Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of Jews in Canada in the 1930s 9780773563940

Table of contents :
Contents
Foreword
Editor's Preface
Introduction
I: Comparative Jewish Statistics
II: Estimates and Censuses
III: Growth of Canada's Jewish Population
IV: Geographical Distribution of Jews in Canadian Provinces
V: Comparative Density of Jewish Population of Canada
VI: Age and Sex Distribution
VII: Conjugal Condition
VIII: Place of Birth
IX: Vital Statistics
X: Intermarriage
XI: Conversion and Apostasy
XII: Immigration
XIII: Jewish Immigration
XIV: Analysis of Increase in Jewish Population of Canada
XV: The Economic Structure of Canadian Jewry
XVI: Social-Economic Stratification of Jews in Canada
XVII: Occupational Trends
XVIII: Jews in Industry
XIX: Jews in Trade
XX: Jews in the Professions
XXI: Jews in Service Occupations
XXII: Jews in Finance
XXIII: Jews in Agriculture
XXIV: Jewish Farm Statistics
XXV: Citizenship
XXVI: Jews in Canadian Defence Forces
XXVII: Language and Literacy
XXVIII: Education
XXIX: Morbidity
XXX: Criminal Statistics
XXXI: Anti-Semitism
Statistical Appendix
Bibliography
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
Bibliography of Works

Citation preview

CANADA'S JEWS

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McGill-Queen's Studies in Ethnic History Donald Harman Akenson, Editor 1 Irish Migrants in the Canadas A New Approach Bruce S. Elliott 2 Critical Years in Immigration Canada and Australia Compared Freda Hawkins (Second edition, 1991) 3 Italians in Toronto Development of a National Identity, 1875-1935 John E. Zucchi 4 Linguistics and Poetics of Latvian Folk Songs Essays in Honour of the Sesquicentennial of the Birth of Kr. Barons Vaira Vikis-Freibergs 5 Johan Schr0der's Travels in Canada, 1863 Orm 0verland 6 Class, Ethnicity, and Social Inequality Christopher McAll 7 The Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict The Maori, the British, and the New Zealand Wars James Belich 8 White Canada Forever Popular Attitudes and Public Policy toward Orientals in British Columbia W. Peter Ward (Second edition, 1990) 9 The People of Glengarry Highlanders in Transition, 1745-1820 Marianne McLean 10 Vancouver's Chinatown Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1980 Kay J. Anderson 11 Best Left as Indians Native-White Relations in the Yukon Territory, 1840-1973 Ken S. Coates 12 Such Hardworking People Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto Franca lacovetta 13 The Little Slaves of the Harp Italian Child Street Musicians in Nineteenth-Century Paris, London, and New York John E. Zucchi 14 The Light of Nature and the Law of God Antislavery in Ontario, 1833-1877 Allen P. Stouffer 15 Drum Songs Glimpses of Dene History Kerry Abel 16 Canada's Jews Louis Rosenberg Edited by Morton Weinfeld

CANADA'S JEWS A SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STUDY OF JEWS IN CANADA IN THE 1930S

LOUIS ROSENBERG

Edited by Morton Weinfeld

McGILL-QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY PRESS MONTREAL & KINGSTON • LONDON • BUFFALO

© McGill-Queen's University Press 1993 ISBN 0-7735-0997-6 (cloth) ISBN 0-7735-1109-1 (paper) Legal deposit second quarter 1993 Bibliotheque nationale du Quebec Printed in Canada on acid-free paper First published in 1939 as Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of the Jews in Canada by the Bureau of Social and Economic Research, Canadian Jewish Congress. The text presented here is a photo reproduction of the original. This book has been published with the help of a grant from Multiculturalism Canada.

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Rosenberg, Louis, 1893-1987 Canada's Jews: a social and economic study of the Jews in Canada (McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history; 16) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7735-0997-6 (bound) - ISBN 0-7735-1109-1 (pbk.) 1. Jews - Canada. 2. Jews - Canada - Statistics. I. Title. II. Series. FC106J5R66 1993 971'.004924 C93-090250-5 F1035J5R68 1993

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CONTENTS

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXX XXXI

Foreword Seymour Martin Lipset vii Editor's Preface ix Introduction xi Canada's Jews Contents vii Tables xiii Foreword xxvii Preface xxxviii Comparative Jewish Statistics i Estimates and Censuses 6 Growth of Canada's Jewish Population 9 Geographical Distribution of Jews in Canadian Provinces 18 Comparative Density of Jewish Population of Canada 40 Age and Sex Distribution 45 Conjugal Condition 59 Place of Birth 71 Vital Statistics 83 Intermarriage 100 Conversion and Apostasy 112 Immigration 118 Jewish Immigration 133 Analysis of Increase in Jewish Population of Canada 147 The Economic Structure of Canadian Jewry 151 Social-Economic Stratification of Jews in Canada 161 Occupational Trends 169 Jews in Industry 175 Jews in Trade 183 Jews in the Professions 190 Jews in Service Occupations 200 Jews in Finance 214 Jews in Agriculture 217 Jewish Farm Statistics 226 Citizenship 244 Jews in Canadian Defence Forces 248 Language and Literacy 254 Education 263 Morbidity 278 Criminal Statistics 288 Anti-Semitism 300 Statistical Appendix 306 Bibliography 411 Index 414 Bibliography of Works by Louis Rosenberg 419

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CANDA'S JEWS

FOREWORD Canada's Jews is a classic of Jewish scholarship, of analyses of Canada, and of sociology. Our lack of knowledge about the book is but one further bit of evidence of the world's lack of interest in Canada. The country suffers from being regarded as some sort of appendage of the United States. Allan Gotlieb, who served as Canada's ambassador to the United States for eight years, tells of his difficulty in getting the State Department to treat him as a representative of a foreign country. Canada is not considered foreign by its neighbors, and it is seen as American from across the Atlantic. Americans think of it as a part of the family which, for some curious reason, prefers to live in a separate house of its own across the street. But, then, Canada implicitly acknowledged that status when it built its magnificent embassy on Pennsylvania Avenue, near the capitol, surrounded by American government buildings, and distant from Embassy row — were it not for the flag, any observer would assume that it houses an important American government department. Canadian Jewry faces the same problems as the country as a whole. It is part of North American Jewry. Jewish fraternal and rabbinical organizations cover both countries. Canadian Jews regularly cross the border as if it did not exist. Books about world Jewry give Canada much less attention than the size of its Jewish population - over 300,000 - wealth, or political influence warrant. There is, however, a very good reason for those interested in the sociology of Judaism to pay attention to Canada: unlike the United States, Canada includes religious affiliations in its statistics. The total separation of church and state, which occurred in the United States, did not happen in Canada, the country of the counter-revolution. Canada has government-supported religious education, including the Jewish schools of Montreal. The Canada Census inquires as to religion. More curiously, it also asks about national or ethnic origin. Jews are reported under both headings. That is, they may describe themselves as a Jew by religion and/or as of Jewish ethnicity. Provinces inquire into religious background with respect to data on birth, marriage, and schools. Students of American ethnic groups and religious denominations will be green with envy when they read this book, for Louis Rosenberg was able to categorically describe the vital statistics of the country for Jews and other groups. He not only presented reliable intermarriage rates, but indicated what proportion of Jews married into specific Christian denominations. As I have noted in abundant detail in my book Continental Divide, Canada and the United States are very different countries sociologically and politically. Canada is a more grouporiented society, while the United States is much more individualistic. Canadian Jewry has an organization which represents it and includes all Jews, the Canadian Jewish Congress. Americans have no comparable kehilla-type institutions. Orthodoxy is stronger and Reform weaker north of the border. Yet, having said this, it should be noted that Canada and the United States, and Canadian and American Jews, resemble each other more than the peoples of most other countries. Hence those interested in American Jewry shoud analyze Canadian data, particularly since these permit the study of social changes over extended periods of time. In fact, however, little attention has been paid to the Canadian statistics. With the exception of a few Canadian scholars, such as the editor of this volume, Morton Weinfeld, few Canadians have mined the wealth of census and other statistics to provide in-depth analysis of specific groups. I hope the publication of Louis Rosenberg's magnificent book will turn out to be a major event in the sociology of North American Jewry and ethnicity by sensitizing social scientists to what they can learn about North American "tribes" by studying Canada. Canada's Jews should be recognized for the classic it is. It is full of important insights, significant data, and gems of sociological analysis. In reading the book, scholars will also realize how much more information Canada includes in its census and other statistical materials than the United States. vii

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Now that there is a significant body of sociological work on American Jewry, and many Jewish studies programs have sprung up across the continent, I hope some researchers will turn to studies which continue Rosenberg's analyses. In reading the book, they will also rediscover a giant of Jewish scholarship. McGill-Queens University Press is to be congratulated for bringing back a genuine classic. Seymour Martin Lipset Hazel Chair of Public Policy George Mason University

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PREFACE

I had the privilege of knowing Louis Rosenberg. In the late igGos, I worked for part of one summer as his research assistant at the Canadian Jewish Congress. I had the daunting assignment of helping him sort through mounds of papers, journal articles, correspondence, and statistical tables. He was a kindly man, who impressed with the depth and breadth of his knowledge. He could hold forth at length on any topic related to Jewish life in Canada, or anywhere else in the diaspora, interspersed with personal reminiscences of his life as a youngster in England, and later in Saskatchewan. Although we never met again, something of that summer must have remained with me. Certainly my subsequent interest in the sociological study of Canadian Jewry owes much to his example. In my work as a researcher and teacher in this area, I would regularly make reference to his major work, Canada's Jews. I realized that the work remained unsurpassed as an example of the socio-demography of a particular Canadian ethnic or religious group. Yet it seemed that the work was largely forgotten when the field of Canadian ethnic studies began to bloom in the late 1960s. Louis Rosenberg was for much of his life a voice in the wilderness in his espousal of the importance of the social scientific study of Canadian Jewish life. He would be gratified at the emergence of the Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry, based in the United States, and, more particularly, at the emergence of a body of social scientific knowledge and a growing number of researchers working on the study of Canadian Jews. For example, in 1981, Morton Weinfeld, William Shaffir, and Irwin Coder edited a volume of social studies of Canadian Jewry, The Canadian Jewish Mosaic. A more recent volume of studies, The Jews in Canada, edited by Robert Brym, Morton Weinfeld, and William Shaffir, was published in 1993. Stuart Schoenfeld and Dwight Daigneault of the York University Centre for Jewish Studies have compiled an annotated bibliography of recent social scientific articles dealing with Canadian Jews. In addition, most large Jewish communities in the United States and Canada have some systematic research component built into the process of communal planning and policymaking. Canada's Jews will be of interest to many disciplines within the academy: history, demography, sociology, Jewish Studies, ethnic studies, Canadian studies. Researchers in all these areas, and in their intersection, will find this republication of value. Indeed, written with a minimum of academic jargon, the book will be of interest to anyone curious about Canadian Jewish life in the 1930s. I would like to thank Philip Cercone and Joan McGilvray of McGill-Queen's University Press for their superb editorial work. Additional thanks to Jack Silverstone and David Rome of the Canadian Jewish Congress, and Manuel Batshaw, executor of the Rosenberg Estate, for their support in this endeavour. Others who helped in the generation of the bibliography of Rosenberg's writings are thanked in the Appendix. It should be self-evident that this edition of Canada's Jews is dedicated to the memory of Louis Rosenberg himself. Morton Weinfeld

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INTRODUCTION

At various times during the past half century I have been called an economist, a sociologist, a demographer, and a statistician, and to some extent all of these descriptions have been correct ... I have never regretted concentrating my efforts in the field of the sociology of the Jews in Canada. I have not been able to accomplish all that I had planned and hoped to do. I still believe that since "the proper study of mankind is man," then the study of the history and sociology of the Jewish community in Canada is a fitting and most desirable study for Jewish students in Canada, and I have always accepted Rabbi Tarfon's admonition in the Ethics of the Fathers that "It is not your duty to finish the work, but neither are you free to desist from it." From "The Credo of a Jewish Social Scientist" by Louis Rosenberg (1968, 3,11) Louis Rosenberg's Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of the Jews in Canada, published in 1939, was a pioneering if unfortunately neglected classic of Canadian ethnic demography and sociology. Yet it has continuing value as a superb quantitative social history of Canadian Jews in the 19308. In many ways it is also an unmatched prototype of a study of the ethnic demography of any Canadian minority group. To appreciate fully its achievement, we must understand the man, the times, and the work itself. What follows is a brief and far from exhaustive treatment of these three issues.

THE MAN Louis Rosenberg was born in Gonenz, Poland, in 1893. His family was shaped by traditional and secular elements of Jewish culture in Eastern Europe at the turn of the century. When he was three his parents emigrated to England, settling in Leeds, Yorkshire, which had at the time an estimated 12,000 Jews. (Much of the data for this autobiographical sketch comes from Rosenberg 1968.) Leeds'Jews were from Eastern Europe, primarily workers, with a few small-factory owners and shopkeepers. Rosenberg's father eventually opened a small shop which sold material and tools needed for shoemaking and shoe repairs. While his parents spoke Yiddish at home, Rosenberg's language of choice was English; he learned to speak Yiddish fluently only after arriving in Canada. Following his graduation from elementary school in Leeds, Rosenberg won scholarships which allowed him to attend secondary school and Leeds University. Rosenberg describes his teenage years as a period of unfolding intellectual curiosity, with many hours during high school spent in the reference department of the Leeds Public Library. It was there that he discovered Heinrich Graetz's History of the Jews, Joseph Jacobs' Studies in Jewish Statistics: Social, Vital, and Anthropometric, Maurice Fishberg's The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment, and other similar works. While completing his general studies, Rosenberg also attended a progressive Jewish supplementary school, a "cheder metukkan," from the age of seven to sixteen. There he studied the Hebrew language, the Bible and Prophets, Jewish ethics, and some Talmud, which gave him a solid grounding in classical Judaica. But his introduction to modern Jewish studies occurred in the Leeds Public Library rather than in his Jewish school. At university Rosenberg studied English history, French, economics, and mathematics, in addition to education; he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and a Teacher's Certificate. He had no graduate degrees in social science and it is doubtful that he had any specific formal training in sociology or demography: both disciplines were in their infancy. Most of his knowledge in these areas was developed through reading and refined in practice. The

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competence which he attained in these areas, however, seems to have approximated that of many professionals working at Canada's Dominion Bureau of Statistics (DBS) in the 1930s. Rosenberg graduated from Leeds in 1914. While all his education seems to have been remarkably free from anti-Semitism, he discovered it was difficult for a Jew to obtain a permanent teaching post at a college or high school. Soon after graduation, by chance he heard a lecture at Leeds by a representative of the High Commissioner's office in London about opportunities in Canada's prairie provinces. At about the same time he read about new Jewish farm settlements being established in the Canadian west, where there was a need for teachers. Rosenberg, who had by this time become a convinced Labour Zionist and believed in the value of agricultural labour as a means for Jewish social and national renewal, decided to move west. From 1915 to 1919 Rosenberg taught at a Hebrew school in the Jewish farm colony at Lipton, Saskatchewan. He then moved to Regina, where from 1919 to 1940 he served as director of Jewish farm settlements for the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA) in Western Canada. His task was to promote and support these various Jewish farm colonies; he visited them regularly, often on horseback. From 1940 to 1945 he served as executive director of the western division of the Canadian Jewish Congress (cjc). It was during his time in Regina that he began his systematic statistical studies of Canadian Jewish life. In 1945 he moved to Montreal to become the national research director of the Bureau of Social and Economic Research of the cjc. (The title is a little misleading as Rosenberg himself was the "Bureau.") He retired in 1972 and died in 1987 at the age of 94. Even while he was immersed in organized Jewish communal activity, Rosenberg's activism was not limited to Jewish causes alone. A democratic socialist, he became deeply involved in the causes of the League for Social Reconstruction and, later, of the CCF in Saskatchewan. In 1935 Rosenberg published Who Owns Canada?, under the pen name of Watt Hugh McCollum. The first edition of the book went through two printings of 5,000 each. The second edition appeared in 1947 with a print run of 25,000. Rosenberg also published articles on a variety of social issues under the name McCollum in the CCF Research Review throughout the 1930s. Who Owns Canada? is a remarkable achievement. It prefigured the studies of the Canadian elite by John Porter (1965) and Wallace Clement (1975), though ironically neither of those key works makes any reference to McCollum/Rosenberg or his book. In ninety-four pages, Rosenberg analyzed the corporate structure of Canada's economy in detail, sector by sector, and identified Canada's one hundred biggest corporations and fifty "Big Shots." (He ranked Canadian corporate leaders by the combined total gross assets of all the firms on which they held directorships and defined the top fifty as big shots. His analysis of the origins of these men revealed, inter alia, that none was Jewish). The thrust of his argument was a warning about the dangers posed to democracy and freedom by the power of monopoly capital and the increasing concentration of Canadian corporate power. He did not mince words: Any attempt to regulate and temper capitalism is doomed to failure. There can be no planned economy that will work under Capitalism. The evils of Capitalism are not removable excrescences. They are inherent in the system ... As long as private monopoly ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange exists, no government, whether Liberal, Conservative, or CCF, can control it, but the 50 "Big Shots", no matter who they are at the moment, will control the government. (McCollum 1947, 94)

Rosenberg was deeply involved in the development of democratic socialism in Western Canada and sought to buttress socialist arguments with the best available empirical evidence. He was in regular communication with T.C. Douglas, M.J. Coldwell, David Lewis, and Eugene Forsey; Forsey read and commented on both Who Owns Canada? and Canada's Jews. In a letter of introduction written for Rosenberg, Douglas described him as for many years "Mr. Coldwell's right hand man in Regina" (Douglas to Spry, 31 July 1951. cjc Archives, Louis Rosenberg Papers, DA 2 3/16). After the war and his move to Montreal, Rosenberg seems to have ceased his involvement in left wing Canadian politics. The passions apparent in Who Owns Canada? either abated or were repressed. A number of factors, from changes in the world political scene to xii

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simple aging, may have played a role here. Certainly organized Jewish life, as reflected in mainstream organizations such as the cjc, would have been a less than hospitable environment for such political commitments in the 19505 and 19605. Rosenberg, very much a loner in his professional endeavours, immersed himself in Jewish sociological and demographic studies. Canada's Jews was the first major work in what turned out to be a prolific career as a social statistician of Canadian Jewry. While he never produced another book-length monograph, Rosenberg wrote countless articles which appeared in the general Jewish press and in professional journals of Jewish studies such as the Jewish Journal of Sociology, a British publication for which he served as a member of the editorial committee; Jewish Social Studies; Social Welfare; The Jewish Review; The Contemporary Jewish Record; and the American Jewish Yearbook. Rosenberg eventually held memberships in various social scientific associations in Canada, the United States, and England. His first article on Canadian Jewry published in a social scientific journal apparently dates to 1932. Written in Yiddish, it appeared in the YIVO Bleter (vivo is the English acronym for Yiddish Scientic Institute) in New York and was entitled "The Jewish Population in Canada." (For an extensive listing of Rosenberg's writings in the area of Canadian Jewish sociology and demography, see the Bibliography of his works in this volume.) Rosenberg also authored scores of reports and studies, most unpublished, while at the cjc. These ranged from studies of individual Jewish communities in places such as Windsor and Winnipeg, to general studies published in the Congress series Canadian Jewish Population Studies, which he also edited, to specialized studies on Jewish education. He also worked as a journalist in the Canadian Jewish press. Apart from contributing articles to many different publications, he was a columnist with The Jewish Post in Regina and edited a Winnipeg Yiddish language newspaper. Yet his single crowning achievement, and only monograph, remains Canada's Jews. Rosenberg felt that the importance of his work was never adequately appreciated, either by the organized Jewish community or by the wider community of social scientists. His personal humility made it difficult for him to insist that his work be taken seriously by the lay and professional staff of the cjc. His belief in the value of socio-demographic analysis as an instrument of (Jewish) community planning was decades ahead of its time. Jewish social service agencies in Montreal and elsewhere only began to recognize the potential value of longer-term community planning based on applied research in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The systematic use of such data developed even later. As well, because a quantitative Canadian sociology of ethnic groups in general, and of Jews in particular, barely existed in the 1940s and 1950s, there was no Canadian scholarly constituency for his work. THE TIMES If the 1930s were not the worst of times for Jews and other immigrant minorities in Canada, they were far from the best. Immigration to Canada had slowed to a trickle, blocked mainly by the Depression. Even the immediate dangers facing German Jews in the 1930s were not sufficient to pry open Canada's locked doors (Abella and Troper 1982). The legacy of World War I, in which over 8,000 Ukrainians and Germans had been interned as "enemy aliens," had raised the spectre of dual loyalty and added to the insecurities felt by various immigrant groups (Thompson 1991). The presence of members of immigrant communities notably Ukrainians, Jews, and Finns - in radical political organizations also reinforced an image of marginality from mainstream Canadian society (Avery 1979). Immigrant cultures and traditions, particularly those not of English or Western European origin, were considered second rate. Overt discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, religion, and race — which was, by and large, not illegal - was rampant. Equal access to jobs, pay, housing, or services remained a far distant goal. Immigrant communities in the 1930s consisted overwhelmingly of working-class urbanites and hard-working small farmers, far removed from any real political, economic, or cultural influence (Harney and Troper 1975). For most immigrant groups, such as the Italians in Toronto, not only discrimination but also a form of self-imposed isolation helped produce the conditions of separation from the English majority (Zucchi 1988). But the traumas and xiii

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insecurities naturally associated with immigrant status were compounded by a pervasive pattern of socio-economic inequality. John Porter (1965) analyzed data on the social-class distribution of immigrant/ ethnic groups for 1931 and found that most of the non-charter groups (with the exception of Jews and some of the Northern European groups) were underrepresented in professional and managerial occupations and overrepresented in primary and unskilled occupations. This marginality was even more pronounced with regard to access to key positions in the economic and political elite of Canada, which at that time remained predominantly in the hands of Canadians of English and, to a lesser degree, French origin. Anti-Semitism thrived in both the taverns and pubs of the working class and the private clubs and boardrooms of the corporate elite. The Canadian Jewish community of the 1930s shared many of the problems of immigrants in general. These were, however, exacerbated by a context of deeply felt antiSemitism which exceeded the routine ethnocentrism and xenophobia that afflicted most other immigrant groups. The public expression of this anti-Semitism, by both ordinary citizens and leading personalities, was pronounced (Betcherman 1975; Abella and Troper 1982; Milner and Milner 1973; Levitt and Shaffir 1987). In Quebec, leading newspapers and intellectuals, supported by the Catholic Church, regularly fulminated against Jews and alleged Jewish influence, and the achat chez nous boycott of Jewish merchants was organized. In Ontario, the expressions of anti-Semitism ran the gamut from quiet numerus clausus provisions at universities, to discrimination in employment or accommodations, to the full-scale riot at Christie Pits in 1933. And with the rise of Nazism in Germany, and of similar small but vociferous supportive groups in Quebec and Ontario, the precarious position of Canadian Jewry worsened. To be sure, by the 1930s the local and national infrastructure of organized Jewish communal life was well developed in comparison to that of other minority groups. Drawing on their long diaspora experience, Canadian Jews had developed a network of communal organizations that included charitable agencies, schools, synagogues, newspapers, and many other cultural, fraternal, or political associations (Speisman 1979). The Canadian Jewish Congress, eventually dominated by Samuel Bronfman, had been revived in 1934 as a national communal organization. In short, Jews were as "institutionally complete" a minority group as one could find in the 1930s. Yet Jews, despite the degree of communal organization and regardless of wealth or position, had little clout in the corridors of power (Abella and Troper 1982; Marrus 1991; Speisman 1979). As Rosenberg's data reveal, the Jewish community in 1931 was predominantly working class, with over 70 per cent employed as clerks, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers. Only 44 per cent had been born in Canada. Less than 5 per cent could trace at least two generations of Canadian-born ancestors — as compared to 64 per cent for all Canadians (74). It is difficult to appreciate just how pervasive anti-Semitism was in the political and cultural fabric of Canada in the 1930s. Happily, there were no pogroms, or worse. Political anti-Semitism never evolved into successful anti-Semitic and/or fascist parties, as in Europe. By and large, Jews were able to earn a living and make their way in this new society. Jewish cultural expression, mainly in Yiddish, flourished in a network of newspapers, journals, associations, schools, and libraries (Robinson et al 1990). But, with all this, the general attitude ensured that Jews knew their place: they enjoyed a second-class status at the sufferance of the English and French. As anti-Semitism increased in salience abroad and at home, Canadian Jewish leaders faced a cruel dilemma: how best to oppose Canada's restrictive immigration policies, particularly as they affected German Jewish refugees. To fight back aggressively - whatever the realistic expectations of success - risked inflaming anti-Semitic sentiment, antagonizing the powers that be, and losing whatever gains had been made. However, diplomacy that was too quiet and docile risked abandoning European Jewry and perhaps encourging more domestic bigotry through inaction. Walking this fine line had often been the sorry challenge of Jewish leaders in diaspora communities. Canada was no exception. Rosenberg, working within the framework of the cjc, was certainly not untouched by these agonizing dilemmas, or unaware of their impact on the actions of cjc leaders. Thus it xiv

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is not surprising that sections of Canada's Jews are devoted to a direct refutation of the thencurrent anti-Semitic stereotypes of Jews as cowards and shirkers of military duties, as rich financiers, as non-agriculturalists, as arsonists. Rosenberg's weapon of choice was the best available statistical evidence. What of the study of immigrant/ethnic groups, and Jews in particular? Some work on immigrant/ethnic groups had been done in the United States, where sociology had emerged as a discipline over a generation earlier than in Canada. The mass migration of immigrants at the turn of the century, combined with the unfolding American dilemmas of race relations in both the South and the North, had sparked the interest of sociologists. Robert Park and his "Chicago School" of social research had begun the systematic study of immigrant/ethnic groups. Though Park's race relations cycle pointed toward an inevitable assimilationist outcome, he was among the first to study these groups in a nonpatronizing, objective manner (Park 1950; Park and Miller 1921). The multi-volume classic The Polish Peasant in America by Thomas and Znaniecki (1918—20) was a sympathetic yet scholarly analysis of the traumas and transformations attendant on the process of immigration. While many sociological studies of black-white relations had been conducted from the early part of the twentieth century, studies of white ethnic groups were far fewer. For example, a review of the three leading American sociology journals from 1900 to 1974 found that only 13 per cent of all articles dealing with ethnic and racial minorities dealt with white ethnic groups (Pettigrew 1980, xxix). The sociological study of Jews was even more neglected. (For a review, see Sklare 1974, 1—30. I ignore here the racist literature on Jews and the attempts, such as that by socialist theoretician Karl Kautsky (1926) to refute these writings). Arthur Ruppin, a Labour Zionist activist and scholar, was perhaps the first socio-demographic student of Jewish life. He began teaching the sociology of the Jews at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1926, though his first writings date back to the turn of the century. His lectures were published in a two-volume German edition, Die Soziologie derjuden, in 1930—31. (It was thus most fitting that the foreword to Canada's Jews was written by Ruppin.) In 1928 the University of Chicago Press published Louis Wirth's The Ghetto, a study of the Jews of Chicago written by Wirth as his doctoral dissertation under Robert Park. Perhaps subtly reflecting the elitist anti-Semitism common in higher education at the time, The Ghetto ends with a clear depiction of American Jews as an anachronism, with assimilation both inevitable and desirable. Wirth himself laid no groundwork for further sociological studies of Jews, and his personal life followed a seemingly deliberate process of assimilation. This attitude was not surprising. Indeed, many young Jewish social scientists deliberately avoided the study of Jewish themes or topics to avoid the charge of appearing ethnocentric. "The failure of Jewish social scientists to engage in research on the Jews reflects their desire to be perceived as American rather than Jewish intellectuals. To write in depth about the Jewish community would seemingly expose them to being identified as Jewish Jews', as individuals who are too pre-occupied with an ethnic identity" (Lipset 1963, 163). In Canada, the situation was far bleaker. In the 19305 the discipline of sociology was barely present in Canada, with a lone English-language outpost at McGill (Brym with Fox 1989; Shore 1987). The systematic study of immigrant/ethnic groups was also in its infancy. To be sure, there had been some works on Canada's diversity. J.S. Woodsworth's Strangers Within Our Gates, first published in 1909, showed a generalized sympathy for the turn of the century migrants to the prairies within an evaluative framework shot through with racial categorizing and pre-judgement. John Murray Gibbon's Canadian Mosaic was published in 1938, and provided a sympathetic if stereotypical portrait of the European immigrant groups who were shaping the developing Canadian nation. But there was little in the way of systematic social science. The early studies of French Canada by social scientists at Laval were just beginning; their focus at any rate was not the immigrant minority groups. C. A. Dawson's Group Settlement: Ethnic Communities in Western Canada, written in 1936, was a pioneering sociological study of Doukhobor, Mennonite, Morxv

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mon, German Catholic, and French-Canadian farm communities in the prairie provinces. The work resulted from a research project centred at McGill University which involved teams of researchers and assistants. This study was more sociologically informed than Rosenberg's and combined qualitative research with some census data and small sample surveys of specific farm communities. It is doubtful that Rosenberg was at all familiar with this work, which is ironic in that the JCA farm colonies in Saskatchewan were similar to the type of ethnic bloc settlements Dawson analyzed. Dawson's volume makes no mention of the Jewish farm settlements in Western Canada either. The closest precursor of Canada's Jews was the Dominion Bureau of Statistics (DBS) study based on the 1921 census, Origin, Birthplace, Nationality, and Language of the Canadian People, under the direction of Burton Hurd (Canada, 1929). Rosenberg was familiar with this study and cites it in his text. Kurd's next study (Canada, 1942), based on the 1931 census, appeared after Canada's Jews had been published. As for scholarly social science studies of Canadian Jews, there were none, although there were some publications on the subject. One important English-language work was Arthur D. Hart's The Jew in Canada, published in 1926. It is a wide-ranging if at times hagiographic collection of essays on many features of Jewish life in Canada. Rosenberg, in his bibliography in Canada's Jews, lists some nineteen items under "Canadian Jewish History." Most of these are taken from the Jewish or general press in Canada. While many contain original research, they do not really fall within the framework of empirical social science, nor were they published in academic journals. English-Canadian universities in the 19308 were extremely Christian and Anglocentric in culture and personnel. There were very few Jewish professors; it is not surprising that Rosenberg produced his great work not as a university-based scholar but as an independent researcher. As late as 1961 John Porter could identify only one Jew among eighty-eight fellows of the Royal Society of Canada, section II, which deals with English literature and civilization. (Since thirty-five of the fellows provided no information on religious affiliation, it is possible some Jews may have avoided being identified as such.) Porter writes, "What is striking is the absence of Jews in the higher levels of the intellectual community. It is unlikely that there are so few in any other western society." (1965, 501). Certainly there was no infusion of German Jewish refugee intellectuals into Canadian university life in the 19305 as there was in the United States. This was the environment which greeted the appearance of Canada's Jews. THE WORK Louis Rosenberg began working on the volume in 1934, though he had been gathering data pertinent to the project for some time while working for the JCA. Macmillan originally expressed interest in publishing the volume, which received highly favourable reviews from two publishers' readers, as well as from outside readers such as Eugene Forsey. But because of the large costs involved and the belief the book would have a limited audience, Macmillan was prepared to publish only on an "author's book" basis. This meant that Rosenberg, or rather the cjc, would have to pay Macmillan for printing and other publication costs. The ensuing correspondence between Rosenberg and various officials of cjc is heart-rending, cjc argued that they could not afford the relatively high amount of money required by Macmillan, which would in turn have required a higher sale price, thereby limiting sales, cjc cited their severe money problems, exacerbated by urgent war-related claims on meager Jewish communal funds. Rosenberg was reduced to petitioning cjc to honour its previous commitment to publish, while devising fund-raising schemes to raise the $2,000 required for publication. In one moving letter, Rosenberg wrote in January 1940, "In giving birth to the book I have already had enough ... [deleted carbon, suggesting handwritten phrases, perhaps in Yiddish or Hebrew. MW] It is rather a painful subject to me, but I would like to have the book actually see the light of day, and hold it in my hands." (Rosenberg to Belkin, 8 Jan. 1940. cjc Archives, Louis Rosenberg Papers. Correspondence File for Canada's Jews, DA 2 4/10.)

xvi

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The book was finally printed by the Bureau of Social and Economic Research of the cjc and appeared in 1940 (despite the copyright date of 1939). Rosenberg earned precious little by way of royalties. At first cjc persuaded him to accept his royalties in copies of the volume instead of cash, again pleading the strain of scant resources. Finally in December of 1941, after more than two years of related correspondence, Rosenberg received a supplementary payment of $300. That payment arrived none too soon, for the JCA decided to close its western Canadian office and Rosenberg had to find other work. Canada's Jews is, by any yardstick, an impressive work of social science. Comprising thirty-two chapters and a total of 305 folio sized pages, with another 100 pages of statistical appendix which included 273 tables, and 21 diagrams and maps, the work is truly massive. Indeed, it is hard to imagine a more comprehensive socio-demographic treatment of Canadian Jewish life in the 19308. To attempt to recapitulate all the findings and observations found in this book would render a disservice to its dense, rich material. The chapters can be classified into three broad groupings. One set deals with traditional demographic factors. These include all the determinants of natural increase, immigration and geographical distribution, and age-sex profiles. A second set deals with various measures of economic status and stratification. A final set deals with sociocultural characteristics, including chapters on anti-Semitism, Jewish criminality, language and literature, and apostasy and conversion. No comparably detailed socio-demographic study of Canadian Jews, or any other Canadian ethnic group, has been produced. With rare exceptions (Darcovich and Yuzyk 1980) this applies to other Canadian minority groups as well. Even more impressive to the contemporary researcher is the fact that this massive study was really a solitary enterprise. Rosenberg generally worked alone, doing most of his own data collection and computations. He had no team of colleagues and research assistants, and no large research grant. Moreover, he produced this work at a time when computer hardware and software were primitive, calculators still embryonic, and word processing non-existent. He could not generate tables at will from an accessible 2 per cent sample census file. His notebooks and ledgers contain hundreds of neatly handwritten pages of charts and tables. Much of the DBS raw data was collected by mail; Rosenberg would write requesting a certain tabulation or bit of information, and DBS officials would, where feasible, supply him with the needed data. Moreover, being based in Regina meant that he had limited access to library resources in the fields of Judaica or to the statistical data concentrated in Montreal, Toronto, and Ottawa. In his Preface Rosenberg outlined two objectives in producing the book. First, he hoped the book would be useful descriptive and analytical social science, "a social and economic study of Canada's Jewish population, based upon official and reliable statistics." To this end he states clearly his wish that the work be allowed to stand on its own as a piece of scientific research. He wished to avoid any "apologetics" or "special pleading" on behalf of Jewish interests. Second, and despite the disclaimer just cited, he saw his work as playing a role in the fight against anti-Semitism. He hoped it would "serve to sweep away the mass of ignorance and misleading half truths which exist in Canada concerning its Jewish population." Some contemporary observers might argue that this second objective weakens the claim for objectivity. But in fact much recent research on ethnic and race relations has as an underlying, if unstated, context the refutation of racist prejudice and the promotion of equality and reform. Rosenberg states his basic position clearly: "I have become convinced ... that what are usually described as racial characteristics are sociological rather than biological." Canada's Jews is a pioneering example of the usefulness of the Canadian census for serious ethnic research. Throughout his life Rosenberg had a deep reverence for census data, and a special appreciation for his associates at DBS, whose assistance he gratefully acknowledged in his Preface. Indeed, one is struck when reading his correspondence by the high degree of cooperation and civility which Rosenberg received from senior DBS officials, pestered regularly by this odd British-Jewish agriculturalist living in Regina. One must recall that the Canadian public service in the 1930s was dominated by Canadians of English and French origin. Certainly xvii

CANDA'S JEWS anti-Semitic prejudice existed among senior civil servants (Abella and Troper 1982). Without clear evidence that the staff of DBS were immune, their cooperation with Rosenberg's numerous requests seems all the more intriguing. Why did they do it? Perhaps because of an ethic of professional public service. Certainly Rosenberg seems not to have paid for these data - he had no funds - and at any rate DBS at that time apparently did not operate on a cost-recovery system. Perhaps DBS officials in the 1930s were delighted to discover another soul who shared their passion for census data and found it so valuable. Rosenberg recognized that an official census was the best source for an estimation of the population and characteristics of a minority group. It was certainly much better than some of the rough and ready methods used to estimate the Jewish population, one of which, cited by Rosenberg (6) was to multiply the number of Jewish school age children - estimated through the number of school absences on the High Holidays — by five! Of course, Rosenberg was also well aware of the limitations of census data, in particularly in definitions of ethnic groups. (He also knew that in some undemocratic societies census data could be wilfully manipulated.) Yet this awareness did not weaken Rosenberg's support for the Canadian census as the best available data source for ethnic research. There are three characteristics or themes of his work which deserve special mention. The first is methodological: Rosenberg used a wide variety of statistical sources and was resolutely comparative. While his major Canadian data source was the census, he made ample use of many other DBS data sources and studies. These include data on vital statistics, immigration, Armed Forces records, annual reports of judicial and criminal statistics, and Burton Hurd's landmark 1929 DBS census study. He also went beyond government, using the Canadian Directory of Directors, published by The Financial Post, for data on Canada's corporate elite (data he knew well from Who Owns Canada?}. His zeal in hunting down data took him from readily available sources such as the Encyclopedia Britannica or the 1930 Statistical Yearbook of the League of Nations to more obscure ones. He found data on Jewish emigrants from Canada to the United States in reports prepared by the u.s. Commission General of Immigration (Table 92). The previous occupations of Jewish farmers in western Canada were obtained from Rosenberg's own records of 165 farm families gathered while he was working for the JCA; the previous occupations of all farmers are estimated from a study of 421 farmers reported by a Dr. William Allen in "Surveys of the Farm Business in the Melfort, Alameda, Belbeck, and Swift Current districts" (Table 142). He of course used specifically Jewish sources as well. Thus his discussions of Jewish agriculture in Canada relied on data from the Jewish Colonization Association, and his discussion of Jewish education or the rabbinate drew on data collected through the cjc. In addition he used other data sources on international Jewry, such as the American Jewish Yearbook (an annual publication), the Jewish Encyclopedia (published in 1916), data from the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and the work of European Jewish scholars Arthur Ruppin and Jacob Leschinsky. Rosenberg's insistence on a comparative approach is another methodological strength. He provides a model for any study of ethnic groups in that Canadian Jews are compared wherever possible to other ethnic groups in Canada and, where pertinent, to Jewish communities elsewhere. This process of triangulation is crucial for an understanding of Jewish behaviour. It enables the researcher to identify patterns which may be specific to Jews in general (whether for cultural or socio-demographic reasons) or to Canadian Jews in particular. While inter-ethnic comparisons within Canada are routine, Canadian ethnic demography has lost the second comparative focus. In the recently published anthology by Halli, Trouato, and Driedger (1990), none of the twenty-two studies presents systematically non-Canadian data about the various ethnic groups under discussion. Nor are such comparative studies found in recent issues of Canadian Studies on Population. But a deeper understanding of, say, the Chinese or Jamaicans in Canada might be obtained through comparisons with counterpart communities in the United States or Australia, as well as with other Canadian groups. While comparative studies do exist, they are often focused at the levels of countries as a whole, are not systematically comparative in terms of data presentation and analysis of group patterns, and usually have a policy-oriented focus (e.g., Hawkins, 1989; Fleras and Elliot 1992). xviii

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The appeal of Rosenberg's work is increased by his ability to transcend disciplinary boundaries and his avoidance of esoteric jargon. His language is clearly aimed at, and accessible to, the educated lay reader as well as the professional, and shows the advantages of his journalistic experience. The clarity of his exposition provides a model for contemporary social scientists, though academic specialization may make it difficult to achieve today. While he occasionally uses a term such as "masculinity" to refer to a sex ratio (males to females), commonly used in the 19308, seldom has demographic analysis been rendered more accessible to a nonspecialist audience. Many of the tables provide data up to and including 1938, remarkable for a book completed in 1939. Despite our "improved" technology, there are much greater time lags today between completion of a manuscript and publication. Canada's Jews is by no means a flawless work. For instance, Table 21 is mistakenly labelled Montreal, instead of Winnipeg, though this is immediately apparent to the reader. Some analyses are superficial: on page 89 (Table 66), the ratio at birth for Quebec Jews, 192636, is 1,606 male births per 1,000 female births — a biological miracle! Clearly a reporting characteristic, a computational error, or perhaps a simple typo has led to a result which cries out for detailed explication or at least a caveat; Rosenberg simply reports it. A more serious example is his analysis of the factors contributing to intermarriage (109-11). His uncritical reliance on a regression equation computed by Hurd in his DBS monograph (Canada 1929) which used 1921 data for all ethnic groups, led Rosenberg to some untenable conclusions. The basic fact about Jewish intermarriage rates, then and now, is that they are low by any comparative standard. But inserting 1931 census data for Jews into Kurd's equation yields a negative intermarriage rate of -4.98 per cent, whereas the actual figure for 1931 is 4.29 per cent. Rosenberg then concludes that actual Jewish intermarriage rates are higher than could be expected! Such lapses are relatively rare and probably reflect the prevailing conventions of demographic analysis, the lacunae in Rosenberg's formal training, or Rosenberg's occasional tendency to accept without question the data and techniques received from DBS. His statistical/ analytical methods are primitive by today's standards, and even in their day were far from the cutting edge. Yet they fell well within the range of accepted professional practice. Moreover on some occasions, such as his discussion of the need to factor urban/rural ratios into calculations of an adjusted criminality rate (290-1), his methods were a refinement of conventional approaches. A second theme which pervades Canada's Jews is that two-sided traditional favourite of social science, either debunking conventional wisdom or confirming that which is merely suspected. Rosenberg used his data to attack several negative stereotypes regarding Jews. He shows that Jews, at less than one per cent, were strongly underrepresented among Canadian corporate directors. Indeed, far from having a proclivity for finance, he shows that there were six Jewish farmers for every Jew employed in finance (214). As for Jews being cowardly or unpatriotic, Rosenberg estimates the numbers of Jews who served in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces during World War I and, based on available service records, the numbers who were decorated. He finds that 38 per cent of eligible Jews over twenty-one served, compared to the Canadian average of 31 per cent; Jews were also overrepresented among soldiers who were decorated, 4.52 per cent as compared to 3.38 per cent (250). Rosenberg did not shrink from tackling particularly sensitive topics, such as crime. Indeed, his judicious use of data to shed light on Jewish criminality contrasts sharply with the current Canadian fear of collecting or disseminating data on the ethnic origins of individuals caught in the various stages of the criminal justice system. DBS collected and published detailed statistics on adults and juveniles convicted of crimes, broken down by birthplace and religion, until well after World War II. Rosenberg showed that while in crude ratio terms Jews were indeed over-represented among those convicted of crimes, after adjusting for the key factor of urban/rural residence - given Jewish over-representation in urban areas - the Jewish crime rate was well below the Canadian average. Hurd, in his 1929 monograph, had adjusted his conviction data for age-sex ratio alone. Rosenberg also demonstrated Jewish underrepresentation among those convicted of arson, a crime then believed to be stereotypically Jewish. Rosenberg often asserts, rather than documents, the existence of a prevailing stereotype. It is unlikely xix

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JEWS

that there was any survey or other evidence to support the stereotype of Jews as arsonists. But popular culture, reflected in jokes if nothing else, suggests that such a stereotype existed. Rosenberg's data also confirmed that Canadian Jews had the lowest rates of illegitimacy and infant mortality in Canada, and among the lowest fertility rates. He also demonstrates the beginnings of a pattern of remarkable Jewish educational achievement, as the children of the working class began to succeed in Canadian schools. (Rosenberg's penchant for debunking racist thinking extends to non-Jews. For example, in his discussion of illegitimacy he remarks that "the generally accepted belief that people of Southern European and Oriental origin are more inclined to sexual laxity is not borne out by these statistics" [95]-) Throughout his analyses Rosenberg tends toward non-racial, i.e., non-biological, explanations of patterns of Jewish behavior, relying instead on the influence of social factors, such as urban residence, or cultural patterns. A final trait which one notes in the volume are Rosenberg's occasional forays into outright advocacy. A fervent defender of the rights of all minorities, a convinced social democrat, and a devoted adherent of the basic tenets of Labour Zionism, he could not and would not submerge the three major causes of his life. Purists might argue that such advocacy is a lapse from the otherwise objective and neutral tone of the exposition and detracts from the scholarly quality of the work. But most of these instances are found in his commentary on specific Canadian policy debates of the times. Consider the case of Canadian immigration, which Rosenberg analyses in two chapters, one focused on the general policy and one dealing mainly with Jewish immigration. He analyses the opposition to immigration in terms of "immigration phobias" and argues passionately (132) for an immigration policy where selections are made "not on the basis of race, nationality, or religion but on the basis of individual physical, moral, and mental fitness," and emphasizes the desirability of family immigration. In this sense he condemns the racial hierarchy of the day by which potential immigrants were classified according to origin into "preferred" (Northwestern European), "non-preferred" (Central and East Asian), "special permit" (Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Jewish), and "excluded" (Chinese and Japanese). He also argues that Canada's capacity to absorb immigrants "has barely been touched." His own experience as an immigrant, and the plight of European Jewry, likely helped shape his views. Another example concerns his vision of a more desirable occupational distribution for Jews. He argued for an increase in the number of Jewish skilled and semiskilled workers, as well as an increase in Jews employed in agriculture (168, 225). His concern was motivated in part by the fear that increasing concentration of ownership and control in Canadian business would solidify a largely anti-Semitic elite, making Jewish positions as small businessmen or white-collar employees precarious. His solidarity with the union movement on the one hand, and with Jewish agricultural labour on the other, dovetailed with these recommendations. In the context of the 19305 it was still possible to speak of a large Jewish working class and perhaps a return to the land; with hindsight we now recognize these as wishful dreams. A third example of Rosenberg's crusading zeal is his staunch opposition to educational policies in Quebec, whereby Jewish children were permitted entry into Protestant schools, paid taxes to the Protestant Panel, but were denied the right to serve as school commissioners or administrators (270). Rosenberg saw this as a fundamental violation of the basic civil rights of Jewish citizens. What fate awaited Canada's Jews? The release of the book at the outset of World War II was timely, in that it could be used to refute anti-Semitic allegations dressed up as pseudo social science. But professionally the timing was a disaster. Bearing the imprint of the Bureau of Social and Economic Research of the Canadian Jewish Congress, the volume lacked the cachet of a major trade or academic press. Distribution of the run of 2,000 copies was somewhat haphazard and was largely only within the Canadian Jewish community. Indeed, after several years Rosenberg set about tracking down unsold copies of the book, which he then sent off to academic and professional readers. Rosenberg sent several copies of the book to England, including a copy to the Leeds public library system, where he had done so much xx

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reading as a youth. Periodic requests for the book trickled in. Perhaps the oddest was a request, with which Rosenberg complied, from the Library of Social Sciences of the Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR, in July of 1943! There were favourable reviews in the mainstream and Jewish (English and Yiddish) press. But there were almost no reviews in the academic or social scientific community. The traditional bibliographical sources reveal just three reviews in scholarly/academic sources. The first was a review of the work in The Canadian Historical Review of December 1940 by C.E. Silcox, a theologian who had previously reviewed the book favourably for Macmillan. Silcox concluded that the volume, "despite its appalling list of tables, is an extraordinary publication and ought to be on the desk of all students of inter-group relations." The second appeared in Jewish Social Studies 3, November 1941. This review, by Andrew A. Marchbin, was more critical, challenging Rosenberg's interpretations regarding farm colonization efforts and the discrepancies between counts of Jews by religion and the slightly higher one by race. (Marchbin claims the discrepancy was due more to missionary activities directed at Canadian Jews from 1859-1900 than to offspring of mixed marriages!) He ends by claiming that the volume "merits the attention of all serious students interested in Jewish social problems." The third review, and possibly the most relevant, was by George Wolff and appeared in the Journal of the American Statistical Association 39 June 1944. It is perhaps the most enthusiastic of the three: "Everyone who is interested in population studies in general and in studies of the Jewish minority in particular will appreciate this careful and detailed research." Directed at an audience devoted to statistics, this review, unlike the Silcox review, praised the 273 tables as "invaluable source material." Rosenberg's work is largely unknown today in the fields of ethnic demography and sociology. His name is not found among the references in the landmark anthology Ethnic Demography edited by Halli, Trovato, and Driedger published in 1990. While this excellent volume focuses explicitly on data from the censuses of 1981 and 1986, the individual chapters include references to works of earlier decades, including the pre-war era, but make no mention of Rosenberg. In fact, the preface states "This is the first volume written on ethnic demography in Canada." This is true, in that the term "ethnic demography" was not in regular use in the 1930s. But examples of work dealing with what we now term ethnic demography did exist; Hurd's census monographs for DBS, published in 1929 and 1942 are two examples. So is Canada's Jews. In contrast, a 1966 bibliography of Canadian demography published by Statistics Canada listed twenty-six entries for Rosenberg (Stone and Kokich 1966). However, an updated bibliography of Canadian demography for 1966—82 contains no mention of Rosenberg (Wai, Shiel, and Balakrishnan 1984). Rosenberg produced only a handful of studies from 1966 on, and none were published in the usual professional demographic sources. Canada's Jews is similarly uncited in sociological overviews of contemporary ethnicity or multiculturalism, or in works of general Canadian ethnic history. Nor is it much cited in recent studies published in social science journals. From 1971 to 1990 Canada's Jews was cited in only seven research articles, according to the Social Sciences Citation Index. All seven articles dealt specifically with Canadian Jews. Two appeared in Jewish Social Studies, two in the Journal of Canadian Studies, one in the Jewish Journal of Sociology, one in the Canadian Journal of Sociology, and one in Histoire Sociale/Social History. Canada's Jews has been cited recently in books dealing with general or specific historical studies of Canadian Jewish life (Levitt and Shaffir 1987; Speisman 1979; Weinfeld et al 1981). Rosenberg's work and cooperation were cited in earlier years by the eminent American demographer Mortimer Spiegelman, who published two articles in Population Studies dealing with, respectively, the longevity and reproductivity of Canadian Jews (1948, 1950). There may well have been other citations in that earlier period. It is hoped that the republication of Canada's Jews will help liberate this work from its ethnic and intellectual ghetto. It deserves a recognized place in the historical development of the demographic and sociological study of Canadian ethnic groups. It remains a model of a socio-demographic portrait of an ethnic group and also serves as an invaluable source for an understanding of Jewish life, and indeed the life of other immigrant/ethnic groups, in the Canada of the 19305. xxi

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REFERENCES Abella, Irving, and Harold Troper. 1982. None is Too Many. Toronto: Lester and Orpen Dennys. Avery, Donald. 1979. Dangerous Foreigners: European Immigrant Workers and Labour Radicalism in Canada, 1896—1932. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. Betcherman, Lita-Rose. 1975. The Swastika and the Maple Leaf: Fascist Movements in Canada in the Thirties. Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside. Brym, Robert J., with Bonnie Fox. 1989. From Culture to Power: The Sociology of English Canada. Toronto: Oxford University Press. Brym, Robert, William Shaffir, and Morton Weinfeld, eds. 1993. The Jews in Canada. Toronto: Oxford University Press. Canada. 1929. (Burton Hurd) Origin, Birthplace, Nationality, and Language of the Canadian People, 1921. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics, The King's Printer. Canada. 1942. (Burton Hurd) Racial Origins and Nativity of the Canadian People, 1931 Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics, The King's Printer. Clement, Wallace. 1975. The Canadian Corporate Elite: An Analysis of Economic Power. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. Darcovich, William, and Paul Yuzyk, eds. 1980. A Statistical Compendium on the Ukrainians in Canada, 1891—1976. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. Dawson, C.A. 1936. Group Settlement: Ethnic Communities in Western Canada. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada. Fishberg, Maurice. 1911. The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment. London: Walter Scott. Fleras, Augie, and Jean Leonard Elliott. 1992. Multiculturalism in Canada. Scarborough, Ont.: Nelson. Gibbon, John Murray. 1938. Canadian Mosaic: The Making of a Northern Nation. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. Graetz, Heinrich. 1891-98. A History of the Jews. Philadelphia: Jewish Publications Society of America (six vols.) Halli, Shiva S., Frank Trovato, and Leo Driedger. 1990. Ethnic Demography: Canadian Immigrant, Racial, and Cultural Variations. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. Harney, Robert, and Harold Troper. 1975. Immigrants: a Portrait of the Urban Experience, 1890— 1930. Toronto: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Hart, Arthur D., ed. 1926. The Jew in Canada: A Complete Record of Canadian Jewry from the Days of the French Regime to the Present Time. Toronto and Montreal: Jewish Publications. Hawkins, Freda. 1989. Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Jacobs, Joseph. 1891. Studies in Jewish Statistics: Social, Vital, and Anthropometric. London: D. Nutt. Kautsky, Karl. 1926. Are the Jews a Race? (translated from the 2nd German edition). New York: International Publishers. Levitt, Cyril H., and William Shaffir. 1987. The Riot at Christie Pits. Toronto: Lester and Orpen Dennys. Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1963. "The study of Jewish communities in a comparative context." The Jewish Journal of Sociology 5, no. 2 (December): 157-66. Marchbin, Andrew. 1941. Review of Canada's Jews in Jewish Social Studies 3 (November): 232-4. McCollum, Watt Hugh [Louis Rosenberg]. 1947. Who Owns Canada? Ottawa: Woodsworth. Marrus, Michael. 1991- Mr. Sam: The Life of Samuel Bronfman. Toronto: Viking. Milner, Henry, and Sheilagh Hidgins Milner. 1973. The Decolonization of Quebec: An Analysis of Left-wing Nationalism. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. Park, Robert E. 1950. Race and Culture. Glencoe, III.: The Free Press. Park, Robert E., and Herbert A. Miller. 1921. Old World Traits Transplanted. New York: Harper and Brothers. Pettigrew, Thomas F., ed. 1980. The Sociology of Race Relations: Reflection and Reform. New York: The Free Press. Porter, John. 1965. The Vertical Mosaic. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. xxii

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Robinson, Ira, Pierre Anctil, and Mervin Butovsky. 1990. An Everyday Miracle: Yiddish Culture in Montreal. Montreal: Vehicule Press. Ruppin, Arthur. 1934. The Jews in the Modern World. London: Macmillan. Schoenfeld, Stuart, and Dwight Daigneault. 1991. "Contemporary Jewish life in Canada: a bibliography." Centre for Jewish Studies, York University. Mimeographed. Silcox, C.E. 1940. Review of Canada's Jews in The Canadian Historical Review 21 (December): 429. Shore, Marlene Gay. 1987. The Science of Social Redemption: McGill, the Chicago School, and the Origins of Social Research in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Sklare, Marshall, ed. 1974. The Jew in American Society. New York: Behrman House. Speisman, Stephen A. 1979. The Jews of Toronto: a History to ig3*j. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. Spiegelman, Mortimer. 1948. "The longevity of Jews in Canada, 1940—42." Population Studies 2, no. 3 (December): 292-304. Spiegelman, Mortimer. 1950. "The reproductivity of Jews in Canada, 1940-42." Population Studies 4, no. 3 (December): 299-313. Stone, M.B., and George J.V. Kokich. 1966. A Bibliography of Canadian Demography. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Thomas, W.I., and F. Znaniecki. 1918-20. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. Boston: Richard C. Badger, Gorham Press. Thompson, John H. 1991. Ethnic Minorities during Two World Wars. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association. Wai, Lokki, Suzanne Shiel, and T.R. Balakrishnan. 1984. Annotated Bibliography of Canadian Demography, ig66-ig82. London: Centre for Canadian Population Studies. University of Western Ontario. Weinfeld, Morton, William Shaffir, and Irwin Coder, eds. 1981. The Canadian Jewish Mosaic. Rexdale: John Wiley of Canada. Wirth, Louis. 1928. The Ghetto. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wolff, George. 1944. Review of Canada's Jews in Journal of the American Statistical Association 39 (June): 257-9. Woodsworth, James Shaver. [1909] 1972. Strangers within Our Gates: Or Coming Canadians. Reprint. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Zucchi, John E. 1988. Italians in Toronto: Development of a National Identity, 1875-1935. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.

XXIU

Louis Rosenberg, 1916, on an inspection tour of the Jewish farm settlements, Lipton, Saskatchewan, Canadian Jewish Congress Archives.

Louis Rosenberg speaking at a Canadian Jewish Historical Society session, Montreal, 3 June 1964. Canadian Jewish Congress Archives

C H A P T E R

I

COMPARATIVE JEWISH STATISTICS Various estimates have been made from time to time as to the total Jewish population of the world and its distribution among the various countries. Comprehensive and uniformly accurate Jewish statistics have not been easy to compile. Very few countries take a census of ethnic groups and some countries do not even take an official religious census. In the majority of countries, even where a religious census is taken, it is not compulsory to furnish information as to religious belief. Study of such Jewish statistics as are available brings out in bold relief a fact that has begun to make itself increasingly felt, that the Jewish "Centre of Gravity" is shifting from the eastern to the western hemisphere, and had not the restrictive "immigration legislation of post-World War years come into force in the United States, it is quite within the bounds of probability that another quarter of a century would have seen more Jews on the western than on the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean. There is no doubt that this would have been of incalculable benefit to the world in addition to the Jews concerned. An estimate based on the 1901 census (1) showed 76.5$ of the Jewish population of the world as living in Europe, and 16.4$ of the Jewish population as living on the American continent. An estimate based on the 1921 census (D showed 67.5$ as living in Europe, and 24.8$ on the American continent. An estimate (3) of the Jewish population in 1931 showed 60.71% of the Jewish population of the world as living in Europe, and 30.65% as living on the American continent . Table 1 gives an estimate of the Jewish population in 1931 on each of the five continents, the percentage of the total Jewish population living on each continent, and the percentage which the Jewish population forms to the total population on that continent. TABLE 1.

ESTIMATED.JEWISH POPULATION OF THE WORLD

Jewish Population 1931 Estimate

Percentage of World Jewish Population

Percentage of Total Population

America

4,739,669

30.65$

1.94$

Europe.,

9,389,539

60.71ft

1.86$

Africa

536,992

3.47#

0.79$

Asia

774,049

5.00£H

0.08#

26,954

0.17^

0.13$

15,467,203

100.00$

0.83#

Australasia World

It is estimated that only 19.0$ of the Jewish population of the world lived in English speaking countries in 1901 as compared with 28.0$ in 1921. By 1936 this percentage had further increased to 34.0$, so that the Jewish population living in English speaking countries is playing an increasingly important part in Jewish life. While the major proportion of the Jewish population living in English speaking countries is found in the United States of America, nevertheless it is of particular interest in connection with a study of Canada*s Jewish population to note the increase in the Jewish population of the British Empire since 1911, and the comparative percentage of the total Jewish population of the British Empire which is found in each of the constituent portions of the Empire. (Table 2 on next page). From Table 2 it will be noted that the number of Jews in the British Empire and the countries over which it holds a mandate, has increased from 417,064 in 1911 to 980,145 in 1936. The absolute number of Jews has increased in every portion of the British Empire with the exception of the Irish Free State. 2 Amercan Jewish Year Book 1925. ® Encyclopaedia Britannic (3) American Jewish Year Book 1936.

1

CANADA'S JEWS

TABLE 2.

NUMERICAL AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS IN BRITISH TEMP-TRIE

1911 Number Percent EUROPE

Great Britain & Northern Ireland Irish Free State Gibraltar, Malta 4 Cyprus Total Europe AMERICA Canada Jamaica British Guiana Total America ASIA India and Dependencies Hong Kong Straits Settlements Aden Palestine Total Asia AFRICA Union of South Africa Rhodesia Kenya Total Africa

TOTAL BRITISH EMPIRE

1936 Number Percent

295,000 5,101 1,495 301,596

47.00$ 0.81$ 0.24$ 48.05$

300,000 3,686 996 304,682

30.61$ 0.38$ 0.10$ 31.09$

126,196 1,250 1,000 128,446

20.10$ 0.20$ 0.16$ 20.46$

166,710 2,000 1,786 170,496

17.01$ 0.20$ 0.18$ 17.39$

21,778 150 535 3,747 83,794 110,004

3.47$ 0.02$ 0.08$ 0.60$ 13.35$ 17.52$

24,141 250 703 4,151 375,000 404,245

2.46$ 0.02$ 0.08$ 0.42$ 38.26$ 41.24$

11.57$

62,103 1,400 175 63,678

9.89$ 0.22$ 0.03$ 10.14$

71,816 2,447 315 74,578

7.33$ 0.25$ 0.03$ 7.61$

17,437 2.128 19,565

4.19$ 0.51$ 4.70$

21,615 2.380 23,995

3.45$ 0.38& 3,83$

23,553 2.591 26,144

2.41$ 0.26$ 2.67$

417,064

100.00$

627,719

100.00$

980,145

100.00$

245,209

58.78$

.1,479 246,688

0.36$ 59.14$

75,681 984

18.15$ 0.24$

76,665

18.39$

20,980 150 1,000 3,747

5.00$ 0.04$ 0.24$ 0.92$

25,877

6.20$

46,769 1,500

11.21$ 0.36$

48,269

ATTSTPAT.ARTA

Australia New Zealand Total Australasia

1921 Number Percent

Although Palestine is not technically a portion of the British Empire, being held by Great Britain under mandate from the League of Nations, yet for all practical purposes it may be considered as being within the British Empire, and it has been included as such in Table 2 for the years 1921 and 1936. As a result of the rapid growth of the Jewish population of Palestine, due in large part to the activities of the World Zionist Organization and the rehabilitation and productivization of the country by a stream of Jewish immigrants barred from access to other countries, the Jewish population of Palestine now forms 38.26$ of the total Jewish population of the British Empire, in comparison with 30.71$ of the Jewish population of the British Empire living in Great Britain and 17.01$ living in Canada. In so far as concerns the British Empire, the Jewish population of Canada is only exceeded by the Jewish population of Palestine and Great Britain. The total Jewish population of the world in 1931 was 15,467,203®. According to this estimate 27.34$ were in the United States of America, 19.58$ in Poland, 14.89$ in Soviet Russia, 6.36$ in Roumania, 3.67$ in the British Empire and 2.42$ in Palestine. (Table 3 on next page). The only appreciable increases in the proportion of Jewish to general inhabitants since 1901 have taken place in Canada, the Argentine, Palestine and the United States of America in the order given. In the period of thirty-five years since the 1901 census, the Jewish population of Canada and the Argentine has increased more than ninefold, that of Palestine sevenfold and that of the United States almost two and a half times. The rate of increase, however, has been far from uniform during this period. The greatest numerical Increase in Jewish population in Canada took place in the first decade of the 20th Century; in the United States of America in the second decade from 1911 to 1921; in the Argentine in the third decade from 1921 to 1931, and in Palestine the numerical increase in the five year period 1931-1936 has been greater than the total previous increase from 1901 to 1931. What is most important is the rate of increase during the past five years since 1931, © American Jewish Year Book, 1936-37.

2

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 3>

PERCENTAGE OF JEWS TO TOTAL POPULATION IN SPECIFIED YEARS DURING PERIOD 1901 - 1936

Palestine

1936

1931

1921

1911

1901

29.7$

16.9$

11.1$

14.3J6

12.0$

12.9$

14.9$

13.2$

Poland

9.3$

9.3$

Roumania

5.5$

5.5$

5.5$

3.2$

3.6$

South Africa (f)

4.8$

4.3$

4.1$

3.7$

4.0$

Austria

2.8$

3.7$

5.4$

4.6$ ® 4.6$ ©

United States of America

3.6$

3.4$

3.4$

2.5$

2.4$

Argentine

2.1$

1.9$

1.1$

0.8$

0.6$

European Russia.

1.9$

1.7$

2.4$

3.6$

4.4$

Canada

1.5$

1.5$

. 1.4$

1.0$

0.3$

Germany

0.7$

0.8$

1.0$

0.9$

1.1$

Great Britain

0.7$

0.5$

0.6$

0.6$

0.6$

Encyclopaedia Britannica, llth Edition. American Jewish Year Book, 1925. Jewish Encyclopaedia, Funk & V/agnalls, N.Y. 1916. American Jewish Year Book, 1933. Jacob Leschinsky's "Die Zohl Yldden in der Velt" Yivo Blotter, May, 1936. Austria-Hungary combined. Percentage of total white population. and an examination of the figures in Table 2 makes it quite evident that the rate of increase of the Jewish population in Canada, as in the United States of America, has been slowed down because of discriminatory legislation until it consists almost solely of the natural increase of births over deaths which is lower among Jews than among the general population (Table 4 on next page). The proportion of the Jewish to the total population has remained practically stationary during the past thirty-five years in Germany, Great Britain and South Africa. In Soviet Russia and Austria, the percentage of Jews to the total population has considerably decreased due to post-war changes in boundaries and emigration. In Poland the percentage has decreased because of emigration caused by economic and poltical pressure,whilst the percentage in Ro'umania has increased due to additions of territory formerly belonging to Russia and AustriaHungary.. The number of Jews in the Argentine in 1891 was negligible, and the settlement of Jews in that country can be said to have commenced with the activities of the Jewish Colonization Association in that year. The Jewish population of Canada, however, amounted to 6,283 in 1891, but had risen to 16,131 in 1901, in comparison with 30,000 Jews in the Argentine in that year. The Jewish population of both countries were almost equal in 1921, but owing to immigration restrictions in Canada during the post-war period, the Jewish population of the Argentine now exceeds that of Canada. In 1911, Canada came fourteenth in size of its Jewish population, being exceeded in Jewish population by Poland, Russia, the United States, Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Roumania, Great Britain, Austria, Morocco, Holland, France and Palestine in the order named. In 1921, Canada came eleventh in size of Jewish population, being exceeded in Jewish population by the United States of America, Poland, Russia, Roumania, Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Great Britain and France in the order named.

3

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 4.

PERIODIC INCREASE IN JEWISH POPULATION

CANADA

Jewish Population

Quinquennial ! Decennial Increase Increase

Increase in 20 year Period

1901

16,131

1911

75,681

1921

126,198

66.74$

682.31$

1931

156,726

23.38$

106.92$

1936 @

166,710

Increase in 30 year Period

Increase in 35 year Period

369. 14$

871.58$

6.37$

933.47$

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1901®

1,777,000

1911 ( | )

2,349,754

32-r23$

1921©

3,600,000

53.07$

102.63$

1931 ©

4,228,029

17.44$

79.93$

1936 ©

4,500,000

137.98$ 153.23$

6.43$

ARGENTINE

1901®

30,000

1911(2)

55,000

83.33$

1921®

100,000

81.44$

233.33$

1931 (D

200,000

100.00$

263.63$

1936®

275,000

566.66$ 816.66$

37.50$

PALESTINE

1901®

55,000

1911®

78,000

41.81$

1921®

83,794

7.42$

52.35$

1931 (D

175,006

109.44$

124.35$

1936 @

417,600

218.18$ 658.18$

136.62$

£p Encyclopaedia Britannica - llth Edition. © American Jewish Year Book, 1925. (S) Jewish Encyclopaedia, Funk & Wagnalls, 1916. (5) American Jewish Year Book, 1933. © Jacob Leschinsky's estimate, "Die Zohl Yidden in der Velt", Yivo Blotter, kay 1936. ® J.C.A. estimate based on unofficial census 1934. u 41.03% 34.69fr 32.59$ 32.33$ 24.54$ 22.57$ 18.52$

75

48.81$ 50.74$ 53.22$ 54.82$" 58.97$ 65.3).$ 67.41ft 67.67$ 75.46$ 77.43$ 81.48$

CANADA'S

JEWS

It will be seen from Table 54 that the percentage of the Canadian born population of Canadian born ancestry who are below the age of 10 is only 50.74$ amongst the Jews, whilst the percentage of Canadian born of Canadian born ancestry is much higher amongst the ethnic groups of Eastern European and Southern European origin, ranging from. 54.82$ amongst those of Italian origin to as high as 81.48$ amongst those of Roumanian origin. (2) JEWS BORN OUTSIDE CANADA

Granted that the Jewish population of Canada like all the white population of the country as distinct from the aboriginal population of North American Indian stock, is of immigrant origin, it becomes a matter of interest to know the countries of origin from which Canada's Jewish population came. It is often assumed that the major portion of any ethnic group born outside Canada was born in the ancestral home of that group. This assumption, however, is not always correct. Among the foreign-born of Chinese, Japanese, Finnish, Belgian, Italian, Polish and Roumanian origin more than 90$ were born in the ancestral home of those ethnic groups. Amongst those of Czech and Slovak, Hungarian, English, Russian and Scottish origin born outside Canada, more than 8~>$ but less than 90$ were born in the ancestral homes of those ethnic groups. There are, however, several ethnic groups amongst the immigrant stocks in Canada, amongst whom the majority born outside of Canada do not come from the ancestral home of their ethnic group, but from some other countries to which their ancestors had previously emigrated or from countries where they formed minorities under the rule of other people. Only 25.72$ of Immigrants of German origin in Canada were born in Germany, whereas 31.70$ were born in the United States of America, 19.58$ were born in Russia, 7.12$ were born in what is now Poland, and consid'erable numbers were born in Roumania, Hungary, Jugo-Slavia and Czecho-Slovakia. Of those foreign born residents of Canada who are listed only 34.35$ were actually born in Holland, 32.36$ were born in the 29.43$ were born in Russia. Further examination of those listed that they are actually not of Dutch origin but of German Mennonite

as being of Dutch origin, United States and as manyas as "Dutch" reveals the fact origin.

7/hile Menno Simons, the founder of the liennonite sect in 1536 was a Hollander and a native of Friesland, and the majority of his early adherents were of Dutch birth, the sect gained numerous adherents in Germany and Switzerland and to a smaller extent in France. The liennonite settlements in Western Canada were founded by colonists from the German Mennonite settlements in Russia, and are therefore really of German and not of Dutch origin. Even in Ontario, where some of the liennonites are of Dutch origin, only 1,419 out of 17,661 Mennonites declared themselves to be of Dutch origin; and the remainder mainly of German origin. Another cause of confusion is the similarity of the English word "Dutch" meaning native of Holland, and the German word "Deutsch" meaning German. Some Americans and Canadians describe themselves as being of "Pennsylvania Dutch" origin, and erroneously believe themselves to be of Dutch origin, although they are really of German origin. In any case, the vast majority of Idennonites in Canada in the post-World War period consider themselves to be of German and not of Dutch origin, and wheneve. they put up a struggle for the survival of their mother tongue, it is the German and not the Dutch language to which they cleave. Among Canadian residents of Ukrainian origin born outside Canada only 14.80$ were born in that part of the old Russian Empire which was known as the Ukraine, whilst 61.47$ were born in those portions of the former Austrian Empire which are now a part of Poland, and 10.86$ were born in those portions of the former Austrian and Russian Empires which now form part of Roumania. More detailed information concerning the country of birth of the various foreign born ethnic groups in Canada will be found in Table 215 in the appendix to this book. Among those ethnic groups represented in Canada whose country of birth is often not the national home of that particular group, the Jews are also found. The Jews as an ethnic group in Canada are unique in that the number of Jews in Canada who were born in Palestine, the original Jewish homeland, is negligible. It is all the more important therefore to have reliable statistics as to the countries of birth of that portion of the Jewish population born outside of Canada, and this detailed information has been made available for the first time since the World War by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in the 1931 Census. Before dealing with each of the countries in which Canadian Jewish residents were born, it is necessary to emphasize that the country of birth of the largest percentage of Jews in the Dominion of Canada as a whole, and in every one of the provinces and every Canadian city with population exceeding 30,000 is Canada. 76

CANADA'S JEWS Russia

The largest percentage of the foreign born Jewish population of Canada was born in Russia, which is the country of birth of 26.05$ of the total Jewish population of the Dominion. A similar situation exists in every province of Canada with the exception of Ontario and in every Canadian city with population exceeding 30,000 with the exception of Toronto and Victoria. The percentage of the Jewish population born in Russia is above the average for the entire Dominion in the provinces of Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick and Quebec and is below the average in the other provinces. Detailed statistics covering the country of birth of the Jewish population of each of the provinces are given in Table 55, and similar statistics for each of the Canadian cities with population exceeding 30,000 are given in Table 56. (Tables 55 & 56 on following pages) Poland The Republic of Poland, set up after the World War, consists of the former PolishProvinces of the Russian, German and Hungarian Empires, besides portions of East Prussia, Lithuania, and the Ukraine. Jews recorded in the 1931 Census as having been born in Poland were recorded in the Census of 1911 as having been born in Russia or Austria. While the number of Jews in Canada who were born in Poland is only a little more than half the number of Jews living in Canada who were born in Russia, the percentage of Polish born Jews in Canada will increase within the next generation in comparison with the percentage of Russian born Jews, since the restrictive passport regulations of the Soviet Government make it extremely difficult for Jews in Canada to bring over any relatives who are left in what is now Soviet Russia. The only province in which Polish born Jews form the largest Jewish groups born outside of Canada is Ontario, and the only city in Canada with population exceeding 30,000 in which Polish born Jews form the largest Jewish group born outside of Canada is Toronto. More than half of all the Polish born Jews in Canada live in the city of Toronto, and 60.61$ of the Jews resident in Canada who were born in Poland live in the province of Ontario. In every province of Canada and in every Canadian city exceeding 30,000 in population with the exception of Regina, Victoria, Quebec, Verdun and Three Rivers, the Polish born Jews form the second largest Jewish group born outside Canada. Roumania The post-war boundaries of Roumania also include the former Russian Provinces of Bessarabia, and portions of former Austrian, Hungarian and Bulgarian territory, and some Jewish residents of Canada who were recorded in 1911 as having been born in Russian or Austro-Hungarian Territory are now recorded as having been born in Roumania. Jews resident in Canada and born in Roumania numbered 7,627 in 1931 and formed the third largest Jewish group born outside Canada. Almost 60$ of all Roumanian Jews in Canada lived in the Province of Quebec in 1931, and formed the third largest Jewish group born outside Canada in each of the provinces of Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. In the cities of Regina, Quebec, Verdun and Three Rivers, Jews of Roumanian birth form the second largest group of Jews born outside of Canada. In the other Canadian cities with population exceeding 30,000, they form the third or fourth largest Jewish group born outside Canada. United States of America Jews resident in Canada who were born in the United States of America form the fourth largest group of Jews born outside Canada. They form the third largest Jewish group born outside Canada in each of the provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and the fourth largest Jewish group born outside Canada in each of the three Prairie Provinces. In Victoria that portion of the Jewish population born in the United States of America formed the largest Jewish group born outside Canada in 1931, while in 9 out of the 19 other cities with population exceeding 30,000 the United States born Jews formed the third largest Jewish group born outside Canada. The United States of America is the only country to which Canadian born Jews have emigrated to any extent, and it is interesting in this connection to compare the number of Canadian born Jews who are now resident in the United States with the number of Jews born in the United States who are now resident in Canada. 77

TABLE 55. COUNTRY OF BIRTH OF JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADA 1931 CLASSIFIED BY PROVINCES Canada £

Prince Nova Edward Is. Scotia Ho. 4, No. cd

Rouman

Island

Wmrn "^Prchl n

7 3 4

2 1 1 1 1

•H H

•a

Polish

Prince Edward

•»

7 2 5 1 6

•P.H

I

Scandi ian

Rural Urban

?n

21 1 40

°£

XI -P

d

Finnis

Female

A b co O«H

Czecho Slovak

Male

7

.•a

Scotti

Province Total Canada. . 41

Irish

Englis

A

German

CONVERTS TO JUDAISM, CANADA, 1931 JEWS BY RELIGION BUT NOT BY ETHNIC ORIGIN

French

TABLE 85.

6 1 5 _. 6

2 1 1

_

— 15 5 27 2 . _ 4 1 1 22

—

2 i

2 — -

Total 263 124 139 31 232 39 4

33 129 8 13 7 30

Let us now turn to those residents of Canada who, though not of Jewish ethnic origin, have adopted the Jewish religion. Table 85 shows the number and ethnic origin of non-Jews in Canada and each of the provinces who profess the Jewish religion. As was to be expected, the number of persons not of Jewish ethnic origin who have adopted the Jewish faith is much less than the number of Jews by ethnic origin who have adopted the Christian religion. There are only 263 "Gerim" or proselytes to Judaism in comparison with 1,256 "Meshummadim", or Jewish converts to Christianity. Of non-Jews in Canada who have adopted the Jewish faith, Russians lead the way with 33.83$ of all converts to Judaism. Next come the Poles with 22.43$, the English with 15.58$, and the Germans with 9.12$. Amongst those of Scottish, Irish, German, French, Belgian, Finnish, Icelandic and Ukrainian origin, girls have a greater tendency to intermarry with Jewish men and adopt Judaism than men of the same origin. On the other hand among the Russians, Poles, Italians, Czecho-Slovaks, Roumanians and Swedes, men have a greater tendency to intermarry with Jewish girls and adopt the Jewish religion than women of the same origin. (Table 86 on next page).

115

TABLE 86.

CANADA'S

JEWS

NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF JEWS BY ETHNIC ORIGIN AND RELIGION IN CANADIAN CITIES WITH POPULATION OF 30.000 OR OVER

Total Jews

Jews both by Religion and Ethnic Origin

Jews by Ethnic Origin Only

Jews By Religion Only

Number

Number

Number Percent

Number Percent

Montreal , Que .... 48 , 743 Toronto, Qnt 45,366 Winnipeg, Lan... . 17,239 Ottawa. Ont. . . . .3,319 • Hamilton, Ont.... 2,646 Vancouver, B.C... 2,433 \7indsor, Ont ..... 2,226 Calgary, Alta.... 1,622 Edmonton, Alta... 1,060 1,011 Regian, Sask Saskatoon, Sask.. 693 London, ont 684 Saint John, N.B.. 684 Halifax, N.S 618 435 Quabec, Que Kitchener, Ont... 412 Verdun, Que 344 Brantf ord , Ont . . . 208 Victoria, B.C.... 105 Three Rivers, Que. 52

48,467 45,140 17,150 3,291 2,599 2,346 2,202 1,604 1,042 1,006 686 675 682 542 425 410 366 £06 99 52

257 165 86 25 37 61 17 18 15 4 5 8 1 40 10 1 8 2 3 0

0.52$ 0.36$ 0.49$ 0.75$ 1.39$ 2.50$ 0.70$ 1.10$ 1.41$ 0.39$ 0.72$ 1.16$ 0.14$ 6.47$ 2.29$ 0.24$ 2.32$ 0.96$ 2.85$

19 65 3 3 10 26 7 0 3 1 2 4 1 34 0 1 0 0 3 0

0.03$ ~ 0.14$ 0.01$ 0.09$ 0.37$ 1.06$ 0.30$ 0.28$ 0.09$ 0.28$ 0.58$ 0.14$ 5.50$ 0.24$ 2.85/o

Percentage of All Jews To Total Population 5.95$ 7.34$ 7.87$ 2.60$ 1.70$ 0.98$ 3.52$ 1.93$ 1.33$ 1.89$ 1.60$ 0.96$ 1.43$ 1.04$ 0.33$ 1.33$ 0.56$ 0.69$ 0.26$ 0.14$

Table 80 lists the twenty largest Canadian cities, each having a population of more than 30,000, and gives the total Jewish population of each city, the number of Jews by ethnic origin and religion, the number and percentage of Jews who are not of the Jewish religion, the number and percentage of Jews by religion who are not Jews by ethnic origin and the percentage of the Jews to the total population of the city. It will be noticed that the largest percentage of "Gerim" or non-Jews who have adopted Judaism, is found in the city of Halifax, followed by Victoria and Vancouver, all of which are port cities. There are no "Gerim" in the cities of Calgary, Quebec, Verdun, Three Rivers and Brantford. The largest percentage of "Meshumraodim" or Jews who have left the Jewish religion is also found in Halifax, and more than counter-balances the percentage of "Gerim". Next in order of percentage of "Meshummodim" come Victoria, Vancouver, Verdun and Quebec. The only city with a population of 30,000 or more which has not Jews who have abandoned Judaism, is Three Rivers in the Province of Quebec, which also has the smallest percentage of Jewish population of all the twenty cities listed. More detailed information concerning the ethnic origin and religious affiliations of the Jewish population of the thirty largest cities in Canada is given in Tables Nos. 232 and 239 in the appendix of the book. Of religious denominations entered by Jewish converts to Christianity in Canada, the Roman Catholic Church heads the list in Montreal, V/innipeg, Ottawa and Verdun. The Anglican Church comes first in Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, St. John and Brantford; the United Church in V/indsor, Quebec and Kitchener; the Greek Orthodox Church in Halifax, the Presbyterian Church in Hamilton, the Christian Science Church in Edmonton, the Baptist Church in Saskatoon and the "Church of the Disciples of Christ" in Regina. Among people of non-Jewish ethnic origin who have adopted the Jewish religion, Russians head the list in Vancouver, Halifax, Montreal and Regina. Poles take first place in Toronto, Hamilton and Windsor; persons of English origin take first place in Ottawa, Edmonton and Kitchener, and those of Irish origin take first place among converts to Judaism in St. John.

(2)

ATHEISM AND AGNOSTICISM

It is often taken for granted that in V/estern European countries and on the North American continent, there is a rapidly increasing tendency to Atheism and Agnosticism amongst modern Jews who no longer believe in or attempt to observe the tenets of orthodox Judaism, and cannot accept the dogmas of the Christian Church or of other faiths. There is no doubt that amongst Jews in Canada, as in other Western Countries, Synagogue attendance and membership are no longer synonymous with acceptance of Judaism as a religious faith; that a large percentage of Canadian Jews attend the synagogue only on New Year's Day (Rosh Hashono) and the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) and that Sabbath observance, the dietary laws and other portions of the Jewish religious code are often transgressed by many Jews who still profess to be Jews by religion. 116

CANADA'S JEWS Nevertheless, the statistics of the 1931 census show that the actual number of Jews in Canada who declare themselves to be Atheists, Agnostics or of "No Religion" is very small, being only seven out of every ten thousand Jews, whereas the proportion among the Canadian population of all origins is twenty out of every ten thousand. Evidently a very large number of Jews who for economic and social reasons do not observe the tenets of orthodox Judaism, nevertheless desire to be considered as members of the Jewish religious faith. TABLE 87,

NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF ATHEISTS AND PERSONS WHOSE RELIGION WAS NOT STATED CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ETHNIC ORIGIN A TH E ISTS (Persons o f No Religion) RELIGI01tf NOT STATED

Number

Percentage

Number

Percentage

3,238 6.96$ 8,123 17.46$ 496 Finnish 71 l.,13$ 0.16$ Czech and Slovak 265 38 0.87$ 0.12$ 186 Japane se 0.79$ 71 0.30$ 211 Danish 0.61$ 48 0.14$ Russian 490 78 0.55$ 0.08$ U k ra in ia nN uK R A IN IA 56 1,215 0.54$ 0.02$ Swedish 394 65 0.48$ 0.08$ Indian and Eskimo 611 160 0.47$ 0.12$ Icelandic 0.41$ 14 80 0.07$ 0.36$ 104 Dutch 539 0.07$ 0.30$ 73 Other British 188 0.11$ 75 0.28$ Norwegian 267 0.08$ 13 75 0.27$ Belgian 0.04$ 0.24$ 13 Jugo-Slav . 39 0.08$ 0.21$ 92 Polish 0.06$ 317 284 0.21$ 0.06$ 1,008 gERMAN 2,759 0.10$ 0.20$ English 5,500 16 40 0.08$ 0.20$ Negro 16,042 0.15% 0.20% Total Canadian Population 21,071 1,223 0.09$ 0.18$ 2,483 Scottish Roumanian 13 0.04$ 0.17$ 51 817 0.06$ 0.16$ 2,013 Irish 20 0.21$ 0.15$ Greek 15 29 0.02& 0.10$ 99 Italian 15 0.03$ 40 0.09$ Hungarian 7 0.01$ 0.07$ 112 Jewish 0.04$ 1,279 0.03$ 821 French The number and percentage of people in Canada of specified ethnic groups who claim to be Atheists or of "No Religion" as distinguished from those who are listed as being "Pagans" or of "Religion not Stated" are given in Table 87. The Chinese in Canada head the list in percentage of Atheists, followed by the Finns, Czechs and Slovaks, Japanese and Danes. Those of German origin have a. slightly higher than average percentage of Atheists, and the percentage of Atheists amongst those of English origin and of Negro origin is the same as the average for the total population of all origins. Canadian residents of Scottish, Roumanian, Irish, Greek, Italian and Hungarian origin have a percentage of Atheists lower than average, and only those of French origin in Canada have a percentage of Atheists lower than the Jewish population. Of the one hundred and twelve persons of Jewish origin in Canada claiming to be of "no religion", seventy were males and only forty-two were females. Examination of the information contained in Table 84 shows that none of the Jews living in the provinces of Alberta, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and the Yukon and North West Territories in 1931 reported themselves as being Atheists or of "No Religion". The percentage of Jews declaring themselves to be of no religion in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario is about the average for the total Jewish population of Canada. It is above the average in the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, and below the average in Nova Scotia. The percentage of Jews declaring themselves to be of "No Religion" is the same in the cities of Montreal and Toronto as among the entire Jewish population of the Dominion. It is highest in Victoria where 1.96$ of the Jewish population recorded itself in 1931 as being of "No Religion"; and is above the average for the rest of the Jewish population in the Dominion in each of the cities of Quebec, London, Windsor, Winnipeg, Regina, and Halifax. In this connection it should be noted that in every province and city the percentage of persons of "No Religion" is lower among the Jewish population than among the total population of all origins, and that the city of Victoria shows the highest percentage of persons of "no religion" not only amongst Jews but amongst the population of all origins. cHINESE

From all available evidence it appears that in spite of social discrimination, difficulty of observance and pressure of non-Jewish environment, and in spite of laxity in synagogue membership and ritual observance, the attachment of Canadian Jews to the Jewish religion is still greater than that of any other group to its ancestral form of religion. 117

CHAPTER

(1)

XII

IMMIGRATION "All that Canada is today she is because of the immigrants which have come to her shores, and every citizen, not a descendant of the original natives is either an immigrant or the descendant of immigrants. Without these immigrants she would still be peopled by the Red Man; her western plains would still be the pasture land of the buffalo, and her eastern forests the hunting grounds of the aborigines. The fact is so self-evident that it needs only to be stated to be accepted". In those words the author of the chapter on "Immigration" in the official Canada Year Book for 1926 stated a fact which is as true today as it was on the day it was made. The fact is still self-evident, but unfortunately historic and economic facts no longer play an important part in deciding the policies of governments proportionate with their truth, but rather in proportion to the degree with which they coincide with current prejudice. Nevertheless, Canada still is what she is, and will be what she will become in the future, because of the immigrants which have come to her shores in the past and will come to her in the future. Throughout the ages words have had a tendency to lose their original meaning and take on some other connotation resulting from the pressure of prejudice. "Villeitfs" for example, was the name originally applied to the largest group of farm workers in England. They were not serfs, neither were they freemen. They were the men who tilled not only their own small holdings but also the larger domains of the feudal lords. They owned their homes and their land by virtue of the work they gave each week to the lord of the manor, but they were not free to go where they wished for they were tied down to their own homes and the lands of their feudal lord. They were the producers, the "backbone" of Manorial England, the "salt of the earth". But times changed. The "Black Death" which swept through England cut down the number of "villeins" available for working the land of the "Lord of the Lanor". The lowly villeins began to realize their importance. They demanded wages, better conditions of tenure, and more humane treatment. In spite of "Statutes of Labourers", "Vagrancy Laws'J whippings and torture, the Manorial System disintegrated, and the feudal lords found their source of forced labour diminished. The "villeins" were no longer considered docile, useful members of society. In the eyes of their former masters, they were base and wicked men, scoundrels, and that is the only connotation of the word which is nov; remembered. A similar fate has befallen the word "immigrants". The French seigneurs, the "chevaliers" and the Breton fisherman of New France, the "Pilgrim Fathers", Cavaliers, Hudson's Bay "factors" and United Empire Loyalists were just as much "Immigrants" as the "Barnardo" boys, the unemployed of the industrial cities of Great Britain, the Jewish refugees from political, economic and religious persecution and the sheepskin-clad peasants of Eastern Europe. All of them, no matter what their origin, have been actuated by similar motives in leaving the land of their birth and coming to Canada. Some were driven by their spirit of enterprise and adventure, others were driven by persecution, or economic needs. Some were inspired by a love of freedom, others by a desire to worship God in their own way. All of them, whether they came in 1603 with Champlainj in 1749 with Cornwallis; in 1811 with the Selkirk Settlers", in 1892 and 1905 among the Jewish refugees from Russian pogroms, or with the victims of the rabid nationalism of the post-world war period, are immigrants—men and women who have torn themselves from their homes to give their labour, their lives and their children to the building of Canada. Yet the years have wrought a curious change. The word "immigrant" has lost caste on the Worth American Continent. The sons, grandsons and great grandsons of the immigrants of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries draw a dividing line between "We" and "They"l "We", they say, "are settlers, pioneers, descendants of men and women who made Canada what it is today". Some are even broadminded enough to be willing to reserve seats for the latecomers, provided they were born in Great Britain or on the shores of the North Sea. "They", the others who were born in other parts of Europe and whose ancestors came to Canada after 1867, are only "immigrants", steerage passengers, hewers of wood and drawers of water; diggers of ditches, workers in fields, factories and stores, to be used and tolerated in the early opening up of the country; but to be resented, despised and restricted when their work begins to bear fruit. Those who know so little of the history of the composition of the people tish Isles that they spend sleepless nights in needless fear for the future of purity" of Canada and the problematic submergence of the Anglo-Saxon-Celtic stocks to know, or would like to forget perhaps, that mingled with the French and British soaked into the ground of the Plains of Abraham was the blood of Jewish and German 118

of the Brithe "racial do not seem blood which officers and

CANADA'S JEWS soldiers who fought in the British armies; that the United Empire Loyalists were not exclusively of English, Scottish and Irish stock, but included Jews, Germans and others who abandoned all they had in the seceding colonies to make their hone in Canada; that side by side with those of British origin in lumber camps, mines, factories, railroad construction camps and on prairie farms have worked Ukrainians, Germans, Jews, Poles, Hungarians and numerous other ethnic groups. Migration is a natural function of social development. Throughout history there have been numerous instances of tribal and national migrations, whilst the migration of individuals and families has been a continuous process. In the pastoral form of society, migration was a cyclic process, wherein the tribe followed its flock and herds from exhausted to fresh pastures. With the growth of an agricultural and later an industrial form of society, the population became anchored. migrates cause of tendency maintain in it to

Very little basis can be found for any belief that a people or nation in modern times from one country to another for no other reason than a desire to "keep moving", or bea feeling of boredom with its present home. The tribes or groups which may show this are those such as the Gypsies, and certain African and Asiatic tribes which still a pastoral or hunting form of society, which by its very nature compels those who live wander from place to place.

The "Wandering Jew" does not wander from choice but of necessity, and has no objection whatsoever against putting aside the wanderer's staff. V/herever the Jew has settled he has shown a highly developed sense of patriotism and local attachment. The Jews were reluctant to leave Egypt. The Jewish exiles from Spain have never yet lost their love and attachment for that country and its language, and after so many centuries still use Spanish and are proud to call themselves Sephardim or Spanish Jews. Russian, Polish and Roumanian Jews retain a love for the sights, the sounds and the customs of their native land, whilst even Hitlerite persecution cannot eradicate from the hearts of German Jews their feelings for the language, the culture and the land of their birth. As long as conditions in Canada will be such as hold out to prospective immigrants the promise of religious and political freedom, social legislation at least as far advanced as that which exists in their country of origin, and a standard of living higher than that which exists in their old homeland, immigrants will be prepared to cut the ties which bind them to their relatives and friends and the place of their birth to start afresh in Canada. Those who suffer from racial or religious discrimination in the country of their birth will desire to come to Canada even when immigration to this country involves considerable financial sacrifice. Those who do not suffer from racial or religious discrimination in the country of their birth or who are quite satisfied with political conditions will only desire to emigrate to Canada if the prospects of economic betterment in the new country are'sufficiently attractive. Canada because of its area, its natural resources and the size of its present population, is pre-eminently a country of immigration. There can be no moral or economic justification for any attempt on the part of a population of ten million people to bar the doors of a country whose total land area is only 14$ less than the whole of Europe, and is 22% greater than the area of the United States of America. As Francis Bacon said in his essays written in the first quarter of the 17th Century, "All States that are liberal of naturalization towards strangers are fit for empire, for to think that an handful of people can, with the greatest courage and policy in the world, embrace too large extent of dominion—it may hold for a time but it will fail suddenly". Granted that a large portion of Canada lies north of the 60th parallel of latitude, it must be borne in mind that the major portion of Norway and Sweden, all of Finland, and all Russia north of Leningard occupy a similar geographical position and that all of Europe with the exception of Spain, Italy, Greece and Bulgaria lies within the same latitudes as Canada. The Crimean peninsula is no further south than the Niagara peninsula, and the port of Churchill is no further north than Stockholm or Oslo. Using the most conservative estimates, and assuming that not only the North West Territories and the Yukon, but also a large proportion or Northern Ontario, Quebec, and the Prairie Provinces will forever remain uninhabited except by scattered hunters and trappers, it must be admitted that Canada can easily support a-resident population of 35,000,000 inhabitants, or three and a half times its present population, even if no allowance is made for greater absorptive capacity due to industrialization and more intensive agricultural development. It has been estimated that in order to reproduce the population of Canada and maintain it at its present level requires a ratio of total population to the number of heads of families of 4.60 to 1. From the information contained in Table 82, it will be seen that the ratio of the total population of all origins to the number of families in Canada at the time of the 1931 Census was as 4.19 to 1, so that without any change in the composition of Canada's population, and without an appreciable increase in the present birth rate, Canada's population would barely manage to reproduce itself over a period of years. The only ethnic groups in Canada

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in which the ratio of the population to the number of heads of families is more than sufficient to reproduce the present population are those of French and Norwegian origin. For the purposes of this calculation 'the number of heads of families is assumed to be the total arrived at by adding the number of married men, widowers, widows and divorced women. TABLE 88. RaTIO OF TOTAL POPULATION TO NUMBER'OF FAMILIES ! IN CANADA AMONG SPECIFIED ETHNIC GROUPS Number of Ratio of Population Heads of to Number of Heads Families of Families French 583,955 5.02 Norwegian 18.935 4,92 Swedish 17,665 4.60 Ukrainian 48,921 4.60 Danish 7,442 4.58 Russian 19,310 4.56 Icelandic 4,369 4.43 German 108,595 4.36 Italian 22,558 4.35 Polish 33,981 4.29 Indian and Eskimo 30,668 4.20 Jewish 37,297 4.20 All Origins 2,474,227 4.19 Finnish 10,698 4.10 Roumanian.. 7,070 4.10 Dutch 37,390 3.98 Belgian.... 6,942 3.97 Negro 4,995 3.89 Japanese 6,010 3.88 British 1,387,882 3.87 Hungarian 12,995 3.12 Czecho-Slovak 11,238 2.70 Jugo-Slav 6,555 2.46 Chinese 26.796 1.73 Number of persons per family required to reproduce population at present level 4.60 A population of 35 million people in Canada would bring the population density in Canada up to 10 persons per square mile, in comparison with 492 per square mile in Great Britain, 55 per square mile in European Russia, 36 per square mile in Sweden and 41 per square mile in the United States of America. Any endeavour to increase the population of Canada within a hundred years without immigration would necessitate an increase in the birth rate to an extent most improbable if not impossible amongst Canada's present population, for the tendency among those of British, Scandinavian and Jewish origin both in Canada and in Europe is towards an ever decreasing number of children per family, whilst the number of children per family amongst Canadians of Eastern European origin is also smaller than in their country of origin. The only ethnic group in Canada in which the tendency towards large families still exists is that of the French Canadians and even among this group a tendency towards smaller families has already set in. The cry that Canada's population can reach its optimum size through natural increase even if its doors are shut tightly against all immigration is based upon very flimsy grounds. It is evident therefore that if Canada's population is to reach even the conservative figure of 35 million within as long a period as one hundred years, it will involve an average annual immigration of at least 150,000 a figure which has been reached or exceeded in only 10 out of the 36 years since 1900, of which 7 were in the pre-Y/orld War period, and only 3 in the post-'.Vorld War period. It should also be evident that granted the greater development of transportation facilities, mechanization and varieties of agricultural products suited to the country, it should be easier for Canada, with a population of 11 million to absorb 150,000 immigrants annually, or 1,4$ of its population, than it was to absorb a similar number in 1905, when an addition of 100,000 immigrants formed 6$ of the population of Canada at that time. At the peak of immigration to Canada, in 1913, when 38,841 immigrants of all origins, entered Canada, the number of immigrants in that year formed 5.2$ of the resident population of Canada. The crude birth rate of Canada's population in 1931 was 2.23%. Annual immigration to the extent of 150,000 would have meant an increase of only 1.44>, so that there need be no fear of straining the absorptive capacity of Canada by such an influx, especially since the percentage increase by immigration would decrease steadily with the growth of Canada's population even though the actual number of immigrants did not decrease. 120

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TABLE 89.

DENSITY OF POPULATION POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE (1931) Belgium Holland Great Britain Germany Italy Czecho-Slovakia Hungary Denmark Poland Austria France Roumania Jugo-Slavia Greece All Europe Irish Free State Lithuania Latvia Esthonia Russia (European) U.S. A Sweden Norv;ay New Zealand Canada Australia

702 615 492 353 346 274 243 215 215 208 197 166 146 129 115 Ill 110 75 60 55 41 36 23 14 3 2

IMMIGRATION PHOBIAS Although there is no political bond between Canada and the United States of America, the forces of geography cannot be nullified by a boundary line drawn upon the map, and just as the measles, mumps, scarlet fever and other infectious diseases pass from one child to another in the same house, so Canada has had a tendency to catch various phobias from the republic to the south, regardless of the fact that Canada only has a tenth of the population of the United States living in a country whose economic resources have barely been scratched. Although the present composition of Canada's population is such that it can barely reproduce itself without immigration and with the present rate of natural increase, and although its rate of increase by immigration during the post-war period has slowed down considerably, nevertheless influential groups have become infected by American advocates of the "Closed Door" policy. Those who choose to bolster their opposition to\vards immigration with an attempt at reasoning base their attitude upon the fallacious economic argument that immigration causes unemployment, and upon allegedly newly discovered "population laws". In so far as concerns the argument that unemployment is caused by immigration, if that were true then countries to which a larger stream of immigration was directed should suffer more from unemployment than countries in which immigration was prohibited, yet no real proof has ever been submitted that this is the case. Unemployment exists in countries in which there is practically no immigration, and increase in unemployment has never varied directly in proportion to the size of the stream of immigration. There is no reason for believing that immigration is the cause of unemployment. On the contrary, prosperity and opportunity for abundant employment attracts a stream of immigration, which in general slows down and stops of itself even without restrictive regulations, when economic conditions become poor. The allegedly newly discovered population laws are in reality not new at all. They are a warming-up of the statement made by General Francis A. V/alker in 1899 (I) to the affect that "Immigration does not constitute a net addition to population, but is a substitution of the immigrant and his children for the unborn children of people already there". Crudely the charge is that immigrants and their children are guilty of barring the entry into this world of millions of 10070 Canadians clamoring to be born» Let us test this theory. If it were true, then the birth rate of those of British origin in Canada should be lower than the birth rate of the population in Great Britain, where ®

General Francis A. Y/alker 1899.

"Discussions in Economics & Statistics* 121

2 vols. Henry Holt & Co.

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there is practically no immigration. Yet the facts do not support this theory. If it were true, then the birth rate of the native population of Canada should decline most in districts where the density of the Immigrant population is greater, yet the very opposite is found to be the case. Proponents of this theory claim that the native population is forced off the farm into the cities, and out of the unskilled trades into urban occupations and the professions by the pressure of newly arrived immigrants, although all available information tends to show the immigrants flow into the unskilled trades and into agriculture after the native born have left them for the more lucrative occupations. Here again the effect has been confused with the cause. To add to the elaborate but flimsy argument, it is assumed that the population of French and Anglo-Saxon origin deliberately restricts its birth rate as a result of immigration, and is presumably only waiting for the stoppage of immigration in order to bring about a steep rise in the birth rate, yet examination of Canadian Vital Statistics shows that the virtual stoppage of immigration since 1931 has caused no appreciable increase in the birth rate. The main motives for opposition to immigration however are fear, whether justifiable or unjustifiable, and prejudice. There is the economic fear on the part of the trade union movement that the admission of immigrants will bring about unemployment, will lower the standard of living of the workers already in the country, and will undermine the rights of collective bargaining and the hard-earned achievements of organized labour. This fear is justified to some extent perhaps by the fact, that transportation companies incidentally profit from an increased flow of immigrants, and because there have been instances where some unscrupulous corporations have used one group of workers in their fight against another group. The fear however is based upon a number of fallacies. First there is the fallacy that in a partially developed but large country such as Canada the labour market is already expanded to its fullest extent, and that no new arrival can secure employment without displacing a worker from an existing job. In a country such as Canada there is no valid reason why the labour market should be considered as having reached its limit of expansion. In actual fapt Jewish immigrants to Canada have created opportunities for work not only for themselves but also for the descendants of the native born and for immigrants of other ethnic groups by the establishment and development of new industries such as the ready-made clothing, dressing, dyeing and finishing furs, the manufacture of fur clothing, and the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes. Then there is the fallacy that there is some inherent wickedness in the foreign born worker which makes him prefer low wages to high wages and makes him hard to organize into trade unions. No worker, whether native born or foreign born prefers low wages to higher wages. V/hen the immigrant worker accepts lower wages, he does so out of compulsion and as a result of victimization and ignorance of his rights. Experience in the United States and in Canada has shown that the immigrant worker has no aversion to trade unions. On the contrary those trade unions which were originally organized by foreign-born workers are amongst the strongest and most progressive of workers' organizations, and their members have shown themselves in emergencies to be as loyal, and self-sacrificing as their fellow workers who are native born. If trade unions and the organized labour movement in general will avoid the dangerous error of permitting racial and religious prejudices to cut across economic interests, and will welcome all workers of all origins within their ranks instead of neglecting or repelling them, then trade unions need fear little from immigration. There is the political fear on the part of the more conservatively inclined, that immigrants tend to be more radical in their opinions and will endeavour to bring about a change in the political status quo in the country to which they immigrate. There is very little justification for this fear. The aggressive radical rarely emigrates voluntarily from his native land, and is rarely in possession of the necessary documents which would enable him to pass the usual immigration regulations for admission to Canada. He does not seek a solution in emigration but attempts to bring about a change in his own country. On the other hand, there is the political fear on the part of the more progressively inclined that immigrants from certain European countries are reactionary in their sympathies and will side with those who wish to bring about a dictatorial form of government in Canada. Prevention of such a possibility does not depend upon immigration restrictions, but upon the extent to which such organizations within Canada itself succeed in persuading the population that their principles are worthy of support. The inhabitant of a country with a dictatorial form of government is not likely to emigrate to another country where democratic institutions are the rule, unless he prefers democracy to dictatorship to such an extent that he is willing to undergo the hardships and the wrench which accompany emigration. 122

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Then there is the political fear of divided allegiance on the part of immigrants of non-British origin, who might find themselves torn between love of their native land and loyalty to Canada in case of war. There is some little Justification of this fear in so far as it concerns immigrants from countries with imperial ambitions, which might clash with the interest of the British Empire, but the majority of immigrants do not come from such countries. Another common fear is that non-British immigrants will isolate themselves and will form non-English speaking islands in Canada, or even bring about the predominance of non-English languages and culture in certain districts. Such fear can only be justified in the presence of an inferiority complex, for the language and culture of a virile majority is never in danger of submergence by that of one of a large number of comparatively small immigrant groups* The tendency of immigrant groups to concentrate in certain districts is natural and understandable but temporary in nature. The same tendency is shown even by English immigrants who long for distinctly English customs, foods and society during the years which immediately follow that immigration. This tendency is replaced after a number of years by an opposite one on the part of the immigrants and their children born or brought up in this country. Close kin to the fears which are behind much of the opposition to immigration are the prejudices, racial, cultural and religious. There are very few people who will confess to prejudice. They prefer to regard their prejudices as conclusions arrived at as the result of experience or study, although in the majority of cases the prejudices existed before the persons expressing them found reasons which might serve as Justification. In such cases, exposure of the fallacies behind the prejudices never do away with the prejudices themselves. The persons expressing them merely get busy to find some other alleged reason. Racial prejudices are based on the pseudo-scientific belief that there is a distinct British race, Nordic race, French race, Slavic race, Jewish race, etc. each with its inborn "racial characteristics11, that certain of these "races" are superior or "preferred", whereas others are inferior or in polite diplomatic language "non-preferred", and that "contamination" of the superior British and Nordic races by the presence and possible danger of admixture with "inferior" Central or Eastern European races must -be prevented. This theory is identical in many respects with that which forms the basis of Nazi "racial madness", and is particularly out of place in a British Dominion- in view of the complex ethnic composition not only of Canada*s population but also of the population of Great Britain. Cultural prejudices also play a prominent part in opposition to the immigration of certain groups. It is assumed that the cultural pattern of the dominant ethnic group is not only the best but the only one which is permissible. This attitude is exemplified at its lowest depths in the "Totalitarian State" of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, where all thought, opinion and cultural expression must conform to a pre-ordained model. Anything which is different or unusual is condemned undesirable and dangerous. Strangely enough religion is also dragged in as a motivating factor in prejudice. Among the most prominent opponents of "foreign" immigration are ministers of religion of various denominations who are so absorbed in their desire for the supremacy of their particular denomination and their self-righteous belief in the superiority of their particular brand of salvation that they forget all about the common fatherhood of God and brotherhood of mankind, and ignore the exhortation in Leviticus XIV 33, 34, "And if a stranger sojourn in your land, ye shall not vex him. But the stranger that dwelleth with you shall be unto you as one born among you, and thou shalt love him as thyself". REGULATION OF CANADIAN IMMIGRATION

For a country such as Canada, in which immigration has played and is destined to play such a prominent part, it is most Important that the laws governing immigration should be drafted in such a manner as will serve the best interests of the country, its present inhabitants and the immigrants who choose to make it their home. These interests are in no way antagonistic for Canada cannot ensure its happiness and prosperity by building a "Chinese Wall" around itself and isolating itself from the world, nor can Canada achieve lasting progress and stability unless the immigrants who come to its shores find it possible not only to enter but to establish themselves on an equal footing with all its other inhabitants. Examination of the immigration legislation on the statute books of Canada since the beginning of the twentieth century brings out two notable facts; firstly that the regulation of immigration into Canada is very largely done through Orders in Council issued at the discretion of the Minister in charge of the Department of Immigration, rather than by legislative action of the Dominion Parliament, and secondly that Canadian immigration legislation subsequent to the ?/orld War differs from Canadian immigration legislation passed prior to the World War mainly in that the Immigration Act in force prior to the World War permitted the immigration of all persons except those within certain specified prohibited classes, whereas the Immigration Acts subsequent to the World War -prohibit the immigration of all persons except those within certain specified permitted classes. Out of the 82 sections contained in the Canadian Immigration Act of 1910, only four sections (Sections 3, 4, 38 and 42). deal with the actual regulation of immigration, the remaining 78 sections define the terms used in the Immigration Act and set out the powers and duties of certain olfleers and the obligations of transportation companies. 123

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Section 3 prohibits the entry more of the following 21 categories:-

into Canada of any persons who fall within any one or

Mental and Physical 1) Idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, epileptics, insane persons, and persons who have been insane at any time previously. 2) Persons of "Constitutional psychopathic inferiority". 3) Persons afflicted with any "loathsome disease", any disease which is contagious or infectious, such as tuberculosis in any form, or any disease which may become dangerous to the public health. 4) Persons who are dumb, blind or otherwise physically defective, unless in the opinion of a Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such they have sufficient money, or have such profession, occupation, trade, employment or other legitimate mode of earning a living that they are not likely to become a public charge, or unless they belong to a family accompanying them or already in Canada and which gives security satisfactory to the Minister against such immigrants becoming a public charge. 5} Persons not included within any of the foregoing prohibited classes, who upon examination by a medical officer are certified as being mentally or physically defective to such a degree as to affect their ability to earn a living. Moral 6) Persons who have been convicted of, or admit having committed any crime involving moral turpitude. 7} Prostitutes and women and girls coming to Canada for any Immoral purpose and pimps or persons living on the avails of prostitution. 8) Persons who procure or attempt to bring into Canada prostitutes or women or girls for the purpose of prostitution or other immoral purposes. 9) Persons with chronic alcoholism. Educational 10) Persons over fifteen years of age who cannot read English, French or some other language or dialect, except that any person legally admitted to Canada may bring in or send for his father or grandfather over fifty-five years of age; his wife, mother, grandmother, unmarried or widowed daughter, if otherwise admlssable, whether such relative can read or not. Economic 11) Professional beggars or vagrants. 12) Persons to whom money has been given or loaned by any charitable organization for the purpose of enabling them to qualify for landing in Canada under the Act, or whose passage to Canada has been paid wholly or in part by any charitable organization, or out of public moneys, unless it is shown that the authority in writing of the Deputy Minister or Assistant Superintendent of Immigration for Canada in London has been obtained, and that such authority has been acted upon within a period of sixty days thereafter. 13) Persons who in the opinion of the Board of Inquiry or the officer in charge at any port of entry are likely to become a public charge. Political 14) Persons who believe in or advocate the overthrow by force or violence of the Government of Canada or of constituted law and authority, or who disbelieve in or are opposed to organized government, or who advocate the assassination of public officials, or who advocate or teach the unlawful destruction of property. 15) Persons who are members of or affiliated with any organization entertaining or teaching disbelief in or opposition to organized government, or advocating or teaching the duty, necessity, or propriety of the unlawful assaulting or killing of any officer or officers generally, of the Government of Canada, or of any other organized government, because of his or their official character, or advocating or teaching the unlawful destruction of property. 16) Persons guilty of espionage with respect to His Majesty or any of His Majesty's Allies. 124

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17) Persons who have been found guilty of high treason or treason, or of conspiring against His Majesty, or of assisting His Majesty's enemies in time of war, or of any similar offence against any of His Majesty's allies. 18) Members of a family (including children over as well as under 18 years of age) accompanying a person who has been rejected, unless in the opinion of the Board of Inquiry no hardship would be involved by separation of the family. 19) Persons,whether Canadian citizens or not, and whether they have Canadian domicile or not, who leave Canada to perform any military or other service for any country then at war with His Majesty, or for the purpose of aiding or abetting in any way His Majesty's enemies. The "Omnibus" Section 20) Persons who do not fulfill, meet or oor.ply with the conditions and requirements of any regulations which for the time being are in force and applicable to such persons under this Act. All of the foregoing restrictions and prohibitions with the exception of those in the political section have existed in Canada's Immigration Acts since the beginning of the twentieth century even during the so-called "Open Door" period. The prohibitions in the political section were added after the "World War". Section 38 of the Canadian Immigration Act (Revised Statutes 1927) states that: "The Governor in Council may, by proclamation or order whenever he deems it necessary or expedient, (a) prohibit the landing in Canada or at any specified port of entry in Canada of any immigrant who has come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the country of which he is a native or naturalized citizen, and upon a through ticket purchased in that country, or prepaid in Canada. (b) prohibit or limit in number for a stated period or permanently the landing in Canada, or the landing at any specified port or ports of entry in Canada, of immigrants belonging to any nationality or race, or of immigrants or any specified class or occupation, by reason of any economic, industrial or other condition temporarily existing in Canada or because such immigrants are deemed unsuitable having regard to the climatic, industrial, social, educational, labour or other conditions or requirements of Canada or because such immigrants are deemed undesirable owing to their peculiar customs, habits; modes of life and methods of holding property, and because of their probable inability to become readily assimilated or to assume the duties and responsibilities of Canadian citizenship within a reasonable time after their entry. In order to bar any other possible loopholes, chinks or crevices through which any "undesirable" immigrant might get into Canada, Section 82 provides that "The Governor in Council may, on the recommendation of the Minister, make such orders and regulations, not inconsistent with this Act, as are considered necessary or expedient for enforcing the provisions of this Act according to the true intent and meaning thereof." To be fair, it must also be pointed out that powers of discretion Minister in charge of the Immigration Act by Section 4 which provides that:

are vested in the

"The Minister may issue a written permit authorizing any person to enter Canada or having entered or landed in Canada to remain therein without being subject to the provisions of this Act." Under the powers vested in the Governor-in-Council and the Minister in charge of the Immigration Act, Orders in Council are passed from time to time further restricting immigration, and specifying what immigrants may enter, and the conditions under which they may be allowed to enter the country. An "Order in Council"@prohibiting the entry into Canada of immigrants who do not come to Canada by continuous unbroken journey from their country of birth or citizenship upon a through ticket purchased in that country or in Canada has been in force since 1910. The Canadian Government of the day hesitated to place legislation upon its statute books prohibiting the immigration of natives of some other portion of the British Empire, yet wished to put a stop to the influx of natives of British India to the Province of British Columbia in particular. As there was no direct steamship line from India, to Canada, and it was not possible under normal circumstances for a native of India to come from India by "continuous unbroken journey", this order was issued as a round about method of achieving this objective. (3) P.O. 920, May 9, 1910 replaced by P.O. 23, Jan. 7, 1914. 125

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Although inter-Dominion agreements and the Statute of Westminster now give the right to all governments within the British Empire to regulate and restrict if desired the immigration of other British subjects into their territory; and although there is little likelihood of any appreciable immigration from British India to Canada, nevertheless the Order in Council is kept in force. In addition to its undesirability and unworthiness as a subterfuge, it continues to work great hardship on many European Immigrants, who are victims of the World War and its aftermath, who are unable to return to the country of birth or citizenship before leaving for Canada, or are disqualified for breaking their journey to Canada by a temporary stay in some other country. By the terms of this Order in the United States, Great Britain knowledge of English and is in every in Canada unless he first returns to

in Council, a European immigrant who has spent many years or any other portion of the British Empire, has a good way a desirable immigrant, is disqualified from settling his country of origin or citizenship.

An order in Council (2) issued in 1923 makes it compulsory for all immigrants except those who are born in Great Britain, Ireland, Newfoundland, New Zealand, Australia, the Union of South Africa, and the United States of America or naturalized in those countries to be in possession of valid passports presented within one year of issue and bearing the visa of Canadian Immigration Officer, before application for admission to Canada can be considered. The orders requiring continuous Journey and possession of a valid passport not older than one year cause particular hardship in the cases of Jews and other refugees who have been forced out of their countries of origin and citizenship by racial, religious and political discrimination, or have been arbitrarily deprived of their citizenship rights as in Nazi Germany. If passports are necessary as proof of identity, legality and respectability, then from the logical point of view they are no less and no more necessary in the case of United States citizens and British subjects than they are in Immigrants from Europe. Until 1923, the immigration regulations applied equally without discrimination to all European Immigrants including British subjects born outside Canada. Any such immigrant who did not come within any of the prohibited classes enumerated in Section 3 of the Immigration Act was allowed to enter Canada provided he or she was in possession of transportation to his or her destination and had in addition a certain sum of money. This sum of money was originally $25.00 in the summer months and $50.00 during the winter months, but in 1921, the required sum was raised to $250*00 per head, although those proceeding to assured farm employment or domestic service were exempt from the monetary requirements. The statistics of the 1921 Census, the first census taken after the World War, had begun to appear, and showed that the proportion of the rural to the total population of Canada had fallen until it accounted for little more than half of the total population of Canada. The same census statistics showed that the percentage of foreign-born in Canada had decreased slightly since the 1911 census, nevertheless a cry arose that Canada was in danger of being swamped with a flood of Eastern European immigrants unless the proportion of immigrants from Great Britain was greatly increased. These opinions found strong support and as a result steps were taken to discourage all but immigrants engaged in agriculture and domestic service, and to encourage the immigration of immigrants from Great Britain. To encourage British immigration to Canada various agreements were made between the Canadian Government, the British Government, and the transportation companies, whereby transportation loans, reduced fares and free transportation were offered as inducements. Among these was the General Passage Agreement which came into force in 1923,whereby loans covering the cost of transportation were offered to farm families, single farm labourers and domestic servants, and free passage for juveniles coming from Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In 1926, the system of transportation loans was abandoned in favour of a reduced passage scheme whereby adult immigrants from Great Britain and Northern Ireland going to farm em*« ployment or domestic service could travel from Great Britain to any Canadian destination at approximately one quarter the cost of the regular fare. The regular fare from an English port to Regina was $124.00, of which the British immigrant was only called upon to pay $30.00, the balance being contributed equally by the British Governmr. t, th? Canadian Government and the transportation companies. In the case of British children under 17 yeais of age belonging to farm families the entire cost of transportation was borne by the Canadian Government. In addition various Farm Settlement Schemes for British Immigrants were instituted, by which the British Government advanced loans for the purchase of livestock and equipment while the Canadian Government co-operated by covering the cost of supervision and providing the farm land, to be paid for by the immigrant family on easy terms.

©

P.C. 185. Jan. 1, 1923. 126

CANADA'S JEWS

To discourage all immigration other than that of persons intending to engage in farming, an Order in Council (3)was passed and came into effect in February 1923 whereby all immigration to Canada was prohibited except for the following classes: 1) Bona fide farmers with sufficient means to begin farming in Canada. 2) Bone fide farm labourers entering Canada with reasonable assurance of employment. 3) Female domestic servants entering Canada with reasonable assurance of employment. 4) The wife or child under 18 years of age of any person legally admitted to and resident in Canada, who is in position to receive and care for his dependents. British immigrants and United States citizens were exempted from these restrictions, and this exemption was subsequently extended by administrative order to include the Scandinavian countries, Germany, Holland, Belgium, France and Switzerland* It is difficult to defend this Order in Council from, a logical and scientific «tandpoint, for if carpenters, mechanics, clerks and merchants are undesirable immigranta whose entry must be restricted, they cannot become desirable merely because they happen to have been born in Great Britain or North Western Europe. Moreover the fact that an immigrant was a farmer in his country of origin does not necessarily mean that he will prove a successful farmer in Canada, nor that he will remain a farmer, and there are thousands of successful British and other immigrant farmers in Canada who never worked on a farm before landing in Canada. Nevertheless, it is not so much the contents of the Order in Council or its phraseeology which marked the introduction of a principle dangerous and damaging to all democratic and British traditions, as the terms of the administrative regulations issued to transportation companies and officials of the Department of Immigration which are not disclosed in the Act and Order in Council itself. These administrative regulations are based upon "racial" theories similar in many respects to those subsequently adopted by Hitler and his Nazi party. In accordance with the terms of these "administrative regulations" adopted by the Canadian Department of Immigration, Non-British European immigrants were divided into three groups. The first group called "Preferred Immigrants" included citizens of Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Germany, France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland. Men and women of this "Preferred Group" were presumed to have similar "racial characteristics" to the population of the British Isles and therefore to be more easily assimilable. For some obscure reason, it was assumed by those responsible for these "Administrative Regulations" that Germans from Bavaria were "Nordics" and "preferred" although Germans born just across the border line in Austria were "non-preferred"; and that the Finns, who are no more Scandinavian than are the Lithuanians or Letts are a "preferred" stock, although their Lithuanian and Lettish neighbours are considered "non-preferred". Immigrants belonging to the "Preferred Group" were given the same preferred treatment so far as freedom from immigration restrictions as British subjects with the sole exception that they did not benefit from transportation loans or reduced passenger fares. The second group was termed euphemistically the "Non-preferred Group" and by the terms of the "Administrative Orders" includes subjects of Austria, Hungary, Czecho-Slovakia, Yugo-Slavia, Poland, Roumania, Lithuania, Latvia, and Esthonia. Immigration of men and women belonging to the "Non-preferred Group" was restricted to those classes enumerated in the Order in Council known as P.C. 183, namely, farmers, faim labourers, domestic servants and the wives and minor children of persons already resident in Canada. The Canadian Government entered into an agreement with the Railway and Steamship companies whereby these companies were allowed to select and bring into Canada as many immigrants of the "Non-preferred Group" as the companies believed could be absorbed by the country. Although these "non-preferred" immigranta were supposed to engage solely in farming and domestic service upon arrival in Canada, no. guarantees were enforced upon the companies, and if the intention of the "Administrative Regulations" was to reduce the number of "non-preferred" immigrants, they certainly did not achieve their purpose. One restriction was imposed upon railway and steamship companies by the Canadian Government in their immigration activities in "Non-Preferred" countries, a restriction which will long remain a blot upon Canada's reputation as a democratic and British country. They were in(3) P.C. 183 Jan. 31, 1923. 127

C A N A D A ' S JEWS' formed that Jews living in •"Non-preferred Countries" must not be accepted under the terms of the Railway Agreement, but must be in possession of a Special Permit issued by the Department of Immigration. In other words, the Canadian Government did not extend to all bearers of a passport issued by the Polish, Roumanian, Lithuanian, Austrian or other Government the same treatment and regulations, but made a distinction between the Jewish and non-Jewish subjects of those countries. If the bearer of a Polish, Roumanian or Lithuanian passport could show the steamship company that his passport was clear of the stain of the words "Religion-Jewish" he could buy a ticket and be accepted for admission to Canada under the "Railways Agreement". If the passport did bear the words "Religion-Jewish", then the steamship company could not sell the immigrant a ticket unless he or his Canadian relatives were successful in first securing a permit from the Department of Immigration. There were quite a number of,cases where Polish, Lithuanian and Roumanian citizens were accepted by the companies and brought to Canadian ports where they were detained because— "horror of horrors"—they were found to be Polish, Roumanian, or Lithuanian Jews instead of being Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox or Greek Catholic. The third group specified by the "Administrative Regulations" of the Department of Immigration had no specific name but could be called the "Special Permit" group, a classification even still lower than the "Non-preferred Group". This "Special Permit" group included all immigrants from Greece, Italy, Bulgaria, Armenia, Syria and Turkey and all Jews no matter what their citizenship or country of birth except those who were born in the British Empire, the "Preferred Countries" or the United States of America. Admission of immigrants coming within this "Special Permit" group was only permitted after a special permit had been granted by the Department of Immigration in each individual case. Such permits were very difficult to obtain and were usually granted only to the parents, wives and minor children of persons already resident in Canada. This regulation was not equitably applied even among all those racial groups included within the third or "Special Permit" group, for while a person of Greek, Italian, Armenian or Bulgarian origin who was a citizen of Poland or any other non-preferred country could be admitted under the Railway Agreement as a member of the second or "Non-preferred" group, a Polish, Roumanian, Russian or Lithuanian Jew was treated as a member of the third or "Special Permit" group regardless of country of birth. The ostensible reason offered for this classification of European Immigrants was that Immigrants from "Non-preferred" and Mediterranean countries have some inherent disability which does not permit them to adapt themselves as readily to Canadian cultural, social and economic conditions as those from Northern and Western Europe, and that Immigrants in the "Special Permit" group have racial characteristics which make them even less desirable than Eastern and Central European immigrants. Apart from the fallacies underlying the theories of "racial superiority" there one shred of valid evidence to substantiate the charge that Jews or any other groups within the "Special Permit" class are inferior physically, mentally, socially or morally groups within the "Non-preferred" groups from Eastern or Central Europe, or even to the ferred Groups" from North Western Europe.

is not placed to any "Pre-

The only portion of the Immigration Act itself which may be cited to Justify these "Administrative Regulations" is that sub-section of Section 38 of the Act which authorizes the Governor in Council when necessary or expedient to prohibit or limit the immigration of members of any "nationality or race who are deemed undesirable owing to their peculiar customs, habits, modes of life and methods of holding property, and because of the probable inability to become readily assimilated or to assume the duties and responsibilities of Canadian citizenship within a reasonable time after entry". This subsection was evidently drafted with the Doukhobors, Hutterites and Mennonites in view, since such Immigrants refused .to send their children to the State Schools and accept military service, as may be seen from the fact that these groups were specifically mentioned in Order in Council P.O. 1204 dated June 9th, 1919, but subsequently rescinded. Yet Jewish immigrants who have never requested nor received special privileges or exemptions not granted to others, and who have proved their willingness and ability "to assume the duties and responsibilities of Canadian citizenship" have been singled out for discriminatory treatment. The number of Greek, Bulgarian, Armenian, Syrian, Turkish and Arab 'immigrants to Canada has always been negligibly small. . The number of Italian immigrants to Canada, which was quite large prior to the TCorld War, had decreased greatly after the V/ar even before any restrictive legislation was adopted in Canada, and the population policy of Fascist Italy is such that little immigration from that country to Canada may be expected. It would appear therefore that the restrictions involved in the classification of immigrants within the "Special Permit" 128

CANADA'S JEWS

group were really aimed at the Jews, the one remaining group within that category, thus making Canada the first country within the British Empire in the 20th century to pass legislation or enforce "Administrative Regulations" which result in discrimination against persons of Jewish origin and religious belief. The charge is a serious one but is justified as long as these "Adninistrative Regulations" remain in force. As a result of the economic depression in Canada, an Order in Council® was issued in Larch 1931 limiting immigration to Canada to the wives and minor children of persons already in Canada and to farmers having sufficient means of their own to farm in Canada. This restriction however does not apply to British immigrants from Great Britain and the self-governing Dominions, nor to United States citizens, and permission for the entry of farmers having sufficient means to farm in Canada does not include Jewish farmers, for whom special application for an immigration permit must still be made. The nature and composition of the stream of immigration to Canada can best be observed by analyzing insofar as possible the ethnic origin of the immigrants entering the country during the period of active immigration from 1897 to 1931. The period is taken as beginning with 1897 since the active immigration policy of Sir Clifford Sifton was instituted in 1896, and is assumed to have come to an end temporarily in 1931 since the economic depression and the orders-in-council issued in that year have cut dovm Canadian immigration to a trickle. In Table 84, the statistics issued by the Department of Immigration have been classified into the various groups as specified in the "Administrative Regulations" and have been combined to show two pre-war six year periods from 1903 to 1909 and 1909 to 1915 and two postwar six year periods from 1919 to 1925 and 1925 to 1931. Unfortunately the classification according to ethnic origin can only be applied to immigrant arrivals through ocean ports since this information is not available for immigrants through the United States prior to 1926, but the comparative proportions thus obtained appear to be close enough for our purposes to the proportions among immigrants via ocean ports and United States border points. (Table 90 on next page) There was no classification according to ethnic origin prior to 1900, but from available statistics we find that 44.11$ of all immigrants to Canada through ocean ports during the six year period from 1896 to 1903 were of British origin. This percentage rose to 63.04$ in the next six year period from 1903 to 1909 and fell to 58.88$ in the period between 1909 to 1915. In the first six year period following the World '.Var between 1919 and 1925 before any Assisted Passage Schemes or Government subsidized settlement plans were instituted, the percentage of British immigrants among _those arriving through ocean ports rose to 68.56$ and in the second six-year period from 1925 to 1931, the percentage of British immigrants fell to 43.64$ in spite of the fact that this was the most active period of state-aided British immigration to Canada. A justifiable conclusion would be that the fall in the percentage of British immigrants to Canada since 1909 is due to the fact that while Canada can no longer offer the immigrant free land and opportunity for rapid economic advancement, the provisions for social security for the working class in England are now so much superior to those in effect in Canada that the inducement to emigrate to Canada has decreased greatly. The opening of the second pre-war six year period from 1909 to 1915 saw the passage of the Old Age Pensions Act and the National Insurance Act in Great Britain with its provisions for Health Insurance and Unemployment Insurance, and subsequent amendments to these Acts have made the lack of such legislation in Canada more evident to British immigrants. Reference to Table 90 will show that the percentage of immigrants who now come within the "Special Permit" class formed only 11.61$ of the total Canadian immigration via ocean ports in the 1903-1909 period, has decreased slightly to 11.48$ in 1909-1915, and showed no tendency to increase in the post-war period, having fallen indeed to 8.95$ in the first postwar period. On the other hand the percentage of immigrants from "Preferred" countries has increased from 8.57$ in 1903-1909 to 16.25$ in 1925-1931, whilst the percentage of immigrants from the Eastern and Central European countries known as the "Hon-Preferred" group rose from 13.52$ in 1903-1909 to 33.23$ in 1925-1931. The percentage of Jews among immigrants arriving through ocean ports fell from 4.92$ in 1903-1909 to 3.12$ in 1909-1915, rose again to 4.53$ in the immediate post-war period, and fell to 3.34$ in the period from 1925 to 1931.

®

P.C. 695, March 21, 1931. 129

Fig.17.

Comparative immigration curves of Jewish and other ethnic groups in Canada.

1900-1938.

TABLE 90.

CANADA'S JEWS COMPARATIVE IMMIGRATION OF ETHNIC GROUPS TO CANADA DURING TWO PRE-WAR AND TWO POST-ffAR PERIODS (FISCAL YEARS APRIL 1st to MARCH 1st)

British "Preferred" Groups Dutch French & Belgian. German Finnish Scandinavian Swiss Total "Preferred"

P RE — WAR 1903—1909 1909—1915 (Six Years) (Six Years) Number Percentage Number Percentage of Total of Total Immigration Immigration

POST — WAR 1919—1925 1925—1931 (Six Years) (Six Years) Number Percentage Number Percentage of Total of Total TnmM pr-a ti nn immigration

441,524 2,940 16,192 13,160 6,201 20,631 886 60.010

63.04$

671,774

58.88$

345,033

68.56$

288,232

43.64$

0.42$ 2.31$ 1.88$ 0.88$ 2,94$ 0.14$ 8.57%

6,384 22,206 21,692 11,268 27,626 1.435 90.611

0.56$ 1.95$ 1.81$ 0.99$ 2.42$ 0.22# 7.94%

3,837 10,712 4,527 14,791 19,630 2.939 56.436

0.77$ 2.12$ 0.90$ 2.94$ 3.90$ 0.58$ 11.21%

8,480 11,1JO 20,732 22,075 42,214 2.676 107.367

1.28$ 1.69$ 3.13$ 3.34$ 6.39$ 0.42% 16.25%

9.65$ -

105,041 (a)

9.20$ -

1,738 5,402

0.34$ 1.07$

28,644 22,898

4.33$ 3.47$

2.67$ 0.73$

69,299 30,358

6.07$ 2.66$

11,614 16,710

2.31$ 3.32$

63,209 34,649

9.57$ 5.25$

"Non-Preferred" Groups Austrian and Hungarian 67,615 Czecho-Slovak.... (a) Ukrainian and Russian 18,749 Polish 5,141 German (from Russia, Austria,Roumania, etc.) Lithuanian (b) Esthonian (b) Latvian (b) Yugo-Slav 119 Roumanian 2.943 Total "NonPreferred" 94.567

0.05$ 0.42#

(b) (b) (b) 1,114 4.578

0.09$ 0.42#

486 112 40 3,343 5,663

0.10$ 0.02yo 0.01$ 0.67$ 1.12$

48,051 5,082 502 333 14,483 1.640

7.28$ 0.77$ 0.08$ 0.05$ 2.19$ 0.24&

13.52$

210.390

18.44#

45.108

8.96$

219.491

33.23#

ft Special"Permit Groups Armenian 1,091 Bulgarian. 2,851 Greek...' 2,333 Italian 36,431 Jewish 34,501 Syrian,Turk & Arab 4.116 81.323

0.15$ 0.40$ 0.33$ 5.20$ 4.92$ 0.61$ 11.61$

430 15,311 5,561 70,618 35,396 3.705 131.021

0.03$ 1.34$ 0.48$ 6.18$ 3.12$ 0.33$ 11.48$

1,014 387 1,311 18,260 22,790 1.257 45.019

0.20$ 0.08$ 0.26$ 3.63$ 4.53$ 0.25$ 8.95$

246 1,295 2,898 11,608 22,107 699 38.853

0.04$ 0.20$ 0.44$ 1.76$ 3.34$ 0.10# 5.88$

0.55$ 1.77% 2.32$ 0.94$

27,896 3.645 31,541 5,600

2.45$ 0.33$ 2.78$ 0.48$

6,110 3.032 9,142 3,477

1.21$ 0.60fr 1.81$ 0.51$

4 2.217 2,221 4.342

0 0.33$ 0.33$ 0.67$

503,215

100.00$

660,510

100.00$

Chinese & Japanese Chinese Japanese

3,881 12.414 16,295 6.673

Others Total Immigration via Ocean Ports. 700,392 100.00$ 1,140,937 100.00$ (a) included in Austrian and Hungarian (b) included in Russian

The most phenomenal increase in immigration has been in the group of German origin. The percentage of German immigrants from Germany to Canada increased from 0.90$ in 1919-1925 to 3.13$ in 1925-1931, whilst the percentage of German immigrants to Canada from the "Non-preferred" countries such as Russia, Roumania, Austria, etc. formed 7.28$ of all immigrants via ocean ports in 1925-1931, bringing the proportion of immigrants of German ethnic origin to Canada in the six year period from 1925 to 1931 up to 10.41$ of all immigration via ocean ports, which is the highest among all non-British groups. The comparative flow of Canadian immigration is graphically illustrated in Figures 17 from which it will be noted that the highest peak of immigration to Canada occurred in 19131914, and that Canadian immigration fell to its lowest level during the Ytorld War period in 1917-1918, rose again to a high peak in 1928-1929 and fell to its lowest level since the war in 1935-1936. 131

CANADA'S JEWS

The graphs in Figure 17 show immigration via ocean ports only up to the year 19251926, and from then onwards show immigration through both ocean ports and United States border points. The heavy line shows the trend of Jewish immigration to Canada during the period from 1900 to 1936. In the pre-YYar period, it came below that of immigrants of British, Ukrainian, Italian and Scandinavian origin, but above that of immigrants of German and Polish origin. During the period of the World War, it fell to very low levels, but nevertheless remained higher than that of German, Ukrainian and Polish immigrants. As a result of the "Administrative Regulations" discriminating against Jewish immigrants put into force in 1923, the trend of Jewish immigration to Canada fell below that of all other groups with the exception of those of Italian origin. The apparent increase since 1934 is not the result of numerical increase in Jewish immigrants but is the result of a still greater decrease on the part of other European immigrants. Conclusions A genuinely sound Canadian immigration policy would admit immigrants not on the basis of "race", nationality or religion but on the basis of individual physical,moral and mental fitness. Prejudice would not be permitted to be the motivating factor in the framing of immigration regulations, nor would any endeavour be made to cloak such prejudice with the pseudoscientific mantle of "racial theories". Scientific research strongly supports the belief that there are often greater differences between the individuals of any particular ethnic group than between various ethnic groups in general. Regulations governing the economic, educational, physical, mental and moral requirements of immigrants should be applied in equal measure to immigrants of all origins without discrimination against specific groups. Canada need not offer financial inducements in order to encourage immigration bu~u it can best serve its present population and induce suitable immigration by bringing about such economic and social conditions v/ithin Canada as will retain its present population and attract immigrants who will wish to make it their permanent home. Far from Canada having already reached the limit of its absorbtive capacity in population, that capacity has barely been touched. Canada needs a larger population and many workers in other portions of the world need Canada. Emigration cannot solve all the problems of the more densely populated countries, nevertheless Canada's problems can never be solved by the prohibition or drastic restriction of immigration. While it is true that increased immigration benefits transportation companies, that is no more valid reason for opposing immigration than for opposing the consumption of food stuffs on the ground that their purchase adds to the profits of milling and baking corporations and food packing companies. A preponderance of British immigrants can best be secured not by restricting the immigration of persons of other origins nor by the granting of subsidies to such immigrants by the Canadian Government but by bringing Canada's social security legislation and educational facilities up to the level of Great Britain. Yfhile the total amount of the annual immigration to Canada might well be regulated from time to time by economic conditions, there should be no blind imitation of quota methods adopted "in the United States. The safest and most desirable source of population increase through immigration lies in facilitating the admission to Canada of relatives already resident in Canada who are willing and able to receive such immigrants and to assist them in getting established.

132

CHAPTER

X I I I

JEWISH IMMIGRATION Immigration is one of many economic and social problems facing the population of many lands from time to time, which comes to the forefront when economic conditions or conquest creates a pressure which forces a current of immigration from the country where the pressure is high to a country where the pressure is lower, and which recedes into the background as economic conditions in the homeland improve, or when political conditions become such that the population has no need nor desire to seek freedom elsewhere. For Jews, the need for emigration and the right of immigration has made migration a permanent and vital Jewish problem, which will remain so until Palestine has absorbed the maximum Jewish population which thet country can maintain when its capacity and economic possibilities have been developed to their utmost extent, and until economic and political conditions in the European countries in which the majority of Jews live at the present time have become such as to ensure to their Jewish population full economic, social and political equality with all other citizens. of the entire search table"

Theoretically much may be said for the argument that the economic and social problems Jews in any country can only be solved when the economic and social problems of the population of that country are solved, and that Jews therefore should not emigrate in of freedom but should remain wherever they happen to be born and wait for the "inevimarch of progress.

Such a theory, however, is of little practical value in many countries to the Jewish population which finds itself crushed not only by the economic forces which affect all people but also finds itself the scapegoat and the victim of all parties in the struggle for power. If the Jews living in the countries of oppression are to renounce emigration and await the coming of an economic messiah as a solution to their problems, then there is every likelihood that when at long last the day of freedom dawns there will be no Jews left alive to benefit from it. In the 12th and 13th Centuries, the centre of gravity of the European Jewish population was not in Eastern and Central Europe but in Southern and Western Europe in the countries of Spain and Portugal, France, Germany and England. Persecution and expulsion from those countries sent a wave of Jewish emigration eastwards into Eastern and Central Europe and southward into Northern Africa. The hopes of political emancipation aroused towards the close of the 18th Century and the beginning of the 19th Century proved abortive. The redrawing of political boundaries in Europe and the intensification of nationalist feeling made the position of the Jews in Eastern and Central Europe more and more intolerable, so that towards the end of the 19th Century, the tide of Jewish emigration definitely turned towards the West across the Atlantic, and repeated Russian pogroms in the first decade of the 20th Century, increased the tempo of over-seas emigration until it reached its highest peak before the World War. During the period of the World War, Jewish over-seas emigration fell to a very low point as a result of transportation and passport restriction, but was again resumed as soo^as the war was over and would have reached a new high level if it had not been for the immigration restrictions introduced by the United States and Canada. No other country was immediately found to take the place of the United States as a home for Jewish immigrants, more particularly since the political situation in Palestine was still unsettled, but with the approval of the Palestine Mandate in 1923, Jewish emigration to that country increased and although the immigration policy of the Mandatory Power in that country has remained restrictive and capricious, Palestine has now taken the place formerly occupied by the United States as the goal of Jewish immigration. Before proceeding with an analysis of Jewish immigration to Canada, it would be well to examine and compare the stream of Jewish immigration to all overseas countries. It is very difficult to compile an accurate statement of Jewish migration, for definitions and interpretations of immigration differ in various countries, very few record the ethnic origin or religious belief of all immigrants, and even those countries that do so have not kept detailed and uniform statistics except during recent years. Table 91 showing the distribution of Jewish intercontinental migration for the 36 years since the beginning of the 20th Century is the nearest possible approach to an accurate analysis of the destination of Jewish overseas emigration during that period. (Table 91 on next page) 133

TABLE 91.

DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH INTERCONTINENTAL MIGRAT] ON 1901-193 6 CANADA §).-|

tn •SSg

no, 1900-01 1901-02 1902-03 1903-04 1904-05 1905-06 1906-07 1907-08 1908-09 1909-10 1910-11 1911-12 1912-13 1913-14 1914-15 1915-16 1916-17 1918-18

l

3,376(c) l,244(c) 2,534(c) 4,578(c) 9,427(c) 9,067(c) 9,882(c) 11,849 ( o ) 4,702(c) 6,164(c) 8,729(c) 9,099(c) ll,624(c) 18,03l(c) 7,677(c) 6,539(c) 6,533(c) l,311(c)

^ 1900-18 132,366(c) £ 1918-19 2,316(c) 1919-20 3,785(c) 1920-21 7,045(c) 1921-22 8,454(c) 1922-23 2,843(c) 1923-24 4,305(c) 1924-25 4,509{c) 1925-26 3,637(b) 1926-27 4,863(b) 1927-28 4,766(b) 1928-29 3,848(b) 1929-30 4,164(b) 1930-31 3,421(b) 1931-32 649(b) 1932-33 772(b) 1933-34 943(b) 1934-35 624(b) 1935-36 880(b) 1918-36 61,824 1960-36 194,190 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) \&] (h) (i) (J)

--§ ao£ « > £h* o

fnV. W>

*°S 5.1$ 1.9J6' 4.8$ 5.9$ £.2% 4.9$ 5.9$ 9.5$ 6.2$ 6.1$ 7.8$ 8.2$ 8.5$ 10.8$ 21.2$ 28.7$ 26.4$ 23.755

rt

* -°gS

S

S)--1 a

55.3 SS-tf S &2 £«_, S^-H

«°3

58,098(b) 87.8$ 57,688(b) 90. l£ 43,985(b) 84.2{*> 65,040(b) 83.5$ 129,910(b) 86.1$ 153, 748 {b) 84.254 149,182(b) 90.1$ 103,387(b) 82.6$ 57,551(b) 76.0$ 84,260(b) 82.9$ 91,223(b) 81.5$ 80,595(b) 72.4$ 101, 330 (b) 76.8$ 138,051(b) 83.2$ 26,497(b) 73.2$ 15,108(b) 66.3$ 17,342(b) 70.2$ 3,627(b) 65.5$

7.9$ 1,376,622 28.4$ 12.7$ 5.0$ 10.7$ 3.7$ 5.5$ 7.4$ 8.7$ 14.7$ 14.2$ 10.0$ 11.6$ 16.4$ 3.5$ 1.9$ 1.7$ 0.8$ 1.7$ 6.8$

PALESTINE

U. S. A. bn 0

-aj WO SZ H M 0 b« H O SOT < &

ta

500(c) l,200(c) 2,000(c) 2,000(c) 2,000(c) 2,000(c) l,500(c) l,500(c) l,500(c) l,500(o) l,500(c) l,500(c) l,804(g) 872(g) 193(g) 122(6) 29(g) 46(g)

82.3$ 21,766

4(g) 3,055(b) 37.4$ 14,292(b) 48.0$ 513(g) 119,036(b) 84.4$ l,416(g) 781(g) 53,524(b) 67.9$ 307(g) 49,719(b) 65.9$ 773(J) 49,989(b) 63.9$ 10,292(b) 17.0$ 1,353(J) 10,267(b) 24.7$ l , 4 7 9 ( j ) ll,483(b) 34.9$ l , 7 2 5 ( j ) ll,639(b) 34.6$ 2 , 2 9 5 ( j ) 12,479 ( b ) 32.7$ 2 , 6 6 4 ( J ) ll,526(b) 32.2$ l,881(e) 885(e) 5,692(b) 26.9$ 676(e) 2,755(b) 15.1$ 745(e) 2,372(b) 5.9$ 4,134(b) 7.4$ l,123(e) 4,837(b) 6.5$ l,078(e) 6,252(b) 12.7$ 3,330{e) 383,343 42.4$ 23,028

7.5$ 1,759,965

68.1$ 44,794

H >-*

K •
f) Explosions g) Poisoning h) War i) Others including Exposure .. 6 Diseases of the Nervous System a) Sleeping Sickness b) Meningitis c) Nervous Shocks... d) Paralysis e) Others Other Diseases a) Diseases of Buccal Cavity b) Diseases of Res^ piratory Organs c ) Various

14.44

17.82 3.60 0.41 1.33 0.84 2.61 0.22 5.92 0.17 1.27 1.03 0.42

18.28 1.59 0.38 1.36 1.02 3.71 0.38 7.61 0.03 0.30 1.70 0.20

18.03 0.98 0.98 0.65 0.98 1.96 0.98 6.56

3.26 1.24 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.07 0.01 0.19 0.04

3.82 1.62 0.03 0.18 0.18 0.11

4.59 1.97

0.15 0.03

0.65

0.23 0.06

6.67

1.41

1.52

1.65

0.82

3.33

5.67 0.87 2.27 0.45 1.13 0.95

7.87 1.31 2.62 0.33 0.98 2.63

4.83 0.63 2.26 0.20 1.13 0.61

2.38 4.76

1.26 0.63 2.57

1.16 1.16

6.23

6.77

21.43

10.19

3.48

5.45

4.00

4.76 16.67

10.19

3.48

1.82 3.63

4.00

1.11 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 13.33 6.66

1 2

1.11 2.22

5.33 0.81 2.09 0.33 1.12 0.98

2

2.23

6.22

4.77

0.59

0.71

3

2.94 1.32 0.65

0.32

18.41 6.27 0.40 1.53 0.77 2.03 0.03 4.43 0.33 2.00 0.46 0.16

26.19 11.90 2.38 4.77

1.76 0.40 0.03 0.13 0.03 0.06

4.76 2.38

2.38 2.38 2.38

10.84 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 5.73

9.30 1.16 2.33 2.33 3.48

16.36

25.00

1.82 10.91

23.07 3.91

12.00 4.00

3.91 8.34

11.34

8.00

1.91 3.63

16.66

3,91

9.55 5.09

4.65 3.40

5.45 3.63

8.00 4.00

4.46

1.16

1.82

4.00

4.46

3.48 1.16

3.63 3.63

2.38

9.52 2.38

25.00 16.66

11.34 3.78

20.00 12.00 4.00

8.34

3.78 3.78

4.00 4.00

0.60

2

2.23

1.30 4.33

1.40 2.66

1.64 4.59

1.06 5.11

Diseases & Affections of the Ear

1

1.11

1.28

1.17

0.65

1.60

111 Defined & Not Stated

6

6.68

5.74

4.69

6.24

6.41

1.16 7.15

5.09

13.99

10.93

8.34

11.34

8.00

CANADA'S JEWS The information made available in Table 178 tends to support Dr. Fishberg rather than Joseph Jacobs. In this table will be found listed the causes of deaf mutism among Jews and persons of other ethnic origin. 60.35$ of all deaf mutes of all origins in Canada were born deaf and dumb. Among the ethnic groups included in Table 178 the highest percentage of congenital deaf mutes is found among those of Polish, British and French origin, followed by those of Ukrainian, Jewish, Russian, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic and Italian origin. Only 58.88$ of all Jewish deaf mutes in Canada in 1931 were congenitally deaf and dumb, which is a smaller percentage than those of British, French, German and Ukrainian origin. This contradicts the general belief that the tendency to deaf mutism is greater congenitally among Jews. Apart from congenital deaf mutism, the chief cause of deaf mutism is general infectious disease, consisting of such diseases as scarlet fever, spinal meningitis, measles, etc. 14.44$ of all Jewish deaf mutes became such as the result of the aftermath of general infectious diseases in comparison with 17.82$ of deaf mutes of all ethnic origins. The greater percentage of deaf mutes caused by general infectious diseases is found among Canadians of Italian origin, closely followed by those of Icelandic, Norwegian, French, British and German origin, all of whom are above the average. None of the Jewish deaf mutes in Canada lost their hearing as the result of spinal meningitis, infantile paralysis, influenza, mumps or smallpox. Measles, scarlet fever and whooping cough each account for 3.33$ of Jewish deaf mutes in Canada. Scarlet fever accounts for the greatest percentage of deaf mutes caused by general infectious diseases among the total population of all origins in Canada, and occupies the same prominent place among deaf mutes of British, German, Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Norwegian and Swedish ancestry. Among Canadian residents of Italian and French origin, spinal meningitis among general infectious diseases is the one which accounts for most deaf mutes, whilst wnooping cough amongst general infectious diseases is the cause of the largest percentage of deaf mutes among those of Icelandic origin. External violence as the cause of deaf mutism accounts for 13.33$ of all Jewish deaf mutes. In this respect deaf mutes of Jewish origin are unique in Canada, for external violence plays a comparatively small part as a cause of deaf mutism among people of all other ethnic origins. Of all forms of external violence causing deaf mutism, falls cause the largest number of deaf mutes among Jews as among all other races. No Jewish deaf mutes owe their affliction to blows on the head, burns, poisoning or driving accidents, although these figures as causes among those of British, French and - German origin, nor do any Jewish deaf mutes in Canada attribute their affliction to abuse when a child. Jews are usually considered to be subject to nervous diseases to an extent much higher than the average, and it is often believed that nervous diseases result in a considerable number of deaf mutes. It is therefore interesting to note that only three out of the 90 Jewish deaf mutes in Canada, or 3.33$ state nervous diseases^o be the cause of their deaf mutism, which is much less than the average percentage of 5.33$ and is the lowest of any of the ethnic groups listed in the table. Of these three Jewish deaf mutes, none are victims of sleeping sickness (encephalitis), meningitis or nervous shocks, and only one is a victim of paralysis. In comparison 16.66$ . of all deaf mutes of Icelandic origin owe their handicap to sleeping sickness and 12$ of all Swedish deaf mutes in Canada attribute their deaf mutism to the same cause. Paralysis is also an important cause of deaf mutism amongst Canadian residents of Icelandic origin, comprising 8.34$ of all deaf mutes of that origin in comparison with a percentage of 1.12$ amongst deaf mutes of all ethnic origins. Scandinavians are not usually considered as being more than usually subject to diseases of the nervous system, yet among those of Icelandic and Swedish origins in Canada are found the largest percentage of deaf mutism caused by nervous diseases. Diseases of the respiratory organs account for 2.23$ of all Jewish deaf mutes, which is higher than the average, but not as high as among those of Italian, Swedish and Polish origins, whilst diseases of the ear account for 1.11$ of all Jewish deaf mutes, wl-'.ch is slightly less than the average. The evidence concerning deaf mutism, among Jews in Canada supports the contentions of Dr. Maurice Fishberg rather than those of Joseph Jacobs, and it is evident that in Canada at least, and quite probably in the United States of America also, deaf mutism is less prevalent among Jews than among non-Jews, that the percentage due to congenital causes is less than among non-Jews, and that external violence rather than nervous disease is an important factor in the causation of deaf mutism among Jews. 281

CANADA'S JEWS (2)

BLINDNESS

It has been generally accepted in the past by those who have studied the prevalence of blindness in various countries that Jews are more subject to blindness than other European groups, but as long as reliable comparative statistics are not available concerning the ethnic origin of the blind in all countries in which a considerable number of Jews live, it must be assumed that the prevalent impression concerning the prevalence of blindness among Jews is not founded upon fact, and that any greater prevalence of blindness among Jews in a specific country is not necessarily a "racial" characteristic, but may be due to specific economic and geographic factors, particularly affecting the Jews of that country. Although reliable statistics for the United States concerning the ethnic origin of the blind have never been available,Dr. Maurice Fishberg, as early as 1903 believed that blindness was not as prevalent among Jews in that country as in other countries, and attributed this situation to the immigration regulations preventing the entrance of the blind to that country. In his article on blindness in the Jewish Encyclopaedia, however, he stated that the proportion of blindness is greater among modern Jews than among their non-Jewish neighbours, and quoted Prussian and Bavarian statistics of 1882 in support of his statement. Examination of the statistics now available as a result of the special census of the blind taken in Canada in connection with the 1931 census, confirm the writer in his belief that there is nothing in the physical make-up of the Jews as an ethnic group which makes them more liable to blindness than other ethnic groups living under similar economic and geographic conditions. Some authorities are inclined to believe that Jews are more inclined to blindness because of consanguineous marriages, but consanguineous marriages are now no more frequent among Jews than among Europeans of other origin and it must be borne in mind that this talk of con-, sanguineous marriage among Jews has arisen because the Jewish religion does not prohibit the marriage of first cousins. With the migration of Jews to larger cities, the occurrence has become much less frequent. In any case, most authorities after careful consideration have come to the conclusion that consanguinity in itself does not cause blindness, and wherever blindness occurs in a consanguineous marriage, it is the result of heredity in that particular family. TABLE 179.

NUMBER AND COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE OF JEWISH BLIND IN CANADA, 1931 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO AGE GROUPS All Ages , . 5 5

Number of

Percentage of Jewish Blind to Total Number of Jews Percentage of Blind French All Origins British Italian Ukrainian Polish Swedish

Under 5

2

10-14 Years

-

0.015J

0.01$

0.01$ 0.01$ 0.01$ 0.01$ 0.01$

0.03$ 0.02$ 0.01$ 0.02$ 0.02$

0.01$ 0.01$

0.01$ 0.01$ 0.01$ 0.03$

0.03$

15-24 Years

5 0.01$

0.01$

0.04$ 0.25$ 0.08$ 0.07$ , 0.06$ 0.05J& , 0.04$ 0.04$ 0.04$ 0.03$ . .• 0.03$ 0.03$

5-9 Years

0.03$ 0.02$ 0.01$ 0.02$ 0.02$ 0.02$ 0.01$ 0.01$ 0.03$ 0.01$

25-49 Years

12 0.02$ 0.05$ 0.05$ 0.04$ 0.03$ 0.03$ 0.03$ 0.02$ 0.03$ 0.02$ 0.02$ 0.03$

50 years and over

36 0.19$ 1.26$ 0.42$ 0.30$ 0.24$ 0.22$ 0.24$ 0.37$ 0.32$ 0.22$ 0.12$ 0.11$

In Table 179 will be found the number and percentage of Jewish blind in Canada in 1931 as compared with the blind of other ethnic origins, classified according to age groups. There were 55 blind Jews in Canada in 1931, forming 4 out of every 10,000 Jews in the country, which is a little more than half of the average proportion among people of all origins in Canada, and less than the percentage among those of British, French, German and Icelandic ethnic origin. There, was no congenital blindness among Jews in Canada and only 2 Jewish children below the age of 15 wer.e blind in 1931. The proportion of Jewish blind between the ages of 15 and 49 was only half of the average, and the only ethnic groups in Canada among whom the proportion of blind among those over 50 years of age were smaller were the Norwegians and Swedes.

282

CANADA'S JEWS

TABLE 180.

COMPARATIVE NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF JEWISH BLIND IN EACH OF THE CANADIAN PROVINCES. 1931. JEWS

AT.T. ORTP.TMR

Number

Number Per 10.000

25 15 12 2 1

4 2 6 9 3

2,309 2,295 461 749 450 386 227 374 82

7 8 6 14 6 4 3 9 9

55-

4

7,352

7

Ontario Quebec . Manitoba Nova Scotia British Columbia Saskatchewan

Number Number Per 10.000

New Brunswick

Prince Edward Island All Canada

Table 180 gives the geographic distribution of the blind of Jewish and other ethnic origins amongst the various provinces of Canada. The largest proportion of blind among Jews is found in the province of Nova Scotia, where 9 out of every 10,000 Jews in 1931 were blind. In the same province the proportion of blind among the total population was 14 out of every 10,000. Next to Nova Scotia comes Manitoba, where 6 out of every 10,000 Jews were blind, which is the same proportion as among the total population of all origins. In Ontario 4 out of every 10,000 Jews were blind, in comparison with 7 out of every 10,000 persons of all origins. In British Columbia the proportion of Jewish blind was 3 out of every 10,000 Jews, or half the rate among the total population, whilst the proportion in Quebec was lower still, being 2 out of every 10,000, in comparison with 8 out of every 10,000 persons of all ethnic origins. There were no Jewish blind in the provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island in 1931. The information contained in Table 181 enables us to get some idea as to the causes of blindness among Jews in Canada. Of the 55 blind Jews in Canada, 13 became blind as the result of affections and diseases of the eye, such as cataracts, glaucoma and atrophy of the optic nerve, forming 23.63$ of all the Jewish blind in Canada. Affections and diseases of the eye are the greatest cause of blindness among the total population of Canada, and also among those of British and German origin, although the greatest cause of blindness among the French, Icelanders, and Russians in Canada is senility, whilst among Italians, accidents form the chief cause of blindness. It is usually assumed that Jews are more subject to eye diseases than non-Jews, yet closer examination of this table will reveal that in Canada at least, the percentage of Jews who have become blind from this cause is less than that among the blind of British and German origin. CAUSES OF BLINDNESS AMONG JEWS AND OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS CANADA. 1931.

TABLE 181.

J E W S Number Percent

Affections & Diseases of the Eye

Senility Accidental Causes*. Congenital General Infectious Diseases

Diseases of Nervous System Other Diseases

Eye Strain & Overwork

Following Operations Veneral Diseases... Thmors

Ill Defined

13

All Origins Percent

British Percent

23.13 17 .78 17.47 11.11

27.21 14.99 19.17 9.37

25.63 13.86 17.22 10.50

18.90 20.24 14.53 14.69

12.82 5.12 30.77 12.82

7.89 47.38 15.79 5.27

German French Italian Russian Percent Percent Percent Percent

6

23.63 21.87 10.90

4

7.27

5.63

5.24

6.30

6.23

5.12

10.52

5 1

9.09 1.81

3.47 3.32

3.45 3.56

3.78 2.52

4.00 3.32

2.57 7.70

2.63

1 2 1

1.81 3.63 1.81

0.42 13.44

0.77 0.93 0.16 0.40 15.87

5.12

18.18

1.84 1.38 0.19 1.14 12.46

3.78 0.84

10

1.40 1.14 0.43 0.84 14.28

17.96

10.52

55

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

12

283

CANADA'S JEWS Senility is the cause of blindness in 12 out of the 55 cases of blindness among Jews, forming 21.87$ of all the Jewish blind in Canada. This is a higher percentage than the average but is much lower than among the Icelanders and Russians in Canada. Accidents caused the blindness of 10.90$ of all Jewish blind, which is much below the average for Canada, due no doubt to the fact that few Jews in Canada are employed in occupations where accidents to the eye are common. There are no Jews in Canada who were born blind, although 11.11$ of the blind of all ethnic origins in Canada were blind from congenital causes, and this percentage rises as high as 14.69$ of all the blind among the French Canadians. General infectious diseases such as diptheria, influenza, measles, and scarlet fever were the cause of blindness in 4 out of the 55 blind Jews in Canada, which is higher than the average for Canada, but is much lower than that of Russian origin in Canada. Although diseases of the nervous system account for only 5 out of the 55 blind Jews in Canada, the percentage of 9.09$ is much higher than among any other ethnic group in this country. Two of the blind Jews in Canada lost their sight following operations. Eye strain and veneral diseases accounted for one each, whilst the causes in 10 out of the 55 cases were too ill-defined to permit of accurate report. None of the 55 Jews became blind as the result of tumors, although this cause accounted for 1.14$ of the blind of British origin in Canada. Ther'e were no Jewish blind deaf mutes in Canada in 1931.

(3) INSANITY

In discussions regarding the frequency of nervous and laental disorders among various ethnic groups, the majority opinion has been that Jews are more prone to suffer from nervous and mental diseases than non-Jews. In fact, so general was this impression that there was little argument about the truth of the assumption concerning the frequency of insanity amongst Jews, and the difference of opinion centered around the cause of this tendency towards mental derangement. . Consanguineous marriage has been a convenient peg upon which many charges have been hung in discussions of morbidity amongst Jews, and to it has been attributed the generally accepted belief that Jews have a more than average tendency towards mental ailments. It has gone so far that some authorities have expressed the opinion that consanguineous marriage, and more particularly that of first cousins is sufficient in itself to cause deterioration in the germ-plasm of the offspring and bring about a disposition to insanity even when the ancestry of both parents is physically and mentally sound. Intermarriage between cousins with a strain double the possibility of insanity in the offspring which would permit us to doubt that the offspring of more liable to nervous diseases than the offspring of

of insanity in the family will of course but no evidence has ever been produced healthy cousins of healthy stock are no unrelated healthy stock.

Functional mental disorders as distinct from insanity of organic and toxic origin are usually attributed to environmental causes, and in the light of past Jewish history and the persecution of Jews common in various lands even in modern times,a higher than average tendency to functional mental disorders amongst Jews may be reasonably expected. Jews, however, are not the only group who show signs of strain in. the nervous system of the individual. The symptoms are common to all inhabitants of large cities who must take part in the keen struggle for existence which goes on in our modern urbanized and industrialized system of society. Leroy Beaulieu in 1894 in his book "Israel among the Nations" has said "It is wellknown that the increase of cerebral diseases and the exacerbation of nervous disorders is one of the distinctive marks of our age and civilization. It is due to the feverish intensity of modern life, which, by multiplying our sensations and efforts, overstrains the nerves and rends the delicate network of the cerebral fibres. The Jew is by the very nature of his diseases the forerunner as it were, of his contemporaries, preceding them on that perilous path upon which society is urged by the excesses of its intellectual and emotional life, and by the increasing spur of competition. The noisy army of psychopathies and neuropathies is gaining so many recruits among us (non-Jews) that it will not take the Christians long to catch up with the Jews in this respect. Here again there are probably no ethnic force in operation". Leroy Beaulieu's forecast made in 1894 was correct, for in spite of the greater extent of urbanization amongst the Jewish population than among the total population of all origins, the information disclosed by the Census of Mental Hospitals in Canada in 1931 shows that 284

CANADA'S JEWS the rate of insanity among the total population is much higher than amongst the Jewish population. The effect which urbanization has upon the ratio of inmates of mental hospitals per 100,000 of the population may be seen from the fact that among the urban population of all origins in Canada in 1931 the ratio of mental hospital inmates was 356.4 per 100,000 whereas the ratio of mental hospital inmates among the rural population of all origins in Canada was 229.4 per 100,000. Nevertheless, in spite of the fact that 96.46$ of the Jewish population is urban as compared with 5.3.70$ amongst the total population, the ratio of Jewish mental hospital patients per 100,000 is only 268.6 per 100,000. The number of inmates of the principal ethnic groups in Canadian mental hospitals together with the percentage of such inmates who are Canadian-born and the comparative ratio of mental hospital inmates per 100,000 of the total population of each ethnic group will be found in Table 182. TABLE 182.

NUMBER OF PATIENTS OF PRINCIPAL ETHNIC GROUPS PRESENT IN CANADIAN MENTAL HOSPITALS JUNE 1, 1931 tflTH PERCENTAGE CANADIAN BORN AND RATIO TO TOTAL POPULATION OF EACH ORIGIN

ETHNIC GROUP cZECHO-sLOVAK

Finnish. English.

sCANDLNAVIAN

Polish

yUGO-sLEV

All Origins, Italian French

sCOTTISH

Irish Jewish Hungarian rOUMENIAN

German Russian & Ukrainian Belgian

Total Number of Inmates

Number Canadian Born

121 163 9,951 737 452 50

21 8 6,473 104 74 6

31,172

21,196

288 8,497 3,734 3,308 421 101 63 989 641 49

40

8,222 2,780 2,593

141 12 6 605 113 11

Percent Canadian Born

Ratio of Inmates per 100,000 Population

17.3 5,0 64.7 14.1 16.3 12.0

398*0 371.4 362,9 323*1 310.6 309.1

67.9

300.4

14.0 96.7 74.4 78.4 33.5 11.8

293.3 290.2 277.3 268.7 268.6 248.8 216.8 208.8 204.6 177.6

9.5

61.2 17.6 22.5

From the information in this table it will be- seen that there were only 421 Jewish patients in Canadian mental hospitals in 1931, of whom 33.5$ were Canadian born, and that the ratio of mental hospital patients per 100,000 of the total population was only 268*6 as compared with 300.4 among the total population of all origins. The ratio is higher than the average amongst Canadian residents of Czecho-Slovak, Finnish, English, Scandinavian, Polish and Yugoslav origin, and is below the average amongst Canadian residents of Italian, French, Scottish, Irish, Jewish and German origin. It must be borne in mind that statistics concerning the prevalence of the milder forms of mental illness, such as neuroses and psychoneuroses in Canada are not available, because patients suffering from such mental disorders are not committed to mental hospitals. Detailed information, hitherto unpublished, giving the classification by diagnosis of Jewish inmates of Canadian mental hospitals now makes it possible for the first time to compare the prevalence of various forms of insanity amongst Jews with that amongst the total population of all origins. In Table 183 will be found the comparative number and rate per 100,000 of the population formed by patients of Jewish and all origins in Canadian mental hospitals in 1931, classified by sex and diagnoses, while Table 184 gives further particulars regarding the psychoses of inmates of Jewish and all origins. (Tables 183 and 184 on next page) It has been claimed that in Germany and Austria at the beginning of the 20th Century the proportion of female inmates of mental ho.spitals was higher amongst Jews than amongst nonJews, and on the basis of such statistics Jewish women have been charged with a more than average tendency to insanity. It is therefore interesting to note that in Canada the proportion of female inmates of mental hospitals is almost identical among Jews and the total population of all origins, being 45.6$ amongst Jews as compared with 45.4$ amongst the total population. 285

TABLE

183.

DIAGNOSIS Psychoses Mental Deficiency Psyche-neuroses. Psychopathic Personality... Without Psychoses Total TABLE 184.

PSYCHOSES

CANADA'S JEWS

COMPARATIVE HUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION & RATE PER 100,000 OF JEWISH & ALL INMATES OF CANADIAN MENTAL HOSPITALS 1931 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DIAGNOSIS & SEX NnyigRTCAL DISTRIBUTION TOTAL MAT.KS FKMAT/R.q All JewAll JewHI JewOrigins ish Origins ish Origins ish 22,690

316

12,571

175

10,119

141

572 204

4 -

218 114

2 -

354 90

2 -

222

-

128

-

94

7.484

101

3.990

52

3.494

49

31,172

421

17,021

229

14,151

192

218.7 201.6

233.9 221.9

202.3 181.6

5.5 2.0

2.6 -

4.0 2.1

2.5 -

7.1 1.8

2.1

-

2.4

-

1.8

72.1

64.4

300.4 268.6

74.3

65.7

316.7 289.5

69.9

2.6

63.1

282.9 247.3

COMPARATIVE NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION 4 RATE PER 100,000 POPULATION OF JEWISH 4 ALL INMATES OF CANADIAN MENTAL HOSPITALS 1931 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SEX 4 NATURE OF PSYCHOSIS NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION TOTAL MAT.KS FEMALES All Jew- All Jew- All JewOrigins ish Origins ish Origins ish

Dementia Praecox 12,662 240 Manic Depressive 2,760 26 Paranoia & Paranoid Condition. 1,607 1 Senile 1,316 8 Epileptic 1,247 9 General Paralysis 624 4 Involution Melancholia.... 513 6 Arterioscelerosis 437 5

Sundry Somatic

RATE PER 100,000 POPULATION TOTAL MAT.KR FEMALES All JewAll JewAH JewOrigins ish Origins ish Origins ish

7,116 1,313

134 9

5,546 1,447

106 17

RATE PER 100.000 POPULATION TOTAL MALES FFMAT.F.S All JewAll Jew- All JewOrigins ish Origins ish Origins ish 122.2 153.1 26.6 16.6

132.4 169.4 24.5 11.4

110.8 28.9

136.5 21.9

854 625 760 518

1 2 4 4

753 691 487 106

6 5 -

15.5 12.7 12.0 6.0

0.6 5.1 5.7 2.5

15.9 11.6 14.1 9.6

1.2 2.5 5.0 5.0

15.5 13.8 9.7 2.1

7.7 6.4

175 293

5 2

338 144

1 3

4.9 4.2

3.8 3.2

3.2 5.5

6.3 2.5

6.7 2.8

1.3 3.8

Diseases Alcoholic

412 301

4 -

168 250

3 -

244 51

1

3.9 2.9

2.5 -

3.1 4.7

3.7 -

4.9 1.0

1.3

diseases Cerebral Syphilis Traumatic Huntingdon's Chorea Due to Drugs.... Brain Tumour....

212 127 69

5 8

139 109 61

3 8 -

73 18 8

2

2.4 1.2 0.6

3.2 5.1 -

2.6 3.7 2.0 10.1 1.1 -

1.4 0.4 0.1

2.5

67 43 24

1

28 20 14

1

39 23 10

0.6 0.4 0.2

0.6 -

0.5 0.4 0.3

0.8 0.4 0.2

Brain or nervous

1.2 -

Many persons with milder forms of mental illness such as psychoneuroses and psychopathic personailities are never committed to mental institutions. Such cases are usually treated privately by the psychiatrist in his office, and there are no statistics available in Canada concerning the frequency and nature of such cases among various ethnic groups. As such cases are usually the result of functional and environmental causes, it is possible that the rate per 100,000 of these psychoneuroses and minor maladjustments is higher amongst Jews than amongst the total population of all origins, in view of the predominantly urban distribution of the Jewish population and the record of past persecution and suffering which many of the Jewish refugees from European countries have undergone. Examination of the information contained in Tables 183 and 184 shows that there is • actually less mental disease amongst Jews in Canada as measured by the rate of commitment to mental hospitals than there is amongst the total population of all origins. This confirms the conclusions arrived at by Benjamin Maltzberg 0 in his studies of the prevalence of insanity amongst Jews in the United States of America. Jews in Canadian mental hospitals in 1931. formed only 268.6 per 100,000 of the total Jewish population of Canada, whereas the total number of inmates of Canadian mental hospitals in that year formed 300.4 per 100,000 of the total population of all origins. Jewish male inmates CD Prevalence of Mental Disease Among Jews.

Benjamin Maltzberg, Mental Hygiene, October 1930. 286

CANADA'S JEWS of Canadian mental hospitals formed only 289.5 per 100,000 of the total population as compared with 316.7 per 100,000 among the population of all origins, whilst Jewish female inmates formed only 247.3 per 100,000 of the total population as compared with 282.9 per 100,000 among the population of all origins. The rate per 100,000 suffering from Dementia Praecox which is a functional rather than organic mental illness, is higher amongst Jews than amongst the total population of all origins in Canada being 153.1 per 100,000 amongst Jews as compared with 122.2 per 100,000. amongst the total population. The rate per 100,000 of sufferers from brain or nervous diseases is also somewhat higher amongst Jews in Canada than amongst the total population, being 3.2 per 100,000 amongst Jews as compared with-2.4 per 100,000 among the total population. There were no cases of cerebral syphilis amongst Jewish women confined to Canadian mental hospitals in 1931, but there were 8 cases among Jewish male inmates. Insanity due to syphilitic infection is very rare amongst Jews in Central and Eastern Europe and amongst immigrant Jews in Canada, and its increase amongst Canadian-born Jews is a regrettable sign of departure from ancestral cultural and religious customs. Arterio-scelerosis is found only half as frequently amongst Jewish males in Canada as amongst males of all origins, but the rate per 100,000 amongst Jewish female inmates is 3i.8 as compared with 2.8 amongst female inmates of all origins. Involution melancholia is much more frequent amongst Jewish male patients in Canada than amongst Jewish female patients, but on the whole is less frequent amongst Jews than amongst the total population of all origins. There were no Jewish patients in Canadian mental hospitals in 1931 suffering from alcoholism, traumatic psychosis, brain tumours or psychoses due to drug addiction. There were also no Jewish female patients suffering from paranoia or paranoid conditions, or from general paralysis, although the rate among women of all origins in Canada suffering from paranoia was as high as 15.5 per 100,000. Amongst Jewish male patients also the number suffering from paranoia or paranoid conditions was extremely low in comparison with the total population, and the rate per 100,000 of Jews suffering from manic depressive psychosis, senile insanity, epileptic insanity, arterioscelerosis and sundry somatic diseases was much below the average for the total population of all origins. It may therefore be concluded that there is no scientific basis in the belief that there is any specifically ethnic characteristic about Jews which makes them more than usually disposed to mental illness. There is actually less total mental disease of a nature serious enough to justify commitment in a mental institution among Jews in Canada than amongst the total population of all origins. In functional psychoses which are susceptible to environmental stress, the rate amongst Jews is somewhat higher due to greater urbanization and emotional crises in individual history, whereas amongst psychoses of organic origin, the Jewish rate is usually much less than amongst non-Jews.

287

CHAPTER

XXX

CRIMINAL STATISTICS One of the charges most frequently made is that immigrants contribute a greater proportion of criminals than the native population of the country to which they migrate. The charge has usually been considered by many as well grounded, the only difference of opinion among those who believe it being that some attribute it to the alleged inherent wickedness of immigrant stocks and their lower moral and cultural level,while others claim that immigrants as a rule represent the more criminal element of the population of the country from which they come. It is a curious reflection of the prejudices of mankind that the dominant ethnic groups of the countries of immigration, especially in North America, attribute the immigration of their ancestors to enterprise, adventuresomeness, and a desire for political and religious freedom, and consider these early settlers to have been the quintessence of all that was best in the composition of the original stock from which they sprang; while at the same time the more recent immigration of other ethnic stocks is assumed by them to be motivated by greed, a lower moral standard, the necessity of fleeing from Justice, lack of enterprise, and a desire to take advantage of a more lenient legal code. An increasing though still small number of investigators consider the matter objectively, and are inclined to attribute the cause of a greater crime rate among immigrant ethnic groups not to any inherent racial tendency but to three other most important factors. One is that the age distribution among the immigrant population of a country is such as to lead to a greater crime rate than among the native population of a country, for it usually contains a greater proportion of adult males within the ages in which the commission of crimes is most common. Another is the lack of knowledge of certain laws of the new country which differ from those which prevail in the country of origin of the immigrant, and a third is the period of social maladjustment which follows the transplanting of people from one environment to another. The report of the Wickersham Commission on Law Enforcement in the United States of America (1931) has shown that the foreign-born and descendants of foreign-born do not furnish an abnormally disproportionate number of criminals in that country. Let us examine the situation in Canada, especially in so far as criminality among Jews is concerned. By a Statistics Act passed in 1918, the clerk or other official of every court administering criminal justice to Canada, and the warden of every penitentiary or reformatory, and sheriff of every Judicial District, is called upon to fill up and transmit to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics at Ottawa, information concerning the birthplace, religion, age, occupation and conjugal condition, etc. of every person convicted of an indictable offence, or committed to such penitentiary or reformatory, and any other statistical information concerning such convicted persons as may be called for by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Such information is collected and published by.the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in annual reports, in which the number of persons convicted of indictable offences are classified according to nature of offence, place of birth, residence, religion, occupation and conjugal condition of those convicted. In the case of juvenile delinquents additional information is given concerning the age and sex of such delinquents, their parentage and educational standing. The information given is valuable and is of considerable use in arriving at some idea of the rate of criminality among the inhabitants of Canada, but is vitiated by the lack of other important information. For instance, although information concerning country of origin and religion is given, no information is given concerning ethnic origin. The information concerning the religion professed by those convicted is particularly of doubtful value. With the exception of such as are Jews, there is no way of ascertaining or verifying with any degree of accuracy the religious denomination of any of the persons convicted. On the other hand it is very difficult, if at all possible, for a Jewish offender to deny or misstate his religious or ethnic affiliation. As a result the criminal statistics of people professing other faiths must be considered as minimum figures, whereas the figures concerning Jews may be considered as the maximum figures. Examination of the number and variety of religious faiths professed in Canada as given in the decennial census and in the annual reports on Criminal Statistics, shows how difficult it is to form a true appraisal of criminality rates among people of various religious beliefs. Apart from the number and variety, there are large numbers who do not themselves know to what religious denominations if any, they belong. Apart from the major Christian denominations and the main non-Christian religions, the denominations listed in the decennial Canadian Census include not only such curious designations such as "Daniel's Band", "Holy Rollers", and "Church of the First Born", but also such confused and indeterminate designations as "Christians", "Independents", "Mission", Nonconformists", "Non-Sectarians", "Protestants", "Undenominationalists", and "Dissenters", and even such as have stated their religion as being "Communist","Nationalist', or "Socialist". In all there are as many as two hundred and forty religious denominations given by the Decennial Census as existing in Canada. 288

CANADA'S

JEWS

Under any circumstances the classification of convicted criminals by religious denomination can be of little value except in so far as such religious belief is some indication of ethnic origin; i.e. Jewish, Greek, Orthodox, Hindu, Buddhist; for surely no one nowadays will suggest that membership in some particular religious denomination is more conducive or less conducive to criminality than membership in some other religious denomination. It is therefore regrettable that the summary of annual criminal statistics given in the Canada Year Book classifies offenders according to religious denomination and place of birth, but not according to ethnic origin, and still more regrettable since the omission of statistics for the Lutheran and Greek Churches, both of which groups are larger than the number of Jews in Canada, leaves the wrong impression upon superficial examination that Jews yield the highest rate of offenders per 100,000 °f population. In some cases of juvenile delinquents, a similar omission was made in the annual reports of criminal statistics up to and including 1923, but since 1924 the number of Juvenile delinquents professing the Lutheran and Greek Orthodox faiths have also been included. The following table which gives the number of adults convicted of indictable offences in Canada during the years 1923 and 1933, shows that there has been a numerical increase in persons convicted of such offences among all elements, whether Canadian, British, foreign-born or Jews. Although the crude criminality rate has increased during the decade by more than 80$ among the total population of all origins, it has increased by only 43.5$ among the Jewish population during the same period. The adjusted criminality rate, after making proportionate allowance for the rural-urban distribution of the population groups, will also be found in the same table. The adjusted criminality rate for the Jewish population in 1933 was 226 per 100,000, being lower than the adjusted criminality rate for the total population of all origins, and also lower than that for the Canadian-born and foreign-born of all origins. In 1923 also the adjusted criminality rate for the Jewish population was lower than that of the Canadian-born,British-born and foreign-born of all origins,being only 139 per 100,000 in comparison with 173 per 100,000 among the total population of all origins. TABLE 185.

NUMBER OF CONVICTIONS FOR INDICTABLE OFFENCES IN CANADA IN 1923 & 1933 AMONG SPECIFIED GROUPS AND THE CRUDE AND ADJUSTED CRIMINALITY RATES PER 100.000 OF EACH GROUP Crude Criminality Rate -per 100.000 1923 1933

Adjusted Criminality Rate uer 100.000 1923

1933

21,522

141

267

145

276

3,021 3,844 606 32,942

210 453 269 173

255 494 386 317

160 490 139 173

202 516 226 317

Number of Convictions 1923 1933 Canadian born of all Origins.. . .9,565 Other British born of all Origins 2,246 Foreign born of all Ori$ 2,438 Jews (Canadian 4 Foreign Born) . . . 340 All Origins 15,188

Table 186 furnishes a comparative statement of the number of persons over the age of 16 convicted of major offences among the total population and Jewish population of Canada during the seventeen years from 1921 to 1937 inclusive. Taking the number of convictions in 1921 as the base number, it will be noted that with the exception of the years 1922, 1923, and 1934 when the index number fell sllgntly , the number of convictions among the total population of all origins has risen with increasing rapidity until the index number in 1927 stood at 230, or more than twice as much as in 1921, whereas the total population has only .increased by 25$ during the same period. In so far as adult Jews convicted of indictable offences are concerned, the number has increased only in 6 out of the 16 years since 1921, and the index number was lower in 1937 than in 1921. In other words, the total number of convictions has more than doubled during the past sixteen years, whereas the number of Jewish convictions has actually decreased by fourteen percent. (Table 186 on next page) -2FREQ.UENCY OF CERTAIN CLASSES OF CRIME

The chapter on "Relation of Origins and Nativity to Crime" published in 1929 by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics as part of a census study on "Origin, Birthplace, Nationality and Language of the Canadian People" presents a much more accurate picture of Canadian crime statistics than a crude comparison of crime statistics classified according to religious denomination 289

CANADA'S JEWS

TABLE 186.

COMPARATIVE INCREASE IN NUMBER OF. TOTAL & JEWISH ADULTS CONVICTED OF INDICTABLE OFFENCES IN CANADA Number convicted of indictable offences All Origins 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925. 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

16 , 169 15,720 15,188 16,258 17,219 17,448 18,836 21,720 24,097 28,457 31,542 31,383 32,942 31,684 33,531 36,059 37,148

Jews 564 407 340 408 354 422 433 592 470 497 618 687 606 622 807 538 486

Index No. 1921 « 100

All Origins Jews 100 97 94 101 106 108 116 134 149 176 195 194 204 196 207 223 230

100 72 60 72 63 75 77 105 83 88 109 122 107 110 143 95 86

can possibly do. The following passages from that report are particularly worth quotation: "Other things being equal, the normal expectation is for a larger proportion of criminals among immigrants, and especially among recent immigrants, because a migrating population ordinarily includes a disproportionately large number of males in tne prime of life ... Crude crime rates have been frequently taken as an index of differences in criminality due to original nature and early environment, and have been used to support the thesis that certain nationalities and stocks are more predisposed to disobey the law than are others. If no account is taken of age and sex differences, such comparison may be extremely unfair and misleading". Even more important in its effect on the criminality rate than age and sex differences are the differences due to rural and urban distribution. Piracy is naturally a rare crime in an inland country, as would be the theft of an automobile in a country without roads. Examination of the statistics set out in Table 187 shows that the criminality rate of the total population of all origins in Canada during the past eleven years has ranged from three to four times higher among the urban population than among the rural population. TABLE 187.

COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL RATE FOR RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION

Criminality Rate Rate per 100 ,000 Rural Urban

Year

59 81 104

1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932. 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

132 138 135 151 141 144 173 185

276 315 336 394 434 440 402 444 470 498 507

Ratio of Urban to Rural Rate 4.7 3.9 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.7 3.2 3.3 2.9 2.7

Wherever the urban and rural distribution of an ethnic group approximates the urban and rural distribution of the total population of all origins, and the age and sex distribution is approximately the same, the crude criminality rate for that ethnic group can be taken as being approximately correct. Where, however, the urban and rural distribution of that ethnic group differs widely from the same distribution among the total population, it is evident that the crude criminality rate is very far from representing the true state of affairs, for the rate is radically affected, by the percentage resident in urban areas. This is especially the case among Jews in Canada amongst whom 96.4$ of the population was urban and only 3.6^ rural in comparison with 46.3$ rural among the total population of all origins. 290

CANADA'S JEWS In ordor to make a more accurate comparison with the total population, it is therefore necessary to adjust the crude criminality rate for the Jewish population by weighting it in accordance with the percentage of Jews resident in urban centres, in comparison with the percentage of "the total population of all origins resident in urban centres. In other words, the adjusted rate should show what the rate would be if the percentage of urban residents were the same as among the total population. The adjusted criminality rate amongst Jews was 69.3$ of the crude criminality rate in

1936 and 70.0$ of the crude criminality rate in 1937, which adjustment compensantes for the dif-

ference in the urban-rural composition of the Jewish population in comparison with the population of all origins, assuming that the slightly greater proportion of males amongst Jews in Canada than amongst the total population counterbalances the slightly greater proportion of persons between the ages of 16 and 60 amongst the total population of Canada than amongst the Jews. The effect which urban and rural residence have upon the criminality rate varies with the particular offence, and the coefficient necessary to adjust the crude criminality rate for each offence therefore varies in a similar manner. The formula for calculating the coefficient necessary to adjust the crude criminality rate among Jews convicted of each of the various offences so as to compare it properly with the criminality rate of the total population of all origins will be found in the appendix. Offences against Canadian law are divided into two classes for statistical purposes. "Indictable1* or major offences include all breaches of the Criminal Code on the part of adults 16 years of age and over, while "non-indictable" or minor offences consist of breaches of municipal by-laws, traffic laws and the less serious crimes. Non-indictable or minor offences may be tried by a justice of the peace or police magistrate, whereas indictable or major criminal offences are usually tried by a judge and jury, although the accused may choose to dispense with a jury trial. Statistics of the religious faith of persons convicted are only available for persons convicted of indictable offences and this analysis of criminality statistics is therefore limited to those convicted of such indictable offences. These offences are classified by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics into six categories, as follows:1} Offences against the person, such as manslaughter, murder and assault, etc. 2) Offences against property with violence, such as burglary, robbery, etc. 3) Offences against property without violence, such as theft, embezzlement, etc. 4) Malicious injury to property, such as arson, etc. 5} Forgery and other offences against the currency. 6) Other miscellaneous offences, such as gambling, etc. Since gambling forms such a large proportion of the crimes listed under "miscellaneous offences", they are classified separately in this chapter and all offences against sex morality are separated out from the first and sixth categories and listed together. For several years, up to and including the year 1928, the Annual Reports of the Judicial Statistics Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics gave detailed information as to place of birth and religion of persons convicted of the various kinds of criminal offences. While the subsequent reports have retained the religious classification of the total number convicted of all offences, publication of detailed statistics concerning place of birth and religious denomination of those convicted of each kind of criminal offence was discontinued from 1929 to 1935 and was only resumed to a limited extent in 1936. It is interesting to note the comparative frequency of convictions for various offences among the general public, and among the Jewish inhabitants of Canada, since 1936 and 1937 are the only two recent years for which the necessary information is available, we shall analyze the criminal statistics for those years and compare them with available statistics for the years 1923 to 1928. In the following table will be found the comparative number of convictions for each kind of offence among the total population of all origins and among the Jewish population of Canada, together with the crude and adjusted criminality rates among Jews in comparison with the criminality rate among the total population. (Table 188 on next page) 291

TABLE 188.

COMPARATIVE NUMBER OF CONVICTIONS FOR INDICTABLE OFFENCES AND CRUDE AND ADJUSTED CRIMINALITY RATES AMONG JEWISH AND TOTAL POPULATION OF CANADA

1937 Offences against Property without Violence Theft False Pretences

Receiving Stolen Property Fraud Theft of Automobiles Theft from Person Embezzlement Theft from Mails Horse & Cattle Stealing Bringing Stolen Goods into Canada Total.. .. Gambling & Lotteries Offences against the Person Aggravated Assault Common Assault

Assault on & Obstruction of Police Assault on Females Abduction Shooting & Wounding Murder Causing Injury by Fast Driving. Libel Non-support of Family

Number of Jews Convicted of offenc es sta ted 1936 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924

113 36 55 14 8 6 4

96 70 53 22 9 7 2 1

236

260

2 325

218

178

186

187

94

103

76

37

46

37

33

15 9

20 6

25 13

18 31

14 12

12 12

12 27

8 3

10 2 2 2 1 1 1

9 9

19 3

16 1 2 7

7 1

11

4 12 1 9

1 1

1

2 1

Manalaughter Attempted Murder Blackail

208 12 32 69 2

141 18 16 35 2 6

Offences against Property with Violence Burglary, Shop & Housebreaking Robbery

Total

126 11 15 33

1

1 1

1

Endangering Life on Railway. . . . Desertion of 4 Cruelty to Children Wife Desertion. Other Offences Total... 38

92 24 16 40 2 2

6

142 9 12 18 5

1

15

1923

119 99.1 4 23.7 13 15.8 17 3.6

106.2 58.9 68.8 40.3 49.5 26.3 42.9 21.9 28.0 14.4 15.9 32.5 33.4 20.5 21.0 3.6 13.5 8.5 8.9 1.8 8.1 10.2 5.5 3.8 4.9 3.1 1 1.0 0.9 4.4 3.6 2.7 2.3 1.7 1.2 2.4 0.7 1.1 1.6 * * 0.4 0.2 1 1.6 1.3 * * 155 154.4 166.3 159.5 143.5 109.6 99.6 34.0

24.0

63.2

57.1

9 8.4 6 14.3

8.7 13.3

12.3 3.7

9.1 5.5

9.74.3

7.5 5.7

5.9 2.3 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1

8.7 2.6 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.2 * 2.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3

6.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 * * *

4.9 1.9

4.2 1.0 1.0 0.7 * * *

3.2 1.4

0.1 0.1

* *

47

6 1 10

1

1

Criminality Rate per 100.000 All J E w s 0:rigins C]rude Adjusted Rer 100.000

Number of Jews Convicted of offences stated

Offences against Property without Violence iNDECENT eXPOSURES

Keepers & Inmates of Bawdy Houses & Procurers. ........... Carnal Knowledge ............... rAPE & aTTEMPTED rAPE

1937

1936

2

5

1

9 2

6 1 1

18 1

. 4

iNDECENT aSSAULT

Sodomy 4 Bestiality. ...........

iNCEST bIGAMY

1928

2

Abortion & Attempted Abortion..

1927

1

18 3

26

1

3 1

16 1 1 4 2

aRSON

Other Wilful Damage to Property Total Offences Against Currency fORGERY

uTTARING

Other Offences against Currency Total

Sundry Criminal Offences Breaches of Revenue Laws.

oPIUM & nARCOTIC dRUGS aCT pERJURY cONSPIRACY aTTEMPTED sUICIDE

Illicit Stills Carrying Unlawful Weapons Riot & Affray Breach of Trade Marks Act Prison Breach & Escape Intimidation. Criminal Negligence Various Offences Total GRAND TOTAL Less than 0.1.

1937

9

1.5

1.7

3.1

1.2

2.3

0.8

11 4

11 1

3.7 0.6 *

5.5 1.2

2.1 0.7

3.1 l.C

3 1

2 1

15.4 1.2 0.2 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 *

8.0

7.9

5.1

4.9

34

25

24

25

22.8

1

2 1 3

—

2 3 5

1 3 4

0.7 3.8 4.5

0.6 4.7 5.3

* 4.9 5.5

* 3.0 3.7

* 3.1 4.5

* 2.4 3.0

1

9

2.5

6.6

9

10.7 0.5 11.2

9*7

1

9.6 0.3 9.9

3.7

15

8 3 11

3.7

9.7

2.5

6.6

11 7 1 12 1 6

1

26

1 5 6

1 8 9

3 3

16

6

3

19

15

16

6

3

19

4 14 4 1 3 3

14 9 6 5 4 2 3 2 2 1 1

36 9 2 4 2

11

486

1936

3

1 1

13

1 1 7 3 1 42

1923

1924

24

2

13

1

2

-

12

2 3 4 25

2 4 1 1 24 4 2 3 2

15 27

3 3 49

2.4 4.5 8.5 8.6 4.3 4.1 5.0 8.5 3.8 5.5 1.4 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.8 1.0 3.7 0.9 * * 2.0 1.2 1.3 3.1 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.2 2.5 1.9 3.4 1.6 3.0 1.2 4.1 1.9 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.5 0.9 1.2 2.1 2.3 * * 0.8 0.3 0.3 1.2 * * * 2.1 1.6 * * * 4.3 0.8 1.1 * 1.9 0.8 1.1 * * 0.8 0.9 22.2 22.6 30.0 25.5 24.1 20.6

354

408

340

327.0 334.0 330.0 295.4 228.7 203.9

5

3 3 1 5 2 1 4

14

2

49

2 6 67

8 1 1 40

2 4 1 59

538

592

422

1

J EW S Crude Adjusted Rate Rate 1936 1937 1936 1937

17.3 1.3 0.2 1.7 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 24.8

Concealment of Birth

ro Malicious Offences Against w Pro-perty

1925

2

sEDUCTION

Total

1926

All Origins

433

6 1 4 2

CANADA'S JEWS From Table 188 it will be noted that the adjusted criminality rates amongst Jews in Canada, in both 1936 and 1937 were lower than that amongst the total population of all origins as a whole, and in offences against property without violence, offences against the person, offences against property with violence, offences against sex morals and against currency. The only categories of criminal offences in which the adjusted Jewish criminality rates in 1936 and 1937 were higher than among the total population of all origins were breaches of revenue laws, in which the rate amongst Jews was 4.5 per 100,000 in 1937 as compared with 4.3 per 100,000 of all origins; offences against the Opium and Narcotic Drugs Act, in which the rate amongst .Jews was 5.0 per 100,000 as compared with 1.9 per 100,000; perjury, in which the rate amongst Jews was 2.0 per 100,000 as compared with 1.0 per 100,000; and conspiracy, in which the rate amongst Jews was 2.0 per 100,000 as compared with 1.3 per 100,000 in 1936^ There are certain offences of which only one Jew has been convicted during the year. To express these isolated cases in terms of the rate per hundred thousand would be unfair and inaccurate, for that rate depends upon the total number of that ethnic group in the country. On that basis one Jewish convicted criminal would represent a rate of 7 in every million, whereas one convicted criminal of avowed Greek Orthodox faith would represent a rate of only 3 in every million, one Baptist would represent a rate of only 2 in every million, one Anglican would represent a rate of only 7 in every ten million, one United Church adherent (Methodist & Presbyterian) would represent a rate of 3 in every ten million, and one Roman Catholic would represent the very small rate of only 2 in every ten million. The following is a list of offences of which only one Jew was convicted in either of the years 1936 and 1937; libel, intimidation, causing injury by fast driving, carnal knowledge, theft from mails, rape, and prison breach; and in none of these has there been a conviction in more than three out of eight years. There were no Jews convicted of attempted murder, manslaughter, abduction, libel, non-support of family, blackmail, wife desertion, endangering life on the railway, desertion of and cruelty to children, theft from the mails, horse and cattle stealing, bringing stolen goods into Canada, rape and attempted rape, indecent assault, sodomy and bestiality, incest, abortion and attempted abortion, seduction, concealment of birth, carrying unlawful weapons and riot and affray, in 1937 and 1938. Not one Jew has been found guilty in Canada in any of the eight years for which statistics are available of any of the crimes of blackmail, desertion of and cruelty to children, wife desertion, or concealment of birth. Only one Jew has been found guilty of any of the following crimes in the entire period of eight years for which statistics are available; abortion, endangering life on railway, manslaughter and murder. The most common classes of crime and their frequency as a percentage of the total crimes committed during the years 1925 to 1928 and 1936 and 1937 by Jews and the general population are shown in Table 189. From this table it will be noted that offences against the person, against property with or without violence, and against sax morals are proportionately less frequent among Jews than among the general population, whilst offences against the revenue laws are slightly more common amongst Jews, and gambling offences amongst Jews are much more frequent than among the general population. Offences against the currency laws and malicious damage to property, including arson, are very rare among Jews, being less than one percent of all crimes committed among Jews in 1925, 1926, 1927 and 1928.

TABLE 189.

COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE OF CONVICTIONS OF SPECIFIC CLASSES OF CRIME TO TOTAL CONVICTIONS AMONG JEWISH AND TOTAL POPULATION OF CANADA 1937 1936 1928 1927 1926 All All ~~~ATl "AH ~~~ATl

Jews Origins Offences against Proprty without Violence 48.6$

49.8$

1925 ~~ATl

Jews Origins Jews Origins

Jews Origins

Jews Origins

Jews Origins

48.3$

50.3$

44.1$

52.5$

47.2$

54.8$

50.7$

52.7$

51.3$

51.1$

Gambling and Lotteries... 19.3$ 7.2$ 19.1$ 10.4$ 12.8$ 6.4$ 8.5$ 4.8$ 10.9$ 3.1$ 10.5$ 2.6$ Offences against Property with Violence 8.4$ 12.4$ 9.8$ 13.4$ 3.7$ 9.9$ 3.7$ 10.1$ 7.6$ 9.3$ 8.5$ 11.2$ Offences against the person 7.8$ 11.7$ 9.1$ 12.4$ 13.5$ 16.9$ 19.6$ 13.9$ 16.7$ 16.7$ 16.7$ 14.1$ Offences against Sex Morality 2.7$ 7.2$ 1.7$ 5.4$ 2.7$ 4.5$ 3.9$ 7.9$ 6.9$ 8.3$ 4.8$ 9.5$ Offences against Currency Laws 3.3$ 3.3$ 1.1$ 3.0$ 0.5$ 2.5$ 4.4$ 2.5$ 3.6$ 2.2$ 0.3$ 2.3$ Offences against Revenue Laws. 1.4$ 2.5$ 2.9$ 2.2$ 6.0$ 1.1$ 3.7$ 2.9$ 4.0$ 3.0$ 1.4$ 3.9$ Malicious Damage to Property... 1.2$ 1.6$ 1.7$ 1.4$ 0.5$ 1.4$ 0.2$ 1.5$ 0.7$ 1.4$ - 1.1$ Sundry Offences 7.3# 4.3$ 6.3$ 4.6% 5.5$ 6.6% 7.7$ 3.7$ 7.5$ 4.7% 5.3$ 4.2% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 294

CANADA'S JEWS 13)

JEWS AND ARSON

Jews have often been accused by implication, if not by direct charge of a more than average tendency to the crime of arson. In fact in Canada some fire insurance companies have printed instructions in their application forms refusing to accept applications for insurance from Jews, and in some provinces Jewish business men have found themselves compelled to form fire insurance companies which will accept Jewish risks. Is there any foundation in actual fire loss experience or statistics for such an attitude on the part of Fire Insurance Companies, or is it merely the result of anti-Jewish prejudice, or of wilful or ignorant misinterpretation of statistics? First as regards the number of fires occuring on commercial premises owned by Jews, it must be borne in mind that the proportion of Jews gainfully occupied who are merchants is six times greater than among the total population of all origins, so that the mere proportion of Jews to the general population is no criterion as to proportion of fires occurring among Jewish commercial establishments. Complaints of over-valuation of stocks and incomplete descriptions of firehazards only reveal lack of efficient management and inspection on tne part of the fire insurance companies, and over-eagerness to accept large premiums without adequate prior inspection and to avoid responsibility for payment for subsequent losses. Arson is a crime severely punished in Canada. Efficient investigating departments are maintained by civic and provincial government authorities, Prevailing prejudice on the part of some fire insurance companies causes fire losses occurring on the premises of Jewish merchants to be very carefully investigated, and arrests are made where there is any suspicion of cause other than purely accidental. In view of the attitude of some insurance companies one would expect to find an abnormally large number of convictions of Jews for the crime of arson in Canada. Yet one finds instead that in two of the eight years for which statistics are available (1923 to 1928 inclusive and 1936 to 1937) not a single Jew in the whole of Canada was convicted of arson, in anothe four of the eight years only one Jew was found guilty of arson, and in the remaining two years only two Jews were convicted of that offence. Never during the eight years were there more than two Jews convicted of arson in any one year. Cases of arson are more frequently found where commercial and manufacturing premises are insured, rather than homes. According to the statistics of the 1931 Census there were in Canada in that year, 198,248 commercial establishments of various kinds, of which 14,270 or 7.2$ were owned or operated by Jews. TABLE 190.

NUMBER OF MANUFACTURING, SERVICE & MERCHANDISING ESTABLISHMENTS IN CANADA 1931 CENSUS ALL ORIGINS

JEWS 2,156 1,046 11,068 14.270

Manufacturing Establishments 32,641 Service Establishments 51,396 Tftiolesale & Retail Stores... 114.311 198.245

Since the number of Jewish commercial establishments in Canada forms 1.2% of all such establishments in Canada, the number of Jewish convictions for arson may be expected to form 7.2$ of the total number of convictions for this crime in Canada, if the tendency to commit this crime is the same among Jews as among the total population of Canada. TABLE 191.

NUMBER CONVICTED OF ARSON

YEAR 1937 1936 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923

ALL ORIGINS

4 6 2 2 2 2 3 4

62

, , ,

J E W S EXPECTED NUMBER ACTUAL NUMBER (7.2#)

82 33 33 32 34 45 58

295

1 _1 1 2 ^

2 1

CANADA'S JEWS The statistics given in Table 191 make it clear that the actual number of Jewish convictions for arson in Canada was only one-sixth of the expected number in 1936, one fourth of the expected number in 1923 and 1937 one half of the expected number in 1927, and two thirds of the expected number in 1924. Only in 1926 did the actual number of Jewish convictions for arson reach the expected number and in no year did the criminality rate of Jews convicted of arson exceed the average for the total population of all origins. It is therefore evident that in Canada at least there is no factual basis for discrimination by insurance companies in accepting Jewish risks, for not only does the actual proportion of Jews convicted for the crime of arson to the total number of insurable risks not exceed that among the total population, but in sev«n of the eight years for which statistics are available, it is actually less than among the total population of all origins. (4) GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS CONVICTED OF INDICTABLE OFFENCES

The annual reports issued by the Judicial Statistics Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics not only give the total number of Jews convicted of indictable offences in Canada, but also the number in each of the nine provinces. It is therefore possible to see whether the proportion of Jews convicted of such offences in each of the provinces is directly proportionate to the percentage of the total Jewish population resident in these provinces, and whether their geographic distribution differs materially from that of persons of all origins convicted of similar offences. The numerical distribution by provinces of all Jews convicted of indictable offences in.Canada for the period between 1922 and 1937 for which statistics are available will be found in Table 269 in the appendix. The percentage of all Jews convicted of indictable offences during the years 1922 to 1937 inclusive living within each of the Canadian provinces as compared with the percentage of convicted criminals of all origins living within each of the provinces is given in Table 192. TABLE 192.

PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL JEWS & ALL ORIGINS CONVICTED OF INDICTABLE OFFENCES LIVING IN SPECIFIED PROVINCES COMPARED WITH PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION OF JEWISH A ALL ORIGINS LIVING IN SPECIFIED PROVINCES 1922-1937

Percentage of All Convicted All Jews Origins

(2) Percentage of Total Population 1931 All Jews Origins

52.6 25.3 13.1

40.2 21.3

39.8 38.3 12.3

33.1 27.7

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

(1)

Ontario Quebec Manitoba Alberta British Columbia Saskatchewan. Nova Scctia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island...

2.7 2.7 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.1

8.0 8.4 9.0 7.8 3.4 1.7 0.2

2.4 1.7 3.3 1.4 0.8 *

6.7 7.1 6.8 8.9 4.9 3.9 0.9

(3) Column 1 Expressed As Percent of Column 2 All Jews Origins 132 66 107 112 159 58 71 75 -

121 79 119 118 132 87 69 44 22

* Less than 0.1. For further comparison the percentage of the Jewish population and total population of all origins living in each of the provinces is given in the same table, while in the last double column will be found the percentage of all persons convicted of indictable offences in each province expressed as a percentage of the total population. The criminality rate is evidently higher than the average both amongst Jews and people of all origins in the Provinces of Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia. In the remaining provinces the criminality rate both amongst Jews and the population of all origins was below the average.

296

CANADA'S JEWS Detailed statistics regarding the geographical distribution of Jens convicted of specified offences are only available for the years 1923, 1924, 1925 and 1927. The numerical distribution of Jews convicted of specified offences in each of the years 1923 to 1937 inclusive, and the geographical distribution of the total number of Jews convicted of the various classes of offence for the entire period will be found in Tables 271 and 272 in the appendix. The percentage distribution of Jews convicted of specified classes of criminal offences among the provinces during the period from 1923 to 1927 (excluding 1926) will be found in Table 193. From the information contained in that table it will be noted the largest percentage of Jews convicted of all classes of offences with the exception of offences against currency laws and malicious damage to property were residents of the province of Ontario, which province also contains the largest percentage of the Jewish population of Canada, The largest percentage of Jews convicted of offences against currency laws and of malicious damage to property were residents of the province of Quebec, TABLE 193.

PROPORTION OF TOTAL NUMBER OF JEWS CONVICTED OF SPECIFIED CRIMES (1923-27)* LIVING IN SPECIFIED PROVINCES OF CANADA .

Percentage of Canadian Jewish Population in Province 1931 Ontario. .. Quebec .... Manitoba. . Alberta. . . Saskatchewan British Columbia. New BrunsNova Scotia

39.8 38.3 12.3

2.4 3.3

Percent of all convicted Jews in Canada 19*23-1927 57.4 20.2 11.9

3.8 2.2

Crimes OfAgainst fences GambOfOffences OfProper- against ling fences against Breach- fences ty with- the and against property es of against out per- Lotsex with Revenue Curviolence son teries morals violence Laws rency 58.8 15.1 15.3

68.0 22.2

3.9 1.5

1.7

2.9

4.0

1.4 0.8

0.4

0.7

100.0

1.2

100.0

0.7

100.0

4.0 1.3 1.8

2.7 100.0

38.3 37.0 11.0

62.7 17.7

3.5 7.0

72.7 11.6 13.3

4.6 5.8

,7.7

0.8 ~

0.7

1.4

0.8

2.6 100.0

100.0

0.8 100.0

56.1 36.8

5.0

1.8 _.

47.5 22.5

..

12.5

5.3 100.0

7.5 2.5

Malicious Damage to Propertv 10.0 40.0 20.0 30.0

_ -

2.5 100.0

100.0

* Excluding 1926. The provinces of Quebec, Saskatchewan and New Brunswick contribute much less than their proportionate share of Jews convicted of indictable offences, while the provinces of Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia and Nova Scotia contribute considerably more than their proportionate share and in the province of Manitoba the percentage of all Jews convicted of indictable offences is practically the same as the percentage of the Canadian Jewish population living in that province. There were no Jews convicted of offences against the person and offences against property with violence during any of the years from 1923 to 1927 inclusive in the provinces of Saskatchewan, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. No Jewish residents of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia or Prince Edward Island were convicted of offences against sex morals during the same period, nor were any Jewish residents of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island convicted of gambling. The same period passed by without any convictions of Jews for crimes against the revenue laws in the Province of Alberta, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, nor of malicious offences against property in the provinces of Saskatchewan, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. (5)

JUVENILE .DELINQUENCY

Although legislation was passed in Canada as early as 1908 permitting the establishment of special juvenile courts and the appointment of juvenile court judges for offenders below the age of 16, the establishment of such courts was made optional and left to the discretion of the Provincial Governments. Since that date juvenile courts have been set up in every province of Canada, but are confined mainly to the larger cities. The first attempt at compilation and publication of official statistics for juvenile delinquency was made in 1922, and the accuracy and extent of the statistics available has improved from year to year. Unfortunately, however, although the statistical information provided furnishes us with the number of Jewish juvenile delinquents convicted of major offences in Canada as a whole and in each of the provinces for years 1922 to 1936, there is no statistical information available concerning the classes of crime of which they were convicted. 297

CANADA'S JEWS Convicted juvenile delinquents are mainly urban dwellers. In the words of the © annual report of "Statistics of Criminal and Other Offences" issued by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, "People of a particular birthplace, or race or religion who are preponderatingly urban dwellers are likely to be shown as contributing more than their proportionate share to the juvenile delinquents." It would therefore be expected that the rate of juvenile delinquency amongst Jews in Canada would be the highest of any group, yet we find that even the crude criminality rate amongst Jewish ^juvenile delinquents in 1923 was only 98 per 100,000 in comparison with 74 per 100,000 amongst the children of British-born parentage and 248 per 100,000 amongst the children of foreign-born parentage. in 1933 the crude criminality rate amongst Jewish juvenile delinquents had fallen to 48 per 100,000, the same as amongst the total population of all origins in Canada and considerably lower than amongst those of British-born and foreign-born parentage. Table 194 gives the comparative number of convicted Juvenile delinquents convicted of major offences in Canada during the years 1923 and 1933 together with the crude criminality rate and the adjusted criminality rate after correcting it for difference in urban-rural distribution. TABLE 194.

NUMBER OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS CONVICTED OF MAJOR OFFENCES IN CANADA IN 1923 AND 1933 AMONG SPECIFIED GROUPS, AND THE CRUDE AND ADJUSTED CRIMINALITY RATES PER 100.000 OF EACH GROUP

Number of Convictions 1923 1933

Parentage Canadian born of all origins Other British born of all origins Foreign born of all origins* Jews (Canadian 4 Foreign born)... All Origins

1,975 2,980 789 813 1,034 972 130 76 4,165

5,144

Crude Criminality Rate -per 100.000 1923 1933 29 74 248 98 46

28 69 125 48 48

Adjusted Criminality Rate -per 100.000 1923 1933 30 56 268 51 46

29 55 131 27 48

*Excluding United States Born. The adjusted criminality rate amongst Jewish juvenile delinquents in 1923 was 51 per 100,000 in comparison with 56 per 100,000 amongst juvenile delinquents of British-born parentage and 268 per 100,000 amongst juvenile delinquents of foreign-born parentage. In 1933 the criminality rate amongst Jewish juvenile delinquents had fallen to 27 per 100,000 in comparison with 48 per 100,000 amongst the total population of all origins in Canada, 29 per 100,000 amongst Juvenile delinquents of Canadianj-born parentage and 131 per 100,000 amongst juvenile delinquents of foreign-born parentage. A comparative statement of the number of Juvenile delinquents convicted of major offences among the total population and Jewish population of Canada from 1922, the first year in which such statistics became available, to 1937, the most recent year for which they have been compiled, will be found in Table 195. TABLE 195.

COMPARATIVE INCREASE IN NUMBER OF TOTAL & JEWISH JUVENILE DELINQUENTS CONVICTED OF MAJOR OFFENCES

YEAR 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936. 1937

0 Introduction. Page HZ.

Number Convicted All Origins Jews 4,065 166 4,165 130 4,655 159 .5,0 147 5,090 182 5,156 105 5,063 118 5,106 107 5,653 95 5,311 107 5,096 93 5 , 14 76 5,353 45 5,514 60 4,970 57 34 5,224

298

Index No. where 1922 » 100 All Origins Jews 100 100 102 77 96 114 125 88 125 109 126 63 124 71 64 125 139 57 131 64 125 56 127 46 132 27 136 36 122 34 128 20

CANADA'S JEWS Taking the number of convictions in 1922 as the base number, it will be noted that although the total number of juvenile delinquents of all origins has fluctuated from year to year, it has never fallen to the 1922 level but has risen until the index number in 1937 stood at 128, an increase of 28$, whereas with the exception of the year 1926, the number of Jewish Juvenile delinquents in Canada has rapidly decreased until in 1937 it was only 20$ of the number of Jewish juvenile delinquents in 1922. Since the juvenile delinquency statistics available for the years 1923 to 1937 inclusive also give the number of Jewish Juvenile delinquents convicted of major offences in each of the provinces, it is possible to see whether the delinquency rate is uniform in all the provinces, or whether it varies in different provinces, and whether the variations resemble those amongst juvenile delinquents of all origins in those provinces. The numerical distribution by provinces of all Jewish juvenile delinquents convicted of major offences in Canada for the period between 1923 and 1937 will be found in Table 273 in the appendix. The percentage of all Jewish juvenile delinquents convicted of major offences during the years 1923 to 1937 inclusive living within each of the Canadian provinces as compared with the percentage of convicted juvenile delinquents of all origins living within each of the provinces is given in Table 196. TABLE 196.

PERCENTAGE OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS OF JEWISH & ALL ORIGINS CONVICTED OF MAJOR OFFENCES LIVING IN SPECIFIED PROVINCES, COMPARED WITH PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION OF JEWISH 4 ALL ORIGINS LIVING IN SPECIFIED PROVINCES 1923-1937.

(1) Percentage of

Province Ontario Quebec Manitoba British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island....

(2) Percentage of Total Population 1931 All Jews Origins

All Convicted 1923-1937 All Jews Origins

49.3 32.1 13.4 2..0 1.5 1.3 0.1 0.3 100.0

39.8 38.3 12.3 2.4 3.3 1.7 1.4 0.8 *

37.9 21.9 14.4 6.5 6.3 5.2 4.5 3.0 0.3 100.0

100.0

33.1 27.7 6.7 6.8 7.1 8.9 4.9 3.9 0.9 100.0

(3) Column 1 Expressed as Percentage of Column 2 All Jews Origins 124 84 109 83 45 76 7 37

114 79 215 96 89 59 92 77 33

* Less than 0.1. To facilitate comparison, the percentage of the Jewish population and the total population of all origins living in each of the provinces is given in the same table, while in the last double column will be found the percentage of all juvenile delinquents convicted of major offences who live in the province specified, expressed in terms of the percentage of the total population living within that province. From the table it will be seen that during the period from 1923 to 1937 the juvenile delinquency rate was higher than the average both amongst Jews and people of all origins in the provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, and below the average in all the other provinces. 49.3$ of all Jewish juvenile delinquents during the period for which statistics are available lived in the province of Ontario although only 39,8$ of the total Jewish population of Canada lived in that province. Among juvenile delinquents of all origins 37.9;fc lived in the province of Ontario although only 33.1$ of the total population of Canada lived in that province. In the province of Manitoba the percentage of all Jewish juvenile delinquents living within the province was 13.4$ whereas the percentage of the Canadian Jewish population living in that province was 12.3$. Among the total population of all origins, however, the proportion of juvenile delinquents living in Manitoba was abnormally high. Whereas only 6.7$ of the total Canadian population of all origins lived in Manitoba, the percentage of all juvenile delinquents who lived in Manitoba was as high as 14.4$. 299

CHAPTER

XXXI

ANTI-SEMITISM Not only the events of the past few years, but any regard for accuracy in nomenclature, would Justify abandoning the use of the term "Anti-Semitism" for the more accurate and truly expressive German description of "Judenhass" or "Hatred of Jews". The use of the term anti-Semitism not only clothes the wolf of Jew-hatred with the sheep's clothing of a pseudo-scientific philosophy, but infers by implication the existence of a movement or philosophy of life which would be known as "Semitism" if it existed. A consistent anti-Semite could be expected therefore to be opposed to all Semites, including all Arabs as well as Jews, if that term is to be taken as referring to those who are assumed to be descendants of Shem, the son of Noah, and those who speak some Semitic language. Yet so-called Semitic Arabs speaking a Semitic tongue are warmly welcomed into the ranks of anti-Semites by Aryan disciples of Hitler, and the Yiddish language is despised in spite of its predominantly Aryan origin because it is written in Hebrew characters. The claim that anti-Semitism is an instinctive hereditary antipathy amongst non-Jews in general or any specific group amongst non-Jews, is as incapable of scientific proof as the belief that seeing a black cat brings bad luck, but lack of proof does not prevent it from being believed by a large number of people. Whatever may be the causes which give rise to anti-Jewish feeling, it must be admitted that anti-Semitism is not exclusively a Jewish problem, but a symptom of the sickness of society as a whole. If it were a philosophy, based upon evidence and a logical process of thought, then it could be combatted by exposing and examining the reasons submitted by its desciples, but the arguments upon which anti-Semites claim to base their Jew-hatred are not foundations upon which they have erected their prejudices but are a camouflage which they have erected to justify already existing prejudices. Refutation of the arguments of the convinced anti-Semite does not convert him; if anything it increases his resentment and merely causes him to shift his ground in search of other plausible excuses. In spite of attempts at simplification of the problem of anti-Semitism, it cannot be attributed solely to one cause, whether religious, social or economic. It continues to have its roots in all these, and many more, but the predominance of each factor varies from time to time according to the religious, cultural and economic conditions prevalent in the environment surrounding the Jewish population. CONDITIONS UNFAVOURABLE TO ANTI-SEMITISM

In the light of the arguments usually put forward concerning the causes of antiSemitism, let us first consider why one might expect to find negligible traces of anti-Semitism in Canada. The population of Canada is not homogeneous in ethnic origin, language or religion, and the Jewish group is not the only nor the most conspicuous minority group in the country, There is little possibility of success in any attempt that might be made by either the present Anglo-Saxon Protestant majority or the French Roman Catholic minority to make its own language and religious faith the only one in Canada, and the future welfare of Canada is dependent upon the mutual respect and recognition of different ethnic groups. Canada's future lies not in uniformity but in. harmony. Jews form a very small proportion of the total population of Canada, only 1.5$, and they play a negligible part in the field of banking and large scale industry in proportion to their numbers. They also do not form a unique occupational group distinct from the rest of the ponulation, for Canadians of all origins are well represented in every branch of commerce, industry and service in which Jews are engaged. AS in Great Britain, the United States and other English-speaking,countries, the great majority of Canada's Jewish population is indistinguishable in dress, standard of living and ability to speak English from the population of non-Jewish origin. Moreover tradition and legislation in Canada since British occupation has encouraged the development of an atmosphere of freedom from "racial" or religious discrimination. CONDITIONS FAVOURING ANTI-SEMITISM

On the other hand there are also in Canada certain conditions which make possible the existence and spread of anti-Semitism. The rivalry between English Protestant and French Catholic elements creates a state in which there is continuous jockeying for political advantage, and a jealous regard for rights and privileges on the part of each of the major groups. The existence of minor groups such as Jews are regarded as complicating the situation. They tend to be looked upon as non-English by English Protestants and as non-French by French Catholics. Y/hile a majority group may sometimes act magnanimously towards a small minority, a minority group of considerable size is often too much concerned with extending its rights and privileges to be generous in recognizing the rights of other minorities. 300

CANADA'S JEWS

Moreover the situation in Canada is further complicated by the presence of immigrant groups from Central and Eastern European countries in which anti-Semitism has long played a prominent part in religious, social and economic life. The relationship between Canadians of German and Jewish origin has been particularly intimate and friendly in the past, but the intense propaganda carried on by the new Nazi Germany since 1933 in Canada and other countries, while it has not affected all Canadians of German origin, has made alarming inroads, particularly amongst Canadians of German origin, who were born in Russia, Austria, Roumania and other Eastern European countries. Besides branches of the Nazi party, the German "Arbeitsfront" and other Nazi organizations established in Canada for persons who still retain their German citizenship, the German consulates keep close watch over persons of German origin who have become Canadian citizens. For these a network of branches of "Stutspunkten" of the "Deutscher Band" has been set up, each controlled by .a local "fuehrer" or leader,in which an attempt is made to steep their members in the fascist ideology and Aryan racial theories of Nazi Germany. .These groups and their members form distributing centres for anti-Semitic propaganda through the printed and spoken word. Members of the Deutscher Bund of Canada pledge themselves to accept the Aryan racial theories and uphold the ideology of Hitlerite Germany. They undertake to buy German manufactured goods whenever possible, and to boycott not only Jews but also all Canadian newspapers which publish news items and articles critical of HitlerTs policy and all Canadian merchants and manufacturers who advertise in such papers. Fortunately the majority of those resident in Canada who are of German origin were not born in Germany, and to many of them the theories and antics of the active, vociferous pro-Nazi minority are distasteful, nevertheless the pro-Nazi anti-Semitic element has gained control over many German societies which were previously and still remain nominally non-partisan and nonpolitical. More than 50 anti-Semitic pamphlets printed in English and published in Germany, and 40 German language pamphlets have been offered for free distribution throughout Canada during the past 5 years by the Deutscher Bund in Canada, which also publishes a subsidized weekly German newspaper with an English language supplement in Winnipeg. In addition to Canadian residents of German origin, who form the largest non-AngloSaxon and non-French element in the Canadian population, constituting as high as 15.8$ of the population of the Prairie Provinces in 1936, residents of Ukrainian and Russian origin form 11.5^ and those-of Polish origin 3,5$ of the prairie population. A considerable proportion of the Canadian population of Ukrainian and Polish origin are now free from anti-Jewish prejudice, but those who are members of rabidly nationalistic organizations such as the Ukrainian National Federation still regard Petlura, Machno and other notorious Cossack leaders and pogrom makers as their heroes, and are guided by political and religious leaders who still consider Jew-hatred as an indispensible element of their nationalist hopes and ambitions. Mr. Robert England, formerly Director of the Colonization Department of the CanadianNational Railways, in a comparatively recent book*, reveals the extent to which some elements have succeeded in instilling the prejudices and benighted legends of Eastern and Central Europe into their Canadian born descendants, "Dark sinister tales throw up shadows of a hideous past. The terrible old story of the ritual murder of young Christians by the Jews at Passover is an oft-repeated legend", writes Mr. Robert England in his book "The Central European in Canada". "The writer'(Robert England) can never forget the gruesome details and the terror with which it was told to him by a small Ruthenian child - the capture by the Jews of a Christian child, the fattening of the child on sweetmeats, the murder by placing her in a barrel with nails and rolling the barrel, the drinking of the blood to secure the strength to dominate Christians forever, all reminiscent of the ghastly superstition which has, since the Middle Ages, swept Russia and Eastern Europe into pogroms, and which has had the most terrible effect on the ignorance and imagination of a people whose commerce is usually done by Jews because they themselves will not undertake the service". A greater threat of anti-Semitism in Canada, however, lies in the regrettable tendency which has developed among a small but vociferous element within the French Canadian population of Quebec during recent years. '.Whenever and wherever a state of political and economic unrest exists the Jew forms a convenient scapegoat. While the Province of Quebec culturally forms a French speaking and Catholic island in the sea of the Protestant English-speaking population, the control of large scale commerce and industry in Quebec remains in the hands of nation-wide corporations whose directors and executive officers are very largely English-speaking. For the French Canadian "habitant" farmer, living his traditional life on his Quebec farm, and rarely meeting anyone whose language and religious faith differs from his own, there is no bilingual problem, no jockeying for economic position between various ethnic groups. 301

CANADA'S JEWS The young French Canadian, however, who has attended the high schools and Catholic colleges of Quebec, with their emphasis on classic philosophy and literature, faces life in the larger cities of Quebec where the majority of the population is French and Catholic, but the large department stores and business offices conduct the major portion of their business in English, He falls an easy prey to demagogues who raise the cry of separatism, and who paint a rosy picture of the economic and political future of a Canada in which all immigration is prohibited and the choicest white-collar jobs in all the country are reserved for him. Unaware that there are thousands of Canadians of English, Jewish and other origins who find the struggle for life just as difficult as he does, his resentment is aroused by the story that is dinned into his ears that the choice things of life are monopolized by non-French and non-Catholic elements, while he is relegated to the position of a hewer of wood and drawer of water, and is sometimes inclined to accept the Jew as the convenient scapegoat upon whose head his resentment is to be poured, ignorant of the fact that the great financial institutions, department stores, public utilities and business offices give even fewer opportunities for employment to his Jewish fellow citizens than to his own relatives. Scurrilous attacks against the religion and character of the Jewish population are not a new experience in the Province of Quebec, but have usually been the work of irresponsible individuals who did not make a great impression on the large mass of the French Canadian population. A case that has received frequent mention in discussion on the law of libel in British countries is that of Ortenberg vs. Plamondon. The year 1910 had been marked by an intensive speaking and pamphleteering campaign by one Plamondon, a Quebec notary, who attacked the Jews as enemies of the Catholic Church, charged them with all the crimes he could imagine, and incited the people to boycott and violence. Unfortunately the law of libel as it exists in Canada and other portions of the British Empire recognizes l}.bel only as an offence against an individual but not against a religious or ethnic group. Nevertheless a Jewish resident of Quebec, a merchant named Ortenberg, brought an action for libel against Plamondon, claiming that as a member of "the restricted collectivity of Jews" in the city of Quebec, he had suffered personal loss and damage as ^a result of Plamondon1s defamatory remarks. The case dragged on until 1913, and was subsequently taken to the Quebec Court of Appeal, which found Plamondon guilty of defamatory libel. Coincident with the rise of Hitler in Germany, a spate of anti-Jewish tabloid newspapers and pamphlets published in French has swept over the province of Quebec. More than 20 French newspapers, most of them very short lived, have sprung up from time to time since 1930, and in vulgarity and violence of abuse against Jews have matched the lowest depths reached by that arch-Jew baiter Julius Streicher. Through these ephemeral newspapers and pamphlets, and at numerous meetings has been preached the fallacious economic doctrine of "L'Achat Chez Nous" - Buy from yourselves, in which French Canadians are presumably advised to patronize French Canadian enterprises, but are actually urged to boycott Jewish stores and business enterprises of all kinds. Various anti-Jewish organizations have been spawned in Quebec since 1933, and have withered or been absorbed by organizations with similar objects. The anti-Jewish organizations known as the Federation of Labour Clubs of Qu«bec and "Le Jeune Canada" which were prominent in 1933, have given way to the "Parti National Social Chretien" or National Socialist Christian Party, a fascistic anti-Jewish organization led by one Adrien Arcand, who aspires to become "Le Chef" or the "Fuehrer" of a Canadian Fascist state. This organization models itself closely according to the pattern of the Nazi party of Germany and acts as distributing agent for a large amount of anti-Jewish propaganda in French and English published in and imported from Germany. Although it has called itself the National Socialist Christian Party an imitation of the National Socialist German or Nazi Party, it is neither national in the sense of Canadian, socialist in any sense, nor Christian in its principles and attitude. Its doctrines and separatist propaganda are diametrically opposed to the basic principles of Catholicism, although it impudently usurps to itself the right to act as spokesman for Canada's French Canadian Catholic population. Its activities and propaganda are as much a danger to the welfare of Canada's French Canadian citizens and the Catholic Church as they are to their Jewish fellow citizens. Smaller in number at present but disturbing by their very existence among the militant fascistic and anti-Semitic groups, are the various English groups which have sprung up in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, British Columbia and the Maritime provinces since 1933. These anti-oeraitic Fascist groups have gone under various names such as the "Blue Shirts", the "V/hite Shirts", Nationalist State Party, Canadian Union of Fascists, and Canadian Nationalist Party, with rival leaders and uniforms in some cases modelled after the "Black Shirts" of Mussolini and Oswald Mosley, and in others after the "Brown Shirts" of the Hitlerite storm troopers. The most active English-speaking fascist organizations have been those in Ontario groupederound Joseph Farr with a monthly newspap'er known as the "Thunderbolt" as their organ, an thoce in Manitoba grouped around V/illiam T/hittaker, with a monthly paper known as the "Canadian ,302

CANADA'S JEWS Nationalist". The contents of these papers consist for the greater part of reprints or translations of anti-Jewish, anti-llasonic and anti-democratic propaganda furnished by Nazi propaganda bureaus, and are full of incitements to boycott and violence against Jews. Aroused by the anti-Jewish activities of the Canadian Nationalist Party in Winnipeg, a bill was introduced by kr. Marcus Hyman, a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, and passed by the Provincial Assembly in 1934 after some amendment, whereby "The publication of a libel against a race or creed likely to expose persons belonging to the race or professing the creed to hatred, contempt or ridicule and tending to raise unrest or discord among the people, shall entitle a person belonging to the race or professing the creed to sue for an injunction to prevent the continuation and circulation of the libel, and the Court of King's Bench is empowered to entertain the action". As V/hitaker in his monthly paper, The "Canadian Nationalist," continued to print scurrilous attacks upon Jews and incitements to violence, action was taken against him in the Manitoba Courts by Captain William Tobias, M.C. under the powers of the new Provincial Act. An injunction was obtained from the courts prohibiting Whitaker and the publishers of the "Canadian Nationalist" from continuing to print defamatory, libellous statements against Jews. Notwithstanding the court decision, however, V/hitaker has continued to publish anti-Jewish newspaper, and no further legal action has been taken against him.

his

It must be borne in mind that legislation affecting the Criminal Code of Canada is selely within the power of the Dominion Government, and the amendment of the Libel Act of the Manitoba Provincial Government does not can cannot make libel against an ethnic or religious group a criminal offence. The injunction has not proved a suitable or popular method of enforcing law in Canada, and the possibilities of an individual securing a verdict awarding him compensation for damages caused by libellous attacks on the ethnic or religious group to which he belongs are extremely problematic. Section 136 of the Canadian Criminal Code declares "everyone is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to one year's imprisonment who wilfully and knowingly publishes any false news or tale whereby injury or mischief is or is likely to be occasioned to any public interest". Defamatory libel is a criminal offence in Canada and Section 317 of the Criminal Code defines defamatory libel as "matter published without legal justification or excuse, likely to injure the reputation of any person by exposing them to hatred, contempt or ridicule, or designed to insult the person of or concerning whom it is published. In so far as the punishment of activities tending to arouse hatred against groups of Canadian citizens is concerned, the laws already on the statute books of Canada would appear to be ample, although definition of the term "public interest" and specific inclusion of defamatory libel of an ethnic or religious group as constituting a defamatory libel of any individual member of such group defamed, would do much to clarify and simplify the enforcement of these laws. However,it is not so much the letter of the law itself as the interpretation thereof and the attitude of the government enforcing the law and the judge and jury examining the evidence which is of greatest importance, and in any case the enactment of laws declaring certain acts to be criminal offences and making provision for punishment does not in itself remedy the situation or prevent the occurrence of such offences. SOCIAL. POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ANTI-SEMITISM

Canada was the first portion of the British Empire in which Jews received full political emancipation. V/ith the exception of the province of Quebec, where because of the denominational school system, Jews are taxed for school purposes but are not entitled by law to be elected or appointed to any office connected with the administration of tax-supported schools, there is no anti-Jewish discrimination prescribed or countenanced by the laws of Canada. In this country there is no anti-Semitism "de Jure" but there has been and is considerably antiSemitism "de facto" in social, economic and even political life. Anti-Jewish discrimination in social life is frequent in Canada, as evidenced by the exclusion of Jews from, certain clubs, college fraternities, summer resorts, apartment houses and residential areas. In some cases this discrimination is tacit, but in many cases it is oren and unashamed. ^n attempt at justification is sometimes made by the claim that the discrimination is not made because of ethnic origin or religious belief, but because of foreign names, accents, mannerisms and lack of the social graces; nevertheless the alleged causes are not used as the test for acceptance or rejection, but the discrimination is automatically applied on the basis of ethnic origin. That anti-Jewish feeling is not inherent and inevitable amongst the population of Canada is evidenced by the fact that in political life Jews have had no great difficulty in being elected to office on municipal, provincial and dominion legislative bodies, but have rarely secured positions which are not dependent upon the popular vote but upon appointment. 303

CANADA'S JEWS There is no federal, provincial or municipal electoral district in which Jewish electors form an absolute majority. Nevertheless there are three Jewish members of parliament in Canada and a Jewish member of the provincial legislature in each of the provinces of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. Jews have been elected frequently as aldermen and members of City Councils in many cities and towns of Canada, and several towns and cities with very small Jewish populations have elected Jews to the position of mayor. When we turn to those offices which are appointive and not elective, however, a different situation is revealed, especially when compared with Great Britain and the other selfgoverning Dominions in the British Commonwealth. A Jew has held the office of Prime Minister of New Zealand. The office of Chief Justice in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa has been held by professing Jews and the first Australian-born Governor General of Australia was a Jew. Professing Jews have also held the position of Attorney-General, Solicitor General, Minister for V/ar and Home Secretary in Great Britain, Viceroy of India, British Ambassador to the United States, Attorney General in New South Wales, and Attorney General and Minister of Education in Victoria. In Canada, however, with the exception of Mr. David Croll, who held the position of Minister of Labour, Minister of Municipal Affairs and Minister of Welfare in the Ontario Provincial Legislature from 1934 to 1937, and Justice Samuel D. Shultz who was appointed Assistant County Court Judge in Vancouver in 1913, no Jew has ever been appointed a member of the senate, minister in a Dominion or Provincial government, Deputy Minister, or Judge of any District Court,' Court of Kings Bench or Higher Judical office. The struggle for precedence and privilege between English-speaking and French-speaking Protestant and Catholic elements in the political life of Canada leaves little possibility for favourable consideration for a .Canadian of Jewish origin. It is in the economic life of Canada, however, that anti-Jewish discrimination is most marked and most serious in its results. In seeking employment by public bodies a Jew must be so outstandingly brilliant that his qualifications swamp the obstacles raised by his birth. It is taken for granted that for a Jew to secure an appointment in competition with non-Jews he must be ten times as good as the average applicant in order to have a tenth of the average applicant's chance. Many application forms for employment specifically request information as to "Nationality", "Racial origin" and religious denomination, besides citizenship, and some go so far as to seek information concerning the racial origin and religious denomination of the applicants parents. Many firms in advertising for employees add the words "Gentiles only" or "Christians only". Very few Canadian hospitals will accept Jewish internes on their medical staff, or Jewish girls as nurses in training. Jewish girls with the highest professional qualifications find it difficult, and Jewish men almost impossible to secure appointments as teachers in taxsupported elementary and high schools and public libraries. Mr. J.T.M. Anderson, formerly Premier of the province of Saskatchewan and Inspector of Schools in his book "The Education of the New Canadian" states, "The superintendent of a city school recently refused to engage a teacher who was an honour graduate in English and history 1and thoroughly qualified 'because he had a foreign name, and the parents might not like it . It would be useless for a Yaremovitch, a Bojarski, a Basarabovici, or a Niemczyk to apply for the majority of the schools in English-speaking settlements, no matter how excellent their qualifications might be". Everyday experience has shown that for a Levy or Cohen, or even a Jew with a name such as Miller, Harris, or Simon, the possibility of acceptance would be even still less. Jewish architects, chartered accountants,technical agriculturists,civil and mechanical engineers meet with almost insuperable obstacles in securing employment in their chosen professions. As a result Jewish students are forced for economic reasons into the professions of medicine, law, dentistry and pharmacy where there is some hope at least of making a career for themselves without having to be dependent upon an employer. Although Jews are frequently found among insurance agents who usually work upon a commission basis, Jews can rarely secure employment in the administrative departments of insurance companies, and in Canadian banking Jewish ledger clerks and tellers are rarely found, let alone accountants, branch managers and inspectors. It has been claimed that Jews do not willingly accept subordinate positions in banks, but this excuse would be disproved very speedily by the large number of qualified Jewish young men who would fall over themselves to apply for such positions in banks even at the prevailing salaries, if it were rumoured that there was a possibility of Jews being accepted. In large scale industry, commerce and transportation, which are largely in the hands of nation-wide corporations, Jews are rarely accepted as employees. Occasionally one or two Jews.are engaged in minor positions and used in an attempt to disprove charges of anti-Jewish prejudice. 3Q4

CANADA'S JEWS The fllmsiness of the excuse frequently offered by some employers that they would employ Jews if they could, but are unable to do so because the nature of their business does aot permit absence of Jewish workers on Saturdays and Jewish holidays is exposed by the fact that the majority of Jews engaged in commerce and industry in Canada in any case find themselves compelled by economic circumstances to work on Saturdays, and such corporations as are engaged in transportation and communication and heavy industry could arrange for a rotation of the rest day among their workers if so desired, since the nature of their work involves operation for seven days of the week, although the employees only work a five and a half or six day week. Argument as to whether there can or cannot be anti-Semitism in Canada would be futile. It is here and has been here for many years, first in the form of sporadic unacknowledged and somewhat shamefaced social and economic anti-Jewish discrimination, and now in an organized blatant form as the chief stock-in-trade of organizations whose object it is to undermine and sweep away the democratic system of government and substitute for it the corporate fascist state in which all freedom of thought, belief and action will be crushed, That anti-Semitism threatens the happiness and very existence of Jews is recognized by Jews and non-Jews alike. It is because Jews recognize this danger themselves that Jewish organizations and Jews as individuals concern themselves with means of removing misunderstanding and causes of friction, and normalizing the social and economic structure of the Jewish population. What often goes unrecognized is the fact that anti-Semitism also threatens the happiness and progress of the country as a whole and of its non-Jewish population. As long as there are basic flaws in the social and economic structure of a country, there will be unrest. AntiSemitic manifestations and propaganda are the rumblings which give warning of subterranean strains and stresses. In some countries there may be active or extinct volcanoes. In others an eruption may not have occurred as yet, but anti-Semitic agitation reveals the presence of these strains. tfhile anti-Semitism is therefore a problem which directly affects the Jew, it is also a vital problem for society as a whole and is a non-Jewish problem just as much as a Jewish one. No society in which hatred of Jews exists can be truly democratic. No anti-Semitism can exist in a society which is democratic in the true and complete sense, for democracy does not mean merely rule by the majority in the sense that the minority suffers from discrimination, and is forced out of existence or into outward conformity with the majority. True and complete democracy is that system of society which, when achieved, functions for the welfare and happiness of all those who dwell therein in harmony rather than in uniformity, and in which rule by the majority does not demand the surrender of the right to think, to feel, to believe, to express oneself differently. Only in such a true democracy can Jews live and work free from the threat of anti-Semitism. This is particularly true in a country such as Canada, a country which is not and can never be homogeneous in ethnic origin, religion and language, and whose progress and happiness depends upon the harmonious co-operation and mutual respect of the multifarious elements amongst its population. The sooner Canadians as a whole realize that the attitude which finds expression in anti-Semitisn is not merely a matter for concern on the part of Canada's Jewish population, but constitutes a threat to the growth of a vigorous, happy, united Canada, and take steps to prevent its spread and remove the conditions which permit it to take root, the sooner will that vigorous and happy united Canada be achieved.

305

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CANADA'S JEWS

STATISTICAL

APPENDIX

307

canada;s jews TABLE 197.

URBAN JEWISH COMMUNITIES IN CANADA COMMUNITIES WITH 10.000 OR MORE :JEWS. Total Population 1931

Greater Montreal,qua. 1,000,159 Greater Toronto,Ont.. 818,348 Greater Winnipeg,Man. 289,876

JEWISH POPULATION

1891 1901 1911

1921

1931

2,473 6,941 28,807 45,802 57,997 1,425 3,090 18,300 34,770 46,751 645 1,156 9,023 14,837 17,660

PERCENTAGE OF JEWS TO TOTAL POPULATION 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 0.95$ 1.98$ 5.33$ 0,61$ 1.46$ 4.75$ 2.52$ 2.60$ 6.28$

6.13$ 5.79$ 5.69$ 5.71$ 6.59$ 6.09$

COMMUNITIES WITH MORE THAN 1.000 AND LESS THAN 10.000 JEWS. Greater Ottawa,Ont... Greater Hamilton,Ont. Greater Windsor,Ont.> Greater Vancouver,B.C. Calgary, Alta Edmonton, Alta Regina, Sask

185,778 170,655 115,425 308,340 83,761 79,197 53,209

46 316 16 85 6 1 9

398 484 141 205 1 -

1,781 3,041 1,763 2,592 309 1,118 982 1,399 604 1,247 171 821 130 860

3,482 2,667 2,517 2,458 1,622 1,057 1,010

0.10$ 0.64$ 0.15$ 0.62$ 0.15$ ? ?

0.54$ 0.92$ 0.92$ 0.56$ 0.02$ -

1.60$ 2.15$ 1.31$ 0.69$ 1.37$ 0.54$ 0.43$

1.92$ 1.90$ 1.73$ 0.73$ 1.96$ 1.39$ 2.49$

1.87$ 1.56$ 2.18$ 0.79$ 1.93$ 1.33$ 1.89$

691 - 0.64$ 683 0.08$ 0.71$ 1.51$ 683 0.45$ 0.54$ 1.23$ 582 0.04$ 0.29$ 0.54$

2.32$ 1.79$ 1.15$ 0.99$

1.59$ 1.43$ 0.95$ 0.98$

0.39$ 1.76$ 1.36$ 2.59$ 1.13$ 1.46$ 1.39$ 1.19$ 2.46$ 0.66$ 0.81$ 2.09$ 1.49$ 1.96$ 1.44$ 0.41$ 0.74$ 1.63$ 2.58$ 0.46$ 0.42$ 0.45$ 0.43$ 1.15$ 1.12$ 0.56$ 0.49$ 0.21$ 0.64$ 2.31$ 3.16$ 0.31$ 0.76$ 0.27$ 1.44$ 2.85$ 2.28$ 1.05$ 9.84$ 0.43$ 0.39$ 0.59$ 0.97$ 0.07$ 0.64$ 0.45$ 0.38$ 0.05$ 0.79$ 2.72% 3.33$

0.33$ 1.28$ 1.33$ 1.90$ 1.26$ 1.11$ 0.98$ 1.88$ 1,46$ 0.65$ 1.04$ 1.08$ 0.72$ 2.36$ 0.97$ 0.99$ 0.52$ 0.69$ 0.62$ 3.46$ 1.41$ 1.15$ 2.54$ 5.46$ 0.28$ 0.82$ 1.01$ 0.57$ 1.00$ 2.00$

COMMUNITIES WITH LORE THAN 500 AND LESS THAN 1,000 JEWS. Saskatoon, Sask Saint John, N.B London, Ont Halifax, N.S

43,291 47,514 71,148 59,275

34 144 18

292 206 102

77 642 571 254

599 848 703 585

COMMUNITIES WITH MORE THAN 100 AND LESS THAN 500 JEWS. Quebec, t^ue Sydney, N.S Kitchener, Ont Glace Bay, N.S St. Catherines, Ont.. Fort William, Ont.... Kingston, Ont Cornwall, Ont Timmins, Ont Brantford, Ont Sudbury, Ont Brandon, Man Oshawa, Ont Yarmouth, N.S Moncton, N.B North Bay, Ont Sherbrooke, i^ue Guelph, Ont Peterborough, Ont.... Melville, Sask Frederlcton, N.B Prince Albert, Sask.. Selkirk, Man Kansack, Sask Victoria, B.C Lethbridge, Altu Joliette, Que Sarnia, Ont Medicine Hat, Alta... Yorkton, oask

130,594 23,089 30,793 20,706 24,753 26,277 23,439 11,126 14,200 30,107 18,518 17,082 23,439 7,055 20,689 15,528 28,933 21,075 22,327 3,891 8,830 9,905 4,486 2,087 39,082 13,489 10,765 18,191 10,300 5,027

45 15 39 51 5 11 22

302 22 10 140 30 13 128 70

398 162 226 386 109 267 234 104

5 73 73

10

20 4

26 11 7

66 13 3

-

13

-

13

148

165

10 38 -

18 2

154 87 271 31 108 52 35 188 86 39 42 23 17 85 5 139 54 5 45 3 64

375 398 298 441 225 289 303 89 95 241 129 222 89 183 75 46 265 90 136 89 62 109 85 197 153 108 59 57 77 172

436 425 411 395 314 294 232 210 208 208 194 186 171 167 164 154 152 147 139 135 125 114 114 114 112 111 109 106 104 101

0.07$ 0.16$ Q.20$ 0.75$ 0.04$ 0.58$ 0.11$ 0.25$ 0.10$ 0.07$ 0.88^ 0.29$ 0.46$ -

0.43$ 0.22$ 0.10$ 2.01$ 0.30$ 0.32$ 0.71$ 1.04$ 0.03$ 3.60$ 1.30$ 0.31$ 0.04$ 0.56$ 0.11$ 0.03$ 0.18$ 0.59$ 0.79$ 0.42$ 0.02$ -

0.50$ 0.91$ 1.48$ 2.33$ 0.87$ 1.61$ 1.24$ 1.59$

COMMUNITIES WITH MOKE THAN 50 AND LESS THAN 100 JEWS Moose Jaw, Sask 21,299 3 40 119 96 - 0.29$ 0.56$ 0.45 Niagara Falls, Ont... 19,046 1 44 25 92 0.02$ 0.47>0 0.16$ 0.47$ Chatham, Ont 14,569 23 33 58 91 0.25$ - 0.30$ 0.43$ 0.62$ Belleville, Ont 13,790 26 6 32 61 90 0.26;0 0.06$ 0.32$ 0.49$ 0.65$ Portage la Prairie,Man. 6,597 1 23 81 90 0.03$ - 0.39$ 1.19$ 1.36$ Estevan, Sask 2,936 112 107 88 - 5.65$ 4.67$ 2.99$ Sault 5te.Marie,Ont.. 23,082 8 80 115 88 0.11$ 0.53$ 0.54$ 0.38$ Whitby, Ont 5,046 9 9 54 58 87 0.32/b 0.42$ 2.40$ 2.09$ 1.72$ St.Agathe des Monts,^ue. 2,949 12 84 115 86 1.12/e 4.15y« 4.08$ 2.91$ 308

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 197.-Continued

URBAN JEWISH COMMUNITIES IN CANADA COMMUNITIES WITH MORE THAN 50 AMD LESS THAN 100 JEV.TS

Total Population 1931 Vegreville, Alt a 1,659 New Waterford, N.S... 7,745 Kenora, Out 6,766 Welland, Ont 10,709 Port Colbourne, Ont.. 6,503 Port Arthur, Ont 19,818 Dauphin, Man 3,971 North Battleford,Sask. 5,986 Owen Sound, Ont 12,839 St. Thomas, Ont 15,430 Stratford, Ont 17,742 Lipton, Sask 353 New Glasgow, N.S 8,858 Orillia, Ont 8,183 Three Rivers, Q,ue.... 35,450 Smith's Falls, Ont... 7,108

JEV/ISH POPULATION 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 - - 1 3 59 8 50 80 5 34 65 77 1 15 77 21 76 3 76 82 73 15 34 71 66 2 18 60 18 65 72 58 8 19 41 75 56 11 36 46 55 95 69 53 1 17 65 53 1 27 68 52 15 17 38 52 9 43 52

PERCENTAGE OF JEWISH TO TOTAL POPULATION 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 2 ~1.26$3~758£4.94$ 0.59$ 1.03$ - 0.09# 0.55/« 1.20jib 1.1336 0.02$ 0.17$ 0.71$ 0.61$ 1.16$ - 0.08$ 1.29$ 0.55$ 0.36$ - 1.32$ 1.20$ 1.82$ 1.66$ 0.09$ 0.43$ 1.00$ - 0.20$ 0.51$ 0.59$ 0.46$ 0.07$ 0.16$ 0.29$ 0.45$ 0.36$ - 0.11$ 0.27$ 0.28$ 0.31$ 34.79$ 25.27$ 15.01$ 0.02$ 0.26$ 0.73$ 0.60$ - 0.02$ 0.39$ 0.77$ 0.63$ - 0.15$ 0.12$ 0.17$ 0.14$ -. 0.14$ 0.63$ 0.73$

COMMUNITIES WITH MORE THAN 29 AND LESS THAN 50 JEWS St. Jean, Que 11,256 The Pas, Man 4,030 Beausejour, Man 1,139 Drumheller, Alta 2,987 Brockville, Ont 9,735 Winkler, Man 1,005 Swift Current, Sask.. 5,296 Leader, Sask 627 Chatham, N.B 4,017 Englehart, Ont 1,210 Cochrane, Ont 3,963 Canora, Sask 1,179 Fort Frances, Ont.... 5,470 Portsmouth, Ont 2,741 Woodstock, N.B 3,259 Roblin, Man 680 Perth, Ont 4,099 Trenton, Ont 6,276 Hawkesbury, Ont 5,177 Weyburn, Sask 5,002 Ste. Hyacinthe, Que.. 13,448 Limerick, Sask 350

11

5

31 17

7

22

-

-

-

32 -

4 -

5 1

1 3

12 53

4 -

-

55 39 2 75 126 87 41 6 7 11 17 9 64 2 11 -

21 21 29 25 46 47 64 49 24 9 21 163 17 31 16 36 13 52 3 17 9

47 46 44 44 43 43 43 40 39 39 38 37 36 34 31 31 31 31 30 30 30 30

0.23$ 0.12$ 0.08$ 0.24$ -0.65$ ? 0.27$ -0.03$ ? 0.33$ 0.14$ 1.27$ 0.05$ -

0.52$ 2.00$ 0.58$ 8.51$ 0.10$ 1.51$ 18.80$ 5.07;* 9.42$ 0.37$ 0.39$ 0.28$ 0.47$ 0.22$ 1.45$ 0.09$ 0.11$ -

0.27$ 1.13$ 2.91$ 1.00$ 0.45$ 5.78$ 1.81$ 6.40$ 0.53$ 1.18$ 0.79$ 13.25$ 0.72$ 0.91$ 2.91$ 0.95$ 0.22$ 0.93$ 0.09$ 0.15$ 2.77$

0.41$ 1.14$ 3.86$ 1.47$ .0.44$ 4.27$ 0.81$ 6.37$ 0.97$ 3.22$ 0.95$ 3.13$ 0.65$ 1.24$ 0.95$ 4.55$ 0.75$ 0.49$ 0.57$ 0.59$ 0.22$ 0.57$

0.04$ 0.05$ 0.36$ - 0.01$ 0.37$ 26.23$ - 0.20$ 0.27$ 11.40$ 0.02$ 0.04$ 0.50$ 0.05$ 9.84$ 0.13$ 0.41$ 0.14$ 1.41$ 0.21$

0.13$ 0.50$ 0.20$ 15.34$ 1.49$ 3.75£ 6.64$ 0.68$ 0.32;i 4.31$ 0.50$ 0.64?b 0.81$ 0.18$ 0.38$ l.lOjj 0.05$ 0.43$

0.31$ 0.20$ 0.25$ 11.06$ 1.95$ 1.64$ 1.24$ 7.14$ 0.46$ 0.66$ 9.64$ 0.39$ 0.51$ 1.38ji 0.32$ 0.22$ 0.61$ 0.45$ 0.25^

COMMUNITIES WITH MORE THAN 19 AND LESS THAN 30 JEWS Dartmouth, N.S 9,100 Gait, Ont 14,006 Woodstock, Ont 11,395 Dysart, Sask 262 Shellburne, Ont 1,077 Shaunavon, Sask 1,761 Noranda, Q,ue 2,246 Buchanan, Sask 392 Collingwood, Ont 5,809 Penetangueshene,0nt.. 4,035 Bruderheim, Alta..... 280 Campbellton, N.B 6,505 Thorold, Ont 5,092 Mount Forest, Ont.... 1,801 Amherst, N.S 7,450 Granby, Que 10,587 Cobalt, Ont 3,885 Ingersoll, Ont 5,233 Pembroke, Ont 9,368

4

1 3

.

2 37 35 16 4

1 -

.... 26 2 36 2 13 5

-

-

-

-

37 7 80 17 309

11 67 21 29 16 43 24 40 13 11 28 31 14 18 26 49 3 34

29 29 29 29 29 29 28 28 27 27 26 26 25 24 24 24 24 24 24

TABLE 197-Continued

CANADA'S

JEWS

URBAN JEWISH COMMUNITIES IN CANADA

COMMUNITIES WITH MORE THAN 19 AND LESS THAN 30 JEWS Total

Population Ituna, Sask Melfort, Sask

1931 434 1,809

Wynyard, Sask 1,042 Rouyn, Que 3,255 Barrie, Ont 7,776 Petrolia, Ont 2,596 Southey, Sask 301 Midland, Ont 6,920 Bathurst, N.B 3,300 Bale St. Paul, Que La Tuque, Que Gimli, Man Drummondville, Que Picton, Ont

Sioux Lookout, O n t Uxbridge, Ont Meacham, Sask Riviere du Loup, Que... Preston, Ont Port Perry, Ont Edson, Alta

7,871 713 6,609 3,580

2,088 1,325 221 8,499 6,280 1,163 1,547

JEWISH POPULATION 1891

1901

11 1

19 2

1911 1921 1931 3 15 24 11 36 24

-

13 2,916

-

-

3

-

PERCENTAGE OF JEWISH TO TOTAL

-

7

17 3 7 16 13 8 7 11

-

-

6 -

-

-

4 2

1891 1901 -

POPULATION^ 1911 3.15$ 1.83J&

1921 1931 4.47$ 5.53% 2.06$ 1.32%

8 23 . - 1.59$ 0.94$ 2.30$, 2 3 - 0.70$ 31 23 0.20$ 0.32$ 0.26$ 0.44$ 0.29$ 19 22 - 0.05$ 0.08$ 0.60$ 0.88$ 35 22 - 4.45$ 10.80$ 7.64$ 54 22 - 0.41$ 0.34$ 0.76$ 0.31$ 6 22 - 0.18$ 0.66$ ---721 -_0.30$ 0.75$ -

-

40 28 7 7

2 5 10 13 26 13 9

21 21 21 21

1 21 21 20 20 20 20

0.44$ 1.61$ - 0.20$ 0.40$ 0.30$

-

_

0.41$ - . -

0.71$ 4.53$ 0.24$ 0.20$

0.27$ 2.94$ 0.31$ 0.58Ji

- 1.00$ 0.58$ 1.58$ 6.16$ 9.50$ 0.16$ 0.23$ 0.47$ 0.31$ - 0.34$ 1.13$ 1.71$ - 0.40$ 0.79$ 1.29$

COMMUNITIES WITH LESS THAN TWENTY JEWS

Lindsay, Ont St. Stephen, N.B Leduc, Alta MunOare, Alta Rossburn, M a n Stenen, Sask Vonda, Sask Nanaimo, B.C Simooe, Ont Earl Grey, Sask Charlottetown, P.E.I... Dalhousie, N.B La Prairie, Que St. Jerome, Que Bridgeburg, O n t Leamington, Ont

Cobourg, Ont Georgetown, Ont Newmarket, Ont Emerson, Man Cabri, Sask Newcastle, N . B Thetford Mines, Que.,.. Valleyfield, Que Kentville, N.3 Massey, Ont

Carman, M a n Morden, Man Fox Valley, Sask Shawinigan Falls, Que.. Huntsvllle, Ont Prince Rupbert, B.C.... Arran, Sask Rostbern, Sask Veregin, Saak Bridgewater, N.S Digby, N.S Cowansville, Ont St. Lambert, Que Victoriaville, Que

7,505 3,437 900 832 421 185 417 6,745 5.226 252 12,361 3,974 2,774 8,967 3,521 4,902

5,834 2,288 3,748 978 552 3,383 10,701 11,411 3,033 643

1,418 1,416 310 15,345 2,817 6,350 188 1,412 254 3,262 1,412 1,859 6,075 6,213

1

1

20 32

-

-

7 -

-

-

-

10

-

3 -

2 -

-

-

-

-

2 7 -

32 -

14 10 16 6 36 1 17 15 8 10 9 10

39 -

1

11 19 17 21 5 15 15 14 27 § 19 8 23 17 9 10

19 0.02$ - 0.28$ 19 - 0.03$ 1.12& 19 19 - 4.64$ 19 . . . 19 . . . 19 - 5.22$ 19 - 0.01$ 19 - 0.49$ 18 -3.90$ 18 - 0.09$ 0.36$ 18 - 0.06$ 18 - 0.20$ 0.71$ 18 0.43$ 1 8 _ _ 18 - 0.30$

1 23

7 17 17 15 16 16 16 16 16 IS 15 15 15 15

16 18 19 18 4 18 --10 18 16 18 - 2 ~ 5 1 7 1 21 17 5 12 17 - 0.02$ 19 22 17 - 0.30$ 26 18 17 -

42 7 17 31

-

1

42

-

-

-

-

55 9 2 11 310

-

22 12 14 15 30 34 12 9 4 18

0.14$ 0.25$ 0.55$ 0.55$ 2.24$ 2.11$ 4.22$ 2.28$ 1.40$ 4.51$ 7.69$10.27$ 3.91$ 4.55$ 0.15$ 0.28$ 0.68$ 0.36& 2.22$ 7.1455 0.17$ 0.14$ 0.40$ 0.45$ 1.06$ 0.64$ 0.30$ 0.20$ o.37$ 0.51$ 0.27$ 0.37$

0.19$ 0.30$ 0.56$ 0.92$ 0.11$ 0.96$ 1*11$ 3.00fr 0.57$ 0.01$ 0.23$ 0.05$ 0.13$ 0.70$ 0.80$ 3,00$ 2.84$

. - 2.56$ 3.71$ 1.81$ - 0.40$ 0.20$ - 0.72$ 0.53$ - 0.74$ 0.21$ 10.56$ - 0.24$ 3.58$ 2.79$ - 11.37jo - 0.72^0.38$ 0.72$ 0.73$ 0.22$ 0.36$ - 0.03$ - 0.48$

0.38^ 0.79$ 0,48$ 1.85jo 3.06'^ 0.50# 0.15^ 0.14# 0.56$ 2.64^

1.19$ 1.20j» 5,48* 0.10J6 0.56$ 0.25$ 8,51^ 1.13$ 6.26£ 0.46ft 1.06$ 0.80$ 0.24ji 0.24#

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 197-Continued

URBAN JEWISH .COMMUNITIES IN CANADA COMMUNITIES WITH LESS THAN TWENTY JEV/S

Total Population 1931 Bolton, O n t 556 Dunnville, Ont 3,405 Inverness, N.S 2,900 Oakville, Ont 3,587 Sturgeon Falls, Ont.... 4,234 Assiniboia, Sask 1,454 Humboldt, Sask 1,899 Preeceville, Sask 350

JEWISH POPULATION 1891 1901 1911 1921 7 14 6 18 7 6 5 12 3 16 18

PERCENTAGE OF JEWISH TO TOTAL POPULATION 1931 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 I5~ -1.03$2.69$ 15 - 0.43$ 0.44$ 15 - 0.22$ 0.60$ 0.51$ 15 0.29$ 0.1855 0.38$ 15 - 0.22$ 0.28$ 0.35$ 1 5 - 0.29$ 1.03$ 15 - 0.87$ 0.79$ 15 - 5.64# 4.28#

COMMUNITIES WITH LESS THAN FIFTEEN JEWS Almonte, Ont Kapuskasing, O n t Y/innipeg Beach, Kan.... Bienfait, Sask Canwood, Sask Gravelbourg, Sask Rockglen, Sask Uakaw, Sask Lavoy, Alta Dominion, N.S Springhill, N.S Lachute, f t u e Shawbridge, que Amherstburg, Ont Carleton Place, Ont.... Colbourne, Ont Dundas, Ont Goderich, Ont Hanover, Ont Stouffville, Ont Streetsville, Ont Gilbert Plains, Man.... Jansen, Sask Kelliher, Sask Punnichy, Sask Myrnam, Alta St. Paul d e Met i s , Alta. Edmundston, N.B Beauharnois, Que Coaticook, Que Point Claire, (fae Aylmer,0nt Arthur, Ont Chesley, Ont Port Elgin, Ont Plum Coulee, Man Churchbridge, Sask Fenwood, Sask Goodeve, Sask Oxbow, Sask Beiseker, Alta Lament, Alta

2,415 3,819 328 528 259 1,137 274 677 151 2,846 6,355 3,906 457 2,759 4,105 1,015 5,026 4,491 3,077 661 1,155 742 181 319 230 131 938 6,430 3,729 4,044 4,058 2,283 1,021 1,699 1,305 507 173 170 269 585 230 507

2 -

5 -

-

-

8 -

-

2 -

8

-

-

5 -

-

7 I 22 5 3 7 62 16 1 1 24

-

37

8 2 6 10 6 70

-

-

-

- •

-

-

-

8 12

7 a 6 2 7 18 19 11 I 11 8 • 8 14 25 23 6 28 18 16 8 14 5 15 1 7 1 8 8 12 17 2 32 4

13 12 12 -

14 1 1 14 14 14

0.28$ 0.57$ 0.86$ 0.36$ 2.80$ 4.26$ 0.76$ 2.65$ 4.17$ 5.40$ - 1.62$ 1.23$ 1 4 . . . - 5.10$ 14 - 4.90$ 2.06$ 14 - 11.229& 9.27$ 13 - 0.04J&0.04J&0.45£ 13 0.16$ - 0.38$ 0.19$ 0.24$ 1 3 - 0.30$ 0.33$ 13 - 1.95$ - 2.86$ 13 0.11$ 0.28$ 0.46$ 13 - 0.21$ 0.36$ 0.31$ 1 3 - - 1.28$ 13 0.05$ - 1.44$ 0.50$ 0.22$ 13 0.19$ 0.35$ 0.57$ 0.28$ 13 0.04$ 0.21$ 0.42$ 13 - 2.65$ 1.12$ 13 - 0.18$ 2.92$ 1.96$ 13 - 2.17$ 1.75$ 1 3 - 4.87$ 7.18$ 13 -10.91$ 4.37$ 4.07$ 13 2.50$ 5.65$ 1 3 9.92$ 1 3 1.385$ 12 - 0.44# 0.24$ 0718$ 1 2 - 0.04$ 0.32$ 1 2 - 0.19$ 0.29$ 12 - 0.68$ 0.28$ 12 0.09$ 0.36$ 0.52$ 12 - 0.54$ 1.08$ 1.17$ 12 - 0.57$ 0.99$ 0.70$ 12 0.48$ 0.15$ 0.91$ 12 - 9.39$ 18.42$ 7.63$ 2.63$ 12 - 6.93$ 1 2 - 2.89$ 7.05$ 12 -11.27$ 5.93$ 4.08$ 12 - 1.92$ 1.97$ 2.05$ 12 6.55$ 5.21$ 1 2 - 2.36% 4 4

0.16$ 0.28$ -

COMMUNITIES WITH LESS THAN TWELVE JEWS Crystal Beach, O n t Fergus, O n t Kemptville, Ont Meaford, Ont Morrisburg, Ont Renfrew, Ont North Sydney, N.S Richelieu, Que S t . Joseph d'Alma, que.

661 2,594 1,286 2,624 1,429 5,296 6,139 524 3,970

-

-

1 1 1 1 19 7 11 8 5 11 5 17 11 3 11 10 17 8 11 11 1 1 311

-

- 1.59$ 0.27$ 0.29$ 0.07$ -0.21^0.31$ -

-

-

0.58$ 0.18$ 1.17 660

POLISH Number $

6

150 23.2

9 1.4

10315.9

146 2.4

150 2.4

487 8.2

455 18.4

36 1.5

112 4.5

26411.0

54 4.0 103 1.8 37 3.2

77 5.7 895 15.6 23 2.0

36 2.7 59210.3 37 3.1

26 1.9 78 1.3 28 2.4

43932.6 72012.6 13711.6

0.4 0.3 0.3

258 1.6 204 1.5 237 2.3

476 2.9 82 0.6 119 1.1

5,96236.6 211 1,6 1,15611.1

242 1.5 2,14613.1 523 3.7 365 2.5 470 4.5 488 4.8

0.3 0.2

259 2.9 83 2.1

501 177

79 0.9 1.04926.7

350 3.9 70 1.8

128

2.1

5.5 4.5

-

613 6.9 44911.5

» 1 14,779 5.1 14,311 4.9 14,274 4.911,0033.818,674 6.4

322

CANADA'S TABLE 201.

JEWS

NUMBER ^ND COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION OF JEWISH AND OTHER ETHNIC ORIGINS IN 50 CANADIAN TOTflfS AND CITIES IN VffllCH JEWISH POPULATION EXCEEDS 100.

Percentage of Total Population

Number of

Number

Toronto. Ont. Jews 1931 1921 Quebec British Jewish Italian French German

510,432 45,305 13,015 10,869 9,343

Weatmount. British French Jewish German

QQ.8% 85.3$ 7.1% 6.6% 2.6# 1.5# 1.1% 1.6$ 1.4$ 2.6j«

French British Jewish

French British.... Jewish Italian

73.8* 79.6;* 13.1jt 11.5$ 7.3$ 5.67* 1.5$ 0.9$

41,631 2,705 683 527 429 439

87.6$ 5.6$ 1.4$ 1.1$ 0.9%; 0.9$

90.2% 3.3$ 1.856 0.9$ 0.4$ 0.7jo

17,808 1,129 395

86.0%' 5.4^ 1.9#

87.6JS 4.4%' 2.5?b

523,063 178,461 48,724 20,871

64.0^ 21.8J* 5.9# 2.5J&

63.0^ 24.0J5 7.8?b 2.25&

21,875 6,473

75.6;0 22.3jb

70.9J& 26.4jb

Glace Bay. N.S. British French Jewish Montreal, French British Jewish Italian

Jewish

0.5^

1.1^

4,587 178 110 89 75

88.0;o 3.4^ 2.1jb 1.5/b 1.4;&

10,304 268 109

95.7$ 2.4% 1.0*'

95.8$ 2.8$ 0.676

Verdun, Quo. — British French German Jewish

34,969 23,277 464 344

57.5$ 38.3$i 0.7jo 0.5,3

58.5$ 38.0$ 0.4^ 0.5£

5,320 4,846 387 210 117

47.8^ 43.5^ 3.4> 1.87^ 1.0*

50.0^ 40.5-/a 4.670 1.2$ 1.2'/i

10,647 6,290 337 266 234

57.1J» 33.7-/i 1.87* 1.4^b 1.376

55.8> 34.1$ 0.5;j 3.4# 0.5'*i

65,492 3,751 1,888 1,755 1,622

78.2>o 4.4;« 2.2/S 2.1/» 1.9/o

83.6^ 1.3j» 2.1/o 2.2> 1.9^

British German Scandinavian French Jewish

-

North Bay. Qnt.

78,512 37,465 3,316 2,735

British French Italian German Jewish

62.3% 63.2jb 29.5?b 28.256 2.650 2.6;« 2.170 1.8j*

Winnipeg, kan. British Ukrainian Jewish German Polish French

French British. Jewish

Calp.ary. Alt a. —

Ottawa. Ont. British French Jewish German

36.8$ 38.4# 35.7?o 49.0# 23. # 9.1# 0.6£ 0.5$

Lachine. Q.ue. — French British Italian Jewish Polish

Forest Hill. Ont.

British Jewish Finnish German Dutch

89.6# 9.0# 0.3^

10,563 10,248 6,783 179

British French Dutch Jewish Italians

ftue.

152

91.3£ 7.4;$ 0.3^

Cornwall. Ont.

Sherbrooke. ^ue. French British

119,262 9,689 436

Joliette. g.ue.

Saint John. N.B. British French Jewish Negro ^tch Scandinavian

Jews

Outremont. Q.ue.

ftue. 17,903 3,192 1,780 382

of

Percentage of Total Population

9,733 2,554 740 340 154

62.6> 70.4/0 16.4/0 .19.5/9 4.6,0 5.1jo 2.1** 1.3;, 0.9>i 0.6 /a

Kingston. Ont. 132,376 18,358 17,246 13,249 11,228 4,970

60.5>i 8.3>& 7.9^ 6.5# 5.1JS 2.2#

67.3>5 9.8j» 8.07o 2.6J« 3.1/i 2.2%'

British French Dutch Genaan Jewish 323

20,748 1,081 418 250 232

88.5',j 4.6/j 1.8^ 1.0^ 0.9;0

90.8/a 4.0/b 1.1>. 0.8;; 1.3,*

TABLE 201-Continued

Fredericton.N.B. British French Dutch Jewish

CANADA'S JEWS NUMBER AND COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION OF JEWISH AND OTHER ETHNIC ORIGINS IN 50 CANADIAN T07/NS AND CITIES IN WHICH JEWISH POPULATION EXCEEDS 100 Number of Jews

Percentage of Total Population 1931 1921

74.1$ 8.4$ 2.2$ 2.0$ 4.2$ 2.5$

18,339 1,319 585 541 504 425

79.5$ 5.7$ 2.5$ 2.3$ 2.1$ 1.8%

83.6$ 4.0$ 2.5$ 1.8# 0.1$ 1.7$

British German.... Roumanian French Ukrainian Jewish

39,644 8,709 2,830 2,219 2,023

62.8$ 13.8$ 4.4$ 3.5$ 3.2$

65.2$ 17.7$ 2.9$ 2.5$ 1.1$

Sydney. N.S.

1,117 293 199 114 108

53.5$ 56.2$ 14.0$ 14.8$ 9.5$ 0.4$ 5.4$ 9.8$ 5.1$ 4.1$

1,620 1,119 300 234 135

41.6$ 28.6$ 7.6$ 6.0$ 3.4$

43.1$ 5.3$ 3.7$ 9.3$ 3.1$

15,664 764 457 306 106

86.1$ 4.2$ 2.5$ 0.7$ 0.2$

88.6$ 4.2$ 1.9$ 1.4$ 0.3$

Sarnia. Ont. British French German Dutch Jewish

67.3$ 13.4$ 2.3$ 2.0$ 2.0$ 1.9$

94.2$ 2.2$ 1.3$ 0.7$

Melville. Sask. British German Polish Ukrainian Jewish

35,823 7,160 1,251 1,086 1,074 1,010

90.8$ 2.8$ 2.3$ 1.4$

Kamsack. Sask. British Russian Polish Jewish German

Percentage of Total Population 1931 1921

8,025 231 204 125

Windsor. Ont. British French German Jewish Italian

Regina. Sask.

Number of Jews

Kitchener. Ont. German British Polish French Jewish

16,345 9,601 1,509 702 411

53.0$ 55.5$ 31.1$ 28.9$ 4.9$ 3.8$ 2.2$ 2.7$ 1.3$ 1.3$

Moncton, N.B. British French German Dutch Jewish Scandinavian....

13,015 6,848 298 173 164 65

62.9$ 66.1$ 33.1$ 31.1$ 1.5$ 0.4$ 0.8$ 0.3$ 0.8$ 0.4% 0.3$ 0.3$

London, Ont. British German French..... Italian Polish. Jewish

64,066 1,862 830 717 688 683

90.0$ 2.6$ 1.1$ 1.0$ 0.9$ 0.9$

91.0$ 2.0$ 1.2$ 0.9$ 0.3$ 1.1$

British French Ukrainian Polish Negro Jewish Selkirk. Lan« British Scandinavian... Polish Ukrainian French Jewish

2,386 919 279 209 203 114

53.1^ 52.0$ 20.4$ 24.3$ 6.2$ 3.1$ 4.6$ 4.1$ 4.5$ 4.5$ 2.5$ 2.2$

Saint Catherines. Ont. British French German Dutch Italian Polish Jewish

19,913 691 653 593 475 423 314

81.2$ 2.7?? 2.6$ 2.3$ 1.9$ 1.7$ 1.2$

84.9$ 3.2$ 1.9$ 2.3$ 1.2$ 1.1* 1.1$

British Italian Polish German Jewish French

123,684 5,217 4,362 4,356 2,636 2,525

79.5$ 5.3$ 2.8% 2.8?? 1.6£ 1.6ft

84.1^ 2.8ft 1.2$ 2.5% 2.2% 1.1%

Guelnh. Ont. British German Italian French Polish Jewish

17,162 1,212 1,147 447 225 147

81.4$ 87.0$ 5.7$ 4.2$ 5.4?? 3.2ft 2.1^ 2.1^ 1.0ft 0.5ft 0.7ft 0.4/0

Hamilton, Ont.

Brandon, Man. British

Polish German Ukrainian French Jewish

324

^^ 2,274 396 351 275 186

?3^ ?6^

13.3£ 2.2ft 2.0$ 1.6ft 1.0$

3.3ft 1.8* 7.4$ 1.5* 1.4$

CANADA'S JEWS NUMBER AND COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION OF JEWISH AND OTHER ETHNIC ORIGINS IN 50 CANADIAN TOWNS AND CITIES IN Y/HICH JEY/ISH POPULATION EXCEEDS 100

TABLE 201-Continued

Sandwich. Ont»

Number of Jews

British French German Polish Roumanian Jewish

6,759 2,526 317 247 108 104

Percentage of Total Population 1931 1921 63.0$ 23.5$ 2.9$ 2.3$ 1.0$ 0.9$

47.4$ 28.0$ 1.3$ 3.9$ 0.8$ 1.1$

Halifax. N.S. 50,299 3,643 1,265 1,265 784 582

84.9$ 6.1& 2.1$ 2.1$ 1.3$ 0.9$

86.3$ 5.1$ 1.2$ 2.2$ 1.6$ 1.0$

20,387 831 423 170 158 139 57

91.7$ 3.7$ 1.9$ 0.7$ 0.7$ 0.6$ 0.3$

92.1$ 3.3$ 1.6$ 0.8$ 0.6$' 0.6$ 0.1$

31,386 2,598 1,756 1,713 1,337 814 591

72.5$ 5.9$ 4.0$ 3.9$ 3.0$ 1.8$ 1.6$

81.4$ 3.1$ 3.3$ 2.0$ 2.9$ 1.0$ 2.3$

6,612 781 535 498 406 343 185 114

66.7/o 7.8$ 5.4$ 5.0$ 4.0$ 3.4> l.Sjo 1.1$

74.4$ 8.7$ 2.9^ 2.6$ 1.2$ 1.2$ 1.4$ 1.4$

5,727 4,975 874 569 356 302 241 208

40.3$ 35.0$ 6.1$ 4.1$ 2.5$ 2.1$ 1.7$ 1.4$

37.5$ 31.6$ 4.7$ 6.1$ 3.7$ 1.6$ 1.2$ 2.4$

55,694 4,983 4,625

70.3$ 6.2$ 5.7$

72.6$ 2.7$ 5.6$

Peterborough, Ont. British French Italian Dutch German Jewish Scandinavian Saskatoon. Sask. British German Ukrainian Scandinavian French Dutch Jewish Prince Albert. Sask.

Timmins. Ont. British French Italian Finnish Ukrainian Polish Roumanian Jewish Edmonton. Alta. British German Ukrainian

French Scandinavian... Polish Dutch Jewish

Percentage of Total Population 1931 1931

3,654 2,861 1,643 1,098 1,057

4.6$ 3.6$ 2.0$ 1.3$ 1.3$

4.6$ 2.3$ 1.1$ 1.2$ 1.3$

Oshawa. Ont.

British French German Dutch Negro Jewish

British French German Scandinavian Polish Ukrainian Dutch Jewish

Edmonton. .Alta. Continued*

Number of Jews

325

British Ukrainian Polish French Dutch German Hungarian Russian Jewish

19,219 902 727 489 346 235 236 207 171

81.9$ 89.3$ 3.8$ 2.8$ 3.1$ 1.3$ 2.0$ 1.3$ 1.4$ 0.3$ 1.0$ 0.6$ 1.0$ 0.9$ 1.2$ 0.7$ 0.7$

2,694 674 659 196 266 131 101

53.5$ 62.6$ 13.4$ 3.3$ 13.1$ 4.1$ 3.8^ 2.1$ 5.2% 3.4$ 2.5$ 10.2$ 2.0$ 3.3$

25,111 870 719 642 471 449 361 207

83.4$ 84.5$ 2.8$ 1.5$ 2.3$ 2.0$ 2.1$b 2.6$ 1.5$ 0.9$ 1.4$ 0.9$ l.ljb 1.9$ 0.6$ 0.8$

Yorkton. Sask. British German Ukrainian Scandinavian... Polish Russian Jewish Brant ford, Ont. British Polish German Dutch Italian Hungarian French Jewish Sudbury, Ont. 6,790 6,649 1,374 761 627 393 277 192

36.6$ 35.9^ 6.1$ 4.1?b 3.3$ 2.1$ 1.4$ 1.0$

. _, 50.2$ 35.6$ 1.3^ 1.9^ 0.2$ 0.670 1.4$

British.... 190,132 Chinese 13,011 Scandinavian... 8,447 Japanese 8,328 French 4,480 German 4,371 Italian 3,330 Jewish 2,407

77.1$ 5.2$ 3.4$ 3.3$ 1.8> 1.7$ 1.3$ 0.9$

79.8^ 5.5c/? 2;2$ 3.5$ 1.7-/» 0.9$ 1.3$ l.Ojfe

British French Finnish Ukrainian Italian Polish German Jewish Vancouver, B.C.

CANADA'S TABLE 201-Continued

Victoria. B.C. British Chinese Scandinavian French German Japanese Italian Dutch Jewish

Number of Jews

Percentage of Total Population 1931 1921

32,460 3,702 544 496 457 297 221 144 102

83.0$ 84.7$ 9.4$ 9.1$ 1.5$ 0.9$ 1.3* 0.9$ 1.1$ 0.9$ 0.7$ 0.5$ 0.5$ 0.5$ 0.3/£ 0.3$ 0.2$ 0.3$

14,261 3,322 1,642 1,444 1,100 1,049 995 622 388 294

54.2$ 60.2$ 12.6$ 13.2$ 6.2$ 6.5$ 5.4$ 3.4$ 4.I/a 1.6$ 3.9jo 4.5$ 3.7* 3.2$ 2.3$ 2.0$ 1.4$ 0.9$ 1.1$ 1.4*

6,841 1^477 336 315 222 139 120 112 106 105 104

66.4$ 76.4$ 14.3& 2.3$ 3.2$ 2.5$ 3.0$ 7.3$ 2.1$ 2.7$ 1.3$ 0.4$ 1.1$ 0.3$ 1.1$ 1.0$ 1.1$ 1.3$ 1.1$ 0.7$ l.l5o 0.8$

Fort William. Ont. British Ukrainian Italian Czecho-Slovak.... Polish French Finnish Scandinavian German Jewish Medicine Hat. Alta. ' British German Scandinavian Russian French... Polish Ukrainian Chinese Dutch Italian Jewish

JEWS

NUMBER AND COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION OF JEWISH AND OTHER ETHNIC ORIGINS IN 50 CANADIAN TOWS AND CITIES IN V/HICH JEWISH POPULATION EXCEEDS 100

East Windsor. Ont.

Number of Jews

Percentage of Total Population 1931 1921

British French Ukrainian Roumanian Polish Russian Czecho-Slovak Yugoslav Hungarian Jewish.

4,980 3,989 780 730 688 589 435 401 253 148

34.9$ 27.9$ 5.4$ 5,1$ 4.7$ 4.1$ 3.0$ 2.8$ 1.7$ 1.0$

9,213 746 545 534 506 278 276 249 230 225 180 135 Ill

68.3$ 74.5$ 5.4$ 4.4$ 4.0$ 2.4$ 3.9$ 2.7$ 3.7$ 1.3$ 2.0$ 0.4$ 2.0$ 2.0$ 1.8$ 1.8$ 1.7$ 1.5$ 1.6$ 0.8$ 1.3$ 0.4$ 1.0$ 1.5$ 0.8* 0.9$

28.5$ 45.3$ 1.7$ 5.7$ 2.3$ 9.0$ 0.3$ 1.6$

Lethbridge. Alta. British; Ukrainian German Scandinavian Czecho-Slovak..... Hungarian French Italian.... Chinese Polish Dutch Roumanian Jewish

326

COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH AND TOTAL POPULATION OF ALL ORIGINS IN ALL CANADIAN CITIES WITH POPULATION OF 30.000 OR MORE. BY SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS - 1931

TABLE 202

5-14

0-4

%

%

%

20-29

15-19

%

%

%

%

40-49

30-39

%

%

%

2

50-59

%

%

60-69

$>

70 & Over

°]o

%

Brantford

4.32 7.94 20.19 17.84 16.82

9.66 13.46

15.77 12.98

13.97 19.23

13.32

6.25 10.20

3.84

6.47

2.91

4.83

Calgary.

9.24 7.66 19.11

9.84 20.03 17.96 16.03

15.23 13.50

16.13

5.30

9.61

3.94

4.10

0.83

1.05

Edmonton.....

8.60 8.56 22.04 18.31 11.544

10.06 19.111166.5814.051459 14.05 14.5916.58 12.30

14.77

6.52

8.63

2.93

3.87

2.01

4.63

Halifax

9.28

9.51 20.28 19.60 11.85599955211.4818.5616.15.05 .9.5510.13 21.48 18.56 16.15 15.05

11.27

7.73

8.14

2.57

5.12

0.53

3.20

Hamilton.....

6.78

8.41 19.04

8.468.938.93 8.46 3.413.41 5.05 5.05 1.56

1.56 3.16

3.16 14.14

Kitchener....

9.73 9.39 17.27 18.26 13.144 8.9921.4119.25 21.41 19.25 8.99 10.95 11.70 11.70 8.76 8.76 16.54 16.31 10.95

London.

7.17

tlontreal. . . . . Ottawa. Quebec

17.40 12.02

18.14 13.61

7.11 18.45 16.27 13.91

7.42 9.9618.78

19.54 12.44

9.05 20.56 16.99 IP. 85

8.61 21.52

8.73

Regina

7.92 9.37 21.88 19.09 12.57

Saint John...

6.44 8.87 18.01

Saska toon

6.94 8.64 24.45 19.22 12.01

Toronto.

7.27 7.16 20.05 15.92 13.24

19.01 15.66

14.79 15.52

13.82

7.46

7.72 1.94 116.31

5.21

0.26

3.17

3.22

6.81

0.75

4.90

4.15 2.28 1.23 1.23

2.28 15.81

10.07

9.67 22.70 19.17 14.60 15.81 11.84 7.457.45 7.53 7.53 3.54 3.54 4.15 11.8411.89 11.89

7.84 8.27 21.77 18.34 13.63 10.02 19.72 12.64 11.97 20.00 21.42

16.87 12.00

16.13 13.73 14.14

17.34 14.35

15.02 11.85

12.77

6.36

8.93

3.31

5.59

1.177

3.72

10.35 20.00 18.85 16.21

13.28

9.43

9.87

6.89

4.85

4.60

4.32

1.50

3.09

10.46 19.10

19.82 16.33

15.37 12.07

14.01

6.43

7.23

1.48

2.91

2.22

1.74

9.46 18.00

18.34 11.85

14.70 15.37

12.13

8.64

9.12

3.80

6.33

2.23

2.04

10.48 16.49 19.04 18.38

10.54 13.60

14.57

4.05

7.78

2.31

3.33.181.77

6.55

14.70 6.89

9.67

3.24

5.43

1.40

3.24

9.12

5.77

6.25

1.92

3.37

3.86

2.03

8.90 21.80

18.45 13.98

16.53 12.133

Three Rivers. 11.54 13.97 17.30

22.81

7.69

9.92 11.54

19.47 26.92 13.06 13.46

Vancouver..... 8.60 6.35 18.19

15.67 11.42

9.16 18.28

15.72 16.37

14.93 14.79

17.89

7.89

11.75

3.32

5.57

1.14

2.96

16.35 16.28

11.35

8.43

6.77

3.19

3.18

0.30

1.72

12.59 20.58 16.23

9.80

14.13

9.80

8.69

2.00

5.88

17.97 12.97

13.27

6.76

7.47

2.52

3.92

0.48

2.11

15.15 11.93

15.02

7.979.11 3.92 9.11 4.34

1.99

2.22

Verdun

7.56 12.15 13.08 20.02

9.01

8.96 20.06 19.52 22.09

Victoria

4.90 4.95 15.68

5.88

9.23 14.70

Windsor

7.93 9.54 20.91 19.34 12.97

Winnipeg. T T , r , 6.95

14.51

6.85 19.83 17.47 13.40

13.79 16.66

8*67 20.77 17.71 14.69 10.76 21.24

19.08 12.77

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 203. URBAN JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADA CLASSIFIED BY QUIKQUENNIAL AGE GROUPS AND SEX BY PROVINCES - 1931

New Prince SaskatEdward Nova BrunsBritish Canada Quebec Ontario Manitoba chewan Alberta Columbia Is. Scotia wick Ages .^ Under 1 Males* . 1,065 9 359 12 468 130 35 29 23 Females 1,036 5 401 25 112 31 41 22 399 Males. * 4,755 1-4 45 1,854 1,877 61 177 137 71 533 Females 4,476 52 1,754 105 39 1,775 1 504 127 119 117 Males.. .7,170 57 2,753 115 861 215 178 5-9 2,874 Females 6,922 94 226 114 42 2,592 1 2,835 166 852 110 68 1 990 247 10 - 14 Males. . .7,966 2,890 3,332 193 135 109 238 Females. 7,692 63 2,938 2 3,163 909 168 102 75 3,497 3,842 190 156 9,310 130 1,187 233 15 - 19 Males. . . 96 1,251 199 Females. 9,944 126 3,844 4,093 1 202 132 994 61 97 3,537 3,495 182 175 126 20 - 24 Males. . . 8,668 1 143 67 115 4,209 1,395 195 209 1 3,945 Females. 10,279 2,756 90 56 79 163 138 2 2,606 657 25 - 29 Males. . .6,549 829 172 164 2,820 111 41 59 2,667 Females. .6,863 191 2,331 132 106 37 60 2,147 573 30 - 34 Males. .. 5,577 177 96 123 35 576 60 2,227 2,031 Females. 5,325 564 186 149 113 68 2,271 1 2,151 30 35 - 39 Males*. .5,533 631 164 124 114 2,110 2,142 41 75 Females. 5,401 168 145 106 49 64 1,955 2,109 570 40 - 44 Males. . .5,166 1 100 106 548 118 35 49 1,849 1,898 Females. 4,705 541 134 110 111 1,791 1,787 40 62 1 Males. . . 4,578 45 - 49 84 84 67 1,651 1,691 527 38 52 Females. 4,194 95 93 74 462 1,436 1,376 29 47 1 50 - 54 Males. .. 3,613 49 39 53 36 390 26 1,234 1,107 1 Females. 2,935 41 56 42 40 328 2,364 24 940 893 55 - 59 Males. . . 31 20 39 846 750 287 29 15 1 Females. 2,018 30 30 228 27 664 625 23 2 14 60 - 64 Males. . .1,643 33 29 184 17 595 526 18 11 Females. 1,413 16 14 27 390 158 10 13 420 65 - 69 Males.. .1,048 _17 25 15 366 370 139 4 16 952 Females. _ 9 88 17 22 272 6 227 11 70 - 74 Males. . * 652 _2 7 101 16 15 217 263 8 Females, 629 -. 5 43 3 4 72 88 1 75 - 79 Males. . . 216 _ _3 _» 2 3 5 84 52 2 70 Females. 221 _ _ 2 1 28 19 31 80 - 84 Male s . . .81 _1 _ 3 2 2 31 21 27 87 Females. _ 2 2 5 5 14 85 - 89 Male s . , . 28 _-. 1. 1 — 6 14 17 Females. 39 _ _4 4 5 90 & overMales. . . 13 _ _ —_ 2 2 8 5 Females. 17 1 1 1 4 6 Not } Males. . . 13 1 1 4 5 11 Stated) Females. — —

ALL AGES Males. ..76,008 Females. 75, 15 9

9 9

992

921

611 568

29,823 29,798

328

30,359 29,775

8,936 9,317

2,147 1,887

1,777 1,639

1,352 1,244

CANADA'S TABLE

Ages

204.

JEWS

RURAL JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADA CLASSIFIED BY QUINQUENNIAL AGE GROUPS AND SEX BY PROVINCES - 1931. Prince Nova New British Yukon Edward Sco- BrunsSaskatCol& Canada Is. tia wick Quebec Ontario Manitoba chewan Alberta umbia N.W.T.

53 38 221 199 290 278 270 285 340 271 319 288 277 249' 276 194 238 153 209 155 192 115 138 95 85 68 71 42 58 24 33 14 5 3 1 6 1 0 0 1 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 1 5 5 11 5 13 11 9 3 7 6 5 3 4 2 5 4 5 4 3 2 3 3 2 0 1 1 1 1 o 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ALL AGES Males. . 3,079 Females 2,480

2 0

81 52

Under 1 Males. . Females Males.. 1-4 Females Males. . 5-9 Females 10 - 14 Males. . Females 15 - 19 Males. . Females 20 - 24 Males.. Females 25 - 29 Males.. Females 30 - 34 Males.. Females 35 - 39 Males. . Females 40-44 Males. . Females 45 - 49 Males. . Females 50 - 54 Males. . Females 55 - 59 Males. . Females 60 - 64 Males. . Females. 65 - 69 Males.. Females 70 - 74 Males. . Females 75 - 79 Males. . Females 80 - 84 Males. . . Females 85 - 89 Males. . Females Males.. 90 * Females ) Males.. NotStated ) Females

1 0 1

0 0

2 1 12 11 18 13 23 12 22 19 38 29 26 18 31 10 26 15 27 14 18 10 13 13 11 9 9 3 6 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

43 40

286 180

1 0 0

4

7 6 3 9 2 2 2

2 5 3 5 4 7 5 7 1 2 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 22 91 92 123 117 94 121 133 123 109 118 105 138 126 96 108 69 70 60 69 36 47 29 21 19 16 15 22 9 13 5 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0

1 1

1,176 1,073

329

12 5 49 37 53 51 50 53 63 58 70 68 61 47 54 34 41 20 29 30 36 31 30 20 24 13 16 7 13 4 6 1 0 1 0

1 0 0 0

0 0 0 607 481

1 4 1 7 3 9 6 4 8 5 9 5 4 1 5 6 4 6 17 3 9 4 3 2 1 2 6 1 0 3 2 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 13 6 18 20 18 20 22 11 18 13 21 4 8 13 14 7 12 10 16 11 6 1 9 4 5 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

615 467

184 122

83 64

6 5 50 36 57 57 63 55 81 50 65 47 49 35 43 29 32 27 41 33 39 21 35 26 17 19 17 12 14 5 4 6 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

1 0

1

0

0 0 0

1

0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

1

CANADA'S JEWS

TABLS 205

COMPARATIVE NUMBER Oj? JEY.TSH LLALE3 & I'EtlaLES IN

CAKADI^- CITIES AND TO'.VNS V/ITH POPULATION EXCEEDING- 10,000, Jewish Population

Excess of Females Montreal , Que Toronto , Ont Winnipeg, Man Westmount, Que Outremont ,Que Halifax, N.S Glace Bay, N.S Kingston, Ont Cornwall, Ont Timmins , Ont Oshav;a, Ont Guelph, Ont Niagara Falls , Ont Hull , Que Lev i s , Que Excess of Lales Ottawa, Ont Hamilton, Ont Vancouver , B . C Y/indsor , Ont Calgary , Alta Edmonton, Alta Regina, Sask

,

Saskatoon, Sask Saint John, N.B London , Ont Quebec , Que Sydney, N.S Kitchener, Ont Verdun , Que St. Catharines, Ont Fort William, Ont Lachine , Que Brantf ord, Ont Sudbury , Ont Brandon, Man Moncton, N.B North Bay , Ont Sherbrooke , Que East Windsor, Ont Peterborough , Ont Lethbridge, Alta Joliette, Que Victoria, B.C Sarnia, Ont Medicine Hat, Alta Sandwich, Ont oose Jaw, Cesk

Chatham, Ont Belleville, Ont Sault Ste. Marie, Ont... '.Ye Hand, Ont Port Arthur , Ont St. Boniface, Man Owen Sound , Ont St. Thomas, Ont Stratford, Ont Three Rivers , Que 3t . Jean , Que Ste. Hyacinthe, Que Galt, Ont Woodstock, Ont

Granby , Que New Westminister, B.C Charlottetown, P.E.I The tf ord Mines, Qae Shawinigan Falls , Que Valleyf ield, Que Walkerville, Ont Sorel . O.

. Males 24,312 22,649 8,380 3,359 863 286 201 112 102 190 85 66 45 18 1 1,717 1,361 1,254 1,148 819 558 522 349 343 354 225 232 206 190 157 149 141 119 116 93 85 83 78 77 72 61 60 53 61 54 57 51 48 45 51 41 40 39 34 30 32 28 25 20 16 15 18 ,12 9 9 8 12 9 4 330

Females 24,412 22,656 8,856 3,424 917 296 194 120 108 108 86 81 47 21 -

1,589 1,275 1,153 1,071 803 499 488 342 340 329 210 193 205 154 157 145 125 89 76 93 79 71 74 71 67 50 49 49 45 50 47 45 43 45 . 37 36 33 26 24 26 23 24 22 10 13 14 6 8 9 8 8 5 6 2

1931

Number of Males per 1000 Females amonK Population All Origins .TOWC 973 995 937 999 1,006 946 780 983 703 941 922 966 1,094 909 1,003 1,238 1,030 901 1,014 998 969

874 988 1,142 1,047 1,072 1,016 1,003 1,035 912 906 855 1,021 978 983 956 1,124 988 942 1,253 988 899 1,087 903 1,136 923 1,096 908 1,063 1,028 1,022 1,029 1,061 945 935 1,065 1,044 1,140 977 943 922 958 958 1,061 827 918 945 1,005 1,106 906 989 1,001 990 1,004

1,068

988 933 944 926 988 814 957 856

1,073 1,067 1,087 1,071 1,019 1,118 1,069 1,020 1,008 1,076 1,071 1,202 1,004 1,169 1,000 1,027 1,128 1,337 1,526 1,000 1,076 1,169 1,053 1,084 1,074 1,097 1,224 1,081 1,355 1,080 1,212 1,133 1,116 1,000 1,378 1,138 1,212 1,500 1,416 1,153 1,391 1,166 1,136 2,000 1,230 1,071 3,000 1,500 1,000 1,125 1,000 2,400 1,500 2,000

JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADIAN CITIES OF 30,000 AND OVER CLASSIFIED BY SSX AND QUINQUENNIAL AGE GROUPS

TABLE 206.

Brantford

Under 1

Males... Females. Total Calgary Jdales. . . Females. Total

5-9

4 2 6

9 8 17

17 8 25

22 13 35

10 5 15

5 8 13

5 4 9

11 62 57 20 31 119

74 70 144

91 75 166

91 104 195

81 116 197

58 70 128

70 61 131

60 59 119

74 46 120

52 47 99

28 20 48

21 17 38

20 21 41

12 11 23

14 6 20

0 2 2

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 2

819 803 1,622

61 46 107

68 58 126

59 63 122

57 59 116

38 48 86

24 39 63

57 38 95

39 34 73

34 23 57

30 14 44

16 9 25

5 12 17

10 4 14

7 7 14

3 1 4

2 3

1

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

558 499 1,057

27 37 64

23 31 54

29 40 69

34 37 71

33 21 54

21 28 49

22 23 45

22 14 36

12 11 23

13 9 22

14 9 23

5 4 9

4 2 6

2 0 2

0 1 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

286 296 582

107 114 221

160 121 281

183 176 359

171 171 342

106 94 200

82 83 165

81 93 174

84 92 176

94 92 186

92 59 151

38 34 72

31 18 49

24 17 41

12 15 27

3 4 7

3 1 4

0 0 0

1 1

0 0 0

1,361 1,275 2,636

16 18 34

18 19 37

23 31 54

22 32 54

17 17 34

25 13 38

13 17 30

11 12 23

13 9 22

10 13 23

9 4 13

4 1 5

2 1 3

0 1 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0

206 205 411

37 29 66

31 29 60

53 42 95

33 50 83

30 34 64

21 22 43

19 20 39

27 19 46

30 30 60

14 18 32

12 7 19

11 7 18

3 1 4

0 1 1

2 1 3

0 0 0

0

1 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

354 329 683

2133 2403 3167 3507 2294 1731 1687 1493 1349 1006 720 503 2258 2357 2894 2965 2298 1892 1804 1533 1397 1138 766 553 4391 4760 6061 6472 *592 3623 3491 3026 2746 2144 1486 1056

313 358 671

177 185 362

64 71 135

21 27 48

13 13 26

4 4 8

5 4 9

24,412 24,312 48,724

Edmonton Males. . . 7 42 Females. 11 31 73 Total 18 Halifax Males. . . 7 18 23 Females. 6 41 Total 13 Hamilton 74 Males... 15 Females. 14 76 Total... 29 150 hener 17 Males... 6 10 Females. 7 27 Total 13 London 23 Males... 7 13 Females. 6 36 Total 13 Montreal Males... 323 1499 Females. 298 1497 Total 621 2996 Ottawa Males... 27 121 95 Females. 17 Total 44 216 W.ue oe c Males... 5 19 22 Females. 9 Total 14 41 Regina 49 Males... 8 17 Females. 6 66 Total 14

2024

2529

3034

3539

8 10 18]

4044 10 8 18

45- 5049 54 . 13 3 9 3 22 6

5559

4 • 3 7

8084

All Ages

1-4

1 2 3

1519

Not 85Stated 89 90+

1014

6064

6569

7074

7579

4 2 6

0 2 2

3 1 4

1 1 2

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

119 89 208

2

1

190 151 341

198 184 382

226 226 452

185 195 380

133 141 274

121 106 227

122 127 249

102 105 207

96 90 186

78 52 130

43 38 81

29 23 52

26 32 58

18 6 24

1 5 6

1 4 5

0 1 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

1,717 1.599 3,316

21 27 48

21 18 39

20 18 38

24 21 45

24 18 42

16 15 31

18 22 40

15 9 24

9 8 17

14 11 25

2 3 5

9 7 16

2 2 4

1 0 1

4 0 4

0 0 0

0 0

1 0

0

1

0 0 0

225 210 435

41 53 94

64 63 127

67 60 127

38 74 112

39 42 81

45 39 84

47 34 81

33 33 66

35 21 56

22 14 36

17 12 29

4 3

4 4 8

8 8 16

0 2 2

0 1 1

1

0 2 2

0 0 0

522 488 1,010

7

0

1

TABLE 206-Continued

Under 1 Saint John Lales. . . . 2 2 Females. . 4 Total Saskatoon Males. . . . 3 6 Females. . 9 Total Toronto Males. . . . 341 Females. . 290

JEIVISH POPULATION OF CANADIAN CITIES OF 30,000 AND OVER CLASSIFIED BY SEX AND Q.mNQ.UENNIAL AGE GROUPS

1-4

5-9

1014

1519

2024

2529

3034

3539

4044

4549

5054

5559

6064

6569

7074

21 19 40

33 18 51

33 39 72

43 64 107

33 37 70

31 22 53

22 19 41

15 25 40

32 23 55

24 26 50

14 15 29

19 11 30

9 8 17

6 3 9

5 7 12

1 2 3

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

343 340 683

24 15 39

32 37 69

53 49 102

43 40 83

30 39 69

25 20 45

30 35 65

22 40 62

39 23 62

21 11 32

11 6 17

5 6 11

3 7 10

4 2 6

0 1

2 0 2

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

349 342 691

1370 2089 2478 2864 2717 2008 1572 1629 1549 1271 1024 1293 2109 2409 3133 3121 2031 1548 1578 1416 1258 856

667 577

469 429

294 277

219 219

62 69

17 25

3 10

3 6

3 2

22 ,649 22 ,656

4198 4887 5997 5838 4039 3120 3207 2965 2529 1880 1244

898

571

438

131

42

13

9

5

45 ,305

2 0 2

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

28 24 52

7 7 14

5 2 7

0 2 2

2 0 1 0 3 0

1 0 1

Total 631 2663 Three Rivers 4 0 a; Males. . . . 1 1 j£ Females. . 5 Total 1 Vancouver 63 kales. . . . 23 101 Females. . 20 164 Total 43 Verdun 0 14 Males. . .. Females. . 4 8 Total 4 22 Victoria 4 0 Males. . . . 1 0 Females. .

Total Windsor Males. . . . Females. . Total Vifinnipeg Kales. ... Females. . Total

1 5 6

7579

1

80- 85Not 84 89 90+ Stated

3 3 6

1 2 3

2 2 4

1 2 3

1 2 3

2 4 6

6 2 8

2 3 5

2 0 2

113 105 218

127 93 220

147 128 275

121 136 257

82 101 183

101 86 187

105 102 207

97 98 195

99 62 161

85 50 135

38 17 55

27 26 53

11 16 27

11 8 19

14 12 26

13 18 31

22 14 36

18 15 33

20 19 39

22 15 37

17 10 27

11 18 29

17 3 20

4 5 9

4 4 8

2 1 3

1 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

190 154 344

3 3

5 5

5 1

3 3

3 6

0 5

3 9

6 5

7 3

6 1

1 2

2 3

4 1

1 0

0 0

0 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

53 49

102

2 1 3

0 0 0

0 1 1

0

5

6

10

6

6

9

5

12

11

10

7

3

5

5

1

0

1

0

0

0

19 13 32

69 75 144

129 98 227

120 117 237

149 139 288

118 144 262

99 100 199

85 80 165

84 77 161

81 63 144

78 66 144

47 41 88

31 31 62

26 14 40

7 9 16

3 1 4

1 1 2

1 0

0

0 0 0

1 1 2

504 802 933 1116 935 603 531 535 529 512 466 819 865 1194 1338 785 543 592 524 501 970 1621 1798 2310 2273 1388 1074 1127 1053 1013

432 367 799

304 272 576

220 177 397

148 131 279

5 6 11

4 2 6

1 1 2

121 106 227

All Ages

85 97 182

42 51 93

1

18 19 37

1 1

1, 2 5 4 1,153 2,407

1,148 1,071 2 ,219 8,380 8,856 17 ,236

CANADA'S TABLE 207.

COMPARATIVE PROPORTION OF EACH AGE GROUP WHICH IS SINGLE, MARRIED, WIDOWED AND DIVORCED AMONG CANADIAN RESIDENTS OF JEWISH AND ALL ETHNIC ORIGINS-1931

S i n K 1e All Jews Origins Male 15 years of age

JEWS

and over

41.15$ 40.93$

15-19 years

99.93$ 99.63$

20-24 years

Mar

Jews

rled

All Origins

57.07$ 54 .73$

W id o w e d All Jews Origins 1.64$

Unspecified D i v o r c e d All All Jews Origins Jews Origins

4.00$ 0.12$

0.11$

0.02$

0.23$

0.06$

0.04$

0.02$

0.03$

0.09$

0.33$

0

89.40$ 74.52$

10.57$ 25 .19$

0

25-34 years

36.69$ 41.21$

62.92$ 57 .86$

0.27$

0.68$

0.09$

0.09$

0.03$

0.57$

35-44 years

7.29$ 17.56$

91.53$ 79 .88$

0.98$

2.05$

0.03$

0.14$

0.17$

0.37$

45-64 years

2.98$ 13.06$

93.18$ 80 .20$

3.62$

6.08$

0.22$

0.18$

65 years and over

2.72$ 10.46$

81.00$ 65 .22$

.37.17$ 34.00$

56.37$ 57 .34$

Female 15 years of age and over

0.01$

1.56$

0.18$

0 X

0

16.01$ 24.12$ 0.23$ 0.12$

6.25$

5.07$

X

0

8.54$

0.17$

0.02$

0.02$

0.10$

0

0.48$

0.04$

0.08$

0.04$

0.02$

0.01$

0.01$ 0.24$

15-19 years

98.41$ 94.90$

20-24 years

74.23$ 63.13$

25.62$ 36 .55$

0.08$

0.03$

0.04$

0.05$

0.03$

25-34 years

21.51$ 25.85$

77.25$ 72 .66$

1.01$

1.36$

0.22$

0.13$

0.01$

35-44 years

2.77$ 12.50$

91.77$ 82.71$

5.12$

4.59$

0.32$

0.17$

0.02$

0.03$

45-64 years

1.37$ 10.62$

81.37$ 75 .19$

16.92$

14.04$

0.33$

0.12$

0.01$

0.03$

65 years and over

1.35$ 10.85$

46.61$ 40 .21$

51.73$ 48.86$ 0.20$ 0.05$

0.11$

0.03$

and over

39.17$ 37.63$

56.72$ 55 .98$

0.03$

0.12$

15-19 years

99.13$ 97.29$

0.01$

0.03$

20-24 years

Both Sexes 15 years of age

X

0

3. 9 3/o

6.17$

0.15$

2.67$

0.00$

0.01$

0.01$

81.20$ 74.52$

18.69$ 25 .01$

0.04$

0.18$

0.04$

0.02$

0.03$

0.27$

25-34 years

29.11$ 33.84$

70.08$ 64.95$

0.64$

1.00$

0.15$

0.11$

0.02$

0.10$

35-44 years

5.11$ 15.17$

91.65$ 81.02$

2.98$

3.25$

0.25$

0.17$

0.01$

0.39$

45-664 years

2.23$ 12.09$

87.72$ 77 .93$

9.76$

9.71$

0.27$

0.15$

0.02$

0.12$

65 years and over

2.05$ 10.65$

64.39$ 53 .00$

33.24$ 36.22$

0.21$

0.08$

0.11$

0.05$

0.85$

x ) Less than 0.01$.

333

0.10$ X

TABLE 208.

CANADA'S

NUMERICAL AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADIAN CITIES Y/ITH POPULATION EXCEEDING 30.000, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SEX AND CONJUGAL CONDITION

Children 0-14 years No. £ Brentford

JEWS

Single 15 years & over No. %

Married No.

Widowed °h

Divorced

No.

%

No.

%

31 20 51

26.05 22.47 24.52

39 20 59

32.78 22.47 28.56

48 45 93

40.33 50.56 44.71

0 4 4

0 4.50 1.92

1 0 1

0.84 0 0.29

238 222 460

29.06 27.64 28.36

218 207 425

26.61 25.77 26.20

353 341 694

43.10 42.46 42.78

9 32 41

1.10 3.98 2.53

1 1 2

0.13 0.15 0.13

178 146 324

31.90 29.26 30.66

144 115 259

25.80 23.05 24.50

228 217 445

40.86 43.48 47.10

7 20 27

1.25 4.00 2.55

1 1 2

0.19 0.21 0.19

75 97 172

26.22 32.77 29.55

86 76 162

30.07 25.67 27.83

119 110 229

41.61 37.16 39.35

5 13 18

1.75 4.40 3.09

1 0 1

0.35 0 0.18

....

356 325 681

26.16 25.49 25.83

406 340 746

582 29.83 26.66 553 28.30 1,135

42.76 43.37 43.05

15 54 69

1.10 4.24 2.62

2 3 5

0.15 0.24 0.20

....

57 54 111

27.67 26.34 27.01

53 54 107

25.72 26.34 26.03

94 91 185

45.64 44.39 45.01

2 6 8

0.97 2.93 1.95

0 0 0

0 0 0

Male

....

98 77 175

27.68 23.40 25.59

97 83 180

27.40 25.23 26.31

155 153 308

43.80 46.50 45.32

4 16 20

1.12 4.86 2.78

0 0 0

0 0 0

Montreal Male

.....

6,358 6,410 .... 12,768

26.16 26.26 26.24

7,648 6,836 14,484

31.45 10,000 28.00 9,864 29.70 19,864

41.13 40.41 40.76

289 1,262 1,551

1.19 5.17 3.18

17 37 54

0.07 0.15 0.11

, . . . . 536 31.21 447 27.95 29.64 983

511 445 956

652 29.76 27.84 636 28.83 1,288

37.98 39.77 38.84

17 71 88

0.99 4.44 2.66

1 0 1

0.06 0 0.03

66 29.33 76 36.19 32.64 142

63 42 105

28.00 20.00 24.14

86 78 164

38.22 37.14 37.70

10 12 22

4.45 5.71 5.06

0 2 2

0 0.96 0.46

162 31.04 28.48 139 , . . . . 30129.80

151 135 246

28.93 27.66 28.32

201 189 390

38.50 38.73 38.61

7 23 30

1.34 4.71 2.98

1 2 3

0.19 0.42 0.29

25.94 22.94 24.45

112 108 220

32.65 31.77 32.21

136 138 274

39.65 40.56 40.12

6 15 21

1.76 4.41 3.07

0 1 1

0 0.32 0.32

Male

Female

....

Both Sexes

Calgary Male Female Both Sexes

Edmonton Male Female Both Sexes

Halifax Male. Female Both Sexes

.... .... .... .... .... ....

Hamilton Male

Female Both Sexe s ...... ....

Kitchener Male

Female Both Sexes

London Female Both Sexes Female

Both Sexex Ottawa Male

Female Both Sexes Quebec

Male

Female Both Sexes Regina Male

Female Both Sexex

Saint John Me le Female

Both Sexes

,. . . . .

,, ....

89 78 167

334

CANADA'S TABLE 208-Continued

NUMERICAL AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADIAN CITIES WITH POPULATION EXCEEDING 30.000 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SEX AND CONJUGAL CONDITION

Children 0-14 years No. % Saskatoon Male

Female

Both Sexes Toronto Male

Female Both Sexes Three Rivers Male

Female Both Sexes

Vancouver

Male Female Both Sexex

Verdun

Male

Female Both Sexes..

Victoria Male

Female

Both Sexes

Windsor

Male Female Both Sexes

Winnipeg Male

Female Both Sexes

JEWS

112 107 219

6,278 6,101 12,379

32.09 31.29 31.69

Single 15 years and over No. %

96 83 179

27.72 6,659 26.92 6,103 27.32 12,672

Married

Widowed

Divorced -/0

No .

;»

No .

*

No .

137 132 269

39.25 38.58 38.93

3 19 22

0. 86 5. 56 3. 18

1 1 2

29.00 9,531 26.94 9,440 27.97 18,971

42.08 41.66 41.87

248 987 1,235

1. 09 4. 36 2. 73

20 24 44

0.09 0.11 0.10

21.43 16.67 19.23

12 13 25

42.86 54.16 48.07

2 0 2

7. 14 0 3. 85

0 0 0

0 0 0

27.51 24.28 25.91

0.29 0.29 0.29

8 7 15

28.57 29.17 28.85

6 4 10

326 319 645

25.90 27.67 26.79

384 269 153

525 30.62 504 23.33 27.13 1,029

41.86 43.67 42.75

18 57 75

1.44 4. 93 3. 12

0 4 4

0 0.40 0.17

39 32 71

20.53 20.78 20.64

75 48 123

39.47 31.17 35.76

72 64 136

37.89 41.56 39.54

3 8 11

1. 58 5. 19 3. 19

1 2 3

0.53 1.30 0.87

12 9 21

22.64 18.36

17 10

32.08 20.40

21 24

39.62 49.00

3 5. 66 5 10. 20

0 1

2.04

20.59

27

26.47

45

44.12

8

7. 84

1

0.98

337 303 640

29.35 28.29

330 276 606

28.75 25.77

469 449 918

40.85 41.92 41.37

11 43 54

0. 96 4. 02 2. 43

1 0 1

0.09 0 0.05

29.14 3,455 31.47 3,437 30.34 6,892

41.22 38.81 39.98

114 460 574

1. 36 5. 19 3. 33

2,360 2,156 4,516

28.84

28.16 2,442 24.35 2,787 26.21 5,229

335

27.31

9 16 25

0

0.12 0.18 0.14

CANADA'S TABLE 209

Jews

Yuars 15-19 All

Origins

Years 20-24

Jews

All

Origins

Years 25-34 All Jews Origins

Canada

40.89$ 34.43;o 34.07$ 26.095; 19.73$ 47.69$ 42.485o 37.21$ 24.58^0 12.89$ Both Sexes. 44.11$ 37.90$ 35.55$ 25.8l5b 16.50$

Male

Female

Prince Edward Island Male

Fenale Both Sexes

JEWS

PERCENTAGE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF UNMARRIED PERSONS 15 YEARS AND OVER AMONG JEV/ISH POPULATION AS COMPARED V,'ITH POPULATION OF ALL ETHNIC ORIGINS IN CANADA-1931

0 50.00$ 16.67$

34.79$ 25.00$ 24.86>p 25.00$ 0 41.63^ 50.00$ 21.23^ 3 7. 2 2$ 33.32$ 23.34^0 16.67$

Years Years Years 35-44 45-64 65+ All All All Jews Origins Jews Origins Jews Origins

21.09$ 3.46;, 16.13$ 1.37$ 18.96$ 2.46$

8.16$ 6.83$ 7.58$

19.55$ 25.00$ 14.84$ 0 17.57$ 16.67$

8.48$ 25.00$ 7.29$ 0 7.98$ 16.67$

9.16$ 9.36$ 9.24$

1.59$ 0.71$ 1.18$

8.18$ 0.26$ 2.05$ 7.30$ 0.13$ 2.685b 7.71$ 0.20$ 2.04$ 0 0 0

3.16$ 5.65$ 4.45$

Nova Scotia Male. ...... 42.77$ Fenale 53.75$ Both Sexes 47.43$

36.12$ 31.38$ 43.59$ 36.255« 39.29$ 33.45$

25.4l5o 21.23$ 18.75$ 2.15$ 0 22.355* 9.16$ 14.74$ 24.115* 16.10$ 17.00$ 1.23$

7.91$ 6.58$ 7.35$

2.15$ 0.84$ 1.59$

8.89$ 0.32$ 2.92$ 8.45$ 0 4.29$ 8.70$ 0.20$ 3.55$

New Bruns.vick 38.00$ Male 58.79$ Female Both Sexes. 47.39$

38.875o 27.50$ 44.465o 29.69^ 41.33$ 28, 495o

26.2l5o 27.00$ 23.30^ 9.69$ 24.93^0 19.17$

17.84$ 6.50$ 14.63$ 1.22$ 16.43$ 4.11$

6.74$ 6.19$ 6.49$

1.00$ 0.61$ 0.84$

7.66$ 0 7.93$ 0 7.78$ 0

37.12Jo 34.715$ 28.42$ 22.05$ 20.95$ 4.00$ 39.68$ 38.19$ 25.86$ 14.46$ 18.20$ 1.78$ 38.48?o 36.37/t 27.32$ 18.43$ 19.60$ 2.94$

6.61$ 7.12$ 6.85>;

1.49$ 0.77$ 1.15$

5.31$ 0.33$ 1.59o 13.93$ 14.65$ 0.78$ 26.43$ 15.61$ 18»68/o 1.58$

Saskatchewan 39.25/0 L ale 52.36$ Female Both oexes 44.07;o .n.lberte Male

Female

Both Sexes British Columbia Male Female

Both oexes

35.00/i 34.40;& 47.72j-o 40.58jJ 40.22-3 37.53/b

34.43j« 28.75-/o 25.75$ 25.25/0 57.365i 35.83> 25.57$ 10.30$ 42.46jtt 31.365; 25.695'b 19.74/0

38.18$ 52.67$ 44.21$

30.88;i 30.18-/i 24.72$ 21.45$ 23.05$ 5.09$ 54.96^ 37.40>; 25.66$ 7.88$ 11.65$ 1.52$ 38.99^ 33. 19/i 25.04$ 15.80$ 19.21$ 3.60$

36.69,, 46.39$ 40.51$

26.78/i 26.15/0 44.65> 5 35.39^ 33.20;; 29.815;

20. 96/; 19.91$ 24.945; 13.40$ 22.36$ 17.34$

336

1.20$ 8.26$ 0.17$ 2.72$ 0.77$ 10.01$ 0.14$ 3.80$ 1.00$ 9.05$ 0.15$ 3.10$

8 . 16/u 1.24$ 5.33$ 0.51$ 7.00$ 0.87$

21.55$ 3.75/t, 8.94$ 10.84$ 0.85$ 3.09$ 17.79$ 2.68$ 6.8 9 />o 9.91$ 3.83$ 7.77$

21.52;o 8.50$ 11.65$ 14.87$ 3.44$ 6.56$ 19.17$ 6.50$ 9.71$

2.68$ 3.49$ 3.04$

7.62$ 0.31$ 1.54$ 4.61$ 0.06$ 1.02$ 6.39$ 0.19$ 1.28$

2.62> 0 0.21$ 1.76$

8.21?u 0.3 S/'o 1.12J* 2.57$ 0.45$ 0.57$ 6.23>« 0 . 45$ 0.94$

4.72$ 0 2.75$

9.98$ 0.38$ 1.46$ 3.21$ 0.53$ 0.69$ 7.70$ 0.45$ 1.29$

7.83$ 15.46$ 0.92$ 3.63$ 1.03$ 6.83$ 0.35$ 2.15$ 5.155, 12.425; 0.69$ •3.14$

CANADA'S JEWS PERCENTAGE OF AGE DISTRIBUTION OF MARRIED PERSONS AMONG JEWISH POPULATION AS COMPARED WITH POPULATION OF ALL ETHNIC ORIGINS IN CANADA - 1931.

TABLE 210*

Ages 20-24 All All Origins Jews Origins Jews

Ages 15-19 Jews Canada Male

Female Both Sexes

0.03$ 0.09$ 2.90$ 0.50c/o 1.34$ 8.46$ 0.26$ 0.70$ 5.65$

Prince Edward Island 0 Male 0 Female 0 Both Sexes Nova Scotia Male Female

Both Sexes

0 0 0

0.12$ 1.28$ 0.70$

0 0 0

Ages Ages 35-44 25-34 All All Origins Jews Origins Jews

Malfe

Female Both Sexes Ontario Male Female Both Sexes

Ages 65+

All

All

Origins Jews Origins

3.25$ 24.41$ 22.15$ 31.51$ 27.78$ 36.15$ 37.29$ 5.00$ 9.44$ 8.44$ 30.53$ 26.88$ 29.90$ 26.79$ 27.70$ 30.68$ 2.0135 5.87$ 5.78$ 27.44$ 24.46$ 30.25$ 27.31$ 31.82$ 34.06$ 4.58$ 7.69$ 3.12$ 20.00$ 17.01$ 20.00$ 23.41$ 60.00$ 38.21$ 21.74$ 33.33$ 24. 67^ 66.64$ 34.81$ 7.06$ 0 5.07$ 12.50$ 19.36$ 25.00$ 24.03$ 62.50$ 36.52$

0.17$ 0.49$ 3.86£ 1.75$ 8.81$ 8.55$ 0.95$ 4.56$ 6.16$

0 0 0

18.13$ 10.44$ 14.32$

19.30$ 18.89$ 32.92$ 24.56$ 41. 33$ 38.39$ 5.96$ 14.13$ 26.17$ 23.98$ 32.90$ 25.05$ 28.24$ 32.60$ 3.88$ 8.07$ 22.66$ 21.42$ 32.91$ 24.80)o 34.93$ 35.52$ 4.94$ 11.15$

New Brunswick 0.39$ 0.17$ 3.11$ 3.99$ 19.29$ Ma le 0.40$ 1.91$ 8.09$ 9.03$ 25.91$ Female Both Sexes 0.40$ 1.03$ 5.58$ 6.42$ 22.55$ Quebec

Ages 45-64

20.51$ 31.10$ 25.58$ 39.76$ 37.25$ 6.35$ 12.50$ 25.41$ 31.17$ 25.51$ 31.17$ 31.02$ 3.26$ 7.12$ 22.95$ 31.13$ 25.54$ 35.53$ 34.15$ 4.81$ 9.01$

0.05$ 2.49$ 3.40$ 24.66$ 25.35$ 31.07$ 27.89$ 36.72$ 34.32$ 5.06$ 8.99$ 0 0.39$ 1.07$ 7.96$ 8.53$ 31.01$ 29.17$ 29.74$ 26.12$ 28.36$ 29.20$ 2.54$ 5.91$ 0.19$ 0.56$ 5.20$ 5.92$ 27.71$ 27.33$ 30.00$ 27.94$ 32.18$ 31.80$ 4.72$ 6.45$ 0.04$ 0.62$ 0.34$

0.10$ 3.58$ 1.23$ 9.37$ 0.65$ 6.41$

3.34$ 25.77$ 22.09$ 31.23$ 27.34$ 34.29$ 36. 73/o 5.09$ 10.40$ 7.65$ 30.57$ 25.10$ 27.96$ 26.76$ 28.36$ 31.88$ 3.12$ 7.38$ 5.45$ 28.03$ 24.00$ 30.34$ 27.05$ 30 . 45$34.35$ 4.43$ 8.50$

Manitoba Male 0.02$ 0.05$ 2.40$ 2.73$ 21.76$ 20.36$ 28.70$ 29.08$ 40 . 21$39.21$ 6.91$ 8.57$ 0. Female. . . . . 44/o 1.41$ 7.16$ 8 . 46$ 27.61$ 26.36$ 29.61$ 28.47$ 31.22$ 30.33$ 3.96$ 4.97$ Both Sexes 0.23$ 0.68$ 4.76$ 5.52$ 24.46$ 23.66$ 29.15$ 28.86$ 35.77$ 34. 74$ 5.63$ 6.54$ Saskatchewan Male Female

Both Sexes Uberta

0.07$ 1.58$ 3.04$ 22.29$ 0 0.49$ 1.76$ 7.33$ 10.38$ 35.12$ 0.24$ 0.89$ 4. 39$ 6.62$ 28.56$ 0.05/o 1.81$ 0.94/i

3. 38/o 3.07$ 22.28$ 9 .80/0 10. 46$ 35.03$ 6.52$ 6.50$ 28.51$

21.22$ 36.20$ 30.41$ 28.02$ 31.99$ 28.02$ 24.54$ 34.14$ 29.26$

6.89$ 4.20$ 5.38$

22.29$ 35.92$ 30.12$ 32.16$ 38.01$ 6.01$ 6.46$ 28.59$ 28.75$ 27.39$ 22.60$ 28.02$ 3.04$ 3.73$ 25.33$ 32.41$ 28.80$ 27.49$ 33.24$ 4.56$ 5.19$

Female Both Sexes

0.25$ 0.78;'o 0.51$

British Columbia Male Female Both Sexes

0.06$ 2.99$ 2.44$ 18.93?* 17.56$ 33.55

39.26$

2.78$

4.59$

40.33$

43.85$

Manitoba

37.73$ 30.90$ 35.29$

40.82$ 35.11$ 38.60$

1.73$ 5.00$ 2.00$

2.15$ 6.81$ 2.90$

39.46$ 35.90$ 37.29$

42.97$ 41.92$ 41.50$

Nova Scotia New Brunswick Sesketcheven

Prince Edward Island

British Columbia

Alberta

TABLE 215*

1921

1931

PERCENTAGE OF FOREIGN BORN PERSONS BORN IN COUNTRIES SPECIFIED CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ETHNIC GROPUS, CANDA, 1931

ETHNIC GROUP

Chinese and Japanese Finnish

B e l g i a n

Italian

Polish Roumanian Czech and 3 l o v a k

Hungarian English Russien

Scottish Scandinavian Irish

Dutch German French

Ukrainian

Jewiah

Country of Origin 99.57$ 92.71$ 92.26$ 91.75$ 91.59$ 90.48$ 85.81$ 85.69$ 83.58$ 80.45$ 80.44^ 69.18$ 50.85?& 34.35^c) 25.72$ 30.90$ 14.80$

British Empire United States Outside of Canada America Russia Poland Roumania Hungary Jugo-Slavia * * * 1.91$ 0.26$

* * 5.43$ 7.26$ * 16.23$ 1.45$ 1.08$ 3.96$ 0.08$ 4.69$

* 4.73$ 4.12$ 4.51$ 2.36$ 2.09$

1.77$

7.50$ 2.15$ 10.43$ 7.54$ 11.59$ 28.76$ 26.45$ 32.36$ 31.70$ 68.39$ 0.73$ 4.92$

* Less than 1.00$

341

*

29.43$ 19.58$

2.30$

* 4.09$

6.64$

1.53$

7.12$

3.65$

61.47$ 10 ^ .8 66 5$ 45.93$ 28.34$ 8.

1.05$

1.63$

*

1.77$

1.42$

1.94$ * *

* *

TABLE 216

CANADA'S JEWS PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRTHS IN CANADA AMONG PARENTS OF SPECIFIED ETHNIC ORIGIN (1931)

Percentage of Total Population ETHNIC ORIGIN

1931

Percentage of Total Births

1931

28.2$ 2 •r\£J CTD 4.6$ 1.4$

Ukrainian German Polish Indian & Eskimo

JL • £»/9

Irish Welsh Total British Jewish Others

TABLE 217.

26.4$

as 100 176 122

2.7$ 4.9$ 1.5$ 1.2$ 1.9$ 1.1$

2.2$ 1.4$

English

Index No. of Births, taking Percentage of Total Population

107 100 86 78

21.4$ 9.7$ 9.3$ 0,4$

13.0$ 11.9$ 0.6$

51.9$ 1.5$ 5.4$ 100.0$

81 74 78 66

40.8$ 0.9$ 8.1$ 100.0$

75 60 150

NUMBER OF LEGITIMATE BIRTHS (EXCLUSIVE OF STILLBIRTHS) TO JEWISH MOTHERS IN CANADA. 1926-1936, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO AGE OF MOTHER

Age of Mother 1926 1927 1928 1929_ 1930 1931 1932 1933_ 1934_ 1935 1936 _ ^ ^ — — — 1 15 ^ 16 1 1 2 1 2 4 3 2 17 2 3 3 1 5 6 5 10 6 8 5 8 8 8 18 10 22 35 19 27 31 33 27 17 23 29 19 26 26 46 42 53 60 57 48 45 59 71 20 54 68 68 98 84 60 87 93 98 114 75 21 73 96 90 144 109 133 131 121 140 134 125 22 116 133 155 129 150 179 142 133 170 131 109 23 119 173 158 158 169 180 170 171 189 161 142 24 144 163 184 185 162 184 166 191 154 155 166 25 131 177 190 172 172 164 148 177 159 149 131 26 159 196 180 167 142 142 152 127 138 129 122 27 141 202 180 179 164 188 137 155 163 159 131 28 129 137 159 131 116 135 113 120 110 132 120 29 123 147 122 131 126 122 120 131 127 150 122 30 143 83 101 67 98 65 88 69 59 79 83 31 71 104 100 96 99 105 97 108 106 122 76 32 107 80 79 77 72 69 69 72 70 76 88 33 70 60 61 69 65 70 58 70 73 63 54 34 73 62 56 63 62 38 58 60 60 75 64 35 60 47 50 47 53 42 45 38 53 62 57 36 69 34 41 21 36 35 43 43 42 37 49 37 35 37 28 33 30 34 44 51 50 43 51 38 55 16 22 23 26 21 25 34 32 46 24 39 30 17 13 22 23 12 29 21 24 26 25 40 33 8 6 8 8 7 12 9 7 9 9 41 8 12 5 5 8 4 10 7 10 9 11 42 10 5 3 2 4 4 9 1 7 4 43 3 3 2 3 5 4 4 4 2 44 2 3 —2 _ _3 _ 2 1 2 4 2 3 3 2 45 4 _ _ _ _ 2 1 1 46 _ _ _ _ _ 2 3 47 2 _1 _2 _ _ _«. _ .». _ — 1 48 1 _ _ _ _ _ — —49 1 .. 50 & over 1 5 2 4 2 11 5 3 3 Not Stated 10 Total 2,015 1,931 2,113 2,137 2,167 2,121 2,135 2,092 2,054 2,111 2,105 342

Total 1926-1936 1 2 23 79 289 561 918 1,339 1,550 1,815 1,841 1,798 1,636 1,787 1,396 1,441 863 1,120 822 716 658 563 416 456 299 245 91 91 42 34 26 4 10 2 1 1 46 22,981

TABLE 218.

CANADA'S

JEWS

NUMBER OF JEWISH BIRTHS (EXCLUSIVE OF STILLBIRTHS) IN CANADA BY PROVINCES (1926-1936)

Total with one or both parents Jewish

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

Total 1926-1936

1936

869 998 850 914 939 1,002 1,028 909 900 924 957 720 693 688 760 680 720 758 778 826 886 846 Manitoba 318 320 307 263 298 273 283 339 213 252 242 Alberta 61 64 63 68 57 77 58 71 69 71 73 Saskatchewan 60 70 74 65 68 61 67 49 41 52 54 British Columbia 40 36 32 39 37 26 23 45 30 33 42 Nova Scotia 31 28 37 25 26 30 29 14 28 23 33 New Brunswick 10 16 16 21 13 27 13 11 17 20 8 Prince Edward Is... 1 C a n e d a 2,089 2,007 2,191 2,228 2,246 2,199 2,238 2,187 2,144 2,220 2,207 Ontario

Quebec

Children born to Jewish Fathers

854 970 1,007 890 920 831 977 879 918 893 868 674 751 676 683 334 747 764 713 715 821 822 308 294 326 257 265 277 311 206 234 287 245 58 57 73 68 56 62 65 63 67 63 62 64 62 58 57 73 67 61 47 41 51 52 38 British Columbia... 40 35 30 33 23 39 30 21 39 28 Nova Scotia 26 30 29 36 29 25 28 30 14 27 21 New Brunswick 9 13 13 10 26 15 16 21 8 15 20 1 Prince Edward Is... 2,043 1.958 2,142 2.181 2.194 2,160 2,188 2,117 2.092 2.155 2.132 Canada

10,007 8,200 3,010 694 633 356 295 166 1 23.362

Ontario Quebed Manitoba Alberta Sasketchewan

Children born to Jewish Mothers

960 974 1,005 836 921 890 871 880 898 823 885 678 740 662 711 746 672 817 828 752 802 708 M a n i t o b a 234 274 306 298 327 255 199 255 287 311 242 A l b e r t a 64 75 67 55 62 60 66 61 61 55 58 S a s k a t c h e w a n 62 48 58 45 38 55 66 63 47 64 70 29 37 24 22 29 37 32 30 36 British Columbia... 42 32 Nova Scotia 23 25 20 25 30 12 34 30 22 24 31 17 15 18 13 10 17 7 12 11 26 16 New Brunswick 2,023 1,943 2,126 2,148 2.182 2,135 2,152 2,111 2,067 2.128 2,120 Canada

9,943 8,116 2,988 684 616 350 276 162 23.135

O n t a r i o Q u e b e c

TABLE 219.

ETHNIC ORIGIN I n d i a n F r e n c h

Irish

English Scottish

Y/elsh

Total British

Ukrainian German

Polish

Dutch Jewish Scandinavian Others

10,290 8,305 3,108 732 661 383 304 172 1 23.956

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF DEATHS IN CANADA AMONG VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS (1931)

Percentage of , Total Population 1931 11.9$ 26.4$ 13.0$

1.2$ 28.2$

51.9$ 2.2$ 4.6$ 1.4$ 1.4$ 1.5$ 2.2$ 5.4$

100.0$ 343

Percentage of Total Deaths 1931 12.9$ 24.8$ 12.1$ 0.3$

2.0$ 33.7$

50.1$ 1.8$ 3.5$ 1.0$ 1.0$ 0.9$ 1.1$ 4.9$

100.0$

Index No* of Deaths, taking Percentage of Total Population as 100 109 94 93 50

167 120

97 82 76 71 71 60 50 91

TABLE 220.

CANADA'S JEWS DEATHS OF JEWS (EXCLUSIVE OF STILLBIRTHS) IN CANADA BY PROVINCES 1926-1936

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

254 180 89 14 16 British Columbia.. 12 Nova Scotia 11 ew Brunswick 4 Prince Edward Is. . Canada 580

291 170 107 24 17 7 11 11

328 204 97 16 19 16 6 3

373 219 100 22 26 16 10 9

342 350 110 24 19 14 5 9

413 333 111 17 14 10 8 4

364 381 122 17 20 . 12 11 5

386 379 126 18 18 12 11 9

638

689

775

873

910

932

959

124 84 47 7 11 8 6 2

147 98 60 19 10 5 7 5

186 109 44 9 9 9 3 1

208 121 51 13 16 7 7 5

184 201 52 14 11 4 4 6

214 188 66 10 7 5 3 2

199 211 61 9 13 5 6 3

202 209 72 12 6 5 8 4

289

351

370

428

476

495

507

130 96 42 7 5 4 5 2

144 72 47 5 7 2 4 6

142 95 53 7 10 7 3 2

165 98 49 9 10 9 3 4

158 149 58 10 8 10 1 3

199 145 45 7 7 5 5 2

291

287

319

347

397

415

BOTH SEXES uebec ntario FManitoba Saskatchewan lberta

1934

1935

1936

Total 1926-1936

432 393 429 392 404 378 128 104 151 23 18 29 22 22 30 10 9 7 8 13 9 10 6 9 1 975 1.020 1,042

4,005 3,390 1,245 222 223 125 103 79 1 9,393

217 210 67 9 15 7 4 7

226 220 79 14 19 4 2 6

518

207 235 63 14 16 5 11 2 1 554

536

570

2,114 1,886 662 130 133 64 61 43 1 5,094

165 170 61 8 7 7 5 2

184 170 54 6 12 7 3 5

186 169 41 9 6 4 2 4

215 182 61 9 7 3 4 3

203 158 72 15 11 3 7 3

1,891 1,504 583 92 90 61 42 36

425

441

421

484

472

4,299

MALES Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saakatchewan Alberta

British Columbia..

Nova Scotia New Brunswick

Prince Edward Is.. Canada FEMALES Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta

British Columbia..

Nova Scotia New Brunawick

Prince Edward Is.. Canada

TART.F. 221»

Year

Canada

NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS TO JEWISH MOTHERS BY PROVINCES. 1926-1936 Quebec

Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan

British Columbia

1 1 „ _1

• .. _1

1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936

8 12 13 11 15 14 17 19 13 17 15

2 7 4 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1

2 2 4 4 11 9 9 11 12 13 9

1

-

-

1926 1936

154

26

86

22

6

2 3 4 3 2 4 3 _ -

344

_ 2 _ _

_.

1

2 1

2

6

Alberta

_1 _1 _ _ _ _ _ 4 6

New Brunswick

_1 _1 _ . ., 2

CANADA'S JEWS

TABLE 222

INFANTILE MORTALITY AMONGST JEY/S IN CANADA 1926-1936 Nova New British Columbia Scotia Brunswick

Year

Canada

Quebec

Ontario

1926

89

36

26

14

5

3

1

1927

77

45

11

13

4

3

1

1928

72

38

19

8

2

2

1

1929

86

31

27

17

4

5

-

1930

83

36

39

7

2

1

1

2

1931

103

39

47

9

1

2

3

2

1932

72

26

32

6

1

5

1

1

1933

55

22

23

3

3

3

1934

75

22

41

3

3

5

-

1935

77

46

23

5

2

-

1936

71

30

28

3

3

865

371

316

88

28

19261936

Alberta

Saskatchewan

5

2

1

1 2 -

-

1

1

-

-

1

2

-

36

2

8

-

7

12

SEX OF CHILDREN BORN TO JEV/ISH MOTHERS IN CANADA BY PROVINCES. 1926-1936.

TABLE 223.

1926

M

Manitoba

F

197 F M

1928

hi

1929

F

Ontario

434 402

440 383

447 433

Quebec.

401 277

385 287

Manitoba 161 150

130 125

h-i

1930

F

11

1931

F

M

1932

F

M

1933

F

;:

1934

if

M

F

1935

1936

;.:

i.i

F

F

1926-193

1.1

F

483 415

521 452

530 375

485 475

454 436

449 422

457 428

446

475

5146 4797

484 262

530 178

470 241

446 216

448 292

434 318

494 306

465 363

445

373

5002 3114

148 150

174 153

154 152

144 130

138 117

151 136

112 130

112 122

106

93

1530 1458

Sa skate hwan. ... 28

35

42

24

46

24

39

25

34

28

20

35

35

23

23

22

23

15

24

23

33

15

347

269

Alberta.

29

29

31

24

26

35

34

27

27

35

23

32

43

32

38

29

33

33

34

26

32

32

350

334

British Columbia 20

16

8

24

9 21

19

23

18

14

17

20

16

8

15

7

20

9

23

14

14

15

179

171

Nova Scotia.

20

11

11

13

14

16

15

11

9 14

13

21

13

12

14

16

3

9

9 11

10

15

131

149

New Brunswick

3

7

9

7

3

8

14

8

6

7

7

8

9

9

2

5

8

9

8

78

80

Prince Edward Is

-

Canada

8

4

9

1096 927 1056 887 1177 949 1308 840 L241 941 1199 936 1185 967 L138 973 U36 931 L132 996 1095 1025

345

12763 10372

TABLE 224. NUMBER OF JEY.TSH FAMILIES IN CANADA V.TTH & WITHOUT CHILDREN, AND THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN PER JEWISH FALILY FOR CANADA & THE PROVINCES. 1931, ___^ FAMILIES WITHOUT CHILDREN V/ITH CHILDREN

Of One person 1,231 1,055 176

Of two Number or more • of persons Number Children 5,707 28,944 78,297 28,017 75,859 5,450 257 2,438 927

FAMILIES HAVING NUMBER OF CHILDREN SPECIFIED

1 7,324 7,040 284

2 7,978 7,728 250

3 6,161 6,016 145

2 2

1 1

-

8 9 4 5 6 7 3,820 1,931 994 408 224 62 3,686 1,878 961 397 212 59 134 53 33 11 12 3

Total Urban Rural

Total 35,882 34,522 1,360

Prince Edward Total Island. . . Urban Rura}.

2 1 1

-

5 1

Nova Scotia., .Total Urban Rural

448 420 28

17 16 1

67 62 5

364 342 2

1,097 1,017 80

82 77 5

91 85 6

71 70 1

56 54 2

w New Brunswick. Total Urban Rural

284 269 15

9 6 3

43 41 2

232 222 10

656 627 29

49 48 1

59 56 3

56 53 3

34 32 2

23 22 1

Total Urban Rural

13,718 13,616 102

394 374 20

2,228 2,205 23

11,096 11,037 59

30,106 29,948 158

2,782 2,765 17

3,022 3,008 14

2,402 2,395 7

Total Urban Rural

14,350 13,784 566

411 371 40

2,320 2,186 134

11,619 11,227 382

31,279 30,323 946

3,010 2,879 131

3,211 3,101 110

Total Urban Rural

4,294 4,028 266

130 96 34

609 571 38

3,555 3,361 194

9,771 9,283 488

870 802 68

Saskatchewan. .Total Urban Rural

112 75 37 80 56 24

171 134 37 136 126 10

917 722 195 663 627 36

2,469 1,910 559

Total Urban Rural

1,200 931 269 879 809 70

Total Urban Rural

703 660 43

76 60 16

133 125 8

494 475 19

6

4 4

9 9

-

10 35 33 2

1 1

11 5 5

12 2 2

_ - -

-

25 18 12 23 16 10 2 2 2

5 1 3 1 2 -

3 3

-

8 8

2 2

1 1 -

-

-

1,511 1,496 15

714 393 140 710 391 140 4 2 -

87 29 87 29

13 13

1 1

2,426 2,360 66

1,471 1,421 50

795 407 173 777 397 172 18 10 1

93 20 10 89 18 10 4 2

3 3

966 911 55

759 738 21

483 454 29

258 120 61 250 115 56 8 5 5

24 10 22 10 2 -

3 2 1

1 1

_

254 207 47 201 193 8

220 182 38 129 124 5

123 100 23 86 74 12

49 34 15 49 45 4

-

-

1,717 1,601 116

220 167 53 175 170 5

-

-

1,193 1,141 52

134 130 4

173 166 7

98 94 4

56 55 1

17 16 1

O

I z C7

30 10 19 8 11 2 11 4 9 4 2 -

2

2 ^

7 3 4 5 5

2 1 1 -

2 1 1 3 3

2 2 -

1 1

-

British

7 6 1

6 5 1

m

-

TABLE 225,

CANADA'S JEWS NUMBER OF JEWISH FAMILIES IN SPECIFIED CANADIAN CITIES WITH 4 WITHOUT CHILDREN, AND THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN PER JEWISH FAMILY IN THESE CITIES. 1931. . F A M I L IE S WITHOUT CHILDREN WITH CHILDREN FAMILIES HAVING NUMBER OF CHILDREN SPECIFIED Of two Number Of One or more of Total Person •persons Number Children 1 3 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 IS 11 12

48 Brantford 385 Calgary. 254 Edmonton. 127 Halifax. 632 Hamilton. 100 Kitchener 168 London. . Montreal. 11,148 100 Quebec. . 223 Regina.. Saint John 156 153 Saskatoon Three Rivers 12 Toronto., 10,381 596 Vancouver 61 Verdun. . Victoria. 33 511 Windsor. Winnipeg. 3,812

1 11 23 60 15 37 5 20 22 129 17 1 25 11 290 1,833 8 12 31 11 3 24 8 18

2

232 1,635 41 114 2 12 8 7 81 13 75 540

TABLE 226.

107 755 519 287 1,325 210 328 24,516 226 498 372 346 22 22,822 1,072 118 37 1,125 8,832

9 8 7 6 3 3 90 68 28 ,23 83 4 4 2 29 "12 1 36 47 - 2 73 24 22 10 30 8 4 2 - 1 95 141 117 55 40 1.8 9 5 16 18 27 11 6 3 1 - 16 42 39 22 6 4 3 - 2,290 2,441 1,927 1,232 582 323 112 76 28 15 15 25 12 10 3 48 43 42 23 13 8 2 1 30 20 15 6 33 25 46 31 18 20 8 3 1 2 4 3 3 2,212 2,336 1,791 1,092 593 298 113 62 13 116 90 54 15 6 5 1 153 7 13 5 17 2 2 - 1 7 3 6 . 1 1 100 82 35 30 17 139 8 3 1 864 765 698 435 238 111 54 20 10

2 1 1 12

11

1 - 4 1 2 1 1-

NUMBER OF INTERMARRIAGES AMONG JEWS IN CANADA JEWISH BRIDES WITH NON-JEWISH GROOMS 1926

Bride Jewish

36 302 202 102 481 82 132 9,025 80 181 129 127 10 8,514 441 47 18 417 3,197

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

Total 1926-1936 1936 Number Rate

1,105 1,138 1,362 1,494 1,488 1,404 1,466 1,571 1,486 1,510 1,657 15,681

Both Parties Jewishl,087 1,124 1,351 1,478 1,459 1,381 1,439 1,526 1,467 1,471 1,631 15,414 98.30 14 16 29 27 19 26 18 11 23 45 39 267 1.70 Groom - non-Jewish Groom: 3 9 4 7 3 2 2 8 2 12 52 0.33 Anglican 4 1 5 4 5 5 6 3 6 6 48 0.31 3 United Church. . 1 4 6 31 0.20 2 5 7 Presbyterian.. . 3 3 Lutheran 1 1 2 2 2 11 0.07 2 1 1 1 2 9 0.06 Greek Orthodox.. 1 2 2 4 0.02 2 1 1 Baptists 1 1 4 0.02 Disciples of Christ 1 1 Seventh Day Adventist

Christian Science testant

2 1

1

Morman

Unspecified Pro-

1

1

1

2

4

3

2

5

4 0.02 1 0.01 1 0.01

1

18

0.12

Total Protestant

14

10

9

12

19

18

15

27

10

29

20

183

1.17

Roman Catholic.. Greek Catholic.

3

4

2

3 1

8 2

3 2*

8 3 1

9 7 2

5 4

7 2

4

56 21 5 2

0.36 0,13 0.03 0.01

No religion Not Stated

1

347

1

2

CANADA'S JEWS

TABLE 227,

NUMBER OF INTERMARRIAGES AMONG -JEWS IN CANADA JEWISH GROOMS WITH NON-JEWISH BRIDES

1926

Groom Jewish

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

Total 1926-1936 1936 Number Rate

1935

1,122 1,180 1,393 1,545 1,509 1,420 1 ,494 1,567 1,523 1,517 1,700 15,970

Both Parties Jewiab 1,087 1,124 1,351 1,478 1,459 1,381 1 ,439 1,526 1,467 1,471 1,631 15,414 9.6.52 Bride-Non-Jewi sh . 35 56 42 67 50 41 39 55 56 69 556 3.48 46 Bride; Anglican

United Church.. Presbyterian. . Luthcran

g 5 5 1

16 11

2 5 2

Baptist

Disciples of Christ ^ Greek Orthodox.. Evangelical. .... — Christian Science

13 4

2

Unitarian

Salvation Army. Mormcns ^ Seventh Day AdventistUnspecified Pro-

18

13 JL-W

JkW

9

5

5 6 6 3

9 5 4 4

9 10 _ 3

2 1 _1

1

4 1

9 14 5 2 _

1

..

1 .__

_-

_

M»

w

—

^

1

—„

..

3 2 4 1 1 1

8 3 4 1

8 5 2 1

_

_..

__

1

—

^ _

^

2 ^ _

_

1 _1

„

_ 1

3 9

' 11

15 «kw 15 7 4 2

122 93 62 33 17

JLwfc.

0. V * 76 0.58 0.39 0.20 0.11 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0,01 0.01 1W

7 4 4 2 2 2 1 1

^

—

4

4

1

2

1

1

2

2

2

3

10

32 0.20

Total Protestant

23

42

32

47

35

22

30

27

37

34

53

382 2.39

Roman Catholic.. Greek Catholic. Not »Stated

9 1 2

13 1

7 2 1

19

_ 15

16 _1

23 2

10 _4

14 4 1

10 2 „

14 1 1

150 0.94 19 0.12 5 0.03

testant

1

^

1

w

^

-

NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH MIXED MARRIAGES IN CANADA BY PROVINCES, 1926-1936

TABLE 228.

New

Canada

Ontario

Quebec

Manitoba

British BrunsSaskatchAlberta Columbia wick ewan

Nova Scotia

1926

1,140

53

441 16

460

14

158

9

23

2

24

1

17 6

9 4

8

^ 1

1927

1,194

70

529

30

457

18

121

6

19

2

30

3

21 8

6 1

11

2

1928

1,404

53

610

18

539

12

152

6

23

3

37

7

19

2

10 3

14

2

1929

1,561

83

684

40

608

17

.148

5

28

4

35

4

24 6

13 4

21

3

1930

1,538

79

677

35

600

20

158

9

19

1

38

3

27 7

6 3

13

1

1931

1,443

62

635

26

572

16

149

7

17

2

26

6

16 2

6 -

22

3

1932

1,521

82

635

27

624 23

183

17

24 3

21

4

22 5

6 1

6

2

1933

1,612

86

694 33

658

17

166

15

25

7

29

7

23 5

9 2

8

-

1934

1,542

75

639

32

646

14

172

8

25

8

27

8

18 5

8 -

7

1935

1,556

85

674

34

621 22

176

11

21

3

20

3

25

7

10 3

9

2

1936 19261936

1,726

95

692 40

694

16

211 18

27

2

42

6

30 10

19 1

9

2

6,479 189

1,794 101

329 52

242 63

102 22

128

18

16,237 823 6,910 331

348

251 37

TABLE

229.

CANADA'S

JEWS

ETHNIC ORIGIN OF MOTHERS OF CHILDREN BORN TO MIXED MARRIAGES IN CANADA WHERE FATHER IS JEWISH 1926-1936 1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

Average 1926-1936 1936 Number £

1

Father Jewish..... 2, 043 1,958 2 ,142 2 ,181 2 ,194 2,160 2 ,188 2 ,117 2,092 2,155 2 ,132 23,362 Mother also Jewish 1,977 1,894 2 ,077 2 ,100 2 ,130 2 ,096 2,102 2 ,041 2 ,015 2 ,063 2,045 22,540 96.48J&

6 8 11 1 26 4 17 5 5 2 2 4

Mother-English Scottish Irish Welsh Total British.

French

Russian Polish Ukrainian German Scandinavian Roumanian Italian Finnish Negro Dutch

15 6 6

33 6 11 4 1 2 1 3

27 6 15 8 2 2

1 2 1

1

Hungarian Czecho-Slovak Belgian

1

Syrian

Serbo-Croat Not Specified Total with Mothers not Jewish.. * Less than 0.01$. TABLE 230.

21 5 7

1 66

1 64

1 65

18 6 9 2 35 7 9 7 2 4 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 2

1

22 10 8 40 5 7 2 3 1 3 1

20 6 8 1 35 11 6 2 4 2 1

1 1

1

46 15 6 5 6 3 1

1 1

1

1

3 81

25 14 7

64

64

23 10 5 4 42 14 1 5 2 1 3 1

24 10 8

17 14 15

42 14 7 6 2 1 3 1

46 15 4 6 6 3 1 2 3 2 1 1

1 1 1

1

220 96 95 9 420 106 89 61 36 23 20 15 7 7 7 5 4 3 3 1 1 14

29 7 11 1 48 9 6 11 3 2 3 1

1 1

2

4

86

76

77

2

^ 1

92

87

0.94 0.41 0.41 0.04 1.80 0.45 0.38 0.26 0.15 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 o.oi * * 0.06

822 3.52

ETHNIC ORIGIN OF FATHERS OF CHILDREN BORN TO MIXED MARRIAGES IN CANADA WHERE MOTHER IS JEWISH 1926-1936 1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

Average 1926-1936 1936 Number %

2 023 1,943 2,126 2,148 2,182 2,135 2,152 2,111 2,067 2,128 2,105 23 ,120 Father also Jewish 1,977 1,894 2,077 2,101 2,130 2,096 2,102 2,041 2,015 2,063 2,045 23 ,541 97. 50$

Mother Jewish

Father-English Irish Scottish Welsh Total British Russian Polish French Germnan

Italian. Ukrainian Roumanian Scandinavian Negro

6 3 5

6 2 1

8 4 3

10 4 1

9 3 1

5 4 2

11 5 3

14 7 6

4 4 6

14 9 4 3 1 1

9 17 4 1 1 3 1 1

15 12 4

15 7 3 1 1

13 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 1

11 6 2 1 3

19 4

27 5 1 5 3 3 1 1

14 8 4 1 1 2 1 2

3

2

2 2

3 1 1

Hungarian

Greek

1

Bulgarian Belgian Czecho-Slovak Dutch

Not Specified Total with Fathers not Jewish. * Less than 0.01$

3 1 1 1

1

4 1 1 1 1

3

7 8 4 1 20 7 4 7 2 1 4 1 1 1

1 10

12

13

1 12

46

49

49

47

15 6 5 1 27 7 9 3 1 1 3 2

2 1 1 1 1

15

14

19

21

17

17

1

52

39

50

70

52

65

60

349

95 50 37 2 184 86 37 30 19 17 16 12 7 9 4 3 1 1 1 1 151

0.42 0.22 0.16 * 0.80^ 0.37 0.16 0.13 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 * * * * 0.65

579

2.50

TABLE

CANADA'S JEWS

231.

COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE OF INTERMARRIAGE AMONG PARENTS OF CHILDREN BORN IN CANADA, 1926-1936

Ethnic Origin Average of One Parent ',.926-1936 1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

Swedish

75.4

70.2

71.5

71.9

72.8

73.0

73.3

76.5

76.6

79.9

81.0

82.8

Danish

73.3

78.7

76.3

70.8

67.5

68.5

69.6

69.8

71.0

76.5

79.2

78.4

Norwegian. . . .69.7

64.2

65.8

64,1

66.4

65.8

68.1

70.5

73.3

74.4

76.6

77.7

Dutch

64.5

65.0

65.7

62.9

62.0

63.2

61.4

64.3

66.2

65.8

66.6

66.6

Belgian

60.3

54.2

54.1

52.4

56.6

56.7

61.4

62.1

63.9

66.9

65.7

69.4

Icelandic. . . . 55.8

49.8

48.9

49.1

53.3

54.9

60.2

42.7

64.0

61.2

62.0

67.6

Roumanian. . . .47.4

42.2

41.7

40.7

41.2

42.7

45.1

46.8

52.2

54.7

54.1

61.2

German

46.3

45.2

45.7

45.3

45.3

44.0

45.1

46.9

41.5

48.6

49.3

52.0

Polish

43.0

44.4

42.3

42.5

40.4

37.6

39.7

41.8

45.8

47.2

49.9

47.5

Szecho-Slovak

39.6

49.7

40.1

45.7

44.6

33.6

33.2

35.1

38.2

35.8

38.8

40.7

Russioam

38,8

36.4

35.0

36.4

35,8

38.3

40.5

31.3

34.4

37.1

49.5

51.8

nnish

36.3

29.3

31.0

26.3

31.3

30.5

33.8

39.8

42.4

45.1

43.9

46.8

Italian

30.6

23,8

24.7

23.5

27.0

26.4

29.5

31.3

34.4

37.1

37.4

41.5

Hungarianm

27.6

70.9

28.9

21.6

20.0

18.5

19.4

23.5

24.7

25.1

28.3

33.2

British

22.4

18.8

19.6

20.4

21.2

21.2

22.6

23.2

21.3

24,9

26.4

26.8

Negro

22.7

25.7

25.3

15.5

14,3

12.9

13.4

24.9

29.2

27,8

29.7

31.3

Ukrainian

21.7

17.7

17.1

16.9

19,3

19.0

21.3

16.0

25.6

27,9

29,0

30.3

n

19.2

22.1

23.1

15*4

14.3

14.7

13,7

21.6

21.2

21,3

21.1

21.8

Chinese

15.6

8.3

8.4

13.3

11.4

17.7

15,9

22.8

20.7

21.4

28.8

23.1

French

12.2

10.3

11.0

10.9

11.1

13.1

13.4

13.5

14.4

14.5

10.3

11.9

Jewish

5.9

5.6

5.6

5.2

5.7

5.2

4.7

6.1

6.7

6.0

7.1

7.3

Japanese

1.4

1.6

0.9

0.7

0.8

1.3

0.9

1.8

1.2

2.5

1.9

1.2

350

CANADA'S JEWS

FABLE 232.

CONVERTS TO JUDAISM. CANADA. 1931 JEWS BY RELIGION BUT NOT . BY ETHNIC ORIGIN IN CANADIAN CITIES WITH POPULATION OF 30.000 OR MORE

City Toronto Vancouver.... Halifax Montreal..... Hamilton. .... Windsor, Ont. London, Ont.. Winnipeg

Total 26 34 19 10 7 4

Ot'hfivjfl

^

Victoria. .... Mtnnnt'rtw Saskatoon.... Regiona

3 ^ 2

1 28 1

KF)

2 1(F) 1 1

KM)

3

1 1

2

-

2

St. John

Kitchener.... 1 Calgary Brant f or d... . Quebec Three Rivers. Verdun Total in Cities of over 30,000 182 1

im

-

4 1 -

1(F) -

5 2

-

-

-

1 1

-

-

1 1 1(F)

-

-

-

2

-

37

-

!

-

-

- 1 - -

-

1

1

-

-

-

!

-

-

-

1

KF)

1 -

1(M] -

11 10 2 3 21 16 18 9 2

1 -

1

2

4

1 16

1

-

1

»

•»

•»

•»

IM

•»

«•

i»

43 65 4

1

1

1

(F) - Female.

(M) - Male.

TABLE 233.

JEWISH CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY. CANADA. 193 JEWS PROFESSING RELIGIONS OTHER THAN JEWISH IN CANADIAN CITIES WITH POPULATION OF 30.000 OR MORE

Other Church ChristPresProtesRoman Greek Total ian Luth- Menby- United tant To- Reli- Catho- Catho- Protes- Angli- Bap- of tant can tist Christ Science eran nonite terianChurch Sects tal gion lic lic

No

City

Montreal. 257 Toronto . 165 linnipeg. 86 Ottawa. . 25 Hamilton. 37 Vancouver 61 Windsor.. 17 Calgary.. 18 Edmonton. 15 4 Regina. . 5 Saskatoon 8 London. .. Saint John 1 Halifax. . 40 Quebec. . .10 1 Kitchener 8 Verdun. . Brantford 2 3 Victoria. _ Three Rivers. . 763 Total

25 23 18 —p 3 4 1 4 _ 3

100 25 15 _7

— 2

—4 -

— — -

— 85

172 —

57

13 1 4 1 1 -

1

17 11 1 5 _—1 1 — 21

115 106 52 13 35 44 12 13 14 2 5 4 1 19 6 1 4 2 1

36 57 11

-

—-

— 449

156

26 —

2 11 _3

—4 19 4 6 3 1 12 — 2

4 1 - 1 3 2

351

1 — -

_

_

6

2 14

4

-

— -

-

—— -

—3

19 —

— 30

4

2 —-

3 —2 1 5 2 -

—1 8 2 1 — 2 •»

16 16 12 1 13 2 1 3 3 1

16 6 14 6 6 8 4

2 2 2 —2 6 1

—3 -

—

— 71

— 75

45 3 1 11 — 1 1 2

— — — bb-

TABLE 234.

OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY OCCUPIED JEWISH POPULATION TEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER BY SEX FOR CANADA AND THE PROVINCES. 1 a 3 1

Nova New BrunsScotia wick Quebec M F M F M F

Canada M F All Occupations.

Ontario: M F

SaskatchBritish ewan Alberta Columbia M F M F M F

Manitoba M F

47,535 14,365 578 107 387 58 18,951 6,122 18,685 5,620 5,337 1,769

1,587 266 1,104 239 897 184

PRIMARY INDUSTRIES

Agricultural Agricultural machine owners Farmers & Stock raisers Gardeners, Florists & Nurserymen Foremen & overseers.... Farm Labourers

15 3 292

Fishing.Hunting & Trapping Fisherman Hunters,trappers 4 guides

29 23 6

762 1 451

Logging Owners & Managers Foresters & timber cruisers Lumbermen

16 11

10 7

5

3

-

17 17

91 48

1

2 2 39

2

1 1

6 3 1 2

Mining, Quarrying, Oil and Salt Wells 23 Owners & Managers 4 Haulage workers-drivers 1 cagers, etc Coal Miners 1 8 Miners , Oil Drillers 1 4 Laborers-mines &. quarries 4 Other mine workers 13,701 4,638 19 Manufacturing Animal Products 2,220 258 1 Animal Foods 311 10 Owners and managers.... 31 1 Foremen and overseers.. 4 Butchers and slaughterer 243 Butter and cheese makers 8 3 Fish canners and curers 3 Meat canners,curers and packers 14 2 Operatives-milk factories dairies 5 Other 6 1 Fur and Fur Goods Owners and managers.... Foremen and overseers.. Furriers-fur cutters, dressers,sewers

3

1,181 126 2

124

1,053

123

1

1

6 1 1

138

3

304

5

65

1 62

„» 80

—

— 191

— 5

47

6 59

_ — 2

6 1 51

_

—

-

2 1 1

.. -

2 2 -

_ -

4 2 1 1

_ — -

.. -

„ 1 _ —

6

2

5

1

1 4

113

—

—

2 -

—

2 — — -

_ -. _

_ _ _ - .

_ 18 2 2 _ _ -

22

•» 1

— 15

—

_

1

6

-

-

2 1

3 3 2 1

_ 1

2 «•

2 —

_ _ _ *. _ _ -

3 1

-

1

314 51

15

263

15

509

70

66 11 18 4 7 1 6

91

24 10 1 8 1

1

710 64 1

55

645

55

12 152

_ . _ — _5 5 11 _ 5 1 _

7 1 5

-> 1 4

4 1 1 2 1 19 2 26 1 "

22 13 2 _ -

2 1

2 _^ _

«

—2 2 7

119 86 11 12

Vancouver M. n

2 — _ — -' — "

1 1 6 _ ^ _1 _ 1 8 6 1 _ —23 13 3 — . 1 2 —1 —4 -

•

]

1 1 — — •• ——•» •• — * ~ •• • ^

TABLE 23S-Coa,tiaued

CANADA'S JEWS OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION TEW YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IH THE CITIES OF MONTREAL. TORONTO. WINNIPEG AND VANCOUVER. 19.31

Metal Products-Continued Metal Products N.E.S. Patternmakers... Polishers & buffers Pressworkers & stampers.. Toolmakers, die cutters & sinkers... 'Vira makers & weavers.... Other workers Metal Products Precious Metals & Electro-plate Owners 4 Managers........ Foremen & overseers Goldsmiths & silversmiths Jewellers,watchmakers & repairers Jewellers' & watchmakers' apprentices Platers... Other workers Electrical Apparatus Owners & managers........ Foremen & overseers...... Battery makers & repairers Electric lamp makers..... Instrument & appliance assemblers Other workers Non-Metallic Mineral Products Owners & managers Aerated water makers..... Brick & tile moulders & makers Stone cutters, dressers & carvers..... Other workers

Montreal M. F. 4 1-

-

.

-

Toronto M. F. _ 3 3

_ 2 -.

! _ _ -.

_

2 2 27

-

5

-

4 2 15

-

66 7 1 2

1 -

65 1 _ 2

50

1

39

-

5 - 1

-

14 3 1 _ -

-

-

_ -

6 4 -

23 14 4

1

-

-

2 5 -

-

3 2

7 4 1 - 2

1 -

Miscellaneous Manufactured Products60 Owners & managers 24 Foremen & overseers ] _ Brush & broom makers..... 71 Button makers 4 1 Mattress makers 7 2 Musical instrument makers 1 Scientific instrument makers - Other workers 16

10 2 _

Electric Light & Power {including Stationary Sngineinen) Owners & Managers Boiler firemen..... Dynamo,motor,4 switch board operator Hoistmen, cranemen & derrickmen Oilers o f machinery Stationary enginemen>M.S.S.

1 1 2

4

3

-

_ 2 -

0

-

-

1 -

1

-

_ -

-

_ -

Vancouver M. F. 1 _ _

. _

1

-

10

2 _ _ „ . . 8

_ -

2 -

-

_ . -

6

2 -

-

4 2 2

-

2

7 4 -

_

_ _ _

-

_ _

-

_

„

-

_

_ » -

2

-

-

_ -

10 3 6_ _ 1 3 3 3

8 8 _ 1 -

1 _

1

72 20 17 21 -. 8 1 1 8 1 3 2 1 6 2 4 3 1 -

4 -

-

1 1 22

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

— ~ -

- « ^_

1

-

27

-

25

28 1 1 2 2 2 1 -1 1 2

1

1

9 1 2 2

21 11 2

• Chemical and Allied Products Owners & managers Foremen &. overseers Paint & varnish makers... Other workers

Winnipeg U. F.

2

15

-

3

_ -

1. - -

1 - 1 -

LIGHT & POVaK PRODUCTION 1 0 1 3

-

3

-

-

1 1 4

-

1 11_

-' 367

-

4

-

-

-

-

4

-

; -

TABLE 235-Continued

CANADA'S JEWS OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION TEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN THE CITIES OF MONTREAL. TORONTO. WINNIPEG AND VANCOUVER. 1931 Montreal M. F.

Toronto M. F.

T ,7innipeg M. F.

BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION

Building and Construction 684 Owners,managers,builders & Contractors 76 4 Foremen & overseers Brick d stone masons 1 3 Brick &. stone masons apprentices Carpenters 218 Carpenters' apprentices.... 10 Electricians & wiremen 62 Electricians* apprentices.. 7 Painters, decorators & glaziers 187 Painters' apprentices 6 Plasterers and lathers 3 Plasterers' & lathers' apprentices 1 Plumbers, steam fitters & gas fitters 57 Plumbers' apprentices 10 Roofers (not metal) &. 8 slaters Sheet metal workers & 30 tinsmiths Sheet metal workers' apprentices Structural iron workers & steel erectors 1 1 Other workers ~

705

1

32

343

85 2 26

28 3 1

6

2 170 1 52 1 204 8 24

79 1 44 5 92 8 11

2

18

4

50

2

6 4 6 2

2 49 6

6 61

1

1

2

2 3

1

TRANSPORTATION & COKMUNI CATION

681 Transportation & Communication Railway Transportation 15 Managers A Officials-electric railways Foremen,inspectors-steam 2 railway 4 Agents-ticket and station-.. Baggagemen & expressmen.... Brakemen. 3 Conductors-street car 2 Locomotive engineers 1 Locomotive firemen 1 iiotormen Porters- railway Railway conductors-steam railwayY Section foremen, sectionmen, trackmen* 1 Switchmen, signalmen & flagmen 1 Yardmen, N.E.S Other workers Water Transportation Managers & officials Firemen & trimmers - on ships Longshoremen «i stevedores.. Pursers & stewards Seamen, sailors, & deckhands Other workers

17 9

4 2 2

Vancouver M. F.

445 26

18

25 1

260 15

3

19 3

1 1

1 1 2 7

4 2

2 7 1

5

3 1

1 1

1 1

2

1

6 2 1

1

368

2 1

3

1 1 1

1

TABLE 235-Contlnued

CANADA'S JEWS

OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION TEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN THE CITIES OF MONTREAL. TORONTO, WINNIPEG AMD VANCOUVER. 1931 Montreal M. F.

Road TransDortation Owners & Managers-bus & taxicabs... Owners & Managers-cartage & transfers Owners & Managers-garage. Foremen-cartage & transfer Foremen & overseers-garage Chauffeurs & bus drivers. Deliverymen & drivers N.E.S. Teamsters , draymen , carriage drivers Truck drivers Other workers.....

Toronto M. F.

388

-

288

-

4

-

4

-

14 18 1 88 50

11 16 - 1 39 31

81 131 1

-

46 140 125

-

V/innipeg M. F. 191

-

22 3 24 32

-

54

3

5

1

_, -

«. 2 1 1 -

Warehousing and Storage Owners & Managers Packers, wrappers & labellers Shippers Warehousemen & storekeepers

262 2 14 241 5

23 16 7

73 7 6 58 2

Clerical Bookkeepers & cashiers Office appliance operators Stenographers & typists... Other clerical (office clerks)

1,527 412 5 866

714 266 27 421

4,042

114 1,781

86 78 7

1

2

. . 1

29 22 7 -

3 1 2

1 3 3 -

669

1,932

282

410

37

132

850

45

207

6

2 1

34 3

-

5 1 4 -

1 2 1 5 -

210 1 14 34 29 215 -

1 1 2 -

311 3 3 9 12 54 2 -

23

1 684

5

1 203

2

14 42 9

1 1

17 11 17

5 -

1

-

4 951 1

37 942 20

1 519 2

15 412 12

2 224 1

5 104 1

27 -

2

2

2

1 1

_ - -

24

„ 1 38 2 1 11 1

1,088

«

-

_ i _ -' 1 7 82 1 1 1 - . — --. 1 27 2 2 2 1 1 -

Merchandisins 5,338 Owners, managers & dealersRetail stores 2,132 Owners, managers &. dealers'/holesale, import & export houses; commercial agencies 230 Floorwalkers & foremen.... 7 Advertising agents 15 Auctioneers & appraisers.. 4 Brokers & agents, N.E.S... 37 Collectors 53 Commercial Travellers 471 Credit m e n 2 Decorators, drapers, window dressers 3 Hawkers & pedlars. ........ 439 Inspector s , gaugers ,& samplers 19 Newsboys 32 Purchasing agents & buyers 16 Sales agents, canvassers, demonstrators 85 Salesmen & saleswomen 1,789 Other workers 4

-

-

„ 238 3 2 14 1 3

6

-

1 5 -

17

-

-

-

261

181 10 165 1

8

55 72 1 -

Other Transportation & Communication Owners & Managers-other transportation Linemen & cableraen Messengers Postmen & mail carriers.. Radio station operators... Telegraph Operators Telephone operators Other workers

9

Vancouver M. F.

9

244

2

CLERICAL 426 1,317 235 165 388 112 - 3 17 757 9 244 369

172

114

-

2

460 81

44

1

1 -

-

3

344

12 4 „ -

62 9 .-. 47

32

8

6

TABLE 235-Continued

CANADA'S JEWS OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION TEN YEARS OF AGE & OVER IN THE CITIES OF MONTREAL. TORONTO. WINNIPEG AND VANCOUVER. 1931 Montreal

M.

F.

85 73 96 47 31 5 1

27 1

Toronto M. F.

'Winnipeg M. F.

Vancouver M. F.

29 46 43 16 16 3 2

20 1 1 •

4 8 5 1 4 1

_2 _ _ _ _

_4 _

_— _

_1 _

31 _ 118

23

3 _3

PROFESSIONS Musicians & Music Teachers Lawyers & Notaries

Physicians

Dentists Photographers Opticians Architects Dancing Teachers & Physical Instructors Osteopaths & Chiropractors Veterinary Surgeons Total Fee-Earning Professions Teachers Rabbis, Sochetim & Cantors Accountants & Auditors. Artists & Art Teachers Nurses - Graduates. , Nurses in Training Chemists,Assayers & Metallurgist Authors, Editors & Journalists. Designers & Draughtsmen Social V/elf are Workers Civil Engineers & Surveyors.... Electrical Engineers Mining Engineers Health Professionals, N.E.S.... Mechanical Engineers Professors & College Principals Librarians Trade Union Officials Mission V/orkers Agricultural Professionals..... Unspecified Professions Total Salaried Professions All Professions

3 1 1 343 126 90 77 _ 11 _

8 16 18 3 8 6 6 3 4 2 _2 _ _ 18 398 741

85 102 55 41 18 11 12

1 _-

_6

29

1 331

60

107 74 39 15

— 7 5 16 5 1

— 18 12 15 1 2 6 4 1 1 2

_ 5 _ _ 1 ~ 1 3 » _ — 5 109 138

25 1 1

_2 __ _ 29 14 _.. 11 8 7 . 3 _ —8

.. 2

4 _2

—1 _ _2

19 322 653

2 58 87

„ _„ 155 66 28 15 1 _ 3 3 3 2 9 3 1 1

_5

1 _. 18 18 1 1 _ 2

2

— — 1 —. 1 2 2 164 141 195 296

7 1 2 _1 _ 1 —1 1 —6 1 2

3 _1 1 1

— —1 24 47

9 12

1

-

SERVICE Public Administration A Defence Public service officials Fireraen-fire department Police & detectives Amy & Navy

10 3 1 5

^'ntertain&ent & Sport Owners & Managers-theatres & theatre agencies... Owners & Managers-other entertainment Actors (i actresses..... Showmen & sportsmen Stage hands, projectionists.. Ushers » Other workers..

5 3

1 1

2

-

3 3

-

-

-

-

41

3

99

2

40

11

-

46

1

15

4 4 4 11 5 2

.. _2 _ _

14 1 3 17 5 13

„,

1

1

370

1 -

7 1 -

12 1 4

_

1

— 6

— 8

— 1

1 _

2

-

5 1 -

1 ~ •• •• •*

1 4 -

—

CANADA'S TABLE 235-Continued

OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION TEN YEARS OF AGE & OVER IN THE CITIES OF MONTREAL, TORONTO, WINNIPEG AND VANCOUVER. 1931

Montreal

M. Personal Service Hotel managers & keepers... Lodging & boarding house keepers Restaurant, cafe & tavern keepers Barbers,hairdressers, manicurists Barbers* & Hairdressers*

apprentices Bell-boys & porters-(not railway) Bootblacks Charworkers & cleaners Cooks Domestic servants, N.E.S... Elevator tenders Housekeepers,matrons &. stewards Janitors & sextons. Nurses-practical; orderlies Undertakers Waiters & waitresses Watchmen & caretakers,N,E.S, Window cleaners Other workers

Laundering.Cleaning.Dyeing & Pressing Owners & Managers Foremen &. overseers Cleaners & dyers Ironers &. pressers.... Washing &. drying machine operators Other workers..

JEWS

Toronto

M.

P.

304 5

272

4

327 71

4

— 74

138

12

61

94

21

107

8

3

5

3 8 166 24 1 2

7 1 3 8 7 9 2 29

391 7

3 _4 15 14 6 18 — 3 54 11 4 8

608 16 49536

7

P.

Winnipeg M* P.

14 _3

21 ..

_ 127

2

34

5

11

2

2

17

40

10

_3

1

1

1 _.

• 1 3 127 •

2 1 2 -> 5

•

• 1 1 1 -

» . 8 •

8

2 16

-

3

13 — —3

25 — —9

1 12 5 1 2

38 • 12 24

651 42 80 518

24 4 14

61 6 2 19 33

2 9

6

1

371

P.

109 6

2 36 8 5 5

2

Vancouver

K.

—3 6 50 — 4 3 10 —4

6 _

—1 —1 1 —-

1 1 4 -

15 1

17 6

—3 5

—8 2

1 -

1 5

1

—

1

TABLE 236

CANADA'S JEWS COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF GAINFULLY OCCUPIED MALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA,1931 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ETHNIC ORIGIN

OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS

Jewish

All Origins

Merchandising Manufacturing Professional Building Construction Clerical Transportation & Communication.. Labourers & Unskilled 7torkers... Launder ing, Cleaning, Dyeing & Pressing Personal Service Primary Industries Insurance A Real Estate Warehousing & Storage Entertainment & Sport Finance Public Administration & Defence. Electric Light & Power Unspecified Occupations

40.36 28.82 5.23 4.17 3.86 3.56 3.13 3.04 2.25 1.72 1.50 1.25 0.59 0.28 0.13 0.06 0.05 100.00

TABLE 237.

British

French

German & Austrian

Eastern European

7.97 10.98 3.70 6.22 3.81 7.62 13.04

9.06 11.92 4.83 6.66 5.28 8.95 9.81

6.86 10.80 3.15 7.36 3.01 7.31 16.47

4.92 10.19 2.06 4.39 1.59 4.79 9.64

1.98 6.39 0.81 2.94 0.39 5.39 23.35

0.42 3.51 37.77 0.78 0.83 0.23 0.33 0.96 0.99 0.04 100.00

0.16 3.19 34.33 1.06 1.19 0.26 0.50 1.33 1.32 0.15 100.00

0.22 3.19 38.61 0.60 0.44 0.16 0.18 0.86 0.70 0.08 100.00

0.10 2.31 57.90 0.41 0.49 0.18 0.12 0.25 0.63 0.03 100.00

0.17 2.38 51.61 0.09 0.20 0.17 0.02 0.06 0.44 0.01 100.00

COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF GAINFULLY OCCUPIED FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA, 1931 CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ETHNIC ORIGIN

British

French

German &. Austrian

Eastern European

12.71 17.56 8.13 33.02 17.69 1.76 1.23

9.59 23.45 6.24 28.74 19.15 0.94 1.37

19.04 8.63 6.78 34.50 19.81 3.60 1.09

10.79 12.06 5.85 46.60 12.34 1.09 1.05

7.52 3.38 3.02 65.94 4.12 1.92 0.91

1.35 2.59 3.69 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.04 100.00

1.06 3.34 3.10 0.11 0.11 0.03 0.01 0.01 2.75 100.00

1.68 1.82 2.90 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.04 100.00

1.58 1.73 6.73 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.04 100.00

2.52 0.32 10.22 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.03 100.00

OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS

Jewish

All Origins

Manufacturing Clerical Merchandising Personal Service Professional Labourers & Unskilled Workers... Warehousing & Storage Laundering, Cleaning, Dyeing & Pressing Transportation & Communication.. Primary Industries Entertainment & Sport Insurance & Real Estate. Public Administaration Building 4 Construction Finance Unspecified Occupations

32.29 31.00 21.27 7.37 4.46 1.14 1.07 0.61 0.44 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 100.00

TABLE 238.

PERCENTAGE WHICH JEWS (BOTH SEXES) FORM OF ALL PERSONS GAINFULLY EMPLOYED IN EACH OF THE OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS IN THE FOUR LARGEST CANADIAN CITIES 1931 CENSUS

Commerce Manufacturing Laundering, Dyeing & Cleaning.... Entertainment & Sport Insurance & Real Estate Clerical..... Warehousing & Storage Professions Building 4 Construction Transportation & Communication.. Financ Labourers & Unskilled Worke Personal Service Primary Industries Electric Light & Power Public Administration & Defence. All Occupations

Montreal 16.19$ 11.38$ 15.21$ 4.68$ 6.57$ 6.21$ 5.95$ 3.70$ 2.30$ 2.25$ -.53$ 1.16$ 1.89$ 0.59$ 0.41$ 0.12$ 6.17$ 372

Toronto 12.42$ 13.29$ 17.45$ 10.72$ 5.28$ 4.49$ 4.33°/5 3.01$ 3.70$ 2.16$ 1.11$ 2.00$ 1.76$ 0.75$ 0.12$ 0.19$ 6.47$

Winnipeg 17.29$ 11.33$ 7.91$ 12.01$ 5.55$ 5.07$ 5.43$ 6.31$ 4.88$ 3.09$ 2.51$ 2.30$ 1.83$ 1.07$ 0.52$ 0.23$ 6.53$

Vancouver 3.01$ 1.32$ 1.62$ 1.90$ 1.21$ 0.69$ 0.36$ 0.71$ 0.36$ 0.17$ % 0.18$ 0.24$ 0.07$ 0.07$ 0.84$

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 239.

PERCENTAGE OF JEY/S TO TOTAL PERSONS GAINFULLY OCCUPIED IN CANADA IN FOLLOWING OCCUPATIONS, 1931 CENSUS

Fur and Fur Goods Factory Owners and Managers Hawkers and Peddlers Clothing Factory Owners and Managers Hat and Cap Makers Fur Cutters, Dressers and Sewers Clothing Cutters Tailors and Tailoresses Ironers and Pressers Sewing Machine Operators in Factories Newsboys1 Tailors Apprentices Upholsterers' Apprentices , Precious Metal Product Manufacturers Clothing Factory Foremen and Overseers , Theatre Owners and Managers , Cleaners and Dyers , Aerated Water Manufacturers , Milliners* Apprentices , Retail Store Owners and Managers Textile Manufacturers and Managers Mattress Makers. , Tent, Sail and Awning Makers Milliners , Button Makers , Leather and Leather Product Manufacturers..... Upholsterers , Tobacco Product Manufacturers and Managers Textile Finishers and Calenderers Collectors Cleaning and Pressing Shop Owners and Managers Commercial Travellers Jewellers, Watch Makers and Repairers Jewellers, Watch Makers and Repairers* Apprentices.., Boot and Shoe Repairers , Salesmen and Saleswomen , Lawyers and Notaries. , Dressmakers1 Apprentices Sewing Machine Operators (Home work) , Cigar Makers Musicians and Music Teachers Stenographers and Typists Dentists Glovemaker s , Opticians Beverage Manufacturers Shippers Bookkeepers and Cashiers Electrical Apparatus Manufacturers Dressmaking Physicians and Surgeons Photographers Stage Hands and Projectionists Printers and Book Binders' Apprentices Theatre Ushers Knitters , Sales Agents and Canvassers Social welfare Workers Brush and Broom Makers Vegetable Food Manufacturers Confectionery and Biscuit Makers Printing Machine Tenders Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturers Rubber Product Manufacturers and Managers Actors Owners 4 Managers of Places of Entertainment other than Theatres.. Cabinet and Furniture Makers 373

51.0155

43.38$ 42.98$ 35.16$ 32.21$ 32.07$ 31.09$ 21.46?$ 19.82$ 16.66$ 16.12$ 16.10$ 13.61$ 12.72$ 11.77$ 11.37$ 10.66$ 10.63$ 9.71$ 9.03$ 8.80$ 8.71$ 8.12$ 7.45$ 7.10$ 7.09$ 6.96$ 6.85$ 6.34$ 6.00$ 5.86$ 5.61$ 5.21$ 5.04$ 5.04$ 4.38$ 4.31$ 4.26$ 4.19$ 4.04$ 4.01$ 3.83$ 3.74$ 3.68$ 3.64$ 3.54$ 3.54$ 3.51$ 3.46$ 3.38$ 3.38$ 3.30$ 3.29$ 3.12$ 3.11$ 3.06$ 3.05$ 3.01$ 3.01$ 3.01$ 2.86$ 2.85$ 2.79$ 2.78$ 2.75$ 2.66$

TABLE 239-Continued

CANADA'S JEWS

PERCENTAGE OF JET7S TO TOTAL PERSONS GAINFULLY OCCUPIED IN CANADA IN THE FOLLOWING OCCUPATIONS, 1931 CENSUS

Restaurant and Cafe Owners Butchers Textile Spinners Advertising Agents Trunk, Belt and Bag Makers Printing and Book Binding Cabinet Maker's Apprentices Barbers* Apprentices Curriers, Leather Dressers and Finishers Tinsmiths and Sheet Metal Workers Wood Carvers and Picture Frame Makers Paper Box and Bag Makers Painters' Apprentices Paper Product Manufacturers Auctioneers and Appraisers Artists, Art Teachers, Sculptors and Painters. Inspectors, Gaugers and Samplers Meat Curers and Packers Brokers and Agents Delivery men and drivers Bakers Bus and Taxicab Owners Compositors and Printers Window Cleaners Floor Walkers and Foremen Dancing and Physical Training Teachers Breakers, Pickers and Wool Sorters Tobacco Product Foremen and Overseers Builders and Contractors Goldsmiths and Silversmiths Bookbinders Leather Cutters TABLE 240

.... ....

2.62;o 2.56)o 2.56)o 2.55jo 2.55)o 2.54$ 2.42> 2.39# 2.34/o 2.32$ 2.30)i 2.28/5 2.26)5 2.24$ 2.17$ 2.15# 2.15# 2.14?o 2.1156 2.08J4 2.03;& 1.96)4 1.91# 1.9070 1.90;o 1.89> 1.85;e 1.84jb 1.7654 1.73)o 1.63)5

NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF JEWISH MEN GAINFULLY OCCUPIED IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS IN CANADA 1931

Number

1) Retail Storekeepers and Managers...... 9,313 4,648 2) Salesmen 3,449 3) Tailors 1,948 4) Hawkers and Peddlers 1,926 5) Sewing Machine Operators 1,488 6) Labourers and Unskilled '.Yorkers....... 1,265 7) Wholesale Dealers & Managers 1,197 8) Clothing Factory Owners 1,117 9) Ironers and Fressers 1,078 10) Office Clerks 1,053 11) Fur cutters, dressers and sewers 966 12) Commercial Travellers 940 13) Clothing Cutters 762 14) Farmers and Farm Labourers 685 15) Bookkeepers and Cashiers .. 528 16) Shippers 528 17) Painters and Decorators 523 18) Carpenters 469 jL9 j Insurance Agents 422 20) Truck Drivers 411 21) Teachers 409 22) Hat and Capmakers ..... 383 23) Messengers 351 24) Boot and Shoe Repairers 349 25) Lawyers and Notaries 331 26) Physicians and Surgeons .290 27) Barbers and Hairdressers 28) Rabbis,Shochetim,Cantors,(Priests,Clergyf ~ 263 men, etc.) • 263 29) Restaurant and Tavern keepers 253 30) Mechanics. 252 31) Musicians and Music Teachers

374

J E 17 S Percent of all Jews gainfully occupied 19.58$; 9.77^5 7.25^5 4.09?5 4.05?5 3.12# 2.66$ 2.51$ 2.35# 2.27$ 2.21$ 2.03$ 1.97?fc

1.60$

1.44$ 1.11$ 1.11$ 1.09$ 0.98$ 0 . 88$ 0 . 86$ 0.86$ 0.80 jo 0.73$ 0.73^ 0.69>0 0.6l5o 0.55cy»

0.55J& 0.53J& 0.535S

ALL ORIGINS

Percent of all origins gainfully occupied 2.88# 3.08# 0.31^ 0 . 13yi 0.19ji 13.04ji 0.40)o 0.08;o O.lO^o 2.78J& 0.07;b 0.56)b 0.0 T/o 33.50/i 0.96;& 0.46;o 1.03/o 2.44)0 0.52/o 1.34;o 0.56>o O.OSyo 0.39)o 0.217& 0.24^o 0.30)o 0.48)o

0.46)o 0.29)o 1.34» 0.12/i

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE

241. NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF JEWESSES GAINFULLY OCCUPIED IN SPECIFIED OCCUPATIONS IN CANADA. 1931

1) Stenographers & Typists 2) Sewing Machine Operators 3) Saleswomen 4) Bookkeepers & Cashiers... 5) Office Clerks 6) Domestic Servants 7) Retail Store Owners & Managers... 8) Dressmakers 9) Teachers 10) Lodging & Boarding Housekeepers. . 11) Hat & Capmakers 12) Milliners 13) Tailoresses 14) Unskilled Workers 15) Packers, Wrappers & Labellers 16) Fur cutters, dressers & sewers... 17) Musicians 4 Music Teachers 18) Graduate Nurses & Nurses in training TABLE 242.

Number

JEWS Percent of all Jewesses gainfully OccuDied

2,675 2,608 2,489 1,123 639 557 484 348 322 234 193 192 186 164 130 123 103 101

18.40$ 18.15$ 17.32$ 7.81$ 4.37$ 3.87$ 3.36$ 2.42$ 2.24$ 1.62$ 1.34$ 1.34$ 1.29$ 1.14$ 0.90$ 0.85$ 0.71$ 0.70$

ALL ORIGINS Percent of all origins gainfully Occupied 9.76$ 2.97$ 6.75$ 3.21$ 4.35$ 20.13$ 1.00$ 1.50$ 9.71$ 2.80$ 0.11% 0.39$ 0.23$ 1.60$ 1.14$ 0.18$ 0.69$ 4.79$

GAINFULLY OCCUPIED (BOTH SEXES) IN CANADA CLASSIFIED BY ETHNIC ORIGIN INTO SOCIAL ECONOMIC GROUPS - 1931

Social Economic Groups 1) Professional 2) Proprietors, Managers & Officials a) Farmers (Owners & Tenants) b) Wholesale & Retail Merchants c) Other Proprietors, Managers 4 Officials 3) Clerks.Salesmen.etc

All Origins

British

German & Scandin-Eastern ItalFrench Jewish Austrian avian EuroDean ian

238,569

146,679

61,702

3,130

6,825

3,094

2.589

585

914,701

483,950 198,231 15,268

63,515

33,889

56.218

4,135

645,208

331,667 144,825

478

54,520

30,021

50,058

1,121

114,311

64,130

23,971 11,068

3,994

1,368

2,183

1,695

155,282

88,153

29,435

5,001

2,500

3,977

1,319

348,169 106,141 18,763 14,289

5,625

4,791 2,425

545.869

3,722

4) Skilled Workers & Foremen 448,461

273,057 109,502

8,537

16,791

9,927

13,485

3,397

5) Semi-skilled Workers... a) In Manufacturing.... b) Other semi-skilled Workers...

494.004 211,135

302.211140,069 12,633 102,784 75,689 12,340

20,163 11,143

8,883 2,524

16,557 7,264

8,871 2,825

283,169

199,427

9,020

6,359

9,293

6,046

6) Unskilled Workers a) Farm Labourers b) Other Labourers c) Servant Classes

1.285,627 483,486 540,846 261,295 3,927,231

64,380

557,097 375,842 215,108 135,644 213,300169,333 128,689 70,865

293

3,582 73,782 302 40,710 2,258 20,195 1,072 13,877

39,551 118,436 16,107 19,035 42,714 943 14,353 57,81713,435 6,163 17,905 1.729

2,111,163 991,487 61,913 195,365

100,969 212,076 35,520

375

CANADA'S JEWS GAINFULLY OCCUPIED MALES IN CANADA CLASSIFIED BY ETHNIC ORIGIN INTO SOCIAL ECONOMIC GROUPS - 1931

TABLE 243,

Social Economic Groups

All Origins

British

120.775

83,605

1) Professional 2) Proprietors, Managers & Officials a) Farmers (Owners 4 Tenants) b) Wholesale and Retail Merchants c) Other proprietors, managers & officials

866.073 626,112

French

German 4 ScanEastern ItalJewish Austrian dinavian European ian

25.507 2.489

3,462

1.441

1.515

404

458,762 188.045 14,415 321,087 140,966 467

61,036 53,093

32.675 29,338

52,349 3,814 48,445 1,105

107,498

60,284

22,122 10,578

3,828

1,306

2,074 1,611

132,463

77,391

24,957

3,370

4,115

2,031

1,230 1,098

3) Clerks. Sale smen.etc

358.210

212,183

74,959 11,537

8,865

3,496

2,925 1,883

4) Skilled Workers and Foremen

439.521

266,849107,265

8,044

16,488

9.883

13,288

5) Semi-Skilled Workers a) In Manufacturing b) Other Semi-skilled Workers

395,583 137,294

247.608 101,474 79,061 42,252

8,382 16,648 8,187 8,374

7,936 2,126

13,913 7,140 5,492 1,795

258,589

168,547

6) Unskilled Workers a) Farm Labourers b) Other Labourers c) Servant Classes

TABLE 244.

59,222

195

8,266

1,081.206 460.737 311,527 2,681 61,611 478,632 213,909134,244 297 39,306 528,479 209,244 162,598 2,028 19,888 74,095 37,584 14,685 356 2,417 3,261,368 1,729,744 808,777 47,548 168,110

5,810

8,421

3,297

5,345

34,373 102,005 15,242 18,901 41,663 929 14,311 57,305 13,226 1,161 3.037 1.087 89,804 185,995 31,780

GAINFULLY OCCUPIED FEMALES IN CANADA CLASSIFIED BY ETHNIC ORIGIN INTO SOCIAL ECONOMIC GROUPS - 1931 All Origins

British

German & Scandin- Eastern ItalFrench Jewish Austrian avian European ian

117.794

63.074

36.195

641

3.363

1.653

1.074

181

25.188 10,580

10.186 3,859

853 11

2.479 1,427

1.214 683

3.869 1,613

321 16

3,846

1,849

490

166

62

109

84

10,762

4,478

352

886

469

2,147

221

187.659

135.986

31.182

7.226

5.424

2.129

1.866

542

4) Skilled Workers & Forewomen

8.940

6,208

2,237

493

303

44

197

100

5) Semi-skilled Workers...... a) In Manufacturing b) Other semi-skilled workers

98.421 73,841

54.603 23,723

38.595 33,437

4.251 4,153

3.515 2,769

947 398

24,580

30,880

5,158

98

746

549

204,421 4,854 12,367 187.200 665,863

96,360 1,199 4,056 91.105 381,419

64.315 901 1,400 5 6,735 180 56.180 716 182,710 14,356

12,171 404 307 11.460 27,255

Social Economic Groups 1) Professional

.*

2) Proprietors, Managers & Officials 48.628 a) Farmers (Owners & Tenants) 19,096 b) Wholesale & Retail Merchants 6,813 c) Other Proprietors, Managers & Officials 22,719 3) Clerks. Saleswomen, etc...

6) Unskilled Workers a) Farm Labourers b) Other Labourers c) Servant Classes

376

2.644 1.731 1,772 1,030 872

701

5,178 16,431 134 1,051 42 512 5.002 14.868 11,165 26,081

865 .14 209 642 3,740

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 245.

OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA 1931 CLASSIFIED BY SEX. PLACE OF BIRTH & PERIOD OF ARRIVAL IN CANADA

OccuT>ation

Total Canadian Total Born Immigrant

All Occupations

Agriculture Agricultural Machine Owners Farmers & Stock Raisers

Gardeners, Florists & Nurserymern

Foremen & Overseers.. Farm Labourers

Total Fishing, Hunting & Trapping Fishermern

Hunter s, Trappers &

Guides Total

Logging Owners & Managers. Foresters & Timber Cruisers Lubermen Total

9,764

15,565 10,948

5,484

5,774

26

46

1

1

47

404

236

96

2

13 3 170

591

9 1 38 285

3 1 28 128

24 50

128

15

4

1

1

1

1

2 17

2 6

1 2

1 2

1

1

3

3

1 4

3

1 1

1

122 171

1 1 2

Mining & O.uarrying Coal Miners

Coal Mine Labourers.. Mine Owners & Managers(Not coal) Mine haulage workers. Miners (Not coal) Oil drillers) Other mine labourers. Unspecified Total....

37,771

FEMALES, HALES, Period of Arrival in Canada Before Canadian 1910 1911-20 1921-25 1926-31 Born Immigrant

2 5

3 1 6 1 3 2 18

1,819 58 31 6 2 7 7

11,875 427 334 88 3 192 4

9

1 2

1 1 1 2 6

1 1 80

6,168

8,197

11

4 4

1 12

-

-

1 1

1 1 1 2

1

-

3

-

2

1

6

3

3

4,252 142 97 48 1 39

3,499 130 103 20 1 66

1,883 66 59 8 1 39 2

2,241 89 75 12 48 2

2 1

2 1

43

7

15

9

12

13

30

Canners Millers

3

1

Other Workers

1

1

22 10 2 6

4

Manufacturing

Vegetable Products Vegetable Foods Owners & Managers. Foremen & Overseers.. Bakers

Bakers Apprentices Confectionery & Biscuit Makers

Fruit & Vegetable Sugar Refinery Workers

Drinks & Beverages Owners A Managers. Foremen A Overseers.. Bottlers & Ce Harmon. Mai -esters, Brewers & Stillmen Other Workers

11 7 1 2

1

1

1

10 7

6 3

6

2

1

2 3

1

2

1

377

837 39 18

3,801 71 40 «!•

1

1 1 5

1

1

1

1

1

TABLE 245-Continued

CANADA'S JEWS OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA 1931 CLASSIFIED BY SEX. PLACE OF BIRTH & PERIOD OF ARRIVAL IN CANADA Total

Tobacco Products Owners & Managers..•* Foremen & Overseers.. Cigarette Makers Cigar Workers Other Workers

Canadian Total Born Immigrant

Rubber Products Owners & Managers.... Foremen & Overseers.. Rubber Shoemakers.... Vulcanizers Other Workers

9 5

4

38 9 5 1 21 2

M A L. E S_ 11 M. A k H 1 Period of Arrival in Canada Before Canadian 1910 1911-20 1921-25 1926-31 Born Immigrant 19 5 2 1 11

13 3 2

3 1

3

7 1

2

1 1

1

20

30

1 17 2

24 6

63 3 1

195 7

1 1

3 2 1

7 2 2 1 2

33 8 1 1 8 15

16 3

8 1

4 3

5 1

4 9

1 6

1

1 2 1

Animal Products Animal Foods Owners & Managers.... Foremen & Overseers.. Butchers & Slaughterers Butter & Cheese makers Fish Canners & Curers Meat Canners 4. Packers Dairy Factory Workers Other Workers

269 46 4

1,951 265 27 4 203 8

504 72 13 2 46 5

574 81 10 1 62 2

403 60 4 1 50

13 5 5

3 2 1

4 1 1

3 2

3

Fur & Fur Goods Owners & Managers.... Foremen & Overseers.. Fur Cutters, Dressers & Sewers

186 7

995 119 2

201 55 1

275 43 1

241 16

278 5

15

179

874

145

231

225

273

15

108

37 9 1 2

691 85 7 349

231 40 2 146

218 33 3 122

102 5 2 43

140 7

45

79

2

1

4 2

3 30 10 16

4 1 6

1 6 1 6

2 5 3 1

122 5 10 53

22 3 1 6

26 1 3 16

24 1 4 11

7,661 175 93 8 6

2,908 65 50 3 1

5

1

2

2

1

2 11

2

4

1 4

2

2

1

1

1 4

1

1

Leather & Leather Products Owners & Managers.... Foremen 4 Overseers.. Boot & Shoe Repairers Boot & Shoemaker's Apprentices........ Curriers & Leather Dressers Leather Cutters Glovemakers.

Harness & Saddlery Make: Boot & Shoe Machine Operators.* Tanners Trunk,Belt & Bagmakers Other Workers Textile Products Textiles Owners & Managers.... Foremen & Overseers.. Bleachers & Dyers.... Breakers, Pickers & Sorters. Carders & Drawing Frame Tenders Finishers & Calenderers Inspectors,Lookers & Menders oom fixers & card Grinders Spinners

40

1 1

6 3 8 999 33 14

2

470 52 45 1

1

3

109

1

1

2

2 2 1

11 1 19

50

9

16

2 20

1 29

30

1,321 27 10 1 2

656 34

3,431 150

4

2 1

38

1

378

2,307 1,125 29 54 8 25 2 2 2 1

1

15 5 3

1 1

1 1

6

2 73

8

9

1

5

CANADA'S JEWS

TABLE 245-Continued

Textile Products Textiles-Continued Spoolers, Warpers &

OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA 1931 CLASSIFIED BY SEX. PLACE OF BIRTH 4 PERIOD OF ARRIVAL IN CANADA FEMALES M A It is Total Period of Arrival in Canada Canadian Total Before Canadian Born I"fln 1 grant 19 10 1911-20 1921-25 1926-31 Born Immigrant

3 11

1 1 15 26

Textile Goods & Clothing 966 Owners & Managers... 139 Foremen 4 Overseers. 16 Cutters 295 Hat 4 Cap Makers.... 69 Dressmakers Apprentices Knitters 11 Milliners 4 Milliners Apprentices Sewers 4 Sewing 190 Machinists-Factory 10 Sewers-not in factory Teilors 147 41 Tailors Apprentices. Tent, Sail 4 Awning 1 Makers Other Wrkers 43

Beamers

Textile Printers....

Weavers Other Workers

Dressmakers

Wood Products & PU!D 4 Pa-oer Products Wood Products

Owners 4 Managers... Foremen 4 Overseers. Box, Basket 4 Packing

228 52

1

Case Makers

Cabinet 4 Furniture.

1 5

1 1 6 10

4 5

4 6

7,486 1,055 81 645

2,843 608 34 151

2,253 313 26 192

1,096 95 9 114

1,294 39 12 188

340

63

114

83

80

50 16

7 5

14 7

12 3

1,736 52 3,302 28

408 11 1,485

489 16 1,001 12

342 11 402 5

3 178

1 70

69

802 433 57 4

273 220 32 1

1

1 31

Makers

2

91

Apprentices

3 1

3

Cabinet Maker *s Canoe 4 Boat Builders Carriage 4 Wagon

622 1 12 11 24 59 4 14 63 14

3,281 12 44 23 324 134 12 50 129 6

497 14 414 11

354 13 28 7

2,254 85 158 6

1 19

1 20

1 17

1 43

191 82 18 2

154 96 5 1

184 135 2

53 4

63 13 1

23

20

17

1

1

1 2 2

22

2 1 1 54

87

3

6

1 5 2

'

17 1

3 1 19

3 12 13 2 195

1 32

13

24

10

2

5

17

Wood turners 4 planers

2 2 3

7 17 4

3 4 2

6

1 2 2

3 4

Pull), Pat>er 4 Paper Products Owners 4 Managers... Foremen 4 Overseers. Machine Operators... Paper box 4 bag makers

14 5 1

48 21 5 3 15 1 3

24 15 1 1 5

9 4 1 1 3

9

6 2 1

25

3

24

22

1

2

Builders Coopers

Finishers 4 Polishers

Sawyers Upholsterers

Upholsterer* s Apprentices

Wood Carvers 4 Picture Framers

Other Workers

Paper makers Other workers

2

4 4

2 3 8

12

9 2 4 43

2 1

2

379

2 1 4 1 1

1 1 2

2 1 25

1

TABLE 245-Continued

CANADA'S JEWS OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYES JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA 1931 CLASSIFIED BY S^T. PLACE OF BIRTH 4 PERIOD OF ARRIVAL IN CANADA

Total Canadian Total Born Immigrant Printing.Publishing 4 Bookbinding li 162 Owners 4 Managers.. '.10 Foremen 4 Overseers Bookbinders 2 Compositors !58 Eleotrotypers 4 stereotypers Lithographers 2 Machine Tenders.... ;21 Pressmen & Plate Printers Printers 4 Bookbinder's Apprentices...... 61 Process Engravers.. 4 Proof Headers Other Workers 4 Metal Products 2 214 Precious Metals 4 Electroplate 29 Owners 4 Managers.. 6 Foremen 4 Overseers Goldsmith 4 Silversmiths3 1 Jewelers, Watchmakers & Repairers 14 Jeweler's Apprentices 6 1 Platers 1 Other Workers*..... 55 Metal Products N.E.S* 10 Owners 4 Managers.. 1 Foremen 4 Overseers 3 Blacksmiths 4 Forgemen Boilermakers,platers 4 riveters 38 1 Boilermaker's Apprentices Car builders 4 repairers3 Coppersmiths, Electric 4 Oxy-acetylene3 1 welders 2 Filers 4 Grinders.. Fitters, Assemblers 2 4 Erectors* Furnacemen 2 Machine Tenders.... 15 Machinists Machinist's Apprentices 8 90 Mechanics 1 Millwrights Moulders,coremakers 4 casters 1 Moulder's Apprentices 1 Patternmakers 1 Polishers 4 Buffers Press workers 4 1 Stampers......... Toolmakers, die 1 cutters 4 sinkers Wire drawers,makers 1 4 weavers »•• 13 Other metal workers

MALISS.

UMALES.

Period of Arrival in Canada Before Canadian 1910 1911-20 1921-25 1926-31 Born Immigrant

321 58 2 16 158

129 37 1 9 64

100 6 1 3 51

1 6 22

2 3

1 2 9

14

8

6

34 8

3 1

19 1

2

1

1

790

325

49

8

43 7

24

25

1 22

3 21

5 2

2 11 3

2 5

6

4

4

8 3

4 3

3 4 6

1 4

223

103

149

6

14

4

183 23 1 4

59 17 1 1

42 3

30 2

52 1

1

1

1

139 11 3 2

37 1 2

36

21 5

45 5

3 1

564 82 6 75

210 49 2 39

165 25 3 25

67 5 1 3

92 3

4

8

5 1

3

1

2

7 12

2 6

3 1

2

19 1 7 84 3 163

4

2

6

4 34

7 1

2 8 2 26

1 12

56

30 1 46

12

7

1

3

1

1 7

3

1 1

3

1

1

3

1

1 6

15

4 4

1 1

1

3 7

3

3 56

1 20 380

1 15

8

1 5

3

35

1

TABLE 245-Continued

CANADA'S JEWS

OCCUPATIONS OP THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA 1931 CLASSIFIED BY SEX. PLACE OF BIRTH & PERIOD OF ARRIVAL IN CANADA F E M A It 1 £

M A&£ £

Period of Arrival in Canada Canadian Total Before Canadian Born 1mm1 grant 1910 1911-20 1921-25 1926-31 Born Tmrqigrant Total

Eleotrioal Apparatus Owners & Managers*... Foremen & Overseers.. Battery makers & repairers Inspectors & testers.. Instrument & Appliance Assemblers. Electric Lamp Makers.. Other Workers Non-Metallic Mineral Products Owners & Managers Aerated Water Makers.. Brick & Tile Makers... Glass blowers Stone cutters, dressers & Carvers Other Workers Chemical A Allied Products Owners & Managers Foremen & Overseers... Paint & Varnish makers Processmen & Furnaoemen Other Workers Miscellaneous Products Owners & Managers..... Foremen 4 Overseers... Brush & Broom makers.. Button makers......... Mattress makers Musical Instrument makers.............. Scientific Instrument makers Other Workers Electric Light & Power Owners & Managers Boiler firemen

30 11 2

43

17 5

16 10 1

16 4

1

5

2

3

11

11

3

7

5

5

12 7 2

68 48

44 37

3

17 8 3

2 2

2 3

7 5

22 14 1 1

7 6

6

1 2 3

154 70 5 16 5 25

2

2

12

1 30

1 4

7 1

20 2 4

13 1 3

1

1

2 1 10

2

1 1 32 12

1 5

Building & Construction 260 Owners & Managers, Builders & Contractors 18 Foremen & Overseers... 1 Brick & Stone Masons.. 6 Brick & Stone mason's Apprentices 2 17 Carpenters Carpenter's Apprentices 8 45 Electricians & Wiremen Electricians, Wiremen's 13 Apprentices......... Painters, Decorators & Glaziers 71

1

4 3

3

3

1 1 4

3

1

1

1

2

1

1

8 4 1 1

5 3

2 1

1

4

1

2

2

1

1

3

59 40 1 4 2 7

49 23 3 5 3 5

23 4 1 7

23 3

18 1

22 2

4

9

1 1 2

4 6

1

1

10

6

10

13

1 9

4

2 1

1

1

1

6

1 2

1

1

1,721

662

436

233

390

222 11 27

135 6 16

58 4 3

12 1 1

17

506 4 148

219

107 1 47

53 29

127 3 44

3

2

87

144

28

5 457

6

1

1

4 8

5 1 1

2 1

2

2 1

Dynamo, Motor & Switch

Board operators..... Hoistmen, cranemen & derrickmen Oilers of Machinery... Stationary Enginemen..

6 1 1

6 2 3

115

381

111

7

1

TABLE 245-Continued

CANADA'S

JEWS

OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA 1931 CLASSIFIED BY SEX. PLACE OF BIRTH.4 PERIOD OF .ARRIVAL IN CANADA

MALES.

FEMALES

Period of Arrival in Canada Canadian Total Before Canadian Born Immigrant 1910 1911-20 1921-25 1926-31 Born Immigrant Total

Building & Construction (Continued) ?ainterfs Apprentices. Plasterers 4 Lathers.. Plasterers & Lathers Apprentices Plumbers,steam fitters & Gas fitters Plumber*s Apprentices. Roofers & Slaters Sheet Metal Workers & Tinsmiths. Sheet Metal Worker's Apprentices Structural Iron Workers & Steel Erectors.... Other Workers

14 4

12 34

2

1

26 12 4

113 7 10

72

3

156

2

1

8 4

4 3

4 1

1,006 68 1

370 44

Transportation & C o m m u n i c a t i o n i686 Railway Transportation 23 Steam Railway Officials Electric Railway Officials Steam Railway Inspectors & Foremen 1 Ticket & Station Agents 3 Baggagemen & Expressmen 2 Brakemen Street Car Conductors. 4 1 Despatchers Locomotive Engineers.. 1 Locomotive Firemen.... 2 Motormen 2 Railway Porters Railway Conductors.... 1 Section Foremen & Trackmen. 2 Switchmen,Flagmen & 2 Signalmen Yardmen 2 Other Railway workers.

8

3 12

3 8

6 6 1

6

34 3 1

16 1 1

11 3 2

72

51

18

15

1

1

346 17 1

167 3

123 4

47

16

1

1 4 10 2 2 14 1 5 3 7 7 1

1 8 1 10 1 5 3 6 3 1

7

2

2 1

2 1

13 Water Transportation 4 Managers & Officials.. Captains,Mates & Pilots Engineering Officers... 1 Firemen & Trimmers..... Longshoremen & Stevedores 2 Pursers & Stewards Seamen, Sailors & De ckhands 5 1 Other Workers

21 9 1

289 Boad Transportation Owners & Managers 4 buses & taxicabs Owners & Managers 2 cartage & transfer... Garage Owners & 15 Managers Foremen - Buses & 1 Taxicabs

3 1 1 2 4

1

1 1

2

1

2

1

2

13 8

5

1

2 1

1 6 1

4

1 2

3

1

1

768

272

276

11

8

3

33

22

7

1

3

35

14

14

2

5

382

1

1 1 129

91

1

TABLE 245-Continued

CANADA'S

Total Canadian Total Born Immigrant

Road Transportation (Continued) Foremen - Cartage & Transfer Foremen & OverseersGarage Chauffeurs & Bus drivers Deliverymen & Drivers Teamsters, draymen & Carriage Drivers Truck Drivers Other Workers

JEWS

OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA 1931 CLASSIFIED BY SEX. PLACE OF BIRTH & PERIOD OF ARRIVAL IN CANADA

MALES.

Period of Arrival in Canada Before 1910 1911-20 1921-25 1926-31

Canadian Born Immigrant

2 1 72 25

107 111

46 23

48 35

8 30

5 23

34 131 2

180 291

66 93

57 112

33 55

24 31

149

41

48

34

26

Other Transportation & 361 Communication Telegraph & Telephone Managers Owners & Managers Other Transportatio 5 Telegraph & Telephone Foremen 2 Linemen & Cablemen.. 303 Messengers Postmen & Mail 10 Carriers Radio Station 4 Operators Telegraph 26 Operators 4 Telephone Operators. 7 Other workers

1

1

3

2

47

15

1

1 1

1

23

8

2 1

3

5 33

4 11

107 1

52 4

47 1

78

76

3 65

6 95

4 42

6 39

69 9

61 14

14

6

5

2

1

15,395

7,059

4,457

2,118

8,440

4,360

2,465

1,014

594

325

17 26

5 12

6 10

12 88 97 685 2

8 54 40 386

2 16 22 188

7 1,860

3 696

49 58

7 13

80

3

23

13

7

6

1

1

47 2 1

26 1

16

308 1

286 12

80 6

14 287

19 241

6

,796 Trade Retail Store Owners 873 & Managers Owners & Managers of Wholesale Import & Export Houses & Commercial Agencies 159 Floorwalkers & Foremen 9 22 Advertising Agents.. Auctioneers & 3 Appraisers 43 Brokers & Agents.... Collectors 31 Commercial Travellers 281 4 Credit Men Decorators & Window2 dressers 88 Hawkers & Pedlars... Inspectors, gaugers 7 & Samplers 42 Newsboys

Warehousing & Storage Owners & Managers... Packers,?/rappers & Labellers Shippers Warehousemen & Storekeepers

F E M A L ! S.

1,106

383

31

1

1 1,514

1,671

1,542

601

63

421

118

69

3

3

4

2 4

2 2

7 1

7 14 61 1

2 11 21 50 1

2 1 4

1 1 3

2 518

1 305

1 341

3 4

3 12

17 20

9 13

16 12

4

5

TABLE 245-Continued

CANADA'S JEWS

OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA 1931 CLASSIFIED BY SEX. PLACE OF BIRTH & PERIOD OF ARRIVAL IN CANADA

M A L a ,5

Total

Canadian Total Born Immigrant Trade-Continued Purchasing Agents & 24 Buyers Sales Agents & Canvassers . 64 Salesmen .. 2 2,113 31 Other Workers Finance Finance Company Officials Pawnbrokers & moneylenders Stock & Bond Brokers. Other Workers Insurance Insurance Company Officials Insurance Agents Real Estate Agents & Dealers

Professional Service

Accountants &. Auditors Agricultural Professionals Architects

Artists,Art Teachers. Authors,Editors & Journalists Chemists,Assayers & Metallurgists Civil Engineers & Surveyors Rabbis, Cantors & Sochetim Dentists Designers & Draughtsmeni Electrical Engineers. Health Professionals. Lawyers & Notaries... Librarians... Mechanical Engineers.

Mining Engineers Mission Workers Musicians & Music Teachers Nurses-Graduates.....

Canadian

Born

Immigrant

28

20

4

3

2

6

140 2,745 8

73 868 2

35 809 2

19 544 4

13 524

10 1,412 2

1,077 2

47

82

45

16

8

13

6

11

6

3

1

1

2 36 .3

7 58 6

5 29 5

2 10 1

7

12

158

560

378

104

46

32

3

6

• 8 108

15 361

9 212

3 86

41

3 22

2

4

42

184

157

15

5

7

1

2

28 16

19 11

7 3

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

2

1

1

4

2 7

1 5

1 2

709 82

1,780 105

721 46

490 41

291 10

278 8

374 5

1 11 29

7 9

3 12

1 2

1

1

8 11

6

5

12

12

29

11

11

3

4

8

1

13

13

11

14

5

6

13

16

9

3

3

1

15 68 22 6

276 87 25 18 16 178 3 9 12 3

78 55 9 7 6 131

70 22 7 6 6 41

64 3 4 3 2

3 3 1

2 2 3 1

2

6 2 2

3 4 1

64 7 5 2 2 6 1 1 2

1

1

87

165

37

69

33

26

34 25 13

9

4 23

2 19

69 22 31

171

3 4

Nurses-In Training...

Trade Union officials Opticians

F E M A L E S

55

Public Administration 14 & Defence Public Service Officials .8 4 Fireraen - Fire Depart1 ment Officers-Army, Navy & Air Force Other ranks - Army, 5 Navy & Air Force... Police & Detectives..

Period of Arrival in Canada Before 1910 1911-20 1921-25 1926-31

384

1 3

1 1

267 5

2

1

TABLE 245-Continued

CANADA'S

Total

Canadian Total Born Immigrant Professional Service (Continued) Osteopaths & Chiropractors Photographers Physicians & Surgeons.. Professors & College Principals........... Social Welfare Workers. Dancing Teachers & Physicial Instructors Teachers Veterinary Surgeons.... Others

JEWS

OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA 1931 CLASSIFIED BY SEX. PLACE OF BIRTH & 'PERIOD OF ARRIVAL IN CANADA

MALES IIM A LI £ Period of Arrival in Canada Before Canadian 1910 1911-20 1921-25 1926-31 Born Immigrant

1 10 116

1 75 215

20 140

20 51

22 12

1 2

7 11

1 6

1 3

4

1 40

4 85 2 18

3 86

14

9 371 2 43

Recreational Service Theatre Owners & Managers Owners & Managers Other Entertainment.. Actors Showmen & Sportsmen.... Stage hands & projectionists Ushers Others

100

181

33

Personal Service Hotel Managers & Keepers Lodging & Boarding house keepers. Restaurant, Cafe & Tavern Keepers....... Barbers, Hairdressers Manicurists. Barber's & Hairdressers Apprentices Bellboys & Porters Bootblacks Charworkers & Cleaners. Cooks Domestic Servants...... Elevator tenders Housekeepers & Stewards

Janitors & Sextons Practical Nurses & Orderlies Waiters Watchmen &. Caretakers.. Window Cleaners Undertakers............ Other Y/orkers Laundering,Cleaning & Dyeing Owners & Managers Foremen & Overseers.... Cleaners & Dyers Ironers & Pressers Washing & Drying machine operators.... Other Workers

1 13 12

4 5

4 3

1 2

14

3 9

98

2 102

5 185

3 137

10

8

7

6

5

97

57

16

11

6

9

86

57

20

2

7

1

2

22 1 5

36 6 5

22 1 1

11 1 4

2 3

1 1

3

2

16 11 12

29 6 13

11 1 4

13 3 5

5 2 2

2

1 1

5

142 15

927 68

338 48

267 11

148 7

174 2

220

837 2

19

3

10

5

1

12

222

29

234

108

72

29

25

2

25

21

269

75

83

55

56

25

39

2 4 2

3 3 1 4 2 7 2 24

1 4 3 1 10 3 5 1 25

2

2 4 120

11 21 432

14

11 1 1 1 8 12 3 3 13

3

2

13 9 8 3 27 20 . 18 6 76

12

39 1

41 3 1 1 2

2 88 27 13 5 22

1 28 10 7 5 7

1 19 7 4

12 5 1

29 5 1

2 20

7 35

7

6

2

18

n

518 56 1 72 381

395 37

30

57 1

52 302

206 7 1 16 177

249 4

25 42

1,368 104 2 164 1,075

24 215

10 11

13 34

3

2 21

8

4

5

2 4

2 7

1 8

5 10 4

79 9

385

1 1 1 5 3 3

CANADA'S

TABLE 245-Continued

Total Canadian Total Born Immigrant Clerical Bookkeepers & Cashiers Office Appliance Operators Stenographers & Typists Office Clerks Labourers & Unskilled Workers Unspecified

JEWS

OCCUPATIONS OF THE GAINFULLY EMPLOYED JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, CANADA, 1931 CLASSIFIED BY SEX. PLACE OF BIRTH & PERIOD OF ARRIVAL IN CANADA

1,069 382

767 303

M A I; 1 j3 FEMALES. Period "of Arrival in Canada Before Canadian 1910 1911-20 1921-25 1926-31 Born Immigrant

389 118

281 116

111 42

86 27

2,995 699

1,458 424

11 45 642

28 436

12 159

9 156

5 64

2 57

1,858 427

817 212

362

1,139

320

340

147

322

59

106

8 2 6

6

1

2

6

1

2

7 7

17 2 15

-

8

TABLE 246. PERCENTAGE WHICH JEWS (BOTH SEXES) FORM OF ALL PERSONS OF ALL ORIGINS GAINFULLY EMPLOYED IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BRANCHES OF MANUFACTURING IN THE FOUR LARGEST CANADIAN CITIES 1931 CENSUS

Textile Goods & Clothing Furs & Fur Goods Precious Metals & Electroplating.., Wood Products Animal Foods Pulp, Paper & Paper Products Leather & Leather Goods Vegetable Foods Printing, Publishing & Bookbinding, Textiles Chemical & Allied Products Tobacco Products Drinks & Beverages Rubber Products Non-Metallic Mineral Products , Electrical Apparatus Metal Products , Miscellaneous Products , All Manufactures,

Montreal

Toronto

28.68$ 24.17$ 10.13/? 7.6 679 6.74$ 5.01$ 4.71/0 4.27$ 3.74$ 3.68$ 15.05$ 2.65$ 2.14$ 1.97$ 1. 55/0 1.45$ 1.42$ 9.88$

36.09$ 59.36$ 7.54$ 7.28$ 4.18$ 3.01$ 15.54$ 5.43$ 3.93$ 9.71$ 1.53$ 1.38$ 2.75$ 0.83$ 2.22$ 1.62$ 1.44$ 6.90$

31.63$ 64.93$ 17.30$ 11.48$ 4.88$ 5.21$ 21.06$ 8.72$ 5.32$ 14.08$ 6.87$ 33.33$ 0.97$ 14.28$ 3.51$ 4.52$ 1.70$ 10.76$

5.16$ 7.40$ 5.98$ 0.90$ 1.06$ 0.56$ 1.03$ 0.75$ 0.84$ 5.40$ 0.83$ 3.45$ 3.33$ 3.57$

11.

13.28$

11.33$

1.32$

386

Winnipeg

8

Vancouver

-

0.27^ — 0.40$

CANADA'S TABLE 247,

JEWS

PERCENTAGE 7»BICH JEWS (MALES) FORM OF MALES OF ALL ORIGINS GAINFULLY EMPLOYED IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BRANCHES OF MANUFACTURING IN THE FOUR LARGEST CANADIAN CITIES 1931 CENSUS

Toronto

Winnipeg

33.01$ 55.70$ 5.93$ 10 . 18$ 4.25$ 7.52$ 6.74$ 4.81$ 4.77$ 4.00$ 3.29$ 2.85$ 2.37$ 2.32$ 1.77$ 1.76$ 1.43$ 9.99#

67.48$

69.15$ 40.62$ 18.22$ 17.42$ 12.50$ 11.87$ 5.03$ 7.50$ 5.45$ 5.38$ 14.70$

12.09$

12.94$

Montreal Fur and fur Goods Textile Goods and Clothing

Leather ancd Leather Goods Precious Metals & Electroplating Textiles Wood Products Animal Foods Vegetabel Foods Pulp, Paper & Paper Products

Printing, Publishing & Bookbinding...*

Rubber Products Tobacco Products Drinks & Beverages Electrical Aparatus Chemical & Allied Products Non-Metallic Mineral Products Metal Products

Miscellaneous Products

All Manufacutes

TABLE 248.

57.44$ 14.03$ 7.70$ 10.43$ 7.44$ 4.37$ 5.97$ 2.52$ 4.13$ 1.01$ 12.42$ 2.96$ 2.29$ 1.37$ 2.20$ 1.45$ 6.95$

1.02$ 3.42$ 6.35$ 3.59$ 1.70$ 9.71$ 8.89$

Vancouver 16.66$ 10.76$ 1.07$ 0.60$ 8.33$ 0.85$ 0.88$ 0.75$ 0.92$ 0.82$ 7.69$ 4.16$ 3.78$ 0.87$ 0.27$

1.25$

PERCENTAGE 'THIGH JEWESSES FORM OF FEMALES OF ALL ORIGINS GAINFULLY EMPLOYED IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BRANCHES OF MANUFACTURE IN THE FOUR LARGEST CANADIAN CITIES 1931 CENSUS

Montreal Textile Goods & Clothing Furs and Furj Goods Leather & Ceather Goods Textiles Wood Products

Precious Metals &. Electroplating. .....

Animal Foods

Vegetable Foods

Pulp, Paper & Paper Products

Printing, Publishing & Bookbinding....

Tobacco Products Electrical Apparatus

Chemical & Allied Products

Non-Metallic Mineral Products Metal Products Miscellaneous Products All Manufactures

14.22$ 4.07$ 1.09$ 3.30$ 16.66$ 7.69$

Toronto 20.59/i

1.00$ 9.34$

22.68$ 19.50$ 9 . 13$ 11.11$ 5.26$ 1.02$ 3.62$ 3.59$ 2.70$ 16 . 32$ 0 . 17$ 2.59$ 2.44$ 0.73$ 6.08$

9.08$

14.3854

6.66$ 2.03$ 5.23$ 2.12$ 2.56$

1.45$

387

Winnipeg 26 . 24>i 55.17$ 46.66$ 14.89>o

16.66$ 4.95$ 4.95$ 100.00$ 100.00$ 20.00$

Vancouver

2.11$ 1.96$ 4.00$ 3.63$ 0.73$

1.03$

20.00$

4.34$

23.48»

1.804

CANADA'S JEWS

TABLE 249.

NUMBER OF JE7/S 4 OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS ENGAGED IN DOMINION, PROVINCIAL & MUNICIPAL SERVICE IN CANADA 1931

(Excluding Professional Men and Women such as doctors, teachers and engineers) All Origins

British

Eastern ScandinFrench German European Italian avian Jewish

19,186 6,082 2,644

13,340 5,214 2,130

4,703 686 357

430 51 37

103 21 26

48 8 2

176 26 32

86 14 4

37,548

27,318

8,643

487

172

54

264

210

65,460

48,002

14,389

1,005

322

112

498

314

6,821 4,787 2,928 36,354

4,451 3,251 2,061 20,641

2,125 1,357 391 11,468

84 78 69 921

24 15 226 1,375

19 10 68 727

30 31 44 313

9 2 1 122

50,890

30,404

15,339

1,152

1,640

824

418

134

467

267

37

51

14

9

21

5

116,817

78,673

29,765

2,208

1,976

945

937

453

Federal & Provincial Service Postal Service National Defence Federal & Provincial Police Other Federal & Provincial Depts Total Federal & Provincial.. Munioj-pal Services Municipal Police. Fire Department Water Service Other Municipal Service.... Total Municipal Foreign Consular Service Total engaged in Government Service.

TABLE 250.

PROPORTION WHICH JEWS AND OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS (BOTH SEXES) FORM OF ALL PERSONS ENGAGED IN EACH BRANCH OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION CANADA. 1931

Branch of Public Administration

Eastern British French German European Italian Scandinavian

Jewish

57.3531 25.48$ 1.89$

1.70^

0.81$

0.80$

0.39$

Federal & Provincial National Defence Police Service. Postal Service Other Departments

73.33 84.08 80.56 69.53 72.75

21.95 11.28 13.50 24.51 23.02

1.58 0.84 1.39 2.24 1.29

0.49 0.34 0.98 0.54 0.46

0.17 0.13 0.08 0.25 0.14

0.76 0.43 1.21 0.92 0.70

0.48 0.23 0.15 0.45 0.56

Municipal Fire Department Police., Water Service Other Departments

59.74 67.91 65.25 70.39 56.78

30.14 28.35 31.12 13.35 31.54

2.26 1.63 1.23 2.35 2.53

3.22 0.31 0.35 7.72 3.78

1.62 0.21 0.28 0.23 2.00

0.82 0.65 0.44 1.50 0.86

0.26 0.04 0.13 0.03 0.34

Foreign Government Service

57.02

7.92

10.92

3.00

1.93

4.50

1.07

Proportion which ethnic group forms of total population gainfully occupied

53.75

25.24

4.97

5.40

0.90

2.57

1.57

Public Administration

388

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 252.

STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE 5 PRINCIPAL JEWISH FARM SETTLEMENTS IN CANADA 1906-1931

1906

Population & Land Jewish Farmers Jewish. Farm Population Acres Owned Acres cultivated Livestock Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of

Horses Milch Cows.. other cattle Sheep Poultry

Farm Values Value of Land & Buildings Value of Livestock Value of Farm Implements

1911

1916

1921

1926

1931

80 332 14,200 5,749

239 777

45,914 13,734

225 966 50,570 17,970

201 818 60,957 30,423

142 620 51,680 27,370

157 762 65,760 36,013

151 153 247

822 479 724

1,108 969 1,717

1,599 1,306 1,815

4,930

7,083

16,062

14,285

1,041 574 905 50 11,800

1,277 550 780 210 14,780

$84,130 41,070 13,566

539,215 •146,534 50,895

677,215 1.219,140 280,224 417,540 84,170 195,015

1,033,600 211,000 150,500

1,113,229 193,893 172,740

- . . r\ A ^ r r\r\ ^ r»^n r rt c 736,644 1,041,609 1,831,695 234,353 336,955 1,129,683

1 one n r \ / > 1,395,100 654,400

T A r*c\ o /? /•% 1,479,862 851,157

Total Gross Assets Total Liabilities

$138,766 30,528

-~ — —

W«t. AasAt.a

*1ttfl. 93ft

RttP.Pcn

7n4..fiR4.

7f>P_m9

74.fl.7nn

fi?fl.7nR

CANADA'S TABLE 252.

JEWS

STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE 5 PRINCIPAL JEWISH FARM SETTLEMENTS IN CANADA 1906-1931

1906

1911

1916

1921

1926

1931

80

332 14,200 5,749

239 111 45,914 13,734

225 966 50,570 17,970

201 818 60,957 30,423

142 620 51,680 27,370

157 762 65,760 36,013

151 153 247

822 479 724

1,108 969 1,717

1,599 1,306 1,815

4,930

7,083

16,062

14,285

1,041 574 905 50 11,800

1,277 550 780 210 14,780

Farm Values Value of of Land Land &&Buildings... Bulldings ... $84,130 Value Value of Liverstock ... 41,070 Value of Farm Implements ... 13,566

539,215 •146,534 50,895

677,215 1.219,140 280,224 417,540 195,015 84,170

1,033,600 211,000 150,500

1,113,229 193,893 172,740

Total Gross Assets Total Liabilities

.. .$138,766 ... 30,528

736,644 1,041,609 1,831,695 336,955 1,129,683 234,353

1,395,100 654,400

1,479,862 851,157

Net Assets

. . .$108,238

502,291

704,654

740,700

628,705

4,989 70,964 3,009 79,273 201 5,320

8,458 175,422 5,346 166,044 376 4,289

13,034 188,351 3,279 54,638 2,190 37,449

14,429 157,960 3,566 50,220 3,608 56,059 1,986 23,565 1,843 4,656 9,214 1,367

Population & Land Jewish Farmers

Jewish Farm Population.*.... Acres Owned

Acres cultivated

... ...

Livestock Number of Horses Number of Milch Cows Number ofofother Number othercattle. cattle Number of Sheep Number of Poultry

Crop Acreage & Yield Wheet Aares Buahels

Cats Acres

Bushels Barley Acres Bushels

RYe Acres Bushels Flax Acres Bushels Surmerfallow - Acres New Breaking - Acres

...

... 3,303 ... 49,680 ... 1,426

... ...

20 200 1,000 )

56 154 5,479 )

390

702,012

15,006 211,850 6,226 111,162 459 8,412 250 785 1,776 568 2,992 4,136 3,222 ) 5,345 ) 1.361

1,807 8,636 5,370 1,690

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 253.

STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE 5 PRINCIPAL JE1/ISH FARM SETTLEMENTS IN CANADA, 1931

Hirsch

LJ-pton

Edenbridge

Rumsey

Total

29 170 12,480 8,278

20 93 12,320 5,053

46 227 21,600 10,495

45 210 13,120 7,287

17 62 6,240 4,900

157 762 65,760 36,013

241 98 115

205 115 156

225 125 215 135 3,380

210 55 115

2,000

396 157 179 75 3,500

1,277 550 780 210 14,780

2,900

Farm Value Value of Land & Buildings.... Value of Livestock Value of Farm Implements

$223,673 32,800 32,900

121,228 26,500 23,500

396,296 75,000 65,000

224,032 30,433 35.500

148,0001,113,229 29,160 193,893 15,840 172,740

Total Gross Assets Total Liabilities.

$289,373 171,228 174,472 110,728

536,296 373,296

289,965 144,661

193,000 1,479,862 48,000 851,157

Net Assets

$114,901

60,500

163,000

145,304

145,000

3,093 27,748 878 6,273 1,072 7,710 45 60 834 2,164 2,216 140

1,242 15,400 733 12,901 282 3,510 1,554 23,065

4,399 37,122 804 5,471 818 4,759 191

2,895 63,690 951 23,775 1,236 37,080 146 440

Population & Land Jewish Farmers. Jewish Farm Population Acres owned Acres cultivated Livestock Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of

Horses Hiloh cows other cattle Sheep Poultry

Sonnenfeld

3,000

628,705

Crop Acreage & Yield Wheat

Acres Bushels. Oats Acres Bushels. Barley Acres....... Bushels.... Rye Acres Bushels,... Flax Acres Bushels.... Summerfallow - Acres New Breaking - Acres

1,062 180

391

1,009 2,492 3,033 241

1,253 806

2,800 14,429 14,000 157,960 200 3,566 1,800 50,220 200 3,608 3,000 56,059 50 1,986 23,565 1,843 4,656 1,650 9,214 1,367

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 254.

NUMBER OF JEWS IN CANADA & IN PROVINCES WHO WERE CANADIAN CITIZENS BY BIRTH, NATURALIZATION OR DOMICILE - 1931

British New Nova Prince Canada Quebec Ontario Manitoba Sask. Alberta Columbia Brims. Scotia ad. Is. Canadian by birth. Canadian by naturalization British-born domiciled in Canada Total Canadian nationals Total foreign nationals Total Jewish population.

68,703 26,843 26,743

8,312

2,350

1,545

1,150

617

1,131

9

57,278 19,906 24,210

7,655

2,075

1,364

900

470

688

9

1,630

251

56

103

187

6

15

-

129,353 47,861 52,583

16,228

4,481

3,012

2,237

1,093

1,834

18

9,800

3,113

635

710

506

169

212

2

156,726 60,087 62,383

19,341

5,116

3,722

2,743

1,262

2,046

20

257 223

370 203

155 104

93 34

90 65

1

38 73 17 5 4 1 8 1

64 37 4 7 2 5 7 1

150 18 22 18 1 8 13 2 2

19 12 5 3

37 6 6 1 2

1

3

5

2

3,372

1,112

27,373 12,226

Foreign Nationals Russian Polish , United States of America ., Roumanian Lithuanian Austrian. , Hungarian German Czecho-Slovakian, Dutch , French . Greek • Yugo-Slavian. Finnish < Belgian Danish Swiss Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Chinese Others

11,002 10,713

5,649 3,594

1,925 713 1,174 1,781 651 329 516 355 189 100 67 125 88 37 14 21 21 15 8 15 14 2 5 13 10 11 4 8 6 7 6 6 5 4 1 4 254 137

2,718

5,466

757 327 190 110 72 35 19 3

7 8 8 1 1 4 1 1 72

1,668 1,024 146 134 78 17 8 9 4

4 3

1

1 1

2 1

1 16

392

7

8

2 3 6

CANADA'S TABLE 255,

JEWS

FOREIGN-BORN JE'VISH POPULATION OF CANADA, RURAL AND URBAN, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO NATURALIZATION & SEX 1931 Both Sexes Total Naturalized Alien

Males

Females

Total Naturalized Alien

Total Naturalized Alien

Total Rural Urban

84,651 2,721 81,930

57,278 1,881 55,397

27,373 840 26,533

42,539 1,556 40,983

Prince Edward Total Island Rural Urban

11 2

2

9

9 2 7

2

8 2 6

Nova Scotia. .Total Rural Urban

900 16 884

688 12 676

212 4 208

New Brunswick Total Rural Urban

639 47 592

470 32 438

Total Rural Urban

32,132 295 31,837

Total Rural Urban

Canada

13,364 489 12,875

42,112

28,103

14,009

40,947

27,289

13,658

6 2 4

2

3

3

2

3

3

-

477 10 467

358 6 352

119 4 115

423 6 417

330 6 324

93

169 15 154

340 30 310

250 20 230

90 10 80

299 17 282

220 12 208

79 5 74

19,906 155 19,751

12,226 140 12,086

16,053 185 15,868

10,153

5,900

16,079

9,753

6,326

10,055

87 5,813

15,969

9,696

6,273

34,010 936 33,074

24,210 697 23,513

9,800 239 9,561

17,147 514 16,633

12,289

4,858

16,863

11,921

4,942

11,905

4,728

Total Rural Urban

10,768 568 10,200

7,655 412 7,243

3,113 156 2,957

5,168 321 4,847

3,775

233

5,600

3,542

1,393 88 1,305

Saskatchewan. Total Rural Urban

2,710 626 2,084

2,075 403 1,672

635 223 412

1,479 352 1,127

1,118 222 896

Total Rural Urban

2,074 163 1,911

1,364 119 1,245

710 44 666

1,109 100 1,009

749 72 677

•Total Rural Urban

1,406 68 1,338

900 49 851

506 19 487

•758 42 716

Quebec

Ontario

Iwanitoba

Alberta

British Columbia

Yukon

Total Rural Urban

1

1

1

1

-

-

393

29,175 1,067 28,108

98

384

130

1,165

110

814

57

422 313 16 , 441 11,608

351

93

53

109

4,833

3,880

5,353

179 3,701

1,720 68 1,652

361 130 231

1,231 274 957

957 181 776

274 93 181

360 28 332

965 63 902

615 47 568

350 16 334

477 30 447

281 12 269

648 26 622

423 19 404

225 7 218

-

-

1

1

.

247

-

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 256.

LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY TOTAL JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADA 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, 1931, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SEX AND PROVINCE OF RESIDENCE TRILINGUAL Yiddish English Yiddish English French English Yiddish & Yiddish and only only only & French English & French French UNILINGUAL

Both Sexes

Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Nev; Brunswick Quebec. Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia.... Yukon & N.V/.T All Canada

BILINGUAL

18 12 1,828 1,575 601 101 59 21

1 198 57 101 1,707 63 38 53 66

4 1

4,215

2,284

5

198

3 1

7 1 46 53

8 2 99 81 1 2 5

16 1,385 892 29,993 46,839 15,208 3,841 2,790 2,001 5 102,970

2

1 46 84 18,159 1,494 267 113 91 171

125

20,426

112 8 2 1

Total Jewish population 10 yrs. & over

18 1,655 1,047 50,296 51,705 16,142 4,094 2,995 2,266 5 130,223

Male Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario. Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia.... Yukon & N.V/.T All Canada

6 5 603 498 181 36 21 '5 1,355

1 104 24 44 867 33 22 27 40 1,162

1 2

4

110

1

1 1 53 28 1

9 723 447 13,913 23,731 7,542 2,095 1,481 1,071 . 4 51,016

53 3 1

1 24 58 10,449 923 148 69 56 101

11 864 535 25,111 26,076 7,905 2,222 1,586 1,219 4

57

11,829

65,533

7 662 445 16,080 23,108 7,666 1,746 1,309 930 1

59 5 1 1

2

22 26 7,710 571 119 44 35 70

51,954

68

8,597

Female Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia.... Yukon & N.V/.T All Canada

12 7 1,225 1,077 420 65 38 16 2,860

94 33 57 840 30 16 26 26

1,12

1 3

1

88

394

7 791 512 25,185 25,629

8,237 1,872 1,409 1,047 1

64,690

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 257.

LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY BRITISH-BORN JEY/ISH POPULATION OF CANADA, 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, 1931, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SEX AND PROVINCE OF RESIDENCE

TRILINGUAL Yiddish English Yiddish English French English & Yiddish Yiddish and only only only French & Englldi & Frenchi French UKILIMGUAL

Both Sexes Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba.. Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia.... Yukon & N.Y/.T

38 11 7 2

All Canada

58

BILINGUAL

1 181 46 89 1,383 53 31 38 52

4 1

1,874

5

5 1 85 69 1 1 4 166

7 570 343 9,403

L6,908

5,535 1,394 945 820 4

35,929

Total Jewish Population 10 years & over

8 773 419 19,349

19,135

1

17 29 9,703 759 153 45 34 64

32

10,804

48,868

27 4

5,749 1,472 1,018 941 4

Male

1 96 21 39 692 26 20 19 31

Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia.... Yukon & N.Y/.T

21 3 3 1

All Canada

28

945

Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia.... Yukon & N.V/.T

17 8 4 1

85 25 50 691 27 11 19 21

All Canada

30

1

3 292 161 4,440 8,433 2,797 747 497 433

4

86

17,807

1

1 1 48 25 1

4 3 1

37 44

11 1

4 12

5 17 5,007 424 77 20 13 33 5,696

4

397 199 9,558 9,598 2,903 788 529 498 4 24,478

Female

929

1

1

12 12 4,696 335 76 25 21 31

4 376 220 9,791 9,537 2,846 684 489 443

20

5,208

24,390

16 3

1 3

4 278 182 4,963 8,475 2,738 647 448 387

80

18,122

395

CANADA'S TABLE 258.

CLASSIFIED

TRILINGUAL Total Yiddish Jewish English populaYiddish English French English & Yiddish Yiddish and tion 10 only only only French & English & Frenchh French years & over UNILINGU-aL

Both Sexes

JEWS

LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY FOBEIGN-BORN JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADA, 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, 1931, ACCORDING TO SEX AND PROVINCE OF RESIDENCE

Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia 18 New Brunswick 12 Quebec. 1,790 Ontario 1,564 Manitoba 594 99 Saskatchewan Alberta 59 21 British Columbia.... Yukon & N.W.T All of Canada 4,157

17 11

12 324

10 7 15 14

BILINGUAL

3 1 14 12 1 1

9

815 549 20,590 29,931 9,673 2,447 1,845

85 4 2 1

1 29 55 8,456 735

114 68

10 882 628 30,947 32,570 10,393 2,622 1,977 1,325 1

1,181 1

1

37 107

67,041

93

9,622

81,355

42 2 1

1 19 41 5,442 499 71 49 43 68

467 336 15,553 16,478 5,002 1,434 1,057 721

45

6,233

41,055

1

10 14 3,014 236 43 19 14 39

415 292 13,394 16,092 5,391 1,188 920 604 1

48

3,389

40,300

410

32

8 3 5 175 7 2 8 9

3 1 9 9 1 1

6 431 286 9,473 15,298 4,745 1,348 984 638

217

24

33,209

Male

Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan. Alberta.... British Columbia.... Yukon & N.tf.T All Canada

6 5

582 495 178 35 21 5 1,327

7

Female Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario

Manitoba

Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia.... Yukon & N.W.T All Canada,

9 8 7

12 7 1,208 1,069 416 64 38

149 3

16

• 5 7 5

2,830

193

3

5 3

8

396

384 263 11,117 14,633 4,928 1,099 861 543 1 33,832

43 2

1 1

3

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 259. LANGUAGES SPOKEN BY JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE & OVER IN CANADIAN CITIES Y/ITH POPULATION EXCEEDING 30.000 IN 1921 & 1931

CITY

Yiddish Census Yiddish EInglish IDrench :English English & Yiddish English Year only only only ,& French Yiddish & French • & French 1931 1921

2 9

11 14

_,

Calgary. .

1931 1921

35 25

11 39

-

Edmonton.

1931 1921

10 18

11 5

Halifax. . 1931 1921

2 8

47 82

Brantford

Hamilton.

1931 1921

23 45

191 156

Kitchener

1931 1921

18 7

28 29

London.. .

1931 1921

12 18

36 25

Montreal.

1931 1921

1,754 1,916

-

164 150

~

1,260 816

1 2

814 546

-

5 2

390 331

-

3 4

1,976 1,514

-

Total Jewish population 1° years and over

5

182 173

-

22 36

1,328 916

-

23 20

859 591

-

20 23

464 448

—

43 58

2,236 1,777

5 2

337 190

w-

2

284 152

1

3 1

501 484

-

16 14

568 542

72 539

12

67 438

25,879 20,580

90 130

12,854 8,928

40,716 32,543

1

30 29

2,216 1,395

3

264 242

2,715 1,933

8

3'1 37

2 7

295 221

332 298

809 584

-

13 8

836 623

13 9

588 641

-

-

Ottawa. . . 1931 1921

48 31

153 236

Quebec. . . 1931 1921

3 19

6

Regina. . . 1931 1921

9 12

5 19

-

St. John.

1931 1921

10 9

33 34

«

Saskatoon.

1931 1921

4 16

1 4

-

_

560 406

_

9 24

574 450

Toronto. .

1931 1921

1,366 1,610

785 529

-

20 14

34,895 23,165

3 6

744 466

37,813 25,790

Vancouver

1931 1921

20 10

40 84

-

4 7

1,761 835

2

155 28

1,982 964

Verdun.

1931 1921

6 15

4 4

-

5 6

175 73

2

108 25

299 125

Victoria.

1931 1921

1 40

-

84 85

-

6 3

91 128

Windsor. .

1931 1921

36 9

70 5

74 18

I,bl6 706

Y/innipeg.

1931 1921

565 882

41 110

198 208

14,418 10,648

1

-

7 *».

11

397

532 589

1,629 674 13,613 9,437

_

1

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 260.

COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF JEY/ISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE & OVER IN CANADIAN CITIES WITH POPULATION EXCEEDING 30,000 IN 1921 & 1931, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO LANGUAGE SPOKEN

BILINGUAL

English Yiddish French Speaking Speaking Speaking

City Brant ford 1931

UNILINGUAL English English French Eng- Yid& & & lish dish Frenc h French Yiddish Yiddish only only Only Only Only Only

98.90 94.79

93.95 91.90

2.75 -

6.04 8.09

1.10 5.21

Calgary.. 1931

97.36 97.28

99.17 95.74

1.66 3.93

1.66 4.26

1.80 2.72

-

Edmonton. 1931

98.72 96.95

98.72 98.81

2.80 3.72

1.28 0.85

1.28 3.05

-

Halifax. .1931 99.57

88.79 81.25

5.39 6.03

10.13 18.30

0.43 2.23

Hamilton. 1931 98.96 1921

97.46

91.46 91.00

2.05 3.48

8.54 8.78

1.04 2.54

Kitchener 1931

94.66 96.31

91.09 84.74

2«08 1.05

8.31 15.26

5.34 3.69

London. . .1931

97.88 96.57

93.13 95.21

3.34 2.76

6.34 4.61

2.12 3.33

Montreal. 1931

95.47 95.68

99.66 96.95

31.75 29.21

Ottawa. . . 1931

98.07 98.40

93.23 86.29

Quebec. . . 1931

98.20 91.26

Regina. . . 1931

St. John. .1931

1921

^

-

90.11 86.70

TRILINGUAL English French & Yiddish 2.75

^

94.88 89.09

-

1.66 3.93

0.12 0.34

94.64 92.38

-

2.68 3.38

-

1.08 0.45

84.05 73.44

-

0.13 0.22

88.37 85.20

0.60

84.27 80.00

•—

1.48 1.05

—

, 0.53 0.18

88.20 89.30

-

2.81 2.58

0.18 1.66

4.51 5.89 0.04

0.16 1.35

63.56 63.24

0.02 0.39

31.57 27.43

10.97 14.02

5.63 12.21

1.78 0.04 1.60

1.10 1.50

81.62 72.17

0.11

9,72 12.52

99.70 95.31

89.76 79.19

2.01

0.90 0.30 6.39

2.68

9.34 12.41

0.60 2.35

88.86 74.16

98.93 98.07

97.84 96.95

1.56 1.28

0.60 3.05

1.07 1.93

-

98.30 98.60

94.39 94.68

2.21 1.40

5.61 5.32

1.70 1.40

-

Saskatoon 1931

99.31 96.44

99.82 99.11

1.57 5.33

0.18 0.89

0.69 3.56

-

Toronto. .1931

96.38 93.72

97.87 97.90

2.03 1.87

2.08 2.05

3.61 6.26

Vancouver 1931

98. 8S 98.96

97.78 90.56

8.12 3.63

2.02 8.71

1.01 1.04

1931 Verdun. . .

97.70 96.40

96.95 92.00

37.79 38.40

Victoria. 1931 100.00

98.90 68.75

6.60 2.35

1.10 31.25

V; incisor. .1931

98.01 98.71

96.15 99.30

4.46 2.55

3.85 0.70

1.99 1.29

'..innipeg. 1931

96.07 91.72

99.72 98.87

1.38 2.06

0.28 1.03

3.92 8.28

1921 1921

1921

1921

1921 1921

1921

1921 1921

1921

1921 1921

1921 1921

97.32

1921 100.00 1921

1921

1.38 2.30 3.20 12.00

398

-

-

-

-

96.77 93.74

—

90.48 91.88

-

97.56 90.22

0.45

->

-

4.31 5.13 1.92 3.26

1.56 1.28 2.21 1.40 1.57 5.33

0.05 0.05

92.28 89.82

0.01 0.02

1.97 1.80

0.20 0.73

88.85 86.62

0.10

7.82 2.90

1.67 4.80

58.53 58.40

-

92.30 66.40

0.39

89.70 95.46

0.10

94.42 88.63

1.60

-

0.01

36.12 20.00 6.60 2.35 4.07 2.55 1.37 1.96

CANADA'S

JEWS

TABLE 261.

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL JEV/ISH POPULATION OF CANADA, 10 YEARS OF AGE & OVER, 1931, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO LANGUAGE SPOKEN, PROVINCE OF RESIDENCE AND SEX. UBILINGUAL

Both Sexes

English English French English Eng- Yid& & & French English Yiddish French lish dish French French Yiddish Yiddish & Speaking Speaking Speaking Only Only Only Only Only _Qnly_ Yiddish

Prince Edward Island 100.00 98.91 Nova Scotia 98.85 New Brunswick. 96.14 Quebec 96.95 Ontario 96.27 Manitoba 97.51 Saskatchewan Alberta 98.03 British Columbia.... 98.98 100.00 Yukon & N.W.T All Canada

TRILINGUAL

BILINGUAL

94.45 87.56 94.36 99.60 96.54 99.92 99.07 98.16 96.88 100.00

96.73

98.16

Prince Edward Island 100.00 Nova Scotia 99.31 New Brunswick 99.07 Quebec 97.38 Ontario 9 8.'00 Manitoba 97.10 98.38 Saskatchewan 98.78 Alberta British Columbia.... 99.59 100.00 Yukon & N.W.T

90.91 87.15 95.32 99.67 96.48 99.58 99.01 98.24 96.56 100.00

5.55 3.27 8.21 36.54 3.07 1.68 2.78 3.11 7.87

5.55 11.96 5.45 0.20 3.30 0.39 0.93 1.77 2.90

16.00

1.75

1.09 1.15 3.63 3.04 3.72 2.47 1.97 0.93

0.01

0.48 0.19 0.19 0.16 0.01 0.07 0.22

3.24

0.15

0.69 0.93 2.40 1.99 2.89 1.62 1.32 0.41

0.81 0.19 0.18 0.20

88.90 83.68 85.19 59.63 90.59 94.21 93.82 93.15 88.30 100.00 79.07

0.09

5.55 2.79 8.02 36.12 2.90 1.66 2.76 3.04 7.56

0.09

15.76

0.22 0.01 0.01 0.02

Males

All Canada

97.93

98.15

9.09 4.28 11.05 42.06 3.68 1.79 3.10 3.60 8.45 18.41

9.09 12.04 4.49 0.14 3.32 0.42 .0.99 1.70 3.28 1.77

2.07

0.01 *

0.06 0.16 0.01

0.17

81.82 83.68 83.53 55.40 91.01 94.90 94.29 93.38 87.86 100.00

0.21 0.01 0.01

77.85

0.09

18.14

100.00 83.69 86.91 63.81 90.16 93.14 93.27 92.96 88.82 100.00

0.23 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.19

2.78 5.08 30.67 2.17 1.39 2.36 2.50 6.69

80.00

0.10

13.71

Females Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia. New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba. Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia.... Yuk-nn * N '.V.T

All Canada,

100.00 98.48 98.63 94.91 96.57 94.90 96.48 97.37 98.28 100.00

100.00 87.99 93.37 99.57 95.76 99.63 99.15 98.15 97.23 100.00

2.91 5.27 31.11 2.38 1.41 2.41 2.57 7.17

11.88 6.45 0.22 3.24 0.36 0.85 1.84 2.48

1.52 1.37 4.86 4.22 5.09 3.47 2.69 1.53

0.13 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.01

95.57

98.14

13.94

1.73

4.33

0.13

* Less than 0.01$.

399

0.07 0.29

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 262. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH BORN JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADA, 10 YEARS OF AGE & OVER, 1931, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO LANGUAGE SPOKEN, PROVINCE OF RESIDENCE AND SEX

UNILINGUAL

Both Sexes

English Yiddish French £3 -peaking Speaking Speaking

English English French English & French & & dish French French Yiddish Yiddish & Only Only Only only only Yiddish

Eng- Yidlish Only

Prince Edward Island 100.00 Nova scotie .100.00 New Brunswick 100.00 Quebec 99.65 Ontario 99.92 Manitoba 99.98 99.87 Saskatchewan Alberta 100.00 British Columbia.... 99.89 100.00 Yukon & N.W.T

87.50 75.54 88.78 99.08 92.41 99.06 97.90 96.17 96.04 100.00

2.43 18.14 51.12 4.35 2.68 3.07 3.44 7.33

99.80

95.82

22.53

Prince Edward Island 100.00 Nova Sootis 100.00 100.00 New Brunswick 99.64 Quebec 99.95 Ontariw Manitoba 99.90 99.87 Saskatchewan 100.00 Alberta British Columbia British Columbia.... 100.00 100.00 Yukon & N.W.T

75.00 74.81 89.45 99.17 92.32 99,11 97.46 96.51 93.57 100.00

2.27 8.55 52.92 4.90 2.67 2.54 2.56 6.82

99.82

95.77

23.28

3.86

Prince Edward Island 100.00 Nova Scotia. 100.00 New Brunswick 100.00 Quebec 99.66 Ontario 99.89 Menitoba 99.86 Seskatchewan 99.86 100.00 Alberta British Columbia.... 99.77 Yukon & N.V/.T.

100.00 77.12 88.18 98.99 92.49 99.05 98.39 95.92 94.88

3.45 5.90 48.63 3.81 2.74 3.66 4.50 7.90

22.61 11.37 0.51 7.25 0.95 1.61 3.88 ' 4.74

0.17 0.08 0.14 0.14

99.80

95.86

21.82

3.81

0.12

Alll Canada

TRILINQUAL

BILINGUAL

12.50 23.41 10.98 0.46 0.19 7.23 0.06 0.92 0.12 2.10 0.13 3.73 3.53

0.02 *

0.12

0.01

3.83

0.65 0.24 0.44 0.36 0.02 0.10 0.43 0.34

87.50 73.74 81.86 48.69 88.36 96.28 94.70 92.83 87.14 100.00 73.52

0.11

1.80 6.92 50.06 3.97 2.66 3.07 3.34 6.79

0.07

22.11

0.14 0.02

Males

Al Canada

25.00 24.18 10.55 0-.41 0.22 7.21 0.03 0.89 0.10 2.54 0.13 3.59 6.23 0.11

1.01 0.03 0.01

0.39 0.46

0.20

75.00 73.55 80.90 46.45 87.86 96.34 94.79 93.95 86.95 100.00 72.75

0.11 0.11

1.26 8.55 52.39 4.42 2.67 2.54 2.56 6.62

0.05

22.86

0.16 0.03 0.03

0.20 0.68

100.00 73.94 82.73 50.69 88.86 96.20 94.59 91.62 87.36

0.23

3.18 5.45 47.97 3.52 2.68 3.66 4.30 6.99

0.33

74.25

0.08

21.41

0.02

0.35

0.01

0.27 0.45 0.49 0.26 0.03

Females

All Canada

* Less than 0.01$.

400

*

CANADA'S JEWS

TABLE 263.

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FOREIGN-BORN JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADA, 10 YEARS OF AGE 4 OVER, 1931, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO LANGUAGE SPOKEN, PROVINCE OF RESIDENCE & SEX.

UNILINGUAL

Both Sexes

English English French English Eng- Yid& & & French English Yiddish French lish dish French French Yiddish Yiddish &. Speaking Speaking Speaking Only Only Only Only Only Only Yiddish

Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario. Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta.., British Columbia.,.. Yukon & N.W.T All Canada

TRILINGUAI

BILINGUAL

100.00 97.96 98.09 93.93 95.19 94.26 96.19 97.02 98.33 100.00

100.00 97.73 98.09 99.91 98.97 99.01 99.73 99.19 98.86 100.00

10.00 3.63 8.92 27.64 2.01 1.02 2.12 2.99 8.32

1.93 1.75 0.04 0.99 0.09 0.27 0.76 1.06

2.04 1.91 5.79 4.80 5.72 3.77 2.98 1.59

0.34 0.16 0.05 0.04

94.70

99.46

11.91

0.50

5.19

0.04

100.00 98.72 98.53 95.99 96.99 96.42 97.56 98.01 99.31

100.00 97.65 98.82 99.91 98.89 99.86 99.86 99.15 98.61

14.29 4.72 12.52 35.32 2.68 1.44 3.42 3.21 9.57

1.71 0.89 0.03 1.06 0.14 0.14 0.76 1.25

1.28 1.47 3.74 3.00 3.56 2.44 1.99 0.69

0.64 0.29 0.06 0.05

96.66

99.41

15.35

0.53

3.23

100.00 97.11 97.61 90.66 93.33 93.03 94.52 95.87 97.18 100.00

100.00 97.83 97.26 99.81 99.06 99.05 99.58 99.24 99.17 100.00

2.41 4.80 7.93 1.51 1.59 1.68 1.52 6.62

2.17 2.74 0.05 0.92 0.05 0.42 0.76 0.83

2.89 2.39 9.02 6.64 6.95 5.39 4.13 2.65

92.86

99.50

8.55

0.48

7.02

90.00 92.40 87.42 66.53 92.20 93.07 93.34 93.27 89.13 100.00

0.28 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.08

10.00 3.29 8.76 27.31 1.96 1.00 2.08 2.94 8.16

82.40

0.11

11.76

0.27 0.01 0.02

0.09 0.14

85.71 92.29 85.12 60.91 93.26 94.86 94.00 94.04 88.49

14.29 4.08 12.23 34.99 2.62 1.42 3.42 3.12 9.43

0.06

80.89

0.11

15.18

0.32 0.03 0.02 0.09 0.17

2.41 4.80 7.57 1.46 1.57 1.59 1.52 6.45

0.12

8.41

0.05 0.08

M&les Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia.... Yukon & N.W.T All Canada Females Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta. British Columbia.... Yukon & N.Y/.T U.1 Canada

401

0.04 0.02

0.02

100.00 92.53 90.07 83.00 90.93 91.41 92.51 93.59 89.90 100.00

83.95

CANADA'S

TABLE 264.

JEWS

MOTHER TONGUE OF' THE CANADIAN JEWISH POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE & OVER. 1921 - 1931

1921

1931 Percent

Mother Tongue

Number

Percent

Number

Yiddish

84,732

90.72

124,408

95.54

English

3,264

3.49

2,452

1.88

Russian

3,370

3.61

1,547

1.18

Polish

696

0.75

943

0.72

German

518

0.55

398

0.30

Roumanian....

523

0.56

168

0.13

Ukrainian,...

155

0.17

105

0.08

Hungarian....

23

0.02

82

0.06

French

13

0.01

35

0.03

Lithuanian...

13

0.01

15

0.01

Arabic

29

0.03

11

0.01

3

*

8

0.01

Slovak

2

*

7

0.01

Czech

2

*

4

Danish

• 1

*

3

Finnish

12

0.01

3

Swedish

10

0.01

3

9

0.01

2

Italian

Spanish...... Serbo-Croatia:

2

Norwegian....

1

Dutch

26

0.03

Flemish

1

Lettish

1

Unspecified.. Total.

93.403

* Less than 0.01$.

402

100.00

1

20

0.02

130,218

100.00

TABLE 265.

ILLITERACY OF THE JEWISH POPULATION OF CANADA, 10 YEARS OF AGE & OVER, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO AGE GROUPS. BY PROVINCES. 1931. 10 YEARS OF AGE & OVER Number Illiterate

Total Jewish Both Population Sexes Male Female Prince Edward Island _ _ Nova Scotia.. 56 16 40 New Brunswick 40 12 28 Quebec 1,960 586 1,374 Ontario 2,148 646 1,502 Manitoba 543 156 387 Saskatchewan. 104 31 73 Alberta 53 15 38 British Columbia... 51 9 42 All Canada...4,9551,471 3,484 British-Born Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia.. New Brunswick Quebec Ontario. Manitoba Saskatchewan. Alberta British Columbia....

Percent Illiterate Number Illterate

_ 3.38 3.82 3.90 4.15 3.36 2.54 1.77

_ 1.85 2.24 2.33 2.48 1.97 1.40 0.95

_ 5.06 5.47 5.46 5.86 4.70 3.90 2.70

2.25 3.81

0.74 2.24

4.01 5.39

2 229

2 88

0.65 1.19 0.41 0.36 0.30 0.88 0.20

0.76 2.01 0.38 0.28 0.34 0.76 0.19

0.53 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.25 1.02 0.20

1 44 35 11 6 2

1 22 16 6 3 1

0.20

0.45

1

1

0.36

0.43

100

3 4 36 27 10 6 1

3 192

1 88

Foreign-Born Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia.. 51 New Brunswick 35 Quebec 1,881 Ontario 2,080 Manitoba 526 Saskatchewan. 91 Alberta 51 British Columbia.... 48

13 8 550 619 146

25 14

38 27 1,331 1,461 380 66 37

5.78 5.57 6.08 6.39 5.06 3.47 2.58

2.78 2.38 3.54 3.76 2.92 1.74 1.32

9.16 9.25 8.65 9.08 7.05 5.56 4.02

8

40

3.62

1.11

6.62

4,7631,383

3,380

5.85

3.37

8.39

All Canada...

All Canada

21 YEARS OF AGE AMD OVER

Percent Illiterate Number Illterate Percent Illiterate

Both Both Both Both Both Sexes Male Female Sexes Male Female Sexes Hale Female Sexes Male Female Sexes Male Female

5 5 79 68 17 13 2

2 1 43 41 7 7 1

10 to 20 YEARS OF AGE

2 0.32 104 0.39

_ 1 1 91 95 28 9 2

„ 1 35 35 11 3 1

50

1 129

141

0.33 0.62 0.570.44

22 19 5 3 1

0.34 0.75 0.38 0.39 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.59 0.57 0.29 0.27 0.22

50

13 19 5

0.32 0.32

34 1.38 41 1.49 12 1.53 3 1.19

1 38

91

_ _ _ » 0.36 55 16 39 39 11 28 0.72 1,869 551 1,318 0.712,053 611 1,442 0.66 515 145 370 1.00 95 28 67 0.22 51 14 37

_ 5.04 5.64 5.30 5.85 4.67 3.35 2.45

_ 2.77 3.01 3.08 3.42 2.69 1.79 1.24

» 7.57 8.59 7.58 8.38 6.55 5.27 3.85

49 7 42 2.95 0.684,7261,383 3,343 5.26

0.78 3.03

5.48 7.58

1.95 4.55 0.36 0.33 0.48 1.14

1.54 1.67 0.54 0.68 0.22 2.00

0.52

0.43

0.85 0.61

0.37 0.30 0.26 0.62 0.30

5 4 35 33 6 7

3 3 14 11 4 3

0.64

1.18

1.39

0.88

1.76 3.17 0.45 0.50 0.34 1.51

38

54

50 13 8 35 537 1.83 1,834 1.92 2,020 600 1.85 509 141 2.59 88 25 14 51

37 27 1,297 1,420 368 63 37

6.19 6.18 6.66 7.08 5.48 3.71 2.89

9.61 3.07 2.67 10.15 9.58 3.83 4.12 10.17 7.76 3.11 5.88 1.93 4.60 1.46

7

40

4.02

1.10

7.50

4,634 1,345

3,289

6.43

3.66

9.32

0.32

92

3.33

0.85 1.00 1.08

2 1 21 22 2 4

2 0.41

2

0.42

1 1.35

1

47 60 17 3

...... 1 0.18 - 0.28 0.59 56 0.61 0.49 60 0.570.43 17 0.55 0.44 6 0.71 0.45 1 0.22 0.22

47

1.82

TABLE 266.

CANADA'S

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF JE1YISH CHILDREN 7-14 YEARS OF AGE CLASSIFIED BY SEX & NATIVITY CANADA & PROVINCES, 1931 TOTAL Total At School

Both Sexes Prince Edward Is. Nova Scotia New Brunswick.... Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia. All Canada

JEWS

4

CANADIAN BORN Total At School

BRITISH BORN Total At School

381 211 9,245 1.0,463 3,162 962 639 396

4 372 205 8,791 10,252 3,116 926 625 382

4 362 190 7,806 8,743 2,704 849 521 316

4 354 186 7,427 8,561 2,671 823 511 304

2

1

64 88 5 1 1 5

60 83 5 1 1 5

25,463

24,673

21,495

20,841

166

156

FOREIGN BORN Total At School

17 21 1,375 1,632 453 112 117 75

17 19 1,304 1,608 440 102 113 73

3,802

3,676

10 8 640 815 206 55 57 40

1,831

Male

Prince Edward Is. Nova Scotia New Brunswick.... Quebec Ontario..... Manitoba Saskatchewan

Alberta British Columbia. All Canada,

1 199 112 4,627 5,275 1,638 485 337 213

1 196 108 4,403 5,164 1,609 467 330 204

1 187 102 3,917 4,402 1.421 424 277 167

1 185 100 3,729 4,311 1,400 412 272 160

2

1

35 42

3

34 38 3

1 4

1 4

10 10 675 831 214 61 59 42

12,887

12,482

10,898

10,570

87

81

1,902

3 182 99 4,618 5,188 1,524 477 302 183

3 176 97 4,388 5,088 1,507 459 295 178

3 175 88 3,889 4,341 1,283 425 244 149

3 169 86 3,698 4,250 1,271 411 239 144

29 46 2 1

26 45 2 1

1

1

12,576

12,191

10,597

10,271

79

Female Prince Edward Is. Nova Scotia New Brunswick.... Quebec* Ontario Manitoba

Saskatchewan..... Alberta British Columbia. All Canada

404

7

75

11

700 801 239

51

58 33 1,900

7 11 664 793 234 47 56 33 1,845

TABLE 267.

JEWISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES, 1930-1931

Dal- Western SaskatBritish Total Toronto McGill Montreal Queens housie Ontario MoMaster Manitoba chewan ,Alberta Columbia Medicine Law Engineering & Applied £ ;ience Commerce & Accounting Dentistry Pharmacy Social Service Education Agriculture & Forestry.... Household Science Architecture Music Library School Other Faculties Total Professional Schools" Arts & Science Total Undergraduate Students

TABLE 268.

350 150

148 36

71 39

16

103 70 46 40 12 12 12 11 16 1 1 10

31

21 47 16

2 11

25 11 10 1 4

1

1 2

15 35

2 29

22. 4

9

2 7 2

4 1

7 4

35

4 4

6 1 1 1

10

1

11

58 31

6 6 5

1

4

1

10 277 265

209 199

29 36

81 1

38 18

9 13

18

151 198

14 23

20 5

6 16

1,626 542

408

65

82

56

22

18

349

37

25

22

5 4 1

21 6 1 6

2 1 8

3 2 3 3

834 792

JE7/ISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES, 1935-1936

20

Medicine Law Pharmacy Dentistry Engineering & Applied Science Commerce & Accounting Household Science Agriculture & Forestry.... Architecture Education Social Service .. Optometry. » Music Library School. Other Faculties

436 91 74 73

188 41 42 20

51 3

68 33 27 81 12 7 6 4 4 1 7

23

24 16

Total Professional Schools Arts & Science

864 601

341 170

124 144

33 36

49 2

120 54

31 15

12

92 108

511

268

69

51

174

46

12

200

Total Undergradutes

2

1,465

4 4 3 4 4 4 4

16

14 20 15

3 10

75 7 1 30

31

31 10 15 10

1 3

19 5 1 1

11 2

1

4 1

1

1 1

21 30

46 10

7 20

51

56

27

3

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 269.

NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION BY PROVINCES OF JEWS CONVICTED OF INDICTABLE OFFENCES 1922-1937

British Saskat- Nova New Prince Year Canada Ontario Q.uebec Manitoba Columbia Alberta chewan Scotia Brunswick Edward Island • • • M M M I I M ^ M *

407 340 408 354 422 433 592 470 487 618 687 606 622 807 538 486

300 216 237 223 248 204 340 249 208 272 333 293 286 469 243 239

43 58 59 67 113 127 160 110 151 165 160 182 177 229 171 123

28 25 55 41 22 62 63 63 92 113 129 83 102 60 73 74

1 3 27 5 9 9 10 18 11 16 27 24 30 10 8 16

22 14 18 11 7 15 8 6 16 20 19 13 9 17 17 10

6 19 3 6 15 6 7 17 7 17 7 3 6 9 22 12

7 9 3 1 7 7 7 5 5 5 3 8

1922-1937 8,287

4,360

2,095

1,085

224

222

162

80

1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

TABU; 27o>

3 2 8

FORMULA FOR ADJUSTING CRIMINALITY RATE AMONGST JEWS IN CANADA

Where

a

is Number of Urban Residents of all origins convicted of specified offence.

b

is Number of Rural Residents of all origins convicted of specified offence.

c

is Percentage of Total population of Canada which was urban in 1931 (53.7#).

d

is Percentage of Jewish population of Canada which was urban in 1931 (96.4$).

e

is Percentage of Total population of Canada which was rural in 1931 (46.3£>).

f

is Percentage of Jewish population of Canada which was rural in 1931 (3.6$).

406

4 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 8 5 3 3 8 1 4 50

_ ._. _ _ _

3 _ 2 ._.

_4 — — 9

TABLE

CANADA'S

271.

JEWS

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ALL JEV/S CONVICTED OF INDICTABLE OFFENCES IN CANADA DURING THE PERIOD 1923-1927* New Nova Saskat- ' British Canada Brunswick Scotia Quebec Ontario Manitoba chewan Alberta Columbia Theft Gambling Fraud Burglary & Housebreaking Common Assault.. Indecent Exposure Receiving Stolen Property.. Keepers & Inmates of Bawdy Houses Aggravated Assault Illicit Stills False Pretences Shooting & Wounding Forgery & Uttering Assaulting & Obstructing Police Robbery Assault on Females Perjury Breach of Revenue Laws.. Intimidation Indecent Assault. Breach of Trade Marks Act Carnal Knowledge Theft from Person Carrying Unlawful Weapons Criminal Negligence Theft of Automobile T

528 154 103 100 76 60

Property Arson. Conspiracy Sodomy & Bestiality Abduction Attempted Suicide Riot & Affray Bigamy Incest Offences against Currency Laws Prison Breach & Escape.. Seduction Non Support of Family... Attempted Murder Theft from Mails Horse & Cattle Stealing. Rape & Attempted Rape...

6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3

.7ilful Damage to

1 1

4 4

-

1 4

56

2

1

56 51 45 42 41 37

-

33 21 15 13 12 10 10

1

2 3

1

71 57 19 9 17 7

340 59 53 76 51 41

75 17 23 12 1 1

9

31

5

14 2 26 11 24 2

31 40 15 12 17 16

2 5 1 2 9

6 5

24 12 15 7 6

1 4

2 6 3 2

-

9

9 9 8

3

8 7 7

3 2 2. 2 2 1 1 1

2 2

-

1

-

1 1

-

-

* No information available 1926.

407

7

7

2 3

8 6 1

6

1

3 1

1

1 1 1

18 1 3 1 2 6

6

2

3

5

1 2

2

7

7

1

3

5

3

2 3

5 1

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

14 7 1 1 1 2

5 9 3

1 1

1

1 1

2 1 1 1 2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2 1

1

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 272. NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS CONVICTED OF SPECIFIED CLASSES OF OFFENCES BY PROVINCES 1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

NOVA SCOTIA

Offences against the person Offences against Property without Violence Gambling Offences against Property with Violence,.. Sundry Offences Total

5 2 2

1 1

2

8

3

1

3

1

1 1 2

13 16 7 4

10 12 19 1 1

26 5 13 8 -

18

14

18

58

57

70

113

127

107 26 9 10 19 1 44

114 48 45 33 14 16

113 32 21

116 37 15 8 1 71*

105 55 13 9 1

216

270

209

248

204

16 2

33 12

33 1

11 6

32 1

25

54

41

22

62

4 9

-

5

9

2

NEW BRUNSWICK

Offences against Property without Violence Forgery &. Offences against Currency Total

3 2

3 1 1 3

2* 7

9

1

1 1

1

39 18 9 2 2 43*

64 24 14 1 1 2 21

QUEBEC

Offences against Property without Violence Gambling Offencea against the Person Offences against Property with Violence... Malicious Damage to Property Forgery & Offences against Currency Sundry Offences Total ONTARIO

Offences against Property without Violence Offences against the Person Offences against Property with Violence... Forgery & Offences against Currency Gambling Malicious Damage to Property '.... Sundry Offences Total

MANITOBA

Offences against property without Violence Offences against property with Violence... Gambling. Offences against the Person..... Forgery & Offences against Currency Malicious Damage to Property Sundry Offences Total

2 3 1 1

2 1 1 5

25 18

5 1 1

2 3*

21

8 6 8 . 7

SASKATCHEWAN

Offences against Property without Violence Gambling Offences against the Person Forgery & Offences against currency Offences against Property with Violence... Sundry Offences Total

1 __5 19

* Including Gambling. 408

1 1

1 -

2

6

2 1 2. 1 15

4_ 6

CANADA'S JEWS TABLE 272.-Continued NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JEY7S CONVICTED OF SPECIFIED CLASSES OF OFFENCES BY PROVINCES 1923

1924

1925

9 1

7 2 4 3

6 1

1926

1927

ALBERTA

Offences against Property without Violence Offences against the Person.... Forgery & Offences against Currency. Gambling Malicious Damage to Property Offences against Property with Violence... Sundry offences

2

Total

2

4 1

2

1 1

1

14

18

10

6

3

5 2

2*

7 2 2 4 15

BRITISH COLUMBIA

Offences against Property with Violence... Offences against Property without Violence Forgery 4 Offences against Currency....... Offences against the Person. Gambling Sundry Offences

3

Total

3

Including Gambling.

409

19

5 2 1 27

1 5 3

5 8

7

9

CANADA'S

TABLE 273.

JEWS

NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION BY PROVINCES OF JEWISH JUVENILE DELINQUENTS CONVICTED OF MAJOR OFFENCES 1923-1937

British New Year Canada Ontario Quebec Manitoba Colutibia Alberta Saskatchewan Brunswick Nova Scotia 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937

1923-1937

130 164 162 214 105 118 107 95 107 93 76 45 60 57 34

101 108 107 143 43 37 35 33 30 38 30 10 25 23 10

5 32 31 49 32 62 38 43 59 38 33 17 26 23 15

16 20 20 20 28 15 23 10 14 11 8 14 6 5

1,567

773

503

210

—

5 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 2

2 — 2 6 4 2 2 2 2 2

_1

31

24

20

410

1 1 — .

1 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 3

1 — — — 1 — 2

1 1 1 —2 4

CANADA'S

JEWS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

World Jewish Statistics American Jewish Year Book, Philadelphia, 5676 to date. Jacobs, Joseph. Studies in Jewish Statistics, 1885. Jewish Encyclopaedia. Funk & Wagnals. Jewish Year Book. London, England. 1896 to date. Ruppin, Dr. Arthur. "The Jews in the Modern T7orld". 1934 Macmillan & Co. Ltd. Canadian Jewish Population Statistics Canada Year Book. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1905 to date. "Origin, Birthplace, Nationality and Language of the Canadian People". A census study based on the census of 1921 and supplementary data. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1929. Reports of the Fourth Census of Canada, 1901. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Reports of the Fifth Census of Canada, 1911. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Reports of the sixth Census of Canada, 1921. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Reports of the Seventh Census of Canada, 1931. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Rosenberg, Louis. "Die Yiddishe Befelkerung fun Canada", Yivo Blotter, Yol.4,Vilno,1932. "Special report on the Foreign Born Population of Canada", abstracted from the records of the Fifth Census of Canada, 1911, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 1915. Canadian Jewish History Birnbaum, S. J. "Pioneers of Toronto's Jewish Community". Jewish Standard, Toronto, June 1, 1934. Cohen, Julius Aaron, "The Growth of London's Jewish Community". Jewish Standard, Sept. 7, 1934. Cohen, Lyon. "Recollections and Reminiscences", 1881-1897. Jewish Daily Eagle, Montreal, Centennial Edition. Cohen, Dr. Zvi. "Prominent Jews of Canada", Canadian Jewish Historical Publishing Co.,1933. Da Silva, Saruco. "The Sephardic Jew in Canada", Jewish Standard, Toronto. Sept. 19, 1930. De Sola, Clarence I. "Canada" in Jewish Encyclopaedia. De Maupassant, Jean. "Abraham Gradis", Jewish Daily Eagle, Montreal. McMullen, John. "History of Canada", Brockville, 1855. Medres, I. "Montreal Yesterday Today", Canadian Jewish Chronicle, Feb. 21, 1936. Rhinewine, A. "Der Yid in Canada", 2 vols. Toronto, 1925 & 1927. Rome, David. "Jewish Builders of Canada's Pacific", Bnai Brith Magazine, Dec. 1936. Rosenberg, Louis. "Canadian Jewry Celebrates Centenary of. Political Equality", Regina Leader Post, June 25, 1932. Rosenberg, Louis. "History of Regina Jewish Community", Jewish Post, Winnipeg, Sept. 1928. Sack, B.G. "History of the Jews in Canada" in "The Jew in Canada", Montreal, 1926. Sack, B.G. "Les Juifs durant le Regime Francais", Jewish Daily Eagle, Montreal Centennial Edition, 1932. Tasse, Joseph. "Droits Politiques des Juifs.en Canada" in "La Revue Canadienne" Montreal, June 1870. Unsworth, Rev. Dr. J.K. "Jews of Victoria dedicated Temple Emanu-el in 1863" Victoria Colonist, B.C. Wilder, H.E. "An Outline of the History of the Jews in Canada" in Israelite Press, Y/innipeg, 1932. 100th Anniversary Souvenir of Jewish Emancipation in Canada. Wolf, Martin. "Jews of Canada" in American Jewish Year Book, 5686. Philadelphia. Jewish Vital Statistics Annual Reports on Vital Statistics* 1921-1936. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa. Fishberg, Dr. Maurice. "The Jews", 1911. Walter Scott Publishing Co. Ltd. London. Jacobs, Joseph. "Births" in Jewish Encyclopaedia, Vol. III. Ruppin, Dr. Arthur. "The Jews in the Modern World", 1934.Macmillan & Co. Ltd.

—

CANADA'S

Migration

JEWS

American Jewish Year Book, Philadelphia, Published annually 5676 to date. Annual Reports of the Department of Immigration and Colonization, Ottawa, 1921 onwards. Annual Reports of the Commissioner General of Immigration, United States Department of Labour, 1930 onwards, Ferenczi, Imre. "International Migrations", Vol. 1, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc. 1929. Hersch, Liebmann. "International Migrations of the Jews" in "International Migrations", Vol. 2. National Bureau of Economic Research Inc. 1931. Jacobs, Joseph. "Migration" in Jewish Encyclopaedia Vol. VIII. Lestchinski, Jacob. "Yiddishe Emigrazie fun Polen in 1931", Yivo Bletter, Vol.4,Vilno,1932. Lestchinski, Jacob. "Die Gesammtzahle der Juden auf der Erde" in Blatter fur Demographic, Statistik und Wirtschaftskunde der Juden, No. 5, 1925, Berlin. Lestchinski, Jacob. "Judische Wanderungen in letzten Jahrundert", Weltwirtschaftlich archiv. Jan. 1927, Kiel. Ruppin, Dr. Arthur, "The Jews in the Modern Y/orld", 1934, Macmillan & Co. Ltd. Wilcox, Wilcox, Walter F. "International Migrations", Vol. 2, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc. 1931. Occupational Distribution Adler, Henrietta, "Jewish Life and Labour in East London" in "A New Survey of London Life & Labour, Vol. VI. P.S. King 4 Son, 1934. Allen, Dr. William. "Survey of the Farm Business in Saskatchewan", University of Saskatchewan. Belkin, Simon. "Jewish Colonization in Canada" in Jews in Canada, 1926. Canadian Directory of Directors, 1937, Maclean Publishing Co. Ltd. Toronto. Engelman, Dr. Uriah Zvi, "Do Jews shun Manual Labour", Jewish Frontier, 1938. Gluck, Elsie. "Jewish Workers in the Trade Unions" in "Jewish Frontier" December 1935. Kaplun-Kogan, Vladimir. "Laws of Jewish Economy" in "Jewish Frontier" November 1935. Jacobs, Joseph. "Occupations" in Jewish Encyclopaedia, Vol. IX. Jewish Colonization Association. Annual Reports, 1905 to date. Paris. Jewish Colonization Association. "Quarante Annees d'Activite de la Jewish Colonization Association, 1891-1931". Lestchinsky, Jacob. "A Century's Changes in Jewish Numbers and Occupations" The Menorah Journal, 1934. Lestchinsky, Jacob. "Jewish Economic Destruction after the Y/orld War", Bureau of the World Jewish Congress, Paris. McCollum, Watt Hugh, "Who Owns Canada", Regina, 1935. Perlman, Selig. "Our Economic Area. Present Economic Trends and their Effects on Jewish Life in America". The Menorah Journal. April-June 1934. Rosenberg, Louis. "Jews in Agriculture in Y/estern Canada" in "100th Anniversary Souvenir of Jewish Emancipation in Canada", Israelite Press, Y/innipeg, 1932. Rosenberg, Louis. "There are Jewish Farmers in Canada", Jewish Standard, Toronto, March 30, 1934. Rosenberg, Louis. "The Story of Edenbridge", Jewish Standard, Toronto, Sept. 7, 1934. Rosenberg, Louis. "Economic Problems Facing Canadian Jewry", Jewish Post, Winnipeg, 1936. Rubinow, Dr. I.M. "Jews without Jobs" in Jewish Frontier, December 1934. Rubinow, Dr. I.M. "Economics of Anti-Semitism" in Jewish Frontier, February 1935. Rubinow, Dr. I.M. "Middle Class into Proletariat" in Jewish Frontier, April 1935. Jews in Canadian Military Service Adler, Rev. Michael.

"British Jewry Book of Honour", London, England.

Morbidity Etzioni, Mordecai. "Geistig Kranke bei Canader Yidden". Jubilee Edition of Jewish Daily .' Eagle, Montreal, 1932. Fishberg, M. "Blindness" in Jewish Encyclopaedia, Vol. III. Fishberg, M. "Insanity" in Jewish Encyclopaedia, Vol. VI. Jacobs, Joseph. "Deafmutism" in Jewish Encyclopaedia, Vol. IV. Maltzberg, B. "Mental Disease among Jews" in Mental Hygiene. October 1931. Maltzberg, B. "New Data relative to Incidence of Mental Disease among Jews" Mental Hygiene. April 1936. Schneersohn, F. "Fancies and Facts about Mental Disorders among Jews", Jewish Social Service Quarterly, June 1932. Slawson, John & Moss, Maude. "Mental Illness among Jews", Jewish Social Service Quarterly. June 1936. 412

Education

CANADA'S JEWS

Caiserman, H. M. "The Jewish School Problem in the Province of Quebec". Jubilee Edition of Jewish Daily Eagle, Montreal, 1938. Crestohl, Leon D. "The Jewish School Problem in the Province of Quebec". Eagle Publishing Co, 1926* Levinger, Lee J. "Surveying the Jewish Students", Bnai Brith Magazine. April, May, June, 1937. Criminality Annual Reports on Criminal Statistics, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 1922 onwards, Deutsch, Gotthard. "Criminality" in Jewish Encyclopaedia, Vol. IV. Anti-Semitism Beaulieu, Leroy. "Israel among the Nations". Siloz, C.E. and Fisher, G.M. "Catholics, Jews and Protestants". 1934. Harper and Brothers. New York. Young, Donald. "American Minority Peoples". Harper and Brothers, New York, 1932.

413

CANADA'S

J EWS

INDEX

A

£

Caiserman, H. M 412 Canada Year Book 410 Canadian-born Jews in Canada 72-74 Candy stores, Jewish, in Canada 186 Carders, Jewish, in Canada 180 Carpenters, Jewish 202 Censuses, Canadian 6-8,10-11 Chemists, Jewish, in Canada. 198 Chinese in Canada, 1871-1931 12,15 in provinces 42 Chiropractors and Osteopaths, Jewish, in Canada 194 Christianity, Jewish converts to.... 112-116 Cigar makers, Jewish, in Canada 181 Civil Service, Jews in 210 Clerical Occupations, Jews in, in Canada 189 Clothing trade, Jews in 175-178 Cohen, Judge H. E 196 Cohen, Lyon 219,410 Confectionery & Biscuit makers, Jewish, in Canada 180 Conjugal condition of Jews in Canada, 58-61 Converts to Judaism in Canada 115-116 Coopers, Jewish, in Canada 180 Coppersmiths, Jewish, in Canada 179 Crestohl, Leon D 412 Criminality Statistics, Jewish 288 Curriers, Jewish, in Canada 179 Cutters, Jewish, in Canada 175

Abrahams, Sydney Solomon 196 Actors, Jewish . 208 Aden, Jewish population of 2 Adler, Rev. Michael 411 Africa, Jewish population in 1,2,3 Age Groups among Jews in Canada and Provinces 45-48 in urban and rural areas 50 in Poland, Latvia, Soviet Russia, Germany 51 Agriculture, Jews in, Canada 217-243 Allen, Dr. William 230 America, Jewish population 1,2 American Jewish Year Book 1»3»4 Anderson, Dr. J. T. M 305 Animal Food Product Manufacture, Jews in 181 Anti-Semitism 300-305 Architects, Jewish, in Canada 195 Argentine, Jewish population of 3,4 Arson 295-296 Artists and Art Teachers, Jewish, in Canada 195 Asia, Jewish population of 1,2 Atheism and Agnosticism among Jews in Canada 117 Australasia, Jewish population 1,2 Austria, Jews born in 80 Austria, Jewish population 3 Authors and Journalists, Jewish, in Canada 198

D

B

Dairy farmers, Jewish 228 David, Lazarus 9 Da Sola, Clarence, 1 410 Deaths, Jewish, in Canada 83-84 Deaf-mutism, among Jews . 278 Death-rate, Jewish in Canada, 83-84 in provinces 84 in other countries 86 Defence Forces, Jews in 211,248 de Levis, Chevalier 9 Density of Jewish population, in Canada 10,39-40 in provinces 41-43 in towns and cities 43-44 Dentists, Jewish, in Canada.... 194 Designers and Draughtsmen, Jewi'sh, in Canada 195 Directors, Jewish Company 214 Distribution of Jews, Canada 18 provinces 19-27 cities 27-29,30-36 towns and villages....27-29,30-31,36-39 rural centres 20-27 Divorced, Jewish, in Canada 67-69 Doctors, Jewish in Canada 193 Domestic servants, Jewish 200,201 Dressmakers, Jewish, in Canada 175 Drug Stores, Jewish, in Canada 186 Dry goods stores, Jewish, in Canada. 186

Bakers, Jewish, in Canada 180 Barbers and Hairdressers, Jewish 200 Baron de Hirsch Institute 219 Belkin, S 411 Birth-rate, Jewish, in Canada 82,85 in Europe and Asia 86 Birth-place of Jews in Canada 70-81 Births, Jewish, in Canada 82-83 Blacksmiths, Jewish in Canada 179 Blindness among Jews 281 Boilermakers, Jewish, in Canada 179 Bookkeepers, Jewish, in Canada 179 Book stores, Jewish, in Canada 186 Boot and Shoe Repairing, Jews in 179 Brick and Stone Masons, Jewish 202 British-born Jews in Canada 70-80 British Empire, Jewish population of.. 1,2 British Guiana, Jewish population 2 British in Canada, Age and Sex Distribution 48 Brush and Broom-makers, Jewish,in Canada 181 Building and Construction Trades, Jews in 202-204 Butchers, Jewish, in Canada. 181 Butter and Cheese makers, Jewish,in Canada 181 Buttermakers, Jewish, in Canada 181

414

CANADA'S JEWS INDEX-Cont inued Germany, Jews born in 80 Gibraltar, Jewish population of 2 Glass blowers, Jewish, in Canada 181 Glove makers, Jewish, in Canada 179 Goldsmiths and silversmiths, Jewish, in Canada 181 Gradis, David.. 9,235 Grain farmers, Jewish 228 Great Britain, Jewish population 2,3 Grocery stores, Jewish, in Canada.... 186

E

Economic structure of Canadian Jewry. 151-156 Edenbridge, Jewish farm settlement at 217-225 Education, Jewish, in Canada». 273 Electrical instrument-makers, Jewish. 181 Electricians, Jewish 202 Electric light and power, Jews in... 208-210 Electroplaters, Jewish, in Canada.... 181 Emancipation, political, of Jews in Canada 10 Emigration, Jewish, from Canada, to United States 147.150 Encyclopaedia Britannica 1»3»4 Engineers, Jewish, in Canada 198 England, Robert 301 English population in Canada, in Dominion 1871 to 1931 12 in provinces 42 English-speaking countries, Jewish populat ion of 1 English-speaking Jews in Canada 254 Europe, Jewish population 1

K

Hardware stores, Jewish, in Canada... 186 Harness makers, Jewish, in Canada.... 179 Hart, Aaron 9,10 Hart, Ezekiel 10 Hat and cap makers, Jewish, in Canada 175 Her sen, Liebman. 411 High school education, Jewish 265 Hirsch settlement, History of 219 Hong Kong, Jewish population 2 Hotel and restaurant owners, Jewish.. 200 Hungarian population of Canada, in Dominion, 1871 to 1931 12 Hungary, Jews born in 80 Hurd, Prof. Burton 109,110 Hyman^Marcus 302 Hyman, William. 207

£ Farmers, Jewish, number of, in Canada Farmers* sons, Jewish Farm Labourers, Jewish Farm owners, Jewish Farm settlement in Canada, history of Jewish Farm statistics, Jewish Female workers, Jewish in Canada Ferenczi, Imre Fertility rate among Jews Finance, Jews in Finnish population in Canada, in Dominion, 1871-1931 in British Columbia First Jews in Canada Fishberg, Dr. Maurice Fluidity of Canadian Jewish population France, Jews born in Franklin, Selim Franks, Jacob Franks, Abraham

Franks, Moses French, Jews speaking...

226-238 235 227 227

I

220 226 175 411 90,92 214-216

Illegitimacy among Jews in Canada.... 92-95 in Europe 95 Illiteracy among Jews 254-262 Immigration, Jewish to Canada 118-146 motivation 5 phobias 121-123 restrictions 123-131 age and sex groups 137-140 conjugal condition 140-142 destination 142-145 birthplace 145 Increase of Jewish population, Argentine 3,4,5 Canada 8,9, 10-17 Palestine 4,5 United States 4,5 India, Jewish population of 2 Industry, Jews in ........175-182 Infant mortality, Jewish, in Canada.. 95 in other countries 98 Insanity among Jews 284 Insurance agents, Jewish, in Canada. 188 Intermarriage among Jews in Canada 99-105,108-111 in Europe 105 in Canadian provinces 105-108 Irish Free State, Jewish population.. 1»2 Irish population in Dominion, 1871 to 1931 12 in provinces. 42,43 Isaacs, Sir Isaac Alfred 19fi Isaacs, Sir Rufus 19& Italian population in Dominion, 1871-1901 12-15 in provinces 47

12 42 . 9 410,411 70-72 81 10 9 9

9 254

French population in Dominion, 18711931 12 in provinces 42 Fruit and vegetable stores, Jewish, in Canada 186 Fur manufacturing, Jews in 178,179 Furniture stores, Jewish, in Canada.. 186 Fur stores, Jewish, in Canada 186