium a nd i t s s ub s id ia ry q uarr ie s i n t he Upper T embr i s v a ley ( A l t in ta sova s i ) h ave l n ever f a len i n to c omp le te o bscur i ty , a nd i nt he p rev iou s t wo c en tur ies Doc im ium wa so nt he he k eene s t o f t hese wa s W i l iam l l i s t o f as t ream o f E uropean s cho lar-adven turer s .1 T H am i l ton , who h ad b ackground s i n b o th g eo logy a nd t he C las s , a nd wa s a b le t o g ive a sic g ood a ccoun t o f t he ma rb le b ed s a nd c opy a n umber o f d iff icu l t i n scr ip t ion s w i th a f a ir d egree o f r e l iab i l i ty ( s ee a l so b e low ) . The modern e ra f or q ua rry s t ud ie s i n g enera l b egan w i th L u ig i B ruzza 's p recoc iou s a nd s c rupu lou sp ub l ica t ion o ft h e n ear ly t h ree h undred f i f ty i n scr ibed ma rb le b lock sa nd c o lumn s l f ound when t he Marmora ta i n Rome w a s c l eared i n 1 870 . F or Doc im ium s pec if ica ly i t l t b egan w i th W i l iam Ram say 's s u s ta ined a ten t ion t oP hryg ia o ver f i ve d ecade s u n t i lh i sd ea th ar ly i n h i s c a reer h e g a thered a nd p ub l i shed al i t le c orpus o f t wen ty f i ve t i n t he 1 930s .2 E hereaf ter h e p as n h i s h arve s t q ua rry i n scr ip t ion s f rom D oc im ium a nd v ic in i ty .3 T s ed o d i rec t ly t o Momm sen f or i n c lu s ion i n t he s upp lemen t v o lume s o fC IL I I ( 1904 ) . Momm sen f r equen t ly a pp l ied b o ld c on jec ture t o t he se t ex t s i n o rder t o b r ing f or th s o me s en se where n one h ad b een a pparen t ; h e wa s n o t a lway s s ucces l . I n f ac t , t he t r ea tmen t o f q uar s fu ry i n scr ip t ion s f e l b e low t he u sua ls t anda rd : i nt hree i n s tance s ( af our th i sl e sc l ea r ) wha t mu s t l s b e t he s a me i n scr ip t ion w a s p ub l i shed t w ice i n n ea r ly i den t ica l d oub le t s , o nce p r in ted s i de b y s i de ( I 7 010 = 7 011 , 7 020 = 1 3653 [ 7015 ] , 7 040 = 1 2235 , a nd p robab ly 7 018 = 7 019 ) . I I Ha rd o n t he h ee l s o f t he p ub l ica t ion o f v o lume I I f o lowed t wo g enera l work s o n q uar s l rie t ha t g ave d ue a ten t ion t oD oc im ium : O to H ir schfe ld 's t yp ica ly c l ea r-headed s urvey o f t he t t l I mper ia l q uar y s tem i nD ie K a iser l iche V erwa l tungsbeam ten ( 1905 ) a nd t hen Ch . Dubo i s 's ry s d oc tora l t hes i s , wh ich a semb led c onven ien t ly ( i f n o t a lway s r e l iab ly ) a l t he e p igraph ica l s l 1 C o lone l R ichard P ococke , A D escr ip t ion o f t h e E as t ( London 1 743-45 ; Ch . T ex ier , D escr ip t ion d e l ' As ie m ineu re ( Par i s 1 839 ) 1 46-50 ; W . J . Ham i l ton , R esearches i nA s ia M inor , P on tus a nd A rmen ia ( London 1 842 ) 4 61f . On t he e a r ly t r ave ler s , s ee C . H . Em i l ie Ha spe l s , l T he H igh lands o f P hryg ia ( Pr ince ton 1 971) . 2 R am say 's p o s thumou s s t ud ie s , a semb led a nd e d i ted b y J .A . C . Ander son u nder t he t i t le s T he S oc ia l B as is o f Roman P ower i n A s ia M inor ( 1941) c on ta in s c hap ter s o n t he Roman s r e s iden t a t S ynnada , p ar t icu lar ly t he p rocura tor s a nd s t aff who a dm in i s tered t he I mper ia l e s ta te s a nd t he q uar s . rie 3 R am say 1 882 . 1

I I e v idence . One o ft he a noma l ie s o f t he C IL i st ha tq ua rry i n scr ip t ion s , e xcep ti n v o lume V I l f or A f r ica a nd I I f or A s ia , a re a lmo s t e n t ire ly a b sen t . B ruzza 's c o lec t ion w a s n ever i ncorpora ted i n v o lume V I , a nd o n ly av ery f ew O s t ian i n scr ip t ion s a ppear i n v o lume X IV se l ( 2014-26 ) . Momm sen , H ir schfe ld , a nd D res l w ere a l v ery a ware o f t h i s t ype o f se l l i n scr ip t ion , a nd D res la to ne t ime w a sa c tua ly p repar ing ac o lec t ion o fq uarry i n scr ip t ions he p ro jec t , h owever , w a s n ever c omp le ted , a nd n ow a tt he d e s t ined t o b e v o lume XV .3 .4 T o ther e nd o f t he t wen t ie th c en tury t he g ap i n t he C o rpus i se ven l a rger a nd more c ons p icuou s . T he d ecade b efore t he o u tbreak o ft he F ir s t Wor ld War w a s ah igh-wa ter mark i nq uarry s t ud ie s . I n tere s t t hereaf ter w aned f or d ecades d e sp i te t he mode s t s ucces f r e levan t sion o a r t ifac t s r epor ted i n t he v o lume s o f MA MA c hron ic l ing t he t r ave l s o f Chr i s topher C ox , W . M . C a lder , Wm . B uck ler a nd c ompan ion s . P erhap s c l o se a ten t ion t o q uarry a r t ifac t s a nd t t e chno logy a nd t ot he r epe t i t iou si n scr ip t ion st ha ta re t he u nder ly ing d ocumen ta t ion s macked u ncomfor tab ly o f a n t iquar ian i sm f or t he h i s tor ian s o f t he p o s t- War p er iod when t he i mpor tance o f p o l i t ic s a nd s t a tecraf t h ad b een n ew ly d emon s tra ted b y ac onvu l s ing w ar a nd c ou ld , moreover , b ei nve s t iga ted n ow w i th t he n ew a nd s ha rp t oo lo fp rosopography . F or a rc haeo log i s t s a nd a r t h i s tor ian s f r e sh s i te s t o e xcava te a nd u nmanageab le q uan t i t ie s o f n ew i a o b jec t s ( t he p ace o f c l ear ing a tP ompei nd O s t ia d ur ing t he t h ir t ie s wa s f ar f rom u n ique ) made n ew d i rec t ion s d iff icu l t . r en More t han a ny o ther i nd iv idua l , J .B . Ward P erk in s i s re spon s ib le f or t he c ur ti n teres t i n marb le s t ud ie s . I t i s n o t s urpr i s ing t ha t h i s i n te res t i n t he marb le t r ade d eve loped a l ong s ide h i s i nvo lvemen t w i th t he S ou th E trur ia S urvey a nd i t s c omm i tmen t t o s t udy ing si s y s tem s o ver s i ng le o b jec t s o r s i te s . H i s p aper s d emon s tra ted t he n eces ty ( and u t i l i ty ) o f l ook ing a t a r t a nd a rch i tec ture a s t he o u tcome o f c omp lex e conom ic a nd t e chno log ica l se p roces s . H i s c h ief e ffor t s w ere d i rec ted t owa rd L epc i s Magna a nd , l a ter , t oward P roconnesu s a nd t he s a rcophagu s t r ade , b u t h i s l a s t p ub l i shed p aper s o f 1 980 s how t ha t Doc im ium w a s b ecom ing i ncrea s ing ly i n tere s t ing t o h im .' I n t he s ame p er iod t wo s cho lar s o f d ifferen t b ackground s made i mpor tan t c on t r ibu t ion s t o u nder s tand ing t he Doc im ium q uarr ie s . J o sef Röder , al i fe long s tuden t o f a nc ien t t e chno logy , made a n e x tended s t udy o f Doc im ium f rom t he t e chn ica l p o in t o f v i ew ( 1971) , i nc lud ing t he o n ly t opograph ica l p lan s o f t he a nc ien t s i tes t od a te . L ou is Rober t t oward t he s e nd o f h i s l i fe w ro te al e ng thy e say o n t he Doc im ium q ua rr ie s a nd t he t own , l o ca t ing i ti n t he h i s tory o f A s ia i n to t he B yzan t ine p er iod a nd i n s i s t ing u pon i t s s pec ia l c ha rac ter a s a s acred p lace o f Cybe le . l T oday ma rb le s t ud ie s o fa l k ind s a re e n joy ing ag rea ti ncrea se o fi n tere s t , a lmo s tv ogue . V a luab le work c oncern ing Doc im ium h a s b een ( and i s b e ing ) d one b y Ma rc Wae lken s . l l F o low ing a comprehen s ive a na ly s i s o f P hryg ian w ork shop s t urn ing o u t t omb s tone s c a led " door s tone s " f rom t he ir t r ademark mo t if , Wae lken s s tud ied t he p roduc t ion o f t he s a rcophag i l i n wh i te marb le , i nc lud ing t he o pu len ta nd w ide ly e xpor ted mode l o nce c a led S idamara b u t l n ow g enera ly k nown a s A s ia t ic c o lumna r s a rcophag i . I th ad b een a greed t ha t t h e se a nd r e la ted t ypes w ere made o f P hryg ian marb le , b u t t he l o ca t ion o f t he work shop (s ) h ad b een much d eba ted o n i nconc lu s ive e v idence . Wae lken s i den t if ied a n a rch i tec tura l mo t if o f t he h i s h ypo thes i s h a s b een s a rcophag i a l so o n t he d oor s tone s o f a w ork shop a t D oc im ium .6 T c onf irmed n ow b y t he d i scovery a tt he q uar s t hemse lve s o f r oughed o u t l i ds i n tended f or rie

H ir schfe ld ( 1905 ) 1 62 n . 5 ,e sp . t he p ar t wh ich r un s o ver o n to p . 1 63 . e spec ia ly " Tr ipo l i tan ia a nd t he Ma rb le T rade , "J RS 4 1(1951) 8 9-104 ;" Roman Gar land l S arcophag i f rom t he Quar s o f P roconnesus (Ma rma ra ) , " R epor t o f t he Sm i thson ian rie I ns t i tu t ion f or 1 957 ( 1958 ) 4 55-67 ; " The I mpor ted S arcophag i o f Roman T yre , " BMBeyrou th 2 0( 1969 ) 1 08-41 ; o ther r eference s i n" N icomed ia a nd t h e Marb le T rade , " BSR 4 8 ( 1 980 ) 2 36 9 a nd " The Marb le T rade a nd i t s O rgan iza t ion : E v idence f rom N icomed ia , " D 'Arms a nd Kopff e d s . , T he S eaborne C ommerce o f A nc ien t R ome : S tud ies i nA rchaeo logy a nd H is tory ( Rome 1 980 ) 3 25-38 . 6 W ae lken s 1 982a a nd 1 985b ( i n p res or an umber o f y ea r s ) , c f . 1 982b . s f 4

5S ee

2

lken s h a s a l so s hown t ha t t he p avonazze to D ac ian s o f T ra jan ' s t c o lumnar s a rcophag i . 7 Wae F orum w ere a l so p roduced ( t aken t o ah igh s t a te o f f i n i sh ) i n t he I mper ia l q uarr ie s o f e P hryg ia . T he e v idence i s a t o r so f ound b y C ox a nd s en a ga in r ecen t ly — i n much r educed rie l here i sn o r ea son c ond i t ion — b y Wae lken s i nt he q uar s i nt he Upper T embr i s V a ley .8 T t o t h ink t ha t t he c h ief q uarr ies a t Doc im ium i t se lf w ere n o t a l so i nvo lved i n t h i s o rder . l rie These d i scover ie s d rama t ica ly c hange o ur p ic ture o f t he I mper ia l q uar s i n P hryg ia . s ed b I n s tead o f a st ra igh tfo rwa rd o pera t ion t u rn ing o u t c o lumn s a nd n ea t ly d res lock s o f t p avonazze to f or v eneer a nd p av ing , t he I mper ia l a dm in i s tra tor s a re r evea led d i rec t ing a l so s fu l ama jor s cu lp ture work shop wh ich c ompe ted s ucces ly i n t he e xpor t ma rke t . Moreover , tered f ries ( r ecen t s cat ind s o fa rch i tec tura l e l emen t s a tt he q uar s ee Append ix I )s ugge s t t ha t w e may e xpec t t o s ee t h e g amu t o f p roduc t s b roadened b y d i scover ies . The p re sen t s t udy f ocu se s o n t he more f am i l iar p roduc t ion o f b lock s a nd c o lumn s o f t t p avonazze to , n ow a te s ted b y t he n ew ma ter ia l wh ich h a s emerged f rom t he d ebr i s b ear ing i n scr ip t ion s a nd i n g rea t q uan t i ty d ur ing t he l a s t h a lf d ecade . A l though i ti ss o me t ime s s t d iff icu l t t os ay whe ther ab lock i so f wh i te o r c o lored marb le u n les here i s af r e sh b reak , l i ti ss t i l s t r ik ing t ha t o n ly t en ( 2 .4% ) o f t he n ew p iece s a re c l ear ly wh i te ( No s . 3 7 , 16 , 1 30 , 1 40 , 1 70 , 1 75 , 1 79 , 2 03 , 2 11 , 2 13 ) . Mo s t o f t he se p iece s d o n o t s eem t o b e o f s cu lp tura l t q ua l i ty ; t hey w ere p robab ly d es t ined f or t he s ame k ind o fd ecora t ive u se a st he p avonazze to . Wh i te marb le o f s t a tua ry g rade o r s haped f or u se a s ma jor a rch i tec tura l member s d oe s n o t a ppear a t B acaka le . None o f t he s a rcophagu s l i d s f ound a tt he q uarr ie s s eem s t oh ave c ome he f i ne wh i te marb le s em s t o h ave b een h and led b y ad ifferen t p roces e s f rom B acaka le .9 T f rom t ha t wh ich s en t h undreds o f t on s o f p avonazze to t o Rome a nnua ly . t l E v idence w a sg a thered f or t h i ss t udy d ur ing a nnua lv i s i t sa verag ing t wo w eek sf rom 1 983 t o 1 986 . Dur ing t he se c ampa ign s Iw a s a l so a b le t o s pend a g ood d ea l o f t ime w i th t he T urk i sh q uar tw ork , a n i nforma l v en ture i n to e thnoarchaeo logy wh ich h a s p roven r ymen a v ery u sefu l s i nce , a s R ober t a nd R öder a l so n o t iced w i th d e l igh t , many o f t he me thod s a nd t oo ls ( ch ief ly t he p ick ) u sed a tt he I s ceh i sar q ua rr ie s h ave r ema ined u nchanged . A l though 0 b u t i t ha s b een h e lpfu l t o q uarry t e chno logy p er s ei sb eyond t he s cope o ft h i s monograph ,1 k now t ha t , f or i n s tance , t here i sr oom f or o n ly t h ree o r f our men work ing t oge ther t ob reak ab lock f r ee o r f or o ne t od re ss i tw i th ap ick , wh ich t ake s as k i led man o n ly af ew d ay s . l Ih ave made s evera ls urvey so ft he s ub s id iary q uar so ft he A l t in ta sova s ia sw e la sv i s i t s rie l t o S uhu t ( Synnada ) , t h e a dm in i s tra t ive c en ter o f t he I mper ia l h o ld ing s i n P hryg ia . S ince q uarry ing t oday i n t he A l t in ta sova s i h a s b een v ery l im i ted ,t he a nc ien t d ebr i s h a s n o t b een much d i s turbed r ecen t ly , a nd l i t le n ew ma ter ia l h a s a ppeared t here . T h i s s t udy h a s l i t le t o t t a dd t o t he o lder e v idence ( s ee b e low , p . 9 ) . 11 D escr ip t ion o f t he S i te Doc im ium i s i n c en tra l P hryg ia ( now t he p rov ince o f A fyon ) , i n t he e a s tern o f t wo l ry t v a ley s t ha t b ranch n or thward f rom t he o pen p la in a round A fyon a nd n ow c ar he r oad s l t o Kü tahya a nd Ankara ( I l . 1 ) . T he c h ief a nc ien t c i ty o f t he r eg ion w a s S ynnada , s o me 3 0 m i le s t o t he S ,s ea t o ft he Roman p rocura tor i n c harge o ft he e x ten s ive I mper ia l h o ld ing s i n 2 t he a rea .1

F an t 1 985 . Wae lken s 1 985b . 9 F an t 1 985 . 1 0 The mo s t a u thor i ta t ive s t udy o f t he e vo lu t ion o f q uar e chn ique s i sn ow M . Wae lken s , ry t L . Moens a nd P . D e P aepe , " Pat s o f E x trac t ion a nd P roduc t ion i n t he Wh i te Marb le tern Quar f t he Med i ter : H i s tory , P re sen t P rob lem s a nd P ro spec t s , " i n F an t 1 988 . ries o r anean i C IL I I 1 2227-29 , f i r s t r ead b y R amsay 1 882 ( here No s . 3 22 a nd 3 4 2) ;B uck ler , C a lder , C ox 1 928 , 2 2-23 n o s .2 32-33 ; E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 ) 3 12-18 , n o s . 1 6-25 . N ew i n scr ip t ion s w i l l b e p ub l i shed i n Wae lken s e ta l . 1 988? . 1 2 S ee J .S t rubbe , " A G roup o fI mper ia l E s ta te s i nC en tra l P hryg ia , "A ncSoc 6( 1975 )2 29-50 . 7

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T he a nc ien t c i ty o f Doc im ium l i e s p re sumab ly u nder p re sen t-day I s ceh i sar , w h ich i s l a bou t l km W o ft he Ankara r oad 2 0 km f rom A fyon . The s i te h a s n ever b een f orma ly s tud ied , b u t b o th i n Ham i l ton 's t ime a nd t oday a bundan t a rch i tec tura l f r agmen t s a re v i s ib le i n l l 3 T he q uarrymen mu s t h ave l i ved i nt he v i lage a nd wa lked o u t t o t he s t ree t s o ft he v i lage .1 l t he q uarr ies e very d ay , much a s t he f armer s who work t he whea t a nd p oppy f i e ld s s t i l d o r ack t oday . No t r ace s o fa ny b ar so rp ermanen ts he l ter ss uch a sh ave b een r ecorded a ts evera l 4 rie e rie o ther ma jor q uar s u nder I mper ia l c on tro l h ave b een s en a t t he D oc im ium q uar s .1 T he q uar s a re o n t he o ther s i de o f t he Ankara r oad f rom t he v i lage a nd s t re tch f rom rie l 2 t he r oad SW i n an arrow l km l i ne s o me 7 km . T he marb le i n t he f i r s t h a lf o f t h i s b and , u t ot he s t ream o ft he Av sa r , i s mo s t ly wh i te ; t here i sn os i gn t ha t i t wa s worked i na n t iqu i ty . I ti sh a rd t o i mprove u pon Ham i l ton 's d e scr ip t ion o f t he s i te a s h e s aw i ti n t he e a r ly 1 9 th c en tury : B efore r each ing [ t he q uar s ] , t he ir e x i s tence w a s p o in ted o u tb y ah und red l i t le rie t mounds o r mon t icu le s o fc h ipp ing s f rom t he e x t rac ted b lock s , a sw e l a ss urround ing t he l e n trance t ot he p r inc ipa lo pen q uar i . e . , B acaka le ] . T h i sh a s b een worked h or izon ta ly ry [ l i n to t he h i l , t he s i de s o f wh ich a re c u t a way p erpend icu lar ly t o av ery g rea t h e igh t , f or l t ho se s p lend id c o lumn s wh ich w ere t o g ra t ify t he p r ide o f t he r u ler s o f t he wor ld . The ma rb le i s high ly c ry s ta l ine ,a nd o ccur so ft he f o low ing v ar ie t ie so fc o lour : wh i te ,b lue i sh l l wh i te ; wh i te w i th y e low v e in s ; wh i te w i th b lue v e in s ; a nd wh i te w i th b lue s po t s , h av ing l

Wm . Ham i l ton , R esea rches i nA s ia M inor , P on tus , a nd A rmen ia ( London 1 842 ) 4 61 . On s t ruc tures o ft h i s t ype , s ee J .C a rpen ter a nd D . B oyd ," Dragon Houses : E ubo ia ,A t ika , t Ka r ia , " AJA 8 1 ( 1977 ) 1 89-93 ; H . G . Horn , " D ie a n t iken S t e inbrüche v on Chem tou/S imm i tt hu s , " i n Horn & Rüger 1 979 , 1 73-80 ; J . Röder a nd T h . K rau s , "Mon s C laud ianu s , B er ich t T aber e ine e r s te E rkundung sfahr t i m Mä rz 1 961, " M i t . K a ir . , B and 1 8 ( 1962 ) 8 7ff . , a nd T . t Koze l j, " Carr ires g reque s , r o ma ine s e tb yzan t ines : t e chn ique e to rgan i sa t ion , " i nF an t 1 988 . 1 5 Ih ave s ea rched t h i s a rea s evera l t ime s f or a nc ien t t r ace s a nd t oo l mark s a nd f ound n one . Röder s ay s l i t le a bou t t h i s z one , b u t h e t oo mu s t h ave e xam ined i tc l o se ly . t 1 3 1 4

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l a lmo s t ab recc ia ted a ppearance . A l t r ace s o fs t ra t if ica t ion a re o b l i tera ted , b u t i n af ew l l o ft he c av i t ie sa re s ome f i ne s pec imen so fc oncen tr ic c ry s ta l ine s par . E xp lor ing t he h i l s l b eyond If ound s evera l more q uarr ie s t ot he E . a nd S .E . , b u ta l worked d ownward s f rom l t he t op , n o t f rom t he s i des o ft he h i l l i ke t he o ne t o wh ich my g u ide h ad l e d me . A s f a r s o r ounded b l a s Ic ou ld a scer ta in , t h i s mas f marb le i s en t ire ly s ur yt r achy t ic h i l s , t o wh ich l l i t o wes i t sc ry s ta l ine a nd a l tered c ha rac ter , b e ing t oa l a ppea rance ap or t ion o ft he o lder s econdary l imes tone c augh t u p , a nd e nve loped b y t he p ro truded v o lcan ic r ock s a nd 6 l c ry s ta l ized b y i gneou s a c t ion . "1 Ham i l ton s pen t o n ly a b r ief t ime a t t he q uar s b u t a pprehended t he f undamen ta l rie d i s t inc t ion b e tween B acaka le , ah uge v enue s y s tema t ica ly d r iven i n to r i s ing g round o ver l s evera l c en tur ie s ( F ig . 1 ) , a nd s ma ler p i t s worked f rom g round l e ve l d own ( G rüben , i n l R öder 's t e rm ino logy ) . H i s s harp e ye a l so n o ted a l t he c h ief t ype s o f marb le i ff or " b lue i sh " l w e u nder s tand p urp l i sh . T he Geo logy o f t he Marb le B ed s a t D oc im ium F ina ly , a n i n troduc t ion t o aq uar t udy mu s t t ake i n to a ccoun t t he g eo log ica l h i s tory l ry s 7 A n on-sc ieno ft he a rea a nd i t sc on sequence s . T he b e s ta ccoun tn ow i st ha to fD . Monna .1 t i s t c an a dd n o th ing o f a te chn ica l n a ture . B u t i ti sp erhap s wor th empha s iz ing t ha t t he marb le b eds a t Doc im ium w ere f ormed b y c on tac t me tamorp h i sm , n o t t he more u sua l r eg iona l me tamorph i sm i nvo lv ing r i s ing p res nd s ure a t emperature f ro m t e c ton ic movemen t s o ver a l ong s pan o f y ear s . Me tamorph i sm a t Doc im ium o ccurr ed i n an u mber o f p ha ses b eg inn ing a s e ar ly a s t he P erm ian . B u t wha t i sv i s ib le a t D oc im ium t oday e v oke s a v i s ion o f a p rocess t ha t wa s q u ick a nd v io len t : r ep ea ted e rup t ion s s en t w ave s o f l ava d own F igure 1 G eneral V iew o f B acakale f rom t he E ntrance ( 1984) f rom t he Nor th , a nd t hey l i tera ly c ooked l t he b ed s o f l ime s tone . I fo ne w a lk s a t r i gh t a ng les t o t he s p ine o f h i l s i n wh ich t he q uarl r i e s r un NW-SE , v ery q u ick ly s moo th b a sa l t a nd d ior i te s c ome u nderfoo t a nd g ive t he l a nd scape ad a rk l unar a spec t . R ecen t ly t he a c tua l c on tac t z one h a s b een r evea led i n an ea t s ec t ion a s t he e n trance t o B acaka le ( anc ien t a nd modern ) h a s b een d eepened . A b and , l e s s t hen t wo me ter s w ide , o f v e s icu lar , a lmo s t f l uffy p ebb le s s how s where t he l a va f i r s t e n-

Ham i l ton , R esearche s ( above , n o te 1 )4 61 . I n Monna-Pen sabene 1 977 , 1 9-25 , 2 9-34 ; Monna w a s c o-au thor o f t ha t work a nd w ro te t he g eo log ica l s e c t ion s o n e ach q uar a sed o n h i s f i e ldwork . S ee a l so t he M . S aya r a nd K . ry b E rguvan l i , T ürk iye Merme r ler i y e I nsaa t T a , s lar t ( 1962 ) 4 ff . 1 6

1 7

5

8 c oun tered t he mo i s t l ime s tone , s end ing s t eam f ro th ing t h rough t he ma rg in s o f b o th .1

I n p rac t ica l t e rm s , c on tac t me tamorph i sm mean s v a r iab i l i ty , s i nce t empera ture s f a l o ff l a way f rom t he l a va , a nd p oro s i ty , s i nce t here wa s n o r egu lar i n s i s ten t p res ver t hous ure o s and s o f y ear s t o c l o se u p n a tura l f l aw s i n t he l ime s tone b ed s ( wh ich wa ter s eepage c ou ld t t hen a tack more e ffec t ive ly ) . T ec ton ic movemen t s t hen i n tervened t o s t and t he s t ra ta u p l n ear ly v er t ica ly a nd i n troduce c omp lex j o in t ing . T he r e su l t i sd epo s i t s a tt he o ppo s i te e nd sive ra o ft he s pec trum f rom t he mas ,r e la t ive ly u n iform b ed sa tC ar ra o rP roconnesu s . Mar t in H emm , manager o f o pera t ion s f or t he V ermon t Marb le C ompany ( USA ) , wh ich a l so h a s e x ten s ive h o ld ing s i n t he Odenwa ld i n Germany , k ind ly e xam ined p ho tograph s o fB acaka le s ed t ry s a nd e xpres he o p in ion t ha t n o Wes tern c ompany c ou ld a fford t o q uar uch f r ac tured r a nd i regu lar b ed s s i nce t hey c anno t r egu lar ly p roduce t he 2 5-to 3 0-ton b lock s w h ich c an b e c u t i n to 2 cm s l ab s b y g ang-saw . T h i s i sc orrobora ted b y t he f ac t t ha t n o more t han 5% rie o f t he p re sen t o u tpu t o f t he q uar s i so fe xpor t g rade . Mo s t i ss h ipped t o t he Gu lf s t a te s ; ra t b uyer s f or t he g rea t C ar ra f i rm s t ake l i t le o f t he o u tpu t b ecause d ynam i te c rea te s m icrof rac ture s wh ich w eaken t he r ock . I ti sc er ta in ly t r ue t ha t Tu rk i sh q uarry ing i s heav i ly r ymen d l l aborin ten s ive , a nd l abor i sc heap ( a l though q uar o r e la t ive ly w e l ) . O f c our se t h i s s t wou ld n o t h ave b een s uch ac on s idera t ion i nt he Roman p er iod , b u tn one the les he I mper ia l sive manager ss howed ap reference f or , a nd ac anny u nder s tand ing o ft he e conom ic so fm as ly r ara a b edded ma rb le s ( par t icu lar ly C ar nd P roconne su s ) . B u t when t he g rea t d i s tance f rom s eaborne t r an spor ti s added , t he t wo d i sadvan tage s t oge ther mean t ha tt he I mper ia l manager s d ec ided t ha t t he ma rb le o f Doc im ium mer i ted ah igh l e ve l o f i nve s tmen t a nd ag rea td ea l o f e ffor t . ries i The H is tory o f t he I mper ia l Quar n P hryg ia T he n ew i n scr ip t ion s make n o c on tr ibu t ion t o o ur k now ledge o f t he e ar ly h i s tory o f t he rie t q uar s i n P hryg ia . Wha t l i t le i sk nown a bou t t he t own i t se lf c an b e s umma r ized q u ick ly . l T hen i tw i l b e wor th wh i le t or econ s ider wha t e v idence w e d o h ave i n t he Roman s ource s . C o in s f rom t he m in t o f Doc im ium i n t he s econd c en tury v aun ted t he d oub le e thn ic l Makedonön D ok imeön , a nd i n scr ibed e p igram s a luded t o t he g lor ious p a s t o f t h e c i ty , o ne 9 D ok imo s w a s ag enera l o f An t igono s . I n 3 02 i n s tead l s pec if ica ly t ot he f ounder D ok imo s .1 o fh o ld ing S ynnada a ga in s tL y s imacho s , h ee xecu ted at ime ly a bou t-face a nd t urned t he c i ty a nd i t s r oya l t r ea sure o ver t o L y s imacho s , who i n t u rn c onveyed S ynnada a nd i t s t e rr i tory 8 L . Rober tr ecen t ly d efended t h i st r ad i t iona la ccoun ta ga in s t b ack t o Dok imo s a s af i efdom .2 t he s kep t ic i sm o f W . M . R am say ( among o ther s ) o n t he o cca s ion o f t he r e is fh i s S oc ia l s ue o B as is o f R oman P ower i nA s ia M inor i n 1 961 . R am say h ad c a led a ten t ion t o S t rabo 's u se l t o f t he word k ome f or t he v i lage o f Doc im ium ( XI .14 ) a nd a rgued t ha t t h i s p o in ted t o a n l I.8 1 A s ia t ic t ype o f v i lage , n o t t he p o l is o f G reek f orm t ha t Dok imo s wou ld h ave f ounded .2 l Rober t 's d efen se w a s h ard ly n eces i nce i ts t ra in s c redu l i ty t o i mag ine t h e v i lager s s ary s l

1 8 T h i s a ccoun t i sb a sed i np a r to n Monna 's a ccoun t i n Monna-Pen sabene 1 977 , 2 9f . a nd o n t he a sesm t o fP au l D e P aepe , as en ior g eo log i s t o ft he Un iver s i ty o f Gen t who i sp ar t o f s s en t he B e lg ian t e am ( w i th Marc Wae lken s ,D epar tmen to fA rchaeo logy a nd A r tH i s tory ,C a tho l ic Un iver s i ty o f L euven a nd R e sea rch As ia te o f t he B e lg ian N a t iona l F und f o r S c ien t if ic s oc R e search , a nd L uc Moen s , I n s t i tu te o f Nuc lear S c ience , Un iver s i ty o f Gen t ) c onduc t ing a l ma jor s urvey , s amp l ing ,a nd a na ly t ica le ffor td i rec ted a ta l t he ma jor wh i te ma rb le q uarr ie s i n t he Med i terranean . S ee t he p re l im inary r epor t Wae lken s e ta l . 1 986 , a nd Wae lkens e ta l . s) 1 987 ( i n p res . Iw a s f or tuna te t ob e a b le t oa ccompany t he t e am i n 1 985 i n P h ryg ia a nd t o sion s t he i s land o f Marmara ( P roconne su s )a nd g e tt he b enef i to fD ePaepe 's i mpres s ,d oub t les l l lu much o ver s imp l if ied h ere . S ee D e P aepe 's e xce len t a nd w e l i s tra ted g enera l a ccoun t o f len t he g eo logy o f marb le f orma t ion i n Marbres h el iques . D e l a c arr iere a u c hef-d 'oeuv re l ( Cred i t C ommuna l , B ruxe le s 1 988) 1 2-19 . 1 9 C o in s : S yl ummorum G raecorum . D eu tsch land . S amm lung v on A u lock . P hryg ien , l oge N v o l . 9( Ber l in 1 964 )n o s . 3 554 a nd 3 555 . ; i n scr ip t ion s :R ober t 1 980 , 2 40 , c f .R evPh 1 934 , 2 67f . 2 0 P au san ia s 1 . 8 .1 ; D iodoru s XX .107 .4 . 2 1 R am say , S oc ia l B as is ( above , n o te 2 ) , 2 86f .

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i nven t ing a f ounda t ion s t ory o u t o f who le c l o th f or a t own n amed D oc im ium wh ich i n ( pu ta t ive ) f ac t h ad a n o r ig in u nconnec ted w i th t he l o ca l s a t rap D ok imo s .2 T he p re-Roman h i s tory o ft he q ua rry i t se lf a nd o ft he u se o fi t s ma rb le s i nA s ia i s , a sf a r t a s Ik now , a blank . F rom t he R oman s i de , t oo , t he u sua l s ource s h ave l i t le t o s ay . P l iny s ed n s m is o c hance i n h i s Na tu ra l H i s to ry t o a soc ia te t he i mpor t o f f i ne ma rb le s w i th t he n dl i nked t he d yna s t s o f t he l a te R epub l ic e ach w i th o ne o f l l c o lap se o f a l mora l q ua l i t ie s e t he s t one s ( NH 3 6 , e sp . 4 8-49 ) ;` 3 b u th eh a sn o th ing t os ay a bou tp avonazze to . T h i s s ugge s t s t t ha t t h i s ma rb le w a s o ne o f t he l a s t o f t he ma jor d ecora t ive s t one s t o b ecome k nown a t 4 R ome .2 l t A r eference i n t he T ibu lan c o rpu s2 5 s how s t ha t c o lumn s o f p avonazze to w ere c om ing l s l i n to Rome b yt he t ime t ha tc o lec t ion w a s a semb led ( T ibu lu s d ied a round t o 1 9B .C .2 6 T h i s s o l i st he e ar l ie s t men t ion o f t he ma rb le , b u t s urenes f t he a lu s ion s ugge s t s t ha t i tc ou ld 7 n o thave b een an ove l ty t os oph i s t ica ted r eader s o f t he d ay .2 sion t An i mpor tan tr ema rk o fS t rabo r e inforce st he i mpres ha t t he ma rb le w a s i n troduced t o Rome o n ly a tt he e nd o ft he R epub l ic o ri nt he e a r ly y ea r so ft he Emp ire . T he g eographer rie l o b served w i th e n thu s ia sm t ha t" a tf i r s tt he q uar sp roduced o n ly s ma lp iece so f ma rb le , b u t n ow o n a ccoun to ft he R oman s ' w ea l th l a rge mono l i th ic c o lumn s a re t aken o u tt ha t r e semb le a l aba s ter i n t he ir v a r ie ty o f c o lor s ; a nd s o , e ven t hough t he t r an spor t o f s uch l o ad s mu s t b e b y s ea [ i n f ac t t he d i ff icu l t p ar t w a s t he 2 00-m i le o ver land l e g ] , b o th c o lumn s a nd c ru s tae I.8 a dm irab le f or t he ir s i ze a nd b eau ty a re b e ing i mpor ted t o R ome " ( XI .14 ) . S uch ag rea t e xpan s ion o f t he q ua l i ty a nd q uan t i ty o f t he o u tpu t i mp l ie s a change o f o wner sh ip a nd a rie c en tra l iza t ion o f e ffor t a nd p lann ing s uch a s t yp if ied t he g rea t I mper ia l q uar s . More e v idence f or t h i si st he f ac tt ha tS t rabo i den t if ied t he ma rb le t oh i s R oman a ud ience a sl i thos l S ynnad ikos a l though t h e l o ca l s , h e s ay s , c a led i tl i tho sD ok im i tes o r D ok ima ionen , a f ter t he rie t own a t t he q uar s . A s Wae lken s a nd o ther s h ave p o in ted o u t , t he d a te o f S t rabo ' s w ord s ( no l a ter t han c a . A . D . 1 8 ) ma rk s t he t e rm inu s a n te q uem f or R oman c on t ro l o f t he q ua rr ie s s i nce t he o n ly r ea son f o r t he l abe l " Synnad ic " w a s t ha t t he R oman a dm in i s t ra t ive c en ter f or P hryg ia w a s a tS ynnada .2 8 T hu s D oc im ium w a s mo s t l i ke ly a l ready u nder I mpe r ia l c on t ro l l ried o when ,a sS ue ton iu st e l su s ,T iber iu sc ar u ta ne xpropr ia t ion o fq ua rr ie s wh ich , h owever , may n o t h ave b een a s i mpor tan t a s i ti ss ome t ime s p ic tured .2 9 t T he f i r s t k nown ( t ha t i s , t he e a r l ie s t s urv iv ing ) u se o f p avonazze to a t R ome ( o r l l e l sewhere ) f i t s w e l c hrono log ica ly w i th t he l i tera ry e v idence . I n t he F orum o f Augu s tu s , t p avonazze to w a s u sed a s t he p av ing o f t he T emp le o f Ma r s U l tor .3 8 T he F orum w a s d ed ica ted i n 2BC b u t h ad b een a bu i ld ing f or many y ea r s . T he ma rb le w a s u sed a l so i nt he

2 2 R ober t , p .2 40ff . a rgued t ha tS t rabo s hou ld n o tb eh e ld t os uch s t r ic ta ccoun t when h ew a s n o t s peak ing s pec if ica ly o f p o l i t ica l s t a tu s . H e i nvoked a l so a d ed ica t ion ( Ka ibe l , l E p igramma ta 7 97 ; R ober t g ive s an ew p ho tograph a nd t ex t ) o f l a te H e len i s t ic d a te , i n l Rober t 's o p in ion ) f r om Smyrna i n wh ich a m an p roud ly c a led h im se lf D ok imeu s i n g ood l G reek f a sh ion . 2 3 C f . F an t 1 989 . 2 4 Gno l i 1 971 , 1 42 s t range ly s ay st ha ti tw a so ne o ft he f i r s tf ore ign ma rb le s k nown a tR ome . 2 5 II 3 . 13-14 : q u idve d omus p rodes t P hryg i i s i nn ixa c o lumn is? 2 6 RE Is . v . A lb iu s n o . 1 2 , 1 319 ( F . Ma rx ) . 2 7 c f . Monna-Pen sabene 1 977 , 4 8 . 2 8 Wa e lken s 1 982b , 3 6 n .2 3 . An e xamp le o ft he c onfu s ion c au sed b yt he d ua l n omenc la ture i sa ra re m i s take o n t h e p a r t o f B lake 1 947 , 5 9 i n s ay ing t ha t S ta t iu s I5 . 37-8 , s o la c avo P hryg iae q uam S ynnados a n tro / i p se c ruen tav i t e t c . , t e l s u s t ha t t he q ua rr ie s w ere a l l S ynnada . 2 9 T i . 4 9 ; p lu r im i s e t iam c i v i ta t ibu s e t p r iva t is v e te re s i mmun i ta tes e t i u s m e tal lo rum a c v e c t iga l ium a demp ta . T h i s i sa sweep ing s t a temen t , a nd i ti si mpos sib le t o t e l l j u s t h ow q uarr ie s , a s o ppo sed t om ine s , o r m inera l r e source s a s d i s t inc t f rom l a nd t axe s f i gured . 3 0

B lake 1 947 , 6 0 . 7

B a s i l ica A em i l ia , who se c o lumn s o f P hryg ian marb le P l iny ( NH 3 6 .102 ) s ing led o u t when men t ion ing i ta s among t he wonder s o f t he wor ld . T he se c o lumn s b e longed ( t he o ne s n ow v i s ib le a re o f a f r icano ) mo s t p robab ly t o t he r e s tora t ion a f ter t he f i re o f 1 4 BC , o r p erhap s hey c er ta in ly d o n o t g o b a ck t o t he o r ig ina l c ons truc t ion o f t o t he r enova t ion o f AD 2 2 .3 t t 2 P avonazze to wa s u sed a l so i n t he f l oor o f 1 79 BC , a sB lümner m i s taken ly u nder s tood i t .3 y t he d ea th o f Augu s tu s , i fn o tb efore , i t wa s e s tab l i shed a s o ne o ft he t he B a s i l ica J u l ia .3 B mo s t p r ized o f t he c o lored marb le s a nd w a s o n s how i n e very ma jor I mper ia l b u i ld ing t t hereaf ter . T he mo s t n o tab le u se i sc er ta in ly i n t he P an theon . T here p avonazze to n o t o n ly a c t s a s t he ma tr ix i n to wh ich t he i n tr ica te p av ing o f s quare s a nd i n scr ibed c i rc le s i ss e t , b u t i ta l so p layed t he l e ad ing r o le a st he marb le o ft he c o lumns a nd p i la s ter ss c reen ing t he a rched s f s -ax n iche a cros rom t he e n trance a nd t he n iche s o n t he ma jor c ros i s . sion t T here i s aw ide spread i mpres ha t t he Doc im ium q ua rr ies h ad s o mehow b ecome t he s ed i p roper ty o f Marcu s Agr ippa a nd p as n t ha t way i n to t he I mper ia l p a tr imony . T h i s i s b a sed o n t he s l ender e v idence o fa ni n scr ip t ion r epor ted b yF icoron i a nd r e s tored b y B ruzza , 4 T he i dea b egan w i th H ir schfe ld a nd h a s b een who d id n o t s ee i th im se lf , a s [4v] ippae .3 l ry u ncr i t ica ly r epea ted e ver s i nce .' T he f ragmen tary c o lumn c ar ing t he i n scr ip t ion wa s i f ound i n t he b a semen t o f ah ou se i n Rome i n t he q ua r ter where t he marmorar i w ere l 6 T here i sn o w ay t oc heck t he r e l iab i l i ty o ft he r ead ing , n or a re t here p ara le l s c oncen tra ted .3 t t o c ommend t he r e s tora t ion o f Agr ippa 's n ame . Is uspec t t ha t t he l e ter s F icoron i s aw b e longed t o at ype o f c ryp t ic i n scr ip t ion t ha t o ccur s n ow o n n ine p iece s o f P hryg ian t i lr ecen t ly , o n ly o ne o ft he se w a s k nown . B ruzza r ead i tG IP ; Dubo i sv en tured ma rb le .' 7 Un 8 t he a s ton i sh ing s upp lemen t[ A]G[rJIP[ael , wh ich h a sa l so b een r epea ted i nt he l i tera ture .3 B u t e ven i f e i ther o f t he se s upp lemen t s i sc orrec t , w e a re n o t e n t i t led t o c onc lude t ha t

B lake 1 947 , 6 0 , 1 76 . T echno log ie u nd T erm ino log ie d er G ewerbe u nd K üns te b e i G r iechen u nd R ömern ( Le ipz ig 1 884 ) I I p .5 3 . Gno l i p . 1 44 n . 2h ere c omm i t s a n u nu sua l l a p se i n s ay ing t ha t t he c o lumn s to t ha t P l iny s aw " non s ono , c ome n e d imo s trano ir e s t i , d i ' p avonazzet ' b en s i d i ' a f r icano , ' so l p roven ien te a nch 'es ,c ome v edremo ,d a la F r ig ia ,e ,p rec i samen te ,d aT eo s . "B lake c on s ider s t he a f r icano c o lumn s n ow v i s ib le t o b e l a ter s ub s t i tu tes . P hryg ian marb le mean t o n ly o ne t h ing t o t he Roman s , n or i si tc once ivab le t ha t P l iny ( o r a nyone e l se ) c ou ld c onfu se t he t wo ma rb le s i n a ppearance . 3 3 B lake 1 947 , 6 0 , 1 51 . 3 4 F icoron i , P iomb i , p . 1 4 ( apud B ruzza ) ; B ruzza 1 870 , n o . 2 55 = Dubo is 1 908 , n o . 2 25 . 3 5 H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 47 n . 1 ; Dubo i s 1 908 , i xa nd 8 1 ; B lake 1 947 , 5 9 ; J .B . Ward P erk in s , J RS 4 1 ( 1951) 1 02 n . 8 ,c f . EAA I V ( 1961) s . v . " marmo " p .8 62 ; Monna-Pen sabene 1 977 , 4 7 ; Dworakow ska 1 983 ,2 7 ,d u ly r ecord ing t he n a ture o ft he e v idence ; more c au t iou s ly , Wae lken s se 1 982b , 3 6 n .2 3 . H ir schfe ld r efer s t oD res l 's i n troduc to ry n o te o n l e ad s ea l s i n C IL XV p . se 9 88 , a t t he e nd o f wh ich D res l men t ioned a s c ompa randa t h i s t ex t , g iv ing i ta s [M . A gr] ippae , b u t h e i sc arefu l t o n o te t ha t i tw a s i n scr ibed . I f t he t ex t w ere o n a le ad s ea l i n ser ted i n to t he c o lumn , t here c ou ld b e n od oub t t ha ti tw a s as t a temen t o f owner sh ip o ft he ry q uar , s i nce s ea l s w ere r egu lar ly u sed i n t h i s way t o i nd ica te I mper ia l owner sh ip . The d ifference i sc ruc ia l . S im i lar m i sconcep t ion sa re a broad a bou t Cn . P ompe ius (Magnu so r ad escendan t ) a s owner ticu o f t he a f r icano q uarry a tT eo s ( on wh ich s ee F an t 1 989 ) a nd H erode s At s a s p ropr ie tor o f t he q ua rr ies o f P en te l icon ( H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 46 n . 5 , Dubo i s 1 908 , 9 9f . , a nd F iehn , RE I IA , 2 258 , i nvok ing P h i lo s tra to s , VS 5 50f . a nd P au san ia s 1 . 19 .6 f or n umerous p ro jec t s o f H erode s i n P en te l ic ma rb le — h a rd ly p roof o f owner sh ip ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 2 9 . P . t lia t lie ( G ra indor ,H erodes A t icus , Un m il rda ire a n t ique : He rode A t icus e ts af am il Ca iro 1 930 ) 1 82 n . 2 and J .D ay , A n E conom ic H is tory o f A thens u nder R oman Dom ina t ion ( New Y ork 1 942 ) 2 04 t hrow c o ld w a ter o n t he i dea . 3 6 R . L anc ian i , " Off ic ina marmorar ia d e la R eg ione X I , "B ul t ino d el ns t i tu to ( 1891) 2 3l I I le l I 2 6 ; c f . R u ins a nd Excava t ions o fA nc ien tR ome ( New Y ork 1 897 ) , p .5 25-27 a nd f i g . 2 05 a nd , ti o n t he d ock o f t he p re sumed s t a t io marmo rum i n t he C ampu s Ma r t iu s , s ee D . Marchet , l omm 1 " D 'un a n t ico mo b op er l os barco d e i marm i , " B ulC 891, 4 5 a nd p l . i i . 3 7 N o s . 8c ;6 ; 1 3 ; 4 h; 5a ; 1 2 ; 9 ; 1 ; No . 1 4 2. 3 8 D ubo i s 1 908 , 8 1 . 3 1

3 2

8

9 Agr ippa owned t he q uarry , o n ly t ha t h e owned t he c o lumn , a s B ruzza h im se lf h ad s een .3 T he i dea o f Agr ippa a s ama rb le magna te h a s b een i re s i s t ib le b ecau se i tf i t s s o w e l w i th h i s r l k nown i n tere s t s . T o b e s ure , e v idence t ha t h e w a s t he a u thor o f t he I mper ia l q uar y s tem ry s ff i c ina w ou ld b e v ery w e lcome , b u ta tp re sen t i ti sn o t a th and . A t Chem tou , h owever , a n o 0 d oe s h in t a t as pec ia l r e la t ionsh ip , b u t n o t n eces r i ly A gr ippae ( a tes ted o n ly i n AD 1 50 ) ,4 t sa 1 S ince t he owner sh ip : Agr ippa p erhap s o pened n ew w ork ing s , a s Wa rd P erk in s s ugges ted .4 C hem tou q uar ad v ery p robab ly b een t he p roper ty o ft he Num id ian k ing s , i t w ou ld h ave ry h p as irec t ly t o t he Roman s u pon t he r eorgan iza t ion o f t he e n larged p rov ince o f A f r ica s ed d 2 I n t h i s c a se t here wou ld h ave b een n o o ppor tun i ty f or ap r iva te p er son t og a in i n4 6 B . C .4 3 p os f t he s i te .4 s es sion o

I mper ia l h o ld ings i n P h ryg ia w ere b y n o mean s l im i ted t o t he q uarr ie s . I n f ac t , t he l o ca t ion o f t he a dm in i s tra t ion a tS ynnada r a ther t han a t Doc im ium p robab ly s how s t ha t t he q ua rr ies w ere n o te ven ap r imary c oncern o ft he p rocura tor P hryg iae . The q uarr ie sc er ta in ly h ad ap r iv i leged p lace a l ong s ide t he e x ten s ive a gr icu l tura l e s ta tes s i nce t hey h ad t he ir own a dm in i s tra tor ( a t l e a s t i n t h e s econd c en tury ) , t he p rocura tor marmorum , a l though h e may w e l h ave b een r e spon s ib le t ot he p rocura tor P hryg iae ." l A s ide f rom t he e v idence o fa c tua l c on s truc t ion , t he q ua rr ie s a re u ndocumen ted u n t i l t he i n scr ip t ion s b eg in ( t he f i r s t s e cure ly d a ted o ne a re l a te F lav ian o f AD 9 2 [ No s . 1 -14 e t c . ] , ) J o sef Röder p u t f orward t he i dea t ha t t he b u t t here i sa type wh ich i sp robab ly e ar l ier ) .4 o u tpu t o f t he q uarz ies w a s g rea t ly e xpanded t o mee t t he u nu sua l n eed s r e su l t ing f rom t he r econ s truc t ion a f ter t he f i re i n Rome o f6 4 . B u t t he g rea t ma jor i ty o f t h i s r ebu i ld ing wa s a d i s t inc t ly monumen ta l n a tu re , t o j udge b o th b y wha t s urv ive s a nd b y t he b u i ld ing c ode s uppo sed ly r egu la t ing t he n ew c on s truc t ion . More d i rec t ly r e levan t i st he b u i ld ing p rogram o f Dom i t ian a nd t he e ven more amb i t iou s p ro jec t s l aunched b y T ra jan . Our e a r l ie s t d a ted q uar n scr ip t ion s b eg in i n9 2 , a nd t hey l e t u s s ee ar ef lec t ion o ft he b u i ld ing b oom i n I t a ly ry i a tt ha t p er iod i nt he c on s tan t i nven tor ie s t ha t w ere c onduc ted i n t he P hryg ian q ua rr ies o ver t he n ex t t wo a nd ah a lf d ecade s ( c f . b e low , p .2 9 ) . Ano ther c on sp icuous r e su l t o f d emand f rom Rome wa s t he o pen ing o f an umber o f l s ub s id iary q ua rr ie s i nt he Upper T embr i s V a ley a tA 1 t in t4 , Va lor saz , a nd Obruk T epe . T he i n scr ip t ion s , wh ich b eg in a tt he s ame t ime a st ho se a t Doc im ium p roper , l e ave n o d oub t t ha t l t hese w ere a l so I mper ia l q ua rr ie s . The t ex t s c onform b road ly t ot he f orm wh ich Ic a l T ype Ia l l t Doc im ium , b u t t hey a r e g enera ly more t e r se a nd c ryp t ic . S t i l , t hey s how t ha t r epea ted l rie i nven tor ie s were b e ing made h ere a s w e l a s a t t he ma in q uar s . T he d a ted b lock s a nd l l c o lumn s f rom t he Upper T embr i s v a ley f a l b e tween AD 9 2 a nd 16 , b u t t here a re t h ree p ieces d a ted 1 56 . I n ar ecen ts t udy Wae lken s h a se l abora ted o nC ox 's o r ig ina ls ugge s t ion t ha t ten I mper ia l e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e se q uarr ie s w a s i n term it t . T he l a tes t i nd ica t ion o f d i rec t I mper ia l a c t iv i ty t here c ome s j u s t b efore t he emergence o f al a rge p r iva te work shop wh ich

3 9 B ruzza 1 870 , 18 , c i t ing s im i lar i n scr ip t ion s w i th t he n ame s o f p r iva te i nd iv idua l s , e . g . Q . C anus i P raenes t in i , " n o . 2 36 = Dubo i s 1 908 n o . 18 , o n ab lock f rom Chem tou . 4 0 C IL V I 1 4580-83 = Dubo i s n os . 1 00-102 . I I 4 1 J .B . Ward P erk in s , " T r ipo l i tan ia a nd t he Marb le T rade , " J RS 4 1(1951) 9 6 . 4 2 W ard P erk in s ( prev iou s n o te ) ; more r ecen t ly , H . G . Horn , " D ie a n t iken S t e inbrüche v on C hem tou/S imm it s , " i n H orn a nd Rüger 1 979 , 1 78 . t hu 4 3 Dwo rakow ska 1 983 , 2 7 n o te 7 7 c orrec t ly r eca l s t he f r equen t d iff icu l ty o f d ef in ing t he l j ur id ica l s t a tu s o f s uch p roper t ies e ven when w e h ave r e la t ive ly f u l e v idence . l 4 4 M . Aure l iu s Marc io , w ho se l ong c areer s aw h im f i r s t a s p rocura tor marmorum , t hen s evera l p o s t s l a ter a s p rocu ra tor P hryg iae : C IL I I 3 48 = I LS 1 437 ; MA MA I V 4 = R am say , S oc ia l B as is ( above , n o te 2 ) , 2 74 n o . 2 69 , w i th e x ten s ive c ommen tary ; S t rubbe , A ncSoc 6 ( 1975 ) 2 44 a nd n .6 0 ; H .-G . P f laum , L es C arr i&es P rocura tor iennes E ques tres ( Par i s 1 960 ) sing men 7 46 n . 1 .1 ap as t ion : P f laum d oe s n o t d ea l w i th t he q uarry s y s tem . 4 5 N o . 8 12 , p ub l i shed b y R öder , s eem s t ob e long t ot he s imp le s t a nd e ar l ies t t ype o fq uar ry i n scr ip t ion ma rk ing ap iece a sI mper ia l p roper ty a nd n umber ing i t : 1/ C aes(ar is) cxcv iS . i i ( t he L o f t he f i r s t l i ne may b e i n tended a s a cor t ion t o t he n umber ) . T he d a te AD 7 3 r ec r e s tored i n No . 1 1i su nce r ta in .

9

t u rned o u t i t s d i s t inc t ive v o t ive a nd f unerary s cu lp ture e xc lu s ive ly i n t he l o ca l ma rb le . rie H ence Wae lken s p o in t s t o t he l i ke l ihood t ha t t he I mper ia l q uar s h ere w ere l e a sed o u t t o p r iva te c on trac tor s when t hey w ere n o l onger n eeded t o mee t u rgen td emand s f rom Rome ." T he i s o la ted m id-second c en tury i n scr ip t ion s d o n o t p o se ar ea l p rob lem b ecau se w e d o n o t l n eed t os uppo se t ha tt he a dm in i s tra tor sc l o sed a l t he se s ub s id iary q uarr ie s a to nce ; i t is m uch l t more l i ke ly , e spec ia ly s i nce t here w ere s o many l i t le s i te s , t ha t t he r e turn t o p r iva te l e xp lo i ta t ion ( s t i l t o t he p rof i t o f t he f i scus , o f c our se ) wa s ag radua l o ne o ver t he d ecade s f rom Hadr ian o nward . T he t opography o ft he a rea i sc on s i s ten t w i th t he p i c ture o f as udden i ncrea se i nd emand l a tt he t ime when t he f i r s ti n scr ip t ion sa ppear i n9 2 . T here a re many s ma ls i te s , a nd a tO bruk ting i l l ry f T epe i n s tead o f ad eep c ut n to t he g en t le h i lw e f i nd l a rge n umber o fs ma lq uar ace s l sion i t g i rd l ing t he h i l o n a bou t t he s ame l e ve l . The i mpres so f a n a temp t t o w ork a s l a rge sib a n a rea a s p os le a t t he s ame t ime , a nd n o s i ng le s i te w a s d eve loped e x ten s ive ly s o a s t o r i va l i n s i ze o r c omp lex i ty e ven t he mo s t mode s t o f t h e Roman w ork ing s a t Doc im ium . The i n scr ip t ion sa t Doc im ium i nt he l a te Dom i t ian ic a nd T ra jan ic p er iod d on o t ,h owever , r evea l ar eorgan iza t ion d ur ing t h i s t ime o fg rea t d emand ( wh ich w ou ld h ave b een p rec i se ly t he wor s t t ime t o t amper w i th t he mechan i sm ) , b u t r a ther i n t he s ucceed ing d ecade s , p robab ly a s ar e su l to ft he e xper ience g a ined d ur ing t he e ar l ier p er iod . Wha tt he i n scr ip t ion s s eem t os how i s at r an s i t ion f rom e xp lo i ta t ion b y c on t rac tor s who l e a sed t he r i gh t s f rom t he Emperor , t he s t andard Roman way o f h and l ing a l a rge e n terpr i se , t o as y s tem o f d i rec t t managemen t t hrough g roup s o f e xper t s who may h ave h ad l i t le o r n o c ap i ta l i nve s tmen t a t s t ake ( s ee b e low , p . 3 1) . t ry o , The n ew i n scr ip t ion s c a rry t he a te s ted l i fe o f t he q uar rgan iza t ion b eyond 2 00 , t he nd No . 9 6` ) , t o ry ( l a te s t d a te p rev iou s ly o n r ecord a t Doc im ium o r a ny o ther q uar No . 9 42 a t he y ear 2 36 ( No .2 22 ) . T h i se v idence ,h owever ,i s no ts urpr i s ing s i nce p avonazze to w a su sed t i n t he l a rge I mper ia l b u i ld ing p ro jec t s i nt he t h ird c en tury , mo s t c on sp icuou s ly t he S everan c ampa ign s a tL epc i s Magna a nd Rome . I ti ss urpr i s ing t ha t t here i ss t i l n o e v idence o fl a te l a c t iv i ty i n t he o ther g rea tq uar s . A t Doc im ium t he s l owed p ace o fp roduc t ion , t hough , i s rie n o tab le i n t he s harp d rop i n t he n umber o f l o ca a te s ted a s i n u se i n t he l a ter y ear s , w i th t n umber so f ten i nt he s i ng le d ig i t s when s evera lh undred w ere r ou t ine ly a te s ted i nt he e a r l ier t An ton ine d ecade s . B efore w e a sume t ha t t h i s r ef lec t s s o me k ind o f d ecay , h owever , w e s s hou ld h ave s o me k ind o f c on tro l p re sen t ly u nava i lab le i n o rder t o a ses he b ack log t ha t s s t h ad b u i l t u p a t Rome a nd e l sewhere . The i n scr ip t ion sc ea se j u s tu s o n t he b r ink o ft he c o lap se o fc en tra l a u thor i ty , t he p er iod l f or wh ich w e wou ld mo s t w e lcome p o s i t ive e v idence f o rt he c on t inued a c t iv i ty o ft he q uar ry s y s tem d ur ing t he t r oub led t ime s when o ver land a nd mar i t ime t r ade wa s f r equen t ly i n terr up ted . A s ia s uffered more a cu te ly t han many o ft he o ther p rov inces , a si fi nr e t r ibu t ion f or i t se x traord ina ry p rosper i ty d ur ing t he f i r s t t wo c en tu r ie s . We c an s urm i se t ha t t he P hryg ian q uarr ie s mu s t h ave s uffered r epea ted d i srup t ion s o r w or se . I nD ioc le t ian 's P r ice E d ic to f3 01 t he mos te xpen s ive marb le l i s ted i nt he s urv iv ing c op ie s i sl i thos Dok imenos , a tX 2 00 p er f oo t!" T h i s e v idence c ompe l s o n ly t he c onc lu s ion t ha t t he rie ma rb le wa s o n t he marke t , b u t i tp robab ly means a l so t ha t q uar s w ere p roduc ing a ga in .°

4 6 Wae lken s ( 1985 ) , 6 42-4f . ; o n t he p r iva te work shop , s ee Wae lken s ( 1985a ) , 8 9-93 a nd t he f u ler d i scus rom i sed f or MA MA X . l sion p 4 7 S . L auffer , D iok le t ians P re ised ik t [ Ber l in 1 9711 c ap . 3 3 a nd s upp lemen t o n Aphrod i s ia s t ex t , p . 3 02 , c f . K . E r im a nd J .R eyno ld s , J RS 6 0 ( 1970 ) 1 33 a nd c ommen t b y M . B a lance l f o low ing ; f or t he n ew A izano i t ex t , M . H . C rawford a nd J .M . R eyno ld s , ZPE 3 4 ( 1979 ) l 1 78ff . 4 8 A s Ia rgue e l sewhere ( Fan t 1 989 ) , t he T eo s q uar fa f r icano s eem s t oh ave g one o u t o f ry o p roduc t ion p ermanen t ly i n t he l a s t t h ird o f t he s econd c en tury . I t s a ppearance i n t he P r ice E d ic t c an b e e xp la ined w i thou t a sum ing t ha t p roduc t ion a t t he q uarry h ad b een s omehow s r ev ived . A s econdary s ource a t B ey lerköy may h ave p roduced t he L ucul i s ted i n t he leum l 1 0

Röder s ugge s ted t ha t t h e l abe l D ok imenos i mp l ie s t ha t S ynnada wa s n o l onger t he a dm in i s tra t ive c en ter f or t he q uarr ie s , b u t t h i s may o n ly r ef lec t t he e a s tern b ackground o ft he 9 I tw ou ld b e c ommon k now ledge i n A s ia t ha t m . P hryg ium c ame f rom Doc im ium , E d ic t .4 n o tS ynnada ,i nc on tra s tt oi gnorance o fA s ia M inor e ar ly i nt he J u l io-C laud ian p er iod wh ich l ed S t rabo t oe xp la in t he t rue o r ig in s o f t he ma rb le a nd i t s n ame ( s ee a bove , p .7 ) . E ven i f S ynnada wa s n o l onger t he s ea t o f t he d i rec t ion o f t he q uarr ie s i nt he l a te Emp ire , i t wou ld l rie n o t a l so f o low t ha t t he q uar s h ad d evo lved f rom I mper ia l owner sh ip ." A s e r ie s o f p romu lga t ion s b eg inn ing w i th C on s tan t ine p o in t i n t he o ppo s i te d i rec t ion , b u t t ho se mo s t 1 O ne r u l ing , h owever , wh ich f org ive sa rear s r o f ten c i ted r efer c h ief ly t op r iva te e n terpr i se s .5 t o c on trac tor s o f q uar s e xcep t P roconnesu s , t he T road a nd D oc im ium , b e tray s a di rec t rie 2 F ina ly , t here i sp erhaps I mper ia l i n tere s t c on s i s ten t w i th owner sh ip o r a tl e a s t u suf ruc t .5 l as ugges t ion o fe ndur ing c on tro l i n t he r eque s t t ot he B i shop o fS ynnada i nt he 1 0 th c en tury l t o d i spa tch s k i led ma rb le s awyer s f or as pec ia l p ro jec t ." ries B The U se o f I nscr ip t ions i n Quar e long ing t o t he Emperor The g enera l p rac t ice o f i n scr ib ing mark s i n to q ua rry p roduc t s wa s l a s t c on s idered b y sion f Ward P erk in s , who o u t l ined al i near p rogres rom s imp le n ames o f t he I mper ia l s l ave s l r e spon s ib le t oward amore e xp l ic i t f ormu la w i th e x r a t( ione) f o lowed b y t he n ame i n t he 4 T o t h i s s cheme w e s hou ld n ow a dd a th ird s t age o f e vo lu t ion i n t he l a ter Gen i t ive c a se .5 Hadr ian ic p er iod ( s ee b e low , p . 2 6 ) . l rie B u t why w ere ma rk s u sed a ta l , a nd why i ns o me I mper ia l q uar s a nd n o to ther s? T he f unc t ion o f l a be l s d epend s o n t he c on ten t o f t he l abe l s t hem se lve s . Mo s t o f t he h igh ly l a bbrev ia ted a nd l i ga tured mark s t ha t s t i l d efy e xp lana t ion mu s t h ave b een i n tended f or u se rie sion o w i th in t he i nd iv idua lq uar s , where max imum c ompres fw ord sc ou ld b e u sed w i thou t d anger o f o b scur i ty . T h i s s eem s c l ear n ow f rom a n a na ly s i s o f t he T ype I ma rk s f rom ry Doc im ium , wh ich n ever l e f t P hryg ia , wh i le b lock s o f t he s ame p er iod f ound i n Rome c ar t he more n orma l T ype Ie x r a t ione f ormu la ( s ee b e low , p . 1 7 ) . T he se mark s a re p ar t icu lar ly l t l w e l a tes ted i n t he q ua rr ie s i n S . E uboea ( e .g . B ruzza n o s . 1 7-100 ) b u t o ccur p rac t ica ly e verywhere . l s ried b The more c l ea r mark s ( Type s Ia nd I I ) g enera ly a soc ia te an ame w i th aq uar lock o r c o lumn a nd f r equen t ly i nc lude wha t s eem s t o b e a un ique s e r ia l n umber . T he e v iden t ried a i n ten t ion w a s t o g ive p roper c red i t t o t he c on trac tor who h ad q uar nd d e l ivered t he

e E d ic t : o n t h i s s i te s e M . Uz e t a l . i n N . H erz a nd M . Wae lken s e d s . , C lass ica l Marb le : G eochem is try , T echno logy , T rade ( Dordrech t 1 988 ) 8 5-89 . 4 9 R öder 1 971, 2 54 . s o S uch d evo lu t ion f rom I mper ia l owner sh ip ( " pr iva t iza t ion " ) d id h appen , o r a tl e a s t c ou ld i n t heory . D . Kehoe , " Lea se R egu la t ion s f or I mper ia l E s ta te s i n Nor th A f r ica , " ZPE 5 6 ( 1984 ) 2 02-04 a nd 5 9( 1985 ) 1 58-9 w i th n . 1 00 a nd make s as t rong c a se t ha tp rov i s ion s o ft he s es sion l ex Manc iana w ere t ob e p erpe tua l e ven i fp r iva te d om in i s hou ld i n f u ture b e i n p os ( Kehoe a l so make s ac onv inc ing a rgumen t t ha t t he men t ion o f p r iva te owner s mean s t ha t i mper ia l r egu la t ion s a pp l ied a l so t op r iva te p roper ty ) . S ee a l so D . C rawford i n M . I .F in ley s age o e d . , S tud ies i nR oman P roper ty ( Cambr idge 1 976 ) 4 0-44 o n t he p as f i mper ia l p roper ty siu b ack i n to p r iva te h and s t hrough g i f t o r s a le , a s i n C as s D io 5 2 .28 .3-4 where Maecena s l taker i a dvoca tes s e l ing p ub l ic l and s ( c r i t ic ized b y C . R . Wh it n t he s ame v o lume , p . 1 40 ) . l s ed b i i 5 1 C od . T h . X .19 .1-14 , w e l d i scus y Dubo i s 1 908 , x i-xxv . 5 2 C od . T h . X I .28 .9 ( a . 4 14 ) ; c f . Monna-Pen sabene 1 977 , 5 0 . A r eference t o s end ing l. L Man ichean p r i soner s t oP roconne su s f or p un i shmen t ( Col eg . Mos . e tR om . XV .2 ) make s l t he q uarr ie s o n t ha t i s land a l so I mper ia l p roper ty s t i l i n t h i s p er iod s i nce i t wa s av enue f or c onv ic t l abor . 5 3 R ober t 1 962 , 5 f . , 1 00ff . , c f . 1 980 , 2 23 5 4 Wa rd P erk in s , " T r ipo l i tan ia a nd t he Marb le T rade , " J RS 4 1(1951) 8 4-104 , e sp . 9 7f . H e i n s tanced B ruzza n o . 1 40 ( = Dubo i s n o . 4 32 ) , L eg ( t i) C (sar is) , d a ted A . D . 6 7 , a nd B ruzza ring ( n o . 1 47 ( = Dubo i s n o . 4 39 ) , e x r a t( ione) L t( i) s er(v i) , o f t he y ear 7 4 , b o th r efer one s a sumes ) t o t he s ame m an . 1

p iece t o t he I mper ia l a dm in i s tra tor s . A f ter t ha t p o in t a n i nde l ib le mark c ou ld i d en t ify a s ed a ry ( p iece o f marb le a s i tw a s p as l ong b y p r iva te h au ler s a nd s h ipper s f rom t he q uar or l r eg iona l s t ockyard , a s i nferred f or P hryg ia ) a nd f ina ly l o gged i n u pon a rr iva l a t O s t ia b y a no ther I mper ia l f unc t ionary w i th ac opy o f t he c ons ignmen t l i s t s f or e ach q uarry i nh and . s B u t t h i s i s ap ic ture o f a n i dea l s y s tem ; wha t w e h ave i s much l e s c l ear a nd o bv ious ly l more c omp lex . T he mo s t s t r ik ing c omp l ica t ion i st ha t n o t a l I mper ia l q uarr ie s u sed marks o f t h i s k ind , o r o f a ny k ind . T he mark s a ppear o n t hese ma rb les : m . P hryg ium ( pa vonazt lo a leum ( z e to) , Num id icum ( g ial n t ico ) , C h ium ( por tasan ta ) , L ucul af r icano ) , C a ry s t ium hey a re a b sen to n P roconnesu s , a tL una ( Carrara ) , i na l l lino ( c ipol ) , a nd P ar ium ( Pa r ian ) .5 T 6 S ince t he E gyp t ian q ua rr ie s ( t hough o ther k ind s o f i n scr ip t ion s a ppear ) , a nd t he T road .5 ries i n scr ip t ion s a re o ur b e s t w ay o f i den t ify ing I mper ia l q uar , a ny n umber o f t h em a re p robab ly g o ing u n iden t if ied i nt he a b sence o fo ther c a sua le v idence . As t r ik ing c a se i np o in t i st he wh i te ma rb le o f Doc im ium . B ecau se i tw a s n o t i n scr ibed ( and d id n o t h ave ad i s t inc t a nc ien t n ame ) , i t s g rea t i mpor tance a s a scu lp tura l a nd a r ch i tec tura l ma ter ia l h ad l a rge ly 7 e scaped n o t ice u n t i l r ecen t ly .5 T he i n scr ip t ion ss eem t oh ave b een r e s tr ic ted t ot he f amou sp o lychrome marb le s , w i th t he 8 i n a dd i t ion o fP ar ian , t he mo s t h igh ly e s teemed a nd r a re s to ft he s cu lp tura l wh i te marb le s :5 o ther w ord s , ma rb le s o f t he h ighe s t v a lue . I f t h i s o b serva t ion i sn o t i t se lf a d ecep t ive o ver s imp l if ica t ion , t hen t he f unc t ion o f i n scr ip t ion s b eyond t he q uarry o f o r ig in w a s t o e xerc i se ar i gorou sc on tro lo ver t he t r an spor ta nd d i s tr ibu t ion o ft h i sp rec ious a nd p re s t ig ious ma ter ia l . S uch e x traord inary c on t ro l g oes b eyond mere e ff ic iency s i nce i t wa s e v iden t ly n o t s ary e f e l tn eces ven f or t he g ran i te sa nd t he o ther wh i te ma rb le sa nd s ugges ts o ther a im s ,s uch 9 a s as ecure I mper ia l monopo ly .5 ry I T he N ew Quar nscr ip t ions T he g rea t ma jor i ty o f t he n ew ly e d i ted i n scr ip t ions a re f ound o n b lock s a nd c o lu mns ries wh ich h ave emerged i nt he l a s t f ew y ear s a tt he q uar . I ti si mpor tan t t o u nder s tand h ow rie t h i s c omes a bou t . T he q uar s a c t ive t oday l i e i n ac ha in e x tend ing S E f rom t he A fyonl Anka ra r oad ( t he v i lage o f I s ceh i sar , wh ich o ver l ie s a nc ien t Doc im ium , i sa no ther 2km W l o f t he h ighway ) . F rom t he h ighway a s f a r a s t he s ma l w a tercour se o f t he Av sa r9ay , a

H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 62ff . ; Dubo i s 1 908 , x xv-xxv i i i . N ew Mark s i n L a t in a re n ow r epor ted f rom Mon s C laud ianus ; s ee D . P . S .P eacock i n N . H erz a nd M . Wae lken s e d s . , C lass ica l Marb le : G eochem i s try , T echno logy , T rade ( Do rdrech t 1 988 ) 9 7-101 ; mark s i n L a t in i nd ica t ing l o cus a nd b racch ium a re a l so r epor ted ( bu t n o t s acava ( ra p ub l i shed ) b y E . Do lc i f rom F os Car ra ) , i b idem , p .8 0 . Nm in A sgar i h a s r e cen t ly r y mark f ound t he f i r s t q uar s i n L a t in o n P roconne su s ( I t hank h er f or s har ing t h is i nforma t ion w i th me ) . T he ma rk s i n t he E a s t a re c ryp t ic monogram s a nd t ho se a tC arrara a re a ppa ren t ly a l so f or u se o n ly w i th in t he q uarr ie s . 5 7 A l b u t L ou i s Rober t 1 962 ,13ff . a nd 1 980 ,223 a nd n o te 2 0 a nd N . A sgar i , AJA 8 1( 1977) l 3 17 , an o t ice wh ich c augh t t he a ten t ion o f a rchaeo log i s t s a s Rober t 's h ad n o t . t 5 8 I n I mper ia lt ime s , P a r ian l y chn i tes w a sq uarr ied o n ly i nt wo d eep a nd n ar a ler ie s a nd r ow g l as ma l o penca s t p i t (M . Wae lken s , L . Moen s , a nd P . D e P aepe , " Pat s o f E x trac t ion a nd l tern P roduc t ion i n t he Wh i te Marb le Quarr ie s o f t he Med i terranean , " i n F an t 1 988 ; a nd D . r anger rieres d B er , " Le r e l ief i n scr i t e n l ' honneur d e s Nymphe s d an s l e s c ar e P aro s , " REA 8 5 l ( 1983 ) 2 35-57 . Ano ther i nd ica t ion o f i t s g rea t v a lue i st ha t o fa l t he k inds o fs t one d redged l f rom t he c ana l l e ad ing f rom T ra jan 's h arbor a tP or tu s( a lt he u sua lI mper ia l marb le s ,s evera l l t k ind s o f a l aba s ter , t he s o-ca led b recc ia d i S e tebas i f rom S cyro s , a nd s evera l u n iden t if ied s ed i l t ypes ) , i ti st he o n ly o ne n o t d res n to r ec t i l inear b lock s . T he s ma l i sh l umpy b l ocks i n r ed b l wh ich P ar ian w a s s h ipped w ere p refer ecau se n o s t one a ta l w a s l o s t i n t r imm ing , a nd s i t wa s u p t ot he s cu lp tor t o make t he mo s t e ff ic ien t u se o u t o f t he o dd a sor tmen to fs hapes . 5 9 Ih ope t od eve lop t h i s l i ne o f t hough t i n al a rger work . F or n ow , s ee F an t , " The R oman Emperor si nt he Marb le B u s ines ap i ta l i s t s , M idd lemen o rP h i lan throp is t s? "i nN . H erz a nd s: C M . Wae lken se d s . ,C lass ica l Marb le :G eochem is try , T echno logy , T rade ( Dordrech t 1 988 ) 1 475 8 .

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2 . C :0 m

I LL. 2 D ocim ium Q uarries I -V II

t r ibu tary o f t he S ey i t ler9ay , ad i s tance o f s o me 2 . 5 km , t here i sn o t r ace wha t soever o f a nc ien t work ing s . B eyond t he s t ream , h owever , t he l and scape r ema in s o ne empha t ica ly l s haped b y t he a nc ien t w ork ing s . T he v enue s o f a c t iv i ty d ur ing t he Emp ire , l a be led I -VI l I o nt he p lan ( I l .2 ) , r e ta in t he ir b road o u t l ine s( w i th t he e xcep t ion o fV I wh ich w a sd e s troyed l I i n t he 1 970 s a nd e a r ly ' 8 0 s ) , a nd i ti sw i th in t he c onf ine s o f t he se w a l s a nd d ec l iv i t ie s t ha t l modern work i sn ow g o ing f orwa rd a t g rea t ly d i spa ra te l eve l s o f a c t iv i ty . Anc ien t q uar s w ere o f ten r ef i led w i th d ebr i s a s work s h if ted f rom o ne s ec t ion t o rie l a no ther . S ome t ime s t h i s w a s d one s imp ly f or t he s ake o f c onven ience , when t he e ng ineer s d eterm ined t ha t a n a rea w a s worked o u t . And a tB acaka le g rea t d ea l o f d ebr i s h a s s l ipped d own i n to t he q uar rom d ebr i s p i le s h eaped u p o n t he marg in s . B u t d ebr i s a l so w a s ries f t i pped i n to q ua rry p i t s i no rder t ob u i ld u p as moo th f l oor ( s tanda rd p rac t ice a tC a rrara w i th i t s s t eep s l opes ) a s as t ag ing a rea f or work c ommenc ing i n an ew a rea o r t u rn ing t oa tack a t n ew f ace . The se o pen a rea s h e ld t he d res shop s ( off i c inae ) a nd t he s m i th s ' f orge s sing work a nd q uench ing p i t s . T he i mpor tan t p o in t i st ha t t he d ebr i s , wh ich w a s u sed p rac t ica ly a s a l c on s truc t ion ma ter ia l i n i t s own r i gh t , c on ta in s l a rge n umber s o f b lock s a nd c o lumn s . I ti s n o t u nu sua l t o s ee s uch l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f d i scarded b lock s a t Doc im ium : a l q uar s o f l rie d imen s ion s t one , a nc ien t a nd modern , a ccumu la te l a rge n umber s o f wa s te b lock s . C on temporary q uar ing , e spec ia ly t ha t i nB acaka le ( I l . 3 ) , l e a sed o n al ong-term b a s i s ry l l b y t he A fyon f i rm o f Hu i Abdu lah A l imog lu a nd s on s , u naba shed ly e xp lo i t s R oman work . l When J o sef Röder v i s i ted B acaka le i n 1 968 a nd 1 969 , w ork w a s o n amuch s ma ler s ca le t han l i ti sn ow , b u t w a s e v iden t ly c a rr ied o u t a l ong t he s ame l i ne s . On my f i r s t v i s i t i n 1 982 t he p ace wa s s t i l r e laxed , b u t i t began t o p ick u p d ur ing 1 982-83 . T he A l imog lu w ere l ook ing l c h ief ly f or wh i te ma rb le i nB acaka le , wh i le t he Roman sc oncen tra ted t here u pon p avonazze to t a nd t ended t ot u rn i n a no ther d i rec t ion when t hey e ncoun tered t he wh i te . P avonazze to h a s t b een o u t o ff a sh ion u n t i l r e cen t ly , b u ts udden ly s i nce 1 985 i th a s b een i ng rea t d emand , a nd B acaka le i sn ow b e ing d e s t royed a t ar ap id r a te . I n t he w e s tern h a lf o fB acaka le ( t he e a s tern h a lf i ss t i l d eep ly b ur ied b y d ebr i s ) t h i s h a s made t he q uarry f l oor a nd a nc ien t S wa l t he l l mo s t a trac t ive a rea s . t B ecau se p re sen t-day q uar ing i su ndercap i ta l ized a nd l aborin ten s ive , a tack ing t he ry t t ower ing a nc ien t wa l so fB acaka le w i th t he ir h eav i ly w ea thered a nd j o in ted r ock i s daun t ing . l The f l oor o f B acaka le , b y c on tra s t , i si ne ffec t aq uar t i l i np rogres ti sn eces n ly ry s l s; i s ary o t o c l ear away t he d ebr i s a nd e xpo se t he Roman t r enche s a bandoned i n v ar iou s s t a te s o f c omp le t ion ( F ig . 2 ) . T h i s a nc ien t ly-worked r ock i ss o me t imes e x trac ted a nd s o me t ime s b la s ted a nd d i sca rded a s f r esh r ock i se xpo sed .

1 3

I ll. 3

n

acakale b efore R emoval o f D ebris ( ca. 1 980) S ketch P lan o f B

S ince 1 982 c l ear ing h a s p roceeded a pace i n t he e x treme w e s tern e nd o f B acaka le , work ing f rom n or th , u p u nder t he h igh w a l s , t o s ou th , where l n ow t he o ld e n trance r oad h a s b een s evered b y c l ear ing , l e av ing t he r ema in ing t r ace so f i t some 5me ter s a bove t he p resen t f l oor . T he 2 5m h igh c on ica l d eb r i s p i le t ha t g uarded t he n or th f l ank o f t he e n trance t o B acaka le l a nd t he s ma ler p i le s a l ong t he g en t ly r i s ing w e s tern e nd o f t he n or th r im h ave b een F igure 2 A ncient Q uarry F loor n ear t he E ntrance o f B acakale ( 1984) a lmo s t e n t ire ly c l eared a way i n t he 1 985 a nd 1 986 , y i e ld ing a number o f e a r ly b lock s ( e . g . No s . 1 2 , 1 9 , 2 5 , 2 8 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 4 0 a nd 6 0 — t he r eader may n ow f i nd i tc onven ien t t o c on su l t t he s ec t ion o n c onven t ion s o f r ef e rence i n C h . I V a nd t o l o ca te T ab le s 1 0-12 s umma r iz ing a l t he i n scr ip t ion s ) . l T he i n tac t a nd p rac t ica ly u nwea thered c ond i t ion o f t he n ew ma ter ia l r e su l t s f r om t h i s l c ommon h i s tory . T here i s genera ly o n ly l i gh td i sco lora t ion f rom d epo s i t so fd i lved C aCO 2 l sso a nd t he c l ay m inera l s wh ich a re a re s idua l b reakdown p roduc t o f l ime s tone . T he b lock s i ndeed a ppear b izar ly n ew t o e ye s u sed t o t he my r iad f orm s o f w ear a nd d amage wh ich re e p igrapher s mu s t c u s toma r i ly c ope w i th . T he f ac t t ha t t he o n ly p ieces wh ich s how r ea l s urface w ear a re t he o lde s to nes s ugge s t s , i nc iden ta ly , t ha t t hey s uffered t ha tw ea ther ing i n l t he d ecade s o f t he s econd c en tury b efore t hey w ere b ur ied . S ince t he p iece s a re w renched o u to ft he d ebr i s b y ab u ldozer , l o aded i n to at r uck , t hen d umped d i rec t ly o n to o ther b lock s , l mo s t s how c h ipped a nd a braded e dge s , b u t s urpr i s ing ly f ew h ave s uffered a c tua l b reakage 1 4

o n t he f l a t s urface s . l Anc ien t b lock s a nd c o lumn s a re u sua ly s e t a s ide i n t he l a rge o pen e xpan se w e s t o f t he ry a l e n trance t o B acaka le w h ich s e rve s a s a depo s i t a nd l o ad ing a rea f or t h i s q uar s w e l a s

F igure 3 D ump f or A ncient B locks o utside t he E ntrance t o B acakale ( 1984)

Quarry VI F ig . 3 ) . ( Anc ien t b lock s a re n o t c ommerc ia ly v a luab le s i nce t hey a re g enera ly I ( l l s ma l b y modern s t anda rds a nd i i ted f or s aw s . Moreover , t he ma rb le i ss ome t ime s c o to , l l-su t c ooked , a st hey t e rm i t at C ar , b ye xpo sure , s ot ha tt he b ind ing o ft he c ry s ta l s i s compror ara m ised . Under a m odern t wen ty-b lade g ang saw a n a nc ien t b lock c an d i s in tegra te , c au s ing c on s iderab le d amage . N one the les esp i te t he r ecen t e ffor t s o f t he l o ca l mu seum , a pa rs, d t i cu lar ly l a rge a nd r egu lar p iece i ss t i l t r ucked t ot he A l imog lu c ut ard i nA fyon ( F ig . l ting y 4 ) . " The d ump o u t s ide t he e n trance t oB acaka le i s ab u sy a rea , a nd t he a nc ien t b lock s h ave r anged a b een o f ten r ear f ter t hey h ad o verf lowed t he i n i t ia l d ump ing g round , a d jacen t t o a r ymen q uar 's s hack a nd o u t o f t he f l ow o f t r aff ic . I n t h i s w ay many b lock s h ave r ece ived sive p rogres ly more d amage , a nd many h ave b ecome u nreadab le . s B locks h ere c an b e c onf iden t ly a sumed t oc ome f rom t he d ebr i s i n w e s tern B acaka le : I h ave n ever s een a t r uck f rom a ny o ther s i te u n load t here . A s econd g roup o f b lock s i n ry Ih r ymen h Quar a s a n e ven more s ecure p roven ience , s i nce t he q uar ad j u s t f i n i shed ( Ju ly l 1 984 ) f i l ing i n t he d eep p i t t here i n wh ich t hey h ad b een f ound . B u t n o s uch c er ta in ty i s sib p os le c oncern ing o ther c aches o fa nc ien t ma ter ia lt h rough t he a nc ien t ly-quarr ied a rea ; t h i s tern i st r ue b o th b ecau se Ih ave n o t b een a b le t o o b serve t he t r aff ic p at s c l o se ly a nd b ecau se l t he q uarrymen a re g ene ra ly i nd ifferen t t o a nc ien t p iece s . Moreover , Ih ave n o ted t r uck s f rom s evera l s epara ted s i te s u s ing ad ump o n t he s ou th r im o f B acaka le . s The c on sequence i st ha t t he r eader mu s t r e s i s t a sum ing t ha t t he l i s ted f i nd spo t f or a

6 0 N o . 9 0 , i n t he maw o f t he b u ldozer i n F ig . 4 7 , i st he l a rge s t b lock Ih ave s een a t t he l q uarr ies . S ince Iw a s n o t a b le t o f i nd i ti n t he y ard aw eek a f ter i tw a s c l eared a nd l o aded o n at ruck t he s ame a f ternoon , Ia sume t ha t i th ad g one u nder t he s aw . s

1 5

g iven p iece i si t s o r ig ina l p roven ience o r , i ndeed , t ha t i tn eces s ar i ly i mp l ies a ny th ing a bou t i t s o r ig ina l s ource , w i th t he e xcep t ion sn o ted a bove . B u tt h ep re sence o fd a ted o b jec t s i nt he d ebr i s i n B acaka le i t se lf c rea te s ad e f ac to s t ra t igraphy t ha t c an b e e xp lo i ted t o l e arn s o me th ing a bou t t he h i s tory o f work i n t ha t a rea ( s ee f ur ther , b e low , p .4 1) .

F igure 4 D iscard A rea f or A ncient B locks a t t he A limoglu C utting Y ard i n A fyon ( 1986)

1 6

Chap ter I THE ORGANIZAT ION OF THE QUARRIES AT DOCIMIU M

T he F ormu lae o f t he E p ig raph ica l R eg imes ry i rie T he t hree h undred f i f ty-odd q uar n scr ip t ion s f rom t he I mper ia l q uar s i n P hryg ia l l l f a l i n to t hree g roups , wh ich w e w i l c a l T ype s I ,I , a nd I I , a ccord ing t ot he f ormu lae t hey l u se . AT ype J IB m igh tu sefu ly b ed i s t ingu i shed f or t he i n scr ip t ion sf rom t he Upper T embr is he c l as ica t ion i s l rie sif V a ley ( A l t in ta pva s i ) q uar s i ft hey f i gured h ere i n a ny l a rge w ay .1T s t r ic t ly f orma l , a nd i t a lway s r ema in s t o b e a sked whe ther t here w ere c or ing r espond d i s t inc t ions i n c hrono logy o r f i sca l a nd managemen t p rac t ice s . I n t h i s d i scus he f ocu s sion t i so n t he f orm o f t he i n scr ip t ion s a nd u pon t he i nd iv idua l f ormu lae a nd t he ir c omponen t s ; s c on s idera t ion o f t he l a rge r i sue s i s r e served f or t he s ec t ion " Adm in i s tra t ive a nd F i sca l l rie s R eg imes . " S ince a l t he I mper ia l q uar s u sed more o r l e s t he s ame s upp ly o f e p igraph ica l e sif l emen t s b u t i nd ifferen tc omb ina t ion s , t he c l as ica t ion s e t o u t h ere , t ha t i s , t he g roup ing s s ar o f f ormu lae , d oe s n o t n eces i ly a pp ly t o o ther q uarr ie s . T ype I A a nd T ype .IB rie I n scr ip t ion s o f t h i s k ind a re f am i l iar f rom t he o ther I mper ia l q uar s t ha t made r egu lar he e l emen t s o f t he t ex t s , n o t a l o f l u se o f i n scr ip t ion s ( Paro s , Chem tou , C h io s , T eo s ) .2 T wh ich a re a lway s p resen t , a re : ex r (a t ione) c u iusdam con su lar d a te n(umero) x xxx

e .g . No . 8 4 2' P a ( lma) e tS en(ec ione) c os e x r (a t ione) O ly (m)p( i) C aes(ar is s e rv i)

a .9 9

( s upp lemen t s a dded f rom B acc in i 's c ommen tary ) T he N n umber , a sw e s ha l r edundan t ly c a l i t , w a s e xp la ined b y H ir schfe ld a s aS ped i t ionsl l he N n umber n ummer , o n t he b a s i s o f a pecu l iar i ty i n i t s u se o n b lock s f rom P hryg ia .3 T a ppear s o n ly o n b lock s wh ich h ad b een s h ipped f rom A s ia ; i th ad n ever b een s een ( and s t i l l h a s n o t ) i n a n i n scr ip t ion a t t he q ua rry . H ir schfe ld s aw t ha t i t mu s t t herefore h ave b een a pp l ied a t S ynnada , t he a dm in i s tra t ive h eadquar ter s , a s as i gn o f f i na l a pprova l a nd h i s u nder s tand ing h a s n ever b een s e r iou s ly q ues t ioned , a nd t he c on s ignmen t f or e xpor t .4 T a ccumu la t ion o f much more e v idence h a s o n ly s t reng thened i t . As imp ler t ype o f t e x t ( Type I B ) , wh ich i se a r l ier a to ther q uar s a nd p re sumab ly a l so rie h ere ( s ee a l so p .2 9 w i th n .4 9 ) , w a s p redeces f t he T yQe I A f ormu la g rew . I ti sa te s ted s or o t nd 8 7' ) . I t om i t s e xr a t ione , g iv ing o n ly b y o n ly t wo e xamp les o nP h ryg ian marb le ( No s . 8 1 2a a name i n t he Gen i t ive ( o f ten a n I mper ia l s l ave ) a nd a number . H ere , a s a t a l t he o ther l q uar s , where i ti sc ommon , t he d a te w a s n o t a regu lar p a r t o f t he f ormu la , s o me o ther rie

1T he f or thcom ing v o lume X o f MA MA ( Wae lken s e ta l . ) , i ncorpora t ing u npub l i shed n o te s o f S i r Chr is topher C ox 's t r ave l s i n t he 1 920 s , w i l p ub l i sh an umber o f n ew t ex t s f rom t h i s l r eg ion . 2 H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 62ff . ; Dubo i s 1 908 , x xv-xxv i . i i 3 H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 63 w i th n . 4 , a nd 1 69 . 4 T he c a se f or t h i s i n terpre ta t ion o f Nn umber s i ss e t o u t i n d e ta i l i n F an t 1 989 . 1 7

mean s e v iden t ly b e ing u sed t o r ecord s u mmar ies o f a c t iv i ty y ear b y y ear . e .g . No . 8 72 Hvac( in th i) ü a(esar is?) lxx i ( t he e d i tor 's q ue s t ion ma rk i su nneces i ly modes t ) c s ar 1 2,No . 8 3 288 2) T he g rea t ma jor i ty o f t he t ex t s o f T ype I A a nd I B ( 7 e xamp les : No . 1 3 2,8 c ome f rom t he I mper ia l y ard s a t P or tu s a nd b e long t o t he l a s t d ecade o f t he f i r s t c en tury . I n t ha t s ame d ecade , n o t as i ng le T ype Ii n scr ip t ion i st ob e f ound i n t he a bundan t s amp le ( 17 n ew ; 1 0 o ld ) a t Doc im ium ; t here i so ne i s o la ted e xamp le d a ted 1 73 ( No s . 1 58 ) . B u t t here a re o ther Doc im ium i n scr ip t ion s u s ing t he e xr a t ione f ormu la , a nd t hey r a i se p rob lem sb et ter c on s idered l a ter . T ype I T h i s l abe l c over s al a rge g roup o f i n scr ip t ion s wh ich i sh igh ly d iver se i n d e ta i l s b u t d i s t inc t , c hrono log ica ly a nd o therw i se . T he t ex t s d raw u pon al a rge p oo l o f c ryp t ic c ode s l a nd a bbrev ia t ion s , a nd t hey a l so emp loy ( f i tfu ly ) s o me o f t he f ormu lae o f T ype I I . W i th l T ype I they s hare o n ly d a te s , b rusque ly a bbrev ia ted ( f or i n s tance , Dom i t ian 's s i x teen th c on su l sh ip i n9 2i s rendered C (aesare) x v ic os . T hey a re p rob lema t ic i n many w ay sa nd mer i t c l ose c on s idera t ion . T ype I i n scr ip t ion s l ok n o th ing l i ke t he o ther t wo T ype s . T he mo s ta rre s t ing d i o fference i st ha t t hey a re a c tua ly c o lon ie s o f i n scr ip t ion s r a ther t han s i ng le t ex t s . B lock s b r i s t le w i th l s hor t t ex t s r unn ing a tr i gä t a ng les t oo ne a no ther o r u p s ide d own , o r o f ten o n s evera l f ace s ( e . g . No . 2 3 w i th I . 1) . C o lumn s h ave l i ne s i nc i sed d own t he s haf t , c ur l ing a round t he l c i rcumference a ta ny p o in t , c u t i n to o ne o f t he e nd s , o r a ny c omb ina t ion ( e . g .N o . 9w i th I . 7 ) . T he mo s t c ommon e l emen t i s ad a te , b u t ama jo r i ty o f i nd iv idua l t ex t s l a ck o ne . On l t he o ther h and , mo s t s i ng le p iece s w ere i n scr ibed w i th more t han o ne d a te : n ine c ar ry h ave f our d a te s , d ecade s a par t ; al a rge n umber h ave t h ree d a te s . A c ommon f ea ture o f t he a ppea rance o ft hese p iece s wh ich c ou ld n o t h ave b een e v iden t t os cho lar s who h ad s en o n ly e af ew h ere a nd af ew t here , o f ten f a rf rom t he q uar t se lf , i st ha t a s ag roup t hey a re much ry i more w ea thered ( and s ome t ime sd amaged ) t han T ype I Ip i ece s , wh ich d a te f rom t he c en tury b eg inn ing a round 1 30 . Obv iou s ly t h i s h a s n o th ing t od o w i th t he g rea ter a b so lu te a ge o f t he T ype I ma ter ia l b u t r a ther w i th t he l eng th o f t ime t h ey f aced t he e l emen t s b efore b e ing b ur ied . T he a lmo s tc omp le te a b sence o fp a in to nt he se p i ece s( t here i s no r ea son t ot h ink t ha t i t s u se b egan u nder Hadr ian ) p o in t s i nt he s ame d i rec t ion . S öme o ft he p ieces a nnounce t ha t . 6 3 2;No . t hey h ad b een s t ockp i led f or a tl e a s t 2 3 y ea r s ( No s . 9 , 5 ,4 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 7 , No . 6 2 2,No 1 f or a tl e a s t 4 8) , b u t mo s t i n f ac t w ere p robab ly e xpo sed f or s evera l d ecade s more . T he T ype I i n scr ip t ion s p o se s o me s pec ia l p rob lem s f or t he e d i tor a nd c r i t ic . When a b lock i sb efore o ne 's e ye s , i ti ss ome t imes d iff icu l t e nough t o i den t ify i nd iv idua l t ex t s a nd s or t o u t wh ich c harac ter s b e long t o wh ich . B u t e ar l ier e d i t ion s , i nadequa te ly a nno ta ted a nd d evo id o fi s tra t ion s o fa ny s or t , p roduce c er ta in f ru s tra t ion s i nce t here i sn o w ay t ov er ify lu t he r ead ing o r t oi mprove i t excep t g uesw . T ab le 1 i s the b e s t t ha t c an b e d one t o make s ork s en se o ft he p rev iou s ly p ub l i shed T ype I t ex t s . I ti s neces i ly i mperfec t , b u t wha tever u se s ar c an b e made o f t he e a r l ier ma ter ia l mu s t b e . No b lock o r c o lumn c ar ing aT ype I i n scr ip t ion ( i t i sc onven ien t t o u se t he s i ngu lar ry e ven t hough i nt h i se p igraph ica lr eg ime o ne " i n scr ip t ion " u sua ly mean ss evera ld i scre te t ex t s ) l h a s e ver b een r ecorded f a r ther f rom t he q uar s t han t he d i s tance p eop le o f l a ter a ges w ere rie si t is c l ear w i l ing t oh au lg ood b u i ld ing ma ter ia l , i nt h i sc a se ar ad iu so fr ough ly 3 0km . 5 Thu l t ha t when ab lock c ar ing aT ype I i n scr ip t ion w a s d e s igna ted f or s h ipmen t , o ne d id n o t ry s imp ly a dd a nd N n umber a nd l o ad i to n to t he o xca r t : w e mu s tc onc lude t ha tp iece sa pproved

nd No . 72 w ere t aken t o I s tanbu l f or s a le t here a nd c onf i sca ted 5 No . 62 a b y t he d i rec tor o f t he I s tanbu l A rchaeo log ica l Mu seums i n t he e ar ly 1 980 s . 1 8

f or s h ipmen tw ere r ewo rked a nd r e in scr ibed . T ype I w a sa ni n terna la nd p rov i s iona ls y s tem sion ( o f d ocumen ta t ion . B u t t h i s p rob lem t oo mu s t b e r e served f or l a ter d i scus p . 2 9 ) . We mu s t c on s ider f i r s t t he c ons t i tuen t s o f t he T ype I t ex t s .

T he L ocus I nd ica t ion i nI nscr ip t ions o f T ypes I a nd II S evera l y ear s a go Ia rgued t ha t t he l o cus i nd ica t ion s i nT ype I I i n scr ip t ion s w ere u n ique d e s igna t ion s , f i r s t , o f t h e s i te where ab lock w a s b e ing f r eed , a nd , l a ter , o f t he b lock i t se lf , t t ha t t ime f ewer t han t wen ty i n scr ip t ion s h ad f unc t ion ing a s a n a nnua l s e r ia l n umber .6 A c omp le te l o cus n umber s , b u t t he h ypo thes i s s em s s t reng thened b y t he n ew ma ter ia l . e F ir s t , t he a nnua l r e is fl o cus n umber s s eem s c onf irmed b ys evera l i n s tance s where t he s ue o s ame n umber i sa te s ted i ns ucces ear s b u t i nd ifferen tc on tex t s ( d ifferen t p er sonne l o r t sive y o ther b racch ia ) ; s ee T ab le 1 .

T ab le 1 I den t ica l L ocus Number s i n S ucces ear s sive Y L ocus 4 4 2 2 2

B racch ium 3 4 ? n g n g

C aesura

O ff ic ina

D a te

N umber

Z os im i Z os im (i) O stilii E lb idepho (r i) A thenob (i) T it( i)

P e la(gon ii) P e legon (ii) H e(r)cu li(ana) P e lag(on ii) V E( --]a

1 57 1 58 1 74 1 75 1 77

1 24 1 26 1 82 1 60 1 67

W i th in s i ng le y ear s , l o cu s n umber s i nt he s ame n a rrow r ange w ere o f ten a s igned t od ifferen t s t e am s a nd i n d ifferen t b racch ia ( Tab le 2 ) . T h i s i se v idence t ha t t here w a s as i ng le , q ua rryw ide s e r ie sr a ther t han as epara te s e r ie so fl o cus n umber sw i th in e ach b racch ium ( ap os i l i ty sib Ih ad l e f t o pen ) . The c a se f or t he u n iquenes f t he a nnua l l o cus n umber s i ss t reng thened b y t he f ac t t ha t s o o l o cus n umber i sa te s ted t w ice i n ay ear , e ven t hough ( w i th o ne c omprom i sed e xcep t ion )7 n t b lock s w ere o f ten d i scarded ( and u near thed ) i n f a ir ly h omogeneou s g roup s w i th l o cus n umber s i n t i gh t s e r ie s o r l i s t ing t he s ame p er sonne l . B racch ium One o ft he r egu la ri t em s i ni n scr ip t ion so fa l p er iods a t Doc im ium i st he w ord b racch ium l f o lowed b y a number . Th i s h a s a lway s b een u nder s tood a s i nd ica t ing t he b ranch o f t he l he t e rm i s p ar t icu lar ly a p t f or q uarry f rom wh ich a p ar t icu lar p iece w a s e x trac ted .8 T

F an t 1 984 , 1 72 . T he u sua l u nder s tand ing h a s b een as ma l s ubd iv i s ion o f aq uar i t o r l ry p o f ap ar t o f o ne ( b racch ium ) : E . Do lc i , C ar ave a n t iche . Ma ter ia l i a rcheo log ic i . r ara C R e laz ione d el ampagna d i r i levamen to d e i b en i c u l tura l i e t c . ( Car 980 ) 3 6 : " l ocu s le c r ara 1 i nd icava , i nvece , u n s e tore d e l b racch ium s t es e n on , a dd ir it , u na s i ngo la z ona d i t so s t ura c ae surae p ara le le . "( Do lc i u nder s tand sc ae sura i nt he s en se o ft he a c tua lc ut nt he p aren t l ting i r ock , wh ich i sg ood L a t in b u t n o t h ow t he w ord w a s emp loyed i n a c tua l p rac t ice i nq uar s rie where i tr efer ot he a c t ion o fc ut nd t hen t ot he p eop le who p erformed ( s uperv i sed ) r ed t ting a i t . 7 N o s . 1 7 a nd 1 71 b o th r ead l o co i , b u t ap a in ted t ex t o n t he s econd b lock g ive s / o c(o) i i ; i o ne o f t he t wo , c er ta in ly t he p a in ted t ex t s i nce i tw a s p re l im ina ry , i si n e ror . r 8H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 63 n . 4 , 1 69 ; Dubo i s 1 907 , x lv ; Monna-Pen sabene 1 977 , 5 4 ; E . Do lc i , C arrara C ave a n t iche ( s ee a bove , n o te 6 ) 3 6 . B ruzza 1 870 , 11 t hough t t ha t b racch ia w ere s ubd iv i s ion s o f l o ca , a rea sonab le e nough v i ew n o t e xc luded b y t he f ac t t ha t o n ly f our b racch ia a re k nown f rom Doc im ium b u t t he l o cus n umber s o f ten r each i n to t he h undred s .

6

1 9

q ua rr ie s b ecau se i n m i l i tary t e rm s i ta l so mean t " ear thwork s , e n trenchmen t s . "9 D iv i s ion o f rie as i te i n to b racch ia wa s ar egu lar p rac t ice a t t he I mper ia l q uar s , t o j udge f r om t he 0 i n scr ip t ion s .1

T ab le 2 S im i lar L ocus N umber s I n D ifferen t B racch ia L ocus

B racch ium

C aesura

O f fi c ina

D a te

N umber

4 29 4 33

2 4

A el(ii) A nt. n g A el(ii) [ A ]nton in i n g

1 47 1 47

8 9 9 0

0 53 0 55 0 6 1

3 4 3

A el(ii) A nton in i n g A el(ii) A nton in i n g n g n g

1 48 1 48 1 48

9 4 9 5 9 6

0 33 0 42 0 55

2 ? n g 4

Z osim i M a(n lii?) A lex. M anl(ii) A lex .

n g n g n g

1 54 1 54 1 54

18 19 1 20

0 04 0 11

3 4

Z osi(m i) A lex(andri)

p eta(gon ii) A nd (ae)

1 57 1 57

1 24 1 25

0 17 0 18

3 4

A lex(andri) A lex(andri)

n g A ndae

1 59 1 59

1 30 1 29

0 59 0 60 0 66

4 n g 4

[ C laud lian i A lex(andri) C laud ian (i)

E phes(iana) A ndae P elag(on ii)

1 60 1 60 1 60

1 44 1 45 1 46

0 01 0 02

4 3

T iti T iti

C omod (iana) L ucilli

1 79 1 79

1 75 1 74

0 04

4

T iti

( A ]nd(ae)

1 79

1 73

F our b racch ia a re k nown a t Doc im ium . Röder f e l t t ha t a l l f our w ere w i th in B acaka le o r he n ew ma ter ia ls uppor t s t h is b yg iv ing t he s t rong i mpres sion t ha t p erhap sa l so Quarry I .1 T n o g rea t d i s tance c ou ld h ave s epara ted t he b racch ia . We s e e , f or i n s tance , t e am s u nder t he q uar ry e ng ineer A e l iu s An ton inu sa t work i na l l f our b racch ia i n as i ng le y ear ( s ee T ab le 1 2 ) . S im i lar ly , o ff i c inae r egu lar ly h and led b lock s a nd c o lumn s f rom s evera l b racch ia ( e sp . t he o ff i c ina A ndae i nt he y ea r 1 59 ; T ab le 1 2 ) . Röder b e l ieved t ha t h e h ad l o ca ted B racch ium I I when h e f ound ab lock s o i n scr ibed o n t he s urface o f t he d ebr i s i n t he d eep i nden ta t ion i n l 2 B u t a s t he W e nd o f B acaka le h a s b een c l ea red o ver t he m idd le o f t he Sw a l o f B acaka le .1 t he l a s t h a lf d ecade , i th a s b ecome c l ear t ha tt he l o ca t ion o fb lock s i no ro n t he s urface o ft he fferen d ebr i s h a s n o d i rec t c onnec t ion w i th t he ir o r ig ina l p rovenance ) . B lock s w i th d i t b racch ium n umber s a re o f ten f ound n ex t t oe ach o ther , a nd t he d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W . l e nd o fB acaka le h a s p roduced i n scr ip t ion s w i th a lf our b racch ium n umber s . H ence w e mus t g ive u p a ny h ope o f i den t ify ing t he b racch ia i n t h i s way . sib B u t a no ther a pproach i sp os le . b racch ium b y d ecade s .

t T ab le 3 show s t he f r equency o f a te s ta t ion o f e ach

l. A l TLL I V .4 , e . g . B el f r . 4 9 .1 : " brach ia d ucere e tc a s te la mun ire . " 1 0 T eo s : Y . B equ ignon , RA 2 8 ( 1928 ) 1 85f . n o . 9 ;T eo s/Karagö l S urvey i nv . n o . 8 3-1, 8 37 , 8 3-8 , 8 3-14 ( unpub l i shed ) ; R . L anc ian i , No tSc 1 888 p . 1 4 . P a ro s : B ruzza 2 79 = Dubo i s I I 2 70 . Chem tou : B ruzza n o . 2 22 = Dubo i s n o . 1 08 ; C IL V I 1 4577 = Dubo i s n o . 9 5 . i R öder 1 971, 2 71f . 1 2 R öder 1 979 , 2 71f . , 2 84 a nd J 2 .

9

2 0

T ab le 3 N umber o f Ment ions o f t he B racch ia b y D ecades Da te

B racch ium I

9 0s 1 00s 10s 1 20s 1 30s 1 40s 1 50s 1 60s 1 70s 1 80s 1 90s 2 00s 2 10s 20s 2 2 30s u ndated

1

1

I

3 * 1

8 6 2

I I

I V

1 * 1 0* 3 2 6 1 8 1 ? 2

3 * 3 * 1 1 5 1 5 1 0 1 4 1 0

3 9 6 1 1

1 1

2

3 2 2

1

2

4

T otals

4 2 4 5 5 = 2 .4% = 14 .6% = 33.3% T ype I i nscriptions a rranged b y e arliest d ate .

* conflicting

8 2 = 49 .7%

=1 65 =1 00%

b racch ium n umbers a re a ll i ncluded .

T hese f i gures a re v ery r agged a nd c anno t b e p u shed t oo h ard . I ti sn o t s i gn if ican t , f or i n s tance , t ha t t here a re n o i n scr ip t ion s a nd s o n o b racch ium n umber s f rom t he l a s t t wo d ecades o ft he s econd c en tu ry . T h i s mu s tb ea na cc iden to ft he modern c l ear ing ; d ebr i s f rom l s b r en t ha t p er iod w i l d oub t les e f ound when t he c ur t c l ear ing c u t s d eeper ( s ou th-ea s tward ) l i n to B acaka le . S t i l , af ew c au t ious o b serva t ion s c an p erhap s b e made . Absen ts o me b izarre s y s te m o fn umber ing ,B racch ium Is hou ld b e t he o lde s t , a nd i ts eem s l t t oh ave b een e xhau s ted w e l b efore t he i n scr ip t ions b eg in i n t he 9 0 s . A temp t s t o w ork i t a ga in i n t he t h ird c en tury s hou ld p robab ly b e t aken a s s ugge s t ing a genera l d ep le t ion o f r e source s . We o ugh t t o b e a b le t o s ay w i th c onf idence , t oo , t ha t i tw a s l o ca ted a tt he We s t ry l e nd o fB acaka le s i nce i ti s cl ea rt ha tq uar ing b egan t here a nd d rove E a s ti n to t he r i s ing h i l 3 ( s ee a l so p . 4 1) .1 B racch ium I s hou ld a l so b e s o mewhere i n t he We s tern p a r t o fB acaka le . I n v i ew o f t he sion o p rogres f t he e xp lo i ta t ion t ook ( s ee b e low , p .4 1) , i ti s more l i ke ly t ha t B racch ia Ia nd Iw l ere o n e i ther s i de o f t h e c en tra l e n trance r oad ( I l . 3 )t han t ha t B racch ium Iw a s c l o se t o l t he e n trance a nd B racch ium I d eeper i n to t he h i l . s We c an s ay l e s a bou t t he t wo b racch ia where t he a c t iv i ty o f t he s econd a nd t h ird l c en tur ie s wa sc oncen tra ted . T he i nden ta t ion h a lfway a l ong t he S ou th w a lo fB acaka le i s such 4 t ha t i t s r ad i s t inc t a rea ( and s eem s t o h ave h ad i t s own a cces oad c l imb ing t he S ou th r im 1 b eg s f or o ne o f t he l abe l s : i t may w e l h ave b een I I , a s Röder h ad s ugge s ted f or t he w rong l r ea son s , a nd t he a d jacen t e x ten s ion o f t he ma in a rea I V , o r v ice v er sa . B u t w e h ave n o w ay o f k now ing . There i sa l so t he p rob lem o f t he n ew a rea o pened a round m id c en tury b eyond t he Ka le sib l ( pos ly a luded t o i n t he n ame o f t he 0 f i c ina C on tra P ers is ; s ee p . 3 7 , 3 8) . T he b locks f ound i n t he d ebr i s t here n ame B racch ium I V e i gh t t ime s a nd I I t h ree t ime s . T h i s a rea c l ear ly wa s n o t B racch ium V ( no s uch i sk nown ) , a nd s o i tc an o n ly h ave b een c on s idered a n

1 3 1 4

Röder 1 971, 2 73 . Röder 1 971, 2 73 . 2 1

ried u e x ten s ion o fI Io rI V . T he d ebr i s f rom t he i nden ta t ion w a s p robab ly c ar p t h er oad a nd l d epo s i ted i n t he d ebr i s h i l s i mmed ia te ly a d jacen t a nd j u s t t o t he E a l ong t he S ou th r im . l ry Over t he c en tur ie s t here w a s ac on s iderab le s l ip o f ma ter ia l f rom t he s econd h i l i n to Quar I , a nd t h i s may e xp la in t he p re sence o f t he t wo b racch ium n umber s t here . B u t a tt h i s p o in t sion h t he d i scus a s a l ready r un b eyond t he b ounds o f o ur k now ledge . A f i na l n o te o f sim r ec p es i sm i s tha ti fi nf ac tt h i sh ypo the t ica lr econ s t ruc t ion i s cor t ,t hen f ur ther d i scover ie s l w i l p roduce o n ly more o f t he s ame a nd n o t b r ing a ny c l ear c onf irma t ion . Da tes T here a re c l o se t o 1 00 T ype I i n scr ip t ion so nr ecord ( i nc lud ing 1 4f rom t he A ll in ta §ova s i ) ry a nd t w ice a s many i nd iv idua l t ex t s c ar ing d a tes . W i th in t he p er iod o f t he T ype I r eg ime ( 92-ca . 19 , o n p re sen t k now ledge ) , t he d a te s a re n o td i s tr ibu ted e ven ly a l ong t ha t r ange o f y ea r s . The y ear s a re 9 2 , 9 3 , 9 5 , 1 00 , 1 05 , 1 07 , 1 08 , 1 09 , 10 , 11, 13? , 14 , 15 , 16 l ( A l t in ta 5ova s i o n ly ) , a nd 19 . T he s amp le i sn o t t oo s ma l t o p reven t d raw ing t he mode s t l c onc lu s ion t ha t i n s ome y ea r s a t l e a s t , i f n o t i n a l t he u nrepre sen ted o ne s , Type I i n scr ip t ion s s imp ly w ere n o t c u t . T h i s i se ven more i n teres t ing i n l i gh t o f t he f a c t t ha t t he l t i ny h andfu l o fT ype It ex t s a tO s t ia c on ta in s t wo d a te s ( 96 a nd 9 9 ) n o t r epresen ted i na l t he T ype I i n scr ip t ion s . T h i s p o in t s t o t he c onc lu s ion t ha t T ype I t ex t s s e rved a s pec if ic rie s sing t p urpo se w i th in t he q uar s , mak ing i nven tor ie s a nd a ses he ma ter ia l . R (ecens i tum) T h i s d i s t inc t ive s y mbo l w a s p robab ly b orrowed f r om t he b ureaucra t ic a nno ta t ion s o n t amphorae . T he f orm o f t he l e ter i st he s ame , a n o ver s ized , c ur s ive R w i th l ong h or izon ta l b a r i n t he m idd le . I t s t and s s ure ly f or t he r ( ecens i tum) , a s Rodr iquez A lme ida h a s c onv inc ing ly i n terpre ted t he 4 Zo f t he amphorae b y a dduc ing i n t he n o tor iou s d ed ica t ion t o s es s or t S ex . I u l iu sP os he d e scr ip t ion o f ap o s ta do l eum A f rum e tH ispanum r ecensendum ( CIL 5 C hr i s to ! a nd D rew-Bea r h ave r e cen t ly p ropo sed ar ad ica ly d ifferen t 1 180 = I l LS 1 403 ) .1 6 H av ing a bandoned t he s t res l a rgumen t t ha tR i nd ica tes r (e p roba tum) o r i n terpre ta t ion .1 s fu 7 D rew-Bear a nd h i s c o labora tor n ow o ffer n ow a n e qua ly as im i lar p hra se o f r ej ec t ion ,1 l l d iff icu l t s ugge s t ion i n wh ich RMA i se xp la ined a s r (a t io) ma( r morum) , a n e qu iva lence i n s en se b e tween RMA , VFR a nd R i sd educed f rom t he f ac t t ha t t hey d o n o t a ppea r t oge ther i na ny t ex t , a nd t hen k i ss omehow e qua ted t o RMA a s as hor t f orm o f r (a t io) . T here i sn o 8 a nd p a leograph ica ly , i t border su pon t he p a r t icu lar o b jec t ion t o Rodr iquez A lme ida 's c a se ,1 l p erver se t o i gnore t he b la tan t d ifference b e tween t he b ar ich i so f ten much l a rger r ed R,wh a s w e l a s c ur s ive , a nd t he u sua l u nbar ap i ta l R . B u t t be f undamen ta l d iff icu l ty i n t h e l r ed c a rgumen t i si n t he a ser t ion t ha t " on n e t r ouve a soc iee a vec ( R MA) äl ' in ter ieur d 'un meme s s t ex te n i l a marque VFR ...n i l eR b arre s eu l . " T here i sn o th ing c ompe l ing i nt h i s o b serva t ion . T he u sua l s i tua t ion i st of i nd o n ap iece l o f marb le as uccess ion o fd a ted t ex t s u s ing t wo o re ven t h e se t h ree mark so ne a f ter t he o ther .

R (e cens i tum) r a ther t han r (e cogn i tum) : A . Rodr iguez A lme ida , I mon te T es tacc io ( Rome 1 984 ) 2 35f . w i th f ur ther r ef s . , f o lowed b y B acc in i 1 979 , 1 2 , n o . 6 ;s ee a l so t he n o te o n N o . l 5 0 d . B efore Rodr iguez A lme ida , o p in ion w a s u nan imou s f or r (e cogn i tum) , c hamp ioned b y H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 63 n .4 from as ugge s t ion o f D res l : c f . Monna-Pen sabene 1 977 , 5 6 ; G . se B ecat , Ed if ic io i no pus s ec t i le f uo r iP or ta mar ina ( S cav id iO s t ia V I , Rome 1 969 )2 4 ; Dubo i s ti 1 908 , 8 5 . B ruzza 's r a t ion is ( 1870 , 1 08 ) h a sa trac ted n o s uppor tu n t i l D rew-Bea rh a s r ev ived t i t . Ano ther l i ke ly p os i l i ty emerge s f rom t he a ppea rance o f r ( ecep tum) o n t h ree b lock s sib ( No s . 1 76 , 1 77 , 1 78 )o fa .1 77 , t ha ti s , r ece ived f rom t h ee n t i ty r e spons ib le f or t he ir h and l ing t o d a te . B u t s uch a use n eed n o t b e t e chn ica l , a nd i n t he c on tex t o f T ype I t e x t s , where r ecoun t s a nd i nven tor ie s a re more f r equen t , t here i ss t i l ab et a se f or r ( ecens i tum) . l ter c 1 6 C r i s to l & D rew-Bear 1 986 , 7 4-80 . 1 7 E ck a nd D rew-Bea r 1 976 , 3 14f . , c r i t ic ized b y F an t 1 984 , 1 77 n o . 4 . 1 8 " I l f au t a dmet ue l et emo inage n ' es t p a s a u ss i d i rec t q u 'on l ec roya i t , c a r l ar ecens io tre q d e S ex . I u l iu s P os ' exerga i t e n u n l i eu o ü l e s amphore s q u i e ta ien t t r an sbordee s e t s es s or s c on trö lee s p or ta ien t d é jà l eR b ar " ( p . 7 5 ) . re 1 5

2 2

The i mpor tan t p o in t i st ha t , a s t he w r i ter s s , RMA i sa soc ia ted o verwhe lm ing ly w i th t he ee s 9 V FR o n ly w i th t he y ear s 14 a nd 15 . I ti ss t r ik ing , i n f ac t , t ha t a st he n umber y ear 1 09 ,1 o f T ype I i n scr ip t ion s h a s g rown f rom a m ere h andfu l d iff icu l t t o make g enera l iza t ion s a bou t t o ab ody o fn ear ly 1 00 , t he r e s tr ic t ion o ft he se t wo mark s t ot hese y ear sh a s h e ld t r ue , a nd t herefore i ti sn o t a n a cc iden t o f t he e v idence . R , o n t he o ther h and , f ar f rom b e ing l im i ted t o j u s t t wo y ea r s ( o r j u s t f our , a s t he a u thor s t h ink o n t he b a s i s o f n ew i n scr ip t ion s a te s t i ta l so i n 9 3 a nd 1 6 1) , o ccur s b road ly t h roughou t t he p er iod when q uar s w ere t r y mark 0 T he mark s a re a l so c oup led w i th n umber s w i th s uch f r equency a s i n scr ibed a t Doc im ium .2 t o s ugges t t ha t t h i s w a s t he r egu la r u sage : ma rk , n umber a nd d a te . H ence t here i s ac er ta in f unc t iona le qu iva lence i nt ha ta l t he ma rk sa ppear t ol a be ld a ted c ode n umber so fs o me s or t . l B u t t he mark s c l ear ly d o n o t mean t he s ame t h ing . And wh i le t he mark s may n o t b e f ound 1 a s VFR . T he u se o f i n t he s a me t ex t ,R i sc er ta in ly f ound u sed i n t he s ame y ear ( a . 15 )2 R , a n a bbrev ia t ion i ng enera l u se i n t he Emp ire , p receded , p a ra le led a nd l ong s urv ived t he l o ther t wo ma rk s . I ti so bv iou s t ha t t he o ther t wo ma rk s w ere emp loyed ( i nven ted? ) t o i nd ica te o pera t ion s o r d es igna t ion s q u i te d i s t inc t f rom t ha t o f t he r (ecens i tum) s i gn . T hey c l ear ly d on o ta l ma rk p iece so f ma rb le a sb e long ing t ot he r a t io marmorum . I ti s much more l e conom ica l t os uppo se t ha t e ven i n as i ng le y ear c oun t s o f d ifferen t c l as s o f o b jec t s w ere se c ar u t a nd s o l a be led : p erhap s a n o vera l i nven tory , ac oun t o f u sab le b lock s , a no ther ried o l l o f d efec t ive b u t s a lvageab le p iece s , a no ther o f c o lumn s , a nd s o s o . RMA t s These f r equen t l e te r s a re s ecure ly a soc ia ted i nt he n ew i n scr ip t ion s w i th o n ly o ne d a te , evera l t imes i ti sa s soc ia ted w i th t he y ear 1 09 , a nd more t enuou s ly w i th 1 00 a nd 1 05 .2 S l e t ter s t ha t l o ok l i ke s i gna tures , ANT (on inus?) ( No s . 3 4 aa nd 1 2 b ) a nd CHR(es tus o r nd 3 0 2;s ee a l so b e low ) . No e x terna l e v idence e xp la in s i t s mean ing . A s im i lar?) ( No s . 1 82 a sib 3 T he u se o f t he word r eprobare f or t he j udgmen t o f p os i l i ty i sr ( eproba tum) ma (rmor) .2 t he p roba tor i ss uppor ted b y n o t o n ly b y t he n ame o f t ha t s pec ia l is t b u t a l so b y t he e xp l ic i t l l abe l REPR , a pp l ied o cca s iona ly t o T ype I I b lock s much l a ter t han t he p er iod o f T ype I 1 2'4 1' a nd i n scr ip t ion s w i th mu l t ip le d a te s ( No s . 9 3 [ s ee t he n o te t here ] , 10 , 1 03 , 1 63 , 2 22 3 f t he y ear s 1 40 a nd 1 47 ) . O r R may i nd ica te a n a c t ion t o b e p erformed r a thr t han 4 3 2,o a l ready p erformed :r ( eponendum) ,t ob es e ta s ide i ns t orage ,o rr (e t inendum) , t ob eh e ld b ack , sib f or e xamp le ; ag erund ive o rder ing t he p iece r ecu t t o r emove u n sound s t one i sa l so p os le . s wou One c an a gree w i th D rew-Bea r 's o b serva t ion t ha t p iece s j udged v a lue les ld n o t h ave s mark s a pp l ied i n s ub sequen t y ear s , b u t i ta sume s ab inary wor ld : e i ther a pproved o r r eproved . Quarry ing d oes n o t work i ns uch as imp l i s t ic w ay , a nd i t is more l i ke ly t ha tp iece s s ( w ere g raded o n as l id ing s ca le o f d egree s o f u sefu lnes s ee a bove ) . VFR Th i s mark o ccur s o n ly p reced ing t he c on su la r d a te f or t he y ear s 14 a nd 15 o r a l one ; t he

1 9 1 6 t imes d a ted t o 1 09 ;o nce t o 1 00 ,p ref ixed b y as i gna ture ; o nce t o 1 05 ( Tab le 1 a nd n o te 2 , b e low ) . 2 1 t ime s u nda ted , o f wh ich 3( probab ly 4 )a re a soc ia ted w i th as i gna ture ; i t wa s 2 s p robab ly amat f s imp le c are les o t t o a dd t he d a te . ter o s nes s n 2 0 T he y ea r s a re : 15 ( No . 3 9 ) , 16 ( No . 1 4 a tA l t in ta s ) , 19 ( No s . 5 8 a nd 5 9 b ) , 1 25 ( No . 6 1 a ) , 1 60 (No . 1 45 ) , 1 6 1 ( 148 a nd 1 51) , 1 75 ( No . 1 60 ) , 1 77 ( No s . 1 67 a nd 1 69 ) , a nd 1 78? ( No . s 1 72 ) ; o n p iece s b ear ing mu l t ip le t ex t s o f T ype I ,R o ccur s w i thou t a soc ia ted d a te s i n No s . 5 , 1 0 , 1 6 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 6? , 2 8 , 3 3 , a nd e 2 1 N o . 3 9 a nd p robab ly a l so No . 1 54 o n wh ich s ee t he n o te o n No . 3 9 . 2 2 N o s . 4 c , S c , 1 3e , 2 4c ,2 8e , 3 0a , 3 1b , 3 2c , 3 3e , 3 5a , 4 0c . Unda ted a re No s . 4 d , 9 f&j , lg &h , 1 2b , 1 6g & h , 1 7c , 2 3e , 2 0a , 2 6b , 2 7a , 2 9c , 3 4a & c ;i nf ac t , o ft h i s g roup , o n ly No s . 2 0 , 2 3 ( bo th t he v ar ian t f o rm MAR) 2 6 a nd 2 7 d o n o t c arry 1 09 a s ad a te c u t i n to t he p iece s o mewhere . 2 3 Ih ave my se lf a rgued a ga in s t t h i s i n terpre ta t ion o n t he b a s i s o f mark s MA w i th n o R v i s ib le ( Fan t 1 984 , 1 79 ; f or t he e v idence , s ee t he n o te o n No . 8 b) . I t wou ld b e o f c our se a b surd t o l a be l a block o f marb le s imp ly ma (rmor) . T he se mark s a re h ard t o r ead , a nd i f m i s taken o ri nf ac t mean s ome th ing c omp le te ly d ifferen t ,t hen r (eproba t io) ma(rmorum) may y e t b e r i gh t .

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l d a te i sf o lowed b y an umber i na bou t h a lf t he i n s tance s . I tr ema in s b aff l ing . B u t i t canno t b e an ame b u ta ppear st oi nd ica te y e ta no ther i nven tory ( i nf ac t , w i th j u s tt wo e xcep t ion s[ s ee 4 n o te 2 1 , a bove ] , n e i ther o f t hese d a te s a ppear s w i thou t t h i s c ode ) .2 S igna tures : HE , HER , CHR , J E , KE One o ft he d i s t inc t ive e l emen t so ff r equen to ccurrence i ni n scr ip t ion so fT ype I a re s hor t g roup s o f l e ter s u sua ly f o lowed b y n umber s . It ake t hese , o r mo s t o f t hem , t o b e n ame s t l l ( t hey a l b ehave i n t he s ame w ay ) . I ns trumen ta d omes t ica s how n ame s a bbrev ia ted HE a nd l 5 i n c on tex t s i n wh ich n ames s uch a s H erenn iu s ,2 6 t he t heophor ic H erac le ide s ,2 7 HER 2 H erme i scu s ,2 8 a nd Herma i s2 9 a l so o ccur . T he l i s tc ou ld e a s i ly b e e xpanded . A t t he Imper ia l ry a . .) Caes(ar q uar t T eo s , i n f ac t , t here w a s ac er ta in HER(. is s e rvus) i n t he 6 0s . A t s Doc im ium w e s hou ld p robab ly a sume t ha t HE a nd HER a r e t he s ame man s i nce c onfu s ion l c ou ld e a s i ly a r i se i ft wo men u sed s uch s im i lar a bbrev ia t ion s . CHR ( No . 1 7 ) w i l s t and f or 1 KE may b e Ke ladu s , Kerdu s , Kepha lu s , o r many o ther Chre s tu s , Chre s imu s , o r t he l i ke .3 n ame s . J E i sl e s c l ear ; p erhap s i t st and s f or an ame b eg inn ing w i th H iero, e i ther i nG reek s l e ter so r Roman w i th t he a sp ira te l o s t . I nt he C a ta logue t he a bbrev ia t ion ss t and u nexpanded t a nd i n c ap i ta l l e ter s b ecau se i ti si mpos le t o b e s ure wh ich n ame s l i e b eh ind t hem . t sib T he a bbrev ia t ion su sua ly o ccur i na soc ia t ion w i th ad a te a nd f o lowed b y an umber . A t l s l o ther I mper ia l q uar s t h i s k ind o f f ormu la p ret l ea r ly d es igna te s t he man who w a s rie ty c r e spon s ib le f or p repar ing t he p iece . B u t i ti sn o t s o s imp le a t Doc im ium . HE , t he mo s t f r equen t ly men t ioned ( 14 p iece s ; s ee T ab le 1) , a ppear s t w ice o nt he s ame b lock i nd ifferen t y ear s a nd w i th d ifferen t n umber s f o low ing ( No s . 2 4 , 2 8 , a nd 4 3 ) . T he s econd t ex t i ne ach l c a se c l ea r ly d oes n o t r efer t o t he o r ig ina l w ork ing o f t h e p iece ; t he f i r s t t ex t may a nd p robab ly d oe s . I ne i ther c a se t he u nder ly ing mean ing i s tha t t he p iece w a s h i s r e spon s ib i l i ty , h i s p roper ty , o n h i s b ook s , t he n umber i nd ica t ing h ow many p iece s h e wa s i n c harge o f i n ag iven y ear , h i s i nven tory . S igna tures: ANT , COR , CHR Ano ther s e t o f a bbrev ia t ion s a ppear i ns evera l d ifferen t c on tex t s . ANT , wh ich s ugge s t s nd No . 3 4 a ) , w i th RMA ( No s . 3 4 aa nd 1 2 b ) , a nd w i th An ton inu s , o ccur s a l one ( No . 1 62 a r (ecens i tum) ( 16 f ) . CHR , a n a bbrev ia t ion wh ich o ccur s a l so i n a no ther c on tex t ( s ee t he . 3 0 2,a nd No . 1 6 ) . I f p reced ing p aragraph ) , i sf ound t h ree t ime s w i th RMA ( No . 1 8 2,No

2 4 C r i s to l &D rew-Bear r ead t he ma rk i n( No s . 1 09 2 a nd 10 2 =t he ir n o s . 1 4 a nd 1 5 )a s VF -R w i th b a rred R , a nd c onnec t i t s u se w i th t ha t o f RMA a nd R . Ih ave n o t h ad a cces o t he s t p la te s o ft h i s a r t ic le a nd s o c anno tv er ify whe ther t he R i sb a rred . However , i ti sn o t b a rred i na ny o f t he 2 4 o ccur s o f VFR i n t he T ype I t ex t s e d i ted h ere , a nd af ew e xcep t ion s , r ence s hou ld s uch a ppear , wou ld b e s t a t i s t ica ly i n s ign if ican t . T he b u lk o f t he w r i ter s ' n o te ( p . l 8 0ff .) o n t he mark i sd evo ted t o my i n conc lu s ive d i scus f t he c on su lar d a te s VERG a nd sion o VOP , wh ich h ad r ema ined u nexp la ined i nt he e ar l ier l i tera ture ( t he d a te s b ecame c l ea r t o me v ery s hor t ly a f ter ) ; t here i sn o e l uc ida t ion o f t he mean ing o f t he ma rk o r i t s f unc t ion a tt he q ua rr ie s . 2 5 C IL X 8 056 .163 , 1 64 . 2 6 C IL X 8 058 .39 , 8 059 .193 , 1 94 . 2 7 C IL X 8 056 .160 . 2 8 C IL X 8 058 .162 . 2 9 C IL X 8 056 .163 , 1 64 . 3 0 B ruzza n o s . 1 39-44 = Dubo i s n o s . 4 31-32 ( no . 4 34 , wh ich i s an o te , n o t at ex t , i s e roneou s ly l abe led B ruzza n o . 1 41 ;t he t ex to fB ruzza 1 4 1 i si nf ac tg iven i n Dubo is n o .4 33 , r l where n o B ruzza n umber i sg iven ] 4 35-37 ) ; p robab ly t he s ame man a l so i n n o s . 1 45 a nd 1 46 = Dubo i s n o s . 4 38 ( t he n umber i sr epea ted i n e ror f or b o th t ex t s ) . r 3 1 C f . s t amp s o n Ar t ine wa re : C IL X I 6 700 .38 , v ar ia t ion s o n t he s t amp C hres tus C . A nn i , re c f . X I 6 700 .490 , C hres( t u s) P ub ( l i) , a nd X I 6 700 .701, v ar ia t ion s o n t he s t amp Chysan t i . i There i s a Chre s imu s a te s ted a t t he I mper ia l q uar s o n P aro s i n t he s econd h a lf o f t rie Dom i t ian 's r e ign ( Bruzza 2 77 = Dubo i s 2 67 ) , b u t t he n ame w a s n o t r a re .

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s nd i n a soc ia t ion w i th RMA , i s ar e l iab le r ead ing , i t COR , r ecorded o n ly o nce ( No . 3 9 2)a 2 CR RMA ( No . 1 6 ) may b e a fur ther s ugge s t s t he n ame C or in thu s , p robab ly ap roba tor .3 s hor ten ing o f t he s a me n ame . T he s i gna ture a lone o n ap iece p erhap s mean s s een , a pproved a ss t and s ; t is l i nked w i th , " " where i RMA , " s o-and-so r e jec ted t h i s p iece/ma rked i t to b e s e ta s ide ; " w i th r (ecens i tum) , " s o-ands o h a s e n tered t he p iece i n to t he r ecord s . " DE D eo ugh t t ob e t he p repo s i t ion ( i t w ou ld b e ac onfu s ing a bbrev ia t ion f or aword b eg inn ing l w i th t he a dverb ia l p ref ix d e-) . I ti sa lway s f o lowed b y a number , wh ich Ic on s true a s a l o cus n umber . Two s imp le , u n i ta ry i n scr ip t ion s o f a . 19 ( No s . 5 9 a nd 6 0 ) , wh ich s eem t r an s i t iona l f rom T ype I t o Type I I , a l so u se d e w i th an umber . Ano ther t ex t ( No . 7 3 ) o f l t he s ame t ype ( s t i l l a ck ing i nd ica t ion s o ft he c aesura a nd o ff ic ina ) i n 1 38 e xp l ic i t ly c oup le s u t an o te o fc au t ion d e w i th l oco : d e l o co l xxxxv , a sd oe sa n u nda ted f ragmen t( No . 2 31) .3 B e o ccur s t w ice b u t f o l lowed b y mu s t b e s ounded : o n ab lock s een b y R am say ( No . 5 2 2)d d ifferen t n umber s ; i f t h i s i s n o t am i s take , t hen t he n a ture o f t he d e n umber s r ema in s o bscure . G IP(gamma) e t c . A f ew i n scr ip t idn s ( No s . 4i ; 5a ;9 e; 6b ; 8c ;9 e; 1 f ;1 2 i ;1 3 b ) s how s hor t g roup s o f t l e ter s wh ich a re a lway s w orn a nd h ard t o r ead . E ven when t he s t roke s a re c l ear , i ti sn o t t e ven c er ta in wha t l e ter s t h e s hape s a re i n tended t o r epre sen t . A s f a r a s t hey c an b e made t o u t , t hey s eem t o b e l e ter s f rom b o th L a t in a nd G reek wh ich d o n o t f orm word s o r e ven l se a bbrev ia t ion s . T hey a re t oo l ong t of i nd p a ra le l si nt he u sua l" ma son 's " mark s , b u t--gues s l s eem i n o rder h ere t hey may s t i l b e s ome k ind o f s i gna ture o f i nd iv idua l men who t t tered t w orked o n ap iece ( one l e ter p er man?) . O ther s i ng le G reek l e tyr s s cat h roughou t t he r ymen l a ter t ex t s a re p erhap s a l so t he ma rk s o f i nd iv idua l q uar .' 4 Wh ich i st he F irs t I nsc r ip t ion o n a Block o r C o lumn? When we l ook a t ab lock c ar ing ad ozen t ex t s , w e n a tura ly a sk wh ich w a s t he f i r s t , t he ry l o r ig ina l o ne a pp l ied when t he b lock w a s f i r s t q uar nd d res . T he a n swer wou ld h e lp ried a s ed u s u nder s tand t he r ecord ing s y s tem , a nd s o t he managemen t o f t he q uarr ie s i n t h i s p er iod . T ex t s i n wh ich ac on su la r d a te i sf o lowed d i rec t ly b y an umber a re ac and ida te . B u t t here l a re an umber o fp iece s o n wh ich more t han o ne s uch t ex to ccur s . And t here i s wor se . T here i s as e r ie s o f t h in wafer s o f t he s ame c o lumn l abe led w i th s im i lar t ex t s c arry ing n umber s l f rom 2 to 4 ( No s . 1 ,2 , 3 ) ; t wo more o f a ppa ren t ly t he s ame s e t a re l abe led a s n o s . 8a nd 9 l ( 4a nd 5 ) . I ft h i s k ind o ft e x t w ere t he f i r s t c u t , i t wou ld p u t a9 0cm c o lumn s haf t ( No . 1 0 , i n wh ich t he n umber 5f o low s t he d a te 9 2 ) . i n t he m idd le o f p iece s o f o ne o f ad iame ter o f l c a . 1 40-160 . E v iden t ly , t e x t s o f t h i s t ype c ou ld b e u sed t o i nd ica te p lace i n v ery l im i ted s e r ies . W i th p ieces o f t he s ame c o lumn , t he n a ture o f t he g roup i sc l ear , b u t o therw i se w e

T he n ame COR o ccur so f ten a tT eo s ( Teo sS urvey No s . 8 3-1, 8 3-2 , 8 3-5 , 8 3-7 , 8 3-8 , 8 35 ,8 3-9 , 8 3-13 ; Y . B equ ignon , RA s e r . 5 ,v .2 8 ( 1928 ) 1 85-208 n o s . 1 , 9a nd 1 0 ; p erhap s a l so B ruzza n o . 2 43 ( f rom Ham i l ton a nd L e B a s ) , AUR CORN H , r a t iona l ized b y C IL I I 4 19a a s A ur .C or in th( i an i?) . L anc ian i , No tSc 1 883 ,p .1 4 ,C or in th iC or in th i( an i n scr ip t ion o ver looked b y a l ) , p robab ly g ive s t he f u l f orm o f t he n ame . Mo s t o f t hese b lock s a re d a ted 1 63 . A l l C or in thus a t Chem tou a ppear s a s a n e n trepreneur i n t he r eg ime p r ior t o t he o ff ic ina/caes ura s y s te m t here ( s ee b e low , p . 3 0 ) i n t he e ar ly s e cond c en tury ( CIL I I 1 4594 = Dubo i s ; c f . C IL I I 1 4591 = D ubo i s 14 , CORN! CAS , p robab ly t o b e r ead C or in( th i) c afe Js 19a ( ans) . 3 3 T he o cca s iona l u se o f e x l o co l a ter mu s t b e ab orrow ing f rom t he s t andard p hra se e x i o ffc ina . 3 4 C f . F . W . D e ichmann , R avenna Haups tad t d es s pä tan t iken A ben landes ( W ie sbaden 1 976 ) .2 , 2 10 f or s im i lar mark s wh ich m igh t b e ma son 's ma rk s o r q uar s . 1 r y mark

3 2

2 5

a re o n o ur own . t P erhap s t he " o r ig ina l "t ex tw a s ap la in n umber , n o ta tached t o ad a te o ra ny k ind o fc ode ; t hey a re f ea ture so f mo s tT ype I i n scr ip t ion s .S uch as imp le k ind o fs e r ia l n umber m igh tj u s t h ave s uff iced d ur ing a ny g iven y ea r a s l ong a s s o me th ing more s ub s tan t ia l ( and d a ted ) r ep laced i tf or p ermanen t r ecord-keep ing . S uch n umber s d o e x i s t , a nd many o f t hem a re v ery h igh n umber s ( i n t he r ange o f 5 00 t o 8 00 ) . B u t , a ga in , t here a re f a ta l o b jec t ion s t o c a s t ing t he se b a re n umber s i nt he r o le o ft he f i r s to ff ic ia l d e s igna tor o ft he p iece . F ir s t , t wo s uch n umber s o ccur o n t oo many b lock s ( No s . 2 3 a& d ;2 4 a& b ; 3 2 b & d ;4 6 b& d ;8 4-66 r t ter or u s t o i nvoke e ror s o n t he p ar t o f t he l e ter c ut . S econd , t he b & d ;9 g & i ;a nd 3 9 2)f s b are n umber sa re s o me t ime sa soc ia ted w i th ab racch ium n umber ,s o me th ing w e wou ld e xpec t t o b e r ecorded when t he p iece w a s f i r s t i n scr ibed . B u t No . 1 7 g ive s p au se ; t ex t ( a ) r ead s i l( d ccc lx ix b (racch io) i i ; t ex t( b ) , C ol ega) c os b (racch io) i , t he d a te b e ing 9 3 . R a ther t han s c ry f ou la nd a sume t ha to ne o ft he d i screpan tb racch ium n umber s i s am i s take , w ew ou ld d o ter t l b et o wonder whe ther wha t i sb e ing n o ted h ere when t he p iece w a s l abe led n o . 8 69 w a s n o t t he b racch ium i n wh ich t he p iece w a s q ua rr ied b u t i n wh ich i t wa s b e ing s t ored a t t he t ime o f t he c oun t . T ex t ( b ) , a ga in , ma , y b e t he o r ig ina l t ex t , o r i t may a l so i nd ica te t ha t i n 9 3 t he p iece w a s i n s ide B racch ium I V .' s T hese " bare "n umber sc er ta in ly t e s t ify t o an umber ing o rc oun t ing ,b u tn o tt he a s ignmen t l o fa no r ig ina l s e r ia l n umber t o an ew ly c omp le ted p iece ( when a no ther c oun t w a s c a led f or , sed o a ny e x i s t ing n umber s c u t i n to ab lock w ere p erhap s c ros u t w i th r ed p a in t when i tw a s c oun ted a new ) . t ter f L ocus n umber s , wh ich o ccur r a re ly , w ere p robab ly a pp l ied when t he l e ter-cut i r s t a pproached t he f i n i shed s urface , b u t t ha t i sh ard ly i nforma t ive . l I t may w e l b e s imp ly t ha t t he e a r l ie s td a ted t ex to n ag iven p iece i st he o r ig ina l o ne , b u t s uch t ex t s a re f ar f rom u n iform i n n a ture a nd c on ten t a nd , moreover , e a s i ly p rov ided w i th l l p rec i se p ara le l s b y t ex t s wh ich a re n o t t he e a r l ie s t o n a piece . F ina ly , many p iece s a re e i ther u nda ted c omp le te ly o r h ave d a te s t ha t p a ten t ly r efer t o o pera t ion s p o s ter ior t o t he o r ig ina l work ing o f t he p iece . s ed u Ih ave t r e spas pon t he r eader 's p a t ience i n t h i s e xerc i se i n f ru s tra t ion n o t s imp ly i n o rder t o c onvey t he f l avor o f w ork ing w i th t h i s ma ter ia l , b u t t o s o l ic i t c redence f or t he s ugge s t ion t ha t t he u nder t he T ype I r eg ime n o o ne wa s much c oncerned w i th t he l c i rcum s tance s o f t he o r ig ina l p roduc t ion o ft he p iece . T h i s o b serva t ion w i l b e u sefu l when t he managemen t u nder ly ing t he i n scr ip t ions i sc on s idered . T ype II T he t r an s i t ion f rom T ype s It oI I w a s g radua l . F rom 19 i n to t he 1 30s , as pa r se p er iod i n o ur e v idence , v ery s imp le i n scr ip t ion s g ive t he d a te a l ong w i th l ocus a nd b racch ium n umber s ,s o me t ime sa l so a no ther n umber . I nt he l a te 1 30 st he o n ly i nd iv idua lo ro rgan iza t ion nd 1 2 f rom Rome , ry e l n amed i st he c en tur ion a nd q uar ng ineer T u l iu sS a turn inus ( No s . 1 02 a No s . 6 6-68 a nd 7 6 f rom t he q uar s ) . I t i st emp t ing t o s pecu la te , i n f ac t , t ha t Tu l iu s rie l S a turn inu s ( a s p ar t o f ac adre? ) w a s b rough t i n t o p re s ide o ver t he r eorgan iza t ion o f q uar ing o pera t ion s . I n t he n ex t d ecade t he i n scr ip t ion s men t ion t he c aesura c h ief A e l iu s ry An ton inu s , a l so a c en tur ion , a nd b eg in t o n ame o ff i c in iae ( Tab le 1 2 ) . On ly i n t he n ex t l d ecade , h owever ,d id i t become s t anda rd p rac t ice t or e cord a lt he i nd ica t ions ,o ft opography a nd p er sonne l . T he c omp le te i n scr ip t ion p re served i sd a ted 1 56 ( No . 1 22 ) . T he f ormu la e ndure s u n t i l t he l a s t d a ted i n scr ip t ion o f 2 36 ( No . 2 22 ) . i t ems : d a te Off i c ina n ame

3 5

e .g . No . 1 40 : lo] [Qu in t il P r isco c os o ff (i c ina) A ndae

a . 1 59

O ther b racch ium n umber s a soc ia ted w i th a" ba re " n umber : No s . 1 8 , 2 1, 2 4 a nd No . 3 8 2. s 2 6

C aesura Ch ief L ocus n umber B racch ium n umber

c aes(ura) A lex( a ndr i) l o co cc lxxxxvv b (racch io) q uar t(o)

A h a lf d ozen b lock s ( No s . 5 6 , 9 3 , 1 03 , 2 2 2,4 l 1 2,4 3 2) ,a l f rom t he l a te 1 40s , h ave a l so REPR f or r ep roba tum , amark o f r e jec t ion b y t he p roba tor wh ich w a s c u s toma r i ly i nd ica ted i n a no ther w ay , p erhap s i n p a in t ( s ee t he n o te o n No . 9 3 ) . I n t he l a te s econd a nd t he f i r s t l t h ird o f t he t h ird ( when t he i n scr ip t ion s c ea se ) , t he i nd ica t ion CO M o r CO M M , f o lowed ten o t l a lway s b yt he n umber 1 ,w r it nce i nl e ter s( No . 1 89 ) , n ear ly a lway s f o low st he l o cus a nd l b racch ium n umber s . T he mean ing i sn o t c l ear , a nd t he o n ly p ara le l i si n f ac t i den t ica l a nd 6 P en sabene s ugge s ted t he word c omm issura a s p erhap s as ubd iv i s ion o f s o i sn o t h e lpfu l .3 7 ab racch ium , b u tt he w ord , u nfor tuna te ly , d oes n o ts eem a b le t ob ea r t ha tk ind o f mean ing .3 S ince n o s en se o f t he a bbrev ia t ion 's mean ing emerge s f rom u se i n t he i n scr ip t ion s , t here anno t , h owever , s ee wha t i sn o way t oc hoose among t he many word s i t cou ld s t and f or .' 8 Ic t op u ti n i t s p lace . L es r equen ta dd i t ion s a nd v a r ia t ion s i n t h i s a bbrev ia t ion a re p o in ted i n s f t he n o tes .

i t

A more e l oquen t f orm o fT ype I I i sa te s ted b y p iece s wh ich h ad b een s h ipped f rom t he t q uarr ie st owa rd Rome ,a se v idenced b yp iece sf rom as h ipwreck o ff P un ta S c ifo n ear C ro tone 9 S h ipp ing n umber s h ave b een a dded , a s h a s t he p hra se s ub c ura c u iusdam a nd a t Rome .3 l A ug(us t i) l i b(er t i) p roc (ura tor is) ." T he n am ing o f t he p rocura tor i n o vera l c harge o f t he l o pera t ion h a s p ara le l s n o t o n ly f rom o ther q uarr ie s b u t a l so o n w a ter p ipe s ma in ta ined b y t he s t a t io a quarum i n R ome ." T he se t wo i t em s w ere a dded a f ter t he p iece s h ad l e f t t he ries 2 q uar ; i tw a s a lmo s t c er ta in ly d one a tS ynnada .4 I n c on tra s t t o t he m are 's n e s t o f t he T ype I i n scr ip t ion s , c omponen t s o f t he T ype I I f ormu la a ppear t o b e r egu lar a nd c l ear . T he t opograph ica l i t em s l o cus a nd b racch ium h ave s ed e c ina a nd c aesura r ema in . b een d i scus ar l ier ; o n ly t he off i r ec C aesura h a sc on s i s ten t ly a nd c or t ly , It h ink , b een t aken t oi nd ica te t he e xper ti nc harge sioned o o f t he a c tua l b reak ing f r ee o f p ieces o f marb le ." S ince n oncomm is ff icer s a re

so n 3 6 " Sopra u n mas e ue t e rme An ton iane [ s ic ] , " B ruzza 2 79 = D ubo i s 2 70 : l i ne 3 :/ o c(o) b (racch io) s ec (undo) , CO M ML , where t he s t roke a f ter CO M mu s t b e t he n umera l I . 3 7 P en sabene 1 978 , 15 n o . 5 . C omm issura mean s n o th ing b u tj o in t , j unc t ion , o rs eam ( TLL s . v . , c o l . 1 900f ) . 3 8 E . g . , c ommenda tum ( approved? ) ,c ommune ( common p roper ty? ) ,c ommodum i ns o me c a se ( al oan , o n l o an, t o b e l o aned? ) . 1' 3 9 N o s . 1 0 2,1 , 9 3 2,9 4 2,9 5, 9 8 2. 4 0 O n N( s h ipp ing ) n umber s , s ee a bove , p . 1 7 . Nn umber s a re n o t f ound i n t he s h ipwreck ma ter ia l ; Id oub t t ha t t h i s i ss i gn if ican t . T he p iece s w ere much w orn b y s and a nd w ere n o t l w e l r ead a tf i r s t ( No tSc 1 921, 4 93f . ) , a nd l a ter many c ou ld n o t b e f ound a ga in ( Pen sabene 1 978 , 1 05ff . ) . I I 4 1 C hem tou : B ruzza 2 24 = D ubo i s 10 ; C IL V I 1 4571-77 = D ubo i s 8 9-95 ; Dubo i s 9 6 , 11, 12 . C ary s tu s : B ruzza 1= Dubo i s 2 78 ; B ruzza 2 79 = Dubo i s 2 80 ( vexed t ex t wh ich a s emended n ames S erg iu s L ongu s ) ; B ruzza 4 -5 = Dubo i s 2 83-84 ; No tSc 1 956 p . 4 0 . P aro s : B ruzza 2 79 =Dubo i s 2 70 ,o n wh ich s ee Dubo i s ' s h e lpfu ln o te o nt he d i spu ted t ex t . P ipe s : s ee se D res l 's i n troduc t ion i nC IL XV , p . 9 06 . eem t 4 2 T he i n scr ip t ions s oh ave b een e n t ire ly r ecu t , r a ther t han h av ing af ew word s a dded . l Two c o lumn e nd s d a ted 1 37 , n ow i n t he magaz ine s o f t he E x-La teran c o lec t ion o f t he V a t ican Mu seum s ( Bruzza 2 58-59 = D ubo i s 1 99-200 ,c f . H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 77 n . 1 ;r e s tud ied i n Append ix I ) ,a l so i nc lude t he word sr a t ion iu rb icae , ad e s t ina t ion l abe ll i ke ly d ec ided u pon a t S ynnada . T he t wo i n scr ip t ion s p resen t i t em s u n ique t o S ynnada i n term ing led w i th t he li S u sua l Type I i t em s . Moreover , t he e l abora te p hra se c aesura T ul a turn in i ( cen tur ion is) l L eg( i on is) XXII P r im( igen iae) n ame s aman who mu s tb et he s ame T u l iu sk nown f rom more li i i nforma l d e s igna t ion s o f t he s ame d a te a t t he q uarr ie s ( caesur( a ) T ul n No s . 8 6-06 a nd li i l 8 6-75 , a nd t he s imp le G en i t ive T ul n No . 8 5-14 , a l o f t he y ear 1 36 ) . 4 3 H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 69 ; Dubo i s 1 908 , 3 7 . 2 7

I P s o me t ime s n amed i n t h i s c apac i ty ( t here i s ac en tur ion o f t he l e g ion XXI r im igen ia a t nd 1 2) ,i t may n o t b e g o ing t oo f a r t oc a l t he se men e ng ineer s . l Doc im ium : No . 1 02 a T he n a ture o ft he o ffc inae s hou ld b e e qua ly c l ear . Once ar aw p iece wa s b roken f r ee ( o r i l e ven b efore , i nt he c a se o fc o lumn s ) , as epa ra te s t ep o fs hap ing a nd t r imm ing a way u nsound s t one e n sued . Offc ina i st he n a tura l t e rm f or ag roup o fs pec ia l i s t s i n ap ar t icu lar t r ade o r i c raf t , a nd i t s n ame w a s o f ten t ha t o f t he s hop f oreman o r t he owner o r e n trepreneur ." i T he o ffc inae s hou ld b e u nder s tood a s work shop s wh ich r ece ived t he r ough b lock s f rom s ed t l ac aesura t e am a nd d res hem i n to c arefu ly c on s idered r e c t i l inear s hapes wh ich e l im ina ted l a l u nsound s t one , l e av ing ma rb le wh ich c ou ld b e s awed i n to s hee t s w i th n o wa s te .° D e sp i te aw e l a te s ted s en se o fo ffc ina a s ap hy s ica l p l ace a nd a s ap ar t o f aq uar , t h i s l t i ry c anno t h ave b een t he u sage a t Doc im ium ." A t Chem tou , t he o n ly o ther q uar rom wh ich ry f 7 Mu ch o ff i c inae a re k nown ,s cho lar sh ave a soc ia ted t hem w i th s pec if ic p ar t so ft he q ua rry .4 s i sa ga in s t t h i s . L ingu i s t ica ly , a n o ff i c ina i sa n o rgan iza t ion , n o t ap lace d i s t inc t f rom t he l c raf t smen a nd w ork d one t here . I fo ffc inae w ere t i ed t of i xed a rea so f aq uar , t ha t wou ld i ry c onnec tt hem i n t ima te ly w i th t he a c tua le x trac t ion , a nd wha t wou ld w e i mag ine t he f unc t ion o f t he C aesura t e am s , wh ich w ere i ndependen t , n o t s ubord ina te , p a r t s o f o ffc inae t o b e? i P erhap s n ew i n scr ip t ion s f rom C hem tou w i l p rove t ha t o ffc inae a re l o ca t ion s , b u t t he l i e v idence f rom Doc im ium s how s t ha tc au t ion mu s t b e e xe rc i sed i nd raw ing c onc lu s ion s f rom a s ma l n umber o f s urface f i nd s , a nd a t Chem tou t here h a s b een n o e x ten s ive c l ear ing o f l d ebr i s a nd s o n o o ppor tun i ty t o o b serve i t s l a yer ing . I n a ny e ven t , t he n ew t ex t s a t Doc im ium s how t ha ts i ng le o ffc inae w ere o f ten b u sy i ns evera ld ifferen tp ar t so ft he q ua rry i i n t he s ame y ear a nd m igh t move t oo ther s i nl a ter y ear s ( s ee b e low , p .3 5ff . a nd T ab le 1 2 ) ."

Adm in is tra t ive a nd F i sca l R eg imes T he i n scr ip t ion s t e l u s a l w e k now a bou t t he a dm in i s tra t ive r eg imes a t t he I mper ia l l l

F or e xamp le , p ipes : s ee D res se l i n C IL XV , p . 9 20 a nd n os . 7 594 , 7 601, 7 638 e t c ; r oof t i les : C IL I X 6 078 .8 ,e x o f ic (i na) . .Q . Opp iP rocu l i ( F i rmum ; 6 078 .3 , ai n teres t ing v ar ian t ff i c ina T . C l . F e l ic( is) ( Campan ia ) ; b r ick s : XV 3 90 , s ee a l so d e o ffec i[naJ ) , X8 042 .35 , e x o o n t he o ffc ina tores , ah e terogeneous g roup , T . H e len , T he O rgan iza t ion o f R oman B r ick i P roduc t ion i n t h e F irs t a nd S econd C en tur ies ( He l s ink i 1 975) , c h . 5 ;l amp s : X 8 053 .90 , e x o f i(c ina) G erman i ; 9 4 , e x o f i (c ina) L . Hor tens is , e t c . ( Cag l iar i ) ; v a se s : X 8 055 .247 , e x 1 ,e t c . ( Pompei . i) o ff ( ic ina) P 1--- . 4 5 S o a l so Monna-Pen sabene 1 977 , 5 4 : " l e o ff ic ine l a voravano n e le v ane z one a per te d i l s f rut to d e le c ave , d enom ina te b racch ia . " t amen l 4 6 T LL I X .2 ( 1934 ) , c i t ing V i truv iu s 2 . 7 .3 : o ffc inae ( l ap id ic inarum) ; L ex . Me t . V ipasc . f r . i 2 . 25 : v enae (me tal n o ffc in is v ehere ; a nd t he o f ten c i ted l a ter i n scr ip t ion C IL V I l orum) i i I I ff i c ina 1 4600 : o ffc ina i n ven ta aD io t imo a gen( te) i nr (ebus) . Add C IL X I 4 238 : i n cep ta o i I I Em i l ian i n on is Mar t( ibus) , f rom a m ine . I n a l t he se u se s t he s en se o f work shop a s a l g a ther ing o f c raf t smen more t han s imp ly al o ca t ion r ema in s s t rong . 4 7 D ubo i s p .3 2f . , c i t ing R . C agna t , Nouv . A rch . d es M is IV ( 1888) 1 03 , a nd T ou ta in , sions X As . f ran1,39ca i se p our l ' avancemen t d e s s c ience s , c omp te-rendu d e l a x xvme s es s oc sion ( Car thage-Tun i s 1 896 ) v o l . i , 7 93 ; s o a l so H . G . Horn i nH orn a nd Rüger 1 979 , 1 79 g los sing o ffc ina a s B ruchabschn i t . i t 4 8 Dwo rakow ska 1 983 , 1 35 n o to n ly s ee o ffc inae g enera ly a sg eograph ica l f ea ture s b u ta l so i l c on s ider s b racch ia t o b e s ubd iv i s ion s o f t hem ( " off ic ina A ure l iana a t Chem tou h ad n o t l e s s t han t h ree b racch ia o ffc ina P e lag ia t Dok ime ion h ad n o tl e s t han f our b racch ia " ) . T h i s i s wa s ar ea sonab le e nough i n terpre ta t ion o f t he l im i ted e v idence t hen o n r ecord a nd r equ ire s c ommen t . T he c h ief d iff icu l ty w i th t h i sv iew n ow i st ha ti nt he i n scr ip t ion sf rom Doc im ium o fb o th T ype s Ia nd I Ii nd ica t ion so fp lace , l o cus a nd b racch ium , f r equen t ly a ppea re n t ire ly w i thou t a ny men t ion o fa n o ffc ina ( o rc aesura ) . T h i s i s tr ue o fe ar ly T ype I t ex t s , i n wh ich i o ffc inae a re n ever,men t ioned ( pos ly d id n o t e x i s t y e t ) a s w e l a s l a ter i n scr ip t ion s c u t i sib l when t he T ype I I c aesura/off ic ina s y s tem wa s i n f u l f l ower . We s hou ld a sume t ha t t he l s b a s ic h ab i t s o f t e rm ino logy s hou ld b e t he s ame a t Chem tou a s a t Doc im ium . 4 4

2 8

rie q uar s , b u t t he ir e v idence i sh ard ly s t ra igh tforwa rd o r e xpan s ive . B efore t he i n scr ip t ion s l b eg in i n t he 9 0 s , w e c an o n ly make c on jec tures b a sed o n p ara le l e v idence , where i te x i s t s ; when t hey c ea se u nder Max im inu s T hrax , w e a re o n o n ly s l igh t ly f i rmer g round . T he f i r s t p rob lem i sp rec i se ly t he l a ck o fa ny i n scr ip t ion s p r ior t o9 2 , e xcep t as o le T ype I t 9 Were t here e a r l ier ex t p erhap s d a t ing t o 7 2 ( Dom i t ian 's 2 nd c on su l sh ip : No . 1) .4 l sib i n scr ip t ion s o f wh ich n o e xamp le h a s s urv ived? I t mu s t b e a lowed a s ap os i l i ty t ha t t he l a dm in i s tra tor s r equ ired t ha te ar l ier i nven tor ie s b e s y s tema t ica ly u sed u p , a nd i t may b e t ha t t he i nev i tab le r e jec t s a re y e t t o b e c l eared f rom " v irg in " d ebr i s . B u t t he o dd s s eem a ga in s t i t :o ur s amp le f rom B acaka le i sn ow t oo l a rge , p a r t icu la r ly f rom t he e nd where e xp lo i ta t ion s b b egan . Nor s hou ld w e s t ra in t he Roman s 's r epu ta t ion f or t horoughnes y i mpo s ing s uch a rie sib b urden u pon i t ;g iven t he t opography o ft he q uar sa round B acaka le , i t is a lmo s ti mpos le ry t o i mag ine where r e jec t s f r om o ver ac en tury o f q uar ing c ou ld h ave b een b ur ied ( and a t wha te ffor t !) s o t ha t n one h ave c ome t ol i gh t . T herefore l e t u s t ake a s awork ing h ypo the s i s ting n t ha t t he p rac t ice o f c ut o ta t ion s i n to marb le b lock s a nd c o lumn s a t Doc im ium b egan u nder t he F lav ian s . T ype I i n scr ip t ion s w ere n o t i n tended t o r ecord t he o r ig ina l c i rcum s tance s o f ab lock 's sing l e x trac t ion a nd d res . W e s aw e ar l ier ( p . 2 5f . ) t ha t i n f ac t t h i s i nforma t ion i su sua ly n o t l r ecoverab le am id t he w e l ter o f t ex t s t yp ica ly a pp l ied t o e ach p iece , a l though p erhap s t he l o cus n umber s ,i fn o tt he b racch ium i nd ica t ion s ,s t em f rom t he o r ig ina lo pera t ion . Wha tT ype I i n scr ip t ions d o , r a ther , i st o d ocumen t a number o f g enera l c en su se s . T he d e ta i ls a nd l p erhap s s pec ia l p urpose s o f s ome o f t he c oun t s may b e l o s t , b u t t he o vera l p ic ture i sc l ea r e nough . Rough ly e very o ther y ear b e tween 9 2 a nd t he m idd le y ear s o f T ra jan 's r e ign , sif g enera l i nven tor ie s , p erhap s a ccompan ied b y s pec ia l o ne s a nd c l as ica t ion s a nd g rad ing s , ried o w ere c ar u ti no rder t ok eep at i gh tc on tro lo f wha t t he s t ock sw ere . S ub s tandard p iece s h ad t o b e s o ma rked s i nce t h ey e v iden t ly h ad t ob e s t ored i n t he o pen w i th t he o ther s u n t i l s u i tab le s pace o pened u pi n wh ich t od ump t hem . T he i n ten se s c ru t iny o ft he Dom i t ian ic a nd T ra jan ic p er iod s s ugge s t s a n e ager h un t a f ter u sab le ma ter ia l , a nd many p iece s s e t a s ide a s s ed i marg ina l d ecade s e ar l ier w ere p robab ly p res n to s e rv ice . A t t he e nd o f t h i s p er iod t he p iece s l e f t h ad b een r e jec ted t ime a nd t ime a ga in ; s o me p ercen tage o f t hem may h ave b een ried much e q uar a r l ier i n t h e f i r s t c en tury . I n o ther word s , t hey r epresen t t he d i scard s f rom t he q uarry 's f i r s t c en tury . How d o t he T ype Ie x r a t ione b lock s f rom O s t ia f i t i n to t h i s p ic ture? T he i n scr ip t ion s l o f t he 9 0s s how t ha t b lock s p u t i n to t r ade w ere l a be led t o i nd ica te c l ea r ly t he c on trac tor 0 T he t wo t ype s c oex i s te a s i ly e nough i fT ype Iwa sd i rec ted a tt he r e spon s ib le a nd t he d a te .5 l a rger wor ld o ft he p rocura tor 's o ff ice s i nS ynnada a nd t he s t a t io marmorum i n Rome , wh i le T ype I i n scr ip t ion s a re a n i n terna l mean s f or s uperv i sor sa tt he q uar s t oa scer ta in ( and b e rie a b le t o r epor t ) wha t t he ir s upp l ie s w ere . ( The a b sence o f T ype Ii n scr ip t ion s a t t he q uar s rie may s ugge s t t ha tt hey w ere c u ta tS ynnada , b u t t ha t n eed n o t h ave b een t he c a se a nd w a s n o t i nt he l a s t t h ird o ft he s econd c en tury No . 1 58 wa sc u t ) . T hey r epre sen t n o tt wo r eg imes , b u t r an t wo s i de s o f t he s ame r eg ime . H ence t here i sn o w ar t f or c on s ider ing t h i s p er iod o ne i n wh ich t he o pera t ion s w ere b e ing r eorgan ized . ry w T he s y s tem o fl e a s ing o u tt he r i gh t s t oe xp lo i t p ar t s o f aq uar a s t he s t anda rd Roman p rac t ice . I ft here w ere d oub t sa bou t t he s en se o ft he f ormu la e xr a t ione , aq uarry i n scr ip t ion l f rom T eo s h e lp s c l ar ify t h e s i tua t ion . I n t he s pace f o low ing e x r (a t ione) a deep e ra sure r emoved wha t mu s th ave b een an ame ,a nd i nt he s pace w a sr e in scr ibed t he word r edemp tor is

No . 7 9 2,a T ype I i n scr ip t ion w i th t hree d a te s i nc lud ing P isone c os , f or wh ich Röder s ugge s ted t he y ea r s 2 7 o r 5 7 ( wh ich h e p refer ) , b e long s i n s tead t o 11, n ow a te s ted o n r ed t . S ee s evera l b lock s ( No s . 2 1, 5 1 a nd 5 2 w i th t he s ame l e ter s DSN wh ich a ppear i n No . 7 9 2) t nT ab le 1 2 , p .6 9 n . 1 5 . a l so t he n o te o n No . 5 72 i 5 0 N o . 8 3 2,No . 8 4 2,No . 8 5 2,c f . No . 9 2b 2 a nd O s t ia Mu seum i nv . n o . 3 6755 .

4 9

2 9

( F ig . 1 51) .5 1 T he man who se n ame w a s r emoved mu s t h ave e i ther d ied o r f a i led i n h i s o b l iga t ion s , a nd t he g ener ic t e rm r edemp tor wa s a dded t ok eep t he s ense c l ear . S uch men ( o r women )c on trac ted f or t he r i gh t t ow ork m inera l d epo s i t sa nd u sua ly p u t u p as ecur i ty b ond l ( p ignus ) t o e n sure t he ir p erformance .5 2 I nt he e ar ly y ear s o f Hadr ian 's r e ign , t he i n scr ip t ion sb ecome s imp le a ga in ; mu l t ip le d a te s o fr egu lar i nven tor ies d on o ta ppear . E i ther p roduc t ion h ad c augh tu pt od emand ,o rd emand h ad f a len o ff , p robab ly b o th . l B u tt he e xr a t ione s y s tem d id n o td i sappear . S evera l u npub l i shed i n scr ip t ion sf rom O s t ia o nb locks o f marb le wh ich a ppea r st ob ep avonazze t to a nd o ne a tt he q uar rie s c arry e v idence 3 B u t i tw a s n o l onger t he p reva i l ing o f c on trac tor s i n t he 1 40 s a nd 1 70 s ( s ee T ab le 1 0 ) .5 r eg ime : e ven o ne T ype Ii n scr ip t ion a tt he q uarr ie s i se nough t od i sprove a ny i dea t ha t t hey e w ere n ever i n scr ibed t here i n t he s econd c en tury ( i ts em s t rue e nough f or t he f i r s t a nd i n to T ra jan 's r e ign , b u t t h i s i sa l so aw eak a rgumen t f rom s i lence ) , a nd t he g rea t ma jor i ty o f t he l 4 A l though t h eo ld s y s tem wa sc er ta in ly i nr e trea t , i n scr ip t ion so u t s ide A s ia a re s t i lT ype 1 1 .5 l i t wa s s t i l t here a l ong s ide t he n ew o ne , i n g ood Roman f a sh ion . s ed p l The p rac t ice o fi n scr ib ing i nforma t ion o fd res i ece s o f ma rb le wa s n o t o ne f o lowed o u t s ide t he I mper ia ls y s tem . W i th in i t , t herefore , w ec an i nfer t ha tt he d a ta a nd f orma tw ere d ic ta ted b y t he a dm in i s t ra tor s , s i nce t he f oremen i n t h e p r iva te s phere , who se d ay-to-day a c t iv i t ies c ou ld n o t h ave d iffered much f rom t ho se o f t he ir I mper ia l c oun terpar t s , s aw n o n eed f or s uch l abe l s . T he e p igraph ica l c on s t i tuen t s o f t he T ype I" ex r a t ione " s y s tem w ere n ame , p iece n umber , a nd d a te . A s H ir schfe ld p o in ted o u t , more s pec if ic g eograph ica l s ary i nd ica t ion s s uch a s L ocus a nd B racch ium n umber s w ere n o t n eces ; i tw a s s uff ic ien t , l on trac tor s h and led e v iden t ly , t on ame t he c on t rac tor who h ad o vera l r e spon s ib i l i ty . 5 The c sed s t he ir own a ffa ir s u p t o t he p o in t o f d e l iver ing d res t one t o t he p rocura tor 's a gen t s . I n t h i s r eg ime t he mo s t i mpor tan t I mper ia l a gen t o n a c tua l s i te wa s t he p roba tor , t he man who d ec ided whe ther a p iece w a s a ccep tab le a nd c ou ld b e c red i ted t o ac on trac tor 's a ccoun t sive p ry ( r a t io ) ;a ne xces ercen tage o fr e jec ted p iece si mp l ied al ower e ff ic iency i nq uar ing a nd l l s as ma ler r e turn o n i nve s tmen t a nd , f i na ly , al o s o f money a sa ga ins t t he p r ice c on trac ted f or t he l e a se o f q uarry ing r i gh t s . B u t Röder wa s r i gh t t o empha s ize r epea ted ly t he a bso lu te n eed f or c omprehen s ive , l ong-range p lann ing i n o rder t o e xp lo i t a la rge s i te l i ke B acaka le l ting i e ff ic ien t ly , a low ing al a rge n umber o f a rea s t o b e w orked a t o nce w i thou t g et n e ach s r o ther s ' way o rb lock ing a cces oad sw i th d ebr i s . T he n ea re s ta na logous s i tua t ion d ocumen ted i st he S pan ish s i lver m ine s a t A lj u s tre l , where c on t rac tor s l e a sed t he w ork ing r i gh t s b u t 6 T he f ac t t ha t i nt h e I mper ia ls y s tem t he p er sonne l w ere r ema ined s ub jec t t oc l o se c on tro l .' s ar s I mper ia l s l ave s a nd f r eedmen d oe s n o t n eces i ly m ake t he c ompar i son l e s v a l id s i nce , a s l f ar a s w e c an t e l , t hose i n t he o rb i t o f t he f am i l ia C aesar is w orked n o t a s emp loyee s , b u t s en sion a s i ndependen t b u s inesm , p erhap s r a ther l i ke s a le smen o n c omm is . I n scr ip t ion s o f T ype I I emerge s t ar t ing i n t he 1 30 s , mo s t c l ear ly i n t he p a ir o f c o lumn ich i n c lude t he f ormu la s ub c ura l e nd s i n t he e x-La teran c o lec t ion ( No s . 1 0' a nd No . 1 2)wh c u iusdam p rocura tor is . T he se i n scr ip t ion s w ere r e cu t a f ter l e av ing t he q uar s , a nd th i s rie make s c l ear t ha t T ype I I d a ta w ere c on s idered i mpor tan t t o d ocumen t t he p iece s a s t hey moved t hrough t he I mper ia l s y s tem f rom q uarry t o Rome . The f ac t t ha t c omp le te

5 1 B ruzza n o . 1 82 = Dubo i s n o . 4 75 , c f . H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 66 n . 1 . The i n scr ip t ion , n ow i n t he s t oreroom s o f t he e x-La teran Mu seum , w i l b e r epub l i shed i n a st udy o f t he a f r icano l q ua rry a t T eo s i n p repa ra t ion . 5 2 H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 66 . 5 3 N o . 9 1 2,d a ted 1 46 ; No . 9 1b 2,a l so 1 46 ; No . 1 58 , i nd ebr i s f rom B acaka le , d a ted 1 73 , a nd s ee t he n o te t here . 5 4 T h i s i nc lude s many n ew i n scr ip t ion s f rom t he F ium ic ino wh ich w ere r epor ted b y P . B acc in i i n 1 983 a s n ear p ub l ica t ion . 5 5 H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 66 . 5 6 E sp . r egu la t ion s a bou t d ra inage o f s ub terranean w a ter a nd d i spo sa l o f t a i l ing s : B run s , F IRA 2 93 .

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l i n scr ip t ion s w i th f u l p anop ly o f T ype I I i nforma t ion a ppea r a bou t a decade l a ter a t t he q ua rr ies o n ly m ean s t ha t f ormu lae o n ly mean s t ha t i nforma l i ty , i nc lud ing p rpbab ly g rea ter r e l iance u pon r ap id p a in ted n o ta t ion s u pon p iece s , l a s ted ab i t l onger t here . s I ta ppea r s t ha t t he p rocura tor w a s a ser t ing d i rec t c on tro l o ver t he o pera t ion s i n t h i s p er iod? ' H i r schfe ld o b served t ha t when ap rocura tor i sm en t ioned , h es hou ld b eu nder s tood t o h ave b een i n d i rec t c on tro l , g iven t ha t p rocu ra tor s a nd c on trac tor s s eemed n ever t o b e m en t ioned i n t he s ame i n scr ip t ion , s ome th ing wh ich h a s r ema ined t r ue .5 8 T he s ame t h ing s may h ave h appened a tC hem tou a ta bou tt he s ame t ime , t oj udge f rom much l e s e v idence?' A s t he c on t rac tor s ' l e a se se xp ired ,t he p rocura tor g ave i ncrea s ing i mpor tance t ot he o ff ic inae a nd t he c ae su ra c rew s , w h ich h ad ( we h ypo the s ize ) b een w ork ing a nonymou s ly h i ther to . A t C hem tou o sa ff i c inae d os how u pi nT ype Ii n scr ip t ion s , a nd t hey w ere n eces r i ly s ubord ina te t o t he c on t rac tor .6 8 T he ma tu re T ype I If ormu la c a l s f or t wo i t em s d e ta i l ing t he s ource o ft he p iece ( Locus l a nd B racch ium ) a nd t wo d ocumen t ing t he o rgan iza t ion s r e spon s ib le f or p repa r ing i t , t he n ame s o ft he q uarry c h ief ( Cae su ra )a nd t he d res ork shop ( 0 ff i c ina ) , a nd o fc our se t he sing w d a te . We c onc lude t ha t t h e a dm in i s t ra tor s n ow f ound t he t opograph ica l d a ta u sefu l e nough t o manda te r e cord ing i t p iece b y p iece . S im i la r ly , t wo e n t i t ie s n ow h ad s ucces sive r e spon s ib i l i ty f or e ach p i ece ; when t he p iece w a s " r ece ived , " r e spon s ib i l i ty ( r i sk ) s h if ted , e i ther f rom t h e C aesu ra c h ief t ot he 0ff i c ina ,o rf r om t he 0ff i c ina t ot he I mper ia l manager s t hem se lve s . S evera l a lmo s ti nacces le t ex t s r ecorded s en u nder t r y ing c i rcum s tance s s eem sib e t o e n ter i n to u nu sua l d e ta i l a bou t t h i s p roces No s . 1 75 a nd 1 77 ) h ave t he p hra se s. Two ( " r ece ived b yT i tu s , " aC ae sura c h ief w e lk nown i nt he 1 70 s . Ano ther s st or ead " r ece ived l eem f rom t he Off i c ina P ru sa[---?] i n p lace o f t he s t one s wh ich T i tu s h ad r ece ived i n a n i nforma l l o an ( p romu tuum 1 ) f rom t he C ae su ra VEERI ( ?) . " T he s i tua t ion s eem s t oh ave b een t ha tT i tu sh ad s upp l ied t h ep iece si nq ue s t ion i nr ough-quar orm t ot he 0f ina P ru sa[ ried f fic .1i n c ompen sa t ion f o r p iece s wh ich h e h ad b or rom a no ther c ae sura c h ief . T he r owed f i n scr ip t ion ma rk s t he i r r e ce ip t f rom t he o ff i c ina b y t he I mper ia l a gen t s . T h i s i nforma t ion c a refu ly g ive s c red i tt ot he c ae su ra VEERI f or b lock s wh ich T i tu s 's c rew s a c tua ly w orked , l l i mp ly ing t ha t o therw i se t he c ae su ra VEERI m igh t h ave b een c on s idered i n d ef ic i t . T he i n scr ip t ion c onf irm s t h e g enera l i mpres ha t t he a dm in i s t ra tor s c l o se ly s uperv i sed t he sion t e n t ire p roces f p repa r ing b lock s i n s tead o f m ere ly l o gg ing i n t he f i n i shed p roduc t s , a s s o a pparen t ly h appened u nder t he e x r a t ione r eg ime . T h i s i n sc r ip t ion i st h e c l ea re s t e v idence f or t he a l tered p o s i t ion o f t he p r inc ipa l s o f t he c ae sura/off ic ina ( Type I I i n scr ip t ion s ) r eg ime f rom t he T edemp to re s o f t he e x r a t ione s y s tem . B u ta tl e a s tw ec an s ee t ha tt he r e spon s ib i l i ty ( and o ppo r tun i ty f or p rof i t ) , wh ich h ad b een u n if ied i n e a r l ie r p rac t ice , w a s n ow c l ea r ly d iv ided u nder t he n ew d i spen sa t ion . s, t s N ever the les here m ay h ave b een l e s d ifference i n t he e x ten t o f i mper ia l c on tro l t han m igh ta tf i r s ta ppea r ,s i nce ,f orma ld ifference sa s ide ,t he s uperv i s ion w a sp robab ly t horoughg o ing i n p rac t ice u nde r b o th s y s tem s . C on t rac tor s , i n t heory , s t ood t o r ea l ize ap ure p rof i t o nce t hey h ad me t t he c o s t o f t he l e a se , f a ir e nough s i nce t hey s upp l ied t he w ork ing c ap i ta l l a nd r an t he r i sk s . B u t w ere t he r edemp to re s t hen f r ee t os e l t he ir ma rb le t o a nyone a tt he b e s t p r ice? I ts eem s h a rd ly l i ke ly ; a nd i n s uch amonopo ly , t he p rocura tor h ad am ean s o f c on tro l o ver t he c on t rac tor s ' i ncome . T h ing s w ere p robab ly n o t s o s t ra igh tfo rwa rd . T here may h ave b een , f or i n s tance , as y s tem o f q uo ta s a nd b onu se s wh ich c anno t b e d i sengaged f rom t he e v idence o ft h e se i n scr ip t ion s . Moreover , t he m en t ion o ft he p romu tuum i n No . 1 77

C f . t he s im i lar p henomenon i n m ine s : H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 53 H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 66 n .4 . 5 9 T he l a s t d a ted men t ion o f ac on t rac tor i si n 10 ( Dubo i s 7 0 , 7 1-72 =C IL V I 1 456 1-2 , I I 1 4573 ) , a nd t he s ub c u ra f ormu la f i r s t a ppea r s u nder H adr ian ( Dubo i s 8 2 =C IL V I 1 4566 , I I 8 3-84 ) . 6 0 D ubo i s 7 0 , 7 1-72 =C IL V I 1 4561-2 , 1 4573-75 . I I 6 1 " Reckoned a s a lo an : " OLD s . v . One o f t he t wo u se s c i ted t r ea t s i tl i ke as ub s tan t ive , wh ich i sp robab ly t he m ore c ommon u se o ft h i s u ncommon w ord : D ig . 4 0 .7 .40 .5 ( S caevo la ) : q uod n eque a vi l ic is p en s ione s e xege r i t e ti n supe r e t iam p romu tuum e i s d eder i t . 5 7 5 8

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a nd a na ccoun t , n omen ( No s . 1 76 a nd 1 78 ,c f . 1 72 )s ugge s t sa l so t ha tt he c h ief s w ere i nvo lved i n more c omp l ica ted f i nanc ia l d ea l ing s t han o ur e v idence o therw i se s how s . T he n e t i mpres sion , h owever ,f rom t he c a refu la s s ignmen to fr e spon s ib i l i ty s hown b yt he i n scr ip t ion s i s t ha t d ay-to-day c on t ro l w a s t i gh ter o ver t he men w ho suerv i sed t he u n i t s o f t he c ae sura/ off i c ina s y s tem t han i th ad b een o ver t he r edemp to res .' t l A s i ng le i n scr ip t ion , d a ted 1 78? , a te s t s s t i l a no ther f o rm o f f i nanc ia l e n t i ty i nvo lved rie w i th t he e xp lo i ta t ion o ft he q uar s . T he t ex ti nc lude s t he i t em e xk (a l endar io) n ov( o ) ( No . l ry 1 72 ; s ee a l so t he n o te t here ) . T he s upp lemen t i sn o t s uppo r ted b y a ny p a ra le l o n q uar b lock s , b u t t here i sn o c ompe t ing r e s tora t ion a th and a nd t h e a bbrev ia t ion i s ar egu la r o ne rie o u t s ide t he q uar s . Ak a lenda r ium w a s ap ub l ic o r p r iva te c ap i ta l f und wh ich made l o an s ( t he k a lendar ium , i n t he s t r ic t s en se , w a s t he s chedu le f o r r epaymen t ) . T he p roceed s o f t he f und c ou ld b e e arma rked f or a ny s pec ia l p urpo se , t he o ne s o f wh ich w e a re i nformed a re l ted t n a tura ly t ho se wh ich b enef it he c i t izenry o f at own a nd p rQvoked h onorary i n scr ip t ion s l t s ed b res lock o f ma rb le c a l ing a ten t ion t ot he g enero s i ty o f t he f ounder o f t he f und . 6' A d l l a be led " f rom t he ( a ccoun t o f? ) t he n ew K a lenda r ium " w a s p robab ly b e ing ma rked a s i t s e p roper ty a nd t ob e c red i ted t oi t w hen l o gged i nb y t he a dm in i s t ra tor s . T he f und t hen s em s ry t o h ave i nve s ted i n aq uar ing o pera t ion . T he b lock i s c red i ted t o t he f o f l ( ic ina) C omod ignja] a nd t he c ae s(u ra) T i t i . S ince T i tu s h ad b een o b l iged t ob orrow i nt he p rev iou s sib y ea r , i tw a s p os ly h e t o whom t he k a lendar ium made t h e l o an i n 1 78? .

6 2 T he f ac t t ha t t he o ff i c ina r e spon s ib le f or No s . 1 02 a nd 1 2 w a s a ppa ren t ly r ecop ied a f ter rie t he p iece h ad l e f tt he q uar sa l so s ugge s t st ha ti t wa si mpor tan tt ha tr e spon s ib i l i ty b e f i rm ly . l o ca ted . S ee Append ix I te 6 3 E . g . , C IL X I 6 369 , ab a se h onor ing C . Mut iu s C . f .P a l . Qu in tu s S everus , c u ra to r i c a l (e ndar i) p ecun iae V a len t in i .

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Chapter I I

THE OPERATIONS OF THE QUARRIES I N THE ANTONINE PERIOD

P ersonne l We t urn n ow t o q uar e am s a nd t he d res shop s . T he mo s t s ub s tan t ia l ry t sing work c on tr ibu t ion o f t he n ew i n scr ip t ion s i si n t h is a rea , t he s pheres o f a c t iv i ty o f t he se g roup s , t he ir s i ze , l ongev i ty , l e ader sh ip , a nd n omenc la ture . F rom t he b eg inn ing o ft he s econd t h ird o ft he s econd c en tury o r af ew y ea r s l a ter , t he i n scr ip t ion s r egu lar ly r ecord t he c aesura t eam a nd t he o ffc i ina r e spon s ib le f or t he p roduc t ion o fb lock sa nd c o lumn s , a sw e l la si nforma t ion a bou t i t s l oca t ion i n t he q ua rry . C aesura C aedere a long w i th t he n oun c aesura i st he s t andard t e rm f or t he k ind o f s oph i s t ica ted q ua rry ing p rac t ice .d a tD oc im ium a s e l sewhere i n wh ich s t one i sc u t f r ee o f t he p aren t r ock i n as hape d e term ined b y t h e q uarrymen , a s o ppo sed t o t he more o ppor tun i s t ic me thod o f ting a s s p l it long n a tura lf i sure so r emp loy ing s t one a l ready i nt he f orm o fb ou lder so rc obb le s , rie a s t he r aw ma ter ia l f or C yc lad ic s t a tue s . T he word a ppea r s a l so i n t he t e rm f or q uar s , l ap id ic ina ( var ian t s l ap ic id ina , l ap icaed ina ) , ap lace where s t one w a s c u t . A t Doc im ium , a s a to ther l a rge q ua rr ies , t he t e chn ique u sed wa s t oc u t t r enche s a round b lock s o n f our s i de s , t om w t hen s p l i t t hem f r ee o n t he b ot i th w edge s . An a rea o fa nc ien tq ua rry f l oor a bandoned i nm id s to f o pera t ions n ear t h e e n trance t oB acaka le s how s t h i s t e chn ique c l ear ly ( F ig . 2 ,s ee a l so F ig . 8 ) . When t he t e rm c aesura a ppea r s a s ar egu lar i t em i n t he f ormu la o fT ype I I i n scr ip t ion s , s o i ti sn a tura l t o t ake i tt o r e fer t o t he a c tua l p roces f b reak ing t he marb le f r ee , a nd n o he word c aesura i n t he i n scr ip t ion s s e r iou s d i sagreemen t h a s b een r eg i s tered a bou t t h i s .1 T i sp robab ly i n tended a s aN om ina t ive ; t he o cca s iona l u se ( t ha t i s , h ab i tua l t o o n ly a few t ter l i l e ter-cut s , e spec ia ly t h e h and o f t he o ffc ina A ndae/caesura A lexander t ex t s ) o f e x i c aesura i s p robab ly a n i mproper a na logy t o t he p hra se e x o ffc ina , wh ich w a s s t andard rec ise i s t he e p igraph ica l p rac t ice f am i l ia r f rom p ipes , r oof t i les , l amp s , e t c . 2 More p r ecurren t e x o ff ( ic ina) , c ae sura c u iusdam ( e . g . No s . 1 26 a nd 1 27 ) . T he word i sa lway s l f o lowed b y an ame i nt he G en i t ive ,d e s igna t ing t he man r e spon s ib le f or t he a c tua le x trac t ion o f t he p iece . l S even teen n ames a re n ow o n r ecord , e l even o f t hem n o t p rev iou s ly k nown . A l a re p er sona ln ame s ;t here a re n ot oponym s ,I mper ia lh onor if ic s ,o rc u l tr eference s . T ab le 4 ,o ver , l g ive s t he n ame s ( i n t he ir f u le s t , h omogen ized k nown ) a nd t he o u t s ide d a te s o f t he i n scr ip t ion s men t ion ing t h em ( f or d ocumen ta t ion , s ee T ab le 1 2 , p . 5 8 , wh ich i ss ummar ized h ere ) .

1H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 64 ; Dworakow ska 1 983 , 1 35 . S ee n o te 4 4 i n Ch . I .

2

3 3

T ab le 4 The C aesura Ch ief s a nd t he ir C hrono log ica l Ranges l I P T u l iu s S a turn inu s ( c en tur io ) L eg . XXI r im .

1 36 138

A e l ( iu s ) An ton inu s ( c en tur io ) A e l( ius) Z os imus A lex (ander ) Man l( ius) A lexand (er ) C laud ianu s Dome s ( t icu s ) F ab ius A thenob i(us) ( H )os t i l ius a nd ( H)e lp idephorus* He lp idephorus** I u l iu s N eophy tu s A ur (e l ius) Theoph i lus I u l iu s Gauru s Hercu lan( ius) P hoen ix Varus

1 47 148 1 53 158 ( 159? ) 1 57 165 1 54 1 60 161 1 60 177 1 61 1 75 1 74 -2 10 2 06 -2 13 1 97 - 2 29 1 98 -2 12 2 00 2 06 2 18 - 2 20 2 36

l Un in te l ig ib le n ame s i n No s . 14 a nd 1 77 a re n o t i nc luded i gnored . ten w *B o th n ames a ppear a re more f r equen t ly w r it i thou t t he a sp ira te . * t * A tes ted a l one . Names n o t p rev iou s ly o n r ecord a re g iven i n b o ldface .

A s u sua l , s uch a breakdown make s c l ear t he f ragmen tary n a ture o f t he e v idence : i ti s more t han u n l ike ly t ha t s o many men worked o n ly a s i ng le y ear o r ac oup le . B u t t he e v idence a l toge ther f i rm ly s uppor t s t he i dea t ha tr ea lm en w ere b eh ind t he n ame s , m en who worked f or a s many y ea r s a s a nyone i n g ood h ea l th m igh t h ope o r n eed t o . On ly t h e t eam Ho s t i l iu s a nd H e lp idephoru s , a t 3 6 y ea r s , p erhap s p u sh t he l im i t s . B u t He lp idephoru s c on t inued l a ter o n h i s own ; m igh t h e h ave b een a g ra tefu l j un ior p ar tner who k ep t h i s b enefac tor 's n ame i n v iew a f ter h i s d ea th o r r e t iremen t? l A l o f t hese s hop s w ere n o t a c t ive a t t he s ame t ime . P robab ly t hey s ucceeded o ne s r a no ther , o ne c h ief emerg ing t o h ead ac on t inu ing 6 qu ipe when t he b os e t ired . B u t t here mu s t h ave b een a tl e a s t 5a c t ive t oge ther a ta ny g iven momen t . T he ir s oc ia l s t a tu si s perhap s t i i al i t le h igher t han m igh t h ave b een e xpec ted . Two I u l i , t wo A e l i , a nd o ne Au re l iu s g ive t he g roup t he c l o se c onnec t ion t o t he I mper ia l f am i l ia t yp ica l o f t he q uarry o rgan iza t ion . i N ine a re man ife s t ly f r ee men , t he I u l i f or many g enera t ion s . Ae l iu s An ton inu s a s a c en tur ion i n t heory s hou ld b e f r eeborn , a nd A e l iu s Z oz imu s wa s c er ta in ly t he f reeborn s on ted u o f a n I mper ia l s l ave manum it nder Hadr ian . Aure l iu s T heoph i lus c ou ld h ave b een a f r eedman , b u t t he c hrono logy a l so a dm i t s af a ther f r eed u nder Marcu s . I n t h i s c ompany o f l I t he c en tur ion s Tu l iu s S a turn inu s , s Qconded ( i t i s n o t c l ear why ) f rom L eg ion XXI P r im igen ia s t a t ioned a t Mogun t iacum , a nd A e l iu s An ton inu s , d o n o t s t and o u t a so fh igher la s s t a tu s . T he c en tur ion s w ere c l ear ly n o t g ua rd s o ver t h e d amna t i a d me tal i nce t hey w ere l l b o th emp loyed a ss k i led e x trac t ion e ng ineer s . Mary l inu s , t he l a te s t c h ief o n r ecord , mer i t s as pec ia l word s i nce o n ly h e s eem s t oh ave a ny l o ca l c onnec t ion s . The r e s t o f t he g roup a re l n orma l member s o f t he I mper ia l c adre , men who m igh t a s w e l b e f ound i n S pa in , A fr ica , s. T l l o r I t a ly d o ing t he Emperor 's b u s ines he c ognomen Ma ry l inu s , ad im inu t ive o f Maru lu s , tia o i s qu i te r a re , e ven i nI t a ly . B u t i t is f ound , u n ique ly i nA s ia Minor , i nt he g ens Dot ft he c o lony o f P i s id ian An t ioch , o ne o f whom w a s A s iarch u nder Ma rcu s Aure l iu s ( s ee t he n o te tiu o n No . 2 20 ) . Wh i le aman n amed Dot s E paphrod i tu s , f or e xamp le , wou ld b e af r eedman ried t l o f t he f am i ly , a m an who c ar he f am i ly 's d i s t inc t ive c ognomen o ugh t a c tua ly t o b e a

3

RE XI 1925 ) s . v . l eg io , c o l . 1 803-4 ( R it l ing ) . I ( ter 3 4

l member o f t he f am i ly s i nce f ormer s l ave s d id n o t n orma ly t ake o ver c ognom ina a l ong w i th l l g en t i l ic ia . E ven i ft he f am i ly h ad f a len o n h ard t ime s o r i f Mary l inu s b e longed t o amore l h umb le b ranch , t he i mp l ica t ion i ss t i l t ha t r unn ing aC aesura g roup wa s n o t t he l ow-s ta tu s o ccupa t ion i tm igh t f i r s t a ppear . A n a tura l q ues t ion i s whe ther t he c aesura t e am s w ere s ubord ina te t o t he o ff i c inae o r ry i i ndependen t . S tar t ing w i th t he f ac t t ha t t he q uar n scr ip t ion s , o ff ic ia l d ocumen t s who se c on ten t mu s t h ave b een s e t f rom a bove , men t ion b o th u n i t s , e very th ing p o in t s t oward i ndependence . T he s t ronge s t a rgumen t , t hough , emerge s i nd irec t ly f rom ac on s idera t ion o f tern t he p at s o f a c t iv i ty . S o me d en se c lu s ter so fi n scr ip t ion sl e tu ss ee t he c aesura g roup sa t work . F our teen p iece s ry t d a ted 1 47 a nd 1 48 ( Tab le 1 2 )c ar he n ame o fA e l iu s An ton inu s . I nt he f i r s ty ear h i s g roup wa s a c t ive i n B racch ia I ,I , a nd I V ; i n 1 48 , i n I , I I , a nd I V . A lexander , men t ioned i n a no ther f our teen i n scr ip t ion s d a ted 1 59 , wa s a t w ork i n B racch ia I , I I , a nd I V , a lway s i n s i a soc ia t ion w i th t he O ffc ina A ndae . A e l iu s Z o s imu s ( e igh t i n scr ip t ion s ) c an b e f ound i n s t he se s a me B racch ia i nt he m id 1 50 s , b u th i sg roup wa sa soc ia ted w i th a tl e a s tt h ree d ifferen t i o ffc inae . D omes ( t icu s ) i su nu sua l i n t ha t w e s ee h im o n ly i n B racch ium I V , b u t t ha t may b e aq u irk o ft he e v idence . Wha t emerge s c l ear ly , t hough , i st ha t t he se men w ere n o t mere ly t he f oreman o f af i ve-or s i x- man c rew ( t he mo s t t ha t c an work t oge ther b reak ing as i ng le b lock f ree ) , n or w ere t hey i nc harge o fs evera l s uch c rew s work ing i n as i ng le a rea . R a ther , t he ir o pera t ion s s eem l a rge e nough t os pread i n to mo s t a rea s o f t he q uarry a tt he s ame t ime . s t l Doub t les here w ere s ma ler c rew s , b u t t he n orm s eem s t oh ave b een l a rge . On ly o ne c h ief , At henob iu s , t ook t he t r oub le t o s pec ify f rom wh ich o f h i s o pera t ion s b lock s c ame ( caesura A thenob (i ) , No s . 1 60 , w i th n o te , a nd 1 61) . G iven t he l a rge s ca le o f t he ir o pera t ion s , t he c h ief s s hou ld n o t b e p ic tured c overed w i th marb le d u s t u nder t he h o t s un b u t g iv ing l o vera l d irec t ion t o an umber o f f oremen . I n t h i s l i gh t t he c hance s o f r ea sonab le l ongev i ty i mprove c on s iderab ly .4 Off i c ina The s econd i nd ica t ion o f p er sonne l i n T ype I I i n scr ip t ion s i s t he o ff i c ina n ame ( i tu sua ly p recede sc aesura ,p erhap sf rom t he s ame s en s ib i l i ty l wh ich u sua ly a rranged t he c a reer p o s t s o fc areer i n scr ip t ion s i nd e scend ing l c hrono log ica l o rder ) . T he c h ief t a sk o ft he o ff i c inae w a st ot r im b lock s i n to e conom ica l s hape s f or s aw ing i n to p laque s a nd s hape g o lumn s . T he t r imm ing w a s d one w i th a li gh ter v er s ion o f t he q uar ick w i th wh ich ry p ick wh ich i sv ery s im i lar i s b lock s w ere c u t f r ee f r om t he p aren t r ock .5 A p s t i l u sed b y t he T u rk i sh q uar o s moo th o u t t he e dge s o f b lock s l r ymen t e x trac ted t oday b y w edg ing o r b la s t ing ( F ig . 5 ) . As ia ted w i th t he s oc o ffc inae w ere p robab ly a l so s uppor t t e chn ic ian s s uch a s b lack sm i th s t o i s harpen t he e a s i ly b lun ted t oo l s . A q uench ing b a s in w a s f ound i n 1 983 o n t he Sr im o fB acaka le a l ong w i th b lock s wh ich h ad c l ear ly b een t r an spor ted u p f rom t ha t s i te ( F ig . 6 ) . No . 1 41 ( F ig . 7 2 ) i s ab lock a bandoned i n t he m idd le o f b e ing t r immed . An i nc i sed l i ne mark s o u t a n i n se t t o b e c u t i n to t he n ear r i gh t c orner t ob e t r immed a way , a nd as e cond l i ne e xpand ing t he a rea s how s t ha tt he f oreman c hanged h i sm ind a sh e s aw more b ad r ock . T here a re a l so t wo p a in ted l i ne s

F ig. 5

A t Chem tou p rocura to r ss o me t ime sa c ted a sc aesura c h ief s :C IL X IV 1 4588 =Dubo i s 1 908 , nd X IV 1 4589 = D ubo i s 1 908 , 12 . 11 a 5 F or t he l i gh ta nd h eavy q ua rry p ick s a nd t he h ypo thes i s t ha t t he i n troduc t ion o ft he f a s ter b u t more w a s tefu l h eavy p ick w a s c onnec ted w i th t he g row th o f p roduc t ion i n t he I mper ia l q uar ,s ee n ow Wae lken se ta l . , " Pat so fP roduc t ion a nd E x trac t ion i nt he Wh i te Ma rb le ries tern Quarr ies o f t he Med i ter , " i n F an t 1 988 , 1 02 . r anean 4

3 5

wh ich s eem t o e x tend t he s e cond i nc i sed l i ne a cros he r i gh t t h ird o f s t t he t op . T he p a in ted mark s s ugge s t s sing t ap re l im inary f orm o f a ses he s; t b lock ' s s oundnes hen a n u nder l ing wou ld c u t t he f oreman 's p a in ted l i ne r i gh t i n to t he s t one . T h i s b l ock s ed make s c l ear t ha t t he f oreman p as b ack a nd f or th t h rough t he work shop l a rea c on t inua ly e xam in ing t he b lock s a s u n sound a rea s w ere c u t away a nd n ew r ock r evea led . When c o lumn s w ere t he a im , t he wo rk shop s mu s t h ave b een i nvo lved e a r l ier a nd w orked a l ong s ide t he q ua rry c rew s b ecause i tw a s r egu lar p rac t ice t o r ound c o lumn s a nd g ive t he s urface a pre l im inary s moo th ing wh i le s t i l a tached t ot he p aren tr ock l t a l ong t he l ower f i f th o f t he c i rcum-

F igure 6 T empering B asin o n SR im o f B acakale

f erence . T he n ame s o f n ine teen o ff i c inae a re n ow k nown , f ou r teen o f wh ich a re n ew a dd i t ion s t ot he e p igraph ica lr ecord ( s ome o ft he n ame sa re f ragmen tary o r u ncer ta in r ead ing s , s ee sp . e nd 9 6 2) . t he n o te o n No s . 9 4b 2 a

T ab le 5 The O ff ic inae a nd t he ir Chrono log ica l R anges

P ap ia P e lagon (i i) A s ia t ic i Andae* C ontra P er s is E phes( iana) C omod iana Hercu l i(ana ) VE? AE? P rusa [-- -1 L uc i l i l U ran ia B as siana S ever i(ana ) [ Ep ic te t il e t E p iscop i I ux ta P ers idem ( Per sos) A nton in iana A lex (andr ina )

1 37 - 1 47 1 45 177 1 47 - 1 64 1 57 162 ( 179? ) 1 58 -2 12 1 60 165 1 78 -2 00 1 74 -2 06 1 77 1 78 1 79 1 79 1 98 1 98 -2 13 1 99 -2 29 2 00 2 18 -2 20 20 -2 29 2 2 36

ZPE 5 4 [ 1984 ] 1 73 n o . 1 ) , where t h e l e ter s w ere n o t c l ear e nough t o *Known f rom No . 12 ( t p r in t . Names n o t p rev iou s ly o n r ecord a re g iven i n b o ldface .

3 6

I nc on tra s tt ot he C aesu rae ,t he 0f f ic inae l ook l i ke c on t inu ing i n s t i tu t ion sr a ther t han t he t s ap t emporary c rea t ion s o f i nd iv idua l s . F our o f t hem a re a te s ted a cros er iod o f more t han i t h ir ty y ear s , t he Offc ina C on tra P ers is f or 5 4 y ea r s . On ly f our h ave t he n ame s o f men , l wherea s a l t he C aesurae w ere s o n amed . T here i sa l so a n o ff ic ia l f l avor i n t he I mper ia l fic i) i s at h onor if ic s . The 0f ina P e lagon(i sk nown a cros h ir ty-three y ear p er iod , a n u n l ike ly sib ( t hough n o t i mpos le ) s pan f or t he c areer o f o ne i nd iv idua l . A more n a tura l e xp lana t ion i f or s uch l ong p er s i s tence o fo ff i c ina n ame s i st ha t aP e lagon iu s h ad f ounded t he o ffc ina a nd l l l t ha th i s n ame w a sr e ta ined a f ter h i s r e t iremen to rd ea th j u s ta sv i la sw ere u sua ly c a led a f ter ft hey w ere n o t t he s o t he ir f i r s t owner r egard les f t he i den t i ty o f t he c urren t p ropr ie tor .6 I e n terpr i ses o f i nd iv idua l s w ho c on trac ted w i th t he q uarry a dm in i s tra tor s , t hey mu s t h ave b een e i ther c o lec t ive s ( an a l ien f orm o f a soc ia t ion i n t he Roman wor ld ) , c ompan ies l s ( s oc ie ta tes ) , o r e xp l ic i t c rea ture s o f t he I mper ia l a dm in i s tra tor s . The k ind o f n ame s f ound , h ere a nd a l so a t C hem tou , p erhap s marg ina ly f avor s t he l a s t p os i l i ty , b u t t here a re n o l sib g rounds o n wh ich t o a rgue f ur ther . A max imum o f e igh t o ffc inae ( n ine i f No . 1 73 i sc or t ly r e s tored ) a re k nown a ta ny i r ec o ne t ime ( i n t he d ecade o f t h e 1 70 s ) . T here a re s ure ly a number y e t t o b e d i scovered , b u t l i i tc anno tb e t he c a se t ha ta lt h eo ffc inae k nown f unc t ioned a tt he s ame t ime . R a ther , n ame s i s eem t o h ave b een h anded o u t among wha t w a s p robab ly af a ir ly s t ab le n umber o fo ffc inae s ary a nd c hanged a s n eces . • N ame s h onor ing t he I mper ia l h ou seho ld a ppear ( a s e l sewhere ) i n t he l a s t t h ird o f t he i l c en tury , b eg inn ing w i th t he O ffc ina C ommod iana i n 1 78 ( i t l a s ted w e l i n to n ex t r e ign , p erhaps t hank s t o S ep t im iu s 's s e lf-adop t ion i n to t he An ton ine f am i ly ) . We d o n o t n eed t o i s uppo se t ha t an ew o ffc ina w a s c rea ted e ach t ime an ew n ame a ppear s ; i t is more l i ke ly t ha t i e x i s t ing o nes w ere s imp ly r enamed . H ence t he o ffc ina C ommod iana may h ave a l ready h ad al ong h i s tory b efore C ommodus , p erhap s u nder a name a l ready o n r ecord . S im i lar ly , t he p rofu s ion o fn ame s h onor ing t he S everan s( Bass iana ,S ever iana , A n ton in iana a nd A lexandr in a ) wa s p robab ly r e spon s ib le f or t he d i sappearance o f t he o lder , " s ecu la r " n ame s . i A s ian c i t ie s a re a l so r e f lec ted i n t he o ffc ina n ames . E phe sus i st he e ponym o f t he i l o ffc ina E phes( iana) , a l so s pe led E fes( iana) ( Nos . 1 44 a nd 1 57) . P ru sa s eem s t ob e h onored i i n t he n ame o f t he o ffc ina P rusa[ ( No . 1 77) . T he se t wo g rea t c i t ie s a l so r epre sen t t he t wo d i rec t ion s i n wh ich D oc im ium l ooked f or w indow s u pon t he l a rger Roman wor ld . a s h onored i n t he o f fi c ina l r ymen e H ercu les , w e l k nown a s ap a tron o f q uar l sewhere ,7 w H ercu l iana . O f t he g rea te s t i n teres t i n t he o ffc ina n ame s a re r eferences t o t he l o ca l i i mpor tance o f t he c u l t o f C ybe le . S evera l o f t he n ames wh ich t he a dm in i s tra tor s a nd c on trac tor s g ave t he ir u n i t s r e f lec t t he i n t ima te a soc ia t ion o f t he p lace w i th t he P hryg ian s g odde ss Cybe le . T he c onnec t ion i sl oud ly t r umpe ted b y c o in s o f t he m in t o f D oc im iu m i n j u s t t he p er iod when t he o pera t ion s o f t he q uarry w ere a t t he ir h ighes t p o in t o f f orma l o rgan iza t ion , i fn o t o f a c tua l p roduc t ion , t ha t i st he l a ter h a lf o f t he s econd c en tury . ( We t r eca lt ha t s im i lar g rand io se r e ference s t ot he t own 's g lor ious f ounder Dok imo s c oup led w i th l t he d oub le e thn ic Makedonön D ok imeön a l so b eg in t oa ppear d ur ing t he r e ign o f An ton inu s P iu s .8

A s im i lar g roup o f o ffc inae b ear ing t he n ame s o f men ( o r ig ina l owner s? ) b u t l ong i o u t l iv ing t hem i sd ocumen ted b ys u lphur t i le s t amp s f rom S i c i ly : R . J .A . W i lson , " T rade a nd I ndu s try i n S i c i ly , " ANRW I . 11 .1 ( Ber l in a nd New Y ork 1 988) 2 19ff . , r eferr ing t oe v idence c o lec ted i n E . d e Miro , " C it con tado n e la S i c i l ia c en tro- mer id iona le n e l I I e IV s ec . l tä e l d . c . , " K oka los x xv i-xx ix ( 1982-83 ) 3 19-29 . i i 7S ee T . Ko h l j i nJ .C . F an te d . , A nc ien t Marb le Quar ing a nd T rade ( Br i t i sh A rchaeo log iry c a l R epor t s , I n t . S er . , i n p res 988) , 1 0 , a nd Wae lken s e ta l . , i b idem , 15 a nd n . 1 60 . s, 1 8T he b a s i s f or t he d i scus o low ing i sL . Rober t 1 962 , 5 -55 , a nd Rober t 1 980 , c h . 9 ,b u t sion f l t he c o ins were w e l u nder s tood a l ready i n t he 1 880 's : s ee t he n o tes f o low ing . l l 6

3 7

D oc im ium 's m in tu sed t ype so fC ybe le a s af r equen tr ever se o n i t sc o in s . S ome a soc ia ted s J u l ia Domna a nd C ybe le ,a nd t he g oddes ppear sa l so o nc o in so f Macr inus a nd Gord ian 1 1 .9 s a C ybe le w a s f r equen t ly s hown s t and ing b efore o r b e tween t wo c rag s o n r ever se s wh ich o f ten u c ar he l e gend " Per s is " i n e xergue .l ry t Rober t 's c on tr ibu t ion w a s t o s ee t ha t t hese t ype s l e t u s i den t ify t he moun ta in a s t he ry o l t q uar f B acaka le i t se lf . H e c a led a ten t ion t o a new c o in t ype s how ing C ybe le s t and ing b efore amoun ta in , a nd t he l e gend i sA ngd isseön , t he e nd ing i nd ica t ing , a su sua l , as anc tua ry n P hryg ian my th w a s t he l o f Angd i s t i s . Angd i s t i s , t o a dop t t he mo s t f r equen t s pe l ing ,1 i t p aren t o f A t i s , ah ermaphrod i t ic c hance o ff spr ing o f Z eu s whom t he g od s r educed t o a t s i ng le s ex b y c a s tra t ion ( f ore shadow ing t he f a te o f A t i s h im se lf , f or wh ich s ome o f t he v er s ion s make Angd i s t i sr e spon s ib le ) . B u ti nP hryg ian i c onography Angd i s t is q u ick ly b ecame l s age i 2 Rober t b rough t t o b ea r t he w e l k nown p as n wh ich a doub le t o f C ybe le h er se lf .1 t S ta t iu s h a s i tt ha t t he b lood o f A t i s i mbued t he ma rb le w i th i t s p urp le s t reak s» T he p oe t 's s i c once i tg a in sc oncre tenes nl i gh to ft he moun ta in s anc tua ry o ft he c o in s . T he c avum a n trum i s , i n Rober t 's p er sua s ive i n terpre ta t ion , n o t t he u sua l c ave s anc tuary , b u t t he q ua rry i t se lf . l H e w a sc l ear ly t h ink ing , t hough h ed id n o ts ay s o , o ft h eh o lowed o u t moun ta in o fB acaka le , t he n a ture o f wh ich h e lp s a ccoun t f or t he p re sence o n t he c o in s o f n ow as i ng le moun ta in , ried o n ow o f o ppo s ing c rag s wh ich h ad b een as i ng le moun ta in b efore b e ing q uar u t . B o th o f t he n ames g iven t he moun ta in , t ha t i s , B acaka le , b y t he c o in s r eappear i n t he c ina A ndae a tf i r s t o ff ic ia ln omenc la ture o ft he Roman o pera t ion t here . T he n ame o ft he off i l s i gh t i sd aun t ing ly s t range a nd a pparen t ly u npara le led . B u t t he c onnec t ion -to Angd i s t i s , l who se n ame c au sed d iff icu l ty a nd wou ld n a tura ly c au se e ven more i n L a t in , ' si n ev i tab le)" Wha t make s t he c a se more t han c on jec ture i st ha t A rnob iu s ( V 5 ) , r e ta i l ing imo theu s , h a s l r amoun ta in c a led Agdu s ( r a ther t han A (gamma )d is t i s i nP ausan ia s 1 . 4 .5 , as i ri l ar v er s ion o f t t he s ame P hryg ian my th o ft he o r ig in s o fA t i s ) g ive b i r th t o Agd i s t i s ( t hu s Arnob iu s ) . W i th r an a sa l i nf ix r e s tored , w e a r ive a t aL a t in f orm A (n )gdu s , c l o se e nough t o Anda o r Anda s ( on ly t he Gen i t ive a ppear s i n t he q ua rry i n scr ip t ion s ) . P au san ia s l o ca ted t h i s moun ta in a t sinu P es s , t he c en ter o f t he c u l t i n A s ia , b u t t here may h ave b een a l o ca l t r ad i t ion a t s rr Doc im ium t ha t t he e ven t a soc ia ted w i th i th appened i n t he ir t e i tory . c ina A ndae a ppea r s i n 2 2 i n scr ip t ions o f t he y ear s 1 57-160 a nd o ne u ncer ta in T he Off i r e s tora t ion o fa .1 79 ( s ee T ab le 5 ) . T he b unch ing o ft h e d a te s i sa lmo s t c er ta in ly af or tu i tou s r e su l to ft he c i rcum s tances o fb o th t he o r ig ina lr ef i l ing o fB acaka le a nd t he c tr tc l ear ing ; l r en c ina . i ti sn o t ar ef lec t ion o f t he a c tua l f loru i t o f t he off i The s econd a ppearance , o f t he c u l t o f Cybe le i n t he t e rm ino logy o f t he q ua rry ff i c ina n ame s , t h e Off i c inae c on tra P er s is a nd i ux ta o rgan iza t ion i s a ma tch ing p a ir o f o

9 BMC V 7 71 ; S yl ummorum G raecorum . D eu tsch land . S amm lung v on A u lock . l oge N P hryg ien , v o l . 9 (Ber l in 1 964 ) n o s . 3 554 a nd 3 555 . r ec 1 0 F . I mhof-B lumer f i r s t c or t ly i den t if ied t he t ype a nd l o ca ted C ybe le a tD oc im ium : J dI i i ( 1888) 2 95f . , c f , , A th M i t t v i i ( 1882 ) 1 45 . O ther e xamp le s a nd d i scus sion : B . V . H ead , H is tor ia Numorune ( Oxford 1 911) 6 72 : " f amou s ...q uar rie s w ere i n Mt . P er s i s " . BMC V n o . 2 9 ; Weber 7 085 . C f . RE X IX ( 1937 ) , s .v ." Per s is " n o . 2( Ruge ) . i S ee Rober t 1 980 , 2 38f . 1 2 S ee M . J .V erma seren , C ybe le a nd A t t is : t h e My th a nd t he C u l t ( London 1 977) 9 0f . , 9 5 , a nd P l . 2 4 ; a nd W . Roscher , A usf ür l iches L ex icon d er g r iech ischen u nd r öm ischen My tho log ie ( Le ipz ig 1 884-6 [ H i lde she im 1 965 ] ) s . v . Agd i s t i s , c o l . 1 00f . ( Ro scher ) . 1 3 S i lvae 1 . 5 . 3 7-38 : s o la c avo P hryg iae q uam S ynnados a n tro / i p se c ruen tav i t macu l is t l u cen t ibus A t is ; c f . 1 .2 . 8 7-89 S ynnade q uod mes ta P hryg iae f odere s ecures / p er C ybe les l ugen t is a gros . S t rabo n ame s S ynnada r a ther t han D oc im ium b ecause t ha t t own w a s t he l i c a rd ina l p o in t b y wh ich Roman s l abe led t he marb le ; c f . S t rabo x i 5 70 . Rober t p o in t s o u t t ha t S ynnada i t se lf n ever s howed Cybe le o n i t s own c o in s . s p sib s ed i 1 4 L es lau s ib le p os i l i t ie s a re c anvas n t he n o te o n No . 1 23 .

3 8

P ersos ( o r P er s idem ) . P er s i s i st he moun ta in o n t he c o in s , a nd , i fw e w ere n o t c er ta in t ha t i tw a s a tt he q uarr ies , t here i sn ow n o d oub t . T he s i gn if icance o f t he word i t se lf i su nc lear . i T he u se o f t he p lura l ( r egu lar w i th t he Offc ina C on tra , s i ngu lar o n ly o nce i n t h ree c a se s f or c ina l ux ta ) s hou ld p robab ly n o t b e c on s idered a s e r iou s p rob lem ; p os ly t he sib t he Off i v ar ia t ion r e su l ted f rom t h e e x i s tence o fs evera l p eak s a l ong as i ng le r i dge l ine . T here w a s , t o b e s ure , a degree o f u nce r ta in ty a bou t h ow t o d ea l w i th G reek words i n t he b ureaucra t ic ry s l L a t in o f t he q uar y s tem , b u t i t may a c tua ly h ave b een t he c a se t ha t t he s i ng le moun ta in ry o f t he c o in s b ecame t wo moun ta in s f or t he men o f t he q uar . l i A l though a l t he b lock s n am ing t hese o ffc inae w ere f ound i nt he d ebr i s i n Quarry I , S E o f B acaka le i n t he s ame a l ignmen t , i t i s n o t c l ear whe ther t h i s g ives u s a ny h e lp i n s ar c ina n ame sh ave n o th ing n eces i ly t od ow i th where t he work shop s p inpo in t ing P er s i s . Off i l ff i c inae h and led b lock sf rom B racch ia a c tua ly worked ,a nd t h ei n scr ip t ion ss how t ha tt he se o I I a nd I V , wh ich t oge ther a ccoun t f or t he o verwhe lm ing ma jor i ty o f b lock s . B u t o n t he ff i c inae n ames a re ah e terogeneou s l o t , p er sona ln ames a ppear ing a l ong s ide o ther h and , t he o I mper ia l h onor if ic s a nd c u l tr eference s , a nd c er ta in ly n o th ing e xc lude sa nu nu sua ly s pec if ic l t opograph ic r eference . T he e ar l ies t p iece s f rom Quar re d a ted t o t he m idd le o f t he ry I a s e cond c en tury , a nd t hey a re c red i ted t o t he t wo o ffc inae i n q ue s t ion . I n f ac t , n o o ther i o ffc inae a ppear o n p i ece s f rom Quarry I . T h i s s ugge s t s t ha t when Quar a s o pened i ry I w ff i c inae w ere c rea ted ( o r t r an sferred a nd r enamed ) t o u p a round m id-cen tury , t wo n ew o h and le t he n ew p roduc t ion ( of c our se t hey h and led more b e s ide s ) . T here w ere n ow t wo ma jor a rea s o fq uar ing , o ne o n e ach s i de o f t he p eak o f t he h i l wh ich e ven tua ly w a s l e f t ry l l a st he i s o la ted p i lar n ow c a led B acaka le . T he t wo a rea sw ere c l o se ly r e la ted , a nd s o i t w ou ld l l ff i c ina n ame s c ommemora te h ave b een n a tura l t o t h ink o f t hem i n p a ired t e rm s . T he n ew o t he o pen ing o ft he n ew q uar rea a nd r ef lec t an ew w ay o fv i sua l iz ing t he t opography ," t h i s ry a s i de o f t he moun ta in P er s i s " a nd " t he f ar s i de . " And t he moun ta in P er s i s i s mo s t n a tura ly l u nder s tood a s t he p eak t ha t l a ter b ecame B acaka le , t he Ch imney C a s t le i t se lf . R eference s t o l o ca l t r ad i t ion a re n o t u n ique t o Doc im ium . A t Chem tou t he Of ( fi c ina) R eg ia a lude s t o t he Num id ian k ing s , a nd t he Of ( fi c ina) G eni t is a l so r efer s t o ad e i ty l i Mon 5 i den t if ied w i th t he v ery h i l b e ing q uarr ied .1 l T he Ro le a nd S ta tus o f t h e L e ter C u ter t t I n ab ody o f i n scr ip t ion s o f t h is s i ze i ts hou ld b e p os le t o i den t ify t he h and s o f sib i nd iv idua l l e ter c ut s a nd s o l e arn s o me th ing a bou t t he ir r Q la t ion sh ip t ot he o ff i c inae a nd t ter t he c aesura t e ams a nd p erhap s t he ir s t a tu s . P a laeograph ica l c r i ter ia o f ten s eem s ub jec t ive , b u t Ih ave t r ied t o b e v ery c on serva t ive i n mak ing i den t if ica t ion s a nd h ave a vo ided c a se s where t here w a s a ny r oom f or d oub t . D e ta i led d i scus s o f t he p a leography a re f ound i n sion t he n o tes o n t he f i r s t t e x t o f e ach g roup men t ioned . I ti sn o t s urpr i s ing t ha t many d i s t inc t ive h and s c an b e s een i n t he se i n scr ip t ion s . B u t t here i sn o t much t ol e a rn when w es ee t he s ame h and i ns ma l , i s o la ted g roup so fi n scr ip t ion s l ( e .g . No s . 6 6 , 6 7 a nd 6 8 d a t ing t o 1 36 , o r No s . 1 60 a nd 1 61, a lo ft he y ear 1 75 ) b ecause t here l i sn o t much c on tex t . L a rger g roup s , l i ke t he 3 3 i n scr ip t ion s d a ted 1 47-149 , h ave more p o ten t ia l . The f i r s t q ues t ion t oa sk i s whe ther t here w ere s pec ia l i s t s i nc ut n scr ip t ion s o r e ach ting i man w ie ld ing a s cabb l ing p i ck j us t i n scr ibed t he a ppropr ia te i nforma t ion when h e h ad f i n i shed d res l ock . T he e x i s tence o fs pec ia l i s t s i sc l ear when w e c an s ee as i ng le h and sing ab i na tl e a s t s even a nd p robab ly e l even i n scr ip t ion s o f t he y ear s 1 58 a nd 1 59 , a nd i n o n ly o ne o ther o f t he t wen ty o ne c an a no ther h and b e i den t if ied ( t he r e s t a re i nconc lu s ive ) ; s ee T ab le 6 .

1 5

C IL V I 1 4578-9 , 1 4583 = Dubo i s n o s . 9 8-99 , 1 03 ; V I 1 458 = Dubo i s n o . 11 . I I I I 3 9

T ab le 6 The Hand s o f t he O ff ic ina A ndae/Caesura A lexandr i G roup N o .

D a te

C aesura

O f fi c ina

B racch ium

L ocus

1 29 1 27 1 36 1 37 1 35 1 34

1 59 1 58 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59

A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i )

Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae

3 v ac 4 4 3 3 3

0 18 0 99 1 78 1 81 1 49 1 25 1 01

And (ae ) Andae Andae n g

4 3 2 4

v ac 0 96 3 74 0 17

4

3 95

1 2

T he s ame h and p robab ly a l so c u t t he se t ex t s : 1 42 1 59 A lex (andr i ) 1 33 1 59 A lex (andr i ) 1 39 1 59 A lex (andr i ) 1 30 1 59 A lex (andr i )

On ly o ne o ther h and i sc l ea r ly d i s t ingu i shab le i n t h i s g roup : 1 40 1 59 A lex (andr i ) Andae

We wou ld l i ke t o k now whe ther t he l e ter c ut s b e longed t o t he c aesura t e am s , t o t he t ter o ffc inae ,o rt on e i ther . We m igh tw e le xpec tt ha tt hey w ere a tached t oi nd iv idua lo ffc inae i l t i s i nce i n scr ip t ion s c ou ld n o t b e a pp l ied t o t he s urface o f ab lock u n t i l t he d res a s sing w f i n i shed . T he l a rge g roup o f 1 57-159 men t ioned a bove i s no t much h e lp i n t h i s r ega rd s i nce a l t he i n scr ip t ion s wh ich s pec ify p er sonne l n ame t he s ame c aesura t e am ( t ha t o fA lexander ) l a nd o ffc ina ( Andae ) . A l a rge g roup o f t he y ea r s 1 47-148 , i n wh ich o n ly o ne h and c an b e i s een ( 87 , 9 1, 9 4 , 1 02 , 1 03 , 1 08 , ) ,c a rr ie s t he l abe l c aesu ra A e l( )A n ton in i a nd men t ion s n o o ff i c ina . B u t i t wou ld b e r a sh t oc onc lude much f rom t h i s s i nce o ne o r more o ffc inae mu s t i h ave b een i nvo lved , a nd t here i sn o w ay t o t e l why men t ion o f i t( t hem ) w a s s uppres . l s ed B et v idence p o in t s i n ad ifferen t d i rec t ion . Two d i s t inc t ive , d i s im i lar h and s c an b e ter e s s een a t work i n t he e ar ly 1 60 s . B o th a re c ompe ten t ; o ne s t and s o u ta sc apab le o f more f orma l work . F or t he s ake o f c onven ience w e c an c a l t he "Monumen ta l " H and ( Tab le 7 ) a nd t he l " Po in ted " Hand ( Tab le 8 ) .

T ab le 7 T he "Monumen ta l" Hand ( 160s) N o .

D a te

C aesura

O f fi c ina

B racch ium

L ocus

1 48

1 61

F ab i

1 49 1 50 1 51 2 42 1 52 1 55

1 61 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 62 1 64

Dome s ( t ic i ) Dom (e s t ic i ) C laud ( ian i ) l o s t Dome s ( t ic i ) Dom (e s t ic i )

Anda (e ) Andae C on tra P e lag (on i ) i P [e l ]ag (on i ) i A s ia t ic ( ic i ) A s ia t ic

n g 4 4 n g n g 4 4

1 0 1 3 2 8 4 0 n g 6 2 3 3

4 0

T ab le 8 The " Po in ted " Hand ( 160s) N o .

D a te

C aesura

1 44 l 4 2 3 1 57 ,

1 60 1 60 1 61 1 65

C laud ] ia [n i C laud ian ( i ) C laud ian ( i ) A lex (andr i )

O ff ic ina E phes ( iana ) P e lag (on i i ) P e lag (on i i ) E phe s ( iana )

B racch ium

4 4 4 4

I m s

0 59 0 66 0 18 0 55

T he se men c l ear ly d id n o t " be long " t o a ny s i ng le c aesu ra t e am o r o ff i c ina . T hey s t ood a pa r t f rom t he se u n i t s a nd s o mu s t h ave t aken t he ir o rder s f rom t he o ff ic ia l s o f t he n ex t l e ve l . I n t he c on tex t o f t h e q uar ry b ureaucracy t h i s s hou ld mean t ha t t hey worked u nder t he d i rec t ion o f t he p roba to r a nd t he t abu lar ius a nd t he ir a s s i s tan t s . Wha t i st r ue f or t he se t wo l e t ter c ut ter s w a s p robab ly t r ue a l so f or t he r e s t , s i nce i ti su n l ike ly t ha t s ome o f t he se s pec ia l i s t s worked d i rec t ly f or t he b ureaucra t s wh i le o ther s worked f or t he s ubord ina te o rgan iza t ion s a t t he o ff ic ina/caesura l e ve l . T he f ac t t he se men w ere i n s o me s ense " s tar s " ter a t who se work w a s i n s pec ia l d emand o n ly l e t s u s s ee t hem b et nd t o c onc lude t ha t l e ter ter siona c ut s i n g enera l s eem t oh ave b een o f h igher a nd more " profes l " s t a tus t han w e m igh t s ed h ave g ues . l S uch a p ic ture f i t s w e l w i th o ur g enera l u nder s tand ing o f t he T ype I I r eg ime . T he a dm in i s tra tor s , i nt he ir own i n teres t , d ec ided wha t i n forma t ion w a s t ob ec u ti n to t he b lock s ; rie s es sion a f or t he men i nt he q uar s as imp le mark o fp os nd p erhap s an umber s uff iced , e . g . , a si nt he T ype Is y s tem , e x r a t( i o ne) c u iusdam ( on wh ich s ee a bove , p . 1 w i th n .5 4 a nd p . nd 1 2 rie l s ary 1 7 ) ; i n p r iva te q uar s , n o ma rk s a ta l w ere f e l t n eces . T he f ac t t ha t No s . 1 02 a w ere r e in scr ibed a f ter l e av ing t he q uarr ie s ( c f . Append ix I ) , p o in t s i n t he s ame d i rec t ion . T he i nforma t ion , t hen , w a s o ff ic ia l , a nd i ti s l o g ica l t ha t t he men who e ngraved i t b e r e spon s ib le d irec t ly t ot he a dm in i s tra tor sr a ther t han t ot ho se who se o u tpu t t he i n scr ibed d a ta w a s d ocumen t ing . I ft h i s i st r ue f or t he c ut ft he f ina l i nc i sed l e ter s , t hen i t ough t t oa pp ly a l so t o t he ting o t e a r l ier s t ages o fd ocumen ta t ion a pp l ied t ot he b lock s , t he t emporary p a in ted t ex t s u sed a sa n sing w a ide- memo ire u n t i l t he d res a s c omp le te a nd af in i shed s urface c ou ld r ece ive t he f i na l i n scr ip t ion . T he H is tory o f t he E xp lo i ta t ion o f B acaka le J o sef Räder d ed uced t he c our se o f q ua rry ing i n B acaka le f rom wha t c ou ld b e e s en a bove t he n ear ly u nd i s turbed d ebr i sa l mo s tt wen ty y ea r sa go . l I . 4A a nd B r eprod uce h i s r econ s trucry a t i on s o f t he q uar t t he h e igh t o f a c t iv i ty a nd a t t he e nd o f t he p er iod o f i n ten s ive Roman q uarry ing . T oday t he r ecen t e xp lo i ta t ion o f B acaka le a nd Quarry I g ive s u s a no ther k ind o f e v id ence f or t he a nc ien t w ork ing s .

I ll. 4 R öder 's C onjectural P hases o f Q uarry ing i n B acakale . M ax imum P roduction , B : F inal P hase.

4 1

A fter R äder 1 97 1

A : P hase o f

tern o r en ry T he g enera l p at fc ur tq uar ing a nd c l ea r ing o f Roman d ebr i s i nB acaka le s i nce s t 1 982 h a s b een as weep ing movemen t S ou th a cros he NW e nd ) . C urren t c l ear ing h a s b een ried o sive l l c ar u t i n s ucces e ve l s o f c a . 4m , ad ep th t ha t c an b e e a s i ly h and led b y ab u ldozer l o ad ing a n o rd inary d ump t r uck ; d eeper l a yer s wou ld p roduce d angerou s ly u n s tab le s l opes l l I ( even s o t here a re f r equen t s ma l l a nd s l ide s — aman w a s k i led i n Quarry V I i nJ u ly 1 985 l i n a co lap se ) . T hu s t he s ource o f t he b lock s e xcava ted f rom o ne s ea son t o t he n ex t h a s a lway s b een c l ear i n ag enera l w ay . B u t s i nce t he d ump s W o f B acaka le a re u sed s ome t ime s l f or a nc ien tp iece s f rom v enue so ther t han B acaka le a nd s i nce b lock s may emerge s porad ica ly a s d ebr i s p i le s a re c arved a way o r d i sman t led , t he mere p re sence o f ab lock i n t ha td ump i s n o t v ery h e lpfu l . On a number o f o cca s ion s o ver f i ve y ea r s Ih ave b een a b le t o s ee b lock s i n t h e d ebr is b efore c l ear ing a nd t o e s tab l i sh p roven ience s f or r e cen t ly c l ea red g roup s o f b l ock s b y r ymen q ue s t ion ing t he q uar . F ig .6 1 s how st he A l imog lu s ' l e a sed Koma t su s t a r t ing t h es e cond l e ve l o f c l ear ing j u s t i n s ide t he e n trance o f B acaka le i n 1 984 ; n o te t he b lock s i n t h e s carp a head o f t he d ozer a nd s t acked t o i t s r i gh t ( No s . 9 0 , 13 ) . T ab le 9 s umma r ize s t he

I ll. 5

G roups o f D ated M aterial o f S ecure P roven ience i n t he D ebris

i nforma t ion i n scr ibed o n p iece s o f k nown p roven ience ; t he n umber i n t he c o lumn l a be led l " P roven ience " i sk eyed t o a rea s d es igna ted b y t ho se n umber s i n I . 5 . l I ti si mpor tan t t o b e c l ear t ha t t he se p iece s p rov ide e v idence f or t he r ef il f t he ling o q uar nd o n ly i nd irec t ly s hed l i gh t u pon t he p rogres f i t s e xp lo i ta t ion i nt he f i r s t p lace . ry a s o T hey a re t he r e jec t s t ha t w ere s e t a s ide a nd e ven tua ly t i pped b ack i n to a n a bandoned p i t . l B u t ah igh d egree o fc on s i s tency w i th in t he g roup s r e inforce s t he c ommon s en se a sump t ion s t ha t p ieces f ound t oge ther w ere d umped a t a bou t t h e s ame t ime . The d a ted b lock s i n t he d ebr i s p rov ide u nequ ivoca l t e rm in i a n te q uem f or t he a bandonmen t o f t he a rea s where t hey w ere f ound . The p iece s f orm f i ve g roup s o f v a ry ing s i ze . T he f i r s t g roup o f b lock s , a l b u t p erhap s l o ne b ear ing T ype I i n scr ip t ion s , w ere a l c a ta logued i nt he s ummer o f 1 986 a nd c ame f rom l t he d ebr i s h i l NE o f t he e n trance t o B acaka le ( number 1i n I . 5 ) . Th i s l a rge f ea ture h ad l l a l ready b een b i sec ted NE-SW b y 1 983 ( F ig . 7 ) t o make r oom f or t he c l ea r ing o f t h e N h a lf o f t he W e nd o f B acaka le ( t he wh i te a nd g ray ma rb le t here wa s much i n v ogue i nt he e ar ly p ar t o f t h i s d ecade ) . I n r e tro spec t , i ts eem s l i ke ly t ha t mo s t o f t he b lock s b ea r ing T ype I i n scr ip t ion si n t he d ump W o ft he e n trance c ame f rom t ha t h i l . T hen , b e tween t he s u mmer s l 4 2

o f 1 985 a nd 1 986 , t he l r e s t o f t he h i l w a s l b u ldozed a nd t he a nc i en t b lock s p i led i n t he d ump . T he s econd g roup c on s i s t s o f t hree b lock s f ound n ea r e ach o ther i n 1 984 a s t he c l ear ing w a s mov ing i n to t he s ou th h a lf o f t he w e s t e nd o f B acaka le a nd a n ew , d eeper e n trance r oad w a s b e ing c u t . T he se b lock s emerged f rom r e la t ive ly a l s ha low l e ve l a lmo s t i n t he t hroa t o f t he nd B isected D ebris H ill left) a igure 7 V iew t o B acakale E ntrance R oad ( q ua rry . F ig . 8i s a F v i ew f rom t he N r im ( right) a s o f 1 983 d own o n to t he e nf t r ance , w i th t he o ld r oad ( now i s o la ted a nd s evered ) a bove , a nd b e low i t ar i s ing s e c t ion o a nc ien t q uar l oor wh ich w a s l a ter d ynam i ted . ry f The t h ird a nd f our th g roup s w ere c l o se t o e ach o ther i n t he d ebr i s , s epa ra ted v er t ica ly more n o t icel a b ly t han h or izon ta ly . l A f ter 1 984 t he c l ea r ing d rove s t ra igh t a head i n to t he i n ter ior o fB ac aka le , mov ing a l ong t he Sw a l b u td ropp ing l s ha rp ly t o f o low t he l a nc ien t q uar l oo r . ry f No s . 8 3 , 9 3 a nd 1 24 w ere r ecorded i n t he s ummer o f 1 986 a t t he d eepe s t p o in t o f t he a nc ien t q uar rea ried a u nder t he S r im whe re t he c l ea r ing h ad moved

F igure 8

V iew f rom N r im t o B acakale E ntrance ;

A bove ,

O ld R oad ( Now

d i rec t ly f orwa rd f rom S evered); B elow , Q uarry F loor L ater D ynam ited ( 1984) t he b eg inn ing made i n 1 984 ( F ig . 9 ) . T he e xt en t o f t h i s w ork i sc l ea r when o ne c ompa re s t he s c ene i n 1 982 ( F ig . 1 0 ; u se t he h uge b ou ld er ma rked b y t he h o low a row s i n b o th p ho to s a s ac ommon r eference p o in t ) . T he b lock s l r i nG roup 3w ere f ound o no rj u s ta bove t he d eepe s tl e ve ly e tc l ea red i nt h i s p a r to fB acaka le , t ho se i nG roup 4b e tween 9 . 4m a nd 1 0 .4 h igher i nt he d ebr i s ( s t i lc a . 2 . 9m b e low t he s u rface l o f t he d ebr i s : F ig . 1) . L e t i n to t he r ock w a l j u s t a bove t he p re sen t f l oor i s as caffo ld h o le l ( F ig . 1 2 ) , i nd ica t ing t ha t t he a nc ien t f l oor w a s s t i l d eeper h ere . I . 6i s as chema t ic c ros l l ss ec t ion o fn ea rer B acaka le s how ing t he i n scr ibed p i ece s a nd t he i rl o ca t ion i nt he u nd i s turbed d ebr i s ; t he v i ew i sf rom t he e n trance , w i th as l igh t ly w ider f i e ld t han t ha t o f F ig . 9 .

G roup F ive c on s i s t s o f al a rger n umber o f b lock s f rom Qua rry I , t he s ma ler q ua rry t o l 4 3

t he S E o f B acaka le o n t he f ar s i de o f t he l l C h imney ( I l . 5 ) . A l t he se b lock s w ere r ep or ted t o h ave b een f ound i n t he s ummer o f 1 984 when a d eep p ocke t i n t he a nc ien t f l oor wa sc l eared ( F ig . 1 3 ) a nd t he b lock s r emoved w ere p i led p recar iou s ly o n a n i s o la ted s he lf o f t he modern d ebr i s f l oor ( F ig . 1 4 ) . Our e a r l ie s t e v id ence c ome s f rom t he f i r s td ecade a nd ah a lf o ft he s econd c en tury , l more t han a fu l c ent u ry s i nce e xp lo i ta t ion F igure 9 V iew f rom B acakale E ntrance . G roups 3 & 4 M arked w ith H igher a nd o f B acaka le b egan o n a l arge s cale .' L ower S olid A rrows; H ollow A rrow M arks B oulder a lso i n F ig. 1 0 T herefore t he b lock s i n t h i s d ebr i s d id n o t t l c ome f rom t he f i r s t a tack i n to t he r i s ing g round f rom t he p re sen t e n trance . F o low ing i sa sib ry p os le s cenar io o fh ow q uar ing d eve loped ; i t is b o th s haped b yR öder 's u nder s tand ing o f t he s i te a nd c onf irm si t . Dur ing t he f i r s t c en tury W B acaka le w a s o pened u p a nd ried q uar , o n a l eve l t a tack ing t he b oundary l w a l sa nd d own p erhaps t ot he l eve l r epre sen ted ry b y t he a nc ien t q uar f l oor n ear t he e n trance v i s ib le i n F igs . 7 and 8 ( i n ap ha se e ar l ier t han Röder 's p ha se o fg rea te s t e xp lo i ta t ion , I I . 4 A ) . T he d ebr i s f rom t h i s work s eem s t oh ave v an ished . Work t hen p u shed f ur ther i n to t he l h i l a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ex tc en tury ,d ebr i s F igure 1 0 1 983 V iew o f N ew ly C ut E ntrance R oad . ry f rom t h is q uar ing b e ing p i led i n to t he B ou lder i n F ig. 9 ; S olid A rrow ( lower r t.) M arks N o . f i r s t a rea worked ( perh ap s B racch ia Ia nd I ; s ee a bove , p .2 0f . ) .

H o llow A rrow M arks 1 32

1 6 On ly c i rcum s tan t ia l e v idence make s B acaka le t he c en ter o f e xp lo i ta t ion i n t he f i r s t c en tury , b u t i ti ss t rong : t he b e s t p avonazze to c ome s f r om B acaka le ; i ti sb y f a r t he mo s t t e x tens ive ly worked l o ca le o f t he q uar s ; a nd i t s i den t if ica t ion a s a cu l t p lace o f C ybe le rie p o in t s t oward i t s c en tra l i ty .

4 4

T ab le 9 I nscr ipt ions o f Known P roven ience i n D ebr is P rov ience

ocus Bracch D a te i L ium

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 00 1 05 1 09 14 15 15 15 15 15 19 1 26 1 40 ?

n g n g n g 4 n g n g n g n g n g 5 4? n g n g 1 43

n g n g n g 3 n g n g n g 3 n g n g 3 n g 2

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3 4 4 4 3 3 4 l o s t 4 3 4 n g 4 4 4 3 4 n g

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n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g

n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g

1 9 2 5 3 5 4 0 2 8 3 4 1 2 3 2 3 3 6 0 6 3 1 2 38

A e l . An t . A e l . An t . A lex (andr i )

n g n g Andae

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n g n g Z o s i (m i )

n g n g i) P e la (goni

8 3 9 3 1 24

i T heoph i l ( i ) i T heoph i l ( i ) i Ho s t i l ( i )

S ever ( iana ) S ever ( iana ) siana B as

1 92 1 97 1 99

n g n g 9 7 Z o s i (m i ) C on tra 1 28 C laud ( ian i ) C on tra 1 43 Dom (es t ic i ) C on tra 1 50 N eophy t i P er s ( i s ) 1 79 N eo [phy t i ] n g 1 88 H erc (u ) lan ( i ) C on tra P er s i s 1 94 H ercu lan ( i ) C on tra P er s i s 1 93 Aur . T heoph i l iC on tra P er s ( i s )2 00 n g n g 2 02 v ac n g 2 03 n g n g 2 09 n g n g 2 08 P hoen icem I ux ta P er s idem 2 07 N eophy t i An ton in iana 2 14 n g n g 2 33 n g n g 2 06 2 n g n g 25

l 1F or T ype I b lock s , wh ich u sua ly c arry s evera l d a te s , t he l a tes t o ne i sg iven h ere . 4 5

B y n o l a ter t han m id c en tury w e s ee t ha t w ork h ad r eached a v ery d eep l e ve l a t t he m idpo in t o f n earer B acaka le ( Group 3 ) , a nd p robab ly a cros he s t e n t ire c en ter o f t he a rea ( w i th t he b oundary w a l s l b e ing e xp lo i ted i ns t ep s ,a s l i n I . 4 A ) ; t he o lder q uarry f l oor men t ioned a bove w a s n ow i s o la ted , a s i ta ppea red a ga in i n 1 984 . ry o I n o rder t o c ar u t t h i s s, t s econd d eeper p as he o lder d ebr i s ( Group I ) wou ld n ow h ave t o b e r emoved , a nd a ss hor t ad i ssib t ance a s p os le , t o f orm l t he h i l n ex t t o t he e nt r ance . F igure 1

V iew f rom N R im o nto F ace a long S W all. A rrows ( clockw ise

S oon a f ter t he m idd le f rom a bove) I nd icate N os. 1 97 r esting u pon 1 99 , 1 92 ( Group 4 ), N o . 8 3 o f t he c en tury t he e ng i( Group 3 ), b elow r t. n eer s d ec ided t ha t w ork wou ld g o n o d eeper i n n earer B acaka le , a nd t hey t i pped d ebr i s f rom r ecen t w ork b ack i n to t he d eepe s t s ec t ion s ( Groups 2 and 3 ) , r educ ing t he r e la t ive ly s t eep d e scen t o f t he e n t rance r oad a nd f orm ing a s t h igher c en tra l p lane t o f ac i l i ta te a cces o f a r ther B acaka le . T here t he g round w a s much h igher a nd s o t he e a r l ier work ing l eve l s w ere much h igher t han t hose i n t he o lder h a lf . The p re sence o f d ebr i s f rom t he e nd o ft he s econd c en tury ( Group 4 ;F ig s . 9a nd 1 ) a t al e ve l 9 to 1 0 .5m a bove t he d eepe s t a nc ien t f l oor y e t u ncovered ( a s o f 1 986 — t here may l b e as t i l d eeper f l oor ) i nd ica te s ama jor r eor ien ta t ion o fq uarry ing s t ra tegy i nt h e t h ird c ent u ry a s g ood r ock mu s t h ave b egun t o b ecome s ca rce . One r ea son f or t h i s r e th ink ing w a s p robab ly , a ga in , t he n eed s t f or e a s ier a cces o t he f art her p ar t s o f t he a rea , a nd t he o ther w a s v ery l i ke ly a d ec i s ion t o b eg in a ga in a t l t a ck ing t he b oundary w a l s , b u t n ow a t ah igher l e ve l , a s Röder a l so s ugge s ted . T h i sr enewa lo fe xp lo i ta t ion i n a rea s f i r s t q uarr ied a s much a s t wo c en tur ie s e ar l ier p erhap s a ccoun t s f or t he s o mewha t s urpr i s ing r eappearance o f B racch ia I a nd I i n t he i n scr ip t ion s o f t he t h ird c en tury ( Tab le 3 ) . l S t i l , i n t he l i gh t o f t he q u i te mode s t n umber s o f t t hese a te s ta t ion s , t h i s l a tt e r-day e ffor t w a sp robab ly n e i ther v ery e x ten s ive n or s fu v ery s ucces l . F igure 1 2

S caffold H ole ( 24cm x 2 3 x 1 8) n ear G roup 3

4 6

T he d ep le t ion o fh ight q ua l i ty p avonazze to a nd wh i te marb le i n B acaka le , f i r s t n ea rer a nd t hen f a rt her , wa s c er ta in ly t h e ry r ea son f or o pen ing Quar I , o n t he f a r s i de o f t h e C h imney C a s t le . T he marb le h ere , t oj udge b o th b y t he a bandoned b locks a nd c o lumn s a nd t h e f r e sh ly e xpo sed c u t s i nt h e l w a l sa nd f l oor , wa s i n fe ri o r t o t ha t o f B acaka le . T here a re more f r equen t s f i sures ( w i th o r w i thou t l c a lc i te i nf i l s ) , more d ikes a nd n odu le s o f q uar tz , d en ser c oncen tra t ion s o f

F igure 1 3

utting ( Here R efilled) W here G roup 5 B locks N arrow D eep C i n Q uarry I ( 1985)

f e rrou s m inera l s ( pu sh ing a nd C o lumns W ere F ound t he o rangy t one s o f f i ne to p avonazzet t o ward b rown r u s t s t a in s ) , a nd s carcer p urp le v ena t ion . l When t he work a c tua ly l b egan h ere , w e c anno t t e l . T he b lock s o f G roup 5 , t hough , c ame f rom o ne o f t he d eepe s t p a r t s o ft he a r ea , l a s f ar a s w e c an t e l t oday . S ince much o f t h i s ma ter ia l s ed a w a s d res nd i n scr ibed i n t he s econd d ecade o f t he l s econd c en tury , i t s u se t of i l t ha t c av i ty i s p robab ly n o e a r l ier t han t he t h ird d ecade . T h i s i mp l ie s c on t inued v igor s i a nd r e sourcefu lnes nq uarr y ing a t l e a s t u p t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he " chao s , " c orr obora t ing t he l a te s t i n sc r ipt i on s f rom t he e nd o f t ha t d ecade a nd t he n ex t ( No s . 2 19-22 ) .

F igure 1 4

G roup B locks a nd C olumns i n Q uarry I ( since v an ished).

I n B ackground , E ntrance R oad t o Q uarry I o n Ea nd S W all ( 1984)

C on t inued modern w ork i n B acaka le , where p erhap s l l t wo t h ird s o f t he a nc ien t f i l s t i l r ema in s , a nd i n Qua rry I , wh ich i sn ear ly c l ea red t oday , l l w i l l i ke ly mod ify a nd p erhap s i nva l ida te t h i s e xemp l i g ra t ia r econ s truc t ion . T here i ss t i l l l much t o b e l e arned , a nd o ne h ope s t ha t o ther s t uden t s w i l b e d rawn t o t he a rea t o f o low d eve lopmen t s .

4 7

I ll. 6 S chematic S ection a cross B acakate D ebris

4 8

Chap ter I V THE I NSCRIPT IONS

I n troduc t ion t o t he C a ta logue l T h i s c a ta logue p resen t s ac orpus o fq uarry i n scr ip t ion s c o lec ted a tD oc im ium ( I sceh i sar ) a nd i n t he A l t in tapva s i i nP hryg ia b e tween 1 982 a nd 1 986 . My a im h a s b een t or ecord n o t l o n ly t he a c tua lt ex t s b u t t od e scr ibe f u ly t he p iece s o f marb le o n wh ich t hey a re f ound s i nce ry b my i n tere s ti sc h ief ly i nt he I mper ia lq uar ucreucracy r a ther t han i nt he h i s tory o f Roman P hryg ia p er s e . r ed t I n t he C a ta logue i t se lf a nd t h roughou t t he t ex t I have r efer o n ew i n scr ip t ion s p ub l i shed h ere i n t he f orm " No . 1 21 . " F or t he s ake o f c onven ience , p rev iou s ly p ub l i shed " ( The r ed t i n scr ip t ions a re r efer os im i lar ly b u t w i th as uper scr ip t 2i n e ach c a se : " No . 1 21 2. u pperca se N i su sed o n ly f o r t he se t wo r eper to ire s . T he se n umber s a re k eyed t o t he f u l l b ib l iograph ic d a ta i nt he C oncordance o fP rev ious ly P ub l i shed I n scr ip t ion s , T ab le 1 3 b e low . I n T ab les 1 0-12 b e low Ih ave t aken a ccoun t o f t he p rev iou s ly p ub l i shed e p igraph ica l p a tr imony . The v as t ma jo r i ty o ft he se i n scr ip t ion s h ave v an i shed w i thou t at r ace ( f ew w ere a ccompan ied b y i s tra t ion s ) , b u t i n o rder t o make s en se o f t hem f or my se lf i th a s b een lu n eces ry t oa pp ly t he g a in s f rom t he n ew g roup t ot he o lder t ex t s , a nd t he r e su l t ing s uggessa t i on s a nd emenda t ion s a re p resen ted a tt he e nd o f t h i s c hap ter . A t o f t h e Ca ta logue rrangemen T ex t s f rom D oc im ium ( I sceh i sa rn ear A fyon ) a re a ranged c hrono log ica ly . T he u nda ted r l t ex t sw i th s t rong s im i la r i t ie st od a ted o ne sa re g rouped t herew i th ; u nda ted t ex t s w i th n oc l ear a in i t ie s a re a t t he e nd o f t he c a ta logue . B lock s wh ich c a rry mu l t ip le d a te s a re e n tered ff u nder t he e ar l ie s t . W i th in s i ng le y ea r s Ih ave o rdered t he t ex t s b y l o cus n umber o n t he a sump t ion t ha t t h i s i sa n a nnua l s e r ia l n umber . s C onven t ions a nd A ssump t ions U sed i nD escr ib ing P ieces Un les therw i se n o ted , t he p iece sa re : f u ly d res i th t he q uar ick ; c on s i s to fo n ly s o l s ed w ry p ng les ; a re s ub s tan t ia ly i n tac t a nd u nwea thered ; a re o f p avonazze to a bou t wh ich n o 9 0° a l t f ur ther c ommen ti se i ther c a led f or o rp os le . A l though mo s to ft he p iece s a re i ne xce len t l sib l c ond i t ion , n ear ly a l h ave a cqu ired a dun-co lored s urface wh ich make s t he q ua l i ty o f t he l marb le d iff icu l t o r i mpos le t os ee u n les here a re l a rge b roken a rea s . T h i s d i sco lora t ion sib s t s hou ld b e a sumed where n o e xp l ic i t m en t ion i s made . s A l v o lume s g iven a re n e t ( i .e . , t he v o lume o f i n se t s a nd s t ep s t r immed a way f rom t he l b lock h a s b een s ub trac ted ) u n les therw i se n o ted . Ib egan i n 1 984 t o make a n e ffor t t o s o mea sure e very s urface o fe ve ry b lock ( s ome w ere s o mea sured i n 1 983 ) , b u ts i nce t he b locks a re f or t he mo s t p ar t s t acked c lo se ly t oge ther when u n loaded b y d ump t r uck s o r b u ldozer s , l i t wa s f r equen t ly n o t p os le t o r each a l s i de s . T h i s a l so a ccoun t s f or s o me m is e ter sib l sing l t h e igh t mea suremen t s ( o ther s a re d ue t o s imp le o ver s igh t ) . We igh t s a re c a lcu la ted u s ing a ind ly s upp l ied b y C e la l T a sk in , as t aff g eo log i s t o f t he T urk i sh f i gure o f 2 .68 m t/m 3,k G eo log ic S urvey (MTA ) , w ho h a s c ar u t e x ten s ive a na ly se s o f T urk i sh marb les a nd ried o k ind ly p u t t he se r e su l t s a t my d i spo sa l . " Co lar s " a re e nds o f c o lumn s haf t s o f g rea ter d iame ter t han t he s haf t i t se lf . T hey b ear l as uperf ic ia l r e semb lance t or oughed-ou t b a se s . B u t s i nce t hey a re r egu lar ly f ound a tb o th e nd s o ff u ly d res o lumn s , t hey w ere p r imar i ly t op ro tec t t he c o lumn wh i le b e ing r o led l s ed c l o r s h if ted .

4 9

I lu s tra t ions l F or p rac t ica l r ea sons i t ha s n o t b een p os le t oi s t ra te e very i n scr ip t ion . P ho tog raph s sib lu a re p rov ided where ar ead ing i su ncer ta in , when a ten t ion i sc a led t o t he l e ter s t y le , o r i f t l t t here i ss ome n o tab le f ea ture o f t he p hy s ica l o b jec t . S ome t ime s n o p ho tograph c ou ld b e t aken b ecau se o fp hy s ica l c on s tra in t s : i ft here w a s s pa ce f o r ah ead i n ad en se p i le o fb l ock s , t here w a s o f ten n o v an tage p o in t f or ac amera o r n o l i gh t . S queeze s w ere n o t u sed i n t h i s p ro jec t . I na ni n i t ia le xper imen ti n 1 983 t hey p roved i mp rac t ica l ; t hey wou ld h ave b een mo s t u sefu l j u s t where i tw a s l e a s t f ea s ib le t o t ake t hem , a nd t he s heer v o lume o f i n sc r ip t ion s a rgued a ga in s t r ou t ine ly t ak ing as queeze o f at ex t t he r e ad ing o f wh ich w a s p erfec t ly c l ea r , a s i n t he g rea t ma jor i ty o f c a se s . E d i tor ia l U sages a nd A ssump t ions On ly t he mo s t c ommon a bbrev ia t ion s , s uch a s COS f or c onsu le o r c onsu l ibu s , a r e l e f t u nexpanded . Abbrev ia t ion s wh ich a re f r equen t i n t h i s c o rpus b u t o therw i se r a re i n L a t in e p igraphy a re e xpanded i n t he c u s toma ry w ay . E d i t ing c onven t ion sf o low t he r ev i sed L e iden s y s tem n ow a dop ted f or t he C /L 1b u tw i th l o ne p rom inen t d epa r tu re o f g rea t f r equency . B ecau se t he s upra l inea te s em ic i rc le u sed i n L e iden t o i nd ica te l i ga ture s p roved t ypograph ica ly i mpos le , u nder l in ing w a s a dop ted t o l sib i nd ica te s l i ga tured l e ter s ; i nt he p re sen tc on tex t , t he r efo re , u nder l ined l e ter s a re n o tl e ter s t t t s en b ya n e a r l ier e d i tor b u t n ow i nv i s ib le , t he c u s toma ry s i gn if icance o fu nder l in ing i nt he e L e iden s y s tem . L et s c onnec ted o n ly b y ac on t inuou s l i ne r a ther t han f u sed i n l i ga ture s ter ( t ha t i s , when t he l e ter-cut id n o t l i f t t he c h ise l b e tween l e ter s ) a re n o t s pec if ica ly t ter d t l i nd ica ted . T he r eader s hou ld n o te a l so t ha t s ub sc r ip ted d o t s a re u sed s t r ic t ly a s K rummery t r equ ire s , i no rder t oi nd ica te l e ter s wh ich c ou ld n o t b er e ad o u t s ide t he ir i mmed ia te c on tex t . ted l t Ih ave n o t d ot e ter s wh ich a re s imp ly u ncer ta in o r mere ly d iff icu l t t o r e ad . T he r b eg inn ing s o f l i ne s a re a ranged t or ef lec t t he ir p hy s ica l l a you t o n t he s t one e ven t h ough i t sib t i sn o t p os le t o ma in ta in a ny p i c tor ia l v erac i ty p a s t t h e i n i t ia l l e ter o f al i ne . S im i la r ly , b l ank l i ne si nd ica te b lank s pace o nt he s t one ; t h i sp rac t ice s eemed p referab le t ow r i t ing v aca t where t here may n ever h ave b een a ny i n ten t t o w r i t e i nt he b lank s pace s i nce t he t e x t s a re s a semb lage s o f d i scre te p hra se s . Ih ave r e s t r ic ted t h e u se o f v aca t t o p lace s w here i ti s ted man ife s t t ha t s ome th ing wh ich s hou ld h ave b een i nc luded w a s om it . A s i sc u s tomary , p a ren the se s a re u sed n o t o n ly t oe nc lo se t he e xpan s ion o fa bb rev ia t ion s l b u t a l so f or w ord s wh ich u nder l ie s ymbo l s t ha t c anno t b e r epre sen ted t ypograph ica ly , e . g . t ( c en tu r io ) f or 7 ,( m ule ) f or t he i nf in i ty s i gn , a nd G reek l e ter s . C on su la r d a te s a re a lmo s t a lway s c l ea r a nd s t ra igh tforwa rd s i nce t he p rac t ice a t l D oc im ium — and i nq ua rry i n scr ip t ion sg enera ly ,a sa l so i nb r ick s t amp s ,w a st ou se o n ly t he i s ary t ter t o rd ina r i o ft he y ea r . A ccord ing ly , i t ha s n o ts eemed n eces oc lut he c ommen ta r ie s si sed i w i th r eference s t oD egras 's r eper to ire f or e very n ame ; amb iguou sd a te sa re d i scus nt he r ed t l c ommen ta r ie s . T he r eader i s refer oI nd ice s 2a nd 3i n wh ich a l t he c on su l s r ep re sen ted l i nt he c o rpu s a re l i s ted a l ong w i th t he v a r ian tf orm s o fn omenc la tu re . T ex t sr un h o r izon ta ly s t s n a cros he f ace n amed a nd a re o r ien ted r i gh ts i de u p u n les o ted . S ince f ew t e x t sr e ach e ven f i ve l i ne s , i ts eemed s imp ler t o d i spen se w i th l i ne n umber s . l C ommen ta ry i n t he c a ta logue i sr e s t r ic ted t o p o in t s i nvo lv ing a s i ng le t ex t o r as ma l s r g roup . W ider q ue s t ion s a re d ea l t w i th i n t he a pp rop r ia te c hap ter , a nd o n ly c ros e f e rence s a re p rov ided i n t he c ommen ta r ie s . P unc tua t ion h a s b een k ep t t o t he m in imum : d i scre te p h ra se s w i th in l i ne s a re s epa ra ted f rom o ne a no ther b yc omma s , b u t n o o ther p unc tua t ion i s u sed .

1S e t o u t b y S .P anc iera a nd H . K rummery , T i tu l i 2( 1980 ) 2 05-15 . C f . H . B loch , CP 3 9 [ 1944 ) 2 54f . On ly N o . 22 e mp loy s s uffec t s .

2

5 0

l S umma ry T ab les o f A l Q uarry I nscr ip t ions f r om P hryg ia

l T ab le 1 0 A l T ype II nscr ip t ions ( by D a te ) N o . 8 3

2

8 42

8 52 8 7 2 8 82

( 5 )

9 2b 2 9 12 9 1b 2 1 58

A l ia

N (umero)

D a te

E x R a t ( ione)

9 6 9 9 1 00 n g n g n g 1 46 1 46 1 73

0 1 (v )D ( i? ) C ae s (a r i s )1 1 42 2 O l y _p ( i? ) C ae s (a r i s ) 28 O lu( i ? ) C ae s (a r i s ) 14 Hya c ( in th i ) C ae s (a r i s? )3 ( 271) 4 O l _u ( i ) C ae s (a r i s ) H 3 0 0 ( lym? )p ( i? ) C ae s (a r i s ) 4 34 [ C l . Z e lo--? ] 1 03 C l [--] 1 35 e x r gi f ione) S y r ( i ) ( s c . l o co ) 7 ,B r . 3

F ind spo t c ana l2 c ana l c ana l c ana l c ana l n ea r P or tu s c ana l C laud ian h a rbor? 6 B acaka le

1B acc in i 1 979 a d l o c . s ugge s t s t he n ame O lympu s , c i t ing t he O nomas t icon , I V ( 1887 ) 7 95f . T h i s s eem s a neces sa ry c onc lu s ion i n v i ew o f t he u sua l n a sa l iza t ion o f p o s tvoca l ic " m . " I r e ta in h er ma rk o f u nce r ta in ty b u t d o n o t c on s ider i tn eces sa ry . 2 " Cana l " m ean s d redged f rom t he b ed o ft he c ana lc onnec t ing T ra jan 's h exagona l h a rbor a t P or tu s w i th t he T ibe r a t ap o in t n ea r t he h arbor a tt he E p i scop io . S ee B acc in i 1 979 . 3 B acc in i ' s u ncer ta in ty o ver t he n ame s em s u nneces . e s ary 4 T he n umber i sn o t l a be led . l 5 Un ed i ted b lock , O s t ia Mu seum i nv . n o . 3 6759 , p a r t o f a group a l so d redged f rom t he F ium ic ino a t t he s ame p o in t a t t he p reced ing b u t s ome y ea r s l a ter . D ot t.s sa B ac in i h a s u nder taken t he e d i t ing o f t he se b lock s a l so . 6 T he p iece ( t he t ex t i su npub l i shed ) i si n t he Mu seo d e le N av i ( i nv . n o . 3 9920 ) o n t he l g round s o f L eona rdo d a V inc i a i rpor t a tF ium ic ino . 5 1

TABLE

11

N o .

i st D ate

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9

9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2

1 0 1

9 2 7 2?

1 2 1 3

9 2 9 2 9 2

1 00? 107 15

9 2 9 2

1 00

15

1 00 1 00

1 09 1 09

72

1 6 4 9

2 (4) 2 (5)

1 5

1 04 2 1 8 5 02 2

9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 95 9 5 9 6? "

2 4 2 5

1 03 1 05 1 05 1 05

( 11)

2 7

( 12)

4 1

32

3 9

1 09 1 00

15 15

1 00 1 00

1 09

15

1 00 9 2

15 1 09

15

1 09 109

15 15

i st C ount

2 2

105 1 05 1 05 105 1 05 1 05 1 05

INSCRIPTIONS 2 nd C ount

2 29 39 2 49 2 89 2

FROM THE ROMAN

3 rd C ount

4 th C ount

41 00

9 2 1) 2 5(

4 7

3 7

592 1 40

1 59

1( 3) 7 67 20 2

6 12 1 5+ 15 15

)

1 00 1 00 1 00? 1 00 1 00 ( 10) 1 00?

3 4

1 00 100

15 100

1 00

3 0

4 th D ate

'

1 9

2 8 2 9

QUARRY

( 2)

2 09 2 4 5

1 00

72 7

2 07 2?

9 00? i 2 nn H ER

4 99 2 1 45 9 2

1 07

15

7 63

1 0+

2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 02 1 72

2 6

3 rd D ate

II

9 3

1 6 1 7 7 3b 2 1 02 2 1 03 2

5 5

2 nd D ate

ALL TYPE

8 50 8 69 ;869 1 8 1 4 R 6R 3 8R 2 070 4 98? (6 . :) 1 46? ( 8)

7 99 3 1 69

9 8 1 00 9 61 00

3 59 5 3 1,,

2 16

C HR 9 6

1 00

9 6,

19

1 76 1 459 R 1 76 1

11 15 1 09

( 9)

1 05

5 40 160 R 1 47+ R

15 1 09

14

6 53 H E 2 82 42 4 105

1 07 1 09 1 09 15? 1 09 109 15

( 14)

109 [ —I 14 14 , (13) ,(15)

15

' 05 7 55 1 596 534 3 5

30 1 211 986

1 05

3 10+ 3 8

1 00 11

1 0 1 48

1 21

8

1 00

3 4

s ee H E

2 44

14

R ? 9 L 05 i 2 7 5 1 I E 15 K E 8 0 g g

71 05

5 46

1 05

975

g i - 384 1 07 200 14 ] 164[1 44 14 14 147 ' 105

7 16

8 09

139,

D ates w ith w hich a ny g roup o f c haracters i s c losely a ssociated i n as eparate t ext a re i nd icated b y s ubscr ipt t ype ; s uperscript n umbers r eferring t o t he n otes a t t he e nd o f t he T ab le a re e nclosed b y p arentheses. D ates i n t he f orm " 25+" a re f ragmentary , w ith p ossib le l ost n umerals m aking t he n umber h igher t han t he n umerals a ctually p reserved . W eathering , d ifficu lty o f r ead ing a nd f requent u ncertainty o f m ean ing m ake i t h ard t o r epresent t hese i nscr iptions i n t abu lar f orm w ith a ll t he p recision d esirab le . A ccord ingly , t he r eader i s a dv ised t o r efer t o t he c atalogue e ntr ies w hen u ncertainty a rises. T he o lder i nscriptions a re m uch m ore p rob lematical s ince t hey w ere p ub lished w ithout i llustration u ntil r ecently . I n m any c ases t he c orrect r ead ing i s p robab ly n ot r ecoverab le .

52

IMPERIAL QUARRY SYSTEM IN PHRYGIA (new and previously published inscriptions)

R NA

V FR

H E/HR

A NT

G reek

L oc

B r

O ther

N o . 1 2 3

R MA ;RMIAl l„ R MA 1 09 "

V FR 15 V FR 15

A NT A NT

G I(gamma)CN(gamma) G I(gamma)CNZ

A NT

M A R MA ;RMA R MA -RMA R MA A NT R MA 1 09 R MA

V FR 15 I R R

( 16)

4 4

4 5

G I(p i)A

6

G I[ -1(p i?)(delta ? ) 1 00 G II[ JXZ

2 5;47

8 9

A ALX 92

V FR 15 V FR 15 V FR 15

R

h uman f igure

6

R MA A NT H ER 3 12 1 07

V FR 15

M AR

V FR 15(18) V FR 15

A NT

R MA;CR R MA

V FR 15

RA NT

R MA

V FR i 15

[ .N IE G IIP(lambda)(gamma) G I(999Ta)(gamma)NE?

1 0 1 1 2 1 3

4 3 ;3

72

1 62 4 9 2

C HR 9 6

34

1 5 1 6 1 7 7 3b 2 1 02 2 1 03 2 1 04 2

( 19)

1 4 R 6R 3 R MA

81

9 3

V FR 15

4

1 8 5 02 5 2 5

2 +

2 0 2 1 2 2

1 9 M AR;RARRA

1 459 R

2 ;3;3

2 0 D I

M AR

R

V FR 15

1R MA 1 00 C M I.

1 160 R 4 7 R

V FR 1 ] V FI

R MA 1 09 2 1) R MA (

A NT

T EA 4 7

2 3

[ . ]0

3 02 1 72

5

H EC 1 n0

V FR 14

H E e i1 03 ' H E - l -

V FR 15

H E 2 75 1 05 ; HE 3 84 1 07 I E 1 5

V FR 14

K E 8 0

5 63

1 05

3 ;3

2 4 2 5 2 6

R ? 9

R MA R MA 1 Q9 R MP?A

2 7

e

R MA

V FR 1 15

V FR 14 V FR 14

1 1 4

3

4 1

3 0

V FR 15 R M A 105 R MA i no 6RMA?(23) II C

3

2 8 2 9

.7 1 05

32

( 22) '( 24) 34 2 -4

3 4 3 9

2 2

A r egu lar p rob lem w ith T ype I i nscriptions , n ew a nd o ld a like , i s t o d eterm ine w hich c haracters b elong t o w hich d iscrete t ext o n t he b lock. I n t he n ew i nscriptions l etter s ty le a nd l etter h e ight a re o ften d ecis ive . I n p rev iously p ub lished i nscriptions I t ake a s aw ork ing a ssumption t hat t exts o n d ifferent p lanes ( and o bv iously o n d ifferent s urfaces) a re s eparate . W hen t wo d istinct t exts a ppear t o b e i dentical i n c ontent, I l ist e ach o ne r egard less. I tems w hich f it e qually i nto t wo c ategories a re l isted u nder e ach. N umbers, w hether d ated o r n ot, a re h ere l abelled f or t he s ake o f c ons istency a s " counts" a lthough s ome m ay s erve o ther p urposes. F or d iscussion o f t he i nd iv idual i tems o f t he T ype I i nscr iptions, s ee a bove , p . 1 7ff. I nscriptions w ith m u ltip le d ates

( the m ajority)

a re a rranged a ccord ing

t o

t he e arliest

d ate a nd ,

f ollow ing t he c hronological o rder o f p ub lication o r t he o rder o f t he C atalogue i n t he c ase o f n ew t exts. T exts f rom t he U pper T embris V alley a re g iven s eparately a t t he e nd o f t he t ab le .

53

w ithin

a y ear ,

N o .

i st D ate

3 1 3 2 3 3 1 92 4 0 4 5 2 4 6 2

1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07

4 2 4 3 3 4

1 08 1 08? 1 09

2 nd D ate 1 09 109 109 1 09 1 09 1 09 1 09 ( 27)

14 14

09 1 73 1 H E 07 - 1 109 H E 3 31 09

10

15

5 1 5 2

11 11 11? ( 34) 14

13? 14 14 ?( 35)

14 14 14 14 14

3 9 5 5 1 52

15 15 15 ( 36)

7

42

1 07

H E

5 0

7 60 H E

3 83 802 R 9 4 1 07

1 3

2 59

H E

1 78

H E 1 41 3 70

A NT 1 60

1 09

1 09 1 09

9 11

15

3 35

14

6 92

14

2109 , (29)

R ? 1 60 14 o r 15 ( 32) 8 40

15 ?

4 9 1 09 101 6

1 765

4 11 1 94, 6 39

, 13?

? 2 01 5 87 ;587 2 8 •1 074

1 03 14

1 00+ 14 8 27 R

5 + 1 68

7 34 R15

7 34?

52 1 09

Q uarry I nscriptions f rom t he U pper T embris V alley 1 4 3 3 3 5 6 2 6 3 6 5 6 6

2 2 2 2 2 2

7 32 6 4 6 7 6 8 6 9

2 2 2 2

92 9 2 9 2 9 2

( 40)

9 2

16 16 16 16

7 0 92 . 1 36 , tw Ice 39) A ( 2 00+ 6 02

, (41)

16

16 16 ( 42) 16 ?

l A

H E 2 19 1 09

l ost

62

3 rd C ount

6 56 14 6 00+

15

15

5 3 5 4 1 09 2 10 2 11 2

3 07 1 25 1 20+

2 nd C ount

2 38

7 80 R 7 57 H E 2 6

1 09 1 09 10? ( 33)

2 2

15 ( 28)

H E 2H 5 ) 8 04 7 53 1 666? ( 26)

15

2 1 08 2 3 8

7 9

14

i st C ount

H E

1 09 1 09 1 09 1 09 1 09 1 09 1 09 109 109 1 09 , n , 1 09 , " " 1 09 0 1)

4 7

15 15

4 th D ate

1 09

3 5 3 6 3 7 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 2 02 2 7 2 2 8 2 3 8

3 rd D ate

6 8 1 9 2 1+,

?

, (43)

6 3, 1 7 " 1 9 1 08

7 02 7 12 7 2 2

54

5 13;513

2 7 ;27 1+

. , 10+

1 00?

( 38)

1 8+

1 j0

2 1

1' 1 10

4 th C ount

R MA

R

V FR

8 02 I R

V FR 15 V FR 15

09 R MA 1

h g

09 R MA 1 09 (44) R MA 1 R MA 1 09

A NT

G REEK

B R

( 46)

N O .

3

4

3 2 3 3 1 92

C AES(ura?)

3

4 0 P CFCVAP ( 45

V FR 14

)

1 3107 '-- HE

V FR 15

2 19

2

1 09

4 2 4 3

R MA A NT

3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7

09 R MA 1

h g

V FR 15

2

4 5

4 6

H E 7 80 R

O THER

3 1

,222 1 07

H Ei n7 H E M o

V FR 14 V FR 14

R MA A NT

L OC

3

R MA .1 09 09 RM 1

H E/HR

2 6

1 09 H E 2 53 09

4 4 9 06 R

V FR 14 V FR 14

H E 1 73 1 09 H E 1 07 1 09 h g 33 1 09 H E

1 78

1 09

H E 1 41 1 09 R MA 1 09? R MA i n 9 7 [ RM 1Ä

4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 2 02

T 3

T 2 ;3 C R2

2 7 282

3 ;4

V FR 15(48) V FR 15 V FR 15 V FR 14

H E

1 5

g arb led n os.

3 8 2 1 08 2

2 ;2

3 8

3

5 0 5 1

10

V FR 14 V FR 14

D SN 11 D SN 11

5 2 2 2

7 9 4 7

5 3 5 4 1 09 2

V FR 14

4 2

V FR114 g9 0 ) V FR 14

3

10 2 11 2

8 27 1 21 2 15 7 34 R

3 9 5 5 1 52

R15 H ER R MA

2 8 1 3

1 01+ 4 2

4

D E 2 6 ;D 2 6

4

H AOR

62

52 09 R MA 1

Q uarry I nscriptions f rom t he U pper T embris V alley 1 4 3 3

3

3 5 6 2 6 3 6 5

I EOE g arb led n os.

6 6

2 2 2 2 2 2

n2 2

6 4

o m icron z eta ( numeral) r ho i ota e ta ( numeral)

6 7 6 8

2 2 6 9

P OPR P OPR H II

55

2

7 02 7 12 7 2 2

N otes t o T ab le 1 1 S ince t his n umber a nd t he o ne f ollow ing a re n ot d ated , 2

S ee n ote 1 .

3

S ee n ote 1 .

i t i s u nclear w hich i s e arlier.

4 C IL II 7 010, f rom a t ext p rov ided d irectly b y R amsay , a nd 7 011, f rom R amsay 1 882 , n o . 1 5) a re t he s ame i nscr ip tion , o o ne a nother) a nd f rom t he a ppearance a s i s c lear f rom t he i dentical l ayout o f t he t exts ( but p r inted i n C IL a t 1 80 0 t o f i dentical c ount n umbers a sso iccated w ith e ach o f t he t wo d ates. R amsay m ust h ave s een t he b lock a ga in s ome y ears L ater, p robab ly r olled o nto a d ifferent s ide , a nd w as a b le t o s ee i t b etter w ithout, h owever , r ecogn iz ing i t. T his i s n ot a s d ifficult a n e rror t o m ake a s i t m ay a ppear. 5

F ragment.

IL II 7 012: C +IXXXXV III, p robab ly f or C DXXXXV III. A lthough R amsay g ives t he c onsular d ate o n as econd l ine w hich 6 C w ou ld n ormally b e p art o f t he s ame t ext, i t i s p robab ly n ot s ince a s eparate c ount n umber i mmed iately f ollows t he d ate o n t he s ame l ine . os . M en w ith t his c ognomen w ere o rd inary c onsuls i n 9 6 , 1 16 a nd 1 50. T he p osition o f t he 7 T he d ate i s Vet / M( 0 c n umber i mmed iate ly f ollow ing t he d ate i s c haracteristic o f T ype I i nscr iptions a nd n ot o f T ype II, m ak ing t he l ast d ate u nlikely . T here i s l ittle t o c hoose b etween 9 6 a nd 1 16 , b ut 1 16 i s2 o n r icord f r9m t he U pper T embris V alley u sing t he n ame o f t he o ther c onsul, L . F undan ius L am ia A ELIANUS ( Nos. 1 4 , 6 2 -63 , 6 6 a nd 7 3 ) . W e c an p robab ly e xpect t hat t he s ame f orm o f t he c onsular d ate w ould h ave b een i n u se a t D ocim ium ; t herefore t he e arlier d ate s eems m ore p robab le . IL II 7 014 w ith B ruzza n o . 2 60 ( from H am ilton 8 M ommsen w as a lmost c ertain ly c orrect t o i dentify R amsay 1 882 n o . 2 2 =C n o .

1 68),

r eported e arlier i n t he COrpUS a s II 3 58 .

9 C hristol a nd D rew B ear ( 1986) 6 5 n o . 1 3 s uggest t hat t he d ate o f t his i nscription i s C ornelius P alma 's f irst c onsu lship i n 9 9 . B ut t he s mall n umber o f i nscriptions t hey h ave c ollected k eep t hem f rom s ee ing t hat c ustomary e p igraphical p actice T he n ame P alma w as u sually n ot w ritten P a l( ma) b ut r ather P a l( ma) , w ith A e xtended a t t he b ottom a nd b end ing h orizontally t o i nd icate a n L i n l igature ( Nos. 4 a , 5c , 9 d , 1 j 1 2 d , 1 3 e , 1 6 c , 1 7 g , 2 4 c , 2 8 e , 3 1 b , 3 22 c , 3 3 e , 3 5 a , 3 6 , 3 7 a , 4 0 c , 4 4-49 ; P a l( ma) i s k nown o n ly f rom a t t he q uarries t hat m akes t his u n likely . t he r ight b ar o f t he

nd 3 8 ,b oth d eriv ing f rom R amsay , a nd 1 08 N os. 2 02 a

[ = C hristol a nd D rew -Bear 's n o . 1 3; h owever, s ince t hey f a iled t o

s ee t he d elicate e longation o f t he r ight s troke o f t he

A i n N o . 3 0 [ the ir n o. 1 7 ], o ther l igatures m ay a lso h ave e luded

t hem). T he s eparate c haracter w hich t he Corpus g ives h ere a s t he L m ust a ctually b e t he f irst o f t wo s trokes m arking a n i terated c onsular ( the s econd s troke i s l ost). 1 0

C hristo l a nd D rew -Bear ( 1986) p ub lish a n i nscription ( the ir n o . 9 ) n ow i n ah ouse w all

i n I scehisar n ear t he K ayak

IL II 7 018 , a rgu ing a lso t hat II 7 019 i s a nother m osque w hich t hey i dentify , a lmost c ertainly c orrectly , w ith C ( confused) r ead ing o f t he s ame i nscription . T he r ecurrence o f t he n umber 4 7 i n t he s econd l ine o f a ll t hree i s t he c onclusive i tem . T he r estoration o f t he c onsular n ame i s s ure : t he o nly o ther p ossib ility , t he t hird c onsu lship o f L . L icin ius S ura, i s r uled o ut b ecause t he n ame i s a lways a bbrev iated S UR, n ot S U R A. 1

A n i ncomp lete v ersion o f t his i nscription i s g iven b y C hristol a nd D rew -Bear ( 1986) n o .

1 2

A v ers ion o f t his i nscrip iton i s g iven b y C hristol a nd D rew -Bear ( 1986) n o .

1 3

.v . T he t ext i s R V G OSS, v ery s im ilar t o N o . 3 92 , q

1 4

IL R amsay 's t ext ( his n o . 5=C

1 0.

1 7 ; s ee N o . 3 0 i n t he C atalogue .

I I 7 016) r eads F I WETCCC )J i , w hich i s e asily c orrected t o [VIER V ferg( in io)

cos.

1 5 T he Corpus r econstruction . 1 6

h as

in/ G OSS ,

f or

w hich

M ommsen 's

ON T OrV(I a) C OS

i s

n ot

a n

R amsay 's o riginal r ead ing w as V FRRFRGCO , t he s econd R b e ing b roken a nd u ncertain .

i mprovement;

t he

t ext

i s

b eyond

M ommsen u nfortunately a ltered t his

t o N ER V ERG C Os. 1 7

Ia ccept C hristol a nd D rew -Bear 's ( 1986 , p . 7 4)

i mprovement t o m y o riginal t ext.

1 8 In o l onger s ee t his a s p ossib ly t he n umber c i (ZP E 5 4, n o . i i ncorporting s ome G reek l etters; s ee a bove , p . 2 5). 1 9

S ee t he n ote i n t he c atalogue e ntry o n t he c onflicting

7 ) b ut a s o ne o f t he c ryptic s equences o f c haracters

b racch iu rn n umbers.

56

2 0 T he b racch ium n umber 2 i s p robab ly a m istake s ince 3 a ppears t w ice . s o m any t imes o n as ingle b lock . 2 1

C hr istol a nd D rew -Bear 1 986 , 6 4f. n o .

I t i s r are t o f ind t he

b racch ium n umber l isted

1 0 a ssociates t he m ark w ith t he c onsular d ate .

2 here a re t wo i nconsistent b racch ium n umbers, o ne s pelled o ut, t he o ther a n umeral. 2 A s i n t he v ery s im ilar N o . 3 92 t O ne i s l ikely t o b e am istake , u n less s trokes o f t he n umeral h ave b een l ost. 2 3

T he m ark s eems t o b e i ndependent o f a ny o f t he d ated c lusters;

C hristol

a nd D rew B ear 1 986 ,

7 8 m ay b e c orrect

i n

i nterpreting t he g arb led l etters i mmed iately p reced ing t he m ark a s t he s econd c onsu lship o f P alma, b ut t here i s n o c oncrete b as is f or a n e mendation . 2 4

A s i n N o . 3 4 2, t he n umber 4 i s w r itten o ut, a nd 3 i s an umeral f rom w hich a s troke m ay b e m issing, o r t he o ne o f t he

b racch ium n umbers m ay b e am istake . 2 5

S ee n ote 1 .

2 6

T his i s M ommsen 's e mendation o f H am ilton 's

2 7

T he f ragmentary t ext o f C IL II 7 007 = R amsay 1 882 n o . 1 2 h as o nly 3 l etters o n t he s econd l ine ,

CXCDCL XVI . R A1P , b ut o n ly RMA

Nol(m na) i c os)] c an m ake s atisfactory s ense o f t hem . 2 8

T he t ext

i s V ,ER V O;

t he l ast

l etter a bout h alf

l ost, b ut

i f w hat i s s hown i s a ccurate i t c an o n ly i nd icate t he

c onsu l V op iscus. 2 9

R amsay 's t ext (CIL II 7 023) h ere r eads

3 0

T his t ext,

x i m rs .

ead : C IL II 7 040 , a nd II 1 2235, w hich i s i dentical, r 1 2235

7 040 R MP A R

P APA R .CLX )

CL

T he b est s ense t hat c an p erhaps b e m ade o f t he f irst l ine i s 3 1

T he n ame i s l ost e xcept f or t he i n itial l etters

RA M P a l( ma) i [ cos] R . c l .x .

PA, b ut t he f ormula R A JA i s o verwhelm ingly a ssociated w ith 1 09 w hen

i t i s d ated . 3 2

T he t ext b reaks o ff a fter t he f irst l etter o f t he c onsular n ame , s o t hat e ither V op iscus ( 114) o r V erg ilianus ( 115)

a re p oss ib le . 3 3 T hree o ther d ates a re p ossib le ( 165 , 1 72 , a nd 1 78), b ut t he i nscription i s c learly o f T ype I a nd t his t ext i s p robab ly c ontemporary w ith t he o thers o n t he b lock . S ee t he C atalogue e ntry . 3 4

R öder 's J 1 r eads:

RIVLEIIIACELS VFR VOPCO P ISONE COS I COS DSN H e s uggested t hat t he a pparent c orrection a dd ing a n i nd ication o f i teration t o t he 3 rd l ine c ou ld h ave b een c aused b y c onfusion o f t he c onsul o f 5 7 , L . C alpurnius P iso , w ith a h omonym ( but n ot t he s ame m an) i n 2 7 . T he i teration i s am istake i n a ny i nterpretation , a nd t he C . C alpurn ius P iso o f A D 11 ( attested a lone i n N o . 5 2 a nd w ith c o lleague i n N os. 2 1 a nd 5 1) i s ab etter c and idate .

T he d ate ( if i t i s s uch) i n t he f irst l ine i s u nrecoverab le .

3 5

C FI , II 7 008 = R amsay 1 882 n o . 1 3 h as a f ragmentary s econd c onsular d ate i n t he t hird l ine e nd ing w ith [ .]/ C OS. .

3 6

T he c omp lete t ext i s

3 7

CFI , II

3 8

T he Corpus g ives M D)(/// , b ut

J 1 Z VER( 7 ; [COS] m ust b e a dded .

1 2227 r eads h ere

T I NLIVOSS , w h ich m ay p erhaps c onceal Tr igi(CO /0) i i c os. 3 / w a s n ot u sed f or 1 000 a t t he q uarries.

T his n umber m ay b e a ssociated w ith t he

d ate u nderta in d ate ( 100?). 3 9

T he n umber i n

C IL I I 1 2229 i s /X X V M , o f w hich t he f irst c haracter m ust a ctually b e L. 57

. I RS 1 8 ( 1928) n o . 2 32 g ive ( )XVI COS , w here 0 m ust b e C[aeSare].

4 0

B uckler e t a l.

4 1

A t race o f l etters g iven a s / // m ay c orrespond t o t he d amaged d ate i n t he s im ilar N o . 3 32.

4 2

E ck a nd D rew -Bear ,

4 3

E ck a nd D rew -Bear r ead C ES A E / /// /

4 4

M ommsen c hanged H am ilton 's

1 984,

C h iron 6 ( 1976) n o . 1 7 r ead JU EL // 14 ,4 ( in l igature) ( 7L( 9 .

1 79 , w here a l igatured

COS LXIII .

RAAPA PCOS i nto P AL MA I COS . L w as o m itted f rom t he t ext).

4 5 F or t hese g arb led l etters M ommsen (C/L II 7 006) s ubstituted t o b e a dm itted , a s d o C hristol a nd D rew -Bear 1 986 , 7 8 . 4 6

IL II 7 007 ) r eads h ere R amsay 's c opy ( his n o . 1 2 =C

4 7 R amsay 's t ext ( (7// : , II 7 017) h ere r eads o f t he R MA l igature.

M uch m ore p robab le i s

I ?M , 4 PAL(rna) II c os ( F i

R i ll PAL I COS , w hich i s g uesswork a nd o ught

R MP[---] , w hich c an b e r estored RMf , 4] P fa l(rna) i ic o s

APALII CC )S .

4 8

( J AL II 7 017 = R amsay 1 882 n o . 4 r eads NFRVEPCCOS .

4 9

S ee a bove , p . 2 2ff. o n t his r ead ing.

5 0

S ee a bove , p . 2 2ff. o n t his r ead ing.

5 1

B uckler e t a l.

2; c ompare N os. 3 3 2, 6 5 a nd 7 32 . r ead 1

58

I f t he f irst l etter i s r eliab le ,

i t m ust b e w hat r ema

59

T ab le 1 2

ALL TYPE I I QUARRY I NSCRIPT IONS F ROM THE ( i nc ludes b o th n ew i n scr ip t ion :

N o .

D a te

L oc .

5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0 4 42 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 6 6 7 6 8 7 5 2 1 0 2

19 19

( 14 )

19 1 23 1 25 1 26 1 26 1 36 1 36 1 36 1 37 1 37

5 4 ( 47) ( 1 ) 2 ) 2 5( ( 162 ) ( 159 ) 7 1 5 2 5 l o s t? 1 6

12

1 37

6 9 6 5 7 6 7 2 7 8 7 5 7 3 7 4 7 0 7 7 7 1 3 12 7 9 12 2 6 12 13 2 8 2 8 1 8 0 8 3 4 12 5 62 2 12 8 4 8 5 22 2

1 37 1 33 1 38 1 38 1 38 1 38 1 38 1 38 1 38 1 38 1 38 1 40 1 41 1 41 1 41 1 43 1 43 1 43 1 43 1 44 1 45 1 46 1 46 1 46 1 47 1 47

2 0 4 1 1 23 1 8 2 9 4 0 8 3 9 5 12 1 37 [ -] 8 0 5 3 2 4 4 8 1 08 1 1 21 1 22 2 49 2 5 33 3 6 0+ 2 31 ( 3 ) 3 10 1 6 3 7

B r .

C aesura

O f fi c ina

n g 3 n g 4 3 3 3 3 l o s t? v ac

n g n g n g n g n g Tu l i l T u l i l n g l o s t? T u l i S a turn in i l

n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g l o s t? P a (p ia )

n g

Tu l i S a turn in i l

P ap i (a )

? 4 4 n g 4 4 3 4 3 3 l o s t n g 4 n g 3 4 3 3 3 v ac n g [ -] 3 3 2 n g

n g n g T u l i l n g n g ( l o s t? ) n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g l o s t? n g n g n g n g

n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g P e la (goni i) [ — A P e la (gon i ) i P e lag (oni i) P ap ia A s ia t ( ic i )

n g =n o t g iven i n a n a pparen t ly o therw i se c omp le te t e x t

6 0

ROMAN IMPERIAL QUARRIES I N PHRYGIA ( BY DATE) a nd p rev iou s ly p ub l i shed t ex t s ) F indspo t

N o .

No tab i l ia

d ebr i s h i l W o f B acaka le l WB* d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s d ebr i s h i l W o f B acaka le l I s ceh i sa r I s tanbu l Museum WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s h i l l WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s L epc i s Magna , Hadr ian icB a th s Marmora ta , Rome Marmora ta , Rome WB d ebr i s i ns i tu WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s Al imog lu y ard WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s Afyon A rmen ian c eme tary A l imog lu y ard I s ceh isar n ear Kayak mue Nur ibey Köy " dan s l e s c arr iere s " WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s i ns i tu Doc im ium I s ceh i sar I s ceh i sar WB d ebr i s A fyon Mu seum I s ceh isa r mo sque

5 6 ( 4)

1 464 ( coun t ) 1 420+ ( coun t ) 1 4 R d e [ sc . l o co] x iv ; 2 9 d e [ sc . l o co] l i v i v i r (ecens i tum) o s l l u n labe led n o s . f o low d a te a nd B r . n li ( T ul cen tur ion is) li S T ul a turn in i ( cen tur ion is) li li T ul : S c . c aes(ura) T ul 5 ) r a t ion i [ ---] ( T ul a turn in i ( cen tur ion is) L eg . XXII P r im . li S s ub c ur (a) I r en/ae i A ug . l i b . p roc . T ul a turn in i ( cen tur ion is) L eg . XXII P r im . li S s ub c ur(a) I r en/ae i A ug . l i b . p roc .

VE i n p a in t

d e l o co l xxxv ; d e b r(acch io) ‚ 1 ( t io) 1 b r . n o s i n l e ter s a nd n umera l s ( 2 t ex t s ) t b r . n o s i n l e ter s a nd n umera ls ( 2 t ex t s ) t b r . n o s i n l e ter s a nd n umera l s(1 t ex t ) t

r epr(oba tum)

*WB = w es tern B acaka le

6 1

7 52 2

1 0

1 1

a nd a nd a nd a nd

n umera l s n umera l s n umera l s n umera l s

( 2 ( 1 ( 2 ( 2

t ex t s ) t ex t ) t ex t s ) t ex t s )

2

6 9 6 5 7 6 7 2 7 8 7 5 7 3 7 4 7 0 7 7 7 1 3 1

r ep r(oba tum)

b r . n o sin l e ter s t b r . n o s i n l e ter s t b r . n o s i n l e ter s t b r . n o s i n l e ter s t r epr(oba tum)

5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0 42 4 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 6 6 7 6 8

2

7 9 12 2 6 12 13 2 8 2 8 1 8 0 8 3 4 12 5 62 2 12 8 4 8 5 2 22

N o .

D a te

L oc .

4 32 3 22 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 1 06 9 2 1 01 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 14 2 9 9 1 00 1 00 2 9 9 2 1 01 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 07 1 08 1 09 10 9 1 11 12 13 14 16 15 22 17 1 21 18 19 1 20 1 22 1 24 1 25 1 23 1 26

1 47? ( 6 ) 1 47 1 47 1 47 1 47 1 47 1 47 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 1 48 < 148?> 1 49 1 50 1 50 1 52 ( 9 ) 1 53 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 54 1 56 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 58

4 3? 9 0? ( 7 ) 2 96 3 23 ,‘ 3 24 - 8 4 29 4 33 2 36 1 8 3 2 4 6 5 3 5 5 6 1 8 5 9 3 9 4 1 03 14 1 29 1 38 1 76 2 18 24 2 25 2 2 34 2 38 2 75 2 76 2 89 1 7 v ac [ ] n g 1 2 n g 2 9 9 5 0 2 6 3 3 4 2 5 5 5 4 1 v ac 4

B r . l o s t 4 2 1 2 2 4 4 4 3 n g 3 4 3 3 4 [ ] 4 3 2 2 4 2 n g 4 4 4 4 4 n g n g n g - 1 [ n g 2 n 3 [ -] 2 2 2 n 4 2 3 4 v ac 4

C ae sura l o s t A e l (i A ]n [ ton in i ] i) [ n g A e l ( i ) An ton in i i [ Ae l (i t ]on in i i) An A e l (i A ]n ton in i i) [ A e l (i t (on in i ) i) An ? A e l (i ton in i i) An A e l (i t (on in i ) i) An Ae l (i ton in i i) An A e l (i ton in i i) An A e l ( i ) An ton in i i n g n g Ae l (i ton i (n i ) i) An A e l ( i ) A [n ton in i ] i n g A e l (i ton in i i) An n g n g n g A [e ] l ( i ) An ton in i i n g n g n g n g n g n g n g i A e l ( i ) [ An ton in i ] n g [ ] n g , . P ERCLDAED? n g n g n g A e l (i o s im [ i ] i) Z A e l (i o s ( im i ) i) Z Z o s im i Man ( l i ) A lex (andr i ) i Man l ( i ) A lexand (r i ) i Z o s im ( i ) Z o s i (m i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) Z o s im ( i )

O f fi c ina l o s t n g P e lag (on i ) i n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g [— ] n g n g n g n g n g [] n g n g n g i P e lag (on i ) n g n g n g n g n g n g A s ia t ic i P e la (gon i ) i And (ae ) Andae P e lagon (i i)

F indspo t

N o tab i l ia

r epr (oba tum) I s ceh i sar Afyon mo sque wa l l WB d ebr i s ( cen tu r ion is) WB d ebr i s ( cen tur ion is) WB d ebr i s ( cen tur ion is) WB d ebr i s ( cen tur ion is?) WB d ebr i s t he ta n igrum WB d ebr i s ( cen tu r ion is) WB d ebr i s ar r iere s " " Synnada . ..d an s l e s c ( cen tu r ion is) ; t he ta n igrum WB d ebr i s i ns i tu ( cen tur ion is) WB d ebr i s ( cen tur ion is) ; t he ta n igrum WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s Quarry I ( cen tur ion is) WB d ebr i s i ns i tu e Dok ime ion " " dans l e s c a rr ieres p res d WB d ebr i s ( cen tur ion is) WB d ebr i s r ieres " " Synnada ..d an s l e s ca r r ieres " " Synnada ...d an s l e s ca r t he ta n igrum A fyon Mu seum A l imog lu y ard ( cen tur ion is) WB d ebr i s t h e ta n igrum WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s t he ta n igrum WB d ebr i s WB d ebr is t he ta n igrum WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s r epr(oba tum) [ (cen tur ion is)] WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s t he ta n igrum WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s i n s ide WB WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s r (ecens i tum) WB d ebr i s A l imog lu y ard x c ae(sura) e x o ff ( ic ina) , e WB d ebr i s e x o ff ( ic ina) , e x c ae(sura) WB i ns i tu e x o f ( fi c ina) WB d ebr i s e x o f ( f) i (c ina) ,e x c ae(sura) WB d ebr i s e x o ff ( ic ina) WB d ebr i s

N o . 4 32 3 22 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 1 06 9 2 1 01 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 14 2 9 9 1 00 1 00 2 92 9 1 01 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 07 1 08 1 09 10 9 1 111 12 13 14 16 15 22 17 1 21 18 19 1 20 1 22 1 24 1 25 1 23 1 26

N o .

D a te

1 27 1 28 1 30 1 29 1 31 1 32 1 33 12 1 34 1 35 1 36 1 37 1 38 1 39 1 40 1 42 1 41 1 43 2 32 1 47 1 44 1 45 1 46 1 48 1 49 1 50 1 51 1 22 2 42 (1 0 ) 2 5 2

1 58 1 58 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59? 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 62 1 62 1 63 1 64 1 64 1 1) 13? ( l o s t 1 65 1 65 1 73 1 75 1 75

1 52 1 53 1 54 1 55 3 7 2 7 42 1 56 1 57 1 2 ) 15 2 ( 1 59 1 60 1 61 1 62 1 63 1 67 1 65 1 64 1 66 1 68 1 69 1 70 1 71 1 72

1 77 1 77 1 77 1 77 1 77 1 77 1 78 1 78 1 78?

L oc .

B r .

C aesura

O ff i c ina

9 9 v ac 1 7 1 8 3 4 4 1 9 6 1 02 1 25 1 49 1 78 1 81 1 96 3 74 3 95 v ac [ ]21 -1 4 1 8 2 2 5 9 6 0 6 6 1 0 1 3 2 8 40 n g n g vac? 6 2 1 06 5 9 3 3 4 4 n g 1 4 5 5 74 n g 2 1 2 7 n g 2 2 0+ 2 3 2 9 4 1 3 3

v ac 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 n g 4 n g 4 4

A lex (andr i ) Z o s i (m i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) A lex (andr i ) Z o s ( im i ) C laud ( ian i ) C laud ian ( i ) C laud ian i C laud l ian i A lex (andr i ) C laud ian ( i ) F ab i Dome s ( t ic i ) Dom (e s t ic i ) C laud ( ian i ) C [ la ]ud ian i

Andae C on tra n g Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae Andae And (ae )

-- 1 [ n g n g 3 ? 4 4 4 4 4 n g 4 4 n g n g n g 2 2 n g n g

4 4 n g 4 4 [ -] -

C laud ian i Dome s ( t ic i ) Dom (e s t ic i ) Dom (e s t ic i ) Dom (es t ic i ) Dom (es t ic i ) n g Dome s ( t ic i ) A lex (andr i ) n g n g i i A thenob ( i ) iA then [ob ( i ) ] n g T i t [ i ] Dom (e s t ic i ) T i t i Dom (e s t ic i ) T i t i T i t i T i t i T i t i T i t i

[ -A O C on tra P e lag (oni i) P e lag (oni i) Ephes ( iana ) Andae P e lag (oni i) Anda (e ) Andae C on tra P e lag (on i ) i n g P [e ] lag (oni i) n g A s ia t ic ( i ) And (ae ) A s ia t ( ic i ) A s ia t ( ic i ) A s ia t ic ( i ) n g [m ]n ( i ) E fes ( iana ) Ephe ( s iana ) n g i) P e lag (oni i P e lag (on i ) i P e l [ag (on i ) ] n g . Ve [ . ]a n g i) P e lag (oni n g Ve [n? ] Comod iae AE? Comm (od iana ) Comod i n [a ]

F ind spo t

N o tab i l ia

N o .

WB d ebr i s Qua rry I WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s ry V I d ump o f Quar I WB i n s i tu WB d ebr i s i n s ide WB WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr is WB d ebr i s WB d ebr is A l imog lu y ard o n r im a bove B acaka le o n r im a bove B acaka le Qua rry I Afyon WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr is WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s Quar ry I WB d ebr i s Doc im ium Afyon " prope c ae suram m (a rmor i s ) " WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s I s ceh i sar L epc i s Magna , Hadr ian ic B a th s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s " dan s l e s c arr iere s " A l imog lu y ard WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr is WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr is

e x o ff (i c ina) e x o ff ( ic ina)

1 27 1 28 30 1 1 29 1 31 1 32 1 33 12

e x e x e x e x e x e x e x e x e x e x e x

o ff (i c ina) o f ( fi c ina) o f ( fi c ina) o f ( fi c ina) o ff ( ic ina ) o f ( fi c ina) o f ( fi c ina) o f ( fi c ina) o f ( fi c ina) o f ( fi c ina) o ff (i c ina)

1 34 1 35 1 36 1 37 1 38 1 39 1 40 1 42 e x o f ( fi c ina); i leg ib le G reek l e ters l t 1 41 1 43 2 32 1 47 1 44 1 45 k ;R (ecens i tum) 1 46 1 48 R (ecens i tum) 1 49 1 50 1 51 R (ecens i tum) 1 22 2 42 2 52 1 52 1 53 p a in ted t ex t : A n(dae?) 1 54 M X 1 55 ( de l ta) 3 72 7 42 1 56 1 57 15 2 1 59 u n labe led n umber l 1 60 c aes(ura) i i A thenob ( i) 1 61 c aes(u ra) i A then[ob( i)] 1 62 f ragmen t 63 i u ss i A ur (e l i) [j r[ _ ]n FRANS ; r epr(oba tum) ; D 1 i 1 67 R (ecens i tum) 1 65 1 64 1 66 1 68 1 69 R (ecens i tum) 1 70 1 71 p a in ted d raf t o f ma in t ex t ; ( eps i lon p h i) 1 72 ADN ; e x k (a lendar io?) n ov (o)

6 5

No .

D a te

1 75 1 74 1 73 2 26 1 77

1 79 1 79 1 79 n g 1 79

1 2 4 3 2 5

1 79 1 79 1 97 197 1 97 1 97 1 98 1 98 1 98 1 98 1 98 1 98 [ -] 1 99 1 99 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 01 2 03 2 05 2 06 2 06 2 06 2 06 2 09 2 10 2 10 2 12? 2 13 2 14 2 17? 2 17? 2 17? n g

n g? l o s t 3 3 3 0 [ -A 2 6 9 1 4 1 8 6 n g 2 3 ? 6 2 9 1 ? [ -] 4 0 3 1 8 1 3 6 n g [ ] 1 2 6 9 0 2 7 3 1 4 0 v ac 9 2

1 76 1 78 9 7 2 1 79 9 3 2 9 5 2 1 82 1 80 1 81 1 83 1 85 1 84 8 22 1 87 1 86 1 88 1 89 9 62 9 42 1 90 1 91 1 92 1 95 1 94 1 93 1 96 1 97 1 98 1 99 2 00 2 01 2 02 2 05 2 03 2 04 2 06

L oc .

B r .

C aesura

O ff i c ina

4 3 4 4 4

T i t i T i t i T i t i T i t i VEER!?

C omod ( iana ) l L uc i l i [ A ]nd (ae )

4 4 2 3 l o s t? [ -] [ ] 4 n g 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 1 2 4 l o s t 3 2 4 [ -] n g 3

4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4

n g n g ? N eophy t i N[eophy t i? ] l o s t? O s t i l ( i ) E lp idepho (r i ) l Aur (e l i ) T heo (ph i l i ) i O s t i l i E lp ideph (or i ) l O s t i l i E lp idepho (r i ) l O s t i l ( i ) H e lp id (ephor i ) l O s t i l ( l i ) E lp ide (phor i ) I u l (i eophy t i i) N Aur (e l i ) T heoph i l i i O s t i l i H e lp idephor ( i ) l N eo [phy t i ] Aur (e l i ) T heoph i l i i n g I u l i Gaur i( 1 4 ) Aur (e l i ) T heo (ph i l i ) Aur (e li heoph i l i i) T Aur (e l i ) T heoph i l i i H e lp id (ephor i ) H erc (u ) lan ( i ) . H ercu lan ( i ) Aur (e l i ) T heoph i l i i T heoph i l ( i ) n g Ho s t i l ( i ) E lp idephor i i Aur . T heop b l i H e lp ideQhor i n g n g v ac [ c a ]e s (ura ) n ova n g

6 6

[ ] P rusa [--]

n g n g P er s ( i s ) n g l o s t? H ecu l i (ana ) S ever ( iana ) n g H ercu l i (ana ) B a ss ( iana ) H ercu ( l iana ) S ever i (ana ) S ever i (ana ) H ercu l ( iana ) n g S ever ( iana ) [ Ep ic te t i e t ? ] E p iscop i( 1 3 ) C omod iana S eve (r iana ) S ever ( iana ) S ever ( iana ) H ercu l ( iana ) C on tra P er s i s C on tra P er s i s S ever ( iana ) S ever ( iana ) n g B as siana C on i ra P er s ( i s ) B a s (s iana ) n g n g n g n g n g

F ind spo t WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s f a r ther B acaka le

f ar ther B acaka le f a r ther B acaka le P . ta S c ifo w reck , C ro tone Quar ry I P . ta S c ifo P . ta S c ifo WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s Quar ry I WB d ebr i s P . ta S c ifo w reck , C ro tone P . ta S c ifo w reck , C ro tone WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s i n s i tu WB d ebr i s Quar ry I Quarry I WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s i n s i tu WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s i n s i tu WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s Qua rry I WB d ebr i s E . B acaka le WB d ebr i s Qua rry I

N o tab i l ia

N o .

( tau omega) r ecep t i e x o ff ( ic ina) P rusa[---] i n l o cqum l ap idum q uos r eceper(a t) p romu tuo T i tus e x c aesu(ra) VEER!? [ recep tl i a Ti to n omene 1 ---] r ecep t i a Ti to / n [o]men[e] ZNT I OVI[ .]

1 75 1 74 1 73 26 2 1 77

1 76 1 78 9 7 2 1 79

s ub c [ura -- / -- A ug .] l i b .prpc s ub c [ura -- / - -A ug . l i b .] p roc .

CO M M i

? ] E p iscop i

CO M [CO] I i ; P. S (ep t im io) G e ta i CO M i CO M i

CO M i CO M i ;( kappa) CO M i CO M i CO M i CO M i CO M i ;c aes(ura) n oyg i n p a in t CO M i CO M i ;[ cales(ura) n ova i n p a in t c aesura i n p a in t

6 7

3 2

2

1 82 1 80 1 81 1 83 1 85 1 84 8 22

CO M i CO M M i CO M M i

CO M i CO[ M i ] CO M i CO M p r im o ff ( ic ina) / [ Ep ic te t i

9

9 5

1 87 1 86 1 88 1 89 9 62 9 42 1 90 1 91 1 92 1 95 1 94 1 93 1 96 1 97 1 98 1 99 2 00 2 01 2 02 2 05 2 03 2 04 2 06

N o .

D a te

L ocus

B r .

C aesura

O f fi c ina

2 09 2 08 2 07 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 15 2 14 2 13 2 16 2 17 2 19 2 20 2 18 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 27 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 38

2 18 2 18 2 18 2 19 2 19 2 19 2 20 2 20 2 20 2 20? 2 22 2 29 2 29 2 29 2 29 2 36 n g ? n g N IOR c os n g ? n g n g n g n g n g ?

8 1 5 2 7 9 2 9 4 9 5 9 9 2 3 8 4 7 2 2 5 8 1 3 7 4 4 0 ? 2 3 1 7 1 33 1 05 2 v ac 1 8 & 1 0 1 64 1 43

n g 4 4 n g 1 n g 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 [ 4 ? ] 4 4 4 ? n g n g 1 3 n g 3

n g n g P hoen icem n g n g n g i I u l ( i ) Neophy t i P hoen ic ( i s ) n g n g l Mar (y l in i ) I u l i N e [ophy t i ] l [ M ]ary l in ( i ) [ I ]u l iNeophy t i l Mary l in ( i ) V ani

n g n g I ux ta P er s idem n g n g n g An ton in iana I ux ( ta ) P [er ] s ( i s ) n g n g I ux ( ta ) P er s ( i s ) E rc (u l iana ) S ever ( iana ) An ton i (n iana ) S ever ( iana ) A lex (andr ina )

? n g

? n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g

3

2 3 2

n g n g n g n g n g n g n g n g

F ragmen t s 92

? [ c ]AES (ura --? )

1 3b 2 14 2 2 6' 7 7 2 5 7 2 5 1 2

n g l o st ? 7( 1 ) ) ?

n g l o s t? 3 00+

3 l o s t? 3 4 ?

n g n g l o s t? n g

n g ng lo s t? ng

F ind spo t Qua rry I Quarry I Q uarry I A l imog lu y ard WB d ebr i s A l imog lu y ard WB d ebr i s Qua rry I Q ua rry I I WB d ebr is Q ua rry I WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s I d ump f or Q VI d ump f or Q I I d ebr i s f rom Q I I WB d ebr i s i n s i tu WB d ebr is Qua rry I WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s WB d ebr i s Q uarry I WB d ebr i s WB d ebr is WB d ebr is

N o tab i l ia

N o .

CO M i CO M

CO M i

CO M [ i] ; d e s t ina t ion l a be l ( ? ) Romae CO M [ CO M i ] CO M M i CO M i leg i ib le c ur s ive t ex t

d e l o co c v CO M i b racch ium n umber i n w ord a nd n umera l c onf l ic t ing l o cus n umber s i i d e l o c(o) c xxxx i

2 09 2 08 2 07 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 15 2 14 2 13 2 16 2 17 2 19 2 20 2 18 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 27 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 38

F ragment s Marmora ta , Rome Marmora ta , Rome Marmora ta , Rome I s ceh i sar wa l l L epc i s Magna , H adr ian ic B a th s A fyon A fyon

LCD V IR , mark a pp l ied a tO s t ia d a ted 1 32

f ragmen t s ub c ura Hesp[er i . . [ Aug .] p roc . i f ragmen t f ragmen t ; ANDAN I V ( ? )

92

1 3b 2 1 3b 2 2 62 7 2 7 5 7 2

5 1 2

1T he d a te d epend s o n APRO b e ing A pro (n iano c os ) , ( hard ly a proban te , a s Ram say h ad f i r s t s ugge s ted ) . l 2 The n umber i sn o t l abe led . 3 R ed i scovered i nI s ceh i sar n ea rt he Kayak mo sque b yD rew-Bear 1 986 ,6 8 n o . 2 0 , w i th t h i si mprovemen t t o t he t ex t i n C IL I I 7 025 , wh ich c ame f rom R am say . 4 N o s . 5 6-63 a re t r an s i t iona l b e tween T ype s I a nd I I . W i th t he f ormer t hey s ha re u n labe led h i gh l n umber s o f i nven tor ie s , b u t t hey h ave a l ready d ropped t he c oded n umber s a nd mu l t ip le d a te s wh ich a r e l s t he h a lmark o f T ype I . Number s a soc ia ted w i th t he ma rk R (ecens i tum) a ppear a l so i nT ype I I . 5 S ee Append ix If or t h i s r ead ing . 6 T he o r ig ina l t ex t r ead b y R am say 1 882 , n o . 9 wa s : EMES I I XL I d raw i n i s t c har . REPR Th i s f ragmen t c an b e e a s i ly e xpanded a s : [ Largo] e ( t) Mes[a l ( l ino) [ cos] i i [ br(acch io) -, l o co] ? x l i r epr(oba tum)

a . 1 47

F or t he d a te , c f . No s . 8 5-90 ; i n No s . 8 5 , 8 7-90 , t he l o cus/bracch ium i nd ica t ion o ccup ie s t h ee n t ire s e cond l l i ne o f t he i n scr ip t ion . T he p ara le l s f or t he i nd ica t ion r epr (oba tum ) a re r e s tr ic ted t o t h e d ecade o f t h e I I rec 1 40 s e xcep t f or o ne p erhap s i n t he 1 70 s ( No . 1 63 ) . An o te i nt he C orpus ( I 7 028) s ugge s t s , i ncor t ly , t ha t R am say 's t ex t may b e i den t ica l t o No . 4 1 =I I 7 024 . C hr i s to l a nd D rew-Bear 1 986 , 6 8f . n o . 2 1 , h ave n ow r e s tored t he t ex t a l ong t he s ame l i ne s a s p ropo sed h ere , b u t a dd ing t ha t REPR may b e am i sread ing l f or BTERT . Th i s f o low s as ugge s t ion Imade s evera l y ea r s a go ( Fan t 1 984 , 1 82 ) b u t n o l onger f avor . 7 L ap : EOCOCAC , where E mu s t b e La nd A , X . i sB ecau se o f t he m is ig i t , t he n umber c ou ld b e 3 24 , 3 64 , o r 4 14 . sing d 9 C hr i s to l a nd D rew-Bear 1 986 n o . 2 5 h ave made o u t t he l e ter s MAX I ET S IL COS , P .C luv iu s Max imu s t P au l inu s a nd M . S erv i l iu s S i lvanu s b e ing s uffec t c on su l s i n 1 52 ( AE 1 971 n o . 1 83 ) . T hey d o n o t n o te t h a t t he i n scr ip t ion w a s a l ready p ub l i shed w i th p ho tograph i n Z PE 5 4 n o . 2 , where Iw a s , h owever , u nab le t o r ead t he d a te . 1 0 S .R e inach , who p ub l i shed t h i s t e x tf rom ac opy b y ac er ta in C a l ier ( be tween 1 830 a nd 1 834 ) , b e l ieved l i t to b e ad i s t inc ti n scr ip t ion f rom Ham i l ton 's n o . 1 64 ( l a ter C IL I I7 031) b ecau se C a l ier ' s t ex th a s n ol o co l a tt he e nd o f l i ne 3 . Ia gree w i th t he e d i tor s o f t he C orpus ( I 1 2233 ) t ha t t he om is sn o t s i gn if ican t . I I sion i The s ame i n scr ip t ion s eem s t os how u p y e ta ga in i n at ex t o fC ho i sy p ub l i shed b y G . P er t , RA 3 1( 1876 ) ro 2 03 n o . 7 (no t men t ioned b y Momm sen a nd c o league s ) , wh ich a dd s t o t he s t andard r ead ing OFF ( ic ina) l a t t he e nd o f l i ne 2 . i T he t ex t r ead s [ ---] C e ls[---] , r e s torab le e i ther a s 1 ---] C e ls[o i c os] , a . 13 ( c f . No . 5 1 ) o r . T he s e cond i sp referab le b ecau se 13 i se a r ly f o r [Macr ino e t] C e ls[o c os] , a .1 64 ( c f . No . 1 55 a nd 3 7 2) work o n t h i s b u i ld ing t o h ave b egun , t hough n o t i mpos le . sib 1 2 D rew-Bear h e s i ta te s among t he many d a te s O rf i to c os c ou ld mark ( 149 , 1 65 , 1 72 a nd 1 78) , p refer ring f i na ly t he e ar l ie s t s i nce " l e f ormu la ire a sez b ref , s an s men t ion d e l ac aesura , i nv i te är approche r c e te l s i n scr ip t ion d e c e le s q u i s on t a n ter ieure s a1 59 a p . J . -C , " r e ferr ing e v iden t ly t o t he l a ter d i scus f l sion o c hrono logy . T he b rev i ty o f t he f ormu la i sc er ta in ly ac r i te r ion b u t aw eak o ne when a pp l ied t o as i ng le ff i c ina Ephes iana i nt wo i n scr ip t ion s t i n scr ip t ion g iven t he v ar iab i l i ty o ft he t ex t s . T he a te s ta t ion o ft he o o f AD 1 60 a nd 1 65 ( No s . 1 44 a nd 1 57 ) s ugge s t s — bu t d oe s n o t c ompe l — a l a ter d a te . D rew-Bea r ( con jec tura ly ) c omp le te s t he o ffc ina n ame a s E phe (si . l i i) 1 3 T he t ex t p ub l i shed b y O r s i ( NS 1 921 , 4 93ff . ) who a dm i ted t ha t h e d id n o t u nder s tand i t , i s t LOCTBPRI////VIC t oRINO E SEVERO COS OFF /////////EPISCO///// P en sabene 1 978 , 1 05-118 , who w a s n o t a b le t o f i nd t he b lock a ga in , n ever the les on s iderab le s made c i mprovemen t s : l o c (o) t ( er t io?) b (racch io) p r i(mo) V ict o]r ino d Severo c o (n)s(u l ibus) , o ff ( ic ina) 7 0

.[ caes(ura)] -- [ sub c ura] E p isco (p i ) [ Aug . l i b . p roc .] •

4 2,9 5 2,a nd T he s ub c ura f ormu la n am ing t h e p rocura tor o f t he q uarr ie s h a s p ara le l s i n No s . 9 3 2,9 l u t t here i s n o t e nough s pace i n l i ne s 2a nd 3 f or e very th ing p ropo sed , i f O r s i h a s p robab ly 1 3c 2. B r epre sen ted t he l ayou t o f t he i n sc r ip t ion a t a l a ccura te ly . T here i sr oom f or a bou t 1 2 l e ter s i n l i ne 3 l t b efore E p isco( pi) , 1 o f wh ich a r e t aken u p b y t he manda tory r e s tora t ion s i n P en sabene 's v er s ion , c ae s a nd s ub c ura ; t he n ame s w i th o ff ( ic ina) a nd c aes(ura) d o n o t s eem a b le t o f i t h ere . ere ) , wh ich r ead s : An e a s ier emenda t ion i ss ugge s ted b y O r s i 's n o . 2 b ( = No . 9 42 h ////GRES/// /////AVGGER//// /////////TORIVLII GAYRI/////// ///////OPH/// ETEPICTET f or wh ich P en sabene p roposed : ( stub c ura] A ug . l i b . [ p rocu ra] tor i(s) ( caesura) J u l i G ay r i o ff ( ic ina) .... ...e tE p ic te t(o) [ cos] T h i s b rave e ffor t h a s s e r iou s p rob lem s . O r s i 's f i r s t t wo l i nes a re p robab ly b eyond h e lp . I n l i ne 3 ,t h e n ame I u l iu s i s c l ear , b u t t he a b sence o f c aesura , n ever l e f t t o b e u nder s tood , i s ap rob lem t ha t i s c ompounded b y t he a temp t t o r ead t he word p rocura tor is , r egu la r ly a bbrev ia ted p roc . ( P . h a s a l so a dded t o ne more It han O r s i g ave ) . F ina ly , i ti sc l ear t ha t t he l a s t i t em c anno t b e ac on su lar d a te s i nce n o l o rd ina ry c on su l h ad t he c ognomen E p ic te tu s . I fo ff ( ic ina) i sr i gh tf or O r s i 's OPH ( and n o th ing e l se m ake s s ense ) , t hen w e s hou ld r ead o ff ( ic ina) ...e tE p ic te t( i) . hou ld b e : I ft h i s i sr i gh t , t hen l i ne 3o f 9 62 s o ff ( ic ina) [ Ep ic te t i e t] E p isco( pi ) wh ich f i t s t he s pace c omfor tab ly . I fc aesura c h ief s l i ke t he w e l a te s ted ( H )o s t i l iu s a nd ( H )e lp idephoru s f ormed p a r tner sh ip s , t he m en l t l l i ke P e lag ius a nd A s ia t icu s may w e l h ave d one t he s ame t h ing d e sp i te t he more c orpora te a spec t o f t h e l o ffc inae i n t h i s p er iod . i 1 4 S ee a l so t he n o te o n No . 9 6 2. 1 5 T he t h ird l i ne o f R am say 's t e x t r ead s I ALICCOS , f or wh ich h e s ugge s ted e i ther L ic( in io) c os o r [ I ta l ic (o) c os , p roduc ing d a te s o f6 8 a nd 1 59 . T he l a ter i si mpos le s i nce t he c on su l M . S ta t iu s P r i scu s t sib L ic in iu s I t a l icu s i sa lway s c a led P r i scu s a t Doc im ium ( I ndex 3 ) . T . C a t iu s A scon iu s S i l iu s I t a l icu s , a n l o rd ina r ius o f 6 8 b efore N ero r emoved h im f rom o ff ice ( Sue ton iu s , N ero 4 3 ; D egras 952 , p . 1 8 a d . l o c . ) si 1 i sp os le a nd wa s a dop ted b y Wa rd P erk in s , J RS 4 1 ( 1951) 1 02 , t ab le , a nd BSR 3 5 ( 1980 ) 3 1 n .2 0 . B u t sib t h i s i s av ery p oor ly r epor ted a nd f r agmen tary b i t o f e v idence t o s uppor t a da te a t l e a s t t wo d ecade s , p robab ly t hree , e ar l ier t han t he f i r s t s ecure i n scr ip t ion s ( s ee a l so p . 2 8 a nd n .4 9 ) .

7 1

T ab le 1 3 C oncordance o f R eference N umber s i n Th is Work a nd P rev ious ly P ub l ished I nscr ip t ions

Th is w ork 12 22 3 2 42 52 62 7 2 82 92 1 02 12 1 22 1 32 1 3b 2 1 39 2 1 4 1 52 1 62 1 72 1 92 1 02 2 12 2 22 2 32 2 42 2 52 2 62 2 72 2 82 2 92 3 02 3 12 3 22 32 3 3 42 3 52 3 72 3 82 3 92 4 02 4 12 4 32 42 4 4 52 4 62

P rev ious p ub l ica t ion o r p roven ience

=F an t , ZPE 5 4 ( 1984 ) 1 73 n o . 1= AE 1 984 n o . 8 44 =F an t , ZPE 5 4 ( 1984 ) 1 73 n o . 2= AE 1 984 n o . 8 45 =F an t , ZPE 5 4 ( 1984 ) 1 73 n o . 3= AE 1 984 n o . 8 46 =F an t , ZPE 5 4 ( 1984 ) 1 73 n o . 4 = AE 1 984 n o . 8 47 =F an t , ZP4 5 4 ( 1984 ) 1 73 n o . 5 =F an t , ZPE 5 4 ( 1984 ) 1 73 n o . 6 = AE 1 984 n o . 8 48 =F an t , ZPE 5 4 ( 1984 ) 1 73 n o . 7 =B ruzza n o . 2 55 =B ruzza n o . 2 57 =B ruzza n o . 2 58 =B ruzza n o . 2 59 =B ruzza n o . 2 61 =B ruzza n o . 2 62 =B ruzza n o . 2 63 =B ruzza n o . 2 64 =B ruzza n o . 2 65 =C IL I I 7 005A =C IL I I 7 010 a nd 7 0 11 ; s ee T ab le 1 , n o te o n No . 1 6 2. =C IL 7 018 a nd 7 019 a s r e read b y Chr i s to l & D rew-Bear 1 986 , n o . 9 C IL I I 7 020 i s ap oorer v er s ion o f I I 1 3563 = CIL I I 7 022 =C IL I I 7 023 = CIL I I 7 025 = C hr i s to l & D rew-Bear ( 1986 ) n o . 2 0 =C IL I I 7 027 =C IL I I 7 029 = MA MA I V 7= J RS 2 (1912 ) 2 51 n o . 5 =C IL I I 7 030 = MA MA I V 8 = CI L I I 7 031 = 1 2233 =C IL I I 7 039 = CI L I I 7 040 =C IL I I 7 042 =C IL I I 1 2235 =C IL I I 1 3653 , s upercede s I I 7 015 =C IL I I 1 4192 =C IL I I 1 4192 .1 =C IL I I 1 2227 .v . C IL I I 1 2228 s uperceded b y No . 6 2 2,q = MA MA V I 1 34 I =C IL I I 1 2229 =C IL I I 7 032 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 3 = CIL I I 7 017 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 4 = CI L I I 7 016 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 5 = CI L I I 7 013 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 6 = CI L I I 7 024 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 7 = CIL I I 7 028 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 9 =C IL I I 7 035 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 1 0 =C IL I I 7 006 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 1 =C IL I I 7 007 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 1 2

7 3

Th is w ork

P rev ious p ub l ica t ion

=C IL I I 7 008 = Ram say 1 882 , n o . 1 3 =C IL I I 7 009 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 1 6 C IL I I 7 011 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 1 5 , a n i n fer ior r ead ing o f I I 7 0 10 , q .v . =C IL I I 7 012 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 1 7 5 02 =C IL I I 7 033 = Ram say 1 882 , n o . 1 8 5 12 =C IL I I 7 021 = Ram say 1 882 , n o . 1 9 5 22 =C IL I I 7 034 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 2 0 5 32 =C IL I I 7 014 = Ram say 1 882 , n o . 2 2 52 5 =C IL I I 7 026 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 2 3 5 62 =C IL I I 7 005 = Ram say 1 882 , n o . 2 4 5 72 =C IL I I 7 037 = R am say 1 882 , n o . 2 5 5 82 5 92 =C IL I I 7 036 = Ram say 1 882 , n o . 2 6 6 02 =C IL I I 7 038 = Ram say 1 882 , n o . 2 7 = MA MA I V 6 6 12 =B uck ler , C a lder , C ox , J RS 1 8 ( 1928 ) 2 2f . , n o . 2 32 = C IL I I 1 2228 6 22 =B uck ler , C a lder , C ox , J RS 1 8 ( 1928 ) 2 2f . , n o . 2 33 6 32 =E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , 3 12ff . , n o . 1 6 6 42 =E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , 3 12ff . , n o . 1 7 6 52 =E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , 3 12ff . , n o . 1 8 62 6 =E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , 3 12ff . , n o . 1 9 6 72 6 82 =E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , 3 12ff . , n o . 2 0 =E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , 3 12ff . , n o . 2 1 6 92 =E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , 3 12ff . , n o . 2 2 7 02 =E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , 3 12ff . , n o . 2 3 7 12 =E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , 3 12ff . , n o . 2 4 7 22 =E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , 3 12ff . , n o . 2 5 7 32 =R . Naumann , D er Z eus tempe l z u A izano i ( Ber l in 1 979 ) p . 8 0 7 3b 2 =I RT 7 94a 7 42 =I RT 7 94b = F an t , " IRT 7 94b a nd t he B u i ld ing H i s tory o f t he Hadr ian ic B a th s a t 7 52 L epc i s Magna , " ZPE 7 5 ( 1988) 2 91-94 . =I RT 7 94c 7 62 =I RT 7 94d 72 7 7 82 =I RT 7 94e 7 92 = Räder 1 971, J 1 8 02 = Räder 1 971, J 2 8 12 = Räder 1 971, J 3 = Räder 1 971, J 4 8 22 =B acc in i n o . 3 5 8 32 8 42 =B acc in i n o . 3 6 8 52 =B acc in i n o . 3 7 =B acc in i n o . 3 8 8 62 =B acc in i n o . 4 0 8 72 82 =O s t ia Mu seum i nv . n o 3 6 ,759 8 8 92 =O s t ia Mu seum i nv . n o 3 6 ,748 9 02 =O s t ia Mu seum i nv . n o 3 6 ,751 9 12 =O s t ia Mu seum i nv . n o 3 6 ,764 = Mu seo d e le Nav i i nv . n o 3 9920 9 1b 2 l =O s t ia Museum i nv . n o 3 6755 9 22 =B ruzza n o . 3 02 = L anc ian i , A nnIns t 1 868 , 1 80 9 2b 2 =O r s i , No tSc 1 921, 4 93f . n o .! = P en sabene 1 978 , n o . 6 9 32 ,b =O r s i , No tSc 1 921 4 93f . n o . 2 = P en sabene 1 978 , n o . 7 ? 9 42 a =O r s i , No tSc 1 921, 4 93f . n o . 3 9 52 =O r s i , No tSc 1 921, 4 93f . n o . 4 = P en sabene 1 978 , n o . 1 9 62 9 72 =O r s i , No tSc 1 921, 4 93f . n o . 5 9 82 =O r s i , No tSc 1 921, 4 93f . n o . 1= P en sabene 1 978 , n o . 5 , B ul t 1 900 , n o . 1 92 =C IL I I 1 4402 9 = Monceaux 9 l SocAn =C IL I I 1 4402 h = Monceaux , B ul t 1 900 , n o . 2 1 00 2 l SocAn 4 72 4 92

7 4

T h is w ork 1 01 2 1 02 2 1 03 2 1 04 2 1 06 2 1 07 2 1 08 2 1 09 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 17 2 18 2 19 2 1 20 2 1 21 2 1 22 2 1 23 2

P rev ious p ub l ica t ion o r museum i nven tory

l SocAn =C IL I I 1 4402 i = M onceaux , B ul t 1 900 , n o . 3 = C h r i s to l &D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 6 = C hr i s to l &D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 7 = C h r i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 8 C h r i s to l &D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 1 0 i sa n i ncomp le te v er s ion o f No . 2 6 = C h r i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 1 = C hr i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 1 2 = Ch r i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 1 3 = Ch r i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 1 4 = Ch r i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 1 5 = C hr i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 1 6 = C hr i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 1 8 = C hr i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 1 9 = C h r i s to l &D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 2 2 = C h r i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 2 4 C h r i s to l &D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 2 5 = 2 2,q .v . = C h r i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 2 6 = C hr i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 2 8 = C hr i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 2 9 = C h r i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 3 0 = C hr i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 3 1 = C hr i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 3 2 = C h r i s to l & D rew-Bea r 1 986 , n o . 3 3

7 5

C a ta logue o f N ew I nscr ip t ions

N o . 1 I n t he y ard o f t he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . S ec t ion o f al a rge s ed s: 3 c o lumn ; s haf t a nd b o th e nd s p i ck d res . D imen s ion s : d ia . 1 42cm ; t h icknes 0 . F ig . 1 5 .

s ed e t On d res nd f ac ing u pwa rd ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm C (aesare) x v i c os

a .9 2

i

A s a lway s a tD oc im ium , D om i t ian ' s n ame i sa bbrev ia ted s imp ly C . T h i s p iece i s t he f i r s t o f as e r ie s w i th No s . 2 , 3 , a nd v ery p robab ly No s . 4a nd 5 . l P resumab ly t here w a s ap i ece ( now l o s t ) l a be led i .S ome c are w a s t aken o ver t he s aw ing a nd l l abe l ing o f t hese p iece s , b u t i ti sn o t c l ear wha t t he ir i n tended u se w a s .

N o . 2 I n t he y ard o ft he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . S ec t ion o f al a rge c o lumn ; s haf t a nd b o th e nd s p ick d res . D imen s ion s : d ia . 1 51cm ; t h icknes 7 .5 . F ig s . 1 5 a nd 1 6 . sed s: 2 On d res nd f ac ing u pwa rd ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm s ed e t C (aesare) x v i c os

a .9 2

i ll

P ar t o f as e r ie s w i th No s . 1a nd 3 ,a nd p robab ly No s . 4 and 5 .

N o . 3 I n t he y ard o f t he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . S ec t ion o f al a rge c o lumn ; s haf t a nd b o th e nd s p i ck d res . D imen s ion s : d ia . 1 39cm ; t h icknes 0 . F ig . 1 5 . s ed s: 3 o n t he u nder s ide ; l e ter s : 6 cm t C (aesare) x v i < cos .>

a .9 2

l iii

C os may b e o n t he s t one , b u t i tw a s i mpos le t o s ee a ny f ur ther u ndernea th t han t he sib n umera l s x v i . P ar t o f as e r ie s w i th No s . 1a nd 2 , a nd p robab ly No s . 4 and 5 .

7 7

N o . 4 I n t he g arden o f t he A fyon A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum ; n o t a s igned a n i nven tory n umber s a s o f J u ly 1 986 . S ec t ion o f al a rge c o lumn ; b o th e nd s s aw-cu t . D imens ion s : d ia . 1 60cm ; t h icknes 6 . F ig s . 1 7 a nd 1 8 . s: 2 ( a ) l e ter s : 1 3cm ( f ir s t n umera l ) , 6 -7cm ( r e s t o f l i ne ) t i b (racch io) i i i i ( b ) l e ter s : 3 -4cm t a .9 2

C (aesare) x v i c os v i i i

( c ) l e t ter s : 7 -8cm RMT A ] P a l(ma) i c os

a . 1 09

( d ) l e t ter s : 1 0cm RMA

( e ) l e ter s : 1 0cm t A n t(on inus r (ecensu i t)?)

( f ) l e ter s : 8 -9cm t T ra ian(o) i i c os i i i

a . 1 00

( g ) l e ter s : 7 -8cm t VFR V erg( i l iano) c os

a . 15

t ( i ) o n t he s haf t ; l e ter s n o t mea sured ( F ig . 1 8 ) G I (gamma)CN (Ramma)

( b ) Th i s i st he e ar l ie s t d a ted i n scr ip t ion a nd p robab ly t he e ar l ie s t i n a b so lu te t e rm s . T he n umber 8a f ter t he d a te a nd t he p hy s ica l r e semb lance s ugge s t t ha t t h i s p iece b e longed t ot he s ame c o lumn f rom wh ich No s . 1 ,2 , 3a nd c er ta in ly N o . 5 w ere c u t . t ter p ( c ) T he l e ter c ut robab ly f orgo t t o i nc lude t he u sua l Ai n l i ga ture w i th M . r ec g ) On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 . T he c onsu l , n o t i den t if ied i n e ar l ier l i tera ture ( bu t c or t ly b y 60 ) , k i led a t l C r i s to l & D rew-Bear 1 986 , 6 4 ) , i sM . ( Pop i l iu s? ) P edo V erg i l ianu s ( P/R 1 P 1 An t ioch wh i le i n o ff ice i n 15 a nd c ampa ign ing w i th T ra jan . S ee F . L epper , T rajan 's P ar th ian War ( London 1 948 ) 8 4ff . ( i ) T he g amma s hare s t he r i gh t v er t ica l o f t he N . O ther e xamp le s o f t hese l e ter s a re No s . t 5a ;9 e; 6 b; 8c ;9 e; 1 f ;1 2 i ;1 3 b ;s e a l so a bove , p .2 5 . e

7 8

N o . 5 s I n t he g arden o f t he A fyon Mu seum ; n o t a s igned a n i nven tory n umber a s o f J u ly 1 986 . s: 3 S ec t ion o f al a rge c o lumn ; b o th e nd s s aw-cu t . D imen s ion s : d ia . 1 60cm ; t h icknes 0 . F ig s . l 1 9 ,20 a nd 2 1 . A l t ex t s a r e o n t he s aw-cu t e nd f ac ing u pward . t ( a ) l e ter s : 6 -7cm ( F ig . 2 0 ) G I ( g ar n ina)CNZ

( b ) l e ter s : 6 -7cm t r (ecens i tun z)

( c ) l e ter s : 6 -7cm t RMA Pd (ma) i c os

a . 1 09

( d ) f i gure : I lcm ( F ig . 2 1) g raff i to o f s t ick-f igure h uman

( e ) l e ter s : 5 -6cm t b (racch io) ea r t(o)

( f ) l e ter s : 5 cm t C (aesare) x v i c os v i ' i i

a .9 2

( g ) l e ter s : 6 cm ; o= 3 , v=9 : t l o co v i

( h ) l e ter s : 7 -8cm t T ra ian(o) i i c os

a . 1 00

( i ) l e ter s : 6 -7cm t b (racch io) i i i

( j ) l e ter s : 7 cm t VFR V erg( i l iano) c o s

a . 15

7 9

t ( k ) l e ter s : 1 ; T=1 6 : A n t(on inus r (ecensu i t)?)

t ( a ) On t he se l e ter s , s ee t he n o te o n No . 4ia nd a bove , p .2 5 . r ed R i ( b ) T h is b ar st he s ame b arred R r egu lar o n amphorae wh ich i sn ow c onv inc ing ly se e xp la ined b y Rodr iguez A lme ida a s r (ecens i tum) , r a ther t h an r (ecogn i tum) a s D res l a nd Momm sen h ad ma in ta ined ( A . Rodr iguez A lme ida , I l Mon te T es tacc io [ Rome 1 984 ] 2 35f . , w i th p ar t icu lar r eference t oC IL1 1 180 =I LS 1 403 , t he n o tor iou s ly p rob lema t ic d ed ica t ion s es s or wh o fS ex tus I u l iu s P os ich i nc lude s t he p o s ta do l eum A f rum e tH ispanum r ecensendum . S ee a bove , p . 2 2 . ( c ) On RMA , s ee p . 2 3 . to l t r ( d ) F rom a no ther a ng le t he g raff it ook s l i ke t he l e ter D w i th i regu lar l i nes b e low i t . ( e ) B e tween A a nd R i s at i ny s uper scr ip t D , t he s i gn if icance o f wh ich i su nc lear . ( f ) T h i s i st he e ar l ies t d a ted i n scr ip t ion o n t he p iece a nd p robab ly t he e ar l ie s t i n a b so lu te t e rm s . The n umber 9a f ter t he d a te a nd p hy s ica lr e semb lance s ugge s tt ha tt h i sp i ece b e longed t o t he s ame c o lumn f rom wh ich No s . 1 ,2 , 3a nd c er ta in ly No . 4w ere c u t . ( j ) On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 . P ar t o f as e r ie s w i th No s . 1 ,2 , 3p robab ly a nd No . 4 cer ta in ly .

N o . 6 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly l s ed 1 986 ) . L arge o b long b lock . T he r i gh t h a lf o f t he f ron t i ss ha low ly r eces . T he t op i s tom b s d b roken i n t he m idd le ; t he l e f t h a lf o f t he b ot roken . G ros imen s ion s : 2 42cm x 82 x ros e igh t : 3 . 190 . F ig . 2 2 . s v s w 6 0 ; g ros o lume : 1 . 190m 3;g

( a ) u ps ide d own a l ong t he l ower r i gh t e dge o f t he f r on t ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm t C (aesare) x v i c os

a .9 2

( b ) a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he f ron t a tl e f t ; l e ter s : 4 -5 t G I (p i)A

( b ) . On t he se l e ter s , s he n o te o n No . 4ia nd a bove , p .2 5 . t ee t

N o . 7 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped a t t he s i de o f t he e n trance r oad i n to B acaka le ( Ju ly 1 985 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th n o i n se t s . D imen s ions : 7 7cm x 12 x6 3 . N e t v o lume : . 5 4 m 3;n e t w e igh t : 1 . 45 t . F ig . 2 3 .

8 0

( a ) b e low t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 -7em t l o co x xv i i i

b )

a tl ower r i gh t c orner o f f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 cm t HER

c ) a l ong l ower e dge o f f r on t : l xx i[---]

b ) On HER , s ee p . 2 4 . c ) T he e nd o ft h i s n umber i sc overed b ya no ther b lock ; t he n umber o f c harac ter s c anno t b e d e term ined .

N o . 8 N ear q uarrymen 's b arrack s o n S rim o f B acaka le , a bou t t wo-th irds o f r im l eng th t oward W ( Ju ly 1 983) . C o lumn f u ly r ounded a nd p ick-dres ; b o th e nd s f i n i shed . No c o lar s . l s ed l B roken a t u pper r i gh t . D imen s ion s : d iame ter a te nd s , 5 0cm a nd 5 2 ; p re s . l eng th 1 62 . F ig . 2 4 .

( a ) a l ong s haf t n ea r l e f t e nd ; l e ter s : 8 cm t C (aesare) x v i c os i i i x v i

( b )

a .9 2

t a bove a nd t o t he r i gh t o f ( a ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 6 cm MA

( c ) a l ong s haf t a tr i gh t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 cm t G ill--] ( p i?) ( de l ta?) T ra ian(o) U i c os

a . 1 00

( a ) 1 : T he s t one r eads G , a su sua l when C mean s C (aesare) . T h i s i su sed a t Doc im ium o n ly o f Dom i t ian , a s t he h igh n umber o fc on su l sh ip s make s c l ear ; c f . Nos . 9 b, 1 0 a , 1 5 aa nd 1 8 a . ( b ) The u sua l R b efore MA i sa b sen t ; MA i sf ound a l so o n u npub l i shed i n scr ibed q uarry ry o r angemen b l ock s a tt he q uar f T eo s ( S efer ih i sar Karagö l ) . T he r ear t MAR ( No s . 2 0 aa nd 2 3 e )a l so s ugges t s t ha t MA i s as epara te w ord o r p hra se . I fi t is t he s ame MA a si n RMA , MA i sn o t l i ke ly t o mean ma(rmor ) , a s i nr (eproba t io) ma(rmorum) o r r (a t io) ma(rmorum) . S ee a l so a bove , p . 2 3 . ( c ) I ti sn o t c er ta in t ha t t he se t wo l i nes b e long t o t he s ame t ex t . 1 :T here i s wha t a ppear s t ob e as upra l inea te b ar e x tend ing r i gh t f rom t he t op o f t he s econd t s t roke . T he l e ter s r ead t en ta t ive ly a s p i a nd d e l ta r e semb le as quare a nd at r iang le . T he se l c ha rac ter s a re u n in te l ig ib le ( c f . a bove , p . 2 5 ) .

8 1

2 :T he f i r s t t wo a nd t he l a s t t h ree l e ter s a re i n l i ga ture . t T he f ac t t ha t t h i s v ery s hor t c o lumn w a s f i n i shed o n b o th e nds m eans t ha t i tw a s b roken i n a n t iqu i ty a nd r eworked a ga in s t t he h ope t ha t t here w ou ld b e a demand f or v ery s hor t c o lumn s . T h i s w a s av ery f r equen t p rac t ice : s ee Append ix I .

N o . 9 I n t he y ard o f t he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( J u ly 1 983 ) ; moved t oh i ls ide d i scard l a rea ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . C o lumn f u ly d res ; c o lar o n l e f te nd . D imen s ion s : d iame ter a te nds , 7 9 l s ed l e igh t 2 . 68 t . F ig s . 2 5 a nd 2 6 ; I . 7 . a nd 8 2cm ; l e ng th 1 93 . V o lume : 1 . 00 m3;w l

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sa a'

I l l . 7 No . 9 ( a ) a l ong t he s haf t n ear t he c o l lar ; l e t ter s : 8 cm ( F ig .25) VFR V erg( i l iano) c os

a . 15

( b ) b e low ( a ) , u p s ide d own ; l e t ter s : 7 cm C (aesare) x v i c os

a .9 2

( c ) a l ong t he s haf t n ear t he r i gh t ( b roken ) e nd ; l e t ter s : 6 cm(F ig . 2 6 ) T ra ian(o) i i c os x xxv i i

a. 1 00

( d ) b e low ( c ) ; l e t ter s : 6 cm P a l(ma) i c os

a .1 09

( e ) b e low a nd l e f t o f ( c ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 cm t G II HXZ

( f ) t o t he r i gh t o f ( c ) a nd p erhap s a soc ia ted w i th i t s R AIA

( g ) s l igh t ly a bove a nd t o t he r i gh t o f ( d ) ; l e t ter s : 1 0-11 cm

8 2

( h ) a round t he s haf t a tt he r i gh t e nd ; l e ter s : 9 ; T =17 cm t ANT (on inus r ecensu i t?)

( i ) t o t he r i gh t o f ( h ) ; l e ter s : 9 cm t XXV

t ( j ) b e low ( h ) ; l e ter s : 9 cm RMA

t t ( a ) T he t h ird l e ter h a s n o v i s ib le d iagona l . On t he se l e ter s , s ee p . 2 5 . ( d ) The A a nd L i n t h i s n ame a re a lway s l i ga tured i n t he e p igraphy o f Doc im ium . leg t ( e ) T he i ib le l e ter m ay b e a no ther I . On t he se l e ter s , s ee t he n o te o n No . 4ia nd a bove , p .2 5 . e ( f ) a nd ( j ) On RMA , s e a bove , p . 2 3 . eem ( h ) ANT s s t o b e f or A n t(on inus) , t he s i gna ture o f a n i n spec tor . I ta ppear s a l so i n No s . 1 6 a nd 1 6 2,where r (ecognov i t) A n t(on inus) i st he p robab le r ead ing ( c f . a bove , p . 2 4 ) .

N o . 1 0 I n d ebr i s c l eared f r om t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June l s ed e t om where t 1 985 ) . C o lumn f r agmen t f u ly r ounded a nd d res xcep t f or f l a t b ot he p iece w a s s p l i t f r ee f rom t he p aren t r ock . T h i s s how s t ha t c o lumf t s w ere f r equen t ly r oughed o u t sib l a s f a r a s p os le b efore b e ing b roken f r ee . C o lar a t r i gh t e nd , o ther e nd b roken ( apparl e n t ly a n a nc ien t b reak ) . D imen s ion s : c o lar d iame ter , 9 2cm ; b roken e nd d iame ter , 8 8 ; p reserved l e ng th , 2 12 . F ig . 2 7 .

t ( a ) a l ong s haf t , u ps ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm a . 15

VFR V erg( i l iano) c os

t ( b ) a l ong s haf t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm AA l x C (aesare) x v i c os

a .9 2

t ( c ) b e low ( a ) a nd ( b ) ; l e ter s : 7 -10cm T ra ian(o) i c os

a . 1 00

t ( d ) a l ong s haf t a t b roken e nd ; l e ter s : 1 0-11 cm Ir (ecens i tum)

8 3

( a ) On VFR , s ee a bove , p . 2 3 . ( b ) T he s econd A l a ck s ab ar . T he l e ter s a re n o t j o ined . COS d rop s b e low t he l i ne i n a n t a temp t ( on ly p ar t ia ly s ucces l ) t o a vo id t he V i n l i ne 2 o f ( a ) . T he c en su s n umber v t l s fu c anno t b e p a r t o f aq uar ide a nnua l s e r ia l n umber ing s y s tem a pp l ied a t t he t ime o f r y-w e x trac t ion ; i fi tw ere , t he n umber f i ve w ou ld p u t i ti n t he m idd le o f t he s e r ies o f p i ece s o f ac o lumn r epre sen ted b y t he f i r s t f our i t ems i n t he c a ta logue : t ha t c o lumn h ad a n a verage d iame ter o f 1 . 5m . ( c ) T he l e ter s o f T ra ian(o) a re l i ga tured i n p a ir s . t ( d ) S ee t he n o te o n No . 5b a nd a bove , p . 2 2 .

N o . 1 F rom d ebr i s h i lf l ank ing t he W e n trance t oB acaka le o nt he N , b u ldozed d ur ing 1 985/86 l l ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . L ong , n arrow b lock w i th s ha low i n se t sa cros he l e f t t woth irds o ft he t op a nd l s t l ower l e f tq uar ter o ft he f ron t . F lawed a rea a l ong t he u pper e dge o ft he f ron ta tl e f t . E dge s a braded ; w ea thered a nd d i sco lored . D imens ion s : 1 58cm x7 8 x 46 ; v o lume : . 5 1 m 3;w e igh t : 1 . 37 t .F ig s . 2 8 a nd 2 9 ( r igh t s i de ) .

t ( a ) a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op a t r i gh t , u ps ide d own ; l e ter s , 5 cm A n t?(on ino) i c os [Jc[3x

a . 1 40

t ( b ) a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm i i i c l v i

l t ( c ) p ara le l a nd t o t he r i gh t o f ( b ) ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm A n t(on ino) i < cos> x x

a .1 40

t ( d ) a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t r unn ing u pward ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm i d cc lxxi

t ( e ) t o t he l e f t o f ( d ) r unn ing d ownward ; l e ter : 1 2cm r ( ecens i tum) t t ( f ) a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he f ron t , o ne l e ter h e igh t a bove , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : n o t measured b ecau se r ead o n ly l a ter f rom p ho tograph s :

t ( g ) a bove ( f ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 1 6-17cm RMA

8 4

( h ) b e low ( c ) ; l e ter s : 8 -10cm t RMA

( i ) b e low ( c ) , b eg inn ing a t( e ) ; o ver lap s t he l op o f t he R a nd e ncroaches u pon b u t a vo ids o a c tua l s uper impo s i t ion u pon t he t op s o f t he l e ter s o f ( h ) ; l e ter s : 8 cm t t C (aesare) x v i c os

a .9 2

( j ) a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t a tl e f t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 6 cm t P a l(ma) i c s

a . 1 09

( k ) b e low ( j ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm t VFR V erg( i l iano) c os

a . 15

( 1 ) d ownward a l ong t he f a re dge o ft he r i gh ts i de ; l e ter s : l i ne 1 ,7 -8cm ; l i ne 2 ,9 cm ( F ig . 2 9 ) t a .7 3?

Dom( i t iano?) i c os • . x x

( a ) T he t h ird c on su l sh ip o f An ton inu sP iu s i n 1 40 ( no tp rev iou s ly a tes ted h ere )i st he e ar l ie s t t p os le d a te a nd s eems a l so t he mo s t l i ke ly . An ton inus a t D oc im ium u sua ly mean s sib l E lagaba lus ( cos i i n 2 20 ) , b u t t he n ame i sa lway s a ccompan ied b y I mp . o r A ug . o r b o th ( Imp . : Nos . 2 09 , 2 10 , 2 11 , 2 12 , 2 16 ; A ug . : 2 07 , 1 79 b o th : 2 13 , 2 14 ) . I ft he d a te s ugge s ted f or ( 1 ) i sc orrec t , t he b lock h ad a l ready b een l y ing i n i nven tory f or s even d ecade s b y 1 40 . ( b ) T he l e ter s a re v ery f a in t . t ( c ) F or t he d a te , s ee t he n o te o n ( a ) , a bove ; c os mu s t h ave b een om it n e ror s i nce ted i r o therw i se t he s equence o f n umber s make s n o s en se . ( d ) T he Dd i sb arred . ( f ) T he E l a ck s t he m idd le b ar . On t he se l e ter s , s e t he n o te o n No . 4ia nd a bove , p .2 5 . t e ( g ) a nd ( h )

On RMA , s ee p .2 3 .

( k ) On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 . ( 1 ) T he c on su l i sp robab ly D om i t ian i n 7 3 , t he y ear o f h i s f i r s t o rd inary c on su l sh ip . T h i s w ou ld t hen b e t he e ar l ies t d a te o n r ecord a t D oc im ium , b u t t he r ead ing c anno t b e c er ta in ( and e ven i fi ti sa ccura te , t h e c on su l may b e C . D om i t ius D ex ter I w i th L . V a ler ius Mes lsa l aT hra sea P r i scus i n 1 96 . N o . 1 2 F rom t he d ebr i s h i l f l ank ing t he W e n trance t o B acaka le o n t he n or th b efore i tw a s l b u ldozed i n 1 985/86 ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . L arge f l a tb lock w i th n arrow i n se t s a l ong t he n ear a nd l e f t l e dge s o f t he t op a nd a broader , s ha low i n se t a t t he f a r r i gh t c orner o f t he t op . N ear r i gh t l c orner o f t he t op b roken a way . D imen s ion s : 1 27cm x2 9 x1 43 ; v o lume : . 4 99m' ; w e igh t : 1 . 34 t . F ig . 3 0 . L et s n o t mea sured . ter

8 5

, u p s ide d own : ( a ) a l ong t he f ar e dge o f t hetop a . 1 00?

[T?]r (a iano) i i c os c [--

( b ) b e low ( a ) , u p s ide d own : RMA A n t(on inus?)

( c ) b e low ( b ) , u p s ide d own : b (racch io) h l i

( d ) b e low ( c ) a nd s l igh t ly t o t he l e f t : a . 1 09

P a l(ma) i c os

( e ) b e low ( d ) , u p s ide d own : d ccxx i

, u p s ide d own : ( f ) b e low ( e ) , a cros he m idd le o f t hesurface s t a . 15

VFR V erg( i l iano) c os dge o f t hetop , b e low ( 0 : ( g ) a l ong t henear e

a .9 2

v i c os C (aesare) x XX

( h ) a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op a tt he r ear : b (racch io) q uar[ t(o)]

( i ) p ara le l t o t he r i gh t e dge ,runn ing f orward t o t he r i gh t o f t he e nds o f ( f ) a nd ( g ) : l G IIP ( lambda) ( gamma )

( a ) T he l e ter s a re f a in t . T he e a s ie s t r ead ing o f t he n ame i st he monogram TR w i th t he l e f t t e x ten s ion o f t he c ros f t he T w orn a way . A l though T ra jan 's n ame w a s u sua ly s bar o l a bbrev ia ted w i th amore c omp lex monogram o rs e r ies o fl i ga ture s f or TRAI o r TRAIAN ; b u t n one o f t he o ther men who h e ld c on su l sh ip s f or t he t h ird t ime i n t h i sper iod ( Nerva I I , a . 9 7 , i sn o t y e t o n r ecord a tD oc im ium ; S ura I I , a .1 07 , N o s . 2 8 , 3 1 , 3 2a , 3 3 , 4 0b ; H adr ian I I , a . 19 , No s . 3 4 , 5 8 , 5 9 ) w a s r e corded a t D oc im ium w i th monograms o r v ery c ompres s ed a brev ia t ion s a t a l . l ( b ) On RMA , s ee p . 2 3 . ( e ) T he D i sb ar . r ed ( f ) On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 .

8 6

( i ) On t hese l e ter s , s e t h e n o te o n No . 4i . t e

N o . 1 3

I n d ebr is c l eared f r om t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . Ob long b lock p i ck d res n t he t op ; o ther s urfaces l e f t r ough . D imen s ion s : 1 89cm s ed o x 59 x 68 ; v o lume : . 7 3m 3;w e igh t : 1 . 956 t . R ecorded b y I .S .

t ( a ) b e low t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 6 cm a . 15

VFR V erg( i l iano) c os i i d cc lx i

t ( b ) u ps ide d own a t t he l ower l e f t o f t he f ron t ; v ery f a in t l e ter s : 6 cm G I (g amma)( gamma)NE?

t ( c ) b e low t he f ar ther e dge o f t he t op a tl e f t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 6 cm b (racch io) t e r t( io)

t ( d ) b e low a nd s l igh t ly t ot he r i gh t o f ( c ) , u p s ide d own : l e ter s : 5 cm

t ( e ) t o t he r i gh t o f ( d ) ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm RMA P a l(ma) i c os

a .1 09

t ( f ) t o t he r i gh t o f ( e ) ; l e ter s : 8 cm i d cc lxvi

t ( g ) b e low ( d ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 7 cm C (aesare) x v i c os

a .9 2

t ( h ) b e low ( g ) ; l e ter s : 9 cm i S ura i i c os , HER ccx i , b (racch io) t e r( t io)

ee p ( a ) On VFR , s . 2 3 . t e ( b ) On t hese l e ter s , s e t h e n o te o n No . 4i . ( e ) On RMA , s ee p . 2 3 .

8 7

a . 1 07

( f ) T hese n umber s may b e p ar t o f ( e ) ; t hey a re o n t he s ame l i ne a l though s l igh t ly l a rger . ( h ) On HER , s ee p . 2 4 .

N o . 1 4 l I n t he n eares t s ma l q uarry a bove A l t in ta e t own ( June 1 985 ) . C o lumn f r agmen t w i th l c o lar a to ne e nd ; o ther e nd p robab ly a n a nc ien t b reak ( t he who le p i ece i sv ery w ea thered ) . l l D imen s ions : c o lar d ia . ,c a . 9 6cm ; c o lar w id th , 2 8 ;d ia . o fo ther e nd , c a . 9 5 ; p re served l e ng th , 1 89 . F ig . 3 1 .

t a l ong s haf t ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm C (aesare) x v i c os

a .9 2

x x r (ecens i tum) A e l ia[n(o)] ' cos

a . 16

C lo se p ara le l s a l so f rom A l t in ta e t own a nd n earby A l ibey Köy a re E ck & D rew-Bear 1 976 , l nd J RS 1 8 n o s . 1 6-18 w i th d i scus s o f t he d a te o f A e l ianu s 's c on su l sh ip ( No s . 6 4-66 2)a sion . T he b arred 1 1 ; 1s t ands f or r ( ecens i tum) ; s e a bove , ( 1928 ) 2 2f . n o s . 2 32-33 ( = Nos . 6 2-63 2) e p .2 2 .

N o . 1 5 I n d ebr i s f rom We s tern B acaka le ; e rec ted o n c oncre te b a se i n t he p iazza le W o f B acaka le a s ak ind o f s i gnpo s t f or t he A l imog lu q uar s ( June 1 985 ) . L arge c o lumn f r agmen t f u ly rie l r ounded a nd d res . F re sh d iagona l b reak a tu pper e nd ; r ema in s o f n arrow c o lar . O ther s ed l b roken e nd c oncea led b y c oncre te . S urface g ouged b y b u ldozer t e th . D imens ion s : c o lar l e l d iame ter i nacces le ; d iame ter i nm idd le o fs haf t , 9 4 .2cm ; b roken e nd d iame ter , 9 6 .1 ; p re s . sib l e ng th , 3 65 . F ig . 3 2 .

a l ong t he s haf t b e low t he c o lar ; l e ter s i nacces le : l t sib C o[1] 1(ega?) c o[s--]x -

a .9 3

N o . 1 6 N ear m idpo in t o f s ou th r im o f B acaka le ( Ju ly 1 983 ; s ub sequen t ly d i sappeared ) . R ec tangu lar b lock ; s ha low i n se t a cros e f t t h ird o f t op , a no ther s ha low i n se t a cros pper l s l l s u h a lf o f r t . s i de . F u ly d res . D imen s ion s : 1 46cm x 87 x6 2 . G ros o lume : . 7 9 m3;g ros l s ed s v s w e igh t : 2 . 12 t . F ig . 3 3 ( de ta i l o f t he f a r s i de o f t he t op ) ; I . 8 . l

( a ) a l ong f a r l ong e dge o f t op ; l e ter s : c a . 8 cm t r (ecens i tum)

( b ) b e low ( a ) , u ps ide d own ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm t

8 8

C ol os l xx ix l(ega) c

a .9 3

( c ) b e low a nd t o t he r i gh t o f ( b ) ; l e t ter s : 4 6 cm P a l (ma) i c os

a . 1 09

( d ) b e low ( c ) ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm t T ra i(ano) n (os tro) i c o s x cv i i i

a . 1 00

( e ) b e low ( b ) , u p s ide d own ; l e t ter s : 6 -9cm d ccc l

I I . 8 No . 1 6

( f ) b e low ( e ) : r (ecensu i t) A n t(on inus?)

( g ) a l ong f ar , s hor t e dge o f t he t op ; l e t ter s : 8 cm RMA

( h ) o n t he r eces s ed n ear p lane o f t he t op a tr i gh t ; l e t ter s : 8 -9cm CR RMA

( i ) o n t he n ear s hor t s i de , a l ong t he u pper e dge ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm t VFR V erg( i l iano) c os

a . 15

( a ) T he R ( no t b ar ) i so f t he c ur s ive f orm c ommon f or t h i s s i g la . r ed ( d ) T he s upra l inea te b ar o ver t he N i sn o t am i s take ( i ti sc l ear a l so i n No s . 1 7 a nd 2 2 . T he se a r e t he o n ly c a se s o f t he s e rv i le n os ter u sed w i th T ra jan 's n ame i n ac on su lar d a te a t D oc im ium . ( f ) T he l a rge R i sc l ear t hough f a in t . T he A i sl i ga tured ( w i thou t a ny v i s ib le t r an sver se b ar ) i n to t he NT ; t he t a l T , v ery f a in t b u t c l ear , i den t if ie s t he monogram ; c f . No s . 9 h, 1 6 2, 23 l b . ( g ) a nd ( h ) On RMA , s ee p .2 3 . ( i ) On VFR , s ee p .2 3 .

8 9

N o . 1 7 N ear m idpo in t a l ong s ou th r im o f B acaka le ( Ju ly 1 983 ) ; moved t o d ump W o f e n trance sive l s o fB acaka le s o me t ime b efore J une 1 985 . L ow b lock w i th t wo s ucces ,s ha low i n se t sa cros s t t he r i gh t t h ird o f t he t op . O ld a nd n ew g ouge s o n t he t op , a bra s ion a cros h e f ron t l e t w e igh t : 1 . 69 t . I . 9 . e dge . D imen s ion s : 1 80cm x 8 7 x4 4 ; v o lume : . 6 3 m3;n

t s tV s e c

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r e IN A :1 4 /

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( a ) a cros s t op i n c en ter , u p s ide d own ; l e t ter s : 8 cm

. .• 41 ,

.+ 4

I I . 9 N o . 1 7

d ccc lx ix b (racch io) i i i

( b ) b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm ( l ine1) t , 8 -9cm ( l ine 2 ) T ra i(ano) n (os tro) i c os x cv i

a .1 00

s t ( c ) t o t heri gh t o f ( b ) a nd p erhap s a soc ia ted w i th i t ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm RMA

t ( d ) b e low ( b ) ; l e ter s : 7 cm l(ega) c C ol os c lxxv b (racch io) i

a .9 3

( e ) b e low ( d ) :

t ( f ) a l ong l e f t e dgeof f ron t r unn ing d ownward ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm CHR x cv i

( g )

t t o t he r i gh t o f ( f ) ,up s ide d own ; l e ter s : 7 cm

P a l(ma) i c os

a .1 09

s ide d own ; l e ter s : 7 cm ( h ) a t t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t ,up t d ccc lx ix ( i ) b e low a nd t o t he r i gh t o f ( h ) : VFR V erg( i l iano) c os

a . 15

9 0

( a ) T h is t ex t i sp robab ly t he o r ig ina l n o ta t ion o n t he b lock , a n u nda ted s e r ia l n umber o f p i ece s t aken f rom t he t h ird b racch ium . T he n umber i s r epea ted i n ( h ) b u t w i thou t t he b racch ium n umber . T he o ther t ex t s , e xcep t f or t he b are n umber i n ( e ) , a re c on tro l mark s . 2 : F or t he e xpan s ion o f Bi n t he Ab la t ive , c ompare No . 7 3 , d e b r (acch io) t e r( t io) . ( b ) On n (os tro) , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 6 d . ( c )

On RMA , s ee p . 2 3 .

I ( d ) T he b ranch n umber i s given a sI I i n ( a ) . T he g enera l u nder s tand ing o f ab racch ium a s ry i l ama jor s ubd iv i s ion o f t h e q uar sj eopard ized i ft h i s p iece i sc orrec t ly l a be led w i th t wo d i spara te b racch ium n umber s . I n 4o ther t ex t sd ifferen tb racch ium n umber sa re l i s ted i nt ex t s 0 2 , 92 , ). 8 2 _ 3 I n o ne ( No . 3 8 2) , t he c onf l ic t ing 3 o n t he s ame p iece o f m a rb le ( No s . 2 1, 2 n umber s a re i n t he s ame , a pparen t ly c on t inuou s t ex t ; t h i s c er ta in ly h a s t he a ppearance o f a m i s take . C ompare No . 1 53 , o n wh ich al o cus n umber w a s w r it nr ed p a in t , t hen c ros ten i s ed o u t ; t he i nc i sed t ex t g ive s t he c or t l o cus n umber . I n No . 2 1 b racch ium 3 , e v iden t ly t he r ec c orrec t o ne , i sn amed t w ice a nd b r . 2 once , i n t h ree d i s t inc t t ex t s . Aga ins t t he se c a se s o f c onf l ic t ing b racch ium n umber s w e c an p u t 1 7 i n wh ich mu l t ip le b racch ium n umber s a re i d en t ica l ( No s . 2 1, 2 4 , 6 2 , 6 8 , 7 0 , 7 4 , 7 7 , 8 0 , 8 1, 8 2 , 9 5 , 1 53 , 1 58 , 1 93 , 2 16 , 2 27 , 2 33 ) . T h i s s em s t o h ave b een t he n orm a nd t he i ncon s i s ten t n umber s e m i s takes . ( f ) T h i s n umber r epea ted f rom ( b ) i si n ad ifferen t h and a nd u sed ab arred D . T he n umber a nd i n i t ia l s p robab ly i nd ica te t he c on trac tor C hr (e s imu s )/Chr (e s tus )/Chr (y sero s ) o r s ome s im i lar n ame , o n who se a ccoun t t he b lock w as b e ing c ar s h i s 9 6 th i n t he y ear 1 00 . I f ried a t he p iece w a s h i s t hen , i t wa s p robab ly h e who h ad q uar ti nt he f i r s t p lace i ns ome y ear ried i b efore 9 3 . S ee a l so p . 2 3 . ( h ) T h i s n umber r epea ted f rom ( a ) i si n ad ifferen t h and a nd u se s ab arred D . ( i ) On VFR , s e p . 2 3 . e

N o . 1 8 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance . L arge b l ock w i th i n se t s a t t he u pper l e f t a nd l ower r i gh t f ron t c orner s a nd t wo s ucces er t ica l sive v e igh t : 4 . 21 t . i n se t s a l ong t he l e f t s i de . D imens ion s : 1 59cm x 14 x8 2 . Vo lume : 1 . 57 m 3;w

( a ) v er t ica l i n t he c en ter o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 cm t C (aesare) x v i c os x xxv i

a .9 5

( b ) v er t ica l a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t l e ter s : 1 0-12cm t ( m ule) ( m il xx , b ( racch io) i i le) l i

( c ) v er t ica l , a l ong f orward e dge o f t he l e f t s i de ; l e ter s : 7 cm t T ra ian(o) i c os cxv i

a . 1 00

( b ) T h is may b e t he e ar l ie s t i n scr ip t ion .

9 1

t ( c ) T he f i r s t t wo a nd t hen t he n ex t f our l e ter s a re i n l i ga ture .

N o . 1 9 l F rom t he d ebr is h i l f l ank ing t he W e n trance t o B acaka le o n t he n or th b efore i tw a s l l b u ldozed i n 1 985/86 ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . F la t b lock w i th s ha low , s t epped i n se t s a l ong t he l ower t om e dge o f t he f ron t a nd a tt he r i gh t r ear c orner o f t he b ot . Upper l e f t c orner o f t he f r on t e igh t : 1 . 517 . F ig . 3 4 . b roken a way . D imen s ions : 9 6cm x 41 x 1 48 ; v o lume : . 5 66m 3;w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 6 cm s t t T ra ian(o) i i c os c lxxv i

a . 1 00

N o . 2 0 I n d ebr i s d umped b eh ind S rim o f B acaka le a tt he w e s tern e dge o f t he r i dge ( Ju ly 1 983) ; s ub sequen t ly b ur ied b enea th t hou sand so fc ub ic me ter so fa dd i t iona ld ebr i s . Sma lb lock w i th l t h ree s ucces , h or izon ta li n se t sa cro ss t op a tt he n ear r i gh tc orner a nd as im i lar i n se tb e low sive a l ong u pper r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t . No t f u ly d res : t he b ack i sp i ck-worked o n ly a cros l s ed s t he u pper e dge ; t he r i gh t s i de d res rom t op d own t o a n i n c i sed t r im l i ne a tt he l e ve l o f s ed f t he l ower i n se t . T he l ower t h ird o f t h i s s i de a nd l ower r i gh t c orner o f f ron t b roken ; o ther s urface s worn a nd p i ted . D en se b recc ia . D imen s ion s : 8 0cm x5 1 x3 4 ;g ros o lume : . 1 4 m 3; t s v g ros e igh t : . 3 75 t . I . 1 0 . s w l

( a ) a cros he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t a tl e f t , u p s ide s t d own ; l e ter s : 7 cm t MAR

( b ) b e low ( a ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm t (m il d l ix r (ecens i tum) le) c

I l . 1 0 l

No . 2 0

( c ) b e low ( b ) a t t he r i gh t e dge ; l e ter s : 8 cm t b (racch io) H i m]

( d ) b e low ( b ) i n m idd le ; l e ter s : 7 cm t RARRA

( e ) a cros ower e dge ; l e ter s : 4 cm s l t T ra ian(o) i i c os ccx[--1 -

a . 1 00

( b ) T h i s i sp robab ly t he e ar l ie s t o f t he i n scr ip t ion s . ( c ) S ince t he r i gh t e dge i sb roken , t he l eng th o f t he n umber c anno t b e e s tab l i shed .

9 2

l ( d ) T he t a i l o f t he f i r s t Re x tend s h or izon ta ly a nd d oes n o t r each t he b ase o f t he l i ne . T he c omb ina t ion o f l e t ter s h ere i su n ique . ( e ) T he f i r s t t wo a nd t he l a s t t h ree l e t ter s o f t he n ame a re i n l i ga ture .

N o . 2 1 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t ot he W o f t he e n trance . S quare b lock f u ly d res i th n o i n se t s . T he r i gh t e dge o f t he t op i sb roken ; t he t op s urface a nd l s ed w t he n ear e dge a re worn a nd a braded . D imens ion s : 9 7cm x 7 2 x 8 0 ; v o lume : . 5 6 m3; w e igh t : 1 . 50 t . F ig . 3 5 .

( a ) a l ong t he t op e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm t [ P] il s 9ne e tB o lan9 [c o s] xxi x ix

a . 11

( b ) a tc en ter r i gh t o f t he f r on t ; l e ter s : 6 cm t b (racch io) i

( c ) o n t he t op a tr i gh t , r unn ing b ack t o f ron t ; l e ter s : 9 cm t ( m il cc lx i b (racch io) i le) d

( d ) b e low ( c ) ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm t b (racch io) t e r t( io)

( e ) o n t op a t l e f t , r unn ing b ack t o f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 cm t T r (a iano) [ i] i e tF [ro]n[ t ino] i W u c os

a . 1 00

( b ) Wha ta ppear s a tf i r s t s i gh tt ob e t he l ower h a lf o f a3 rd s t roke i nt he n umber mu s t b e a n a cc iden t s i nce t he a rea where t he u pper h a lf s hou ld h ave b een i sn ea t ly p ick d res . T he s ed i nconc inn i ty o f b racch ium n umber s i sp robab ly am i s take ; s ee a bove , n o te o n No . 1 7 d . ( e ) D e sp i te t he p oor c ond i t ion o f t he l e ter s , t he s upp lemen t s a re c er ta in . T ra jan ' s s econd t c on su l sh ip i n AD 9 8 , h e ld f i r s t w i th N erva a nd t hen a f ter h i s d ea th o f N erva i n J une w i th F ron t inu s ( a l so f or t he s econd t ime ) , w i l n o t f i t h ere , n o t o n ly b ecause t here i s more s pace l a f ter b o th n ame s t han t he i t era t ion i nd ica t ion I c ou ld f i l , b u t a l so b ecau se e p igraph ica l l c u s tom a t t he q ua rr ie s u sed o n ly o rd ina ry c on su l sh ip s ( and i t i s i nconce ivab le t ha t a n l e xcep t ion wou ld h ave b een m ade i n ay ear wh ich w a s c a led a f ter t he r e ign ing emperor a nd s or h i s d e s igna ted s ucces .

9 3

N o . 2 2 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o fB acaka le ; d umped t ot he W o ft he e n trance . C o lumn f r agmen t , f u ly r ounded a nd d res . C o lar a to ne e nd , o ther e nd a n a nc ien t b reak . Upper l s ed l l e f t o f t he e nd i sb roken . D imen s ion s : d iame ter , 7 0cm ; p re s . l eng th , 5 8 . F ig . 3 6 .

a cros he d res nd : l e ter s : 4 cm s t s ed e t T ra ian f lo n (os tro) f i?Ji os D I i c

a . 1 00?

1 . T he s t roke a f ter t he l i ga tured A a nd N i s am i s take o n t he p ar t o f t he l e ter c arver . t 2 . T here i s as upra l inea te b ar o ver t he N . I nt he s e cond w o rd Ir e s tore , w i th s o me h e s i ta t ion , a n i n i t ia l Ih ere b ecau se t he s upra l inea te b ar o ver t he c onsu lar i t era t ion i nd ica t ion b eg in s f a r t o t he l e f t o f t he t wo c l ear ly v i s ib le s t rokes . T he l eng th o f t he l i ne may b e d ue s imp ly t o s nes s; b t t c are les u tt here s eem s t oh ave b een s pace i n tended f or al e ter b u t l e f t b l ank b yo verl s i gh t . A l though i t may n o t b e s i gn if ican t , t here i sn o p a ra le l y e t f or ac on su lar d a te u s ing T ra jan 's s econd c on su l sh ip i n 9 8 . On n (os tro) , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 6 d . t T he mean ing o f t he l e ter s D I i su nc lear .

N o . 2 3 ry I s ar I nd ebr i sd umped t o So f Quar I( Ju ly 1 983 ) b u tn o tn eces i ly f rom t ha tq uarry . L a ter l c ar r ied i n to t he v i lage o f I s ceh i sar a nd l e f t ( a long w i th N o . 2 9 ) a tt he f oo t o f t he B yzan t ine l b r idge ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . L arge b lock e s en t ia ly s quare b u tw i th s t eps c u ta round t h ree s i de s a lmo s t l a s i fb a ses . L igh t ly w ea thered ; b u ldozer t oo th g ouge s o n t he t op . Max imum d imen s ion s : l 1 43cm x 75 x 1 26 . F ig . 3 7 ; I . 1 .

t ( a ) a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 6 cm

( b ) b e low a nd a l igned w i th t he f i r s t l i ne t o f ( a ) ; l e ter s : 9 -10cm

'

• •

d xc

( c ) a bove ( b ) ; l e ter : 1 3cm t r (ecens i tum)

( d ) t o t he r i gh t o f ( c ) ; l e t ter s : 6 cm

' 4D : f 4: '' . . . ' • .",• • •; ‚. e .: . > ! . , e• 9 ' . •: le: , " "*: ' -: .; n " . • . .• ` t ' . it : • •4 • • • ••

I l l . 1

VFR V erg( i l iano) c os

N o . 2 3

a . 15

9 4

t ( e ) a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm MAR ( f ) a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 7 -9cm t T ra ian(o ) i i c os v i i i

a . 1 00

( g ) t ot he r i gh t o f ( d ) , a l igned w i th ( f ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 9 cm t A p l (on inu s r ecensu i t? ) ( h ) o n t he u pper s t ep o f t he l e f t s i de ; l e ter s : 9 -10cm t T [ .] x lv i i ( a ) T he l e ter s a re e x t reme ly s ha low a nd f a in t a nd may b e l e f t o ve r f rom a n e ar l ier t l i n scr ip t ion w h ich hwa s a lmo s t o b l it ted b y t he f i na l s t age o f d res . tera sing ( e ) Appa ren t ly ar ear t o f t he u sua l RMA ; c f . No . 2 0 a . r angmemen ( f ) T he f i r s t t wo a nd l a s t t h ree l e ter s a re i n l i ga ture . t ( g ) T he A i sc onnec ted t ot he NT l i ga ture . On t h i s monogram , s e t he n o te o n No . 9 h. e ( h ) T here s em s t o b e af a in t Ri n l i ga ture w i th t he T . T he n ex t c harac ter , a l so v ery f a in t , e s em s t o b e amonog ram f or A IN , b u t o n ly t he d iagona l s t roke i sc l ear . T he l e ter s s hou ld e t b e r ead a s T ra i (a)n(o ) i i< cos› ; t he om is f c os i sa n e a sy m i s take . I ft h i s s ugge s t ion sion o i sr i gh t , t he n umber m ay b e am i s taken v er s ion o f ( f ) . N o . 2 4 O n Sr im o fE a s tern B acaka le ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . S qua re b lock f u ly d res . One i n se ta l ong t he l s ed f r on tl e f te dge . a no ther s ha low i n se ta tl ower r i gh tc orner o ft he f ron t ; at h ird r un s a l ong t he l u pper e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . S ome s urface a nd e dge a bra s ion ; p a in t s t a in o n t op ( t he b lock w a s b e ing u sed a s aw o rk s urface a t aq uar ' s b ar s ) . D imen s ion s : 1 02cm x6 2 x5 5 ; r ymen r ack g ros o lume : . 3 48m 3;g s v s w ros e igh t : . 9 33m . F ig . 3 8 ( t ex t s e -g ) . t ( a ) a l ong t he r ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 8 cm

( b )

t b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 8 cm i i d lx i b (racch io) t e r t ( io)

( c )

t b e low ( b ) ; l e ter s : 7 cm RMA P a l (ma) i cos

a . 1 09

9 5

( d ) b e low ( c ) a l ong t he f ron t e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm t VFR V op( isco) c os cx l

a . 14

( e ) a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 cm t b (racch io) i i

( f ) b e low ( e ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 cm t C and( ido) i c os , HE d lx i i i

a . 1 05

( g ) r unn ing u p f rom c en ter o f f ron t l ower e dge ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm t T ra i(ano) vc os , HE x

a . 1 03

( b ) B efore t he n umber i s at r ace o f ac harac ter o f wh ich o n ly t he l ower h a lf o f as t roke i s v i s ib le b u t i sc l ear ly n o t t he s y mbo l f or t he n umber o ne t hou sand a nd s o n o t p ar t o f t he n umber . T h i s t ex t mu s th ave b een i n scr ibed i n 1 05 s i nce t h en umber i sr epea ted i n( f ) , d a ted 1 05 . T he D i sb ar . r ed ( c ) T he R i sa tached t o t he f o low ing M a nd A , wh ich a r e l i ga tured i n t he u sua l w ay . t l ( d ) On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 . ( f ) T he c on su l i sT i . I u l ius C and idu s Mar iu s C e l su s ( P/R 2 I2 t 41) . T he l e ter s o f t he n ame a re l i ga tured i n p a ir s . HE p robab ly d e s igna te s o ne o f t he c on trac tor s ( Herenn ius o r a ny o f t he t heophor ic n ames b a sed o n H erak le s ) , o n who se b ook s t he p iece w a s i nven tor ied a s n o . 1 0 i n 1 03 a nd n o . 5 63 t wo y ear s l a ter . S ee f ur ther a bove , p .2 4 .

N o . 2 5 l F rom t he d ebr i s h i l f l ank ing t he W e n trance t o B acaka le o n t he n or th b efore i tw as l b u ldozed i n 1 985/86 ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . F la t b lock v ery s im i lar t o No . 1 2 ; i n se t s a t t he n ear l e f t a nd f ar r i gh t c orner s o f t he t op . N ea r e dge o f t he t op b roken a t r i gh t . D imen s ion s : 1 05cm e igh t : . 8 76 . x3 7 x1 03 ; v o lume : . 3 27m 3;w

t a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op , a tr i gh t ; l e ter s : 4 cm C and( ido) i c os i HE cxxc i

a . 1 05

2 . On HE , s ee t he n o te o n No . 2 4 a nd a bove , p .2 4 .

9 6

N o . 2 6 l S een b y Nue in A sgar i i n o ne o f t he A l imog lu q uarr ie s , p robab ly B acaka le ( f a l 1 976 ) . lu B r ief ly n o ted ( bu t n o t i s tra ted ) i n AJA 8 1(1977 ) 3 17 . R ead f rom p ho tograph s a nd n o te s l s ed w k ind ly p rov ided b yD r . A sgar i . C o lumn f r agmen t ,a pparen t ly f u ly r ounded a nd d res i th l l c o lar a to ne e nd , t he o ther b roken . D imen s ion s : d iame ter a tc o lar , 5 6cm ; d iame ter a to ther l e nd , 5 3 ; l eng th o f c o lar , 2 4 ; p res . l eng th , 2 13 . C hr i s to l a nd D rew-Bear 1 986 n o . 1 0 .

( a )

l a l ong s haf t r unn ing t owa rd c o lar : C and( ido)

l i ii

c oss x l i i

a . 1 05

( b ) b e low ( a ) : l a rger l e t ter s RMA

( c ) a round c o lar : • l R vi i i i

( a ) A sgar i 's s ke tch i nd ica te s t wo b lank s pace s a f ter t he n ame . Ar edundan t ( becau se o n ly o ne c on su l i sn amed ) Si n COSS a ppear s a l so i n No s . 2 7 , 3 92 a nd 1 06 2 ( s ame d a te ) , 4 52 ( AD AD 1 09 ) . C f . No . 2 7 , f o low ing . 1 07 ) a nd 1 08 2 ( l ( b ) On RMA , s ee p . 2 3 . ( c ) I ti sn o t c l ear whe ther t h i s Ri sf or r (ecens i tum) . T h is t ex t w a s o ver looked b y C hr i s to l a nd D rew-Bear .

N o . 2 7 S een b y Nue in A sgar i o n c l eared a rea b e tween t wo d ebr i s h i l s a bove NW B acaka le ( f a l l l 1 976 ) . I ti sn o t c l ear whe ther t h i s p iece c ame f ron d ebr i s r emoved f rom B acaka le o r t he q uarry o f wh i te m arb le t o t h e N . B r ief ly n o ted i n A JA 8 1(1977) 3 17 a nd F ig . 3 2 . R ead f r om p ho tograph s a nd n o te s k ind ly s upp l ied b y A sgar i . F u ly d res o lumn w i th c o lar s l s ed c l a tb o th e nd s . I n se ts quare i nm idd le o fs haf t( 50cm x7 0 x1 7 d eep ) ; c o lumn b roken i n to t wo p i ece s t h rough t he i n se t . C o lar d iame ter s : 1 08cm a nd 1 20 ; l e ng th : 7 20 . l

( a ) a l ong s haf t r unn ing a way f rom s ma ler c o lar : l l RMA

( b ) b e low ( a ) : g am e ' ido) i t ] c oss x l i i i

a . 1 05

( a ) A sgar i 's n o te s g ive R A ( w i thou t b ar ) Aa ss epara te l e ter s ; t hey a re p robab ly n o t A 's b u t t t h e u sua l M & A monogram . On RMA , s ee p .2 3 . ( b ) A sgar i 's n o te s s how t wo b l ank s pace s a f ter t he C . On S . s ee t he n o te o n No . 2 6 .

9 7

T he n umber i s o n ly o ne g rea ter t han t ha t o f t he s ame d a te i n No . 2 6 a . I f t h e se a re i nven tory n umber s , t he p ros im i ty mean s o n ly t ha t t hey w ere c oun ted i n s ucces , b u t i f sion t hey a re t he e qu iva len t o f l o cus n umber s , t hen t he p i ece s w ere q uar ries s i de b y s i de .

N o . 2 8 F rom d ebr i s h i lf l ank ing t he W e n trance t oB acaka le o n t he N , b u ldozed d ur ing 1 985/86 l l ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . L arge f l a t b lock w i th i n se t s n o tch ing a lc orner s o ft he t op e xcep t t he f a r r i gh t . l D imen s ion s : 1 43cm x 53 x 1 23 ; v o lume : . 8 24m 3;w e igh t : 2 . 203 t . F ig . 3 9 .

t ( a ) a l ong t he f ar e dge o f t he t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 3 cm a .1 05

C ed( ido) i c os HE clxxv

t ( b ) b e low ( a ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 1cm r (ece t zs i tum)

t ( c ) b e low ( b ) ; l e ter s : l i ne 1 ,8 cm ; l i ne 2 , 6 -7cm a . 15

VFR V erg( i l ia t io) c os d ccc ix

t ( d ) b e low ( c ) ; l e ter s : l i ne 1 , 1 0-12cm ; l i ne 2 , 9 -10 a .1 07

S ur(a) i c os HE cc lxxx iv

t ( e ) b e low ( d ) ; l e ter s : 8 cm RMA P1 (ma) i c os

a .1 09

l ( f ) a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op , f rom b ack t o f ron t , c arefu ly a vo id ing t he b eg inn ing o f t l i ne 1o f ( c ) ; l e ter s : 8 cm d cc lv

( a ) On

L.

s ee p . 2 4 .

s ( c ) T he D i sb arred . T he t wo l i ne s a re i n t he s ame h and ( t he C s a re l e s t han h a lf-round ) l e a l though t he s econd l i ne i ss l igh t ly s ma ler . On VFR , s e p . 2 3 . ( d ) T he t wo l i ne s a re i n t he s ame l a rge h and ; t he s t rokes a re v ery t h in , a lmo s t s p idery . ( e ) On RMA , s ee p .2 3 .

9 8

( f ) The t ex tw a s c u ta f ter ( e ) s i nce i t accomoda te s t he V a tt he b eg inn ing o fl i ne 1o f( c )w i th e x tra s pace a f ter t he D . T he n umber 7 55 , t hen , w a s a dded a f ter t he l a s t d a ted o pera t ion . I t i sn o t a n o r ig ina l c en su s n umber b u t mu s t b e long t o ar egu lar o pera t ion o f c oun t ing t he g iacenza , r a ther t han ad es igna t ion a tached when t he p iece w a s f i r s t q uar . t ried

No . 2 9 I n d ebr i s d umped So f Quarry I I , b u t n o t n eces i ly f rom t ha t q uar Ju ly 1 983 ) ; s ee s ar ry ( a bove , p . 3 . L a ter t aken i n to t he v i lage o f I s ceh isar a nd l e f t a l ong w i th No . 2 3 ( 13) a tt he l f oo t o f t he B yzan t ine b r idge ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . Sma l b lock w i th al a rge i n se t a l ong r i gh t e dge o f l t op a nd t hree n ear ly i d en t ica l , s ucces n se t s a tl e f t t h ird o f t op , p roduc ing t he e ffec t o f sive i s ymme tr ica ls t ep s . T op modera te ly w orn ;r ecen tb u ldozer a bra s ion a tl e f tr ear o ft op . D ense l ros e igh t : 1 . 79 t . b recc ia . Max imum d imen s ion s : 1 35 x 69 x 7 2 . G ros o lume : . 6 7 m 3;g s v s w F ig . 4 0 ( t he t op ) a nd I . 1 2 . l 5 c •

( a ) a l ong t he r ear e dge o ft he t op ( a t l e f t i n F ig . 4 0 ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm t [os c -Jo c

r.

•

a .?

( b ) b e low ( a ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm t [ PigLima)] i c os

a . 1 09 d o t A

( c ) b e low ( b ) , u ps ide d own ; t l e ter s : 1 4-16cm

x(

t 1 3 II

l I l . 1 2 No . 2 9

RMP?A

t ( d ) b e low a nd t o t he r i gh t o f ( c ) , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 cm C and( ido) i cos J E x v

a . 1 05

t ( e ) c en tered o n f ron t ; l e ter s : 8 cm d xcv i b (racch io) i i

t om h ( b ) T he b ot a lf o f t h e Ai sl o s t a nd w i th i tt he L i fi tw a s l i ga tured a s u sua l . T here i s t sib n o s pace f or a no ther l e ter a f ter t he A , a nd b efore i ts pace p os ly f or t wo b u t more l i ke ly t j u s t o ne l e ter . T he o n ly c on su lar n ame t ha t f i t s t he s pace a nd t he i t era t ion i sA . C orne l iu s P a lma . ( c ) T he c urv ing s t roke o f t he R b eg in s t o t he l e f t o f t he v er t ica l , b u t t h i s s eem s t o b e a t t f l our i sh r a ther t han a n a temp t t o make al i ga tured T . A tached t o t he f i r s t a pex o f t he M o sib i s al op t ha t c ou ld b e long t o aP o r a n R . O ther p os le r ead ing s a re : RMRA , RR MA , a nd RP MA . I ti sn o t c l ear wha t i si n tended .

9 9

( d ) 2 :J E e choe s t he Roman XV i n G reek n o ta t ion , b u t t h i s i sc o inc iden ta l . T he G reek t l e ter s n ever e l sewhere r epea t a R oman n umber b u t s e rve r a ther t o c ode t hem ; i ti s more l i ke ly t ha t an ame b eg inn ing w i th H iero-is i nd ica ted . C f . p .2 4 . r ed ( e ) T he D i sb ar .

N o . 3 0 sioned 3 I n t he A fyon A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum , i nven tory n umber E 9 523 ( a cces 0 .12 .82 ) ; l f ound i n t he ö zmer q uarry ( Quarry I I ) ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . L ow r e c tangu lar b lock w i th as ha low s t l i n se t a cros he r i gh t f i f th o f t he t op a nd as ma l i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he l e f t s i de . ros e igh t : . 5 49 t . I . 1 3 . C hr i s to l s v s w l D imen s ion s : 1 09cm x6 7 x2 8 . G ros o lume : . 2 05 m3;g a nd D rew-Bear 1 986 ,n o . 1 7 .

( a ) a cros op ; l e ter s : 6 s t t 1 2cm RMA P g lima) i c os a . 1 09

( b ) b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm t C andl ido) i c os KE x xc a . 1 05 ( c ) b e low ( b ) ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm t VFR V op( isco) c os c lx iv

I . 1 3 I

No . 3 0

a . 14

( d ) a l ong i n se t a t r i gh t , r unn ing a way ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm t d xxx iv

( a ) Chr i s to l a nd D rew-Bear o ver looked t he s l igh t e l onga t ion o f t he A wh ich i nd ica tes t he c u s tomary a bbrev ia t ion o f t h i s n ame ( s ee t he n o te o n N o . 3 0 i n T ab le 1) . On RMA , s ee p . 2 3 . ( b ) Ca nd A a re c onnec ted . T he m idd le b ar o f t he E i sn o t v i s ib le . KE , i fi ti sa G reek n umera l , wou ld b e 2 5 a nd s o wou ld n o t b e ab i l ingua l e cho o f t he R oman n umber 8 0 . I ti s more l i ke ly t he n ame o f a con trac tor ( Kerdu s , Ke ladu s o r t he l i ke : s ee a bove , p .2 4 ) a nd l abe l s t he b lock a s h i s 8 0 th f or t he y ear . I n t he v er s ion o f t h i s i n scr ip t ion g iven b y Chr i s to l a nd D rew-Bear t he e nd o ft he 3 rd l i ne a ppea r s a s HEC XXC , t he f i r s ta nd t h ird l e ter s b e ing t d ot i ti su nc lear wha tt h i s mean ss i nce d ot e ter s mu s tb e i den t if ied f rom t h e ir c on tex t ted ( ted l t [ Panc iera a nd Krummery , T i tu l i 2 , 1 980 , p . 2 09 1 1 .3 a dnland t he a u thor s o ffer n o e luc ida t ion o f wha t t he se l e ter s r epre sen t ) . t ( c ) On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 . ( d ) B ar . C hr is to l a nd D rew-Bear o ver looked t he f i na l V . r ed D

1 00

N o . 3 1 I nt he y ard o ft he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . R ec tanug lar b lock w i th al o ng s ha low i n se ta l ong t he r i gh te dge o ft he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 1 09cm x 140 x6 2 ; v o lume : l . 9 38m 3;w e igh t : 2 . 514 t . s t t ( a ) a c ros he t op n ear t he r e ar e dge ; l e ter s : 4 cm i S ur(a) i i c os , HE cxx i

a . 1 07

t ( b ) b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm RMA P a l(ma) i c os

( a ) O n

L.

a . 1 09

s ee p .2 4 .

( b ) O n RMA , s ee P . 2 3 .

N o . 3 2 l l F rom d ebr i sh i l f l ank ing t he W e n trance t oB acaka le o n t he N , b u ldozed d ur ing 1 985/86 l s ed r ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . C arefu ly d res ec tangu lar b lock w i th n o i n se t s ; u pper e dge o f f ron t b roken away a tr i gh t . D imen s ion s : 1 04cm x 58 x 65 ; v o lume : . 3 92m 3;w e igh t : 1 . 051 . F ig . 4 1 .

t ( a ) a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 8 -10cm S u r(a) i i c os HE

a . 1 07

t ( b ) b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm cc i i lxxx i

t ( c ) b e low ( b ) , u p s ide d own a l ong t he l ower e dge l e ter s : 8 -9cm RMA Pa t ( ma) i c os

a . 1 09

t ( d ) d ownward a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm d ccc iv

l t ( e ) p ara le l a nd t o t he r i gh t o f ( d ) ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm b (racch io) i i

1 01

( f ) u pward a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de ; l e ter s : 6 cm t VFR V erg( i l iano) c os , d cc l x

a . 15

( a ) On HE , s ee p .2 4 . ( c ) On RMA , s ee p . 2 3 . ( f ) T he n umber i sc on t inued o n t he l i ne b e low b ecau se t he b lock i st oo n arrow f or a l t h e l c harac ter s . On VFR , s ee p .2 3 .

N o . 3 3 F rom d ebr i s h i lf l ank ing t he W e n trance t oB acaka le o n t he N ,b u ldozed d u r ing 1 985/86 l l ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . B lock w i th a la rge p ro jec t ion i n f ron t i n t he f orm o f a second s ma ler c ube l s har ing t he l e f t s i de a nd b ot l anes . D imen s ion s : 1 0 1cm x 8 0 x6 9 ; v o lume : . 4 53m 3; t om p w e igh t : 1 . 214 . F ig . 4 2 .

l t ( a ) a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he f ron t o f t he s ma ler c ube , u pward ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm a . 15

VFR V erg( i l iano) c os

l t ( b ) p ara le l a nd t o r i gh t o f ( a ) ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm i i d cc l i

l t ( c ) p ara le l a nd t o r i gh t o f ( a ) ; l e ter s : 7 -9cm S ur( a) i i c os

a . 1 07

l t ( d ) p ara le l a nd t o r i gh t o f ( a ) ; l e ter s : 8 -10cm HE ccxxc

l t ( e ) p ara le l a nd t o r i gh t o f ( a ) ; l e ter s : 8 cm RMA P g 1 (ma) i c os

a . 1 09

l t ( f ) a l ong t he f ron t e dge o f t he t op o ft he s ma ler c ube , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm ; R =1 3 : i d ccc i r (ecens i tun i)

( a ) On VFR , s ee p .2 3 . t ( b ) T h i s n umber may b e long t o ( a ) ; t he l e ter s a re a bou t t he s ame s i ze a nd s im i lar ( c lo ser sib t c ompar i son n o t p os le s i nce C o n ly c ommon l e ter a nd t hey a re n o t i den t ica l ) r ed D B ar . ( d ) On HE , s ee p .2 4 .

1 02

( e ) On RMA , s e e p .2 3 . N o . 3 4 F rom t he b u l ldozed i n d res sed . T he x9 8 ; v o lume :

l d ebr i s h i l f l ank ing t he W e n t rance t o B acaka le o n t he n or th b efore i tw a s 1 985/86 ( J u ly 1 986 ) . I r regu la r , e l onga ted b lock r ough s haped a nd c rude ly r i gh t h a lf o f t he f ron t ( i n scr ibed ) ab roken s urface . D imen s ion s : 2 08cm x6 0 e igh t : c a . 3 . 28 t . c a . 1 . 22m 3;w

( a ) a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t , a tr i gh t ; l e ter s : 1 5cm ; monogram : 2 2cm t RMA A n t (on inus?) ( b ) a l ong t he f a r e dge o f t he b ack ; l e ter s : 1cm ; monogram : 1 3cm t A n t(on inu s?) c lx ( c ) a l ong t he f a r e dge o f t he b ack , a tr i gh t : l e ter s : 1 5cm t RMA ( d ) b e low ( b ) ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm t VFR V erg ( i l iano) c os

a . 15

( e ) b e low ( c ) ; l e ter s : 8 cm t Pd ( ma) i co s

a . 1 09

( f ) a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 1 0-11cm ; t

=1 4 :

d ccxxc r (ecens i tum) ( a ) a nd ( c ) On RMA , s e p .2 3 . e ( d ) On VFR , s e p .2 3 . ( f ) T he R i sb ar . S ee a bove , p .2 2 . r ed N o . 3 5 F rom t he d ebr i s h i l f l ank ing t he W e n t rance t o B acaka le o n t he n or th b efore i tw a s l b u ldozed i n 1 985/86 ( J u ly 1 986 ) . R egu lar b lock a t t he b ot f a pi le , o ne i n se t a t t he l tom o f r on t l e f t c orner o f t he t op . D imen s ion s : 1 47cm x2 5 x9 3 ; v o lume : . 3 2m . );w e igh t : . 8 6 t . ( a ) a cro s t he t op ; l e ter s : 1 0-5cm t RMA P a l (ma) i co s

a . 1 09

1 03

s t t ( b ) a cros he b ack ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm i d cc l vi N o . 3 6 I nt he y ard o ft he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i ,A fyon ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . C o lumn f ragmen tb roken a to ne e nd a nd g iven ap re l im inary d res sing a round t he c i rcumference t oi nd ica te t h e l e ng th t o wh ich i t wa s t oh ave b een d res s ed b ack a nd s moo thed ; t he o ther e nd d res s ed w i th ac o l lar . D imen s ion s : d ia . a tc o l lar : 9 5cm ; d ia .a to ther e nd : 9 2 ; c o l la rl e ng th : 3 2 ; p reserved l e ng th : 1 38 . F ig . 4 3 .

t a l ong t he s haf t ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm P a l(ma) i c os , HE x xv i

a . 1 09

On HE , s ee p . 2 4 .

N o . 3 7 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance . F la t b lock w i th a n i n se t r unn ing t he l e ng th o ft he r ear e dge o ft he l e f t s i de . F ron t , b ack a nd l e f t l s ed s ed o s i de sc arefu ly d res ;o ther s i des e i ther n o td res rb roken . Wh i te marb le w i th o n ly v ery s l igh t t r ace s o f p urp le v ena t ion . D imen s ion s : 16cm x 1 66 x 6 5 . Approx . v o lume : . 9 4 r e ; a pprox . w e igh t : 2 . 52 t .

t ( a ) i n m idd le o f f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm P a l(ma) i c os HE c l ix

a .1 09

t ( b ) b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm VFR V erg( i l iano) c os d ccccx i

a . 15

( a ) 2 : On HE , s ee p . 2 4 . ( b ) On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 .

N o . 3 8 S een b y Nuin A sgar i i nt he q uar fB ek ir U rey ( Quar I ) t ot he S -E o fB acaka le ( f a l ry o ry I l 1 976 ) . B r ief ly n o ted i n AJA 8 1(1977 ) 3 17f . R ead f r om p ho tographs a nd n o te s k ind ly p rov ided b y D r . A sgar i . E longa ted r ec tangu lar b lock , n o i n se t s . D imens ion s : 13cm x 39 x 3 0 . Vo lume : . 1 32 m 3;w e igh t : . 3 54 t . F or p ho to s e A JA 8 1 , 3 17 . e ( a ) l e ng thw i se o n t op : l e ter s n o t mea sured t VFR V erg( i l iano) c os

a . 15

1 04

( b ) b e low ( a ) : l e ter s n o t m easured t (m ule) c i

( c ) a bove a ) , u p s ide d own : l e ter s n o t mea sured t c dx i b (racch io) i

( d ) a cros id th o f t op a tr i gh t : l e ter s n o t mea sured s w t b (racch io) s ecund(o) O rf ( i to) c os [ -Jxv i i i

a . 10

( a )a nd ( b ) may a c tua ly b e long t oge ther , b u tt here i s al i t le more v er t ica l s epara t ion t han w e l t m igh t e xpec t i ft hey w ere i n scr ibed a ss ucces i ne s o f t he s ame t ex t . On VFR , s ee p .2 3 . sive l ( c ) T h i s wa s p robab ly t he f i r s t i n scr ip t ion c u t . ( d ) Three o ther men n amed O rf i tus w ere o rd inary c on su ls l a ter i n t he s econd c en tury (M . Gav iu s O rf i tu s , 1 65 ; S er . ( Ca lpurn iu s ) S c ip io O rf i tu s , 1 72 ; a nd S er . ( Corne l iu s ) S c ip io ( S a lv id ienu s ) O rf i tus , 1 78 ) , b u t i nt h i s p er iod t he e p igraph ica l u sage a tt he q uar s h ad l ong rie s i nce a bandoned t he f orm o fi n scr ip t ion r epre sen ted b y t he a bove w i th i t s c on tro l mark s a nd a dop ted t he T ype I I f ormu la .

N o . 3 9 I nt he y ard o ft he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , Afyon ( Ju ly 1 984 ) .E longa ted b lock w i th t h ree s uccees ha low i n se t s a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t . T he l e f t h a lf o f t he b ack h a s sive s l b een l e f t u nf in i shed . D imens ion s : 2 96cm x 7 1 x 6 4 . G ros o lume : 1 . 35 m 3; g s v s ros w e igh t : 3 . 62 t .

t ( a ) a bove t he l ower e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 1 0-11cm i d cccxxv i r (ecens i tum)

t ( b ) b e low a nd t o t he r i gh t o f ( a ) ; l e ter s : 7 cm a . 15

r ( ecens i tum) V e rg( i l iano) c os

t ( c ) a l ong t he f ron t e dge o f t h e t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s n o t mea sured

r ed red R i ( a ) T he D i sb ar . T he b ar sc ur s ive . ( b ) T h i sR i s ac l o ser t o an orma l " monumen ta l " c ap i ta l t han t ot he c ur s ive R i n ( a ) , b u t t he l b ar makes c l ear t ha t i ts t i l s t ands f or r (ecens i tum) ( above , p . 2 2 ) . I n No . 1 5 2,wh ich r ead s i n t o ta l i ty R VERG , COS s hou ld b e s upp l ied i n p reference t o u nder s tand ing t ak ing V erg( i l ius , i l ianus , o r i n iu s) a s a n i n spec tor 's s i gna ture i n t he Nom ina t ive : t hu s , r ences o r ( ecens i tum) V erg( i l iano) < co s> . T he se a re t he o n ly o ccur f t he n ame V erg ( in iu s )

1 05

t ha ta re n o tp receded b y VFR ,a nd t hey mu s ti nd ica te ad i fferen to pera t ion , as imp le e n ter ing i n to t he r ecords a sa ga in s t ap robab ly more s pec if ic k ind o fc oun t i nd ica ted b y VFR ( s ee a l so a bove , p . 2 5 ) .

N o . 4 0 F rom d ebr i s h i l l f l ank ing t he W e n trance t oB acaka le o nt he N , b u l ldozed d ur ing 1 985/86 ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th l a rge s t ep c u t i n to t he n ear e dge o f t he t op a nd a p ro trud ing s t ep a cros s t he l ower h a lf o f t he b ack . D imen s ion s : 6 9cm x 7 1 x9 6 ; v o lume : e igh t : 1 . 163 . F ig . 4 4 . . 4 34m 3;w

( a ) a l ong t he f ar e dge o f t he t op . u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 -7cm t l o co i v , b (racch io) i i

( b ) a cros he t op i n t he m idd le ; l e ter s : l i ne 1 ,9 -11 c m ; l i ne 2 , 8 -9 : s t t S ur(a) i i c os i i cxxxv i i

a .1 07

( c ) a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm t RYA P a l(ma) i c os

a .1 09

( d ) a cros he h or izon ta l s urface o f t he f ron t i n se t ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm s t t VFR V op ( isco) c os

a . 14

s t t ( e ) a cros he l e f t s i de ; l e ter s : 7 cm b (racch io) t g r t( io)

( c ) On RMA , s ee p . 2 3 . ( d ) On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 .

N o . 4 1 S een b y Nu s in A sgar i i n Quarry V I ( I l . 2 ) , a n A l imog lu q uar o N o f B acaka le ( f a l I l ry t l 1 976 ) ; r ead f rom ap ho tograph k ind ly s upp l ied b y A sgar i . R ec tangu lar b lock f u ly d res l s ed w i th as ha low i n se t a t t he u pper l e f t c orner o f f ron t . D imen s ion s : 12cm x 67 x 57 . G ros l s v o lume : . 6 5 m 3;g s w ros e igh t : 1 . 74 t .

s t ( a ) a cros he f ron t b e low t he i n se t : b (racch io) t e r t( io) x xxv

( b ) a l ong l ower e dge o f f ron t , u p s ide d own : i c C and( ido)i os 1 ---]

a . 1 05 1 06

( c ) u pward a l ong r i gh t e dge o f f ron t : V [FR] V[JR c o s

( b ) T he n umber f o low ing t he d a te c anno t b e r ead f rom t he p ho tograph . l ( c ) T he R p reced ing c os i sc l ea r i n t he p ho tograph a nd w a s a l so s een b y A sgar i . T here i sn o s pace a f ter i tf or aG a si nt he c on su lar d a te V erg( i l iano) c os ( c f . , f or i n s tance , Nos . 9a , 1 0 b ,o r 1 6 ) . T he a bbrev ia t ion V (e)r(g i l iano) i st heore t ica ly p os le h ere b u ti sn o tp ara le led . l sib l T he R may b e am i s taken r ead ing f or P . y ie ld ing VFR V [o]p( isco) c os .

N o . 4 2 I n t he y ard o f t he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon , a tt he t op o f ap i le o f f our u nder t he w a lk ing c rane ( Ju ly 1 983 ; c ou ld n o t b e f ound t he f o low ing y ear ) . F la t r ec tangu lar b lock l w i th t hree s ucces n se ts c u t i n to t he b ack . S ome a bra s ion t o f ron t a nd l e f t e dge s o f t he sive i t op . D imen s ion s : 1 73cm x9 3 x 49 . G ros o lume : . 7 9 m3;g ros e igh t : 2 . 12 t . s v s w

( a ) a l ong n ear e dge o f t h e f ron t : 5 -6cm P [a] l(ma) i c os , HE cxv i i i i

a . 1 09

( b ) a l ong l e f t e dge o f f r on t : 9 -10 a . 1 08

B rad(ua) c os HE xi i i

( a ) T he l ower h a lf o f t he f i r s t t wo l e ter s i sl o s t ; p ara le l s ( e sp . No . 2 9 b ) s how t ha t t he r i gh t t l s t roke o f t he A mus t h ave b een e x tended t o f orm al i ga tured L . ( b ) F our o rd inary c on su l s n amed B radua a re k nown i n t he p er iod b efore D ioc le t ian , a l o f l t hem w i th c o league s who , u n l ike t he emperor , w ou ld n o t h ave o ver shadowed t hem : l M . A t i l iu s Me t i l iu s B radua a . 1 08 App . Ann iu s A t i l ius B radua a . 1 60 l t T i . C laud ius M . App ius A t i l iu s B radua R eg i lu s A t icu s a . 1 85 M . V a ler iu s B radua Maur icu s a . 1 91 S ince b lock s w i th mu l t ip le i n scr ip t ion s o ft h i s k ind a re n o t f ound a f ter t he f i r s tq uar ter o f t he s econd c en tury , Ih ave n o h e s i ta t ion i n i den t ify ing t h i s B radua w i th t he c on su l o f 1 08 . ee a On HE , s bove , p .2 4 .

N o . 4 3 I nt he y ard o ft he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon , s econd f rom t he t op o f ap i le o ff our a nc ien t b lock s u nder t he w a lk ing c rane ( Ju ly 1 983 ; s ub sequen t ly d i sappeared ) . R ec tangu la r l s b lock w i th as ma l i n se t a tl ower l e f t c orner o f b ack . D imen s ion s : 1 07cm x 43 x 1 54 ; g ros ros e igh t : 1 . 90 t . P urp le mark ing s s o s l igh t t ha t t he marb le i sv i r tua ly s w l v o lume : . 7 1 m3;g wh i te r a ther t han p avonazze to . t

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm s t t B rad(ua) c os

a . 1 08?

1 07

T he i n scr ip t ion i sc l ear ly i ncomp le te , a nd s o i ti sn o t c l ea r t o wh ich o f t he f our s e condc en tury c onsu lar B raduae i ts hou ld b e r efer c f . a bove n o te o n No . 4 2 b ) . r ed (

N o . 4 4 W i th No . 2 0 i nd ebr i s d umped b eh ind S rim o f B acaka le a tt he w e s tern e dge o f t he r i dge ( Ju ly 1 983 ) ; s ub sequen t ly b ur ied b enea th t hou sand s o f c ub ic me ter s o f a dd i t iona l d eb r i s . l l Sma l , s quare b lock w i th s ha low i n se t s o n t he l e f t s i de a nd a t u pper e dge o f t he f r on t . s v s w ros e igh t : . 3 7 t . D imens ion s : 5 9cm x 46 x 52 ; g ros o lume : . 1 4 m 3;g t u pward a l ong t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm P a l(ma) i c os

a . 1 09

L ike t he p reced ing , t h i s i sc l ear ly a n i ncomp le te i n scr ip t ion .

N o . 4 5 I n d ebr i s d umped So f Quar I , b u t n o t n eces i ly f rom t ha t q uarry ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . ry I s ar Rough ly s quared b lock b roken a tl e f t ; n o s urface i sf u ly d res . T he i n scr ibed t op s how s l s ed t he c urv ing s t r ia t ion s l e f t b y t he q uar ick . C ou ld n o t b e mea sured . F ig . 4 5 . ry p

( a ) a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm s t t c(m il ir (ecens i tum) le) v

( b ) b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm t P a l(ma) i c os , HE c lxx i i i

a . 1 09

( c ) a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 8 -10cm t VFR V op( isco) c os ccxxxv

( a ) T he

a . 14

i so f t he c ur s ive f orm f ound o n amphorae .

( b ) On HE , s ee p . 2 4 . ( c ) On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 .

N o . 4 6

I n t he y ard o f t he A l imoe lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . L arge , e l onga ted , b l ock , a lmo s t c omp le te ly u nworked ; t here a re n o p ick-dres u rface s . I n scr ibed t op g ouged a nd s ed s d i sco lored . Approx ima te d imen s ion s : 2 35cm x 8 0 x7 6 ; a pprox . v o lume : 1 . 43 m3;a pprox . w e igh t : 3 . 83 t .

1 08

( a ) a cros he w id th o f t he t op a tl e f t ; l e ter s : 5 cm s t t VFR V op( isco) c os d cxci i

a . 14

( b ) l eng thw i se a tr i gh t o n t h e t op ; l e ter s : 6 cm t P a l(ma) i c os , HE c xv i i

a . 1 09

( a ) T he t wo l i ne s a re c u t i n t he s ame l e ter s ; t he c urve s a ppear c ompas . On VFR , t s -drawn s e p . 2 3 . e ( b ) On HE , s ee p .2 4 .

N o . 4 7 I n t he I s tanbu l A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum , i nven tory n umber 2 11 ; c onf i sca ted f rom a n I s tanbu ly ard owned b yt he A l imoi lu f am i ly o fA fyon , h ence f rom e i ther B acaka le o r Quar ry V I t oi t s N ( June 1 985 ) . C o lumn f u ly r ounded a nd d res i th ac o lar a tt he u pper e nd ; I l s ed w l t h e o ther e nd i sp robab ly a n a nc ien t b reak b u t i sc overed b y ac emen t b a se . R ecen t b reak i nm idd le o fp re served l eng th mended w i th c e men t . D imen s ion s :d iame ter o fc o lar , 4 7 .5cm ; l d i ame ter a to ther e nd , 4 8 ; p re s . l eng th , 2 68 ; w id th o f c o lar , 8 . F ig . 4 6 . l

a l ong t he s haf t b eg in ing f rom t he c o lar : 7 cm l P e l (ma) i c os , HE x xx i T i i

a . 1 09

F or t he c ros ver t he l a s t s t roke , c f . No . 4 8 , where t here i sa l so as pace s epara t ing i t s bar o f r om t he n umber . The mean ing o f t he T i sn o t c l ear . On HE , s ee a bove , p . 2 4 .

N o . 4 8 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th i n se t s a tl ower l e f tc orner o f t he f ron t a nd a l ong l e f t e dge o f t he t op . S ome e dge a bra s ion . S par se v ena t ion . D imen s ion s : n o t mea sured .

( a ) v er t ica l , r unn ing u pwa rd a tr i gh t o f f ron t ; l e ter s : 7 -9cm t ( m ule) (m ule) c ix , b (racch io) i i

( b ) v er t ica l , r unn ing d ownwa rd a tl e f t o f f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm t P erna) i c os , HE c lxx ix T i

a . 1 09

( b ) On HE , s ee p . 2 4 .

1 09

N o . 4 9 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June l s ed 1 985 ) . L ong b lock b roken o n a l s i de s . On ly t he i n scr ibed s urface i sd res . S urface l g enera ly d i sco lored . Approx ima te d imen s ions : 1 45cm x 30 x 40 ; a pprox . v o lume : . 1 74 m 3; a pprox . w e igh t : . 4 7 t .L et sc u tw i th e i ther t he b lade ( no te dge ) o f av ery n ar l a tc h ise l ter r ow f o r at oo l l i ke t he med iaeva l a nd R ena is ngh ie to . s annce u t

a l ong f ar e dge o f t op ; l e ter s : 6 -7 t P a l(ma) i c os , HE c x l i

a . 1 09

On HE , s ee a bove , p .2 4 .

N o . 5 0 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985 ) . Two f r agmen t so ft he s ame c o lumn . N e i ther i s fu ly r ounded ; ar ough , f l a tz one a l ong l t he s haf t s s how s where t he c o lumn w a s l y ing o n t he g round wh i le b e ing d res . F ragmen t s ed A h a s c o lar a to ne e nd ; t he o ther i sa n a nc ien t b reak . T he c o lar w a s n o t c omp le ted : t here l l a re p ick mark s , a nd t he c l ay-s ta ined s urface i nd ica te s a n u ndres a tura l j o in t e xp lo i ted s ed n i n t he e x trac t ion . D imen s ion s : c o lar d iame ter , 1 20cm ; c o lar l e ng th , 5 8-62 ; d i ame ter i n l l m idd le , 14 .3 ; p res . l eng th , 2 21 . Bi sb roken a tb o th e nd s . D imen s ion s : d iame ter i nm idd le , ;p re s . l e ng th ,3 60 ; p re s . l e ng th o ft he t wo f r agmen t s : c a . 5 50 . D en se p urp le b recc ia . F ig s . 15 4 7 a nd 4 8 .

( a ) a round c o lar o f t he f i r s t f r agmen t ; l e ter s : 5 -6em l t O rf i to c os HE x v

a . 10

( b ) a l ong s haf t o f t he s econd f r agmen t : l e ter s n o t mea sured t O rf i to c os HE x v

a . 10

( c ) a l ong s haf t o f t he s e cond f r agmen t ( no t v i s ib le i np ho tograph ) ; l e ter s : 1 0-11 cm t v ib (racch io) i i i

( d ) a l ong t he s haf t o f t he s econd f r agmen t , a t l e f t ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm ( F ig . 4 8 ) t VFR V erg( i l iano) [ c]o[s] CO M[-] c xc iv c os x ix[-] i

a . 15

( a ) a nd ( b ) . T he f ac t t ha t t he se t ex t s a re r epea ted p robab ly mean s t ha t t he c o lumn h ad b een b roken b efore i tw a s f i n i shed . On t he c onsu lar d a te , s e t he n o te o n No . 3 8 d . On 1E , s e e e p . 2 4 . ( c ) T h i s i sp robab ly t he o r ig ina l i n scr ip t ion . ( d ) T he t h ree l i ne s o f t h i s t ex t s eem t oh ave b een c u t b y t he s ame h and w i th t he s ame , l i gh t

10

c h i se l-work . B u t s i nce t h i s d oe s n o t n ecesar i ly mean t ha t t hey w ere c u t a tt he s ame t ime , i t i sn o t c er ta in t ha t t hey f o rm as i ng le t ex t . 3 : T here i sn o t r ace o f a ny l e ter s t o t he l e f t o f COS On VFR , p . 2 3 . t

N o . 5 1 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . S qua r i sh b lock w i th t h ree s ucces sive i n se t s c ut ting i n to t he l e f t h a lf o f t he t op . T he r ear c orner s o f t he l ower t wo i n se t s a re a l so s t ep-cu t . S ha l low i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh ts i de . R ecen t g ouges a tu pper r i gh ta nd l e f to ft he f ron t . An a rea s l igh t ly b e low t he l m idd le o f t he f ron t h a s b een p ar t ia ly e ra sed w i th a po in t c h i se l ( t he mark s a re d iagona l ) ; h ere t he h or izon ta l a nd v er t ica l t ex t s o ver l ie o ne a no ther , a nd t here i sn o c l ear i nd ica t ion l wh ich i se ar l ier ( t hey a re e qua ly a ffec ted b y t he l a ter p o in t work ) . D imen s ion s : 9 2cm x6 6 x 60 . F ig . 4 9 .

t ( a ) v er t ica l a l ong l e f t e dge o f f ron t , d ownward ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm a . 14

VFR V op ( isco) cos

( b ) i n m idd le o f f ron t ; l e ter s : 7 cm t ( m ule) d c[c] lxy

( c ) b e low ( c ) ; l e ter s : 7 cm t [ --JE .2! ---] C e ls(o) os d cxxx ix ic

a . 13?

( d ) f o low ing ( c ) ; t he f i r s t l e ter i ss uper impo sed o n l a s t o f ( c ) ; l e ter s : 8 cm l t t b (racch io) i

( e ) r unn ing u pwa rds a l ong t he f u l h e igh t o f f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm l t P if sone] e tB o l(ano) c os

a . 11

( a ) T he a pparen t b ar i n t h e Vo f VOP( isco) f orm ing a n Ai s at r ace o f al e ter b e long ing t o t ( c ) . On VFR , s e a bove , p .2 3 . e ( b ) No t r ace s o f al e ter a r e v i s ib le a f ter t he C . t i st he o n ly p os i l i ty . sib

B u t t here i ss pace f or o ne , a nd a no ther C

( c ) S ince t he b lock b e long s t o t he f i r s t t wo d ecade s o ft he s econd c en tury , t he C e l su s mu s t b e L . P ub l i l iu s C e l sus , c onsu l f or t he s econd t ime i n AD 13 . A much l e s a trac t ive s t c and ida te i sT . I u l ius C and idus Mar ius C e l su s , c os i in 1 05 , s i nce t he y ear i so therw i se ( and o f ten ) d es igna ted b y t h i s m an 's f i r s t c ognomen , C and( ido) c os ( e .g . No s . 2 4 , 2 6 , e t c . ) A l though i tw a s c ommon e nough t o u se as i ng le n ame i ft he c onsu l sh ip w a s i t era ted , t ha t s eem s n o t t o h ave b een t h e c a se h ere o r i n at ex t ( No . 7 9 2)o fa bou t t he s ame d a te ( on wh ich s ee a l so t he n o te o n No . 5 2 ) c on ta in ing g arb led n ame s r ead b y R öder a s R IVLEIIIACELS . l C e lsu s 's c o league C . C lod ius C r i sp inu si sp robab ly n amed i nb o th t he se t ex t s , b u tn e i ther c an 11

b e s a lvaged i n t he ir p resen t c ond i t ion . ( d ) T he B o ver l ies S o f COS i n ( c ) . S ee t he p refa tory n o te a bove . t ( e ) T he l e ter s a tl e f t , P Ia nd COS o n t he s econd " l ine " b e low i t , a re c l ear . T he P a nd Ia re l t s ma ler a nd more c ur s ive t han t he l e ter s a tr i gh ta nd a re o bv iou s ly b y ad ifferen th and ; COS e ma tche s t he P I i n s i ze . Id o n o t t h ink t ha t t h i s i s as epara te t ex t s i nce t he s en se s em s c on secu t ive ( t he s ame c on su lar d a te a ppea r s a l so o n t he v ery s im i lar b lock No . 8 8) . Wha t t s eem s t o h ave h appened i st ha t al a ter h and a temp ted t or e s tore t he d amaged o r ig ina l t e x t , t l mak ing n o a temp t ( na tura ly e nough ) t o d up l ica te t he h and o f t he f i r s t i n scr ip t ion .

N o . 5 2 l I n d ebr i sc l eared f rom t he W h a lf o fB acaka le ; d umped t ot he W o ft he e n trance . P a r t ia ly s ed b l s ed ( l d res lock : o n ly t he f ron t i sf u ly p ick-dres as ma l p icked a rea i sv i s ib le o n t h e r i gh t s i de ) , a nd t he b ack i s t he r aw s urface where t he b lock w a s s p l i t f r ee . Approx ima te pprox w e igh t : 3 . 98 t . F ig . 5 0 . d imen s ion s : 2 36cm x 8 5 x7 4 ; a pprox . v o lume : 1 . 484 m 3;a

( a ) i n c en ter o f t he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm t P isone c os D S N

a . 11

( b ) b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm t VFR V op( isco)

a . 14

( a ) T he P i so mu s tb e C . C a lpurn iu s P i so , c on su l w i th M . V et o lanu s i n AD 11 ( t he p a ir tius B i s a l so a tes ted i n No . 2 1 a nd 5 1 r a ther t han L . C a lpurn iu s P i so , c on su l i n 5 7 ( o r t he t h omonymous c on su l o f 2 7 ) , a s Röder t hough t when h e p ub l i shed a n i n scr ip t ion o f t h e s ame ee a l so t he n o te o n No . 5 2 ) . t ype , a l so w i th t he l e ter s DSN ( Tab le 1 , No . 7 9 2;s t ( b ) On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 .

N o . 5 3 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985 ) . C o lumn s haf tf r agmen t , f u ly r ounded a nd d res , b roken a tb o th e nd s . D imen s ion s : l s ed d iame ter i n m idd le , 6 1cm ; p res . l e ng th , 2 10 . a l ong s haf t ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm t VFR V op( isco) c os

a . 14

On VFR , s ee p . 2 3 . N o . 5 4 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th i n se t s a l ong t he l ower e dge o ft he l e f t s i de a nd t he r i gh t e dge o f t he b ack . F law s v i s ib le o n t he f ron t . S carce v ena t ion . L ef t r ear c orner o f t he l e f t s i de b roken . D imen s ion s : 1 21cm x 81 x 75 ; v o lume : . 7 26m 3;w e igh t : 1 . 95 t .

12

s t t ( a ) a cros he f ron t l ower e dge , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm a . 14

V op isco < co>s i d lxxxv i

t ( b ) a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t h e t op ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm i V op( isco) c os d lxxxvi

a . 14

sion o l t ter c sic ( a ) C onfused b y t he s ucces f s im i lar s y lab le s , t he l e ter c ut omm i ted a c l as ting CO o r ed D h ap lography , om it f COS . B ar s h ere a nd i n ( b ) .

N o . 5 5 I nt he y ard o ft he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . F la tb lock s t acked a tt op e igh t : 1 . 27 o f ap i le u nder t he w a lk ing c r ane . D imen s ion s : 8 0cm x 126 x4 7 ; v o lume : 4 74m 3;w t .

s t t ( a ) a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm a . 15

V erg( i l iano) c os , d ccxxx iv r (ecens i tum)

s t t ( b ) p a in ted a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm d c[c?]xxx iv

( a ) T he D i sb ar . r ed ( b ) T he r e s tora t ion i sb a sed o n t he a sump t ion t ha t n umber i st he s ame a s t ha t i n( a ) . P a in t s i s ve ry r a re o nt ex t s t h is e a r ly ,p robab ly more b ecau se t hey h ad b een e xpo sed t ot he e l emen t s f o rs evera l d ecade s b efore b e ing b ur ied i nt he d ebr i st han b ecau se o ft he s imp le f ac to fb e ing o l der . ( e ) T he D i sb arred .

N o . 5 6 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985 ) . F la t b lock w i th t wo s ucces n se t s a t t he f ron t c orner . S ome e dge a bra s ion . sive i 3 ;w e igh t : 1 . 7 t . F ig . 5 1 . D imen s ion s : 1 34cm x 46 x 1 07 ; v o lume : . 6 33 m

a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t h e f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm t Hadr( iano) i c os ( m il lx i le) ccc i i i

a . 19

A s upra l inea te b ar o ver t he c on su lar i t era t ion n umber h a s p robab ly b een l o s t t h rough b reakage . The t ex t a nd t he b l ock i t se lf a re v ery s im i lar t o No . 5 7 .

13

N o . 5 7 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance ( June l s ed 1 985 ) . L ong t h in b lock p ar t ly c oncea led b y o ther p ieces . F u ly d res . An i n se tr un s a l ong e igh t : 1 . 49 5 t he l ower e dge o f t he l e f t s i de . D imen s ion s : 8 8cm x4 2 x1 62 ; v o lume : . 57 m 3;w t . a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t , r unn ing d ownward ; c overed a tr i gh t l e ter s : 4 -5cm t Hadr( iano) i i [ cos] ( m ule) cccxx[---]

a . 19

C f . No . 5 6 . N o . 5 8 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . L arge c o lu mn , c o lar a to ne e nd , t he o ther e nd ing i na n a nc ien t b reak . F u ly d res l l s ed a round f our-f if th s o f t he c i rcumference ; t he r e s t i sp a r t ly r ounded a nd s how s c l ear ly t he j agged b ot he p iece w a s s p l i t f r ee a f ter b e ing i s o la ted a nd g iven t he i n i t ia l ( f a ir ly t om where t t horough ) s hap ing a nd d res . F lawed a rea o n t he c o lar ; t wo n odu les o f q uar tz o n t he sing l s haf t ;s carce v ena t ion . D imens ion s :c o lar d iame ter , 1 06cm ;d iame ter a tb roken e nd ,9 8 ; p re s . l l e ng th , 2 76 .

a l ong s haf t a tr i gh t a bove f l a t b reak z one ;l e ter s : 7 cm ; l i ne 3 :1 0cm t Hadr iano i i c os x i i i i r (ecens i tum)

3 :

a . 19

T he R i st he l a rge , b ar ur s ive c harac ter f am i l iar f rom amphorae ; s ee p .2 2 . r ed c

N o . 5 9 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . E longa ted b lock r ough ly s quared ; t he b ot s the u nworked s urface wh ich w a s s p l i t t om i f r ee o f t he p aren t r ock . T he f ron t a nd r i gh t s i de a r e s aw-cu t ; t he t op i sp i ck d res . s ed D imen s ion s : 3 7cm x 1 22 x 98 ; v o lume : . 4m` ; w e igh t : 1 . 19 t . 4

( a ) a l ong r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm t Hadr( iano) i i c os d e x iv

a . 19

( b ) o n t he b ack , v er t ica l a t r i gh t ; l e ter s : 9 -10cm t x ix r (ecens i tum) x

( a ) D e x iv s hou ld b e u nder s tand t o mean d e ( l oco) x i v ; c f . No . 7 3 : d e l o co l xxxxv , a nd No . 2 31 : d e l o co c v . T he u se o f d e p lu s an umber i sa tr an s i t iona l f ormu la f r om t h e s imp le 14

n umber u sed e a r l ier t ot he e xp l ic i t ( bu t n o t f r equen t ) d e l o co p lu s n umber , a r iv ing q u ick ly r a t t he r egu la r p rac t ice o f w r i t ing l o co p lu s n umber . S ee a l so p . 2 5 . ( b ) On R , s ee p .2 2 . O ther p iece s w i th a t l e a s t o ne s aw-cu t s urface a re No s . 1 41, 2 31, 7 3 , a nd 7 5 .

N o . 6 0 F rom d ebr i s h i lf l ank ing t he W e n trance t oB acaka le o n t he N , b u ldozed d ur ing 1 985/86 l l ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . Sma l l s quare b lock w i th n o i n se t s . T op s aw-cu t ; d en se b recc ia . D imen s ion s : e igh t : 1 . 04 t . 8 3cm x 60 x 7 8 ; v o lume : . 3 88m 3;w

a cros he f ron t , u ps ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t a . 19

Hadr( iano) i i c os , d e l i v

On t he u se o f D e p lu s an umber , s ee t he n o te o n No . 5 9 a nd a bove , p . 2 5 .

N o . 6 1 I nt he I s tanbu lA rchaeo log ica l Museum , i nven tory n umber 1 36 ;c onf isca ted t oge ther w i th No . 4 7 f rom a n I s tanbu l y ard owned b y t he A l imog lu f am i ly o f A fyon , h ence f rom e i ther B acaka le o rt he Quarry V It oi t sN( June 1 985 ) . F u ly r ounded a nd d res o lumn f r agmen t I l s ed c e rec ted o n a cemen t b a se o n t he b roken e nd ( t he b reak i sp robab ly a nc ien t b u t c anno t b e s en ) . T here i s ac o lar a tt he t op . Ar e cen t b reak i nt he m idd le o f t he s haf t h a s b een j o ined e l w i th c oncre te . Two c on sp icuou s a rea s o f q uar tz n ear t he t op o f t he l ower p iece a t f ron t . D imen s ions : c o lar d iame ter , 5 7cm ; d iame ter a to ther e nd , 5 1 .5 ; c o lar 2 0 w ide ; p re s . l e ng th l l 3 40 .

( a ) a round t he c o lar , u p s ide d own : l A s ia t ico i c os xv i x

a . 1 25

( b ) a l ong t he s haf t b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 1 3cm t v i r (ecens i tum) i

( c ) n ear t he t op o f t he l ower f r agmen t ; l e ter s : 1 0cm t x

( a ) T he o ther d a te p os le , t he s econd c on su l sh ip o f D . V a ler ius A s ia t icu s o fV ienna i n4 6 , sib h ard ly s eem s l i ke ly s i nce n o p iece f rom t he P hryg ian q uar y s tem i ss ecure ly d a ted e ar l ier ry s t han 9 2 ( No s . 8 ,9 , 1 0 , a nd No . 92 a l b e long t o AD 9 2 ) . l

15

N o . 6 2 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 983 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th o ne s ma l i n se t a tt he u pper r i gh t c orner o f t he f ron t . F u ly l l e igh t : . 7 2 t . d res . S ome e dge a bra s ion . D imen s ion s : 1 08cm x6 8 x 37 ; v o lume : . 2 69 m 3;w s ed

( a ) a tu pper l e f t o f f ron t ; l e ter s : 8 cm t b r (acch io) q uar t(o)

( b ) a l ong l e f t e dge o f f ron t ; l e ter s : 8 cm t c lx i i b (racch io) i i i

( c ) a l ong u pper e dge o f t he b ack ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm t V er(o) i i c os ccxxx

a . 1 26

( a ) B racch ium n umber s a re f r equen t ly g iven i n l e ter s a s w e l a s n umber s ; f or p ara le l s , s ee t l l n o te o n No . 1 7 d . ( b ) T he n umber i n l i ne 1s eem s t o h ave t he s ame f unc t ion a s al o cus n umber o f i d en t ify ing au n ique s i te w i th in ab racch ium a nd i n f ac t p robab ly i s al o cus n umber . ( c ) T he c on su l i s M . Ann iu s V eru s , f a therinlaw o f H adr ian 's e ven tua l s ucces . s or T Aure l ius F u lvu s B o ion iu s Ar s An ton inu s ( An ton inus P iu s ) a nd g randfa ther o f Ma rcu s riu Aure l ius . T he V erus c ou ld b e I mp . L . Aure l iu s V eru s I I ( co s . a . 1 67 w i th M . Umm id iu s Quadra tu s ) o n ly i fI mp . w a s om it , wh ich s eem s t oh ave h appened o n ly w i th Dom i t ian a nd ted H adr ian . T he n umber f o low ing t he c on su lar d a te i s ag enera l c en su s n umber o f ma ter ia l o n h and l i n ag iven y ear , f am i l iar f rom t he p rac t ice o ft he l a te i s t a nd e ar ly 2 nd c en tur ie s ( c f . ; N o . 4 0 , w i th t he d a te s 1 07 a nd 14 ; No . 5 4 , o f t he y ear 14 ; No . 5 , o f t he y ear 15 ; No s . 5 6 a nd 5 7 , d a ted 19 ; No . 6 1, d a ted 1 25 , e t c . ) . T h i s i si t s l a s t a te s ted a ppearance b efore t he e s tab l i sht ff i c ina . men t o f t he T ype I I f ormu la n am ing c aesura a nd o T he f ac t t ha t t h is b lock a nd No . 6 3 a re f rom d ifferen t b racch ia ( t he t h ird a nd f our th r e spec t ive ly ) b u tr ece ived ( l ocus ) i nc l o se s ucces ugge s t ss t rong ly t ha t t he b racch ia w ere sion s n o t t r ea ted d i s t inc t ly a nd t ha tt hey w ere n o tp hy s ica ly f a rf r om e ach o ther . C f . No s . 2 0 1 a nd l 1 49 w i th t he l o cus n umber s ( r e spec t ive ly ) 4 21 a nd 4 33 b u t f rom t he d ifferen t b racch ia , t he t h ird a nd f our th . A l t h i s l ends s uppor t s t he i dea a dvanced b y Röder t ha t t he b ranche s a re l s ec t ion s o f B acaka le , a l w i th in a m omen t 's w a lk o f o ne a no ther . No te t ha t a l though t he l ( l ocus ) n umber s a re c l o se i n s e r ies , t he c en su s n umber s a r e much f a r ther a par t , s ugge s t ing t ha t t ime h ad e l ap sed a nd t he b lock s h ad g ot epara ted , p robab ly s e t a s ide f or s t o rage i n ten s d ifferen t a rea s . T he r e spec t ive n umber s a re ( l ocus ) 1 42 :159 : :( c en su s ) 3 30 : 3 96 . S ee f u r ther a bove , p . 1 9 .

N o . 6 3 F rom d ebr i sh i l f l ank ing t he W e n trance t oB acaka le o n t he N , b u ldozed d ur ing 1 985/86 l l ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . L ong , n arrow s l ab s t and ing o n al ong s i de ; n o i n se t s . D imens ions : 1 25cm x 56 e igh t : . 4 5 t . x 24 ; v o lume : . 1 68 m 3;w

16

( a ) o n f ron t r unn ing d ownward , a tl e f t ; l e t ter s : 8 cm c l ix b (racch io) h d

( b ) a l ong t he t op ; l e t ter s : 5 cm V er(o) i i c os ccxcv i

a . 1 26

( a ) S ee t he n o te o n No . 6 2 .

N o . 6 4 I n d ebr is c l ea red f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . Sma l l s quare b lock w i th a ni n se ta cros s t he f a re dge o ft he t op ; t op , b ack , a nd l e f t s i de b roken ( i n tended o r ig ina l d imen s ion s a re c l ear ) . D imen s ion s : 5 0cm x 7 4 x8 3 ; v o lume : e igh t : . 7 93 t . . 2 96m 3;w

a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 cm ; R =1 0 : s t t l o c(o) v ,r (ecens i tum) R uf in[ o cos]

a . 1 31?

T he n ame b eg inn ing l i ne 2c an o n ly b e ac on su lar d a te s i nce a l o ther f ormu lae i nvo lv ing l n ame s a t Doc im ium b eg in w i th al abe ls uch a sc aes(ura) , o ff ( ic ina) , e x r (a t ione ) . Men w i th t h e c ognomen Ruf inu s w ere o rd inary c on su l s i n t he y ear s 1 31, 1 42 , 1 53 , 1 55 , 1 97 , a nd 2 10 . T he f orm o f t he l e ter s p o in t s t oward t he e ar l ier e nd o f t h i s r ange o f d a te s . t

N o . 6 5 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . F la t b lock t u rned v e t ica l a nd r e s t ing o n as hor t s i de ; o ne i n se t a tt he f a r l e f t c orner o f t he b ot . D imen s ion s : 1 53cm x8 2 x4 1 ; v o lume : . 4 71 m 3;w t om e igh t : 1 . 262 t . R ecorded b y I . S. F ig . 5 2 .

t d ownward a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 cm L . C aes(are) n (os tro) i cos , i i i l oco c xx i , b (racch io) i i

a . 1 33

N o . 6 6 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . E longa ted b lock w i th a n i n se t a l ong t he f a r ther e dge o f t he t op . D imen s ion s : 1 27cm x4 9 x7 5 ; v o lume : . 4 67 m3;w e igh t : 1 . 251 . F ig . 5 3 .

17

( l et s : 4 -5cm ; much p a in t i n t he g rove s ) : ter C omm(odo) e tC iv ic(a) c os , l o co v i , b (racch io) i i , i c aesur( a ) T ul cen tur ion is) li (

a .1 36

05 ; c f . No . 6 9 ) , H adr ian 's s hor tl ived f i r s t c ho ice a s 1 : L . C e ion iu s C ommodu s ( P/R 2 C 6 s ucces , a nd S ex . V e tu lenu s C iv ica P ompe ianu s w ere c on su l s i n AD 1 36 . T he ir f a ther s L . s or l 04 ) a nd ( S ex . V et lenus C iv ica ) C er ia l i s , a l so h e ld t he C e ion iu s C ommodu s ( P/R 2 C 6 tu c on su l sh ip t oge ther i n AD 1 06 , b u t t here a re n o c harac ter i s t ic s o f T ype It ex t s a nd t here i s n o s ecure ly d a ted e ar l ier men t ion o f c aesura . 2 : T he n ame i sf o lowed b y a fl our i sh r e semb l ing a G b u t w i th a diagona l b end ing b ack l b e low t he l i ne , t he u sua l a bbrev ia t ion f or c en tur io . T h i s make s c er ta in t he i den t i ty o f t h i s T u l ius w i th T u l iu s S a turn inu s , c en tur ion o ft he l e g ion XXI r im igen ia , men t ioned o n t wo l l I P 0-11 2;t ho se t ex t s , h owever , w ere n o t c u t b y t he i n scr ibed c o lumn s o f t he y ear 1 36 ( Nos .2 1 h and wh ich i n scr ibed t h i s b lock a nd No s . 6 8 a nd 6 7 ) . S ee a l so a bove , p . 3 4 a nd A pp . 1 . T he l e ter s o f t h i s t ex t a nd t he n ex t t wo ( No s . 6 7 a nd 6 8 ) a re e l abora te ly s e r ifed a nd t man ife s t ly c u t b y t he s ame s o mewha t o s ten ta t iou s h and . T he se t h ree b lock s a r e a l so t he e ar l ie s t wh ich s how t r ace s o fm in ium i n t he l e ter c hanne l s . S ince i t is u n l ike ly t ha t t h is w a s t a n i nnova t ion ( i t w a s t he r u le t op a in t c arved l e ter s r a ther t han t he e xcep t ion ) , t h e a b sence t o f p a in t o n e ar l ier T ype Ib lock s p robab ly mean s t ha t t hey h ad b een e xpo sed f o r al ong e nough p er iod a f ter b e ing q uar or t he p a in t t ow ear o ff b efore t hey w ere b ur ied i n t he ried f f i l . l

N o . 6 7 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . L ow r ec tangu lar b lock w i th o ne i n se t a t t he l e f t e dge o f t he f ron t . D imens ion s : e igh t : 1 . 947 t . F ig . 5 4 . 1 54cm x 60 x 80 ; v o lume : . 7 27 m3;w

a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own a l ong t he l ower e dge ; l e ter s : 5 cm ; l i ne 3 :4 . 5 . much p a in t s t t i n t he g rooves o f l i ne s 1 -2 : C ommodo e tC iv ic(a) c os c aesur(a) T ul cen tur ion is) , l o co x v li ( • b (racch io) i i

a .1 36

2 : T he n ame i sf o lowed b y t he u sua l s i gn f or c en tur io . l 3 : T he b racch ium n umber w a s a dded a s a n a f ter though t a nd i s i n much s ha lower a nd l u npa in ted l e ter s . t F or t he d a te , t he c en tur ion a nd q uar oreman T u l ius , a nd t he u se o f p a in t , s ee t he ry f l n o tes o n No . 6 6 . T he l e ter s a re b y t he s ame e ccen tr ic h and a s Nos . 6 6 a nd 6 8 . t

N o . 6 8 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance ( June 1 985) . Sma l , c arefu ly d res lock w i th o ne i n se t a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t h e t op a nd l l s ed b a no ther a t t he r i gh t r ear c orner o f t he t op . D en se b recc ia ; i r on o x ide s t reaks o n t he t op . D imens ion s : 1 01cm x 52 x 8 1 ; v o lume : . 3 68 m3;w e igh t : . 9 t . 9

18

( a ) a l ong u pper e dge o f t h e f ron t l e t ter s : 5 cm ; g roove s h eav i ly p a in ted : C omm(odo) e tC iv ic(a ) c os , b (racch io) i i l o co x xv , Tu l( l i)

a . 1 36

( b ) o n t he t op r unn ing f r on t t o b ack ; l e t ter s : 7 cm b (racch io) i i

( c ) a l ong t he r ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e t ter s : 8 cm b (racch io) t e r t( io)

( a ) T u l iu s mu s tb e t he q uar oreman a nd c en tur ion T u l iu s( Sa turn inu s ) men t ioned i n No . l ry f l 6 a nd 6 7 . T he s imp le G en i t ive T u l( l i) h ere i st he e qu iva len t o f c aes(ura) T u l (l i) i n t he 6 p reced ing t wo t ex t s a nd s im i lar ly mark s t he b lock a st he p roduc t o fh i s c rew ( o r c rew s ) . T he f ormu lae o f T ype I I p rac t ice h ad e v iden t ly n o t h ardened y e t . S ee a l so t he n o te o n No . 6 6 . T he l e t ter s a re e l abora te ly s e r ifed a nd b y t he s ame h and a s t ha t o f No s . 6 6 a nd 6 7 .

N o . 6 9 P ro trud ing f rom ad ebr i s f ace w i th in w e s tern B acaka le d ur ing c l ear ing o pera t ion s ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . One r ec tangu lar f ace v i s ib le ; h eavy c a lc ium e ncru s ta t ion . D imen s ion s : i nacces le . sib

a l ong l ower e dge o f f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s n o t mea sured : t L . A e l io C aes(are) n (os tro) i e < t> B a lb ino c os

a . 1 37

l o c(o) x l i[---]

A f ter h i s a dop t ion i nt h e s econd h a lf o f AD 1 36 L . C e ion ius C ommodus , b ecame L . A e l iu s C ae sar ( c f . No . 6 8 ) . t ter e T he l e ter c ut v iden t ly f orgo t t he to f e t , s i nce n owhere e l se i si ta bbrev ia ted s imp ly ewhen n o t i n l i ga ture .

N o . 7 0 I n t he y ard o f t he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . F la t b lock w i th av ery l s t l s ha low i n se ta cros he l e f t t h ird o f t he t op a nd as e cond s ha low i n se t a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he b ack . D eep d i agona l g ouge a cros s t he f ron t . B rown ( i ron-ox ide? ) s t reak s . e igh t : 2 . 01 t .F ig . 5 5 . D imen s ion s : 1 74cm x 54 x8 0 ; v o lume : . 7 5 m 3;w

( a ) a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 8 cm t l o co c xxxv i , b (racch io ) i i i

( b ) a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 1cm s t t

19

b (racch io) t e r t( io) C am(er ino) e tN ie[(ro) c os]

a . 1 38

( b ) F or t he a bbrev ia t ion o f t he s econd n ame , c f . No . 7 5 . T he b roken a rea a tt he e nd o f t h i s l i ne i sn o t l a rge e nough t oa ccomoda te t he m i s taken f orm o ft he n ame , N igr inus a si t is g i ven i n Nc . 7 3 p erscr ip tum .

N o . 7 1 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly l 1 986 ) . Sma l b lock w i th i n se t b ands a tt he l e f t e dge o f t he f r on t a nd u pper e dge o f t he t o p l a nd a s ma l i n se t a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . D imens ion s : 9 7cm x 1 37 x 4 3 ; e igh t : 1 . 189 t . F ig . 5 6 . 4 v o lume : . 44m 3;w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s 7 -8cm s t t b (racch io) C amer ino c [os] l o co l xxx

] a . 1 38

N o . 7 2 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 986 ) . S t ep-cu t b lock w i th i n se t s a tt he l ower r i gh t c orner a nd a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t h e f ron t , a l ong t he u pper h a lf o f t he r i gh t s i de , a nd a cros he r i gh t h a lf o f t he b ack . T here i s s t ac arefu ly c u t s l o t , p robab ly f or aL ew i s b o l t , 1 3cm x6 , 9d eep . F ar ther r i gh t c orner o ft h e l t op b roken . D imen s ion s : 1 88cm x 1 09 x 7 1 ; v o lume : 1 . 366 m ' ; w e igh t : 3 . 661 . F ig . 5 7 .

( a ) a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm t C amer( ino) c os l o co x xv i i i i

a . 1 38

( b ) p a in ted a t t he f ar r i gh t c orner o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm t VE[-

--

1 N o . 7 3

I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 983 ) . L ong , n ar lock w i th o ne i n se t a l ong t he u ppe r a nd r ear e dge s o f t he r i gh t s i de . r ow b e igh t : 1 . 23 t . F ig . 5 8 . T he f ron t i ss aw-cu t . D imen s ion s : 1 55cm x6 2 x4 8 ; v o lume : . 4 6 m3;w

u nder t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e te r s : 4 . 5-5cm t N igr( in)o e tC amer( ino) < cos> d e l o co l xxxxv , d e h r(acch io) t e r( t io)

a . 1 38

1 : T he c on su l Kanu s I un ius N iger ( no t N igr inu s , a s t he l e ter c ut hough t ) ; h i s c o league t ter t l

1 20

w a s C . P ompon iu s C amer inu s . COS h a s b een om it n e ror , a sa l so i n No . 7 5 o f t he s ame ted i r d a te . sing t 2 : T he l a s t t hree X s a re f ormed b y d iagona l s t roke s c ros he r i gh tward-de scend ing s t roke o f t he f i r s t X . T he u se o f t he p repo s i t ion DE i su nu sua l . O ther c a se s b e long t o t he e ar l ier y ea r s o f t he 8 2,45 2,( a . 1 07 ) ; No s . 2 2 o fa .1 0 1 a nd 5 9 o fa . 19 ; b u t No . 2 31 may b e long c en tury : Nos . 42,5 t ot h e t h ird c en tury . DE s e rve s t o make c l ear t ha t t he l o cus a nd b racch ium a re d e s igna t ion s o f o r ig in , a s t hey h ave a lway s b een t aken t o b e . C f . a bove , p . 2 5 . t T he l e ter s a re p a in ted i n w i th m in ium .

N o . 7 4

I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l 1 986 ) . R egu lar r ec tangu lar b l ock w i th as ma l i n se t a l ong t he l ower t e dge o f t he l e f t s i de . e igh t : 1 . 586 . D imen s ion s : 1 28em x 8 2 x5 8 ; v o lume : . 5 92m 3;w

( a ) b e low t he u pper e dge o f t he t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 -6cm t C am(er ino) e tN ig(ro) < cos> , l o c (o) c x i i b (racch io) i i i

a . 1 38

( b ) b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm t b (racch io) q uar t(o) N o . 7 5 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th as ma l i n se t a l ong t he r i gh t s i de o f t he b ack . D imen s ion s : l 9 8cm x 1 54 x 5 3 ; g ros o lume : . 8 0 m3;g ros e igh t : 2 . 14 t . s v s w

a l ong n ear e dge o f t he t op ; ;l e ter s : 6 -8cm t C am(er ino) e tN ig(ro) / o c(o) x xc i , b (racch io) i i i i i

a . 1 38

N o . 7 6 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . E longa ted s t ep-cu t b l ock w i th i n se t s a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de a nd t wo sive i l s ed a s ucces n se t s a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he l e f t s i de , a nd s ha low r eces rea a tt he l e f t o f t he f ron t . S ome b reakage a t t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 1 68cm x 70 x 80 ; e igh t : 2 . 407 . F ig . 5 9 . v o lume : . 8 98 m 3;w

u ps ide d own a cros he f r on t ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm s t t [N igiro e tC a rn(er ino) c o s , c aes(ura) T ul li l o co x ix , b (racch io) i i i i O n t he c en tur ion T u l iu s S a turn inu s s ee t he n o te o n No . 6 6 . l

1 21

a . 1 38

N o . 7 7 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . Sma l s t ep-cu t b lock w i th t wo s ucces n se t s a cros he f ron t ( beg inn ing a t t he l sive i s t u pper e dge ) , o ne i n se t a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op . D imen s ion s : 7 2cm x 45 x9 1 ; v o lume : e igh t : . 6 78 t . . 2 53m 3;w

a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : l i ne 1 ,5 cm ; l i ne 2 ,6 -8 t C am(er ino) e tN ig(ro) < cos> , l o co [ ---] b (racch io) i i , b (racch io) t e r t( io)

a .1 38

2 : T he s econd p hra se i si n l a rger l e ter s a nd i sp robab ly ad ifferen t h and . I ti sn o t u nu sua l t t o f i nd t he b racch ium i nd ica t ion r epea ted o n ab lock a nd n o t u npara le led t o s e t h em e ven l e i n s ucces n t he s ame t ex t ( No . 8 1) . sion i

N o . 7 8 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . Sma l b lock more t han h a lf b ur ied ; i n se ta l ong t he r ear h a lf o ft he l e f ts i de a nd a tt h e l r i gh t r ear c orner o f t he t op . D imen s ion s : 1 23cm x 53 x 54 ; v o lume : . 2 55 m 3;w e igh t : . 6 83 t .

a cros he f ron t , mo s t ly b ur ied ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t C am(er ino) e tN ig(ro) c os , l o co x xxx

a . 1 38

[ b (racch io) i i i N o . 7 9 I n t he y ard o f t he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( J u ly 1 983 ) . V ery l ong b l ock w i th a ros s ha low i n se t a cros he t op . D imen s ion s : 7 3cm x 7 5 x2 39 ; • g ros o lume : 1 . 3 m3;g l s t s v s w e igh t : 3 . 48 t .

a cros he m idd le o f t he f ron t : s t

a .1 4 1

P r isc( ino) e tS ever(o) c os , l o c (o) x x i , b (racch io) i i i i i i

N o . 8 0 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . F la t r ec tangu lar b lock w i th i n se t s a cros he l ower t h ird o f t he b ack , a cros h e u pper s t s t h a lf a nd r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t , a nd s ha low i n se t a l ong t he n ear h a lf o f t he r i gh t e dge o f l t he t op . Much r ecen t b reakage a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op . D imen s ion s : 1 25cm x 1 09 x 62 ; v o lume : . 8 4 m 3;w e igh t : 2 . 25 t . F ig . 6 0 .

( a ) a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm t F lac(co) e tH ero(de) c os l o co cx l ix , b (racch io) i i

a .1 43

1 22

t ( b ) a l ong f ar e dge o f t he t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm b (racch io) t e r t( io)

l ( a ) C . B e l ic iu s F laccu s? T orqua tu s wa s c on su l f or t he s econd t ime w i th t H ipparchus T i . C laud iu sA t icu s H erodes ( t he s oph i s ta nd magna te ) i n AD 1 43 . si 1 mark p laced b y D egras 952 , p .4 0 c an n ow b e r emoved f rom t he c ognomen l t h i s t ex t c anno t r efer t o t h e f a ther C . B e l ic iu s F laccu s T eban ianu s , c o s . o rd .

l L . V ibu l iu s T he q ues t ion F laccu s s i nce 1 24 .

( b ) I n ad ifferen t h and f r om ( a ) .

N o . 8 1 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . S quare b lock w i th a n i n se t a l ong t he r i gh t h a lf o ft he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 8 8cm x 85 e igh t : 1 . 538 t . x8 2 ; v o lume : . 5 74m 3;w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm ; l i ne 3 :6 -9 s t t a . 1 43

F lacco e tH erod(e) c os l o co c xx i , b (racch io) i i b (racch io) t e r t( io)

3 : T he l e ter s o f t he t h i rd l i ne a re l a rger b u t n o t c l ear ly i n ad ifferen t h and . C f . No . 7 7 f or t b racch ium i nd ica t ion s r epea ted i n s ucces n t he s ame t ex t . F or a fu l l i s t o f r epea ted sion i l b racch ium n umber s , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 7 .

N o . 8 2 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . S quar i sh b lock w i th as ha low i n se t a l ong t he r ea r e dge o f t he t op t u rn ing d own t he l e igh t : . 6 59 t . e dge o f t he r i gh t r ear . D imen s ion s : 6 9cm x 71 x 54 ; v o lume : . 2 46m 3;w

( a ) o n t he t op ; l e ter s : 8 cm t b (racch io) t e r t( io)

( b ) o n t he f ron t r unn ing d ownward ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm t F lacco e tH erod(e) c o s l o co c xx i , b (racch io) i i

a . 1 43

N o . 8 3 S a id b y q uarrymen t o h ave b een f ound i n s i tu o n t he c l eared a nc ien t f l oor o f B acaka le where Is aw i tn ear No . 1 24 . Sma l s quare b lock w i th n o i n se t s . F ig . 6 1 ( an a row i nd ica te s l r t he p iece ) .

1 23

t ( a ) a cro ss t he f ron t , u ps ide d own : l e ter s : 3 . 5cm Max im(o) e tA v i t(o) c os l o co x xv , b (racch io) v aca t

a . 1 44

t ( b ) u pward a l ong t he r ead e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm b (racch io) q uar t(o)

N o . 8 4 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l 1 986 ) . F la t b lock w i th as i de i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de a nd as ma ler o ne a l ong t he u pper e dge o ft he l e f t s i de . Quarry p ick mark s a tt he l e f t e dge o f t he f ron ta nd o n e igh t : 2 .67 t . R eco rded b y 9 t he l e f t s i de . D imen s ion s : 18cm x 54 x 1 64 ; v o lume : . 97m 3;w I .S .

a cros he f ron t ; r e ter s : l i ne 1 ,6 cm ; l i ne 2 , 7 cm s t t a . 1 46

C lar(o) i e tS ever(o) c os l o co ccx b (racch io) t e r t( io) o ff ina) P e lag(oni fic i)

L ine s 3a nd 4 are i n ad ifferen t h and : t he l e ter s a re l a rger a nd more l i gh t ly c u t . t T he f u le s t f orm o f t he n ame n ow o n r ecord i s PELAGON ( No . 1 26 ) , wh ich mu s t b e l P e lagon ius ( t he n ame P e lago , G en . P e lagon is i sa l so p os le , b u t i t i s v ery r a re — a n sib I mper ia l f r eedman i nT ac i tu s , A nn . X IV 5 7 ; t he n ame d oe s n o t a ppea r i n t he i nd ice s o f C IL V I ) . T he c ommon ly a ccep ted r e s tora t ion P e lagus ( Dubo i s 8 4 ; Monna a nd P en sabene 5 4 ) , P e lag( ia t zus , v en tured b y t he C IL I I , i ndex c og i zom inum ) a nd P e lag io a re a l r u led o u t . l T he o ff ic i t za P e lagon(i sa te s ted b e tween 1 45 a nd 1 75 ; i ts s u n l ike ly , t hough n o t i) i t eem i mpos le t ha t t h i s r epre sen t s t he a c t ive l i fe span o f as i ng le man . I ti s more p robab le t ha t sib ff i c ina w a s n amed a f ter i t s o r ig ina tor a nd o u t l ived h im . S ee f ur ther a bove , p .3 6 . t he o

N o . 8 5 I n t he A fyon A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum , i nven tory n umber E 9521 ( a cces 0 .12 .82 ) ; sioned 3 f rom a n A l imog lu q uar , a lmo s tc er ta in ly B acaka le ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . V ery s quare b lock w i th n o ry i n se t s . D imen s ion s : 7 5cm x 52 x 5 4 ; v o lume : . 2 5 m3;w e igh t : . 6 7 t . F ig . 6 2 .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t a . 1 47

L argo e t Messal ino) c os l( l o co x v i , b (racch io) s ecund(o) o ff (i c i t za) P ap ia

P ap ia i sp erhaps f rom t he c ognomen P apo s , o n wh ich s ee L . R ober t , BCH 1 978 , 4 13 ( a c i t izen o f N icomed ia ) a nd N oms i nd igenes , p .6 2-3 , 5 13 ; c f . aP ap ianus a tE phe su s ( Forsch . E phesos I I 1 60 n .7 7 a nd JÖAI 4 5 [ 1960 ] B e ib l . 9 4 ; F o r sch . E phesos I I 1 59 n . 7 6 a nd 1 1 77 ff i c ina i so therw i se a tes ted o n ly o n ap a ir o f c o lumn e nd s d a ted a . 1 37 , n ow n .6 6 ) . T he o t i nt he magaz ine so ft he e x-La teran c o lec t ion so ft he V a t ican Museum s( No s . 1 0-11 2;Appenl d ix I ) . T he n ame t here a ppear s i n t he f orm s P ap a nd P ap i ; t h is i st he o n ly c a se o f t he f u l l 1 24

f orm o f t he n ame o n r ecord . T h i s p iece i sp ub l i shed a l so ( w i th t he s ame t ex t ) b yC hr i s to ! a nd D rew-Bear 1 986 , 6 8 n o . 2 1 . T he a u thor s t here make t he s urpr i s ing c l a im t ha t " i c i l ' offf ic ina P ap ia ...a ppara i t p ur l a p rem iere f o i s , " d i sp lay ing i gnorance o f p robab ly t he o lde s t q uarry i n scr ip t ion s e ver 0-11 2. l p ub l i shed ( by H enzen i n 1 844) , s t i l among t he mo s t i mpor tan t f rom Doc im ium , No s .2 1 S ee a l so App . 1 . N o . 8 6 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985 ) . F la t b lock w i th t wo s ucces n se t s a tt he l ower l e f tc orner o f t he f ron t a nd a no ther sive i e igh t : a l ong t he f ar e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . D imen s ion s : 2 68cm x 80 x4 7 ; v o lume : . 9 39 m 3;w 2 . 52 t .

a l ong t he f ar e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 5 cm t L argo e t Messa l(l ino) c os l o co cxcv i , b (racch io) s e cund(o) , o ff ( ic ina) P e lag(oni i)

a . 1 47

N o . 8 7 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983) . L ow , r ec tangu lar b lock c arefu ly f i n i shed ; n o v i s ib le i n se t s . Upper a nd r i gh t e dge s l o f t he f ron t s o mewha t a braded . D imen s ion s : 6 3cm x 68 x 24 ; v o lume : 1 . 02m 3;w e igh t : 2 . 73 t . F ig . 6 3 .

o n t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 . 5-4cm t a . 1 47

L argo e t Messa l( l ino) c os l o co ccxx i , b (racch io) p r im(o) i i c aesu(ra) A e l (i n ton in i ( cen tur ion is) i) A

3 : C aesu(ra) i sa n o dd a bbrev ia t ion b u t p ara le led i n f our t ex t s p robab ly c u t b y t he s ame l h and a s t h i s o ne ( No s . 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 0 , a nd 1 42 ) . T he n ame Ae l iu s An ton inu s o ccur s i n 1 2 n ew i n scr ip t ion s ( No s . 8 7-95 , 9 8 , 1 00 , 1 02 ) , f o lowed a lway s ( one t ex t i sd amaged a nd a no ther u ncer ta in ) b y t he u sua l s i gn f or c en tur io . l nd 14 2)o r , i t T he t h ree e ar l ier t ex t s men t ion ing t h i s man w ere e i ther d amaged ( No s . 3 22 a .A e l iu s An ton inu s i st he s econd c en tur ion n ow k nown t o a ppear s , c are les ead ( No . 1 0 1 2) sly r h ave worked a t Doc im ium ; s e a bove , p . 3 4 . e

N o . 8 8 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985 ) . F la t b lock w i th a s ha low i n se t a t t he f a r r i gh t c orner o f t he u nder s ide . S carce l v ena t ion ; s o me h oney-co lored s t reak s . B reakage f rom b u ldozer t e th i n t he m idd le o f t he l e f ron t .

o n t he f ron t , u ps ide d own ; l e ter s : 3 -3 .5cm t L argo e t Messa l ( l ino) c o s 1 x iv , b (racch io) s e cund(o) l o co cc[- . c aesu(ra) [ Ae l(i n tj on in i ( cen tur ion is) i) A

1 25

a . 1 47

2 : T he l o cus n umber w a s 3 24 , 3 64 o r 4 14 . T he f i r s t w ou ld p lace i tn ea t ly i n s e r ie s a f ter t he l o cus n umber o f No . 8 7 ; t he t h ird w ou ld p u t i tn ear t h e l o cus n umber o f 4 29 i n N o . 8 9 . 3 : On t he a bbrev ia t ion C aesu(ra) , s ee t he n o te o n No . 8 7 , l i ne 3 . l t T he d amaged a rea i st oo s ma l t oa ccommoda te s i x l e ter s , a nd s o t he NT o ft he n ame mu s t h ave b een i n l i ga ture , a s w a s u sua l . On t he c en tur ion A e l iu s An ton inu s s ee t he n o te o n No . 8 7 .

N o . 8 9 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance ( Ju ly ); l 1 983 ) . Sma l , f l a t b lock w i th n o i n se t s . D imen s ion s : 9 8cm x 2 9 x7 7 ; v o lume : . 2 19 r n. w e igh t : . 5 9 t .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t L argo e t Messa l( l ino) c os l o co cccxx ix , b (racch io) s ecund(o) c aesu(ra) A e l(i A]n ton in i ( cen tur ion is) i) [

a .1 47

No . 9 0 , f o low ing , i so ft he s ame d a te a nd c arr ie s al o cus n umber o f4 34 , v ery c l o se t ot ha t l h ere o f 4 29 , b u t i th a s ab racch ium n umber o f 4 . T h is i so ne o f an umber o f b l ocks wh ich a ppear t o b e n umbered i n s equence a nd c on tr ibu te s t o t he i mpres ha t l o cus n umber s sion t w ere i sued i ns t r ic t c hrono log ica l o rder r egard les fl o ca t ion . S ince t he q uarry e ng ineer i s s s o t he s ame , t he n umber s may h ave b een i sued t oh i s t e am . C f . t he s im i lar c a se o fN os . 6 2 a nd s 6 3 , where t he l o cus n umber s a re v ery c l o se b u t t he a nnua l c en su s n umber s d iverge . On t he c en tur ion A e l iu s An ton inus s e t he n o te o n No . 8 7 . e N o . 9 0 S een i ns i tu i n d ebr i s s c arp w i th in B acaka le n ea r t he e n trance a l ong w i th N o . 13 ; t h en d umped t ot he W o ft he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . F la tb lock , f u ly d res ; i n se ta l ong t he u pper l s ed e dge o f t he r ear . R igh t r ear c orner o f t he t op c racked a way : D imen s ions : 7 8cm x 1 02 x3 6 ; e igh t : . 8 3 t . F ig . 6 4 ( t he l e f t a row i nd ica te s t he p iece a f ter i th ad b een v o lume : . 2 76m 3;w r d i s lodged a nd s e t a s ide b efore b e ing r emoved ) .

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t a . 1 47

L argo e t Messa l( l ino) c os l o co cccxxx i , b (racch io) q uar t(o) i i c aesu(ra) A e l(i n t(on in i) i) A ( cen tur ion is?)

4 : A mark r e semb l ing t he s i gn f or c en tu r io a ppear s a l one i n t he l a s t l i ne . On t he c en tur ion A e l iu s An ton inu s s ee t he n o te o n No . 8 7 .

N o . 9 1 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d ump ted t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 986 ) . L arge s t ep-cu tb lock w i th 3s ucces n se t sz i gzagg ing d own t he r i gh ts i de . S evera l sive i f l aw h o le s ; g ros l aw l i ne r un s a cros he u pper s u rface s o f t he b lock . F resh b reaks a tt h e s f s t e igh t : 2 . 39 t . f a r r i gh t c orner o f t he t op . D imen s ion s : 1 22cm x 85 x 86 ; v o lume : . 8 92m 3;w

1 26

a l ong t he f a r e dge o f t h e t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm t T orqua( to) e tI u l[ ian(o) c os] l o co x v i i c aesur(a) A e l(i An t(on in i) c en tur ion is ] i) [

a . 1 48

A l though t he s urface i sc racked a f ter t he l o cus n umber , i t mu s t b e c omp le te s i nce t he n umber 1 8 , w r it nt h e s ub trac t ive f orm x ix , i sa l ready o n r ecord f or t h i s y ear ( No . 9 2 ) . ten i i On t he c en tur ion A e l iu s An ton inu s s ee t he n o te o n No . 8 7 . N o . 9 2 I n d ebr i s c l eared f r om t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly s t 1 984 ) . S quar i sh b lock w i th i n se t s a cros he l ower a nd r i gh te dge s o ft he f ron t a nd t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . S carce v ena t ion . D imen s ion s : n o t mea sured .

s t t ( a ) a cros he t op ; l e ter s n o t mea sured : a . 1 48

T orqua( to) e tI u l ian(o ) c os i l o co x ix , b (racch io ) q uar t(o) i) A c aesur(a) A e l(i n ton in i ( cen tur ion is)

t ( b ) o n t he r i gh t s i de ; l e ter : 5 cm ( t he ta n igrum)

T he t h e ta n igrum a ppea r s a l so i n No s . 9 5 , 1 01, 1 06 , 1 07 , 1 09 , 13 , a nd No s . 9 9-101 2. I ti s u n ique t o t h i s h omogeneou s g roup o f t ex t s . We s hou ld p robab ly u nder s tand i tt o mean t ha t sing t amember o f t he q uarry ing c rew o r ( perhap s more l i ke ly ) t he d res e am d ied d ur ing t he p repara t ion o f t he b lock . On t he c en tur ion A e l iu s An ton inu s s ee t he n o te o n No . 8 7 .

N o . 9 3 r ymen t ry f S a id b y q uar o h ave b een f ound i ns i tu o n t he q uar l oor w i th in B acaka le ( F ig . 6 1) , j u s t W o f No s . 5 5 , 5 6 a nd 1 99 ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . D imen s ion s : 12cm x 2 6 x6 3 ; v o lume : e igh t : . 5 6 t . F ig . 6 5 . . 2 08m 3;w

s t t ( a ) a cros h e t op ; l e te r s : 3 . 5-4cm ; T orqua( to) e tI u l ian(o) c os l o co x lv i , r epr(oba tum) i) A c aesur(a) A e l (i n ton in i ( cen tur ion is)

a . 1 48

t ( b ) o n t he r i gh t s i de ; l e ter h e igh t : 6 cm ( t he ta n igrum)

( a ) 2 :T he l e ter s REPR a tt h e e nd o ft he l i ne a re t a ler ( 5cm ) b u t c u t b y t he s ame h and . T he t l r e s tora t ion r epr (obandum) i sa l so ap os i l i ty ; t here i sn o t much t oc hoo se . S ince t here i sn o sib

1 27

s i gna ture i n t he Nom ina t ive , r epr(obav i t) s eem s l e i ke ly t han t he f i r s t t wo p os i l i t ie s . ss l sib T h i s u namb iguou s t ex t d i spo ses o f my a rgumen t ( Fan t 1 984 , 1 8 1f .) t ha t t he r ead ing REPR 1' a nd 4 3 2,o f t he y ear s 1 40 a nd i n e ar l ier t ex t s w a s a n e ror f or BTERT ( No s . 2 2 ,3 1 2,4 r 1 47 . C hr i s to l a nd D rew-Bear 1 986 , 6 9 n . 17 , o dd ly a ccep t my p ropo sed c orrec t ion t o ich In ow t h ink u n l ike ly s i nce t he y ear o f t h i s t e x t , 1 47 , i so ne o f t he BTERT i n No . 2 2 2,wh f ew i n wh ich s ecure e xamp le s o f REPR a re n ow o n r ecord ) . REPR i sa l so f ound i n No s . 1 03 , nd 1 63 b . 10 a ( b ) On t he t h e ta n igrum , s ee t he n o te o n No . 9 2 b , a bove . On t he c en tur ion A e l ius An ton inu s s ee t he n o te o n No . 8 7 .

N o . 9 4 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 986 ) . Sma l s t ep-cu t b lock w i th a n i n se t a l ong t he f ar e dge o f t he t op c on t inu ing a l ong t he l l e f t e dge ; t wo s ucces n se t s a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op . D imen s ion s : 9 4cm x6 9 x9 6 ; sive i v o lume : . 5 42m 3;w e igh t : 1 . 453 t . F ig . 6 6 .

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t T orqua( to) e tI u l ian(o) c os l o co l i , b (racch io) t e r t( io) i i c aesur (a) A e l(i n ton in i ( cen tur ion is) i) A

a . 1 48

On t he c en tur ion A e l iu s An ton inu s s ee t he n o te o n N o . 8 7 . N o . 9 5 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . Sma l b lock r e semb l ing t wo s hapes f u sed t oge ther , t he l a rger ar egu lar r ec tang le , t he l s ma ler an arrow , l ower r ec tang le a tached t o t he f ron t l o ng s i de o f t he f i r s t . D imen s ion s : l t ros e igh t : . 5 2 t . F ig . 6 7 . 8 7cm x 35 x 64 ; g ros o lume : . 1 95 m3;g s v s w

( a ) a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t a . 1 48

T orqua( to) e ll u l ian(o) c os l o co l v , b (racch io) q uar t(o) c aesur(a) A e l(i n ton in i ( cen tur ion is) i) A

( b ) i n t he m idd le o f t he u pper e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de ; l e ter s : 5 cm t ( t he ta n igrum)

( b ) On t he t h e ta n igrum , s ee t he n o te o n No . 9 2 b . On t he c en tur ion A e l iu s An ton inu s s ee t he n o te o n N o . 8 7 .

1 28

N o . 9 6 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . Sma l b lock w i th t wo s ucces n se t s a l ong t he n ea r e dge o f t he f ron t a nd a n i n se t l sive i e igh t : a tt he l ower r i gh tc orner o ft he b ack . D imen s ion s : 1 28cm x4 4 x7 8 ; v o lume : . 4 21 m 3;w . 128 t . 1 a c ros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t T orqua( to) e tI u l ian(o) c os l o co l x i b (racch io) t e r t( io)

a . 1 48

2 : T here i s ac on sp icuou s g ap i n t he m idd le o f t he l i ne .

N o . 9 7 I n d ebr is c l ea red f rom a d eep c ut n e a s tern B acaka le ( Quarry I ) ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . ting i S quar i sh b lock w ith o ne d eep i n se t a t t he l e f t c orner o f t he f ron t a nd as ha low i n se t a l ong l t h e l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . Upper e dge o f t he f ron t b roken . D imen s ion s : 10cm x 53 x 58 ; v o lume : a c ros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 cm s t t T orqua( to) e tI u l ian(o) c os l o co l xxxv , b (racch io) t e r t( io)

a . 1 48

T he s t ra igh t s t roke s h ave c urv ing e x ten s ion s wh ich s o me t ime s ( a s i n t he c a se o f t he I sa nd L s ) s p l i t a bove o r b e low t he l i ne .

N o . 9 8 P ro trud ing f rom d ebr is w i th in w e s tern B acaka le ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . On ly t he f ron t a nd ap ar t o f t he l e f t s i de o f t h i s b lock w ere v i s ib le . D imens ion s : 5 7cm x 46 ( dep th i nacces le ) . sib

a c ros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 . 5cm s t t b r (acch io) q uar t(o) T orqua( to) e tI u l ian(o) c os l o co x c i i i c aesur(a) A e l(i n ton i (n i) ( cen tur ion is) i) A

a . 1 48

T he l e ters a re c arefu ly c u t a nd h ave s e r if s b u t n o s had ing . T hey g ive t he a ppearance t l o f b e ing s quare b u t a re s l igh t ly e l onga ted i n t he v er t ica l d imen s ion . No . 14 2 c ar s t he rie l o cu s n umber 9 4 . On t he c en tur ion A e l iu s An ton inu s s e t he n o te o n No . 8 7 . e

N o . 9 9 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . L arge b lock w i th e l abo ra te ly s t ep-cu t s i de s a nd f ron t . D imen s ion s : 1 86cm x 1 69 x e igh t : 5 . 47 t . R ecorded b y I .S . F ig . 6 8 . 9 3 ; v o lume : 2 .04m 3;w

1 29

t o n t he l owe s t s urface o f t he f r on t ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm T orqua( to) e tI u l ian(o) c os i i / o c(o) c i , b (racch io) q uar t(o)

a . 1 48

N o . 1 00 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . F la t r ec tangu lar b lock w i th s ucces sive ly s ma l ler i n se t s a t t he l e f t r ear c orner o f t he t op . D imen s ion s : 1 08cm x 30 x 94 ; v o lume : . 3 05 m 3;w e igh t : . 8 2 .

s t t a cros he n earer h a lf o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 4 cm a .1 48

T orqu _ al to) e tI u l ian(o) c os i i i l o co c x i , b (racch io) t e r t( io) i) A c aesur(a) A e l(i n ton in i c en tur ion is

t 2 : T he l e ter s BTERT a re l a rger ( 5cm ) a nd s praw l ing i n c ompar i son t o t he r e la t ive ly n ea t t l e ter s o f t he r e s t o f t he t ex t ; c l ear ly as econd h and a dded t he b racch ium n umber . On t he c en tur ion A e l iu s An ton inu s s ee t he n o te o n No . 8 7 .

N o . 1 01 I n t he A fyon A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum , i nven tory n umber E 9522 ( acces 0 .12 .82 ) ; sioned 3 f rom o ne o ft he A l imog lu q uarr ie s ,a lmo s tc er ta in ly B acaka le . Sma lb lock w i th t h ree s ucce sl s i ve i n se t s o n t he t op a nd o ne a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he b ack . D imen s ion s : 4 9cm x 90 x ; v o lume : . 4 65 m3 ;w 15 e igh t : 1 . 25 t . F ig . 6 9 .

s t t ( a ) a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm T orqua( to) e tI u l ian(o) c os l o co c lxxv i , b (racch io) q ua r t(o)

a .1 48

( b ) o n t he r i gh t s i de , a t t he m idd le o f t he l e f t e dge ; l e t ter s : 6 cm ( t he ta n igrum)

( b ) On t he t h e ta n igrun i s ee t he n o te o n No . 9 2 b . T he l e ter so fb o th t ex t sa re s e r ifed b u to therw i se u nadorned . P ub l ished a l so b yC hr i s to l a nd t D rew-Bear 1 986 , 6 9 n o . 2 3 , who f a i led t o s ee t he m ark , t ex t ( b ) , o n t he r i gh t s i de o f t h e p iece .

N o . 1 02 I nt he y ard o ft he A l imoi lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . S qua r i sh b lock w i th f our o ver lapp ing i n se t s a tt he f a r r i gh t c orner o f t he t op a nd t wo s ucces n se t s a l ong t he l e f t sive i e dge o f t he b ot . F lawed a rea i ncomp le te ly t r immed a way i n t he f i r s t g roup o f n e s ted t om i n se t s . F ron t ( i n scr ibed ) a braded . D imen s ion s : 1 89cm x 12 x 74 ; v o lume : 1 . 162m 3;w e igh t : 3 . 114 t .F ig . 7 0 .

1 30

s t t a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -6cm T orqua( to) e tl u l ian(o) c os l o co cx ix i c aesur(d ) A [e] l(i n ton in i ( cen tur ion is) i) A

a . 1 48

b (racch io) s ecun(do)

2 : T he c harac ter s o f t he n umber d rop ah a lfl ine b e low t he l e ve l o f l o co ; t hey w ere a dded l a ter b u t b y t he s a me h and . T he v er t ica ls t rokes o ft he n umber a re v ery f a in ta nd u ncer ta in . 4 : T he b racch ium n umber , wh ich i st h ree l i ne s b e low t he ma in t ex t , w a s a l so a dded l a ter , a ga in b y t he s ame h and . On t he c en tur ion A e l ius An ton inu s s ee t he n o te o n No . 8 7 .

N o . 1 03 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985 ) . C arefu ly d res ma l b lock w i th i n se t s a t t he u pper r i gh t a nd l e f t c orner s o f t he l s ed s l f ron t a nd a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he f ron t . S carce p avonazze to w i th much h oney-co lored t e igh t : . 8 0 t . F ig . 7 1 . s t reak ing . D imen s ion s : 16cm x 71 x 38 ; v o lume : . 2 98 m 3;w

a cros he f ron t : s t T orqy _ e ( to) l o co c cxx i i i i

I u l ian(o) c os r epr(oba tum)

a . 1 48

2 : REPR w a s a dded l a ter b y ad ifferen t h and a nd l a cks t he s e r if s ; t he s econd h and h ad d iff icu l ty w i th c urved s t roke s a nd t ended t oj o in s t ra igh t s ec t ion s r a ther t han c arve r egu lar s egmen t s o f c i rc les , a s t he f i r s t h and d oe s . On r epr(oba tum ) ; s ee t he n o te o n No . 9 3 .

N o . 1 04 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th i n se t sa tt he f a rr i gh tc orner o ft he t op a nd a l ong t he l e f te dge o f t he t op ; s urface o f t he t op ( i n scr ibed ) much c racked . P ar t ly b ur ied u nder a p i le . e igh t : 1 . 29 t . D imen s ion s : 15cm x 5 5 x 80 ; v o lume : . 4 8m 3;w

a cros he t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t [Tor]qua( to) J u l ian(o) c os l o co cxxv , b (racch io) q uar t(o)

a . 1 48

N o . 1 05 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 983 ) . Sma l , s qua re b lock w i th t he u pper t wo-th ird s o f t he l e f t s i de s e t b ack 1 4cm ; mo s t l 6 3 t . F ig . 7 2 . o f f ron t s urface b roken . D imen s ion s : 7 2cm x 57 x 5 7 ; v o lume : . 2 1 m3:.

1 31

a cros he t op ;l e ter s : 4 cm s t t T orqua( to) e tI u l ian(o) c os l o co cxxx i i i i b (racch io) q uar t(o)

a . 1 48

T he l e t ter s c l o se ly r e semb le t ho se o f t he p rev ious t ex t s .

N o . 1 06 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983) . S quare b lock w i th o ne i n se t a tt he l e f t r ear c orner o f t he t op . T he l ower l e f t c orner o f t he t op a nd t he r i gh t e dge o f t he t op a re b roken . D imen s ion s : 6 6cm x 6 6 x5 5 ; v o lume : . 2 39 m3;w e igh t : . 6 4 t . F ig . 7 3 .

t ( a ) a cro ss t he t op ; l e ter s : 4 . 5cm T orqua( to) e tJ u l ian(o) c o[s] l o co cxxxv i [ b(racch io)] q uar t(o)

a . 1 48

t ( b ) n ear t he t op c en ter o f t he r i gh t s i de ; l e ter s : 6 cm ( t he ta n igrum)

( b ) On t he t he ta n igrum , s ee t he n o te o n No . 9 2 .

N o . 1 07 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J une 1 985) . F la t b lock w i th i n se t s a tt he l e f t c orner o f t he f ron t , a l ong p ar t o f t he u pper e dge o f t he b ack , a nd a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . D imen s ion s : 9 9cm x 93 x 62 ; v o lume : . 5 29 m 3;w e igh t : 1 . 42 t . T he i n scr ibed s urfaces a re c overed b y a d jacen t b locks .

s t t ( a ) a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 . 5cm b (racch io) q ua(r to)

t t ( b ) t o r i gh t o f ( a ) r unn ing u pward , t he f i r s t l e ter c u t o ver o n t he UA o f ( a ) ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm l o co cx e ix

t ( c ) n ear t he l e f t e dge o f t he l e f t s i de ; l e ter s : 4 . 5cm ( t he ta n igrum)

sib t ( d ) o n t he u nder s ide , i nacces le ; l e ter s : 6 cm T or o ( to) e tI u l i[ m (o) c os)]

a . 1 48

1 32

N o . 1 08 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th as ma l i n se t a t t he u pper r i gh t c orner o f t he f ron t . L arge l f l aw h o le o n t he l e f t e dge o f t h e f ron t ; f l aw c rack f ju s t b e low t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t . I r on o x ide b lem i she s . No t m ea sured .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t T orqua( to) e tI u l ian(o) c o s l o co c lxxv , b (racch io) q uar t(o)

a . 1 48

N o . 1 09 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983) . S quare b lock w i th o ne i n se t a cros s t he n ear h a lf o ft he t op , a no ther a tt he l ower r i gh t c orner o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 19cm x 92 x 7 6 ; g ros s v o lume : . 8 3 m 3;g s w ros e igh t : 2 . 22 t . s t t ( a ) a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm a . 1 48

T orqua t(o) e tI u l ian(o) c os l o co c lxxv i , b (racch io) q uar t(o) t ( b ) i n t he m idd le o f t he u pper e dge o f t he l e f t s i de ;l e ter s : 6 cm ( t he ta n igrum)

t l ( a ) T he l e ter s a re c arefu ly c u t a nd s e r ifed . L ine 3s eem s t o b e i n ad ifferen t h and wh ich h ad d iff icu l ty w i th c urved s t roke s . On t he t h e ta n igrum , s ee t he n o te o n No . 9 2 .

N o . 1 10 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June t 1 985) . F la t b lock w i th n o i n se t s . S carce , u neven p avonazze to . D imen s ion s : 9 8cm x9 0 x2 6 ; v o lume : . 2 3 m 3;w e igh t : . 6 2 t . s t t a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 6 cm a . 1 48

T orqua( to) I u l ian(o) c o s l o co cxxc ix r epr (oba tum)

3 : On r epr(oba tum) , s ee t he n o te o n No . 9 3 .

1 33

N o . 11 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance . F la t b lock w i th t wo s ucces n se t s a l ong t he r i gh t s i de ; as ha low i n se t i n t he r ear h a lf o f t he sive i l t op . R ear r i gh t c orner b roken . D imen s ion s : n o t mea sured .

a cros s t he t op t oward t he n ear e dge ; l e t ter s : 4 . 5-5 .5cm T orqua( to) e tl u l ian(o) c os l o co v aca t

a . 1 48

2 : T he l o cus n umber w a s l e f t b lank ; c f . No . 1 23 , where t he b racch iun z n umber w a s a l so om it ted . P robab ly t he l e t ter-cut ter d id n o t h ave t he l o cus n umber a t h and when h e w a s c arv ing a nd f orgo t t o r e turn l a ter when s o meone h ad l o oked i tu p . T he l e t ter s a re s e r ifed .

N o . 1 12 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 986 ) . Sma l s quare b lock . L ef t s i de b roken ; t he i n scr ip ton make s c l ear t ha t t he o r ig ina l l w id th mu s t h ave b een s evera l t imes t he d ep th . D imen s ion s ; n o t mea sured . F ig . 7 4 .

a cros he t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s n o t mea sured : s t t T orqufa( to e tI u l ian(o) c os] l o co [ . . b (racch io) ... 1 c aesufr(a) ... 1

a . 1 48

t T he l e ter s a re l a rger a nd more r ough ly c u t t han t ho se o f t he u sua l h and o f t h is g roup .

N o . 13 S een i n s i tu i n d ebr i s s carp w i th in B acaka le n ear t he e n trance a l ong w i th No . 9 0 ; t hen l d umped t ot he W o ft he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . Sma l b l ock w i th o ne i n se t a l ong t he l e f te dge o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 9 3cm x 7 7 x 59 ; v o lume : . 4 2m; w e igh t : 1 . 13 t . F ig . 6 4 ( t he r i gh t r a row i nd ica te s t h i s p iece ) . t o n t he t op a t t he n ea r r i gh t c orner ; l e ter d iame ter : 5 cm ( t he ta n igrum)

S ince t he o n ly d a ted b lock s o n wh ich t h i s s i gn a ppea r s b e long t o 1 48 , t h i s p iece may a l so b e long t o t ha t y ear .

N o . 14 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . R egu lar b lock w i th ap ro jec t ion a l ong t he r e ar e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . F ron t p ar t ly );w e igh t : 1 . 224 t .F ig . c overed b ya no ther b lock . D imen s ion s :9 8cm x7 0 x6 2 ; v o lume : . 4 57m . 7 5 .

1 34

( a ) a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -3cm s t t a . 1 49

O rf i to e tP r isco c os l o co x i , b (racch io ) i i c aes(ura) PER CLDAED?

( b ) o n t he r i gh t s i de a tt h e u pper l e f t c orner l e ter s : 5 -6cm t x i i

( a ) The s i ng le s t rokes a r e c l ear e nough b u t s eem t o f orm l e ter s t ha t make n o s en se . T he t n ame C laud ianu s , a l though n o t o therw i se a te s ted b efore t he y ear 1 60 ( No . 1 43 ) , may b e t m ean t . I f p er i sr i gh t , i ts ugge s t s p erhap s t ha t C laud ianus ( ? ) w a s s t and ing i n f or a no ther q ua rry c h ief . N o . 1 15 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985) . V ery l a rge , e l onga ted b lock w i th as ma l i n se t a l ong t he r i gh t h a lf o f t he u pper e dge l o f t he f ron t , a squar i sh i n se t a t t he u pper r i gh t c orner o f t he f ron t , a nd a s ma ler i n se t ( l wh ich ma tche s t he f i r s t ) a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he f ron t . F law s r un d own t he m idd le o f t he t op a nd d iasona ly a cros he r i gh t t h ird o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 3 38cm x 1 41 x 8 0 ; l s t v o lume : 3 . 71 m ");w e igh t : 9 . 94 t . F ig . 7 6 .

( a ) a t t he l ower l e f t c orner o f t he f ron t , u p s ide d own ;l e ter s : 3 -7cm t G al tV e tere licano g c os

a . 1 50

( b ) r ough ly c en tered o n t h e l e f t s i de , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm t o ff ( ic ina) P e lag(on i) i l oco x x ix , b (racch io) i i

( a ) The L s a re c u t w i th as i ng le s t roke , a nd t he l e g s a ng le b e low t he h or izon ta l a ta bou t4 5 °. ( b ) Th i s t ex t i si n ad ifferen t h and f rom t ha t o f ( a ) .

N o . 16 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly s ed s 1 984 ) . V ery l a rge , e l onga ted b lock . T he f ron t i st he o n ly d res urface ; t he s i des a re t om where i s haped b u t i ncomp le te ly s moo thed , a nd t he t op s eem s t ob e t he o r ig ina l b ot tw a s b roken f r ee f rom t he p a ren t r ock . Wh i te ma rb le w i th p rom inen t h oney-co lored a rea s . Approx ima te d imen s ion s : 3 60cm x6 8 x8 0 ; a pprox . v o lume : 1 . 95 m 3;a pprox . w e igh t : 5 . 23 t .

t c en tered o n t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm licano d Ve G al tere c os

a . 1 50

1 35

t T he l e ter f orm s a re i den t ica l i n e very d e ta i l t o t hose o f N o . 15 .

No . 17 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June l s ed l s t 1 985 ) . C arefu ly d res , r egu lar r ec tangu lar b lock w i th as i ng le s ha low i n se t a cros h e e igh t : 1 . 19 t . 4 l ower e dge o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 7 6 .5cm x 4 5 x1 37 ; v o lume : . 45 m3;w T he i n scr ip t ion i s blocked b yt he r oughed-ou tl a te c ap i ta l( i lu s tra ted b y Wae lken se ta l . 1 986 , l . , f i g . 5 ) a ga in s t wh ich t he b lock r e s t s . F ig . 7 7 . 13ff

o n t he f ron t , p ara le l t o t he l ong s i des ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm l t a .1 53

P raesen te g l Ruf ino c os c asura A e l(i os im[ i] i) Z l o co 1 , b(racch io) i

1 : T he c on su l s a re L . F u lv ius ...C . B ru t iu s P rae sen s a nd A . I un iu s Ruf inu s . 2 : T he m is l ing i su nu sua l ;e p igraph ica l p rac t ice a t Doc im ium w a sb yn o mean sa sc are les s pe l s a ss cho lar s , m is lead b yt he u nder s tandab le l a ck o f embe l i shmen t , h ave o f ten l abe led i t . T he l l e nd o f t h i s l i ne wa s i nacces le , b u t t he r e s tora t ion i sc e r ta in ( c f . No . 18) . sib T he u sua l a bbrev ia t ion o f t h i s n ame i s Zos( im i) , b u t Z os im( i) i sa l so a te s ted ( No . 1 26 ) , a s t i st he n ame w r it u t i n f u l ( No . 18) . ten o l T he l e ter s t end t oward t he f orm s o f r u s t ic c ap i ta l s : t he b ar o f t he r i gh t s t roke o f t he A s t i sn o th or izon ta l b u t d iagona ld ownward ; t he S s a re f l at nd e l onga ted u pward ; a nd t h e tened a L s a re c u t w i th as i ng le s t roke , t he l e g s d ipp ing w e l t he h or izon ta l ( c f . Nos . 15 a nd 16 ) . l

N o . 18 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th t wo s ucces n se t s a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op a nd o ne sive i e ach r unn ing a l ong t he u pper a nd l ower e dge s o f t he r i gh t s i de . S carce v ena t ion . A l a rge f l aw , wh ich h a s o pened i n to ac rack , r un s d iagona ly a cros he t op . D imen s ion s : 1 39cm x l s t e igh t : 1 . 82 t . 8 6 x 59 ; v o lume : . 6 79 m3;w

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t a . 1 54

C ommodo e tL a teran° c os , c aes(ura) Z os im i l o co x xx i , b _-( acch io) i i i

1 : The c on su l s a re L . A e l iu s Aure l iu s C ommodu s ( Luc iu s V eru s ) a nd T . S ex t iu s L a teranu s .

1 36

N o . 1 19 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . L ong , n a rrow b lock w i th aw ide , s ha l low i n se t a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op a nd a s ma l ler i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . D imen s ion s : 1 22cm x 4 5 x3 5 ; g ros s ros e igh t : . 5 1 t . F ig . 7 8 . v o lume : . 1 9 m 3;g s w

a cros he f ron t p ara le l t o t h e l ong s i des ; l e ter s : 5 -11cm s t l t l o co x l i , r (ecens i tum) i C ommodo e tL a terano c os , c aesur(a) Man( li lex (andr i) i) A

a . 1 54

1 : T he n umber s a re a bou t 8 cm t a l ; t he c ur s ive R i st a ler ( 1cm ) ( c f . No . 4 5 ) . l l 1 3 : T he v er t ica l s t roke s t ha t f orm t he n ame a re l i gh t . A f ter t he i n i t ia l MA t here a re t wo v er t ica l sc onnec ted b y an ea r ly i nv i s ib le d iagona l ,f orm ing a nN : Man ( l iu s )A lex (ander ) ;t here may b e ah or izon ta l b ar t of o rm al i ga tured L . T h i s n ame , i n t he f orm Man l ( iu s ) A lexand( e r ) , i sc l ear i n Nd . 1 20 , f o low ing . l Aq uarry e ng ineer c a led A lexander i s abundan t ly a te s ted a tD oc im ium i n 1 58-160 . T he l t d a te s a re v ery c l o se , a nd n o th ing r equ ires a sum ing t wo d i s t inc t men . T herefore i ti s more s e conom ica l t o h o ld t ot he p r inc ip le t ha t men w i th s im i lar n ame s wou ld h ave made e ffor t s t o a vo id c onfu s ion ( c f . t he n o te s o n Dome s t icu s , No . 1 49 , a nd P e lagon ( iu s ) , No . 8 4 ) t en ta t ive ly r eckon t ha tt here w a s o ne man who se n omenc la ture v ar ied s l igh t ly . One c au t ion : A lexander , h owever , may h ave h ad a pa r tner Man l iu s ; c f . t he p ar tner s O s t i l iu s a nd ( H )e lp idephoru s , l who se n ames a re a lway s r un t oge ther w i thou t c opu la .

N o . 1 20 I n t he y ard o ft he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . R ec tanug lar b lock w i th t wo s ucces t epped i n se t s a t t he u pper l e f t c orner o f t he f ron t a nd a s ha low i n se t sive s l c on t inu ing f rom t ha t c orner a cros he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 1 42cm x 92 x s t e igh t : 2 . 538 t . R ecorded b y I .S . F ig . 7 9 . 7 9 ; v o lume : . 9 47m 3;w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t a . 1 54

C ommod i L a teran i c o s c aes(ura) Man( l i) A lexand(r i) i l o co l v , b (racch io) i i i

1 :T he Gen i t ives may b e as imp le m i s take , b u t more l i ke ly t hey r ef lec t aG reek-speaker who w a s t h ink ing o f t he Gen i t ive a b so lu te c on s truc t ion . 2 : On t he n ame , s he n o te o n No . 19 . ee t

N o . 1 21 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . F la t b lock w i th d eep i n se t s a tt he r i gh t a nd l e f t e dge s o f t he f ron t . Al a rge p i t i nt he m idd le o f t he f ron t i sa nc ien t s i nce t he t ex t c arefu ly a vo id s i t . D imen s ion s : 1 25cm x 96 x l e igh t : 1 . 209 t . 5 8 ; v o lume : . 4 51 m 3;w

1 37

a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 -6cm s t t l o co xv i x b (racch io) i C ommodo e tL aL t rano c os c aes(ura) A e l (i i) Z os( im i)

a .1 54

T he h and i sv ery c rude , a s i fa n i nexper ienced man h ad h ad t o f i l l i n when av e teran l e t ter c ut ou ld n o t b e f ound . ter c N o . 1 22 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 986 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock s t and ing o na ne nd ; i n se ta the u pper r i gh tc orner o ft he f r on t . T op e igh t : 8 a nd l e f te dge o f the l e f ts i de b roken . D imen s ion s : 6 3cm x 143 x 10 1 ; v o lume : . 87m 3;w 23 8 t . a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 . 5-5cm t l o co v ,b (racch io) s ecu(ndo) S i lvan° e tA ug ur ino c os , e x o ff ( ic ina) A s ia t ic i , e x c ae(sura) Z os im( i)

a .1 56

4 : Th i s i st he o n ly i n s tance o f t he o ff ic ina n ame w r it n f u l , A s ia t icu s , a s R am say 1 882 , ten i l 2 94 n o . 3 , h ad c orrec t ly g ues s o a l so Dubo is 8 4 ; Monna-Pen sabene 1 977 , 5 4 v en tured s ed ( A s ia t ica . T h i s i n scr ip t ion i st he e ar l ie s t wh ich i nc lude s a l f i ve s t andard i t em s o f t he T ype l I f ormu la : d a te , l o cus a nd b racch ium n umber s , t he n ame o f t he e ng ineer i n c harge o f t he I ff i c ina . c aesura , a nd t he n ame o f t he o 5 : On Z o s imu s , s ee t he n o te o n No . 17 .

N o . 1 23 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . W ide , n ar lock w i th as i ng le i n se ta l ong t he u pper e dge o ft he b ack . D imen s ion s : r ow b e igh t : 1 . 04 t . F ig . 8 0 . 1 09cm x 53 x 69 ; v o lume : . 3 88 m3;w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t l o co v aca t , b (racch io) v aca t B arbaro d R egu lo c os e x o f ( f) i (c ina) A ndae , e x c ae (sura) A lex (andr i)

a . 1 57

1 : The l o cus a nd b racch ium n umber s w ere l e f t b l ank . 3 : T he u se o f p repo s i t ion s i sr a re . D e i sf ound af ew t ime s ( c f . a bove , p . 2 4 ) mo s t ly e ar ly i n t he c en tury ( s ee t he n o te o n No . 7 3) . Ex i sf ound c h ief ly i n t ex t s a soc ia ted w i th t h i s s work shop a nd t he e x trac t ion e ng ineer A lexander ; i nt h e se i t is s t andard ( Nos . 1 25 , 1 27 , 1 29 , 1 31-7 , 1 39 , a nd 1 42 ) . T hree o ft he o ther f our o ccurence s a re a soc ia ted w i th Z o s imu s ( No s . s 1 22 , 1 24 , 1 28 ; 1 82 i st h ird-cen tury ) . T he n ame o f t he o ffc ina i sp rob lema t ica l . Wh i le t here i sa name And iu s ( uncer ta in i

1 38

sib w he ther i ti s ac ognomen , a si n Vo lcac ia And ia [ CIL V I 2 4767 , o r p os ly ag en t i l ic ium , a s sa [ r ence i n And ia Me l is V I , 3 4390 ] ; t hese a re t he o n ly o ccur s i n v o lume V I ) , t he e xp l ic i t u se o f t he g en i t ive c a se i n t he f em in ine i n 2 0 o f t he 2 4 o ccurence s r u le s o u t Andae a st he n ame i) o fa n e ng ineer , a sf or i n s tance i n o ff ( ic ina) P e lag(oni , No . 8 4 e t c . Ad er iva t ion f rom t he s en c i ty o f Andan ia i n Mes ia i si mprobab le ( c on tra s t t he n ame Andan iu s i n t he A lbum o f T imgad , c i ted a s s o d er ived b y A . C ha s tagno l i n l ' Onomas t ique l a the [ Pa r i s 1 977 ] 3 31 . ) A ter g s t te l b et ues ha t Anda , G en i t ive Andae , i s ah i ther to u nat s ted v ar ian t s pe l ing o ft he l o ca l s o sio n ame o f Cybe le ( t he t u te la ry g oddes f t he q uarr ie s ) , Angd i s t i s . And is s ( Gen . ) , Andx i se ( t ( Da t . ) a nd And ixeo s ( Gen . ) , a nd And is Da t .) a re a tes ted a t Mida s C i ty , a bou t 8 0 km t o t he n or th (MA MA V I 3 91 ; 3 95 , 3 99 ; 3 98 ) . S ee f ur ther Rober t 1 980 , 2 36 w i th c i ta t ion s o f o ther l i tera ture . The f i r s t d ec len s ion f orm o f Andae c ou ld b e t he r e su l t o f a rough-and-r eady L a t in iza t ion . C hr i s to l a nd D rew-Bea r 1 98671 p ropo se ac onnec t ion w i th C e l t ic n ame s b eg inn ing w i th an f i nd n o And-(t hey r ead t he n ame i n q ue s t ion a s Andaev (u s ) , t he ir n o . 3 1 = No . 1 21 2;Ic t r ace o f aV , o r a ny l e ter f o low ing t he AE , i n a ny o f t he 2 0 o ccurrence s i n t he n ew t l i n scr ip t ions . T he a u thor s k now o n ly 3i n s tance s ) . A trac t ive a s t h i s s imp le s ugge s t ion i s , i t t w i l n o t d o . No t o n ly i st h e a c tua l n ame u nknown i nA s ia , b u t i n t he s oc ia l e nv ironmen t o f l q uar dm in i s tra tor s a nd s uperv i sor s w e h ave o u t l ined ( above , p . 3 4ff . ) aman w i th s uch a ry a l o ca l n ame wou ld b e mo s to u t o f p lace ; t he o n ly " l oca l " w a s p robab ly f rom ac o lon ia l f am i ly o f P i s id ian An t ioch .

N o . 1 24 S a id b y q uar o h ave b een f ound i ns i tu n ex t t o No . 8 3 ( F ig . 6 1) . F la t e l onga ted r ymen t b lock w i th as ha low i n se t a cros he n ear e dge o f t he t op a nd a cros he u pper h a lf o f t he l s t s t b ack . Upper r i gh t c orner o f t he f ron t ma rked b y a den se n ode o f d ark s ch i s t a nd p ar t ly b roken away . D imen s ion s : 9 6cm x 46 x 1 39 ; v o lume : . 4 87 ; v o lume : 1 . 305 t .

( a ) a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t l o co i i , b (racch io) i i i B arbaro e tR egu lo c os , e x o ff ( ic ina) P e la ( goni i) e x c ae(sura) Zo s i(m i)

a .1 57

( b ) p a in ted a cros he b ack , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 1-15cm s t t P g4 (ma i c os?)

a .1 09?

( b ) T he l e ter s a re v ery f a in t . I ft he r ead ing a nd p ropo sed r e s tora t ion a re r i gh t , t he b lock t i s ra re e v idence t ha tt here w a s a tl e a s ta na temp tt or eu se s o me o ft he b lock ss e ta s ide d ur ing t t he t r ans i t iona l d ecade s 9 0-115 .

N o . 1 25 I n d ebr i s c l eared f r om t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance . Sma l l r e c tangu lar b lock w i th o ne s ma l i n se t a cros he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t . T he l e f t s i de a nd l s t t he n ear e dge ( beh ind t h e i n se t ) o f t he t op a re g ouged a nd c racked . D imen s ion s : 6 6cm x9 5 ros e igh t : 1 . 18 t . F ig . 8 1 . x 70 ; g ros o lume : . 4 39 m3;g s v s w

1 39

s t t a cros he u pper p ane l o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm [ lo]co x i , b (racch io) q u[a(r to)] [ Bairbaro e tR eg(u lo) < cos> e x o f ( fi c ina) A p id(ae) [ cJae[s(ura)] A lex(andr i) •

a . 1 57

•

1 : T he Q l a ck s at a i l . 2 : On t he p repo s i t ion , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . 3 : On t he n ame Andae , s ee t he s ame n o te .

N o . 1 26 sive i R ec tangu lar b lock w i th t wo s ucces n se t s a l ong t h e u pper l e f t e dge o f t he t op , o ne a t t he l ower r i gh t c orner o f t he b ack ( no t v i s ib le i nt he p ho to s i nce b locked b y a no ther b lock ) . s t Af l aw l i ne r un s a cros he f a r l e f t c orner o f t he t op a nd af l aw h o le i so n t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de ; i r on o x ide b l em i she s i n s evera l p lace s . D imen s ion s : 1 51 x 60 x 1 07 ; v o lume : e igh t : . 2 46 . F ig . 8 2 . . 9 17 m 3;w

( a ) u p s ide d own a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -5cm s t t T er tul tS acerdo te c os lo e e x o ff ( ic ina) P e lagon(i , c aes(ura) i) Z os im( i) , l o co i i , b (racch io) q uar( to) i

a .1 58

( b ) p a in ted o n t he b ack ; l e ter s : 8 cm t v i i

2 : T h i s i st he o n ly o ccurence o ft he n ame i nt h i s l onger a bbrev ia t ion ; s ee t he n o te o n N o . 8 4 .

N o . 1 27 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance . F la t r ec tangu lar b lock . L ower r i gh t c orner o f t he f ron t b roken . T h in v e ins o f p urp le , s ome o f b rown . D imen s ion s : 10cm x 40 x 18 ; v o lume : . 5 19 m3;w e igh t : 1 . 39 t . F ig . 8 3 .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t a . 1 58

T er tul tS acerdo te c os lo e e x o ff ( ic ina) A ndae , c aesura A lex(andr i) l o co x c ix , b (racch io) v aca t

2 : A p ecu l ia r i ty o f t h is g roup o f t ex t s i s t he f ondnes or w r i t ing o u t word s n orma ly s f l a bbrev ia ted , a sc aesura h ere a nd i n No . 1 32 ( t hough m is led ) ; i n N os . 1 29 , 1 31 a nd 1 33 i t s pe l i sw r it aesur(a) . On t he n ame Andae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . ten c 3 : T he b racch ium n umber w a s om it . ted nd p robab ly a l so I n scr ip t ion s c u t b y t he s ame h and : No s . 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 37 , 12,a No s . 1 30 , 1 33 , 1 39 a nd 1 42 . S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 29 .

1 40

N o . 1 28 ting i I nd ebr i sc l eared f rom ad eep c ut ne a s tern B acaka le ( Quarry I ) ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . L ow , f l a t l s t s t b lock w i th as ha low i n se ta c ros he r i gh t q ua r ter o ft he f ron t f and ad eeper i n se ta cros he l e f th a lf o f t he l ower e dge o ft he b ack . R igh t e dge o ft he f ron t c racked . D imen s ion s : 11cm e igh t : . 796 t . 7 x 40 x 74 ; v o lume : . 2 87 m3;w

a c ros he t op ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t T e r tul tS acerdo te c o s lo e e x o ff ( ic ina) C on tra , c ae s(ura) Z os i(m i) l o co v aca t , b (racch io) q ua r( to)

a . 1 58

2 : O n t he p repo s i t ion , s ee n o te o n No . 1 23 , a bove . T he c ryp t ica ly n amed o ff i c ina C on tra l ( s o d e s igna ted a l so i n No . 1 50 o f a .1 61) i se xp la ined b y l a ter t ex t s wh ich g ive t he f u l n ame , l ff i c ina i ux ta P ers idem C on tra P ers is ( No s . 1 43 , 1 93 , 1 94 , 2 00 ) a nd t ha t o f t he p a ired ( ? ) o ( No . 1 93 ) . There ' i s s o me u ncer ta in ty a bou t t he d ec len s ion a nd n umber o f P er s i s i n L a t in . P e r s i s i st he n ame o ft he moun ta in i n wh ich t he q uar a s c u t ; s ee f ur ther a bove , p .3 7 , 3 8 . ry w 3 : T he l o cus n umber w as om it . ted N o . 1 29 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . F la t b lock w i th o ne s ma l , s ha low i n se t a tt he l e f tr ear c orner o ft he t op ; n o ta l s i de s l l l o f t h e b lock w ere v i s ib le . D imen s ion s : 1 04cm x 4 3 x9 3 ; a pprox ima te v o lume : . 4 16 m3; a pprox . w e igh t : 1 . 11 t . F ig . 8 4 .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 2 -3cm s t t Q u in t il tP r isco c os lo e e x o ff ( ic ina) A ndae , c aesur(a) A lex(andr i) , l o co x v i , b (racch io) t e r t( io) i i

a . 1 59

2 : O n t he n ame A ndae , s ee t h e n o te o n No . 1 23 . T he l e ter c hanne l s a re h eav i ly p a in ted . t ff i c ina A ndae a nd c aesura A lex(andr i) w ere Mo s t o f t he o ther i n scr ip t ion s l i s t ing t he o he d i s t inc t ive t ouche s o f t h i s c u t b y as i ng le h and : No s . 1 27 , 1 34 , 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 37 , No . 12"T h and a re r i gh t-ang led L s , F sw i th b ar sr i s ing a bove t he h or izon ta l( t he u pper u sua ly l onger ) , l P sa nd R s w i th s ma l l oop st ha t mee t t he v er t ica l b efore r e turn ing t ot he h or izon ta l , V s made l w i th o ne p as f t he c h i se l , a nd e spec ia ly Q s w i th n ea r ly h or izon ta l t a i l s b eg inn ing a t 5 s o l o ' c lock . As econd g roup ( 142 , 1 33 , 1 39 , 1 30 ) p robab ly r epre sen t s as l igh t ly d ifferen t manner o f t he s ame h and s i nce t he l e ter f orm s a re i den t ica l e xcep t p erhaps f or t he A s , s o me o f wh ich t nd c urve s h ave an ear ly v er t ica l l e f ts t roke a nd t he t a ler r i gh ts t roke l e ans l e f ta ta bou t 4 50a l i nwa rd .

1 41

N o . 1 30 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l l 1 985 ) . F ragmen t o f a s ma l c o lumn o f p ure wh i te m a rb le . C o la r a t o ne e nd , o ther e nd s ed w l l d res i thou t c o lar . S urface a bra s ion o n t he s haf t . D imen s ion s : c o lar d ia . : 5 1cm ; d ia . a t e igh t : 1 . 90 m . F ig . 8 5 . s v o ther e nd : 5 0 ; p res . l e ng th : 8 9 ; g ros o lume : . 7 1 m 3;w

a round t he c o lar ; l e ter s : 3 -5cm l t Qu in t il t lo e P r isco c os l o co x v i i c aes(ura) A lex(andr i) b (racch io) q uar( to)

a . 1 59

There a re i ib le p a in ted l e ter s a l ong t he s haf t . leg t T ex t s c u t b y t he s ame h and : No s . 1 27 , 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 37 ,1 2,a nd p robab ly a l so N o s . 1 33 , 1 39 , 1 42 . S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 29 .

N o . 1 31 A t t he f oo t o ft he d ebr i s t i p ( on t he N s i de ) wh ich f o rm s t he s t ag ing a nd s t ockp i l ing a r ea ( a s w e l a s r epo s i tory f or a nc ien t p iece s ) t o t he W o f t h e e n trance o f B acaka le ( J u ly 1 984 ) . l Mo s t b u t n o t a l o f t he d ebr i s w a s c om ing f rom Quar I , i mmed ia te ly N o f B acaka le . l ry V I C a refu ly s t ep-cu t b lock , r a ther f l a t . Two s ucces n se t s ( f rom t he b ot ) a l ong t h e l sive i tom f ron t , a nd t wo s im i lar b u t b roader o ne s a l ong t he r i gh t s i de . V ery l i t le c o lor i nt he marb le . t e igh t : 1 . 28 t . Modera te e dge a bra s ion . D imen s ion s : 1 42cm x 42 x 1 03 : v o lume : . 4 78 m 3;w T race s o f m in ium i n t he l e ter s . t

o n t he u pper s t epped s urface o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm t [Q]u[ i]pl i]l tP r isco c os i l [o] e e x o f ( fi c ina) A ndae , c ae sur(a) A lex (andr i) , l o co x xx i , b (racch io) t e r t( io) i i i

a . 1 59

2 : On t he n ame Andae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 .

N o . 1 32 B lock b ur ied i n d ebr is i n t he e n trance o f B acaka le w i th o ne s urface e xpo sed b y a cces s r oad c u t t h rough t he a nc ien t d ebr i s ( Ju ly 1 983 ; a l o f t h i s d ebr i s h ad b een c l ea red b y J une l 1 985 . I n se t s a tt he l ower l e f t a nd u pper r i gh t c orner s o f t he f ron t ; o n ly t he u pper l e f t e dge o f t he t op i sv i s ib le a nd mea surab le . T he r i gh t h a lf o f t he u pper e dge o f t he f r on t b roken . A v er t ica l t r im l i ne i nc i sed a cros he r i gh t s i de i nd ica tes t ha t f ur ther d res ad b een s t sing h i n tended b efore t he b lock w a s c ondemned . D imen s ion s : 1 42cm x 45 x 94 ; a pp rox . v o lume : pprox . w e igh t : 1 . 80 t . . 6 0m 3;a

o n t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -3 .5cm t

1 42

a . 1 59

Q u in t il tP r isco c o s lo e e x o f ( fi c ina) A ndae , c asura A lex(andr i) , l o co x xxx i b (racch io) t e r t( io)

1 : T he t op h a lf o f t he l e t ter s o f t he l a s t t wo word s h a s b een b roken a way b u t t he r ead ing i sc l ear . 2 : T he C o f c a[e]sura c on t inue s t o f orm t he A ; t he l e t ter c ut ter may h ave i n tended ( bu t n eg lec ted ) t o l i ga ture a n Eo n to t he A . On t he n ame A ndae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 .

N o . 1 33 I n d ebr i s i n s ide B acaka le b u t n o t i ns i tu . Sma l l , r egu la r r ec tangu lar b lock w i th n o i n se t s ; s o me a bra s ion a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 8 3cm x 4 0 x9 7 ; v o lume : e igh t : . 8 57 t . . 3 2m 3;w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t i nf tP i lo e tP r isco [dos Q us e x o f ( fi c ina) A ndae , c aesur(a) A lex(andr i) , l o co x cv i , b (racch io) t e r t( io)

a . 1 59

1 : T he t ops o ft he l e ter s o f t he f i r s t word a re d amaged . T he N i sf o lowed b y t hree s t roke s t l wh ich c an b e r econ s truc ted a s a bove o r a s Q u in t i lo . A l though D egras ives t h i s a s a n si g a l terna te s pe l ing i n c on su lar d a te s , i ti sn o t p a ra le led a tt he q uar s ; t he s pe l ing w i th t he l l rie l d oub le L a nd l i ga tured NT i sv ery c ommon . nd p robab ly a l so I n scr ip t ion sc u tb y t he s ame h and : No s . 1 27 , 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 37 , 12 a No s . 1 30 , 1 39 , 1 42 . S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 29 . 2 : On t he n ame A ndae , s he n o te o n No . 1 23 . ee t

N o . 1 34 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance . F la t r ec tangu lar b lock w i th n o i n se t s . Much e dge a bra s ion ; mo s t o f t he r i gh t e dge o f t he t op i s e igh t : 1 . 1529 b roken . C a lc ium e ncru s ta t ion . D imen s ion s : 1 35cm x7 3 x4 5 ; v o lume : . 4 3 m 3;w t .

a l ong t he r ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm t Qu in t il tP [r i]sco c os lo e e x o f ( fi c ina) A ndae , c ae s(ura) A lex(andr i) l o co c xxv , b (racch io) t e r t ( io)

a . 1 59

2 : On t he n ame Andae , s e t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . e nd p robab ly a l so No s . 1 30 , 1 33 , Cu t b y t he s ame h and : No s . 1 27 , 1 29 , 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 37 , 12 a 1 39 fa nd 1 42 . S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 29 .

1 43

No . 1 35 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 985 ) . Sma l l r ec tangu lar b lock w i th s ma l l i n se t s a tt he l ower r i gh t c orner o f t he b ot tom a nd a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op . B o th u pper c orner s o f t he f r on t b roken . D imen s ions : 10cm e igh t : 1 . 849 t . x7 6 x 83 ; v o lume : . 6 9m 3;w

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t [Qu i]n t il tP r isco c os , e x o f ( fi c ina) A ndae l(o) e [ c]aes(ura) A lex(andr i) l o co c xxxx ix , b (racch io) t e r t i(o)

a . 1 59

1 : On t he n ame A ndae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . Cu t b y t he s ame h and : No s . 1 27 , 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 36 , 1 37 , N o . 12 a nd p robab ly a l so No s . 1 30 , 1 33 , 1 39 , 1 42 . S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 29 .

N o . 1 36 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . S quar i sh b lock w i th n o i n se t s . T he i n scr ibed s urface i sb eve led a ta bou t4 5° b e tween l t he f ron t a nd t op ; t he l ower e dge o f t h i s s urface i sg ouged . D imen s ion s : 7 4cm x 5 7 x8 0 ; e igh t : . 8 291 t . v o lume : . 3 05 m3;w

a cros he b eve led s urface , u ps ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t l t Q u in t il tP ir isco c os l [o e e x o f ( fi c ina) A ndae , c aes(ura) A lex (andr i) l o co c lxxv i i i b r (acch io) q uar t(o)

a . 1 59

2 : On t he n ame Andae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . nd p robab ly a l so No s . 1 42 , 1 33 , Cu t b y t he s ame h and : No s . 1 27 , 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 35 , 1 37 , 12,a 1 30 , 1 39 . S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 29 .

N o . 1 37 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . Sma l b lock w i th o ne i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he l e f t s i de . D imen s ion s : 1 28cm l x5 5 x 47 ; v o lume : . 3 2m 3;w e igh t : . 8 58 t . F ig . 8 6 .

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 4 -5 s t t Q u in t il tP r isco c os lo e e x o f ( fi c ina) A ndae , c aes(ura) A lex(andr i) l o co c lxxx i b (racch io) q uar t(o)

2 : On t he n ame A ndae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 .

1 44

a . 1 59

nd p robab ly a l so No s . 1 33 , C u t b y t he s ame h and : N o s . 1 27 , 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 35 , 1 36 , No . 12,a 1 30 , 1 39 , 1 42 . S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 29 . T he l a s t t wo l i ne s a re i n ad ifferen t h and .

N o . 1 38 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . R egu lar b lock ; t he f ron ta nd t op a re s aw c u t , t he o ther s i des p ick d res nt he u sua l s ed i e igh t : . 9 33 t . F ig . 8 7 . R ecorded f a sh ion . D imen s ion s : 14cm x 109 x2 8 ; v o lume : . 3 48 m3;w b y I .S .

a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f r on t ; l e ter s : 4 cm ; much p a in t i n g roove s t Q u in t il tP r isco c os lo e e x o f ( fi c ina) A ndae , c aesu(ra) A lex(andr i) , d e l o co c xcv i , b (racch io) q ua[r( to)]

a . 1 59

O n t he n ame Andäe , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 .

N o . 1 39 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . Sma l s quare b lock . B ot o t d res ; r i gh t a nd l e f t s i de s a re b roken s urfaces t o l t om n s ed b e d res s v er t ica l t r im l i ne s i nc i sed o n t he r i gh t a nd l e f t s i de s o f t he f ron t i nd ica te . s ed a D imen s ion s : 9 2cm x 5 6 x 40 ; v o lume : . 2 0m 3;w e igh t : . 5 36 t .

a c ros he t op ; l e ter s n o t m ea sured s t t Q u in t il tP r isco c os lo e e x o ff ( ic ina) A ndae , c aes (ura) A lex (andr i) l o co cc lxx i , i i i b (racch io) s ecun(do)

a . 1 59

On t he n ame Andae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . Cu t b y t he s ame h and : No s . 1 27 , 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 37 , 12 a nd p robab ly a l so No s . 1 30 , 1 33 a nd 1 42 . S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 29 . N o . 1 40 I n t he y ard o ft he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . P ar t ia ly d re ssed b lock l o f wh i te marb le . A d eep i n se t i sr eces n to t he r ear o ne t h ird o f t he t op . T he t op a nd s ed i s i de s a re p ick d res ; q uar ick mark s v i s ib le o n t he f ron t . T he s urface a nd f a r e dge o f s ed r y-p t h et op a re much g ouged . Aw ide f l awed a rea r un s a cros he t op . D imen s ion s : 1 69cm x 1 29 s t );w e igh t : 4 . 42 t . F ig . 8 8 . x8 0 ; v o lume : 1 . 65 r n.

a c ros he t op ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t a . 1 59

[ Qu in t il tP r isco c os l o] e o ff ( ic ina) A ndae , c aes(ura ) A lex (andr i) l o co cc lxxxxv b r (acch io) q uar t(o)

1 45

2 : On t he n ame Andae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . T he l e ter s a re v ery s quare , a nd l i ga ture s t a re a vo ided . T he h and i sd i s t inc t ly d ifferen tf rom t ha to ft he h and i den t if icab le i nt h e l a rge g roup o f t h i s d a te ( s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 29 ) . C ompare e spec ia ly t he F , much more l r ec t i l inear t ha t t ha t o f t he o ther g roup . N o . 1 41 On Sr im o f B acaka le , a ta bou t t he m idpo in t ; n o t i na ny c on tex t , p roven ience u nknown ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . L ow r ec tangu lar b lock i ncomp le te ly d res : o n ly t he t op ( i n sc r ibed ) i s s ed s moo thed ; l e f t s i de a na nc ien t b reak ; f ron t a nd r i gh ts i de s u nf in i shed ; b ot aw c u t . Two t om s p ara l le l i nc i sed t r im l i nes r un f rom t he n ear e dge t wo t h ird s o ft he d ep th o ft he t op a nd t hen a re e x tended b y p a in ted l i ne s . T hey i nd ica te s ucces t age s i n d res t here i sg ros sive s sing ( sly f l awed r ock o n t h i s s i de ) marked o u t , p erhap s , b y af oreman who moved a r ound t he s v work shop w i th p a in t a nd b ru sh i n h and . D imen s ion s : 1 37cm x3 8 x8 6 ; g ros o lume : . 4 5m 3; g ros e igh t : 1 . 34 t . F ig . 8 9 . s w

l e ter s : l i ne 1 ,7 cm ; o ther l i ne s , 4 -5 t [ loco. .Jxxx i , b r(acch io) v aca t [Qu in t il t ] P r isco c os l o? e [ off ( ic ina) ..JC , c aes(u ra) Z os( im i) [ . . b r(acch io) s ecund(o)

a .1 59?

2 : O ther o rd inary c onsu l s w i th t he c ognomen P r i scu s h e ld o ff ice i n 7 8 ( t he e ar l ie s t s ecure d a te f rom t he q uarr ies i s9 2 ) , 1 49 , 1 95 , a nd 1 96 . 1 59 i sr ecommended b y t he n umber o f b lock s b ear ing t he s ame d a te a nd b ecau se Z o s imu s i sw e l a tes ted i n t h i s d ecade . T he y ear l t 1 49 i st he b e s t s econd c ho ice .

N o . 1 42 I n d ebr i s w i th in B acaka le b u t n o t i n s i tu ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . Ob long b lock w i th ad eep i n se t a l ong t he l ower r i gh t e dge o f t he b ot nd as ma l i n se t a tt he l e f t r ear c orner o f t he t o. t om a l Upper r i gh t c orner o f t he f ron t b roken . D imen s ion s : 5 3cm x 7 8 x1 39 ; v o lume : . 4 3m . ); w e igh t : 1 . 152 . F ig . 9 0 .

a cros hor t e nd ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s as t ( p i) HEIA Qu in t il tP r is[co] lo e c os , e x o f ( fi c ina) A ndae c aesu(ra) A lex(andr i) , l o co c [ .] . b (racch io) q uar t(o)

a .1 59

1 : T he s econd l e ter s eem s t o b e a n A : t he l e f t s t roke i sn o t v i s ib le , b u t t he b ar i sa nd t h e t c urv ing r i gh ts t roke ma tche st ha to ft he o ther A si nt h e t ex t . T he s ense o ft he se G reek l e ter s t i sn o t c l ear ; c f . t he n o te o n No . 8 . 2 : On t he n ame Andae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . nd p robab ly a l so No s . T ex t sc u tb y t he s ame h and : No s . 1 27 , 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 35 , 1 36 , 1 37 , No . 12,a 1 30 , 1 33 , 1 39 , 1 42 . S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 29 .

1 46

N o . 1 43 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom Quar Quarry I ) ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . E longa ted r ec tangu lar b lock a t ry I ( t he b ot f as t ack o f b l ock s . L ef t s i de b roken . I nacces le . t om o sib

a cros he f ron t : l e ter s : 5 cm s t t B radua d Varo c os , o ff ( ic ina) C on tra P ers( is) c aes(ura) C laud( ian i) l o co x i , b (racch io) q ua r( to) i i i

1 : On t he

o ff

a . 1 60

c ina C on tra P ers is , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 28 . i N o . 1 44

I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped a t t he s i de o f t he e n trance r oad i n to B acaka le ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . F la t r ec tangu lar b lock w i th n o i n se t s ; e n t ire l e f t s i de a nd l ower e igh t : 1 . 62 r i gh tc orner o ft he f ron tb roken . D imen s ion s : 1 02cm x4 5 x 18 ; v o lume : . 5 4m 3;w t . F ig . 9 1 .

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t B radua g tV aro c os f o li lf ic ina) E phes( iana) , c aesur(a) [C lau]d ian i , l o co l i x , b (racch io) q u[ar( to)]

a . 1 60

2 : T he n ame o ft he o ff i c ina E phes iana o rE fes( iana) ( c f . No . 1 57 ) , p erhap s s ugge s t s ag roup o f men who c a me f rom E phe su s , where w e k now t ha t t here w a s af l our ish ing marb le t r ade a nd e x ten s ive q uarr ies n earby a tB e lev i ( JÖAI 4 5 [ 1959 ] 1 42ff . ; o n t he q uarr ie s , s ee Monnaf . I ti sa l so p os le t ha t t he Pen sabene 1 977 , 1 31ff . , a nd n ow Wae lken s e t a l . 1 986 , 1.6 sib o ffc ina E phes iana r efer s t o t he c u l t o f A r tem i s t here o r e ven more v ague ly s imp ly t o t he i f ame o f t he c i ty ( i n t he t h ird c en tury Doc im ium w en t s o f ar a st oc on trac t af orma l a l iance l w i th E phesu s : t he c o in l e gend E phes iön D ok imeön h omono ia , F . I mh000f , Z ur g r iech . u nd r öm . Munz . , p . 1 48) . D rew-Bear ( 1986 ) p ub l i she s t wo t ex t s m en t ion ing t he s ame o ff i c ina ff ( ic ina) E phe ; No . 18 2 o ff ( ic ina) E ph ) wh ich h e c omp le te s E phesi t may ( No . 15 2, o i. I w e l b e n amed a f ter aman r a ther t han more d escr ip t ive ly ; t he f ac t t ha t t he n ame E phe s iu s l i so n r ecord i sh ard ly d ec i s ive ( he c i tes D rew-Bear , E p igr . A na t . 1[ 1983 ] 9 1 n . 1 5 , a nd t here a re t hree e xamp le s i n C IL V I ) . I tw i l n eed o ne o f t he r a re t ex t s wh ich w r i te o u t n ame s i n l f u l t o d ec ide . l 3 : Da nd Ia re c l ear ; t here s eem s t ob e t he f a in t b ar o fa n Al i ga tured i n to t he N . T he s ame l i ga ture i su sed i n No . 1 46 . T he i n scr ip t ion w a s c u t b y t he s ame h and a s No . 1 46 , No . 2 3 2, a nd p robab ly No . 1 57 . T h i s l e terer h ad a n i n exper ienced h and t ha t h ad d iff icu l ty w i th t c urv ing s t roke s a nd s o t r ied t o r e so lve t hem i n to s t ra igh t o ne s wherever p os le ( t h i s i s sib p ar t icu lar ly s t r ik ing i n h i s S s a nd P s w i th t he ir v ery s ma l l op s ) . T he l e f t d iagona l o f t he l o A s mee t s t he r i gh t d iagona l a ti t s m idpo in t i n s tead o fj o in ing i t s e nd a s u sua l a nd s ome t ime s a ted 1 61, t hen l e an s b ack t oward t h e h or izon ta l ; b ar s o ft he A sa re mo s t ly l a ck ing . No . 2 3 2,d i s cl ear ly b y t he s ame h and , b u tn ow t he A sh ave b ecome at r ademark , a nd o ther l e ter s b eg in t t o b e r ounded . B y 1 65 h e h ad g a ined f l uency .

1 47

N o . 1 45 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 983 ) . Wedge-shaped b lock t aper ing t oa n e dge a cros s t he b ack ; s ha l low i n se t a l ong t h e l e f t e dge o f t he f ron t . G ros s d imen s ion s : 1 44cm x 36 x 70 .

a cros s t he t op ; l e t ter s : 4 cm B radua g i Varo c os o ff ( ic ina) A ndae , c aesu(ra) A lex (andr i) l o co l x , ( kappa) r (ecens i tum)

a .1 60

2 : On t he n ame Andae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . 3 : A s e l sewhere , t he G reek n umber ( 20 , i fi ti s an umber r a ther t han a n a bbrev ia t ion ) d oes n o t s imp ly r epea t t he Roman n umera l . S ee t he n o te o n ( kappa) ( ep s i lon) i n No . 3 0 a nd c f . No . 1 98 .

No . 1 46 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly s ed h l 1 984 ) . S quar i sh s t ep-cu t b lock ; t he f ron t i sr eces or izon ta ly a tm id h e igh t ; l a rge i n se t s a t t he f ron t u pper r i gh t a nd l e f t c orner s . D imen s ion s : 1 35cm x 6 3 x6 2 ; v o lume : . 4 51 m 3; w e igh t : 1 . 21 t . F ig . 9 2 .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t a .1 60

B radua e tV aro c os o ff ( ic ina) P e lag(oni , c aesur(a) i) C laud ian( i) l o co l xv i , b (racch io) q uar( to)

Cu t b y t he s ame h and a s No . 1 44 a nd p robab ly No . 1 57 .

N o . 1 47 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . Sma l b lock w i th a n i n se ta l ong t he r i gh t e dge o ft h e b ot , s ha low i n se t a c ros e f t l t om l s l t h ird o f t he t op , a nd s ma l i n se t a t t he l ower l e f t c orner o f t he t op . No t mea su red . ; n o l p ho tograph .

( a ) o n t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4 ; t r ace s o f p a in t t a . 1 60

B radua e tV aro c os o ff ( ic ina) P e lag(oni , c aes(ura) i) C laud ian i , l o co b (racch io) q uar( to) , xi xi

( b ) o n t he t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 cm t

1 48

( de l ta) ( nu)

t ter a ted l ( a ) 3 : T he l e ter c ut dded t he om it o cus n umber a tt he e nd o f t he n ex t l i ne s i nce l i ne l 3r un s t ot he e dge o f t he b lock , b u t i ti so dd t ha t h e f a i led t ou se t he s pace h e h ad c arefu ly l e f t a tt he b eg inn ing o f l i ne 4 . t ( b ) On s i ng le o r s hor t g roup s o f G reek l e ter s , s ee t he n o te o n No . 4ia nd a bove , p .2 5 .

N o . 1 48 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l 1 983 ) . R ec tangu la r b lock w i th ap ro jec t ion o n t he l e f ts i de a nd as ma l i n se t a tt he n ear l e f t c o rner o f t he t op . F ar ther e dge o f t he t op v ery a braded . D imen s ion s : n o t mea sured . F ig . 9 3 .

dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 5 cm t ( a ) b e low t he f ar Se f limp(era tore) A n ton in° n (os tro) i i f el t I f mp(era tore)] V ero n (os tro) i c os , o ff ( ic ina) A nda(e) c aes(ura) F ab i , l o co x

a . 1 61

( b ) b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 1 0cm t r (ecens i tum)

( a ) On t he n ame o f t he

o ff

c ina , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . i

T he l e ter s ty le i sh igh ly d i s t inc t ive a nd a ppear s a ga in i n No s . 1 49 , 1 50 , 1 51, 1 52 , 1 55 , a nd t he l e ter s a re c a refu ly s haped a nd u nu sua l i n t he ir s quare modu le b u t l a ck s e r if s N o . 2 4 2.T t l o r o ther embe l i shmen t . A l t he l i ne s a re p erfec t ly r ec t i l inear ; t he c urved s t roke s a re l l c ompas egmen t s o f ac i rc le , e ven t he S s . T he f orma l i ty a nd e ven monumen ta l i ty s -drawn s o ft he l e ter ing c on tra s t s s harp ly w i th t he t ha to f t he ma jor i ty o fq uarry i n scr ip t ion s . T here t a r e s ma l d ifferences f rom i n scr ip t ion t o i n scr ip t ion ( f or i n s tance , a vo idance o f l i ga ture i n l N o s . 1 48 a nd 1 52 ; t he t a i l o f t he Q c urves b ack t o t he l i ne i n 1 52 b u t n o t i n 1 49 ) , b u t t here i sn o d oub t t ha t t he s ame h and i sa t work . S ee f ur ther , a bove , p . 4 0 .

N o . 1 49 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . S quare b lock w i th i n se t s a l ong n ear e dge a nd n ear l e f t c orner o f t he f ron t a nd a no ther , s l igh t ly s ha lower , a l ong t he f ar ther h a lf o f t he l e f t e dge o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : l ros o lume : . 9 4 t . F ig . 9 4 . 8 9cm x 65 x 5 4 ; g ros o lume : . 3 1 m3;g s v s v

a c ros he t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 . 5cm s t t I mp A n ton i (no) n (os tro) i i e tI mp V ero n (os tro) i c os , o ff ( ic ina) A ndae c aes(ura) Domes( t ic i) l o co x l i , b (racch io) q uar ( to) i i

a . 1 61

1 49

ten i 1 : T h i s a bbrev ia t ion o f An ton inu s i so dd ; s i nce t here i se nough s pace t o h ave w r it ti n l l f u l , t here w a s n o n eed t o a bbrev ia te a ta l . 3 : On t he n ame A ndae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 . 4 : ( a ) T he n ame D ome s ( t icu s ) a ppear s a bbrev ia ted t hu s t h ree t ime s ( No s . 1 49 , 1 52 a nd 1 56 ) s i s i na soc ia t ion w i th t he o ffc inae A ndae a nd A s ia t ic i . An ame s hor tened Dom . , a l so a soc ia ted ff i c inae i n t he s ame d ecades ( No s . 1 0 , 1 50 , 1 53-54 , 1 65 [ no o ff i c ina l i s ted ] , w i th t he s ame o s tb e t he s ame man b ecau se t wo p rom inen tf i gures c ou ld n o t h ave c hanced b e ing No . 3 7 2)mu c onfu sed o n o ff ic ia l d ocumen t s . Dome s t icu s w a s a common e nough c ognomen , e spec ia ly l among f r eedmen a nd t he ir d escendan t s ;e . g . , Q .L usc iu sG aur i1 (i b er tus) H i larus ; T i .C laud ius G auros ; L . A qu i l ius G aurus L (uc i) 1 ( iber tus) , a l a t R ome ( CIL V I 2 1694 , 1 9733 , 1 8943 , i l 7 449 ) . T he t ex t w a s c u t b y t he s ame h and a s t ha t o f No s . 1 48 , 1 50 , 1 51, 1 52 , a nd 1 55 ; s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 48 .

N o . 1 50 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom Quar Ju ly 1 984 ) . F la t r e c tangu lar b lock s t acked u p o n as hor t ry I ( s i de ; s ma l i n se t a tt he l ower l e f t c orner o f t he f ron t . D imens ion s : 1 34cm x 5 5 x8 ; v o lume : l e igh t : 1 . 738 t . . 6 45 m 3;w

( a ) o n t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 cm t I mp(era tore) A n ton( ino) i i e t V ero i c os , o ff ( ic ina) C on tr(a) , c aes(ura) Dom(es t ic i)

a .1 6 1

( b ) o n t he l e f t s i de , a l ong t he r i gh t e dge ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm t b (racch io) q uar( to)

( c ) o n t he l e f t s i de , a l ong t he l e f t e dge ; l e ter s : 5 cm t l o co x xv i i i

T he l e ter s w ere c u t b y t he s ame h and a s No s . 1 48 , 1 49 , 1 51, 1 52 , a nd 1 55 ; s ee t h e n o te o n t No . 1 48 . N o . 1 51 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . S quare b lock w i th i n se ta l ong r i gh th a lf o ft he n ear e dge o ft he t op a nd t he r i gh t e dge o f t he b ack . T he l ower r i gh t c orner o f t he r i gh t s i de i sb roken . D imen s ion s : 8 7cm x 8 0 x 7 6 . Vo lume : . 5 19 m3;w e igh t : 1 . 39 t . F ig . 9 5 .

( a ) a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm t I mp (era tore) A n ton ino n (os tro) i i e tI mp(era tore) V ero n (os tro) i c os o ff (i c ina) P e lag(on i) , c aes(ura) C laud( ian i) i

1 50

a .1 61

( b ) i mmed ia te ly b e low ( a ) ; l e ter s : 8 cm t r (ecens i tum)

( c ) o n t he r i gh t s i de , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm t l o co x xxx[ .ca .2 .] . . ( a ) The t ex t w a s c u t b y t he s ame h and a s No s . 1 48 , 1 49 , 1 50 , 1 52 , a nd 1 55 ; s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 48 . ( b ) A l a ter a dd i t ion i n amuch more c ur s ive h and .

N o . 1 52 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . S quare b lock ; o ne i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . Upper r i gh t o f f ron t c racked . D imen s ion s : 9 4cm x 61 x 4 4 ; g ros o lume : . 2 5m 3;g ros e igh t : . 6 7 t . F ig . 9 6 . s v s w

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t b (racch io) q uar t[(o )] , Rus t ic° i et A qu i l ino c os o ff ( ic ina) A s ia t ic( i ) , c aesur(a ) i Domes( t ic i) , l o co l x i

a . 1 62

The h and i st he s ame a s t ha t o f No s . 1 48 , 1 49 , 1 50 , 1 51 a nd 1 55 ; s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 48 .

N o . 1 53 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . L ong n ar lock i n t he s hape o f f our c ube s o f d ecrea s ing s i ze ; u pper h a lf o f t he r ow b f ron t ( l arge s t c ube ) i sr e ces . T r im l i nes o n t he f ron t a nd t op e v iden t ly i nd ica te a rea s s ed d amaged i n a n t iqu i ty t ob ec u t a way . D imen s ion s : 1 21cm x6 5 x2 10 ; g ros o lume : 1 . 53 m3; s v g ros e igh t : 4 . 098 t . s w

( a ) o n t he r eces er t ica l s urface o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm ; p rom inen t t r aces o f p a in t s ed v t R us t ico i e tA qu i l ino c os o ff ( ic ina) A nd(ae) , c aes(ura) Dom(es t ic i) i b (racch io) i i , l o co c v i

a . 1 62

t ( b ) p a in ted o n t he l ower v er t ica l s urface o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 7 -9cm A n(dae?) l o co l xxxx i bf r e teehie -Fqu e t rf te 9

( a ) I ti sc l ear t ha t ap a in ted t ex t p receded t he i n scr ibed o ne h ere s i nce t he t a i l o ft he Q ( l ine 1 ) i sp a in ted b u t n o t i n c i sed , a nd t he s econd D ( l ine 2 ) i sp a in ted much l a rger t han i tw a s l a c tua ly c u t . T h i s i sn o t t h e s ame h and a s No s . 1 48 , 1 49 , 1 51 , 1 52 , a nd 1 55 .

1 51

sed o ( b ) L ine s 2a nd 3 o f t he p a in ted t ex t s h ave b een c ros u t w i th n ea t h or izon ta l l i ne s t t h rough t he m idd le o ft he l e ter s , c er ta in ly b ecau se t he l o cus n umber w a s i ncorrec t . T ex t ( a ) w a s p robab ly p a in ted when ( b ) w a s s t ruck o u t . ff i c ina . On I fA n(dae) i st he c orrec tr e s tora t ion , i t is a u n ique s ho r thand n o ta t ion o ft he o t he n ame A ndae , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 23 .

N o . 1 54 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . R ec tangu lar s l ab l ike b lock w i th a sha low i n se t a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e igh t : . 5 09 . p ar t ly c overed b y a no ther b lock . D imen s ion s : 6 0cm x9 4 x3 3 ; v o lume : . 1 9m 3;w F ig . 9 7 .

u pward s o n an ar i de ; l e ter s : 4 cm r ow s t [ Lae l iano e t] P as tore dos] [ o] fi f ic ina) A s ia t( ic i) , c aes(ura) Dom(es t ic i) l o co l v i , b (racch io) q uar( to) i i i M X

a . 1 63

4 : T he mean ing o f t he se w ide ly s epara ted l e ter s i sn o t c l ear . T hey d o n o t a ppear t o b e t n umber s , b u t i ti sp os le t ha t t he X i sa c tua ly t he t op o f aw ea thered d e l ta r epea t ing t he sib l b racch ium n umber a s i n No s . 1 55 a nd 3 7 2. T he h and i sn o t t ha t o f No . 1 53 a nd t he g roup o f No s . 1 48 , 1 49 , 1 51 , 1 52 , a nd 1 55 .

N o . 1 55 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . S quar i sh b lock w i th s ha low i n se t sa l ong t he r i gh ta nd l e f t e dge s o f t he f ron t . Af l aw l l i ne r un s d own t he f ron t n ear t he r i gh t i n se t . D imens ion s : 1 23cm x8 9 x4 3 ; v o lume : . 4 39 m 3; w e igh t : 1 . 177 t . F ig . 9 8 . R ecorded b y I .S .

( a ) a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 . 5-4cm s t t a . 1 64

Macr ino e tC e lso c os o ff ( ic ina) A s ia t( ic i) , c aes(ura) Dom(es t ic i) , l o co x xx i , b (racch io) q uar( to) i i

( b ) o n t he n ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 1 3cm t ( de l ta)

( a ) L ine 4 is i n l a rger l e ter s a nd s epara ted b y t he s pace o f al i ne f r om t he r e s t o f t he t ex t , t b u tt he h and i sv ery s im i lar ( i t i st he s ame d i s t inc t ive h and a st ha to f No s . 1 48 , 1 49 , 1 50 , 1 51, a nd 1 52 ; s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 48 , a bove ) . T he l o cus a nd b racch ium n umber s w ere p robab ly i n scr ibed b y t he s ame l e tercut f ter ( o r p erhap s b efore ) h e c u t t he l a rger t ex t . t ter a ( b ) No . 3 7 h a s ad e l ta i mmed ia te ly f o low ing t he b racch ium n umber a nd c l ear ly r epea t ing l i t ; t he s ame mu s t b e t r ue h ere t oo e ven t hough t he d e l ta i so n ad ifferen t f ace .

1 52

N o . 1 56 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . F la t r ec tangu lar b lock ; i n se t s a tt he f ron t a nd r ea r r i gh t c orner s o f t he t op a nd a l ong s u t h e l e f t e dge o f t he t op . B roken a rea s a cros pper h a lf o f t he f ron t a nd o n t he t op . e igh t : 1 . 468 . D imen s ion s : 8 7cm x 50 x 1 26 ; v o lume : . 5 23 m 3;w

a c ros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t [ ...c os , o ff ( ic ina)] [ -ca . 4 -5-]N , c aes(ura) D omes( t ic i) l o co x i , b (racch io) q ua r t(o) i i i

2 . E nough o f t he N r ema in s t o b e s ure t ha t t here i sn o Dl i ga tured t o i t ; t h i s s eem s t o r u le o u t o ff i c ina A ndae . No o ff i c ina n ames o n r ecord a re a bbrev ia ted s o a s t o e nd w i th N ; t h i s may t herefore b e an ew n ame .

N o . 1 57 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . S quare b lock w i th a n i n se ta l ong t he u pper e dge o ft he f ron ta nd t wo s ucces t ep s sive s a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . D imen s ion s : 7 8cm x 9 5 x1 02 ; v o lume : . 7 05m 3; w e igh t : 1 . 89 t .

o n t he f ron t , r unn ing u pward ;l e ter s : 4 . 5-5cm t O rf i to e tP uden te c os , o ff i(c ina) E p _ h _es( iana) , c aes(ura) A lex(andr i) l o co l v , b (racch io) i i i

a . 1 65

2 : T he o ffc ina E phes iana i sa l so a te s ted i n No . 1 44 ( s ee t he n o te t here o n t he n ame ) . T he i t t ex ts s t o h ave b een c u t b y t he s ame h and a s No s . 1 44 a nd 1 46 ; t he s l igh td ifferences c an eem b e a ccoun ted f or b y t he i n terven ing f i ve y ea r s o fe xper ience , b u t t he c ha rac ter i s t ica ly s t iff l a ted s imp ly O rf i to c os , p robab ly b e longs t o t he y ear 1 65 S s a r e s t i l n o t iceab le . No . 15 2,d l t oge ther w i th t h i s t ex t .

N o . 1 58 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . S quare b lock w i th o ne i n se t a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op . D imen s ion s : 8 6cm x 59 e igh t : . 9 65 t . F ig . 9 9 . x 71 ; v o lume : . 3 6m 3;w

( a ) o n t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm t S evero i c os e x r a t( ione) S yr( i) i l

a . 1 73

1 53

t ( b ) a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 1 0cm i v i , b (racch io) i i

( c )

t a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 7 cm b (racch io) t e r t( io)

( a ) 1 : T he a pparen t Vv i s ib le i n t he p ho tograph a t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h i s l i ne i s ar andom g ouge . 2 : T he n umber i i p robab ly n umber s t he p ieces wh ich S yru s p roduced d ur ing 1 73 . T h i s i s rie t he o n ly i n scr ip t ion f ound a tt he q uar s wh ich c arr ie s t he f ormu la e x r a t ione . O therw i se i ti sf ound o n ly o n o ther f ew b lock s ( da ted 9 6 , 9 9 , a nd 1 00 ) d redged f rom t he c ana l wh ich 8 2,9 1 2;9 2b 2, l i nk s t he T iber a nd t he C laud ian a nd T ra jan ic h arbor sa tP or tus ( No s . 8 3-85 2,8 p ub l ished b y L anc ian i i n 1 868 , i sp robab ly f rom t he s ame p lace ) . T h i s l a te b lock p roves t ha t t he s y s tem o fe xp lo i ta t ion t h rough i ndependen tc on trac tor s h ad l i ved o n , h owever t enuous ly , a f ter t he g rea tr eorgan iza t ion o ft he e a r ly s econd c en tury . We d o n o tn orma ly e xpec t Roman l i n s t i tu t ion s t od i sappear w i thou t t r ace , a nd t here h ad b een e ar l ier h in t s t ha ts uch w a s n o t t h e c a se . A b lock o f p avonazze to ( ? ) , d a ted 1 46 , a t t he Mu seo d e le Nav i ( a cc . n o . 3 9920 ) , t l F ium ic ino , c a rr ie s t he p hra se e x r a t( ione) C l[aud i] . A b lock r ecen t ly d redged f ro m t h e i F ium ic ino ( O s t ia Mu seum a cc . n o . 3 6748 ) i sd a ted 1 64 , a nd t he f ormu la e x r (a t ione) i s f o lowed b yt he n ame o fa n Aure l iu s [ -D ot acc in i k ind ly w r i te s t ha ts he d oe s n o t l t.s sa B c on s ider t h i s b lock t ob e p avonazze to . Iam i nc l ined t oa gree , o na ccoun t o ft he c ry s ta l s i ze ; t b u t Ih ave s een a t t he q uar s s o me l a rger-gra ined p avonazze to w i th t he s ame m icaceou s rie t s ch i s t wh ich a t f i r s t s i gh t make s t he F ium ic ino b lock a noma lou s , a nd i f t he b l ock i s n o t p avonazze to , i ti sn o t c l ear wha t k ind o f marb le m igh t a c tua ly b e . t l

N o . 1 59 I n t he y ard o f t he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 983) . C o lumn f r agmen t ; b roken a to ne e nd , t he o ther d res i thou tc o lar . D imen s ion s : d ia . o f f i n i shed e nd : 9 6cm ; s ed w l b roken e nd : 9 2 ; p res . l e ng th : 1 64 . a cros he f i n i shed e nd ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm s t t S ever(o) i c os

a . 1 73

N o . 1 60 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . Nea t ly d res ec tangu lar b lock w i th t wo s ucce ss ive i n se t s a l ong t he f a r e dge o ft h e s ed r e igh t : 2 . 899 t .F ig s . 1 00 , 1 0 1, a nd 1 02 . t op . D imen s ion s : 1 52cm x7 3 x9 9 ; v o lume : 1 . 08 m3;w

( a ) p a in ted b e low t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t a tl e f t ; l e ter s : 3 cm ( F ig . 1 00 ) t (ecens i tum) ir c i i i

( b ) p a in ted b e low t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t a tt h e r i gh t ; l e ter s : 4 . 5-5cm ( F ig . 1 01) t I v i MS i i

1 54

t ( c ) b e low ( b ) ; l e ter s : 5 cm ( F ig . 1 01) AI

t ( d ) i n scr ibed a cro ss t he t op ( pa in t i n g roove s ) ; l e ter s : 3 . 5-4 .5cm ( F ig . 1 02 ) I u l iano e tP e ison(e) c os i o ff ic( ina) P e lag(on i) , c aes(ura) i i A thenob ( i) l o co i

a . 1 75

t ( b ) The l e ter s MS a re c l ear a s t o f orm b u t n o t s en se . ( c ) T he f unc t ion o f t h i s t ex t i su nc lear . ( d ) T he n ame A thenob iu s i ss o mewha t r a re ( on ly o ne e xamp le i nC IL V I 1 0520 , ap re sumed f r eedman C . A c i l iu s A thenob iu s ) . T he n umber a f ter c aesura s eem s t o mean t ha t A thenob is o u s w a s work ing i n s evera l v enue s a t o nce . T he u n iquenes f t h i s v ar ia t ion o n t he u sua l f ormu la p robab ly d oe s n o t mean t ha t n o o ther f oreman w orked i n more t han o ne a rea ( men f or whom w e h ave e x ten s ive e v idence f or a s i ng le y ear , s uch a s A lexander a nd A e l iu s An ton inu s mu s t h ave d one s o ) b u t o n ly t ha t A thenob iu s w a s u nu sua l i n i n s i s t ing u pon t he f ac t . T he s ame d i s t inc t ive h and i n scr ibed t he t ex t a l so o f No . 1 61, a nd i td oes n o t a ppear t e l sewhere . T he l e ter s a r e c u t w i th b roader a nd d eeper c hanne l s t han u sua l . T he s t roke s a re l l s t ra igh t a nd c urve s c a refu ly s egmen ta l . T he r i gh t s t roke o f t he A s c on t inue s u pward w e l b eyond t he p o in t o f m ee t ing t he l e f t s t roke . T he s ame f l our i sh i su sed i n t he N s . G s a re ting aC f ormed b y c ut , t h en as epa ra te d iagona l s t a r t ing i n t he c en ter o f t he o pen c i rc le a nd b end ing d ownward t o av er t ica lt ha tc on t inue sb e low t he l i ne . L iga ture sa re a vo ided ,e xccep t t ter w t he a lmos t manda tory e ti n t he d a te . I ti si n tere s t ing t o n o te t ha t t he l e ter c ut a s q u i te ff i c ina . u ncer ta in h ow t o a bb rev ia te o

N o . 1 61 I n d ebr i s c l eared f r om t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . R egu lar r ec tangu la r b lock . B ot o t d res ; f ar l e f t c orner o f t he t op b roken t om n s ed a way , a nd t he r i gh t e dge o f t he t oa nd much o f t he a d jacen t a rea c racked o ff . D imen s ion s : 1 55cm x 5 2 x 73 ; v o lume : . 5 88m 3;w e igh t : 1 . 576 . F ig . 1 03 .

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 4 -4 .5cm s t t I u l iano e tP e isone c o s o f ( fic ina) P e lag(on i) , c aes(ura) i A tben[ob( i)] i l o c i x i , b (racch io) i i

a . 1 75

2 : F or t he n ame , s ee N o . 1 60 . 3 : C f . c aesura i i i n No . 1 60 , p reced ing , a nd s ee t he n o te t here . T he l e ter s a re c u t b y t h e s ame h and a s t ha t o f No . 1 60 , p reced ing ; s ee t he n o te t here . t

1 55

N o . 1 62 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 9831 . R egu lar r ec tangu lar b lock w i th n o i n se t s . D imen s ion s : 5 9cm x 2 4 x1 52 ; v o lume : . 2m" ; w e igh t : . 5 8 t . 2 a l ong t he f ron t ; l e t ter s : 3 cm ( l ine 1 ) ; 5 cm ( l ine 2 ) : o ff (i c ina) P e lf a g(oni i)] l o co v i i , b (racch io) i

N o . 1 63 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . L ong r ec tangu la r b lock ; i n se t s a cros he r i gh t t h ird o f t he u pper e dge o f t he f r on t s t c on t inu ing d own t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t , a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op , a nd a tt he l ower r i gh t c orner o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 1 99cm x 86 x 65 ; v o lume : 1 . 101 m; w e igh t : 2 . 951 t . F ig . 1 04 .

s t t ( a ) a cros he f ron t s l igh t ly a bove c en ter ; l e ter s : 6 cm , I. 9 cm i) [Jr[ . i u ssu A ur(e li .in FRANS

t ( b ) b e low ( a ) a nd t o t he r i gh t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter h e igh t : 9 cm D

( c ) o n t he t op a l ong t he f ron t e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm t r epr(oba tum) ( a ) T he e xpres sion i u ssu a l icu ius i sa hapax l egomenon a t Doc im ium . The n a ture o f t he p hra se r equ ire s t he n ame o f s o meone i n a u thor i ty , i . e . t he p rocura tor who s uper iv sed o pera t ion s f rom S ynnada . T he s t roke s v i s ib le a nd s pace w i l l a ccomoda te A ur (e l i i) Marc i on( is) , p rocura tor marmorum a nd l a ter p rocura tor P hryg iae i nt he 1 70 sf or whom s ee a bove , p . 9 no te 4 4) . T he o n ly o ther o ccurrence o ft he p hra se i u ssu a l icu ius i nq uarry i n scr ip t ion s i so n ab lock f rom t he C o lonnaded S t ree t a t L ep t i s Magna I RT 5 30a a nd b ) , a block o f b lack marb le t i n scr ibed d im i tendus i fns p lend id iss imam c o lon iam L ep t im Magnam i u ssu F u lv i P lau t ian i sib e t c . T h i s r a i se s a t l e a s t t he p os i l i ty t ha t t he p re sen t t e x t i sa (f ragmen tary ) d e s t ina t ion l abe l . Ano ther a pparen t l a be l i sR omae ( No . 2 17 ) . S ee a l so J .C . F an t , " IRT 7 94b a nd t he B u i ld ing H i s tory o f t he H adr ian ic B a th s a t L epc i s Magna , " ZPE 7 5 ( 1988) 2 91-94 . ( c ) T h i s i st he o n ly a ppearance o f r epr(oba tum) o u t s ide t he d ecade o f t he 1 40 s .

1 56

N o . 1 64 I n d ebr is c l ea red f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ; r e read i n J u ly 1 984 ) . L ow f l a t b lock w i th i n se t s a t t he l e f t c orner o f t he f ron t a nd a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f r on t a nd t he l e f t e dge o f t he b ot t om . D imen s ion s : 1 27cm x 39 e igh t : 1 . 189 t . x 10 ; v o lume : . 4 44 m 3;w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm s t t C omodo d om( ino) n (os tro) e tQ u in t il os lo c o f ( f) i(c ina) P e lag(on i) , c aes(ura) T i t i , l o c (o) x x i i i i b (racch io) q uar( to)

a . 1 77

T he c on su ls a re L . A e l ius Au re l iu s C ommodu s , s on o ft he emperor a nd s o d e s igna ted i n No s . 1 66 a nd 1 65 , w i th M . P educaeu s P lau t iu s Qu in t i lu s . l

N o . 1 65 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th t wo s ucces , v ery s ha low i n se t s a cros he t op ; i n se t s sive l s t r unn ing a l ong t he r i gh t a nd f ron t e dge s o f t he b ot . T he r i gh t s i de ( i nscr ibed ) c racked t om a way . D imen s ion s : 1 61cm x 16 x 98 ; v o lume : 1 . 66m 3;w e igh t : 4 . 45 t .

a cros he r i gh t p lane o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t l o co x x[ . .. 1 I mp . A ug . f i l io C [ommodo] e tQ u in t il os lo c c a[es(ura)] D om(es t ic i)

a . 1 77

No . 1 66 i sv ery s im i lar , w i th al o cus n umber o f 2 9 a nd t he s ame n omenc la ture ; whence t he s upp lemen t C ommodo , r a ther t han C aesare , a tt he e nd o f l i ne 2 .

N o . 1 66 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985) . F la t b lock w i th t wo s ucces ha low i n se t s a cros he l e f t h a lf o f t he t op . E n t ire sive s l s t r i gh t s i de c l ean ly b roken . D imen s ion s : 1 61cm x 98 x 49 ; v o lume : 1 . 12m 3;w e igh t : 3 . 001 t .

a cros he r i gh t ( h ighe s t ) s u rface o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t l oco x x ix , [ b (racch io) --] I mp (era tore) A ug(us t i) f i l io C omo[do d (om ino) n (os tro)?1 e tQ u in t il os , o f ( f ) i c ( ina) [ --, c aes(ura)] lo c Dom(es t ic i)

a . 1 77

1 : T he e p i the t d om(ino) n (o s tro) i sa tached t oC ommodu s 's n ame a bou t h a lf t he t ime ( No s . t 1 67 , 1 69 [ as ecure r e s tora t ion ] , a nd 1 64 ; i ti sa b sen t i n No s . 1 66 a nd 1 65 , where t he e p i the t I mp . A ug . f i l io s o s ub s t i tu te , a nd i n 1 68 . eems t 2 : T he r i gh t marg in i sl o s t a nd w i th i tt he o ffc ina n ame s i nce Dom(es t ic i) i sf ound o n ly a s i 1 57

ac aesura n ame . No . 1 65 , an ear ly i den t ica l t ex t , a l so n ames t he c a[es(ura)] Dom(es t ic i) .

N o . 1 67 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly sive i 1 983 ) . T h in b lock s t and ing o n as hor t s i de ; t h ree s ucces n se t s f rom b ack t of ron t o n t he s t s f tom l e f ts i de , o ne a cros he n ea r o ne t h ird o ft he t op , a no ther a cros a r t he o ne t h ird o fb ot . F ron t ( t he i n scr ibed s urface ) w ea thered a nd w orn a lmo s ts moo th . Approx ima te d imen s ion s : 10cm x 45 x 80 . F ig . 1 05 .

t d own t he f ron t ; l e ter s n o t mea sured . o f ( f) ic( ina) V e[ .Ja , c aes(ura) T i t[ i] , C omodo d om( ino) n (os tro ) e tQ ul o c(o) i , r (ecens i tum) lo c i n t il os

a . 1 77

ff i c ina p robab ly p resen t s i t se lf i n a no ther leg t 1 : T he i ib le l e ter s may b e N a nd I . T h i s o d amaged t ex t ( No . 1 68) . L ine s 1a nd 3a re i nl a rger l e ter s a nd c on s t i tu te as epara te t ex t , c u t t f i r s t a nd i n l a rger l e ter s . T he c on su lar d a te ( l ine s 2 and 4 ) h ad t o b e c rowded i n s ma ler t l l e ter s i n to t he r i gh t h a lf o f t he s urface . t

N o . 1 68 I n d ebr i s cl e ared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . V ery f l a t r ec tangu lar b lock w i th o ne i n se tr unn ing a cros he l ower e dge o ft he f ron t . s t T he f ron t wa s g ouged a nd c racked b y b u ldozer t e th ; s ome o f t he b roken f r agmen t s w ere l e f ound o n t he g round b enea th a nd c ou ld b e r eas led b y s hape l i ke p ieces o f a ji g saw s emb e igh t : 1 . 562 t . p uzz le . D imen s ion s : 9 9cm x 56 x 12 ; v o lume : . 5 83 m3;w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t C omodo d [om( ino)] n (os tro) e tQ u in t il lo c os , o ff ( ic ina) V e[n?(?)] , c aes(ura) T i t i l o c(o) l i , b (racch io) q ua r( to) i

a . 1 77

1 : T he N o f n os tro a nd f o low ing E , t he t op o f wh ich i sl o s t , w ere o n s epara te f r agmen t s . l 2 : F or t he o ff i c ina n ame , s ee t he p reced ing t ex t ( No . 1 67 ) .

N o . 1 69 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . R egu lar r ec tangu la r b lock w i th a n i n se t a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he t op . R ear e dge o f t he t op a braded . D imen s ion s : 18cm x 60 x 80 ; v o lume : . 5 7 m3;w e igh t : 1 . 528 .

a l ong t he r ear e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm ) t C [o]modo [ dom( ino) n (os tro)J e t Q[u] in t il lo c os , o ff ( ic ina) C omod iae , c aes(ura) T i t i l o c(o) x i , r (ecens i tum)

1 58

a . 1 77

T he c onfu sed s yn tax o fC omod iae p robab ly r e su l t sf rom t he l ap ic ide 's i gnorance o fL a t in ; h e mu s t h ave v en tur ing av a r ia t ion o n t he a d jec t ive C omod iana ( c f . No . 1 72 a nd No . 9 8 2) .

N o . 1 70 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985 ) . B lock i n t he s hape o f ac ube s e t u pon a nd s l igh t ly o ff se t t o t he r i gh t o f f l a t b lock . l V ery s ha low h or izon ta l i n se t a t t he n ear r i gh t c orner o f t he t op ; t he b ack a ng le s i n to t he s i td ecend s . Upper e dge s o f b o th f ron t s urface s b roken . Wh i te ma rb le w i th b lock a t4 50 a e igh t : 2 . 557 t . F ig . 1 06 . h oney s t reak ing . D imen s ion s : 9 4cm x 1 04 x 56 ; v o lume : . 9 54m 3;w

t o n t he u pper f ron t s urface ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm a . 1 78

O rf[ i t]o e tR ubo c os , o ff ( ic ina) AE? c aes(ura) T i t i , l o c(o) i , b (racch io) i i i

2 : T he A i su nbarred b u t o f t he s ame s hape a s t he A i n c aes(ura) i n t he n ex t l i ne where A a nd E a re c onnec ted b y ar unn ing s t roke . T h i s l i ga ture i n 1 . 2look s v ery s im i lar b u t more c ompres . T he E , i ft ha t i s wha t i ti s , h a s n o h or izon ta l b ar . s ed T he l e ter s a re v ery d iff icu l t t o r ead ; i ft here a re l i ga tures CAENSI i sp os le , p erhap s a t sib m is led a temp t a t CAES (ura) T i t i , wh ich i st he n ex t i t em a nd b eg in s t he n ex t l i ne . s pe l t T he h and i ss l igh t ly r agged , w i th v er t ica l s t end ing t ol e an t ot he r i gh t a nd t he l i ne s r i s ing a nd f a l ing . I ti sn o t t he s ame h and a s t ha t o f No . 1 71 . l

N o . 1 71 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th i n se t s a l ong l ower e dge o f t he f ron t , a tt he l ower l e f t c orner o ft he f ron t , a nd as ha low i n se ta tt he u pper l e f t c orner o ft he f ron t . Max imum d imen s ion s : l 1 43cm x 7 0 x 48 . F ig . 1 07 .

( a ) a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t

O rf i to e t Ruboc os , o ff ( ic ina) C ome z(od iana) c aes(ura) T i t i , l o c (o) i , b (racch io) q uar( to)

a . 1 78

( b ) i n p a in t o n t he r i gh t s i de r unn ing u pwa rd s ; l e ter s : 8 -10 t c (aesura?) A n t(on in i?) , l o c (o) i i i ANT [ .101 .]

( c ) a l ong t he n ear e dge o f t he t op r unn ing r i gh t t o l e f t ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm t ( eps i lon) ( ph i)

( a ) 1 : F or t he e xpan s ion C om(od iana) , c f . No s . 1 72 a nd No . 9 4 2. i An o ffc ina C ommod iana i sa l so k nown f r om wha t mu s t h ave b een a n I mper ia l g ran i te q uarry o n S ard in ia : T urd is a d i c o lumnam e x o ff (i c ina) c ommod iana l v i , l o c( 1) p r im(o) , b (racch io) s ec(undo ) ( Dubo i s n o .

1 59

6 01 = Bruzza n o . 3 23 w i th t ay . d 'agg . G . 2 ;t he t ex t i sf rom manu scr ip t s ) . T he h and i sv ery l s quare a nd c arefu ly c u t , ad i s t inc t ly d ifferen t h and f rom t ha t o f No . 1 70 , a l though b o th a re i t he p roduc t o f t he s ame c aesura a nd s ame d a te . T he l o cus n umber i nt ex t ( b ) i si i ; o ne o f i t he t wo n umber s i s am i s take . S ince l o co i i sa l so g iven i n No . 1 70 , a l so d a ted 1 78 , h ere i i r ec mu s t b e t he c or t n umber ; a nd w e w ou ld i n a ny e ven t e xpec t t he more f orma l i n scr ibed t ex t b e more a ccura te t han t he p rov i s iona l p a in ted n o ta t ion s . r ( b ) ANT i n t he s econd l i ne may b e a n e roneou s r epe t i ton . t ( c ) On t he G reek l e ter s , s ee a bove , p . 2 5 .

N o . 1 72 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l 1 986 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th a n i n se t a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he t op a nd as ma l i n se t a t t he f ron tc orner f ormed b yt ha ts urface b e low t he f i r s ti n se t . R ecen td amage t ot he i n scr ibed e igh t : l e s urface ( f ron t )f rom b u ldozer t e th . D imen s ion s : 1 47cm x6 5 x 100 ; v o lume : . 8 99 m3;w 2 . 409 t . F ig . 1 08 . R ecorded b y I .S .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm ; 4 cm w ide s t t O rf i to R [ufo c os , o fff ic ina) C omod ian[a] i c aes(ura) T i t i , l o c(o) r ( e c e ii s r tum ) i x ADN , e x k (a lendar io) n ov(o)

a . 1 78?

1 : T he v er t ica l s t roke s o f t he s econd c on su l 's n ame a re u ndamaged , a nd t he t op o ft h e l oop o f aP o r R i sv i s ib le . D . V e l iu s Rufu s I u l ianus , c os . o rd . 1 78 , f i t s t he s pace v e ry w e l , l e spec ia ly i ft he c u s tomary s pace w a s l e f t b e tween t he w ord s ; t he c ognomen o f L . A rr ius l P uden s , c on su l i n 1 65 , i st oo l ong ( t he b roken a rea i s3 5cm w ide , i e . 8o r 9l e ter s o rs pace s . t a ta n a verage l e ter w id th o f 4 cm ) . I ti sa l so much e a s ier t oi mag ine t h i s k ind o f h onor p a id t ff i c ina n ame r u les o u t S er . t o t he p r ince o f t he i mper ia l h ou se i n 1 78 t han i n 1 65 . ( The o C orne l iu s S c ip io S a lv id ienu s O rf i tu s a nd M . P educaeus O rf i tus , c o s . o rd . i n 10 . ) T he e nd ing o f t he l a s t word o f t he f i r s t l i ne i sp robab ly AN i n l i ga ture , s t and ing f or a ther t han t he u ngramma t ica l C omod iae ( c f . No . 1 69 ) , b u t n o b ar C omod iana , c f . No . 9 4 2)r i sv i s ib le l i ga tured i n to t he N . . I ti sp erhap s a d n omen , where n omen 2 : ADN i s my s ter iou s ; c f . DSN ( No . 5 2 a nd No . 7 4 2) h a s i t s u sua l mean ing i n p r iva te a nd a dm in i s tra t ive l aw o f " a ccoun t " o r " l oan . " The i n scr ip t ion s o f No s . 1 76 a nd 1 77 men t ion b lock s r ece ived f rom e x trac t ion e ng ineer s n omene [ ---] , where p re sumab ly an ame h a s b een l o s t o r i su nreadab le . T he a bbrev ia t ion s DN a nd DEN o n amphorae f rom Mte . T e s tacc io ( CIL XV 4 494-96 ) wh ich R odr iguez A lme ida e xp and s a s d (a tae) e (mp tor i) n (om ine) a l icu ius ( 1 Mon te T es tacc io [ Rome 1 984 ] 1 83f . a nd 1 MEFRA S upp l . 1 0 [ 1972 ] n o s . 4 6-47 ) s eem u nre la ted . Ki s aw e l-es tab l i shed a bbrev ia t ion f or k a lendar ium , t he t e rm f or ac ap i ta l f und , e i ther l p r iva te o r mun ic ipa l , wh ich i n o rder t o f und s pec if ied d i sbur semen t s , made l o an s ( and s chedu led r epaymen t s — h ence t he n ame ) , a nd ak a lendar iun i n ovum i so n r ecord i n I t a ly ( CIL X 5 654 ) ; i ng enera l ,s ee B . Küb ler , ZSS 1 3[ 1 892 ] 1 56ff .a nd DE ( s .v ..c a lendar ium ) , a nd W L anghammer , D ie r ech t l iche u nd s oz ial tel er Maz is tra tus Mun ic ipa les u nd d er le S l ung d D ecur iones ( W iesbaden 1 973 ) 1 75-78 ; a nd L . J ape la C on ta rd i , E p igraph ica 3 9 ( 1977 ) 7 1-90 , l c f . G . Mene la , E p igraph ica 4 3 ( 1981) 2 37-41 . l T h i s i n scr ip t ion r evea l s an ew f i nanc ia le n t i ty a c t ive d ur ing t he s econd c en tury a l ongs ide t he d i rec t a dm in i s tra t ion wh ich w e n orma ly a soc ia te w i th t h i s t ype o f t ex t ; s e f ur ther , l s e a bove , p . 3 1ff .

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N o . 1 73 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . L ow r ec tangu lar b lock w i th o ne i n se t a l ong t he f a r ther e dge o f t he t op . Upper l e f t c orner a nd t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t b roken ; t h ree v er t ica l g ouge s a nd a bra s ion a l ong t he ros e igh t : s v s w u pper e dge o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 15cm x 3 8 x 86 ; g ros o lume : . 3 8m 3;g 1 . 018 t . F ig . 1 09 .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 cm s t t

a . 1 79

[Commiodo [ dom( ino) n (os tro)] i e t Mar t io V ero i c os , o f ( fi c ina) [ A]nd(ae?) , c aes(ura) T i t i , l o c(o) i i , b (racch io) q uar t(o) i 1 : A l though t he d amaged a r ea a ppear s t ob e o ne l e ter-space t oo s ma l , t he r e s tora t ion mu s t t l b e r i gh t s i nce t he a l terna t ive A ug(us t i) f i l io ( No . 1 66 a nd 1 65 o f a . 1 77) c anno t f i t . C f . D om( ino) n (os tro) i n No s . 1 64 , 1 67 , 1 68 a nd 1 69 , a l o f a .1 77 , a nd No s . 1 74 , 1 75 o f a .1 79 . l 2 : The a bbrev ia t ion A nd (ae) i s para le led i n No s . 1 25 , 1 42 , a nd 1 53 , b u t t he l e ter s h ere a re l t h ard t o r ead a nd t he r e s tora t ion u ncer ta in . T he h and may b e t he s ame a s t ha t o f No . 1 74 w i th i ncon s i s ten t R s , v ery r ound O s , R s a wkward a nd i ncon s i s ten t , a nd v ery w e l c u t S s . l

N o . 1 74 I n d ebr is c l ea red f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ; s een a ga in J u ly 1 985 ) . F la t b lock s im i lar t o No s . 1 73 . I n se t a tl ower l e f t c orner o ft he f r on t a nd t wo-s tep z i g-zag i n se t s a tt he f ar ther l e f t c orner o f t he t op . S ome e dge a bra s ion , e spec ia ly t o t he t op e dge o ft he f ron t ; mo s t o f t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t b roken a way b y l e igh t : 1 . 04 t . F ig . 10 . t h e 1 985 . D imen s ions : 1 05cm x 3 6 x1 05 ; v o lume : . 3 97 m3;w

u p s ide d own a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm s t t C ommodo d om( ino) n (os tro) i et Mar t io V erb ] os , o ff ( ic ina) L uc il , c aes(ura) T i t i , l o c (o) i ic li b (racch io) t e r t( io)

a . 1 79

T he s ame h and s eem s t o h ave i n scr ibed a l so No . 1 73 ; s ee t he n o te t here .

N o . 1 75 I ns ide B acaka le , o n t he h igh d ebr i s f l oor i nt he c en ter o ft he q uar nd n ex t t o No . 1 76 . ry a S ince t h i s a rea h a s n o t b een c l eared y e t a nd s i nce t he d ebr i s h i l s a l ong t he n or th r im o f l B acaka le w ere b e ing r emoved i n 1 984 a nd 1 985 , t he p iece p robab ly c ame f rom t he n or th r im d ebr is ( June 1 985 ) . C o lumn f r agmen t w i th ac o lar a to ne e nd , t he o ther e nd b roken . I n t he l c en ter o ft he d res u te nd ( =f ron t ) i s a b os 4cm i nd iame ter . C racked a rea a tl ower l e f t s ed b s 1 o ft he f ron t . Wh i te t og ray i sh m arb le w i th h oney-co lored s t reak s . I s tra ted b yM . Wae lken s lu e ta l . 1 986 , 13ff . , f i g . 4 . D imen s ion s : d iame ter a tc o lar , 8 4cm ; c o lar l e ng th , 3 1 ; p reserved l l l e ng th , 3 1 . F ig . 11 .

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t a t t he r i gh t s i de o f t he f ron t , r unn ing u pward s ; l e ter s : 4 -5 C ommodo d om( ino) n (os tro) i e t Mar t i° V ero i c os , o ff (i c ina) C omrold( iana) , c aes(ura) T i t i , l o c (o) i ,b (racch io ) q uar( to)

a . 1 79

t ter w 3 : T he l e ter-cut ro te C omud( iana) . T he h and i st h e s ame a st ha t o f No s . 1 76 , 1 77 , a nd r ow modu 1 77 w i th ar a ther n ar le , i n con s i s ten t Ms a nd N s ; l oop s o f S s c urve v ery f a r b ack t a round a nd t he c urve s a re s egmen ta l ; s t ra igh ts t roke l e ter s a re v ery r ec t i l inear ( compa re t he n ame T i tus/T i to/T i t i a s i ta ppea r s i n e ach t ex t ) .

N o . 1 76 ry a I n s ide B acaka le , o n t he h igh d ebr i s f l oor i nt he c en ter o ft he q uar nd n ex t t oN o . 1 75 . l S ince t h i s a rea h a s n o t b een c l ea red y e t a nd s i nce t he d ebr i s h i l s a l ong t he n or th r im o f B acaka le w ere b e ing r emoved i n 1 984 a nd 1 985 , t he p i ece p robab ly c ame f rom t he n or th r im t om d ebr i s ( June 1 985 ) . F ragmen tary b lock w i th o ne i n se ta l ong t he n ear e dge o ft he t op ; b ot b roken a way . D imen s ion s : 11cm x 89 x 78 . F ig . 12 .

t a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t r unn ing u pward ; l e ter s : 4 cm [Commodo d om( ino)] n (os tro) i e t Mar t i° V e r(o ) ecep] t i a Ti to n omene i [ i c os , r 1 -b(racch io) q uar( to)

a .1 79

2 : I nl i gh t o f No . 1 77 l i ne 3 ,r eceper(a t) . .T i tus , " r e cep t i aT i to h ere s hou ld mean " r ece ived b y T i tu s " r a ther t han " r ece ived f rom T i tu s . " T he t e rm n omen , a ccoun t , s ugge s t s s o me k ind o ft r an sfer o fp iece s f rom o ne c aesura c h ief ( here n o t n amed? ) t o a no ther ; s ee a bove , p . 3 1 S ame h and a s No s . 1 75 , 1 77 a nd 1 78 ; s ee t he n o te o n N o . 1 75 .

N o . 1 77 H igh o n s t eep s l ope ( a t t he a ng le o f r epo se ) o f d ebr i s s l ipp ing d own f rom p i le o n t he N marg in o fB acaka le , n ex t t o No . 1 78 ( Ju ly 1 985 a nd J u ly 1 986 ) . C arefu ly d ressed f l a t b lock l w i th i n se t s a l ong t he l ower h a lf o f t he r i gh t s i de , u pper h a lf o f t he l e f t s i de a nd a tt he r i gh t a nd l e f tc orner s o ft he b ack . L ower e dge o ft he i n scr ibed f ace ( f ron t ) c racked i nt h e m idd le . e igh t : 2 . 42 t . F ig s . 13 a nd 14 . D imen s ion s : 17cm x 68 x 1 43 ; v o lume : . 9 01 m 3;w

a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t C ommodo d om( ino) n (os tro) i [Ma r t i° V ero c os i d r ecep t i e x o ff ina) P rusa[---] fic i n l o cqum l ap idum q uos r e ceper(a t) (ra) VEER!? p romu tuo T i tus e x c ae ' s.u b (racch io) q uar( to) , l o co x xv

a .1 79

T he i n scr ip t ion i sv ery worn a nd d iff icu l t t o r ead . 2 : A t t he e nd o f t he l i ne i s al e ter wh ich may aB o ra n S ; i t may b e f o lowed b y o ne more t l l e ter . t T h i s i st he o n ly q uarry i n scr ip t ion f rom D oc im ium o r a ny o ther q uar ha t c on ta in s a ry t c omp le te s en tence w i th a f i n i te v erb . T he s en se s em s t o b e " ( these b lock s h ave b een ) e

1 62

r ece ived f rom t he o ff ( ic ina) P rusa[---] i n p lace o ft he b lock s wh ich T i tus h ad r ece ived i n a n i nforma l l o an ( promu tuum ) f rom t he c aesura VEER!? . " Apparen t ly , b lock s o f marb le c ou ld b e u sed a s u n i t s o f c ap i ta l a nd l o aned b ack a nd f or th . S ee a bove , p . 3 1 . S ame h and a s No s . 1 75 , 1 76 a nd 1 78 ; s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 75 .

N o . 1 78 H igh o n s t eep s l ope ( a t a ng le o f r epo se ) o f d ebr i s s l ipp ing d own f rom p i le o n t he N . marg in o f B acaka le , n ex t t o No . 1 78 ( Ju ly 1 985 a nd J u ly 1 986 ) . L ow f l a t b lock , p ar t ly ); b ur ied ; n o i n se t s v i s ib le . I r on o x ide b l em i she s . D imen s ion s : 8 4cm x 19 x7 7 ; v o lume : . 1 23m . w e igh t : . 3 29 t . F ig s . 15 a nd 16 .

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t C ommodo d (om ino) n (os tro) i V ero i c os , r ecep l i a Ti to n [o]men[e] Z le 1 0V1[ .] 1hi l •acch io) q uar ( to) I .

A lar t io a . 1 79

2 : I n l i gh to f No . 1 77 l i ne 3 ,r eceper(a t) ...T i tus , "r e cep t i aT i to h ere s hou ld mean " r ece ived b y T i tu s " r a ther t han " r ece ived f rom T i tu s . " 3 : T he l e ter s p r in ted s eem c l ear o n t he s t one b u t a re n o t c oheren t . t S ame h and a s Nos . 1 75 , 1 76 a nd 1 77 ; s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 75 .

N o . 1 79 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom Quar Ju ly 1 984 ) . F la t b lock u pended o n t he r i gh t s i de ; ry I ( s ha low i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he f ron t , i n se t s a t t he l ower r i gh t a nd u pper l e f t l c orner s o f t he f ron t . Wh i te marb le w i th n o p urp le v e in s v i s ib le . D imen s ion s : 1 06cm x 79 x e igh t : 3 . 626 t . 1 65 ; v o lume : 1 . 353 m 3;w

o n t he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm t [ I]oc(o) i , b (racch io) t e r( t io) L a terano e tR uf ino c os , o ff (i c ina) P e rs( is) c aes(ura) N eophy t i

a . 1 97

3 : T he o ffc ina n ame i sa n u nfor tuna te a bbrev ia t ion f or e i ther t he o ffc ina c on tra P ers( is) i i o r i ux ta P ers( is) .

N o . 1 80 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( June 1 985 ) . L ong , n a rrow t r apezo ida l b lock ( s ide s a re n o t p a ra le l ) ; s ha low i n se t s a tt he r ear l e f t l l c orner o f t he t op , a l ong t he r i gh t h a lf o f t he r ea r e dge a nd a l ong t he r i gh t e dge o f t he t op . T he r i gh t h a lf o f t he f ron t i sb roken a way t o au n iform s ha low d ep th . D imen s ion s : 5 9cm l e igh t : 1 . 97 t . x1 52 x 8 2 ; v o lume : . 7 35 m3;w

o n t he l e f t p ane l o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s n o t mea sured t

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l o c(o) v i , b (racch io) q ua[r( to)J , CO M i lo c S a turn ino e tG al [os , o ff ( ic ina)] i S ever( iana) , c aes(ura) A ur(e l i) T heo( ph i l i)

a . 1 98

N o . 1 81 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly onnec t ing t he t op a nd l e f ts i de ; t he r i gh t 1 984 ) . P r i sma t ic b lock w i th ap lane r unn ing a t4 50c s i de d ev ia te s f rom t he v er t ica l n ear t he t op where i ts l opes i n to t he b lock . D en se b recc ia . D imen s ion s : 1 36cm x 90 x 1 28 . F ig . 17 .

a cros he b eve led u pper p a r t o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t l t l o c(o) vi CO M M I i i i, S a turn ino e tG al lo c os , o ff ( ic ina) Hercu l i (ana?) , c aes(ura) li E O s t il lp idepho (r i)

a . 1 98

1 : On CO M M ,s ee a bove , p .2 7 . ff i c ina n ame i sn owhere w r it u t i n f u l , w e c anno t r u le o u t He rcu l i a s ten o l 2 : B ecause t he o t he g en i t ive o f t he n ame H ercu l iu s ; b u t e spec ia ly i nt h i s p er iod a n a d jec t ive i s much more l h armon iou s w i th t he o ther n ame s l i ke C omod iana , U ran ia , S ever( iana) , a nd B as . siana A l though t h i s i st he e ar l ie s t a te s ta t ion , i t is t emp t ing t o s pecu la te t ha t t he n ame w a s c o ined t u nder C ommodu s i n a lu s ion t o h i s s pec ia l i den t if ica t ion w i th Hercu le s . l 3 : B o th n ame s a re s o me t ime s s pe led w i th a n i n i t ia l H . l

N o . 1 82 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly i th r e spec t t o t he 1 983 ) . P r i sma t ic b lock ; t he l e f t s i de r un s i nward a nd u pward a t 4 5° w e igh t : 1 . 705 . r ec t i l inear r i gh t s i de . D imen s ion s : 2 07cm x 54 x 72 ; v o lume : . 6 36 m3;w

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t l o co i , b (racch io) [ ---J , S a turn ino g l _ Gal os , e x o ff ( ic ina) Hecu l i(ana?) lo c c ae(sura) O s t il i) E lp idel( p ho (r i)

a . 1 98

1 : A b lock r e s t ing o n t h i s f ace o b scure s t he b racch ium n umber . ff i c ina n ame . 2 : S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 81 a bou t t he o

N o . 1 83 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . R egu lar r ec tangu lar b lock w i th a ni n se ta l ong t he r i gh te dge o ft he f ron t . D imen s ions : 1 26cm x 7 7 x7 3 ; v o lume : . 6 79 m3;w e igh t : 1 . 82 t .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t

1 64

l o c(o) x i , b (racch io) q uar( to) , CO M M I ,S a turi i i n ino e tG al os , o ff (i c ina) Herculo c l i (ana?) , c aes(ura) O s t il lp idepho(r i) li E 2 : S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 81 a bou t t he

o ff

a . 1 98

c ina n ame . i

N o . 1 84 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . R ec tangu la r b lock w i th t he f ron t t op e dge b eve led a t4 50( w id th 2 2cm ) ; i n se t s a tt he l l ower l e f t c orner o f t he b ack a nd a cros he l ower h a lf o f t he b ack . R ecen t b reakage a l ong s t e igh t : 2 . 002 t h e u pper e dge o f t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 1 55cm x 63 x 81 ; v o lume : . 7 47 m3;w t .

a c ros he f ron t ; l e ter s n o t mea sured s t t v i , b (racch io) q uar ( to) , CO M M , S a turn ino e t G al os , o fi f ic ina) Hercu ( l iana?) , c aes(ura) O s t i l( l i) lo c E lp ide( phor i)

2 : S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 81 a bou t t he

o ff

a .1 98

c ina n ame . i

N o . 1 85 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . S quare b lock i ncomp le te ly d res : t he b ack i sn o ts moo thed , a nd ap ro jec t ion o ft he s ed l e f t s i de i so n ly p ar t ly t r immed a way . Upper a nd l ower l e f t c orner a nd u pper r i gh t c orner o ft he r i gh t s i de b roken . D imen s ion s : 7 5cm x4 6 x 74 ; v o lume : . 2 55m 3;w e igh t : . 6 84 t . F ig . . 18

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t l o c(o) x v i , b (racch io) q uar( to) i i S a turn ino e tG a l[ lo] c os , o ff ( ic ina) B ass( iana) , c aes(ura) O st i l( i) He lp id(ephor i) l

a . 1 98

N o . 1 86 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly E dge s a braded o r 1 984 ) . L ow f l a t b lock w i th t he r i gh t t h ird o f t he t op b eve led o ff a t4 5 °. l b roken o ff ; g ouge s o n t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 1 20cm x5 0x 103 ; v o lume : . 5 7 m ' ; w e igh t : 1 . 71 .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t l o c(o) i [ i? , b (racch io) q u[ar( to) , CO[ M i ] A nul tF ron tone lino i e c os , o ff ina) H ercu l( iana?) , c aes(ura) fic O s t il lp idephor( i) li He 3 : S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 81 a bou t t he

o ff

c ina n ame . i

1 65

a . 1 99

N o . 1 87 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . C o lumn f r agmen t w i th c o l lar a to ne e nd , t he o ther a n a nc ien t b reak . C o l la r e nd i s h a lf d res s ed a nd n o t f u l ly s moo thed . S carce v ena t ion ; i r on o x ide b lem ishe s . D imen s ion s : d iame ter a tt he c o l lar e nd , 1 24cm ; c o l lar 4 1 w ide ; p re served l e ng th , 1 40 .

a round t he c o l lar ; l e t ter s : 4 . 5-5cm l o co i ,b (racch io) t e r t( io) , CO M i A nul lino i e tF ron t one c os , o ff ( ic ina) S ever i (ana) c aes(ura) A ur(e li i) T heoph i l i

a .1 99

t Aur (e l iu s ) T heoph i lu s i sa te s ted h ere f or t he f i r s t t ime .

N o . 1 88 I nd ebr i s c l eared f rom ad eep c ut n Quarry I ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . F la t r ec tangu la rb lock t h e ting i f ron t o f wh ich r e s t s a lmo s t f l u sh a ga in s t No . 1 94 . T he s i des a re p ick d res ; t he t op a s ed n a tura l j o in t n o t d res . Upper e dge o f t he f ron t b roken i n s evera l p lace s . D imens ion s : s ed 47 x 84 ; v o lume : . 4 5 m3;w 15cm x e igh t : 1 . 36 t .

s t t a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 6 cm l o c (o) v i , b (racch io) t e r( t io) , CO M i ,S [evero] e tV ic tor i[no c os] c aes(ura) N eof phy t i]

a .2 00

t T he l e ter sg iven i nb racke t s may b eo n t he s t one s i nce t he e nd so ft he l i nes a re b l ocked f rom s i gh t .

N o . 1 89 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly s t 1 983 ) . P r i sma t ic b lock w i th a n i n se ta cros he n ear h a lf o ft he t op c on t inu ing d ownward a s t om s ap ro jec t ion f rom t he l e f t s i de a t4 5 °;t he b ot l ope s d ownward f rom f ron t t ob ack . T he t ter c l f ron th a ss evera ld eep g ouge s wh ich a re a nc ien ts i nce t he l e tercut arefu ly a vo ided t hem . s v e igh t : 1 . 876 t . F ig . 19 . D imen s ion s : 1 65cm x 5 2 x 82 ; g ros o lume : . 7 0 m3;w

s t t a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm i i i l o c(o) x xv i , b (racch io) q uar t(o) CO M p r im(o o r a?) , S evero e tV ic tor ino c os , o ff ( ic ina) i S ever( iana) , c aes(u ' ra) A ur(e l i) T heo ph i l i

a .2 00

t 2 : P r im p rove s t ha t t he u sua l Ia f ter CO M i sa n o rd ina l n umber , n o t al e ter . B locks f r om l 6 2,a nd 9 8 2) ;i f t he P un ta S c ifo w reck n ear C ro tone p rov ide v ery c l o se p ara le l s ( No s . 9 4 2,9 t he p re sen t b locks h ad b een a pproved f or s h ipmen t , t hey m igh t h ave b een o n t h e s a me s h ip .

1 66

N o . 1 90 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . T h in , s l ab l ike b lock w i th as ha l low i n se t a cros s t he n ear t h ird o f t he t op ; t he t op i s c racked , t he e dges o f t he f ron t a re a braded . T here i sa fl aw i n t he m idd le o f t he f ron t . ros e igh t : 1 . 32 t . F ig . 1 20 . D imen s ion s : 1 03cm x 28 x 1 52 ; g ros s v o lume : . 4 4 m 3;g s w

a l ong a nar i de , r unn ing d ownwa rd ; l e ter s : 5 cm r ow s t [ loci ( ) x xxx , b (racch io) q uar( to) , CO M i [Mu]c iano e tF ab iano c os , o ff ( ic ina) S eve(r iana) , c atels(ura) A ur(e l i) T heo ( ph i l i) i

a .2 01

N o . 1 91 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . P r i sma t ic b lock w i th t he l e f t marg in o f t he t op a nd b ack b eve led o ff d ownward . l A rea s o f t he f ron t c racked a way , e spec ia ly a l ong t he t op e dge . D imen s ion s : 1 34cm x 38 x l e igh t : 1 . 87 t . F ig . 1 21 . 1 37 ; v o lume : . 7 0m 3;w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 . 5-5cm s t t l o c(o) x xx i , [ b (racch io) ... CO] M i P . S (ep t im io) G e ta i P lau t iano d o t e t , d o t P os , o ff ( ic ina) S ever( iana) , c aes(ura) A ur(e l i) ic i T heo ph i l i

a .2 03

1 : T he b roken a rea c an a ccomoda te e i ther 4o r 5l e ter s , a nd s o whe ther t he t ex t r ead CO M t o r CO M M d epend s o n t he n umber o f c harac ter s i n t he l o s t b racch ium n umber . 2 : T he a bbrev ia t ion o f ag en t i l ic ium i sr a re e ven a t Doc im ium .

N o . 1 92 I n s i tu w i th in B acaka le d ebr i s a bou t 7 . 6m a bove t he q ua rry f l oor , n ear t he S wa l ( s ee l a bove , p .4 1) ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . V ery l a rge f l a t b lock , p ar t ly b ur ied ; n o i n se t s v i s ib le . D imen s ion s : e igh t : c a . 3 . 16 t . (f igure s a re p rec i se i ft here a re 1 49cm x 4 4 xc a . 1 80 ; v o lume : c a . 1 . 81 m 3;w n o h idden i n se t s ) .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 . 5cm s t t l o c(o) v i , b (racch io) t e r t( io) , CO M i i i M . A ur(e l io) A n ton ino i e t S ep( t im io) G e ta c os , o ff ( ic ina) S ever( iana) , c aes(ura) A ur(e l i) T heoph i l i i T he p r ince s o f t he r u l ing f am i ly a re men t ioned w i thou t a ny i den t ify ing l a be l s .

1 67

a .2 05

N o . 1 93 F rom d ebr i s i n Quar ry I a nd p i led i n t he m idd le o f t he q uarry ( Ju ly 1 984 ; s ub sequen t ly d i sappeared ) . P r i sma t ic b lock ; l ower h a lf s quar i sh , u pper h a lf a t r unca ted , f our-s ided p yram id . L ower e dge o f t he f ron t b roken a way , i n ter r up t ing t he t ex t . D imen s ion s : 9 2 x6 5 e igh t : c a . 1 . 69 t . x1 06 ; g ros o lume : . 6 3m 3;w s v

a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t l o c(o) v i , [ b(racch io) ... 1 A lb ino e t[ Aem i] l iano < cos> o ff ic ina) C on tra P ers is , c aes(ura) f Hercu lan(i i)

a .2 06

4 : T he e ng ineer H ercu lan iu s i sa l so n amed i n No . 1 94 , f o low ing . l T he s ame h and c u t No . 1 94 i n s quare , w e l-formed c harac ter s , w i th p ar t icu lar ly d i s t inc t ive l egree s b e low t he l i ne f or a bou t t he s ame d i s tance a st he v er t ica l s t roke , L s , b end ing a t4 50 d a nd C s , wh ich a re n ear ly t wo s l igh t ly c urv ing l i ne s j o in ing a t h a lf t he h e igh t o f t he l e ter . t

N o . 1 94 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom a d eep c ut n Quarry I ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . L ong , n ar lock ting i r ow b t aper ing t o aw edge a tt he l e f t s i de ; t he f ron t s urface o f t he w edge s t ep-cu t o n t hree l e ve l s . Rough ly d res . I nc i sed t r im l i ne s o n t he f ron t . G ros imen s ion s : 1 20cm x 1 02 x 1 96 . s ed s d

u p s ide d own a l ong t he l owe s t s urface o f t he w edge ; l e ter s : 5 cm t l o c(o) i i , b (racch io) q uar( to) , CO M i A lb ino e tA em i l iano c os , o ff ( ic ina) C on tra P ers is , c aes(ura) H erc lan( i)

a .2 06

3 : T he e ng ineer H ercu lan iu s i sn amed a ga in i n No . 1 93 , p reced ing , at ex t c u t b y t he s ame h and . N o . 1 95 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . S tump o f av ery l a rge c o lumn ; c o lar a to ne e nd , t he o ther a n a nc ien t b reak . F u ly l l r ounded ; c o lar e nd r ough ly d res quarry p ick ma rk s s t i lv i s ib le ) . R igh th a lf o ft he c o lar l s ed ( l l e nd b roken a way . D imen s ion s : c o la r d ia . , 1 94cm ; p re served l eng th , 1 20 . F ig . 1 22 . l

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm s t t l o c(o) i ,b (racch io) s ec! u ndo] A lb ino e tA em i l i[ano] < cos> o ff ( ic ina) Hercu l( iana) , c aes(ura) H e lp id(ephor i)

a .2 06

1 68

N o . 1 96 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l l 1 986 ) . F ragmen t o f av ery l a rge c o lumn . One e nd w i th c o lar n o t f u ly s moo thed ; t he o ther l s ed w l l e nd c arefu ly d res i thou t c o lar a nd i n scr ibed . Sma l f l aw h o le a tt he l ower r i gh t o f t he l l c o lar e nd . L ef t s i de o f t he c o lar e nd n ew ly b roken ; much b reakage a round c i rcumference l l l o f t he o ther e nd . D imen s ion s : d iame ter a tc o lar : 1 78cm ; d ia . w i thou t c o la r : c a . 1 72 ; c o lar w id th : 4 3 . F ig . 1 23 .

s t l t a cros he e nd w i th t he c o lar ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm A lb ino e tA em[ i l iano] c os , o f ( fic ina) S ever( iana ) , c ae[s(ura)] i) T A ur(e li heoph i l i

a .2 06

T he u nbroken c o lumn wou ld h ave b een b e tween 1 3 .5 a nd 1 7m i nh e igh t ( 44-55 f t . ) l ong a nd s o c ou ld h ave p roduced a5 0-foo t s haf t .

N o . 1 97 I n s i tu w i th in B acaka le d ebr i s a bou t 7 . 6m a bove t he f l oor , n ear t he Sw a l ( s ee a bove , p . l 4 1) ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . T rapezo ida l b lock p a r t ly c overed b y No . 1 99 . T he l a you t o f t he i n scr ibed t e x t makes c l ea r t ha t t he a ng led s i de i so r ig ina l a nd n o t t he r e su l t o f ab reak . D imen s ion s : e igh t : 6 . 57 t . I . 1 4 ; F ig . 1 24 . l 2 06cm x 1 40 x ca . 8 5 ; v o lume : 2 . 45 m 3;w

a c ros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t Il o c (o) .. b (racch io) t r jr( t io)J CO M i ,P o[mp]e ia no A v i to c os , o ff ( ic ina) S ever( iana) , c aes(ura) T heoph i l( i)

a .2 09

N o . 1 98 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t h e W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . L ow , f l a t b lock . R igh t s i de n o t d res ; t r im l i ne a l ong p ar t o ft he r i gh t e dge o f t he s ed t op ; l e f ts i de d res nf ron t ,b u tt he r e s ti s an a pparen t ly a nc ien tb reak . D imen s ion s : 1 51cm s ed i e igh t : 2 . 59 t . x 58 x 10 ; i n tended o r ig ina l v o lume : . 9 6m 3;w

a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he f r on t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm t l o c(o) x i , b (racch io) q ua r ( to) , CO M i ,( kappa) F aus t( ino) < cos .>

a .2 10

T he o n ly F aus t inu s who h e ld a n o rd inary c on su l sh ip i n t h i s p er iod i sM ' A c i l ius F au s t inu s w i th A . T r iar iu s Ruf inu s , ap a ir a te s ted i n No . 1 99 , f o low ing . t l

1 69

N o . 1 99 I n s i tu w i th in B acaka le d ebr i s a bou t 7 . 6m a bove t he f l oor , n ear t he Sw a l ( s ee a bove , p . l 4 1) ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . L ong b lock mo s t ly b ur ied i nd ebr i s ; n o i n se t s v i s ib le . D imen s ion s : 8 5cm x e igh t : 6 . 78 t . F ig . 1 24 . 1 40 x ca . 2 00 ; v o lume : c a . 2 . 38m 3;w

a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 3 . 5-4 .5cm s t t l o c(o) x xv i , b (racch io) t e r( t io) , CO M i F aus t ino e tR uf ino c os o ff ( ic ina) B ass iana , c aes(ura) Hos t i l(i i) E lp idephor i

a .2 10

N o . 2 00 F rom d ebr i s i n Quarry I a nd p i led i n t he m idd le o ft he q ua rry ( Ju ly 1 984 ; s ub sequen t ly d i sappeared ) . L arge e l onga ted b lock w i th n o i n se t s ; f u ly p ick-dres . R igh t s i de v ery l s ed e igh t : 1 . 77 t . a braded . D imen s ions : 1 49cm x 43 x 1 04 ; v o lume : . 6m 3;w 6

a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm t l o c(o) x c , b (racch io) q ueL ( to) , CO M i ,d uabus A spr is c os o ff ( ic ina) C on tra P ers( is) , c aes(ura) A ur(e l i) T heop h _ i l i i _

a .2 12

C arefu ly c u t l e ter s u s ing u nu sua ly p ronounced " v " c hanne l . l t l

N o . 2 01 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . L ow b lock w i th i n se t a l ong t he r i gh t h a lf o ft h e b ack ; l e f t h a lf o ft he t op ( i n scr ibed ) s t epped d own c a . 5 cm . D imen s ion s : n o t mea sured . F ig . 1 25 .

a cros e f t h a lf o f t op ; l e ter s : n o t mea sured s l t l o c(o) x xv i , b (racch io) q ua(r to) , CO M i i I mp(era tore) A n ton in° A ug(us to) i e tB a lb ino i c os i i o ff ( ic ina) B as(s iana) , c aes(ura)

a .2 13

N o . 2 02 F rom d ebr i s i n Quarry I a nd p i led i n t he m idd le o f t he q ua rry ( Ju ly 1 984 ; s ub sequen t ly d i sappeared ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th u pper e dge o f f r on t b eve led a t 4 5' ; f u ly d res s l l s ed a e igh t : 1 . 42 t . f a r a s v i s ib le . D imen s ion s : 18cm x 72 x 63 ; v o lume : . 5 28 m 3;w a cros he b eve led u pper e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t l t l o c (o) i , b (racch io) t e r( t io) , CO M i S ab ino c os

a .2 14

1 70

A f ter t wo o rd inary c onsu ls i nt he 8 0 s ,t he n ex to rd ina r ius w i th t he c ognomen S ab inu s t oh o ld l t he o rd inary c on su l sh ip i sC . O c tav ius App iu s S ue tr iu s S ab inu s , c o league o f L . V a ler iu s sa l Mes la i n 2 14 .

N o . 2 03 ry I ry a F rom d ebr i s i n Quar ; p i led i n t he m idd le o ft he q uar nd mo s t ly c overed b y o ther b lock s ( Ju ly 1 984 ; s ub sequen t ly d i sappea red ) . F la t b lock ; f ron t a nd r i gh t e dge s o f t he t op l b eve led . Wh i te marb le w i th a gray c a s t ( no p urp le v ena t ion v i s ib le ) ; i r on o x ide s t reak s . e igh t : 1 . 95 t . D imen s ion s : 1 74cm x 5 5 x7 6 ; v o lume : . 7 2m 3;w

( a ) a tl e f t a l ong b eve led f ron t e dge o f t he t op ; l e ter s : 4 cm l t l o c(o) x l , b (racch io) q uar t(o) , CO M i P raesen te c os

a .2 17?

( b ) t o t he r i gh t o f ( a ) o n t he s ame s urface ; p a in ted l e ter s : 4 cm t c aesura

( a ) Men n amed P rae sen sh e ld o rd inary c on su l sh ip s i n 1 53 , 1 80 , a nd 2 17 ( i tera ted c on su l sh ip s a re e xc luded ) . T he l a s t i st he mo s t l i ke ly g iven t he l e ter s t y le , t he p re sence o f CO M i ,t he t p r i sma t ic s hape o f t he b lock . ( b ) S ee t he n o te o n No . 2 04 .

N o . 2 04 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly ot he f ron t , t he l e f th a lf o ft he t op d rop s 1 986 ) . Rec tangu lar b lock w i th t he r i gh ts i de a t4 5°t o i n ter sec t t he l e f t s i de . Af l aw l i ne r un s a cros he f ron t a nd t op . D imen s ion s : a tc a . 3 0° t s t ros e igh t : 1 . 47 t . 2 60cm x 7 0 x 30 ; g ros o lume : . 5 m3;g s v 5 s w ( a ) b e low t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm t l o co , b r(acch io) q uar t(o) , CO M i P raesen te < cos>

a .2 17?

( b ) p a in ted o n t he t op ; l e ter s : 4 cm t [ caJes(ura) n ova

( a ) F or t he d a te , s ee t he n o te o n No . 2 03 . ( b ) E xac t p ara le l s f or b o th t he i n scr ibed a s w e l a s t he p a in ted t ex t s a re Nos . 2 05 , 2 03 a nd l l 2 06 ( pa in ted t ex t o n ly ) . C aesura n ova i sh apax l egomenon a tD oc im ium , b u t i ti sa te s ted a t t Chem tou ( CIL V I 1 4586 : [ caes]ura n ova ; Monceaux 's c on jec ture c aesiura Nova( t i ) i s I I s t range ) . The i nd ica t ion c aesura u sua ly i nc lude s an ame i nt he G en i t ive , b u t t he se t ex t s a re l p re l im inary d raf t s i n p a in t a nd a tl e a s t p robab ly i ncomp le te ; t he e ng ineer w ou ld h ave b een n amed i n t he more f orma l i n scr ip t ion s . T he p a in ted t ex t s a re b e s t c ompared w i th t he t ex t s i n wh ich t he e ng ineer A thenodoru s a ppa ren t ly d e s igna ted s evera l a rea s o f q uar ing u nder ry h i s c harge w i th t he o rd ina l s Ia nd I I ( No s . 1 60 a nd 1 61) .

1 71

N o . 2 05 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l 1 986 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th u pper a nd l ower e dge s o f t he f ron t b eve led t o f orm b road o t he p lane o f t he t op a nd f ron t . F requen t i r on o x ide v e in s . D imen s ions : s urface s a t 4 5° t ros e igh t : 2 . 30 t . 1 68cm x 61 x 8 4 ; g ros o lume : . 8 6 m3;g s v s w

( a ) o n t he u pper b eve led s urface , a tt he l e f t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm l t l o c(o) x i , b (racch io) q uar t(o) , CO M i P raesen te < cos>

a .2 17?

l t ( b ) o n t he u pper b eve led s urface , a tt he r i gh t ; l e ter s : 4 cm c aes(ura) n ova

( a ) The C o f CO M i sb ar s i fi tw ere a n E . F or t he d a te , s ee t he n o te o n No . 2 03 . r ed a ( b ) S ee t he n o te o n No . 2 04 , p reced ing .

N o . 2 06 F rom d ebr i s i n Qua rry I ; s e ta s ide u nder t he Sw a lo ft he q uar Ju ly 1 984 ; s ub sequen tl ry ( l yd i sappeared ) . V ery l a rge i regu lar b lock w i th i n se t s a l ong t he l e f t t h ird o ft he u pper e dge r o ft he f ron t , a tt he l ower l e f t c orner o ft he f ron t , a nd a l ong t he l ower t wo t h irds o ft h e r i gh t e dge o f t he f ron t . The r ear t h ird o f t he t op i sb eve led g en t ly , a nd t he b ack c u t i nward a t l ros l aw l i ne s c u t t h rough t he b lock h or izon ta ly . D imen s ion s : c a . 2 70cm x 1 47 a bou t4 0 °.G s f l e igh t : 2 6 .91 t . F ig . 1 26 . x 253 ; v o lume : 1 0 .04m 3;w

( a ) a cros he f ron t a tt he u pper r i gh t ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm s t t l o c(o) x xc i , b (racch io) q u(ar to) i

( b ) p a in ted a bove ( a ) a nd t o t he r i gh t ; l e ter s : 4 cm t c aesura

( b ) S ee t he n o te o n No . 2 04 .

N o . 2 07 F rom d ebr i s i n Quarry I ; a tt he b ot f t he p i le i nt he m idd le o f t he q uar nd ( Ju ly t om o ry a 1 984 ; s ub sequen t ly d i sappeared ) . I regu la r , i ncomp le te ly d res lock : t op p icked , f ron t r s ed b ( i n scr ibed ) r aw q uarry f ace , b ack a nd o ther s i de s b roken . D imen s ion s : c a . 1 34cm x7 3 x1 26 ; a pprox . v o lume : 1 . 23m 3;a pprox . w e igh t : 3 . 3 t .

1 72

a cros s t he f ron t ; l e t ter s : 3 -4cm l o c(o) x xvi i, b (racch io) q uar( to) , CO M i A n ton in° A ug . e t Adven to c os o ff (i c ina) I ux ta P ers idem c aes(ura) P hoen icem

a .2 18

l l 2 : Af ter Macr inu s wa s k i led i n S yr ia i nJ une o f2 18 , E lagaba lu s w a s i n s ta led o n t he t h rone s t here a nd a sumed h i s f i r s t c on su l sh ip . T he n ew s mu s t h ave r eached Doc im ium q u ick ly . l The s imp l ic i ty o f t he n omenc la ture h e lp s d a te t ex t s wh ich om i t men t ion o f a co league ( Nos . 2 08 , 2 10 , 2 11, 2 12 , 2 13 , 2 16 ) ; I mp . A n ton inus A ug . o r n (os ter) i n c omb ina t ion w i th a l ow n umber o fc on su l sh ip s t herefore i nd ica te s E lagaba lu ss i nce t he o ther An ton ine s h ad h e ld sion ( t he c on su l sh ip b efore t he ir a cces No . 2 14 , I mp . A ug . A n t[o]n ino A ug . i , i ss ecure ly d a ted t o2 20 ) . Mo s t o f t he se b lock s , t oo , a re p r i sma t ic , as hape t ha t d oe s n o t a ppea r b efore t he l a te 2 nd c . 4 : The e ngraver , h i s m ind o n t he p rev iou s l i ne , w ro te a n A ccusa t ive i n s tead o f aG en i t ive .

N o . 2 08 ry ( F rom d ebr i s i n Qua rry I ; i n ap i le i n t he m idd le o f t he q uar Ju ly 1 984 ; s ub sequen t ly t om o d i sappeared ) . L ow r ec tangu lar b lock a tt he b ot f ap ike , i n scr ibed f ace e xposed . T op s ed r ough ly d res ; l e f t s i de a n u ndre szed n a tura l j o in t ; t he f ron t q uarry p icked . D imen s ion s : );w e igh t : 3 . 88 t . 2 15cm x 51 x 18 ; v o lume : 1 . 293 m .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t l o c(o) x v , b (racch io) q ua r t(o) , CO M i A n ton( i)no A ug(us to) < cos>

a .2 18

F or t he d a te , s ee t he n o te o n No . 2 07 .

N o . 2 09 F rom d ebr i s i n Quar ; i n ap i le i n t he m idd le o f t he q uar Ju ly 1 984 ; s ub sequen t ly ry I ry ( d i sappeared ) . Sma l , s quare b lock w i th a .s ha low i n se t a cros he l e f t h a lf o f t he t op . l l s t D imen s ions : 6 9cm x 6 6 x 61 ; v o lume : . 2 8m' ; w e igh t : . 7 4 t .

a cros he l ower e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm s t t I mp(era tore) A n t(on ino) l o c(o) i x

a .2 18

F or t he d a te , s ee t he n o te o n No . 2 07 .

N o . 2 10 I n t he y ard o f t he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . C arefu ly d res l s ed r e c tanug lar b lock w i th o ne i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . D imen s ion s : 1 88cm x 54 x 63 ; v o lume : . 4 18m 3;w e igh t : 1 . 25 t .

a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm s t t

1 73

I mp (era tore) A n t(on ino) n (os tro) i c os i l o co x c i

a .2 19

T h i s t ex t s eem s t o b e i n t he s ame h and a s No s . 2 11 a nd 2 12 .

N o . 2 11 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly s t 1 984 ) . S quare b lock w i th i n se t s a l ong t he u pper t h ird o f t he l e f t s i de a nd a cros h e u pper e dge o f t he b ack . A l a rge a rea c overed b y a fa in t w a sh o f r ed p a in t s ugges t s a n e ar l ier , l v an i shed t ex tr unn ing v er t ica ly where t he i n scr ibed t e x tn ow i s . Wh i te marb le . D imens ion s : e igh t : 1 . 15 . F ig . 1 27 . 9 4cm x 85 x 56 ; v o lume : . 4 29m 3;w

u nder t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 8 -9cm ; l i ne 1 ,7 cm t b (racch io) p r im(o) I mp(era tore) A n t(on ino) n (os tro) i cos l o co x c i i i i

a .2 19

1 : L ine 1i si n ad ifferen t h and , s l igh t ly s ma ler , n ea ter a nd more c ompres . T he s ame l s ed h and p robab ly c u t a l so No . 2 12 , wh ich h a s al o cus n umber o f 9 5 . The l e ter s o f b o th a re t l a rge ; t he N s u se o n ly 4 5° a ng le s , a nd t he l s o f t he P s a re d i spropor t iona te ly s ma l . oop l T he d a te i se i ther 1 39 o r 2 18 ; t he l e ter s a re u nu sua ly l a rge f or t he t h ird c en tury b u t a s t l w i th t he o ther p ecu l iar i t ies t h i s d oes n o t h ave a ny n eces hrono log ica l v a lue . T h is t ex t s ary c s eem s t o b e p ar t o f t he s ame s e r ie s .

N o . 2 12 I n t he y ard o f t he A l imog lu Mermer S anay i , A fyon ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . Rough ly s qua red b lock w i th n o t-qu i te-rec t i l inear i n se t s a cros he t op a nd l e f t s i de . T he b ot how s q uar s t t om s r_y mark s , a nd t he r i gh t s i de i su nf in i shed . D imen s ion s : 1 05cm x 1 00 x 1 60 ; v o lume : 1 . 59 n r); w e igh t : 4 . 261 . F ig . 1 28 .

u pwards a l ong t he l e f t e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 5 -8cm t I mp(era tore) A n t(on ino) n (os tro) i c os l o co x cv

a .2 19

P robab ly c u t b y t he s ame h and a s No . 2 11 ( s ee t he n o te t here ) , wh ich h a s al o cu s n umber o f 9 4 . F or t he d a te , s ee t he n o te o n No . 2 07 .

N o . 2 13 I nd ebr i s r ecen t ly c l eared f rom Quar Ia nd d umped t ot he So fi t (Ju ly 1 983 ) . P r i sma t ic ry I tj o ins t he f ron t ; t op , b ack , b lock o f f i ne wh i te marb le . R igh t s i de b eve led a t4 5 ° where i l mo s t o f t he r i gh t s i de b roken a way . D imen s ion s : 6 2cm ( t he o n ly i n tac t o r ig ina l d imens ion ) x ca . 8 0 x ca . 5 8 . F ig . 1 29 .

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s t t a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 cm i i 1 [oc(o)] x xxv i , b (racch io) q uar( to) I mp . A n ton ino A ug . II < cos>

a .2 20

T he c urv ing s hapes o f t he A s , t he V , a nd t he G , t yp ica l o f t he t h ird c en tury b u t n o t sib e c ommon i n t he m id I c en tury , a rgue a ga in s t t he o ther p os le d a te o f 1 40 ; s e a l so t he n o te o n No . 2 16 a . F or t he r e s tora t ion q uar( to) , c f . No . 2 14 .

N o . 2 14 ry I ry ( F ro m d ebr i s i n Quar ; i n ap i le i n t he m idd le o f t he q uar Ju ly 1 984 ; s ub sequen t ly d i sappeared ) . R egu lar r e c tangu lar b lock w i th ap ro trud ing p r i sma t ic s t ep a l ong t he l e f ts i de l s f l s t a nd b eve led r i gh t e dge o f t he t op . G ros l aw l i ne r un s d iagona ly a cros he r i gh t h a lf o f ros e igh t : 6 . 62 t . F ig . s v s w t he f ron t . D imen s ion s : 2 09cm x 6 6 x1 79 ; g ros o lume : 2 . 47m 3;g 1 30 . a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm s t t l o c(o) x c i , b (racch io ) q uar( to) i I mp . A n t[o]n ino A ug . i i d Coma goin(e) c os o ff ina) l ux( ta) P ier]s( is) , c ae (sura) P hoen ic ( is) fic

a .2 20

N o . 2 15 I n d ebr is c l ea red f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . P r i sma t ic b lock , t e ar-shaped i ns ec t ion ; t he f l a t f ron t i si n scr ibed . T o a nd b ack n o t ); g ros e igh t : f u ly d ressed . E dge s o ft he f ron t a braded . D imen s ion s : g ros o lume : . 9 77 m. l s v s w 2 . 62 t . F ig . 1 31 .

l e ter s : 5 -6cm t [ lo]co i x , b (racch io) q u[a]r( to) , CO M i , I mp(era tore) A n ton ino A ug(us to) i i e tC omazo(ne) < cos . > , o ff ic ina) A n ton if n iana , c aes(ura) l u l( i) N eophy t i i

a .2 20

N o . 2 16 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . L ong , n ar lock o fd en se ly b recc ia ted p avonazze to . Two s ucces n se t s a l ong r ow b t sive i t he u pper e dge o f t he f r on t ; l e f t t h ird o f t he t op i sr eces a . 5 cm . D imen s ions : 1 75cm x s ed c ros e igh t : . 8 9 t . Fig . 1 32 . 6 1 x3 1 ; g ros o lume : . 3m 3;g s v 3 s w

( a ) a cros he f ron t ; l e te r s : 7 -8cm s t t I mp . A n t(on ino) i i c os , l o co x xxxv i , i b (racch io) i i

a .2 20?

1 75

t ( b ) t o t he r i gh t o f 1 . 3 o f ( a ) , u p s ide d own : l e ter s : 8 cm b (racch io) t e r t( io)

( a ) Th i s i st he s ame h and a s t ha t o f No s . 2 11 , 2 13 a nd ( p robab ly ) 2 10 ; s ee t he n o te o n No . 2 11 .

N o . 2 17 s l I n Quarry I ,f rom d ebr i sa soc ia ted w i th a1 0m t unne l( i lus tra ted i n Wae lkens e ta l . 1 986 , ry l 1 22 f i g . 6 ) d e s troyed d ur ing q uar ing i n J u ly 1 983 . E nd o f av ery l a rge c o lumn ; c o lar a t s ed w l u pper e nd , l ower e nd d res i thou t c o lar . T he l e f t t h ird o f t he c o lumn i sb roken a way ; l al a rge p iece i sc racked a way a tt he u pper r i gh t o f t he c o lar e nd ( i n scr ibed ) , where af l aw l l i ne r unn ing u p t he r i gh t s i de o f t he s haf t r eache s t he e nd . D imen s ion s : d iame ter a tc o lar , 1 43cm ; p re served l eng th , 9 4 . F ig s . 1 33 a nd 1 34 .

s t l t a cros he c o lar e nd ; l e ter s : 5 -7cm l o c(o) i , b (racch io) t e (r t io) , CO M T i] A lexandro A ug(us to) c o[s] o ff ( ic ina) I ux( ta) P ers( is) , c aes(u ra) Mar ( yl l in i) R omae

a .2 22

1 : T he n umber l o s t a tt he e nd o f t he l i ne i sr e s tored a s Is i nce n o n umber o ther t han Ih a s t y e t b een a te s ted a f ter CO M . 2 : As i ng le h or izon ta l l i ne c u t s t h rough n ame , b u t i t is u n l ike ly t oh ave b een i n ten t iona l . I f ten i r r ec t he n ame wa s w r it n e ror , i tw a s n o t t hen c or ted , a nd i ti sh ard t o c red i t p o l i t ica l mo t ive s . i l 3 : On t he o ffc ina , s ee t he n o te o n No . 1 28 . On Mary l inu s , s ee t he n o te o n No . 2 20 . T he t om o l t op s a nd t he b ot f t he A a re l o s t ; a l t ha t c an b e s a id o f t he t he n ex t c harac ter i st ha t i t t i sa ver t ica l s t roke . No s . 19 , d a ted 1 54 , a nd 1 20 c on ta in a sim i lar s er ies o f l e ter s t o b e l u nder s tood a s Man l ( iu s ) , b u t t hey a re g enera t ion s e ar l ier . Ma ry l inus ( No s . 2 21 a nd 2 20 ) i s t t he mo s t a trac t ive c on jec ture . 4 : R omae mu s t b e al abe l i nd ica t ing t he d e s t ina t ion o ft he c o lumn b efore i tw a s b roken ( and s ed a t he b reak d res ga in s t t he c hance o f an eed f or t he n ow s t range ly s haped p iece ) . D e s t ina t ion l abe l s a re v ery r a re : t he o n ly o ther s o n r e cord ( bo th r ead r a t ion i u rb icae ) w ere nd sib p robab ly n o t i n scr ibed a tt he q ua rr ies b u t a t al a ter t ime , p os ly a tS ynnada ( No s . 12a 1 2 2) . A s im i lar l abe l a ppear s o n as u lphur t i le s t amp f r om S i c i ly : R omae , a nd i ss im i lar ly u nder s tood b y R . J .A . W i l son ( t o whom Iam i ndeb ted f or b r ing ing i tt o my a ten t ion ) , t ANRW I .11 .1 ( Ber l in a nd N ew Y ork 1 988 ) 2 20 , w i th f ur ther r e f s . S ee a l so Append ix 1 . S ince mo s t o f t he o u tpu t d ur ing t he q uar 's l i fe w i l h ave b een s en t t o Rome i n t h e n orma l ry l c our se o f t h ing s , s uch l abe l s w ere g enera ly u nneces ry , a nd i n a ny e ven t w e wou ld e xpec t l sa d ec i s ion s a bou t d e s t ina t ion s ( o r u se s ) t o h ave b een m ade a t Doc im ium r a ther t h an a t t he q uarr ie s t hem se lve s . A t al e ng th-d iame ter r a t io o f8 : 1, t he i n tended l e ng th o f t he c o lumn ( s ub trac t ing 1 0cm f or t he c o lar ) wou ld h ave b een a bou t 1 0 .64m o r 3 4 .6 f ee t ; a t9 : 1, 1 .97 m = 3 8 .9 f ee t . l

N o . 2 18 I n d ebr is c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . T rapezo ida l b lock , i ncomp le te ly d res : t he t op i sp ar t ly d res , p ar t a na tura l j o in t s t i l s ed s ed l c l ay-encru s ted ; t he b ack i su ndres ot urface s p l i tf rom b edrock . D imens ion s : 1 45cm s ed b t om s ( a t t op ) t aper ing t o 2 2 a tb ot 62 ; d ep th n o t mea sured . F ron t ( i nscr ibed ) v ery worn . t om x

1 76

s t t a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : c a . 5 cm i i l o c (o) v i [ b(racch io) q ua r( to?) , CO M i ] [ A lexandro A ug .] i i e tD ion(e) i c os , o f ( fi c ina) A n ton i (n iana) , c aes(ura) [ I]u l i N eop hy t i

a .2 29

1 : T he r e s tora t ion o f t he b racch ium n umber d epend s o n t h i s b lock 's a ff in i ty w i th No . 2 19 . 2 : T he s ame c on su lar p a ir a ppear s i n No . 2 19 .

N o . 2 19 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . Rough ly s haped p r i sma t ic b lock w i th c urv ing f ace a l ong u pper e dge o ft he r i gh t s i de i de c onnec t ing t he r i gh t s i de s ed a ( a lmo s t a si fi th ad b egun t ob e d res s ac o lumn ) a nd 4 5° s a nd t he b ack . D imen s ion s : 6 7cm x 7 9 x1 75 .

a cros he l ower h a lf o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t l o c (o) i , b (racch io) q uar ( to) , CO M i A lexandro A ug . i [ i] e tD ion(e) i c os , o ff ( ic ina) E rc(u l iana) [ c]aes(ura) J u l i N e[ophy t i]

a .2 29

3 : S ee t he n o te o n No . 1 81 a bou t t he o ffc ina n ame . i N o . 2 20 I n d ebr i s c l ea red f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . L arge b lock o n ly r ough ly s haped a nd d res cros ar t o f t he f ron t ; o ther s i des a re s ed a s p n a tura l j o in t s a nd s how q ua rry p ick mark s . D imen s ion s : 2 50cm x 1 06 x 9 2 ; g ros o lume : s v ros e igh t : 6 . 54 . 2 . 44m 3;g s w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 cm s t t [ loc] ( ) v ,b (racch io) q ua r t(o) I mp . [ An to]n ino A ug . i e tD ione i c os o ff ( ic ina) S ever( iana) , [ caes(ura) M]aryl i) lin(

a .2 29

T he r a re c ognomen Ma ry l inu s ( a l so i n No s . 2 17 a nd 2 21) s ugge s t s ac onnec t ion w i th g en s l D ot f An t ioch ia i n P i s id ia . C IL II 5 081 =I LS 6 837 r ecord s Dot s Mary l inu s , f a ther tia o tiu l o f D ot lanc ianus who w a s p a t ron o f t he c o lony a nd a n A s ia rch a c t ive u nder Marcu s tius P Aure l iu s ; I I 6 835 men t ion s a n o ikonomos o f aMary l inu s ) . T he c onnec t ion i s made more l l i ke ly b ecau se t he E gg i Maru l i , t he o n ly o ther o bv iou s s ource f or t he c ognomen , a i l d im inu t ive o f Maru lus ( L . C os iu s E gg iu s Ma ru lu s , c os . o rd . a .1 84 : t he f am i ly a ccoun t s l s on l f or mo s t o f t he o ccurrences i nC IL V I ) n ever h e ld g overnor sh ip s i n A s ia M inor . T he D ot i ti a l so h ad c onnec t ion s w i th E phe su s o r w ere p erhap s E phe s ian i n o r ig in ( B . L ev ick , R oman C o lon ies i n A s ia M inor [ Oxford 1 967 ] 1 27 ) . I ft he Dot ic ame t op rom inence d ur ing t he m idd le o ft he s econd c en tury ,t he ir c ognom ina ti c ou ld h ave s pread w ide ly among d ependen t s a nd t he ir d e scendan t s . B u t s i nce c ognom ina w ere n o t f requen t ly b or l ong w i th t he manda tory a s ignmen t o f g en t i l ic ia t o n ew ly r owed a s

1 77

l e nf ranch i sed f r eedmen , i t may b e t ha t o ur Mary l inu s wa s a n a c tua l member o f t he f am i ly s p erhap s f rom al e s p r iv i leged b ranch . T h i s i st he o n ly q uarry f unc t ionary who c an b e a rgued t o h ave b een al o ca l man .

N o . 2 21 I I n ad ump W o f B acaka le u sed c h ief ly f or d eb r i s c l eared f rom Qua rry V I b u t a l so f r om s p sly f B acaka le ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . N ea r ly f orm les iece o fg ros l awed r ock ; o n ly t he f r on ti sr ough ly e igh t : c a . 4 . 5 t .F ig . s moo thed . Approx . d imen s ion s : 1 30cm x6 0 x2 15 ; v o lume : c a . 1 . 68 m 3;w 1 35 .

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 3 -4cm s t t l o c(o) xi (racch io) q uar( to) , CO M M i , i i, b A lexandro A ug . i e tD ione i c os , o ff ( ic ina) S ever( iana) , c aes(ura) Maryl i) lin(

a .2 29

On Mary l inu s , s ee t he n o te o n No . 2 20 . l

N o . 2 22 I n d ebr i s r ecen t ly c l ea red f rom Quarry I I a nd d umped t o t he S o f i t( Ju ly 1 983 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock f u ly d res o ar ough s urface . B roken o n b ot , r i gh t a nd l e f t s i de s . l s ed t t om D imen s ion s : 1 06cm x 70 x 40 ; g ros o lume : . 2 97m 3;g ros e igh t : . 7 95 t . F ig . 1 36 . s v s w

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 4 -5cm s t t P , l o c(o) l xx i , b (racch io) q uar t(o) , CO M i i i i I mp . Max im ino ( us to) e tA f r icano c os , o ff ( ic ina) A lex(andr ina) c aes(ura) V an i

a .2 36

1 : T he mean ing o f t he P i sn o t c l ear . T he l e ter s o f q uar t(o) a re l i ga tured i n p a ir s . t 2 : T h i s i st he l a te s t i n scr ip t ion f ound a t t he Doc im ium q uar s o r i ndeed a ny I mper ia l rie q uar n t he Med i ter . ry i r anean ff i c ina n ame l e f t o ver f rom t he r eg ime o ver thrown b y 3 : I t i s i n tere s t ing t ha t t he o Max im inu s T hrax h ad n o t y e t b een r ep laced a t D oc im ium .

FRAGMENTS N o . 2 23 I n d ebr i s s ca rp w i th in B acaka le ( June 1 985 ) . L ong n ar lock o n ly p ar t ly v i s ib le a nd r ow b n o ta cces le f or mea suremen t . E s t ima ted d imen s ion s :2 50cm x9 0( dep th i nacces le ) . F ig . sib sib 1 37 .

a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he f ron t ; l e ter s n o t mea sured : t l o c (o) x xxx , b (racch io) q uar ( to) , CO M i

1 78

i) t P robab ly l a te s econd o r t h ird c en tury t o j udge f rom ( i ) t he l ow l o cus n umber , ( he i a bbrev ia t ion / o c f or t he l o co c u s tomary e ar l ier , a nd ( i ) t he p re sence o f CO M .

N o . 2 24 I n d ebr i s c l eared f r om t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l l 1 986 ) . C o lumn f r agmen t w i th c o lar a to ne e nd , t he o ther b roken a t an a tura l j o in t . C o lar s ed q ry f l e nd i sa n u ndres uar ace a nd h a s n o t b een s moo thed ; t he s haf t i sf u ly r ounded a nd s ed l l d res . D imen s ions : d iame ter a tc o lar , 1 24cm ; c o lar 4 9 w ide ; p re served l e ng th , 2 75 . F ig s . 1 38 a nd 1 39 .

s t t a cros he e nd , n ear t he t op : l e ter s : n o t mea sured [ - - c a . 1 2 --] [ --- c a . 1 7 --] [ --- c a . 1 8 --] Iam u nab le t o r ead t h i s c ur s ive i n scr ip t ion .

N o . 2 25 ry I F rom d ebr i s i n Quar ; i n ap i le i n t he m idd le o f t he q uarry ( Ju ly 1 984 ; s ub sequen t ly l s t d i sappeared ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th o ne s ha low i n se t a cros he l ower t h ird o f t he f ron t l s ed a nd a no ther a tt he u ppe r r i gh t c orner o f t he f ron t . F ron t , t op c arefu ly d res , s i des a nd t om u b ot nf in i shed . D imen s ion s : 1 33cm x 65 x 58 ; v o lume : . 4 88 t . s t t a cros he l ower t h ird o f t he f ron t , a tr i gh t ; l e ter s : 7 cm b (racch io) s ecund (o)

N o . 2 26 I n d ebr i s c l eared f r om t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . R ec tangu lar b lock w i th o ne i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he l e f t s i de . D imen s ion s : e igh t : 1 . 12 t . F ig s . 1 40 a nd 1 41 . 6 8cm x 5 7 x 13 ; v o lume : 4 18m 3;w

( a ) u pward a l ong e dge o f t he l e f t s i de ; l e ter s : 5 -6cm ( F ig . 1 40 ) t

o ff ( ic ina) [ .c a . 3 .. 1 , b (racch io) c aes(ura) T i t i , l o c (o ) i

( b ) o n o ppo s i te s i de f r om ( a ) i nt he s ame o r ien ta t ion ; l e ter h e igh t : 9 cm ; w id th o ft he omega : t 1 5cm ( F ig . 1 4 1) ( t au omega)

( b ) T au omega a l so i n No . 2 28 ; c f . No . 6 0 2,TA(omega) . T he l e ter s a re p robab ly t he t s i gna ture o f a n i nd iv idua l q uadra tar ius . I ti su nu sua l i n p re l im inary i n scr ip t ion s l i ke t h i s t o f i nd t he p er sonne l l i s ted i n s tead o f t he l o cus a nd b racch ium n umber s . t T i tus i sa te s ted b e tween 1 65? a nd 1 79 .

1 79

N o . 2 27 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W h a lf o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l s ed 1 986 ) . Sma l o b long .b lock ; l ower h a lf o f t he r i gh t s i de u ndres . D imen s ions : 8 6cm x 5 0 x5 9 ; v o lume : . 2 54m" ; w e igh t : . 6 81 t .

t ( a ) b e low t he f a r e dge o f t he t op , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 7 cm b (racch io) t e r t( io)

( b ) b e low ( a ) ; l e t ter s : 4 cm 1 . .. JNIOR es d ccccx e

a .?

• s t t om t ( c ) a cros he f ron t n ear t he b ot ; l e ter s : 1 0-8cm d cccx x v b (racch io) i

( a ) T he c on su lar d a te i su nres torab le . r ed ( b ) T he D i sb ar .

N o . 2 28 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W e nd o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l l 1 983 ) . Sma l , l ow b lock w i th as ma l i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he l e f t s i de , y i e ld ing t o sive l s t tom t wo s ucces a rger i n se t s a cros he l e f th a lf o ft he b ot ; l a rge amoun t so ft he l ower e dge o f t he l e f t s i de a re b roken a way . D imen s ion s : 11cm x4 9 x 98 . F ig . 1 42 .

s t t a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : t au = 1 3cm , omega = 6 cm b u t 2 1 w ide ( t au) ( omega) t l T he s ame l e ter s a ppear i n No . 2 26 , f o low ing , wh ich a l though f r agmen tary n ame s t he c aesura T i t i a nd t herefore b e long s t o t he p er iod a f ter c a . 1 30 when t h is w a s o ne o f t he s t andard i t em s o f i nforma t ion . t T he G reek l e ter s a re p robab ly t he s i gna ture o f a n i nd iv idua l q uadra tar ius .

N o . 2 29 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W e nd o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly l l 1 983 ) . Sma l b lock w i th as i ng le i n se t a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t he r i gh t s i de . F u ly d re ssed . 3 D imen s ion s : 6 3cm x 3 4 x7 4 ; v o lume : . 1 24m 3;w e igh t : . 31 t .

s t t ( a ) a cros he f ron t , u p s ide d own ; l e ter s : 3 -5cm

1 80

l o co x vi i

( b ) a cros s t he b ack ; l e t ter s : 1 0cm b (racch io) i

N o . 2 30 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W e nd o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 983 ) . Sma l l b lock , n o i n se t s ; d en se b recc ia . D imen s ions : 6 5cm x 1 00 x 8 8 ; v o lume : . 5 7 m); w e igh t : 1 . 52 t . F ig . 1 43 .

s t t a cros he t op ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm i i l o co c xxx i b (racch io) i i 0 [--]VIOR

t 3 : T he se l e ter s a re more l i gh t ly c u t b y s eem t ob e b y t he s ame h and . I ti sn o t c er ta in t ha t t o t here a re t wo l e ter s w i th in t he b racke t s ; wha t i so n t he s t one l ok s l i ke e i ther al e an ing A o r as p layed N o ra n Al e an ing t ot he r i gh tw i th as t roke c on t inu ing b ack u p t ot he v er t ica l . T he o t s t roke a f ter t he V may b e as t ray mark , b u t a t t he t op i tl oks c h i se l-cu t . T he l a s t l e ter o t c ou ld b e aK s i nce t he l op o f t he R i sv ery f a in t . T he l e ter s c anno t h ide ad on su lar d a te ; n o th ing e l se c an b e s a id a bou t t hem .

N o . 2 31 l W i th in B acaka le , a ga in s tt he Sw a l( Ju ly 1 983 ) . F la tb lock w i th i n se t s a l ong t he n ear h a lf o ft he r i gh ts i de c on t inu ing as hor td i s tance a l ong t he f ron ta nd a l ong t he f ar t h ird o ft he l e f t s i de . T he t op s urface i ss aw-cu t ; t here i s ar ough " l ip " 5 cm w ide a l ong t he n ear e dge where l t he r ock b roke j u s t b efore t he s aw ing w a s c omp le te , a s u sua ly h appened . T he i n scr ip t ion i sc u t i n to t h i s s moo th s urface w i th ap o in t c h i se l . D imen s ion s : 1 36cm x 45 x 86 ; ;v o lume : e igh t : 1 . 335 t . F ig . 1 44 . . 4 95m 3;w

a cros he t op t oward t he f a r e dge ; l e ter s : 6 cm s t t d e l o co c v

T he p urpo se o f t he s aw c u t may h ave b een t o a s cer ta in t he q ua l i ty o f t he marb le , wh ich i s s par se ly v e ined . T h is may i n f ac t h ave b een t he c ause f or t he a bandonmen t o f t he p iece .

N o . 2 32 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W e nd o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( J u ly 1 983 ) . S quare b lock c arefu ly d res . D imen s ion s : 1 24cm x 7 2 x 10 ; v o lume : . 9 8m' ; l s ed w e igh t : 2 . 63 t .

a cros he f ron t j u s t b e low t h e u pper e dge ; l e ter s : 7 -8cm s t t l o c (o) i , b (racch io) t e r t ( io) , CO M i 1 81

CO M a ppea r s i nt ex t s n o t e ar l ier t han 1 74 ( one t ex t b efore 1 98 ) , a nd s o t h i s s t one s hou ld t l l l b e long t ot he l a te 2 nd o r e ar ly t h ird c en tur ie s . T he l e ter s a re e xcep t iona ly w e l c u t : a l t he t s -drawn l t r ound l e ter s a re c ompas , a nd ac a refu l V -trench i se v iden t i n a l t he l e ter s .

N o . 2 33 I n t he p i le o f b lock s c l eared f rom Quar Ju ly 1 984 ) . Sma l b lock w i th t wo i n se t s ry I ( l a cros s t he f ron t , a no ther a l ong t he u pper e dge o f t he b ack , a nd t wo o ther s a l ong t he l ower e igh t : . 8 17 t . e dge o f t he b ack . D imen son s : 7 6 x 48 x 90 ; v o lume : . 3 05m 3;w

a cros he t op ; l e ter s : i nacces le s t t sib l o co b (racch io) i i , b (racch io) t e r ( t io)

N o . 2 34 Sma l s qua r i sh b lock w i th a n i n se t a cros he t op o f the f ron t a nd t op o f t he l e f t s i de . l s t D imen s ion s : 9 5cm x 7 6 x5 5 ; v o lume : . 3 76m 3;w e igh t : 1 . 007 t .

( a ) a cros he f ron t a bove t he l ower e dge ; l e ter s : 6 -7cm s t t l o c (o) x v i i i

( b ) u pward o n t he f ron t , b eg inn ing o ver t he X o f ( a ) ; l e ter s : 4 cm t l o co x , b (racch io) i

T h i s i st he o n ly c a se o f d i scordan t l o co n umber s o n t he s ame b lock , a nd i ti sp robab ly b y m i s take , p ar t icu la r ly s i nce t he n umber s a re v ery c l o se i ft he B i sr ep laced b y aV o r v i ce v er sa .

N o . 2 35 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W e nd o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n t rance ( J u ly 1 984 ) . S quare b lock w i th t wo s ucces n se t s o fi n crea s ing s i ze c u t i n to t he l e f t h a lf o ft he sive i t op ; as ha low i n se t r un s a l ong t he l ower e dge o f t h e r i gh t s i de . D imen s ion s : 1 2 1cm x 63 x l 8 4 ; v o lume : . 53m 3;w e igh t : 1 . 48 t . 5

a cros he f ron t ; l e ter s : 6 cm s t t l o co c lx iv b (racch io) i i

1 82

No . 2 36 I n d ebr i s c l eared f rom t he W e nd o f B acaka le ; d umped t o t he W o f t he e n trance ( Ju ly 1 984 ) . Rough b lock o n ly p ar t ly s quared : t he f r on t ( i n scr ibed ) i s n a tura l j o in t ( heav i ly s ed w s ed e ncru s ted w i th c l ay ) , t he t op r ap id ly d res i th ap o in t c h i se l , t he r i gh t s i de n o t d res ting t b eyond t he q ua rry p icked s urface r e su l t ing f rom c ut he t r enches t o f ree t he b lock . tom B roken a t t he t op a nd b ot ; l ower r i gh t c orner o f t he f ron t b roken a way . F ig . 1 45 .

r T he i n scr ip t ion s a re a ranged t om o f rom t op t o b ot n t h e f ron t . t ( a ) l e ter h e igh t : 9 cm ( eps i lon)

( b ) l e ter h e igh t : 6 -9cm t AY

( c ) l e t ter h e igh t : 6 cm C( or g amma)

( d ) l e ter h e igh t : 8 cm t ( eps i lon)

I I . 1 4 No . 2 36

( e ) l e t ter h e igh t : 1 0-14cm ( eps i lon) ( ph i) ( c ) I ti sn o t c l ear wha t l e t ter w a s i n tended h ere ; i tr e semb le s aR oman G o r C . T he l e t ter s a re p robab ly t he mark s o f t he i nd iv idua l men who q uar ried t he p iece , g iven i t s r ough c ond i t ion ( and t h e f ac t t ha t o n ly o ne man c an w ork a ts qua r ing ab lock a t at ime ) . AY s ugges t s Aure l iu s , ( e p s i lon ) ( ph i ) a ny n umber o f n ame s . S ee a bove , p . 2 5

N o . 2 37 I n t he n eare s t o f t he s ma l l q uarr ies a bove A l t in ta s t own ( June 1 985) . E nd o f al a rge c o lumn ; c o l lar a to ne e nd , t he o ther e nd n ew ly b roken . F u l ly r ounded . D imens ion s : c o l la r d ia , 1 21 cm ; c o l lar w id th , 3 6 ; p re served l e ng th , 2 10 . S carce v ena t ion . F ig . 1 46 .

n ear t he l ower e dge o f t h e e nd ; l e t ter s : 6 -7cm VVV

T he s t rokes a re c l ear b u t n o t whe ther t hey s hou ld b e r ead a s a bove o r a s u p s ide d own a s u nba rred A s . N e i ther y i e ld sa pparen ts en se ,a nd t here a re n o p ara l le l sf rom t he A l t in ta sova s i .

1 83

N o . 2 38 F rom t he d ebr i s h i l l f l ank ing t he W e n trance t o B acaka le o n t he n or th b efore i tw a s b u l ldozed i n 1 985/86 ( Ju ly 1 986 ) . E longa ted b lock , t op s aw-cu t i nt wo p l ane s , o ne c a . 2cm . l ower . F ron t s aw c u t ; l e f t r ear c orner o f t he t op b roken a way . D imen s ions : n o t mea sured . F ig . 1 47 .

a cros s t he f ron t a t l e f t ; l e t ter s : 3 -5cm E ?RCULLO ‹ cos?› i i d e l o c(o) c xxxx i b (racch io) i

a .?

t t l 1 . T he f i r s t l e ter i sv ery worn . I ft he l e ter s a re an ame , i t may b e T er tu lo ( w i th t he f i r s t ) ; b u t t he C s ems d ef in i te . t e l e ter al i ga tured DE

1 84

F igures 1 5 147 I l lus tra t ing t he N ew I nscr ip t ions

F ig . 1 5

No s . 2 , 1a nd 3 (l ef t t o r i gh t )

F ig . 1 6

1 85

No . 2

F ig . 1 7

No . 4 t ex t s ( a ) -( g ) , c l ockw i se s t a r t ing a t 6o ' c lock

F ig . 1 8

1 86

N o . 4 t ex t ( h )

F ig . 1 9

No . 5 t ex t s c l ockw i se f rom 5o ' c lock

F ig . 2 0

No . 5 t ex t ( a )

1 87

F ig . 2 1

No . 5 t ex t ( d ) g raff i to o f ah uman ( ? )

F ig . 2 2

F ig . 2 3

No . 6 1 88

No . 7

F ig . 2 4

F ig . 2 5

F ig . 2 6

No . 8

No . 9 l e f t h a lf , t ex t s ( a ) & ( b )

No . 9 r i gh t h a lf , t ex t s ( c ) ( j) 1 89

F ig . 2 7

No . 1 0 d e ta i l o f t ex t s ( a ) -( c )

F ig . 2 8

No . 1

1 90

F ig . 2 9

F ig . 3 0

No . 1

No . 1 2 t ex t s r un f rom b ack t o f ron t

1 91

F ig . 3 1

F ig . 3 2

No . 1 4

F ig . 3 3

No . 1 5 1 92

No . 1 6

F ig . 3 4

F ig . 3 5

No . 1 9

No . 2 1 t ex t s ( a ) & ( b )

1 93

F ig . 3 6

No . 2 2

F ig . 3 7

N o . 2 3

1 94

F ig . 3 8

No . 2 4 t ex t s ( e ) -( g )

F ig . 3 9

No . 2 8

1 95

F ig . 4 0

No . 2 9 t op

No . 3 2

F ig . 4 1

1 96

F ig . 4 2

F ig . 4 3

No . 3 3

No . 3 6

1 97

F ig . 4 4

No . 4 0

F ig . 4 5

N o . 4 5 1 98

F ig . 4 6

N o . 4 7

F ig s . 4 7 &4 8

1 99

No . 5 0

F ig . 4 9

No . 5 1

F ig . 5 0

No . 5 2

2 00

F ig . 5 1

No . 5 6

F ig . 5 2

No . 6 5

2 01

F ig . 5 3

No . 6 6

F ig . 5 4

No . 6 7

2 02

F ig . 5 5

No . 7 0

F ig . 5 7

F ig . 5 6

No . 7 1

2 03

No . 7 2

F ig . 5 8

No . 7 3

F ig . 5 9

No . 7 6

2 04

F ig . 6 0

No . 8 0

F ig . 6 2

F ig . 6 1

No . 8 5

G enera lv iew o fa nc ien tf ace a l ong t he S .w a l lo fB acaka le . The l ower a r row marks No . 8 3( 93 i s to t he r i gh tj u s to u to fs i gh t ) ;t he u pper a r row i nd ica tes No s . 1 97 a nd 1 99 ( No . 1 92 i so u t o f s i gh t a ts ame l e ve l ) .

2 05

F ig . 6 3

F ig . 6 4

No . 8 7

N ew c l ea r ing i nt he S .h a lf o fW . B acaka le i nJ u ly , 1 984 . T he l e f ta r row i nd ica te s No s . 9 0 ; t he r i gh t , No . 13 . N o s . 9 8 a nd 1 32 ( s ee F ig . 1 0 ) c ame f r om t he s ame a rea .

2 06

F ig . 6 5

No . 9 3

F ig . 6 6

No . 9 4

2 07

F ig . 6 7

F ig . 6 8

No . 9 5

F ig . 6 9

No . 9 9

2 08

N o . 1 01

F ig . 7 0

No . 1 02

F ig . 7 1

No . 1 03

2 09

F ig . 7 3 F ig . 7 2

No . 1 05

F ig . 7 4

No . 12

2 10

No . 1 06

F ig . 7 5

No . 14

F ig . 7 6

No . 15

2 11

F ig . 7 7

No . 17 w i th r oughed-ou t l a te c ap i ta l i n f ron t o f r ange p o le

F ig . 7 8

No . 19

2 12

F ig . 7 9

F ig . 8 0

No . 1 20

No . 1 23

2 13

F ig . 8 1

No . 1 25

F ig . 8 2

N o . 1 26

2 14

F ig . 8 3

No . 1 27

F ig . 8 4

No . 1 29

2 15

F ig . 8 5

No . 1 30

F ig . 8 6

No . 1 37 2 16

F ig . 8 7

F ig . 8 8

No . 1 38

No . 1 40

2 17

F ig . 8 9

No . 1 41

No . 1 42

F ig . 9 0

2 18

F ig . 9 1

No . 1 44

No . 1 46

F ig . 9 2

2 19

F ig . 9 3

F ig . 9 4

No . 1 48

No . 1 49

2 20

F ig . 9 5

No . 1 51

F ig . 9 6

No . 1 52

21 2

F ig . 9 7

F ig . 9 8

No . 1 54

No . 1 55

2 22

F ig . 9 9

F ig . 1 00

No . 1 58

No . 1 60 t ex t ( a ) , p a in ted

2 23

F ig . 1 01

No . 1 60 t ex t ( b ) &( c ) , p a in ted

F ig . 1 02

No . 1 60 t ex t ( d ) , i n c i sed

2 24

F ig . 1 03

No . 1 61

F ig . 1 04

2 25

No . 1 63

F ig . 1 05

No . 1 67

F ig . 1 06

2 26

No . 1 70

F ig . 1 07

No . 1 71 t ex t ( b ) , p a in ted

F ig . 1 08

No . 1 72

27 2

F ig . 1 09

F ig . 10

No . 1 73

No . 1 74

28 2

F ig . 11

No . 1 75

F ig . 12

No . 1 76

2 29

F ig . 13

Genera l v i ew o f Nos . 1 77 ( l ef t ) a nd 1 78 ( r igh t ) h igh o n ad ebr i s s l ide d own t he Nor th w a l o f B acaka le l

F ig . 14

No . 1 77

2 30

F ig . 15

F ig . 16

No . 1 78

t ex t l a ck ing r i gh t s i de

No . 1 78

2 31

r i gh t s i de o f t ex t

F ig . 17

F ig . 18

No . 1 81

No . 1 85

2 32

F ig . 19

No . 1 89

F ig . 1 20

2 33

No . 1 90

F ig . 1 21

No . 1 9 1

F ig . 1 22

2 34

No . 1 95

F ig . 1 23

F ig . 1 24

No . 1 96

No s . 1 97 a nd 1 99

2 35

F ig . 1 25

No . 2 01

F ig . 1 26

2 36

No . 2 06

F ig . 1 27

No . 2 11

F ig . 1 28

No . 2 12

2 37

F ig . 1 29

No . 2 13

F ig . 1 30

N o . 2 14

2 38

F ig . 1 31

No . 2 15

F ig . 1 32

No . 2 16

2 39

F ig . 1 33

F ig . 1 34

No . 2 17

g enera l

No . 2 17 t ex t 2 40

F ig . 1 35

No . 2 21

F ig . 1 36

No . 2 22

2 41

F ig . 1 37

2 42

No . 2 23

F ig . 1 38

No . 2 24

F ig . 1 39

2 43

No . 2 24

F ig . 1 40

No . 2 26

F ig . 1 41

No . 2 26

2 44

F ig . 1 42

No . 2 28

F ig . 1 43

No . 2 30

2 45

F ig . 1 44

No . 2 31

F ig . 1 45

2 46

N o . 2 36

F ig . 1 46

No . 2 37

F ig . 1 47

No . 2 38

2 47

Chap ter V I CONCLUSIONS

T he n ew i n scr ip t ion s , more t han a ny th ing e l se , a dd a g rea t d ea l o f c omp l ica t ion a nd n uance t oo ur p ic ture o ft he i n terna l o pera t ion s a nd managemen t o f t he q uarr ie s i nP hryg ia . A s o f ten h appen s i n s i tua t ions i n wh ich a s ub s tan t ia l amoun t o f n ew e v idence b ecome s a va i lab le , n ew q ue s t ions r a i sed o u tnumber o ld q ue s t ion sa n swered , n or i st h i s t ob e l amen ted b ecau se t he s econd r ound o f q uer ies a re more s oph i s t ica ted , s pec if ic a nd s en s i t ive t o t he n ew ly d i scerned o u t l ine s o f t h e s ub jec t o f r e search . I ft h i s monograph p rov ide s ap la tform l f or w ork o n t he n ex t l eve l , i tw i l h ave s a t i sf ied t he p r ima ry g oa l . I ft he i n terpre ta t ion s g a in ter a ny c redence , s o much t he b et . sic p ry i T he c l as uzz le o f t he q uar n scr ip t ion s f rom Doc im ium h a s b een t he t ex t s b ear ing s evera l d a tes w i th ,c oded n umber s . I tn ow s eem s c l ear t ha t t he se w ere e n t ire ly i n terna l n o ta t ion s i nd ica t ion s evera l t ype s o f i nven tor ie s o f ma ter ia l o n h and i n a number o f y ear s wh ich c l o se ly c o inc ide w i th as us ta ined b u i ld ing b inge i n Rome i nt he l a s td ecade o ft he f i r s t c en tury a nd f i r s t t wo o f t he s econd . Dur ing t h is t ime , h owever , t here w a s n o g rea t r eo rgan iza t ion o r c hange o f managemen t p rac t ice s a tt he P hryg ian q uarr ie s , t oj udge b y t he t i n scr ip t ions f rom t he t urn o f t he c en tury wh ich c on t inue t o a tes t t he e x r a t ione c on trac tor s y s tem ( Tab le 1 0 ) . A r eorgan iza t ion d id t ake p lace , t hough , b u t a f ter t he t ime o f p eak s ed d emand h ad p as , i n t he l a s t y ear s o fH adr ian . T h i s c onc lu s ion i sb a sed o n u nder s tand ing r y mark t he emergence o f t he T ype I I s y s tem o f q uar s a s i nd ica t ing a d ifferen t f orm o f managemen t r a ther t han s imp ly ad ifferen t me thod o f ma rk ing b lock s . l T he n ew i n scr ip t ions d o n o t a low u s t o g o i n to d e ta i l a bou t t he n ew s y s tem . I tw a s sing o bv iou s ly v ery i mpor tan t t ha t t he n ew ly p rom inen t e x trac t ion e ng ineer s a nd d res l w ork shop s n amed s o c arefu ly o n t hou sand s o f b lock s a nd c o lumn s e ach y ear b e i den t if ied o np i ece so f marb le f or wh ich t hey w ere r e spon s ib le . Two c on s idera t ion su rge t he c onc lu s ion t ha t t i gh ter c on tro l w a s e xerc i sed o ver t he c aesura t e am s a nd o ff i c inae t han t he c on trac tor s o f t h e f i r s t c en tury h ad b een s ub jec ted t o . F ir s t , t here i st he f ac t t ha t t he i n scr ip t ion s s c on t inue t o r ecord t he g eograph ica l s ource o f e ach p iece a nd a s ign wha t w ere i n terpre ted a sa nnua l s e r ia l n umber s ( i n p rac t ice t hough t he o r ig ina l i n ten t ion o f t he l ocus n umber s w a s t ter s imp ler ) . S econd , t he o b serva t ion t ha t t he l e ter-cut s ( who se p o s i t ion wa s e l eva ted i n s i mpor tance p rec i se ly b ecau se t he i n scr ip t ion s c arr ied e sen t ia l i nforma t ion v u lnerab le t o s nes s — o f a l s if ica t ion a nd e ven more t oc are les b served i nt he d i screpanc ie sb e tween p a in ted a nd t h e l a ter i nc ised d a ta ) , w ere n o t member s o fi nd iv idua l o ff i c inae b u t r egu lar ly i n scr ibed t he p roduc t sf rom an umber o ft hem . C lo ser o ver s igh ta nd more d i rec ta dm in is tra t ive c on tro l l i s ad eve lopmen t f u ly c ons i s ten t w i th e vo lv ing t endenc ie s i n t he I mper ia l b ureaucracy o n mo s t l e ve l s a nd i n mo s t a rea s i nt he s econd c en tury . B u t t here a re h in t s a l so t ha t t he c aesura c h ief sa tl e a s tw ere n o ts imp ly " emp loyee s " b u th ad ac omp lex f i nanc ia l i nvo lvemen tw i th t he s uperv i sor s , b u t t h i s i sp erhap s t he murk ie s t a rea t ouched u pon b y t he n ew ma ter ia l . O ne d i rec t ion i n wh ich t he n ew i n scr ip t ion s h ave s hed n o l i gh t i st oward t he o rd inary worker s , p robab ly t ob e i mag ined a ss ome m ix o fl o ca l l aborer s a nd c onv ic t s . H ere , t hough , w e c an l ook f orwa rd t o as pec tacu lar i ncrea se o f k now ledge a s t he v ery n umerou s n ew o s traka f rom t he Mon s C laud ianu s p ro jec t b eg in t o b e p ub l i shed . R epor ted ly t he o s traka s e ven r epor td a i ly w ork a s ignmen t sf or i nd iv idua l worker sa nd mann ing s chemes f or v ar iou s

2 49

p ro jec t s .1 A p uzz le wh ich l om s l a rger r a ther t han s ma ler i n t he l i gh t o f t he n ew i n scr ip t ion s i s o l w hy p o lychrome ma rb le s hou ld b e s ub jec ted t ot he c a refu l r eg ime o fl abe l ing a nd a s ign ing l s r e spon s ib i l i ty when t he e qua ly v a lued wh i te ma rb le , e ven when r endered i n to c omp l ica ted l p refabr ica ted s hape s s uch a ss a rcophagu s l i d s a nd c he s t s d o n o ts how e ven at r ace o f mode s t p a in ted l abe l s . T he p roduc t ion o f p avonazze to f or v eneer a nd c o lumn s w a s o n ly o ne f ace t t o f al a rge o rgan iza t ion a l so m erchand i s ing ( w i th s i gna ls ucces l abora te ly c a rved s a rcophag i s) e t a nd ar ange o f a rch i tec tura l e l emen t s , a sw e a re c om ing t o s ee n ow i ncrea s ing ly c l ear ly .2 I s eem s t ha t t he c o lored ma rb le h a s a t rac ted s o much a ten t ion f rom modern s t uden t s e xac t ly t t b ecau se o f t he i n scr ip t ion s . I n t h i s a rea p rogres i l t ake t he f orm o f as t eady a cces f s w l sion o k now ledge a bou t t he t r ade i n wh i te ma rb le f rom D oc im ium o n t he o ne h and a nd a cl o se e xam ina t ion o ft he u se o fo ther I mper ia l ma rb le sa nd t he managemen to ft he i ro rgan iza t ion s . A t at ime when i n tere s t i n s uch q ue s t ion s i ss t i l o n t he r i se , i ti sn o t t oo much t oh ope t ha t l w e w i l u nder s tand t he who le p ic ture a nd i t sr ewa rd ing ly r i ch d e ta i l s much b et ri nt he n ex t l te s evera l d ecade s .

1 S ee a l ready H . C uv igny a nd G . Wagner , " O s t raka g rec s d e Mon s C laud ianu s , " ZPE 6 2 ( 1986 ) 6 3-73 a nd E . H and ley , " 0 . Mon s C laud ianu s 1 3 , " ZPE 6 8 ( 1987 ) 1-13 . O n t he a rchaeo log ica l s i de t here w i l a l so b e ag rea t d ea l t o b e l e a rned : s ee ap re l im ina ry r epor t o f l D . P . S . P eacock i n N . H erz a nd M . Wae lken s e d s . , C la ss ica l Marb le : G eochem i s t ry , T echno logy , T rade ( Dordrech t 1 988 ) 9 7-101 .

2 O ns a rcophag i , s ee Wae lken s 1 982a a nd F an t 1 985 ; o n o ther s cu lp ture , Wa e lken s 1 985b ; o n a rch i tec tura l e l emen t s , Append ix I .

2 50

A ppend ix I THE VAT ICAN COLUMNS

Among t he o lde s tk nown a nd s t i l mo s ti mpor tan tq uarry i n scr ip t ion sf rom Doc im ium a re l t wo c o lumn s f i r s t p ub l i shed i n 1 844 b y t he g rea t f i gure s o f 1 9 th c en tury e p igraphy , G . H enzen .3 T l he c o lumn s , " r ozze c ome t r aggon s i d a le p e tr iere , " w ere f ound o n t he V ia Ma rmora ta i n Rome a nd t hence t r an spor ted t o t he n ew ly o pened Mu seo L a teranen se f or d i sp lay i n t he p ub l ic r oom s . T here B ar to lomeo B orghe s i r ead t he t ex t s a l ong w i th H enzen , who r efer st h roughou tt oB orghe s i ' ss age c on tr ibu t ion s( of ten r eferr ing t oh im w i th t he word s l " l 'oraco lo d e l s o mmo B orghe s i " ) . S ince t hen t he c o lumn s h ave b een s een b y an umber o fo ther s cho lar s a nd r epub l i shed i n l si s e Ros aw t hem , s evera l c o lec t ion s , n o t i n c lud ing t he C orpus I nscr ip t ionum L a t inarum .4 D a nd b y 1 870 t he i n scr ibed e nd s o f t he c o lumn s h ad b een s awed o ff , t he s haf t s b e ing t oo v a luab le n o t t o b e r eemp loyed ( a lmo s t c er ta in ly i n t he r enova t ion o f t he P a lazzo L a terano l ir schfe ld ( 1905 , 1 77 n .2 ) mu s t h ave s een t hem i n p er son s i nce h e make s as ma l i t se lf ) .5 H r ec c or t ion t ot he r ece ived t e x t s . T hree y ear s l a ter Dubo i s i ncorpora ted t hem l i n to h i s c o lec t ion ( 1908 , p .9 0 n o s . 1 99 a nd 2 00 ) , p robab ly w i thou ts ee ing t hem s i nce h e d id n o t make H ir schfe ld 's r ec c or t ion , wh ich h a s i n f ac t n ever b een n o t iced b efore . W i th t he c l o s ing o f t he L a teran Mur ed s eum ,t he c o lumn e nds w ere t r an sfer t ot he Va t ican i t se lf a nd a r e n ow i nt he s t orerooms o f t he Mu seo e x-La terane n se . I have b een a b le t o r eexam ine t he se i n scr ip t ions t hrough t he c our tesy t. C o f Dot ar lo P ie trange l i , D irec tor o f t he V a t ican Mu seum s ,a nd t he e nerge t ic t. I h e lp o f Dot van d i S t efano , who s t k ind ly g ave me a cces ot h ee p igraph ic a l magaz ine s a nd l o ca ted t he q uarry t ex t s . My r ead ing i n f ac t c onf irm s H enzen 's o r ig ina l t ex t a s mod if ied b y H ir schfe ld , b u t s i nce n e i ther d imens i on s n or p ho tograph s h ave b een p ubl i shed i t seem s w or th wh i le t op u t t hem o n r ecord .

F igure 1 48

( 1a) B ruzza n o . 2 58

l a B ruzza n o . 2 58 = Dubo is n o . 1 99 . T he s econdary t ex t ( b ) o n t he u pper e nd c ou ld n o t b e f ound i n t he s t oreroom a nd i s p re sumab ly l o s t . A t h ird t ex t ( c ) c u t a l ong t he s haf t d i sappeared when t he c o lumn w a s r eused ) . T he s urv iv ing c o lumn e nd o f wh i te marb le w i th

3 A nnlns t 1 5 ( 1843) 3 33-46 . S ince t he h ead ing o f t he a r t ic le g ive s t he d a te o f H enzen 's s t a ddres o t he I n s t i tu te a sa ln a ta le d iR ome , l i 21 A pr i le 1 844 , t he v o lume w a s c l ear ly b ackd a ted . ry i se 4 A f ew q uar n scr ip t ions made t he ir w ay i n to C IL X IV , 2 014-26 . D res l h ad b rough t t o ah igh s t a te o fc omp le t ion ar eper to ire t ob e XV .3 ( H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 62 n .5 )b u t i t never s aw p r in t . si le t l' a 5 G . B . d e Ros , B ul t ino d el rcheo log ia c hr is t iana ( 1968) 1 7ff . ; B ruzza 1 870 , n o s . 2 58 a nd 2 59 .

2 51

t l r y-dres s ed a t h in p urp le v e in s ( pavonazze to ) i sc arefu ly q uar nd i n tac t b u t f or 6 c a . 1 5cm b roken a rea o n t he c i rcumference . D iame ter : 6 8cm . T he t h inne ss o f t he s awed p laque , 1 0sib l l l 1 2cm , make s i ti mpos le t o t e l whe ther t he c o lumn o r ig ina ly wa s p ro tec ted w i th ac o lar t a s w a s c u s tomary ( s ee Append ix I ) . T he l e ter c hanne l s h ave b een empha s ized w i th p a in t , p robab ly i n t he 1 9 th c en tury . F ig . 1 48

t l e ter s : 3 -4cm

5

L . A e l io [C]aesare n (os tro) i e tB a !a . 1 36 b ino c os , r a t ion i u rb icae , s ub c ur(a) I r enae i li A ug (us t i) l i b(er t i) p roc (ura tor is) , c aesu ra T ul S a turn in i ( cen tur ion is) L eg( ion is) xi xi P r im( igen iae )

2 : T he a vo idance o f l i ga ture i n e to f t he c on su la r d a te i s high ly u nu sua l i n t he e p igraph ica l ries p rac t ice o f t he P hryg ian q uar . 3 : H enzen ( a l so p re sumab ly B orghe s i ) a nd B ruzza r ead r a t ion is a tt he e nd o f l i ne 3 ;t h ere i s a bundan t s pace a tt he e nd o f t he l i ne wh ich c ou ld h ave a ccommoda ted a n Sb u t i s emp ty , a s i sc l ear f rom t he p ho to . T he c hange f rom Gen i t ive t oD a t ive , a s H ir schfe ld ( 1905 , 1 77 n .2 ) se p o in ted o u t , i ss ub t le b u t i mpor tan t ; " demnach i s t n ur d i e B e s t immung r e sp . Adres , n ich t s E igen tum a ngegeben " ( he a sumed , r ea sonab ly e nough , t ha t t he r a t io u rb ica a nd t h e r a t io l marmorum w ere n o ti den t ica la nd c i ted n eu tra ly H enzen 's o p in ion t ha tt he f ormer w a s au n i t i i se o ft he r a t io p a tr imoni den t ica lw i th t he s t a t io u rbana men t ioned o n al e ad p ipe , a nd D res l 's t i dea t ha t t he r a t io u rb ica w a s r e la ted t o t he r a t io o perum p ub l icorum . Ii nc l ine t o t he l a ter i dea . ) l rie 5 -6 : T he c en tur ion Tu l iu s S a turn inu s n ow a ppear s a l so i n n ew i n scr ip t ions a t t he q uar s ( No s . 1 60-61) o f t he s ame d a te : s ee a bove , p . 3 4 . l b Cu t o n t he o ther e nd o f t he c o lumn ( t op , a ccord ing t o Henzen ) , n ow l o s t . of l ic ina) P a( pia) n (umero) l xxv i Th i s a nd 2 c a re t he o n ly t ex t s f rom t he P hryg ian q ua rr ies o n wh ich s h ipp ing n umber s h ave rie b een f ound a l though t hey a ppear a to ther q uar s . S ee t he g enera l c ommen tary b e low .

l ( c ) Cu t a l ong t he s haf t , " i nc i s i e v iden temen te d aa l tro s ca lpe lo , c on p iü r ozzezza , " n ow l o s t . t l Ig ive t he l e ter s H enzen p r in ted ( f o lowed b y B ruzza ) . L oCVS N II (?)CIA LOC . XVI B s ar 1 : H enzen s ugge s ted ( p . 3 46 ) t ha tt he c orrec tt ex tm igh tb e LOCUS N XCIA , n o t n eces i ly ry e a n i mprovemen t s i nce C IA a nd s i g la l i ke i td o a ppear i nq uar p igraphy ( Bruzza 1 870 , p . 1 09 n o s . 2 , 8 1-94 , 1 86 , 3 04-5 ) . T he se s i gn s a re v ery h ard t o r ead ( t hey a re o f ten l i ga tured a nd , a t Doc im ium a t l e a s t , o f ten v ery worn ) . 2 a a nd b B ruzza n o . 2 59 = Dubo i s n o . 2 00 . T he c h ief t ex t ( b ) o f t he s econd c o lumn i so n l a plaque n ow b roken i n to a piece s l igh t ly l a rger t han h a lf c on ta in ing n ear ly a l t he t ex t , a l t s ma l s l iver ( a ) , h or izon ta l i n t he f oreground o f F ig . 1 49 , w i th t he i n i t ia l l e ter s o f t he f i r s t t wo l i nes , a nd a tl e a s t o ne more p iece n ow l o s t . T he marb le i s wh i te w i th t h in p urp le v e in s t s o l ( pavonazze to ) . D iame ter : c a . 6 8cm ; t h icknes f s awed d i sc : 2 5-28cm ( no t r ace o f ac o lar t e v iden t ) . T he l e ter c hanne l s h ave b een empha s ized w i th p a in t , p robab ly i n t he 1 9 th c ent ury .

2 52

a ) l e ter s : 2 .5-3 .5cm t A [e l io e t c . d o t l ie t c .]

b ) l e ter s : 2 .5-3 .5cm (4cm , l i ne 4 ) t L . A e l io Caesare n (os tro ) i i d o t L e tB a lb ino c os , r ta> t ion i u rb icae , s ub c ur (a) I r en[ a]e i A ug(us t i) l i b(er to) p roc(ura tor is) , c aesura li S fTu]l a turn in i ( cen tu r ion is) l eg( ion is) xi xi P r im( igen iae) t 1 : T he f i r s t l e ter i ss l igh t ly d ama ged a nd h a s n o h or izon ta l s t roke . 2 : T he a vo idance o f l i ga ture i n e t o f t he c on su lar d a te i sh igh ly u nu sua l i n t he e p igraph ica l p rac t ice rie o f t he P hryg ian q uar s .

2 c B ruzza n o . 2 59 = Dubo i s n o . 2 00 . S awed e nd o f t he s ame c o lumn . D iame ter : 5 8-59cm ; t h icks: 2 n es 5-30 . F ig . 1 50

t l e ter s : 2 . 5-3cm ; X s l i ne 4 , 4 . 55 cm

o ff ( ic ina) P ap i (a) n (umero) x c iv l o co x x S ee t he n o tes o n l b .

F igure 1 49

2 h ) B ru zza n o . 2 59

rie T hese i n scr ip t ion s a re u nu sua l i n t he e p igraph ica l t r ad i t ion o f t he P hryg ian q uar s i n s evera l w ay s . F ir s t , n o o ther n umber s p receded b yN (umero) , s h ipp ing n umber s , a re k nown he t r ad i t iona l i n terpre ta t ion o f t h is h a s b een t ha t t he s h ipp ing f rom i n scr ip t ion s i nA s ia .6 T n umber s w ere a dded n o t a tt h e q uarr ie s b u t a t t he a dm in i s tra t ive h eadquar ter s a tS ynnada e ( f or t he a rgumen t i n d e ta i l , s e F an t 1 988a ) . T he g rea t i ncrea se o f n ew i n scr ip t ion s make s s i t m uch l e s l i ke ly t ha t t h i s p henomenon i sd ue t ot he a cc iden t s o fp re serva t ion a nd f or t if ie s t h i s v i ew . Wha t t h i s i mp l ies , moreover , f or t he se i n scr ip t ion s i st ha t s o meone a t S ynnada t s ary ( t here i sl i t le a c tua le v idence f or a na c tua l y ard t here ) o rd own t he l i ne , t hough t i t neces i t o r ecu t a l so t he o ffc ina n ame , wh ich s eem s n o t t o h ave b een p ar t o f t he o r ig ina l p r imary sion t i i n scr ip t ions . T h i s a dd s t o a n i mpres ha t t he o ffc inae a t t he q uarr ie s w ere e n t i t ie s l l ( f inanc ia ly? l e ga ly?) r e spon s ib le f or t u rn ing o u t f i n ished q uarry-s ta te p ieces o f marb le . S econd , t he ma in i n scr ip t ion s d o n o t l i s t t he b a s ic d a ta wh ich t ex t s o f b o th T ype s Ia nd I I s eem t o t r ea t a s f undamen ta l , i nd ica t ion s o f l o cus a nd b racch ium . T he l o cu s n umber i s a dded , a lmos t a s a n a f ter though t , t oo n ly o ne o ft he t wo s econdary t ex t s o n t he o ther e nd o f

6 O ther s h ipp ing n umber s a t Rome : No s . 8 3 285 2 a nd 9 1b 2. F or t he i n terpre ta t ion o f N (umero) n umber s a s S ped i t ionsnummer , s ee H ir schfe ld 1 905 , 1 63 n .4 ) .

2 53

t he c o lumn s . T h i s r e inforces t he s ugge s t ion t ha t t he se t e x t s w ere rie i n scr ibed away f rom t he q uar s t hem se lves where t h i s i n forma t ion wa s n o l onger g ermane . N ex t , t he ma in i n scr ip t ion s a re u nu sua l i nl i s t ing t he p rocurat o r i nc harge ( t he s ub c u ra f ormuina ly , t he i n scr ip t ion s a re l l a ) .7 F u n ique i nn am ing t he r a t io u rb ica , t n o t o therw i se a te s ted , a s t he r ec ip ien t o f t he p iece s .

F igure 1 50

D e s t ina t ion l abe l s o n ma rb le b lock s a nd c o lumn s a re q u i te r a re . r ence o T he o n ly o ther o ccur f t he word r a t ion i i s o n ab lock f rom L epc i s Magna , i ft he emenda t ion o ffered e l sewhere i s c orrec t .8 T here , t hough , t he b lock b reak s o ff w i th t ha t w ord . T he t wo p rob ab le d e s t ina t ion l a be l s i nt he n ew Doc im ium i n scr ip t ion s a re n o t o f t he s ame t ype ( s ee No s . 1 63 a nd

2 c) B ruzza n o. 2 59

2 17 w i th n o tes t here ) .

7 T he p rocura tor I r enaeu s i sa l so a tes ted o n a n u nda ted b ounda ry s t one f rom Me tropo l i s t ( CIL I I 1 2237 ) . T he o n ly o ther a ppearance o f t he s ub c ura f ormu la c h ief c ommon a to ther 95 2,b lock s wh ich h ad b een q uar s i so n b lock s f rom t he P un ta S c ifo w reck , No s . 9 3 2rie c on s igned f rom P hryg ia t o t he t r an spor t n e twork f o r R ome . 8F an t , " IRT 7 94b a nd t he B u i ld ing H i s tory o f t he H adr ian ic B a ths a tL epc i s Magna , " ZPE 7 5 ( 1988) 2 91-94 .

2 54

A ppend ix I A rch i tec tura l E lement s f rom t he D oc im ium Quar ries

Two b a ses a t t he A l imog lu Marb le Y ard i n A fyon I n 1 985 t wo q uarry-s ta te b a se s ( F ig . 1 51 ; I . 1 5 a nd 1 6 ) w ere n o t iced i nt he d i scard a rea ls b eh ind t he ma in y ard o f t he A l imo§ lu f ac tory i n A fyon . One ( A) , a co lumn b a se i n a n a dvanced s t a te o f s moo th ing , i so f a type c ommon i n A s ia f or s evera l c en tur ie s b u t e spec ia l ly c harac ter i s t ic o f t he s econd c en tury AD ( I owe t h i s o b serva t ion t o Amanda C lar idge ) . T he o ther ( B ) , n o t l s ed f u ly d res , may b e ac o lumn b a se o r p erhap s a n a l tar .

F igure 151 A fyon

Q uarry -state B ases a t t he A limodlu Y ard ,

o 426 I LL 1 5 Q uarry -state Base A limp eu y ard

A ,

8 1

TO T AL .

I ll. 1 6 U nfin ished P refabricated B ase B , A lim o eu y ard , A fyon

2 55

T he t h ird b a se , as t epped p ede s ta l , w a s s e t a top a n a nc ien t c o lumn i n t he p a rk ing l o t o f l t he A l imog lu y ard ( F ig . 1 52 ; I . 1 7 ) .

2 1

5 1

8 5 i« 65

F igure 1 52 S tepped P edestalin t he A lb um g lu y ard p arking l ot, A fyon

I ll. 17 Y ard

2 56

S tepped

B ase

a t

A limoglu

C o lumns F ound a t t he D oc im ium Quar ries

N o .

D iameter(s) 1

8 9 1 0 2 1 3 5 4 1 5 5 0a 5 0b 2 2 2 6 2 7 4 7 3 6 5 3 5 8 6 1 1 30 1 59 1 75 2 24 1 87 1 96 1 95

5 0;52 7 9 ;82 9 2;88 1 51 1 42 1 39 1 60 1 60 9 4.2;96 .1 14.5 15 7 0 5 3;56 1 08 ;120 4 7 .5;48 9 5;97 6 1 1 06 ;98 5 7 ;51.5 5 1;50 9 6 ;92 8 4 1 24 1 24 1 78 ;172 1 94

1 0a 1 0b 1 1a 1 1b

P res. L . C o llars?

19 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 3 10 10 1 01 10 1 05 1 09 14 14 19 1 25 1 59 1 73 2 06

1 62 1 93 2 12 3 0 3 0 3 0.5 3 0 2 6 3 65 2 21 3 60 5 8 . 213 7 20 2 68 3 2 2 10 2 76 3 40 8 9 1 64 3 1 2 75 1 40 1 90 1 20

n o o ne o ne n o n o n o n o n o o ne o ne n o o ne o ne t wo o ne o ne n o o ne o ne o ne n o o ne o ne o ne o ne o ne

1 99 2 06 2 06

6 8 6 2 68

1 0 -12 2 4 3 5-40

n o n o n o

1 37 1 37 1 37

5 9

2 5-30

n o

1 37

U ninscr ibed c olumns ( seen u nder S . d iameters a re a t t he c ollar)

12

D ate

5 2 8 0 9 3 5 5 4 3 4 8 4 3 4 1

1 38 2 52

o ne

1 40 1 80 1 75

o ne o ne o ne

1 73

o ne

R emarks

m id -shaft f rag o ther e nd b roken t hin s ection ; b oth e nds p ick d ressed d itto d itto d itto d itto o ther e nd b roken o ther e nd a ncient b reak m atching b reak; o ther e nd b roken a lso o ther e nd b roken o ther e nd b roken i ntact; f ully d ressed . i nset s quare 5 0x70x17 o ther e nd b roken o ther e nd b roken ( prelim inary r ework ing) b oth e nds b roken o ther e nd b roken o ther e nd b roken ( unclear a ncient o r m odern) o ther e nd b roken o ne e nd d ressed w /o c ollar; o ther e nd b roken o ther e nd b roken ; 1 4cm b oss m iddle o f d ressed e nd o ther e nd b roken a t n atural j o int; d ressed e nd n ot f lat o ther e nd a ncient b reak o ther e nd d ressed w /o c o llar o ther e nd b roken . s awed s ection o f c olumn . s awed s ection o f c olumn . s awed s ection o f c olumn . s awed s ection o f c olumn .

r im o f W . B acakale i n 1 983)

W here t here a re c ollars,

t he f irst ( or o n ly)

f ine ly d ressed b oth e nds a ncient ( ?) b reaks r oughly p o int-dressed o ther e nd b roken . o ther e nd b roken . o ther e nd a ncient b reak. w orked w / h eavy p o int

U n inscr ibed c olumns f rom W B d ebris ( 1984) 15 1 70 7 2 8 8 5 2 ;50 6 8 ;ca.56 5 8 ;60 5 8 ;59

c a.

8 0 1 20 10 1 39 2 17 7 9 1 25 1 84

n o o ne ( 51cm l ong) o ne o ne o ne o ne n o o ne

o ther e nd b roken . m od . b reak ( drilled) c ollar 4 a bove s haft c o llar 3 a bove s haft; o ther e nd b roken . c ollar 2 a bove s haft; o ther e nd a ncient b reak. o ther e nd b roken , r oughly r eworked . o ther e nd a ncient b reak. b oth e nds b roken . o ther e nd r oughly r eworked .

1 . C o l lar e nd f i r s t i ft here i s ac o l lar ; t he se d iame ter s i nc lude t he c o l lar . A l l d imen s ions a re i n c en t ime ter s . 2 57

6 0;70 9 4;?

1 79 2 51

o ne o ne

o ther e nd f lattened ; c o11ar2.5 a bove s haft t wo f lat s ides o f s haft.

U n inscribed c olumns f rom W S d ebris ( 1985) 9 0-92 7 9 ;77 .5

3 2 17 1

t race

I st. M us, d eposit,

o ne ( 27cm l ong)

I st. M us. d epos it, f rom a n A limoglu q uarry

f rom a n A limoglu q uarry

C olumns R ecorded a t A ltintas ( 1985)

2 37 1 4

c a. 9 0 c a. 1 23

1 42 3 55

o ne o ne ( 45cm l ong)

9 cm " V" c hannel a round s haft b elow c o llar. 5 3 x 1 0 x7s lot a long s haft n ear b roken e nd .

14 1 21 9 6 ;ca.95

3 98 2 10 9 2

n o o ne o ne

o ther e nd b roken .

p erhaps p art o f t he p reced ing c o lumn .

C olumns R ecorded a t O bruk T epe ( 1985) 1 33 7 2

2 31 9 9

o ne ( 34cm l ong) o ne ( 11cm l ong)

o ther e nd n ot f u lly r ounded . s chist v isib le .

2 58

I ndex 1 Number

N o .! N o . 2 N o . 3 N o . 4 N o . 5 N o . 6 N o . 7 N o . 8 N o . 9 N o . 1 0 No . 1 No . 1 2 No . 1 3 No . 1 4 No . 1 5 No . 1 6 No . 1 7 No . 1 8 No . 1 9 No . 2 0 No . 2 1 No . 2 2 No . 2 3 No . 2 4 No . 2 5 No . 2 6 No . 2 7 No . 2 8 No . 2 9 No . 3 0 No . 3 1 No . 3 2 No . 3 3 No . 3 4 No . 3 5 No . 3 6 No . 3 7 No . 3 8 No . 3 9 No . 4 0 No . 4 1 No . 4 2 No . 4 3 No . 4 4 No . 4 5 No . 4 6 No . 4 7 No . 4 8 No . 4 9 No . 5 0 No . 5 1 No . 5 2 No . 5 3

P age

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 1 9 1 9 2 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 6 9 7 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00 1 00 1 0 1 1 02 1 03 1 03 1 03 1 04 1 04 1 05 1 06 1 06 1 07 1 07 1 08 1 08 1 09 1 09 1 09 10 111 12 12

N ew I nscr ip t ions Number

No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No No . No . No . No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No

5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00 1 0 1 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 06 1 07 2 59

P age 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 21 1 2 1 1 21 1 22 1 22 1 22 1 22 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 24 1 24 1 24 1 25 1 25 1 26 1 26 1 26 1 27 1 27 1 27 1 28 1 28 1 29 1 29 1 29 1 29 1 30 1 30 1 30 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 32 1 32

No . 1 08 No . 1 09 No . 10 No . I ll No . 12 No . 13 No . 14 No . 15 No . 16 No . 17 No . 18 No . 19 20 No . 1 No . 1 21 No . 1 22 No . 1 23 No . 1 24 25 No . 1 No . 1 26 No . 1 27 No . 1 28 No . 1 29 30 No . 1 No . 1 31 No . 1 32 No . 1 33 No . 1 34 35 No . 1 No . 1 36 No . 1 37 No . 1 38 No . 1 39 40 No . 1 No . 1 41 No . 1 42 No . 1 43 No . 1 44 45 No . 1 No . 1 46 No . 1 47 No . 1 48 No . 1 49 50 No . 1 No . 1 51 No . 1 52 No . 1 53 No . 1 54 55 No . 1 No . 1 56 No . 1 57 No . 1 58 No . 1 59 60 No . 1 No . 1 61 No . 1 62 No . 1 63 No . 1 64 65 No . 1 No . 1 66

1 33 1 33 1 33 1 34 1 34 1 34 1 34 35 1 35 1 1 36 1 36 1 36 1 37 1 37 1 38 1 38 1 39 1 39 1 39 40 1 40 1 1 41 1 41 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 43 1 43 1 43 1 44 1 44 1 44 45 1 45 1 1 46 1 46 1 46 1 47 1 47 1 48 1 48 1 49 1 49 50 1 50 1 1 51 1 51 1 52 1 52 1 52 1 53 1 54 1 54 55 1 55 1 1 55 1 56 1 56 1 57

No . 1 67 No . 1 68 No . 1 69 No . 1 70 No . 1 71 No . 1 72 No . 1 73 No . 1 74 No . 1 75 No . 1 76 No . 1 77 No . 1 78 No . 1 79 No 1 80 No 1 81 No 1 82 No 1 83 No 1 84 No 1 85 No 1 86 No 1 87 No 1 88 No 1 89 No 1 90 No 1 91 No 1 92 No 1 93 No 1 94 No 1 95 No 1 96 No 1 97 No 1 98 No 1 99 No . 2 00 No . 2 01 No . 2 02 No . 2 03 No . 2 04 No . 2 05 No . 2 06 No . 2 07 No . 2 08 No . 2 09 No . 2 10 No . 2 11 No . 2 12 No . 2 13 No . 2 14 No . 2 15 No . 2 16 No . 2 17 No . 2 18 No . 2 19 No . 2 20 No . 2 21 No 2 22 No 2 23 No 2 24 No 2 25

2 60

1 57 1 57 1 58 1 58 1 58 1 59 1 60 1 60 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 62 1 62 1 63 1 63 1 63 1 64 1 64 1 64 1 65 1 65 1 65 1 66 1 66 1 66 1 67 1 67 1 67 1 68 1 68 1 68 1 69 1 69 1 69 1 69 1 70 1 70 1 70 1 71 1 71 1 72 1 72 1 72 1 73 1 73 1 73 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 75 1 75 1 76 1 76 1 76 1 77 1 77 1 78 1 78 1 78

No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No . No .

2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 36 2 37 2 38

1 79 1 79 1 79 1 80 1 80 1 81 1 81 1 81 1 81 1 82 1 82 1 83 1 83

2 6 1

I ndex 2 F orms o f C onsu lar N omenc la ture : Emperor s a nd Member s o f t he I mper ia l House ( i n Chrono log ica l O rder ) R e s tora t ion s i n wh ich t he l e ter s a nd l eng th o f t he n ame a re c er ta in a re i gnored . On ly t d ifferen t f orm s o f t he n ame o r o ne s s o mu t i la ted t ha t t he f orm o f t he a bb rev ia t ion s i s u ncer ta in a re r eg i s tered .

C onsu lar N ame

C a ta logue N umber

C (aesare) x v i c os 1 3 5 9 1 1 3

2 4 6 1 0 1 2 1 4

D a te

a .9 2

C (ae sare) x v i i 1 8

a .9 5

T ra i(ano ) n (os tro) i c os 1 6 1 7

a . 1 00

T ra i n (o) i c os 4 9 1 8 2 0

a . 1 00

5 1 0 1 9 2 3

i T ra ian ( i )o n (os tro f il i c os 2 2

a . 1 00?

i i T r (a iano ) I i e t F i r ( ) In It ino ] Mu c os 2 1

a . 1 00

T ra i(ano) vc os 2 4

a . 1 03

Hadr ian° i c o s 5 8

a . 19

Hadr ( iano) i c os d o t S 5 7 5 9 6 0

a . 19

L . C aes (are) n (os tro) i c os 6 5

a . 1 33

C omm(odo) e t C iv ic(a) c os 6 6 6 7 6 8

a . 1 36

L . A e l io C aes (are) n (os tro) i e < t> B a lb ino c os 6 9

a . 1 37

2 62

A nt (on ino?) i c os 1 C ommodo g l L at e ran° 18 1 21

a . 1 40?

a . 1 54 19

C ommod i e t L a teran i c os 1 20

a . 1 54

I mp A nton i(no) n (os tro) i e t I mp (era tore) V ero n (os tro) i c os 1 48 1 49 I mp(era tore) An ton( ino) i e t V ero I ic os 1 50

a . 1 61

C omodo d om( ino) n (os tro) g l Qu int i lo c os l 1 64 1 67 1 68 1 69

a . 1 77

I mp . A ug . f i l io gommodo ] j Qu int , lo c o s l 1 65

a . 1 77

C ommodo d om( ino) n (o s tro) i jMar t i° Y e e ] i co s 1 74 1 75 1 77 1 78

a . 1 79

d o t P P . S (ep t im io) Ge ta i e t P laut iano i c os d o t gi 1 91

a .2 03

M . A ur (e l io) An ton in° i gl S ep (t im io) Ge ta c os 1 92

a .2 05

I mp . A nton in° A ug . g l B a lb ino I i cos 2 01

a .2 13

A n ton ( i)no A ug (us to) < co s> 2 08

a .2 18

A n ton in° A ug . e t Advento c os 2 07

a .2 18

I mp (era tore) A nt (on ino) n (o s tro) i c os 2 12 2 11 2 10

a .2 19

i c I mp (era tore) A nt (on ino) I os 2 16

a .2 20?

I mp(era tore) An ton in° A ug (us to) I I < cos> 2 13

a .2 20

I mp (era tore) A nton in° A ug (us to) i e t C omazo (ne) < cos> 2 14 2 15

a .2 20

a .2 22

A lexandro A ug . c o ts ] 2 17

2 63

a . 1 61

A lexandro A ug (us to) i i A D ione i c os 2 2 19 21

a .2 29

I mp . [ An to in ino Aug (us to) i e t D ione i c os 2 20

a .2 29

I mp . Max im ino Aug . e t A fr icano c os 2 22

a .2 36

I ndex 3 F orms o f C onsu la r N omenc la ture : P r iva t i i n A lphabe t ica l O rder t R e s tora t ion s i n wh ich t he l e ter s a nd l e ng th o f t he n ame a re c er ta in a re i gnored . On ly d ifferen t f orm s o f t he n ame o r o ne s s o mu t i la ted t ha t t he f orm s o f t he a bbrev iat i on s i su ncer ta in a re r eg i s tered . C onsu lar Name

D a te

Ae l ia [n (o ) ] c o s

a . 16

1 4

A lb ino g l A em i l iano c o s

a .2 06

1 93 1 94 1 95 1 96

l Anu l ino i

a . 1 99

1 86 1 87

A s ia t ico i c o s

a . 1 25

6 1

B a rba ro g l R egu lo c o s

a . 1 57

1 23 1 24 1 25

B rad (ua ) c o s

a . 1 08?

4 2 4 3

B radua

a . 1 60

F ron tone c o s

Va ro c o s

C a ta logue N umber

1 43 1 45

1 44 1 46 1 47

[ ]EO C e l s (o )

a . 13?

5 1

C amer ( ino ) c o s

a . 1 38

7 2 7 2 7 1

C am (er ino ) e t N ig (ro )

a . 1 38

[ N ig ] ro C am (er ino ) c o s N igr ( in )o C amer ( ino < co s>

a . 1 38 a . 1 38

C and ( ido ) ic o s

a . 1 05

C lar (o ) i jS ever (o ) c o s

a .1 46

8 4

l C o l (ega ) c o s

a .93

1 6 1 7

7 0b 7 5

7 4 7 7 7 8 7 3 7 6

2 4 2 6 3 0

2 65

2 5 2 8 4 1 8 4

2 9

C o [ 1 ] 1 (ega? ) c o [ s ]

15

D om ( i t iano? ) i co s

d o t i

a .7 2?

1

d uabu s A spr i s c o s

a .2 12

2 00

F au s t ( ino ) < co s> F au s t ino Ruf ino c o s

a .2 10 a .2 10

1 98 1 99

F lac (co ) g l H ero (de ) c o s

a . 1 43

8 0 a 8 1 8 2 b

F lacco e l l a g rod (e ) c o s Ga l icano e t V e tere l

a . 1 50

16 15

I u l iano I u l iano

a . 1 75

1 60 1 61

L ae l iano g i ] P a s to re < co s>

a . 1 63

1 54

sa L a rgo e l Mes l ( l ino ) c o s

a . 1 47

8 7 8 5 9 0 8 9 8 6 8 8

L a terano e t Ru/f ino c o s

a . 1 97

1 79

Macr ino

a . 1 64

1 55

P e i son (e ) c o s

eP e i song c o s

Max im (o )

C e l so c o s

eAvit(o)

[ Mu ]c iano

c o s

F ab iano c o s

a . 1 44

8 3 a

a .2 01

1 90

O rf ( i to ) c o s

a . 10

3 8

O rf i to c o s

a . 10

5 0

a . 1 49

14

a . 1 65

1 57

a . 1 78

1 71 1 72 1 70

O rf i to

eP r i sco

O rf i to

ePudente

c o s c o s

O rf i to e t Rufo c o s

P [ä ] l (ma ) i co s

a. 1 09

4 9 1 3 1 7 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4d 3 6 4 5b 4 6 2 66

5 1 1 6 2 4c 2 9 3 1 3 3 3 5 4 0c 3 7 4 7

1 2

4 2

4 8b

4 9

[ P ] i sone e tB o lano [ c o s ]

a . 111

2 1 5 1

P i sone c o s

a . 111

5 2

a .2 09

1 97

a . 1 53

17

P rae sen te c o s

a .2 17?

2 03 2 04 2 05

P r i sc ( ino )

a . 1 41

P o [mp ]e igno

Av i to c o s

P rae sent e

Ruf ino c o s

jS ever (o ) c o s

7 9

l Qu in / i lo

P r i sco c o s

a . 1 59

l [ Qu in t i lo ]

jP r i sco c o s

a . 1 59

1 40 1 41

Ruf in [o c o s ]

a . 1 31?

6 4

Ru s t ico ig l Aqu i l ino c o s

a . 1 62

S [ evero ] e tV ic tor i [no c o s ]

a .2 00

1 88

S ab ino c o s

a .2 14

2 02

S a tu rn ino v . / Ga l lo c o s

a . 1 98

1 29 1 31 1 33 1 35 1 37 1 39

•

1 30 1 32 1 34 1 36 1 38 1 42

1 52 1 53

1 80 1 82 1 84

1 81 1 83 1 85

S evero i c o s

a . 1 73

1 58 1 59

S evero

a .2 00

1 89

a . 1 56

1 22

S i lvg _no

V ic to r ino c o s Au/gur ino c o s

S ur (a ) i i c o s

a . 1 07

2 8 3 2a

3 1 3 3 4 0 b

T e r tu lo g l S acerdot e c o s l

a . 1 58

1 26 1 27 1 28

ag lr [ t ]u lo < co s> l

a . 1 58?

2 38

T orqua ( to ) e t I u l ian (o ) c o s

a . 1 48 5 6 b9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00 1 01 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 06 1 07 1 08 1 09 11I

T orqu [a ( to

ti w in (0 )c o s ]

V er (o ) i i c o s

V erg ( i l iano ) c o s

Vop ( isco ) c o s

.

a . 1 48

12

a . 1 26

6 2 c 6 3

a . 15

4 9 1 1 3 1 7 2 8 3 3a 3 7 3 9b 5 5a

5 1 0 1 2 1 6 2 3 3 2 3 4d 3 8 5 0

a . 14

2 4 4 0d 5 1 5 3 5 4a

3 0 4 6 5 2 5 4