Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious 9780691193946, 0691193940

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
Preface (page v)
List of Illustrations (page xi)
List of Maps (page xv)
List of Tables and Charts (page xvi)
1. Introduction (page 3)
PART I THE ISLAMIC CITY
2. The Legacy of the First Arab Settlements (640-1170) (page 13)
3. Ascent to Medieval Capital (1170-1340) (page 27)
4. Decline and Fall (page 37)
5. The Heritage from the Medieval City (page 56)
PART II THE MODERN ERA: A TALE OF TWO CITIES
6. Cleansing the Augean Stables (1800-1848) (page 83)
7. The Origins of Modern Cairo (page 98)
8. The Exploding Demand for Capital City Residence (page 118)
9. The Increased Supply of Urban Land (page 132)
10. Urban Problems: Old, Persistent, and New (page 144)
PART III THE CONTEMPORARY METROPOLIS
An Epilogue and an Introduction (page 169)
11. The Emergence of the Northern City: Comparative Growth Rates (page 171)
12. The Anatomy of Metropolitan Cairo (page 182)
13. Whither the City: A Prognosis (page 221)
14. A Personal Postscript (page 238)
Appendix: A Methodological Note (page 243)
Bibliography (page 257)
Index (page 267)

Citation preview

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265

| BLANK PAGE

Index

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Index Ab‘adiyah land, 152n. See also land tenure ‘Ain Shams (Building) Society, 234 ‘asabiyah, 237

al-Abajiyah housing project, 231 ‘Ain Shams University, 217, 235 . al-‘Askar, 36, 177; legacy, 21; location, abattoirs, 62, 63, 134, 137, 161, 201 ‘Ain al-Sirah (housing project), 22, 231 founding, fusion with Fustat, 14,

‘Abbas I, Pasha, 96, 99, g9n, 100, 106, 156 airports, 139 16;in ruins,20

‘Abbas I Boulevard, 135. See also ‘Ajuzah, 157, 198, 205, 206, 208 al-‘Assan (housing project), 231

Ghamrah, Ramses | , Albania, Albanians, 85, 88, 100 Aswan, 9; Dam, 114, 129, 140-41,

‘Abbas I Bridge, 140 Alderfer, Harold, 147n, 224n, 225n 144, 153, 153n

‘Abbas Hilmi II, Khedive, 125, 156n Aldersey, M. Laurence, 52n Asyut, 146n, 175

‘Abbasids, 13, 14, 16, 21, 22, 24, 73; Aleppo, 25n, 33, 39, 50, 60, 77n al-‘Atabah al-Khadra’, Maydan of, 107,

removal of Caliphate to Cairo, 32 Alexander the Great, 18n 110, 133; tram terminus, 132, 135,

‘Abbasiyah (Bahriyah) quarter, 62; in Alexandria, 6n-7n, 18n, 39n, 41n, 99, 136, 138, I91, 209 Community V, 217; environs, 138, 102, 112, 162; foreign communities, Athar al-Nabi, 137

138n, 179, 233; settlement and 55, 122, 153; gas company, 104; Ibn Athir, 20n development of, 100, 144; tram to, land speculation in, 153 Attiya, Ezz el-Din, 174n, 184n 133, 135, 136, 138, 139; water supply, formerly primate city: 4, 5, 6; attracts automobiles, 114, 132, 158, 159, 162,

102, 104 | | Cairo expansion, 237; contemporary 198; number of, 198; repair garages, Abdel-Aty, S. H., 123n migration target, 120n, 125, 221 199. See also cars Abdel-Rahman, Ibrahim Hilmi (‘Abd al- municipal government in: 74; awlad al-nas (children of good

Rahman, Ibrahim Hilmi), 221n Municipality of Alexandria, 127n, descent), 70

‘Abdin District, 48n, 172, 173n, 177n, 146, 146n, 148 Ayalon, David, 31n, 50n, 7on 178, 236; creation of administrative port: 41n, 99; serving Cairo, 48, Ayyabids, Ayyubid Period, 20, 21n,

district, 84n; gism on Cairo Council, 87, 87n 30-32, 32N, 35, 50, 73, 188, 220

22k ‘Ali, Muhammad Hafiz, see Hafiz, al-A‘zam, Shari‘ (The Great Street),

Abdin, Maydan of, 107, 110, 137 Allen, W.E.D., 51n 30. See also gasabah; Shari‘ Mu‘izz

‘Abdin Palace, 98, 107, 113, 209 ‘Alyunah, 6, 6n. See also Babylon li Din Allah

‘Abduh, Muhammad, 156n - Almaric (Amaury), 20 Azbakiyah, district of, 94, 94n;

Abdul ‘Aziz, Maydan of, 137; Shari‘, al-Amiriyah ( housing project), 231 cemetery at, 85, 85n; damaged during

_ 1073 133. ‘Amr ibn al-‘As, 6, 6n, 7, 9, 13, 14, French Occupation, 84, 84n; environs,

Abu al-‘Ala’ Bridge (also known as 134, 233; Mosque of, 13, 19, 20, 59, 60, 100, 210, 211, 216; first

. _Twenty-Sixth of July Bridge), 133, 140 21, 22, 57, 200 , settlement, 44, 236; foreign population Abu al-‘Ala Mosque, 199 . Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, 145 in, 177n; part of Gold Coast, 204;

Abi al-Faraj, Shari‘, 103n, 135, 210 Anglo-French Entente of 1904, 127, 153n part of Western City, 172; public

Abukir Bay, 55n antibiotics, r3on utilities in, 104, Ioqn; gism on

Abu-Lughod, J., 121n, 124n, 174n, | apartment buildings, in Fustat, 19 Cairo Council, 225n

1770, 183n, 184n, 186n, 211n, 218n, 19n; in Imbabah, 208; in Nasr City, central business district of: 116,

219N, 2370, 245Nn, 250n 234; in Northern City, 217; on 162, 173, 178, 188, 198, 204, 210,

Abyssinian Pond, see Birkat al-Habash Western Bank, 206, 207n; in Western 216; European quarter, 158

Adams, Francis, 114n City, 174, 202, 203-204 emergence as aristocratic quarter: 48, Aden, 32n, 41 Aqmar, Mosque of, 190 48n, 51, 51n, 52, 52n, 53, 53n, 60, administrative districts of Cairo, see aquarium, 141 62, 90; rejuvenation of, 105, 106, Cairo, administrative districts of: aqueduct of al-Ghiri, 231 | 106n, 107, 107n gism (aqsam) aqueduct of Ibn Tilan, 14, 15n Azbakiyah-Bilaq Road, 58, 84, 92.

Affagart, Greffin, 52, 52n | Arab conquest, 6, 6n, 134, 200: Cairo, See also Bulaq, Shari‘; Twenty-Sixth Africa, African, 3, 58, 59, 199, 205, 7; character of the army, 13; land of July Street

: 220; first mosque in, 200 ownership and taxation, 31; Azbakiyah-Citadel Road, see Muhammad age at marriage (variable), 130n, 186, population of Egypt at time of, 51 ‘Ali, Boulevard of

196, 199, 205, 213, 219, 243n, 250 Arab Socialist Union, 224, 224n, 227 Azbakiyah Gardens, creation of, 92,

age structure (variable), 126n, 130n, Arabian Nights, 33, 112 103, 104, 106, 106n; environs, 110,

183, 243 Arabic language, supplanted by Turkish, Tron, T12n, 115, 116, 176n, 208-209; Agricultural College, 206 51, 69; supplants French, 204 planning of, 107, 107n; tram agricultural estates, 57, 70, 208. See also Arabic theater, 205, 209 terminus, 133, 135, 136

feudal; Szbah ‘Arafah, Mahdi (General), 234 | Azbakiyah Pond, see Birkat al-Azbakiyah

agricultural hinterland, 135, 172, 211-13. Architectural Control Ordinance for Azbakiyah-Shubra Road, see Shubra,

See also rural | Fatimid Cairo, 192, 228-29, 229n Shari‘ |

agricultural revolution, 118 architecture, medieval style in Cairo, al-Azhar, Maydan of, 110. See also

agricultural wealth, 220 53, 66-67, 190 . Falaki, Maydan of

| 269

agricultural workers, see fallahin; labor Westernization of: in Cairo, 93-94, al-Azhar, Mosque of, 52, 60, 64, 84n,

force, agricultural g4n, 116, 180; of Northern City, 191, 196; University of, 179, 191, Ahmed, Jamal, 145n 179; in Shubra, 211 193, 236 | , ‘Ain Shams, 16n, 19, 138, 214. Armenians, Armenian quarter, 59-60, 115 al-Azhar, Shari‘, 137, 138n, 160, 191, 193 See also Heliopolis Artin Pasha, Yacoub, 1r15n, 155n al-“Aziziyah (Memphis), 16n, 19

INDEX Bab al-Bahr, 50, 56; meaning of name, Barsbay, Sultan, 37n, 40, 4on, 41, 41n, Boulad, Emile, 133n, 149n, 158n

188; road, 84n, 188 44, 49n bourgeoisie, urban, 70, 70n, 238;

Bab al-Futuh, 28, 33, 50, 56, 57, 64, Basatin, 15n, 201 residences of, 208. See also middle 84, 171, 188, 189; Maydan of, 110 Basrah, 13n, 19 class; residential quarters, middle class Bab al-Hadid, 56, 84n, 100, 104, 107, bastide, 3, 13, 18n : Bourse Crash of 1907, 122-23, 123n,

1ogn; Maydan of, 133, 135, 139, 172, baths, public, 64, 64n, 74, 127, 161, 189 152, 153, 210. See also economic

210, 237; tram to, 133, 137, 140n, 141. Batn al-Bagarah, 48n conditions, depressions

See also railroads Ibn Battutah, 33, 36, 36n, 37 Bowen, Harold, 55n, 71n, 77n, 83n Bab al-Lugq, area of, 107n, 115, 204, Baybars (al-Malik al-Zahir), 31, 32, Breasted, James, 4n

237; Maydan of, 110, 133. 32Nn, 33, 35, 90; Lion’s Bridge over Bréhier, Louis, toon, 102n, 1o4n :

See also al-Liuq | Khalij, 33, 189; Mosque of, 33, bridges across the Nile, 7, 108-109, Bab al-Nasr, 37, 50, 56, 84, 171, 188; 52, 134, 137 108n-10gn, 136, 137, 142, 144, 205;

cemetery at, 35, 188 Bayn al-Qasrayn, 38, 65; meaning of construction of new, 140-41. See also

Bab al-Qantarah (Bab al-Kantarah), 50 name, 56; suq at, 37n individual listings

Bab al-Qarafah, 22, 35; meaning of Bayn al-Surayn, 56; meaning of name, 28 British, 99, 100, 113, 124; property

name, 195 bazaars, 38n, 39, 56, 64n, 72, 73n, sequestered, 253; Protectorate, 125 district of: 171, 173, 175, 188, 208; areas; suq occupation: 102, 113, 114, II4n, 144, created, 84n; gism on Cairo Beauveau, Henri de, 53n 147, 239; control, 98

Bab al-Sha‘riyah (Bab al-Sha‘riyyeh), 50 190, 209, 229n. See also commercial Army: 125, 145; evacuation of, 145

, Council, 225n Becker, Carl, 6n, 13n, 14n, 21n, : Brockelmann, Carl, 18n

middle-income housing project: 232 27n, 28n, 30n, 32n : brotherhoods, 70, 71n, 72, 237. . Bab al-Wazir, 28, 56; cemetery at, 195 beduins (badz), 49n, 51, 85, 100, See‘also sufi orders

Bab Zuwaylah, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 56, 137, 237 Browne, W. G., 57n, 72n, 74n, 75 60, 6on, 64, IgI | Belgians, 115, 145; firms of, 150; Brunschvig, Robert, 68n

. Babylon (‘Alyiinah, Khery-Aha, or property sequestered, 253 Budge, E. A. Wallis, 5n

Babylonia), 177, 200; European Bell, Wendell, 243, 243n | budget, 144, 146; Cairo city, 150, 225-26,

term for Cairo, 43, 43n; founding Berger, Morroe, 221n 238; Tanzim, Ministry of Public and early descriptions, 4-7; nucleus da Bertinoro, Obadiah Jare, 41n, 44n Works, 147, 147n, 148, 149 of Fustat, 13-14; strategic site of, 9 bidonvilles, defined, 193. See also building, condition of, 190, 229n;

Badr al-Jamali, tomb of, 35, 188; Cities of the Dead; rural fringe; jerry-building, 136, 153, 195, 210;

walls of, 20, 27, 60 rural slums makeshift housing, 238

El-Badry, Mohammed, 123n Bird, Michael, toon : boom: 154, 206; speculative, 122n Baedecker, Karl, 103n, 105n, 106n, birkah (birkhaes), 53, 107, 110, 144, control over: Building Authority for 136, 137n; compared with Ibn 209; defined, 48 Cairo, 234; building codes, 228, Battutah, 36 Birkat al-Azbaktyah, drained, 92-93, 234; inspector of, 146n; permits for, Baehler Society, 142 93N, 103, 105; environs of, 200, 210; 165, 165n, 179, 230. See also

Baer, Gabriel, 72n, 73n, 87n, 154n, 157n excavation for, 48; land use around, Architectural Control Ordinance

Baghdad, 14, 18, 19, 25n, 32, 41 52, 57; prestige of area, 48, 60 materials, methods of construction: Bahri Mamluks, 27, 30n, 31, 32-37. Birkat al-Fil, Maydan of, 110; partial 129, 160; mudbrick, 78, 160, 174, See also Turkish Mamluks filling of, 93, 93n; present appearance, 186, 190, 197, 201, 208; stone and

al-Baladhuri, 6n-yn, 16n 56, 116; residential quarter, elite, 14, reinforced concrete, 160, 197; baladi, 191, 197; defined, 178, r91n 35, 48, 51-52, 51n-52n, 60, 189; site whitewashing, 93, 93n, 94n, 107 baladiyah, 244n; defined, 146. See also of Jawhar’s encampment, 18, 18n types: see apartment buildings;

municipality Birkat al-Habash, 13, 14, 20, 21; ; single-family dwelling units

“baladized,” 208 | . meaning of name, 201 Bulaq, district or town, 95n;

alls, William Lawrence, 114n ;

, 50, 92 burning of,36public 48, 58,in, 84, gon; Bank Misr, 154 Birkat al-Nasiri, judges 75;84n, public. in,55; 55; an siri,64, 3 judges in, 75; granary in, Balls. William L Birkat al-Hujjaj (Pilgrims’ Lake), 48, Antiquities Museum site, 142;

banking in Egypt, 151, 151n, 152, Birkat Qarun, 36 gism on Cairo Council, 225n; site of 152n, 154 Birkat Qasim-Bay, filling of, 92, 93, 93n Turkish encampment, 50; Western bankr uptcy, land companies, 153; Birkat al-Ratli, 36, 39, 56, 84n; | City, 172 of Ismail, see debt, Egyptian public filling of, 93, 93n environs: 102, 103, 134, 141, 1773 Barillet-Deschamps, 105, to5n, 107, 108, birth control, 186 appearance of, go, 91, 197; elite 108n, I12, 141, 142 birth rates, 115n, 119, 123n, 126, residences in, 35, 36, 44, 90, gon, gt, Baring, Evelyn, see Cromer 130n; reliability of, 124n; rising 94; public utilities in, 104; tramway Barquaq, Sultan, 37, 38, 38n, 39, 30n, in Cairo, 130n. See also fertility to, 133-37 40; college mosque of, 38, 56; births, 57n, 7In, IIgn, 121 | industrial-commercial center: 64,

mausoleum of, 35, 195 Black Death, see plagues +1; development of industries in,

barracks, 100, 189; at “Abbastyah blight, 39, 51, 53-55, 155, 222 48, 87, 90, gon, 9T, 97, 162, 175,

(site of Nasr City), 233-34; at de Bligniéres, 126n 197, 202; emergence and development

Qasr al-Nil, 102 Blount, Sir Henry, 53, 53n of port, 44, 48, 57-58, 90-91. barrage, 3, 114, 119; purpose of, Blunt, Wilfred, 145n See also ports

114n. See also Qanatir Boak, A.E.R., 23n life styles in: 172, 197-99, 203, 207, 208,

barricades, see darb, gates of Botanical Forest, 97, 141 210-11, 213, 219; factor scores, 218;

| 270

INDEX

slums of, 173, 202, 213, 215, 218, factor I scores, 199, 218; population, Cairo Governorate (Muhafazah),

219. See also Cairo, subcities: 197, 218. See also Bulaq administrative relation to Baladiyah, Community I Community II: 218; described, 210-12; 223-24; boundaries, 230; financial

separation from Catro: 53, 57, 58, factor I scores, 212, 218; population, difficulties, 226-27; housing plans,

97; handling of census figures, 210, 218. See also Shubra 231-32; relation to Greater Cairo 83n, 175n, 179; population of, Community IIT; 218; described, Region Higher Committee, 228;

55, 83n, 174n 212-13; factor I scores, 212-13, 218; relation to Nasr City, 234, 234n;

Bulaq-Azbakiyah Road or Causeway, population, 212, 218. See also revenues, 225-26

58, 84, 85, 92, 133 rural fringe Cairo Governorate Council (Majlis .

Bulag, Shari‘, 115-16, 133. See also Community IV: 216, 217, 218; Muhafazat al-Qahirah) , 222, 222n; Twenty-Sixth of July Street described, 213-16; factor I scores, 214, activities of, 226, 226n; 2209;

Bulag al-Dakrur, 97; Mahattat, 205 218; population, 214, 218. establishment and composition,

bureaucrats, bureaucracy, 189, 217 See also residential quarters, working 224-25; relationship to Greater Cairo

Burj al-Zafar, 28, 193 classes; Zaytun Region Higher Committee, 228, 228n Burji Mamluks, 3on, 37. See also Community V: 205; described, 216-18; Cairo, metropolitan region, 9, 220, 224,

Circassian Mamluks factor I scores, 217; population, 227, 230; regional pattern, 56-58, 200,

Bus Company, 137 216-17, 218. See also Heliopolis; 218-20, 233, 237; regional planning, buses, 132n, 163, 198; number of, 159 Misr al-Jadidah 223, 227, 228. See also Greater Cairo Bustan al-Magqsi, 48 Community VI: 202, 218; described, Region Higher Committee; Zahir Butler, A. J., 4n, 5n, 6n, 7n 207-208; factor I scores, 208, 218; al-Qahirah Byzantine, 7, 13, 23, 76, 76n; : | population, 208, 218. See also Cairo, physical organization, see tattooed crosses of Copts, 201; Imbabah; rural fringe ecological organization of Cairo Byzantium, 6,73 Community VII: 218; described, Cairo, site, 9, 18, 21; strategic importance

202-205; factor I scores, 205, 218; of, 3-4, 7,9 Cahen, Claude, 31n, 67n, 72n, 75n, 76n population, 203, 218. See also Cairo, social organization (social

Cairo, administrative districts of Gold Coast structure), 23-25, 56, 66-69, 79, 182, gism (aqsam) : 84, 84n; as units of Community VIII: 202, 218; described, 213, 237, 243 government representation, 225, 205-207; factor I scores, 206-207, Cairo University, Jizah campus of,

225n, 226n. See also qism 218; population, 206, 218. I12n, 140, 205, 206, 207

quarters: 59-62, 169-72. See also harah See also Silver Coast Cairo, Westernization of, 105-13 shiyakhat: 183, 183n. See also Community IX: 218; described, 193-97; Caisse Hypothécaire d’Egypte, 152

census tracts factor I scores, 196, 218; occupations Caliph (Amir al-Mu’minin), 3, 16, 18,

Cairo, central dominance of, 32, 70, of inhabitants, 196; population, 39n, 69; Caliphate, r4, 32, 69

221-22 195-06, 218. See also cemeteries; Canal Zone cities, 120n, 121n, 125, 213.

Cairo, geographic extent, 27, 33, 51-53, Cities of the Dead; al-Khalifah See also Isma‘iliyah, city of; Port

57, 99, 177, 178-79 Community X: 218; described, 188-93; Sa‘id; Quizum; Suez

boundary changes: 121-22, 124, 125, factor I scores, 192-93, 218; canals, 114; silting of, 86. See also 129, 130N, 173-74, 177, 177n, 184, population, 192, 218. See also Cairo, individual listings

224, 230, 247 geographic subdivisions: “Eastern Capitulations, 114, 114n, 115, 123n,

expansion: 7, 23, 27, 33-36, 52, 99, City” 124, 127, 145, 146

103, I15-17, 118-19, 122, 132-43, Community XI: 189, 191, 202, 218; caravans, 32n, 35, 44n, 48, 50n, 58;

171, 173-74, 177-79, 201, 237 described, 208-10; factor I scores, markets, 39; mode of transport,

future growth: 233-37 209-10, 218; population, 218. 98; terminals, 64

Cairo, geographic subdivisions See also transitional belt carriages, 134, I9I, 217; introduction of,

“Eastern City” (Medieval Core): 21, 23, Community XII; 218; described, 95, 95n, 98; number of, g5n, I10, 110n 27, 38, 53, 56, 131, 159, 171, 172, 173, 200-201; factor I scores, 201, 218; cars, 158-60, 190-91, 217. See also

174, 175, 178, 188, 191, 194, 197, population, 201, 218. See also Misr automobiles

209, 211, 215 al-Qadimah; Cairo, geographic Casablanca, 60

“Northern City”: 33, 39, 172-77, 179-80, subdivisions: “Southern City” Cave, Stephen, 113

; 205, 210-18 . Community XIII: 218; described, CDR ( crude death rate), see death rates Southern City”: 21-22, 30, 33, 56, 201-202; factor I scores, 202, 218: Celebi, Evliya, see Evliya

172-75, 177-79, 200-202. See also population, 218. See also rural fringe cemeteries, 21-22, 35, 37, 38-39, 41,

“ Misr al-Qadimah Cairo City Service, 147-50, 147n, 148n, 97> 96-97, 128; CH, 194s 218;

Western City”: 30, 33, 35-36, 149, 150; budget of, 149 conversion to residential use, 194,

30, 41, 52, 105, 127, 172-75, 177-795 Cairo De partment of Hp using and 238; functions of, 196; land use, 63;

202-10, 236. See also Garden City; eae quarters, 171, 173, 193; slums, 197;

Isma‘iliyah Public Utilities, 224, 227, 2270, 230n, zone, 175, 177, 178, 193

Western bank of the Nile: 6-8, 97, 172, 231; involved im Nasr City, 234; Censuses, 124n; of 1846, 83n, 118n; 175, 205-207, 221, 237. See also Planning Division of the Department, Mugqabalah survey, 160, 161n; of

‘Ajazah; Duqqi; Imbabah; Jizah 179, 213N, 222N, 229 vehicles in 1875, 110; of 1877,

Cairo, subcities (13) by factor analysis, Cairo Governor, military, 71, 74, 146; t1gn; of 1882, 115n; of 1897, 115n,

183, 185-88, 202-203, 205-206, modern, 224, 228; premodern 121n; of 1907, 12In, 122n, 123, 123n;

216-18, 253 functions of, 72n, 74, 75, 88. of 1917, 121, 123, 123n, 128n, 158n;

Community I: 218; described, 197-99; See also wali of 1927, 128n; of 1937, 121n;

271

INDEX

Censuses (cont.) | city planning, 56, 221n, 224, 230; Crash of 1929, 128. See also economic of 1947, I115n, 12In, 122n, 183-84, impact of Exposition Universelle on, conditions, depressions 183n, 243, 244, 246n, 247; of 1960, 104; professors of, 228n. See also Crédit Foncier Egyptien, 152

I2In, 184, 184n, 206, 212, 245n, 246n, planning Creswell, Sir K.A.C., 6n, 13n, 15n, 247. See also population legal powers for: 105n, 228-30. 18n, 24n, 27n, 28n

census tracts, 183-84, 183n, 216; changes See also specific legal codes Crimea, 41 |

in boundaries, 184, 247, 248; civil strife, 33n. See also General Cromer, Earl of, 113, 114, 114n, 156,

groupings, 184, 185, 186, 187; Strike of 1919 156n, 157

transitional tracts, 188n | | Civil War, American, 103n Crouchley, A. E., 83n, 125n

indices for explained: 184, 185, 186, class, economic, see. economic Crusades, Crusaders, 20, 28, 32, 33, 85 245, 246, 246n, 249; indices listed, segregation, specific entries (elite, cul de sac, see streets, pattern of | 247; scoring of, 252. See also middle class, working class, etc.) Cunningham, Alfred, 125n, 127n, 128n

individual indices Cleland, W. Wendell, 128n Cyprus, 48, 48n

indices of, for communities: I, 197, Clerget, Marcel, 4n, 6n, 9, 13n, 14n, 198; II, 211, 212; III, 213; IV, 214; —15n, 16n, 18n, 20n, 21n, 22n, 24n, Dakhiliyah, Shari‘, 141 V, 216-17; VI, 208; VII, 204, 205; 30n, 52n, 60n, 75n, 84n, 85n, gin, Damanhtr, 146n, 175 VIII, 206, 207; IX, 196; X, 192; 93n, Toon, 1o4n, 106n, 115n, 117N, Damascus, 19, 25n, 33, 60, 71n, 73n, 77n XI, 209; XII, 201; XIII, 201n, 202 Iign, 123n, 128n, 133n, 138n, 147n, Damietta, 3, 88. See also Dimyat

central business district (CBD), of 148, I4on, 173n, 176n, 1770 dams, 9, 119. See also Aswan Dam Cairo, 48, 64, 115-16, 157, 162, 173, climate, influence on city pattern, 66-67, Dar al-Imarah, 14, 16

178, 180, 204, 208, 210, 237; of 68, 69. See also shade ; Dar al-Wazir, 27, 27n

Heliopolis, 139; of al-Miski, 178. Clot-Bey (Antoine Barthélemé), 83n, al-Darasah (housing project), 231

See also Azbakiyah 87n, 88n, 9In, 94n, 95n darb (durub), contemporary survival Chabrol, V. de, §7n, 58n, son, 64n, Clot-Bey, Shari‘, 110, 112, 116, 133 . of, 183n, defined, 64, 65; entrance

72n, 73n, 74n, 75n clothing, modern, 185, 203; proletarian, to controlled, 69; social unit, 65n, 67 Chapman, Brian, roqn, tosn 202; traditional, 186, 190, 198, 239; gates of: 16n, 65, 65n, 67; removal of, Chapman, J. M., rogn, 1o5n in Western areas, 204; Western, 217, 84; replacement of, 84-85, 85n,

Charmes. Gabriel. o8 234. See also jallabiyah 87, 98

’ » gon Chehata. Tawfia. 1 Colombe, Marcel, al-Darb al-Ahmar, 56, 84n; , > t50n “Colonial” 98, 90, 107,55n 114, 158114, district created, gism on Chicago. 204. 21City, 0 Y, 107, 159, : _171, 4n;175, q 1933 O CABO, 204; 214 I7I, I9I, 202, 204. See also. Cairo Council, 225n 247, 248 Coe y i Isma‘iliyah, Cairo quarter of Darb al-Mahrugq, 27 -

children in school (variable), 246, Cairo, subcities: Community VII; Darb al-Jamamiz, 116,209

female children in sch ool (vartab le): commercial] - Darrag (Darraj), Ahmad, gon, 41n, 49n 248, 250, 2515 corr elation coefficient, areas: 13, 19, 20, 25, 63, 64, 197, dawadar al-Sultan, 77n, 78 _ 2495 as par t of statistical index, 252 209; construction of, 38n; decline of, Dawahi Misr, 130, 130n

China, 373 laborers from, 118n; 39-40; markets, 33, 38; quarters, Dawawin, district of, 92, 115. Pr eindustrial cities of, 65; trade 25, 41, 190, 203; specialization of, DDT, 130n

with, 41 - 23, 51. See also bazaars; suq; death rates, 115n; Cairene, 119n;

choler a, Tron, 124 | specific listings declining, 119, 122, 123n, 124, 125,

Christians, Christianity, Christian firms: 197; size of, 161-62, 219n; 126, 128, 129, 130, 130n; fluctuations

community, 59-60; Christianity location of, 161-62 in, 124; in preindustrial cities, 118; introduced to Egypt, 6; residential concessions, foreign, 133, 138, 150-51; reliability of, r24n location of, 176n, 186, 200, 204, 217; used to provide public utilities and deaths, 57n, 7In, I19n, 121 Syrian, 59, 115, 173, 246. See also services, 150-51, 169, 222. See also Debs, Richard, 154n, 155n, 156n, 157n

Copts and specific entries European capital , debt, Egyptian Public, 113, 113n, 127 Circassian Mamluks, 27, 30n, 31, 33n, 37, Constantinople, 50, 54, 55, 72, 102, 105, deed restrictions, 228, 234, 234n

37n; ethnic group, 59,61; 113, 127. See also Istanbul — Defoe, Daniel, 37n mausoleums of, 35 , construction, see building demographic characteristics, 243, 247,

circulation system, see streets, system of Continental-Savoy Hotel, 209 248; revolution, 115, 117-18, 120, 120, Citadel, 32, 56; in Community X, 189; Copts, 59, 60, 176-77, 176n-77Nn, 199, 131. See also population. defenses of, 28, 28n, 191; in Eastern - 200, 201, 246, 247; contemporary density (persons per room), see

City, 171; environs, 22, 35, 39, 40, 44, residences of, 201, 207, 210-11, 217; persons-per-room ratio; : 57, 58, 104, 110, 195; as seat of defined, 58; quarter of, 59, 60, 61, residential densities government, 27, 30, 30n, 50, 51, 51n, 100, 116, 176-77 / density (persons per square km.

60, 63, 88; streets to, 65, 85, 96, Cordier, J. A., 104 | variable), 247-51

g7n; tram to, 136, 137 Corniche, 160,202 Description de lEgypte, prepared

Cities of the Dead, as barrier to Cairo’s correlation coefficients, 185, 248, 249; by French savants, 72; significance

expansion, 21-22; environs, 97; reproduced matrix R interpreted, as a source, 55, 55n

growth of, 33, 39, 39, 41, 44, 196-97; 253n; Spearman rank order, 219n desert, conversion to urban land, go,

life styles in, 193-97; single-family corvée, 70 , , 100, 102, 132, 138, 142, 216-17;

dwelling units, 244; squatters in, cotton, 87, 103, 114, 118; demand for, Eastern, 195, 212; site of future

129, 138n, 195, 196; uses of, 35, 63. 103n, 128; long staple, 87 urban expansion, 140, 233

See also cemeteries | Coulson, Noel, 24n _ diarrhea, 124 | , 272

INDEX

Dimardash, 97, 214 insolvency: 112-14. See also debt, (statistical), 205; number of, 98, 115; Dimyat, 146n, 148. See also Damietta Egyptian Public property sequestered, 253; status

Diodorus, 4n prosperity and revivals: 13, 30, 38, (legal) of, 96, 98, 114-15, 127, 145, Disraeli, Benjamin, 113 , 40-41, 118, 122, 125, 129, 154, 220 I51n, 152. See also foreigners,

districts, administrative, see Cairo, economic planning, 157n, 221, 22In, 223 in Cairo; Frankish quarter administrative districts economic segregation, 56, 60, 64-65, European travelers to Cairo, 41, 44n, divorce, 186, 199, 213, 243; social 69, 171, 237. See also occupational 52-55, 112. See also tourists

stigma of, 244 segregation; residential quarters, Evesham, M. John, 52n

females divorced (variable) : 248-52; elite, poor, middle class, working Evliya Celebi, 72, 72n

rate of, 244, 248 classes Exposition Universelle, 104-105, 1o5n

Djabarti, see Jabarti Edmond, Charles (pseudonym for

Dodwell, Henry, 85n, 88n, gon Karol Edmond Chojecki), ro5n Fabri, Father Felix, 41n, 44n

domestic servants, see labor force, education, 62, 147, 199; demand for, Factor I (Style of Life), analytical

domestic service 226; Ministry of, 150; variable, 183, power of, 253; defined, 185, 249-50; Dopp, P. Hermann, 13n, 38n 186, 205, 213, 215, 219, 245, loadings on, 250-51; scores, 192-93, Douin, Georges, 103n, To4n, To5n 246, 250. See also jiteracy (variable) I93N, 213; variance accounted drainage system, 103, 128, 128n, 224, electricity, 138, 149; Cairo company for, for, 249 227; Cairo drainage 100 days’ 149, 222; electric power, 220, 221n, Factor IT (Male Dominance), defined,

project, 227; Main Drainage 237; systems of, 146, 195 192, 250; loadings on, 250-51; scores,

Department of Cairo, 223. See also elite, unification with masses, 204 192, 254; variance accounted for, 249

sewerage system alten: 59, 79, 204, 216, 221, 238; Factor IIT (Social Disorganization),

Dual City, 116-17, 158; described, 98, Europeans, 151n, 158; Fatimids, 19, defined, 193, 213, 252; loadings on, 98n; emergence of, 98; homogeniza- 35; Mamluks, 31, 50-51, 59, 69, 250-51; scores, 193, 254; variance tion of, 208-10, 237-39; reflected 70-72, 189; Ottoman, 50-51, 59, 70-72, accounted for, 249 in tram system, 133. See also 144-45, 151n. See also feudal lords, Factor IV, loadings on, 250, 251

symbiotic communities specific elite groups factor analysis, 183n, 184-85, 219, Dual Control, 113 indigenous, development of: 177, 247, 248, 249; loadings, 249; scores

Ibn Duqmaag, 38, 38n, 41 202, 205, 221 explained, 252, 253n

Duqdi, 7, 97, 205 residential zones of: 48, 51-52, 239. factories, 87, 91, 139, 158, 160, 162,

Dutch consuls, 53 | See also residential quarters, elite 163, 193, 236. See also industries dwelling units, number of, 164; employed females (variable), 248-52 Fahmy, Moustafa, 73n, 147n

size of, 164, 164n. See also Enfantin, 102 al-Fajjalah quarter, 1o7n, I1on, 112,

dwelling units Institute name, 103

apartment buildings; single-family engineering school, see Polytechnic 116, 133, 144, 217; origin of English, 55, 113, 115; consuls, 53; al-Fajjalah, Shari‘, 84, 84n, 137

ecological influence on contemporary language, 190. See also British Falaki, Mahmud, 109, 110, 151

Cairo, of Arab settlements, 21; of Enkiri, Gabriel, g9n Falali, Maydan (also called al-Azhar),

mass transit system, 132ff; nineteenth- epidemics, 86, 118-19, 124, 126. 1o7n, ITO

century developments, 169; of See also plagues _ fallahin, 100, 202, 221. See also

palaces, 90; of preindustrial Ethiopia, 86n labor force, agricultural

city, 61-62 Ethiopians, 59 Fam al-Khalij, see Khalij Misri

ecological methods, 183-88, 243-54 ethnic segregation, in contemporary familism, 244 ecological organization, 249 Cairo, 161-62, 169, 177Nn, 237; in , family, characteristics, 243, 247, 248, ecological organization of Cairo, 9, Fustat, 13; in medieval Cairo, 56; 250; life (index to), 170; size of, 79, 143, 248n, 249, 250; contemporary, in preindustrial Cairo, 58-62, 69; 183, 186, 205, 213, 215, 219, 243, 171-80, 187-220; Dual City, 98, 100, in al-Qahirah, 18-19, 24-25, 25n 247, 248; style, 185-86; type of,

115-17, 158, 169; Fatimid al-Qahirah, ethnic succession, 253 184, 219

23-24; French Expedition, 56-61; ethnicity (variable), 171, 184, 204, famines, Ig, 21, 33N, 37, 39, 30,

Nasir Faraj’s time, 39-40; 207, 210, 243, 246, 247 55, 119, 189

preindustrial era, 64, 69; Turkish Eunuch (Chief) of the Porte, 76 Faraj, Fu’ad, toon, ro2n, 103n, 133n

era, 51-53 European capital invested in Egypt, faranyt, defined, 198. See also European ecological patterns, 183-85, 250 127, 138, 152-53, 153n residents in Cairo; foreigners ecological processes, 228 European cities in Middle Ages, 41, Farid, I. A., 121n

ecological structure, 248n 54n, 65n, 66, 68 farming population, see fallahin; economic base of Cairo, continuities in, European financiers and entrepreneurs, labor force, agricultural

220; Fustat and al-Qahirah, 6, 14-15, 103N, 113, 115, 135, 145, 152; farsakh, 28 51, 55; traditional Cairo, 89, 196; declining power of, 219 Fatimids, 31, 50, 84n, 188, 189, 220;

of industrial modern urbanism, European goods, 64, 96n army of, 3, 18, 30n; aswaq, 33;

213, 226, 244n-45n European literature, 13n | cemetery cleared for Khan al-Khalili,

economic conditions in Egypt ' European merchants, 55, 84n, 96 38n; conquest of Egypt, 16, 18; fleet depressions and contractions: 13, 32, European migrants to Cairo, 119, 122. of, 19; founding of al-Qahirah by, 37, 39-41, 49-51, 55, 86, 122-23, See also foreign communities in Cairo 3, 14, 18-19; port of al-Mags, 19,

128, 142, 175, 220 European residents in Cairo, 54, 55, 171; supplanted by Ayyibids, 20;

inflation: 125 55n, 60, 142; characteristics of trade routes at time of, 32n

273

INDEX

“Fatimid City,” 21, 30, 35, 60, 65, 67; French population estimates, 57n, Grand Signior (Porte), 54, 54n

architectural control ordinance to 58, 64n Great Eastern Palace, 27, 30, 60

preserve, 192, 228-29, 229n; social French-Jewish families in Egypt, 204 Great Qarafah, 35, 39n, 195. See also

organization of, 23-25 Frescobaldi, 38n al-Khalifah cemetery

Fauvel, 53, 53n fringe areas, see rural fringe Great Street, see al-A‘zam, Shari‘ favellas, 193. See also Cities of the Fulgence, 51n Great Western Palace, 60

Dead; slums Fullerton, William Morton, 98n Greater Cairo Region Higher Committee, Fayum, 146n, 151 Community IX; cemeteries; Cities of, 228n; land use survey by, 229n fecundity, see birth rates; fertility of the Dead; al-Khalifah Greece, 73 Fay, Eliza, 54, 54n, 72n funeral quarters, see Cairo, subcities: 224, 227, 228, 230, 238; composition

Fedden, Robin, 53n fustit (fossatum, ¢éccaror), etymology, Greek, cities, 76; language, 190;

females never married (variable), 13, 13n Orthodox religion, 246; quarters of in

248, 249, 250, 251, 252 Fustat (Fustat-Misr), 177; early history, Cairo, 60, 162. See also Harat al-Ram Fermanel, 53, 53n, 55 15-23; fire in, 14, 14n, 20, 38n, 68; Greeks, 60, 96n, 98, 115, 145, 247, 2533 Fertile Crescent, 20, 32; cities of, 60 foundation and first expansion, 6, ancient, 4-6; mechanics, 199 fertility, 130, 130n, 186n, 196, 250, 250n, 13, 233; Jewish quarter, 60n; justice, greenbelt, 213, 213n, 230 | 252. See also birth rates 73, 147 [see also muhtastb; qad1]|; Greene, Pasha, Dr., 124, 126n, 127n fertility ratio (variable), 185, 186, 199, kharab now covers, 97, 200; luster Grey, Mrs. William, ro8n

243, 243M, 247-52 glass, 201; Mamluk period, 38-39; Groppt’s, 202, 205

feudal, aristocracy, 70; city, 66; lords, 70, trade and port development, 30, 58. Guest, A. R., 5n, 6n, 13n, 39n 70n, 71; settlements, 141; system See also Misr; Misr al-Qadimah; guilds, 23, 23n, 24n, 25n, 7INn, 72n,

(feudalism), 14-15, 31, 31n, 68, ports of Cairo, Misr 73n. See also occupational corporations 70-71, ‘70 futuwwah, 72n Gutkind, E. A., 54n

Fez, 19n, 25n, 60, 72n, 75n

fires, in Azbakiyah, 52, 52n; in Bulaq, Gallion, Arthur B., 65n al-Habbaniyah, 56 48, 58, 84n; in Misr al-Fustat, © gangs, 61, 67, 67n, 189. See also zu‘ar Hafiz ‘Ali, Muhammad, 179, 213n, 224n,

14, 14N, 20, 38n, 68 garbage collection and disposal, 76, 228n, 230, 230n, 232, 232n Firman of 1873, 113n; of 1867, 105 84, 86, 92, 125, 214 Hakim, Mosque of, 190

Fischel, Walter, 32n, 41n Garden City, 62, 92, 92n, 97, 142, 144, Hallberg, Charles, g9n, ro2n, I03n, 114n fleet, of British under Lord Nelson, 55n; 204, 209. See also Gold Coast Halwan, 130, 147, 149, 173, 175, 177N, of Fatimids, 19; of al-Ghiri, 50 garden city (movement, ideal), 149, 236 179, 201, 202, 224; housing projects in,

| floods (water, flood plains), 7, 9, 35, Garden of Kafur, 60, 190 231, 232; industry in, 163; population

39n, 52Nn, 55, 58, 93, 132, 134, 140, Garden Rosetti, 209 of, 130n; gism on Cairo Council, 225n

189, 202, 207. See also Nile Gargioli, Carlo, 38n Hamdan, Gamal, I21n

Forbin, Count de, gon Gas Company of Cairo, 104, 104n, 149 handicapped rate (variable), 185, 213,

foreign communities in Cairo, 53-55, 98, gas supply, 103, 150 246-53

II5-17, 122-24, 142, 146, 151, 175-77, gaslights, see streets, public utilities on harah, harat (quarters), 19, 40, 53n,

186, 217, 246; consuls, 123n; films, gates, see darb, gates of 64, 83, 110, 183n, 237; defined, 24,

205; minority, 122, 221; religious Geddes, Patrick, 201n 24n; names and locations at time of personnel, 201. See also European General Strike of 1919, 126, 145 Maqrizi, 42-43; as political units,

travelers to Cairo; tourists © geniza documents, 32n, 60n 71, 71n

foreigners, in Cairo, exodus of, 186, George of Cyprus, 7n , Harat al-Bargiyah, 40 201, 202, 253; percentages in census Ghamrah, Tur‘ah, 135, 227. See also Harat al-Rum al-Barradniyah (Outer

tracts (variable), 246-48, 253; Abbas I Boulevard, Shari‘ Ramses Greek Quarter),60 _

residences of, 202, 204. See also Gharb al-Yasar (housing project), 231 Harat al-Rum al Juwwaniyah (Inner

, European residents in Cairo and al-Ghiri (Sultan), 50, aqueduct of, 231; Greek Quarter), 60 separate entries by nationality; Mosque of, 56, 191; wakalah of, 191 Harat al-‘Utifiyah, 4o

Frankish quarter Gibb, H.A.R., 24n, 25n, 55n, Harat Zuwaylah (also called Harat

France, 87, 106 71n, 77n, 83n al-Yahiid), 60, 6on Francis, R., 98n, roon | Girard, 73n hard currency reserves, shortages in, Francois-Levernay, 106n | Goitein, S. D., 32n, 7on 226-27, 227n

Frankish quarter, 53n, 54, 55n, 60, ' Gold Coast, 197, 199, 202, 203, 205, Hasan Pasha, 141 96, 96n, 209. See also al-Muski 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 217, 218, Haswell, C.J.R., 9, on, 18n, 24n

freehold tenure, see mulk 219, 238, 245-46. See also Cairo von Haussmann, Baron, 87, 104, 105, French, consuls, 53; engineers, 87n, 106; subcities: Community VII 105n, 109g, ITO, 142

experts, 87; influences on Cairo, 84, goldsmithing, 60; shops, 190 health, 62, 86, 115, 186; improvements 87; language, 84, 190, 204; sea power Government Printing Press, established, in condition of, 124, 126, 128, 130,

destroyed, 55n | gI; location, 109 144, 226; regulations, 124, 124n

French Expedition to Egypt, 36, 37n, 44, governmental zones of Cairo, 115-16, Heffening, W., 76n, 77n, 78n 48, 52, 55, 55n, 50, 64, 64n, 65, 74n, 163, 189, 207, 209, 217; in Heliopolis, Heliopolis, 92, 97, 100, 205, 236, 244

83, 92, g5n, 118. See also Napoleonic 139, 207; in Nasr City, 235 ancient: 4,5, 5n, 6, 19, 35, 214.

Expedition governorate (muhafazah), created See also ‘Ain Shams; al-Matariyah; On

French occupation of Egypt, 72, 72n, administratively, 88. See also modern: 130n, 149, 169, 172, 174, 177,

73n, 84 Cairo Governorate , 179, 180, 204, 205, 236, 244; deed

27 4

, INDEX restrictions in, 228; description of, housing problem, 166, 169. See also introduced, 87, 91; location of in

216-18, 219, 220; founding of, housing shortage Cairo, 56, 175, 210-11, 213, 221n; 133, 138-39, 138n, 141, 233; housing projects (public), 166, 179, 231, in suburbs, 130, 130n, 179, 201,

land values in, 153; middle-class 231n; listed, 231-32; now used for 202, 236-37

status of, 212; population of, 139. refugees, 238 traditional industry: 60, 175, 190;

See also Cairo, subcities: Community housing, rural, 231-32 decline of in eighteenth century, 86; V; Misr al-Jadidah housing shortage, 125, 154, 163-66, 169, pattern of, 67, 161-62, 190, IQI, 192;

Heliopolis (Building) Society, 234 174N, 196, 222, 230, 232 metal working, 161, 175, 190 Helsinki, Finland, 185, 185n Howard, Ebenezer, 142, 201n types of: heavy, 62, 213; light, 62;

Henniker, Sir Frederick, 95n hukriyah waqf; defined, 77n. noxious, 63, 200

Heraclius, Emperor, 6 See also hikr infant mortality, 119n, 130, 164; hereditary succession, 31, 40, I13n. al-Husaini, Ishaq, 24n rate, 248; rate declining, 252 See also inheritance laws Husayn Kamil, Khedive, 125 | influenza, 126 Herold, J. Christopher, 55n al-Husayniyah (quarter, harah), 33, inheritance laws, 77

Heyworth-Dunne, James, gin 39, 40, 44, 52, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, inns, 20, 48, 64, 189. See.also hotels

highways, see streets 84n, 90, 134, 171, 188 al-Insha, district of, 92, 115

Higher Planning Committee for al-Hutiyah section, 142, 206 insurrection, 39, 50n, 55. See also

Greater Cairo, see Greater Cairo civil strife; revolution; riot

Region Higher Committee Ibrahim Pasha, 93, 93n, 95, 99, 99n, 103; igta’ (fiefs), 31, 31n. See also Higher Planning Institute of Egypt, 221n botanical forest of, 97, 141; Cairo feudal system

hikr (hukriyah), 155; defined, 77n, improvements of, 87, 92, 93, 93N; Iraq, 14 155n. See also waqf military campaigns of, 87n, 145; irrigation, II19, 132, 141, 142; basin,

Hijaz, 32n, 41 palace of, 92, 92n, 97, 141, 142; 11g; canals, 207; of Heliopolis and

al-Hilmiyah, 116, 209 plantation of, 97, 115. See also Birkat al-Hujjaz, 92, 138; perennial, Hilmiyat al-Zaytin, 214 al-Qasr al-‘Ali IQ, 134, 140, 220 Hilton Hotel, 102, 199 tjaratan, 155; defined, 155n irrigation system: 93, 115, 118; after

Hiorns, F., 65n Ikhshidis, 16, 18 first Aswan Dam, 153; renovation hisbah, 24n, 74, 75; defined, 24. Imam Shafi‘, 22, 137; tomb mosque of, under Muhammad ‘Ali, 86, 87, 118

See also muhtastb 35, 195; waqf of, 77n Islamic city, organization of, 7, 13,

Hitti, Philip K., 6n, 13n, 28n, 31n Imbabah, 112; annexation to Cairo, 174n, 25, 25n, 60, 64n, 65, 69n; political home rule, 56, 70, 79, 88, 127, 146, 175n; bridge to, 140; life styles in, organization of, 70-71, 71n. See also

233; established in Cairo, 147; lack 207-208; railroad bridge, 140n; darb; harah; muhtasib; sinf of in Cairo, 145; municipal tram to, 137; village of, 7, 97, Isma‘ll, Khedive, attendance at

superstructure of, 169. See also 141, 205 Exposition Universelle, 104-105;

municipal government Imbabah-Jizah-al-Minyah Railroad, 108n fall of, 113-14; finances of, 113, 127,

Hoselitz, Bert, 221n Inal (Sultan), mausoleum of, 35, 195 152, 152n; foreign concessionaires

hospital, 114, 150, 246n; mental hospital income, 185, 244; data not available, and, ro3n, 104, 113; land policy, 127; at ‘Abbasiyah, 235; Qalawtn’s, 33 245; higher in large-scale modern Mugqabalah survey, 160; period, 103,

hotels, 202, 207, 238. See under separate firms, 219, 219n 103N, 113, 123n, 141; waqf reform, entries: Continental-Savoy, Hilton, India, 49, 50n, 54, 65, 99; urban, 198 156

‘Umar Khayyam, Shepheard’s indices, statistical, 183, 184, 186, 196, palaces of: at ‘Abdin, 113; at Jizah,

Hourani, George, 4gn 243, 244; listed, 247, 248, 252; 108, 108n, 142; on the Jazirah, 108, households, average size of, circa 1800, variables listed, 185. See also 141. See also Jazirah Palace Hotel;

59n; circa 1960, 164. See also individual listings ‘Umar Khayyam Hotel ,

family, size of industrial estates and zones, 162, 236 transformation of Catro: 83n, 85,

housing, 163-66, 186, 222-23; demands, industrial investments, 222 | 87, 92, 97; barrage, 114, 115;

166, 166n, 231, 232; expenditures industrialization process, 160-61, 179, bridges, 108, 109, 140; construction for, 166, 166n; need for, 230; stock, 213, 220, 221; early, g1. See also and improvements, 105-10, I12,

252; volume, 165, 166, 230 modernization 116-17, 11g, 127, 133, 134, 158,

housing authorities, 232 industrial age: 69, 220; cities of, 172, I9I, 236; improvements housing codes, 228 62, 144, 237; industrialism, 186-87, envisioned, 115, 119, 126, 126n:

housing, cooperative, 208, 231-32, 234 202, 213; society of, 217 maydans and streets, 108, 110, 116,

housing estates for industrial workers, industries 133, 134; Ministry of Public Works 163, 213 census classification by: 219n, 222n, created, 147; palace areas, 141 housing, low-income, popular, 154, 244n-45n; industries of dress and Isma‘iliyah, Cairo quarter of, 62, 103,

157, 157n, 166, 179, 207, 222-23, 223n, toilet, 175, 245; listed and explained, 104, 105, I15, 116-17, 141, 144, 236;

231-32, 236. See also residential 245. See also labor force founding of, 107, 107n, 110; palace in,

quarters, poor; slums industrial firms: development of, 141; planning of, 106, 106n

housing, luxury, 154, 230. See also 125, 130n, 160-61, 175, 197, 207; Isma‘iliyah Canal, 103, 103n, 104, 106n,

residential quarters, elite machine shops, 199; preindustrial, IIon, I12, 116, 133, 139, 174; filling

housing, middle-class, 116, 223n; 175; size of, 160, 161-62, 163, 198, in of, 141, 153n, 160, 174. See also

housing projects for, 231-32. See also 213. See also factories Ghamrah, Tur‘ah; Ramses, Shari‘ residential quarters, middle class modern industry: development of, Isma‘iliyah, city of, 112

housing quality, 244 125, 130n, 160-61, 175, 212; first Isma‘iliyah, Maydan of, 135 275

INDEX

Issawi, Charles, 125n, 126, 126n, 154n 108; tramway to, 137; University Khit al-Musasah, 39

Istanbul, municipality of, 146n. See also of Cairo, campus at, I13n khalu, 155; defined, 155n

Constantinople early settlement of: 6, 6n, 7, 9, 16n, kikhyet al-moyoualli, defined, 72n.

Italian, 38, 38n, 98, 115, 145, 247, 2533 19, 97, 142; population of, 19 See also khikhya language, 190; mechanics, 199; province of: 123, 173, 177n, 184, al-Kindi, 77n

quarter, 161-62; school, 199 _ 22In, 224 Kirkwood, Kenneth, 5n

Ibn Iyas, 50, 5on | Jizah palace of Isma‘il, 108, 142 Kitchener, Lord, 156

‘1zbah, ‘izab, 206; defined, 141, 205. John, Bishop of Nikiu, qn, 5n, 6n, Korn, Arthur, 65n |

: See also agricultural estates, feudal 16n, 18n Kiufah, 13n ‘Izbat Haridi (housing project), 231 Jomard, E., 57n, 58n, 60n, 63n, 64n,

‘Izbat Wahbi (housing project), 231 65, 65n, 84n labor force, children in, 199;

Jomier, J., 14n specialization of, 196; at time of al-Jabal al-Ahmar, 236 Jones, Carkeet, 127, 128 French Expedition, 59 al-Jabarti (Djabarti), 52n, 7on Ibn Jubayr, 20, 21n, 22, 28, 38n classtfication of, by industry sector: Jakarkis al-Khalili (Amir), gon judicial system in Egypt, 145; reform of, agricultural, 160-61, 160n-61n,

al-Jala’ Bridge, 108, 140 112; schools of jurisprudence, 75; 186-88, 207, 208, 212, 218, 244;

jallabiyah, 186, 190, 198, 203, 239 status of foreigners in, 127. See also commercial, 162; domestic service,

al-Jamaliyah, 56, 64, 171, 175, 190, 193; legal system 59, 196, 199, 204, 244, 245, 248;

Council, 225n See also industries, census

district created, 84n; gism on Cairo al-Jumhiriyah, Shari‘, 116 industrial, 162, 175, 202, 212, 221n.

al-Jami‘ah Bridge, 140, 230n Kafr al-Shawam, 205 classification by

Janissary corps, 70, 74, 85 Kafr Shaykh Isma‘ll, 205 by skillactivity: managerial, 217; Jaqmaq (Sultan), 48n al-Kamil, al-Malik, 30n, 31 semi-skilled, 215; unskilled, 59, 60,

Jawhar, 18, 18n, 27, 33, 60, 189 Karacol, Maydan of, 137 65, 186, 199, 208, 218; white collar, Jawhar al-O3’id, Shari‘, 96. See also Karimis, 32n, 41, 41n; defined, 32 215, 217, 244. See also bureaucrats

al-Miaski, Shari‘; Rue Neuve; Kaum al-Jaki, 48, 48n by technology: 219n, 222n, 244n-45n,

al-Sikkah al-Jadidah Kayro, 56 245; modern, 185, 221, 222, 222n;

alJaysh, Shari‘, 137, 138n, 160 Ibn Khaldun, 33, 4on, 237 traditional, 218-20, 222, 222n _- ane yo, ; al-Khalifah, City of the Dead, 21, 22, labor force, females in (variable), 244,

al-Jazirah, 132, 144, 172; administration - derivati 8 - statistical of, 173n; bridge to, 140; development 35, 97, 137, 173N, 175, 193; derivation 245, 248, 249, 250, 251; statistica of, 141,aay142; foreigners on, 204;84n; of name, 195 index Augustus, for, 252 98n, Ioon a. 4c. district of: 171; created, gism Lamplough, made flood-free, 103, 103n; part of . Community VIL 208: recreation on on Cairo Council, 225n Land and Mortgage Bank, 152 many wee 53 ; Khalij Misri, 28, 92, 103, 133; land and mortgage companies, 1

202; residential development on, 142; be » 285 92,Bank 103sof1333 828152 P » 154 | ~t. ridge over, 84; ecological boundary, Land Egypt,

137. also Zamalik ; 152, 154n. See also -tram 27, 33,to, 36, 41, 52,See 90, 99; environs land tenure, Jazirah Palace Hotel, 141, 142. , £38 ge. |60 of, 28,‘Umar 30, 48, 51,Khayyam 53, 53n, 60, 96, property; See” =also Hotel ;waqf _ 99, 189. See also Red Sea Canal freehold: see mulk

Jazirah Sporting Club, 136, 137, 141, Fam al-Khaltj (mouth of the canal): reforms in: 113, 157; rural reform laws,

_ 202; 204 : 53n, 116, 172; pumping station 208; waqf reform laws, 208

Jazir at al Badran, 97 at, 104 | rural: 31, 86n-87n, See also agricultural

Jazir at al-Bulaq, 97, 103 filled in: 125, 134, 141; draining of, 93n estates, “zbah

Jazirat al-Fil (Elephant Island), 30, uses of: ceremonial, 93n, 134; urban: 20, 20n, 87 | 35, 35n. See also Shubra drainage, 126; sewage, 86, 92, 93n, land use, types of, 62-63

Jazirat al-Sina‘ah, 16n, 19n. See also 134; water distribution, 92n-93n, conversion to urban: 92, 132, 132n,

Rawdah 93, 134 136, 138, 178, 202, 206-208, 211,

Jean, Evéque de Nikiou, see John, al-Khalij, Shari‘ (now called Shari‘ 212; of agricultural land, 211, 222.

Bishop of Nikiu Port Sa‘id), 160, 171, 188; sewer See also desert, conversion to

Jerusalem, 20 repairs on, 227; tram on, 135, 137 urban land

Jews, Jewish; community, 58, 59, 60n, Khalij Nasiri, see Maghribi Canal land use map: 229, 229n, 244

I15, 200, 246; departure of, 201, 253; khan, 72, 190 land use plan: 228, 229

importance of, 59, 115; quarters, 60, Khan al-Khalili, 40, 40n, 56, 190; land use segregation: 116, 161, 163,

6on, 96, 190, 193, 200; residences of, reconstruction of, 229n 175; commercial, 178, 179, 186, 190; 58, 247. See also Cairo, subcities: Khanka, pumping station and sewage industrial, 179, 190, 202; lack of in

Community XI]; Harat Zuwaylah farm at, 128 medieval Cairo, 62-64, 66, 69; lack

Jiddah, 41, 41n, 48 el-Khatib, M. F., 147n | of in modern Cairo, 154, 161, 162,

Jisr al-Bahr al-A‘zam (housing project), kharab, 21 21n, 22, 97, 142, 200, 163, 190. See also residéntial quarters

231 , | 201; reclamation of, 231. See also ruins land values, 115n, 116, 135, 136, 153,

Jizah | Khazindar, bus terminal at, 211n-12n; 162; highest on Gold Coast, 202;

Cairo quarter: bridge to, 140; Maydan of, 110 market for real estate, 157; speculation drainage system of, 128, 227; Khedive, Khedivate; creation of, 105; in, 135, 136, 142, 152-54, 180, 210

garden, 112; on the Nile, 205-207; the Khedive, 106, 113n Lane, Edward William, 5n, 63n, 68n,

population of, 123n, 130n, 173; Khery-Aha (Babylon), 4 72n, 73n, 83n, 88n, gin, 92n, 93n, railroad to, r0o8n; road to pyramids, khikhya, defined, 72n 94n, 95n, 96n, 97n, 98n, Toon 276

INDEX

- Lane of the Lamps (Siq al-Qanadil in Mahallah al-Kubra, 146n, 175 229N, 230, 230N, 231, 233, 244;

Fustat-Misr), 20. See also Siq Mahdiyah, 18n commissioned in 1953, 151, 229

al-Qanadil Mahmashah, 97, 102 by Mubarak and Falak: 105, 109,

Lane-Poole, Stanley, 7n, 13n, 14n, 15n, Mahmidiyah Navigation Canal, 87 110, IIon, 112; criticism of, rogn,

20n, 28n, 31n, 33n, 92n, 93n Majlis al-Ummah (middle-income t12n-13n; map of, lost, rron Lapidus, Ira, 67n, 7on, 72n, 74n, 77n, 218n housing project), 232 Mas‘iidi, 16n, 18n

leather manufacturing, 62, 63, 175 males never married (variable), 248, al-Matariyah, in the Northern City, 144,

Lebon, M. Charles, 104, 222 249, 250, 251; statistical index, 252 212; outlying village, 4n, 35, 97, 100;

legal system Mamluks, 35, 37n, I91; ethnic group, 59; pumping station at, 227; gism on

Islamic: 68, 68n, 74n, 75n; inheritance fall of, 86, 86n; period of, 21, 27, 31, Cairo Council, 225n under, 77; reforms in, 157. See also 220; political power concentrated in al-Matariyah, Maydan, housing project,

judicial system; land tenure; Cairo, 32; recreations of, 63; rule, 231

muhtasib; mulk; property; waqf 54, 67, 68-70, 71, 146, 147; types of, mayclan, 15, 30, 35, 68, 97, I10, Ion, Ottoman: 127; Sa‘idiyah Code, 152, 30n, 31, 37. See also Bahri Mamluks; 133; defined, 15, 98; map of, I11. 156. See also Capitulations; Local Burji Mamluks; Circassian Mamluks; See also under specific names

Mixed Commissions; Mixed Courts Turkish Mamluks | Maydan Victoria (middle-income

Western: 68 organization: political, 32, 50-51, — housing project in Shubra), 231-32 Legh, Thomas, 87n, gon 69-76, 79, 85, 144; precursor of Mazen, Kamel, 226n

Legrain, Georges, 55n social, 30n; social, 31, 69-70, 72n, Mecca, 20, 44n, 50n, 77n, 78, 124 Legrand, F., 123n, 152n, 153n 73, 144; trade under, 32n. See also megalopolis, 237

de Lesseps, Ferdinand, 102, 105 elite, alien Memphis (‘Aziziyah), 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 16n, Le Tourneau, Roger, 7n, 18n, rgn, 25n, Manshiyat al-Sadr, 214 19, 177 64n, 7In, 72n, 73n, 75n , Mansirah, 146n, 147, 148, 175 Mena House Hotel, 135

Lévy, Edwin, 123n, 152n, 153n al-Mansuriyah, 3, 18. See also al-Qahirah Menahem, Meshullam, 43, 43n

Levy, Reuben, 3on Manyal, 141, 207. See also Rawdah metro system, 139, 139N, 214;

Lewis, Archibald, 49n al-Manyal (Rawdah) middle-income company, 149

Lewis, Bernard, 24n, 25n housing project, 232 de Metz, Jean, 55n

Light, Henry, 85n, gon al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, 4n, : middle class, 186, 248; old and new, lighting, see streets, public utilities on 6n, 7n, 18n, 20n, 24n, 28n, 30n, 35, 217; residences of indigenous middle lime kilns and quarries, 196 35n, 36n, 37, 38, 38n, 39, 390n, 40, 4on, class, 205, 206, 207; zone of, 116, Limoun, Pont, 135, 139, 141 41, 48n, 50, 52, 60, 60n, 64n, 78, 84, 177, 177N, 207, 208, 211-12, 216-18, 220 literacy (variable), 199, 202, 205, 213; 86, 189; al-Khitat, as a source, 33, lower-middle class: indigenous, 206,

census reporting of, 248, 253; 37n; life-span, 33n 208; residences of, 209, 220

interpretation of, 246, 248; life style al-Maqs, 27, 30, 35-36, 30, 56-57, 59, upper-middle class: indigenous, 202;

concomitants of, 186, 196, 244 100, r10n. See also ports of Cairo; residences of, 177, 201n, 202, 206 literacy rate, female: 246, 247, 248, Tendunyas; Umm Dunayn migrants, 52, 116-17, 128, 129, 196, 215; 250; index, 186, 252; r,’s of, 249; Marcais, Georges, 25n, 64n associations of, 212; characteristics of,

significance of, 245 Marais, William, 25n 126n; life styles of, 211-12, 226; 250; index, 186, 252; r,’s of, 249; 33n, 48n 211n-12n

literacy raté, male: 246, 247, 248, Margoliouth, David, 28n, 3on, 32n, residences of, 60, 100, 198, 211-12,

significance of, 245 al-Marj, city for vagrants at, 157n, 223 migration, 121, 122, 164, 173, 221;

Lloyd, Lord (George Ambrose), 114n markets, see suq, commercial areas, and external migration (emigration),

local government, see municipal listings under separate market names 124n

government Marlowe, John, 145n foreign migration (immigration) :

Local Mixed Commissions, 146-47, 147n marital status (variable), 183; indicators 115, 115n, 116-17, 119, 122, 122n,

London, 41, 41n, 66, 105, 214; of, 243. See also females never 128, 158; magnitude of, 122, 123,

plague in, 37n married; males never married 123n, 128n

low income zones, see residential marriage, age at, see age at marriage rural-to-urban migration: 83n,

quarters, poor; slums Martin, Germain, 64n, 73n 116-17, 169, 174, 21In-12n, 243; Bab al-Luq mashrabiyah, 56, 189, 191, 229n; 164, 171, 176-77, 177n, 198, 218-19,

al-Liiq, 33, 35, 36, 48, 106. See also Martineau, Harriet, g95n effects on Cairo, 120, 123, 154, 163,

Lybyer, Albert, 49n declared illegal, 94, g4n 222, 252; magnitude of, 115, 118, 122, Massignon, Louis, 23n, 24n, 25n, 73n 123, 124, 128, 128n, 129, 130, 173;

al-Ma‘adi, 173, 179, 201, 20In, 244; mass transit, 114, 132, 132n, 136, 142, natural increase displaces migration,

qism on Cairo Council, 225n . 150; for Nasr City, 234 130, 131; related to flight from land,

al-Ma‘adi (Building) Society, 234 system: 137, 138; overloaded, 227. 120n, 125; selective character of, Ma‘aruf, quarter of, 155n, 157; public , See also buses; metro; street cars; 130N, 243 housing middle-income projects, 232 subway; tramways; transportation Millard, D., gtn

Madinah, 77n, 78 system Milner, Sir Alfred, 114n Madinat al-Awaaf, 208 mastabah, masatib (stone benches), Ministry of Education, 150, 234 ,

Madinat al-Muhandisin, 208 defined, 68, 86; removal of, 68, Ministry of Finance, 147n, 153n; :

Maghribi Canal (Khalij Nasiri, western 94N, 95, 95n minister of, English, 113, 153n canal), 35-36, 41, 48, 92, 141; filled Master Plan of Cairo (1956), 5n, 18n, Ministry of Health, 128, 150; Public

in, 103 : 57N, 9In, 92n, roon, 130n, 138n, 163, Health Department, 149

277

INDEX Ministry of Housing, 166, 223, 229n, 230, Mongols, 32, 32n, 33, 33N, 37, 39. municipal government, 70, 114, 127n,

232n, 234; five-year plans for See also Tamerlane 146, 146n, 149, 222-27; commissions,

housing, 231-32 Montreux Convention of 1937, 127, 145 146, 146n, 147, 147n; laws, 147, Ministry of the Interior, 147n, 223 de Montulé, Edward, 85n 223-24; Municipality Law of 1949, Ministry of Industry, 213, 229, 236 mortality, see death rates 151, 223; origin of in modern Egypt, Ministry for Local Administration, mortality, infant, see infant mortality 146; problems of, 79, 147-50; reforms

224-25 mortgage, defaults in, 122; financing, in, 56, 88, 127, 151, 223, 224;

223 152, 154 Territorial Administration Law of

Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, I51, 152, 154, 154n, 169; institutions, reorganization of, 147, 147N, 223-28;

Ministry of Public Works, 106, ro6n, Mortgage Company of Egypt, 152 1960, 224. See also baladiyah; home

109, 115, 128, 147, t47n, 148, 148n, motorcycles, 159, 159n rule; Municipality of Cairo 149, 223; ‘Ali Mubarak in, 105; British Mougel-Bey, ggn historical forms: 24, 50-51, 56, 67, 60,

minister of, 115; French minister of, Mu’ayyad (Sultan), 37n, 40, gon, 189; 70-76; anarchy in, 79. See also

113, 126, 126n Mosque of, 56 muhtastb; qad1; walt; zabit

Ministry of Tourism, 229, 229n Mubarak, ‘Ali Pasha, 133, 151, 155; municipal services, concessions for, Ministry of Wagqf; activities of, 154, biography of, 105-106, 106n, 109, 112; 103-104; extension to cemeteries, 197; 155, 157, 157n, 166, 207; creation of, census of vehicles of, 110; al-Khitat introduction of, 103; overburdening 78-79, 156; minister of (‘Ali cited, 84n, 85n, 87n, gon, 93n, 94n, of, 226-27; planning and provision of, Mubarak), 106, 155; present status 97n, To2n, 105n, 106n, 1o7n, 108n, 75n, 76, 79, 84, 138, 148-50, 222;

, and activities, 223, 229n; Waqf I1on, 112n, 126n, 147n; Master Plan tax farming of, 74-75; trams, 133-37,

Administration, 155n of, see Master Plan of Cairo by 195. See also electricity; garbage minorities, minority groups, 60, 115, Mubarak and Falaki collection; gas supply; public

219; economic role of, 221. See also mudir, 146n services; water supply

Christians; Europeans; Jews muhafazgah, see governorate municipal water system, see water Minyat al-Sirij, 35, 97, 211 Muhammad Bay al-Alf, palace of, 52; supply; water system

Misr, city of, 37n, 38 requisitioned by Napoleon and Municipality of Cairo (baladiyah),

use of name: applied before settlement location of School of Languages, 100 147, 149, I5I, 192; commissioned of Fustat, 6n, 7n, 13n; applied Muhammad ‘Ali, 83n, 85n; census of, Master Plan of 1956, 229; established,

: to Fustat, 16n, 18n; applied to 1846, 83n, 118n; compared with 223; merged with Muhafagah, 224;

al-Qahirah, 30, 33; in contradistinc- Salah al-Din, 85, 88, 90; dynasty of, Municipal Council of, 1r7n. See also

tion to al-Qahirah, 19, 1gn, 20, 21, 85, 113n; finances of, 151; Cairo Governorate Council;

33. See also Fustat industrialization under, 87, 91, g1n, Cairo Governorate

Misr al-Jadidah, 138, 139, 144, 172, 173, 152, 161, 199; palace of Shubra, go, Mugabalah Survey, 160, 161n, 218 217, 235; gism on Cairo Council, 225n. 210; period, 98, 118n, 127, 144, 145 al-Muqaddasi, 16n, 19, I9n, 58

| See also Heliopolis Cairo improvements of: 83, 86-97, : al-Mugqattam, 21, 22, 28n, 35, 132, 138n, Misr al-Qadimah (Old Cairo), 41n, 58, TIO, 134, 141, 190-91, 229n; 189, 195, 201, 236 97, 140; derivation of name, 4n, 13n, abolition of mastabat, 64, 94n, al-Muqawais, 7

21; described, 200-201, 215, 219; 95, 95N, 125 Museum of Antiquities, 142; removal to

environs of, 22, 41, 53, 57, 2023 reforms of: 84, 86-97, 100, 118, 146, present location, 199

industry in, 63, 97, 175; population 147, 155; abolition of muhtastb, 24, al-Muski, 62, 64, 112, 115, 162, 171, of, 22, 52, 58, 83n, 97, g7n, 172, 173, 75; educational missions of, 87, 105; 172, 178, 209; created as district, 84n;

174, 218. See also Cairo, subcities: land tenure, 152n; waqf reform, 78, located and defined, 60; gism on

Community XII 86-87, 86n-87n, 155-56 Cairo Council, 225n. See also

public administration of: 179; linked Muhammad ‘Ali Barrage, 114, r14n Frankish quarter , with Rawdah, 172n, 178; muhtasib Muhammad ‘Ali Boulevard, 85n, 96, 97n, al-Muski Bridge, 84 of, 73; public utilities, 104; gadi of, 106n, I10, 191; construction of, 112-13; al-Muski, Qantarat, Maydan, 96

»5n; gism of, 84n, 225n critique of, 112n-13n; tram on, 133 al-Muski, Shari‘, 84n, 96, 96n, g7n, 102,

trams to: 133, 136, 137 Muhammad ‘Ali Bridge, 140 107, 190. See also Jawhar al-Qa’id,

Misr and ‘Ain Shams Oasis Electric Muhammad ‘Ali, Maydan of, 133, 191. Shari‘; Rue Neuve; al-Sikkah

Railroad Company, 138 See also Qaramaydan al-Jadidah

Mit Kardak, 141, 205 Muhammad ‘Ali Mosque, go, 189, 236 Muslims (variable), 158, 176, 177, 1747n, Mit ‘Uqbah, 141, 205, 207n . muhtasib, 125, 147, 166, 189; abolition 246, 247, 248, 250, 253; correlation Mixed Courts (Mixed Tribunals), 127, of office, 24, 24n, 75; functions of, coefficient, 249; statistical index, 252 135; establishment and purpose, 145. 73, 74, 740, 75, 75n. See also hisbah Mustansir, 21n, 48 See also Capitulationss - Muir, Sir William, 31n, 32n, 35n, 37n mutawallt, 77; defined, 76, See also nazir modernization, 142, 158, 163, 219; Mu‘izz al-Din, 18, 19, 24 modernism, 182; occupational and Mu‘izz li Din Allah, Shari‘, 56, 188, Nadi al-Sabtiyah (housing project), 231

educational, 201. See also 190. See also qasabah al-Nahhasin, Siq of, 102, 190

_ industrialization process mulk (freehold property), 68, 154n, 155, al-Najjar, Sa‘id (el-Naggar), 221n

monasteries, 6, 44, 63, 76. See also 156. See also property Napoleon I, 55, 55n, 96, 97, 100;

zawiyah mulla, defined, 75. See also qadi carriage of, 95n; residence of in

Monés, H., 18n Mumford, Lewis, 41n, 65n Cairo, 52

money changing, 60 Munasirah Cemetery, 85, 85n Napoleonic Expedition: 22, 27, 51, 278

INDEX

55, 55n, 56, 103n, 176n, 239; period occupation (variable), index of, 244; General Planning Law: 228, 230.

of, 137. See also French Expedition omitted, 244 See also city planning, legal powers |

Napoleon III, 104 occupational classification, see industries, for

naqib, defined, 73 census classification by Plato, 2, 214

al-Nasir Faraj ibn Barqig (Sultan), occupational corporations (guilds), 23-24, Poliak, A. N., 31n 37, 39, 39n; mausoleum of his father, 23n, 25, 72-73, 72n, 73N, 74 police, chief of, 71, 88; function, 75;

39n; Mosque of, 56 occupational segregation, 23-25, 59, 64-65, lack of in medieval Cairo, 67;

al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawutn 71 : reorganization of, 87, 88, 88n.

(Sultan), 27, 37, 37N, 40-41, 44, 75; occupations, see labor force See also zabit 90, 92, 99, 103, 195; expansion of Octroi tax, 225 political organization, see subentries under city during reign of, 33-36; Olympics Stadium and City, 235 individual periods (e.g., Mamluks;

Mosque of, 190 On (Heliopolis), 4 British Occupation), specific polities

Nasir-i Khusraw, Ig, Ign, 24n, 58, 64n Opera House, 107n; erection of, 107; (e.g., municipal government), or |

Nasr City, 138n, 179, 207, 217, 232-36; presentations in, 205 administration of specific functions

deed restrictions in, 228 Opera, Maydan of, 110, 115 (e.g., planning, administration of)

Nasr City (Building) Society, 234, Organic Law of 1883, 114, 146. political power shifts, effects on Cairo,

235n, 236 See also municipal government 146; Arab conquest and preceding

al-Nasriyah, section of, 133, 137, 209 Orman Gardens, 112, 142 decades, 6, 13-14; between ‘Abbasids Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 71n, 209, 227 Ottoman, Ottomans, 49; conquest in and Tulunids, 16; Fatimid National Assembly, 227, 229n 1517, 31, 37, 50, 54, 69; Egyptian ascendance, 16-18; Fustat’s decline, National Bank of Egypt, 152 and Cairene administration during 20; gravitation of authority to National Strike of 1919, see General Strike occupation, 50-51, 67, 70-76, 146, al-Oahirah, 21; Mamluks, 30-31, National Théatre de Comédie, 107 150; Empire, 119; migrants to Cairo, 37, 40; Mongol invasion, 39, 39n;

National Union, 224 122; period, 27, 32, 67, 70-76, 220; Muhammad ‘Ali’s assumption of nationalism, 114, 145n rise of, 48; settlements in Turkey, power, 85; occupation by the British, nationalization, 150, 163 25n. See also elite, alien; Turks, 98, 113-14; occupation by Ottomans,

natural area, 169, 171, 184, 188, 208 Ottoman , 50-51; purchase of autonomy by natural increase, 118-31, 174, 221, 226; overpopulation, see population Isma‘ll, 145; survival of Cairo

defined, 221; reliability of rate, 124n throughout, 239 naval, navy Palestine, 27 Polytechnic Institute, 91, gin, 94 Egyptian: 44, 49n; built by al-Ghuri, Paris, 41, 41n, 52, 84, 87, 104, 105, 106, Poole, Sophia (Mrs.), gtn, 93n,

50; Muhammad ‘Ali arsenal, go, 110, 110n, 116; fle de la cité, 104; g4n, 95n gon; Muhammad ‘Ali installations, 91 sewers of, 104, 106 Popper, William, 37n, 38n, 390n, 41n,

French: destroyed by Nelson, 55n Pasha of Egypt (Bashaw, Basha), 54, 44, 48n, 7on, 74n, 77n

nazir, 76, 77n. See also mutawalli 54n, 205; pashalik, 83 population of Cairo

Nebuchadnezzar, 4n, 5n peasants, 61, 64, 71n; living on contemporary: 118-31, 220, 222, 226;

neighborhoods, 180, 182-83, 217; Rawdah, 141 estimates of, 3, 218; growth rate, residential, 195; units, 234. See also Penfield, F. C., rgon 164, 165; “maximum,” 230n; darb; harah; residential quarters Persian Gulf, 49 projected (1975), 221

Nelson, Admiral, 55n Persians, 4n, 5n, 19, 50, 50n; conquest estimates in history: eleventh-twelfth

Niebuhr, Carsten, 54, 54n of Egypt, 6 century, 3, 20, 21; thirteenth-

Nile River, 44; direction of flow and personal services, see labor force fourteenth century, 32, 38, 131; importance, 3, 220; east bank persons-per-room ratio (variable), 244, sixteenth-seventeenth century,

preferred for Cairo, 7; summer 248, 249 (r,s), 250, 251, 252 52, 52n; 1798, 22, 37n, 57, 570;

swell of, 202 Pharaonic (period), 4, 4n, 6n, 9, 134 : early nineteenth century, 58, 59,

banks of: recession of, 7, 9, 18, 21, 27, Piloti, Emmanuel, 13n, 41n, 44n, 49n 59n, 83, 83n; late nineteenth century, 30, 35, 132, 2003 shifting, 44, 116; plagues, 21, 33n, 85; control over, 98, 114, 115, 115n, 117; size compared

stabilization of, 140, 142, 1443 use 124; Great Plague (1063), 19; last with European cities, 41, 41n, ,

of former river course, 36 catastrophic (1835), 83n; of 1783, 50-51, 52 —

floods of: see floods 55; recurrent, 32, 4on, 49. See also fluctuations: decline in, 20, 21, 32,

Nilometer, 141, 142, 206 cholera . 373 379; 38, 39, 40, 50-51; increase

yazi, Mustata, 133n, I59n . : on 8» 54n f n; return of (1388/89) unchanged, 1798-1848, 83. See also

Nivizj, Mustafa. 122n. 1 Black Death bubonic (1354): 37, in, 98, 114, 115, 117, 118-31, 154; Norden. Frederick Ludvj 37n; recovery from, 38, 38n; result results of increases, 222, 226, 237-393

» 3, 7M; 25, 27, 71, 72N, .

Northws Africa of, 39, 39n; 306/09), BEC; 1790-1940,migration; 03. OE als 39, 41, 41n demographic revolution; 73n; cities of, 60, 65, 193 | de Planhol, Xavier, 13n, 14n, 25n natural increase

Nubar Pasha, Shar i‘, see al-Jumhiriyah; planning, 221, 228-30; absence of, 169, use of figures: 170, 172-79, 243-54.

Qantar at al-Dikkah 179, 180; administration of, 147n, See also indices; population pyramid Nubia, Nubians, 27) 59 148n, 149, 224; constraints on, 150, population of Egypt, 51, 55, 57, 103,

Nur al-Din, 20, 27 196, 223; for roads, 147, 148n, 160; 115, 115n, 118-30; figures for, 83n, Nuzhah Palace, 102 for utilities, 146, 149, 151. See also 103n; projected (1975), 221 city planning; Greater Cairo Region population explosion, 97, 118, 142; |

Oasis Company, 139 Higher Committee; Master Plan — rates of increase listed, 121. See also

obelisk at Matariyah, 4, 4n of Cairo; zoning clemographic revolution

279

INDEX

population pyramid, 243, 248 pyramids, 9, 239; highway to, 108, ro8n, Qayt Bay (Sultan), 48; cemetery of,

Port Sa‘id, city of, 175 112, 160, 206; tramline to, 134, 138n, 195, 196, 236; mausoleum of,

Port Sa‘id, Shari‘, see al-Khalij, Shari‘ 135, 137, 205 — 35:97,195 .

Porte (the Sultan), 54, 55, 85, 87n, 102, . . gism, aqsam, in Cairo Council, 225}

105, 112, 114, 114n. See also qadt, 24n, 74n, 77; defined, 73; income defined, 84, 183n; in Eastern City,

Grand Signior of, 75; role of, 75 171, 188; listed, 84n. See also,

ports of Cairo, 83 chief qad1: decline in status of, 76, Cairo, administrative districts Bulaq: emergence, 44, 44n, 48, 56, 88, 146; duties of, 75, 75n, 78. quarantine, 124 57; facilities at, 64, 90, gon, 91, 103; See also mulla quarries, 161, 174n, 202

gravitation north, 103n, 136, 141; no al-Qahirah (al-Mansuriyah), 37n, 38, al-Qubbah, 139, 144, 214; gardens of,

longer port, 171, 199; separation 188, 190, 202; administration of, 214; palace at, 214 from Cairo, 58, 98, 172, 200. 22-25, 73; distinguished from Qulzum (Suez), 32n, 41

See also Bulag Misr-Fustat, 3, 14, 16n, 19; Qis, 41, 48 ,

al-Magqs: 6, 19, 30, 48, 56, 57, 84n, expansion of, 23, 32-36, 177; Qusayr, 41 171, 188. See also al-Maqs founding, naming, site selection,

Misr-Fustat: 15, 19, 20, 22, 32N, 33, 3, 18, 18n, Ion, 233, 2393 metropolis, Rabat, 60 57, 98; separation from Cairo, 56, 20, 21; originally princely city, 19, Ragatz, L. J., 114n 172, 200; supplanted by Bulaq, 41, tgn, 30; slum quarter, 200. See also railroads, 98, 99n, 102n; agreement, 99;

44, 44n, 48. See also Misr al-Qadimah Zahir al-Qahirah bridge, 109, 140n; station at Sabtiyah,

Sahil: 103n, 136, 197 qa@id; defined, 72n. See also governor 162 . ; Portugal, Portuguese, 49-50, 50n Qal‘ah, Shari‘, see Muhammad ‘Ali main station at Bab al-Hadid : 56, pottery, 62, 63, 161, 175, 201 Boulevard 84n, 104, 104n; ecological boundary, poverty, 192, 197, 201, 213 al-Qalali (housing project), 231 98, 100; environs of, 27, 110n, 141,

preindustrial city, 44, 66, 7on, 97, 98, Qal‘at al-Magqs, 28. See also Bab al-Hadid 2105 tram to, 133, 135, 139. See also

144, 209, 218; population of, 57, 118 Qalawiin (Sultan), 30n, 33; hospital, Bab al-Hadid

ecological organization: 25, 58-69, 186, 33; Mosque of, 56, 190 railroad lines: Alexandria-Cairo, 99, 192, 219; lack of land use segregation, Ibn Qalawiin, al-Nasir Muhammad, see 2373 Cairo-Halwan, 175, 202, 2373

62-65; residential segregation, 58, al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawin — Cairo-Suez, 99, 102, 213; Delta lines,

62; street patterns of, 65-69, 110 al-Qalqashandi, 24n , 212; Jizah-Imbabah-Upper Egypt,

princely town or city, described, 14, | Qalyiib, 179 . ro8n-rogn, 207; Suez Isthmus, 99, 99n 15; Fustat as, 15, 19, 23, 65; Nasr Qalyabiyah, 221n Rajab, Rays 234n . sect), 231 City as, 233, 235; al-Qahirah as, Qanatir Barrage, 106, 114-15, 152 Ramlat Bu aq ( ousing project 2 23

8, 19, 65,05; 67.07 SeeQantarat also ? =)al-Bulaq, Ramses, Shari‘ (also Shari 10, 19;20, 20;23,23; 141 Gh hf called lyBoulevar Boulevard al-‘Askar; al-Qata’i‘ , iit amrah, formerly aor , Qantarat al-Dikkah, Canal, 103, 107; ‘Abbas), 135, 160

aa en al axes actor analysis, see Street (Shari Nubar Pasha), 116 Ravaisse 18n, 24n

] rarint Tr 8 186 208, 216; urban Qantarat al-Miski, Maydan of, 96 Rawd al-Faraj district, 90, 103, 125, 141,

_ ea in dress as earmark of, 202 Qaramaydan, 110, 133, 191 172, 173; gism on Cairo Council, property, in Islamic law, 68, 154-55, aasane » 370 Oo 03; damaged during 225n; trams to, 134, 137. See also

154n. See also mulk; waqf Pp » O45 Sahil Rawd al-Faraj _

rivate property: 68, 69n, 147, 151 importance, 51 al-Rawdah (Jazirat al-Sina‘ah), 19, 128, . 6: sation f Te described: 33, 64, 64n; after plague, 37; 132, 172, 172n, 178; army camp on,

1549, 15 °: i ee oR. » 15? contemporary environs, 188-93. 6, 4, 30, 32; bridge to, 140; link with rotestannte 5 6 TICE, 00s 20 See also commercial areas; sq Misr al-Qadimah, 16n, 172n, 178;

Ptolemy sn , al-Qasr al-“Ali Palace, 92, 97, 141; regal additions to, 30n, 97, 141

public facilities, 41, 71n, 86, 146, : demolition of, 92n, 142 modern period: 205, 207; construction

150, 222 al-Qasr al-‘Ayni boom on, 153, 172n, 178, 206.

public housing, 22, 207, 211, 212, 230n-32n, hospttal and medical complex: g2n, See also Cairo, subcities:

} 239; under Ministry of Waqf, 233, 97, 116, 141, 142, 207 Community VIII; Silver Coast

233n. See also housing, low-income; palace > 92,97, 104,140, 14t al-Raydaniyah (Raidaniyyeh), 35, 50

housing projects under specific Shart': 36, 106, 115, 172, 175 Raymond, André, 51n, 52n, 73n

names; Workers’ City tram station at: 133° Red Sea, 5, 38n, 41, 48 |

; t1es, I0Q. ’ ; ’ .

280 |

Public Housing Building Society, 234 Qasr al-Dubbarah, Maydan of, 97, 204; Red Sea Canal (Trajan’s Canal), 5,

public services, 1250, “48, 2233 increased ane environs, 97, 141, 142, ay 7 13) 19 27 ; ead with tae. See also under specific services Qasr al-Nil, Barracks, 102, 116, 135, 141, See also Khaltj Misri public utilities, 103, 149, 151, 169, 142; Bridge, 108, rogn, 134, 135, 137, redevelopment in Cairo, 138n, 155, 157,

236; concessions for, 104, 133-343 140, 140n; Maydan of, 110, 204; 209-10, 222 planning for, 146, 222, 227; tax palace of, 112; gzsm on Cairo refugees from 1967 War, I2In, 197, 238 farming of, 74-75. See also under Council, 225n; quarter, 172 religious communities, 61, 71, 71N, 237,

specific utilities Qasr al-Sham‘, 5, 13, 21, 59, 1725 246. See also specific communities

public way, see streets disputed location of, 5n religious judge, see qadi

public welfare, 75, 223 al-Qata’i‘, 177, 189; destruction of, 16, religious segregation, 25n, 59-62, 69,

Pyramid (pseudonym), 126n 21; founding of, 14-15; ruins of, 20 171, 237

INDEX

Renaissance, street pattern, 65n Sabri, ‘Ali, 227 Senior, Nassau William, g9n, 114n rent control, 125 Sabtiyah, 177; railroad siding at, 162; Sergeant, R. B., 5on

rents, data on not available, 244, 245 spinning mills in, 91; tram to, 135 sewerage system, 125-28, 138, 144, 175,

residential densities, 115, 120n, 163-66, Sadeque, Fatima S., 32n 195; in Fustat, 19n; overloading

173-78, 186-88, 197-98, 201, 230, Safran, Nadav, 145n of modern, 227; renovation of

238, 243, 247, 252; compared, Sahil Rawd al-Faraj, 103, 103n, 177, 197, modern, 227; sewers of Paris, 104. 185-86; figures on, 57, 129, 164-65 210; gism on Cairo Council, 225n; See also drainage system; sanitation residential quarters, 25n, 58-62, 238-39. trams to, 135, 136, 137, 141 sex (variable), 183; distribution, 243. See also darb; harah; neighborhoods Said, Alphonse M., 121, 12In, 221n See also sex ratio

elite: 41, 52, 60-61, 141; Azbakiyah, Sa‘id I, Pasha (Muhammad Sa‘td sex ratio (variable), 126n, 130n, 186, : 48, 51, 51n, 52, 53, 60; Birkat Pasha), 102, 105, 113, 127, 141, 152 243, 247, 248, 250, 251; r,'s, 249; al-Fil, 35, 48, 51, 51n, 52, 60, 1893. Sa‘idiyah Code, 152, 156 statistical index, 252 Bulaq, 44; Citadel environs, 51, 51n St. Catherine, port of, 38n shade, 66-67, 113, 198 middle class: 177, 199, 205, 206, St. John, James Augustus, 89, I, gin, Shajart al-Durr, 31

207, 208 92n, 93n, 94n al-Sharabiyah, district of, 212; housing

poor: 52, 173, 174, 177; Birkat al-Fil, Sakakini, 137, 144 project, 231

189; al-Husayniyah, 60, 61; Old Salah al-Din (Saladin), accession of, 20, Shari‘ al-Khalij bil Matariyah (housing

City, 116, 189, 190. See also slums 27; campaigns of, 27, 28; compared project), 231 working classes: 60-61, 166, 193, 207, with Muhammad ‘Ali, 85, 88, go; Shari‘ al-Sihhah bil Matariyah

209, 214-16, 218, 220, 231, 239 death of, 28; reign of, 30, 32n, 33 (housing project), 231

residential segregation, in medieval Cairo, additions to Catro: 21, 30, 35, 56} Shaw, Stanford, 71n, 74n, 76n 58-62; in modern Cairo, 158, 175 environs of, 189, 195. See also Citadel Shawar, 20

residential succession, 52n, 169, 204 Walls of Salah al-Din: 27, 28; shaykh al-balad, 50, 72

retail commerce, 62. See also commercial construction of, 28n; environs of, shaykh of the baths, duties of, 74

areas; Sug 33, 84n, 100, 195; ruins of, 56, 189 _ shaykh of the guilds, 73, 73n

revenues, Cairo, see Cairo Governorate, Salah Salim Highway, 196 shaykh al-harah, 71, 71n, 73n

revenues al-Salih (Sultan), 30n, 31; Bridge, 140 shaykh of public spectacles, duties of, 74

Revolution of 1952, 85, 138n, 140, 154, Salim (Selim Shah), 50, 60 Shepheard’s Hotel, burning of (1952),

186, 204, 222, 231, 233; regime of, 150, Salmon, W. H., 5on 204, 209; founding of, 100; later

157, 160, 202, 221, 223n Samarra, 14 versions of, I0on, I12, 141

Rhoné, Arthur, 107n, 109, Iogn, Iron, ‘Sami, Amin, 96n, roon, 102n, 106n, Sherer, M., gtn, 94n

112, 112n-13n ro7n, Iogn Shevky, Eshref, 243, 243n, 244

Richmond, E. T., 39n sanitation, 115, 118, 126n, 126-28, 144; Shi‘ites, 3, 16, 20

Riot of 1952 in Cairo, toon, 204 environmental, 124-25, 125n; inspector shipyard, Muhammad ‘Ali’s, 91

Rivlin, Helen, 87n of, 146n; system of, 127 - Shooting Club, 206

Riyad, Muhammad, 234 Sanitary Service of Egypt: 124, 126 shunah (warehouse), 48, 64, 103n, 136

Rizk, Hanna, 123n Sagqtyah, 202 Shubra, 90, 91, 173; agricultural

road system, 53, 54, 58, 138; road satellite towns, 139, 163, 201, 233, 237 settlement, 97, 177; appearance of, building, 148, 148n. See also streets; Sauvaget, Jean, 25n, 7In, 72n 30; development of, 35, 35n, 90,

Tanzim Department Savary, Claude, 54, 55n 107, 128, 141, 144; Egyptian administration of, 7n; period, 134; 30, 35 scores, 207, 212, 218; life styles in

Rome, Roman, 4n, 5n, 6, 7n, 23, 73; Sayidah Nafisah (Sitt Nafisah), 22, Christian area, 61, 176n, 211; factor

street pattern, 65 al-Sayidah Zaynab, district of, 33, 155; middle class, 210-12, 220; located Rosetta (Rashid), 3, 53n, 55, 87, 88 popular quarters in transitional in Northern City, 172; site of

rotation, orthogonal varimax analytical, belt and Western City, 62, 116, 172, Muhammad ‘Alli’s palace, go, 210;

250-51 178; qism created and on Cairo tram to, 134, 135. See also Cairo,

rotation, graphic, 251 Council, 84n, 225n; tram to, subcities: Community IT; Jazirat

royalty, 204, 205, 217 134, 135, 137 al-Fil

rubbish mounds, see ruins, mounds of Sayidah Zaynab, Maydan of, 110, Shubra, Shari‘, 90, gon, 102, 141, 153,

Rue Neuve, 96, 102, 110, 147. See also 134, 135 160, 210, 211

Shari‘ Jawhar al-Qa’id; Shari‘ Sayidah Zaynab, Mosque of, 189 Shubra al-Khaymah, 130n, 135; industry al-Miiski; al-Sikkah al-Jadidah Sayidna Husayn (middle-income housing in, 163, 210; population of, 221

ruins, 21, 39, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 86, 100; project), 232 shurtah, defined, 74 mounds of, 97, 201; mounds of, Scanlon, George, 19n Sigoli, Simone, 4on

leveled, 87, 92, g2n, 144, 171 Schacht, Joseph, 24n, 74n, 75n al-Sikkah al-Jadidah, 96, 110, 113, 147.

rural, 202, 212; appearance of Cairo, Schemeil, Marius, 21n, 30n See also Rue Neuve; Shari‘ Jawhar 186-88, 239; poverty, 201; residents school enrollment, 246n al-Qa’id; Shari‘ al-Muski of Cairo, 174; residuals, 192, 196; female (variable) : 248, 249, 250, 251; Silver Coast, 202, 204, 208, 218, 219,

slums, 197; villages in Cairo, 196. statistical index, 252 220, 244; described, 205-207. See See also migrants School of Languages (of Muhammad also Cairo, subcities: Community VIII

rural fringe, 177, 196, 201, 202, 207, ‘Ali), 100 Sinan Pasha, Mosque of, 199 208, 212, 245; dwellings in, 244; Scott-Moncrieff, Sir, 115, 147 sinf, 23n, 25n, 71; trade, 237. See also population of, 218. See also rurban Seljuks, 20 guilds; occupational corporations; rurban (semi-rural), 60, 179, 186-87, 208 semi-rural, see rurban occupational segregation _

281

INDEX

single-family dwelling units, 174, 217, | 148, 149, 214; improvement, repair, French Occupation, 72; reactivation 234, 236, 244; villas, 106, 208, 236 upkeep, 148, 149, 160, 235-36; of, 38, 38n, 43; specialization of,

Siryakis, 36 obstructions in, 74n, 86, 95, 159; 57. See also commercial areas;

Sitt Nafisah, see Sayidah Nafisah paving of, 158, 159, 160n; sprinkling individual aswaq listings; gasabah Sitta wa ‘Ashrin Yulyu, see Shari‘ Bulaq; of, 95, 95n, 148, 149, 190. See also Suq al-Nahhasin, 102, 190

Twenty-Sixth of July Street mastabat Suq al-Qanadil, 39. See also Lane of

Sjoberg, Gideon, 58, 62n, 64n, 65, 65n pattern of: 56, 84, 198; dead ends, the Lamps slaughterhouses, see abattoirs cul de sac in, 65, 68, 190; French swamps, 86, 116 slaves, 59, 189; slave trade, 113. improvements of, 58; in Garden Swedish, 115

See alsoMamluks | City, 142; opening up of, Sweetser, Frank, 185, 185n |

slum, slums, 191, 192, 197, 200-202, 69, 87, 95-97, 98, 163. See also Swiss, 115, 145; property sequestered, 253

208, 218; clearance of, 239; Tanzgim Department symbiotic communities, 98; Fustat and

distinguished from working-class public utilities on: lighting, 84, 88, al-Qahirah, 19; Old City and Western,

zones, 214-15. See also blight; 88n, 147n, 148, 149, 236; lighting IgI, 204. See also Dual City residential quarters, poor with gaslights, 104, ro4n, 107, 113; synagogues, location of, 60n

types of: preindustrial urban, 108, lights in Fatimid revival style, 229n; Syria, 14, 16n, 25, 27, 37, 39, 50, 73n,

199, 219; rural, 197, 213 trams on, 132-38. See also streetcars 74n; merged with Egypt, 173

small pox, vaccination against mandatory, system of: additions to, 135, 160, Syrian Christians in Cairo, see

124 230n; development of, 65-69, 112-13, Christian community, Syrian

social area analysts, 184, 184n, 243, 247 134, 137, 141, 144, 158-60, 234;

social class, see socio-economic status and extent of, 158-59; of Master Plan, al-Tabari, 6n

specific entries (elite, middle II0, 110n; regulations, 148n, 149; Tafur, Pero, 41, 41n, 44n

class, etc.) rigidity of, 68-69, 69n, 160 Ibn Taghri Birdi, Abt al-Mahdsin, 37n, social disorganization, see Factor III thoroughfares, major: 22, 36, 84, 110, 39n, 44, 48, 48n, 74n, 77N

social segregation, see economic tron, 160, 188, 216, 234, 237 Taht al-Rabb, 191 segregation; ethnic segregation; Stripling, George, 49n, 50n Tahtawi, Rifa‘ah R., 98n residential segregation. styles of life, 180, 182-83; concept and Tal al-Kabir, 113, 114n

social welfare, philosophy of, 163 measures explained, 212, 214, 218-20, Tamerlane, 33, 33n, 37, 39, 41 Société d’Etude du Canal de Suez, 102 250; segregation by, 182-83, 186-88; tanning of leather, see leather

socio-economic status (variable), 210, Westernized, 202. See also Factor I manufacturing

219; factor redefined to life style, 250 types of: modern urban (industrial), Tanta, 146n, 175 indices of: 170, 243; arrived at, 244-45, 185-86, 218, 219-20; rural, 186-84, Tanzim Department, gn, 96n; activities of,

246, 247, 248, 249 218-19; traditional urban 147-49, 151, 223; budget of, 147,

Sonnini, C. S., 55, 55 (preindustrial), 186-87, 218, 219 148, 149; creation of, 147; regulations, South America, preindustrial cities in, 65 subdivision, 106, 153, 154, 169; regulations 147n, 148n; tanzim defined, 906.

speculation, see building, boom; concerning, 228, 234 See also city planning; planning land values, speculation in suburbs, 193, 201 al-Tariq al-Muwazi (housing project), 231 spice trade, East-West, 191; Cairo early: 33, 35, 39; of al-Qahirah, 48, | Tawfiq, Khedive, 113, 114, 116, 156 monopoly in, 38n, 40, 41, 41n; 58. See also Zahir al-Oahirah al-Tawfigqiyah, district of, 116, 144, 204,

flourishes thirteenth and fourteenth modern: 99, 134-30, 153, 171, 175: 208 . . .

centuries, 30, 32, 32n; government integration of northern suburbs, taxation, foreign compliance with, 147 controls, 41, 4In, 49, 49n; merchants 214. See also specific suburbs types of: 70, agricultural, 55; customs,

of (Karimi), 32, 41, 41n; prosperity subway, 237, 238 41, 41n, 49, 49n; head tax on

of, reduced, 50, 50n, 54; routes of Sudan, Sudanese, 140, 153; militia, 30, non-Muslims, 31; municipal, 145-473

trade, 30, 32; trade routes changed, 30n, 35; residents of Cairo, 247 225, 2250; occupational, 73, 73n,

_ At, 48, 49n, 50, 51 Suez, 99, 146n, 175. See also Qulzum 74; octroi, 225; urban real estate,

Spiller, Bertold, 32n Suez Canal, 103n, 114, 114n; cities alon 1273 1270s 225 +s

squatters’ preserves, land bought up, Don: concescion for 45 102, 102: 8, tax farming, 71, 150; of municipal

116, 135, 157 Eg ots shares in ot i ” ea . and governmental services, 74-75

location of: 208; in cemeteries, 63, 195, of on nh. IOK. 10 a 5 3° . - 8 taxis, 159, 191, 202; number of, 159n

196, 244; east of city, 60, 138n; in 13, a 5s 105n, 100, 107, 112, technocrats, 204, 217 kharab, 20, 22, 201; on wagqf land, Suez Wa r of 1086. 1€0n. 186. 204: technology, 21, 23n, 63, 2195 changes, ,

78, 129, 206 repercussions “ofon Cairo . 132, 158, 217, 2373 medical, 130, state domains, 68 7 » 253 130n; revolution, 97 statistical analysis, 225n; statistical sufi or der S, 63, 70, 71n, 7? 196, 237 telephones, concentration of in Cairo, variables listed, 252. See also indices, Sulayman Pasha, Maydan of, area of, 204 221n; concession for, 150

statistical, and under specific Sulayman Pasha, Shari’, 204 Tendunyas, 6, 6n, 19; port of, 188.

variables Sultan Hasan, Maydan of, 110 See also al-Maqs; Umm Dunayn Stewart, Desmond, 194-95, 195n Sultan Hasan, Mosque of, ITO, 113n, IQ! textile industry, QI, 175

Strabo, 4n, 5, 5n Sunni, 20, 27, 30 Thebes, 4

streetcars, 198, 208, 218. See also tramways sug, aswag (market, markets), 33, 33n, Thenaud, Jean, 44n, 50n, 52, 52n

streets 64n, 209; contemporary, I9gI; de Thevenot, 53-54, 54n, 55 condition of: 54, 84, 84n, 190; cleaning coverings of, 67, 95, 95n; decline Thompson, Charles, 54n

| 282

of, 74n, 84, 85, 91, 95, 113, 146, after plague, 39; number of at Thurstone, L. L., 184

INDEX

Tignor, Robert, 114n, 124n improvements during rule of, 32-36; Wafd, 145 Tilal Zaynhum, housing project at, 22, 231 Caliphate transferred to Cairo, 32; wali, 71, 72n, 88, See also Cairo Governor

Timberley, Henrie, 53n derivation of name, 30n; period, wadqf, wae, 75-79» 86-87, 142, 147,

Timgad, 18n an; succession of, 31 154-57, 166, 189, 205, 230, 232; Timsah, Lake, 103 Turks, architecture of, 191; as ethnic defined, 75, 75n, 76; magnitude of tombs, 63, 197; custodians of, 63, 174n, group, 50, 61, 247; language holdings in, 78; types of, 77, 77n; . 195, 196, 244; dwellings, 129, 195, supplants Arabic, 51, 69 urban, 847n, 117. See also wagqf ahh; 238. See also cemeteries; Cities of the Turks, Ottoman, ascendance of, 48; wagqf khayri

Dead; al-Khalifah conquest of Cairo, 50; governance system of: 76-79; administration of,

“Tombs of the Caliphs,” 39n, 195 of Cairo, 50-51, 70-76; municipal »6-77, 77; destiny of revenues

Tomiche, Nada, 73n administration, 71, 71n; ruins from, 86; historical forms of, 77n;

Tor, 41 accumulate in city during period, land reform confiscations of, 208,

tourists, 189, 202; tourist trade, 190, 51, 57. See also Ottomans 223; reforms in, 78, 79, 86, 86n-87n, 238. See also European travelers Twenty-Sixth of July Street, 196; Wey 159n. See also Ministry of Toussoun, Prince Omar, 7n Tyan, Emile, 24n, 74n, 75n, 77n property of: deterioration of, 77-79,

to Cairo bridge of, 140 aq |

Toynbee, Arnold J., 71n 155, 169; mortgaging impossible, trade, see commercial areas; economic ‘ulama’, 71, '75n; defined, 72 152, 154-55; rental of, 78, 78n, 155; conditions; spice trade ‘Umar Khayyam Hotel, 141. See also use as squatters’ preserve, 78, 129,

traditional, 192; 14n Isma‘tl’s Palace Hotel ih abolit lefimed defined,traditionalism, 21 Umayyads,182, 13-14, wagfJazirah ahh, abolition of, 79, 157; defined,

traffic, 110, "50, 160, 198. See also Umm Dunayn (Tendunyas), 6, 6n, 19. 77, '7N, 154; deterioration of, 155;

vehicles, number of See also al-Maqs system of, 97, 154-57

Trajan, 5, 5n, 134. See also Red Sea Canal unemployed males (variable), 248-52 wag} khayrt, 154-57; defined, 1545

tramways, 117, 132-39, 140, 144, 159, 169, unemployment, 185, 199, 213, 245, provision of municipal services

191; concession for, 133; company, 246n, 253 through, 76, 77; reform of, 78-79; 134, 138, 149, 160, 169. See also United States, depression in, 129 urban property turned over to

Misr and ‘Ain Shams Oasis Electric ‘Urabi, Colonel, 113 governorates, 223. See also

Railroad Company ‘Urabi Revolt, 114n Ministry of Waqf

system: length of, 136, 138, 138n, 139n; urban life, 192-93, 213, 216, 218-20, 237 War of 1967, effects upon Cairo, 121Nn,

lines listed, 133-39; usage of, 138, modern: 185-86, 218-20, 239. See also 197, 238-39

138n, 205, 209, 211, 214 modernization; styles of life Warner, Jr., Sam, 132n

transitional belt, 171, 189, 208, 218, 220, traditional: 192, 210, 218-20. See also water buffaloes, 134, 202 .

253; transitional city, 191; preindustrial; traditional; styles of water supply, Khalij Misri used for,

transitional zone, 60, 172. See also life | 92n-93n; in al-Qata’i‘, 14, 15n;

Cairo, subcities: Community XI urban overhead, 222, 226 r esponsibility for » 74N, 125, 149; to transportation, 158-60; lack of, 212; links urban place, defined, 121n outlying districts, 100-102, 103, of, 99, 139, 199; occupations, urban redevelopment, see redevelopment 138, 175, 195 196, 196n; technology of, 95, 114, urbanization, 41, 58, 119-21, 128, 144, water system, public, 76, 125, 141, 146,

117, 132. See also specific modes of 198, 237; revolution, 120, 131; 147N, 149, 150

transportation variable, 244, 245, 245n Water Company of Cairo: 116, 41; system: 132, 135, 136, 138, 158-60, 163, 149; budget of, 226n; founding of, 169, 238; axis of, 174, 177, 210, 213, variables, see statistical indices and under 104; nationalized, 2220 237; nationalized, 222 specific names al-Wayli, gism on Cairo Council, 225n; Tein Damen 5251s a ee ea ae tribal affiliations, 24 Vasco da Gama, 49, 50 ari 8 ‘ , y trolleys, 134, 136 de Vaujany, H., to7n We; . - M Administration. 6

truck gardening, 132, 138, 179, 213 vehicles. numbers of. in 1845 rI0: clgt ts an easures ministration, 03

trucks. 189, 160: number of. 1 . 4 , , Wensinck, A. J., 7n, 16n, 18n

T ® ° . 6. 246 199 m twentieth century, 158-59; Westernization, 83, 87. See also Iba Talan ane ul 15 16, 189; Vv netian(s) v, 1560 A 3 architecture, Westernization of

M 4 6 - 4 a1 53 enetian(s), Venice, 13, 49, 50 53s 545 Westernized City, see “Colonial” City

Osque O%, T5» TOs TOM 21, 225 35, SS TAT white-collar status, 244. See also

_ 2 Ts 189 villages, 189; village Egypt, 216. bureaucrats; middle class

Tuliinids, 14, 16 See also rural wholesale commerce, 62, 63, 64 Tumanbay (Sultan), 50 villas, see single-family dwelling units widowhood, 243, 244 Tunisia, 16 vital statistics, 57n, 7In, TIgn, 122, Wiet, Gaston, 7n, 32n Tur‘ah al-Bilaqiyah, canal and street, 124; registration of, 84, 123n. Wilkinson, Sir John, 85n, 88n, g1n, 92n,

160; housing project, 231 See also births; deaths 93, 93N, 94, 95, Toon, rogn, rron

Tur‘ah Ghamrah (later known as Shari‘ Vollers, Karl, 39n Wilson, Colonel, rozn Ramses), 160 Volney, M. (pseudonym for Constantin- windmill hills, 97, 138n, 195 Turf Club, burning of, 204 Francois Chassebeuf) , 54, 55, 550 Winnick, Louis, 165n Turkish Mamluks (Bahri Mamluks), Von Grunebaum, Gustave, 25n, 64n, Wirth, Louis, 182, 182n

accession of, 30n, 31; Cairo 69n, 74n Wittek, Paul, 31n

2.33

INDEX 7 ,

Workers’ City, at Imbabah, 166, 207, Zaghlul, Sa‘d, 145 Zamalik Bridge, 137, 140 231. See also housing estates; al-Zahir, district or shtyakhah of, 62, Zaqaziq (Zagazig), 146n

housing, low-income 144, 217; filled in, 93; mosque and zawiyah, 106

World War I, 122, 125, 144, 145, 153, palace of Baybar sI located at, 33; al-Zawiyah al-Hamra’ (housing project),

179, 210; economic effects of, 125n, qism on Cairo Council, 225n; 231

126, 154; migrants during, 173 tram to, 134, 135, 137. See also Zaytun, 128, 144, 214, 218, 220; land

World War II, effects of, 129, 145, 162, Birkat al-Ratli; Cairo, subcities: values in, 153

al-Zahir, Maydan of,quarters, 135 wae :; | i mes See also residential working comps Zahir al-Qahirah, 35; defined, 33. Ya‘qubi, 7n, 16n class Yaqut, 6n, 28n See also suburbs, early , Ziadeh, Nicola, 25n, 33n, 74n 166, 175, 198, 211n, 212, 226, 230 Community V district of: 177; on Cairo Council, 225n.

a? Zahir Madinat al-Qahirah: , , oe oe? Yemen, 30,al-Qahtrah, 32n, 41 oS . Zincke, F. Barham, distinction between, 33; relative ro6n

Young, George, 103n growth of, 35-36, 40 zoning (ordinance), 228-29, 230, 234n ” ce. chief of Zamilik, 97, 103, ; 37, 197, 198, 204. zoological gardens, 112n, 142, 205, 206 gabit, 88. See also police, chief o See also al-Jazirah zu‘ar, 67n, 189. See also gangs

284