Caesarea Maritima Excavations in the Old City 1989-2003 Final Reports, Volume 1: The Temple Platform, Neighboring Quarters, and the Inner Harbor ... ... Occupation, and the Octagonal Harbor Church 0897571150, 9780897571159

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CAESAREA MARITIMA EXCAVATIONS IN THE OLD CITY 1989-2003 '

CONDUCTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AND THE UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA FINAL REPORTS, VOLUME 1

EDITED BY KENNETH G. HOLUM

ASOR, ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS 27

ASOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS Hanan Charaf, Editor Number 27 Caesarea Maritima: Excavations in the Old City 1989-2003 Conducted by the University of Maryland and the University of Haifa Final Reports, Vol. 1

CAESAREA MARITIMA EXCAVATIONS IN THE OLD CITY 1989-2003 CONDUCTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AND THE UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA FINAL REPORTS

VOLUMEl The Temple Platform (Area TP), Neighboring Quarters (Area TPS and Z), and the Inner Harbor Quays (Area I): Hellenistic Evidence, King Herod's Harbor Temple, Intermediate Occupation, and the Octagonal Harbor Church

KENNETH

G. HOLUM

with contributions by KENNETH G. HoLUM, ANNA lAMIM, E‫מ‬NA DALALI-AMos, AUDREY SHAFFER, JENNIFER A. STABLER, YAEL D. ARNON, AND PETER GENDELMAN

with a Conclusion by Jo‫מ‬1 MAGNESS Drawings by ANNA lAMIM

AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH • ALEXANDRIA, VA

Caesarea Maritima: Excavations in the Old City 1989-2003 Conducted by the University of Maryland and the University of Haifa Final Reports, Vol. I

edited by Kenneth G. Holum

The American Schools of Oriental Research © 2020 ISBN 978-0-89757-115-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data Names: Holum, Kenneth G., editor. I University of Maryland (College Park, Md.) I Universitat I;Iefah. Title: Caesarea Maritima excavations in the old city, 1989-2003 conducted by the University of Maryland and the University of Haifa final reports / edited by Kenneth G. Holum. Other titles: American Schools of Oriental Research archaeological reports ; no. 27. Description: Alexandria, VA : American Schools of Oriental Research, 2021. I Series: American Schools of Oriental Research archaeological reports ; number 27 I Includes bibliographical references and index. I Contents: The Temple Platform (Area TP), Neighboring Quarters (Area TPS and Z), and the Inner Harbor Quays (Area I) : Hellenistic Evidence, King Herod's Harbor Temple, Intermediate Occupation, and the Octagonal Harbor Church. I Summary: "Final publication of 1989-2003 excavation results from Areas TP, TPS, Z, and I at Caesarea Maritima, Israel. Chronological periods covered are from Hellenistic through Byzantine times" -- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2020037557 I ISBN 9780897571159 (hardcover) (volume 1) Subjects: LCSH: Excavations (Archaeology)--Israel--Caesarea. I Temples--Israel--Caesarea. I Caesarea (Israel)--Antiquities. Classification: LCC DS110.C13 C333 2021 I DDC 933/-46--de23 LC record available at https:/ /lccn.loc.gov/2020037557

Kenneth G. Holum (photograph by Anna Iamim)

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper.

Contents

ix xv xvii

List of Illustrations List of Tables Preface and Acknowledgements

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION: COMBINED CAESAREA EXCAVATIONS INSIDE THE OLD CITY

(Kenneth G. Hoium) CHAPTER 2

1

CCE EXPLORATION OF AREA TP: RESEARCH QUESTIONS, STRATEGY, AND THE PROGRESS OF DISCOVERIES

(Kenneth G. Hoium) CHAPTER

3

23

THE STRATIFICATION OF THE TEMPLE PLATFORM

(Kenneth G. Hoium, Anna Iamim, and Jennifer A. Stabler) CHAPTER 4

HEROD'S TEMPLE: EXCAVATED EVIDENCE

(Audrey Shaffer and Kenneth G. Hoium) CHAPTER 5

81

THE TEMPLE BUILDER: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE BUILDING PROCESS

(Anna Iamim) CHAPTER 6

53

103

RECONSTRUCTING HEROD'S TEMPLE: KURKAR ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS OF THE TEMPLE AND RELATED STRUCTURES

(Edna Dalali-Amos) Appendix: Catalog of kurkar architectural fragments CHAPTER 7

173

THE OCTAGONAL CHURCH: EXCAVATED EVIDENCE

(Kenneth G. Hoium and Anna Iamim) Appendix: Catalog of selected structural blocks of the Octagonal Church CHAPTER 9

140

FROM TEMPLE TO CHURCH

(Jennifer A. Stabler and Kenneth G. Hoium) CHAPTER 8

121

197 241

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS FROM THE TEMPLE PLATFORM IN MARBLE AND OTHER MATERIALS

(Edna Dalali-Amos) Appendix: Catalog and description CHAPTER 10

BUILDERS ON THE TEMPLE PLATFORM IN THE BYZANTINE PERIOD

301

(Anna Iamim) CHAPTER 11

249 263

THE TEMPLE AND CHURCH IN THEIR BROADER SETTING:

I, THE INNER HARBOR (Yael D. Arnon and Kenneth G. Hoium) Appendix: The pottery from 1068-070 and 1072-074 in area 18 (Jodi Magness)

AREA

vii

321 353

CHAPTER 12

EXCAVATIONS ON THE SOUTH FLANK OF THE TEMPLE PLATFORM:

Z, Z2, AND TPS (Kenneth G. Hoium)

List of Illustrations

AREAS

CHAPTER 13

357

HELLENISTIC, ROMAN, AND BYZANTINE POTTERY FROM AREA TP

Loci) (Peter Gendelman) Appendix: Statistical analysis of selected assemblages

(SELECTED

CHAPTER 14

375 417

CONCLUSION

(Jodi Magness)

425

APPENDICES

A. Combined Caesarea Expeditions Participating Institutions B. Combined Caesarea Expeditions Field Staff, Area TP

Bibliography Index

430 431

433 451

Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

Fig. 1.9 Fig. 1.10 Fig. 1.11 Fig. 1.12 Fig. 1.13 Fig. 1.14 Fig. 1.15 Fig. 1.16 Fig. 1.17 Fig. 1.18 Fig. 1.19 Fig. 1.20 Fig. 1.21 Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2 Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.4 Fig. 2.5 Fig. 2.6 Fig. 2.7 Fig. 2.8 Fig. 2.9 Fig. 2.10 Fig. 2.11 Fig. 2.12 Fig. 2.13 Fig. 2.14 Fig. 2.15 Fig. 2.16 Fig.2.17 Fig. 2.18 Fig. 2.19

Herodian Caesarea. The Temple Platform, area TP, in 1986, looking northeast. Herodian structures in areas TP, Z, and I. Early Byzantine structures in areas TP, Z, and I. Byzantine structures and the Octagonal Church in areas TP, Z, and I. Early Islamic structures in areas TP, Z, and I. Medieval (Crusader) structures in areas TP, Z, and I. Plan of area TP showing penetration of later structures through the foundations of King Herod's temple and down to bedrock. Map of "Medieval Caesarea" as surveyed in 1873. Plat or cadastral map of Bosnian Qisarya during the British Mandate. View looking north through south (Jaffa) gate in the Crusader fortifications. View looking southeast of houses, east of the suk. View of houses on the northwest of the Temple Platform, looking northwest. The Negev excavations of 1960-1961, looking southeast. The Negev excavations of 1960-1961, looking east. The Negev excavations of 1960-1961, looking south. Site map of Negev's excavations inside the Old City 1960-1961. Opus sectile pavement in a side room of the Octagonal Church. View in 1986 of Negev trench that would become TP28. View in 1989 of Negev trench that would become TP19 and 27. Superstructure block of wall 5 preserved at juncture of outer octagon foundation walls 4 and 5. Area TP excavation squares 1-33. Area TPl, 1990 season, looking west. Area TPl final plan (1989-1992, 1998). Area TP2 final plan (1989, 1997-1999). Area TP3 final plan (1989, 1992, 1995, 1997, 1999). Area TP14 final plan (1995). Area TP5 Herodian cookpots (1991). Area TP5 final plan (1990-1991, 1995, 1999). Area TP4 final plan (1990, 1992, 1999). Area TP7 broad foundation 7004 (1991). Area TP7 final plan (1991-1992, 2000). Area TP28 final plan (1998-2000). Area TPl 1 final plan (1992, 1999-2000). Area TP8 final plan (1992). Area TP8 Early Islamic grainbin 8054 (1992). Area TP9, looking southeast (1992). Areas TP12 and TP13 final plans (1995). Areas TP12-13, looking south toward TPl and TP7 (1995). Area TP15 final plan (1995). ix

2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 41 42

Fig. 2.20 Fig. 2.21 Fig. 2.22 Fig. 2.23 Fig. 2.24 Fig. 2.25 Fig. 2. 26 Fig. 2. 27 Fig. 2.28 Fig. 2.29 Fig. 2.30 Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3 Fig. 3.4 Fig. 3.5 Fig. 3.6 Fig. 3.7 Fig. 3.8 Fig. 3.9 Fig. 3.10 Fig. 3.11 Fig. 3.12 Fig. 3.13 Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.4 Fig. 4.5 Fig. 4.6 Fig. 4.7 Fig. 4.8 Fig. 4.9 Fig. 4.10 Fig. 4.11 Fig. 4.12 Fig. 4.13 Fig. 4.14 Fig. 4.15 Fig. 4.16 Fig. 4.17 Fig. 4.18 Fig. 4.19 Fig. 4.20 Fig. 4.21 Fig. 4.22

Area TP16 final plan (1995). Areas TP19 (1996-1998) and TP21 (1996-1997) final plans. Areas TP20 and TP22 final plans (1996). Area TP24 final plan (1998-1999). Area TP30 final plan (1999-2000). Areas TP6/26 (1990, 1998-1999, 2002), TP25 (1998-1999), and TP29 (1999) final plans. Areas TP23 (1997, 1999-2000) and TP27 (1998-2000) final plans. Areas TP9 (1992, 1999-2000) and TPlO (1992, 2000) final plans. Areas TP17 (1995, 2002), TP31 (2000, 2002), and TP32 (2002) final plans. Area TP33 final plan (2002). Area TP12 drain channel 12100 (2003). Area TP "Great Section" and select north-south sections' locations. Area TPl, north balk (1990-1991, 1998). Area TP2, north balk (1998). Area TP5, north balk (1990-1991). Area TP4, north balk (1990). Areas TP3 and TP14, north balk (1989, 1995). Area TP16, north balk elevation (2002). Area TP30, elevation on the line of wall 30005 (2000). Area TP19, east elevation (1996, 1998, 2014). Area TP25, probe 1, east elevation (1998, 2014). Area TP25, probe 3, north and east balks (1998, 2014). Area TP17, probe 2, north and east balks (2002, 2014). Area TP17, probe 1, north, east, and south balks (2002, 2014). Area TP plan showing bedrock formations, Hellenistic remains, and in situ fragments of Herod's temple to Roma and Augustus. Area TP12 (1995), looking northwest. View to the northwest across TPl and TP12 (2002). Construction blocks unearthed in pre-Herodian fill during the 1995 season in TP17. Pre-temple structure 5057 /5504, looking west (1997). Area TP13 looking south (1995). Area TP13 from above (1995). Area TP12 from above (1995). Area TP12 looking southwest. Area TP7 looking north (1998). Area TP7 looking east (2000). Area TP2 looking down (1997). Areas TP28 and TP2 looking north (2000). Area TP2 looking southwest (1998). Area TP3 looking east (1997). Area TP14 south at top (1995). Area TP3 looking east (1995). Area TPl 7 looking west at probe 1 (2002). Area TP29 looking west at Herodian foundation 29013 (1999). Area TP25 looking south (1998). Area TPl0 from above, looking east (2000). Area TP19 looking west (1997). X

42 43 44 45 45 46 47 48 49 50 50 54 56 57 58 63 64 67 69 72

73 74 75 78 83 83 84 85 86 87 87 88 89 90 90 91 92 92 93 94 94 95 96 96 97 97

Fig. 4.23 Fig. 4.24 Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2 Fig. 5.3 Fig. 5.4 Fig. 5.5 Fig. 5.6 Fig. 5.7 Fig. 5.8 Fig. 5.9 Fig. 5.10 Fig. 5.11 Fig. 5.12 Fig. 5.13 Fig. 5.14 Fig. 5.15 Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.2 Fig. 6.3 Fig. 6.4 Fig. 6.5 Fig. 6.6 Fig. 6.7 Fig. 7.1 Fig. 7.2 Fig. 7.3 Fig. 7.4 Fig. 7.5 Fig. 7.6 Fig. 7.7 Fig. 7.8 Fig. 7.9 Fig. 7.10 Fig. 7.11 Fig. 7.12 Fig. 8.1 Fig. 8.2 Fig. 8.3 Fig. 8.4

Area TP 19 looking south ( 1997). Area TP21 looking west (1996). Reconstruction of Caesarea as seen from the sea during the time of Herod the Great. Plan of the temple foundations exposed in CCE excavations. The surface on the site before the foundations trenches were dug and the foundation trenches of the temple. The configuration of the temple foundations at Caesarea compared with the temple foundation at Samaria-Sebaste. Left: A sand lens between the layers of bedrock in TPl. Right: A mortar and cobble "bridge:' Level III on the external face of the western temple wall. Level II on the interior face of the eastern temple foundation. Wall 2142, looking west. The exterior face of the northern temple foundation. The first course of the foundation on the southern wall. The interior face of the western wall of the temple foundation. Plan and key to the photographs. 1. Hard and soft kurkar blocks. 4. Bedrock that had been trimmed. 5. Posthole. Isometric drawing of the temple foundation. Plan and elevation A-A; Plan and elevation B-B. Illustration of the method used by the builder when he was correcting the orientation of the southern and western walls. Reconstruction of Herod's temple to Roma and Augustus as seen from the harbor. Reconstruction of the Corinthian order, Type I. Reconstruction of the Corinthian entablature. Reconstruction of Ionic order, Type IIA and IIB. The three orders of the temple and temple platform. Plan and elevation of the reconstructed temple. A single block that may have been part of the podium. Plan showing relative positions of column stucco, capital, and architrave fragments in TP27 and TP30, along with a suggestion of their trajectories. Area TP30 looking north (2000). Area TP13 looking northwest (1995). Area TPl, intermediate foundation 1070 excavated 1989-1990. Area TP23, intermediate foundation 23152/23158 excavated 1999. Area TP25 looking north, featuring intermediate foundation 25080. Area TP23 looking north, featuring intermediate foundation 23208. Area TPlO from above, showing intermediate foundation 10351. Areas TP26 and TP25, illustrating the transition from temple to church. Area TP23, looking north (1999). Area TP31, looking east (1990). Area TPl looking east (1990). Octagonal Church foundations, with wall numbers. Area TP2 south balk showing layers above and below foundations of Octagonal Church pavement. Octagonal Church, wall 2. Octagonal Church walls exposed by Negev, looking south in 1989. xi

98 98 104 106 107 107 108 109 110 110 111 111 112 114 115 116 117 130 131 132 134 135 136 137 175 176 180 188 188 189 190 191 191 192 193 194 198 199 203 203

Fig. 8.5 Fig. 8.6 Fig. 8.7 Fig. 8.8 Fig. 8.9 Fig. 8.10 Fig. 8.11 Fig. 8.12 Fig. 8.13 Fig. 8.14 Fig. 8.15 Fig. 8.16 Fig. 8.17 Fig. 8.18 Fig. 8.19 Fig. 8.20 Fig. 8.21 Fig. 8.22 Fig. 8.23 Fig. 8.24 Fig. 8.25 Fig. 8.26 Fig. 8.27 Fig. 8.28 Fig. 8.29 Fig. 8.30 Fig. 8.31 Fig. 8.32 Fig. 8.33 Fig. 8.34 Fig. 8.35 Fig. 8.36 Fig. 8.37 Fig. 8.38 Fig. 8.39 Fig. 8.40 Fig. 8.41 Fig. 8.42 Fig. 8.43 Fig. 8.44 Fig. 8.45 Fig. 8.46 Fig. 8.47 Fig. 9.1 Fig. 9.2

Octagonal Church wall 3 exposed by Negev, looking north (2002). Octagonal Church wall 3, looking southeast. Juncture of foundation walis 4, 5, and 20. Octagonal Church wall 5, looking west. View of Negev excavations at church wall 7 and the foundations of the rectangular room defined by Octagonal Church walls 28, 41, and 42. Octagonal Church wall 7, looking north. Octagonal Church wall 8, looking northeast. Octagonal Church walls 9 and 10, looking west in the 1998 season. Octagonal Church wall·9, looking west. Area TP4 looking north in 1990. Octagonal Church wall 14 and its juncture with wall 15, looking west. Octagonal Church wall 15, looking west. The corner pier at the juncture of inner octagon foundation walls 15 and 16. Octagonal Church wall 16, looking south toward its juncture with wall 9. Elevation of Octagonal Church wall 9 and Crusader foundation 19039. Octagonal Church wall 27, outer square, looking west. Octagonal Church wall 17, inner square, looking east. Octagonal Church wall 17, inner square, at its junction with wall 18. Octagonal Church, inner square, looking northeast. Octagonal Church, outer square, wall 24 resting on Herodian foundation 13041. Octagonal Church, outer square, wall 26, looking north. Octagonal Church foundations in TP30, looking west. Octagonal Church, jamb block in situ on crosswall 43. TP27 looking south at floor slabs of Octagonal Church. Octagonal Church, fragments of marble slab and opus sectile pavement. Octagonal Church, fragmentary slab pavement in ambulatory. Octagonal Church, fragmentary marble slab pavement in nave. Octagonal Church, wall 6, looking west. Octagonal Church, positions of in situ superstructure blocks and find spots of ex situ blocks. Octagonal Church, foundation of martyr tomb, looking north. Fragments of cipollino marble found in backwash upon and beside tomb foundation 23157. Octagonal Church, bema area. Octagonal Church, east-west foundation wall 9070 upon floor slabs 9014/9025. Octagonal Church, foundation wall 9070, looking northeast. Octagonal Church, north-south section through matrix 25067. Octagonal Church, bema area, looking east. Octagonal Church, bema area, looking west. Octagonal Church, south face of Early Islamic pit 9002. Octagonal Church, western cistern, looking east. Octagonal Church, western cistern, looking northeast. Octagonal Church, western cistern, looking south. Area TP, eastern cistern as excavated by Negev, looking south. Area TP29, looking north. Bases incorporated in the Crusader period cathedral. Capitals found in TP27, built into a later structure. xii

206 206 207 207 208 208 209 210 210 211 212 213 213 215 215 217 217 218 219 219 220 220 221 221 222 224 224 225 227 231 231 232 233 233 234 234 235 235 237 238 238 239 240 250 250

Fig. 9.3 Fig. 9.4 Fig. 9.5 Fig. 9.6 Fig. 9.7 Fig. 9.8 Fig. 9.9 Fig. 9.10 Fig. 10.1 Fig. 10.2 Fig. 10.3 Fig. 10.4 Fig. 10.5 Fig. 10.6 Fig. 10.7 Fig. 10.8 Fig. 10.9 Fig. 10.10 Fig. 10.11 Fig. 10.12 Fig. 10.13 Fig. 10.14 Fig. 10.15 Fig. 10.16 Fig. 10.17 Fig. 10.18 Fig. 10.19 Fig. 10.20 Fig. 10.21 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.

10.22 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9

Fig. 11.10 Fig. 11.11 Fig. 11.12

Columns incorporated in a later structure in TP6/26. Capital found in TP9011. Pedestal on the plan of the church. Bases Type I. Bases Type II. Column shafts with flat and high torus and column shaft with rounded torus. The marble capital types (A-E) associated with the Octagonal Church. The three types (I- III) of orders that were in the Octagonal Church. Plan of the temple, the Intermediate Complex, and the church superimposed. Elevations illustrating the sequence of the builders' work. Plan of the Intermediate Complex wall foundations. Section and photograph of the foundation of wall 23208 looking south. Reconstructed section of the central part of the church. Key to figs. 10.7 and 10.8. Elevations of two parts of the wall of the inner octagon. The battering and bonding of the segments of the inner octagon foundation. Detail of plaster applied selectively to the joints in specific areas of the foundation. Key to figures 10.11-10.15. The foundation of the northeast corner of the outer octagon. Photographs showing how the builder joined the wall of the outer octagon to the narrower extension of the outer octagon wall. Elevation and photograph of the northwestern segment of the inner square. Detail of the bonding of the walls at the southeastern corner of the inner square. Detail of the foundation of the wall of the outer square near the northeast corner. Detail of the final leveling of the church wall foundation. Plan of the cistern beneath the atrium of the church. The southeastern corner of the excavated bedrock at the southwestern corner of the temple foundations. Photograph showing the northern closing wall of the western cistern. Plan of the cistern on the eastern side of the church. Superimposed plans of the church at Caesarea and the Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem. Artist's conception of the monumental Byzantine church at Caesarea. Map of area I excavation areas in present surroundings. Area I looking southeast from area 17. Rough measured plan of Negev's excavations in area I, 1961. Area I, east-west section through the mooring stone in the Herodian quay wall. Plan of area I, Strata XV-XIII. Area I, looking north at base of Byzantine staircase and layers beneath it. Area 18, looking north. Reconstruction of areas I and TP looking southeast, Herodian configuration. Phases of Caesarea's harbor as reconstructed in Reinhardt 1999 and Reinhardt and Raban 2008: 173. Plan of area I, Strata XII - XL Plan of extension quay in 11, 16, and surrounding architecture. Wall W6.282 of the extension quay. xiii

251 252 252 253 253 256 257 259 302 303 305 307 308 309 309 310 311 311 312 313 313 314 314 314 315 316 316 317 318 319 322 323 324 325 328 329 330 331 334 336 338 339

Fig. 11.13 Area II, extension quay, elevation looking south. Fig. 11.14 Area 12, extension quay, elevation looking south. Fig. 11.15 Area 17, looking south. Fig. 11.16 Plan of area I, Stratum X. Fig. 11.17 Plan of area I, Stratum IX, northern half. Fig. 11.18 Plan of area I, Stratum IX, southern half. Fig. 11.19 The apsed structure excavated by Negev, southern part, looking southeast. Fig. 11.20 Drawings of a selection of pottery in area I. Fig. 12.1 Caesarea areas Z, Z2, and TPS, block plan. Area Z, western portion, final plan. Fig. 12.2 Area Z, vaulted chamber C, north elevation. Fig. 12.3 Area Z, vaulted chamber C, looking north. Fig. 12.4 Area Z, vaulted chamber G, wall 116, looking east. Fig. 12.5 Fig. 12.6 Area Z, eastern portion, and Z2, final plan. Fig. 12.7 Area Z, shop M, looking south. Area Z2, looking west. Fig. 12.8 Area TPS, final plan. Fig. 12.9 Fig. 12.10 Area TPS, tomb 034, looking east. Fig. 12.11 Area TPS, south retaining wall, looking south. Fig. 12.12 Area TPS, plan of Stratum X, 550-600 CE. Fig. 12.13 Area TPS, looking west. Fig. 12.14 Area TPS, entrance to apodyterium and frigidarium. Fig. 12.15 Area TPS, tubuli plastered onto interior wall of caldarium. Fig. 12.16 Area TPS, domed niche with bathtub (alveus) at its base. Fig. 13.1 Assemblage I: Pottery associated with the temple to Roma and Augustus. Fine tableware. Fig. 13.2 Assemblage I: Pottery associated with the temple to Roma and Augustus. Household wares. Fig. 13.3 Assemblage I: Pottery associated with the temple to Roma and Augustus. Amphorae and containers. Fig. 13.4 Assemblage I: Pottery associated with the temple to Roma and Augustus. Oil lamps. Fig. 13.5 Assemblage II: Pottery from beneath the temenos pavement on the north side of the temple to Roma and Augustus. Fine tableware, household ware, cooking ware. Fig. 13.6 Assemblage II: Pottery from beneath the temenos pavement on the north side of the temple to Roma and Augustus. Amphorae and containers. Fig. 13.7 Assemblage III: Pottery associated with the Intermediate Complex foundations. Fine tableware. Fig. 13.8 Assemblage III: Pottery associated with the Intermediate Complex foundations. Household wares. Fig. 13.9 Assemblage III: Pottery associated with the Intermediate Complex foundations. Cooking wares. Fig. 13.10 Assemblage III: Pottery associated with the Intermediate Complex foundations. Local amphorae and containers. Fig. 13.11 Assemblage III: Pottery associated with the Intermediate Complex foundations. Imported amphorae and containers. Fig. 13.12 Assemblage IV: Pottery from beneath the Octagonal Church pavements. xiv

341 341 342 345 346 348 350 355 358 359 359 360 360 361 363 366 367 369 369 370 371 372 373 373

Fig. 13.13

Pl.I PL II PL III PL IV PLV PL VI

Fine tableware, household wares, cooking wares, local and regional amphorae. Assemblage IV: Pottery from beneath the Octagonal Church pavements. Imported amphorae.

411

Reconstruction of the Corinthian capital Type I. Components of the entablature. Reconstruction of the temple order. Reconstruction of the column (the base, the shaft and the capital). Reconstruction of the entablature. Reconstruction of the Corinthian and Ionic orders Type II.

166 167 168 169 170 171

414

Fold-out plans in back pocket: Plan I Plan 2

Plan 3

The destruction of King Herod's temple, plan locating destruction debris and loci representing imported or recirculated Post-Destruction Fill I, deposited ca. 400 CE. The intermediate occupation, plan locating foundations and surfaces of intermediate structures, as well as Post-Destruction Fill II, the layers into which intermediate structures were laid. Octagonal Church, excavated remains.

377

List of Tables

381 385 386

387 391

Table 4.1 Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 6.4 Table 7.1

395

Table 7.2

399

Table 7.3

403

Table 8.1

405

Table 8.2 Table 8.3 Table 9.1 Table 9.2

407

Herodian fill layers in Area TP. Measurements of the architectural fragments in meters. Reconstruction of Type I order in meters. Order of Type II in meters. Order of Type III in meters. Area TP layers on the temple periphery associated with destruction ca. 400 and subsequent infilling. Post-Destruction Fill Layers I and II. Area TP Post-Destruction Fill Layers I, deposited ca. 400 CE above robbed temple foundations and internal fills, with numismatic evidence. Area TP Post-Destruction Fill Layers II, deposited ca. 450-490 CE above Post-Destruction Fill Layers I, with numismatic evidence. Area TP, leveling fills and backfills imported or recirculated ca. 500 CE at the time of church construction. Octagonal Church foundations. Foundations of the side rooms, inner and outer squares. The three orders. Capitals belonging to the orders. xv

100 125 126 127 129 CE

177 183 187 201 204 216 254 258

Preface and Acknowledgements

y husband Kenneth G. Holum, an ancient historian and archaeologist, excavated for many years at Caesarea Maritima in Israel. A large ancient city and the capital of Roman Palestine, Caesarea was the perfect site for Ken, a professor at the University of Maryland, to explore the meaning of ancient urbanism and the role of cities in Roman civilization. He began digging there as a volunteer with the Joint Expedition to Caesarea Maritima in 1978, learning the tools of the archaeologist's craft, which appealed to him as someone who had grown up on a farm in South Dakota. Archaeology provided Ken with a way to combine scholarship with digging in the dirt. In 1989, along with the late Avner Raban of Haifa University, he formed the Combined Caesarea Expeditions (CCE) and directed the excavations on land (with Raban directing the underwater excavations in the harbor) from 1989 to 2003 (see Chapter 1: Introduction). Ken loved the excavations, and he loved Caesarea. In the years after the excavations concluded, he worked very hard with the senior staff of the land project to publish five volumes of final reports. He spent most of those years working on Volume 1, this volume, which deals with the Roman and Byzantine periods on the Temple Platform, built by King Herod when he founded the city in the late first century BCE. The land excavations of the CCE had focused on this Temple Platform, on which the Jewish king erected a pagan temple to Roma and Augustus, which later Christian authorities demolished about 400 CE, and which a century later became the site of a large octagonal church. Subsequent volumes were to deal with the Temple Platform in the Muslim and Crusader periods (Volume 2), and with technical reports on coins, bones, seeds, and glass found on

M

the site. This volume (Volume 1) however contains the pottery reports. Ken was almost ready to send Volume 1 to the publisher in spring 2017 when he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He died on September 20, 2017, at the age of 78. He died as he had lived, with great dignity and patience. A few weeks before he died, I asked him if he was scared, and he said no, but he did say that his greatest concern was that he had not finished the final reports for Caesarea. I told him not to worry. Although I am not an archaeologist, I am a historian and I have published scholarly books. I vowed that I would see this volume to publication. It has taken me a while, but I am very pleased that I have been able to do so. Needless to say, I could not have done this without the help of many people, including those who worked with Ken at Caesarea or who are prominent classical archaeologists and art historians in Israel and the United States. These are all people who helped Ken over the years, and continued to help me as I worked on this volume. First and foremost I would like to thank Anna Iamim, who served for many years as the architectural draftsperson at Caesarea, who worked very closely with Ken on interpreting the jumble of stones they had unearthed there, and who prepared with great care and precision all the plans for this volume. They had been completed before I began my work, but I asked Anna to make sure that what I thought were the final versions were indeed the final versions. She went over all the plans, making further corrections, and making sure they were absolutely accurate. I cannot thank her enough for her diligent work. I would also like to thank Yael Arnon for her advice and encouragement, and her work for many years as ceramicist and registrar at

xvii

Caesarea. Audrey Shaffer and Jennifer Stabler, who worked for many years as extraordinary trench supervisors at Caesarea, deserve much gratitude. I am especially thankful to Jennifer Stabler, now archaeologist for the Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission, for taking time out from her busy schedule to check some issues in the Caesarea field notes, to find a missing photograph, and to go over the whole text of this volume for accuracy and explain issues that I did not understand. I also want to thank Edna DalaliAmos for her work on the architectural fragments of the temple and church and Peter Gendelman for his excellent report on the Roman and Byzantine pottery from the Temple Platform. He and Rivka Gersht, an ancient art historian who has published much about Roman statuary at Caesarea, have helped me enormously with sound advice on some thorny issues, as did Elise Friedland, an ancient art historian at George Washington University. Gideon Avni of the Israel Antiquities Authority has supported this project and my work on it very warmly. Finally, I want to thank the late Yoram Tsafrir, the Israeli archaeologist who influenced Ken very much, and his wife Sarai Tsafrir for their warm friendship over many decades. This is not quite the volume that Ken would have produced. Although all the chapters were written, re-written, edited, and checked when I began my work (leaving me only some editing tasks), one chapter-on re-visualizing the Octagonal Church-was incomplete. Moreover, Ken had not yet written the conclusion, where he would have used his skill as a historian to interpret more fully what the archaeologists had unearthed. Anna and I decided that we could not include the incomplete chapter on re-visualizing the church in this volume, although her drawing on what the church looked like does appear. Ken most certainly would have compared the church to other octagonal churches in late antiquity, but his death prevented him from doing so. Archaeologist Jodi Magness volunteered to write a conclusion, summarizing the archaeological finds presented in this volume and using Ken's articles to interpret those finds. I am grateful to her for her excellent conclusion, for all the en couragement she gave me to complete this volume, and for many years of friendship.

The anonymous outside readers for the Archaeological Reports Series of ASO R made many helpful suggestions for improving this volume. While I incorporated most of their suggestions, I did not alter Ken's interpretation of the purposeful destruction of King Herod's temple to Roma and Augustus in 400 CE, as one of the readers, mindful of some recent scholarship on the end of pagan temples in the late Roman Empire, suggested I do. This volume, I thought, should reflect Ken Holum's interpretation of the evidence as well as his extensive scholarship, erudition, and hard work. Indeed, the series editor Hanan Charaf approved this decision to publish the "extensive and rich material" from Caesarea in its current form. Finally, I would like to thank all the people who worked at Caesarea: volunteers, staff (including Janet Blit who ran the "camp" with great skill for many years), photographers, surveyors, and technical experts in pottery, animal, bird, and fish bones, seeds, glass, and coins. They made Ken's work at Caesarea possible; he was always grateful to them, and he loved working with them. Thanks are also in order to the Joseph and Mary Keller Foundation for its generous funding of the excavations at Caesarea and to the Shelby White-Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications, funded by the Leon Levy Foundation, for providing support for the work on the final reports from Caesarea. I am grateful that the publication of this volume was made possible by a generous subsidy from the Department of History, University of Maryland, College Park. Needless to say, I must warmly thank Susanne Wilhelm ofISD and Hanan Charaf, the editor of ASOR's Archaeological Reports Series, for all their tireless and much appreciated help on producing this volume. Finally, I want to thank our son, Mark Holum, who spent many summers of his childhood at Caesarea, who loved the site, talked endlessly with Ken about archaeology and about Caesarea, applied what he learned there to his own scholarly work on Hinduism in Medieval India, and made it possible for me to do this volume at all. Marsha L. Rozenblit Silver Spring, MD June 2019

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Chapter 1 Introduction: Combined Caesarea Excavations Inside the Old City by Kenneth G. Holum

cording to Flavius Josephus, the main historian of his reign, King Herod of the Jews built Caesarea between 22 and 10/9 BCE, choosing a site-today 40 km north of Tel Aviv on the Mediterranean coast oflsrael-because it was a suitable place for building a city and harbor, and for the purpose of demonstrating his own magnanimity. Along with the harbor, however, and besides the city's monuments that he mentionstheater and amphitheater, royal palace, streets and sewers, and other "continuous buildings" arranged in a circle around the harbor (fig. 1.1)-Josephus emphasized the Temple Platform among the major sites of new construction that Herod took in hand when he founded the city (cf. Holum 1999: 17-18; Levine 1975: 18-19; Netzer 2006: 94-96; Oleson 1989: 51-53). In the later 70s CE, writing in the Jewish War (1.414), Josephus declared that the new city's imposing temple rose to the east of the harbor upon a "hill of earth'' (gelophos): And opposite the harbor entrance, upon a hill of earth, stood the temple of Caesar, exceptional in both beauty and size. In it were a colossal statue of Caesar, not inferior to the Zeus at Olympia, which it resembled, and a colossal statue of Roma equal to the Hera at Argos.

A decade later, in a parallel passage of the Jewish Antiquities (15.339), Josephus wrote similarly that the temple's location was a "kind of hill" (kolonos tis) in the middle of the city: Surrounding the harbor in a circle are continuous buildings made of highly polished stone, and in their midst a kind of hill upon which is the temple of Caesar, conspicuous to those entering by ship, having two statues, one of Roma, the other of Caesar. Using the expression "kind of hill;' Josephus may well have indicated an elevation that was partly a natural feature and partly an artificial construction. A third, slightly earlier text likewise mentions the same temple at Caesarea, though without referring to the "hill" upon which it stood. Philo the Jew quotes a letter of Herod's grandson, King Agrippa I (reigned 41-44 CE), relating that during the reign of Emperor Tiberius (d. 37 CE) the Roman governor Pontius Pilate had displayed golden shields dedicated to Tiberius at his palace in Jerusalem, and that when the Jews complained of an insult to their religion the Emperor had ordered the shields "brought to Caesarea and dedicated there in the Sebasteion" (Leg. 305, cf. e.g. Meier 1969. On this episode, cf. CIIP 1.14). Since Sebasteion is the

CAESAREA MARITIMA: EXCAVATIONS IN THE OLD CITY 1989-2003 -VOL. 1

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3

HERODIAN CAESAREA (up to 66 CE)

t '

I

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

WALL

DWELLINGS

OUTER HARBOR

The Temple Platform, area TP, in 1986, looking northeast. Area TP extends to the north and northeast of the ruined Crusader church. In the right foreground is area Z, and to the left is area I. Unexcavated area TPS is at the extreme right (A. Levin).

FIG. 1.2

proper Greek word for a "Temple of Augustus;' we do not doubt that this was the same temple that Josephus mentioned.

NATURALTOPOGRAPHYAND NOMENCLATURE

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

HIPPODROME ("AMPHITHEATER"/"STADIUM")

GOVERNOR'S PALACE KEY

EXCAVATED WALL PROJECTED WALL WALL

500m

FIG. 1.1

Herodian Caesarea (A. Iamim).

We also do not hesitate to identify the "kind of hill" in the Josephus text where the Sebasteion or temple to Caesar and Roma stood with an elevated terrace located at Caesarea in the present-day Old City (fig. 1.2). Coterminous with the Medieval (Early Islamic and Crusader) town, and enclosed within the spectacular remains of its Crusader fortifications, the Old City is now the location of restaurants, shops, and other tourist facilities, along with a number of engaging ancient ruins and archaeological sites. In its southeastern sector, measuring roughly 100 m north-south and 90 m east-west, the Temple Platform rises sharply above the grassy slope that in Herod's day was the Inner Harbor basin. In the course of our excavations, it became clear that this

rise was indeed not a natural hill but a ridge of the local kurkar (sandstone) bedrock that ancient builders had extended and leveled by emplacing imported fill soil behind retaining walls. Although its surface reached only +11-12 m, a temple or other monumental building set upon this terrace would nevertheless have dominated Caesarea's essentially flat terrain, and around it the city's buildings would have been laid out "in a circle;' as Josephus claims. A glance at the map of Herod's Caesarea (fig. 1.1) confirms that this terrace was surely the "hill" that Josephus mentioned, for positioned here a temple would indeed have stood, as in Josephus' descriptions, "opposite the harbor entrance" and near the precise geographical center of Herod's city. The Philo passage influenced our nomenclature. It was the confrontation ofJewish Jerusalem with Roman Caesarea evident in the episode of the golden shields that encouraged the excavators to designate the temple site at Caesarea as the Temple Platform, area TP. Thus, we named this site in conscious imitation of the Temple Mount in

Jerusalem, where Herod proceeded with rebuilding the ancient temple to the God of Israel, even as he erected a pagan monument to Roma and Augustus in his new city on the sea (Bernett 2007: 104-26; Holum 2004a; Lichtenberger 1999: 119-21, 131-42; Netzer 2006: 303-4; Richardson 1996: 197, 205, 238, 245-49). By contrast, contemporaries may have known the Temple Platform as the city's Acropolis, for so it appears to be designated in an inscription recently discovered to the south of the Old City.' Nevertheless, when we learned of the new inscription, we had already named this area TP and had added it to adjacent sites in the Old City where exploration had begun earlier: area I, the Inner Harbor basin and its quays, and area Z on the Temple Platform's south and southwest flank (fig. 1.3). THE COMBINED CAESAREA EXPEDITIONS

Beginning in June 1989, the Combined Caesarea Expeditions (CCE)-an international team organized by Kenneth G. Holum of the University of Maryland and Avner Raban of the University of Haifa-excavated all or part of 31 squares on a 10 x 10 m grid within area TP (fig. 1.3), the Temple Platform, and altogether 17 excavation units in adjacent areas I and Z. In addition to these excavations on land, Raban led teams of divers exploring the ancient harbor in the framework of CCE. It is the terrestrial excavations of CCE, however, that are the focus of this volume and indeed, in chron ological extension, of the other volumes in this series that will appear in due course and present a full account of our work.

1

Di Segni 2000: 385, n. 9, reporting a fragment found in area KK that "may contain the word aKp61toAtc;:' She contends that "the term acropolis can only refer to the platform on which the Temple of Augustus had once stood, and the octagonal church was later built:' The evidence is not strong, but Ameling's skepticism seems unwarranted (CIIP 2: 1381). On the other hand, Roller's designation of the Temple Platform as a Capitolium (1998: 138-39) is clearly wrong, since the temple did not contain statues of the triad of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.

Depending upon the willingness and skill of an international group of archaeological volunteers from the United States, Canada, and other countries (Appendix A), guided by a staff of academic scholars and professional or experienced archaeologists (Appendix B), the work in area TP and adjacent areas continued through eleven summer field seasons, 1989-1992, 1995-2000, and 2002, each four to eight weeks in duration, plus study seasons in 2001 and 2003 engaging senior staff only. Holum led CCE since its inception, sharing the directorate with Raban until the latter's death in 2004. In 1993, however, the leadership and structure of CCE became more complex, as indeed did the entire program of archaeological research at Caesarea. In that year, the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), under the leadership of its director-general Amir Drori, organized large-scale, year-around excavations at Caesarea employing hired laborers, and Drori appointed long-time Caesarea excavator Yosef Porath to head a team of the IAA itself. These new large-scale excavations continued until 1998 and expanded into new sectors of ancient Caesarea, including parts of the Old City adjacent to the Temple Platform, but especially into the tract along the seashore to the south of the Old City between the Crusader fortifications and the Herodian-Roman theater. The latter tract came to be known in our parlance as the Southwest Zone. Wishing to participate in the expanded program, Holum and Raban invited Joseph Patrich of Haifa University (later of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem) to join them as a third CCE director (Holum and Raban 1996: xxviixxxii). Although Raban, Patrich, and Holum held a joint license from the Israel Antiquities Authority, by mutual agreement Holum retained principal responsibility for area TP, Raban for areas I and Z, as well as for the underwater excavations, and Patrich for expanded CCE work in the Southwest Zone. Thus, for convenience, we will refer in what follows to the volunteers and staff that Holum directed as the CCE international team and the excavators ofRaban and Patrich as the Haifa team. Hence, beginning in 1993, Holum's international team worked with volunteers only during summer seasons inside the Old City, while Raban of Haifa

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1. INTRODUCTION

CAESAREA MARITIMA: EXCAVATIONS IN THE OLD CITY 1989-2003 - VOL. 1

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50m

HERODIAN STRUCTURES IN AREAS TP, Z, AND I

t

End of 2003 Season

INNER HARBOR

QUA y

AREA! QUAY

KE.Y EXCAVATED WALL PROJECTID WALL

FIG. 1.3 Herodian structures in areas TP, Z, and I (A. Iamim).

continued excavations throughout the year with hired laborers in areas I and Z, and Patrich's Haifa team and Porath's IAA team explored separate sectors of the Southwest Zone. Porath also directed excavations in the same period of two smaller sectors inside the Old City, on the western fa' 10.58 bonded with many other stones in the same course to form a cohesive mass in each course. The mortar here is hard to the touch and gray, with grain-sized charcoal bits, 1----+---~2m lime, pebbles, and broken and BEDROCK~'