Burial Practices in Iron Age Britain, Parts i and ii: A Discussion and Gazetteer of the Evidence c. 700 B.C.-A.D. 43 9781407389592, 9781407389608, 9780860541363, 9781407323664

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
List of Figures
INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 1: INHUMATION IN CENTRAL SOUTHERN ENGLAND: A THEME AND VARIATIONS
CHAPTER 2: DUROTRIGIAN lNHUMATION IN SOUTHERN DORSET
CHAPTER 3: INHUMATION IN SOUTH-WESTERN ENGLAND: THE CIST BURIAL ZONE
CHAPTER 4: LA TENE INHUMATION IN EASTERN YORKSHIRE
CHAPTER 6: LATE LA TENE CREMATION IN SOUTH-EASTERN ENGLAND: THE AYLESFORD CULTURE
CHAPTER 7: PERIPHERAL BURIAL PRACTICES: THE NORTHERN AND WESTERN ZONES
CHAPTER 8: SACRIFICE AND RITUALS OF VIOLENCE
CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A.1
APPENDIX A.2
APPENDIX A.3
Cover Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
APPENDIX A.4
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D.1
APPENDIX D.2
APPENDIX D.3
APPENDIX E
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX G.1
APPENDIX G.2
APPENDIX G.3
APPENDIX H.1
APPENDIX H.2
APPENDIX H.3
APPENDIX I.1
APPENDIX 1.2
APPENDIX J
APPENDIX K
APPENDIX L
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX OF PLACE NAMES

Citation preview

Burial Practices in Iron Age Britain A Discussion and Gazetteer of the Evidence c. 700 B.C.-A.D. 43

Rowan Whimster

Part i

BAR British Series 9o(i) . 1981

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., �I.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, 1\1.A.

B.A.R. 90 (I), 1981: 'Burial Practices in Iron Age Britain' Part I 'l) Rowan W himster, 1981. The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389592 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389608 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860541363 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407323664 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541363 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

CONTENTS Vo lume i P age L ist o f F igures I ntroduct ion a nd a cknow ledgements

1

1 .

I nhumat ion i n c entra l s outhern Eng land: a nd v ar iations

2 .

Durotr ig ian i nhumation i n s outhern Dorset

3 .

I nhumat ion i n s outh-western Eng land : bur ia l z one

4 .

.

7 .

a t heme

4 3 7

t he c ist

L a r ene i nhumat ion i n e astetn Yorkshire

6 0 7 5

I nhumat ions w i th s words

1 29

L ate L a Tbne c remation i n s outh-eastern Eng land: t he Ay lesford Cu lture

1 47

P er iphera l bur ia l p ract ices: western z ones

1 67

t he n orthern a nd

8 .

S acr if ice a nd r i tua ls o f v io lence

1 77

9 .

Conc lus ions

1 90

APPENDICES A .1 A .2 A .3

P i t-bur ia ls

1 98

S ou thern Grave-inhu ma t ions

2 26

D itch-bur ia ls

2 41 Vo lume i

A .4

Rampart bur ia ls

•

Durotr ig ian i nhumat ions,

•

S outh-western c ist i nhumations

2 73

D .1

E astern Yorksh ire:

2 86

D. 2

Square barrow e nclosures r ecorded by a er ia l photography: Yorksh ire

3 10

Sma l l s quare e nc losures r ecorded by a er ia l photography o uts ide Yorksh ire

3 39

D .3

2 49 s outhern Dorset

i nhumat ions

2 53

•

Sword g raves

'3 45

•

L a n ne II c remation bur ia ls

3 54

G .1

Barrows,

3 91

G. 2

Non-La U ne I I c remat ions,

G .3

Cave d epos i ts,

H. 1

Northern Eng land:

c remat ions

4 01

H .2

Northern Eng land:

i nhumations

4 03

H .3

Northern Eng land:

c ave d epos i ts

4 08

s outhern Eng land s outhern Eng land

s outhern Eng land

3 97 3 99

P age 1 .1

S cot land:

c remat ions

4 10

I .2

S cot land:

i nhumat ions

4 11

J

Wa les:

K

I re land :

L

War-graves a nd massacre s i tes

i nhumat ions c remations a nd i nhumat ions

4 17 4 19 4 20

B ib l iography

4 26

I ndex o f p laces

4 49

L IST OF F IGURES

F igure

P age

1

R econs truct ion o f p i t-bur ia l f rom S tafford P lace, Weston-super-Mare, by E . Y . P oo le, 1 885 ( Pho to by c ourtesy o f Woodspr ing Museum)

6

2

P i t-bur ia l, Broad s ta irs, K ent ( Photo : T . C . Champ ion)

7

3

P i t-bur ia l, Rother ley, W i lts ( from P i tt-R ivers, 1 888, P l. 1 26)

7

4

D is tr ibut ion o f l ater I ron Age p i t-bur ia ls

9

5

P i t-bur ia ls :

6

North W i ltsh ire p i t-bur ia ls : p os i t ion

7

D is tr ibut ion o f s outhern g rave i nhuma t ions

1 7

8

F r i lford, Oxon : bur ia l o f a do lescent f ema le w i th in a s take-bu i lt ' r i tua l ' c irc le ( Pho to : D . W . Hard ing)

1 9

9

S outhern g rave i nhuma t ions : p os i t ion

2 0

o r ienta t ion a nd b ody p os i t ion o r ienta t ion a nd b ody

o r ientat ion a nd b ody

1 2 1 3

1 0

D is tr ibut ion o f s outhern d i tch i nhuma t ions

2 6

1 1

S outhern d i tch i nhuma t ions : p os i t ion

2 7

1 2

D is tr ibut ion o f r ampart i nhuma t ions

3 0

1 3

D istr ibut ion o f I ron Age b arrows , f lat-grave c rema t ions a nd c ave d epos its i n s outhern Br i ta in

3 2

1 4

Ma iden C is t le, Dorset, P hase A a nd B i nhuma t ions : o r ienta t ion, b ody p os i t ion, s ex a nd a ge

3 8

1 5

D istr ibut ion o f Durotr ig ian i nhumat ions i n s outhern Dorset

4 1

1 6

Ma iden Cast le, Dorset, P hase C i nhuma t ions : o r ientat ion, b ody p os i t ion, s ex a nd a ge

4 4

1 7

L i tton Cheney, Dorset, o r ientat ion, b ody p os i t ion a nd s ex

4 5

1 8

Wh i tcombe, D orset, o r ienta t ion, b ody p os i t ion a nd s ex

4 5

1 9

Ma iden Cast le, Dorset, ' war c emetery ': b ody p os i t ion, s ex a nd a ge

4 6

2 0

Durotr ig ian i nhuma t ions f rom s outhern Dorset: o r ienta t ion, b ody p os i t ion, s ex a nd a ge

4 8

2 1

Durotr ig ian p ottery by t ype a nd a rchaeo log ica l c ontext

5 6

o r ientat ion a nd b ody

o r ienta t ion,

F igure

P age

2 2

P rov is ion o f Durotr ig ian g rave-goods: B . by s ex a nd a ge

A . by s ex;

5 8

2 3

P rov is ion o f Durotr ig ian g rave-goods: A . by t ype a nd s ex a s numbers; B . by t ype a nd s ex a s p ercentages o f a l l Durotr ig ian bur ia ls

5 9

2 4

D istr ibut ion o f s outh-western c ist g raves

6 1

2 5

Har lyn Bay: p art ia l r econstructed p lan o f bur ia ls e xcavated i n 1 900

6 3

2 6

Har lyn Bay: meta lwork o b jects f rom g raves e xcavated 1 900-1905

6 6

2 7

Har lyn Bay : o b jects o f s tone, g lass, p ottery a nd b one f rom g raves e xcavated 1 900-1905

6 8

2 8

S outh-western c ist bur ia l o r ienta tions: Bay; B . I s les o f S ci l ly

7 3

2 9

D istr ibut ion o f l ater I ron Age i nhumat ions e xcavated i n e astern Yorksh ire

8 0

3 0

D istr ibut ion o f c rop-marks a nd s o i l-marks i n e astern Yorksh ire r ecorded by t he Cambr idge Un ivers ity Comm ittee f or Aer ia l Photography, 1 949-1974

8 3

3 1

D istr ibut ion o f s quare barrows r ecorded a s c ropmarks i n e astern Yorksh ire

8 5

3 2

I nhuma tions a nd s quare barrows i n e astern Yorksh ire: h istogram t o s how p roportiona l f requencies o f g roundb ased a nd a ir-based d iscover ies a t d ifferent a lt i tudes

8 6

3 3

Burton F leming , Humbers ide: a er ia l photograph o f s quare b arrow c emetery ( Photo: Cambr idge Un ivers i ty Co l lect ion, c opyr ight r eserved, BUJ 2 8)

9 0

3 4

F oxho les, Humbers ide: a er ia l photograph o f s quare b arrow c emetery ( Photo: Cambr idge Un ivers i ty Co l lect ion, c opyr ight r eserved, BEF 9 9)

9 1

3 5

S l ingsby, North Yorksh ire: a er ia l photograph o f s quare b arrow c emetery ( Photo: Cambr idge Un ivers i ty Co l lection, c opyr ight r eserved, BRJ 7 5)

9 2

3 6

S l ingsby, North Yorksh ire: b arrow c emetery

9 3

3 7

Carnaby, Humbers ide: a er ia l pho tograph o f s quare b arrow c emetery ( Photo: Cambr idge Un ivers i ty Co l lect ion, c opyr ight r eserved, BEG 6 0)

9 4

3 8

Carnaby, Humbers ide: b arrow c emetery

9 5

3 9

Yorksh ire i nhumat ion c emeter ies:

4 0

Danes Graves, Humbers ide: ( af ter J . R . Mort imer)

4 1

Burton F leming, Humbers ide: 1 968-1975

A . Har lyn

s ketch p lan o f s quare

s ketch p lan o f s quare b ody s ide

o r ientat ion o f s ke letons, o r ientat ion o f s ke letons,

9 8 1 00 1 01

F igure

P age

4 2

Wetwang S lack, Humbers ide: p os i t ion a nd s ex

o r ienta t ions, b ody

4 3

S quare b arrows i n e astern Yorksh ire: g roups a nd h e ight a bove s ea l eve l

4 4

V inneuf , Yonne: a er ia l photograph o f s quare e nc losures ( Pho to : Cambr idge Un ivers i ty C o l lect ion, c opyr ight r eserved, BMM 3 5)

1 19

4 5

D istr ibut ion o f s quare b arrowl ike e nc losures r ecorded a s c rop marks i n B r i ta in by t he Cambr idge Un ivers i ty C omm i ttee f or A er ia l P hotography

1 22

4 6

N or th Muskham, Nottinghamsh ire: a er ia l photograph o f s quare b arrowl ike e nc losures ( Photo : Cambr idge Un ivers i ty C o l lect ion, c opyr ight r eserved, BDF 5 1)

1 24

4 7

Grea tford, L inco lnsh ire: a er ia l pho tograph o f s quareb arrowl ike e nc losures ( Pho to : Cambr idge Un ivers i ty Co l lect ion, c opyr ight r eserved, V-H 5 7)

1 25

4 8

H emingford Grey, Cambr idgesh ire: a er ia l pho tograph o f t hree s quare b arrowl ike e nc losures ( Photo: Cambr idge Un ivers i ty Co l lect ion, c opyr ight r eserved, BYA 1 3)

1 27

4 9

I nhuma t ions w i th s words : a nd a ssoc ia ted o b jects

1 30

5 0

D is tr ibut ion o f l a ter I ron Age bur ia ls w i th s words a nd m irrors

1 32

5 1

S utton Cour tenay, Oxfordsh ire: c ontemporary waterc o lour s ketch, p erhaps by C . Roach Sm i th, o f b rooches a nd a b ronze r ing a ccompany ing a warr ior i nhumat ion o r L ate L a T ene c rema t ions d iscovered i n 1 826 ( copyr ight: Ashmo lean Museum, Oxford)

1 36

5 2

D is tr ibut ion o f Ay lesford Cu lture c rema t ion bur ia ls i n s outh-eas tern Eng land

1 50

5 3

D istr ibut ion o f I ron Age bur ia ls i n n orthern Br i ta in

1 68

s ize o f

o r ienta t ion, b ody p os i t ion

1 02 1 15

I NTRODUCTION AND ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

The a rchaeolog ist , l i ke A l ice , i nhab i ts awor ld o f mudd l ing p erspec t ives. N ot o n ly h as h e t o l earn t o l ook b ackwards a t wha t were o nce f orward- mov ing p rocesses , b u t h e must a lso c on ten t h i mse lf w i th f or ms a nd s ources o f e v idence t ha t wou ld i nduce d espa ir a nd f rustra t ion i n o ther s tuden ts o fh istor ica l s oc ie ty . A s a n thropo log ists , o r a l terna t ive ly h istor ians , work ing i n a n e x tended t imed i mens ion i ti s o ur b usiness t o r econstruct t he o rgan isa t ion a nd d evelop men t o f p ast s oc iet ies n o t f ro m c on te mporary d ocu ments a nd e thnograph ic d escr ipt i ons , b u t t hrough t he l aborious e xa m ina t ion o ft he f ragmen tary r e ma ins o f ma ter ia l c u l ture c rea ted b y p eop le who h ave l ef tb eh ind n o o ther r ecord o f t he mse lves o r t he ir a c t iv i ty . I ti s t herefore e spec ia l ly i ronic , a s t he me lanc ho ly S ir T ho mas B rowne was s o f u l ly a ware o ver t hree h undred y ears a go , t ha t s o me o f t he mos t s ign if ican t a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l a nd t he c losest g l i mpse o ft he men a nd wo men who made i tf or t he ir own b enef i t , s hou ld c o me n ot f ro m t he f ar ms a nd t owns o f t he l i v ing , b u t f ro m t he g raves o f t he d ead. I n t he n ecessar i ly o b ject ive a nd s o met i mes c o ld a ccoun t o f I ron Age f unerary r itua ls t ha t f o l lows we mus t r em ind o urselves c onstan t ly t ha t we a re d ea l ing w ith a c t iv i t ies t ha tw i l l h ave b een o f p rofound emo t iona l a nd s oc ia l s ign if icance t o t hose who p er for med t he m .

I n p ar t icu lar we s hou ld r eca l l w i th g ra t i tude

t ha t ' t i me wh ich a n t iqua tes a n t iqu i t ies a nd h a th a n a rt t o make d ust o f a l l t h ings , h a th y et s pared t hese m inor monu men ts ' ( Browne , 1 658, 4 1) . A lthough t wo p rev ious s tud ies h ave s ough t t o d ef ine t he c harac ter o f b et ter k nown M idd le a nd L a te L a I l ene i nhu ma t ion a nd c re ma t ion r i tes i n r estric ted a reas o f e astern Y orksh ire ( S tead , 1 965) a nd s ou th-eastern E ng land ( B ircha l l , 1 965) , f ew a t te mp ts h ave b een made t o i so la te a nd c o mpare t he me thods o f b ur ia l emp loyed i n o ther a reas o f I ron Age B r i ta in b etween t he c losing o f t he i nsu lar B ronze Age a nd t he C laud ian c onquest o f t hese i s lands i n A .D. 4 3. B ear ing i n m ind t ha tf unerary c usto ms m igh t b e e xpected t o p rov ide s o me o f t he most v a luab le a nd r e l iab le i nd ices o f c u l tura l c on t inu i ty o r c hange , t h is l ack o f a t ten t ion i s r e markab le i n ah a lf c en tury i n wh ich p reh istor ians h ave s ough t e nerget ica l ly t o e xp lain t he d evelopmen t o f B r i t ish I ron Age s oc iety i n t er ms o f o pposed t heories o f c on t inen ta l ly-der ived m igra t ion a nd s e lf-con ta ined i nsu lar e vo lu t ion ( Hawkes , 1 931, 1 958 ;

Hodson , 1 964 ;

C lark , 1 966 ).

I ndeed ,

i t wou ld o n ly s ee m p ossib le t o a ssu me t ha t t he wea l th o f i n for ma t ion p rov ided b y ap rofus ion o fh i l l for t , s et t le men t , c era m ic a nd me ta lwork f or ms h ad c ons isten t ly d istrac ted t he ma jor i ty o f s cho lars f ro m t he s obering r ea l isa t ion t ha t t he g rea ter p art o ft he c oun try was q u i te u nab le t o p rov ide f unerary e v idence t o ma tch t ha t o ft he l ong-recogn ised , a nd s ee m ing ly i n trusive , A rras a nd Ay lesford Cu l tures , a nd t ha t i t s c o m mun i t ies c ou ld t hus b e n e i ther c o mpared n or c on trasted w i th t he ir c on te mporary c on t inen ta l c oun terpar ts i n t er ms o f b ur ia l p rac t ices. A l though t h is s trik ing p auc i ty o f i nsu lar e v idence was a lready b eco m ing a pparen t when C . F . C . Hawkes a nd G . C . Dunn ing d rew a t ten t ion t o t he n ove l , a nd a rchaeo log ica l ly v isib le , c re ma t ion p rac t ices o f t he ir B elg ic

1

c olon ists , i t s s ign if icance was n ot aforded p roper r ecogn i t ion u n t i l F . R . Hodson d ef ined a n a bsence o f b ur ia l s i tes a s as pec if ic f ea ture o f a n i nsu lar 'Woodbury C u l ture ' ( Hawkes a nd Dunn ing , 1 930 ; Cunn ing ton , 1 932 , 3 1 ; Hodson , 1 964 , 2 05) . Because n o s ubsequen t a t te mp ts h ad b een made t o t es t t he v a l id ity o f Hodson 's a ssu mp t ion , o r t o e xp lore i t s b roader c u l tura l i mp l ica t ions , t h is p resen t s tudy was i n i t ia ted w i th t he p urpose o f p rov id ing a t horough r e-appra isa l o f a l l t he d ocu men ted i nsu lar f unerary e v idence . A s ap re l im inary t o a ny a na ly t ica l d iscussion , h owever , i t was e ssen t ia l t ha t efor ts s hou ld f i rs t b e d irected t owards t he p rov ision o f a n e xhaust ive , o r n ear-exhaust ive , c a ta logue o f a l l f or ma l d eposi ts o fh u man r e ma ins r ecovered f ro m c onf ir med o r p robab le I ron Age c on tex ts i n ma in land B r i ta in . U s ing a b r ief a nd i nco mp le te l i st o f b ur ia l a nd c e me tery s i tes c o mp i led b y t he Ordnance S urvey ( 1 962 , 5 3-5) a s as tart ing p o in t , a n i n tensive s earch was c onducted t hrough a l l a va i lab le p ub l ished r eports c on ta ined i n monographs a nd l oca l a nd n a t iona l a rchaeo log ica l j ourna ls.

T h is s urvey , wh ich was

a ugmen ted w i th a dd i t iona l u npub l ished i nfor ma t ion g enerous ly p rov ided b y museu m a u thor i t ies a nd t he d irectors o f more r ecent e xcava t ions , e ven tua l ly r esu lted i n t he a ccu mu la t ion o f c onsiderab ly more ma ter ia l t han h ad b een a n t ic ipa ted i n i t ia l ly , a nd i th as t hus b een f e l t n ecessary t o p resen t t he s ummar ised d a ta i n t he f or m o f as eries o f c lass if ied a ppend ices ( A-L ) t ha t r ef lec t b road ly t he r i tua l a nd r eg iona l g roup ings d ef ined i n t he a cco mpany ing c hap ters o f t he t ex t .

W i th in e ach c a ta logue s ect ion s i tes a re a rranged b y c oun ty a nd

c iv il p ar ish , i nd iv idua l e n tr ies c o mpr is ing a s ix- o r f our-f igure g r id-reference a nd b r ief d escr ip t ions o ft he b ur ia l o r b ur ia ls c oncerned , t ogether w i th r eferences t o t he p r i mary a nd more impor tan t s econdary p ub l ished s ources. A l though t h is a rrange men t s u i ts t he p urposes o f t h is p resen t s tudy , i t must n evertheless b e emphasised t ha t i tc anno t y e t b e r egarded a s a ny th ing o ther t han a f l ex ib le i n ter im c lassif ica t ion d es igned t o r ef lec t t he s o mewha t c rude t he ma t ic v ar ia t ions a nd c onsistenc ies t ha t c an s o f ar b e o bserved . I n t he s ec t ion t ha t p recedes t he c a ta logue t he a va i lab le e v idence i s d iscussed w ith in t he f ra mework o f as er ies o fc hap ters wh ich a ga in r ef lec t p r inc ipa l r i tua l o r g eograph ica l t he mes.

T he f i rst s even o f t hese s ec t ions a re a l l

c oncerned w ith c onven t iona l b ur ia l t echn iques , b u t a n e igh th s teps a side f ro m o rthodox f unerary p rocedures a nd t urns i t s a t ten t ion t o t he p rob le ms p resen ted b y a more c o mp l ica ted a nd e so ter ic r ange o f a c t iv i t ies t ha t a ppear t o h ave made u se o fh u man s ub jec ts f or p urposes t ha t may i nc lude h ead-hun t ing , v o t ive b ur ia l a nd h u man s acr if ice . A l though s o me e f for ts h ave b een made t o c ons ider t he b roader c hrono log ica l a nd c u l tura l imp l ica t ions o f o b jec ts p rov ided a s f or ma l g rave-goods w i th b ur ia ls f ro m p ar t icu lar z ones , i t must b e emphasised t ha t l im i ta t ions o f t ime h ave i n most c ases p reven ted d eta i led f i rst-hand e xa m ina t ion o f s uch ma ter ia l a nd t ha t t he e ssen t ia l c oncern o f t h is s tudy h as , i n a ny c ase , b een c o mpar ison o fb ur ia l p erfor mances i n t he more r estr ic ted t er ms o f t he ir r i tua l a nd s oc ia l c harac ter ist ics .

I n t he p ages t ha t f o l low i tw il l t hus b e f ound t ha t ma ter ia l

o b jects a re c onsidered p r inc ipal ly f ro m t he p o in t o fv iew o f t heir s e lec t ion a s a ppropr ia te f unerary a cco mpan i men ts , r a ther t han f or t he ir i ndependen t t ypo log ica l v a lue.

I n t h is r espect t hey h ave b een t rea ted , a long w i th s uch 2

f ea tures a s t he s hape a nd s ize o f g raves , t he p osture a nd o r ien ta t ion o f b od ies a nd t he s ize a nd l oca t ion o fb ur ia l g rounds , a s s oc ia l ly-der ived c o mponen t f unerary e le ments t ha t c an a ss is t i n t he d ef in i t ion o ft he v ar ious b ur ia l t rad it ions u nder d iscuss ion . The s tudy whose r esu l ts a re p resen ted h ere was c arr ied o u t d ur ing a p er iod o ff u l l-t i me r esearch i n t he Depar tmen t o f Archaeo logy a t t he U n ivers ity o f Durha m b e tween 1 971-1974 a nd o n ap ar t-t i me b as is wh i le Iwas l a ter emp loyed b y t he C o mm i t tee f or A er ia l P ho tography a t t he U n iversi ty o f C a mbr idge . E ar ly i n 1 974 a t hree mon th p er iod was s pen t work ing o n p ub l ished ma ter ia l i n t he l i brar ies o f t he I nst i tu te o f A rchaeo logy a nd t he Ash mo lean Museu m i n Ox ford a t t he k ind i nv i ta t ion o f P rofessor B . W. C un l if fe .

The

a cco mpany ing t ex t a nd c a ta logue were c o mp le ted i n 1 978 a nd i nc lude i nfor ma t ion o b ta ined u p t o 1 976. Apar t f ro m a n u mber o f minor amend men ts , n o a t te mp t h as b een made t o i ncorpora te d e ta i ls o f r ecen t d iscover ies o r t o mod ify t he o r ig ina l d iscussion a nd c onc lus ions .

A l though c er ta in p ar t ia l ly e xp lored

t he mes u ndoub ted ly d e mand f ur ther e x tended c ons idera t ion , i th as b een f e l t t ha t t hese s hou ld b e r eserved f or f u ture s pec ia l ised t rea t men t i n o rder t ha t t he b as ic b ody o f i n for ma t ion , f or a l l i t s weaknesses , may b e made a va i lab le wh i le s t i l l r e la t ive ly f resh a nd u p-to-da te . P ar ts o f C hapter 3 h ave p rev ious ly b een p ubl ished i n C orn ish Archaeo logy ( Wh i ms ter , 1 977b ) a nd a re r eproduced h ere b y k ind p erm iss ion o f t he C ounc i l o f t he C ornwa l l Archa eolog ica l S oc iety. I n a dd it ion t o t he n u merous i nd iv idua ls a nd i nst i tut ions who were g enerous e nough t o p rov ide d e ta iled i n for ma t ion r egard ing u npub l ished ma ter ia l i n t he ir c are a nd whose a ss is tance i s a cknow ledged where a ppropr ia te i n t he c a ta logue t ha t f or ms t he s econd p art o ft h is work , Iowe s pec if ic t hanks t o t he f o l low ing p eop le whose o bserva t ions a nd c o m men ts r ece ived i n c orrespondence a nd i nfor ma l d iscuss ion h ave b een o f e spec ia l v a lue : Mr P . A shbee ; P rofessor B . W. C un l if fe ; Dr . T . C ha mp ion ; Mr J . S . Den t ; P rofessor P -R . G iot ; P rofessor C . F . C . Hawkes ; P rofessor E . M . J ope ; Dr J . G . M . R i tch ie a nd Dr M . G . S pra t l ing .

More importan t s t il l h as b een t he c on t inu ing

e ncourage ment o f my f or mer r esearch s uperv isor , P rofessor D . W . Hard ing , a nd t he s t i mu la t ing s uppor t p rov ided b y Dr I . M . S tead , whose s pec ia l k now ledge o f L a T ene b ur ia ls i n B r i ta in a nd F rance h as b een a c onsisten t a nd f ree ly g iven s ource o fi nsp ira t ion . F ina l ly , t o my w ife S usan Iowe t hanks o f av ery p ar t icu lar k ind f or l i v ing s o p a t ien t ly t hrough t he l ong g es ta t ion o ft h is work a nd f or p rov id ing much-needed a ss istance i n t he p repara t ion a nd e d it ing o f t he d ra f t t ex t a nd f i na l t ypescr ip t .

3

CHAPTER 1 I NHU MATION I N CENTRAL S OUTHERN ENGLAND : A THE ME AND VARIATIONS

F or b o th h istor ica l a nd g eograph ica l r easons a ny c o mpara t ive s tudy o f I ron Age c u l tura l t rad i t ions i n s ou thern B r i ta in must i nev i tab ly b eg in w i th t he c en tra l l ow land z one whose p rofus ion o f v is ib le d efens ive a nd o pen s e t t le men t s i tes h as i nsp ired s uch i n tens ive a rchaeo log ica l a c t iv i ty s ince t he c los ing d ecades o ft he 1 9 th c en tury a nd h as l ed ,t o t he r ecogn i t ion o f t he a rea a s s o met h ing o f ah ear t land f or t he d eve lop men t o f I ron Age s oc iety d ur ing t he l a ter f i rst m i l lenn iu m B .C . Desp i te g row ing a wareness o ft he e x ten t a nd c u ltura l impor tance o f c on te mporary s et t le men t e lsewhere i n t he c oun try , t he o verr id ing wea l th o f ma ter ia l f ro m e xcava t ions c onduc ted s ou th o f al i ne d rawn b etween G loucestersh ire i n t he West a nd C a mbr idgesh ire i n t he e ast h as c on t inued t o d om ina te modern a ccoun ts o f t he B r i t ish p re-Ro man I ron Age , r egard less o f whe ther t hese h ave f avoured t heor ies o f c on t inen ta l i nvas ion a nd d ifus ion , o r i nsu lar e vo lu t ion ( Hawkes , 1 959 ; 1 974 ;

Hard ing , 1 974 ) .

H odson , 1 964 ;

C un l if fe ,

I n l ook ing a t f unerary r i tes , moreover , t here a re

s ound g eograph ica l r easons f or c onsider ing t he a rea b efore a ny o ther , s ince t he s ou thern z one w i l l s ubsequen t ly b e f ound t o p rov ide a n e ssen t ia l t err itor ia l b r idge when c o mpar ing r e la ted t rad it ions f ro m C ornwa l l i n t he s ou th-west a nd Y orksh ire t o t he n or th . A s we h ave a lready s een , a n a pparen t a bsence o fp re-La T bne I I I ron Age b ur ia ls i n t he r eg ion was f i rst r ecogn ised n ear ly 5 0 y ears a go ( Ctmn ing ton , 1 932 , 3 1) .

T h is embarrass ing l acuna i n t he ma ter ia l a sse mb lage was t hen

l arge ly i gnored u n t i l Hodson f or ma l ly e stab l ished i ta s as pec if ic ' nega t ive t ype-foss i l ' o fh is i nsu lar a nd o therw ise ma ter ia l ly p ro l if ic Woodbury Cu l ture ( Hodson , 1 964 , 2 05) .

S ubsequen t ly b o th C un l if fe a nd Hard ing h ave u nw i l l ing ly

a cceded t o Hodson 's c onc lus ion t ha t n o ma jor b ur ia l t rad i t ions c ou ld b e i den t if ied i n t he a rea b efore t he i n troduct ion o f c re ma t ion i n t he l a t ter p ar t o f t he f i rs t c entury B .C ., a l though b o th were a b le t o d raw a t ten t ion t o ah andfu l o fd iscover ies t ha t s uggested t he o ccasiona l u se o fi nhu ma t ion i n t he e ar l ier c entur ies , a lbe i t i n a n a pparen t ly h aphazard a nd r i tua l ly i l l-def ined manner ( Cun l if fe , 1 974 , 2 92 ; Hard ing , 1 974 , 1 13) . Our e ssen t ia l p urpose i n t h is c hap ter , t herefore , w il l b e a more c arefu l e xa m ina t ion o ft he e xa mp les o f b ur ia l t ha t h ave b een f ound i n t he r eg ion i n o rder t o d e ter m ine whe ther t he a bsence o ff or ma l d isposa l r i tua ls i s r ea l , o r i s mere ly t he r esu l t o f e ar l ier f a i lures t o a sse mb le a nd c o l la te t he e x ist ing , b u t s ca t tered , e v idence . Ad e ta i led s earch t hrough t he l i tera ture s hows t ha t h uman r e ma ins h ave b een f ound i n I ron Age c on tex ts i n t he r eg ion o n n umerous o ccasions , a l though u nt i l r ecent ly t he i so la ted a nd r e la t ive ly u nspec tacu lar n a ture o ft he ma jor i ty o f t hese b ur ia ls h as r esu l ted i n t he ir s u mmary d is m issa l b y e xcava tors a s c asua l i n ter men ts o f m in i ma l c o mpara t ive i n terest . 4

More d eta iled c ons idera t ion

o ft h is o lder ma ter ia l , t ogether w ith t he r ap id ly i ncreasing e v idence d er ived f ro m modern , l arge-sca le a rea e xcava t ion o f s e t t le men t a nd h i l lfort s i tes s hows t ha t c er ta in c o m mon t he mes c an b e i den t if ied , a nd may a l low t he i so la t ion o fo ne o r more r e la ted d isposa l t rad i t ions u sed o ver aw ide a rea d ur ing t he l a ter c entur ies o ft he p re-Ro man I ron Age . The ma jor i ty o ft hese b ur ia ls t ake t he f or m o f i nhu ma t ions a nd o ne o ft he p r inc ipa l r easons f or t he ir h av ing b een i gnored p rev ious ly i s t ha t o n ly a h andf u l a re a ssoc ia ted w i th a ny f or m o f g rave g oods. Many , moreover , h ave b een f ound a s i so la ted b ur ia ls w ith in s et t le men t a reas r a ther t han a s me mbers o f f or ma l c e me ter ies. I n d ea l ing w i th t hese e xamp les i tw i l l b e n ecessary , t herefore , t o work s o le ly i n t er ms o f t he f unerary p erfor mance a s r epresen ted i n t he f or m o ft he g rave a nd t he d isposi t ion o ft he b ody i tc on ta ins.

A l though

s uch a p rocedure may p er m i t t he i den t if ica t ion o f s evera l r ecurren t r i tua l t he mes , t he a bsence o f a cco mpany ing o b jec ts w i l l p roh ib i t t he d ef in it ion o f a ny th ing more t han a c rude r e la t ive ' c hrono logy a t t h is s tage. Before a t te mp t ing a ny a ssess men t o ft he i nhu ma t ion t rad i t ion a s awho le i tw il l b e u sefu l t o e xa m ine t he b ur ia ls i n t urn , a ccord ing t o t he f our b as ic c on tex ts i n wh ich t hey a re f ound. Abou t h a lf t he t o ta l n u mber o f i nhu ma t ions h ave b een l oca ted w i th in t he f i l l ings o fd itches , i n , o r b enea th , h i l lfor t r ampar ts a nd i n av ar iety o f s i mp le e ar thern g raves.

The r e ma inder , wh ich f or m t he

most c oheren t g roup , a l l d er ive f ro m s torage p i ts a nd p rov ide t he b asis f or a ny i n terpreta t ion o ft he c o mb ined s equence. P i t-bur ia l T he s i tes a nd t he ir d is tr ibu t ion Between t he m idd le o ft he 1 9th c en tury a nd 1 976 a t l east 1 74 i nd iv idua l i nhu ma t ions h ave b een r ecorded f ro m t he f i l l ings o f s torage a nd s im i lar p i ts w ith in t he c onf ines o fh i l lfor ts a nd o pen f ar m ing s e t t le men ts.

One o ft he

e ar l iest c oheren t d escr ip t ions o f s uch b ur ia ls emerges f ro m C . W. Dymond a nd H . G . T o mk in is work a t Wqr lebury , Avon , where g roups o f b a t t le-wounded s ke le tons were f ound i n a t l east f our o f t he p i ts e xcava ted b e tween 1 851 a nd 1 852 ( A .1.4 ). Wi th in a f ew y ears o ft h is f i rst d iscovery a no ther S o merse t a n t iquary , W i l l ia m L ong , r ecovered a s ing le s ke le ton f ro m a p i t o n Wa l ton C o m mon , n ear C levedon ( A .1.3 ) , wh i le i n o ther p ar ts o f t he c oun try s im i lar b ur ia ls were r evea led i n t he c ourse o fq uarry ing work a t Hod H il l , Dorse t ( A.1.14) a nd a t t he N ortha mp tonsh ire h i l lfor t o f Hunsbury ( A .1.26 ) . None o f t hese v ery e ar ly d escr ip t ions i s b acked u p b y s uppor t ing i l lustra t ions , h owever , a nd t he c red i t f or p rov id ing t he f i rst d raw ing o f ap i t s ec t ion w i th a b ur ia l i n s i tu mus t g o t o E . Y . P oo le , a Weston-super- Mare t i leworks f ore man whose d e l igh tfu l ly imag ina t ive s ketch o f a n i nhu ma t ion f ound i n 1 885 a t S taf ford P lace , Weston ( A.1.5) i s r eproduced i n F ig . 1 . A l though f ur ther a cciden ta l f inds h ave s ince b een made , t he ma jor ity o f t he r e ma in ing p i t-bur ia ls h ave c o me t o l i gh t i n t he c ourse o ff or ma l e xcava t ion. T he r a te o fd iscovery h as b een v ar iab le , h owever , a nd s ee ms t o b e r e la ted d irec t ly t o c hang ing a t t itudes a nd a pproaches t o t he e xcava t ion o f s e t t le men t a nd d efens ive s i tes.

U n t i l af ew y ears a go t he e xcava t ion o f o pen f arming

s i tes t ended , w ith s o me e xcep t ions , t o b e l im i ted i n s ca le , wh i le work o n t he 5

9 5 7 i 6

i c i e r /1 :3rd

g era , 7 20

s p y ,L i e4 . 4 eAcca, c4D t a c ee o uz i . . ;4 : 0 e er g . c t d e n , h 4 -w o t . o t d

F ig. 1

Reconstruct ion o f p it-bur ia l f rom S tafford P lace, Westons uper-Mare, by E . Y . P oo le, 1 885 ( Pho to by c ourtesy o f Woodspr ing Museum) 6

n u merous ma jor h i l lfor ts o ft he r eg ion c oncen tra ted o n i nves t iga t ion o ft he d efences , o f ten a t t he e xpense o ft he o ccup ied i n ter ior a reas .

A s ar esu l t ,

o n ly v ery sma l l s a mp les o f s torage p i ts w ith in s uch s i tes were e xa m ined a nd d iscover ies o fa ssoc ia ted b ur ia ls were i nev i tab ly i n ter m i t ten t , f ew s i tes e ver r evea l ing more t han o ne o r t wo i so la ted e xamp les. T he e xa m ina t ion o f more r epresen ta t ive g roups o fp i ts h owever , c an l ead t o t he d iscovery o fb ur ia ls i n l arger n u mbers.

Th is was f i rs t d e monstra ted b y P i t t-R ivers 's e x tens ive

a nd me thod ica l work w i th in t he C ranborne C hase s et t le men ts a t Ro ther ley ( A.1.35) , Woodcu t ts ( A .1.11) a nd Woodya tes ( A .1.12) , b u t was n o t r e inforced u n t i l l arge s ca le e xcava t ions were c arr ied o u t w i th s im i lar r esu l ts a t b oth Ma iden C ast le ( A.1.15) a nd Hod H i l l ( A.1.14 ) i n Dorse t . I n r ecen t y ears t he t rend t owards e x tens ive a rea e xcava t ion h as l ed t o t he e xa m ina t ion o f i ncreas ing ly l arge g roups o fp i ts wh ich i n t urn h ave b egun t o y ie ld f ur ther e v idence t ha t p i t-bur ia l may h ave b een a r egu lar , r a ther t han a n e xcep t iona l , p rac t ice . A t Ma iden C ast le a t l east s even a du l t s ke letons were f ound i n t he f i l l ings o f c onven t iona l s torage p i ts a nd a s im ilar n u mber were r ecorded a t Danebury , Han ts , b etween 1 971 a nd 1 973 ( A.1.20). I ncreasing n u mbers o f g roups o f t wo o r more b ur ia ls h ave a lso b een r eported f ro m o pen s et t le men ts t hroughou t t he r eg ion , a l though n one o ft hese h as y et c o mpared w ith C hr iston , Avon , where n o l ess t han 1 1 o f at o ta l o f6 5 p i ts y ie lded a du l t s ke letons ( A .1.2) , o r G ussage a l l-Sa ints w i th 1 0 a du l t a nd 3 1 i n fan t p i t-bur ia ls ( A.1.10) . E v idence o b ta ined b efore t he S econd Wor ld War t ended t o i nd ica te t ha t t he ma jor i ty o fp i t-bur ia ls were c oncen tra ted o n t he c ha lk lands o f c en tra l Wessex , w i th o n ly t he t h innest s ca t ter o f e xa mp les e x tend ing t o t he n or thwest a nd n orth-east .

Wh i le s ubsequen t work h as c onf ir med t ha t n or thern

Dorse t , Wi l tsh ire a nd Ha mpsh ire s t i l l h ave t he ma jor s hare o f t he k nown e xa mp les , a n i ncreasing n u mber o fn ew d iscover ies d e monstra tes t ha t t he o vera l l d istr ibu t ion c overs a much w ider a rea , e x tend ing f ro m Dorse t i n a n orth-easter ly d irec t ion a s f ar a s N or tha mp tonsh ire a nd p ossib ly N or fo lk ( F ig . 4 ).

No c onven t iona l p i t-bur ia ls h ave e ver b een r ecorded t o t he wes t o f

t he R iver Parro t t , h owever , a nd a s im i lar d ear th i n s ou th-eastern E ng land i s b roken o n ly b y e xa mp les f ro m a s ing le s i te a t B roads ta irs , Ken t ( A .1.22) . A l though t he b ur ia ls f ro m Hard ingstone ( A .1.27 ) , Twywe l l ( A .1 .28 ) a nd Hunsbury ( A .1.26 ) , N orthan ts , a nd Roudha m , N orfo lk ( A .1.24) s how a s trong n orther ly e x tens ion i n t he e astern p ar t o ft he r eg ion , t here i s n o p ara l le l s er ies o f b ur ia ls t o c arry t he d istr ibu t ion i n to t he Wes t M id lands. The a bsence o f p i t-bur ia ls f ur ther t o t he n or th i s i ndeed s o s tr ik ing t ha t t he r ecen t d iscovery o f c rouched s keletons w i th in p i ts a t L edston , West Y orksh ire ( A .1.34 ) may r equ ire q u i te s epara te i n terpreta t ion p ure ly o n t he g rounds o f g eograph ica l i so la t ion . A l though t h is d istr ibu t ion o f p i t-inhu ma t ions may i n i t ia l ly h ave b een d istorted b y t he i n tensi ty o f a rchaeo log ica l a c t iv i ty i n t he Wessex r eg ion , t he b a lance h as n ow b een a t l east p ar t ia l ly r estored a s ar esu l t o f more i ntensive work e lsewhere . I t wou ld n ever theless s ee m t ha t p i t-buria ls a re n ever e ncoun tered amongst t he e x tensive I ron Age s et t le men ts o n t he r iver g ravels o ft he East a nd West M id lands o r s ou thern E ssex b u t a re i nstead r estric ted t o t hose a reas o fh igher g round where t he c onstruct ion o f s torage p its i s a n i n tegra l a spec t o ft he l oca l e cono m ic s yste m . T he d egree o ft h is c oinc idence c an b e c lear ly s een when t he d istr ibu t ion o ft he b ur ia ls i s c o mpared 8

C l ) ; • • 4

•0

•r • • I

C . ) b .C )

0 ; • 4

; 4

4 4

, z ) •

b i )

9

w i th t ha t o f s torage p i ts i n g enera l . A l though P iggo t t 's wel l-known map o f s i tes w i th p i ts c ou ld n ow b e a ug men ted w i th n umerous f ur ther e xa mp les , t he o vera l l r estr ic t ion o fh is d istr ibu t ion t o t he c ha lk lands o f s ou thern Wessex , t he J urassic R idge a nd t he s ou thern C o tswo lds s t i l l h o lds g ood , a nd d e mons tra tes efec t ive ly t ha t p i t-bur ia ls e x tend t hroughou t , b u t n o t b eyond t h is a rea ( P iggo t t , 1 958, 1 0 ) . F urther more , i t wou ld s ee m t ha t t he r e la t ive d ensi ty o f b ur ia ls w i th in t h is a rea a lso a ccords w i th t ha t o ft he p i t s i tes , a ga in s uggest ing t ha t t he d iscovery o ff ur ther b ur ia ls w i l l p robab ly c on t inue i n d irec t p roport ion t o t he n u mber o f p i ts e xcava ted . R i tua l c haracter ist ics 1 .

P i ts a nd g raves

T he b asic c r i ter ion u sed t o d ist ingu ish b ur ia ls o ft h is g roup i s t ha t t he b ody s hou ld h ave b een f ound w i th in a p i t o r ig ina l ly e xcava ted f or a p urpose o ther t han t he d isposa l o ft he d ead . A l though i ti s n ow g enera l ly a ccep ted t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f l arger p i ts , b oth w i th in h i l lfor ts a nd o n o pen o r l igh t ly d efended s et t le men ts o ft he t ype l ong-charac ter ised b y L i t t le Woodbury ( Bersu , 1 940) , were u sed f or t he s torage o fp arched c erea l g ra in i n tended f or c onsu mp t ion , t here i s e vidence t ha t s im i lar f ea tures may a lso h ave s erved aw ider r ange o f e cono m ic f unct ions ( Hard ing , 1 974 , 7 8-79 ;

E l l ison a nd D rewet t , 1 971) .

F or o ur p resen t p urposes t he p rec ise o r ig ina l f unc t ion o f ap i t i s o f l ess impor tance t han t he f ac t t ha t when d efunct i tb eco mes a c onven ient r ecep tac le f or t he d isposa l o fg enera l o ccupa t iona l r efuse a nd h as , more s pec if ica l ly , t he p o ten t ia l t o s erve a s ar eady- made g rave .

L eav ing a s ide f or t he p resen t

t he q uest ion o f why i ts hou ld h ave b een f e l t a ppropr ia te t o b ury c er ta in i nd iv idua ls n o t o n ly w i th in t he c onf ines o f a n o ccup ied a rea , b u t i n p its n or ma l ly a ssoc ia ted w ith d ist inc t ly s ecu lar d o mest ic g arbage , i th as t o b e a dm i t ted t ha t r e-use o f a n e x ist ing h o le wou ld h ave s aved c onsiderab le efor t o therw ise n eeded t o d ig a f or ma l g rave i n t he s o l id c ha lk o r l imestone o n wh ich most o f t he s i tes l i e. C arefu l c onsidera t ion o f e xcava tors ' d escr ip t ions i nd ica tes t ha t b uria l was n ot o n ly p erfor med o n t he f l oors o f emp ty p i ts , a s a t Marnhu l l , C aster ley o r B roadsta irs ( A .1.13 ; A .1.44 ; A .1.22 a nd F ig . 3 ) , b u t f requen t ly t ook p lace i n e xa mp les t ha t were a lready h a lf-f i l led w i th g enera l o ccupa t iona l d ebr is ( A .1.3 ; A .1.19.1 ; A .1.20.1). I n o ther i nstances s econdary e xcavat ions , p erhaps more c orrec t ly c onsidered a s g raves , were d ug i n to t he l oose ly p acked a nd l ess r esistan t c on ten ts o fp i ts a lready f i l led t o t he ir b r i ms. Exa mp les o f r ecu t p i ts a re s pec if ica l ly r ecorded f ro m Twywe l l , Hod H i ll a nd Ma iden C as t le , Win terbourne S toke a nd B eck ford ( A .1.28.2 ; A .1.14.4 ; A .1.15.2 ;

A .1.45 ;

A .2.21.2) , b u t s uch p i ts s ee m t o h ave b een e xcep t iona l ,

p erhaps u sed when n one o ft he p referred emp ty o r h a lf-f il led p i ts were a va i lab le. I ti s a lso i mpor tan t t o n ote a n u mber o f a dd i t iona l c ha lk c u t p i ts t ha t may h ave b een d ug s pec if ica l ly f or t he p urpose o fb ur ia l , e ven t hough t hey s uperf i c ia l ly , a nd p erhaps i n ten t iona l ly , r ese mb le c onven t iona l s torage p i ts. A u n ique ly s haped f ea ture f ro m Wor thy Down ( A.1.19.2) , f or i nstance , c o mpr ised a sma l l c ircu lar p i t , c on ta in ing a t igh t ly c on trac ted s kele ton , a ppended t o a t rapezo ida l e x tension o fu ncer ta in p urpose. S im i lar ly s pec ia l ised a re a t l east

1 0

t wo p i ts f ro m Danebury ( A .1.20.3 a nd 8 ) i n wh ich t he f l oors h ad b een a l lowed t o d evelop n a tura l l ayers o f s i l t b efore b ur ia l t ook p lace.

B o th t hese e xamp les

were o f a n e xcep t iona l e longa ted s hape a nd i n o ne i nstance c onta ined a s ing le d is me mbered s kele ton a nd i n t he o ther a n e x tended s keleton , as econd d isme mbered i nd iv idua l a nd a n i nfant .

I n v iew o ft he ir c lear ly a bnor ma l n ature ,

h owever , t hese t wo p i ts p robab ly r epresen t a mod if ica t ion o f t he b asic a nd e ssen t ia l ly s i mp ler p i tinhu ma t ion t he me a nd w i l l r equ ire more d e ta i led c onsidera t ion a t al a ter s tage. 2 .

Body p osi t ion The f i rst s ign if ican t f ea ture t o emerge f ro m a c o mpar ison o ft he r ecorded

p i tinhu ma t ions i s t ha tw ith t he e xcep t ion o f as ing le s pec ia l ised b ur ia l f ro m Danebury ( A .1.20.3) , n o s ke le ton h as e ver b een f ound i n af u l ly e x tended p osi t ion .

I nstead , a l l t he e xa mp les l i e w i th t he l egs b en t a t t he k nees a nd

h ips o r a t t he k nees a lone ( Figs. 2 -3 ) .

T he d egree o ft h is c ontrac t ion v ar ies

c onsiderab ly , h owever , w i th s o me b od ies e xh ib i t ing l i t t le more t han l i gh t f l ex ing o ft he k nees a nd o thers l y ing s o t igh t ly c rouched t ha t i t wou ld a ppear t ha t t hey h ad b een b ound i n to p osi t ion p r ior t o b ur ia l . I n t he g rea t ma jor i ty o f i nstances s ke le tons a re f ound l y ing o n t he ir s ides , a l though a t l eas t s ix i nd iv idua ls h ave b een f ound l y ing o n t he ir b acks w ith t he l egs d rawn u p a bove t he b ody . Wh i le t here c an b e l i t t le d oub t t ha t t he l imbs o ft he c rouched o r f u l ly c on trac ted i nd iv idua ls h ad b een c arefu l ly a ranged , t here mus t b e ac er ta in d oub t r egarding t hose s ke le tons whose l igh t ly f l exed l egs a nd o ccas iona l ly o u tstretched a r ms c ou ld e qua l ly wel l r esu l t f ro m g enu ine ly c asua l a nd i nfor ma l d eposi t ion .

S o me o r a l l o ft he i nd iv idua ls b ear ing l e tha l s word i n jur ies f ro m

p i ts a t Wor lebury ( A .1.4) , f or i nstance , may s i mp ly h ave b een b ur ied a s b a t t le d ead , wh i le a s im i lar e xp lana t ion may b e c a l led f or i n t he c ase o f a6y ear o ld c h i ld , a ga in w i th s evere s word c u ts t o t he s ku l l , who h ad b een t hrown h ead-f irs t i n to P i t 6 2 a t Woodcu t ts ( A.1.11.1) .

I t wou ld b e u nw ise , h owever ,

t o r elega te a l l l igh t ly f l exed o r s praw led s ke letons t o t he c a tegory o f n onr itua l d isposa l , a s many e ar l ier e xcava tors were t e mp ted t o d o , f or an umber o ft hese b ur ia ls , i nc lud ing a n e xa mp le f ro m L ongbr idge Dever i l l , Wi l ts ( A.1. 4 0.1) s t i l l c on tr ive t o s how o ther r i tua l c harac ter ist ics wh ich a l low t he ir i nc lusion amongst t he s equence o fp roper ly c rouched i nhu ma t ions. Ex ist ing e v idence p rov ides n o i nd ica t ion t ha t a ny p art icu lar f actors g overned t he d egree o fc on trac t ion u sed , n or i s t here a ny i nd ica t ion t ha t p ara l lel r egu la t ions afec ted t he p os i t ion ing o ft he a r ms. A l though t he h ands o f s o me s ke le tons a re p laced n ea t ly t ogether c lose t o t he c hest o r f ace , t he a r ms o f most s how l i t t le s ign o fc arefu l p osi t ion ing , l y ing f l exed o r e x tended a longside o r o u tstretched f ro m t he b ody . I n a dd i t ion t o 1 5 e xa mp les o fb odies p laced o n t he b ack i ti s p oss ib le t o d eterm ine t ha t r a ther more t han h a lf ( 6 2% ) o ft he r e ma in ing 7 6 s ke le tons f or wh ich d e ta i ls a re a va i lab le were p laced o n t he ir l ef t s ides r a ther t han o n t he ir r ig h t ( Fig . 5 ) .

A l though t he s a mp le i s t oo sma l l t o h ave g rea t s ta t ist ica l

r e l iab i l i ty , t h is p reference i s p ar t icu lar ly we l l-def ined i n W i l tsh ire n orth o f t he R iver N adder , where 9 o u t o f 1 3 i nhu ma t ions f ro m a t o ta l o f 8s i tes l ay o n t he ir l ef t r a ther t han r igh t s ides ( F ig .6).

1

C rouched R igh t

L e f t

B ack

T o ta l

Ma le

9

1 3

5

2 7

F ema le

1 6

1 6

1

3 3

U n-sexed a du lt

4

1 0

3

1 7

C h i ld

-

8

6

1 4

T o ta l

2 9

4 7

1 5

9 1 -

: l i t ••

»go • ••• • ••

• •

••••

•

S Ma le

3 2

F ema le

3 6

U n- s exed a du l t

44

C h i ld

8

I n fan t u nde r 2y ea rs

5 4

T o ta l

1 74

F ig. 5

P it-bur ia ls:

o r ientat ion a nd b ody p os it ion 1 2

E

R igh t

L e f t

B ack

T o ta l

Ma le

1

2

1

4

F ema le

2

3

5

U n-sexed a du lt

2

2

C h i ld

2

2

T o ta l

r

3

9

1

1 3

N •• ••••

•

•

W

.

S Ma le

4

F ema le

5

U n-sexed a du l t

2

C h i ld

2

T o ta l

1 3

F ig. 6

Nor th W i ltsh ire p it-bur ia ls: 1 3

o r ienta t ion a nd b ody p os it ion

Ev idence f ro m h i l lfor ts a nd s e t t le men ts s uch a s Ma iden C as t le , S a l monsbury , G ussagea l l-Sa in ts a nd Rother ley ( A .1.15 ;

A .1.16 ;

A .1.10 ;

A .1.35) o n t he o ther h and i nd ica tes t ha t t here n eed n o t a lways b e c onfor m i ty o fb ody s ide w ith in a ny p ar t icu lar c o mmun i ty ; n or d oes t here a ppear t o b e a ny marked s exua l d ist inc t ion b e tween r igh t a nd l ef t . I ts hou ld n ever the less b e b orne i n mind t ha t t he ma jori ty o ft hese s ke le tons were s exed a t t he t ime o ft he ir e xcava t iön o r s hor t ly a f terwards a nd i n v iew o f r ecen t ly e xpressed misg iv ings r egard ing e ar l ier p rocedures f or t he d e termina t ion o f s ex i t wou ld t herefore b e u nw ise t o p lace t oo much f a i th o n t h is a spec t o ft he a va i lab le d a ta ( Bro thwel l , 1 963 , 5 1-57 ) . 3 .

Or ien ta t ion I ti s u nfor tuna te t ha t many e xcava tors f a i led t o r ecord t he d irec t ion i n

wh ich b od ies h ad b een p laced i n t he ir p i ts , a s t h is i nfor ma t ion i s c apab le o f r evea l ing a s econd s oc ial ly d ef ined e le men t o ft he b ur ia l p rocedure. A l though s o me i nd iv idua l f i e ld-workers may h ave b een l ess me t icu lous t han o thers i n d ef ining e i ther v erba l ly o r d iagra m ma t ica l ly t he p rec ise o r ien ta t ion o ft he ir c rouched s kele tons , a s d ef ined b y t he l i ne d rawn f ro m t he c en tre o f t he p e lv is t o t he c rown o ft he s ku l l , i ti s s t i l l p ossib le t o a sse mb le a g roup o f s o me 8 3 b ur ia ls whose o r ien ta t ions a re r easonab ly we l l-recorded i n t er ms o f 1 6 b asic c o mpass p o in ts. As uperf ic ia l e xa m ina t ion o ft he o r ien ta t iona l d a ta f or a l l t he a va i lab le p it-bur ia ls ( F ig . 5 ) s hows t ha t s ke le tons h ave b een f ound w i th t he ir h eads p o in t ing i n a l most e very d irec t ion , b u t i ti s n one the less a pparen t t ha t t here i s ar e la t ive ly s trong c oncen tra t ion w i th in t he s ec tor o ft he a rc b etween N a nd E a nd a c orrespond ing ly t h in s ca t ter b etween S a nd NW . Th is p rescr ip t ion b eco mes more o bv ious s t i l l i n t er ms o f t he 1 3 b ur ia ls f ro m c en tra l a nd n or thern Wi l tsh ire , whose l ef t-s ided p reference h as a lready b een n o ted .

The

o r ien ta t ions o f 8o ft hese a re r ecorded a nd y ie ld s ix i nd iv idua ls w i th t heir h eads t o Na nd t wo o thers d irec ted r espec t ive ly NW a nd NE ( F ig . 6 ) . A l though t he h o mogene i ty o ft he Wi l tsh ire g roup c anno t b e ma tched e lsewhere , c er ta in o r ien ta t ions c an b e s hown t o h ave b een f avoured w i th in s pec if ic s e t t le men ts. A t S a l monsbury ( A .1.16 ) , f or i nstance , a l l f our c rouched a du l t i nhu ma t ions h ad t he ir h eads t o t he E , wh i le a t Ro ther ley ( A .1.35) 7 o u t o f 8s ke le tons f ro m p i ts l ay d irec ted b etween NNE a nd NE. I t wou ld s ee m , t herefore , t ha t a l though t here may s t i l l b e at endency t owards b ur ia l b etween N a nd E i n a l l a reas , t he s treng th o ft he p rescr ip t ion may wane , o r b e r ep laced b y r eg iona lv arian ts , i n a reas a way f ro m c en tra l Wessex . Un t i l l arger s a mp les a re a va i lab le f ro m t hese o ther r eg ions i tw il l r e ma in impossib le t o p lot t he d istr ibu t ion o f a ny s ubsid iary r egu la t ions w i th p rec ision . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o ft he r estr ic ted g roup o f b ur ia ls f ro m Wi l tsh ire t here a ppears t o b e n o c lose c orre la t ion b e tween o r ien ta t ion a nd b ody p osi t ion , n or i s t here a ny c onv inc ing e v idence t o s uggest t ha t t he s ex o ft he i nd iv idua l p layed a n impor tan t r o le i n d e ter m in ing t he d irec t ion o ft he h ead . 4 .

S ex , a ge a nd p a tho logy The d anger o f r e ly ing h eav i ly o n i nd iv idua l d e ter m ina t ions o f s ex made b y

e ar l ier e xcava tors h as a lready b een emphas ised , -a l though t here may s t i l l b e 1 4

s o me v a lue i n c ons ider ing t he o vera l l e v idence r e la t ing t o 6 8 s exed a du l t s ke letons ( F ig . 5 ) .

I nb asic t er ms t h is s hows t ha t t he n umbers o f ma les ( 3 2)

i s a l most t he s a me a s t he n u mber o f f e ma les ( 3 6 ) , t hus s uggest ing a c o mp le tely r ando m s e lec t ion o fi nd iv idua ls f ro m t he p o in t o fv iew o f s ex .

A l though

p ar t icu lar s i tes may s how a n a pparen t p reponderance o f ma les ( a s a t Rother ley ) o r f e ma les ( a t Ma iden C ast le a nd S a l monsbury ) , t he sma l l s ize o f t he s a mp les s uggest t ha t t he imba lances p robab ly d er ive f ro m c hance r a ther t han f ro m f actors o f s ocia l s e lec t ion. A ssess men ts o ft he a ge o fa du l t i nd iv idua ls g iven b y e xcava tors s uggest ar ando m c ross-sec t ion o ft he p opu la t ion , w i th n o p ar t icu lar c oncen tra t ion o n e i ther y ounger i nd iv idua ls o r t he v ery o ld . I ti s impor tan t t o n o te , h owever , t ha t f or ma l p i t-bur ia l was n o t r eserved f or a du l ts a lone a nd t ha t s ke letons o f c h i ldren a ged b e tween 6 a nd 1 0 y ears h ave b een f ound o n a t l eas t e igh t o ccas ions. I n t wo o ft hese c ases t he s ke le tons s howed marks o f s evere p hys ica l i n jury a nd may t herefore h ave b een c asua l' i n ter men ts ( A .1.9.1 a nd A .1.11.1) , b u t t he r e ma in ing e xa mp les f ro m Twywe l l , C aster ley , Roudha m , G rendon a nd Win terbourne S toke a ppear t o h ave r ece ived f or ma l b ur ia l ( A .1.24 ; A .1.25 ; A .1.28.2-3 ; A .1.44 ; A .1.45) . Whe ther t he 5 4 f oe ta l o r n ew-born i n fan t s ke letons , i nc lud ing 3 3 f ro m G ussage a l l-Sa in ts , wh ich h ave b een f ound i n p i t-f i l l ings a l l b e long t o t he t rad it ion i s more d oub tfu l .

Two e xa mp les f ro m

Hod H i l l(A .1.14.2 a nd 3 ) a nd a t h ird f ro m Ro therley ( A .1.35.3) were f ound i n c lose a ssoc ia t ion w i th a du l t s ke le tons a nd p resu mab ly r epresen t t he b ur ia l o fi nfan ts w i th t he ir mo thers.

I so la ted i nfan ts f ro m p i ts , h owever , s ee m t o

b elong t o al arger c lass o f s im i lar b ur ia ls f ound i n w ide ly v ary ing c on tex ts a nd p erhaps s uggest t he more h aphazard d isposa l o f i nd iv idua ls t oo y oung t o mer i t o r q ua l ify f or p roper c ere mon ia l b ur ia l . Ev idence d er ived f ro m l im i ted p a tholog ica l e xa m ina t ion o fp i t-bur ia l s ke le tons s hows t ha t an u mber o fi nd iv idua ls h ad s usta ined ma jor c ran ia l a nd p ost-cran ia l i n jur ies wh ich f a l l i n to a t l east t hree s epara te c a tegor ies. I n jur ies t ha t c ou ld h ave b een d irec t ly r esponsib le f or d ea th a re o n ly r are ly e ncoun tered , a s i n t he c ase o ft he c h i ld f ro m Woodcu t ts ( A .1.11.1) o r t he b a t t le v ic t i ms f ro m Wor lebury ( A .1.4 .1 a nd 4 ) .

O f t he p ost mor te m i n jur ies

t he most b izarre a re t hose i nf l ic ted o n i nd iv idua ls whose b od ies s ee m t o h ave b een e x tens ive ly mu t i la ted o r e ven d is me mbered p r ior t o b ur ia l .

Ex tre me

e xa mp les o f t h is p ract ice ( wh ich i n a l l p robab i l i ty f a l ls o u tside t he f i e ld o f c onven t iona l b ur ia l a nd w il l b e c onsidered i n more d eta i l a t al a ter s tage ) h ave b een r ecorded o n t wo o ccas ions a t Danebury ( A.1.20.3 a nd 8 ) , a t Wand lebury , Ca mbs ( A .1.9.2) , a nd a t S tan ton Harcourt , Oxon ( A.1.32). A s econd c a tegory o fp ost- mor te m i n jury t ends t o b e l ess v io len t a nd u sua l ly i nvo lves d is turbance o r d a mage t o t he s ku l l .

A t Wor thy Down , H an ts ( A.1.

1 9 .2) t he h ead o f o ne s ke le ton was e n t ire ly missing a nd t he d isp lace ment o f t he s ku l l a t Hanborough , Oxon ( A .1.31) a ga in r a ises t he p oss ib i l ity o fd e l ibera te b ehead ing . I n o ther b ur ia ls t he h ead r e ma ins i n i t s c orrec t p os it ion b u t h as i nstead s uf fered f ro m massive f ractur ing . E xa mp les o ft h is s or t o f d a mage f ro m F if ie ld B avan t , Wi l ts ( A .1.37) a nd Ro ther ley ( A.1.35 .5) may h ave b een c aused b y h eavy b locks o ff l in t t hrown o n to t he c orpse , b u t c ou ld e qua l ly we l l h ave r esu l ted f ro m t he g radua l s ubs idence o f more c arefu l ly p laced p ieces o f s tone .

1 5

5.

Grave goods and associated material

The failure of pit-inhumations to receive proper recognition in the past is in large measure due to the fact that they are rarely accompanied by formal grave-goods. fudeed this absence of associated· objects, which contrasts strongly with the traditionally accepted pattern amongst other prehistoric and pagan funerary traditions from Britain, can be regarded as a distinctive feature of the rite. Leaving aside fragmentary ceramic and metalwork items and collections of �nimal bone clearly associated with the general composition of pit fillings, there are no more than half a dozen burials with which material objects or animal carcasses were deliberately placed. With the exception of a pottery bowl, and iron armlet and an iron ring that are reported to have been buried with skeletons at Christon, Somerset (A.1.2), all the examples of associated objects come from the Cranborne Cha�e area. At Tollard Royal (A.1.43) the skeleton of an adult male wore a Kimmeridge shale armlet on its left wrist, while at Woodyates and Rotherley two further skeletons were directly associated with brooches of Collingwood' s post-Conquest Class K (A.1.12; A.1.35.2). The position of these brooches at either the shoulder or waist strongly suggests that they fastened the clothing in which the deceased were buried, and for this reason they should perhaps be regarded as incidental burial elements rather than grave-goods in the stricter sense of the term. It is nevertheless of some interest to note that brooches, or any other form of fastening device, are so rarely encountered amongst burials of this class that it would appear likely that the majority of individuals were buried either naked or wrapped in cloaks or shrouds. Evidence of more obviously r�tual or sentimental funerary offerings are provided by at least three burials in which human skeletons have been found associated with those of do�s. Two of the inhumations from Christon (A.1.2) were thus accompanied and at Broadstairs, Kent (A.1.22.1), the head of a human skeleton lay on a stone placed over the body of a dog. The head of the dog had in turn been allowed to rest on a second stone, indicating that the whole burial had been performed with considerable care and attention to detail. Grave burial and other related forms of inhumation Before attempting any interpretation of the pit-burial series it is important to consider a second sequence of inhumations from the same area of southern England which make use of more orthodox graves. Although as many as 96 skeletons may have been buried in this manner at a total of 40 sites (Appendix A.2), the series shows greater variation in terms of grave construction, body position, orientation and choice of grave-goods than the relatively homogeneous group of pit-burials. While it is possible to associate some of these with the ritual tradition of the pit-burials, others are more difficult to place and may represent separately developed minor local rites or eccentric individual interments reflecting nothing more than the short-lived preferences of indi victual family groups. The distribution of the examples conforms in its essential features to that of the pit-series, although there is not the same concentration within central 16

c d

a ) g . 4 g • 4 ( 1 )

5 0 C l ) 0 0 5 ; 4

•

•r z

. r . 7 4 1

1 7

a nd western Wessex ( F ig . 7 ) . The b ur ia ls t end i nstead t o b e s ca t tered f a ir ly l oose ly b e tween K en t i n t he e ast a nd S o merset i n t he west , b u t w ith s ign if ican t c oncen tra t ions i n t he G loucestersh ire- Worcestersh ire a rea a nd t he s ou the as tern p ar t o ft he I s le o f Wigh t . An importan td ist inc t ion b etween t he g rave a nd p it b ur ia ls c oncerns t he r e la t ionsh ip t o s e t t le men t s i tes . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o fc onven t iona l g rave i nhu ma t ions f ound w i th in f i ve h il lfor ts a nd i n t he c lose v ic in i ty o ff our o pen s et t le men ts , a l l b u t o ne o ft he r e ma in ing a du l t b ur ia ls h ave b een f ound i n i so la t ion , a l though many o ft he d iscover ies were made i n t he c ourse o f q uarry ing , a gr icu l tura l o r b u i ld ing a c t iv ity wh ich may i n s o me c ases h ave p reven ted t he r ecogn i t ion o f a ssoc ia ted s e t t le men t a c t iv i ty . There i s a lso a n impor tan t b ur ia l f ro m F r i lford , Oxon ( A .2.34 .1) wh ich f a l ls i n to n e i ther o ft he a bove c a tegor ies.

T h is p ar t icu lar g rave c on ta ined t he t igh t ly c on trac ted

s ke leton o fa n a do lescen t f e ma le a nd was l oca ted i n t he n or thern p ar t o f a c ircu lar s take-bu i l t e nc losure s ubsequen t ly o ver la in b y a Ro mano-Br i t ish s hr ine ( F ig . 8 ). I ft he p re-Ro man s tructure a lso s erved a r i tua l f unc t ion , a s t he e xcava tor h as s uggested , t he ma in g rave a nd a s ubsid iary i nfan t i nhu ma t ion f ro m t he s ou thern s ide o f t he c ircle a re t he o n ly B r i t ish b ur ia ls t o h ave b een f ound i n a n o ver t ly s acred c on tex t ( Hard ing , 1 972, 6 1-69 ; 3 3 a nd 3 4b ).

P ls .

Af ur ther impor tan t f ea ture i s t ha t g raves l oca ted o u tside t he c on tex t o f s et t le men ts h ave o n an u mber o fo ccasions b een f ound i n sma l l g roups , s uggest ing d ist inc t f am i ly o r c o m mun i ty b ur ia l a reas.

Of ten , a s a t B ird l ip

( A .2.14 ) a nd Ha i les ( A .2.15) i n G loucestersh ire , o r F ordha m , Cambs ( A . 2 .6) , t he g roups c o mpr ise n o more t han t wo o r t hree i nd iv idua l g raves. A t H ighstead , Ken t ( A .2.33 ) , h owever , 6i nhu ma t ions , s o me o r a l l o ft he m c on ta in ing L a r ene I I p ot tery v esse ls , s ee m t o h ave b een f ound i n ad is t inct c lus ter , wh i le a t Horndean , Han ts ( A .2.18) , Barnwood , G loucs . ( A .2.16) , a nd S t A lbans , Her ts ( A.2.23) , p re-Ro man i nhuma t ions a ppear t o h ave b een s o mponen t me mbers o f l arger c e me ter ies c on ta in ing l a ter I ron Age c re ma t ions o r e ar ly Ro mano-Br i t ish b ur ia ls. 1 .

The g raves

Docu men ta t ion o f most b ur ia ls w i th in t h is c lass i s p oor a nd i n f ew c ases a re t here a dequa te d escr ip t ions o ft he g raves t he mse lves. I ti s p oss ib le , h owever , t o d ist ingu ish b e tween a ma jor i ty o f s imp le a nd o f ten s ha l low e ar th g raves , d ug e i ther i n to g rave l , o r more r are ly c ha lk o r l imestone , a nd a d ist inc t g roup o fc arefu l ly c onstructed c is t g raves l i ned a nd c overed w i th p repared s labs o f s tone . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f as ing le g rave f ound a t F reshwa ter i n t he I s le o f Wigh t ( A .2.24 ) a nd c onstruc ted o f C o lwe l l Bay l imes tone , t he r e ma in ing e xa mp les o fc ists h ave a l l b een e ncoun tered i n t he c oun t ies o f Avon a nd G loucestersh ire a nd i nc lude t he impor tan t B ird l ip g roup o fc ists , a p a ir o f g raves f ro m Ha i les a nd a s ing le c is t f ro m C levedon ( A .2.14 ; A .2.15 ; A. 2.2) . 2 .

Body p osi t ion C o mpar ison o ft he 2 6 a va i lab le b ody p osi t ions c lear ly s hows t ha t t he

p reference f or a c rouched o r c on trac ted p os ture a ga in p redo m ina tes , a l though 1 8

F ig. 8

F r i lford, Oxon: bur ia l o f a do lescent f ema le w ith in a s takebu i lt ' r itua l ' c irc le ( Photo : D . W . Hard ing)

C rouched R igh t

L e f t

E x tended

T o ta l

Ma le

4

2

4

1 0

F ema le

1

2

4

7

U n-sexed

4

3

2

9

T o ta l

9

7

1 0

2 6

N

•

M.

000

00

W

• •••

04

•

•• ••

• S

F ig. 9

Ma le

1

F ema le

1 2

U n-sexed a du l t

c .60

C h i ld

5

I n fan t u nde r 2y r s

5

T o ta l

9 3

S outhern g rave i nhumat ions: 2 0

o r ientat ion a nd b ody p os it ion

E

t here i s i nadequa te d a ta t o d eter m ine whether t here was a ny g enera l o r s exua l ly d ef ined t endency t owards t he r igh t o r l ef t s ides ( F ig . 9 ) . A more i mpor tan t a spec t o f t he g rave s er ies , h owever , i s t he p resence o f as ign if ican t minor i ty o f e x tended s ke le tons wh ich c anno t b e r ela ted s o e asi ly t o t he p i tb ur ia l s equence . Among i so la ted e xa mp les a re a s ke leton f ro m a c ha lk c u t g rave a t B a t tery H i l l , W inches ter ( A .2.20) a nd t he b ur ia l o f af e ma le f ro m Dea l i n K en t (.2.32) . Ex tended s ke le tons h ave a lso b een r ecorded f ro m a l l f i ve c ists e xa m ined a t B ird l ip a nd Ha i les ( A .2.14 a nd 1 5 ) a nd s uggest t ha t t h is p art icu lar b ody p osi t ion may h ave b een f or ma l ly a dop ted b y s o me C o tswo ld c o mmun i t ies d uring t he e ar ly f i rst c en tury A .D. 3 .

O r ienta t ion T he i n trus ion i n to t he s er ies o f b ur ia ls wh ich may b e long t o v ar ian t

t rad i t ions makes a ny u sefu l a ssess men t o f o rien ta t iona l r egu lar i ty d if icu l t . A n o vera l l c o mpass d istr ibu t ion ( F ig . 9 ) s hows n o v ery s ign i f ican t t rend amongst t he 2 5 b ur ia ls f or wh ich i n for ma t ion i s a va i lab le , a l though o ne o r t wo i nd iv idua l b ur ia ls s how s trong c o mpa t ib i l i ty w i th t he d om inan t t he mes o f t he p i t-bur ia l t rad i t ion . F or e xa mp le , t he s ke le ton f ro m t he F r i l ford t imber c irc le ( A .2.34) a nd t ha t o f a ma le f ro m t he e xcep t iona l ly f urn ished N ewnha m C rof t g rave a t C a mbridge ( A.2.4 ) were b oth c on trac ted o n t he ir l e f t s ides a nd l ay w i th t heir h eads d irected r espec t ive ly NNE a nd N . A l though b uria ls f ro m o ther s i tes c annot s how s uch o vera l l c onfor m i ty , t he u se o f s tandard o r ien ta t ions amongst g roups o f i nhu ma t ions a t B eck ford , B ird l ip a nd Horndean ( A.2.21 ; A .2.14 ; A .2.18) i nd ica tes t he e x istence o f a t l east s o me l oca l r u les. 4 .

S ex , a ge a nd p a tho logy

Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f f our i n fan t s ke letons f ro m Ma iden C as t le , B eck ford a nd F r i lford ( A .2.10 .2 a nd 3 ; A .2.21.3 ; A .2.34.2) , a l l t he o ccupan ts o f s ing le g raves a re e i ther a du lts , o r , v ery r are ly , o lder c h i ldren .

N o e xa mp le

o f mu l t ip le a du l t b ur ia l h as b een r ecorded , b u t a t l east t wo o f t he f i ve i so la ted d iscover ies o f i nhu ma t ions i n t he Ven tnor a rea o f t he I s le o f Wigh t c o mprised t he s ke le tons o f a du l t f e ma les a cco mpan ied r espec t ively b y t he b od ies o f o ne a nd t wo c h i ldren ( A .2.26 ;

A .2.28) .

The p roport ions o f ma le ( 1 1) a nd f e ma le

( 1 2) b uria ls i n t he who le g rave ä er ies i s more o r l ess e qua l a nd t here a re n o r eported c ases o f ma jor p a tho log ica l a bnor ma l i t ies , a l though a s ing le s ke le ton f ro m E gg ing ton , B eds ( A .2.3) s howed a p ar t ia l ly h ea led , b u t i n fec ted , s word i n jury t o t he r igh t t ib ia . 5 .

G rave g oods a nd a ssoc ia ted o b jec ts Un l ike t heir s torage p i t c oun terpar ts , n ear ly h a l f t he i nd iv idua ls b ur ied

i n g raves were a cco mpan ied b y o b jec ts wh ich c an b e l eg i t i ma te ly d e f ined a s f or ma l g rave g oods . The r ange o f ma ter ia l f or ms i s e x tre me ly w ide , h owever , a nd i ti s d if icu l t t o i den t ify a ny s pec if ic i t e ms t ha t were c ons idered p ar t icu lar ly a ppropria te a s f unerary ofer ings .

I t wou ld t hus s ee m , f ro m t he l im i ted s a mp le

a va i lab le , t ha t o b jec ts were c hosen v ery much a t r ando m , a nd r ef lect l i t t le more t han t he s ta tus a nd t as tes o f t he d eceased o r , more a ppropr ia te ly , t hose o ft he me mbers o f h is f am i ly p ar t ic ipa t ing i n t he f unerary p rocedure . B ecause t here i s s o l i t t le o ther e v idence t ha t c an p rov ide t he b as is f or a n a bso lu te o r r e la t ive c hrono logy f or t he I ron Age i nhu ma t ion s equence i n c en tra l s ou thern 2 1

E ng land , i ti s i mportan t t ha t t hese r ecorded g rave-goods b e c ons idered i n s o me d e ta i l . P o t tery v esse ls f or m t he l argest s ing le c lass o f o b jects b ur ied , b u t b e long t o more t han o ne c u l tura l p hase. T he e ar l ies t e xa mp les a re f our v esse ls a ssoc ia ted w i th t he f l exed s ke le ton o f a n a du l t ma le f ro m E gg ing ton , B eds ( A .2.3) . A l l o ft hese h ad b een b ad ly d a maged b y t he i n trusion o f aR o manoB ri t ish r ubb ish p i t c u t t hrough t he e arl ier g rave , b u t t wo s qua t , o vo id h andmade b ow ls w i th d ecora ted r i ms a nd s lashed b ody o rna men t were s ubsequen t ly r econstructed . T hese h ave s ince b een e qua ted w i th wares f ro m G roup 4 o f t he c era m ic s equence e stab l ished a t t he n earby P udd leh i l l s e t t le men t s i te a nd may t hus b e long t o t he e arly t h ird c en tury B .C. ( C . F . C . Hawkes , i n Ma thews , 1 976 , x i i , N o te 1 0 ) . W i th t he e xcep t ion o f i so la ted s herds r epor ted f ro m g rave-f i l l ings a t F ordha m , C a mbs. ( A .2.6) , B a t tery H i l l , Han ts ( A .2.20) , a nd Hens tr idge , S o merse t ( A .2.35) , t he o n ly o ther p re-La r ene I Iv esse l c o mes f ro m t he s labl ined c ist e xcava ted w i th d ue c ere mony i n t he p resence o f r oya l ty a t F reshwa ter ( A .2.24 ) i n t he I s le o f W igh t i n 1 898 ( Craw ford , 1 913 , 1 89 a nd F ig . 1 ) . T h is sma l l h and- made b urn ished j ar w i th i t s t wo a pp l ied s tr ip h and les c annot b e c lose ly p ara l le led i n B r i ta in , b u t may , o n t he b as is o f i t s b ead-r i m mou th , owe s o me thing t o t he l a ter I ron Age c era m ic h or izons o f Dorse t . L a r ene I I p o t tery v esse ls , wh ich a re g enera l ly more f am i l iar w i th in t he c on tex t o f i be lg ic ised T Ay lesford C u l ture c re ma t ion b ur ia ls , h ave b een f ound w i th i nhu ma t ions o n a t l eas t f our o ccas ions a nd a ppear t o c arry t he g rave b ur ia l s equence we l l i n to t he f i rst c en tury A .D. A t Ven tnor o n t he I s le o fW igh t t he b ody o f awo man , a cco mpan ied b y t wo c h i ldren , was a ssoc ia ted w i th c ar ina ted s herds t ha t s uggesf a L a r ene I I b ow l o f t azzal ike f or m ( A.2.28) . I n v iew o ft he n u mber o f s im i lar i nhu ma t ions w i th in t h is r estr ic ted a rea o ft he i s land t here c an n ow b e l i t t le d oub t t ha t t h is f am i ly g roup was i ndeed t he s ub ject o ff or ma l b ur ia l , a l though i th as p rev iously b een s uggested t ha t t he mo ther a nd h er c h ildren h ad b een o verwhelmed b y as udden l andsl ide . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f t he i so la ted d iscovery o f t he e x tended s ke le ton o f a y oung a du l t f e ma le w i th awheel-turned b u t t-beaker f ro m a c ha lk-cu t g rave a t E as tbourne ( A.2.39) , t he r e ma in ing p o t tery v essels c o me f ro m b ur ia ls w ith in t he a reas o f s tronges t L a T bne I I i n f luence .

E xcava t ion o ft he e x tens ive

c rema t ion c e me tery a t K ing Harry L ane , S t A lbans , r evea led 1 8 i nhuma t ions wh ich were p robab ly c on te mporary w ith t he ma in c re ma t ion s equence , a l though o n ly t wo were a ctua l ly a ssoc ia ted w i th g rave-goods ( A .2.23) . I n o ne i ns tance t hese c o mpr ised n o more t han a b ronze r ing a nd f i ve g lass b eads , b u t i n t he o ther t he b ody h ad b een b ur ied w i th f our c omp le te L a T ene I I p o ts . The i mpor tance o f t h is d iscovery i n d e monstra t ing t he o ccasiona l c o-ex istence o f i nhuma t ion a nd t he n ew ly-adop ted c re ma t ion r i te i s v ery c ons iderab le.

I ti s t hus p ar t icu-

l ar ly u nfortuna te t ha t t he f i nds f ro m a b ur ia l g round e xcava ted a t H ighstead i n K ent i n1 955 d isappeared f ro m p ub l ic v iew b efore a na lysis a nd p ub l ica t ion o f t he ma ter ia l c ou ld t ake p lace ( A .2.33 ) ; t he s i te i t se lf was r evea led d ur ing q uarry ing o pera t ions a nd a pparen t ly y ie lded s ix g raves c on ta in ing i nhumed s ke letons , e ach , o r most o f wh ich , were a cco mpan ied b y L a T ene I I p ot tery v esse ls n ever s ubsequen t ly i l lustra ted . 2 2

Me ta l work f ro m g rave b uria ls c an b e d iv ided b etween s tr ic t ly f unc t iona l a nd o ver t ly d ecora t ive a nd n on-u t i l i tar ian p ieces.

Wi th in t he f or mer c a tegory

c an b e i nc luded a s hor t i ron k n ife a nd a f l ange-socketed s ick le b lade f ro m B a t tery H i l l ( A .2.20 ) . A l though t hese p ieces , c anno t b e c losely d a ted o n t he ir o wn , f ragmen ts o fb ead-r im p o t tery f ro m t he g rave-f i l l ing s uggest a l a ter I ron Age h or izon . A n i ron c h ise l a nd a n a dze h ead w ith ab ur ia l a t Ha m H i l l may b elong t o as im i lar p er iod ( A .2.36) , a l though i n t h is i nstance t he f unct iona l i mp le men ts were a ugmen ted w i th a n i ron r ing a l leged t o h ave b een f ound a round t he n eck o f t he s ke le ton . Weapons a re a l most e n t irely a bsen t f ro m t h is s er ies o f g raves , a l though ap ossib le e xcep t ion may b e p rov ided b y t he e xcep t iona l ly we l l p reserved i ron s pearhead r epor ted t o h ave b een f ound w i th t he s ke leton o f a man a nd a d og a t S oha m , C a mbs ( A .2.8) .

Th is p art icu lar weapon , wh ich was i n i t ia l ly c lassed

a s b elong ing t o t he p re-Ro man I ron Age b y F ox ( 1 923 , 8 1) h as r ecen t ly b eco me amb iguous a s ar esu l t o f i t s af in i ty .w i th C lass B .2 e xa mp les o f S wan ton 's t ypo log ica l s equence o f Ang lo-Saxon s pearheads , t here b e ing a morpho log ica l ly s im i lar s pec i men f ro m t he 6 th c en tury p agan S axon c e metery a t G u i ldown , S urrey ( Swan ton , 1 973 , F ig . 5 8a ) . O ther c lose p ara l le ls f ro m e xcava ted I ron Age o r S axon s i tes a re h ard t o f i nd , b u t an umber o fu npub l ished s pearheads b e long ing t o t he s a me c lass h ave b een r ecovered f ro m r iver ine c on tex ts i n s ou thern E ng land a nd a re p reserved i n t he B ri t ish Museu m . Ag roup o ft hree i ron o b jects s a id t o h ave b een f ound i n o ne o r more o f t hree g raves d iscovered d ur ing e ar ly 1 9th c en tury r a i lway c ons truct ion work w i th in t he i n ter ior o f a sma l l h i l lfor t a t Wi tha m i n E ssex a re a lso h ard t o p ara l le l ( A .2.11) .

T he p ieces , e ach n ear ly a me tre i n l eng th , h ave r ecen t ly

b een d escr ibed a s L a T bne I o r I I ' pokers ', b u t i ts ee ms u ncer ta in whe ther t hey r epresen t e n t ire ly f unct iona l imp le ments o r s hou ld b e e qua ted i nstead w i th t he w ider f am i ly o r i ron t okens g enera l ly c lassed a s c urrency b ars ( Rodwel l , 1 977) . The s ign if icance a nd p urpose o f ap a ir o f s ha l low b ronze s poons o r s coops f ound o n e i ther s ide o ft he h ead o ft he f e ma le s kele ton f ro m Dea l ( A .2.32) a re n o c learer , a l though t he o b jec ts t he mse lves b elong t o ar ecogn ised c lass o fp ieces whose d ist inc t ive c harac ter ist ics a nd r e markab le d istr ibu t ion h ave b een l arge ly i gnored s incd t hey were l ast d iscussed i n d e ta i l o ver f if ty y ears a go ( Craw , 1 924 ) . F or o ur p resen t p urposes i ti s importan t t o n o te t ha t t hese o b jec ts , wh ich a re n or ma l ly e ncoun tered a s c arefu l ly ma tched p a irs , h ave b een f ound i n t he c on tex t o fb ur ia ls o n a t l east t wo o ther o ccas ions i s v ery w ide ly s epara ted a reas , t hus i nd ica t ing t ha t t hey were c ons idered p art icul ar ly a ppropr ia te a s b ur ia l p ieces. O ne p a ir , o f r e la t ively p oor p rov inc ia l d es ign , a cco mpan ied t he s keleton o f a man f ro m a c ist g rave a t Burn mou th , B erw icksh ire ( I .2.6) , a nd a s econd p a ir h ad b een d epos i ted i n a sma l l b ronze b ow l p laced w ith t he e x tended s ke le ton o f a wo man f ro m t he L a r ene I i nhu ma t ion c e metery a t P ogny i n t he Marne ( Craw , 1 924 , 1 46 ; 1 914 , 1 275 a nd F ig . 5 52) .

Deche le t te ,

The p rec ise d a te o ft he Dea l s coops i s n o t e asi ly

d e ter m ined , a l though t he c o mparab le e xa mp les f ro m o ther p ar ts o f B r ita in a re u n l ike ly t o h ave b een manufactured b efore t he mid-f irst c entury B .C., t he t ype t hen p erhaps s urv iv ing i n to t he e ar ly d ecades o ft he f o l low ing c entury .

2 3

S ing le i t e ms o fp ersona l o rna men t h ave b een f ound i n g raves o n o n ly t wo o r t hree o ccas ions a nd i nc lude a r ibbed b ronze b race le t f rom I ck l ingha m , S uf fo lk ( A .2.37) a nd a s tr ing o f e igh teen d ecora ted a nd p la in g lass b eads f ro m ac ist a t C levedon i n Avon ( A .2.2) .

More impor tan t f ro m t he p o in t o fv iew

o fc hrono logy , h owever , a re t he we l l k nown a nd e xcep t iona l ly r ich g raveg roups f ro m N ewnha m C rof t , o n t he o u tsk irts o f C ambr idge ( A .2.4 ) , a nd B ird l ip ( A.2.14 ) i n G loucestersh ire . A lthough t he o u tstand ing wea l th o ft hese g raves , o ne o f wh ich i s a t tr ibu ted t o a man a nd t he o ther t o awo man , i s h ard t o p ara l le l e lsewhere i n c en tra l s ou thern E ng land , e qua l ly we l l-furn ished b ur ia ls a re f am i l iar f ro m b o th C ornwa l l a nd e astern Y orksh ire a nd s uggest t ha t t here i s n o f unda men ta l r eason why t hese t wo e xa mp les s hou ld b e d ist ingu ished f ro m t he ma in s equence o f s ou thern g raves . L eav ing a s ide t wo sma l l p la in p enannu lar b rooches , as e t o f f our b ronze r ings a nd a c ast b ronze o b jec t o f o bscure , b u t p ossib ly e ques tr ian f unct ion , t he most s ign if ican t p ieces a t N ewnha rn C rof t a re a h inged b ronze b racelet b ear ing i nscr ibed c urv i l inear d ecora t ion , a nd a n e labora te b rooch , a l most b aroque i n t he e xuberance o fi t s d ecora t ion .

A l though i th as b een s uggested

t ha t t he a rm le t may b e a n impor ted i t em f ro m a c on t inen ta l workshop , t here c an b e l i t t le d oub t t ha t t he s w ive l mechan is m emp loyed i n p lace o ft he c onvent i ona l wound s pr ing o n t he c ora l d ecora ted b rooch i s i nsu lar b o th i n d es ign a nd manufac ture a nd o ugh t t o p lace t he p iece a longs ide , i fn o t al i t t le e ar l ier t han t he s er ies o f B r i t ish f l a t-bowed a nd i nvolu ted b rooches n or ma l ly a t tr ibu ted t o t he l a te t h ird o r e ar ly s econd c en tur ies B .C. ( Fox , 1 958, 1 0-11 ; Megaw , 1 970 , 9 8-9 ; Hard ing , 1 974 , 1 16 , 1 80 ) . P erhaps s o me 2 00 y ears l a ter i n d a te , b u t more e labora te s t i l l i st he c o l lec t ion o f o b jec ts f ro m t he g rave a t t he c en tre o f al i ne o ft hree c ists f ro m B ird l ip wh ich s ugges ts t he b ur ia l o f aDobunn ic wo man o fq u i te e xcep t iona l s ta tus d uring t he y ears im med ia te ly p reced ing t he C laud ian c onques t .

I n

a dd i t ion t o t he much-d iscussed d ecora ted b ronze m irror , t he s urv iv ing g rave g roup c o mprises t wo b ea ten a nd l a the-f in ished s hee t b ronze b ow ls o f at ype n ow we l l-recogn ised i n western B r i ta in , a n e labora te s i lver-g i l t b rooch o f L a r ene I I d er iva t ion , ab ronze k n ife h and le t er m ina t ing i n t he h ead o f a n o xw ith k nobbed h orns , 4s o l id b ronze r ings o fu ncer ta in f unct ion , at ubu lar b ronze b race le t , 2b ronze h and le 7l i ke o b jec ts a nd a mass ive n eck lace c o mposed o f 1 7 c rude ly f or med amber b eads , t wo K irameridge s ha le b eads a nd a s ing le c en tra l b ead c arved f ro m a h ardstone k nown a s p yrophy l l i te. A sma l l s tr ip o ff la t tened b ronze was o r ig ina l ly i l lustra ted a longs ide t he ma in o b jects ( Be l lows , 1 881 , P l . X I I I , F ig . 1 2) b u t i s n o l onger p reserved w i th t hese .

I t

wou ld a lso s ee m t ha t t wo p erfora ted b ronze p laques i l lustra ted b y Hard ing ( 1974 , P l . ) (XXV I I ) may n o t h ave c o me f ro m t h is g rave , b u t f ro m a f our th a nd o therw ise o bscure b ur ia l u nknown t o Be l lows , b u t a l luded t o b y G reen i n h is r epub l ica t ion o ft he B ird l ip ma ter ia l ( Green , 1 949 , 1 89 ) . I n r ecen t y ears t h2 p rec ise d a te o ft h is b ur ia l h as b een t he s ub jec t o f l eng thy d eba te i n wh ich i th as b een s hown t ha t t he b ronze b ow ls , t he mirror a nd t he Ay lesford-der ived b rooch c an h ard ly h ave b een manu fac tured b efore t he s econd o r t h ird d ecades o ft he f i rs t c en tury A .D. ( Fox , C ., 1 949 ; 1 949 ;

F ox , A ., 1 961 , 1 94-5 ;

S pra t l ing , 1 970 , 1 3-14 ).

p urposes , h owever , i ti s t he c o mpos i t ion o ft he g rave g roup t ha t i s o f 2 4

G reen ,

F or o ur p resen t

e spec ia l i n terest . B ronze mirrors h ave n ow b een f ound i n t he c on tex t o f b ur ia ls o n n o l ess t han t en o ccas ions i n s ou thern B r i ta in a nd were c lear ly c ons idered t o b e a ppropr ia te a cco mpan i men ts f or i nd iv idua ls , p resu mab ly / W o men , o fh igh r ank o r wea l th i nw ide ly s ca t tered c o mmun it ies.

Exa mp les

f ro m c ist g raves a t T re lan B ahow ( C.7) o n t he L izard P en insu la i n C ornwa l l a nd f ro m Moun tba t ten ( C.15) , n ear P lymou th , a re ma tched b y m irrors f ro m Durotr ig ian i nhu ma t ions a t B r idpor t ( B .1) a nd P or t land ( B .18) , i n Dorse t , a nd f ro m G ar ton S lack a nd t wo b arrows a t Arras i n e astern Y orksh ire ( D .1 .9 ; D .1.18.10 a nd 2 8) , wh i le a t l eas t t wo f ur ther e xa mp les f ro m C o lches ter , E ssex ( F.48) a nd Dor ton , B ucks ( F .17) were a ssoc ia ted w ith wea l thy L a Tbne I I c re ma t ions. T he p resence o f ap a ir o f sma l l b ronze b ow ls i n ab ur ia l i s more u nusua l a nd i ti s n o tab le t ha t a l l t hree o ft he c lose ly c o mparab le p ieces , f ro m Y ou l ton i n C ornwa l l , K eshcarr igan , C o . L ei tr im a nd R ose A sh , Devon , h ad b een p laced a s s ee m ing ly v o t ive d epos i tsin p ea t b ogs o r s trea ms. L ady F ox h as p o in ted o u t t ha t t he ir e x tre me ly t h in wa l ls , u nstab le r ounded b ases a nd e ver ted r i ms wou ld h ave r endered s uch v essels u nsu i tab le f or n or ma l d o mest ic p urposes o r f or c ere mon ia l w ine- m ix ing o r d r ink ing ( Fox , A ., 1 961, 1 96) . I n v iew o ft he we l l-recogn ised a nd e xcep t iona l ly w idespread C e l t ic t rad it ion t ha t s ee ms t o h ave i mbued c au ldrons a nd s im i lar v essels w ith a s acred s ign if ic ance a nd d e manded t he ir d epos it ion i n marshes , s pr ings a nd we l ls , i t wou ld s ee m r easonab le t o i n fer t ha t t he western g roup o fb ronze b ow ls p erfor med as im i lar r i tua l f unct ion a nd may h ave b een u sed t o c on ta in wa ter o r more e so ter ic l i qu id l i ba t ions b efore b e ing c ons igned t o wa ter , o r more r are ly g raves. L a T bne I Ib rooches , t hough r are ly f ound w ith i nhu ma t ions , a re more o bv ious ly a ppropr ia te a s i t e ms . o fg rave f urn i ture , a s a re b race le ts a nd b eaded n eck laces.

A l though t he B ird l ip s tr ing i s u n l ike t hose f ro m C levedon , C ow lam

o r t he ' Queen 's B arrow ' a t Arras ( A .2.2 ;

D .1.8.1 ;

D .1.18.3) i n b e ing

c o mposed o f amber a nd n a tura l s tone , r a ther t han g lass b eads , t he p r inc ip le b eh ind t he ir b ur ia l a s i t e ms o fp ersona l a dorn men t r ema ins e ssent ia l ly t he s a me. Why t h is p ar t icu lar wo man s hou ld h ave b een s ing led o u t f or b ur ia l w i th s uch a n a rray o f p ossessions c an n ever b e c lear ly d e ter m ined , a l though i ti s p erhaps p oss ib le t o s ugges t t ha t d ra ma t ic c hanges i n a t t i tudes t owards t he d isp lay o fp ersona l r ank a nd wea l th t ha t c an b e s een i n t he We lwyn s er ies o f L a T bne I I c re ma t ions i n t he C a tuvel laun ian o r T r inovan t ian t err itory t o t he e as t may a lso h ave b egun t o s pread a cross t o t he Dobunn ic p eop le o f G loucestersh ire b y t he e ar ly f i rs t c en tury A .D. I nhu ma t ions f ro m d i tches Bur ia ls f ound o n t he f l oors o r w i th in t he f i l l ings o f I ron Age h i l lfor t o r s et t le men t e nc losure d i tches f or m a sma l ler a nd g enera l ly l ess r eward ing c a tegory t han t hose f ro m p i ts o r g raves.

A l though a n u mber o f more f or ma l

e xa mp les p robab ly r epresen t a n e x tension o f t he b asic p it a nd g rave b ur ia l s equence , o thers c an p erhaps b e r egarded a s c asua l i n ter men ts p erfor med d ur ing t he l a te I ron Age o r i n t he e ar ly y ears o ft he R o man o ccupa t ion .

I n

most c ases t h0b od ies a re t hose o f a du l ts , a l though t he p resence o f a t l eas t 1 3 i nfant s keletons i n d itches a t Ro ther ley ( A.3.17.6-18) a nd s im i lar n umbers

2 5

2 6

1 0 D istr ibut ion o f s outhern d itch i nhumat ions

R i gh t Ma le

L e f t

B ack/ F ace

T o ta l 6

1

4

1

1

U n-sexed

3

3

1

7

T o ta l

5

8

2

1 5

F ema le

1

2

•

•

• •

•

Ma le F ema le U n-sexed a du l t

1 0

C h i ld

5

I n fan t u nde r 2y r s

3 3

T o ta l

6 0

F ig. 1 1 S outhern d itch i nhumat ions:

2 7

o r ientat ion a nd b ody p os it ion

f ro m s i tes s uch a s G ussage a l l-Sa in ts ( A .3.7.1-7 ) a nd Y arnbury ( A .3.18.21 0) s hows t ha t t he p r i mary s i l t ing o f e nclosure d i tches p rov ided a n a ppropr ia te o r c onven ien t b ur ia l p lace f or c h ildren d y ing i n t he f i rst weeks o r mon ths o f l i fe . L eav ing a s ide t he r a ther d oub tfu l i nhu ma t ions t ha t may we l l b e long t o Ro mano-Br i t ish o ccupa t ion p hases a t s i tes s uch a s M i lborne S t Andrew ( A .3. 8 ) a nd I rches ter , N or than ts ( A .3 .13) , i ti s p oss ib le t o i so la te 2 2 n oninfan t b ur ia ls whose b ody p osi t ions o r s tra t igraph ica l a ssoc ia t ions s ugges t d e l ibera te a nd u sua l ly f a ir ly f or ma l b ur ia l .

A s w i th t he p i t-bur ia ls a n umber o f s ke le tons

c o me f ro m f l oors a nd p r i mary s i l t ing l ayers o fd i tches , wh i le o thers h ad b een b ur ied i n g raves c u t t hrough p r i mary a nd s econdary l ayers w i th in e ar l ier f ea tures. T he d istr ibu t ion o fd i tch b ur ia ls i sw idespread a nd s hows l ess c onc en tra t ion i n Wessex t han e i ther t he p i t o r g rave s er ies ( F ig . 1 0 ) . I ndeed , e xa mp les h ave b een f ound a s f ar a par t a s L lan me l in i n Gwen t ( J .3) a nd D ragonby ( H.2.7 ) , n ear S cun thorpe , wh i le f urther i nhu ma t ions b ear ing many o ft he c haracter ist ic s ou thern p osi t iona l r egu lar i t ies a re k nown f ro m G ir ton , C a mbs ( A .3.5) , t he Buck ingha msh ire h il lfor t o f Ma iden B ower ( A .3.3) , Ham H i l l , S o merset ( A .3.15) , C ass ing ton M i l l , Oxon ( A .3.14 ) a nd e lsewhere .

G roups

o fd i tch b ur ia ls f ro m s ing le s i tes a re r are , a l though a t Ro ther ley ( A.3.17.1-5) t he p ract ice o fd igg ing g raves i n to t he f i l l ings o fd i tches s ee ms t o h ave b eco me we l l-estab l ished i n t he y ears im med ia te ly b efore a nd a f ter t he C laud ian c onquest . 1 .

B ody p osi t ion a nd o r ien ta t ion C o mpar ison o f l im i ted s urv iv ing p osi t iona l d a ta i nd ica tes t ha t t he g enera l

p references o ft he o ther s ou thern i nhu ma t ion s equences a re r ef lec ted i n t he c ase o f many d i tch b ur ia ls ( F ig . 1 1) .

Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f a n e x tended

s keleton f ro m a mid-f irst c en tury A .D. f ea ture a t L ong thorpe , C a mbs ( A .3.6) a nd b od ies b ur ied f ace d ownwards a t Wi lbury H i l l , Her ts ( A.3.12) a nd I rches ter , N or than ts ( A .3 .13.2) i n r espec t ive ly p re-Ro man a nd p robab ly p ost-Conquest c on tex ts , t he r e ma in ing r ecorded s ke le tons l ay c rouched i n a l most e qua l n u mbers o n t he ir l ef t a nd r igh t s ides.

T he t we lve k nown o r ien ta t ions a lso

s how t ha t t he p reference f or b ur ia l w ith t he h ead b e tween N a nd E i s a s we l ld eve loped i n t h is s er ies o fb ur ia ls a s i n a ny o ther . The e v idence f ro m Ro ther ley , where t hree o ft he f i ve d i tch s ke le tons were d irec ted N ( A.3.17.1 , 2a nd 4 ) a nd a f our th t o t he NE ( A.3.17.5) , i s p ar t icu lar ly s tr ik ing a nd a rgues s trong ly t ha t t he d i tch b ur ia ls a nd p i t i nhu ma t ions f ro m t he s i te b e long t o t he s a me t rad it ion . 2 .

A ssoc ia ted o b jec ts Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f a n a du l t ma le f ro m Ro ther ley wear ing a s i mp le

f o lded b ronze f i nger r ing ( A .3.17.5) , n o d i tch i nhu ma t ion h as b een f ound w i th a ny d e l ibera te ly p laced a cco mpany ing o b jec t , a l though t he s ke le tons f ro m Ma iden B ower ( A .3.3 ) a nd Wi lbury H i l l ( A .3.12) h ad a pparen t ly b een c overed w ith l arge b locks o fc ha lk o r f l in t i n t he ma r iner o f an u mber o f p i t-bur ia ls. C lose d a t ing o ft h is g roup o fi nhu ma t ions i s t herefore d if icu lt , r e ly ing o n f ragmen tary ma ter ia l a ssoc ia ted w i th p re a nd p ost-bur ia l d i tch s i l t ing . I t wou ld s ee m , h owever , t ha t w i th t he p oss ib le e xcep t ion o ft he Ma iden B ower 2 8

s ke leton , t he ma jor i ty o f a dequa te ly r ecorded e xa mp les b e long w ith in t he l a test p re-Ro man I ron Age p hases , h av ing b een p laced w i th in f ea tures y ie ld ing L a T bne L E I p o t tery f rag men ts , o r t he ir c on te mporary r eg iona l c oun terpar ts. am ian s herds f ound i n t he g rave f i l l ing o f o ne o f t he Rother ley b ur ia ls ( A . 3 .17.1) a lso c onf ir m t ha t d i tch i nhu ma t ion may h ave c on t inued t hrough t he C laud ian p er iod , a l though t here i s l i t t le e v idence t o i nd ica te t ha t t he p ract ice s urv ived v ery much l onger t han t h is , e i ther i n t he C ranborne C hase o r e lsewhere . I nhu ma t ions f ro m r a mpar ts a nd b anks A sma l l g roup o f s ke le tons r ecovered f ro m u nder o r w ith in t he a c tua l f abr ic o fh il lfor t r a mpar ts b ears c er ta in r ese mb lances t o t he ma in i nhu ma t ion s equence , b u t may n ever the less r epresen t a more s pec ia l ised k ind o f r i tua l p er for mance w i th b roader s oc ia l , r a ther t han p ure ly f unerary , imp l ica t ions ( F ig . 1 2) . Wh i le i nvest iga t ing t he r a mpar t s equence a t Ma iden C as t le , Whee ler e ncoun tered a p i t c on ta in ing t he s ke leton o f a muscu lar y ou th l y ing o n i t s b ack w i th t he l egs c rouched awkward ly t o t he r igh t ( A .4.4.1).

T he s tra t igraph ic

l oca t ion o ft h is b ur ia l a t t he j unc t ion o f t he P hase Ia nd P hase I r a mparts s trong ly s uggested d el ibera te p osi t ion ing o f t he g rave , as uppos i t ion t ha t was s ubsequen t ly b orne o u t b y t he d iscovery o f v ery s im i lar i n ter men ts f ro m t wo o ther ma jor h i l lfor ts w ith in t he Durotr ig ian z one o f s ou th-western Wessex . A t Hod H i l l ( A .4.3 ) t he b ody o f a n a du l t f e ma le h ad b een t igh t ly c on tracted i n a sma l l p i t d ug i n to t he n a tura l c ha lk o n t he s i te c hosen f or t he c ons truct ion o f ac oun terscarp mound i n p er iod IB o ft he h i l lfor t 's o ccupa t ion .

I n t he c ourse

o fb ur ia l t he p i t was b ack f i l led w ith b locks o fc ha lk a nd l imes tone a nd c apped w ith a l ow mound o fp ure c ha lk: Th is was i n t urn im med ia te ly c overed b y t he c oun ter-scarp mound i t se lf a nd a l lowed R ich mond t o c onc lude t ha t t he b ur ia l h ad b een p erfor med i n ten t iona l ly t o c o inc ide w i th t he r a mpar t 's c ons truct ion . I n v iew o f t he Ma iden C ast le a nd Hod H i l l d eposi ts t here c an b e l i t t le d oub t t ha t t he b ur ia l o f a n a du l t ma le f ro m S ou th C adbury r epresen ts a t h ird e xa mp le o ft he s a me p ract ice.

I n t h is i nstance t he t igh t ly c on tracted , a nd p robab ly

b ound , b ody h ad b een p laced i n ap i t d ug i n to t he e x is t ing L a te PRIA r a mpar t im med ia te ly b efore t h is was r econstruc ted d ur ing A lcock 's U l t i ma te PRIA p hase ( A.4.7 ). Wh i le t h3 b est r ecorded e xa mp les o f t h is f or m o fb ur ia l h ave c o me f ro m ar e la t ive ly r estr ic ted a rea , an u mber o f s im i lar d epos its a ppear t o h ave b een e ncoun tered e lsewhere i n western E ng land .

Excava t ion c arr ied o u t i n

1 906 a t t he l arge u n iva l la te h i l lfor t o n S o lsbury H i l l , Ba theaston , Avon ( A .4. 1 ) , r evea led a p a ir o f s keletons l y ing c rouched o ne a bove t he o ther i n ag rave d ug b enea th t he r a mpart , wh i le f ro m F lower 's Barrow i n s ou thern Dorse t t here i s a n e ar ly 1 9th c en tury d escr ip t ion o f as ke le ton o f ' enor mous l eng th ' f ound b enea th o ne o f t he d efens ive e ar thworks ( A.4.2) . A l though b o th t hese d eposi ts c ou ld r epresen t t he f or tu itous c onstruct ion o f t he r a mparts a bove e ar l ier g raves , t here c an b e l ess d oub t a bou t b od ies f ound w i thin t he a c tua l f abr ic o ft he d efences.

A s ing le s ke leton f ro m Budbury , Wi l ts ( A.4.8) a nd

ag roup o f f ive b od ies f ro m G rove ly C ast le , Wi l ts ( A.4 .9 ) s ee m t o h ave b een b ur ied i n t h is way a nd a t S u t ton Wa l ls , Hereford a nd Worcester ( A .4 .5) ,

2 9

3 0

1 2 D istr ibut ion o f r ampart i nhumat ions

K enyon was a b le t o d e monstra te t ha t ac rouched a du l t ma le h ad u ndoub ted ly b een im mured d uring t he c onstruc t ion o f t he s econd t o f irst c entury B .C. P hase A r a mpar t . I n s o me i nstances i ti s p oss ib le t o c onf ir m t ha t t hese c rouched r a mpar t b ur ia ls b e long t o t he s a me l a te I ron Age p hase a s t he ma in i nhu ma t ion s er ies , a l though i ti s more d if icu l t t o d e ter m ine t he mot ives t ha t l ed t o t he ir p erformance .

I t may o n t he o ne h and b e a rgued t ha t at rad it ion t ha t c an p er m i t b ur ia l

w i th in s torage p its a nd d i tches c ou ld e qua l ly we l l a l low t hose d y ing d ur ing t he c ons truc t ion o rr ebu ild ing o f ah i lgor t t o b e d epos ited w ith a min i mu m o f e f for t i n t he f abr ic o f t he g row ing e ar thwork .

T he f ac t t ha t s o many b ur ia ls h ave

n ow b een r ecovered f ro m o n ly a v ery l im i ted s a mp le o f s ec t ions c u t t hrough t he mass ive r a mpart s yste ms i n q uest ion n ever the less s ugges ts t he n ecess i ty f or a n a l terna t ive e xp lana t ion i nvo lv ing a p osi t ive p reference f or t h is p rocedure . T he s ub jec t o f v o t ive a nd s acr if ic ia l b ur ia l w i th in t he c on tex t o f t he B r i t ish I ron Age i s s uf f ic ien t ly c o mp lex t o meri t s epara te t rea t men t e lsewhere i n t h is s tudy ( Chap ter 8 ) .

F or t he mo men t i ti s t herefore s uf f ic ien t t o a nt ic ipa te t he

c onc hs ions d rawn i n t ha t s ec t ion b y s uggest ing t ha t a n a dd i t iona l s ub-ra mpart d iscovery o f t wo d isart icu la ted s kele tons f ro m B reedon-on-the-Hi l l , L eics ( A .4 .6) , may p rov ide a b r idge b etween t he s uperf ic ia l ly n or ma l r a mpart i nhu ma t ions a nd a more e soter ic s er ies o fd epos i ts o fh u man a nd a n i ma l r e ma ins t ha t u ndoub ted ly r epresen t t he p er for mance o f s acrif ic ia l a nd p rop i t ia tory r itua ls.

O f p art icu lar impor tance i n t h is l a t ter c on tex t h as b een

t he i den t if ica t ion o f as er ies o fv o t ive p i ts c on ta in ing t he p ar t ia l ly d is me mbered s ke letons o f g oa ts a nd d ogs f ro m b enea th t he e ar l iest o u ther r a mpart a t Danebury , Han ts.

I n d escr ib ing t hese f ea tures , e ach o f wh ich h ad o nce

s upported a massive s tand ing t imber p ost , C un l if fe p ostu la ted t ha t t he f or t may h ave s erved n ot o n ly a s c en tre o f s ecu lar s oc ia l a c t iv i ty , b u t c ou ld a lso h ave p rov ided a r i tua l f ocus f or t he c o m mun i t ies t o wh ich i tb elonged ( Cun l if fe 1 971a , 2 45 ;

1 971b , 5 5) .

I ft h is were t he c ase e lsewhere i n B r i ta in , t he

p resence o fv o t ive h u man b ur ia ls migh t n ow b e s een a s p art o f aw ider s pec tru m o f r el ig ious o r c ere mon ia l a c t iv i ty a ssoc ia ted w i th b o th t he c onstruct ion a nd o ccupa t ion o f o ur n a t ive h i l lfor ts. S econdary r i tes A l though i nhu ma t ions f ro m p i ts , g raves , d itches a nd r a mparts n ow r epresen t t he most c onsisten t a nd w idespread p re-La r ene I I f unerary t rad i t ion i n t he r eg ion , i ti s importan t a t t h is s tage t o c onsider a sma l ler s er is o f e ccen tr ic b ur ia ls t ha t d ev ia te f ro m t he c en tra l t he me o f c rouched , o r more r are ly e x tended , i nhu ma t ion ( F ig . 1 3 ) .

Wh i le a n u mber o f t hese

a l most c er ta in ly r ef lect l oca l a nd e ssen t ia l ly s hor t-l ived d eve lop men ts ,o f l im i ted c o mpara t ive i n terest , o thers may e ven tua l ly s hed s o me f ur ther l igh t o n t he p rob le m o ft he u nrecogn ised b ur ia l t rad i t ions t ha t o pera ted d ur ing t h e ar l ier c entur ies o f t he I ron Age . Barrows I nhu ma t ions a nd c re ma t ions s upposed ly a ssoc ia ted w ith v ar ious f or ms o fb arrow mound h ave b een r eported o n an u mber o f o ccas ions , a l though c onsisten t ly p oor r ecords p reven t d e ta iled c ons idera t ion o f many o f t hese

3 1

3 2

a nd h ave n ecess i ta ted t he a rb i trary i nc lus ion o f a l l t he e xa mp les f ro m s ou thern E ng land w i th in a s ing le s ec t ion o ft he c a ta logue , i rrespec t ive o ft he mode o f b ur ia l ( Append ix G .1) . E v idence o fp r i mary o r s econdary i nhu ma t ion i n b arrows t ends t o b e hss c onv inc ing t han t ha t f or c re ma t ion a nd h as , w i thou t e xcep t ion , t o b e t rea ted w i th c au t ion .

C rouched s keletons f ro m B ronze Age b arrows a t C o l l ingbourne

Duc is ( G .1.21) a nd I dm iston ( G .1.22) i n W i l tsh ire h ave , f or i nstance , b een c ons idered a s I ron Age s econdary b ur ia ls i n t he p as t , b u t c ou ld p erhaps b e r egarded more a ppropr ia te ly a s R o mano-Br i t ish o r p agan S axon i n ter men ts. F urther s econdary b ur ia ls f ro m R idgeway H i l l ( G .1.8) i n Dorset a nd B ox , W i l ts ( G .1.20) a re i n s o me ways b e t ter q ua l if ied c on tenders , b u t s t i l l r e ma in e ssen t ia l ly s uspec t , a s must t he wel l k nown B eau l ieu Hea th b arrow f ro m t he N ew F orest ( G .1.14 ) .

Here e xcava t ion o f a sma l l t urf mound r evea led t races

o f wooden p lank ing , as ing le p o t tery s herd a nd a c ast b ronze r ing , t oge ther i n terpreted a s t he r e ma ins o f a Ha l lsta t t v eh ic le b ur ia l .

N o t races o fh u man

s ke leta l ma ter ia l c ou ld b e i den t if ied , h owever , a nd i nhu ma t ion was a ssu med p ure ly o n t he g rounds t ha t o n ly u nburn t b one c ou ld h ave b een t ota l ly e l im ina ted b y t he h igh ly a c id ic l oca l s oi l c ond i t ions. Af i na l g roup o fb arrow i nhu ma t ions t ha t h ave b een c i ted p ers is ten t ly i n t he l i tera ture s ince t hey were f i rst a ss igned t o t he I ron Age b y F ox were f ound i n t wo a d jacen t f l in t a nd g rave l mounds n ear t he C hron ic le H i l ls b arrow g roup a t Wh i t t lesford , C a mbs ( G .1.6) .

Desp i te t he e ar ly d a te o ft he p r i mary

s ource , t he f or m a nd c on ten t o fb o th mounds a re d escr ibed i n s o me d e ta i l a nd s ee m t o i nd ica te a c lass o fb ur ia l w i thou t a ny o bv ious p ara l le l i n B r ita in . When e xcava ted , e ach b arrow was f ound t o c on ta in w ith in i t s i n ter ior a l ow c ircu lar c ha lk wa l l o r r eve t men t s o me 2 2 ' ( 6 .6 m) i n d ia me ter , a t t he c en tre o f wh ich was a l arge s quare b ur ia l p i t .

B o th g raves , wh ich were

r espec t ive ly 5 ' ( 1 .5 m ) a nd 4 ' ( 1 .2 m ) s quare , h ad b een d ug t o d ep ths o f 8 ' ( 2 .4 m ) a nd c on ta ined p a irs o f s ke le tons l y ing o ne a bove t he o ther . A l though t he p ostures o ft he b od ies i n t he f i rst g rave a re n ot r ecorded , t hose i n t he s econd a re s a id t o h ave b een i n a' s i t t ing ' o r c rouched p osi t ion . A ssoc ia ted o b jects w ere r estr ic ted t o i ron n a i ls , ak n ife , as pearhead a nd t races o f a c orroded b ronze o b jec t f ound o n t he t imberl ined f l oor o ft he f i rst v au l t . I n • t he a bsence o fc o mparab le I ron Age g raves , e va lua t ion o f t he Wh i t t lesford b ur ia ls r e ma ins d if icu l t , f or a l though t he u se o fb arrow mounds a nd r e la t ive ly mass ive b ur ia l p i ts may s ee m r em in iscen t o ft he e ar ly Ro mano-Bri t ish v au l t b ur ia ls f ro m t he B ar t low H i l ls i n E ssex ( V . C . H ., E ssex , i i , 1 963 , 3 9-43) o r t he L a r ene I I s er ies o f 'We lwyn ' g raves f ro m n or thern Her tfordsh ire a nd E ssex , t he a dop t ion o fc rouched i nhu ma t ion a nd t he p auc i ty o f a ssoc ia ted g rave g oods i s a tv ar iance w ith t hese l a ter c re ma t ion r i tes , r ese mb l ing i nstead t he ma in s equence o fp re-La T ene I I i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls. I n t urn ing t o b arrows t ha t may h ave y ie lded e ar l ier I ron Age c re ma t ions i ti s a ga in impor tan t t o d ist ingu ish b etween ah andfu l o f r e la t ive ly we l ld ocu men ted e xa mp les a nd a l arger g roup o f more d oub tfu l o nes.

I n t he f or mer

c a tegory a re t wo c re ma t ions f ro m T ickenha m , Avon ( G .1.1) , a nd E bwor th , G loucs. ( G .1.13 ) , b o th o f wh ich h ave b een s hown t o b e long t o t he t rans it iona l p er iod b e tween t he e nd o ft he L a te B ronze Age a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he I ron Age . At h ird s ugges ted e xa mp le o fv ery e ar ly I ron Age c re ma t ion i n t he s a me

3 3

a rea , f ro m K ing 's Weston H i l l , Br isto l , h owever , h as n ow b een r e lega ted t o aM idd le Bronze Age h or izon a nd c an n o l onger b e i nc luded a s ab ur ia l o ft he Ha l lsta t t p er iod ( Green , 1 973) . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f a no ther q uest ionab le p r i mary b ur ia l f ro m a b arrow j us t o u tside t he O l iver 's Ba t tery h i l lfor t i n Ha mpsh ire ( G .1.15) , t he r e ma in ing n on-La r ene I I c re ma t ion b arrows a l l l i e w ith in E ast Ang l ia a nd a re k nown p r inc ipa l ly t hrough s econdary a ccoun ts b y F ox ( 1 923) a nd R . R . C larke ( 1939 ) T hese i nc lude a s econdary b ur ia l w ith a n i ron k n ife a nd b ronze b rooch f ragmen ts f ro m C hr isha l l , E ssex ( G .1.11) , as o mewha t s uspec t p r i mary c re ma t ion f ro m Wee t ing P ark , Norfo lk ( G .1.1 `7 ) . , ag roup o f c re ma t ions f ro m b arrows o n T hrip low Hea th i n C a mbr idgesh ire ( G .1.5) , ap a ir o f p oss ib le , b u t u nconf i r med c re ma t ions f ro m R isby , S uf fo lk ( G .1.18-19 ) a nd t he we l l-known , b u t s t i l l amb iguous d epos i t o f I ron Age p o t tery a nd b urn t a n i ma l b one f ro m a b arrow o n Warborough H i l l , n ear S t if fkey , i n N orfo lk ( G .1.16 ). Wh i le f ew o ft hes 3 e xa mp les p rov ide a ccep tab le i nd iv idua l e v idence , a s ag roup t hey d o g ive t he impression t ha t a n o lder c re ma t ion t rad it ion may h ave s urv ived i n to t he e ar l ier o r midd le I ron Age i n p ar ts o f t he F en a nd Br e c ldand r eg ion . Whe ther t he s a me e xp lana t ion c an b e ofered i n t he c ase o ft he o f tenq uo ted Woo ley Down b arrows i n Berksh ire i s more d oub tfu l .

A l though e xcava t ion

o ft wo r ing b arrows a nd a t h ird emac ia ted mound h ere r evea led a c ons iderab le q uan t i ty o f s tra t if ied I ron Age a nd Ro mano-Br it ish p o t tery a nd meta lwork , t he a bsence o f e i ther c re ma ted o r u nburn t b one i n t he f i rst t wo s tructures s uggests t ha t i t wou ld b e u nw ise t o c on t inue t o r egard t he s i te a s h av ing h ad as pec if ic a nd u na mb iguous I ron Age f unerary f unct ion . Af ina l s equence o fb arrows f ro m W in terborne S teep le ton a nd Hand ley , Dorse t ( G .1.7 ;

G .1.9 ) a nd L eckha mp ton , G loucs ( G .1.12) may p erhaps

b e long t o t he l a tes t p hases o ft he p er iod a nd a re d ist ingu ished p r inc ipa l ly b y t heir s urround ing s quare d itched o r b anked e nc losures , ac harac ter ist ic t ha t h as i n t he p ast a l lowed t he m t o b e c o mpared w ith s quare-p lan L a r ene b arrows f ro m e astern Y orksh ire ( S tead , 1 965 , 2 3-4 ).

Excava t ion a t L eek-

h a mp ton a nd H and ley , h owever , h as f a i led t o p rov ide c onc lusive e v idence o f d a te , a l though t he l a t ter b arrow d id y ie ld a n u nurned c re ma t ion a nd f rag men ts o f I ron Age a nd Ro mano-Br i t ish p o t tery .

The u se o f embanked r a ther t han

d i tched e nc losures a t b o th L eckha mp ton a nd W in terborne S teep leton i s , moreo ver , i n marked c on trast t o L a T ene p rac t ices e lsewhere a nd u n t i l f ur ther e xcava t ion i s c arr ied o u t t he o r ig ins o f t hese s ou thern b arrows a re l ikely t o r e ma in o bscure. F la t g rave c re ma t ion I n v iew o ft he s hortage o f we l l-a t tested L a te Bronze a nd Ear ly I ron Age b ur ia ls i n s ou thern B r i ta in , a ny s ca t tered e xa mp les o f c re ma t ion c on t inue t o a ssu me a p ar t icu lar impor tance a s ap o ten t ia l means o fb r idg ing t he g ap b etween t he M idd le Bronze Age s equence o f c re ma t ion g raves a nd t he i ncep t ion o f i nhu ma t ion w i th in t he l ast t hree o r f our c enturies o f t he f irst mi l lenn iu m B .C . I ti s t herefore e ssen t ia l t ha t t he h andfu l o f c re ma t ions f ro m b arrows a lready r ev iewed s hou ld n ow b e a ug men ted w i th b r ief r eferences t o af ur ther sma l l s er ies o f e xa mp les f ro m more c onven t iona l f la t-grave c on tex ts.

3 4

Among t he most s ign if ican t o ft hese a re t he c re ma t ions f ro m a sma l l c e me tery a t Bro mf ie ld , S hropsh ire ( G .2.1) , whose C -14 d e ter m ina t ions o f 7 62 + 7 5 a nd 8 50 + 7 1 b .c. c o mpare we l l w i th t he 7 15 + 1 30 b .c. o b ta ined f ro m t he T ickenha m c a irn c re ma t ion a nd t he r ead ing o f 7 51 + 4 1 b .c. f or a n u rned b ur ia l f ro m Ry ton-on-Duns more , Warw icks ( G .2.6) . ' A l though b oth t hese s e ts o fr ead ings migh t f a l l o u ts ide t he c onven t iona l c hrono log ica l l im i ts o ft he I ron Age when r eca l ibra ted , t hey n ever theless s uggest t he s urv iva l o f a n o lder c re ma t ion p r inc ip le i n to t he f i rs t m i l lenn iu m B .C . a nd a dd s o me we ight t o o ther l ess f i rmly d a ted , b u t a pparen t ly e ar ly c re ma t ions.

Among t hese

a re t wo f l a t g rave b ur ia ls f ro m C ree t ing S t Mary a nd L akenhea th i n S uf fo lk ( G .2.2 ; G .2.3) , b o th a ssoc ia ted w i th e ar l ier I ron Age p o t tery v esse ls , a n i n-urne ,d c re ma t ion f ro m b enea th t he p r i mary r a mpart a t t he C aburn h i l lfor t i n S ussex ( G .2.4 ) a nd a s i mp le b ur ia l i n a sma l l p o t tery v esse l f ro m a s ha l low h o l low a t P ark B row , S ussex ( G .2.5) .

L eav ing t hese b road ly c o mparab le

e xamp les a s ide , t he o n ly o ther c re ma t ion t ha t may n o t b e long t o t he i n trusive L a f ene I I s equence i s a n a no ma lous b ur ia l f ro m Ha m H i l l , S o merse t ( F .147 ) , i n wh ich t he c re ma ted r e ma ins h ad b een b ur ied w i th a n e ar ly f i rst c entury A .D. a n thropo id d agger a nd f ragmen ts o f Duro tr ig ian p o t tery i n a sma l l r ock-cu t p i t s ea led w i th a c lay c app ing . C ave d epos i ts One f i na l g roup o fd iscover ies t ha t mer i t c ons idera t ion h ave a l l b een r ecovered f ro m l a te I ron Age c ave a nd r i f t d epos i ts i n Avon , S o merse t a nd Wi l tsh ire a nd p erhaps r ef lec t more t han o ne k ind o f r i tua l p erfor mance .

T h

f i rst a nd more s tra igh tforward s e t o f e xamp les a l l i nvo lve t he s ee m ing ly c onven t iona l i nhu ma t ion o fb od ies w ith in t he i n ter iors o f c aves t ha t a re k nown t o h ave b een o ccup ied d ur ing t he I ron Age . An e xa mp le o f ac on trac ted s ke le ton f rö m C ook 's H i l l Wood i s n o t c lose ly d a teab le ( G .3.5) , a l though a s econd b ur ia l f ro m t he n e ighbour ing Wookey Ho le c avern was a ssoc ia ted w i th ab i l lhook a nd o ther p ieces o fu t i l i tar ian i ronwork t ha t s ugges t b ur ia l s hor t ly b efore o r a f ter t he C laud ian c onquest ( G .3.4) . Al arger g roup o f s ke le tons f ro m t he n earby Read 's C avern ( G .3.2) was i nd irec t ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a c o mparab le c o l lec t ion o f me ta lwork t ha t a lso i nc luded La Tene I a nd I I b rooches a nd i ron s lave s hack les , a l though i n t h is i ns tance t here i s s o me d oub t a s t o whether t he b od ies h ad b een d e l ibera te ly b ur ied o r h ad b een t rapped a nd k i l led b y as udden r oof-fa l l . The e v idence f ro m t hree r e ma in ing s i tes i s more amb iguous a nd s ee ms t o i nd ica te t ha t c aves may s o me t i mes h ave b een u sed f or b o th n or ma l b uria l a nd f or t he s econdary d epos it ion o fd isar t icu la ted s ke le ta l ma ter ia l . A t Guy 's R if t , n ear S laugh terford ( G .3.6) , f or e xa mp le , t he p ar t ia l s ke le tons o f a t l east f our a du l ts a nd t hree c h ildren were f ound i n ac on fused s ta te w i th in a n arrow l imes tone f i ssure ; wh ile a t B ackwe l l ( G .3 .1) a s im i lar ly d isturbed c o l lec t ion o fb ones i s r epor ted t o h ave b een f ound i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th s herds o f l a ter I ron Age p ot tery .

A l though o ne o r t wo i nd iv idua ls f ro m b o th t hese

c aves may h ave b een b ur ied n or ma l ly , t he a va i lab le e v idence t ends t o s ugges t t ha t most o ft he r e ma ins were d epos i ted i n a mu t i la ted o r d isar t icu la ted s ta te . T h is impress ion i s b orne o u t b y t he b e t ter-documen ted Hay Wood Cave e xcavat i ons ( G .3.3) wh ich r esu l ted i n t he r ecovery o f p ar ts o f a t l east 2 8 s ke le tons , n o more t han t hree o f wh ich were j udged t o r epresen t t he b ur ia l o fc o mp le te 3 5

a nd f u l ly a r t icu la ted b od ies . T he r e ma inder o ft he ma ter ia l a ppears t o h ave b een d iv ided p r inc ipa l ly b etween a s er ies o f i so la ted u nacco mpan ied s ku l ls a nd o ne o r more c oncen tra t ions o ff ragmen tary c ran ia l a nd p os t-cran ia l b ones t ha t i mp l ied t he s econdary b ur ia l o f c lean d ry b ones b rough t t o t he c ave f ro m e lsewhere . Whe ther d eposi ts o f t h is t ype s hou ld b e t aken t o r epresen t s ubs id iary a spec ts o f c onven t iona l b ur ia l p rac t ices o r a s e v idence o f more s pec ia l ised v o t ive p er formances i s aq ues t ion t ha t ca n b e d ea l t w i th more a dequa te ly i n al a ter c hap ter . I ti sn ever the less u sefu l t o o bserve a tt h is p o in t t ha t b road ly s im i lar b ur ia ls a re k nown f ro m l imes tone c aves i n t he P enn ines a nd e lsewhere ( Append ix 1 .3 ) a nd may w ith t he ir S o merse t c oun terpar ts , h in t a t aw idespread c on te mporary c oncern w i th c aves , b o th a s p laces o f r efuge a nd a s s i tes o f p oss ib le s acred s ign i f icance .

3 6

CHAPTER 2 DUROTR IG IAN l NHU MATION I N SOUTHERN DORSET

I n t he p rev ious c hap ter i t was a rgued t ha t i nhuma t ion i n s torage p i ts a nd av ar iety o ff or ms o f e ar then o r s tone-l ined g raves was w ide ly p rac tised t hroughou t c entra l s ou thern E ng land d ur ing t he l a test p re-Ro man c en tur ies o ft he I ron Age b u t t ha t i tn ever a ssu med t he r ole o f a ma jor i ty b ur ia l f or m . I t must b e emphasised , h owever , t ha t t h is p reced ing d iscuss ion d e l ibera tely i gnored a n i mpor tan t , a nd i n many r espec ts e xcep t iona l , s er ies o fb ur ia ls f ro m s i tes t ha t l i e c lustered a long t he s ou thern c oast o f Dorse t , f or t hese a ppear t o r epresen t ad ist inct r eg iona l s ub-trad i t ion t ha t r equ ires s epara te a nd more d e ta i led c onsidera t ion i n i t s own r igh t . T he e ssen t ia l c harac ter ist ics o ft h is s econdary t rad i t ion , wh ich s ee ms t o h ave emerged o n ly d ur ing t he l a test d ecades o ft he f irst c entury B .C. amongst a r estr icted s ec t ion o f t he n a t ive Durotr ig ian p opu la t ion , a re t he u se o f s i mp le e ar th g raves o r , more r are ly , s tone-l ined c ists ;

t he d eve lop men t f or t he f irst t ime i n c en tra l s ou thern

B r i ta in o f c lear ly d ef ined f or ma l b ur ia l g rounds ; t he r egu lar p rov ision o f al im i ted b u t d is t inc t ive r ange o f g rave-goods a nd a c on t inued p reference f or c er ta in s oc ia l ly e stab l ished b uria l r u les g overn ing t he p osi t ion a nd o r ien ta t ion o fb od ies i nt he ir g raves. A t t he p resen t t ime i ti s d if icu l t t o a ssess h ow l ong t he r i te s urv ived i n t he r eg ion , b u t t he a va i lab le e v idence wou ld t end t o s uggest t ha t i tg radua l ly e vo lved i n to a n a s y et imperfec t ly u nderstood , b u t l ongl ived , Ro mano-Br i t ish i nhu ma t ion t rad i t ion d ur ing t he l a ter f i rst a nd e ar ly s econd c entur ies A .D. T he e ar l ier I ron Age b ackground E v idence f or b ur ia ls o f a ny s or t i n s ou thern Dorse t i n t he p eriod p reced ing t he d eve lop men t o ft he ma in Duro tr ig ian r i te i s s urpr ising ly l im i ted a nd t o a c er ta in e x ten t c on trasts w i th t h e r e la t ive p rofusion o f p i t a nd d i tch b ur ia ls f ro m s e t t le men t s i tes a nd h i l lfor ts i n t he n or thern p ar ts o ft he c oun ty . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f as ing le c h i ld b ur ia l f ro m a s i mp le t wo-stone c ist a t Wor th Ma travers ( B .31) whose a t tribu t ion t o a n I ron Age ' A ' h or izon may b e s uspec t , t he a dequa tely d ocumen ted e xa mp les a l l c o me f ro m t he e xcava t ions a t Ma iden C ast le a nd s uggest t ha t t he s hortage o ff ur ther ma ter ia l may i n s o me measure d er ive f ro m a b as ic l ack o fc o mparab le l arge s ca le e xcava t ions e lsewhere i n t he a rea . The ma jor i ty o ft he p re-Durotrig ian b ur ia ls f ro m Ma iden C ast le b e long t o Whee ler 's I ron Age ' 1 3 ' p hase , h is e arl ier ' A ' p er iod h av ing y ie lded b u t f i ve i nfan t i nhu ma t ions a nd a s ing le c rouched a du l t b ur ia l f ro m t he s upposed f ounda t ion g rave a t t he j unct ion o ft he P hase Ia nd P hase I r a mpar ts ( A .1.15.1 ; A .2.10.2-3 ;

A .4.4.1,2,4) .

Wi th t he e xcep t ion o ft he s ke le ton o f a n a du l t

f e ma le f ound n ear t he N eol i th ic l ong mound a t t he c en tre o ft he h il lfor t ( A .1.15.6)

3 7

R igh t

L e f t

Ma le

2

1

F ema le

3

3

B ack

5

T o ta l

1

4 6

I n fan t/ Ch i ld T o ta l

U nknown

4

1

8

9

1

9

1 9

4

N 00

•

04

w

•

00

•

E

00

• S

Ma le

4

( A ve rage a ge:

2 8 .7 y r s )

F ema le

6

( Ave rage a ge :

3 5 .0 y r s)

I n fan t/Ch i ld

9

T o ta l

1 9

F ig. 1 4 Ma iden Cast le, Dorset, Phase A a nd B i nhuma t ions: b ody p os it ion, s ex a nd a ge 3 8

o r ienta t ion,

a l l t he r e ma in ing e igh t ' B ' p er iod a du l ts c a me f ro m c on tex ts w i th in t he most e x tensive ly e xa m ined e astern e n trance. O f t hese , f i ve were i n c onven t iona l s torage p i ts ( A .1.15.2-5 , 7 ) ; o ne h ad b een b ur ied i n t he f i l l ing o f ad i tch ( A.3.9.1) ;

o ne w i th in a g rave d ug i n to t he c oun terscarp b ank o f t he ma in

d i tch ( A .2.10.1) a nd a f i na l e xa mp le b etween t ip l i nes i n a' B ' p hase r a mpar t ( A.4.4.3 ) . Three i n fan t s ke le tons o ft he s a me p er iod c ame f ro m f ur ther p i ts , wh i le a f if th c h i ld h ad a ga in b een b ur ied i n as i l ted d i tch ( A.1.15.8-10 ; A .3.9.2) . I n e very i nstance t he b od ies , whe ther o f y oung c h i ldren o r a du l ts , h ad b een b ur ied i n c rouched o r f l exed p os i t ions , b u t w i th l i t t le o bservab le p reference f or e i ther t he r igh t o r l ef t s ide o f t he b ody ( F ig . 1 4) .

O r ienta t ion

a lso t ends t o b e v ariab le , a l though t he r estr ic ted g roup o f a du l ts f ro m s torage p i ts s ee m t o s how s o me p reference f or a n a rc b etween NNE a nd S E , at endency t ha t may a ssume g rea ter s ign if icance i n s ubsequen t d iscussion o ft he s ucceed ing b ur ia l s equence. C lose d a t ing o ft hese e ar l ier b ur ia ls i s d if icu l t i n v iew o f at o ta l a bsence o f a cco mpany ing g rave g oods , b u t t he ma jor i ty wou ld a ppear t o b elong w i th in t he s econd a nd f i rst c en tur ies B .C . On ly t he s tra t if ied f ounda t ion b uria l t ha t l ay s ea led b enea th t he P hase I r a mpart ofers s tronger e v idence o f a midt h ird c en tury B .C. i n troduc t ion o f c rouched i nhu ma t ion . P erhaps t he most s ign if ican t f ea ture o ft he s er ies , h owever , i s t he a pparen t d e monstra t ion t ha t p i t-buria l a t Ma iden C ast le was more o r l ess c onf ined t o t he ' I f p hases o fo ccupa t ion , o n ly r eappear ing o n as ing le o ccas ion i n t he Duro tr ig ian p er iod ( B .28.14 ).

Wh i le t he r i te may i ndeed h ave b een l arge ly r ep laced b y

e ar th-grave b uria l i n t he l a ter p er iod , i ts hou ld n ever the less b e r emembered t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f t he ' 1 3 ' p er iod p i t-bur ia ls c ou ld b e d a ted o n ly b y t he l im i ted c on ten ts o ft he p i ts i n wh ich t hey were f ound.

The p ossib i l i ty t herefore r e ma ins

t ha t an u mber o ft he e xa mp les c ou ld b e long t o as l igh t ly l a ter p er iod , e spec ia l ly i nt hose c ases where b ur ia l may h ave t aken p lace i n t he u pper f i l l ings o f l ongd isused p i ts. The Duro tr ig ian b ur ia l s i tes a nd t he ir d istr ibu t ion I n c o l lec t ing a nd l i st ing e xa mp les o fb ur ia l t ha t b elong t o t he ma in Durotr ig ian s equence i th as o ccas iona l ly b een n ecessary t o a dop t s o mewha t a rb i trary c r i ter ia i n a ssessing whe ther i nadequa te ly r ecorded e xa mp les s hou ld o r s hou ld n o t b e i nc luded.

A l though a n u mber o f more r ecen tly e xcava ted

g roups o fb ur ia ls p resen t l i t t le p rob le m i n t h is r espec t , t he ma jor i ty o f g raves a re k nown o n ly f ro m 1 8th , 1 9th a nd e ar ly 2 0th c en tury r epor ts a nd a re of ten h ard t o d ist ingu ish f ro m l a ter Ro mano-Br i t ish i nhu ma t ions.

Th is p rob le m

b eco mes most a cu te i n t he c ase o ft he u rban o r s em i-urban c e me ter ies a nd b ur ia l g rounds o f Dorchester , Wey mou th , P or t land a nd Swanage , a nd i th as u sua l ly b een f ound t ha t t he o n ly p ract ica l s o lu t ion i s t o i nc lude i n t he g aze t teer o n ly t hose b ur ia ls t ha t a re k nown t o h ave y ie lded c harac ter ist ic Duro tr ig ian p ot tery v esse ls a s g rave g oods. There i s , h owever , l i t t le d oub t t ha t many o ther i nhu ma t ions f ro m t hese c e me ter ies b e longed t o t he s a me p er iod a nd c u l tura l t rad i t ion a nd i ts hou ld t herefore b e b orne i n mind t ha t Append ix B p urports t o r epresen t n o more t han a s a mp le o ft he l a ter p re-Ro man a nd e ar ly p ost-Conquest i nhu ma t ions c oncerned .

3 9

T he most i mpor tant o f t he b et ter d ocumented c e me ter ies i s u ndoub ted ly t he e x tensive b ur ia l g round e xcava ted n ear t he R o mano-Ce lt ic t e mp le o n J ordan H i l l , t o t he n or th-east o f Weymou th i n 1 843 ( B .24) . N o d e ta i led r ecords o f t he i nd iv idua l b ur ia ls a nd g rave-groups s urv ive , b u t g enera l a ccounts i nd ica te t ha t o ver 8 0 c rouched i nhu ma t ions were e ncoun tered a nd t hat t he ma jor i ty o f t hese were a cco mpan ied b y Durotr ig ian p ot tery v esse ls a nd a w ide r ange o f a dd i t iona l g rave f urn ish ings. A lthough i ti s n ot c lear when t he c e metery was f i rst e stab lished , t here c an b e l i t t le d oub t t hat i tc eased t o b e o f importance b y t he e nd o f t he f i rst c en tury A .D . a nd t herefore p robab ly r epresents t he b ur ia l g round o f a n e ssen t ia l ly n a t ive c o mmun i ty . Two sma ller b ur ia l g rounds t hat a lso s ee m t o s pan t he d ecades i mmed ia te ly b efore a nd a f ter t he Ro man o ccupa t ion o f s ou thern D orse t h ave more r ecen t ly b een f ound a ssoc iated w i th minor f ar ming s e t t le men ts a t Wh i tco mbe 0 3 .27) a nd L i t ton C heney ( B .14) , a l though t he l argest n umber o f we l l-recorded D urotr ig ian b ur ia ls a ga in c o me f ro m t he e xcavat ions c arr ied o ut b etween 1 935 a nd 1 937 i n t he e astern e ntrance s yste m o f Ma iden C ast le ( 1 3 .28) .

The b ur ia ls

f ro m t he l a t ter s i te i n f act f a l l i n to t wo d ist inc t c a tegor ies , a l though t he r i te i s i n e ach c ase e ssen t ial ly t he s a me . T he f i rst g roup c o mpr ises 1 6 a du l t a nd t wo i n fant b ur ia ls wh ich were a l l a pparen t ly p erformed u nder c ond i t ions o f p eace b efore , a nd p erhaps s oon a f ter , t he Ro man c ap ture o f Ma iden C as t le ( B .1.28.1-18) .

A l though s o me o f t hese g raves l i e w ide ly s ca t tered b etween

t he d efens ive o u tworks , t he ma jor i ty c o me f ro m ad ef ined a rea s o me 1 00 m s ou th o f t he ma in e n trance g a tes a nd s ee med t o r epresen t b u t a sma l l p ar t o f a n o rder ly a nd p erhaps e x tens ive b ur ia l g round . T he s econd ma jor b ur ia l a rea was e ncoun tered e ven c loser t o t he e astern g a teway , b u t t h is t ime i nd ica ted t ha t t he 3 8 a du l ts r ecovered b y e xcava t ion h ad a l l b een b ur ied more o r l ess s i mu ltaneous ly i n s ha l low , h ast i ly d ug g raves i n t he a f ter ma th o ft he b at t le i n wh ich t he L eg io I Augusta , u nder t he l eaders h ip o f t he f uture emperor Vespas ian , h ad s tor med a nd d isar med t he f or t i n A .D . 4 4. A l though t he r epea ted p resence o f l e tha l s word-cu ts a nd o ther i n jur ies t o s kul ls a nd p ost-cran ia l b ones i nd ica tes t ha t many , i fn o t a l l , t he d ead h ad b een k i l led d ur ing t he d efence o r i n t he c ourse o f a n e nsu ing massacre , t he ir b ur ia l h ad n ever theless b een p erfor med w i th s o me c are b y n a t ive s urv ivors who were c lear ly a nx ious t o a dhere a s c lose ly a s c ond i t ions a l lowed t o t he c onvent iona l Duro tr ig ian f unerary c usto ms. I n d iscussing t he war-ce me tery b ur ia ls a t al a ter s tage i tw i l l t hus b e n ecessary t o b ear i n mind t he e xcep t iona l c ircu mstances o bta in ing a t t he t ime , a s t hese w i l l h ave i nev i tab ly i n f luenced a nd p ossib ly d istorted t he b ur ia l p rocedure f ro m i t s n or ma l f or m i n an umber o f i mpor tan t r espects. I n a dd i t ion t o i so la ted g raves o r sma l l b ur ia l g roups , u sua l ly o n ly p oor ly r ecorded , f ro m B r idpor t ( B .1) , B ur ton B radstock ( B .3) , C or fe C ast le ( B .4) , L ang ton Ma travers ( B .13) , Wor th Ma travers ( B .31) a nd p ossib ly Woo l ( B .29) , t he r e ma in ing i nhuma t ions k nown t o h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w i th t rad i t iona l Durotr ig ian g rave-goods a l l c o me f ro m e ssen t ia l ly R o mano-Br i t ish c e me ter ies a t P or t land ( B .16-19) , Weymou th ( B .22-26) a nd D orchester ( 1 3 .5-12) .

T he

d if f icu l t ies t ha t a r ise i n a t te mp t ing t o i so la te s uch b ur ia ls f ro m t he c onsiderab le n umbers o f u nda ted o r l a ter g raves i n t hese u rban c e me ter ies h as a lready b een r eferred t o , a l though t here wou ld s ee m t o b e s u f f icien t e v idence t o d e monstra te t ha t n a t ive-sty le b ur ia l was b e ing p er for med i n o r n ear e ach o f 4 0

4 1

1 5 D istr ibut ion o f Durotr ig ian i nhuma t ions i n s outhern D orset

t he t hree t owns b y t he l ast q uar ter o f t he f i rst c en tury A .D.

A t D orches ter

a nd P or t land , moreover , t here i s r eason t o b e l ieve t ha t t he b ur ia l g rounds may e ven h ave h ad t he ir o r ig ins i n ap re-Conquest p hase , t hough t h is w i l l r e ma in d i f f icu l t t o c on f ir m u n t i l f ur ther c on tro l led e xcava t ion c an t ake p lace . T he d istr ibu t ion o f Duro tr ig ian b ur ia l s i tes i s c onf ined t o an arrow c oasta l s tr ip e n t ire ly w i th in t he modern c oun ty o f D orse t a nd b ounded o n i t s n or thern s ide b y t he v a l ley o ft he R iver F ro me .

T owards t he west s i tes l i e

s ca t tered a s f ar a s B r idpor t , a t t he mou th o f t he R iver B r i l l , wh i le t o t he e ast t hey e x tend i n to t he I s le o f P urbeck b u t f a i l t o p ene tra te t he h ea th lands t ha t l i e t o t he n or th ( F ig . 1 5) .

I ti s a lso o f s o me i n terest t o n o te t ha t t he ma in

g roup ings b etween Dorches ter a nd t he I s le o f P or t land a nd w i th in t he r estr ic ted K i mmer idge a rea o f P urbeck c orrespond w i th b oth t he b asic c oncentrat ions o f l a ter a nd u nda ted Ro mano-Br i t ish b ur ia ls a nd w i th t he k nown s ca t ter o f p re- a nd p ost-Conquest s e t t le men t i n s ou thern D orse t ( R.C.H. M ., D orse t , 1 970 , map f ac ing p . 6 34) . On ly t o t he west , t herefore , a re t here Duro tr ig ian i nhuma t ion s i tes wh ich d o n o t s ee m t o b e s ucceeded b y b ur ia ls b e long ing t o d er iva t ive s econd —fourth c entury A .D. c e me ter ies . The a pparen t a bsence o f e i ther p re- o r p ost-Conquest b ur ia ls i n t he c en tra l p ar t o f t he c oun ty i s a lso s urpr ising . T he N or th D orse t D owns s ee m , i ndeed , t o f or m a n emp ty h in ter land b etween t he ma in Duro tr ig ian b ur ia l z one t o t he s ou th a nd t he c ha lkl ands t ha t l i e n or th o ft he R iver S tour .

I n t h is l a t ter a rea t he p rac t ice o f p i t-

b ur ia lh as a lready b een s een t o s urv ive u p t o o r b eyond t he Ro man o ccupa t ion a t s i tes s uch a s G ussage A l l S a in ts , H od H i ll , Marnhul l a nd t he v ar ious C ranborne C hase s et t le ments , i nc lud ing Rother ley , Woodcu t ts , Woodya tes a nd T ol lard Roya l ( A .1.10-14 ;

A .1.35-36 ;

A .1.43 ) , t hereby p resen t ing a

p o ten t ia l ly s ign i f ican t c u l tura l d if ference b etween t he n or thern a nd s ou thern z ones o f wha t h as o therw ise b een r egarded a s a more o r l ess h o mogeneous t r iba l t err itory . G raves a nd b ur ia l g rounds O ne o f t he most s ign i f icant f ea tures o f t he emergen t s ou thern Duro tr ig ian b ur ia l t rad i t ion i s , a s we h ave a lready s een , t he r egu lar d evelopmen t o f d ef ined b ur ia l a reas. A l though e x tensive c e me ter ies o f t he k ind r epresen ted b y J ordan H il l may s t i l l h ave b een e xcep t iona l , t he sma l ler f unerary a reas s e t a side f or t he u se o f i sola ted f ar m ing s et t le men ts a t L i t ton C heney ( B .14) a nd Wh i tco mbe ( B .27) s uggest s trong ly t ha t t he n ew r i te was p rov id ing f or t he f i rst t ime a s tandard f or m o f a rchaeo log ica l ly d iscern ib le i nhuma t ion f or most , i fn ot a l l , me mbers o f t he c o m mun i ty . A l though t he ma jori ty o f t he r ecorded b ur ia l g rounds c ont inue i n to t he p ost-Conquest p er iod t here c an b e l i t t le d oub t t ha t t he c oncep t o f t he f or ma l c e me tery h ad a lready emerged i n t he p re-Claud ian d ecades o f t he f irst c en tury A .D. a nd c ou ld t hus h ave p rov ided a n e n t ire ly n a t ive i nsp ira t ion f or t he ma jor u rban c e meter ies t ha t d eve loped s o q u ick ly a round t he R o man t owns a nd l esser i ndus tr ia l s e t t le men ts n ear Dorchester , P or t land , Weymou th a nd Swanage . Our k now ledge o ft he a ctua l a rrange men t o f b ur ia ls w i th in t hese c e meter ies i s l im i ted , a l though i th as b een s uggested t ha t a t l east s o me o ft he p eace-t i me g raves a t Ma iden C ast le were r egu larly a rranged i n l i nes ( Whee ler , 1 943 , 3 489 ) .

A t J ordan H i l l , moreover , i ti s r eported t ha t g raves were f ound g rouped

4 2

t oge ther o n s evera l o ccasions a nd t hat t hese s upposed f am i ly c lus ters were s o me t i mes f ur ther d ef ined b y l ow e nc ircl ing d ry-stone wa l ls , a l though t he e xac t f or m a nd p urpose o f t hese s tructures r e ma ins o bscure ( Warne , 1 872 , 2 25-35) . I n t urn ing t o t he f or m o f i nd iv idua l g raves i t wou ld s ee m t ha t t wo a l terna t ive p rocedures were a dop ted a nd t ha t t hese ma in ly r ef lect d ifer ing l oca l g eo log ica l c ond i t ions.

T he most c o mmon t ype o f g rave a ppears t o h ave b een a s i mp le

u n l ined e arth o r c ha lk-cu t c av i ty , o f ten i rregu lar i n s hape a nd f requent ly d ug t o o n ly a l im i ted d ep th .

B ur ia ls f ro m J ordan H i l l , Wh itco mbe , L i t ton C heney

a nd Ma iden C ast le a l l s ee m t o h ave emp loyed e arth-graves o f t h is k ind , a s d o t he ma jor i ty o fb ur ia ls f ro m t he ma jor Dorchester c e me ter ies. The s econd , a nd i n Durotr ig ian t er ms l ess f requen t ly emp loyed , f or m o f g rave i s ar ec tangul ar o r o ccasiona l ly c ircu lar c ist I m 3 d a nd c overed w i th f la t s labs o f s la te . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o ft he i so la ted b ur ia l f ro m Wyn ford E ag le ( B .32) t he u se o f c ists t ends t o b e r estr ic ted t o t he a reas a round Weymou th a nd P ort land a nd t o t he b ur ia ls f ro m t he I s le o f P urbeck , t hus s uggest ing t ha t t he p rac t ice was a r eg iona l mod if ica t ion i n t hose a reas where s ources o f s u itab le s tone were n ear t o h and . Whe ther t imber c of f ins o r g rave-l in ings were u sed i n c on junc t ion w i th t he o r thodox e ar th g raves , t hus p rov iding a p oten t ia l mode l o r mirror o f t he c ist p r inc ip le , i su ncer ta in , a s t he u se o f i ron c of f in f i t t ings a nd n a i ls h as b een r epor ted o n ly f ro m l a ter Ro mano-Br it ish g raves. B ody p osi t ion a nd o r ien ta t ion The o n ly s i tes t ha t p rov ide a dequa te i n for ma t ion r ela t ing t o t he p osture a nd o r ien ta t ion o f i nd iv idua l s keletons a re Wh i tco mbe , L i t ton C heney a nd Ma iden C ast le.

T he u n ifor m i ty o f t he p references t ha t t hese d isp lay a re

n ever the less s o s tr ik ing t ha t t he t hree s i tes may p robab ly b e t aken a s a r e l iab le r epresen ta t ive s a mp le , a l though t he Ma iden C ast le war-ce me tery a dm it ted ly p resen ts c er ta in s pec ia l p rob le ms o f i t s own . T he f irst a nd most o bv ious f ea ture i s t ha t b od ies i n p eace-t i me b ur ia l g rounds i nvar iab ly l i e i n ac rouched o r f l exed p osi t ion a nd t ha t t here i s a v ery s trong t endency f or i nd iv idua ls t o b e p laced o n t he ir r igh t , r a ther t han l ef t , s ides. A t Ma iden Cast le , f or e xamp le , o n ly t wo o f t he 1 7 r ecorded p eace-t i me '0 p hase s ke le tons l i e o n t he ir l ef t s ides ( B .28.14-15 a nd F ig . 1 6 ) , wh ile a t Wh i tco mbe a nd L i t ton C heney n o f ewer t han 1 5 o f t he c o mb ined t o ta l o f 1 6 r ecorded b od ies l ay o n t he ir r igh t s ides ( B.27.1-8 , 1 1-12; 1 -3 ,5-6 a nd F igs. 1 7-18) .

B .14.

T h is v ery marked p reference c an a lso b e s een t o

c on trast w i th t he s o mewha t e ar l ier s eries o f Ma iden C ast le ' A ' a nd ' B ' p hase i nhu ma t ions , f or a l though a l l t hese a dop t ac rouched p os i t ion t here a ppears t o b e n o p ar t icu lar p redo m inance o f o ne b ody s ide o ver a nother ( F ig . 1 4 ) .

I n

t he c ase o f t he war c e me tery t he s i tua t ion i s a ga in r a ther d iferen t ( F ig . 1 9) , f or a l though t he ma jor i ty o f t he b a t t le v ic t i ms were f ound i n r ough ly c rouched p os i t ions , n ear ly a t h ird l ay more o r l ess e x tended o n t heir b acks o r f aces , i mp ly ing t ha t l ess c are t han n or ma l h ad b een t aken i n p lac ing t he m i n t he ir g raves ;

a n i mpress ion t ha t i s h eigh tened b y t he r epea ted o ccurrence o f

s ing le g raves o ccup ied b y t wo o r more i nd iv idua ls ( B .28 .22-23 ,29-33 , 3 6-41 ). E lsewhere i n t he a rea t he e v idence i s p oor , b u t i ti s i mp l ied t ha t a l most a l l t he J ordan H i l l ( B .24) s kele tons l ay o n t heir s ides w i th t he l egs f l exed a nd

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t ha t i nd iv idua l b ur ia ls f ro m Bur ton B radstock , C orfe Cast le , Dorchester , P or t land , Tyneha m , Wey mou th a nd Wyn ford E ag le ( B.3 ; 4 ; 1 1 ; 1 7; 1 9 ; 2 0 ; 2 2 ;23 ;26 ;32) a lso emp loyed a c rouched p osture.

A l though e xa mp les o f e x-

t ended s ke letons a cco mpan ied b y Durotr ig ian p o t tery v esse ls h ave b een r epor ted o n t wo o ccas ions a t Dorchester ( B .6 ;11) a nd O sm ing ton ( B .15) , i t wou ld s ee m t ha t t he l a t ter p osture b ecame p opu lar o n ly d ur ing t he l a ter s econd c en tury A .D. a nd e fect ively s erves t o d ist ingu ish t he ma in s equence o f s econd-four th c entury A .D. r o man ised b ur ia ls f rom t he e ar l ier s er ies o f t rad i t iona l n a t ive Durotr ig ian i n ter men ts. Whether o r ien ta t iona l r egu la t ions were modi f ied i n as im i lar manner d ur ing t h is p er iod i s l ess e asi ly d e ter m ined i n t he a bsence o f a dequa te d a ta r ela t ing t o a l l t he e ar l ier p ost-Conquest u rban a nd s em i-urban c e meter ies. T he e v idence f ro m Wh i tco mbe , L i t ton C heney a nd Ma iden C ast le n ever the less l eaves u s i n l i t t le d oub t t ha t t he b asic Duro tr ig ian b ur ia l c usto ms i nc luded s o me d is t inct d irec t iona l p re ferences , a l though t hese a re p erhaps l ess c lear ly d ef ined t han t he r u les o f b ody p osture.

A t Wh i tco mbe a nd L i t ton C heney ,

t herefore , we s ee a r ela t ive ly s trong c luster ing o f g raves whose o ccupan ts l i e w it h t heir h eads d irected b etween NE a nd S E , w i th o n ly t wo e xamp les d ev ia t ing t o W a nd NW ( F igs. 1 7-18) , whi le a t Ma iden C ast le a l b u t o ne o f t he 1 7 '0 p hase p eace-t i me s keletons a ga in l i e w i th t heir h eads d irected b e tween NE a nd S SE ( F ig . 1 6 ) . T h is p ar t icu lar a rc wou ld a lso s ee m t o h ave b een f avoured b y t he f i ve e ar l ier a du l t p i t-bur ia ls f ro m t he h i l l fort , a l though t he o vera l l p at tern f or t he p reced ing ' A ' a nd ' B ' p er iods b eco mes l ess d is t inct w i th t he i nc lus ion o f i n fan t b uria ls a nd a du l t s ke letons f ro m c on tex ts s uch a s d i tches ( F ig . 1 4) . I nt hecase o f t he war c e metery i t may b e n ecessary t o e xerc ise c au t ion i nv iew o f t he e xcept iona l c ircumstances u nder wh ich t he b ur ia ls were p erfor med , a l though t here wou ld a ppear t o b e l i t t le d oub t t ha t t he marked c oncen tra t ion o f e xa mp les d irected b etween E a nd S SE r esu l ted f ro m c on t inued c onsc ious a dherence t o a n e stab l ished s e t o f s oc ia l ly d ef ined r u les a nd p references ( F ig . 1 9) . Tha t s o many o f t he b od ies a lso h appen t o b e a l igned w i th t he c en tra l a x is o ft he ma in e as tern g ateway i s i n a l l p robab i l i ty f or tu i tous , a l though t he e x istence o f as tronger c asua l c onnect ion c anno t b e r u led o u t . S ex , Age a nd P a tho logy Ear l ier d iscover ies o fb ur ia ls i n t he r eg ion p rov ide v ery l i t t le u sefu l s ke leta l d a ta , a l though i ti s r epor ted t ha t t he J ordan H il l g raves c on ta ined t he b od ies o fb o th a du l ts a nd c h i ldren a nd t ha t i so la ted b ur ia ls f ro m B r idpor t , Burton B rads tock a nd Wor th Ma travers ( B .1 ; B .3 ; B .30 ) y ie lded a du lts o f b o th s exes a nd t he s ke le ton o f a t l east o ne c h i ld . T o o b ta in a more r ea l ist ic v iew o f t he p hys ica l c harac ter ist ics o f t hose b ur ied we h ave t herefore t o t urn o nce more t o t he ma in b ur ia l g roups f ro m Wh i tco mbe , L i t ton C heney a nd Ma iden C ast le. A t t he f or mer t wo s i tes t he g rea t ma jor ity o f s ke le tons b elonged e i ther t o a du l ts o r a dolescen ts , t here b eing b u t o ne b ody o f a5 y ear o ld c h i ld f ro m L it ton C heney ( B .14.6) .

O f t he a du l t s ke le tons f ro m Wh i tco mbe , s ix c ou ld

b e i den t i f ied a s ma le a nd t hree a s f e ma le , wh i le t he L i t ton C heney g roup s howed ar a ther more e qua l b a lance o f t hree ma les a nd t wo f e ma les.

4 7

B o th b uria l

C rouched R igh t

L e f t

Ma le

2 1

9

F ema le

1 3

7

? adu lt

3

C h i ld

4

E x tended U nknown

T o ta l

_

9

3 9

1

1

2 2

1

_

1

5

-

-

-

4

T o ta l

7 0

•000

• 000

000

00

• •• • ••• • ••• • •••

E

•

00

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000

Ma le

4 0

F ema le

2 5

A verage a ge :m a les

3 1 .8 y r s

C h i ld

6

A ve rage a ge :fema les

2 7 .2 y r s

T o ta l

7 1

F ig. 2 0 Durotr ig ian i nhuma t ions f rom s outhern Dorset: b ody p os it ion, s ex a nd a ge 4 8

o r ienta t ion,

g rounds a re , h owever , t oo sma l l t o p rov ide s ta t is t ica l ly r el iab le e v idence a nd i t wou ld s ee m p robab le t ha t l arger s a mp les wou ld s how n o p ar t icu lar d iscr im ina t ion b etween s exes.

Th is impression i s i ndeed c onf ir med b y t he

Ma iden C ast le ' C ' p er iod b ur ia ls ( B .28.1-18) wh ich i nclude t he b odies o f t wo i n fan ts , s even a du l t f e ma les a nd e igh t a du l t ma les. I ta lso d eserves t o b e n oted i n t h is c on tex t t ha t a t n one o f t hese s i tes d oes t he s ex o f a n i nd iv idua l a ppear t o h ave a ny d iscern ib le efec t o n t he c ho ice o f e i ther b ody p osi t ion o r o r ien ta t ion . I n t he c ase o f t he Ma iden C as t le war c e me tery ( B .28.19-56) i ti s i mpossib le t o r egard t he o ccupan ts o f t he g raves a s r epresen t ing an or mal c e metery p opu la t ion a nd t he r ecorded r a t io o f 2 2 ma les t o 1 0 f e ma les d oes i ndeed s ee m t o c onf ir m t ha t t he ma jor i ty o ft he d ead were p robab ly warr iors k i l led i n t he d efence o f t he e astern g a te .

I n t er ms o f p hysica l a ge t he 2 8 r ecorded i nd iv idua ls

s how l i t t le d iference f ro m t heir p eace-t ime c oun terparts ( F igs. 1 6 a nd 1 9) . G ood man a nd Moran t 's a ssess men ts f or 9 '0 p hase s ke le tons s how a n a verage a ge a t d ea th o f2 8.4 y ears , wh i le i n t he war-ce me tery t he a verage f e ma le a ge was 2 6.5 y ears a nd t ha tf or ma les 3 1.25 y ears. Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f as ing le f e ma le a ged b etween 1 8 a nd 2 0 ( B .28.34) a nd t wo a du l t ma les who were e ach o ver 4 0 y ears o ld ( B .28.33 a nd 3 9) , a l l t he war-dead s ee m t o h ave b een y oung a du lts , t here b e ing n o c h i ldren o r v ery a ged i nd iv idua ls among t he v ict i ms . One o f t he most d ist inct ive f ea tures o f t he s er ies i s t he v ery h igh i nc idence o f ma jor t rau ma t ic l esions t o s ku l ls o r p os t-cran ia l b ones. T he most c o m mon wounds were t hose i n f lec ted b y s words t o t he s ku l ls o f n ine ma le a nd t hree f e ma le s ke le tons , b u t o thers s howed s igns o fh av ing b een b a t tered w i th b lun t h and-he ld i nstrumen ts o r i n jured b y a rrows a nd b a l l ista b ol ts. I n an umber o f c ases , i nc lud ing t ha t o f as kele ton wh ich h ad n o l ess t han n ine s epara te s word c u ts t o i t s s kul l ( B .28.27 ) , t hese wounds a re f ar more v ic ious t han wou ld b e r equ ired t o c ause d ea th a nd s uggest t he p ossib i l i ty t ha t s o me i nd iv idua ls may n o t h ave b een k i l led d ur ing t he h e igh t o f b a t t le , b u t c ou ld h ave d ied i n as ubs equen t e xecu t ion o r massacre o f s urv ivors i n t he a f ter ma th . T here i s a lso s o me e v idence t ha t t he b od ies o ft hose a lready k i lled , o r a t l east v ery s everely wounded , may h ave b een t he s ub jects o f s econdary a t tacks d ur ing o r a f ter t he b a t t le.

S ke le ton P .7 ( B.28.22) h ad , f or i nstance , s uf fered a p o ten t ia lly l e tha l

b a l ista wound b efore r ece iving t hree massive s word c u ts t o t he h ead , wh i le s ke leton P .7A ( B .28.23 ) f ro m t he s ame g rave h ad s im i lar c ran ia l i n jur ies i n a dd i t ion t o t he wound a lready c aused b y a n i ron a rrow-head embedded i n t he s p ine . I n a l l , 1 6 o f t he 3 2 a dequa tely p reserved s ke le tons h ad r ece ived i n jur ies afec t ing b ones a nd i tc an o n ly b e a ssumed t ha t t he r e ma in ing i nd iv idua ls h ad a l d ied a s ar esu l t o ff l esh wounds. C o mpar ison o f o r ien ta t ion a nd b ody p os i t ion r evea ls n o s pec ia l t rea t ment o f t hose w i th o bservab le s ke le ta l i n jur ies , n or i s t here a ny e v idence t hat me mbers o f t h is p ar t icu lar c a tegory were more o r l ess l i ke ly t o b e p rov ided w i th f or ma l g rave g oods . G rave g oods a nd C hrono logy I n t he p reced ing s ect ions o f t h is c hap ter we h ave s een t ha t t he i m med ia te p re-Conquest p opu la t ion o f s ou thern Dorse t s udden ly , a nd a pparen t ly i ndepend en t ly , d ev ised a s tandard p rocedure f or b ury ing many o r a l l o f t heir d ead i n 4 9

d ef ined b ur ia l a reas.

A n a dd i t iona l , a nd a rchaeo log ica l ly more s ign if ican t ,

a spect o f t ha tn ew f or ma l is m i s t he s i mu l taneous a dop t ion o r i nven t ion o f t he c usto m o fp rov id ing t he ma jor ity o f c orpses w i th c arefu l ly c hosen g rave g oods . A lthough t he f unerary ofer ings a re f or t he most p ar t s i mp le a nd u nosten ta t ious , t hey n ever the less p rov ide a welco me i nsight i n to p reva i l ing s oc ia l v a lues a nd a t t itudes t owards t he d ead . More i mportan t s t i l l , t hey c o l lect ively f or m t he b asic f ra mework f or a ny r e lat ive o r a bso lu te c hrono log ica l a ssess men t o f t he Durotr ig ian i nhu ma t ion r i te a nd i t s s ubsequen t t ransforma t ion i n to a b roader r eg iona l Ro mano-Br it ish t rad i t ion . T he o b jects a ssoc ia ted w i th t he e ar th g rave b ur ia ls most f requen t ly a nd c haracter ist ica l ly a re p ot tery v essels. F or t he most p ar t t hese b elong t o o ne o r o ther o f t he n ine d ist inct ive p re a nd p ost-Conquest Duro tr ig ian c era m ic f or ms d ef ined b y B ra i lsford ( 1 958) , a l though g rave-groups o ccasiona l ly i nc lude imported S am ian v essels a nd n at ive c op ies o f t hese a nd G a l lo-Be lg ic wares. A l most a s c o mmon , b u tv ery much more e as i ly o ver looked , a re sma l l d epos its o f a n i ma l b one t ha t s ee m t o r epresent t he b ur ia l o f j o ints o f mea t . U sua l ly t hese a re o f p ig o r s heep , b u t t he o ccas iona l p resence o f h orse , o x a nd c h icken b ones i mp lies t ha t t he c ho ice was n ot r ig id ly d ef ined . T he r e ma in ing o b jec ts p rov ided a s g rave-goods a re more v ar ied , b u t t end t o c o mpr ise minor o rnaments a nd u tensi ls , p resuma lby c hosen b y t he c lose r e lat ives a nd a ssoc ia tes o f t he d eceased o n ap ersona l a nd s en t i men ta l b asis . B efore c onsider ing t he c o mb ined c hrono log ica l a nd s oc ia l imp l ica t ions o f t h is ma ter ia l i tw i l l b e u sefu l t o l ook f i rst a t s o me o ft he i nd iv idua l c ol lec t ions o f g rave-goods i n more d eta i l i n o rder t o d eter m ine wha t , i fa ny , c r i ter ia g overned t he ir s elec t ion . Turn ing f irst t o ' Wh i tco mbe i tc an b e s een t ha t e ach o ft he n ine u nd isturbed b ur ia ls i nc luded o ne o r more imper ishab le i t e ms , a l though i n f our i ns tances t hese were r estr ic ted t o meat b ones ( B .27 .1 a nd 7 ) o r t o mea t b ones a nd a g lass b ead ( B .27.2) o r i ron b racelet ( B .27.6 ) .

T hree f ur ther b ur ia ls , a l l o f

a du lt ma les , e ach c on ta ined t wo Durotr ig ian p ot tery v essels ( B .27.3-5) , wh i le t he s ke leton o f ag ir l o f1 6 ( B .27.8) was a cco mpan ied b y as tr ing o f 1 3 g lass , wooden a nd p aste b eads , t wo more Duro tr ig ian p o ts a nd t wo impor ted S am ian v essels. One o f t he l a t ter p ieces , a Deche let te F or m 6 7 g lobu lar b eaker , b elongs t o ar ela t ively r are G au l ish p o t tery c lass c urren t o n ly i n t he p er iod A .D. 9 0-110 , t hus c on f ir m ing t ha t t he Wh i tco mbe b ur ia l g round c on t inued i n u se i n to t he e ar ly y ears o f t he s econd c en tury A .D. ( A i tken , 1 966 , 1 13) . Whether t he o ther b ur ia ls w ith n a t ive p o ttery v esse ls b elong t o t h is s a me l ater p er iod i s s t i l l u ncer ta in , a lthough a f i na l , a nd i n e very o ther r espect e xcept iona l , s et o f o b jects f ro m B ur ia l 1 2 c onf ir m t ha t t he c e metery was c ert a in ly f ounded b efore t he Ro man C onquest . I n t h is i nstance t he s keleton o f a muscu lar y oung man i n h is midd le t went ies l ay c rouched a nd o r ien ted i n e xac t ly t he s a me manner a s a l l t he o ther Wh i tco mbe b od ies , b u t h ad b een p rov ided w i th a L a T bne I I l ong sword , aL a ' I l ene I lb rooch , ac ircu lar b ronze b e lt-hook a nd a s elec t ion o f s ubsid iary weapons a nd t oo ls t ha t r ela te t he b ur ia l t o ad ist inc t ive a nd w idespread s ou thern B r i t ish c lass o f l ater I ron Age warr ior b ur ia ls whose s ign i f icance i s d iscussed a t g reater l eng th i n C hap ter 5 .

A l though t he Wh i tco mbe g rave g roup h as y e t t o b e p ub l ished i n

d eta i l , t he g enera l c harac ter o f t he c o mponen t p ieces c on f ir m t ha t t he b ur ia l c an h ard ly b e p laced l a ter t han t he s econd d ecade o f t he f i rst c en tury A .D.

5 0

a nd t ha t i ti s more l i kely t o h ave b een p er for med t owards t he e nd o ft he p rec ed ing c entury .

L eav ing a side f or t he p resen t t he q uest ion o f h ow s uch a

warr ior c a me t o b e b ur ied amongst a g roup o f Durotr ig ian f armers , i ti s t herefore p ossib le t o r ecogn ise t ha t as tandard f or m o f b ur ia l may h ave b een p er for med a t Wh i tco mbe f or a s l ong a s 1 00 y ears. The e v idence f ro m L it ton C heney i s b road ly s im i lar t o t ha t y ielded b y t he Wh i tco mbe g raves , a l though t here i s l i t t le h ere t o c onf irm t ha t b ur ial b egan much b efore t he mid-f irst c en tury A .D. O f t he f our r ecorded a du l t s ke letons , t wo f e ma les were w i thou t g rave g oods o f a ny s or t ( B .14 .3 a nd 4 ) , wh i le t wo ma les h ad r espec t ive ly a C lass 1 b ead-r im b ow l a nd i ron b rooch ( B .14 .1) a nd a b ead-r im j ar , aC lass B p enannu lar b rooch a nd t he c o mp le te s ke leton o f ay oung s heep ( B .14.5) .

Af i f th b ur ia l o f af i ve y ear o ld c h i ld ( B .14 .6 ) i s

s o mewha t u nusua l i nh aving b een p rov ided w i th a p ar t icu lar ly e labora te g roup o f g rave f urn iture t ha t i nc luded a C lass 1 b ow l , af urther C lass B p enannu lar b rooch , ab ronze b racelet w i th a s uspended b ronze r ing , a nd a N auhe i m-der ived b rooch o f t i nned b ronze . I n t h is c ase a l l t he meta lwork o b jec ts were f ound o n t he c hest o f t he c h i ld , where t hey h ad p resumab ly b een p laced a s as en t i men ta l t oken o f a f fec t ion b yt he mourn ing p aren ts. Ra ther s im i lar mot ives must a lso h ave g u ided t he c ho ice o f o b jects l a id i n t he c rook o f t he a rm o f ab oy o f 1 6 f ro m B ur ia l 2 , f or t hese i nc luded , i n a dd i t ion t o ap ig mand ib le a nd t wo i ron s hroud o r c loth ing f asteners , as et o f 2 0 g am ing p ieces a nd a n i ron s ty lus , p erhaps u sed f or s cor ing p o in ts d ur ing p lay . The c onst i tu t ion o f t h is g am ing s et i s i t sel f i nterest ing , f or t he p ieces c o mpr ise t wo s er ies o f p ebb les ; o re g roup c ircu lar i n s hape , t he o ther o va l. E igh t me mbers o f t he c ircu lar s et a re f or med f ro m c a lc iu m c arbona te p ebb les , a s a re n ine o f t he o va l o nes. Two c ircu lar a nd o ne o va l r ep lace ment p ieces h ad t hen b een made a t al a ter s tage f ro m p ieces o f o yster s hel l , c oarse p ot tery a nd a S am ian s herd , p resumab ly t o make u pf or e ar l ier l osses ( Ba i ley , 1 967 , F ig . 1 0) . The o n ly o ther k nown c ol lect ion o f I ron Age g am ing e qu ip men t f ro m t h is c oun try i s t he s et o f2 4 d ecora ted g lass c oun ters f ro m t he e xcep t iona l ly r ich L a T ene I I c re ma t ion b ur ia l e xcava ted a t Welwyn G arden C i ty ( S tead , 1 967 , P 1 .1 ; Append ix F .106 .1) . There i s , h owever , ab asic d if ference b etween t hese t wo g roups , i n t ha t t he Welwyn c oun ters d iv ide i n to f our ' t ea ms ', e ach o f ad i f feren t c o lour , whereas t he L i t ton C heney e xa mp les f orm o n ly t wo s ets , e ach o f t en r ather t han s ix p ieces. I n d iscuss ing g ames p layed w i th c oun ters S tead h as p o inted o u t t ha t t hose i nvo lv ing f our s ides a re u sua l ly ' race g a mes ' p layed w i th t he a id o f d ice o r s o me s im i lar i ndependen t s cor ing mechan is m , whereas t hose w ith o n ly t wo s ides a re e ssen t ia lly g a mes o f a t tack a nd d efence p layed b y t wo o pponen ts o n a marked b oard ( S tead , 1 967 , 1 9) . I n t hese t er ms t he L i t ton C heney g a me wou ld t hus s ee m t o b e c loser i n f or m t o o ur modern d raugh ts o r a rchaeo log ica l ly-a t tested a t tack ing g a mes s uch a s n ine- mensmorris t han t he ' l udo ' s uggested f or t he We lwyn e xa mp le. I n t urn ing t o Ma iden C ast le i ti s im med ia te ly a pparen t t ha t t he p rov ision o f g rave g oods i s c on f ined t o t he '0 p er iod p eacet i me g raves a nd t o b ur ia ls i n t he war-ce me tery .

L ike t he ir c oun terpar ts i n o ther a reas t he i nd iv idua ls

f ro m t he e ar l ier p i t a nd r a mpar t c on tex ts a re e n t irely u nacco mpan ied . O ft he 1 7 p eacet i me b ur ia ls , 9 were a ssocia ted w i th g rave g oods , a l though n o s ke leton h ad more t han o ne o b jec t w i th i t . 5 1

The i t e ms c oncerned i nc lude

f our p o t tery v essels , ma in ly o f B ra i lsford is C lasses 1 a nd 2 , w i th a n i n fan t , a n

a du l t ma le a nd t wo a du l t f e ma les ( B .28.1,6 ,9 a nd 1 1) ;

s heep b ones a nd

ac o l lect ion o f s l ingstones w i th t wo f ur ther ma les ( B .28.4 a nd 7 ) a nd a b ronze t oe-r ing , a n i ron a rrow h ead a nd a p ig s ku l l w i th t he t hree r e ma in ing f e ma les ( B .28.15 , 1 6 a nd 1 8) .

Taken a s a who le t h is c o l lec t ion s hows n o o bv ious

d iscr im inatory f ea tures a nd i t may a lso b e n o ted t ha t t he u nacco mpan ied s ke letons b e longed t o f our ma les , t wo f e ma les a nd t he s econd o ft he t wo i n fan t s ke letons i n t he s er ies. An a dd i t iona l b ur ia l ( B .28.17 ) o f a n a du l t f e ma le a cco mpan ied b y t he s keletons o f ad og a nd a y oung l a mb was a lso r e la ted w i th t h is b ur ia l s equence i n t he o r ig ina l e xcava t ion r epor t , b u t c an p erhaps b e r egarded a s al a ter Ro mano-Br i t ish i nhuma t ion o n t he b as is o f a n e x tended b ody p osi t ion , t he p resence o f i ron c of f in f i t t ings a nd t he c harac ter ist ic b ur ia l o f t he b ody i n s hoes o r b oo ts s tudded w i th h ob -na i ls. I n t he l arger war-ce me tery g rave g oods w ere a ga in p rov ided f or r a ther more t han h a lf ( 5 8% ) o f t he t o ta l o f 3 8 r ecorded b ur ia ls , a l though t here i s h ere as ugges t ion t ha t as l igh t ly h igher t han a verage p ropor t ion o f ma les may h ave b een u nacco mpan ied . P ot tery v essels a re a s u sua l t he most f requen t ly o ccurr ing o b jec ts a nd were f ound i n 9 ma le a nd 3 f e ma le g raves ( B .28.19 , 2 1 ,22,31,32, 3 6-39 ,44 ,48 ,52) .

The c o m monest f or m was t he C lass 1 o r l a ' war-ce me tery '

b ead-r im b ow l , r epresen ted b yn o l ess t han 9 s pec i mens , a l though t here were a lso t wo C lass 2 b ow ls , t wo C lass 9 ' l ids ' a nd a s ing le C lass 7 p ir i form j ar . T he o n ly o ther o b jec ts t ha t o ccurred w i th a ny f requency were s ix d eposi ts o f s heep o r o x b ones ( B .28 .25 ,2 8 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 3 9 , 4 2 ) a nd f i ve e xamp les o ff i nger a nd t oe r ings a pparen t ly w orn a t t he t ime o f d ea th ( B .28.19.28.33 ,42,45) .

A l l

t he o ther p ieces , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f as ha le a rm let ( B .28.47 ) , r epresen t s ing le i t e ms o f meta l work c hosen o n a n i nd iv idua l a d h oc b asis a nd i nc lude a n a xe , ab racele t , a n i ron k n i fe , ab ronze e ar-scoop f ro m a t o i le t s e t , a nd as ing le Duro tr ig ian s truck b ronze c o in ( B .28.20 ,36 ,41,48) . There a ppears t o b e n o c lear c orre la t ion b e tween c ho ice o f o b jec ts a nd t he s ex o f i nd iv idua ls , n or i s i tp ossib le t o d e tec t a ny p references o pera t ing i n f avour o f , o r a ga inst , t hose s u f fer ing ma jor s ke leta l i n jury .

The most o bv ious

f ea ture o f t he s er ies i s i ns tead i t s s urpr ising n or ma l i ty , a nd t he i nc lusion o f p resu mab ly f resh j o in ts o f mea t i n a dd i t ion t o p re-ex ist ing manufac tured o b jec ts s erves t o r e inforce t he impress ion t ha t t he s urv ivors were l e f t f ree t o b ury t he ir d ead e xac t ly a s t hey w ished . T he g rave g oods f ro m t he t hree most r ecen t ly e xcava ted c e me tery a reas h ave b een d escr ibed h ere i n s o me d e ta i l b ecause t hey a lone c o me f ro m c on tex ts t ha t w i l l a l low d eta i led c onsidera t ion o f t he s oc ia l f actors afect ing t he ir s e lec t ion .

Ob jec ts f ro m o ther b ur ials i n t he r eg ion c an r are ly b e r ela ted t o

i nd iv idua ls o fk nown a ge o r s ex a nd t herefore t end t o b e o f more l im i ted a nd e ssen t ia l ly c hrono log ica l i n terest . T he l argest s ing le c o l lec t ion o f mater ia l , f ro m J ordan H i l l ( B .24 ) , r e ma ins u npub l ished a nd t he i nd iv idua l g rave a ssoc ia t ions o f t he o b jec ts n ow p reserved i n museu m c o l lec t ion o r r ecorded i n e ar l ier d ocumen tary s ources a re u nknown . E igh ty p ot tery v esse ls , f ro m a n o r ig ina l t o ta l o f p erhaps 1 25 ( R .C .H. M ., Dorse t , 1 970 , 6 17) a nd a wea l th o f s ubsid iary ma ter ia l n ever theless c onf ir m t ha t t he ma jor i ty o ft he e igh ty o r more b ur ia ls mus t h ave b een a cco mpan ied a nd t ha t t he c e me tery , wh i le o ccup ied u n ti l a t l east t he e nd o f t he f i rst c en tury

5 2

A .D., was p robab ly f ounded s hor t ly b efore o r a f ter A .D.44 t o s erve t he n eeds o f a n e ssen t ia l ly n a t ive Duro trig ian c o mmun i ty .

A s ide f ro m a smal l g roup o f

S am ian a nd im i ta t ion S am ian p ieces a nd e xa mp les o f g a l lo-be lg ic t erra-n igra a nd t erra-rubra wares , t he ma jor i ty o ft he c era m ic ma ter ia l i s s tong ly Durot r ig ian i n c haracter a nd i nc ludes 2 0 C lass 1 b ow ls , s even C lass 2 b ow ls , f our C lass 4 b ow ls , f ive C lass 7 j ars , t hree C lass 8 t ankards a nd a s ing le C lass 9 O ther o b jec ts k nown t o h ave c o me f ro m b ur ia ls a re v ery v ar ied , b ut c on for m g enera l ly t o t he p a t terns a lready e stab l ished a t t he b et ter d ocumen ted s i tes.

I n a dd i t ion t o p ersona l o rna men ts s uch a s b rooches , b racelets a nd t he

n ow f am i l iar f inger-r ings , t here a re , f or i nstance , r epor ts o f s keletons a ssoc ia ted w i th u t i l i tar ian imp le men ts s uch a s k n ives , weav ing c o mbs a nd i ron s ty l i , o r w i th a v ar ie ty o f p ersona l weapons , i nc lud ing a s word , as pear , a rrow h eads a nd s l ing-s tones. I ti s d i f f icu l t t o d eter m ine i n d e ta i l t he d iferences i n wea l th t ha t may h ave b een d isp layed b y d i f feren t g raves , a l though i ti s p erhaps s ign i f ican t t ha t t he n ine p ot tery v esse ls f ro m t he r ichest r epor ted g rave g roup a l l b e longed t o l a ter f irst o r p erhaps e ar ly s econd c en tury A .D. r o man ised f or ms r a ther t han t o t he t rad i t iona l Duro tr ig ian s equence. A l though n o o ther c e me tery a s l arge a s J ordan H i l l h as y ie lded s uch a h igh p ropor t ion o ft rad i t iona l n a t ive ma ter ia l , i sola ted i nhu ma t ions f ro m R o mano-Br i t ish b ur ia l g rounds e lsewhere i n t he Weymou th a rea , f ro m t he I s le o f P or t land a nd f ro m t he s uburbs o f R o man Dorchester a re k nown t o h ave c on ta ined s im i lar o b jects. Duro tr ig ian p ot tery v essels , a nd i n p ar t icu lar C lass 1b ead-r im b ow ls , a ga in p redo m ina te i n t hese u rban o r s em i -urban c e meter ies , a s t hey d o amongs t i so la ted b ur ia ls f ro m r ura l s i tes s uch a s B ur ton B radstock ( B .3 ) , B road mayne ( B .2) , C orfe C ast le ( 1 3 .4) , L ang ton Ma travers ( B .13 ) , West S taf ford ( 1 3 .21) , Woo l ( B .29 ) a nd Wor th Ma travers ( B .30 ) , b u t n eed n o t n ecessar i ly imp ly p re-Conques t c e me tery o rig ins. Ra ther more s ign i f ican t f ro m t h is p o in t o fv iew a re t wo mirror h and les f ro m c ist g raves n ear P or t land ( 1 1 .18 a nd 1 9) a nd a s ing le e xamp le a ssocia ted w i th a b ead-r im j ar i n t he g rave o f a n e lder ly wo man f ro m Wes t B ay , B r idpor t ( B .1) . Wh i le s uch mirrors c ou ld c er ta in ly h ave r e ma ined i n u se a s f am i ly h eir loo ms u nt i l t he l a ter f irs t c en tury A . D., most r ecen t a ssess men ts o f t he s tructura l a nd d ecora t ive e le ments a gree t ha t t he ma in p er iod o f t he ir manufacture e nded d ur ing t he s econd o rt h ird d ecades o f t he c en tury . C o mpar ison w ith o ther mirror b ur ia ls f ro m Trelan B ahow i n C ornwa l l ( C.7 ) ; Moun t B a t ten , n ear P lymou th ( C .15) ;

B ird l ip , G loucs ( A .2.14 ) , a nd Arras i n e astern Y orksh ire

( D .1.18.28) wou ld a lso s uggest t ha t t he p ract ice o f p rov id ing f e ma les o fh igh r ank w i th s uch o b jec ts was l im i ted t o t he s ame p er iod . The b ur ia l o f ah orse w i th a t wo-l ink s naf f le b i t i n i t s mouth , f ro m t he f ounda t ions o f S t . G eorge 's c hurch a t F ord ing ton o n t he e astern o u tsk ir ts o f Dorchester ( B .8) , i s more d i f f icu l t t o i n terpret t han t he mirror b ur ia ls , b u t may l i kew ise imp ly t he p re-Conquest f ounda t ion o f a n a d jacen t Ro mano-Br i t ish c e metery a rea . T he b i t i t sel f b e longs t o at ype t ha t was c urren t i n s ou thwestern B r i ta in t owards t he e nd o ft he I ron Age a nd i s f or med f ro m t wo c en tra l b ronze-p la ted i ron l i nks mounted b etween a p a ir o f c ast b ronze c heek p ieces ( R.C.H. M ., Dorset , 1 970 , P l . 2 30 a nd p . 5 74 ) . A l though t here i s i nsu f f ic ien t e v idence t o s uppor t e ar l ier s uggest ions t ha t t h is f i nd r epresen ts a L a I l ene c ar t b ur ia l o f t he k ind o therw ise r estr ic ted i n B r i ta in t o e astern Y orksh ire , t here c an b e l i t t le d oub t o ft he f or ma l n ature o ft he i n termen t , e i ther a s a 5 3

s acr i f icia l d epos i t a na logous t o v ot ive h orse b ur ia ls f ro m B lewbur ton , B erks , a nd e lsewhere ( Hard ing , 1 976 , 1 43) , o r a s a n o therw ise u npreceden ted a d junc t t o t he b ur ia l o ft he a n i ma l 's o wner . B efore t urn ing t o a more g enera l a na lysis o f t he g rave-good e v idence i t i s n ecessary t o c onsider o ne f ur ther g roup o f ma ter ia l t ha t h as b een a scr ibed i n r ecen t y ears t o ap a ir o f e xcep t iona l ly wea l thy b ur ia ls p er for med w i th in t he i n ter ior o ft he u n ival late h il l fort a t B u lbury , s o me d istance t o t he e ast o f t he ma in Duro tr ig ian i nhu ma t ion z one. A l though n o a cco mpany ing h uman b ones were r epor ted , C un l i f fe h as s uggested t ha t t he l arge c ol lec t ion o f u t i l i tar ian a nd d ecora t ive meta lwork a nd g lass ' f ound a t t he s i te b etween 1 881 a nd 1 882 i s t oo v ar ied i n i t s c o mposi t ion t o b e r egarded a s as ing le h oard , a nd h as p ref erred i nstead t o a rgue i n f avour o f a t l east t hree s epara te d eposits ; t wo o f t he m a cco mpany ing ma le a nd f e ma le b ur ia ls a nd at h ird r epresen t ing a more l im i ted i ron-worker 's h oard ( Cunn ing ton , 1 884 , 1 15-20 ; C un l if fe , 1 972, 2 93-306 ) . T he f e ma le g rave wou ld t hus h ave c on ta ined a b ronze mirror w i th a mu l t ip le l ooped h and le o f F ox 's C lass I IA , as tr ing o f e igh t g lass b eads a nd t wo f ragmen tary b ronze b ow ls , wh i le t ha t o f t he ma le wou ld h ave b een p rov ided w ith a f ragmen tary C lass I VA sword h i l t ( P iggo t t , 1 950 , 2 7 ) , ab ronze t ankard h and le o f C orcoran 's C lass W ( 1 952, 9 9 ) , t wo c as t b ronze r ings t ha t p oss ib ly s erved a s t he s ide e le men ts o f ah orse-b i t , a nd a g roup o f b ronze moun t ings t ha t h ave b een i n terpreted a s t he d ecora t ive f i t t ings o f ac har iot y oke .

Whi le

t he s upposed f e ma le a sse mb lage c an i ndeed b y ma tched e xac t ly a t B ird l ip , a nd i n t er ms o f t he mirror a nd n eck lace c o mb ina t ion , a ga in a t Tre lan B ahow a nd i n t he L ady 's B arrow a t Arras , t he ma le g rave-group s hows s o many u npreceden ted f ea tures t ha t i t s r econs truct ion mus t b e r egarded w i th c ons idera b le d oub t .

A l though t he e qua l ly s usp ic ious a bsence o f b ones c ou ld p erhaps

b e e xp la ined i n t er ms o f u n favourab le c ond i t ions f or p reserva t ion i n t he L ondon C lay o n wh ich B u lbury l i es , i ta lso r e ma ins h ard t o o ver look t he r e markab le c o incidence t ha t t wo r ich ly e ndowed b ur ia ls s hou ld n o t o n ly h ave b een p erfor med w ith in t he u n l ikely c on tex t o f ah il l for t i n ter ior , b u t i n s uch c lose p rox im i ty t o a n e n t ire ly s epara te i ron-work h oard t ha t C unn ing ton was a b le t o r ecord t ha t t he ma ter ia l was ' al f ound t ogether ' s o me 1 20 f eet WNW o f t he h ilfor t 's c en tre ( R .C.H. M ., Dorset , 1 970 , 4 92-3 a nd F ig .) . F or t he p resen t , t heref ore , t he t wo p ostu la ted b ur ia ls c an a t b est b e r egarded w i th e x tre me c au t ion a nd wou ld , e ven i fg enu ine , h ave l i t t le i n c o m mon w i th t he b asic Duro tr ig ian b ur ia l t rad i t ion c urren t ly u nder d iscussion . T he s ocia l i mp l ica t ions o f t he g rave-goods Hav ing d escr ibed t he r ange o f a r tefac t f or ms a ssocia ted w i th b ur ia ls a t i nd iv idua l s i tes , i tr e ma ins t o c onsider whether a ny c o mmon p a t tern o f c ho ice c an b e d etec ted b etween s i tes , e i ther i n g enera l t erms o r i n r ela t ion t o more s ub t le s oc ia l ly d ef ined f ac tors s uch a s a ge , s ex a nd s ocia l s ta tus. I th as a lready b een s hown t ha t t he most d is t inc t ive c lass o f o b jec ts b ur ied a re p ot tery v essels a nd i t may b e o f s o me v a lue t o b eg in b y a ssess ing whe ther o r n ot a ny o f t he n ine b as ic Duro tr ig ian c era m ic f or ms d ef ined b y B ra i lsford were c onsidered t o b e p ar t icu lar ly a ppropr ia te a s f unerary a cco mpan i men ts . I n c arry ing o u t t h is e xercise , i ti s n ecessary t o c o mpare t he r a t ios o f p o t tery c lasses f ro m b ur ia ls w i th t hose f ro m c onven t iona l e xcava ted s e t t le men t s i tes ,

5 4

i n o rder t o c on f ir m t ha t a ny o bserved f unerary p references a re n o t s i mp ly r ef lect ions o f s im i lar v ar ia t ions i n d o mes t ic f requenc ies. I ts hou ld b e emphas ised , h owever , t ha tt he f igures g iven f or n on-bur ia l c ontex ts i n F ig . 2 1 a re n o t e xhaust ive t o ta ls a nd s hou ld i nstead b e r egarded a s i n ter im s a mp les c o mp i led f ro m a va i lab le p ub l ished s ources. N or s hou ld i tb e f orgot ten t ha t l i t t le d eta i led work h as y et b een p ub l ished o n t he p rec ise c hrono logy a nd g eograph ica l d istr ibu t ion o ft he v ar ious Duro tr ig ian f or ms.

As a c onsequence

i ti s p ossib le t ha t t he r ela t ive f requenc ies o f t he d if feren t c era m ic t ypes may h ave v ar ied w i th c hang ing f ash ions a nd t astes b etween t he l a ter p re-Conquest p er iod a nd t he s econd c en tury A .D. A l though s o me , s uch a s t he C lass 1 b ow l , a re k nown t o h ave b een p opular f or l ong p er iods , o thers may h ave h ad much s horter l i fet i mes a nd t hus c ou ld d istor t a ny s ta t ist ica l a ssess men t b ased o n c rude n umer ica l f requenc ies. S im i lar d if f icu l t ies w i l l a lso p ersist u n t i l more i s k nown o f t he i nd iv idua l p roduc t ion c en tres a nd market z ones f or e ach c era m ic t ype , a nd t he r ela t ionsh ip o f t hese t o t he ma in Duro tr ig ian b ur ia l a rea . B ear ing i n mind t hese l im i ta t ions i ti s n ever the less p oss ib le t o o bserve an u mber o f s ign i f ican t f ea tures f ro m t he d a ta a sse mb led i n F ig . 2 1.

Most

s tr ik ing o f a l l i s t he f requency w ith wh ich t he C lass 1 b ead-r im b ow l o ccurs i n b ur ia ls.

Ava i lab le e v idence wou ld t end t o s ugges t t ha t t h is c haracter ist ic

D orset v essel emerged f a ir ly e ar ly a nd t h is may i n s o me measure e xp la in i t s p ar t icu lar p opu lar i ty a t b oth Ma iden C ast le a nd J ordan H i l l . C lass 2 , t he p edesta l led b ead-r im b ow l , a lso o ccurs w i th c onsiderab le f requency i n g raves , a lthough i ta ppears t o b e l ess c o m mon i n o ther c on tex ts , a nd a t Ma iden C as t le e x ists i n v ery much sma l ler p ropor t ions t han e lsewhere . The i n troduc t ion o ft he f orm c annot b e d a ted a ccura te ly , b u t i t s d eve loped p hysica l c harac ter ist ics a nd r epea ted p resence i n u rban b ur ia ls f ro m Dorchester may imp ly t ha t i t d id n o t r each t he h eigh t o f i t s p opu lar i ty u n t i l t he l a ter f i rs t c entury A .D. The o n ly o ther t ype o f b ow l , t he C lass 3 c hanne l-r i mmed s ty le , i s ar e la t ively r are f or m i n a ny c on tex t a nd i ti s t herfore o f l i t t le s urpr ise t ha t n o c on f ir med e xamp les h ave b een r epor ted f ro m b ur ia ls. The c o mpara t ive r ar i ty o f C lass 4 b ead-r im j ars a nd t he a l most t o ta l a bsence o f j ars o f C lasses 5 a nd 6 i n g raves i s more r e markab le , t he t hree f or ms b e ing amongst t he most w ide ly r epresen ted i n o ccupa t iona l d epos i ts. A l though s o me o f t hese l a t ter p ieces a re k nown t o b e f ro m l a te c on tex ts , t he ir o rig ins n ever theless a ppear t o b e r ela t ive ly e ar ly s ince e xa mp les o f a l l t hree h ave b een e ncoun tered i n p re-Conques t h orizons a t Ma iden C as t le a nd Hod H i l l ( Wheeler , 1 943 , F ig . 7 4 , Nos . 2 16 a nd 2 18 ; F ig . 7 5 , n o . 2 39 ; B ra i lsford , 1 958, 1 17-8) .

I ti s t herefore p ossib le t ha t C lasses 4 -6 a re r are

i n t he c on tex t o f b ur ia ls a s ar esu l t o f as pec if ic d istas te f or s uch j ars a s g rave g oods , r a ther t han t hrough t he i nf luence o f a ny c hrono log ica l o r d istr ib u t iona l i rregu lar i t ies. The c ase o f t he C lass 7 p ear-shaped j ar t hus p resen ts ap ar t icu lar ly i n terest ing p rob le m , f or w e h ave h ere av esse l t ha t i s v ery l im i ted i n t o ta l n umbers , b u t wh ich o ccurs o n a s many a s 1 0 o ccasions i n b ur ia ls. T he f or m c lear ly f a l ls i n to t he c a tegory o f j ars , b u t i t must b e s upposed f ro m i t s e x tre me r ar i ty o n s et t le men t s i tes t ha t i th ad s o me s pecia l ised f unct ion t ha t r endered i tp ecu l iar ly s u i tab le a s ag rave-of fer ing .

The C lass 8 h and led

t ankard , w i th i t s c onno ta t ions o f c ere mon ia l f east ing a nd d r ink ing , i s more o bv iously a ppropr ia te a s ab ur ia l t ype . 5 5

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made f ro m meta l a nd wood i s we l l k nown f ro m L a T ene I I c re ma t ion g raves i n s ou th-eastern E ng land , a nd i n D orset a t l east 7 o f t he 1 7 r epor ted e xa mp les a re f ro m i nhu mat ions .

T he f ina l c era m ic f or m i n B ra i lsford 's b as ic

D uro tr ig ian s equence i s t he sma l l , f la t tened C lass 9 v esse l t ha t c an b e r egarded e i ther a s as ha l low s aucer-l ike b ow l o r a s al id f or a l arger v esse l . E xa mp les o f t h is f or m , wh ich a ppears t o h ave s trong c onnect ions w ith B ircha l l 's c on t inen ta l ly-der ived T ype 8 l ids f ro m c re ma t ions a t s i tes s uch a s H itch in , H er ts , a nd C reeksea i n E ssex ( B ircha l l , 1 965 , F ig . 1 4 , N o . 1 20 ; F ig . 2 5 , N o . 2 09 ) , a re g enera l ly r are i n t he Durotr ig ian z one , b u t a re k nown f ro m J ordan H i l l a nd f ro m a t l east t wo Ma iden Cast le war-ce metery g raves ( B .28 .36 a nd 4 4 ) .

O ther a l ien c era m ic t ypes , i nc lud ing a b u t t-beaker f ro m

Wor th Ma travers ( B .30 .2 ) , r ea l o r im ita t ion S am ian v esse ls f ro m Wh itco mbe , B road mayne , West S ta f ford a nd P ort land ( B .27.8 ;

B .2 ;

B .21 ;

B .16 ) a nd

impor ted a nd c op ied g a l lo-be lg ic wares f ro m J ordan H i l l o ccur o n ly i n l im ited n u mbers a nd s erve t o r e in force t he si mpress ion t ha t t he c onven t iona l n a t ive s ty les were a lways s trong ly p referred f or f unerary p urposes . T urn ing t o t he more l im ited s er ies o fb ur ia ls i n wh ich t he s ex a nd a ge o f t he d ead h ave b een a dequa te ly r ecorded i ti s p oss ib le t o d raw a n umber o f f urther t en ta t ive c onc lus ions r egard ing g rave-good p references .

F ro m

t he c rude t abu la ted i n for ma t ion i n F ig . 2 2 i tc an b e s een t ha t c lose ly c o mp arab le p ercen tages o f ma les ( 6 7.5% ) , f e ma les ( 7 1% ) a nd c h i ldren ( 75% ) a re k nown t o h ave b een p rov ided w ith g rave-goods .

A more d e ta i led c on-

s idera t ion o f t he a sse mb led a ges o f t he a du lt s ke letons o f k nown s ex s uggests h owever , a more s ubt le d ispar ity b etween ma les a nd f e ma les .

Whereas

t he a verage a ge o f men b ur ied w i th a nd w ithou t g rave-goods a re 3 4 a nd 2 7.5 y ears r espect ive ly , t he c o mparab le f igure f or wo men a re 2 6.75 a nd 2 7.85 y ears , t hus imp ly ing t ha t t he p rov is ion o f f unerary o b jects t ended t o f avour o lder ma le a nd y ounger f e ma le me mbers o f t he c o m mun ity .

A l though t he

i nf luence o f o ther f actors c anno t b e r u led o u t ,t h is k ind o f d if feren t ia t ion c ou ld p erhaps b e e xp la ined most s a t isfactor i ly i n t er ms o f a n e x ist ing s yste m o f s oc ia l s tra t if ica t ion a nd wea lth d istr ibu t ion .

I fy oung Durotr ig ian men , l ike

t he ir c oun terpoar ts i n many c on te mporary s oc iet ies , were d ebarred f ro m a ch iev ing f u l l e cono m ic a nd ma ter ia l i ndependence u n t i l t he m idd le o r l a ter y ears o f a du lthood , t he ir e ar ly d ea ths wou ld t end t o l eave t he m w ith f ew d isp osab le p ossessions f ro m wh ich g rave-goods c ou ld b e c hosen .

G ir ls a nd

y oung wo men , o n t he o ther h and , m igh t b e e xpected t o f are b et ter i n t h is r espect , f or t hey a re n o t o n ly l ike ly t o h ave marr ied o lder , wea l th ier men a s s oon a s t hey r eached c h i ld-bear ing a ge , b u t c ou ld t he mse lves h ave b een t he s ub jects o f s ubstan t ia l d owry a nd b r idewea lth p ay men ts b etween k insh ip g roups . C o mpar ison o f t he f or m o f t he o b jects a cco mpany ing men a nd wo men r evea ls f ew impor tan t d ist inct ions , p ar t ly , p erhaps , b ecause t he a va i lab le s a mp les a re s o sma l l ( F ig . 2 3 ) .

P ot tery v esse ls , a s t he p redo m inan t c a te-

g ory , s ee m t o b e e qua l ly a ppropr ia te f or e i ther s ex a nd t he o n ly p oss ib le d iscr im ina t ion may l i e w ith t he c a tegor ies o f b rooches , wh ich s o f ar h ave b een r ecorded o n ly i n ma le o r c h i ld g raves , a nd a n i ma l b ones .

Whereas

j o in ts o f s heep o r l a mb h ave b een f ound i n b o th ma le a nd f e ma le g raves , d epos its o f o x b ones a re r estr icted t o t wo ma le b ur ia ls ( B .28 .39 a nd 4 2 ) a nd p ig b ones t o t hree f e ma le e xa mp les ( B .27.1 a nd 2 ; 5 7

B .28 .15 ) .

a . )

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P rov is ion o f g rave-goods: b y s ex a nd a ge A ve rage • a ge o f m a le s w i th g rave-goods: 3 4 . 1 y ear s w i thou t :2 7 .5 " 1 1

A ve rage a ge o f f ema le s w ith g rave goods: 2 6 .75 y ear s " w i thou t :2 7 .85 " 9 1

F ig. 2 2 P rov is ion o f Durotr ig ian g rave-goods: a nd a ge 5 8

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5 9

CHAPTER 3 I NHU MAT ION I N S OUTH- WESTERN ENGLAND : THE C IST BUR IAL ZONE

A l though o ver 4 0 y ears h ave n ow e lapsed s ince t he p ub l ica t ion o f H .O 'N N .H encken 's p ioneer ing s tudy o f t he a rchaeo logy o f C ornwa l l a nd t he I s les o f S c i l ly ( 1932 ) , c lose u nderstand ing o f t he r eg iona l I ron Age c u lture h as d eve loped r e la t ive ly s low ly .

D esp ite a c on t inu ing a nd e nerget ic h istory

o f e xcava t ion among t he we l l-preserved h i l lfor t a nd s et t le men t s i tes t ha t l i e d ense ly s ca t tered o n a nd a round t he g ran ite moors o f t he p en insu la , most o f t he a va i lab le e v idence c on t inues t o r e la te t o t he l a ter p hases o f t he I ron Age ;

t he m id-f irst m i l lenn iu m B .C . r e ma in ing a n o bscure a nd s o mewha t

impover ished p er iod i n t he c u ltura l d eve lop men t o f t h is i so la ted h igh land r eg ion . T h is p over ty o f i n for ma t ion a pp l ies a s s trong ly t o f unerary s i tes a s i t d oes t o e v idence o f s et t le men t a c t iv ity , w ith t he r esu lt t ha t C ornwa l l , l ike Wessex , may b e s een t o p ossess a r e la t ive wea lth o f Ear ly a nd M idd le B ronze Age a nd l a ter I ron Age g raves , s epara ted b y al ong p er iod w ithou t b ur ia ls o f a ny k ind .

Th is c hap ter , t herefore , w i l l b e d evoted e xc lus ive ly t o d iscuss ion

o f ad ist inct ive i nhu ma t ion t rad it ion t ha t emerged i n C ornwa l l b etween t he t h ird a nd s econd c entur ies B .C . a nd s urv ived i n t he r eg ion u n t i l p erhaps t he e nd o f t he f i rst c en tury A .D . W ith t he e xcep t ion o f an u mber o f i so la ted b ur ia ls f ro m t he ma in land a nd t wo impor tan t g roups o f g raves e xcava ted i n t he I s les o f S c i l ly , t he ma in i nhu ma t ion s i tes were a l l d iscovered d ur ing t he 1 9 th a nd e ar ly 2 0th c en tur ies a nd a re p oor ly d ocu men ted ( F ig . 2 4 ) .

N ever the less , s uf f ic ien t i n for ma t ion

s urv ives t o i nd ica te t ha t c e me ter ies o f v ary ing s izes were e ncoun tered a t T re lan B ahow , o n t he L izard p en insu la i n 1 833 ( C .7 ) ; Padstow , i n 1 848 ( C .4 ) ;

a t T revone , n ear

a t S ta mford H i l l , P ly mou th i n 1 964-5 ( C .15 ) ;

a t H ar lyn B ay , a ga in o n t he N or th c oast , i n 1 900 ( C.13 ) .

a nd

S urv iv ing o r i l lus-

t ra ted me ta lwork i t e ms a nd o ther g rave-goods s erve t o c on f ir m t he p re-Ro man o r ig ins o f a l l t hese ma in land c e meter ies , b u t o n ly H ar lyn B ay i s s uf f ic ien t ly we l l-recorded t o a l low a n a dequa te a ssess men t o f t he n a ture a nd c haracter ist ics o f t he b ur ia l r i tes u sed .

I ti s t herefore e ssen t ia l t ha t t he H ar lyn e v idence

s hou ld b e c ons idered i n s o me d e ta i l a s ap re l i minary t o ab roader c ons idera t ion o ft he s ou th-western r i te a nd i t s o r ig ins . T he c e me tery i t se lf l i es o n ag en t ly s lop ing v a l ley s ide , l i t t le more t han 2 00 m f ro m t he p resen t s eashore , a nd r e ma ined u nd iscovered u n t i l e xp lora tory we l l-d igg ing i n t he e ar ly s u m mer o f 1 900 r evea led a s tone c ist b ur ied a t a d ep th o f o ver 4 m i n t he b lanket o f s he l l s and t ha t c overed t he s i te .

E x tens ive

e xcava t ion c arr ied o u t d ur ing t he r e ma inder o f t ha t y ear a nd o n a more modest s ca le d ur ing t he p er iod 1 901-5 t hen r evea led a t o ta l o f o ver 1 30 i nd iv idua l 6 0

P enmenne r

S LES OF S C ILLY

T r e lan B ahow

10

0

6 1

• •

a _ c

i nhu ma t ions .

N o f or ma l r epor t o n t he e xcava t ions was e ver p ub l ished ,

h owever , a nd a par t f ro m a n u mber o f s hor t a nd of ten c on fused a ccoun ts d escr ib ing t he c ircu mstances o f t he d iscovery a nd a scr ib ing t he c e me tery t o aN eo l ith ic c o m mun ity ( Wh it ley , 1 902 ;

Anon ., J our . Roy . I nst . C ornwa l l ,

1 901 ) , t he ma in c on te mporary a ccoun t i s p rov ided b y t he R ev . A sh ing ton B u l len 's r a mb l ing a nd f requen t ly o bscure g u ide t o t he a n t iqu it ies o f H ar lyn B ay , a pparen t ly wr it ten w i thou t f irst-hand e xper ience o f t he e xcava t ion . ( Bu l len , 1 901 , 1 902 , 1 912 )

T h is l a t ter a ccoun t n ever the less p rov ided t he

o n ly ma jor s ource f or s ubsequen t d iscuss ions o f t he c e me tery b y C raw ford ( who v is ited t he s i te i n 1 917 ) a nd H encken , a nd more r ecen t r eferences t o i t s impor tance i n t he c on tex t o f t he C orn ish I ron Age b y T ho mas a nd F ox ( Crawford , 1 921 ;

H encken , 1 932 ;

Tho mas , 1 966 , 7 7 ;

F ox , A ., 1 964 , 1 13 ) .

A lthough p rov id ing u sefu l v erba l d escr ip t ions o f t he c ists , t he ma jor d efec t o f Bu l len 's a ccoun t i s t he a bsence o f a n o vera l l e xcava t ion p lan . As et o f s o me f or ty p ages o f manuscr ip t f i e ld n o tes c o mp i led d ur ing t he s u m mer o f 1 900 wh ich were r ecen t ly r ecogn ised i n t he l i brary o f t he Roya l I ns t itu t ion o f C ornwa l l i s t herefore p ar t icu lar ly impor tan t i n p rov id ing r ough d raw ings o r v erba l d escr ip t ions o f n ear ly 5 0 g raves , t oge ther w ith s ketch p lans a nd d eta i led measure men ts t ha t a l low t he p os it ions o f 5 3 b ur ia ls t o b e l oca ted w ith r easonab le a ccuracy ( C .13.1-53 ;

F ig . 2 5 ) .

T he r e la t ionsh ip o f

t h is s equence o t t he r e ma in ing 7 0-80 g raves i s u nknown , a l though t he p lo t ted b ur ia ls c an b e p laced w ith s o me c on f idence i n t he a rea n ow o ccup ied b y t he h ouse c a l led ' T amar iska ' . A lthough i nco mp lete , t h is p lan p rov ides a l arge e nough s a mp le t o c on f ir m s o me o f B u l len 's b as ic o bserva t ions .

As tr ik ing f ea ture i s t ha t b od ies were

a l most i nvar iab ly p laced i n g raves l ined a nd c overed w ith f la t s labs o f s la te . O n ly t hree b ur ia ls were w ithou t a ny p ro tect ive s tone s tructure ( Nos . 2 1 , 3 7 a nd 4 9 :

B u l len , 1 912 , 4 0 ) , a nd t he ma jor i ty o f c ists t ake t he f or m o f r ec-

t angu lar b oxes v ary ing f ro m 0 .9 m t o 1 .2 m i n l eng th a nd f ro m 0 .5 m t o 0 .75 m i n w id th .

The o n ly d ev ia t ions f ro m t h is s tandard f or m were f i ve

r e la t ive ly t iny c ists u sed f or t he b ur ia l o f y oung c h i ldren ( Nos . 1 , 8 , 2 0 , 3 1 , 3 5 ) , a n o va l c ist c on ta in ing a s ing le a du lt s ke le ton ( No . 3 2 ) a nd a n e xcept iona l c ircu lar g rave d iv ided b y ac en tra l p ar t i t ion ( No . 5 6 , l oca t ion u nknown ) . T h is l a t ter c ist , wh ich c on ta ined t he s ke letons o f t wo c rouched a du lts a nd a n i n fan t i n i t s western c o mpar t men t a nd a s ing le a du lt i n t he e astern h a lf , may , o n t he b as is o f marked s ke leta l d isturbance , r epresen t ar eopened f am i ly g rave . I n a dd it ion t o ap a ir o f s ke letons f ound b enea th a b ur ied wa l l ( p . 1 80 b e low ) , f our f ur ther g raves were u sed f or t he a pparen t ly s i mu l taneous b ur ia l o f t wo i nd iv idua ls ( Nos . 2 1 , 2 3 , 3 5 , 3 9 ).

T he p rac t ice o f d oub le b ur ia l ,

t hough b est k nown i n t he c on tex t o f L a T ene Ia nd I i nhu ma t ion c e me ter ies i n n or thern F rance ( Deche let te , 1 914 , 1 035-1036 ;

Bretz- Mah ler , 1 971 ,

1 82-183 ) , c an b e p ara l le led i n e astern Yorksh ire a t b o th D anes G raves ( D .1 .21 , 4 3 , 4 6 , 5 6 , 6 7 , 8 5 , 9 3 ) a nd Bur ton F le ming ( S tead , 1 977 , 2 23 ) , a nd i n s ou thern Eng land b y s evera l r ecord ings o f p a irs o f s ke letons f ro m t he f i l l ings o f s torage p its o r c onven t iona l e ar then g raves ( A .1.2 ; A .1 .1 1 .1 ;

A .14 .2 -3 ;

A .1 .2 4 ;

A .1.41 ;

6 2

A .1 .44 ;

A .3 .1 4 ;

A .1 .6 ; B .1 ) .

F ig. 2 5 Har lyn Bay: p art ia l r econstructed p lan o f bur ia ls e xcava ted i n 1 900 ( repr inted by p erm iss ion o f t he Cornwa l l Archaeo log ica l S oc iety)

6 3

I n b o th t hese a reas b od ies may l i e s ide-by-s ide o r a bove o ne a no ther , a l though i ti s n o t y e t c lear h ow c lose ly B r i t ish e xa mp les r ef lec t t he F rench p ract ice o f r egu lar ly b ury ing t ogether t he b od ies o f a man a nd a wo man : R eturn ing t o H ar lyn i tc an b e s een t ha t t he i l lustra ted s ke letons a lways l i e i n c rouched , o r more r are ly c on tracted , p os i t ions a nd t ha t a l most a l l t he c ists a re a l igned o n ac o m mon NNE-SS W a x is .

O f t he 1 7 r ecorded s ke letons ,

1 1 l i e o n t he ir l ef t s ides a nd s ix o n t he ir r igh t .

Moreover , w ith t he s ing le

e xcep t ion o f t he o ccupan t o f t he u n ique ly t rapezo ida l c ist 5 1 , e very i nd iv idua l l ay w ith i t s h ead t o t he n or th , ap reference whose impor tance w i l l s hor t ly b ecome a pparen t i n ad iscuss ion o f t he o r ig ins o f t he Har lyn r i te ( F ig . 2 8 ). O ne s hor tco m ing o f o ur p ar t ia l p lan i s t ha t i t may n o t f u l ly r epresen t t he r epor ted a rrange men t o f g raves i n r egu lar r ows r unn ing f ro m n or th t o s ou th , n or c an i ts how whether t he i l lustra ted g raves l ay a t t he s a me o r d if feren t s tra t igraph ic l eve ls .

B u l len 's r e marks o n t h is p o in t a re r evea l ing ü nd p ro-

v ide t he most p os it ive e v idence f or a p ro longed b ur ia l p er iod .

"T he g raves

a re p laced method ica l ly i n r egu lar l ines a nd i n s o me c ases f our c ists h ave b een p u t o ne a bove t he o ther .

P robab ly t hrough t he c en tur ies d ur ing wh ich

t he p lace was u sed f or i n ter men ts , t he s and e ncroached a nd c overed u p t he l ower l eve ls" . ( Bu l len , 1 912 , 3 9-40 ) T ha t e ar l ier g raves may s o met i mes h ave b een f orgo t ten , a nd a s ar esu lt d isturbed b y s econdary b ur ia ls , i s i nd ic a ted b o th b y t he f i e ld n otes , wh ich r ecord t he d isturbance o f e ar l ier g raves b y b ur ia ls 2 2 , 2 6 a nd 3 4 , a nd b y B u l len 's ' d escr ip t ion o f a "p reh istor ic c harne l-house" u sed f or t he "p ro m iscuous r ecep t ion o f h u man b ones t aken f ro m o ther c ists p rev ious ly e x ist ing , t he c ists o f t hose t hus d ispossessed b e ing a ga in d evo ted t o t he u se o f f resh t enan ts .

T he b ones i n t he c harne l-

h ouse o ccur p e l l- me l l a s t hough t hrown i n c are less ly".

( Bu l len , 1 912 , 4 0

Whether t h is c o l lect ion o f b ones h ad b een p laced i n as pec ia l ly b u i l t c is t i s u ncer ta in , a l though i ti s s ta ted e xp l ic it ly t ha t t he d epos i t was f ound i n t he s econdary l eve l im med ia te ly a bove t he b ur ied wa l l .

I t wou ld a lso a ppear

t ha t t he ' charne l-house ' h as n o th ing t o d o w ith e i ther t he g roup o f d isturbed , b u t u nc isted s ke letons ( No . 5 0 ) f ound t o t he s ou th , o r t wo sma l l g raves c ont a in ing c o l lec t ions o fh u man s ku l ls .

I n o ne o f t hese ( No . 1 0 ) f our s ku l ls h ad

b een a rranged i n as quare f or ma t ion w ith a f i f th p laced ' over t he m '.

I n t he

o ther e xa mp le ( No . 4 6 ) t hree s ku l ls l ay i n an or th-sou th l ine a nd a l l f aced t owards t he west .

I n terpreta t ion o f t hese t wo c ists i s n o t e asy a s d e tached

s ku l ls a re o therw ise u nknown f ro m I ron Age c e meter ies i n B r i ta in .

T he

q uest ion whe ther t he s ku l ls f ro m Har lyn h ad s erved a s b a t t le t roph ies , a s a t G lastonbury , S o merset , a nd B redon H i l l , H ereford a nd Worcester ( Bu l le id a nd Gray , 1 917 , 6 67-8 ;

H encken , T ., 1 938 , 2 1-25 ) , o r mere ly r epresen ted

t he f or ma l r ebur ia l o f a ncestra l h eads i s t herefore b eyond s pecu la t ion . D escr ip t ions o f t wo o therw ise n or ma l H ar lyn b ur ia ls n ever the less make i t a pparen t t ha t d e l ibera te b ehead ing may s o met i mes h ave t aken p lace b efore b ur ia l .

A manuscr ip t s ketch o f b ur ia l 3 7 c lear ly s hows t he s ku l l p os i t ioned

c lose t o t he f eet , wh i le P rof . A . C . Haddon 's d escr ip t ion o f ac ist e xcava ted i n 1 905 ( C .14 .60 ) i nc ludes t he r e mark t ha t "t he s ku l l i s q u i te d issevered f ro m t he b ody a nd r ests o n i t s u pper s urface a nd j aw "

( Bu l len , 1 912 , 1 62 ) .

G enera l p a tho log ica l d a ta o n t he e xcava ted s ke letons a re v ery l im ited , t he o n ly ma jor r epor ted a bnor ma l ity b e ing a s et o f s evere s word-cu ts t o t he s ku l l o f a n a du l t f ro m b ur ia l 5 8 .

S ke le ta l a nd c ran ia l r epor ts b y B eddoes 6 4

a nd Haddon ( Bu l len , 1 912 , 6 5-75 ) n ever the less i nd ica te t ha t t he c e metery was u sed f or t he b ur ia l o f a du lts o f b oth s exes , wh i le t he a dd it iona l p resence o f a t l east s even c h i ld g raves i s r e markab le i n v iew o f t he r ar i ty o f f or ma l j uven i le b ur ia ls i n t he B r it ish I ron Age . G rave-goods a nd c hrono logy A lthough t he e xact n u mber o f s ke letons p rov ided w ith f orma l g rave-goods i s u nknown , f i e ld n o te d escr ip t ions s uggest t ha t t he ma jor ity were u nacco mpan ied . W ith t he e xcep t ion o f p ieces t ha t may h ave b een d ispersed a t t he t ime o f t he e xcava t ion , t he s urv iv ing ma ter ia l i s n ow p reserved i n Truro Museu m , s o me o f i th av ing p rev ious ly b een h e ld i n t he p r iva te museu m a t Har lyn , where i nadequa te l abe l l ing a nd t he p assage o f t ime h ad u n for tuna te ly c on fused t he p rovenance o f an u mber o f o b jects . T he f o l low ing d iscuss ion t herefore d ea ls o n ly w ith t hose i t e ms t ha t c an p os it ive ly b e r e la ted t o t he c e me tery . Meta lwork The b est-known p ieces a re a c lose ly ma tched , b u t n ot i den t ica l , p a ir o f b ronze d isc-foo ted b rooches ( F ig . 2 6 , 1a nd 2 ) , e ach me mber o f wh ich h as a s i t s p r inc ipa l e le men t ah igh a rched b ow , s harp ly r eturned f oo t a nd l ong s keuo morph ic b i la tera l s pr ing-bar w ith k nobbed t er m ina ls .

T he e n larged

d ecora t ive d isc was c ast s epara te ly a nd t hen r ivet ted t o t he b u lbous f oo t . T he p ins o f b o th b rooches a re n ow miss ing , b u t o ne i n p os it ion a t t he t ime o f e xcava t ion swung f ro m t he f a lse s pr ing-bar b y means o f as i mp le r ingsw ive l .

I n a dd it ion t o t he c ast g rooves o n t he t er m ina l d isc , e ach b rooch i s

d ecora ted w ith a s er ies o f f ine s p ina l r idges r unn ing t he l eng th o f t he b ow . T he o n ly o ther r ecogn ised e xa mp les o f t h is b rooch f or m f ro m B r ita in a re a p a ir o f s im i lar b ronze s pec i mens f ro m t he S ta m ford H i l l i nhu ma t ion c e metery n ear P ly mou th ( Fox , 1 958 , P l . 3 1 , N os . 2 4 a nd 2 5 ) , a lthough a s evere ly c orroded i ron o b ject ( F ig . 2 6 , 3 ) f ro m H ar lyn c an p robab ly b e r egarded a s af ur ther me mber o f t he s er ies , d esp ite a miss ing s pr ing-bar . E . T . L eeds f o l lowed S ir H erbert R ead i n i den t ify ing n or thern S pa in a s t he s ource f or b o th t he c haracter ist ic k nobbed s pr ing t er m ina ls a nd t he mass ive d isc f eet o f t he Har lyn b rooches ( Read , 1 907 , 3 72-4 ;

L eeds , 1 927 ,

2 29-30 , a nd F ig, 1 0 ) , a l though more r ecen t work n ow c on f irn is t ha t t hese s a me e le men ts a re t o b e f ound amongst b t rooches f ro m l a ter Ha l lsta t t c rema t ion b ur ia ls i n t he Aqu ita ine r eg ion o f s ou th-western F rance ( Fabre , 1 952 , P l . V I I I ;

L eeds , 1 927 , F ig . 1 0 ;

J -P . Mohen , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion ) .

L ou is a nd Ta f fane l , 1 960 , F ig . 1 07 ; The o r thodox c o i led s pr ings a nd

s ix th o r f i f th c en tury B .C . d a te o f t hese p ieces n ever the less p reven ts c loser c o mpar ison w ith t he Har lyn a nd S ta mford H i l l b rooches , whose a cco mpany ing me ta l-work s trong ly m i l ita tes a ga inst t he e stab l ish men t o f i nhu ma t ion c e met er ies i n s ou th-western Eng land much b efore t he f our th o r t h ird c entur ies B .C .

A l though a s ing le C orn ish b rooch migh t t herefore b e t rea ted a s a n

h e ir loo m a cqu ired t wo o r t hree c entur ies e ar l ier , as er ies o f f ive e xa mp les c an o n ly b e v iewed a s impor ts f ro m a n a rea i n wh ich Ha l lsta t t—der ived b rooches were s t i l l c urren t d ur ing t he L a T ine I ron Age .

B ecause n o s uch s ource c an

b e i den t if ied i n s ou th-western F rance , a nd a s t he c oncep t o f t he f a lse b i la tera l s pr ing-bar i s p ara l le led i n Br i ta in o n ly o n as ing le L a T ine Ib rooch f ro m H unsbury ( Hodson , 1 971 , 5 2 a nd F ig . l a ) , t he a ppropr ia te ly a rcha ic me ta l6 5

1 2

3

e . IMM I

C I I I I

C I I I I II IZ IC MS

F ig . 2 6 Har lyn Bay: meta lwork o b jects f rom g raves e xcava ted 1 9001 905 ( repr inted by p erm iss ion o f t he Cornwa l l Archaeo log ica l S oc iety)

6 6

work ing t rad it ion must o nce a ga in b e s ough t t o t he s ou th o f t he P yrenees . R ecen t work h as c on f ir med t ha t t ypo log ica l ly d eve loped b rooches w ith sw ive l l ing p ins d o o ccur i n t h is a rea a nd i th as b een s uggested , moreover , t ha t t he t ype may n o t h ave d eve loped h ere u n t i l t he l a ter t h ird c entury B .C . ( I am i ndeb ted t o P rofessor C . F . C . Hawkes f or t h is i n for ma t ion wh ich was p rov ided i n a dvance o f more d eta i led d iscuss ion i n h is f or thco m ing r epor t o n c astro e xcava t ions i n P or tuga l .) T he r e ma inder o f t he H ar lyn meta lwork i s l ess e xo t ic a nd b e longs more h app i ly w ith in t he c on tex t o f t he m idd le o r l a ter B r i t ish I ron Age .

Two t h in

b ronze w ire b race lets a nd a f ragmen ted i ron s peci men a re u nd iagnost ic ( F ig . 2 6 , 4 , 5a nd 1 2 ) , b u t as i mp le b ronze r ing-headed p in ( F ig . 2 6 , 6 ; D unn ing , 1 934 , F ig , 3 , N o . 3 ) , a more mass ive e xa mp le i n i ron ( F ig . 2 6 , 1 3 , n o t l i sted b y D unn ing ) a nd a s p ira l b ronze f inger r ing ( F ig . 2 6 , 1 0 ) a re a l l f am i l iar s ou thern Br it ish f or ms , t hough r are i n t he s ou th-western p en insu la ( Dunn ing , 1 934 , 2 81-282 a nd F ig . 6 ; a nd F ig . 3 ) .

J ope a nd W i lson , 1 957 , 8 1

T he f unct ion o f af l a t b ronze s tr ip d ecora ted w ith a n i n f i l led

p a ir o f i nc ised wavy l ines i s u ncer ta in ( F ig . 2 6 , 9 ) b u t as econd b ronze f rag men t i s a pparen t ly t he b ow o f a n e ar ly Ro mano-Br it ish , o r p erhaps L a T ine I I b rooch ( F ig . 2 6 , 3 ) .

A l though t h is p iece c annot b e c lose ly c o mpared ,

f i rst c en tury A .D . b rooches h ave b een e ncoun tered amongst a l l t he ma in i nh u ma t ion c e me ter ies i n t he s ou th-wes t .

I n a dd it ion t o aN auhe i m-der ived

b rooch f ro m Tre lan B ahow ( Jope a nd W i lson , 1 957 , 9 0 ) t here a re s even b ow b rooches f ro m b ur ia ls i n t he I s les o f S c i l ly ( Ashbee , 1 954 , F igs . 5a nd 6 ) , t wo f ro m S ta mford H i l l ( Ba te , 1 866 , P l . 3 1 ) a nd a s ing le s pec i men f ro m T revone ( Tro l lope , 1 860 , P l . f ac ing p . 3 25 , F ig . 1 2 ) .

Most o f t hese e xa mp les

h ave g enera l a f f in it ies w ith C o l l ingwood 's l a ter f irst c en tury A .D . Group H a nd a l though d if f icu l t t o d a te i n aC orn ish c on tex t , may h ave c on t inued i n t he r eg ion u n t i l t he s econd c en tury A .D . ( Fow ler , P ., 1 962 , 5 3 ) . G lass The o n ly g lass o b ject i s a sma l l b ead f or med i n t wo s egmen ts ( F ig . 2 7 , 1 0 ) .

A lthough c onven t iona l s pher ica l b eads a re k nown f ro m T re lan Bahow

a nd H ugh town ( Rogers , 1 873 , 2 71-2 ;

A shbee , 1 954 , 1 8 a nd F ig . 6 , N o . 1 0 ) ,

t he o n ly o ther s egmen ted e xa mp le f ro m C ornwa l l i s ag reen t r ip le-bead f ro m t he Ro mano-Br it ish s e t t le men t a t G o ldherr ing ( Gu thr ie , 1 969 , 2 7 a nd P l .I Vb ). S p ind le-whor ls S even s p ind le-whor ls , made f ro m s la te , s tone , p o t tery a nd b one were a ssoc ia ted w i th t he c e metery , a l though i tc an o n ly b e a ssu med t ha t e ach was i n ad if feren t g rave ( F ig . 2 7 , 3 -9 ) .

T he f our f la t tened s la te a nd s tone

e xa mp les c on trast w ith t he t a l ler p o t tery s pec i mens , o ne o f wh ich ( F ig . 2 7 , 6 ) b e longs t o as ou thern B r it ish c lass o f b icon ica l whor ls _ l arge ly a bandoned b y t he t ime o f t he C laud ian c onquest ( Wa inwr igh t , 1 965 , 5 -6 a nd F ig . 3 ) . T he u se o f s p ind le-whor ls a s g rave-goods c annot b e ma tched i n t he s ou thwest a nd i s g enera l ly r are i n c en tra l s ou thern Eng land , a lthough e xa mp les a re k nown f ro m f e ma le b ur ia ls a t Arras , D anes Graves a nd B ur ton F le m ing i n e astern Yorksh ire ( Greenwe l l , 1 906 , F igs . 2 0 a nd 5 6 ;

6 7

S tead , 1 977 , 2 19 ) .

1

d

OD

2

3

®

O D

6

7 O

4

D

o

5

1 3= 1 1 1 1 1: 3 1 11 =

C M := 1 CMS

1 0

1 2

1

1 3

1 4

I Z IM IZZZ IM M I :

= 1 1. 1. 1

CMS

F ig . 2 7 Har lyn Bay: o b jects o f s tone, g lass, p ottery a nd b one f rom g raves e xcava ted 1 900-1905 ( repr inted by p erm iss ion o f t he Cornwa l l Archaeo log ica l S oc iety)

6 8

P o t tery N o c o mp lete p o t ter y v esse ls were a ssoc ia ted w i th g raves a nd w i th t he e xcep t ion o f as ing le t r iangu lar s haped s herd s a id t o h ave b een f ound b y t he mou th o f as ke leton , a l l s urv iv ing b ody a nd r im f ragmen ts a ppear t o d er ive f ro m t he k i tchen m idden e xp lored t o t he s ou th o f t he b ur ia l g round . These ma in ly r epresen t p la in , we l l-f ired l a te I ron A ge o r Ro mano-Br it ish v esse ls , a l though t hree d ecora ted s herds b e long t o P eacock 's G roup IG lastonbury s er ies ( Peacock , 1 969 , 5 7 a nd F ig . 1 ) . S la te a nd S ha le S evera l h undred s upposed ly worked a nd p o l ished f ragmen ts o f s la te r e tr ieved f rom g raves a nd t he o ccup ied l and-sur face b enea th t he b lown s and a re i n f act n a tura l p ebb les whose r ese mb lance t o imp le men ts i s p ure ly c o inc iden ta l ( Bu l len , 1 912 , P l . 8 ) . A t l east f our o f t he s urv iv ing s pec i mens n ever the less r epresen t t he p roduc ts o f ap o l ished s la te i ndustry w ithou t p ara l le l e lsewhere i n s ou thern B r ita in .

As harp ly p o in ted ' kn ife '

( F ig . 2 7 ,

1 4 ) may d er ive i t s b as ic s hape f ro m a n a tura l b each s tone b u t h as u ndoub ted ly r ece ived s econdary w ork ing t o i t s f ace t ted b lade . T he r e ma in ing t hree imp le men ts a re a l l n arrow p o in ted b orers o r n eed les , t wo o f wh ich ( F ig . 2 7 , 1 1-12 ) a re d ist ingu ished b y sma l l b asa l p erfora t ions a nd t hread-worn g rooves t ha t s uggest t he ir u se f or manu fac tur ing o r r epa ir ing f i sh ing n ets . A lthough d if f icu l t t o d a te , t h is s la te-us ing t echn ique i s i l lum ina t ing a s a n e xa mp le o f t he l oca l ised e xp lo ita t ion o f a n a va i lab le r aw ma ter ia l i n a n a rea where me ta l was g enera l ly s carce ( Fow ler , P ., 1 962 , 5 4 ) .

T he s uper-

f i c ia l r ese mb lances o f t h is C orn ish p henomenon t o t he more s oph ist ica ted K i m mer idge s ha le i ndustry o ft he I s le o f P urbeck i s a l l t he more s tr ik ing i n t he l igh t o f t wo s ha le b race let f ragmen ts f ro m H ar lyn g raves ( F ig . 2 7 , 1 -2 ) . B oth a re r ough ly o va l i n s ect ion a nd r epresen t n arrow b ang les s im i lar t o ac o mp lete e xa mp le r ecovered f rom t he o u t ly ing T revone c ist i n 1 955 ( Dud ley a nd J ope , 1 965 , 2 1-22 , F ig . 8 ) . T aken a lone t he H ar lyn g rave-goods i nd ica te a ma ter ia l ly impover ished c o m mun ity whose f ew o rna men ta l p ossess ions were o b ta ined a s ar esu l t o f s porad ic , w ide-rang ing t rade w ith b oth c en tra l s ou thern Eng land a nd s ou thw estern E urope d ur ing t he l a ter c entur ies o f t he p re-Ro man I ron Age . I n t urn ing t o t he s ou th-western c ist b ur ia l t rad it ion a s a who le t h is r e l iance o n o u ts ide markets w i l l b e s een a s ar ecurren t t he me , a l though s ome i nd iv idua l c o m mun it ies s how s igns o f g rea ter wea lth t han o thers . C ist b ur ia l i n s ou th-western E ng land A lthough Har lyn B ay r e ma ins t he l argest e xcava ted I ron Age c e me tery i n t he C orn ish p en insu la , s evera l o ther b ur ia l g roups a l low t he r ecogn it ion o f ad ist inct f unerary t rad it ion whose s hared c haracter ist ics may b e c o mpared w ith r e la ted b ur ia l f or ms f ro m o ther p ar ts o f s ou thern B r ita in . G eograph ica l ly c losest t o H ar lyn i s t he c e me tery d iscovered t wo m i les t o t he n or th-east a t T revone i n 1 848 ( C .4 ) . N o f or ma l r epor ts c oncern ing t he s i te s urv ive , b u t i ti s r ecorded t ha t t wo s uper i mposed g roups o f g raves w ere e ncoun tered b enea th , a nd p oss ib ly s eparated b y , l ayers o f b lown s and ( Tro l lope , 1 860 , 3 12 ) .

T he u pper l eve l c o mpr ised a s er ies o f s upposed ly 6 9

e ar ly C hr ist ian o r med ieva l c ists d irected e ast-west , b enea th wh ich were s evera l r ows o f s im i lar ly c onstructed g raves a l igned o n an or th-sou th a x is . T he n u mber o f g raves , t he ir d i mens ions a nd t he p osture o f i nd iv idua l s ke let ons a re a l l u nrecorded a nd t he o n ly k nown a ssoc ia ted o b ject i s t he Ro manoB r it ish b rooch i l lustrated b y T ro l lope ( 1860 , P l . f ac ing p . 3 15 , F ig . 1 2 ) . An a dd i t iona l c ist d iscovered i n 1 955 ( C .5 ) n ever the less c on f ir ms t he I ron Age o r ig ins o f t he c e metery . T hough l arger t han most o f t he H ar lyn g raves , t h is l a t ter s la te c ist was s im i lar ly o r ien ted a nd c on ta ined t he r e ma ins o f a s ke leton whose h ead l ay t o t he n or th .

I n a dd i t ion t o i ron a nd s ha le b race le ts

t he b ody was a cco mpan ied b y t wo s econd o r t h ird c entury B .C . L a T ene I b rooches p robab ly impor ted f ro m a manufactur ing s ource s o mewhere i n c en tra l s ou thern Eng land ( Dud ley a nd J ope , 1 965 ) . A nother e x tens ive c e me tery was d estroyed d ur ing m i l itary c learance o pera t ions o n S ta m ford H i l l , P ly mstock i n 1 864-5 ( C .15 ) .

Once a ga in t he

ma jor ity o f t he s ke le tons l ay c rouched o r c on tracted i n g raves l ined a nd c overed w ith f la t s tone s labs , a l though c o m men ts t ha t i nd iv idua l g raves o ccas iona l ly c u t o ne a nother a t ' r ight-ang les ' s uggests t ha t v ar ia t ions i n o r ien ta t ion may h ave o ccurred o ver a n e x tended p er iod ( Ba te , 1 866 , 5 01 ) . T he ma jor ity o f t he g rave-goods a ssoc ia ted w ith t hese b ur ia ls were u n fort una te ly d estroyed d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld War , b u t h ad p rev ious ly b een e x? -

l ed a nd p ho tographed b y S ir C yr i l F ox , whose a ccoun t t ogether w ith

B a te 's d escr ip t ions a nd P . J . C larke 's s ubsequen t d iscuss ion , p rov ides t he o n ly r e l iab le b as is f or a ssess ing t he d a te o f t he c e metery ( Ba te , 1 866 , 5 02-507 ;

F ox , C ., 1 958 , 1 4 a nd P l . 3 1 ;

C larke , 1 971 ) .

I n h is c on te mporary a ccoun t B a te s ta ted t ha t a t l east s ix b ronze b race lets , f our b ow b rooches , ap enannu lar b rooch a nd p ar ts o f t hree b ronze m irrors were f ound i n g raves , t oge ther w ith a f ragmen tary g lass b ow l o r v ase a nd a s er ies o f Ro mano-Br it ish p o t tery v esse ls ( 1866 , P ls . 3 0-32 ) .

F ox s ubsequen t ly

i l lustra ted t hree e ar ly o r m idd le L a T ene b race let f rag men ts , t wo L a T ene I b rooches , a ma tched p a ir o f b ronze d isc-foo ted b rooches , as wan 's-neck p in , t wo s tra igh t-shaf ted p ins a nd a n u nusua l d isc-headed p in , a lthough i ti s n o t c on f ir med t ha t t hese p ieces were a l l d irec t ly a ssoc ia ted w ith b ur ia ls ( Fox , 1 958 , P l . 3 1 ;

C larke , 1 971 , P l . 1 ) .

A l though importan t i n t he ir own r igh t , i ti s a t p resen t s uf f ic ien t t o a ccep t t ha t a l l t hree b ronze m irrors b e long t o as hortl ived i nsu lar manuf actur ing t rad it ion t ha t f l owered t owards t he midd le o f t he f irst c en tury A .D . ( Fox , 1 949 ;

1 958 , 9 3 ;

S tead , 1 965 , 5 6 ;

S pra t l ing , 1 970 ).

The b ronze

b race lets c anno t y e t b e s o c lose ly d a ted , a lthough a g roup o f ' knobbed ' e xa mp les a l l ied t o s pec i mens f ro m L a T ene I c on tex ts i n e astern Yorksh ire a nd L inco lnsh ire may h ave b een impor ted t o S tamford H i l l d irect f ro m n or thern F rance .

A t l east t hree o f t he r e ma in ing f our b race lets h ad r ounded

b od ies , h inged o pen ing s ect ions a nd r a ised c urv i l inear d ecora t ion r em in iscen t o f t he e labora te ly d ecora ted N ewnha m C rof t e xamp le .

L ike t he k nobbed

b race lets t hese l a t ter p ieces p robab ly b e long w i th in t he s econd o r f irs t c en tur ies B .C ., a l though e ar l ier d a tes c ou ld b e c ons idered ( Ba te , 1 866 , 5 02-503 a nd P l . 3 1 , F igs . 1a nd 2 ;

F ox , 1 958 , P l . 3 1 a nd F ig . 6 a ;

C larke , 1 971 , 1 47 ) .

7 0

S tead , 1 965 , 4 9-54 ;

O f t he r ecorded b rooches , t wo e xamp les f ro m n or th-western S pa in o r P ortuga l h ave a lready b een d iscussed i n r e la t ion t o t he H ar lyn b rooches . F our r e ma in ing b ow b rooches f a l l i n to t wo d ist inct c u ltura l h or izons , o ne r epresen ted b y t wo l a ter f i rst o r e ar ly s econd c en tury A .D . b rooches b road ly c o mpat ib le w ith t h e e xa mp les f ro m T revone a nd H ugh town ( Ba te , 1 866 , P l . 3 1 , F igs . 5 -8 ) , t he o ther b y ap a ir o f L a T ene I c s pec i mens ( Fox , 1 958 , P l . 3 1 , F igs . 2 6 a nd 2 7 ) . T he a ssoc ia t ion o f t hese l a t ter e ar ly L a T ene p ieces a nd t he e ven o lderlook ing s wan 's-neck a nd d isc-headed p ins w ith g raves h as n ever b een c on f ir med , b u t i fa ccep ted wou ld i nev itab ly p ush t he o r ig ins o f t he c e metery b ack a s f ar a s t he f our th o r t h ird c entur ies B .C . T he o n ly o ther b rooch k nown t o b e f ro m ab ur ia l i s aC lass A .1 p enannu lar s pec i men w ith k nobbed t er m ina ls ( Ba te , 1 866 , P l . 3 1 , F ig . 3 ;

F ow ler , E ., 1 960 , 1 74 ).

T he f our th ma in land c e me tery o f impor tance was d iscovered i n 1 833 a t T re lan B ahow o n t he L izard p en insu la where ' severa l ' g raves c o mposed o f f l a t s ide a nd c over s labs l ay w ith t he ir l ong a xes d irec ted e ast-west ( C .7 ) . T he p osture o f t he b od ies i s u nknown , b u t t he e labora te g rave-group a ssoc ia ted w ith a n a ssu med f e ma le s ke leton c on f ir ms t ha t t he b ur ia l g round was i n u se d ur ing t he m idd le o f t he f i rst c en tury A . D .

I n a dd it ion t o a nother d ecora ted

b ronze m irror , t h is g roup i nc luded a L a T ene I I N auhe i m-der ived f l a t-bowed b rooch , f ragmen ts o f as econd b rooch , s evera l b ronze r ings a nd a t l east t wo g lass b eads .

A lthough t he a ppearance o f s uch a r ich b ur ia l i n ar e mote c or-

n er o f t he L izard i s a t f i rst s igh t s urpr is ing , P eacock 's d e monstra t ion t ha t t he a rea was c lose ly l i nked t o t he r est o f s ou th-western Eng land t hrough i t s e xpor t o f l oca l g abbro c lays ( Peacock , 1 969 ) c ou ld n ever the less a l low t he N auhe im b rooch t o h ave b een impor ted , a long w ith t he b ronze m irror , f ro m c en tra l western Eng land where i nsu lar v ers ions o f t he f orm a re r e la t ive ly p len t ifu l ( Jope a nd W i lson , 1 957 , F ig . 2 ) . A lthough f ur ther g roups o f c ists h ave b een d iscovered n ear P h i l lack C hurch ( C .1 ) a nd a t C ran tock ( L . O lson , p ersona l c o mmun ica t ion ) , t here i s a s y et i nsuf f ic ien t e v idence t o c on f irm t ha t t hese a nd s evera l i so la ted g rave s i tes a ctua l ly b e long t o I ron Age c e meter ies .

B et ter q ua l if ied , b u t n ever-

t he less u ncon f ir med , c on tenders a re a l ong c ist c on ta in ing a p o t tery v esse l a nd a n u n iden t if ied i ron o b ject f ro m Ca lar tha , S t . J ust ( C .6 ) , a nd s ing le c ists a l igned o n d ist inct ive n or th-sou th a xes , b u t w i thou t g rave-goods , f ro m L andewednack ( C .3 ) a nd L adock ( C .2 ) .

Af ur ther c ist a ssoc ia ted w ith f i rst

o r s econd c en tury A .D . p o t tery f ragmen ts f ro m Woo l :ne igh , n ear K ingsbr idge, i n D evon , i s g eograph ica l ly p er iphera l b u t mer its i nc lus ion a s t he s ke le ton was a ga in c rouched w i th t he h ead d irected n or th ( C .16 ) . O f g rea ter i n terest , h owever , a re t he d ry-stone wa l l o r b ou lder-bu i lt c ists f ro m t he I s les o f S c i l ly ( Ashbee , 1 974 , 1 20-147 ) .

S even o r e igh t i so-

l a ted e xamp les f ro m S t . Mary 's a nd S t . Mar t in 's a re n ot c lose ly d a ted , b u t t wo sma l l c e meter ies o n S t . Mary 's ( C .10 a nd 1 1 ) a nd s ing le g raves f ro m S t . Mary 's ( C .12 ) , S t . Mart in 's ( C .8 a nd 9 ) a nd O ld Man I s land ( C .14 ) i nd ica te a s trong f i rst c entury A .D . t rad it ion o f c rouched i nhuma t ion .

I n

d iscuss ing t he e leven b ur ia ls f ro m H ugh town ( C .10 ) A shbee i n it ia l ly d ist ingu ished ap redo m inan t g roup o f o va l c ists ( Type 1 ) a nd a s econdary c lass o f more mass ive r ectangu lar g raves ( Type 2 ) .

F ive g raves f ro m P oyn ter 's G arden ,

S t . Mary 's ( C .11 ) a nd t he s ing le c ists f ro m S t . Mar t in 's a nd O ld Man c on f ir m t h is p a t tern a nd t he c haracter ist ic u se o f wea thered g ran i te b ou lders a s a 7 1

b u i ld ing ma ter ia l , a l though i ti s d oub tfu l whether t hese l oca l morpho log ica l a nd c onstruct iona l v ar ia t ions p rov ide a ny f unda men ta l d ist inct ion b etween t he S c i l lon ian a nd ma in land c ist t rad it ions . Much more s ign if ican t i s t he a dop t ion w ith in t he S c i l l ies o ft he s a me f unerary p rescr ip t ions t ha t w ere i n u se a t H ar lyn B ay a nd e lsewhere . A t H ugh town , P oyn ter 's Garden , O ld Man a nd S t . Mar t in 's i ti s e i ther c onf ir med , o r imp l ied b y c ist s ize , t ha t b od ies a lways l ay c rouched i n g raves d irected r ough ly n or th-sou th .

D esp i te

p oor p reserva t ion o fb ones i ti s a lso k nown t ha t f our s ke letons f ro m P oyn ter 's G arden a nd s even f ro m H ugh town l ay w i th t he ir h eads t o t he n or th , wh i le t wo o ther H ugh town e xa mp les were d irected r espect ive ly n or th-east a nd n or thn or th-east ( F ig . 2 8 ) . A l though P oyn ter 's G arden p rov ided l i t t le d a teab le ma ter ia l , t hree p enannu lar b rooches a nd e igh t f i rst c en tury A .D . b ow b rooches f rom O ld Man a nd H ugh town c on f ir m t ha t t he S c i l lon ian b ur ia ls a re b road ly c ont e mporary w ith s o me o ft he ir ma in land c oun terpar ts ( Tebbu t t , 1 934 , F ig , 3 ; A shbee , 1 954 , 2 4 a nd F igs . 5a nd 6 ; F ow ler , E ., 1 960 , 1 75-176 ) . An a dd i t iona l d isc b rooch f ro m t he s ame H ugh town g rave ( C .10 .2 ) a s aC lass C p ennau lar b rooch h as , h owever , b een t rea ted i n t he p ast a s at h ird c en tury A .D . p iece , e ven t hough t h is l a te d a te s ee ms i nco mpa t ib le w ith t he e ar l ier b ow b rooches a nd R o mano-Br it ish p o t tery v esse ls f ro m a d jacen t g raves ( Ashbee , 1 954 , 1 6-19 a nd F ig . 7 ) . S u m mary a nd c onc lus ions D esp ite of ten f ragmen tary s urv iv ing e v idence i ti s n ow p oss ib le t o d ef ine a C orn ish a nd S c i l lon ian i nhu ma t ion t rad it ion c haracter ised b y t he u se o f s tone-l ined g raves , ad ist inct ive c rouched b ody p os it ion , ap redo m in an t p reference f or n or ther ly o r ien ta t ion a nd t he l im ited , b u t o ccas iona l ly q u ite l av ish , p rov is ion o f g rave-goods .

A lthough much o f t he a ssoc ia ted

meta lwork b e longs t o t he f i rst c en tury A .D ., L a T ine I b rooches , d ecora ted b ronze b race le ts , r ing-headed p ins a nd t he impor ted d isc-foo ted b rooches c on f ir m t hat t he Har lyn , T revone a nd S ta m ford H i l l c e meter ies w ere a l l i n o pera t ion b y a t l east t he s econd c en tury B .C . A ccep tance o ft he d oub t fu l a ssu mp t ion t ha t t he S tamford H i l l s wan 's n eck p in a nd L a I l ene Ib rooches were g enu ine g rave-goods wou ld , moreover , f orce t he o r ig in o f t he s ou th-western c ist i nhuma t ion b ack i n to t he f our th o r t h ird c en tur ies B .C .

A l though c o mparab le e v idence f ro m o ther p ar ts o f

B r ita in n ow i nd ica tes t ha t s uch a n e ar ly i n troduct ion i s f eas ib le , i tr e ma ins d if f icu l t t o o ver look t he e f fects o f impos ing a 4 00 y ear l i fe-span o n t he f ew C orn ish b ur ia l g rounds t ha t h ave s o f ar b een r ecorded .

I n t he c ase o f e ven

ac o mpara t ive ly l arge c e me tery s uch a s Har lyn , 1 30 g raves s pread o ver 4 00 y ears wou ld a l low o n ly o ne b ur ia l t o h ave b een p erfor med e very t hree y ears , a ssu m ing t ha t a l l i nd iv idua ls were i n terred i n t he s ame f ash ion . A dd a n h ypo thet ica l a verage h u man l i fe-expectancy t o t h is f igure a nd i tb ec o mes a pparen t t ha t t he c e me tery c ou ld n ever h ave s erved a l iv ing p opu la t ion o f more t han t en p eop le .

T he c on ten t ion t ha t ah andfu l o f c o m mun it ies o f

t h is s ize c ou ld h ave s usta ined a d ist inct ive , s tab le b ur ia l r i te i n a pparen t i so la t ion o ver s uch a l ong p er iod i s s o d if f icu lt t o a ccep t t ha t i t wou ld s ee m w iser t o a rgue i n t erms o f ac ons iderab ly c o mpressed t ime s ca le u n t i l f ur ther c e me ter ies a re d iscovered o r b et ter d a t ing e v idence b eco mes a va i lab le . 7 2

N

t u

• E

W

S A .

O r ien ta t ion:

H a r lyn B ay

N

• •

E

W

S B .

O r ien ta t ion:

I s l e s o f S c i l ly

F ig . 2 8 S outh-western c ist bur ia l o r ientat ion: o f S c i l ly 7 3

A . Har lyn Bay;

_ B . I s les

I n t urn ing t o t he c r i t ica l q uest ion o f t he t rad i t ion 's o r ig ins , at o ta l a bsence o f e ar l ier I ron Age a nd l a ter p re-Chr ist ian Ro mano-Br it ish b ur ia ls i n C ornwa l l a dds we ight t o t he impress ion t ha t i nhu ma t ion was n ever w ide ly a dop ted a nd may i nstead h ave emerged o n ly t e mporar i ly i n p er iphera l p ar ts o f a n a rea w ith a s tronger n a t ive c u ltura l p reference f or a d if feren t a nd a rchaeo log ica l ly i ndetectab le method o f d isposa l .

Ear l ier a t te mp ts t o t race

a n i nsu lar s ource f or t he i nhu ma t ion p r inc ip le w ere p ers isten t ly h ampered b y a n a pparen t a bsence o f p ara l le l b ur ia l f or ms i n c en tra l s outhern B r i ta in ; C raw ford a nd H encken imp l ic it ly c onc lud ing a n i ndependen t C orn ish d eve lopmen t .

T ho mas h as more r ecen t ly s uggested a n a l terna t ive o r ig in among

t he a na logous s tone g rave c e meter ies f ro m t he c oasta l s and-dunes o f Br it tany ( Tho mas , 1 966 , 7 7 ;

G io t , 1 960 , 1 84-6 ) , a l though t h is i n it ia l ly a t tract ive

h ypo thes is i s weakened b y an ear u n iversa l a dherence t o a n e x tended b ody p os it ion i n B r it tany a nd G iot 's s ubsequen t d e monstra t ion t ha t s evera l o f t he b et ter k nown B reton c e meter ies b e long t o t he l a ter Ro man a nd s ub-Ro man p er iods r a ther t han t o t he L a T ine I ron Age ( G io t , 1 973 ) . As econd p oss ib le s ource a re t he C hanne l I s lands o f A lderney a nd Guernsey , where a s er ies o f c ist b ur ia ls p rov ide p os i t ive e v idence o f t he s urv iv ia l o f i nhu ma t ion i n to a c on t inen ta l L a T ine I I , o r e ven p ost-Caesarean , h or izon ( Kendr ick , 1 928 , 1 86-98 ) .

An i nvar iab le p reference f or e x tended b ur ia l

w ith g rave-goods t ha t i nc lude c ordonned p o t tery v esse ls a nd i t e ms o f warr ior e qu ip men t n ever the less d ist ingu ishes t he C hanne l I s land r i te f ro m t he C orn ish t rad it ion , whose c harac ter ist ic e le men ts c an o n ly b e ma tched b y r e turn ing t o s ou thern a nd e astern Eng land , where i nhu ma t ion h as a lready b een s hown t o h ave b een w ide ly e stab l ished b y t he s econd a nd f i rst c en tur ies B .C .

Wh i le

t he ma jor ity o f t hese i nhu ma t ions h ad b een c arr ied o u t i n s torage p its o r s i mp le e ar then g raves , as ign if ican t n u mber were a ssoc ia ted w ith s lab-bu i l t c ists morpho log ica l ly s im i lar t o t hose f ro m H ar lyn Bay a nd o ther s ou thwestern s i tes .

I t wou ld n ever the less b e u nw ise t o j u mp h ast i ly t o t he c on-

c lus ion t ha t t he e xa mp les f ro m B ird l ip a nd H a i les i n G loucestersh ire ( A .2 .14 ; A .2 .15 ) ;

C levedon i n A von ( A .2 .2 ) o r S heepwash o n t he I s le o f Wigh t ( A .2 .24 )

a re t herefore d irect ly r e la ted t o t he ir s ou th-western c oun terpar ts .

I ti s

i nstead much more l ike ly t ha t t hese , a nd t he s equence o f D uro tr ig ian a nd e ar ly Ro mano-Br it ish c ists f ro m t he I s le o f P or t land— Purbeck a rea ( p . 4 3 a bove ) a re p ara l le l l oca l i nven t ions o f t he t echn ique i n t hose a reas where s u i tab le s tone was e as i ly o b ta ined a nd c ou ld p rov ide a n e f fect ive f or m o f l in ing f or a n i nhu ma t ion g rave . O f more p rofound s ign if icance t han t h is s i mp le p ara l le l d eve lop men t o f c ists i n t he r ocky , a nd o f ten t ree less , e nv ironmen t o f t he C orn ish p en insu la i s t he r eappearance i n t he a rea o f t he c o mb ined p reference f or a c rouched b ody p os it ion a nd f or b ur ia l w i th t he h ead t o t he n or th wh ich h as a lready b een r ecogn ised i n t he Wessex r eg ion a nd wh ich w i l l s hor t ly b e e ncoun tered y et a ga in i n d iscuss ion o f t he c on te mporary b ur ia l t rad i t ions o f e astern Yorksh ire . H ow t hese p rescr ip t ions were t rans m it ted t o v is ib le t rad it ions o f i nhu ma t ion i n t he s ou th-west r e ma ins f or t he mo men t o bscure , b u t i n n o way d e tracts f ro m t he ir impor tance a s i nd ica tors o f ac u l tura l c onnect ion b e tween t he i so la ted c o m mun it ies o f C ornwa l l a nd t he I s les o f S c i l ly a nd c on te mporary g roups i n c en tra l a nd e astern Eng land .

7 4

CHAPTER 4 LA T h \ TE I NHU MAT ION I N EASTERN YORKSH IRE

I n t he p reced ing c hap ters o f t h is work a t ten t ion h as b een d evoted t o t he r e tr ieva l o f ar e la t ive ly sma l l n u mber o f b ur ia ls f ro m t he mass o f e v idence r e la t ing t o more g enera l a spec ts o f I ron Age s oc ia l l i fe i n s ou thern B r i ta in . I n t urn ing a t ten t ion n or thwards t owards e astern Yorksh ire i tw i l l b e f ound t ha t t he s ta te o f k now ledge r egard ing b ur ia l a nd s et t le men t a ct iv i ty h as b een t urned o n i t s h ead , w ith t he r esu lt t h a tt he l a ter I ron Age r eg iona l c u l ture h as b een i den t if ied a l most e xc lus ive ly t hrough a p rofus ion o f c e me tery s i tes a nd t he c haracter ist ic f unerary r i tua ls wh ich t hese h ave d isp layed .

T h is

s i tua t ion , r em in iscen t a s i ti s o f t he e ar ler Bronze Age i n Wessex , r esu lts f ro m t he p hys ica l n a ture o f t he a rchaeo log ica l s i tes t he mse lves .

I n s ou thern

E ng land a l ong a nd e nerget ic t rad it ion o f I ron Age s et t le men t e xcava t ion g rew u p a s ar esponse t o t he wea lth o f d efens ive s i tes , whose o f ten mass ive s urv iv ing e ar thworks p ers isten t ly p rov ided a n o bv ious a nd i rres ist ib le f ocus f or a rchaeo log ica l i n terest .

On t he c ha lk u p lands o f t he Yorksh ire Wo lds t here

h as n ever b een a ny c o mparab le s equence o f ma jor h i l lfor ts , a nd a l though t here i s n ow amp le e v idence f or e x tens ive a nd o f ten h igh ly c o mp lex f ar m ing s e t t le men ts i n t he a rea , t h is d er ives a l most e n t ire ly f ro m t he a er ia l p ho tog raphy o f c rop marks a nd n ot f ro m a ny u pstand ing p hys ica l t races i den t i f iab le f ro m t he g round .

B y way o f c on trast t he s equence o fb ur ia ls wh ich we a re

a bou t t o c ons ider h ab itua l ly i nvo lved t he c onstruct ion o f e as i ly v is ib le b arrow mounds .

A lthough a l l b u t ah and fu l o f t hese b arrows h ave s ince b een r azed

b y t he p rogress ive i ncurs ion o f a rab le c u l t iva t ion , many s t i l l s urv ived i n e x tens ive g roups d ur ing t he 1 9th c en tury a nd a t tracted t he a t ten t ions o f a n e n thus iast ic g roup o f Yorksh ire a n t iquar ies , p ro m inen t amongst who m were C anon Wi l l ia m Greenwe l l , J . R . Mor t i mer a nd t he Reverend E . W . S t i l l ingf leet .

Dur ing t he e ar l ier y ears o f b arrow d igg ing o n t he Wo lds n o

c lear d ist inct ion was d rawn b e tween e ar ly Bronze Age a nd I ron Age i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls , t he who le b e ing s ubsu med w ith in t he a ccura te , b u t h ard ly s pec if ic , c a tegory o f " Br i t ish b arrows".

The more o bservan t a nd i nqu ir ing a pproach

o f G reenwe l l a nd Mor t i mer t owards t he e nd o f t he 1 9th c en tury , h owever , l ed t o t he r ecogn it ion o f as pec if ic s equence o f Ear ly I ron Age b ur ia ls , amongst wh ich were a s pectacu lar g roup o f i n ter men ts c on ta in ing r e ma ins o f whee led v eh ic les , q u ick ly d ubbed " char iots" b y t he h ero ica l ly i nc l ined a n t iquar ian m ind .

D iscover ies o f v ery s im i lar v eh ic le b ur ia ls among t he

L a T ene c e me ter ies o f t he C ha mpagne r eg ion i n n or thern F rance t hen l ed t o

w idespread a ccep tance o f af unda men ta l c onnect ion b e tween t he t wo a reas

( Deche let te , 1 914 , 1 104 ) , a lthough l i t t le f or ma l work o n t he n ature o f t h is r e la t ionsh ip was c arr ied o u t u n t i l I . M . S tead u nder took a d eta i led r eappra isa l o f t he e v idence b o th f ro m t he p o in t o f v iew o f t he b ur ia l r i tes a nd t he c o mp ara t ive s tudy o f t he a ssoc ia ted meta lwork i t e ms ( S tead 1 965 ; 7 5

1 979 ) .

I n a ssess ing t he c haracter ist ics o f t he A rras C u lture a nd i t s a pparen t a ssoc ia t ion w ith t he h istor ica l ly a t tested Yorksh ire t r ibe o f t he P ar is i S tead was a t f i rst c o mpe l led t o work a l most s o le ly w i th i n forma t ion o b ta ined p r ior t o 1 900 .

T he p r inc ipa l r esu lt o f t h is work was c onf irma t ion t ha t o ne o r more

i nhu ma t ion r i tes , b road ly b racketed b etween t he f ourth a nd f irst c en tur ies B .C ., c ou ld b e i den t if ied w ith in a r estr icted a rea o f t he modern c oun ty o f Y orksh ire t ha t c en tred o n t he h igher c ha lk lands o f t he Wo lds a nd e x tended n or thwards a cross t he Va le o f P icker ing t o t he L i mestone H i l ls a nd e astwards o u t i n to t he P la in o f H o lderness . I n t he a bsence o f d eta i led d escr ip t ions o f b arrow a nd b ur ia l f or ms , S tead i n it ia l ly c onceh tra ted much o f h is a t ten t ion o n t he s urv iv ing i t e ms o f g rave f urn i ture , a nd i n p ar t icu lar t o t he e qu ipmen t a ssoc ia ted w ith u p t o 1 4 i nd iv idua l v eh ic le b ur ia ls . C o mpar ison o f t h is l a t ter g roup o f c ar t-bur ia ls w ith t he more n umerous L a T ene Ia nd I e xamp les f ro m n or theastern F rance e stab l ished a p os it ive a f f in ity w ith a c on t inen ta l t rad it ion o f whee led v eh ic le-bur ia l t ha t a ppears t o o r ig ina te w ith in a l a ter H a l lsta tt h or izon i n c en tra l E urope b efore mov ing w estwards i n to t he Rh ine land , S w i tzer land a nd u l t i ma te ly t he C hampagne r eg ion . I n t he a bsence o f a ny c lear ly d ef ined l a ter I ron Age i nhu ma t ion t rad i t ions e lsewhere i n s ou thern B r i ta in S tead was a lso i nc l ined t o a ssoc ia te a s equence o f s imp ler A rras C u lture i nhu ma t ions f ro m c e meter ies s uch a s A rras , D anes G raves , C ow la m a nd Eastburn w i th t he s ame c on t inen ta l s t i mu lus t ha t h ad i n troduced t he p r inc ip le o f c ar t b ur ia l . I n s uppor t o f t h is v iew i t was d e mons tra ted t ha t a nother c haracter ist ic o f t he Yorksh ire b ur ia ls was t he u se o f a s ur moun t ing b arrow s urrounded b y av ery d ist inct ive f orm o f s quare e nc losure r a ther t han b y ac onven t iona l c ircu lar q uarry d i tch .

S quare b arrows h ad

f i rst b een r ecorded d ur ing t he A rras e xcava t ions i n 1 850 , b u t t he ir s ign if icance r e ma ined u napprec ia ted u n t i l i t was s hown t ha t ar ange o f s im i lar e nc losures , c onven t iona l ly d escr ibed i n t he l i tera ture a s c arre f unera ire , p lay ak ey r o le amongst t hose L a g ene c e meter ies i n t he Marne r eg ion o f n or thern F rance wh ich p rov ide e v idence o f i nhuma t ions w i th whee led c ar ts ( S tead , 1 961 ) . The a ppearance o f t wo s uch d ist inc t ive f unerary f ea tures i n c on junct ion i n Yorksh ire c an h ard ly b e c ons idered c o inc iden ta l a nd a n i ncreas ing n umber o f r ecorded s quare b arrows i n e astern Yorksh ire h as r e in forced S tead 's i n it ia l h ypo thes is . I n t he y ears s ince p ub l ica t ion o f T he L a T ine C u ltures o f Eastern Y orksh ire ( S tead , 1 965 ) r enewed i n terest i n t he e xcava t ion o f A rras c u lture b ur ia l s i tes h as b egun t o p rov ide a v ery much more e f fect ive b ody o f f or ma l ly r ecorded e v idence wh ich w i l l e ven tua l ly s upp ly t he n ecessary ma ter ia l f or a p enetra t ing a na lys is o f t he b ur ia l r i tes , t he ir c hrono logy a nd c u ltura l a ncestry . S tead 's o wn work i n t he g rea t c e me tery a rea t ha t s tradd les t he p ar ishes o f R udston a nd B ur ton F le m ing h as n ow p rov ided a s a mp le o f o ver 2 00 i nd iv idua l g raves wh i le t he l ong t er m c a mpa ign c onducted b y T . C . M . Brewster a nd ( l a t ter ly ) J . S . D en t a t t he n e ighbour ing We twang S lack b ur ia l a nd s e t t le men t c o mp lex , i s p rov id ing a p ara l le l a sse mb lage o f b ur ia ls , amongst wh ich h as b een t he f i rst e xamp le o f ac ar t b ur ia l e xcava ted i n Yorksh ire s ince t he P ex ton Moor g rave i n 1 906 ( S tead , 1 977 ; 1 979 ; B rewster , 1 971 ; D en t , 1 978 ) . As econd ma jor s ource o f n ew e v idence r egard ing t he d istr ibu t ion a nd n a ture o f t he L a T ene c e me ter ies h as c o me a s ar esu lt o f i n tens ive a er ia l r econna issance o ft he Yorksh ire Wo lds , where c rop- marks o f s quare b arrow d i tches h ave p roved e as i ly i den t if iab le a s a morpho log ica l f or m . 7 6

E xamp les

w ere f irst r ecorded n ear ly 3 0 y ears a go b y J . K . S t . J oseph , a l though i t was n o t u n t i l s o me c ons iderab le t ime l a ter t ha t t he ir f unct ion was u nderstood a nd e f for ts were made t o l oca te f ur ther e xa mp les .

T he Bur ton F le m ing

c e metery was i t se lf i den t if ied f ro m c rop mark e v idence ( S t . J oseph , 1 964 , 2 17 ) a nd s quare b arrows h ave n ow b een r ecogn ised i n g roups a nd i n i so la t ion a t o ver 1 00 s i tes b etween t he H u mber a nd t he s ou thern f lanks o f t he N or th Yorksh ire Moors . Wh i le r ecen t e xcava t ion a nd r econna issance h ave g one f ar i n c onf ir m ing t he d ist inc t ive n a ture o f t he A rraA C u lture b ur ia l s equence a nd i t s r estr icted d istr ibu t ion , t he r ecogn it ion o f o ther b ur ia l r i tes e lsewhere i n s ou thern B r ita in n o l onger a l lows t he Yorksh ire f or ms t o b e r egarded a s a n i so la ted a ppearance o f i nhu ma t ion d ur ing t he l a ter I ron Age .

I n t he f o l low ing s ect ions

o f t h is c hap ter i tw i l l b e n ecessary t o e xa m ine t he Yorksh ire ma ter ia l i n t he l igh t o f t he e v idence f ro m Wessex a nd e lsewhere , a nd a s ar esu lt i tw i l l b eco me a pparen t t ha t c er ta in r ecogn ised a nd u nd ispu ted c on t inen ta l a f f in it ies a re i n f act c oun terba lanced b y f ea tures b e long ing t o a n e ssen t ia l ly i nsu lar t rad it ion .

T he Arras C u lture w i l l t hus b e s een a s a n ama lga m o f r i tua l

n ot ions , d er iv ing n o t f ro m t he s i mp le i n troduct ion o f ad iscrete d isposa l t rad it ion f ro m a broad , b u t a s ar esu l t o f t he impos i t ion o f c er ta in impor ted p r inc ip les o n to a n e x ist ing s tructure o f n a t ive t rad it ion . T he s ites a nd t he ir d istr ibu t ion A lthough t he most s ign if ican t s er ies o f e xcava t ions t ook p lace l a te i n t he 1 9th c en tury , ah and fu l o f L a T ine i nhu ma t ions may h ave b een i nvest iga ted more t han a h undred y ears e ar l ier a nd a r eference i n t he K i lha m P ar ish R eg ister n otes t ha t as ing le b arrow w ith in t he Danes Graves c e me tery was o pened a s e ar ly a s 1 721 ( S tead 1 965 , 1 05 ) .

T he f irst ma jor e xcava t ion o f

wh ich a ny f or ma l r ecord s urv ives d id n ot t ake p lace u n t i l 1 815 , when t he Rev . E . W. S t i l l ing f leet a nd B ernard C larkson b egan a s yste ma t ic e xp lora t ion o f t he c on ten ts o f b etween 9 0 a nd 2 00 sma l l b arrows n ear Market We igh ton o n t he s ou thern Wo lds ( D .1 .18 ) .

I n t he f irst t hree s easons o f work i n t he A rras

c e metery , wh ich was s ubsequen t ly a dop ted a s t he t ype-s ite f or t he r eg iona l I ron Age c u lture , as equence o f c rouched o r , more r are ly , e x tended s ke letons was r evea led ( D .1 .18 .1-23 ) .

A t l east t wo o f t he b ur ia ls were a ssoc ia ted w ith

t he r e ma ins o f d is man t led t wo-whee led c ar ts a nd t he h arness e qu ip men t f or p a irs o f h orses .

T he f irst o f t hese , n ickna med t he "K ing 's Barrow"

( D .1 .

1 8 .1 ) , a lso c on ta ined t he s ke le tons o f t he h orses t he mse lves a nd i n t h is r esp ect r e ma ins u n ique among t he Yorksh ire g roup o f v eh ic le g raves .

T hree

f ur ther b arrows were e xcava ted a t t he s i te i n 1 850 ( D .1 .18 .24-26 ) a nd a t h ird c ar t-bur ia l was r ecogn ised b y G reenwe l l a f ter i t s d iscovery d ur ing c ha lkq uarry ing i n 1 875 ( D .1 .18 .28 ) .

I n 1 959 t wo o f t he A rras b arrows were r e-

e xcava ted , a nd a lthough t he c en tra l g raves h ad b een d isturbed b y p rev ious i nvest iga tors , t he p resence o f s quare e nc losure d itches , wh ich p robab ly s urrounded e very b arrow i n t he c e metery , was c on f ir med ( D .1.18 .29-30 ) . I n t he y ears f o l low ing S t i l l ingf leet 's work a n u mber o f f ur ther c on f ir med o r p robab le v eh ic le b ur ia ls were d iscovered a t B ever ley ( D .1 .1 .1 ) , S ea mer ( D .1 .23 ) a nd Hugga te ( D .1 .13 ) , wh i le s i mp ler i nhu ma t ions were r ecorded f ro m B ishop Wi lton ( Ca la is Wo ld ;

D .1 .3 ) ;

G r inda le ( Hun tow ;

M i l l ing ton ( Gr im thorpe , D .1.20 ) a nd B ug thorpe ( D .1.4 ). 7 7

D .1.10 ) ;

Th is p er iod a lso

r esu lted i n Greenwe l l 's e xa m ina t ion o f f ive s quare-d itched b arrows o n t he h igh wo ld-top a t C o t ta m ( Cow la m ;

D .1 .8 ) .

O f g rea ter impor tance t han

t hese i nd iv idua l a nd o f ten a cc iden ta l e ncoun ters was t he work wh ich was c arr ied o u t i n t he im mense b arrow c e metery t ha t l i es i n t he p ar ishes o f N af fer ton a nd K i lha m a nd wh ich was l oca l ly r eferred t o a s t he D anes G raves ( D .1 .21 ) . G reenwe l l was i n for med t ha t 5 00 i nd iv idua l b ur ia l mounds were o nce v is ib le w ith in a b e l t o f wood land l y ing i n as ha l low d ry v a l ley t o t he west o f t he d eser ted med ieva l v i l lage o f P ock thorpe .

L a ter i n t he n ine teen th

c en tury n ear ly 2 00 e xa mp les c ou ld s t i l l b e s urveyed b y t he O rdnance S urvey a nd many o f t hese h ave s urv ived u n t i l t he p resen t d ay .

G reenwe l l ( 1 906 ,

2 55 ) a lso o bserved t ha t t races o f p loughed-ou t b arrows c ou ld b e s een a s s o i l marks i n t he f i e lds b order ing t he wood a nd t he r esu lts o f a er ia l p ho tography h ave n ow c on f ir med t ha t more t han a h undred s quare a nd c ircu lar b arrows l i e c lose ly p acked i n d if feren t p ar ts o f a n a rea measur ing a pprox i ma te ly 4 50 x3 50 me tres ( D .2.70 ). T hese l a t ter b arrows h ave n ever b een p ho tographed mder e n t ire ly s a t isfactory c ond it ions a nd i ti s a pparen t t ha t more f avourab le s easons c ou ld r evea l e nough c rop marks t o c on f ir m t ha t G reenwe l l 's o r ig ina l e st i ma te may n o t h ave b een u ndu ly i n f la ted . T he s ize o f t he D anes Graves c e me tery i nev itab ly a t tracted t he a t ten t ion o f l oca l e xcava tors a nd i n a dd i t ion t o t he b arrow e xp lored i n 1 721 , f ur ther sma l l s a mp les were e xa m ined i n t he f irst h a lf o f t he n ineteen th c en tury b y t he R ev . W . Drake , J ohn M i lner , J ohn K enda l l a nd t he Yorksh ire An t iquar ian C lub .

I n 1 864 Greenwe l l e xa m ined g raves a t t he c en tres o f 1 4 b arrows a nd

r evea led a s er ies o f c rouched i nhu ma t ions i n s ha l low g raves ( D .1.21 .15-28 ) . Two s im i lar b ur ia ls were o bserved b y Mor t i mer i n 1 881 ( D .1 .21.29-30 ) , a nd i n 1 897 a j o in t e xcava t ion b y Mor t i mer , G reenwe l l a nd B oyn ton u ncovered 1 6 f ur ther b ur ia ls ( D .1 .21 .31-46 ) , amongst wh ich were a c ar t-bur ia l c ont a in ing t wo c on tracted s ke letons a nd a r are e xa mp le o f as ing le g rave i n wh ich f ive i nd iv idua ls h ad b een i n terred s i mu ltaneous ly ( D .1 .21.43 a nd 4 6 ) .

A

s econd s equence o f e xcava t ion t ook p lace i n t he f o l low ing y ear when 3 7 b arrows ( D .1 .21 .47-80 ) , t hree o f wh ich h ad b een p rev ious ly d isturbed , were e xa m ined . T hese c on f ir med t he e x istence o f as tandard b ur ia l p rocedure i nvo lv ing c rouched i nhu ma t ion a nd t he p rov is ion o f ag enera l ly l im ited r ange o f g rave g oods , t yp ica l ly c o mpr is ing s ing le p o t tery v esse ls , p ig b ones a nd o ccas iona l i ron o r b ronze b rooches a nd b race lets .

Af ina l g roup o f 8b arrows o pened b y Mor t i mer

i n 1 909 y ie lded y e t more c rouched o r c on tracted s ke letons , b u t l i t t le b y way o f a ssoc ia ted ma ter ia l o b jects ( D .1 .21 .99-106 ) . Mo r t i mer was f ortuna te ly more me thod ica l t han t he e xcava tors who h ad p receded h im a t D anes Graves a nd e lsewhere .

A s ar esu lt , t he p rec ise

b ody p os it ions a nd o r ien ta t ions o f 8 1 i nd iv idua l i nhu ma t ions a re r ecorded a nd p rov ide a s ubstan t ia l a nd r e l iab le s a mp le o n wh ich t o b ase a c onsidera t ion o f t he Danes Graves b ur ia l f or m ( Mor t i mer , 1 895 , 1 898 , 1 911 ;

G reenwe l l ,

1 906 ) . N o o ther s er ies o f e xcava t ions p rov ided a c o mparab le b ody o f d a ta u n t i l t he work b egun d ur ing t he l ast d ecade , a l though a s a mp le g roup o f b arrows was e xcava ted b y Mor t i mer a t S carborough Park , L econ f ie ld , i n 1 895 ( D .1 .17 .1-6 ) .

A t t he e nd o f t he 1 9th c en tury 1 70 i nd iv idua l mounds

s t i l l s urv ived a t t he s i te , a rranged i n a wedge-shaped g roup c over ing a n a rea o f 4a cres .

An u mber o f t hese a re s t i l l v is ib le o n t he g round , b u t n o

i n for ma t ive e xcava t ion h as s ince t aken p lace . 7 8

Among a h and fu l o f o ther i so la ted d iscover ies o f i nhu ma t ions c an b e i nc luded impor tan t v eh ic le b ur ia ls f ro m T horn ton-le-Da le ( Pex ton Moor ; D .1 .26 ) a nd Hun manby ( D .1 .14 ) ;

l ess we l l-docu men ted e xa mp les f ro m

H ornsea ( D .1 .12 ) a nd M idd leton-on-the- Wo lds ( D .1 .19 ) , a nd a warr iorb ur ia l d iscovered a t B irdsa l l ( Nor th Gr i mston ) i n 1 902 ( D .1 .2 ) .

Ac o mr iete

c e me tery o f a t l east 7 5 p loughed-ou t b arrows was u n fortuna te ly d estroyed d ur ing t he c onstruct ion o f E astburn a irf ie ld i n 1 938 ( D .1 .16 ).

A lthough a

n u mber o f o b jects a ssoc ia ted w ith i nd iv idua l b ur ia ls were r e tr ieved f ro m g raves a t t he c en tres o f c ircu lar , r a ther t han s quare , b arrow p la t for ms , n o u sefu l i nd ica t ions o f b ur ia l p ostures a nd o r ien ta t ions s urv ive . T he p er iod f o l low ing t he o u tbreak o f t he F irst Wor ld war s aw v ery l i t t le a ct iv ity d irected t owards f or ma l e xcava t ion o f f ur ther i nhu ma t ions u n t i l S tead r e-excava ted t wo b arrows a t A rras a nd e xa m ined s ix e xa mp les a t C ow la m ( 2 .1.8 ) .

F our o f t hese l a t ter b arrows h ad b een p rev ious ly e xca-

v a ted b y G reenwe l l , b u t t wo o thers ' and a p a ir o f g raves w ithou t b arrows were f ound t o b e u nd isturbed ( S tead , 1 971 , 2 2-24 ) .

A t b o th Arras a nd C ow la m

i t was f ound t ha t t he b arrows were s urrounded b y d ist inct ive s quare-p lan e nc losure d itches a nd i n t he l igh t o f t h is d iscovery e xcava t ion was b egun i n 1 967 w ith in a t r ia l a rea o f t he Rudston-Bur ton F le m ing c e me tery a nd c onf i r med t ha t t he f ea tures f irst i den t if ied a s c rop- marks f ro m t he a ir r epres en ted i nhu ma t ion b arrows o f t he s a me c lass . S uccess ive s easons o f work i n d if feren t p ar ts o f t he c e metery h ave n ow r evea led more t han 2 00 i nd iv idua l i nhu ma t ions b e long ing t o t wo r itua l ly d ist inct , b u t c lose ly r e la ted f unerary p rocedures ( D .1 .6 . ) .

As im i lar n u mber o fb ur ia ls h as n ow b een r ecorded

f ro m t he n earby Wetwang S lack c e me tery a rea , c urren t ly t he s ub ject o f i n tens ive e xcava t ion i n a dvance o f g rave l e x tract ion ( D .1.9 ) . T he d istr ibu t ion o f g round-based d iscover ies A lthough i th as b een s hown t ha t t he ma jor ity o f e xcava ted b ur ia l s i tes l i e o n t he c ha lk h i l ls o f t he Yorksh ire Wo lds t he mse lves , i ti s impor tan t t o c ons ider t he e x ten t o f t he ir d istr ibut ion w ith s o me c are .

I tc an b e s een

( F ig . 2 9 ) t ha t t he ma jor c e metery a reas o f banes Graves , Eastburn , Bur ton F le m ing a nd Wetwang S lack a l l l i e o n t he l ower s lopes o f t he n or thern Wo lds , wh i le t he Arras c e metery i s l oca ted o n t he c en tra l s p ine o f t he c ha lk , s o me 2 0 m i les t o t he s outh .

S corborough p rov ides t he o n ly e xcava ted e xa mp le o f

a ma jor b ur ia l g round i n t he l ow-ly ing P la in o f H o lderness , a lthough t he sma l l g roup o f b arrows f ro m B ever ley l i es a t as im i lar a lt itude .

To t he

west o f t he c ha lk h i l ls , i n t he Va le o f York , t wo s epara te c e metery a reas h ave b een r epor ted w ith in t he p ar ish o f S k ipw ith ( D .1.24 a nd 2 5 ).

I nhu ma t ions

d iscovered i n i so la t ion a lso t end t o l i e c lose t o t he e astern o r western marg ins o f t he Wo lds , a lthough a n u mber d r if t i n to t he l ow land a reas a nd a t l east f our o thers e x tend t he d istr ibu t ion t o t he s ou thern s lopes o f t he l imestone h i l ls t o t he n or th o f t he Va le o f P icker ing . The most impor tan t s ing le f ac tor g overn ing t he d iscovery o f t he ma jor i ty o f t hese s i tes was t he ir s urv iva l a s e ar thworks i n a reas o f wood land , e nc losed p ark land o r h igh p asture o n t he u ncu lt iva ted wo ld-tops .

The e ros ion o f

b arrows b y a rab le c u lt iva t ion h as b een a p rogress ive p heno menon , h owever , a nd i ti s t herefore p robab le t ha t t he p resen t d istr ibut ion i s d istor ted i n f avour o f t hose a reas where b arrows h ad b een p rov ided w ith t he o ppor tun i ty t o s urv ive i n tact i n to t he 1 9th a nd 2 0th c en tur ies . 7 9

YORKSH IRE: I NHU MAT I ONS

F ig . 2 9 D istr ibut ion o f l a ter I ron Age i nhumat ions e xcavated i n e astern Yorksh ire

8 0

Ac heck o n t he v a l id i ty o ft h is i n it ia l d istr ibu t ion , wh ich i s e ssen t ia l ly t he s ame a s t ha t o f fered b y S tead i n 1 965 , c an b e made b y c o mpar ing i t w ith t he s ca t ter o f s quare-barrow s i tes r ecorded b y t he i ndependen t med iu m o f a er ia l p ho tography . A er ia l r econna issance a nd t he r esu lts o f c rop- mark s urvey I n t he y ears s ince t he e nd o f t he S econd Wor ld War , t he d eve lopmen t o f a er ia l p h tograph ic methods f i rst d ev ised b y A l len , C rawford , R i ley a nd B rad ford b e tween t he 1 920s a nd e ar ly 1 940s h as p rov ided t he most p owerfu l s ing le t echn ique f or r evea l ing a rchaeo log ica l s i tes whose i den t if ica t ion o n t he g round wou ld o therw ise b e d if f icu lt o r imposs ib le . T he ways i n wh ich b ur ied s i tes may b e r evea led f a l l i n to t hree c a tegor ies . T hose f ea tures wh ich s t i l l s urv ive i n s l igh t r e l ief , s uch a s t he d efences o f s o me R o man m i l itary s ta t ions , o r t he more i rregu lar b anks a nd h o l lows b e long ing t o a bandoned med ieva l s et t le men ts , c an b e r ecorded most e f fect ive ly u nder c ond it ions o f o b l ique a f ternoon o r e ven ing s un l igh t , when s trong s hadows a re c ast b y m inor v ar ia t ions i n s ur face t opography .

A lthough p hotography o f

s haCow-s i tes i s o f v a lue i n r ecord ing p reh is tor ic e ar thworks i n u np loughed p asture o r moor land , i ti s o f l i t t le u se when a l l u pstand ing t races h ave b een o b l i tera ted b y t he g radua l a nd i ns id ious a ct ion o f t he p lough , o r t he more s udden impact o fb u l ldozers . I n t hese s i tua t ions i ti s p ossib le t o i den t ify s i tes o n ly i n t er ms o f marks t ha t may b e v is ib le i n b are p lough s o i l o r t hrough v ar ia t ions i n t he g row th o f v egeta t ion o ver b ur ied a rchaeo log ica l f ea tures . T he manner i n wh ich s uch marks may d eve lop i s n ow we l l-known t hrough e ar l ier d escr ip t ions o f t he p heno menon b y C raw ford ( 1928 ) a nd s ubsequen t s u m mar ised c onsidera t ions o f t he p rob le m b y S t . J oseph ( 1965 ) a nd o ther workers , b o th i n B r ita in a nd western E urope ( Agache , 1 962 , S co l lar , 1 964 ) . Marks i nb are s o i l may b e p roduced e i ther t hrough t he p resence o f d isturbed masonry f ounda t ions b rough t t o t he s ur face b y p lough a ct ion , o r more impor tan t ly a s ar esu l t o f d if feren t ia l s o i l c o loura t ions a bove s i lted d i tches a nd o ther f ea tures e xcava ted i n to a n o therw ise h o mogeneous s ubso i l o r b edrock .

Marks s een i n v egeta t ion d er ive f ro m s im i lar v ar ia t ions i n t he

n a ture a nd c o mpos it ion o f s o i ls i n wh ich p lan ts a re g row ing a nd c an b e d etected b ecause o f t he e x tre me s ens it iv ity o f c er ta in s pec ies t o m inor v ar ia t ions i n s o i l s tructure , f er t i l ity , a nd mo isture c on ten t .

A lthough a

w ide r ange o f p lan ts r espond i n t h is way , t he e f fects o f t he ir s ens it iv ity a re o n ly l ike ly t o b e a pparen t when l arge a reas a re o ccup ied e xc lusive ly b y a s ing le s pec ies , t hus a l low ing m inor c hanges i n g row th o r c o lour t o b e r ecogn ised a ga inst au n ifor m t ona l b ackground . T he b est r esu lts t hus t end t o b e o b ta ined f ro m a rab le c rops a nd a reas o f g rass land a nd a l though s o me b roadl eaved p lan ts , s uch a s s ugar-beet a nd l ucerne , w i l l p rov ide e v idence o r d if feren t ia l g row th , t he most f avourab le r esu lts a re i nvar iab ly o b ta ined f ro m c erea l c rops . Wh i le a ccura te p red ict ion o f t he a ppearance o f c rop marks i n a ny g iven a rea o r y ear r e ma ins d if f icu lt , i ti s p oss ib le t o i so la te s o me o f t he p r inc ipa l f ac tors i nvo lved i n t he ir f or ma t ion . P lan ts g row ing o ver t he f ounda t ions o f wa l ls , o r a bove t he d ense ly p acked s urface o fb ur ied r oadways , t end , o n t he o ne h and , t o s how p oorer , s horter g row th , d ue t o l ack o f mo isture a nd s o i l f er t i l ity ; p lan ts whose r oo ts c an p enetra te d eep i n to t he s i lted f i l l ings o f d i tches a nd p its , o n t he o ther h and , w i l l b enef it f ro m i ncreased s ources 8 1

o f wa ter a nd t hus g row t a l ler o r r e ma in g reen wh i le t he ir s hor ter c oun terp arts a re i n t he p rocess o f r ipen ing .

T he d eve lop men t o f s uch marks

t ends t o o ccur most f ree ly i n a reas where t h in t op-so i ls a nd g ood s ub-so i l d ra inage a l low t he max i mu m c on trast i n s o i l mo isture . H eavy c lays a re t hus u nreward ing , wh i le t he most impress ive r esu lts a re i nvar iab ly o b ta ined f ro m t he w ide g rave l t erraces o f r iver v a l leys a nd o ver c u l t iva ted a reas o f c ha lk o r l imestone d own land . I n e astern Yorksh ire t he t h in c a lcareous s o i ls o f t he Wo lds a re p ar t icu lar ly s u itab le f or t he d etect ion o f c rop mark f ea tures a nd o ver t he p ast 3 0 y ears many h undreds o f i nd iv idua l a rchaeo log ica l s i tes h ave b een d iscovered i n t he r eg ion b y p ho tographers s uch a s J . K . S t . J oseph , D . R . W i lson , D . N . R i ley , J . N . H a mp ton , a nd A . L . P ac i t to . Ana lys is o f t he c rop mark f ea tures r ecorded i n t he C ambr idge U n ivers i ty C o l lect ion o f a er ia l p hotographs , h owever , s hows t ha t s i tes a re n o t e ven ly s pread o ver t he a rea ( F ig . 3 0 ) .

B efore b eg inn ing a ny d iscuss ion o f t he d is-

t r ibu t ion o f s quare b arrows , t herefore ' , we must f i rst d eterm ine whe ther t he o vera l l s ca t ter o f c rop marks r ef lects a n a ctua l v ar ia t ion i n t he p a t tern o f p reh istor ic s et t le men t , o r whe ther i ti s s ub ject t o d istor t ion b y t he a b i l ity o r d isab i l ity o f d if feren t s o i ls t o r evea l t he a rchaeo log ica l s i tes b enea th t he m . I ti s a lso n ecessary t o a sk whether a er ia l r econna issance h as u nw i tt ing ly c oncen tra ted o n p ar t icu lar a reas o f k nown p oten t ia l , t o t he d e tr i men t o f l ess im med ia te ly r eward ing d istr icts . T he d istr ibu t ion o f c rop mark s i tes n or th o f t he H u mber s hows a n e xpected p over ty o f r ecord ings o n t he c lay s o i ls o ft he H o lderness P la in a nd a long t he western marg ins o f t he Wo lds , i n t he V a le o f York . T he a l luv ia l s o i ls o f t he Va le o f P icker ing h ave s im i lar ly a nd p red ictab ly p roved u nrespons ive , a l though a n a bsence o f s i tes o n t he l imestone h i l ls t o t he n or th h as b een a s ource o f c oncern .

On ly u nder c ond i t ions o f e xcep t iona l d rought ,

a s i n t he s u mmer o f 1 976 , h as r econna issance t here b een f ru it fu l . O n t he c ha lk u p lands o f t he Wo lds t he mse lves t he d istr ibu t ion i s b y n o means c ons isten t .

T he h eav iest c oncen tra t ions o f c rop marks l i e a long t he

s outhern marg in o f t he e astern Wo lds , where t here i s ap ronounced t endency f or s i tes t o c luster a long t he s ides o f s ha l low d ry s tream v a l leys . T he most d ense ly s et t led a rea o f a l l i s t he G ypsey Race V a l ley , where t he s tream wh ich r uns e astwards f ro m D ugg leby t owards B r id l ing ton p rov ides o ne o f t he o n ly o pen wa ter c ourses o n t he e astern Wo lds . Mo v ing westwards f ur ther c oncen tra t ions o f s i tes c an b e i den t if ied s ou the ast o f Mo l ton , b u t t o t he s ou th t he h igher g round o f t he c en tra l Wo lds y ie lds o n ly a s ca t ter o f s i tes , e x tens ive a reas h av ing r e ma ined t ota l ly b arren . D esp ite a s l igh t improve men t t o t he s ou th-east o f Marke t We igh ton , t he e xt re me s ou th o ft he Wo lds i s s im i lar ly d isappo in t ing , a nd i t wou ld s ee m t ha t as er ies o f d eeper s o i ls wh ich b lanke t p ar ts o f t he c en tra l s p ine o f t he c ha lk may b e l ess s u itab le f or t he p roduct ion o f c rop marks t han t he s ha l low s o i ls a nd c ha lk g rave ls o f t he e astern Wo ld v a l leys .

D e ta i led s o i l mapp ing o f t he

a rea b y t he S o i l S urvey o f Eng land a nd Wa les i s u n for tuna te ly i nco mp lete , b u t t he d angers o f a rgu ing t ha t t he k nown d istr ibu t ion o f c rop marks p rov ides a n a ccura te r ef lect ion o f e ar ly s e t t le men t i s a lready a pparen t .

8 2

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F ig. 3 0 D istr ibut ion o f c rop-marks a nd s o i l-marks i n e astern Yorksh ire r ecorded by t he Cambr idge Un ivers ity Comm ittee f or Aer ia l Photography, 1 949-1974

8 3

D e ta i led i n terpreta t ion o ft he c rop mark e v idence r ecorded b y an umber o f p r iva te f l yers , t he Roya l C omm iss ion o n H istor ica l Mo nu men ts ( Eng land ) a nd t he Cambr idge Un ivers ity C o mm it te f or A er ia l P ho tography h as n ow r esu lted i n t he p os it ive i den t if ica t ion o f s quare b arrows a t o ver 1 00 i nd iv idua l l oca t ions i n e astern Yorksh ire , a l though e ven l arger n umbers a re imp l ied b y ad istr ibu t ion map r ecen t ly mb l ished b y Ram m ( 1 977 , F ig . 4 ) . I n c o mp ar ing e xa mp les r ecorded f ro m t he a ir i ti s n ecessary t o c ons ider n o t o n ly t he b as ic g eograph ica l d istr ibu t ion , b u t a lso t he morpho log ica l c haracter ist ics o f t he b arrows t he mse lves , t he ir s pa t ia l a rrange men ts i n g roups o f d i f fer ing s ize a nd t he o vera l l r e la t ionsh ip wh ich c an b e i den t if iedbetween b arrows a nd o ther a rchaeo log ica l f ea tures .

B as ic i n forma t ion r e la t ing t o e ach o f t he

b arrow s i tes i s p resen ted h ere i n A ppend ix D .2 . I n t he g rea t ma jor i ty o f c ases i ti s p oss ib le t o i den t ify d iscrete b ur ia l g roups , a nd t o t hese a c en tra l s ix-f igure g r id-reference h as b een g iven . On ly i n t he c ase o f t he s praw l ing R udston-Bur ton F le m ing c e me tery c o mp lex h as i tb een f ound n ecessary t o d iv ide c oncen tra t ions o fb ur ia ls i n to g roups w ith s epara te g r id-references o n a more a rb i trary b as is .

I n a dd it ion t o g enera l d escr ip t ions o f t he b arrows

a nd t he ir a pprox i ma te s izes , A ppend ix D .2 a lso l i sts t he h e igh t a bove s ea l eve l a t wh ich e ach s i te l i es . T he s ca t ter o f s quare b arrow s i tes r ecorded i n F ig . 3 1 t ends t o c on for m we l l w ith t he o vera l l d istr ibut ion o f c rop- marks p ho tographed i n e astern Yorksh ire . Once a ga in , t he ma jor i ty o f s i tes l i e o n t he n or thern Wo lds , w ith a marked c oncen tra t ion a long t he l i ne o f t he G ypsey Race . T he l ower s lopes o f t he c ha lk t o t he n or th o f D r if f ie ld h ave p roduced a no ther d ense g roup ing o f b arrows , b u t t he r e ma in ing s i tes t end t o l i e s ca t tered f a ir ly l oose ly a long t he n or thern e nd e astern f l anks o f t he W o lds , a vo id ing t he h igher g round t o t he c en tre o f t he a rea a nd t he s ou thern e x tens ion o ft he c ha lk t owards Marke t We igh ton a nd t he H u mber . More s urpr is ing i s t he g roup o f s i tes wh ich l i e a t av ery l ow a l t itude t o t he s ou th o f B r id l ing ton , i n t he v ic in ity o f C arnaby .

R e la t ive ly f ew c rop marks o f a ny f or m h ave b een i den t if ied

i n t h is a rea a nd t he r a t io o fb arrows t o o ther f ea tures i s t herefore u nsua l ly h igh .

T he s i tua t ion o n t he l imestone h i l ls t o t he n or th o f t he Va le o f P icker ing ,

where a p over ty o f c rop- marks h as a lready b een a l luded t o , i s more p red ict ab le , o n ly t wo g roups o f s quare b arrows h av ing s o f ar b een r ecorded . P robab ly t he most s ign if ican t f ea ture o f t he d istr ibu t ion i s t he manner i n wh ich i tc on trasts w ith t ha t o f g round-based d iscover ies .

Whereas t hese

l a t ter b ur ia ls l i e s ca t tered a l most r ando m ly a cross t he Wo lds , s pread ing o u t i n to t he l ow lands t o t he e ast a nd west a nd o n to t he l imestone h i l ls t o t he n or th , s i tes i den t if ied a s c rop marks a dhere more c lose ly t o t he l ower s lopes o f t he c ha lk , s tray ing o n ly r are ly o u t i n to H o lderness o r t he Va le o f Y ork . C o mpar ison o f t he h e igh t a bove s ea l eve l a t wh ich t he s i tes l i e i nd ica tes ap o ten t ia l c on trast b etween e xa mp les d iscovered f ro m t he g round a nd t hose i den t if ied f ro m t he a ir .

A l though t he s a mp les a re t oo sma l l f or t he r esu lts

t o b e s ta t ist ica l ly r e l iab le , ah istogra m ( F ig . 3 2 ) s uggests t wo s ign if ican t t rends . F irst ly i tc an T h e . s een t ha t b ur ia ls h ave b een r ecorded o n t he g round i n r ough ly t he s a me p ropor t ions a t l ow a nd h igh a l t itudes , a l though t here i s a s uggest ion o f as l ight ly h igher c oncen tra t ion b e low 5 0 ' . On t he o ther h and , b arrows r ecorded f ro m t he a ir s how a more r estr icted r ange , t he g rea t

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ma jor ity l y ing b etween 5 0 ' a nd 3 50 ', w ith o n ly a h and fu l r ecorded a bove 4 00 '. I n we igh ing t he e v idence f or t he t wo f orms o f d iscovery i ts ee ms t ha t t he d istr ibu t ion o f g round-recorded s i tes might b e d istor ted i n f avour o f marg ina l l and a t t he l owest a nd h ighest a l t itudes , wh i le t ha t o f c rop mark r ecord ings i s l inked t o a reas o f i n tense c u l t iva t ion .

A marked p re ference

f or t he l ower Wo ld s lopes among t he l a t ter g roup o f b arrows ma tches a c orrespond ing f a l l i n t he n u mber o f g round d iscover ies a t t hese h e igh ts , p erhaps i nd ica t ing more w idespread a nd e ar l ier d estruct ion o f b arrow mounds a t t hese a l t itudes . B ur ia l R i tes I nhu ma t ion a nd G raves Without e xcep t ion , b ur ia ls o f t he L a T ene p er iod i n e astern Yorksh ire t ake t he f or m o f i nhu ma t ion .

V ery f ew u na mb iguous c re ma t ions h ave b een

f ound i n ap re-Arras C u lture c on tex t , n or i s t here a ny e v idence o f t he i n trus ion o f aL a T ene I I c re ma t ion t echn ique l a ter i n t he p er iod .

I n a ssess ing

t he r i tua l c haracter ist ics o f t he t rad i t ion i tw i l l b e n ecessary t o c ons ider i n t urn t he p r inc ipa l a t tr ibu tes o f t he b ur ia ls t he mse lves .

T hese c an b est b e

d ef ined i n t er ms o f t he s equence o f e ven ts mak ing u p t he f unerary p rocedure a s i ti s r epresen ted a rchaeo log ica l ly : 1 .

G rave c onstruct ion

2 .

B ur ia l p rocedure :

B ody p os it ion Or ien ta t ion P rov is ion o f a ssoc ia ted o b jects

3 .

B arrow c onstruct ion .

T he d egree o f c ons istency o bserved w ith in e ach o f t hese c o mponen t a t tr ibu tes w i l l a l low t he r ecogn i t ion o f impor tan t r itua l t he mes a nd v ar ia t ions i n t he A rras C u lture s equence a nd may i n t urn p er m it d if feren t e le men ts o f t he t rad it ion t o b e r e la ted t o p ract ices f ro m a reas b eyond Yorksh ire . G raves Grave p its c an b e c ons idered i n t hree g roups , a ccord ing t o t he ir l oca t ion . Ah and fu l o f e xa mp les may h ave e x isted i n i so la t ion a s s i mp le f la t g raves , b u t t he ma jor ity l i e a t t he c en tre o fb arrow e nc losures wh i le a t h ird , r e lat ive ly sma l l g roup o f g raves a re f ound d ug i n to t he f i l l ings a nd f l oors o f b arrow d i tches . I ti s d if f icu lt t o d eter m ine t he t o ta l n u mber o f f la t-grave b ur ia ls , a s many a pparen t ly i so la ted n ineteen th c en tury d iscover ies may h ave b een a t t he c en tre o f p loughed-ou t b arrows , u nrecogn ised b y t he ir e xcava tors . A t N or th G r i mston ( B irdsa l l ) , f or i nstance , n o b arrow d itch was r epor ted b y Mor t i mer ( D .1 .2 ) a l though a s er ies o f s quare e nc losures a t t he p robab le s i te o f t he b ur ia l h ave n ow b een i den t if ied f ro m a er ia l p ho tographs ( D .2 .5 ). T he g roup o f f la t g raves f ound w ith in t he Gr im thorpe h i l lfor t p rov ide more r e l iab le e v idence ( D .1 .20 ) .

F our s ke le tons , i nc lud ing o ne w ith a c o mp lete

s et o f warr ior e qu ip men t , l ay l ess t han 1 0 '

( 3m ) f ro m o ne a nother a nd t he

impress ion t ha t t here c ou ld n ever h ave b een a c over ing mound i s r e in forced « b y t he o bserva t ion t ha t Bur ia l 3 was s ubsequen t ly r ecu t f or t he i nser t ion o f B ur ia l 4 .

I n a dd it ion t o as ing le e x tended s ke leton f ound a t Wharra m P ercy 8 7

( D .1 .27 ) , a nd t wo f la t g raves f ro m C ow la m ( D .1 .8 ) t he o n ly u nprotec ted e xa mp le c o mes f ro m B ur ton F le m ing , where o nce a ga in t he a bsence o f a mound was imp l ied b y t he p resence o f al a ter b ur ia l c ut t ing a n e x ist ing g rave ( S tead , 1 977 , 2 22 ) .

T he a pparen t a bsence o f b arrow-d itches e lse-

where i n t he s a me c e metery may , h owever , b e d ue t o c on t inous p lough ing g radua l ly e rod ing a l l t races o f u nusua l ly s ha l low s urround ing d i tches . Graves b enea th mounds a re n or ma l ly l oca ted a t t he c en tres o f t he ir b arrow p la t for ms , a re u sua l ly a l igned w i th t he s ides o f t he d itched s quare , a nd v ary w ide ly i n b oth s hape a nd d epth .

The l argest r ecorded p i ts a re

t hose a ssoc ia ted w ith c ar t b ur ia ls o r w ith mu lt ip le i nhu ma t ion .

A t A rras

t he g raves i n b o th t he ' K ing 's ' a nd t he ' Lady 's ' b arrows were c ircu lar i n p lan a nd h ad d ia meters o f a t l east 1 2 '

( 3 .5 m ) ( D .1 .18 .1 a nd 2 8 ) .

A l though

t he We twang S lack ( D .1 .9 ) a nd H un manby ( D .1 .14 ) g raves a ch ieved a s im il ar s ize , t he r ectangu lar e xa mp les f ro m Danes G raves ( D .1 .24 .43 ) a nd B ever ley ( D .1 .1 .1 ) were r a ther sma l ler , w ith a max i mu m l eng th o f o n ly 8 ' ( 2 .4 m ) . T he d epth t o wh ich t hese g raves were d ug r anged f ro m 3 '6 ' ( 1 m ) a t H un manby t o a s l i t t le a s 1 8"

( 0 .45 m ) i n t he K ing 's B arrow a t A rras .

C onven t iona l i nhu ma t ions w ith in t he ma in e xcava ted c e meter ies t end t o b e p laced i n r ectangu lar o r o va l p its o f as ize j ust s uf f ic ien t t o a cco mmoda te ac rouched o r c on tracted s ke le ton , a lthough a s er ies o f e x tended b ur ia ls f ro m B ur ton F le m ing u se r ectangu lar g rave-p i ts , u p t o 6 ' ( 1 .80 ) i n l eng th .

A

more impor tan t s ource o f v ar iat ion d er ives f ro m t he c o mpara t ive d ep ths o f t hese s i mp ler g raves .

G reenwe l l 's o bserva t ion t ha t s ke letons b enea th t he

c o mpara t ive ly l arge b arrows a t C ow la m ( D .1 .8 .1-5 ) were p laced o n t he o ld g round s ur face i s p ara l le led a t Bur ton F le m ing , where a n u mber o f s ke letons h ave a lso b een f ound i n e xcep t iona l ly s ha l low g raves .

1 3 o f t he l argest

b arrows i n t he c e me tery i ndeed r evea led n o t race o f s urv iv ing b ur ia ls a nd t hus p rov ided f ur ther e v idence t ha t t he c onstruct ion o f l arger b arrows mounds may h ave r e moved t he n ecessi ty t o d ig d eep g raves .

A s ac oro l lary t o t h is

a rgu men t i tc an a lso b e o bserved t ha t t he sma l lest b arrows , w i th t he s ha l lowest s urround ing d i tches , a t b o th Bur ton F le m ing a nd We twang S lack r egu lar ly h ave t he d eepest g raves o f a l l , s o me a t ta in ing a d ep th o f more t han 4 ' ( 1 .2 m ) . T here a re n o r ecords o f t he d ep th o f g raves a t Arras , S corborough o r t he D anes G raves , b u t t he a bsence o f p os it ive o bserva t ions o f s urface b ur ia l s uggests t ha t g raves o f s o me f or m were n or ma l ly u sed , e ven i ft hese may h ave o n o ccas ions b een v ery s ha l low . T he v ar ia t ion i n g rave d epth h as a lso h ad a marked a f fec t i n t er ms o f c rop- marks i den t if ied f ro m t he a ir .

B ecause o f t he ir sma l l s ize g raves

a t t he c en tres o f b arrows c an n or ma l ly b e i den t if ied o n ly u nder e spec ia l ly f avourab le c rop c ond it ions when t he f i l l ing o f t he g rave p rov ides s uf f ic ien t c on trast w ith t he s urround ing s ubso i l i n t er ms o f mo isture r eten t ion l eve ls . Whereas a d eep g rave f i l led w ith h um ic t opso i l o r d ecayed t urf may r eg is ter a s e f fect ive ly a s t he s i lted f i l l ing o f t he b arrow d itch , as ha l low e xa mp le , o r o ne p acked w ith n ew ly e xcava ted c lean c ha lk , c ou ld f a i l t o p rovoke a ny d if feren t ia l c rop-grow th .

Graves c an i n f act b e i den t if ied a t 4 0 o f t he 1 13

s quare b arrow s i tes , a l though i ti s r are f or e very b arrow i n ag roup t o s how s uch marks w ith e qua l c lar ity , a nd i ti s w ithou t d oub t t he sma l ler b arrows wh ich s how g raves w ith t he g rea test f requency .

8 8

T h is c on trast i s most

c lear ly d e monstra ted i n t he B e l l S lack a rea o f t he B ur ton F le m ing c e metery c o mp lex ( D .2 .27 ) , where u pwards o f 1 00 t iny a gg lo mera ted b arrows w ith s carce ly v is ib le d i tches a re r evea led b y t he ir s trong ly marked c en tra l g raves ( F ig . 3 3 ) .

S ix b arrows o f much g reater s ize , w ith much b roader d itches

l i e w ith in t he s a me g roup a nd s how n o t races o f a ny i n terna l f ea tures .

The

s a me p heno menon c an b e s een a t an u mber o f o ther s i tes , i nc lud ing F oxho les , ( D .2 .36 a nd F ig . 3 4 ) , G r inda le ( D .2 .42 ) , S l ingsby ( D .2 .100 a nd F igs . 3 5-36 ) a nd t he g rea t c e metery a t C arnaby ( D .2 .31 ) , where g raves among t he 2 00 v is ib le b arrows a re p erhaps more s ens it ive ly r evea led t han i n a ny o ther b ur ia l a rea ( F igs . 3 7-38 ) . S ex a nd Age A lthough Mor t i mer a nd Greenwe l l h ave p rov ided a ssess men ts o f t he s ex o f i nd iv idua l s ke ltons e xcava ted a t D anes G raves , t he d eter m ina t ions a re p robab ly t o b e c ons idered u nre l iab le i n v iew o f modern m isg iv ings a bou t e ar l ier methods o f d e ter m in ing s ex f ro m s ke leta l ma ter ia l .

The

d eta i led o steo log ica l e xa m inat ion o f s ke le tons f ro m B ur ton F le m ing n evert he less s uggests t ha t ma les a nd f e ma les a re p robab ly r epresen ted i n e qua l p ropor t ions a nd t ha t t he s quare b arrow i nhu ma t ion r i te was a ppropr ia te f or a du lt me mbers o f e i ther s ex ( S tead , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion ) .

T he

r egu lar s hor tage o f i n fan t a nd c h i ld s ke letons i n a l l t he e xcava ted c e me ter ies i s more s igh if ican t .

A t D anes G raves o n ly t wo b arrows ( D .1.21 .45 a nd 8 5 )

c on ta ined t he b ur ia ls o f c h i ldren , a nd i n b o th c ases t hese a cco mpan ied t he s ke letons o f a du lts .

A t B ur ton F le m ing 5 s ke letons f ro m a t ota l o f 2 00 b e long

t o c h i ldren o r a do lescen ts a nd i n o n ly o ne b arrow was t he c h i ld a lone i n a p r i mary p os i t ion .

S tead h as a rgued , w ith j ust if ica t ion , t ha t s o me a lterna t ive

me thod o f d isposa l may h ave b een u sed f or t hose who h ad n o t r eached t he f or ma l s oc ia l s ta te o f a du l thood ( S tead , 1 977 , 2 23 ) .

T he p resence o f o ne

c h i ld i n t he f i l l ing o f ab arrow d itch s uggests t ha t ap ropor t ion o f t he j uven i les may h ave b een b ur ied a s s econdary i n ter men ts i n o r a round e x ist ing b arrow mounds .

I ft h is were t he c ase , a l most a l l t he e xa mp les i n t he c e meter ies

c urren t ly u nder e xcava t ion wou ld h ave b een r e moved b y e ar l ier p lough ing a ct iv ity .

N o s econdary b ur ia ls w ith in t he b ody o f s urv iv ing mounds a t Danes

G raves a nd e lsewhere h ave b een r epor ted , h owever , a nd i ti s t here fore p oss ib le t ha t many i n fan ts d y ing i n t he f i rst mon ths o r y ears o f l i fe were d isposed o f away f ro m t he c e metery a reas a l together .

Tha t t he s ke letons o f c h i ldren

i n b arrows a re n or ma l ly f ound i n c on junct ion w ith t hose o f a du lts warran ts c o mpar ison w ith t he p it-bur ia l e v idence f ro m s outhern Eng land , where t he b ur ia l o f i n fan ts a ga in s ee ms i nc iden ta l t o t ha t o f t he a du l ts t hey a cco mpany . AB ur ton F le m ing g rave c on ta in ing a n a du lt , a n e igh t y ear o ld c h i ld a nd a n ew-born i n fan t , a nd t he s i mu l taneous b ur ia l o f 3a du l ts , ac h i ld a nd a n i n fan t i n D anes G raves B arrow 4 6 b oth s uggest t he s udden d ea th o f who le f am i ly g roups , wh i le t he i n fan t a nd a du lt f ro m D anes G raves Barrow 8 5 may r epresen t a mo ther a nd c h i ld . Mu lt ip le b ur ia l w ith in a s ing le g rave i s n o t r estr icted t o t he c o mb ina t ion o f a du lts a nd i n fan ts .

I n a dd it ion t o t he ' f am i ly ' b ur ia l r efered t o a bove ,

f our o ther D anes G raves b arrows , i nc lud ing t he s ing le c ar t-bur ia l c on ta ined p a irs o f a du lt s ke le tons ( D .1 .21.45 , 5 6 , 6 7 a nd 9 3 ) .

I n as ing le i nstance

( Barrow 5 6 ) t he b od ies h ad b een p laced o ne a bove t he o ther a nd i n a l l t he

8 9

F ig . 3 3 Burton F lem ing, Humbers ide: a er ia l p ho tograph o f s quare b arrow c emetery ( Pho to : Cambr idge Un ivers i ty Co l lect ion, c opyr ight r eserved, BUJ 2 8)

F ig . 3 4 F oxho les, Humbers ide: a er ia l photograph o f s quare b arrow c emetery ( Photo : Cambr idge Un ivers i ty Co l lect ion, c opyr ight r eserved, BEF 9 9)

F ig . 3 5 S l ingsby, North Yorksh ire: a er ia l pho tograph o f s quare b arrow c emetery ( Pho to : Cambr idge Un ivers ity Co l lect ion, c opyr ight r eserved, BRJ 7 5)

b e . , r z 4

9 3

s ketch p lan o f s quare b arrow

0 1 00

0 M EN

F ig . 3 8 Carnaby, Humbers ide:

2 00 METRES

s ketch p lan o f s quare b arrow c emetery

9 5

o thers t he s ke le tons l ay s ide b y s ide .

A t B ur ton F le m ing t hree e xa mp les

o f s i mu ltaneous b ur ia l h ave b een d iscovered , e ach i nvo lv ing s ke le tons l y ing s ide-by-s ide .

A l though a s many a s t en We twang S lack b arrows h ave s hown

e v idence o f s econdary b ur ia l , o n ly o ne c onf ir med e xa mp le o f s i mu ltaneous b ur ia l h as b een i den t if ied . B ecause t he n u mber o f d oub le b ur ia ls i s s t i l l sma l l , i ti s d if f icu lt t o a ssess t he ir imp l ica t ions w ith c on f idence .

We h ave , h owever , a lready

s een t ha t mu l t ip le b ur ia l makes a n o ccas iona l a ppearance e lsewhere i n s ou thern Eng land , wh i le t he e v idence f ro m L a T ene Ia nd I c e meter ies i n n or thern F rance s hows t ha t t he p ropor t ion o f d oub le b ur ia ls i n s o me o f t hese i s s o h igh t ha t t he p ract ice c anno t e as i ly b e e xp la ined i n t er ms o f n atura l c auses o f d ea th .

D eche le t te a nd , more r ecen t ly , B retz- Mah ler

h ave d rawn a t ten t ion t o a t l east 3 0 l arge a nd sma l l c e meter ies i n wh ich d oub le , o r more r are ly mu lt ip le b ur ia ls , h ave b een d iscovered ( Deche let te , 1 914 , 1 035-6 ;

B re tz- Mah ler , 1 972 , 1 82-3 ) .

I n most s itua t ions o n ly o ne

o r t wo g raves w ith in a c e me tery c on ta in p a irs o f s ke le tons , b u t o ccas iona l ly t he p ropor t ions i ncrease d ra ma t ica l ly .

A t G ourgancon , Marne , s ix d oub le

b ur ia ls were r epor ted f ro m a g roup o f n o more t han 1 5 g raves , wh i le a t Thu isy , Marne , at ota l o f 6 4 g raves r evea led n o l ess t han 2 8 d oub le a nd 4 mu lt ip le b ur ia ls ( Fourdr ign ier , 1 880 ) .

Equa l ly impressive i s t he r ecord

o f 4 0 d oub le a nd 9 mu lt ip le b ur ia ls f ro m t he c e metery o f 2 19 g raves a t Witry-les-Re i ms , Marne ( Bour in , 1 909 , 1 911 ).

A lthough a n u mber o f

mu lt ip le b ur ia ls i nc lude t he s ke letons o f i n fan ts , t he g rea t ma jor ity o f d oub le g raves c on ta in a du lt s ke letons , a nd a t T hu isy a nd W itry-les-Re i ms t he n a ture o f t he a ssoc ia ted g rave-goods c onv inced t he e xcava tors t ha t t hese were a l most i nvar iab ly i n ma le-fe ma le p a irs .

D eche let te a nd B retz- Mah ler h ave b o th

a rgued t ha t t hese d oub le-bur ia ls , i nvo lv ing b od ies l a id s ide-by-s ide o r more c o m mon ly a bove o ne a no ther , r epresen t t he d e l ibera te k i l l ing o r s u ic ide o f o ne s pouse o n t he d ea th o ft he o ther , a nd t he s ubsequen t s i mu ltaneous b ur ia l o f b oth .

N ever the less , e v idence f ro m t he more r ecen t ly e xcava ted Mon t-

Tro t ec e me tery ( Ardennes ) , where 1 01 g raves i nc luded 1 0 d oub le o r mu lt ip le e xa mp les s uggests t ha t t he s econd b ody may , i n s o me i nstances , h ave b een i nser ted a t al a ter d a te a nd c aused s l igh t d isturbance t o t he e ar l ier b ur ia l ( Rozoy , 1 970 ) .

A lthough t h is e xp lanat ion may w e l l a pp ly t o an u mber o f t he

b ur ia ls i n o ther c e me ter ies , i tc an h ard ly e xp la in t he s ke letons o f a man a nd a wo man w ith t he ir h ands p laced t hrough a s ing le meta l r ing , f ro m B erg resles-ver tus , o r s ke le tons f ro m Marson a nd S ogny-aux- Mou l ins w ith t he ir h ands o r a r ms c lasped t ogether ( More l , 1 875-90 , 1 0 , 1 03 ; T h iero t , 1 930 , 3 78-84 ;

B retz- Mah ler , 1 971 , 1 82-3 ) .

B ody P os it ion Ev idence r e la t ing t o t he way i n wh ich i nd iv idua l b od ies w ere p laced i n g raves h as f or tuna te ly b een we l l-recorded a nd a l lows t he d ef in it ion o f t wo d ist inc t r i tua l a pproaches i nvo lv ing e i ther a c rouched o r a n e x tended p osture . T he f or mer a l terna t ive i s b y f ar t he most c o m mon a nd s hou ld b e c ons idered f irst . S t i l l ing f leet , i n h is r eco l lect ions o f t he e xcava t ions a t A rras , o bserved t ha t t he ma jor ity o f s ke letons i n t he c e metery l ay i n ac rouched

9 6

p os it ion , a l thoughhe f a i led t o r ecord t he s ide o n wh ich e ach b ody h ad b een p laced a nd g ave n o i nd ica t ion o f t he e x ten t t o wh ich i nd iv idua l b od ies h ad b een c on tracted .

More r ecen t e xcavat ion a t B ur ton F le m ing a nd We twang

S lack s uggests , h owever , t ha t t h ed egree o f c on tract ion c an v ary b e tween l igh t f l ex ing o f t he l egs a nd a t igh t ly h udd led p os it ion w ith t he k nees a l most t ouch ing t he c h in a nd t he h ee ls d rawn b ack t owards t he p e lv is .

N o o bservab le

f actors c on tro l l ing t h is v ar ia t ion h ave s o f ar b eco me a pparen t a nd i t wou ld s ee m t ha t t he r u l ing s t ipu la ted n o more t han t ha t t he b ody s hou ld b e l a in o n i t s s ide i n ag enera l ly c rouched p os it ion . T he c ho ice o f t he s ide o n wh ich t he b ody was t o l i e a ppears t o h ave b een more impor tan t , a s c an b e s een f ro m a n e xa m ina t ion o f t he d a ta f ro m S corborough , Danes G raves , B ur ton F le m ing a nd Wetwang S lack .

T he

n u mbers a nd p ercen tages o f s ke letons o n d if feren t s ides o f t he b ody a re s hown i n F ig . 3 9 a nd r evea l ac ons isten t p reference f or t he l ef t s ide r a ther t han t he r igh t a t e ach o f t he s i tes .

T ha t t he r a t io o f l ef t t o r igh t r e ma ins

c onstan t a t a l most e xact ly 5 t o 1c an h ard ly b e t he r esu l t o f c o inc idence , a l though i ti s d if f icu l t t o d eter m ine wha t m igh t d ist ingu ish t he i nd iv idua ls i n t he l arger g roup f ro m t hose c ons igned t o t he sma l ler .

T he u nequa l r a t io

r u les o u t s i mp le s exua l d if feren t ia t ion a nd t he e v idence o f a ssoc ia ted g rave g oods p rov ides n o a dd it iona l a ss istance i n i n terpret ing t he r easons f or t he c ho ice .

F ro m a c o mpara t ive v iewpo in t e xp lana t ion o f t he t endency i s l ess

impor tan t t han t he r ecogn it ion o f i t s s im i lar ity w ith t he p references a lready e ncoun tered b o th i n t he c en tra l p it-bur ia l s equence a nd w ith in t he C orn ish i nhu ma t ion t rad i t ion .

I ti s e qua l ly s ign if ican t t ha t ac rouched o r c on tracted

p osture p lays n o p ar t i n c on t inen ta l L a T ene i nhu ma t ion r i tes .

A l though

t here a re i so la ted c rouched i nhu ma t ions f ro m l ate Ha l lsta t t c on tex ts a t s i tes s uch a s L es J ogasses a nd Mon t-Tro t, Ardennes ( Favre t , 1 927 , 1 24 , 1 26; R ozoy , 1 970 , 4 4 ) , e very o ne o f t he many h undreds o f L a T ine Ia nd I i nhuma t ions e xcava ted i n n or thern F rance l i es i n ac onven t iona l e x tended p os it ion o n t he b ack .

Tha t ac rouched p osture i s s o a l ien i n t h is p ar t o f A t lan t ic

E urope a l lows much g rea ter we igh t t o b e a t tached t o t he c onnect ion b etween t he A rras C u lture s equence a nd t he b ur ia ls f ro m s ou thern Eng land . C on trast ing w ith t he ma jor ity o f c rouched s ke le tons i s a much sma l ler s a mp le o f e x tended Yorksh ire i nhu ma t ions , s o me o f wh ich c lear ly b e long t o as ign if ican t s econdary A rras Cu lture t rad i t ion .

I so la ted e x tended b od ies

were f irst r ecorded i n t he ' K ing 's ' a nd ' Lady 's ' b arrows ( D .1 .18 .1 a nd 2 9 ) a t A rras , a nd a l im ited n u mber o f s im ilar b ur ia ls may h ave b een f ound e lsewhere w ith in t he c e metery .

The G r i mston ( D .1 .2 ) warr ior a lso l ay i n

t h is p os it ion a nd S heppard i nd ica tes t ha t s o me , i fn ot a l l , t he s ke letons a t E astburn ( D .1 .16 ) l ay o n t he ir b acks , r a ther t han o n t he ir s ides . T he E astburn e v idence i s n ow s uppor ted b y a n impor tan t s er ies o f 5 3 b ur ia ls d iscovered i n v ar ious p ar ts o f t he B ur ton F le m ing c e me tery a nd a ssoc ia ted t yp ica l ly w ith e ither t he sma l lest e xa mp les o f s quare b arrows o r , a s a t E astburn , w ith a c lass o f sma l l c ircu lar b arrows .

T h is l a t ter

B ur ton F le m ing g roup i s d ist ingu ished p r inc ipa l ly b y ac haracter is t ic c hange i n o r ien ta t ion wh ich w i l l b e d iscussed a t al a ter s tage , b u t f or t he p resen t i tc an b e n o ted t ha t 2 9 o f t he s ke le tons l ay f u l ly e x tended a nd t ha t af ur ther 1 9 were o n ly v ery l igh t ly f l exed .

Exa m ina t ion o f t he b ones h as c onf irmed

9 7

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R igh t

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L e f t t o R igh t

D anes G raves

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1 6

7 3

7 8

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10

2 1

1 31

8 4

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1 76

3 4

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8 4

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1

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F ig. 3 9 Yorksh ire i nhuma t ion c emeter ies:

9 8

8 5

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8 3

b ody s ide

t ha t n o s exua l o r p a tho log ica l s e lect ion h ad b een i n o pera t ion a nd i th as a lso b een n o ted t ha t t he g rave g oods a ssoc iated w i th t hese e x tended i nhu ma t ions a re e n t ire ly d if feren t f ro m t hose f ound w ith c rouched s ke le tons a t Burton F le m ing a nd e lsewhere .

A lthough t h is n ew ly i den t if ied s ub-trad it ion may

b e r ef lec ted b y s o me o f t he b ur ia ls f ro m E astburn , i th as n ot b een i den t if ied a t e i ther D anes G raves o r Wetwang S lack a nd d oes n o t y et a ppear t o h ave a ny c lose c onnect ion w ith t he e x tended b ur ia ls f ro m A rras . Or ien ta t ion T he d irect ion i n wh ich g raves a nd s ke letons a re p os it ioned h as a ga in b een w e l l-recorded o n ly f ro m D anes Graves , B ur ton F le m ing a nd Wetwang S lack , b u t p rov ides f ur ther e v idence f or t he d ef in it ion o f p r i mary a nd s ec ondary r i tua l t rad i t ions .

T he p rob le m o f s pec ify ing a n a ccura te o r ien ta t ion

f or a c urved s ke leton i s p ar t icu lar ly a pparen t , h owever , i n t he c ase o f t he D anes G raves e xcava t ions , where d a ta r epor ted i ndependen t ly b y G reenwe l l a nd Mor t i mer d if fer

i n an u mber .o f impor tan t r espects .

I n d escr ib ing

b ur ia ls e xcava ted b etween 1 897 a nd 1 898 b oth wr iters c lass ify o r ien ta t ion i n t er ms o f 1 6 c o mpass p o in ts , b u t v ar ia t ions i n t he t wo s ets o f r esu l ts s how t ha t d if feren t p ersona l c r i ter ia a nd s tandards were u sed i n c o l lect ing t he i nfor ma t ion .

B ecause Greenwe l l d id n o t r ecord i nd iv idua l b ur ia l o r ien-

t a t ions , b u t mere ly p ub l ished t abu la ted d a ta ,t here i s n o way o f d e ter m in ing where t he d iscrepanc ies o ccurred , b u t i t wou ld o n t he who le s ee m t ha t Mor t i mer 's r ecords , wh ich a lso i nc lude t he r esu lts o f work c arr ied o ut b etween 1 900 a nd 1 909 , s hou ld b e c ons idered t he more r e l iab le i n t he a bsense o f s uppor t ing f i e ld d raw ings .

A t B urton F le m ing a nd Wetwang S lack t he

e xcava tors h ave a dop ted a s i mp ler s yste m wh ich u ses o n ly f our c o mpass p o in ts i n d escr ib ing t he o r ien ta t ion o f g raves o r s ke letons .

Wh i le t h is

p rocedure r educes r e l iance o n s ub ject ive i n terpreta t ions o f i nd iv idua l b ur ia ls , i ti nev i tab ly y ie lds a c ruder measure o f o r ien ta t iona l v ar iab i l ity a nd i n b o th c ases i t may e ven tua l ly b e n ecessary t o e x tract more s ub t le d a ta f ro m d eta i led s i te d raw ings . T he a va i lab le i n for ma t ion f ro m Danes G raves b ur ia ls 3 1-106 r e la tes t o 8 1 i nhu ma t ions a nd s hows t wo d ist inct t rends ( F ig . 4 0 ) .

Wh i le t he

ma jor i ty o f s ke letons ( 6 3% ) l i e w ith t he ir h eads d irected b etween N a nd NE , as econd sma l ler g roup m irror t he p at tern a nd l i e b etween S a nd SW , ( 2 5% ). Ap os it ive p reference f or t hese d irect ions i s d e monstra ted b y t he v ery t h in s ca t ter o f b ur ia ls i n t he NW a nd S E s ectors .

C o mpress ion o f t he Danes

G raves d a ta i n to j ust f our c o mpass p o in ts , f or p urposes o f c o mpar ison w ith B ur ton F le m ing a nd Wetwang S lack , wou ld a ccen tua te t he i mpor tance o f t he n or th-sou th a x is s t i l l f ur ther , b y l im it ing t he n u mber o f e ast-west b ur ia ls t o s ix . A t Wetwang S lack t he a vo idance o f e ast-west b ur ia l i s e qua l ly a pparen t , w ith 1 96 o f t he 2 06 r ecorded s ke le tons ( 9 5% ) l y ing e i ther t o t he N o r S . H ere , h owever , t he emphas is o n Ni t se lf i s much s tronger , t h is d irect ion b e ing u sed f or n o l ess t han 1 67 ( 8 1% ) o f a l l b ur ia ls ( F ig . 4 2 ) .

F ur ther more ,

n one o f t he e ast-west b ur ia ls o ccup ied p r i mary p os it ions a t t he c en tres o f b arrows , a l l h av ing b een f ound a s s econdary i n ter men ts i n b arrow d itches .

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4 1 Burton F lem ing, Humbers ide: s ke letons, 1 968-1975

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F ig. 4 2 Wetwang S lack, Humbers ide: s ex 1 02

o r ientat ions, b ody p os it ion a nd

T he e v idence f ro m B ur ton F le m ing ( F ig . 4 1 ) i s s l igh t ly more d if f icu l t t o d ea l w ith , s ince d ist inct a nd o pposed o r ien ta t iona l p references a re u sed f or t he g roups o f c rouched a nd e x tended s ke letons .

A lthough e very o ne o f

t he b od ies d irected N ( 96 ) o r S( 35 ) was c rouched i n t he c onven t iona l Arras C u lture manner , a t l east 4 8 o f t he 5 4 s ke le tons b ur ied w ith t he ir h eads p o in t ing E o r W l ay i n e x tended o r l igh t ly f l exed p os it ions .

T h is l a t ter

s er ies o f E -W g raves c anno t b e ma tched e lsewhere i n e astern Yorksh ire , b u t d oes s how t he s a me m irror ing t endency a s t he N -S g raves , w ith 3 1 s ke letons d irected t o t he E a nd a sma l ler g roup o f 2 2 l y ing w ith t he ir h eads t o t he W . Ev idence f ro m o ther s i tes i s more l im ited , b u t S t i l l ingf leet a ppears t o h ave n o ted a n or ther ly p reference a t A rras a nd t h is was c on f ir med b y t he ' Lady 's B arrow ' s ubsequen t ly r ecorded b y Mor t i mer ( D .1 .18 .29 ) .

A t

S corborogh a s ing le s ke leton w ith i t s h ead t o t he W i s o u tnu mbered b y t wo b od ies d irected N a nd t wo more t o t he S ( D .1 .17 ) .

T he N -S a l igg rnen t was

a lso u sed f or t he warr iors a t G r irn thorpe ( D .1.20 .1 ) a nd N or th G r i mston ( D .1.2 ) , e ven t hough t he s ke le ton o f t he l a t ter i nd iv idua l l ay e x tended r a ther t han c rouched .

T he e v idence o f c rop marks i s u n for tuna te ly o f l ess v a lue

a s r egards t he d etect ion o f g rave o r ien ta t ions , ow ing t o t he o f ten b lurred o r d istor ted impress ion g iven when s uch sma l l f eatures a re s een t hrough a n e ssen t ia l ly l inear p a t tern o f modern c u l t iva t ion .

The d irect ion o f g raves

w ith in o ne c e me tery a rea t o t he wes t o f Bur ton F le ming v i l lage c an b e d iscerned w ith s o me c on f idence , h owever .

Whereas a g roup o f l arger b arrows

i n t he n or thern p ar t o f t he modern f i e ld h ave c onven t iona l ly d irected N -S g raves , t he c o mpact s er ies o f sma l ler e nc losures t o t he s ou th s how a d ist inct E -W a l ign men t ( D .2 .25 ) .

E lsewhere w ith in t he Rudston - B ur ton F le m ing

c e metery c o mp lex g raves a re t oo p oor ly d ef ined t o a l low a r ea l ist ic a ssessmen t o f o r ien ta t ion ( F ig . 3 3 ) , a nd t he s a me a pp l ies t o t he ma in c e me ter ies a t G r inda le a nd F oxho les ( F ig . 3 4 ).

A t C arnaby , h owever , d ef in it ion i s

much improved a nd a l l t he v is ib le g rave p i ts a re f ir m ly a long t he N -S a x is o f t he c e metery i t se lf ( F ig . 3 7) .

T he o r ien ta t ion o f g raves b oth w ith in a nd

b etween b arrows a t S l ingsby a re l ess e as i ly d eter m ined , b u t i t wou ld a ga in s ee m t ha t t he ma jor ity a re d irec ted N -S , e ven t hough t he c e metery i s i n t h is i nstance d irected a long a n E -W l ine ( F ig . 3 5 ) . T he r esu lts o b ta ined f ro m e xcava t ions a nd a er ia l r econna issance t hus c on f ir m t he e x istence o f i den t if iab le p rescr ip t ions r egard ing o r ien ta t ion among A rras C u l ture b ur ia ls .

W ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he p ar t icu lar c lass

o f e x tended E -W b ur ia ls f ro m B ur ton F le m ing , wh ich a re f ur ther d ist ingu ished b y t he ir c haracter ist ic g rave-goods , e very s i te s hows a s trong N -S p reference . T here i s n oth ing , h owever , t o i nd ica te t he f actors d eter m in ing wh ich o f t hese t wo p o in ts was t o b e u sed .

The p oss ib i l ity o f as exua l d ist inct ion c an b e

r u led o u t b y t he h eavy p reponderance o f n or th o ver s ou th ;

n or i s t here a ny

way o f e f fect ive ly c orre la t ing b ur ia l o n ap ar t icu lar s ide o f t he b ody w i th a s pec if ic c o mpass d irect ion .

T ha t t he r a t io o f Nt o Si s a pprox i ma te ly t he

s a me a t e ach o f t he s i tes n ever the less s uggests a n on-rando m s e lect ion p rocess wh ich o nce a ga in c annot b e i n terpreted i n t he l igh t o f e x ist ing d a ta . C o mpar ison o f t he t wo A rras C u lture o r ien ta t iona l p references w ith t he e v idence f ro m s ou thern E ng land a nd t he c on t inen t t ends t o c on f ir m t he

1 03

imp l ica t ions o f b ody p ostures d iscussed a bove .

T ak ing f i rst t he s equence

o f c rouched b ur ia ls , i tc an b e s een t ha t t he s trong t endency t owards a n o r ien ta t ion b etween N a nd NE c orresponds a l most e xact ly w ith t he d irec t ions f avoured i n t he c en tra l s ou thern c oun t ies a nd i n C ornwa l l .

T he o n ly ma jor

s ource o f v ar ia t ion l i es i n t he Yorksh ire p ract ice o f o ccas iona l ly i nver t ing t he b as ic o r ien ta t ion b y p lac ing a pprox i ma te ly o ne t h ird o f a l l b od ies w ith t he ir h eads t o t he s ou th . C e meter ies s uch a s H ar lyn B ay s how n o s igns o f t h is m irror ing p rocedure , n or c an i tb e d e tec ted w i th in t he ma in p it-bur ia l s equence . D a ta g a thered f ro m t he E ar ly a nd M idd le L a T ene c e meter ies e xcava ted i n n or thern F rance p rov ides empha t ic e v idence t ha t t hese t wo d isp lay c er ta in we l l-def ined o r ien ta t iona l p rescr ip t ions .

D esp ite a n u mber o f c e me-

t er ies wh ich d ev ia te f ro m t he n or m , f or e i ther s oc ia l o r t opograph ica l r eas ons , b oth D e-c he let te a nd B re tz- Mah ler h ave b een a b le t o s how t ha t t he ma jor ity o f b ur ia l g rounds c on ta in s ke letons i n terred w ith t he ir h eads d irected t owards t he west . T h is p ar t icu lar p reference a ppears t o h ave b een c urren t t hroughou t t he who le o f t he C ha mpagne r eg ion f ro m t he i n troduc t ion o f f l a tg rave i nhu ma t ion i n t he e ar l iest L a T ene p hase , t hrough t o t he c hange t o c re ma t ion b ur ia l i n t he L a T ene I -I I I p er iod ( De-c he let te 1 914 , 1 032-3 ; B retz- Mah ler , 1 971 , 1 71-2 ) .

A lthough p ar t icu lar c e meter ies , s uch a s

Mon t-Tro t e( Ardennes ) w ith a n o vera l l n or th-easter ly a l ignmen t ( Rozoy , 1 970 ) , may s uperf ic ia l ly r ese mb le t he e xa mp les f ro m Yorksh ire , t here i s l i t t le o ppor tun ity f or a rgu ing a ny p os it ive a ssoc ia t ion b etween t he ma in o r ien ta t iona l p references o f t he t wo a reas .

I th as n ever the less t o b e a d-

m it ted t ha t t he s econdary s er ies o f e x tended b ur ia ls f ro m B ur ton F le m ing , whose b ody p osture h as a lready b een s een a s a typ ica l i n B r ita in , h appen t o make u se o f t he s a me E -W a l ign men t u sed i n n or thern F rance .

T ha t t h is

p ar t icu lar g roup o f b ur ia ls s hou ld a lso a dop t p os it iona l r u les t ha t a re a l ien t o B r ita in b u t a pparen t ly c haracter ist ic o f C ha mpagne t e mp t ing ly s uggests t he i den t if ica t ion o f ad irect r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he t wo r eg ions .

T he

r e la t ive c hrono logy e s tab l ished f or t he c rouched a nd e x tended s equences a t B ur ton F le m ing s hows , h owever , t ha t t he s i tua t ion i s n o t a s s i mp le a s i t m igh t f i rst a ppear , i n t ha t t he e x tended b ur ia ls b e long n o t t o t he p r i mary , b u t t o t he l a test p hases o f t he c e metery a nd t hus c anno t i n a ny way b e a ssoc ia ted w ith t he o r ig ina l i n troduct ion o f e i ther t he s quare b arrow o r v eh ic le b ur ia l p ract ices .

A lthough t he c o inc idence r e ma ins r e markab le , i ti s a s

y et imposs ib le t o a rgue t ha t t he a ppearance o f e x tended E -W b ur ia l i n Yorksh ire r esu lts f ro m a nyth ing o ther t han a l oca l v ar ia t ion o f t he e s tab l ished A rras C u lture b ur ia l p rocedure . G rave-goods O ne o f t he p r inc ipa l c haracter ist ics t ha t d ist ingu ishes t he A rras C u lture s equence f ro m a l l b u t t he C orn ish a nd D uro tr ig ian g roups o fb ur ia ls f ro m s ou thern Eng land i s t he r egu lar p rov is ion o f g rave g oods w ith t he d ead . T he s urv iv ing o b jects f ro m e ar l ier e xcava t ions i n t he E ast R id ing h ave a lr eady b een c a ta logued i n d eta i l b y S tead ( 1965 ;

1 979 ) , who h as a lso made

at horough c o mpara t ive s tudy o f t he me ta lwork a nd i t s c hrono log ica l imp l ic a t ions .

F or t he p resen t i tw i l l t herefore b e o f more v a lue t o c ons ider t he

r ange a nd c ho ice o f i t e ms f ro m a r i tua l a nd s oc ia l p o in t o f v iew .

1 04

I n a ssess ing

t he e v idence i ti s p oss ib le t o d iv ide t he b ur ia ls i n to f our g roups , e ach o f wh ich makes u se o f ad ist inct ive , b u t i n terna l ly f a ir ly f l ex ib le , r eper to ire . T he p r inc ipa l s er ies a re t he v eh ic le b ur ia ls ;

s i mp ler c rouched i nhu ma t ions ;

e x tended i nhu ma t ions , a nd t he sma l l s ub-group o f warr ior-bur ia ls , o r ig ina l ly a ss igned b y S tead t o as epara te c u ltura l g roup , o u ts ide t he ma in A rras C u lture s equence . V eh ic le b ur ia ls At o ta l o f n ine b ur ia ls f ro m e astern Yorksh ire h ave y ie lded p os it ive e v idence o f t he a ssoc ia t ion o f whee led v eh ic les w ith t he d eceased ( D .1 .1 .1 ; D .1 .7 ;

D .1 .9 ;

D .1 .14 ;

D .1 .48 .1 , 2 , 2 8 ;

D .1.21.43 ;

D .1 .26 ) , wh i le

r epor ts o f d iscover ies a t af ur ther f our s i tes may r efer t o e xa mp les o f t he s a me p ract ice ( D .1 .12 ;

D .1 .13 ;

D .1 .19 ;

D .1 .23 ) .

I n a l l c ases t he

v eh ic les p ossessed a s ing le p a ir o f whee ls , r epresen ted o n e xcava t ion b y t he o u ter i ron r imtyres a nd p a irs o f i ron n ave-hoops . S tead h as w ise ly r e jected u se o f t he t er m c har io t , w ith i t s s pec if ica l ly mi l itary c onnota t ions , i n f avour o f t he n eu tra l ' car t ' o n t he g rounds t ha t t he Yorksh ire g raves n ever c on ta in i t e ms o f w eaponry .

Ev idence f or t he u se o f war-char io ts i n B r ita in

u n t i l t he f i rst c en tury B . C . o r l a ter i s n ever the less we l l-known f ro m l i terary s ources , a nd t he p resence o f aw ide r ange o f h and-ar ms i n e ar l ier L a T ene v eh ic le-graves f ro m n or thern F rance a dds f ur ther a rchaeo log ica l we igh t t o t he n o t ion t ha t many s uch v eh ic les may h ave i ndeed b een u sed f or f igh t ing a s we l l a s f or more c onven t iona l t ranspor t .

A lthough t here i s l i t t le t o

i nd ica te t he f or m o f t he s uperstructure ,t he a ssoc ia t ion o f p a irs o f h orse-b its a nd g roups o f t erre t r ings u sed f or g u id ing t he r e ins s hows t ha t t wo h orses were n or ma l ly emp loyed t o p u l l t he v eh ic les a nd t ha t t hese were h arnessed o n e ither s ide o f ac en tra l p o le p ro ject ing f orward f ro m t he f ron t o f t he c ar t . B ur ia l o f t he h orses t he mse lves i s ar are p heno menon a nd i n e astern Yorks h ire o n ly t he ' K ing 's Barrow ' a t A rras c on ta ined t he s ke le tons o f ap a ir o f a n i ma ls o n e i ther s ide o f t he b ody o f t he ir owner ( D .1 .18 .1 ) .

I n B r i ta in i t

was n or ma l f or t he c ar t i t se lf t o b e d is man t led b efore b ur ia l , t he i nd iv idua l p ieces b e ing l a id e i ther f la t o n t he f l oor o f t he g rave , a s a t D anes G raves ( D .1 .21 .43 ) , B ever ley ( D .1 .1 .1 ) , G ar ton S lack ( D .1 .9 ) a nd t he L ady 's Barrow , A rras ( D .1 .18 .29 ) ;

o r p ar t ia l ly o ver t he h u man o r a n i ma l b od ies , a s i n t he

A rras ' K ing 's ' a nd ' Char ioteer 's '

b ur ia ls ( D .1 .18 .1 a nd 2 ) .

I n n or thern

F rance i ti s n or ma l f or t he v eh ic le t o b e b ur ied i n tact , w ith a l l t he a dd it iona l f i t t ings a nd h arness e qu ip men t i n t he ir p roper p os i t ions .

I n B r ita in , o n ly

t he b ur ia l f ro m P ex ton Moor ( D .1 .26 ) h as s hown c lear e v idence o f t h is a pproach , i n t ha t t he whee ls o f t he v eh ic le were t here f ound s tand ing u pr igh t i n s lots c u t i n to t he g rave f loor .

Ac ar t s a id t o h ave b een d iscovered s tand ing

o n t he o ld g round s urface b enea th a b arrow a t Caw thorn C a mps ( D .1 .7 ) a nd t he e xa mp le f ro m H un manby ( D .1 .14 ) may a lso h ave b een b ur ied i n tact , b u t t he e v idence i s l ess s a t isfactory i n b o th c ases . Wh i le t he p rov is ion o f a n e n t ire v eh ic le a nd i t s f i t t ings s uggests a b ur ia l o f u nusua l wea lth a nd s ta tus , i ti s r e markab le t ha t v ery f ew a dd it iona l i t e ms w ere p laced i n t hese g raves .

On ly Danes G raves 4 3 , t he ' Lady 's B arrow '

a t A rras a nd Hun manby i nc luded ma ter ia l u nconnected w ith t he c ar t i t se lf . O f t he t wo Danes G rave s ke letons , o ne was a ssoc ia ted w ith a f ragmen tary i ron b rooch a nd a n i ron r ing o r r ing-headed p in , wh i le a t Hun manby a f rag-

1 05

men tary wooden a nd b ronze o b jec t was r ecorded b y S heppard a s as h ie ld , a l though S tead h as s uggested t ha t t h is m igh t i nstead b y i den t if ied a s p ar t o f t he c ar t i t se lf ( Sheppard , 1 907 ;

S tead , 1 965 , 3 5 ).

A more s ign if ican t

o b ject i s t he i ron m irror f ound w ith a g roup o f p ig b ones n ear t he h ead o f t he s ke leton i n t he ' Lady 's B arrow ' a t Arras .

G reenwe l l h i mse lf e xpressed

s o me d oub t r egard ing t he s ex o f t he s ke le ton f ound i n t h is g rave a nd t he b arrow d id n o t r ece ive i t s n ickna me u n t i l many y ears l a ter ( Fox , 1 958 , 6 ) . A lthough S tead h as o bserved t ha t m irrors n eed n ot b e r estr icted s o le ly t o t he g raves o f f e ma les i n o ther c u ltures , i ti s a pparen t t ha t t he B r i t ish e xa mp les e xcava ted f ro m b ur ia ls a t B r idpor t ( B .1 ) , B ird l ip ( A .2 .14 ) a nd T re lan B ahow ( C .7 ) were a l l a ssoc ia ted w ith ma ter ia l t ha t s uggests t ha t t hey a cco mpan ied wo men r a ther t han men .

Al im ited n u mber o f c ar t b ur ia ls

f ro m n or thern F rance h ave a lso b een a scr ibed t o women o n t he b asis o f g rave-goods a nd i ti s t herefore p oss ib le t ha t t he p rac t ice may n ot h ave b een i n tended t o r ef lect s pec if ic warr ior p rowess s o much a s g enera l s oc ia l r ank a nd s tand ing . C rouched i nhu ma t ions T he ma jor ity o f r e ma in ing Arras C u lture i nhu ma t ions a re e i ther u nacc o mpan ied o r p rov ided w ith sma l l i t e ms o f p ersona l o rna men t , p o t tery v esse ls a nd a n i ma l b ones r epresen t ing o f fer ings o f f ood .

O ccas iona l r ich

g raves , s uch a s t he ' Queen 's B arrow ' a t A rras ( D .1 .18 .3 ) w ith i t s u nusua l ly l av ish c o l lect ions o f b race lets , r ings a nd o ther p ieces o f j ewe l lery , a re e xcep t ions t o a n o verr id ing impress ion o f s parse , u nspectacu lar s i mp l ic ity , a nd a s izeab le p ercen tage o f g raves , e spec ia l ly a t S corborough a nd Danes G raves , a re e n t ire ly w ithou t a ssoc ia ted o b jects . I so la ted i nhu ma t ions c an p rov ide l i t t le u sefu l i nfor ma t ion a bou t t he r ange a nd c ho ice o f o b jects , a nd t he ma in c e meter ies h ave a ga in b eco me t he most impor tan t s ources o f e v idence .

I n t he c ase o f A rras , t he l im ited amoun t

o f d eta i led i n for ma t ion r e la t ing t o i nd iv idua l b ur ia ls makes a ny a ssess men t o f t he n u mber w ith a nd w ithou t g rave-goods d if f icu lt .

T he p os it ive ly r ecorded

g rave-groups n ever the less t end t o s how a marked p reference f or b ronze o b jects , a nd i n p ar t icu lar b race lets , wh i le i t e ms o f i ronwork , b rooches a nd p o t tery v esse ls a re e i ther u nusua l ly s carce o f f or s o me r eason mrepor ted . T he e v idence f ro m D anes Graves i s f or tuna te ly b et ter , a l though many i t e ms a l luded t o i n wr it ten r epor ts h ave s ubsequen t ly b een l ost a nd c anno t b e u sed f or c o mpar ison w i th t he f u l l r ange o f ma ter ia l f ro m more r ecen t ly e xcava ted s i tes .

F ro m t he i n for ma t ion l i sted i n A ppend ix D .1 .21 i tc an b e

s een t ha t 1 7 p o t tery v esse ls f or m t he l argest s ing le g roup o f i t e ms .

N o

more t han o ne o f t hese p ots , a l l o f wh ich b e long t o ap ar t icu lar c lass o f sma l l , c oarse s hou lder less j ars , was e ver p laced i n as ing le g rave , b u t i t was r epea ted ly f ound t ha t t he v esse ls were a ssoc ia ted w ith h u mer i , a nd o ccas iona l ly o ther b ones o f d o mest ica ted p igs , s uggest ing t he d e l ibera te b ur ia l o f j o in ts o f mea t .

T hree b ur ia ls w ere f ound t o c on ta in t he s ke letons o f e n t ire a n i ma ls ;

i n o ne i nstance a p a ir o f g oa ts l ay o n e i ther s ide o f t he b ody a nd i n a no ther t wo g oa ts h ad b een p laced a t e i ther s ide o f t he h ead a nd t wo p igs i n ac orresp ond ing p os it ion n ear t he f eet ( D .1.21 .19 , 7 3 , 9 7 ) .

1 06

I t e ms o f meta lwork a ppear t o h ave b een p laced w i th u p t o 3 2 b od ies , a l though a l arge p ropor t ion o f t hese were o f i ron a nd c ou ld n ot , i n t he ir c orroded s ta te , b e c lear ly i den t if ied b y t he ir e xcava tors .

1 5 b rooches ,

mos t ly o f i ron , were p ost ive ly i den t if ied , a s were s ix b ronze o r i ron b race le ts .

Aga in , n o s ke leton was e ver p rov ided w i th more t han a s ing le

b rooch a nd i n o n ly o ne i nstance were ab rooch a nd b race let f ound t oge ther ( D .1 .21 .56 ) .

O n ly 7 o f t he b rooches a re s t i l l k nown t o s urv ive a nd S tead

h as s hown t ha t t hese c o mpr ise t hree f l a t tened-bow e xa mp les , t wo b ronze i nsu lar i nvo lu ted s pec i mens , o ne b rooch o f ar are l oca l f or m a nd a s ing le p enannu lar e xa mp le ( S tead , 1 965 , 4 5-49 ). A l l t he e xa mp les o f b ow b rooches emp loy a s w ive l mechan is m i n p re ference t o t he more t rad i t iona l c o i led s pr ing a nd a l l b e long b road ly w ith in a n i nsu lar L a T ine I t rad it ion . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f t he s ing le c ar t b ur ia l , t he D anes G raves i nhu mat i ons s ee m t o b e a ssoc ia ted w i th a n e ssen t ia l ly v ery modest r ange o f o f fer ings , f ew o f wh ich p rov ide a ny s tr ik ing e xa mp les o f i nd iv idua l ity o r r ef lec t a ny marked d if feren t ia t ion o f s oc ia l r o le o r s ex .

I ndeed , i t must b e emphas ised

t ha t 5 8 , o r o ver h a lf , o f a l l t he g raves p rov ided n o o b jects o f a ny s or t . The e v idence f ro m B ur ton F le m ing ( S tead , 1 977 , 2 17-23 ) t ends t o s uppor t t he Danes G raves s i tua t ion v ery c lose ly .

T he ma jor d if ference i s

t ha t t he s equence o f e ast-west b ur ia ls h ave a n e n t ire ly d if feren t r ange o f a ssoc ia ted o b jects wh ich f ur ther d ist ingu ish t he m f ro m t he c onven t iona l n or th-sou th g raves .

O f t he s ke le tons b e long ing t o t he l a t ter s er ies r ecorded

b etween 1 968 a nd 1 975 , 3 3 were a ssoc ia ted w i th s i mp le D anes G raves j ars , a ga in t yp ica l ly a cco mpan ied b y t he c haracter ist ic s ing le p ig -hu merus . T he p ropor t ion o fp ot tery v esse ls t o s ke letons a ccords we l l w i th t he e v idence f ro m D anes G raves , a s d oes t he r a t io o f b rooches a nd b race lets .

5 2 B ur ton

F le m ing s ke le tons were a cco mpan ied b y b rooches , a l l b u t f our o f wh ich a re o f t he s a me L a T ine I f la t tened-bow o r i nvo lu ted f or ms .

O f t he r e ma in ing

e xa mp les , 3s uggest a f f in it ies w ith h igher-bowed L a T ine It ypes , wh i le a s ing le s pec i men r epresen ts t he t rans it ion t o aL a T ene I I t rad it ion .

O f

t he s even b race lets f ound , f our a re o f b ronze a nd t hree were o f t urned o r c arved s ha le .

T he s treng th o f t he p reference f or t h is l im ited r ange o f i t e ms

i s d e monstra ted b y t he f act t ha t t hree g lass b eads , ar ing-headed p in , a nd t wo b ronze r ings a re t he o n ly o b jects t o d ev ia te f ro m t he s tandard r ange o f ma ter ia ls .

A s a t D anes Graves , r a ther more t han h a lf t he s ke letons were

u nacco mpan ied . Among t he e ast-west b ur ia ls a pprox i mate ly t he s a me p ropor t ion o f s ke letons were a cco mpan ied b y g rave g oods , a l though n o t o ne was a ssoc ia ted w ith e i ther p o ts , p ig-bones , L a T ine I b rooches o r b race le ts .

I nstead ,

t here i s a marked p reference f or e ssen t ia l ly u t i l itar ian i t e ms made most ly o f i ron .

T he l argest s ing le c a tegory o f o b jects c o mpr ises a g roup o f 1 0

s hor t , b road-b laded i ron s words , g enera l ly l a id a t t he s ide o f t he b ody . T hese v ery f unct iona l weapons d if fer s o mewha t f ro m t he b e t ter k nown s er ies o f B r it ish L a T ene I a nd I I s words ( P iggo t t , 1 950 ) , b o th i n t he s hor tness o f t he ir b lades a nd i n t he g enera l l ack o f embe l l ish men t t o t he ir s i mp le wooden o r l ea ther s cabbards .

S ix o f t he s word b ur ia ls were a lso a cco m-

p an ied b y i ron s pear-heads , a nd t wo f ur ther s pear-heads were f ound o n t he ir own i n g raves .

O ther o b jects a ssoc ia ted w ith t h is g roup o f g raves a re a

1 07

f rag men tary s h ie ld , as ing le b ronze t oe-r ing , t hree s p ind le whor ls a nd f i ve i ron k n ives ( S tead , 1 977 , 2 19 ) . B ur ia ls o f b o th c lasses a t B ur ton F le m ing may a lso h ave b een r egu lar ly p er for med w ith wooden c of f ins , t he s ta ins o f wh ich h ave b een i den t if ied i n p lan w ith in t he f i l l ings o f 1 9 i nd iv idua l g raves , most ly o f t he n or th-sou th s er ies ( S tead , 1 977 , 2 18 ) .

N one o f t hese c of f ins a ppear t o h ave b een c on-

s tructed w ith n a i ls o r o ther me ta l f i t t ings a nd t he ir p resence c an t hus b e d e ter m ined o n ly u nder e spec ia l ly f avourab le c ond it ions .

The u se o f s uch

wooden b ur ia l c on ta iners was n ot r estr icted t o B ur ton F le m ing , h owever , a s s im i lar s o i l- mark ings h ave b een r ecorded i n 4 9 g raves a t t he n e ighbour ing We twang S lack c e me tery a rea ( J . S . D en t , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion ) . T he g enera l r ange o f g rave-goods a t We twang S lack i s a l most i den t ica l t o t ha t a t t he c e meter ies a lready d escr ibed , w ith a s trong p reference o nce a ga in f or b rooches , p o ts a nd a cco mpany ing p ig-bones ( Den t , 1 978 ). Ar e ma in ing g roup o f b ur ia ls whose g rave-goods s uggest a f f in it ies w ith ad i f feren t a nd more w idespread s oc ia l t rad i t ion a re t he t hree impor tan t warr ior g raves f ro m B ug thorpe ( D .1 .1 ) , G r im thorpe ( D .1 .20 .1 ) a nd N or th G r i mston ( D .1 .2 ) .

I n e ach o f t hese g raves t he b ody was a cco mpan ied b y

a t l east o ne i ron l ong-sword a nd a v ar iety o f a dd it iona l i t e ms o f m il itary e qu ip men t , wh ich s trong ly s uggest b ur ia l a ccord ing t o t he r u les o f ad ist inct a nd more w ide ly d istr ibu ted t rad it ion t o wh ich w e s ha l l r eturn i n C hap ter 5 . T ha t n one o f t he b ur ia ls h ave b een f ound i n ac onven t iona l A rras C u lture c e metery s ee ms t o c on f ir m S tead 's o r ig ina l h ypo thes is o f as epara te c u ltura l o r ig in , a l though t he r ecen t r ecogn it ion o f s quare b arrows i n t he v ic in ity o f t he N or th G r i mston f ind-spo t ( D .2 .5 ) may y et a l low t he g roup t o b e ama lg a ma ted w ith t he ma in e astern Yorksh ire s equence . C hrono logy I n h is a ssess men t o f t he me ta lwork a ssoc ia ted w i th Arras C u lture b ur ia ls e xcava ted b efore 1 965 S tead c onv inc ing ly d e monstra ted t he e x istence o f a r eg iona l manufactur ing t rad it ion , r e la ted b oth t o t he I ron Age c u ltura l z ones o f c en tra l s ou thern Eng land a nd t o c on te mporary s ources o f i nsp irat ion among t he e ar l ier L a T ine c o m mun it ies o f n or thern F rance .

I ti s n ever the less

a pparen t t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f t he i t e ms f ro m e astern Yorksh ire a re r e la t ive ly s i mp le i n s ty le a nd r ange , s how ing l i t t le o f t he s ty l ist ic d ivers ity t ha t h as a l lowed c on te mporary F rench meta lwork t o b e s o v a luab le f or c o mpara t ive s tudy .

As er ies o fb rooches , b race lets a nd i t e ms o f h orse-harness n ever-

t he less p rov ide t he b as is f or s o me u sefu l c o mpar isons a nd a l low t he e stabl i sh men t o f ar e la t ive c hrono logy f or t he a rea .

T he more r ecen t ly e xcava ted

s equence o f b rooches f ro m B ur ton F le m ing a nd W e twang S lack a re n ow a ugmen t ing t he e x ist ing c orpus o f ma ter ia l a nd s hou ld e ven tua l ly a l low a more s ub t le e va lua t ion o f t he r eg iona l me ta lwork s equence . O n ly o ne b rooch o f u nd ispu ted L a T ine If orm h as s o f ar b een f ound i n t he c on tex t o f ab ur ia l .

T he h igh b ow a nd e n larged s pr ing-co i ls o f t he

e xa mp le f ro m C ow la m wou ld , h owever , p lace t he p iece e ar ly w ith in t he d eve lop men ta l s equence i n E urope , a s o r ig ina l ly d ef ined b y V io l l ier a nd s ubsequen t ly r ef ined b y work o n t he Müns ingen c e me tery i n Sw itzer land ( V io l l ier , 1 916 , 3 9-44 ;

S tead , 1 965 , 4 5 a nd F ig . 2 5 .1 ; 1 08

H odson , 1 968 ) .

Un for tuna te ly n o o ther c lose ly d a teab le meta lwork was f ound a t C ow la m t o c on f ir m whether t he b ur ia ls m igh t b e c on te mporary w ith t he manu facture o f t he b rooch e ar ly i n t he f our th c en tury B .C ., o r whe ther t he i t e m may h ave b een a n impor ted h e ir loo m .

T he ma jor ity o f a l l o ther Yorksh ire b rooches ,

whether o f i ron o r b ronze , n o t o n ly b e long t o ad ist inct L a T ene I h or izon , b u t a lso d iverge f ro m t he ir c on t inen ta l f orbears i n r e ject ing t he c lass ic s pr ing mechan is m i n f avour o f v ar ious h inged o r sw ive l- moun ted p ins . T he o n ly o ther b rooch w ith a n u ncon tested s pr ing c o mes f ro m H un tow ( D .1 .10 ) a nd a ppears t o mark t he i ncept ion o f t he i nsu lar L a T ene I f la t-bowed b rooch , wh ich , w ith t he i ncorpora t ion o f t he h inge- mechan is m , s ubsequen t ly b eca me t he most w idespread f or m i n t he a rea ( S tead , 1 965 , 4 5 ) .

Ano ther d ist inct ive

s ty le o f b rooch , w i th a f o lded o r i nvo lu ted b ow , a ppears t o h ave d eve loped o u t o f t he f l a t tened b ow t rad it ion a nd a ga in makes a r egu lar a ppearance a t E astburn , D anes G raves , B ur ton F le m ing a nd G ar ton S lack , where i ts ee ms t o b e more o r l ess c on te mporary w ith t he f la t tened b ow s er ies .

T he i nvo lu ted

b rooch a ga in s hows n o c lose r e lat ionsh ip w ith c on te mporary c on t inen ta l t rad it ions a nd t he d eve lop men t o f t he t ype a l most c er ta in ly o ccurred i n c ent ra l s ou thern Eng land , where c lass ic e xa mp les f ro m Woodea ton , B eck ley a nd , more r ecen t ly , Trevone h ave b een b road ly d a ted t o ap er iod b eg inn ing i n t he l a te t h ird c en tury a nd c on t inu ing i n to t he f i rst c en tury B .C . ( Dud ley a nd J ope , 1 965 ;

H ard ing 1 974 , 1 89 ) .

Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f as ing le L a T ene

I I b ow-brooch f ound w ith in a g rave a t B ur ton F le m ing ( S tead , 1 977 , 2 22 ) , t he o n ly o ther b rooch s ty le wh ich makes a n a ppearance i n Yorksh ire i s t he p enannu lar f or m , r epresen ted b y b ronze e xa mp les o f F ow ler 's Types A a nd A a f ro m Hun tow ( D .1 .10 ) a nd S awdon ( S tead , 1 965 , 1 12 ) a nd i ron s pec imens f ro m A rras ( D .1.18 .29 ) a nd D anes G raves ( D .1 .21 .55 ).

D a t ing o f

t hese t ypes h as a lways b een d if f icu lt , a l though i t wou ld s ee m t ha t t hey d er ive e i ther f ro m i nsu lar i nven t ion o r a s ar esu lt o f at enuously d ef ined b orrow ing f ro m n or thern S pa in ( Fow ler , 1 960 , 1 58 ;

S tead , 1 965 , 4 9 ) .

B race lets , a nd i n p ar t icu lar a s er ies o f d ecora ted b ronze e xa mp les f ro m A rras , C ow la m , D anes Graves a nd E astburn , f a l l i n to t wo l oose c lasses , d ef ined b y t he ir s hape a nd method o f c losure .

Ag roup o f w ire e xamp les ,

u sua l ly w ith a c en tra l b eze l , h ave a d ist inct ive ' t onguein-g love ' d ev ice , b y wh ich o ne t apered e nd o f t he b race le t may b e i nser ted i n to t he f lared mou th o f t he o ppos ite t er m ina l .

S tead h as a rgued t ha t t h is p r inc ip le was

c o m mon ly u sed b o th i n l a te Ha l lstat t a nd E ar ly L a T ene c on tex ts o ver a w ide a rea o f E urope ( 1965 , 5 1 a nd F ig . 2 7 ) .

The s econd c lass o f ' knobbed '

a nd ' r ibbed ' b race lets , w ith h eav i ly mou lded p last ic d ecora t ion ( S tead , 1 965 , F igs . 2 8-30 ) , b e long t o t he s a me g enera l h or izon a s t he t onguein-g love f orms , L a T ene Ia nd I e xa mp les h av ing b een c ited f ro m b ur ia ls i n B urgundy a nd F ranche-Co m te , a s we l l a s more c onven t iona l Marn ian s i tes ( S tead , 1 965 , 5 3 ) . With t he e xcep t ion o f ag roup o f r ibbed a nd k nobbed b race lets f ro m Moun t Ba t ten , as ing le s pec i men f ro m N ewnha m C rof t a nd t wo f rag men ts f ro m L lan me l in ( Gwen t ) , t he Yorksh ire e xa mp les a re n ot e as i ly p ara l le led i n s ou thern B r i ta in a nd a ppear t o s how a v ery much s tronger d eb t t o c on t ine n ta l p ro to types ( C larke , 1 971 , 1 47 a nd F ig , 3 , 5 -7 ; F igs . 5 3-54 ;

F ox , 1 958 , F ig . 6 ) .

1 09

Nash- W i l l ia ms , 1 933 ,

Whether t wo c ast b ronze r ing-headed p ins f ro m S awdon a nd D anes G raves ( D .1 .21.41 ) c an b e r e lated t o s im i lar c on t inen ta l L a T ene t rad it ions i s more d oub tfu l , a s b oth e xa mp les ( S tead , 1 965 , F ig . 3 2 ) h ave ap ronounced s hou lder t ha t wou ld s ee m t o t i e t he m t o t he t rad i t ions o f i nsu lar r ing-headed p ins b ased o n t he e ar l ier s wan-neck f or ms ( Dunn ing , 1 934 ) . T he p rec ise a f f i l ia t ions o f t wo i ron m irrors , o ne o f t he m l ost a nd n ever i l lustra ted , f ro m A rras ( D .1 .18 .10 a nd 2 8 ) a re o pen t o s im i lar d oub ts .

A l though a

f i f th c en tury B . C . b ronze e xa mp le f ro m L a Mot te S t . V a len t in , H au te Marne , a nd a n i ron s pec i men f ro m C ho t in , C zechos lovak ia ( S tead , 1 965 , 5 5 a nd F ig . 3 1 ) s how s im i lar it ies i n d es ign , t here i s a lso a we l l-docu men ted s equence o f t ypo log ica l ly d eve loped m irror 's f ro m s ou thern B r i ta in .

Amongst t hese

a re e xa mp les f ro m Moun t B a t ten a nd B i l ler icay w ith b ar h and les w h ich c ou ld r easonab ly b e s een a s d eve lop men ts o f t he s urv iv ing A rras M irror ( S tead , 1 965 , 5 6 ) .

I th as t herefore b een a rgued t ha t t h is l a t ter p iece may f a l l

e ar ly w ith in a s equence t ha t h as i t s f l ower ing l a te i n t he f irst c en tury B . C . ( Spra t l ing , 1 970 , 1 5 ) . Meta lwork s pec if ica l ly a ssoc ia ted w ith c ar ts a nd t he ir h arness h as b een d iscussed i n d eta i l b y S tead , who h as s hown t ha t t he s equence o f i ron t yres , n ave-hoops , l ynch p ins , h orse-b its a nd t erre ts u ndoub ted ly h as i t s c o l lect ive o r ig ins w ith in t he l a ter H a l lsta t t a nd e ar ly L a T ene v eh ic le t rad it ion , a l though t he Yorksh ire ma ter ia l s hows s igns o f h av ing u ndergone s ubstan t ia l mod if ica t ion a nd d ivergence f ro m c o mparab le s ource i t e ms ( S tead , 1 965 , 2 8-45 ) .

Among

t he s urv iv ing n ave-hoops , o n ly a L a T ene I I s pec i men f ro m N an terre s hows c lose s im i lar it ies w ith a Yorksh ire e xa mp le f ro m C aw thorn , a l though a d ist inct ive p a ir o f c urved l inch-p ins f ro m D anes Graves b e long more c lose ly t o ar ecurren t Marn ian f or m ( S tead , 1 965 , 3 4 ) .

T he h orse-b its f ro m t he

E ast R id ing g raves , wh ich a re manufactured e i ther f ro m b ronze a nd i ron , o r f ro m i ron a lone , a re a l l o f t he 3 -l ink t ype c ons idered b y b o th Wars-Perk ins a nd F ox a s a n e ssen t ia l ly Y orksh ire-based f or m ( Ward-Perk ins , 1 939 ; F ox , 1 946 , 3 0-31 ) .

S tead h as s hown t ha t t hese b e long t o t wo d ist inct t ypes ,

d epend ing o n whether t he c en tra l e le men t t akes t he f or m o f as i mp le r ing ( Pex ton Moor ) o r a mou lded d oub le-r ing l ink ( 'K ing 's ' a nd ' Lady 's ' B arrows , A rras ;

H un manby ) .

T he P ex ton Moor f or m c an b e p ara l le led b y e xa mp les

f ro m F ere-en-Tardeno is ( A isne ,) , P runay ( Marne ) a nd C iry-Sa lsogne ( A isne ) , a l l o f wh ich b e long b road ly w ith in a L a T ene I a o r bh or izon ( S tead , 1 965 , 4 0 ) .

A l though t he d oub le r ing b it i s r are ly e ncoun tered i n n or thern F rance ,

a n a pparen t p roto type f or t he A rras-Hun manby s er ies c an b e i den t if ied i n t he b ronze e xa mp le f ro m t he ' La Gorge- Me i l let ' c ar t b ur ia l f ro m S o m meT ourbe , Marne .

T he a ssoc ia t ion o f t h is p ar t icu lar p iece w i th a n impor ted

I t a l ic b ronze f lagon , u nequ ivoca l ly d ated t o t he f i f th c en tury B .C ., p rov ides a n impor tan t c hrono log ica l l ink f or t he s er ies , a l though S pra t l ing h as d oub ted t ha t t here c an b e ac lose c onnect ion b etween t he F rench e xa mp le a nd t he s econd o r f irst c en tury B . C . A rras-Hun manby g roup ( Fourdr ign ier , 1 878 ; S tead , 1 965 , 4 1 ;

S pra t l ing , 1 973 , 1 23 ) .

N o s uch c lose p ara l le ls e x ist f or t he s er ies o f t erret r ings f ro m A rras a nd H un manby g raves a nd a n u mber o f sma l l b u t s ign if ican t mod if ica t ions i n t he r e ma in ing Yorksh ire d oub le-looped b i ts h ave a ga in b een t aken a s e v idence t ha t t he i nsu lar c ar t-grave ma ter ia l b e longs t o al a ter p er iod t han t he c on t inen ta l meta lwork f ro m wh ich i tu lt i ma te ly d er ives .

1 10

B arrows a nd c e meter ies I n t urn ing f ro m c o mpar ison o f g raves a nd t he ir c on ten ts t o t he b arrow mounds a nd e nc losure d itches w ith wh ich t hey were s urrounded i ti s import an t t o c ons ider b o th v ar ia t ions i n t he s ize o f i nd iv idua l b arrows a nd t he s pa t ia l a rrange men t o f g roups o f b ur ia ls i n c e me ter ies a nd sma l ler b ur ia l g rounds . A lthough b arrows n ow s urv ive a s u pstand ing e ar thworks o n ly a t S corborough ( D .1 .17 ) a nd i n t he Wykeha m F orest a t L of t H owe ( D .1 .28 ) , t he ir f or mer e x istence e lsewhere i s c onf ir med b y t he r ecords o f work a t A rras , D anes G raves , E astburn , S k ipw ith a nd o ther s i tes .

I n tens ive c u l t iva t ion h as b een

l arge ly r espons ib le f or t he s ubsequen t l eve l l ing o f t hese a nd o ther b ur ia l g roups , b u t t he o r ig ina l p resence o f c over ing mounds may s t i l l b e i n ferred f ro m t he p resence o f s urv iv ing e nc losure ( and p resu mab ly q uarry ) d itches , f irst p os i t ive ly i den t if ied i n t he r e-excava t ion o f b arrows a t A rras ( S tead , 1 961 ) .

E xcava t ion h as n ow s hown stha t i nd iv idua l b arrow p la t for ms may v ary

i n d ia meter f ro m a s much a s 5 0 ' t o a s l i t t le a s 1 2 ' o r 1 5 '

( 1 5 m ) ( Cow la m , D .1 .8 .5 ;

A rras , D .1 .18 .29 )

( 3 .5 m o r 4 .4 m ) ( Danes G raves , D .1 .21 .31 ;

B ur ton F le m ing , D .1.6 ) , w ith t he ma jor ity c luster ing b etween 2 0 ' a nd 3 0 ' m a nd 9 m ).

T he s ize o f t he o r ig ina l mounds i s h ard t o a ssess i n t he

a bsence o f s urv iv ing e xa mp les ,

A lthough ab arrow a t G r inda le ( D .1 .10 ) a nd

a no ther a t D anes G raves ( D .1 .21 .11 ) s tood t o ah e igh t o f 5 ' ( 1 .5 m ) when e xcava ted i n t he n ineteen th c en tury , e xa mp les a t A rras , C ow la m a nd Danes G raves a ppear r are ly t o h ave s urv ived t o more t han o ne o r t wo f ee t .

I t

wou ld n ever the less s ee m t ha t t here may b e ac orre la t ion b etween t he h e igh t o f ab arrow , t he s ize o f i t s p la t for m a nd t he d ep ths o f t he d i tches a nd c en tra l g raves .

Work a t C ow la m , B ur ton F le m ing a nd We twang S lack h as c onsis-

t en t ly s hown t ha t t hose b arrows wh ich h ave t he d eepest d i tches a re n ot o n ly t he l argest i n a rea , b u t a lso t end t o s how e xcep t iona l ly s ha l low g raves , o f ten l i t t le more t han s craped h o l lows i n t he c ha lk s urface .

B y way o f c on trast ,

many o f t he sma l lest b arrows , b o th a t Bur ton F le m ing a nd Wetwang S lack , h ave d itches s o . s ha l low t ha t t hey a re s o me t i mes o b l itera ted b y p lough ing a ct iv ity ( I . M . S tead a nd J . S . D en t , u npub l ished i n for ma t ion ) .

T hese l a t ter

b arrows c o mpensa te b y h av ing u nusua l ly d eep g raves , s uggest ing t ha t t he d ep th may h ave b een d eter m ined i n i nverse p ropor t ion t o t he i n tended h e igh t o f t he s ur moun t ing mound .

On t h is p r inc ip le i tc ou ld b e a rgued t ha t t he

p ro tect ive p roper t ies o f a more mass ive mound were f e l t t o o bv ia te t he n eed f or a d eeper g rave , a nd v ice-versa .

P re l im inary r esu l ts o f t he c urren t

B ur ton F le m ing a nd Wetwang S lack e xcava t ions a re a lso b eg inn ing t o s uggest t ha t t he s ize o f b arrows may b e r e la ted t o t he ir d a te , w ith t he sma l lest a nd s l ightest e nc losures f a l l ing l a te i n t he b arrow s equence a t b o th c e meter ies . I n s hape t he e xcava ted b arrow e nc losures a re a l most i nvar iab ly s quare , a l though i n many c ases t he s ides a re n ot a bso lu te ly p ara l le l a nd i ti s n or ma l f or t he c orners t o s how marked ly r ounded a ng les ( S tead , 1 977 , P l . XXXV ) . T here i s , h owever , a n a dd it iona l c lass o f c ircu lar b arrow e nc losures , t he p rec ise imp l ica t ions o f wh ich a re u ncer ta in .

S heppard r epor ted t ha t t he

e xcep t iona l ly t iny b arrow p la t for ms a t E astburn ( D .1 .16 ) were s urrounded b y r ing d i tches a nd a t B ur ton F le m ing a n u mber o f t he e x tended e ast-west b ur ia ls a re a t t he c en tre o f s im i lar e nc losures .

T hese l a t ter e xa mp les t end t o l i e

c lose t o t he sma l lest o f t he s quare b arrows , a nd l ike t he m h ave v ery s ha l low p er i me ter d itches . 1 11

T he e xcava ted e v idence f or s quare b arrow e nc losures c an , a s we h ave a lready s een , b e a ugmen ted b y n u merous e xa mp les i den t if ied f ro m t he a er ia l p ho tography o f c rop marks .

T hese a ga in s how s o me c ons iderab le v ar ia t ion

i n s hape , a nd wh i le t he ma jor ity d e monstra te t he s ub-angu lar ity t yp ica l o f e xcava ted e xa mp les , o thers h ave v ery much s tra igh ter a nd more u n ifor m ly p ara l le l s ides .

I ti s , i n p ar t icu lar , t he sma l ler e nc losures wh ich t end t o

b e r egu lar i n s hape , a nd t he way i n wh ich t hese o f ten c luster t ogether s uggests a f ur ther c hrono log ica l o r f unct iona l d ist inct ion f ro m t he l arger b arrows . A ccura te measure men ts o f t he d ia meter o f i nd iv idua l b arrows f ro m o b l ique a ir-photographs i s n o t e as i ly a ch ieved u s ing e le men tary p lo t t ing methods a nd t he d if f icu lt ies a re i ncreased when i nd iv idua l b arrows l i e i n t he m idd le o f l arge a rab le f i e lds , o f ten a l ong d istance f ro m p o in ts o f r efe rence -wh ich c an p rov ide a n i nd ica t ion o f s ca le .

I ti s n ever the less p oss ib le

t o d eter m ine t ha t t he l argest e nc losures e xceed 1 5 m ( 2 .50 ') when measured f ro m t he o uter d i tch e dges . B arrows o f t h is s i ze h ave b een p hotographed a t a bou t ad ozen s i tes , i nc lud ing S ea mer ( D .2 .94 ) , R i l l ing ton ( D .2 .83 ) a nd B ur ton Agnes ( D .2 .16 ) .

An u mber o f s im i lar ly p ropor t ioned e nc losures

h ave b een r ecorded w ith in t he Rudston - B ur ton F le m ing c e metery c o mp lex ( D .2 .18 , 2 1 , 2 8 ) , b u t h ere , a s e lsewhere , i ts ee ms t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f e xa mp les f a l l w ith in a 1 0 m -1 6 m ( 30 ' -5 0 ' )r ange a nd o n ly r are ly a ch ieve g rea ter d i mens ions ( D .2 .17-28 ;

8 4-92 ) .

One o f t he ma in c haracter ist ics

o f t h is s er ies o f l arge b arrows i s t ha t t hey a re o f ten marked ly r ounded i n a ppearance a nd f requen t ly h ave s ides o f u nequa l l eng th , r esu lt ing i n e nc losures o f d istor ted s hape .

L arge b arrows o f t h is t ype a re f ound i n a l l a reas o f

t he Wo lds a nd o ccur b o th w ith in t he ma in c e me tery a reas a nd i n i so lat ion . A s b arrows b eco me sma l ler t he ir s hape i s o f ten b e t ter d ef ined , w i th a marked s harpen ing o f t he c orner a ng les . i ns tance ,

A t S l ingsby ( D .2 .100 ) , f or

t he s er ies o f sma l l b arrows wh ich l i e b e tween t he l arger e xa mp les

v ary i n s ize b etween 6 .5 m a nd 8 .5 m ( 20 ' -2 5 ' )( F igs . 3 5-36 ) .

T he s a me

r ange p redo m ina tes i n t he l inear c e metery a t F oxho les ( D .2 .36 ) , where t he e nc losure a re a ga in more u n ifor m ly s quare ( F ig . 3 4 ) . I ti s n ever the less a pparen t t ha t n o c lear d iv is ions c an b e d rawn b etween d if feren t s izes o f b arrow w ith in t he 6 .5 m - 1 6 m c lass a nd t ha t t he c orre la t ion b etween s ize a nd a ngu lar ity c annot a t p resen t b e

r e cogn ised a s more

t han a t rend .

Ac learer d ist inct ion c an b e d rawn b e tween t he l arger e nc losures d esc r ibed a bove a nd a c lass o f v ery sma l l b arrows whose d iameter r are ly e xceeds 4 m ( 1 3 .5 ') .

Whereas n or ma l b arrows l i e d etached f ro m t he ir

n e ighbours a nd o f ten a ppear t o h ave b een i nd iv idua l ly p laced w ith in c e metery a reas , e xa mp les o f t h is l a t ter f or m s how s igns o f more o rgan ised p lann ing a nd l i e s o c lose t ogether t ha t i ts o met i mes a ppears t ha t a d jo in ing e nc losures a ctua l ly s hare d i tches a nd b eco me , a s i t were , ' se m i-de tached '.

B arrows

o f t h is t ype a re o f ten h ard t o i den t ify , a s t he e nc losure d itches may s o met imes b e s o n arrow a nd s ha l low t ha t t hey f a i l t o r eg ister a s c rop marks e ven u nder i dea l c ond it ions .

T he marks o f c en tra l g raves a re more d ist inct ,

h owever , a nd h e lp t o i nd ica te t he l oca t ion o f t he s urround ing b arrow d i tch ( 1 ) .2 .3 ) where s ix c on jo ined b arrows e x tend i n l i near f or mat ion .

More

impress ive g roups o f a gg lo mera ted b arrows a re f ound w ith in t he c e metery

1 12

a reas e ast o f B ur ton F le m ing v i l lage , where h undreds o f i nd iv idua l b arrows l i e c lustered s o c lose t ogether t ha t t hey t ake o n t he c haracter ist ics o f f rogs pawn , e ach c en tra l g rave a ssu m ing t he a ppearance o f a n embryon ic t adpo le ( D .2.25 , 2 7 , 2 8 a nd F ig . 3 3 ). With in t he g rea t c e me tery a t Carnaby ( D .2 .31 ) , s o me 7 m i les ( 1 1 kms ) s ou th-sou th-east o f B ur ton F le m ing , t he c luster ing o f t he s cores o f t iny b arrows i s a ga in v ery a pparen t a nd h ere t here i s a c lear c on trast b etween t he a gg lo merated e nc losures a nd a s er ies o f l arger b arrows r ang ing u p t o 1 7 m ( 5 6 ') i n d iameter ( F igs . 3 7-38 ) .

A t t he p resen t

t ime t he o n ly o ther c e meter ies k nown t o i nc lude b arrow c lusters o f t h is k ind a re F oxho les ( F ig . 3 4 ) , wh ich l i es 4 -2 1 m i les ( 7 km ) west o f B ur ton F le m ing , a nd G r inda le , l ocated a s im ilar d istance t o t he e ast ( D .2 .36 ; D .2 .42 ) .

An i so la ted p a ir o f c on jo ined b arrows h as , h owever , b een l oca ted

e lsewhere i n F oxho les p ar ish ( D .2 .38 ) a nd a ga in i n Gr inda le t here i s al inear a rrange men t o f t hree e nc losures ( D .2 .43 ).

O ther c e me ter ies o n t he Wo lds

r evea l o n ly d etached b arrows a nd i t wou ld a ppear t ha t t h is p ar t icu lar c lass o f b ur ia l i s r estr ic ted t o s i tes l y ing i n t he e astern s ect ion o f t he G ypsey Race v a l ley . B arrow G roups I n c ons ider ing t he morpho log ica l c haracter ist ics o f i nd iv idua l b arrows t here h as a lready b een s o me r eference t o t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween e xa mp les w ith in r ecogn isab le b ur ia l a reas .

I tw i l l b e o f s o me v a lue t o c ons ider t h is

s pec if ic q uest ion o f g roup ing i n g rea ter d eta i l , a s t he c oncep t o f b ur ia l g rounds a nd c e meter ies u ndoubted ly p lays a n impor tan t r o le i n t he f unerary t rad it ion o f t he a rea . A lthough a t ten t ion t ends i nev itab ly t o f ocus o n t he l arger c e metery a reas , i t must b e r e me mbered t ha t n ear ly h a lf o f a l l t he e xcava ted b ur ia l s ites a re r epresen ted b y s ing le g raves .

O ther s i tes , s uch a s B ever ley a nd C ow la m ,

h ave r evea led g roups o f 4o r 5b ur ia ls ( D .1 .1 ;

D .1 .8 ) , wh i le t he c e meter ies

a t E astburn , A rras a nd S corborough r ange i n s ize f ro m 7 5 t o p oss ib ly 1 70 i nd iv idua l b arrows ( D .1 .16 ;

D .1 .18 ;

D .1 .17 ).

Af ur ther ma jor j u mp i n

s ca le l eads t o t he t hree mass ive b ur ia l a reas o f Danes G raves , Wetwang S lack a nd B ur ton F le m ing , e ach w ith s evera l h undred c o mponen t g raves a nd b arrows ( D .1 .21 ;

D .1 .9 ;

D .1 .6 ).

T he a bsence o f o vera l l s i te p lans u n for tuna te ly p reven ts d eta i led a ssess men t o f t he s pa t ia l d istr ibu t ion o f i nd iv idua l b arrows i n c e meter ies e xcava ted i n t he n ineteen th c en tury , a nd v erba l d escr ipt ions make l i t t le r eference t o d ist inct ive g roup ings w ith in a ny o f t hese a reas .

T he e v idence

a lready o b ta ined f ro m B ur ton F le m ing a nd W e twang S lack n ever the less i nd ica tes t ha t impor tan t s oc ia l a nd c hrono log ica l f actors may h ave a f fected t he l ayou t a nd g row th o f b oth b ur ia l a reas .

T he p rec ise n a ture o f t hese

t rends a nd a ny more s ub t le i n terna l d iv is ions a nd s ubgroup ings w i l l n o t , h owever , b e f u l ly a pprec ia ted u n t il v ery much l arger a reas o f e ach c e metery h ave b een e xcava ted a nd p ub l ished .

I n t he mean t i me , t he e v idence o f a er ia l

p ho tography c an p rov ide a more u sefu l i nd ica t ion o f t he s ize , l oca t ion a nd i n terna l o rgan isa t ion o f a much l arger s a mp le o f s i tes . O f t he 1 13 s quare b arrow s i tes r ecorded a s c rop marks , n ear ly a q uar ter a re r epresen ted b y s ee m ing ly s o l i tary b ur ia ls .

1 13

Fur thermore , t he ma jor i ty

o f b arrow g roups c o mpr ise f ewer t han 6 o r 8i nd iv idua l e nc losures , a nd n o more t han a d ozen c an b e s hown t o c on ta in more t han 2 0 b arrows a nd t hus l eg it i ma te ly e arn t he t i t le o f c e metery .

Among t hese , t he b ur ia l a reas

a t C arnaby , Gr inda le , Rudston a nd B ur ton F le m ing a re a lone i n a ch iev ing t he e xcep t iona l p ropor t ions o f t he l argest e xcava ted c e meter ies a nd a ga in s uggest t ha t t here may b e af unct iona l d ist inct ion b etween sma l l f am i ly b ur ia l g rounds a nd ma jor c o m mun ity c e meter ies ( F ig . 4 3 ) . T he d if ference b e tween t he sma l ler a nd more mass ive g roups t ends , n ever the less , t o b e o ne o f s ca le a lone , i n t ha t t he f or m o f i nd iv idua l b arrows may b e t he s a me i n e i ther c lass .

A lthough t he d ist inct ive s er ies o f a gg lo-

mera ted b arrows may o ccur more f requen t ly i n t he l arger c e meter ies , e xa mp les a re a lso k nown f ro m t he much sma l ler b ur ia l a reas a t B ar mston , G r inda le a nd F oxho les . T he a ppearance o f e xcep t iona l ly l arge , a nd p oss ib ly e ar ly , b arrows w ith in t he B ur ton F le m ing a nd C arnaby b ur ia l a reas s im i lar ly p reven ts a ny s i mp le c hrono log ica l d ist inc t ion b etween g roups o f d if feren t s ize . A more impor tan t f ea ture o f t he l arger c e metery a reas i s t ha t t hese r epea ted ly s how s igns o f s o me f or ma l o rgan isa t ion o f b arrows w ith in d ef ined s paces .

Whereas a n u mber o f t he sma l ler b arrow g roups a re l oose ly

s ca t tered , o f ten w ith g aps o f 3 0 m o r 4 0 m b e tween b ur ia ls , many l arger c e me ter ies h ave made more e cono m ica l u se o f g round a nd c oncen tra te b arr ows i n to d ense c lusters .

T h is p heno menon i s o f ten a lso a cco mpan ied b y

a more o rder ly a rrange men t o f b arrows .

I n a t l east o ne s ect ion o f t he Bur ton

F le m ing c o mp lex i t wou ld s ee m t ha t many o f t he t iny a gg lo mera ted b arrows , a s we l l a s s o me l arger e xa mp les , a re l a id o u t i n l ines ( F ig . 3 3 ) .

A nother

e xpress ion o f t h is t endency i s most c lear ly s een a t Carnaby , S l ingsby a nd F oxho les , where t he e n t ire c e meter ies a re l a id o u t i n l inear f or m ( F igs . 3 4-38 ) .

Ap oss ib le e xp lana t ion o f t h is p ract ice may l i e i n t he f act t ha t many

b ur ia l g rounds , i nc lud ing t he ma in Rudston-Bur ton F le m ing a rea , l i e a long t he b o t to ms o r s ides o f t he many s ha l low d ry s trea m v a l leys t ha t o ccur o n t he l ower wo ld s lopes .

T he p resence o f more e as i ly d ug c ha lk g rave ls i n

t hese d epress ions may n o t o n ly h ave d eter m ined t he ir i n it ia l s e lect ion a s b ur ia l p laces , b u t c ou ld a lso h ave e ncouraged t he e x tens ion o f t he g row ing c e meter ies a long t he n a tura l l ine o f t he l ess r es istan t s ubso i ls .

A l though

t he C arnaby c e me tery l i es o f f t he c ha lk a t a n a l t itude o f o n ly 2 5 ', t he way i n wh ich t he b arrows a ppear t of o l low a s l igh t g rave l r idge , v is ib le a s a d arker b and a cross t he a er ia l p ho tographs , a ga in s uggests t ha t g eo log ica l v ar ia t ions may h ave b een p ar t ia l ly r espcns ib le f or d e term in ing t he a rea u sed f or b ur ia ls ( F ig . 3 7 ) . I n o ther s i tua t ions t he l oca t ion o f b ur ia l g rounds may a lso h ave b een a f fected b y s oc ia l f actors .

A t S l ingsby many o f t he b arrows l i e b e tween

t wo p ara l le l l ines o f d itches t ha t may h ave h ad a s ecu lar r a ther t han r i tua l f unct ion , wh i le a t s evera l p o in ts w ith in t he B ur ton F le m ing a rea b arrows c an b e s een t o r un u p t o , b u t n ot c ross , l inear f eatures a pparen t ly f or m ing c on te mporary l and b oundar ies .

T he a ssoc ia t ion o f sma l ler g roups o f

b arrows w ith s im ilar d itches a nd t rackways i s ar ecurren t t he me t hroughou t t he Wo lds ( Cha l l is a nd H ard ing , 1 975 , 1 68 ) , b u t o ne o f t he c learest e xa mp les i s p rov ided b y ac o mpact c e me tery a t K i lha m wh ich l i es i n at r iang le o f l and ,

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S ize o f g roup

F ig . 4 3 S quare b arrows i n e astern Yorksh ire : a bove s ea l eve l

15

s ize o f g roups a nd h e ight

b ounded o n t wo s ides b y ma jor l inear d i tches ( D .2 .59 ) .

A lthough i th as n o t

y et b een p oss ib le t o d eter m ine h ow t he d istr ibut ion o f c e metery a reas c o mp ares w i th t he l oca t ion o f t he s et t le men ts t o wh ich t hey b e long , i t wou ld s ee m l ike ly t ha t t he g row th o f a t l east t he l arger b ur ia l g rounds wou ld h ave b een d e l im ited b y ap re-ex ist ing s che me o f l and-a l loca t ion .

T he n a ture o f t h is

r e la t ionsh ip w i l l h opefu l ly b eco me c learer a s ar esu l t o f t he d eta i led mapp ing o f t he c rop marks o f t he f or mer E ast R id ing b y t he R oya l C o mm iss ion o n H istor ica l Monu men ts ( Eng land ) . N or thern F rance S quare f unerary e nc losures o f t he L a T ine p er iod , t hough c on f ined t o r estr icted a reas o f B r ita in , h ave a more w idespread d istr ibut ion o n t he c on t inen t a nd b e long t o al arger f am i ly o f r i tua l a nd f unerary e nc losures a ssoc ia ted w ith C e lt ic c u ltura l g roups f ro m C zechos lovak ia i n t he e as t t o n or thern F rance i n t he west .

F or o ur p resen t p urposes i ti s u nnecessary

t o c ons ider i n d eta i l t he more e labora te c u l t a nd s hr ine s i tes f rom e astern E urope o r t he impor tan t g roup o f v iereckschanzen e ar thwork e nc losures f ro m s ou thern G er many , f or a lthough t hese s o met i mes c on ta in d epos its o f h u man r e ma ins , i ti s a pparen t t ha t b ur ia l o f t he d ead i s n o t t he ir p r inc ipa l f unct ion ( P iggot t , 1 968 , P etres , 1 972 ) . S o mewha t s im i lar r i tua l p rec incts h ave a lso b een r ecorded i n t he C ha mpagne r eg ion o f n or thern F rance , where t he ir p rox im ity t o c onven t iona l L a T ene b ur ia l s i tes may p rov ide t he m w ith a p ar t icu lar s ign if icance .

A lthough t he l ong n arrow r ect i l inear e nc losure

e xcava ted a t A u lnay-aux-P lanches , Marne , s ee ms t o r epresen t a more e so ter ic s acred s i te , d esp ite a n u mber o f c re ma t ion b ur ia ls , as er ies o f s quare e nc losures f ro m N or m e , Ma rne , a ppear t o h ave b een u sed b o th a s c e meter ies a nd a s r i tua l f oc i f or c u lt a c t iv it ies a nd w i l l b e o f g rea ter import ance i n t er ms o f t h is p resen t d iscuss ion ( Br isson a nd H a t t , 1 953 ;

B r isson ,

L op in a nd F ro mo ls , 1 959 ) . Rectangu lar e nc losures s urround ing more o r thodox s ing le b ur ia ls h ave b een r ecorded i n a t l east t wo C zechos lovak ian L a T ine Ic e meter ies , wh i le a t ten t ion h as a lso b een d rawn t o t he e x istence o f an u mber o f s quare e nc los ures , o r g rabgar ten , s urround ing l a te L a f ene a nd e ar ly Ro man c e meter ies f ro m western G er many ( S tead , 1 965 ; 1 968 ).

D ecker a nd S co l lar , 1 962 ;

S co l lar ,

Wh i le t hese e xa mp les a re i n terest ing i n t he ir own r igh t , t he ir

c onnect ion w i th t he more im med ia te p rob le m o f s quare f unerary e nc losures i n B r ita in i s t enuous , a nd v ery much more p oS i t ive r esu lts c an b e a ch ieved b y t urn ing a t ten t ion t o e v idence d er ived f ro m e xcava t ion a nd a er ia l r econn a issance i n n or thern F rance . I n c ons ider ing e xa mp les o f r ectangu lar c arref unera ire e xcava ted i n n or th-eastern F rance , S tead h as b een a b le t o e stab l ish t ha t d i tched e nc los ures o f v ar ious s izes were u sed f or b ur ia l f ro m a t l eas t aL a T ine T a h or izon , t hrough t o F lav ian t imes ( S tead , 1 965 , 2 4-27 ) , a l though n owhere i s i tp ossib le t o i den t ify e n t ire c e me ter ies o fb ur ia ls a t t he c en tres o f s uch e nc losures .

A t Ma iry-sur- M a rne , Marne , f or e xa mp le , F avret i den t if ied

t wo s quare a nd e leven c ircu lar e nc losures among a t ota l o f 2 70 f la t-grave b ur ia ls , wh i le a t t he more r ecen t ly e xcava ted Mon t-Trots c e me tery a t Manre , A rdennes , t wo o f t he 1 17 i nhu ma t ions h ad s quare e nc losures ( Favret , 1 913 ; Rozoy , 1 970 ).

T hree o ther b ur ia ls i n t he c e me tery were s urrounded b y 1 16

c ircu lar d itches , a t l east o ne o f wh ich a ppeared o nce t o h ave c on ta ined a c en tra l b arrow .

A no ther A rdennes c e metery a t A ure ( 'L es Rou l iers ' )

h as a lso p rov ided e v idence o f a t l east o ne L a T ene Is quare b ur ia l e nc losure a ssoc ia ted w i th a b arrow ( Bu l l . S oc . A rch . C ha mpeno ise , 1 972 , 1 3-55 ) , wh i le f ur ther e xa mp les ( many o f t he m a ssoc ia ted w i th l arger n u mbers o f r ing d itches ) h ave b een r epor ted a t Witryles-Re i ms , V er tla-Grave l le , S t . 1 6 my-sur-Bussy ,

G ravon , A l lonv i l le a nd t he r ecen t ly e xcava ted L a T ene

Ia nd I I c e meter ies a t B ogy , J un iv i l le , T inqueux , Men i l-Anne l les a nd V i l les ur-Re tourne ( S tead , 1 961 , F ig . 5 ; S tead , 1 977 ;

F erd iere e t a l . 1 973 ;

F louest a nd

S tead , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion ) .

Whether a l l t hese e nc losures , many o f wh ich s urround r icher g raves , w ere o r ig ina l ly c overed b y b arrow mounds c annot b e c onf ir med , a lthough t he i n tens ity o f p os t- med ieva l a rab le c u lt iva t ion i n t he r eg ion c ou ld we l l h ave o b l itera ted a ny u pstand ing e ar thworks b efore t he s i tes a t trac ted t he a t ten t ion o f 1 9th a nd e ar ly 2 0th c entury e xcava tors .

Wh i le t here c an b e l i t t le d oubt

t ha t t he ma jor ity o f F rench L a T ene i nhu ma t ions were i ndeed w i thou t a ny f or m o f p ro tect ion a nd s how n o t races o f s urround ing d itches , i th as b een c on f ir med t ha t ah and fu l o f wea lthy L a T ene Ib ur ia l s i tes were c overed b y b arrows a t t he t ime o f e xcava t ion ( Bre tz- Mah ler , 1 971 , 1 88-9 ) .

Th is e v i-

d ence wou ld s ee m t o a dd we igh t t o t he n o t ion t ha t t he u se o f b arrows may h ave b een more w idespread t han was o nce t hough t , a l though i tr e ma ins u nl ike ly t ha t s uch s tructures were e ver a ssoc ia ted w ith a s econd s equence o f s quare e nc losures wh ich c on ta in g roups o f g raves r a ther t han i nd iv idua l b ur ia ls . A L a T ene Ie xa mp le o f t h is p ract ice h as b een r ecorded f ro m E toges , Marne , where t wo sma l l s quares a pp ear t o h ave c on ta ined r espect ive ly t hree a nd f our i nhu ma t ions ( Bre tz- Mah ler , 1 971 , 1 91 a nd P l . 1 59 , F ig . 2 ) . Mu lt ip le b ur ia l e nc losures may h ave g a ined p opu lar ity d ur ing s ucceed ing p hases a t s i tes s uch a s N or m e , F are C ha mpeno ise a nd E curyle-Repos , where e ach o f t he d itched s quares a ppears t o h ave t aken o n t he c haracter ist ics o f ad ef ined c e metery a rea , u sed o ver a n e x tended p er iod ( Br isson , L opp in a nd F ro mo ls , 1 959 ;

B r isson a nd Ha t t , 1 960 ;

B r isson a nd H a t t , 1 955 ) .

A er ia l r econna issance T he impress ion t ha t f unerary e nc losures a nd b arrows may h ave b een r epea ted ly o ver looked b y e ar l ier e xcava tors i n n or thern F rance , j ust a s t hey were o n t he e qua l ly h eav i ly c u lt iva ted s lopes o f t he Yorksh ire Wo lds , i s s trong ly s uppor ted b y t he r esu lts o f a er ia l r econna issance o ver t he c ha lkl ands o f C ha mpagne a nd a long t he r iver v a l leys t o t he s ou th a nd west . T he e x istence o f c rop marks i n t he S o m me Va l ley was f i rst r ecogn ised b y B rad ford , a s ar esu lt o f m il i tary f l y ing c arr ied o u t s hor t ly a f ter Wor ld W a r I ( Brad ford , 1 957 , 7 , 7 5 , 7 6 ) , a l though s pec if ic f l igh ts o f a rchaeo log ica l r econna issance w ere o n ly b egun d ur ing t he l a te 1 950s .

T he r esu l ts o f t h is work h ave n ever-

t he less b een r eward ing t hroughou t n or thern F rance , w ith t he most s pectacu lar p rogress h av ing b een made i n t he S o m me Bas in r eg ion o f P icardy , where R oger Agache h as s ucceeded i n i den t ify ing a n a ston ish ing d ens ity o f p reh istor ic a nd Ga l lo-Ro man s et t le men t a nd r i tua l s i tes i n a n a rea p rev iously b e l ieved t o b e a rchaeo log ica l ly b arren ( Agache ,

1 975 ).

Work o n a more l im ited s ca le h as a lso b een c arr ied o ut i n a reas t o t he e ast b y I . M. S tead , J . K . S t . J oseph a nd a n u mber o f l oca l f l yers , a l l o f 1 17

who m h ave f ound i tp oss ib le t o r ecord c rop a nd s o i l marks t hroughou t t he d epar t men ts o f Marne a nd A rdennes a nd s ou thwards a s f ar a s t he Yonne V a l ley . A l though f ea tures h ave b een r ecorded i n t h is a rea d ur ing t he s u mmer mon ths , e xper ience h as s hown t ha t s o me o f t he b est r esu l ts may b e o b ta ined f ro m c rop- marks f or med d ur ing e ar ly s pr ing i n f i e lds o f w in ters own whea t ( S tead , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion ) . An impor tan t o u tco me o f t h is r econna issance h as b een t he r ecogn it ion t ha t sma l l s quare-d itched e nc losures make r egu lar a ppearances a s c ropmarks o r s o i l- marks a nd t ha t t he ir d istr ibu t ion s ee ms , i n t he l igh t o fp resen t k now ledge , t o b e r estr icted t o a n a rea o f n or th-eastern F rance b e tween t he m idd le r eaches o f t he r ivers Marne , A isne a nd Yonne . I n tens ive r econna iss ance o f n or th-western P icardy b y Agache h as f a i led t o p rov ide e v idence o f sma l l s quares t ha t m igh t b e a ssoc ia ted w ith i nd iv idua l b ur ia ls , a l though t he a rea h as y ie lded n u merous e xa mp les o f l arger e nc losures wh ich may p erhaps b e f unerary i n c haracter . S o me o f t he f irst s uccessfu l p hotography o f sma l l s quare e nc losures i n t he e astern r eg ion was c arr ied o u t b y P arruzo t , who i den t if ied a n u mber o f d ist inct g roups i n t he Yonne v a l ley .

Excava t ion a t C heny s ubsequen t ly

c on f ir med t ha t a t l east o ne o f t he g roups o f e nc losures was a ssoc ia ted w ith L a T ene Ia nd I g raves ( Parruzo t , 1 954 , 1 960 ;

S tead , 1 965 , 2 7 ) .

O f t he

s quare e nc losures r ecorded b y S t . J oseph , t he l argest g roup i s a ga in f ro m t he d epar t men t o f Yonne , where a t l east 8 sma l l s quares , 2r ing d i tches a nd u p t o 1 0 a l igned r ectangu lar g raves w i thou t e nc losing d itches h ave b een i dent i f ied a s c rop marks a t V inneuf ( F ig . 4 4 ) .

A dd it iona l sma l l marks w ith in

a nd b etween t he sma l ler e nc losures may r epresen t y e t f ur ther i nhu ma t ion g raves .

Af a in t c en tra l mark c an a lso b e s een w ith in a s quare e nc losure a t

Queudes , Marne , a lthough i n t h is i nstance t he t wo r ectang les a re h eav i ly o u tnu mbered b y ac oncen tra t ion o f 1 2 o r 1 3 r ing d itches ( Ca mbr idge Un ivers ity C o l lec t ion , BM M 6 7 ) .

A t V i l leneuve-la-Guyard , Yonne , ag roup o f t hree

s quares i s c onf ined t o o ne e nd o f t he s i te , wh i le a s many a s e igh t r ing d itches c an b e i den t if ied a t t he o ther ( Ca mbr idge Un ivers ity C o l lect ion , BNN 5 7 ) . T h is j ux tapos it ion o f r ound a nd s quare e nc losures i s ar ecurren t f ea ture amongst t he c rop mark s i tes a nd h as a lso b een r ecorded a t S t . G ibreu ( Marne ) , B a l loy ( Marne ) , A u lnay-sur- Marne ( Marne ) a nd , f ur ther west , a t L onguel es-A m iens ( So m me ) , P ierrepon t-sur-Arne ( So m me ) a nd B er tang les ( So m me ) where s ing le s quares o f l arger s ize a re a ssoc ia ted w i th i so la ted c irc les o f s im i lar p ropor t ions ( Ca mbr idge Un ivers ity C o l lect ion , F -F 6 8 ; F -F 7 6 ; F -E 6 9 ;

BMN 3 4 ;

BPQ 5 ) .

BOT 3 6 ;

T ha t e nc losures o f t hese t wo d ist inct

a nd o pposed s hapes s hou ld b e f ound i n c on junc t ion d äes n o th ing t o d im in ish t he a rgu men t o f a n e ssen t ia l ly f unerary f unct ion , a nd i ndeed i th as a lready b een s een t ha t ap reponderance o f c irc les t o s quares i s a s c haracter ist ic o f e xcava ted s i tes a s i ti s o f t hose s een f ro m t he a ir . I ti s more d if f icu lt , h owever , t o c on f ir m whether a l arge n u mber o f i so la ted r ing d i tches b e long t o t he s a me L a T bne h or izon o r r ef lect , a s i n s ou thern Br i ta in , t he f unerary a c t iv ity o f e ar l ier a nd l a ter c u ltura l p er iods . R e turn ing t o t he more d ist inct ive s quare e nc losures i ti s impor tan t t o d ist ingu ish b etween t he ma jor i ty o f e xamp les , w ithou t e n trance c auseways a nd a sma l ler n u mber wh ich d o s how s uch f ea tures .

1 18

I n many i nstances t he

p oor r end it ion o f marks ( espec ia l ly i n l egu m inous c rops , s uch a s l ucerne ) p reven ts c on f iden t i n terpreta t ion , b u t i ti s p oss ib le t o d eterm ine a n e n trance i n a n i so la ted e nc losure f ro m C herv i l le , Marne ( Ca mbr idge U n ivers i ty C o l lect ions , F -F 7 9 ) , a nd a nother t hrough t he s ide o f as o mewha t e longa ted s quare p hotographed n ear N eu f les-S t- Mar t in , Eure ( Ca mbr idge U n ivers i ty C o l lect ion , F -G 4 8 ) .

I n b o th c ases t he c auseways l i e d irect ly i n t he c en tre

o f t he ir e nc losure s ides a nd c on trast s trong ly w ith t he empha t ica l ly u n int errup ted d itches a t s i tes s uch a s B er tang les o r V inneuf .

Wh i le i tm igh t

b e a rgued , i n t he a bsence o f e xcava t ion , t ha t a n e nc losure w ith a n e n trance c ou ld r epresen t t he s i te o f ar egu lar ly v is i ted b ur ia l g round o r s hr ine , i ti s e qua l ly p oss ib le f or t he d ef ined a rea t o h ave c on ta ined a h ouse o r s o me o ther f or m o f s ecu lar s truc ture .

A ccess t o a n e nc losure w ithou t a n e n trance wou ld

b e more d if f icu lt , h owever , r equ ir ing e i ther a p er manen t o r p or tab le b r idge a nd wh i le s tra teg ic c ons idera t ions m igh t make t he l a t ter a lterna t ive a t trac t ive i n t he c ase o f o ver t ly d efens ive s i tes , t hey wou ld h ard ly s ee m a ppropr ia te f or f eatures r are ly e xceed ing 1 5 min d ia meter .

The a bsence o f e n trances

i n t he ma jor ity o f e nc losures t hus a l lows t he i nference t ha t a ccess ib i l ity was n ot t he im med ia te c oncern o f t hose r espons ib le f or t he ir c onstruct ion . I tc an i n t urn b e s uggested t ha t t h is c harac ter ist ic may h ave b een a p os it ive f ea ture i fs uch e nc losures were i n tended t o d ef ine a nd p hys ica l ly i so la te a f unerary a rea f ro m t he o u ts ide wor ld o f t he l iv ing . U p t o t h is p o in t a t ten t ion h as b een f ocussed o n t he c lass o f sma l l e nc los ures wh ich h ave t he c losest morpho log ica l a f f in it ies w ith e xa mp les f ro m e astern Yorksh ire .

I ti s n ow n ecessary t o c ons ider a n a dd it iona l c lass o f

e nc losures wh ich may a lso b e f unerary i n c haracter , d esp ite t he ir l arger s ize , d if feren t d istr ibu t ion , a nd o ccurrence i n i so la t ion r a ther t han i n g roups . B etween 1 961 a nd 1 974 S t . J oseph r ecorded a s er ies o f e nc losures v ary ing b e tween 1 5 m a nd 3 0 m i n d iame ter i n t he d epar t men ts o f S o mme a nd L o iret . A lthough e xa mp les f ro m B re i l ly ( So m me ) , C oudray ( Lo iret ) , A iranes ( So m me ) a nd C ardonnet te ( So m me ) l i e e n t ire ly o n t he ir own ( Ca mbr idge U n iversi ty C o l lect ion , F -B 2 4 ;

BOT 1 8 ;

F -H 8 7 ;

BMN 2 2 ) , o ne s quare a t L ongpreles-

Am iens ( So m me ) i s a ssoc ia ted w ith a s ing le a nd t wo mu lt ip le r ing d itches ( S t . J oseph , 1 962 , P l . 3 7a ) , wh i le t he c o mb ina t ion o f o ne s quare a nd o ne c irc le h as b een p ho tographed a t B er tang les ( So m me ) a nd P ierrepon t-sur-Arne ( So m me ) ( Ca mbr idge Un ivers ity C o l lect ions , BPQ 5 ;

BMN 3 4 ) .

T he c har-

a cter ist ics s hown b y t h is sma l l s a mp le a re r ef lected i n t he r esu l ts o b ta ined b y Agache .

I n a dd it ion t o t he e xa mp les p ho tographed b y S t . J oseph , Agache

h as l i sted 7 0 s ites a t wh ich t he s a me d ist inc t ive s quare e nc losures h ave b een s een ( Agache , 1 975 ).

T h is l arger s er ies c on f ir ms t ha t t he f ea tures a re

c oncen tra ted i n t he c en tra l S o m me B asin a round Am iens , a nd p ub l ished p hotographs o ft en o f t he s i tes i l lustra te t he h o mogene i ty o f t h is c lass o f e nc losure , a ga in t yp if ied b y a n a bsence o f e n trance ways ( Agache 1 962 , F igs . 5 3 , 6 5 ;

1 964 , F igs . 1 38 , 1 39 ;

1 970 , F igs . 3 16 , 3 26-329 , 3 31 , 3 50 ) .

A gache c on f ir ms t ha t h is e xa mp les "i l s s e r econ tren t s ouven t i so le men t , p arfo is p ar d eux , ma is j a ma is p ar g roupes d enses , c o m me c 'est l e c as d ans l a v a l lee d e Yonne , e n B ourgogne e t d ans l e C en tre-Est d e l a F rance" ( Agache , 1 970 , 3 2 ) .

A lthough t he ma jor i ty o f t hese e nc losures s how l i t t le

i n t he way o f i n terna l f ea tures , s o me s igns o f c en tra l d isturbance , p oss ib ly

1 20

r e la ted t o g raves , h ave b een n oted a t C agny ( Agache , 1 970 , F ig . 3 29 ) a nd w ith in a n u nusua l ly sma l l e nc losure a t C onde -Fo l ie . F ur ther more , a s econd e nc losure a t C onde -Fo l ie may s how t races o f ah eav i ly p loughed c en tra l b arrow mound ( Agache , 1 970 , F ig . 3 50 a nd p . 3 2 ) .

A lthough i t

h as b een c on f ir med t ha t a n e xa mp le f ro m A l lonv i l le c on ta ined a L a T ine I c re ma t ion ( Ferd iere e t a l ., 1 973 ) , t here i s a s y e t i nsuf f ic ien t e xcava t ion e v idence t o d eter m ine whether t he S o m me B as in e nc losures a re g enera l ly f unerary i n c harac ter .

E ven i fi tc ou ld b e c on f ir med t ha t t he s er ies o f

i so la ted western s quares h ab itua l ly c on ta in s ing le b ur ia ls ( or , i n v iew o f t he ir l arger s ize , g roups o f g raves ) i tw i l l s t i l l b e n ecessary t o d raw a f unda men ta l d ist inc t ion b e tween t he m a nd t he ir sma l ler , g rouped c oun terp ar ts i n C ha mpagne , wh ich a t t he p resen t t ime p resen t t he c losest a na log ies f or t he s i tes f ro m e astern Yorksh ire . S ou thern Eng land I n s eek ing p ara l le ls f or s quare b arrows i n p ar ts o f B r i ta in b eyond t he c ha lk lands o f e astern Yorksh ire S tead was a b le t o i den t ify a n u mber o f sma l l s quare e ar thworks t ha t h ad s urv ived d estruct ion i n u np loughed u p land a reas o f D orset , S ussex a nd G loucestersh ire , a l though n one o f t hese h as p rov ided c onf ir ma t ion o f aL a T ene f unerary f unct ion ( S tead , 1 965 , 2 3-24 ) . F ur thermore , t hese e xa mp les , wh ich h ave b een r ecorded a t D id l ing , S ussex ; Win terbourne S teep leton , D orset , a nd c lose t o t he I ron Age h i l lfor t a t L eckha mp ton , G loucs ., a l l t ake t he f or m o f l ow e ar then mounds s urrounded b y s quare-p lan embanked e nc losures r a ther t han t he p er i meter d i tches t ha t c haracter ise A rras C u l ture b arrows .

T he o n ly W e ss ex b arrow wh ich h as

b een a ssoc ia ted p os it ive ly w ith a s quare d i tched e nc losure was e xcava ted a t H and ley , D orset , b u t p rov ided i nconclus ive e v idence o f i t s d a te a nd c u ltura l a ssoc ia t ions ( Wh ite 1 970 ) .

A l though i t was a pparen t t ha t t he c en tra l b ur ia l

h ad t aken t he f or m o f ac re ma t ion , t he d isturbed n a ture o f t he d epos it p rev en ted t he e xcava tor f ro m d eter m in ing whe ther t he i n ter men t s hou ld b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he l a ter I ron Age o r Ro mano-Br it ish p ot tery r ecovered f ro m t he s i te . A er ia l p ho tography h as b een u nab le t o r evea l f ur ther e xa mp les o f p ossib le f unerary e nc losures i n c en tra l o r western c oun t ies o f s ou thern Eng land , b u t as er ies o f n ear ly 5 0 c rop mark s i tes i n t he E ast Mid lands a nd East Ang l ia r equ ires more s er ious c ons idera t ion ( F ig . 4 5 a nd A ppend ix D .3 ).

I n t he

a bsence o f a dequa te e xcava t ion a ny a ssess men t o f t h is s equence o f f ea tures must n ever the less b e b ased e n t ire ly o n morpho log ica l c haracter ist ics s hared w ith t he e nc losures f ro m e astern Yorksh ire a nd n or thern F rance .

The

ma jor ity o f t he more c onv inc ing e xa mp les l i e o n t he a rchaeo log ica l ly r ich r iver g rave ls o f t he Tren t , We l land a nd O use , where t he ir d istr ibu t ion c orresponds we l l w i th t ha t o f East M id land c rop marks i n g enera l .

As econd

g roup o f s quare e nc losure s i tes h as b een i den t if ied i n af a ir ly r estr icted a rea o f s ou thern E ssex a nd r equ ires s im i lar a t ten t ion . With in t he T ren t Va l ley t he most s uper f ic ia l ly b arrow-l ike e nc losures a re t hose t ha t l i e b e tween t he p ara l le l d i tches o f aN eo l ith ic c ursus n ear A ston-on-Tren t , D erbysh ire ( D .3 .7 ) .

I n 1 967 o ne o f t he 5 o r 6v is ib le

e nc losures , whose s im i lar ity t o Yorksh ire b arrow e nc losures h ad a lready

1 21

1 22

b een r ecogn ised b y S t . J oseph ( 1966 ) , was e xcava ted i n o rder t o d eter m ine whe ther i t was i ndeed a L a T ine b arrow .

T he r esu lts o f t h is work were

u n for tuna te ly i nconc lus ive , f or a l though I ron Age p o t tery s herds were r ec overed f ro m t he u pper l eve ls o f t he d itch f i l l ing , n o t races c ou ld b e f ound o f ac en tra l b ur ia l , s urround ing b ank o r b arrow mound .

T he g enera l s hape

o f t he f ea ture n ever the less c on for med w e l l w i th t ha t o f Yorksh ire b arrows , a nd i n v iew o f t he r e la t ive s ha l lowness o f t he d i tches t he e xcava tor a rgued t ha t a ny u pstand ing e ar thwork , a long w ith t he b ur ia l b enea th i t , migh t h ave b een r e moved b y many g enera t ions o f a rab le c u lt iva t ion ( May , 1 970 , 2 0 a nd F ig . 2 ) . Ap a ir o f e nc losures l y ing i n c lose p rox im ity a t Oak thorpe , L e ics ( D . 3 .30 ) , a nd a s ing le e xa mp le f ro m T ixa l l , S ta f fs ( D .3 .46 ) , b ear a s im i lar r ese mb lance t o L a T ene b arrows i n t he u se o f s of tened s ub-angu lar c orners a nd i n ac o mp lete a bsence o f e n trance c auseways a cross t he d i tch c ircu i t . As equence o f a bou t 5c rop marks e nc losures a t L ock ing ton , L e ics ( D .3 .29 ) , a re l ess c on i nc ing , h owever , a s a t l east o ne me mber o f t he g roup s hows t races o f ap oss ib le e n trance , wh ich may s uggest , i fn ot imp ly a d o mest ic r a ther t han f unerary f unc t ion .

Ag roup o f v ar ious ly a l igned e nc losures wh ich

h ave b een r ecorded o n s evera l o ccas ions o nt he b anks o f t he Tren t a t N or th Muskha m , N ot ts ( D .3 .38 ) a re s im i lar ly c on fus ing .

H ere i ti s t he n arrowness

o f t he d itches , c oup led w ith t he u nusua l a ngu lar ity o f t he c orners , wh ich p rev en ts c lose c o mpar ison w ith t he t rue s quare b arrows , a lthough i td oes a ppear t ha t e ach o f t he e nc losures i s a ga in w ithou t ad ef ined e n trance ( F ig . 4 6 ) . T he s ize o f t he e xa mp les f ro m b o th L ock ing ton a nd N orth Muskha m s ee ms t o r ange b etween 1 0 m a nd 1 5 m a nd i s c er ta in ly c o mpa t ib le w ith t he e xa mp les f ro m e astern Yorksh ire . T he most impor tan t o f t he We l land v a l ley e nc losure g roups l i es w ith in a n e x tens ive s yste m o f c rop marks a t G rea t ford , L incs ( D .3 .32 ) , wh ich a pparen t ly r epresen ts a ma jor a rea o f I ron A ge a nd Ro mano-Br it ish r ura l s et t le men t .

A t l east 6 sma l l s quares , n one o f t he m w ith o bv ious e n trance

c auseways , c an b e s een h ere a rranged r ough ly i n ar ow .

W ith t he e xcep t ion

o f t he most n or ther ly e xamp le , wh ich i s t i lted t o o ne s ide , a l l t he s quares h ave a pprox i ma te ly t he s a me a l ign men t a nd a re o f t he s a me s ize ( 7 -9m ) a nd s harp ly-ang led s hape ( F ig . 4 7 ) .

A l though t he ir r egu lar p os it ion ing

s uggests a c oheren t a nd o rgan ised g roup , i ti s d if f icu lt t o d eter m ine whether sma l l d ark marks a t t he c en tres o f a t l east t wo o f t he s quares s hou ld b e i n terpreted a s g rave p its o r a s s tray me mbers o f al oose g roup o f o ccupa t iona l p its wh ich l i e i n t he s a me modern f i e ld . A sma l ler c luster o f f four s quares h as a lso b een p hotographed a t Dowsby , L incs ( D .3 .31 ) , wh i le f ur ther u p t he We l land Va l ley t here i s ac lear ly d ef ined p a ir o f e nc losures a t K et ton , L e ics ( D .3 .28 ) ,

L ike t he G rea t ford e xa mp les , t he K et ton s quares a ppear t o h ave

ac o m mon a l ign men t , b u t f a i l t o s how o bv ious i n terna l f ea tures , a l though t h is may b e d ue i n p ar t t o t he v ery r ipe c ond it ion o f t he o ver ly ing c rop .

T he t wo

e nc losures l i e a pprox i ma te ly 3 0 m a par t a nd s how n o d irect a ssoc ia t ion w ith a ny o ther c rop mark f ea tures , a l though t hree l arge r ing d itches a nd t wo l arg er e nc losures c an b e r ecogn ised s o me 7 5 m t o 1 50 m t o t he n or th . N o s quare e nc losures h ave y et b een i den t if ied i n t he o therw ise a rchaeo log ica l ly r ich N ene v a l ley , b u t a n i n terest ing a nd we l l-def ined r ow o f s quares

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APPEND IX E

Sword-graves D orset 1 .

Brad ford P evere l l , Q ua tre Bras S Y 6 42934 I sola ted d iscovery o f a n i ron s word , p o t tery s herds a nd b ones , p resumed t o b e h u man .

A l though t he b ones a nd p o t tery s herds

a re n ow l os t , t h is was p robably a s wordinhuma t ion . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : a ) Fragmen tary I ron s word ( Dorches ter Museu m ).

' I ron t ang o f

b lade r e ma ins , t he c law-poin ted p la te h e ld t he t op o f t he p o m me l b u t t he l a t ter , t oge ther w i th t he g r ips , were p robab ly made o f wood o r b one , a nd h ave p er ished .

The b ronze r ings wh ich e nc ir-

c led t he g r ips a re i nc ised w i th a p a t tern ' ( 0 .S . S urvey r epor t ). b ) P o t tery s herds , n ow l os t a nd n ever d escr ibed . Ref :

P iggo t t , 1 950 , 2 8 O rdnance S urvey r ecord

2 .

Wh i tco mbe

( See a lso A ppend ix B .28 .12 )

SY 7 11881 Excava t ion o f al a te I ron Age a nd R o mano-Br i t ish s e t t le men t s i te b etween 1 965-7 r evea led a sma l l b ur ia l g round c on ta in ing 1 2 i nhuma t ion b ur ia ls .

A l l b od ies l ay c rouched o n t he r igh t s ide a nd

a l l were o r ien ted b e tween S E a nd NE.

8o f t he s ke le tons were

a ssoc ia ted w i th g rave-goods t yp ica l o f t he l a test I ron Age i nhu ma t ion t rad i t ion o f s ou thern D orse t b u t o ne s ke leton o f ay oung a du l t ma le was b ur ied w i th warr ior e qu ip men t . S ke leton 1 2.

A du l t ma le , a ged C . 2 7 y ears , l y ing c rouched o n t he

r igh t s ide i n as ha l low e ar th g rave ( Col l is , F ig . 2 ) . O r ien ta t ion :

S E

Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : a ) Broad i ron s word w i th t races o f a wooden s hea th a nd b ronzes cabbard b ind ing .

L y ing o n t he r igh t s ide o f t he s ke le ton a nd

r est ing a cross t he r igh t k nee ( Co l l is , F ig . 2 ). b ) 2i ron s uspens ion r ings l oca ted o n e i ther s ide o f t he s word , as hor t d istance b e low t he h i l t . c ) I ron s pearhead l y ing o n t he c hest .

3 45

d ) I ron h am mer-head . e ) I ron t ool , o f u nknown p urpose . f ) La n ne I b rooch b y r igh t s hou lder . g ) C ircu lar b ronze h e lthook o ver r ight s hou lder . h ) Bronze f ragmen t . i ) C ircu lar c ha lk p o m me l , w i th c en tra l p erfora t ion . Refs :

A i tken , 1 967 , 1 26 =7 A itken a nd S tead , f or thco ming C ol l is , 1 972 , 1 25-6 a nd F ig . 2

Ha mpsh ire 3 .

Ows lebury S U 5 25246 Excava t ion o f ac o mp lex l a te I ron Age s e t t le men t s i te o ccup ied u n t i l t he s econd c entury A .D . r evea led a s er ies o f La n ne I I c re ma t ions ( Append ix F .85 ) , R o mano-Br i t ish i nhu ma t ions a nd a s ing le l a te I ron Age i nhu ma t ion a ssoc ia ted w i th warr ior e qu ip men t . S ke leton 3 9.

Adu lt ma le , a ged 4 0-50 y ears , l y ing e x tended o n t he

b ack w ith t he a rms b y t he s ide .

The b ody l ay i n ag rave w i th in a

r ectangu lar e nc losure t ha t a lso c on ta ined La Tbne I I c re ma t ions. The e xcava tor i nd ica tes t ha t t he i nhu ma t ion was t he f irs t b ur ia l a t t he s i te a nd t ha t t he c re ma t ions b e long t o t he l a ter f irst c en tury B .C . ( Co l lis , 1 972 , 1 30 a nd F ig . 3 ) .

The b ody was c overed w i th

at h in l ayer o f b urn t ma ter ia l t ha t i nc luded a s ing le c arbon ised c erea l g rain . Or ien ta t ion :

N

Assoc ia ted o b jects : a ) I ron sword i n wooden s cabbard w i th l ea ther b ind ing ( Co l l is , 1 972 , 1 26 a nd F ig , 4 ,2 ) , o n r igh t s ide o f b ody. b ) I ron s pear-head , i ron s pear-shaf t f erru le a nd b ronze s ha f tb ind ing ( Col l is , 1 972 , 1 26 a nd F ig . 4 , 1 ) , o n l e f t s ide o fb ody. c ) 2b ronze sword-suspension r ings ( Co l lis , 1 972 , 1 26 a nd f ig . 4 , 3 -4 ). d ) T inned o r s i lvered w inged b e lthook ( Col l is , 1 972 , 1 26-7 a nd F ig , 4 , 5 ) . e ) Bronze b u t terf ly-shaped s h ie ld-boss n a i led t o a wooden s h ie ld o f i nder minable s hape ( Co l l is , 1 972 , 1 27 , 1 29 a nd F ig . 4 ,6 a -e ). Refs :

Co ll is , 1 968 , 1 8-31 C ol l is , 1 972 , 1 21-33

3 46

Humberside 4 .

Bug thorpe

( See a lso A ppend ix D .1 .4 )

S E 7 73580 I so la ted d iscovery o f a n i nhu ma t ion i n o r b e fore 1 860 a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i ron s word a nd p oss ib le s h ie ld d ecora t ions .

N o d e ta i ls

o f t he d iscovery r ecorded . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : a ) I ron s word i n d ecora ted b ronze s hea th , ( P iggo t t , 1 950 , 2 6;

P iggot t G roup I I f or m

F ig . 2 , N o . 5 ) .

b ) 2b ronze d iscs d ecora ted w i th e na me l b eads .

E i ther s h ie ld

d ecora t ions o r p ar ts o f ab rooch r epu ted ly f ound i n t he g rave ( S tead , 1 965 , 6 9 a nd F ig . 3 6 ). c ) 2b ronze s tuds . R e fs :

P roc . S oc . An t iq . L ond ., 2 nd s er ies , 1 , 1 860-1 , 2 63 T hurnham , 1 871 , 4 75 G reenwe l l , 1 877 , 5 0 S tead , 1 965 , 6 7-70 , 1 04

5 .

Bur ton F leming - R udston

( See a lso Append ix D .1 .6 )

c . TA 0 94694 E xcava t ions c arr ied o u t b e tween 1 967-75 h ave r evea led a n e x tens ive c e me tery o f i nhu ma t ions b enea th s quare-d i tched b arrows .

O f 1 89

b ur ia ls s o f ar e xcava ted , 1 0 were a cco mpan ied b y i ron s words . The ma jor i ty o f b ur ia ls a re e i ther c rouched o r c on trac ted a nd a re a cco mpan ied b y p ot tery v esse ls , L a T bne I b rooches a nd p ig-bones . A sma l ler g roup o f e x tended i nhuma t ions n ever p ossess t he a bove r ange o f ma ter ia l f orms a nd i nc ludes t he s equence o f i nhu ma t ions w i th s words .

These l a t ter b ur ia ls a re i nvar iab ly o r ien ted E -W ,

w i th t he h ead n or ma l ly , t hough n o t i nvar iab ly , a t t he E e nd . 1 . S ke leton 1 0 ( 1971 ) O r ien ta t ion :

L ying o n t he b ack w i th s hor t i ron s word .

E

2 . S ke leton 1 4 ( 1973 )

L ying o n t he b ack w i th s hor t i ron s word a nd

s pear . O r ien ta t ion :

E

3 . S ke le ton 1 7 ( 1973 )

L ying o n t he b ack w i th s hor t i ron s word a nd

s pear . O r ien ta t ion : 4 .

E

S ke leton ( 1974 ) O r ien ta t ion :

e x tended o n b ack w i th s word .

E

5 . S ke le ton ( 1974 ) e x tended o n b ack w i th s word . O r ien ta t ion :

W

3 47

6 .

S ke leton ( 1 974 ) Or ien ta t ion : Re f :

6 .

e x tended o n b ack w i th sword a nd s pear .

E

S tead , 1 977 , 2 19 a nd p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion .

K irkburn , Eastburn

( See a lso Append ix D .1 .16 )

TA 0 07564 P oor ly r ecorded e xava t ion o f a La n ne b arrow-ce metery c ornp r is ing c . 7 5 sma l l b arrows w i th c ircu lar d i tches.

A l l g raves

c on ta ined c rouched i nhu ma t ions a nd i n a dd i t ion t o o ne b ur ia l a ssoc iated w i th a s word , o thers c on ta ined a n i ron s pearhead ( Grave 7 ) a nd f rag men ts o f b ronze p ossib ly a ssoc ia ted w i th s h ie ldf i t t ings ( Graves 1 1-12 ) ( Sheppard , G rave 8 .

1 939 ;

S tead , 1 965 , 1 10 ).

C rouched s ke le ton .

Assoc ia ted o b jec t :

S hor t i ron sword , w i th t races o f wooden s hea th

( Sheppard , 1 939 , P l . I V ). Refs :

S heppard , 1 939 , 4 0-1 S tead , 1 965 , 1 10

7 .

Mi l l ing ton , G r i mthorpe S E 8 16535 D iscovery b e tween 1 868-7 1 o f 4i nhumat ions w i th in a n I ron Age h i l l-for t .

Af ur ther i nhu ma t ion was l oca ted i n 1 961 .

O ne o f

t he i nhu ma t ions was a ssoc ia ted w i th warr ior e qu ip men t .

( Re ma inder

s ee Append ix D .1 .20 ). Bur ia l 1 .

S ke leton o f a n a du lt ma le l y ing c rouched o n t he l e f t

s ide i n a n o va l c ha lk-cu t g rave w i th a s h ield o ver t he b ody a nd a s word a t t he s ide ( S tead , 1 968 , F ig . 1 1 ). Or ien ta t ion :

S

Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : a ) I ron sword i n s cabbard w i th b ronze c hape ( S tead , F igs . 1 4-15 ). b ) I ron s pearhead ( S tead , F ig . 1 3 , N o. 4 ). C ) Bronze b oss a nd f i tt ings f ro m a wooden s h ie ld ( S tead , F ig . 1 2 ). d ) Bronze d isc ( S tead , F ig . 1 3 , N o . 1 ) . e ) 2b ronze s tuds ( S tead , F ig . 1 3 , N os. 2 -3 ). f ) Bronze r ivet a nd 3 n a i ls ( S tead , F ig . 1 2 , N os . 6 -9 ). g ) C ora l b ead w i th b ronze p in r unn ing t hrough i t ( S tead , F ig . 1 5a ). h ) P iece o f i ron w i th b ronze e dg ing , p ossibly s cabbard f ragment . i ) 1 6 b one p oints ( S tead , F ig . 1 6 ). Refs :

Mor t i mer , 1 869 , 1 80-2 Mor t i mer , 1 905 , 1 50-2 S tead , 1 968 ,

1 66-7 0 3 48

8 .

Rudston , Thorpe c . TA 1 167 O bscure r epor t o f t he d iscovery o f a n i ron sword w i th b ones i n ag arden i n 1 891 .

N o o ther d eta i ls a re k nown .

Assoc ia ted o b jec t :

I ron s word a nd

t i on ( Greenwel l , F ig . 2 3 ; Refs :

s cabbard w i th e na me l d ecora-

Smi th , 1 925 , P l . V I I I , N o. 4 ).

G reenwe l l , 1 906 , F ig . 2 3 Sm ith , 1 925 , P I . V I I I S tead , 1 965 , 6 5-6 , 7 4

I s le o f Wigh t 9 .

V entnor , S t L awrence S Z 5 31764 Rescue e xcava t ion o f a n i sola ted i nhu ma t ion a ssoc ia ted w i th warr ior e qu ip men t i n 1 963 .

S ke leton o f a n a du lt ma le s o mewha t d isturbed ,

b u t p robably c rouched , i n a n e arth g rave. Assoc ia ted o b ject :

I ron sword i n s hea th w i th b ronze g uard ( S tead ,

3 53-4 a nd F ig . 2 , N os. 1 a nd 2 ). b ) I ron s h ie ld f i t t ings , i nc lud ing b oss a nd s p ine ( S tead , 3 54 a nd F ig . 2 , Nos. 3 -4 ). c ) 3c ircu lar i ron r ings , p ossib ly f or sword-suspension ( S tead , 3 54 a nd F ig . 2 , N o . 6 ) d ) Par t o f af la t i ron d isc o f u nknown u se ( S tead , 3 54 a nd F ig . 2 , No . 5 ) . Ref :

S tead , 1 969a , 3 51-4.

Norfolk 1 0 .

S hou ldham TF 6 83085 Chance d iscovery i n 1 944 o f a n i so la ted i nhu ma t ion b enea th a med ieva l c e metery.

S ke leton o f a n a du l t ?ma le l y ing e x tended

o n t he b ack w i th a sword l y ing a cross t he c hest . Assoc ia ted o b jects : p oid h i lt .

I ron s word w i th k nob-headed b ronze a nthro-

Hawkes C lass B-1 ( C larke a nd Hawkes , 1 955 , 2 06 , 2 26 ).

P iggot t G roup I ( P iggo t t , 1 950 , 2 6 ) Refs :

C larke a nd Hawkes , 1 955 , 1 98-227 P iggot t , 1 950 , 1 -28

3 49

Nor th Yorksh ire 1 1.

B irdsa l l , Nor th G r i mston

( See a lso Append ix D .1 .2 )

S E 8 34668 I sola ted s keleton o f a n a du l t ?ma le e x tended i n as ha l low g rave a ssoc iated w ith 2 s words a nd o ther o b jec ts .

The s ke leton o f t he

p ig l ay o n t he l e f t s ide o f t he b ody. Or ien tat ion :

S

Assoc iated o b jec ts : a ) I ron sword w i th b ronze a nthropoid h i l t , P iggot t G roup I ; Hawkes , C lass F ( P iggot t , 1 950 , 2 5 ; 2 26;

C larke a nd Hawkes ,

1 955 ,

S heppard , 1 934 , F ig . 1 ) .

b ) L ong i ron s word i n i ron s cabbard . c ) Two i ron s uspension r ings . d ) C ircu lar b ronze b e lt-hook . e ) Amber r ing a nd f ragmen ts o f aj e t r ing . f ) Frag men tary s h ie ld f i t t ings . Refs :

Mor t i mer , 1 905 , 3 54-7 P iggot t , 1 950 , 2 6 S tead , 1 965 , 6 8 , 1 10 C o l l is , 1 972 , 1 26

1 2.

C lotherhol me c . S E 2 872 I sola ted d iscovery o f a n i ron a n thropo id sword i n C . 1 915 , r epu ted ly a ssoc ia ted w i th b ones , a l though t here i s n o f ir m e v idence t ha t t hese were h u man ( S tead , 6 8 ). Assoc ia ted o b jec t : Ia ;

I ron s word w ith a n thropoid h i lt , P iggo t t G roup

Hawkes , C lass F ( P iggot t , 1 950 , 2 6 , No. 4 0 , P l . XXV I I ;

C larke a nd Hawkes , 2 25 ; Refs :

Manby , 1 6, F igs A a nd B ).

Proc . S oc . An t iq . L ond . 2 7 , 1 914-15 , 2 14 S heppard , 1 934 , 1 32-6 a nd P l . f acing p . 1 34 P iggot t , 1 950 , 2 6 C larke a nd Hawkes , 1 955 , 1 98-227 Manby , 1 963 , 1 5-17 S tead , 1 965 , 6 8

Ox fordsh ire 1 3.

S u t ton C our teney ? c . S U 5 094 I so la ted d iscovery o f ac on trac ted i nhu ma t ion d ur ing g rave l q uarrying i n 1 826.

The s ke leton was f ound a t ad epth o f 4 ' ( 1 .20 m) a nd was

d escr ibed a s ' ga thered u p ' a nd ' w i th t he k nees a nd c hin b rough t

3 50

n ear t oge ther '.

The b ody h ad b een p laced i n a' c ist o r sma l l

c av i ty ' a nd was a ssoc ia ted w i th a s er ies o f o b jec ts t ha t s uggest as word-grave a nd o ne o r more A ylesford C u l ture c re ma t ions . Assoc ia ted b rooches ( 6 2.7-19 .17-21 ) a nd a b u t t-beaker ( 62.7-19.14 ) s urv ive i n Br i t ish Museu m . A ssoc ia ted o b jec ts : a ) 4b ronze b rooches o f ' Co lchester ' La T bne I I f or m ( Fig . 5 1 .1-4 ). b ) Bronze b rooch o f ' Lang ton D own ' f or m ( Fig . 5 1-5 ). c ) Large ' brass ' r ing , p oss ib ly f or s word s uspension ( Fig . 5 1 .6 ). ( Brooches a nd r ing i l lustra ted Way MS ). d ) I ron s h ie ld b oss , o f u nknown f or m , f ound o ver t he c hest . e ) Fragmen tary i ron o b jec t , ' probab ly a weapon '. f ) L arge d ark-co loured p ot tery v esse l ' i nver ted a nd p laced o n f ragmen ts o f at i le '. ( Sh ie ld b oss , weapon a nd p o t tery v esse l d escr ibed i n Way MS .) R e f :

A lber t Way , MS . v o lu me ' Fibu lae ' ( Soc . An t iq . L ibrary , L ondon ) J esse K ing , MS . c o l lec t ion ( Ash mo lean Museu m , O x ford ) Wh i mster , 1 979 , 9 3-96

I re land 1 4.

L a mbay I s land , Dub l in 03 07510

( See a lso A ppend ix K .2 )

( I r ish Na t iona l G r id )

D iscovery o f as er ies o f c rouched i nhu ma t ions d ur ing c onstruc t ion o f as ea-wa l l i n 1 927. O ther g raves h ad b een f ound i n e ar l ier y ears , b u t h ad n ever b een d escr ibed i n d e ta i l . N o p lan o f t he 1 927 d iscovery was made , n or were a ssoc ia t ions r ecorded .

Bod ies

l ay i n h o l lows i n ac lay l ayer , c overed b y 5 '6" ( 1 .65 m ) o f s eas and .

T here i s af ur ther s uggest ion t ha t i nd iv idua l b od ies h ad

b een c overed w i th c lean s i lver-sand d ur ing b ur ia l ( Maca lister , 1 929 , 2 40-6 ).

T he s er ies o f La T bne I I o b jec ts l i s ted b e low a re

a l l , f ro m t hese g raves , a l though d e ta i led a ssoc ia t ions a re n ot k nown a nd i ts hou ld b e r ecogn ised t ha t n o t a l l t he ma ter ia l was n ecessar i ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he s word .

T he p resence o f a n i ron

mirror , i n p ar t icu lar , i mp l ies t he p oss ibi l i ty o f af e ma le g rave . A ssoc ia ted o b jec ts :

( Mac - Maca l ister , 1 929 )

a ) Fragmen tary i ron s word b lade ( Mac . No . 3 3 , p . 2 44 a nd P l . XXV , 1 ) b ) I ron f ragmen t o f s word h and-guard ( Mac . No . 3 3 , p . 2 44 , P l . XXV , 1 ) . C ) 3b ronze s cabbard- moun ts f or l ea ther o r wooden s cabbard . i ) P la in b ronze b and , f l a t tened a t f ron t .

3 51

i ) Double b ronze b and , l i nked b y o pen-work p ane l w i th mu lt ip le t r iske le d ev ice . i i ) Bronze b and w ith s uspended ' D '-shaped o pen-work p ane l c on ta in ing c o mp lex c urv i l inear d esign b ased o n mu l t iple t r iske les. Par t o f c hape . ( Mac . No. 2 4 , p . 2 43 , P l . XX IV ;

P iggot t , 1 950 , 2 8 )

d ) He m ispher ica l b ronze s h ie ld b oss w i th d isc-shaped t er m ina l a t c rest .

F ound i n s a me g rave a s sword ( Mac . N o. 2 1 , p . 2 34 ,

P l . X I I I , 1 9 a nd a -d ). e ) I ron mirror w i th b ar h and le ( Mac . N o . 3 4 , p . 2 43 , P l . XXV , 2 ) . f ) Bronze c o llar c o mpr is ing a p enannu lar b ronze r ing w i th b eaded t er m ina ls j ointed t o af ron t p or t ion b ear ing 8 i nd iv idua l b ronze b eads , s paced w i th t h in b ronze d iscs ( Mac N o . 2 3 , p . 2 43 , P l . XX IV , 3 ) . g ) Frag men tary b ronze d isc w i th e labora te r epouss6 c urv i l inear La Tbne d ecora t ion , d ia meter c . 1 6.5 ems ( Mac . No . 2 2 , p . 2 43 , P l . XX IV , 1 ;

L eeds , 1 933 , 5 9-60 a nd F ig . 2 4 ).

h ) Bronze b rooch o f ' Lang ton Down ' f or m ( Mac . N o. 3 1 , p . 2 44 , P l . XX IV , 1 0 ). i ) Bronze b rooch o f ' Do lph in ' f or m w i th b lue e na me l i n lay ( Mac . No . 3 0 , p . 2 44 ,

P i . XX IV , 6 ) .

j ) Bronze b rooch o f ' Do lph in ' f or m ( Mac . No . 2 8 , p . 2 44 , P l. XX IV , 8 ) . k ) Bronze b rooch o f ' Dolph in ' f or m .

I den t ica l , b u t n on-func t iona l ,

c opy o f j( Mac . No . 2 9 , p . 2 43 , P l . XX IV , 9 ) . 1 ) Bronze b rooch o f ' Th ist le ' f or m ( Mac . No . 3 2 , p . 2 44 , P l . XX IV , 7 ). m) Bronze r ing , d ia meter 2 .8 ems ( Mac . No . 2 5 , p . 2 43 , P l . XX I I , 1 4 ). n ) Bronze T ing , d ia meter 2 .3 ems , f ound o n f i rst j o in t o f a midd le f inger ( Mac . No . 2 6 , p . 2 43 , P l . XX I I , 1 3 ). o ) Bronze r ing , d ia meter 4 ems ( Mac . N o . 2 7 , p . 2 43 , P l . XX I I , 1 4 ). p ) I ron r ing , w i th b ronze c oa t ing , d iameter 6 .2 ems ( Mac . N o. 3 5 , p . 2 44 , P l . XX IV , 2 ). q ) L ign ite r ing , d ia meter 7 .5 ems ( Mac . No . 3 6 , p . 2 44 , P l . XX IV , 4 ). Refs ;

Maca l ister , 1 929 , 2 40-6 Leeds , 1 933 , 5 9-60 , F ig . 2 4 Maca l ister , 1 949 , 2 46-7 a nd F ig . 3 5 R ynne , 1 976 , 2 31-244

3 52

Wa les Gwynedd ( Ang lesey ) 1 5.

L langeinwen , G e l l in iog Wen

( See a lso Append ix J .4 )

SH 4 59658 I sola ted d iscovery i n 1 909 o f ac ist g rave c on ta in ing a s ke leton , p ossib ly e x tended , a nd a n i ron sword .

Deta i ls o f t he g rave-

c onstruc t ion a re u nknown , b u t i ti s r epor ted t ha t t he c ist was c overed w i th t hree s tone s labs. Or ien ta t ion :

W

Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : a ) I ron s word , l eng th 2 ' n" ( 0 .77 m ) , w i th b one h i l t a nd l ea ther s cabbard w i th i ron p la tes a t t he f ron t .

P iggot t G roup V .

b ) Frag men tary i ron r ing , p ossibly f or s word-suspension . R efs :

Hughes , 1 909 , 2 56-7 a nd F ig . RCH M , Ang lesey , 1 937, l xx ix , l xxx ix . P iggot t , 1 950 , 2 8.

3 53

I l lus. l x ix , No . 1 .

APPEND IX F

L a n ne I I c re ma t ion b ur ia ls Bed fordsh ire 1 .

Ar lesey TL 2 20365 C inerary v esse l (s ) s upposed ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a c re ma t ion . R efs :

Hawkes a nd Dunn ing ,, 1 930 , 8 7 D yer , 1 976 , 1 7

2 .

C h icksands , R owney Warren c . TL 1 240 S hou ldered b u t t-beaker f ro m a p robab le , b u t u n iden t if ied c re ma t ion b ur ia l . R e f :

3 .

O ther v esse ls r epor ted f ro m t he s ame s i te .

K enne t t , 1 970a , 1 21 a nd F ig . 2 .

H ough ton R eg is ,

P udd leh i l l

TL 0 06236 E xcava t ion b etween 1 951 a nd 1 975 y ie lded 9 p re-Ro man c re ma t ion b ur ia ls .

S even were g rouped t oge ther i n E nc losure 2 a nd t he t wo

r e ma in ing e xamp les l ay 2 m a par t i n E nc losure 3 . Bur ia l 1 :

A shes i n t he l arger o f t wo c ordonned u rns ( Ma thews ,

F ig . 1 12 , 1 -2 ) w i th f ragmen ts o f ab urn t La T bne I I b ronze b rooch . Bur ia l 2 :

A shes i n ap edesta l u rn , o f wh ich t he b ase o n ly h ad

s urv ived p lough d a mage ( Ma thews , F ig . 1 12 , 3 ) . Bur ia ls 3 -6 :

U nenc losed d epos i ts o f c re ma ted b one , b ur ied i n

s ha l low d isturbed d epress ions i n t he c ha lk . Bur ia l 7 :

C a lc ined b one a nd c harcoa l s pread a long t he f l oor o f a

g rave 1 .46 m l ong ;

0 .6 m w ide a nd 0 .38 m d eep i n t he s i l ted

f i l l ing o f E nc losure 2 d i tch .

The r es tr ic t ion o f s ku l l f ragmen ts

t o o ne e nd o f t he g rave i mp l ies i n s i tu c re ma t ion . Bur ia l 8 :

I n s i tu c re ma t ion w i th in p ar t ly f i l led G roup 6 p i t 3 4.

Assoc ia ted f ragmen ts o f ab urn t L a n ne I I b ronze b rooch ( Ma thews , F ig . 1 12 , 4 ). Bur ia l 9 :

C a lc ined b one c on ta ined i n ac ordonned j ar , o f wh ich

o n ly t he b ase h ad s urv ived p lough ing ( Ma thews , F ig , 1 12 , 5 ) . Bur ia l p laced i n a sma l l , s pec ia l ly d ug p i t .

Assoc ia ted f ragmen ts

o f ab urn t b ronze b rooch ( Ma thews , F ig . 1 12 , 6 ) . R e f :

Ma thews , 1 976 , 1 67-8 a nd F ig . 1 12 , 1 -6. 3 54

4 .

Ke mpston TL 0 27483 Impor tan t g roup o f 1 2 p o t tery v esse ls o f B ircha l l 's g roups I V , VB , V I a nd V I I f ound i n ac ircu lar a rrange men t i n 1 913 ( S i mco , F ig , 5 , 2 2-33 ).

Three s i mi lar v esse ls were f ound a t t he s i te

i n 1 865 a nd s uggest t he f or mer e x istence o f a sma l l b ur ia l g round ( S i mco , R efs :

F ig . 5 , 3 4 3 6). Bedford Modern . S chool Museu m Gu ide , 1 925 , P l . 8 . B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 55 S imco ,

5 .

1 973 , 5 -22 a nd F ig . 5 .

Lu ton , L i mbury TL 0 84241 Cre ma tion a ssoc ia ted w i th La Tdne I I p ot tery v esse ls a nd p enannu lar b rooches . Re fs :

D yer , 1 976 , 1 7 Bed ford Museu m ( J . Hassa l l ) i nfor ma t ion .

6 .

Mau lden Moor TL 0 60380 Probab le Lexden p hase ' We lwyn ' b ur ia l f ound i n 1 798.

Assoc ia ted

o b jects , n ow l ost , i nc luded a n amphora a nd ' severa l u rns o f d iff erent f or ms a nd s izes c on ta in ing b ones a nd a shes a nd f ragmen ts o f r ed p ot tery e nr iched w i th f igures a nd o ther o rna men ts '. Refs :

L ysons a nd L ysons , 1 913 , 2 4 S tead , 1 967 , 6 0 P eacock , 1 971 , 1 82

7 .

O ld Warden , Qu in ts H i l l TL 1 35446 One o r more ' We lwyn ' b ur ia ls f ound d ur ing t he 1 9th c en tury were a ssoc iated w ith t wo i ron ? b ucket h oops , t wo amphorae ( a l l n ow l ost ) a nd t wo s urv iv ing T ype I a c ordonned p edesta l u rns o f t urned s ha le. Re fs :

Dryden , 1 945 , 2 0 Fox , 1 923 , 9 8-9 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 55 S tead , 1 971 , 2 79

8 .

O ld Warden ( uncer ta in l oca t ion ) c . TL 1 144 Decora ted b ronze mirror a nd a n amphora ( now l ost ) were f ound d ur ing t he c u t t ing o f t he Warden r a i lway t unne l i n t he 1 850s.

The

mirror h as b een d a ted t o t he e ar ly y ears o f t he f irst c en tury A .D . a nd p robably a cco mpan ied a Lexden p hase c re ma t ion b ur ia l .

3 55

R efs :

Way , 1 869 , 7 1 Sm ith , 1 909 , 3 33 F ox , 1 923 , 1 08 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 55 S pra t l ing , 1 970

9 .

S harnbrook , F e l mersham Br idge SP 9 90579 P robab le c re ma t ion b ur ia l d isturbed d ur ing g rave l e x trac t ion i n 1 942.

S urv iv ing o b jec ts i nc lude b ronze b ucke t h and le a nd e scu tch-

e ons ;

f i sh-headed s pou t ;

s ha le b race le t ; p ot tery .

b ow l a nd m isce l laneous b ronze f ragmen ts ;

n umerous s herds o f e ar ly f irs t c en tury A .D .

V erba l r epor ts a lso s ugges t t he p resence o f ab ronze

c au ldron , n ow l ost . R efs :

Wa tson , 1 949 , 3 7-61 a nd F igs . a nd P ls. V -V I I Kuh l icke , 1 969 , 8 1-2 a nd F igs . 2 -3 Kenne t t , 1 970b , 8 6-8 Megaw , 1 971b , 2 99-300

1 0.

S h i l l ing ton , P egsdon C . TL 1 130 Repor t o f p re-Ro man p o t tery v esse l f ro m a p robab le f unerary c on tex t . Ref :

1 1 .

D yer , 1 976 , 1 7

S tan fordbury TL 1 48412 Two mass ive b ur ia l v au l ts , e ach measur ing 1 5 ' ( 4 .5 m ) l ong , 1 2 ' ( 3 .6 m ) w ide a nd 5 ' ( 1 .5 m ) d eep a nd p aved w i th s o me f orm o f t i l ing , were d iscovered i n 1 832 ( 'A ' ) a nd 1 934 ( 'B ' ).

B oth b e long

t o t he L exden p hase o f ' We lwyn '-type b ur ia ls , a nd were p robably p er formed c . A .D . 4 3 , a l though s o me o f t he a ssoc ia ted ma ter ia l may h ave b een c onfused w i th t ha t f rom a n earby c e me tery a t S hef ford . 1 . Bur ia l ' A ' :

C a lc ined b one was s ca t tered t hroughou t t he g rave ,

wh ich c on ta ined 6 amphorae ( 5 n ow l os t a nd t he s ix th a S pan ish f orm , p erhaps e qua ted w i th Dresse l T ype 1 4 ); s ha l low b ronze b ow l ;

b ronze j ug a nd p a te l la ;

t hree s am ian c ups ; h em ispher ica l

b ronze s h ie ld b oss ;

t wo p a irs o f i ron f i re-dogs ;

t r ipod ;

g roup o f p oss ib le g am ing p ieces.

b one f lu te ;

2 . Bur ia l ' B ' :

i ron s p i ts ; i ron

L ess a dequa te ly p reserved g rave-group c o mpr ises

t he f o l low ing p ieces , a l though d e ta i ls o f t he c re ma t ion a re u nrec orded :

t wo amphorae ;

s amian p ot tery ;

s i lver b uck le a nd s trap-end ; g lass b ow l ; f i t t ings ;

4g lass a nd 3 amber b eads ;

2i ron b ars ;

g lass v esse l ( a l l l ost ) ;

g reen g lass b ot t le a nd b ow l ;

s ha le b race le t ;

b lue

b ronze h and le a nd b ox R o man c o in .

Two s urv iv ing

b rooches , o ne o f L ang ton D own t ype , may a lso h ave b een a ssoc ia ted . 3 56

Re fs :

Dryden , 1 845 , 1 5 a nd P ls. 2 -3 Sm ith , 1 912 , 9 -12 a nd F igs. 5 -6 S tead , 1 967 , 4 7 a nd F igs. p p. 5 5-6 P eacock , 1 971 , 1 82 S tead , 1 976 , 4 14

1 2.

Woburn c . SP 9 633 Two amphorae f ound i n t he g rounds o f Woburn Abbey i n 1 800 a nd 1 833 may h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w i th L exden p hase c re ma t ion b ur ia ls .

Both a re o f G reco-Ro man Koan t ype ( post-16 B . C.) ,

n ot Dresse l 1 , a s i nd ica ted b y S tead . R efs :

Bed ford , 1 834 , 6 06-7 S tead , 1 967 , 6 0 Peacock , 1 971 , 1e

Berksh ire 1 3 .

Beenha m , Mar ley T i le P it S U 6 05678 Cre ma t ion f ound c . 1 963 i n ac oarse-ware u rn , t he t op o f wh ich h ad b een b u l ldozed away.

as herd o f at h icker , h arder p ot ;

c ordonned u rn ;

s herd o f t h in h ard ware .

R ef : 1 4.

The u rn c onta ined c a lc ined b one ;

i ron f ragmen t ;

a n

s herd o f a

Berks . Archaeo l . J our ., 6 1 , 1 964 , 1 02-3

Burghf ie ld , C unn ing Man S U 6 87708 S ing le c re ma t ion b ur ia l f ound d ur ing g rave l work ing i n 1 956. Grave g roup i n tact , t hough s l igh t ly d a maged b y b u l ldozing . S urv iv ing a shes r epresen ted 5% o f t he c a lc ined b one o f a n a du l t s keleton . f lagon ; d ish ;

Assoc ia ted p ot tery v esse ls :

b u t t-beaker ;

t erra-n igra p late , s ta mped ' NOV I ';

o ne-hand led

c opy o f t erra-n igra

s aucepan b ow l w i th b ead r im , c on ta in ing c re ma t ion .

G roup

d a ted c . A .D . 2 5-50 . Ref :

Boon a nd Wy mer , 1 958 , 4 6-53 a nd F ig . 3

Buck inghamsh ire 1 5.

Asp ley Hea th , Wavendon Hea th C . SP 9 234 S outhern S pan ish amphora ( Dresse l 9 -11 ) f ound a n te-1813 , o n Wavendon Hea th .

The d iscovery o f c o mparab le amphorae f ro m

Woburn Park , 2 miles t o t he E , a dds weight t o t he a rgu men t t ha t t he v esse l a cco mpan ied a c re ma t ion b ur ia l .

3 57

Refs :

L ysons a nd L ysons , 1 813 , 2 4 Peacock , 1 971 , 1 82

1 6.

As ton C l in ton c . SP 8 74123 Amphora f ound f u l l o f a shes a nd b urnt wood a t ad ep th o f 2 ' ( 0 .6 m ) i n 1 877 , c lose t o t he j unct ion o f t he L ower I ckn ie ld a nd Ake man Ways.

The f or m i s d i ff icu l t t o d ef ine f ro m t he p oor

s urv iv ing i l lustra t ion , b u t i s n ot Dresse l 1 . Ref : 1 7.

Record o f Bucks , 4 , 1 872 , 1 47 a nd P l . f ac ing

D or ton SP 6 83134 Cre ma t ion w ith amphora a nd b ronze mirror f ou ld d ur ing g asp ipe line c onstruc t ion , J une 1 977. Ref :

1 8.

U npub . i nfor ma t ion f ro m R . Pa l mer a nd I . M. S tead .

Har twe l l SP 8 04124 Probable c re ma t ion b ur ia l . Re f :

1 9.

Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 4

H igh Wyco mbe , Ma l mer 's We l l S U 8 71937 Probab le c re ma t ion b ur ia l . Refs :

Head , 1 955 , 6 6 Waugh , Mynard a nd Ca in , 1 974 , 4 16

2 0 .

I v inghoe , Ward 's C o mbe SP 9 73155 Three c re ma t ions d iscovered d ur ing t rench ing e xcava t ion o f a sma l l e ar thwork e nc losure i n 1 971 . Bur ia l 1 :

P i t , 0 .8 m b y 1 .00 m w ide a nd 0 .2 m d eep .

Ca lc ined

b one c onta ined i n al arge u rn ( Ma thews , F ig . 4 , 1 ) , o n t op o f wh ich was a n i ron C olchester b rooch ( Ma thews , F ig . 6 ,2 ).

A lso

a sma l l j ar ; d ish ; p la t ter w i th t wo s heep o r g oa t r ibs ; t r iangu lar i ron k n ife ( Ma thews , F ig . 4 , 2 -4 ; Bur ia l 2 :

F ig . 6 , 3 ) .

C ircu lar s coop , 1 .5 m S o f b ur ia l 1 .

D iameter 0 .5 m

Ca lcined b one c on ta ined i n l arge u rn ( Ma thews , F ig . 4 , 5 ) , w i th b ronze p ost-Conquest C o lchester b rooch ( Fig . 6 , 1 ) .

A lso sma l l

p la t ter a nd b u t t-beaker ( Fig . 4 , 6 -7 ). Bur ia l 3 :

5m W o f Bur ia l 1 .

Cre ma t ion i n f ragmentary p ost-

C onquest j ar ( Ma thews , F ig . 5 , 2 5 ). Ref :

Ma thews , 1 976 , 1 44-5 3 58

Cambr idgesh ire 2 1 .

Barr ing ton c . TL 3 949 B ircha l l T ype I I b ow l , w i th p er fora ted b ase . a ssoc ia t ion w i th c re ma t ion . R ef :

N o p roof o f

F ox , 1 923 , 9 3 a nd P l . X I I , 4

2 2. Bar ton , L ord 's Br idge TL 3 95545 Pa ir o f i ron f ire-dogs a nd 6 - man g ang-cha in f ound c . 1 817. T here a ppears t o b e s o me a ssoc ia t ion w i th a ' t u mu lus ' wh ich was e xcava ted a nd p roduced a s ke le ton , w i th t he s ku l l d e tached . l y ing f ro m E -W .

Af ur ther d iscovery i n 1 818 a t t he s ame t ime

y ie lded a n amphora whose mou th was c overed w i th a s tone s lab ; a' b lack t erra c ot ta ' v ase f u l l o f h uman b one ( presumably c a lc ined ) a nd t wo sma l ler ' red t erra c o t ta ' v ases w i th h and les .

F ox a lso

r efers t o ab ow l , p erhaps o f B ircha l l 's T ype I I , t ha t may b e f ro m t he s ame d epos i t . R efs :

C larke , 1 821 F ox , 1 923 , 9 2 S tead , 1 967 , 6 0

2 3-27. C a mbr idge An u mber o f L a U ne I I p ot tery v esse ls f ro m t he C a mbr idge a rea a re c i ted b y F ox ( 1923 , 9 1-9 ).

A l though f ew o f t hese a re c onf ir med

t o h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w i th c re ma t ions , t he ir c oncen tra ted d ist r ibu t ion a nd g enera l ly i n tac t s ta te s uggests t ha t t hey d er ive f ro m b ur ia ls . 2 3 .

C a mbr idge , Mad ing ley R oad C . TL 4 359 Bu t t-beaker . R ef :

2 4.

N o c on f irmed c re ma t ion .

F ox , 1 923 , 9 1

C ambr idge , Tr in i ty Ha l l C . TL 4 46585 B ircha l l T ype I I b ow l f ro m a n u nspec i f ied c on tex t . Re f :

2 5.

F ox , 1 923 , 9 2

C ambr idge , J esus Lane C . TL 4 50588 Dresse l 1 amphora f ro m a n u nq i eec i f ied c on tex t . R ef :

F ox , 1 923 , 1 01 Peacock , 1 971 , 1 83

3 59

2 6.

Ca mbr idge , Barnwe ll c . TL 4 65590 S ha le t azza a nd s evera l p ot tery v esse l f ro m Barnwe l l g rave l p i t i n t he A bbey R oad a rea may r epresen t ac e metery s i te , t hough n o c re ma t ions a re s pec i f ica l ly men t ioned . R efs :

Fox , 1 923 , 9 7 a nd P l . X I II Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 4

2 7.

Cambr idge , S tourbr idge C o m mon c . TL 4 70597 G lobu lar j ar a nd B ircha l l T ype VB b icon ica l j ar f ro m a n u nspec i f ied c on tex t .

A lso a p edesta l u rn a nd o ther v esse ls r epor ted a t v ar ious

t imes d ur ing q uarry ing a c t iv i ty im med ia te ly t o t he s ou th . Re fs :

Fox , 1 923 , 9 2 , 9 9 a nd P l . X I I , 2 , 3 , a nd 6 B ircha l l ,

2 8.

1 965 , 2 97

C o lne TL 3 38778 S ing le c re ma t ion c onta ined i n a La U ne I I b ow l w i th p er fora ted c ol lander b ase . Ref :

2 9.

F ound d ur ing s et t lemen t s i te e xcava t ion , 1 976.

S . A lexander , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion

F oxton TL 4 148 Cre ma t ion , f ound w i th a n Arret ine v esse l , w i th in a n amphora . Fox a lso r epor ts a p robable B ircha ll T ype I I b ow l f ro m t he p ar ish . R efs :

Fox , 1 923 , 9 2 , 1 01 Rodwe l l , 1 976 , 3 23

3 0.

G u i lden Morden TL 2 85401 C o mp lex , b u t p oor ly r ecorded , p re-Ro man a nd p ost-conquest c e metery , u sed u n t i l t he f our th c en tury A .D .

A lthough B ircha l l

f ol lows F ox a nd L ethbr idge i n a rgu ing e stabl ish men t o f t he c e metery o n ly d ur ing t he f irst c entury A .D ., S tead h as r ecog t ised t ha t a n i ron b rooch ( 1976 , F ig , 3 ,5 ) a ssoc ia ted w i th a t azza b e longs t o t he e ar lier ' Aylesford ' c lass.

The b ase o f ap edesta l u rn may a lso

h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w i th a p re-conquest c re ma t ion . R efs :

F ox a nd L ethbr idge , 1 926, 4 9-63 F ox ,

1 923 , 9 2 a nd P l. XV , 2

L ethbr idge , 1 936 , 1 10 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 55 S tead ,

1 976 , 4 08 a nd F ig . 3 ,5

3 60

3 1.

Hasl ing f ie ld c . TL 4 052 A t l eas t t hree B ircha l l T ype X t azzae were f ound .

Two o f t he m

r epor ted t o h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w i th c a lc ined b one . Ref : 3 2.

F ox , 1 923 , 9 1-2 a nd P l . 1 2 , 1

Haux ton TL 4 35519 But t-beaker a nd b ronze ' t h ist le ' b rooch a ssoc ia ted w i th a c re ma t ion . Refs :

F ox , 1 923 , 9 3 a nd P l . X I I I , 1 A a nd B S tead , 1 976 , 4 13

3 3.

L in ton , R ed C hurch F ie ld c . TL 5 56464 Probab le p ost-conquest c re ma t ion f ound i n ac ha lk-cu t p i t 4 ' ( 1 .2 m) i n d iameter i n 1 926. c ar ina ted c up ;

3 4.

Assoc ia ted o b jec ts i nc luded a b u t t-beaker ;

t wo im ita t ion s amian p la t ters ;

j ug ;

sma ll w ide- mou thed j ar .

Ref :

Le thbr idge , 1 927 , 1 09-10 a nd P l. I

g lobu lar , h and led

L ong thorpe , O rton S taunch TL 1 63974 Ca lc ined b one f ound o u tside t he NW d itch o f Yard 1 , c on ta ined i n ac oarse , h and- made j ar . Ref :

3 5.

Wi ld , 1 971 , 3

Mi lton C . TL 6 348 Bu t t-beaker , q uoted b y F ox , who r efers t o t he Mi l ton ' spec i mens ' , i mp lying e i ther a g rave-group o r a sma l l c e me tery s i te . Ref :

3 6.

F ox , 1 923 , 9 1

S na i lwe l l TL 6 45675 La te p re-conquest We lwyn-type b ur ia l d iscovered a nd e xcava ted 1 953.

G rave p i t w i th wooden s truc ture o n t he f loor

c onta ined

t hree s ou thern S pan ish amphorae ( Ca mu lodunu m For ms 1 86B a nd 1 85A ); Refs :

5f lagons ;

6G a l lo-Be lg ic p ot tery v esse ls.

L e thbr idge , 1 954 , 2 5-37 S tead , 1 967, 5 0-51 a nd F ig . p . 5 4 P eacock , 1 971 , 1 83

3 61

3 7.

Trump ing ton c . TL 4 454 Dresse l 1 amphora , p ossibly a ssoc ia ted w i th a c re ma t ion .

F ox

a lso c i tes a b arre l-urn f ro m t he p ar ish , t hough t he a ssoc ia t ions o f t h is a re a lso u nknown . R efs :

Fox , 1 923 , 9 1 a nd 1 01 Peacock , 1 971 , 1 83

E ssex 3 8.

Ard le igh , V ince 's Far m c . TM 0 529 A t l east t hree s urv iv ing g rave-groups f ound i n 1 960 imp ly a sma l l c re ma t ion c e me tery. Bur ia l 1 :

Two p edesta l u rns ;

t hree sma l l c ar ina ted b ow ls

( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 5 , Nos. 1 25-9 ). Bur ia l 2 :

F ound 1 2 '6" ( 3 .75 m) f ro m Bur ia l 1 .

Assoc ia ted w i th

t wo t azzae ( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 5 , N os. 1 30-1 ). Bur ia l 3 :

Found 1 2 ' ( 3 .3 m) f ro m Bur ia l 2 , 2 4 ' ( 6 .6 m ) f ro m

Bur ia l 1 .

Assoc ia ted w i th t wo T ypelb p edesta l u rns ( Bircha l l ,

F ig . 1 5 , Nos . 1 32-3 ). Re f : 3 9.

B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 52-3 , 3 07 a nd F ig . 1 5

Ba• -. 1L t . i g , Bolts TQ 9 19900 Uncon f ir med r epor t o f a La Tbne I I c re ma t ion b ur ia l.

Three

p edes ta l u rns f ro m t he s i te s urv ive i n S ou thend Museu m. Ref : 4 0.

Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 5

Barnston c . TL 6 519 G lobu lar b ow l w i th t hree n arrow n eck c ordons , p robably f ro m a b ur ia l. Ref :

4 1 .

Co lchester Mus. Rep t ., 1 909 , 1 0 a nd P l . V , 1

B i l ler icay , Norsey Wood TQ 6 80954 A s er ies o f p ot tery v esse ls , i nc lud ing B ircha l l Types I , V , V i l la a nd X , f ound b etween 1 860 a nd 1 868 , s o me o f t he m c onta in ing c a lc ined b ones .

These p robab ly r epresent s evera l g raves f ro m

o ne o r more sma l l c e me tery a reas ( B ircha l l , F ig . 1 3 , N o. 1 13 ; F ig . 1 9 , Nos . 1 65-6;

F ig . 2 1 , Nos. 1 78-9 ;

F ig . 2 4 , Nos. 1 99-203 ;

F ig . 2 3 , N o. 1 92;

F ig . 2 6 , N os . 2 19-20 ).

Three b rooches

f ound i n 1 865 a nd n ever i l lustra ted a re n ow l ost ( S tead , 1 976 , 4 13 ). 3 62

Refs :

Proc . S oc . An t iq . ( London ) , 1 6, 1 896 , 2 58-60 C olchester Mus. Rept ., 1 909 , 1 0 a nd P ls. I-I I I Cu t ts , 1 873 , 2 12-4 Bayly , 1 879 , 7 3 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 3 11-2 S tead , 1 976 , 4 13

4 2.

Bra in tree

H opp i t Br idge

TL 7 57225 S ing le c rema t ion b ur ia l a cco mpan ied b y al arge c inerary v esse l . R efs :

C olchester Mus.

Rep t.,

1 912

O rdnance S urvey r ecord c ard 4 3.

Bra in tree , S k i t t 's H i l l TL 7 65226 Probab le g rave-group .

C a lc ined b ones c on ta ined i n ac ordonned

b ow l w ith l i d ( Bircha l l , F ig . 2 5 , No . 2 07), p erhaps a cco mpan ied b y as qua t c ordonned b ow l a nd g lobu lar j ar ( Bircha l l , F ig . 2 3 , Nos. 1 93 a nd 1 97). Re fs :

Kenwor thy , 1 906 , 1 95-6 a nd P l . C o lchester Mus. Rept ., 1 905 , 1 5 a nd P l . I C o lchester Mus. Rept ., 1 912 , 9a nd P l . I B ircha l l , 1 965 , 3 11

4 4.

Burnham -on-Crouch , H i l l Far m TQ 9 45963 S ing le p edesta l u rn f ro m a s i te l i sted a s a n Aylesford Cu lture b ur ia l b y t he O rdnance S urvey. Refs :

Ward-Perk ins , 1 944 , 1 74 Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 5

4 5.

Canewdon TQ 9 11948 Ordnance S urvey r ecords r epor t as ing le c re ma t ion b ur ia l f ro m Canewdon Wick .

Th is may b e t he s ame a t t he s i te r epor ted t o

h ave y ielded c re ma t ions a nd u rns o n more t han o ne o ccasion s ince c . 1 712 b y C hr isty , a nd a p edesta l u rn b y Hawkes a nd Dunning . Rodwe l l a lso c i tes t hree amphorae ( probab ly n ot Dresse l 1 ) , b roken d ur ing g rave l-quarrying i n t he p ar ish i n 1 938 , b u t t hese may c o me f ro m a s epara te b ur ia l s i te . Refs :

C hr isty , 1 913 , 1 13-5 S ou thend Mus. Rept ., 1 924-5 Hawkes a nd Dunn ing , 1 930 , 3 25 R odwe l l , 1 976 , 3 22

3 63

4 6.

C o lchester , L exden ' C ' TL 9 75247 L ow b arrow s urmoun t ing a n o va l p i t 3 0 ' ( 9 m ) b y 1 8 ' ( 5 .4 m ) w ide a nd 7 ' ( 2 .1 m) d eep .

Cre ma t ion b ur ia l a cco mpan ied b y o b jec ts

i nc lud ing a c ordonned u rn ; t en k oan amphorae ;

b u t t-beaker ;

f our Dresse l 1 6 amphorae ;

o ne Rhod ian amphora ;

s i lver p or tra i t meda l l ion

o f Augus tus. Refs :

Laver , S tead ,

1 926 , 2 41-52 1 967

P eacock , 1 971 . 1 83 4 7.

C o lchester , S t C lare R oad ( Lexden ' A ' ) c . TL 9 75250 Cre ma t ion f ound i n 1 922 wi l t sb ucket f ragmen ts a nd f ive p ot tery v esse ls ( Bircha l l , 1 965 , F ig . 2 0 , N os. 1 73-7 ); u rn ; p edesta l u rn ; R efs :

j ug ;

b u t t-shaped

t wo sma l l c ordonned b ow ls.

C o lchester Mus. Rept , 1 923 , 9a nd P l . I V Bushe-Foxe , 1 925 , 2 1-2 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 51-3 , 3 10 a nd F ig . 2 0

4 8.

C o lchester , L exden Grange ( Lexden ' B ' ) c . TL 9 75250 Cre ma t ion f ound i n 1 904 , w i th p edesta l u rn ; b ow l ;

l i dded c ordonned b ow l ;

t wo j ugs ;

b ronze a nd c ora l c up ;

b icon ica l

b ronze

mirror . Re fs :

C olchester Mus. Rept ., 1 904 C olchester Mus . R ept ., 1 905 , 1 6 , P l . I I Hawkes a nd Hu l l , 1 947, 2 41-2 Fox a nd Hu l l , 1 948 , 1 23-37 , F igs. 1 -2 , 8 -9 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 51-3

4 9.

C o lchester , S t C lare Dr ive C . TL 9 67250 R ich C laud ian-per iod c re ma t ion b ur ia l d iscovered i n 1 940 c ont a ined t en b ronze b rooches ; f rag mentary i ron s trap .

f ragmen tary b ronze b ang le o r t ore ;

P ot tery v esse ls , a l l o f g a l lo-be lg ic ware ,

i nc lude p la t ters , b ow ls , p edesta l led b eaker , b u t t-beaker a nd t wo j ugs . Refs :

A lso a f ragmen tary g lass b o t t le . Hawkes a nd Hu l l , 1 947, 1 3 Hu l l , 1 942 , 5 9-65 a nd F igs. 1 -3 S tead , 1 976 , 4 13

5 0.

C o lchester , L exden a rea I n a dd i t ion t o t he a bove b ur ia ls Hawkes a nd Hu l l ( 1947 , 1 3 ) l i s t an u mber o f p ublished g rave-groups f ro m L exden G range , S t . C lare Dr ive , L exden Rectory a nd L exden Park , a s we l l a s a l lud ing 3 64

t o f ur ther u npub lished b ur ia l f ro m t he a rea .

Peacock ( 1972 , 1 84 )

r efers a lso t o ap a ir o f Ca mu lodunu m For m 1 85A amphorae f ound w i th a p edesta l b eaker a nd t erra-rubra v essels ;

at h ird u nprov-

e nanced F or m 1 85A amphora a nd a s ou thern S pan ish ( Dresse l 9 -11 ) amphora f ro m F i tzwa lter R oad .

O ther p ot tery v esse ls f ro m t he

a rea a re i l lustra ted a s u ngrouped p ieces b y B ircha l l ( Figs . 2 1-22 ; 2 4-26 ). Refs :

C o lchester Mus. R ept ., 1 913 , 1 2-14 ;

P ls. V a nd V I

C o lchester Mus . Rep t ., 1 932 , 2 6 , 3 2 , 3 5 a nd P l . V I I I , 1 -2 C o lchester Mus. R ep t ., 1 936-7 , 1 4 a nd P l . I V , 1 -3 May , 1 930 , 2 55 Hawkes a nd Hu l l , 1 947, 3 15 a nd P l . XC II I , 7 0-1 B ircha l l , 1 965 S tead , 1 976 , 4 13 5 1 .

C o m e E nga ine TL 8 530 Dresse l T ype 2 0 amphora ( Span ish g lobu lar f or m ) a ssoc ia ted w i th ac re mat ion . Re fs :

V ictor ia C ounty H istory , E ssex ,I I , 1 963 , 1 22 R odwel l , 1 976 , 3 20

5 2.

Creeksea TQ 9 36959 B ircha l l i l lustra tes e igh t u ngrouped p ot tery v esse ls , whose c onsecu t ive museu m a ccess ion

n u mbers i mp ly a s ing le f ind ,

e i ther o f o ne l arge g rave g roup o r a sma ll c e metery. i nc lude t hree p edesta l u rns ; l i d ;

t wo t azzae ;

These

s qua t i nc ised b ow l ;

sma l l c ar ina ted b ow l ( B ircha l l , F ig . 2 1 , Nos. 1 80-2;

2 4 , N o. 2 05 ; Refs :

F ig . 2 5 , N os. 2 09-10 ;

F ig .

F ig . 2 6 , Nos . 2 15-6 ).

C o lchester Mus. Rept ., 1 926, 9 , P ls. I a nd I I B ircha l l , 1 965 , 3 10-2

5 3.

Ear l 's C olne C . TL 8 628 G lobu lar amphora ( Dresse l 2 0 ) , p erhaps f ro m a b ur ia l. Refs :

V ictor ia C oun ty H istory , E ssex , I I , 1 963 , 1 22 R odwe l l , 1 976 ,320

5 4.

G rea t Chester ford , Bra mbleshot t F ie ld TL 5 20432 Two b ur ia ls e xcava ted b y S ir R ichard Nev i l le i n 1 856. o b jects i ncluded t wo p edesta l u rns ( one o f s ha le ); l east o ne o f s ha le ) ;

t wo i ron k ni fe-ha f ts ;

Assoc ia ted

t wo t azzae ( a t

t wo p a irs o f impor ted

s i lver La Tbne I I b rooches l i nked b y c ha ins .

An a d jacen t s i te ,

p robably a n e x tension o f t he b ur ia l g round , y ie lded f ur ther t azzae ,

3 65

c ordonned b arrel-shaped ' beakers ' a nd a b urnt b rooch , t ogether w i th c a lc ined b one. Refs :

Nev i l le , 1 857 , 8 4-7 Fox , 1 923 , 9 8 S tead , 1 976 , 4 06 a nd F ig . 3 ,3

5 5.

G rea t Waker ing TQ 9 45882 Sma l l c e me tery s i te , w i th a t l east t hree c re ma t ion g raves. b ur ia l w i th a b ead-r im b ow l .

O ne

Another w ith t he h ead o f a' Lang ton

D own ' b rooch . Refs :

Co lchester Mus. R ept ., 1 922 , 9 -10 a nd P ls. 1 -1 1 1 Bushe-Foxe , 1 925 , 2 1 Hawkes a nd Dunn ing , ' 1 930 S tead , 1 976 , 4 13

5 6.

Had le igh TQ 8 06872 Ordnance S urvey r ecord a ' La te C e l t ic ' b ur ia l , t he f inds f ro m wh ich were d eposi ted i n C o lchester Museu m . Ref :

5 7.

Ordnance S urvey r ecord c ard a nd i nfor ma t ion

Ha tf ield Pevere l TL 7 94099 1 .

P edesta l u rn f ound i n 1 928 wi th c re ma t ion a nd b urn t i ron b rooch .

2 .

C ordonned g lobu lar u rn w i th c rema t ion , f ound n ear Bur ia l 1 .

3 .

Add it iona l p edesta l u rn a nd c re ma t ion f ound 3 0 y ears e ar l ier . Refs :

Rudsda le ,

1 929 , 3 15-6 a nd F igs. 1 -2

C olchester Mus . R ep t ., 1 929 , 1 0 ,

p . 1 1

S tead , 1 976 , 4 13 5 8.

H eybr idge C . TL 8 508 Probable c e metery s i te .

O ne g rave g roup a nd o ther p ot tery

v esse ls f ound o n a t l east t wo o ccasions . Bur ia l 1 :

Arret ine p la te c over ing g lobu lar j ar , f ound 1 912

( Bircha l l , 1 965 , F ig . 1 6 , Nos. 1 39-40 ). Unassoc ia ted :

Two b icon ica l u rns ( Bircha l l . F ig . 2 3 , N os . 1 95-6 )

a nd t he f oot o f ap edesta l u rn f ound c . 1 922.

Koan a nd s ou thern

S pan ish amphorae f ro m t he p ar ish p robably c o me f ro m f ur ther b ur ia ls . Refs :

Co lchester Mus. Rep t ., 1 913 , 1 0-11 a nd P l . i C o lchester Mus . R ept ., 1 922 , 9 , P l. i V ictor ia C oun ty H istory , E ssex , i i , 1 963 , 1 47 3 66

B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 53 , 3 08 , 3 11 P eacock , 1 971 , 1 84 R odwe l l , 1 976 , 3 22 5 9.

Ke lvedon c . TL 8 64191 Cre ma t ion a ssoc ia ted w i th sma ll c ordonned b ow l a nd a ' Colchester ' b rooch . Refs :

Sm ith , 1 913 , 2 5Bushe-Foxe , 1 925 , 4 4 , P l. X I , N o. 9 a nd P l . X IV , N o. 1 3 S tead , 1 976 , 4 13

6 0.

L indse l l c . TL 6 45270 Dresse l I B amphora a ssoc ia ted w i th a c re ma t ion f ound , 1 782. O ther amphora (e ) s a id t o h ave b een f ound a t t he s ame t ime a re n ow l ost , b u t c ou ld b e g lobu lar o r s ou thern S pan ish f orms. Refs :

Fox , 1 923 , 1 01 S tead , 1 967 , 6 0 P eacock , 1 971 , 1 84 Rodwel l , 1 976 , 3 20

6 1.

L i t t le Ha l lingbury TL 4 94164 G rave-group o r c e metery f ound c . 1 876. v esse ls , f our s urv ive ; u rn ;

O f 2 0 r ecorded p ot tery

min ia ture p edesta l u rn ;

j ar w i th n eck c ordons ;

g lobu lar c ordonned

g lobu lar j ar ( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 7, N os .

1 41-4 ) Refs :

Laver , 1 906 , 3 48-50 a nd P l . f ac ing

P l

3 48

C o lchester Mus. Rep t ., 1 907, 9 a nd Pl . f ac ing p . 2 4 C o lchester Mus . R ept ., 1 909 , P l . X B ircha l l , 1 965 , 3 08 6 2.

L i t t le Wa l tha m C . TL 7 05120 S ing le c re ma t ion b ur ia l f ound i n as quare p i t C . 0 .75 m i n d ia me ter . G rave g roup c o mpr ised t wo f lagons ; t wo b u t t-beakers ; o r n ewborn p ig let ;

t erra-n igra c up a nd p la t ter ;

j ar a nd c up o f n a t ive f abr ic ; b ones o f s heep a nd c h icken ;

s ke leton o f f oeta l p i g s ku l l .

Depos i t

o f c a lc ined b one u nenc losed . R ef : 6 3.

P . Drury , f or thco m ing

Marks Tey C . TL 9 123 G roup o f u n ident i f ied amphorae f ound a nd b roken d ur ing r oad c ons truct ion were p robab ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a c re ma t ion b ur ia l . Ref :

Rodwe l l , 1 976 , 3 19 2 67

6 4.

Moun t Bures TL 9 07322 R ich c re ma t ion b ur ia l o f u nknown f orm a ssoc ia ted w i th f i ve amphorae ( one Dresse l I B; p ot tery v esse ls ;

g lass b o t t le ;

b ronze h inge a nd l i nk ; Ref :

f our Dresse l 9 -11 ); g lass b ead ;

i ron b ar ;

g a l lo-be lg ic

t wo b ronze h and les ;

t wo p a irs o f i ron f ire-dogs .

Smi th , 1 852 S tead , 1 967 , 5 0-1 a nd F ig . p . 5 3 Peacock , 1 971, 1 84 -

6 5.

P leshey TL 6 50142 Doubt fu l La n ne I I b ur ia l r ecorded b y t he Ordnance S urvey f ro m e ar l ier d escr ip t ions o f a massive b ur ia l v au lt c onta in ing p ot tery v esse ls. R efs :

R . C. H. M ., E ssex , 2 , 1 921 , 2 00 Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 5

6 6. Pur le igh , Baron 's Lane TL 8 45024 Unconf ir med r epor t t ha t p edesta l u rns h ad b een d iscovered a nd e xh ibi ted t o t he E ssex Archaeolog ica l S oc iety s o me y ears b efore 1 906. Refs :

Laver , 1 906 , 3 49 Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 5

6 7.

Rayle igh , Hamborough H i l l C . TQ 8 13922 Three p edesta l u rns a nd a n u pr igh t c ordonned j ar ( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 9 , Nos. 1 61-4 ) s urv ive f ro m a g roup o f e igh t v esse ls f ound b ur ied i n al i ne w i th c a lc ined b one . Refs :

Reader , 1 912 , 2 53 a nd F igs . 3 -4 C olchester Mus. R ept ., 1 913 , 1 2 a nd P l . I I B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 53 a nd 3 09

6 8.

Rayle igh , The C hase TQ 8 78907 Cre ma t ion a ssoc ia ted w i th l a te-pre-Conquest p ot tery v esse ls d iscovered i n 1 960. R ef :

6 9 .

D . G . Mac leod ( Sou thend Mus .) p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion

R ivenha l l , R ivenha l l E nd c . TL 8 316 S panish amphora f ound s tand ing u pr igh t i n 1 936.

O ther A y lesford

Cu l ture b ur ia ls were r epor ted f ro m t he v ic in ity i n t he 1 9th c entury.

3 68

Refs :

V ictor ia C oun ty H istory , E ssex , I I , 1 963 , 1 74 R odwe l l , 1 976 , 3 22

7 0 .

S andon c. 0 7 404 Dresse l I B amphora , a l most c erta in ly f ro m a c re ma t ion b ur ia l . ( The p rovenance o f t h is v essel was e ar l ier g iven a s Danbury b y Peacock , b u t was s ubsequen t ly c orrected b y Rodwe l l .) Re fs :

P eacock , 1 97 1 ; 1 84 R odwe l l , 1 976 , 3 18

7 1.

S hoebury c . TO 9 384 Cre ma t ion c on ta ined i n a ‘cordonned p edesta l u rn f ound w i th f our o ther v esse ls a t ad epth o f 3 ' ( 0 .9 m) c . 1 896 ( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 6, Nos. 1 34-8 ). Re fs :

L aver ,

1 897, 2 58-60 a nd F igs. 1 -4

Laver , 1 898 , 2 22 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 53 a nd 3 08 7 2.

S ou thend , R oo t 's Ha l l TQ 8 74868 Ordnance S urvey r ecord a c e metery s i te .

N o o ther r ecord o bta ined .

Rodwe l l r epor ts a s ou thern S pan ish amphora f ro m a p ossib le b ur ia l i n t he t own . Refs :

O rdnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 3 V ic tor ia C oun ty H istory , E ssex , I I , 1 963 , 1 80 R odwel l , 1 976 , 3 22

7 3.

S ou th mins ter C . TQ 9 599 Group o f a t l east f ive p o t tery v essels p robably f ro m a s ing le g rave-group , a l though t he c ircumstances o f t he d iscovery , C . 1 900 , a re u nrecorded . s ided j ar ;

T hese c o mpr ise a g lobu lar b ow l ;

n arrow- mou thed g lobu lar j ar ;

c ordonned j ar ;

c urvedw ide-

mou thed c ordonned j ar c on ta in ing c a lc ined b one ( B ircha l l , F ig . 1 7 , Nos . 1 45-9 ). Ref : 7 4.

B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 53 a nd 3 08

S tra t ford S t Mary c . TM 0 534 C o mp lete ' Koan ' amphora ( Ca mu lodunu m For m 1 83C ) , p robably f ro m a b ur ia l . Re f :

Peacock , 1 97 1 , 1 84

3 69

7 5.

Thax ted c . TL 6 130 Dresse l I B amphora , w i thou t c lose ly d ef ined p rovenance , b u t p robably f ro m a c re ma t ion b ur ia l . Re fs :

Fox , 1 923 , 1 01 Peacock , 1 971 , 1 Rodwe l l , 1 976 , 3 20

7 6.

T hurrock , Orse t t Church c . TO 6 44820 I n tac t b u t t beaker f ro m t he modern c hurchyard p robably d er ives f ro m a c re ma t ion b ur ia l . Re f :

7 7.

B ircha l l , 1 976 , 3 11 a nd F ig . 2 4 , N o. 1 98

Ug ley , T he Chase TL 5 19270 Ordnance S urvey r ecord o f ' two I ron Age c re ma t ions '.

N o

f ur ther d eta i ls o bta ined . Refs :

Co lchester Mus . Rept ., 1 937, 1 5 Ordnance S urvey r ecord c ard

7 8 .

Wendon 's Ambo TL 5 17360 Ordnance s urvey r ecord o f a La n ne I I c re ma t ion c e metery , a pparent ly o n t he b asis o f F ox 's e ar l ier d escr ipt ion o f c a lc ined b ones f ound w i th p ots o f Aylesford t ype . Refs :

Fox , 1 923 , 9 8 Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 4

7 9 .

Wh i te C om e C . TL 8 729 C o mp lete Dresse l I B amphora f ound d ur ing t he 1 9th c en tury. Probably f ro m a c re ma t ion b ur ia l . Ref :

8 0 .

Rodwe l l , 1 976, 3 19

Wick ford C . TQ 7 493 S ing le Lexden p hase c re ma t ion b ur ia l f ro m a s quare p i t .

Assoc ia ted

w i th s evera l b u t t-beakers a nd f lagons a nd d isturbed b y al a ter Ro man we l l . Ref :

W. Rodwe l l , p ersona l c o m mun ica t ion .

3 70

8 1 .

Wickha m B ishops , G lebe Farm TL 8 33122 A t l east f our v esse ls a ssoc ia ted w ith a s ing le c re ma t ion , d iscovered c . 1 916.

Sma l l c ordonned b ow l ;

a ngu lar b ipart i te b ow l ;

sma l l h igh-foo ted p edesta l u rn ;

h and- made b ow l ( conta in ing c a lc ined b one )

( Bircha l l , F ig . 2 0 , Nos. 1 67-70 ) Refs :

C o lchester Mus. Rept ., 1 916-18 , 7 C o lchester Mus. Rep t ., 1 920 , P l . I . B ircha l l , 1 965 , • 3 09-10

Ha mpsh ire 8 2.

Basingstoke ,Celtsbury S U 9 39528 Ordnance S urvey r ecord o f p ossib le La T bne I I c re ma t ions f ound c . 1 882. Refs :

O rdnance S urvey r ecord c ard , q uot ing Han ts a nd Berks Gazet te

8 3.

1 5th Apr i l 1 884.

B ins ted , S tubb 's Far m S U 7 739 Ordnance S urvey r ecord o f La U ne I I b ur ia l .

Fur ther i nfor ma t ion

u nobta inable . Ref : 8 4.

Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 4

Hurstbourne Tarran t , B lagdon C opp ice SU 3 63523 Sma l l c lay-w i th-f lin ts b arrow e xcava ted i n 1 905. i n d ia me ter ,

( 1 m ) h igh .

2 7' ( 8 .1 m)

C en tra l p re-C laud ian i n ter men t c o m-

p r ised c a lc ined b one c on ta ined i n as tave-bu i lt wooden b ucket w ith h oops , s urrounded b y t we lve p ot tery v esse ls. g lobu lar p edesta l u rn ;

o vo id b eaker ;

t hree f ur ther o void b eakers ; t wo k nobbed l i ds.

These i nc lude a

t a l l b u t t-beaker ;

p ar ts o f

t hree g a l lo-be lg ic p la t ters ;

b ow l ;

O ther o b jec ts i nc lude a f ragmentary v esse l o f

b rown g lass ; b ronze a rm le t a nd a b ronze ' t h ist le ' b rooch . Re fs :

Proc . Han ts. F ie ld C lub , 1 0 , 1 926-30 , 1 22 Hawkes a nd Dunn ing , 1 930 , 3 04-9 ;

8 5.

F igs . 3 0-1 a nd P l . 1

O t terbourne , S i lkstead C . S U 4 55238 D iscovery o f i ron a nd b ronze f i t t ings r egarded b y S tead a nd o thers a s b ucket f rag men ts , b u t b y Fox a s ac asket .

No r epor ted e v idence

o f c a lc ined b one , b u t p erhaps a ssoc ia ted w i th a c re ma t ion b ur ia l . Refs :

Hawkes a nd Dunn ing , 1 930 , 3 04 Fox , 1 958 , 1 65 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 56-7 S tead , 1 971 , 2 79

3 71

8 6.

Ows lebury S U 5 25246 Two r ectangu lar e nc losures l y ing t o t he NE o f t he I ron Age a nd R o mano-Br i t ish s et t le men t f or med a c e me tery a rea o ccup ied f ro m t he f irst c entury B .C . t o t he s econd c en tury A .D .

I n a dd it ion t o

a warr ior i nhuma t ion ( Append ix E .3 ) a nd R o mano-Br i t ish i nhu ma t ions a nd c re mat ions , a t l east 1 5 p re-conquest a nd p redo minan t ly s i mp le c re ma t ions were f ound . u nenc losed .

A t l east 7 d eposi ts o f c a lc ined b one were

O n ly o ne ( Bur ia l 1 0 ) was c on ta ined i n a n u rn , a l though

t he a shes o f a nother ( Bur ia l 1 2 ) were c on ta ined i n a wooden b ox . Assoc ia ted p ot tery v esse ls i nc lude p edesta l u rns ; t azza ; Ref : 8 7.

b u t t-beakers ;

g a l lo-be lg ic a nd r o man ised wares. C o l l is , 1 968 , 1 8-31

S ou tha mpton , B it terne S U 4 35131 Unconf irmed O rdnance S urvey r epor t o f ac re ma t ion b ur ia l. Ref :

8 8.

Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 4

Winches ter , H yde S tree t S U 4 80298 A C ons tan tin ian c e metery was f ound t o o ver l ie a g roup o f c re ma t ion b ur ia ls i n c ha lk-cu t g raves.

Bead-r im p ot tery v esse ls were

a pparent ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t hese a nd may i nd ica te a n im med ia te ly p re-conquest o r ig in f or t he c e me tery. Refs :

J ourn . R o man S tud ies , 1 7, 1 927, 2 07 Hawkes , Myres a nd S tevens , 1 930 , 1 83

8 9.

Ya te ley , Danby G reen S U 8 42604 P ossib le c e me tery s i te d estroyed d ur ing q uarrying a c t iv i ty. Bur ia l 1 :

Car ina ted c inerary v esse l , t wo t azzae a nd a f ragmentary

c up a nd p la t ter , f ound 1 922. Bur ia l 2 : R ef :

G lobu lar f oot-r ing j ar w i th c re ma t ion , f ound 1 928 .

P iggot t , 1 928 , 7 2-3 a nd F ig .

Her t fordsh ire 9 0.

A bbots Lang ley C . TL 0 802 Pedesta l u rn c onta in ing c a lc ined b ones a nd a c ordonned b ow l f ound t oge ther d ur ing g rave l-work ing , b e fore 1 922. Ref :

Wh i t ford , 1 922 , 2 59-60 a nd F ig .

3 72

9 1.

A ldbury SP 9 67132 Group o f c re ma t ions f ound i n 1 943.

Assoc ia ted w i th t hree

' Co lches ter ' b rooches . R i ef : 9 2.

S tead , 1 976 , 4 12

Ba ldock TL 2 46336 Cre ma tion a ssoc ia ted w i th a ' Roset te ' b rooch . Refs :

Westwe l l , 1 935 , 3 50 S tead , 1 976 , 4 13

9 3.

Ba ldock , T he Tene TL 2 48335 G rave p i t , 5 ' ( 1 .50 m ) i n d ia meter a nd 2 ' ( 0 .6 m ) d eep f ound d ur ing r oad c onstruct ion i n 1 968.

Assoc ia ted o b jec ts i nc luded a b ronze

c au ldron w i th i ron r ing-hand les c on ta in ing c a lc ined b one , s urrounded b y a Dressel I B amphora ;

t wo b ronze d ishes ;

w i th b ronze b ands a nd moun ts ;

t wo wooden b uckets

t wo i ron f ire d ogs .

Ar t icu la ted

a n i ma l b ones s uggest b ur ia l o f a n e nt ire p ig . Refs:

S tead , 1 968 , 3 06 a nd P l . 7 7a S tead , 1 971a , 2 51-60

9 4.

Berkha ms ted SP 9 85089 Four c re ma t ion b ur ia ls e xcava ted c . 1 975.

A l l w i th p ot tery v essels

t hat p re-da te t he i n troduc t ion o f g a l lo-be lg ic wares t o t he a rea . Bur ia l 1 :

C re ma t ion a nd f our p ot tery v esse ls ( Tho mpson a nd

Hol land , F ig . V I I , 5 7-60 ). 1 . 1 .r ia l 2 :

C re ma t ion , f our p ot tery v esse ls a nd i ron b rooch

( Tho mpson a nd Ho l land , F ig . V I I , 6 1-4 ; Bur ia l 3 :

S tead , F ig . 4 ,6 ).

C re ma t ion a nd t hree p o t tery v essels ( Tho mpson a nd

Ho l land , F ig . V I I , 6 5 ). Bur ia l 4 :

Cre ma t ion a nd s ing le p ot tery v esse l ( Tho mpson a nd

Hol land , F ig . V I I , 6 6). Re fs :

T ho mpson a nd H ol land , 1 976, 1 37-52 S tead , 1 976 , 4 11 , 4 13

9 5.

Braugh ing c . TL 3 90250 Wi th in t he d e fended e nc losure a rea C lu t terbuck r eported t he d iscovery o f av ar iety o f Ro man ma ter ia l i n J u ly 1 799 , i nc lud ing t hree amphorae w i th p oin ted e nds a nd ' con ta in ing a shes '. Refs :

V ictor ia C oun ty H istory , Her t fordsh ire , I , 1 914 , 1 51

3 73

9 6.

C lotha l l c . TL 2 73 2 Uncon f irmed r epor t o f La Tbne I I c re ma t ion . Re f ;

9 7.

Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 5

Da tchworth c . TL 2 65 185 Dresse l I B amphora , p erhaps o r ig ina l ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a c re ma t ion . Re f ;

9 8.

Peacock , 1 97 1 , 1 85

Harpenden TL 1 44150 We l l-furn ished ? cre ma t ion b ur ia l d iscovered i n 1 867 d ur ing r a i lway c onstruc t ion .

G rave-goods c o mpr ised p ar ts o f t wo s ha le u rns ( now

l ost a nd o f u nknown f or m );

b ronze d ish w i th s ing le h and le ;

wooden

b ucke t w i th r im h and les a nd r am-headed mounts . R efs :

Cussens , 1 881 , 3 50 Bagshawe , 1 928 , 5 20-2 a nd P ls. 8 2-3 S tead , 1 97 1 , 2 79

9 9.

H i tch in , Foxholes TL 1 72290 I nhuma t ion a nd c re ma t ion c e metery e xcava ted i n 1 880 . g rave-groups.

Po t tery v esse ls a re most ly p ost-conquest , b u t o ne

b eaker i s l i ke ly t o b e p re-Ro man . s even s urv ive ;

N o r ecorded

N ine b rooches f ound , o f wh ich

f our ' Colchester ' b rooches , o ne o f d eve loped f orm ;

t hree i ron b rooches , o ne o f t he m a n ' Aylesford ' s pec i men . Refs ;

Weste l l , 1 928 , 2 2-5 S tead , 1 967 , 6 0 S tead , 1 976 , 4 07-8

1 00 .

H i tch in

G rove Mi l l

TL 1 90304 E leven p ot tery v esse ls s urv ive f ro m t wo o r t hree c re ma t ions f ound d ur ing q uarrying a c t iv i ty a nd p erhaps a rranged i n as tra ight l i ne . Ranso m s ays e igh t u rns were f ound i n o ne o f t he t wo c on f irmed c re ma t ions g raves , b u t imp lied t ha t o thers h ad b een d estroyed . B ircha ll r econstruc ts t h is g rave-group ( Fig . 1 4 , Nos. 1 17-24 ) a s c o mpr ising t wo p edes ta l u rns ; sma ll c ar ina ted b ow l ; w i th l i d ;

c ordonned b ow l ;

t wo g lobu lar j ars ;

g lobu lar b ow l

sma l l g lobu lar j ar .

Three r e ma ining u ngrouped p ottery v esse ls s urv ive ( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 3 , Nos. 1 14-6 ). R efs :

Assoc ia ted b ronze b rooch n ow l ost .

Ranso m , 1 891 , 1 6-18 C larke ,

1 926 , 7 7 a nd P l . 3 0

B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 49 , 3 06-7 S tead , 1 976 , 4 13 3 74

1 01 .

L e tchwor th G arden C i ty TL 2 09326 S ing le c rema t ion f ound i n ag rave l p i t .

A ssoc ia ted w i th a p edesta l

u rn a nd b ronze b e l tl ink w i th c en tra l c urv i l inear mo t if Re f : 1 02.

C raske , 1 913-14 , 2 38-40 , F igs . 1 -2.

L i t t le Amwe l l , H er t ford Hea th TL 2 52113 I sola ted we l l f urn ished c re ma t ion b ur ia l .

C a lc ined b one d epos i ted

o n g rave f l oor a nd a cco mpan ied b y a Dresse l L B amphora ; u rn ;

sma l l S -s ided b ow l ;

f ragmen tary v esse ls ;

f ive sma l l c ordonned b ow ls ;

g lass b ow l ;

f ragmen ts o f b ronze p la te ; k ni fe a nd s hears ;

b ead ;

p edesta l

t hree

b ronze a nd e name l s tuds ;

b ronze h and le a nd r od ;

i ron r ing , h ooks ,

r e ma ins o f c ircu lar w ooden b oard w i th i ron r im ,

r a ida l s tr ips a nd r ing h and le . R e fs :

H o l mes a nd Frend , 1 959 , 1 -19 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 49-51 S tead , 1 967 , 5 2 a nd F ig .

1 03 .

L i t t le Hadha m c . TL 4 40227 Dresse l Iamphora , f ound i n 1 886 a nd n ow l ost , may h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w i th a c re ma t ion b ur ia l . R e fs :

S tead , 1 967 , 6 0 P eacock , 1 971 , 1 85

1 04.

S t . A lbans , K ing Harry Lane TL 1 33065 E xcava t ion o u ts ide t he S i lchester g a te o f V eru lamium b etween 1 966-1968 r evea led a n e n t ire c e me tery o f 4 45 c re ma t ion b ur ia ls o f t he p er iod c . 1 5-10 B .C . t o c . A .D . 4 3 ( S tead , 1 969 , F ig . 3 ) . The ma jor i ty were c re ma t ions c on ta ined i n p o t tery v esse ls , b u t s o me ( and p ar t icu lar ly r icher ) e xa mp les were u nurned . 5 0% were a ssoc ia ted w i th s ing le p o t tery v esse ls , b u t s o me w i th b e tween f our a nd t en p o ts .

G a l lo-be lg ic wares were c o m mon , b u t t he t o ta l o f

o ver 7 00 p ieces i nc luded o n ly f ive s amian e xamp les . 2 22 b rooches i nc luded ' Co lchester ' , ' Lang ton D own ' a nd ' t h ist le ' f orms . O ther g raves c on ta ined 1 0 Br i t ish c oins ( f ro m a s ing le g rave ) , 6 mirrors ; f our t r iangu lar i ron s hears ;

k n ives ;

t wo b race lets ;

t o i let s e ts .

s ix f ur ther k n ives ;

t wo s poons ;

t wo p a irs o f i ron

g am ing p ieces ;

i t e ms f ro m

1 8 c on te mporary i nhu ma t ions were l ess a dequa te ly

f urn ished , 1 6 b e ing u nacco mpan ied .

O ne p rov ided 4 p ot tery v esse ls

a nd a nother f ive g lass b eads a nd a b ronze r ing .

S evera l r ich c re-

ma t ions s urrounded b y s i mp le s a te l l i te b ur ia ls , o f ten w i th s quare o r r ec tangu lar e nc losures . Re fs :

S tead , 1 969b , 4 5-52 S tead , 1 976 , 4 14 3 75

1 05 .

S t . A lbans , V eru lam H i l ls F ie ld TL 1 40066 Sma l ler c re ma t ion c e me tery e nc losed b y ad i tch a nd p ar t ia l ly o ver la in b y af our th c entury A .D . b u i ld ing e xcava ted 7 00 m NE o f t he K ing Harry Lane c e me tery i n 1 963-4.

2 1 c re ma t ion b ur ia ls

a ssoc ia ted w i th n a t ive a nd g a l lo-be lg ic p ot tery v esse ls , t wo Nauhe im-der ived b rooches a nd a ' Co lchester ' b rooch . R e fs :

J ourn . R o man S tud ies , 4 4 , 1 964 , 1 66 An thony , 1 968 , 9 -50 S tead , 1 976 , 4 14

1 06.

We lwyn TL 2 32159 F our c re ma t ion b ur ia ls , t wo o f t he m o f ' We lwyn ' t ype , e xcava ted b etween O c tober a nd D ece mber 1 906 a nd l i s ted a s We lwyn A -D ( f o l low ing Sm i th , 1 912 a nd B ircha l l , 1 965 ). 1 . Bur ia l A :

G rave p i t o r v au l t o f u nknown d i mens ions , b u t 5 ' ( 1 .5

m ) d eep . C rema ted b ones were p robably u nenc losed a nd were a ssoc ia ted w i th a Dresse l I B amphora ; b ronze b ow l ; t wo b ronze h and les ;

h and le o f b ronze j ug ;

t hree b ronze masks , p a ir o f

i ron f ire-dogs ( S tead , F ig . p . 5 7 ) ;

f ragmen tary p edes ta l u rn a nd

t azza ( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 2 , N os . 1 02-3 ). 2 . Bur ia l B :

G rave p i t o r v au l t o f u nknown d i mens ions a nd n o

s pec i f ic men t ion o f c re ma ted r e ma ins . i nc luded f ive Dresse l I B amphorae ; i ron f rame ;

i ron-hand led p a te l la ;

w i th b ronze h and le ;

A ssoc ia ted o b jec ts

t wo p a irs o f i ron f ire-dogs ; o enochoe h and le ;

p a ir o f s i lver k yl ix ;

b ronze d o mes ( S tead , F ig . p . 5 8 ) ;

t ankard

b ronze r ing ;

t wo

p edesta l u rn a nd t azza

( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 2 , Nos. 1 04-5 ). 3 . Bur ia l C :

S i mp le e ar th g rave c re ma t ion a ssoc ia ted w i th a

p edes ta l u rn ;

b u t t-beaker , sma l l c ordonned b ow l ;

b ow l ( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 3 , N os . 1 06-9 ) .

sma l l 8 -s ided

Ca lc ined b one c on ta ined

i n t wo o f t he v esse ls ( Nos . 1 08 a nd 1 09 ). 4 .

Bur ia l D : S i mp le e ar th g rave 2 '6" ( 0 .75 m ) d eep c on ta in ing t wo p edesta l u rns a nd a t azza ( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 3 , N os . 1 10-2 ).

N o

r ecord o f c a lc ined b one . R efs :

Sm i th , 1 911-2 , 1 -30 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 49-51 ;

3 05-6

S tead , 1 967 , 5 7-8 1 07.

We lwyn , Mard lebury TL 2 53175 O ne o r more amphorae d iscovered b e fore 1 905 i n ap i t measur ing 6 '-7 ' (1 .8-2.1 m ) i n w id th a nd 8 '-9 ' ( 2 .4-2.7 m ) i n l eng th . R e f :

S tead , 1 967 , 6 0 .

3 76

1 08.

Welwyn G arden C i ty , A t t i more Road TL 2 26124 Four c re ma t ion b ur ia ls f ound i n 1 938. Ro man j ug a nd p la t ter .

P ot tery v esse ls i nc lude a

Four a ssoc ia ted b rooches were n ever

i l lustra ted a nd a re n ow l ost . Refs :

Hughes , 1 938 , 1 44 S tead , 1 976, 4 14

1 09 .

Welwyn Garden C ity TL 2 54131 Bur ia l 1 :

E xcept iona l ly we l l-furn ished ' We lwyn ' c lass b ur ia l

e xcava ted i n 1 965 .

Rec tangu lar p i t 1 0 '6" ( 3 .15 m) b y 7 '3" ( 2 .1 m )

a t mou th a nd 8 '6" ( 2 .25 m ) b y 4 '9" ( 1 .43 m) a t b ase , c onta ined c a lc ined b ones o f a n a du lt ' ma le d eposi ted i n ah eap i n t he n or thern p ar t o f t he g rave , s epara ted f ro m t he ma in c ol lec t ion o f g rave g oods b y ap ossib le t imber p ar t i t ion . 5 Dresse l I B amphorae ; c ounters ;

s i lver c up ;

Assoc ia ted o b jects i nc luded

3 6 p ot tery v esse ls ; b ronze s tra iner ;

v esse ls w ith b ronze f i t t ings ;

s e t o f 2 4 g lass g am ing

b ronze d ish ;

wooden b oard w i th i ron f i t t ings ;

wooden v esse l w i th i ron b ands a nd r ing h and les ; k n i fe ;

s traw ma t ( S tead , P ls . I -V I I ;

i nc lude 7 p edes ta l u rns ; p edesta l led b ow ls ;

f our p edesta l led c ups ; l i ds ;

t r iangu lar i ron

F igs. 5 -25 ).

t wo c ar ina ted b ow ls ;

d onned a nd g lobu lar b eakers ; Bur ia ls 2 -7:

t wo wooden

P ottery v esse ls

t wo t azzae ;

c ordonned b ow l ;

p la t ters ;

t wo c or-

f lagons.

S ix s ubs id iary s a te l l i te g raves were f ound c lose t o

t he ma in i n termen t a nd p art ia l ly e xcava ted .

Each r epresented b y

as ing le v esse l c onta in ing c a lc ined b ones ( S tead , 1 967, F ig . 2 -6 ; t wo b icon ica l j ars ; j ar ). Re fs :

t hree g lobu lar j ars ;

f rag men tary p iri for m

One b ur ia l a ssoc ia ted w i th f rag men tary i ron b rooch . S tead , 1 967, 1 -62 S tead , 1 976 , 4 14

1 10.

West mi l l c . TL 3 80271 Three amphorae , a l l p ossibly Dresse l I B f orms , f ound i n 1 729 , may h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w ith a c re ma t ion b ur ia l .

An u ncon f ir med

Ordnance S urvey r epor t o f ac re ma t ion b ur ia l p robably r efers t o t he s a me s i te . Refs :

Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 5 S tead , 1 967, 6 0 Peacock , 1 972 ,

1 85

3 77

I s le o f Wigh t 1 11.

G a tco mbe

Ch i l ler ton Far m

C . S Z 4 883 Ca lc ined b one f ound i n as ing le h and- made , whee l-f in ished p ot tery j ar b efore 136 ( Sherw in , MS i l lustra t ion ). R efs :

S herw in , 1 936a , 6 14-5 S herw in , MS v olume , S oc iety o f Ant iquar ies L ibrary , London .

1 12.

S andown , Lake S Z 5 84834 Excava t ion o f ac re ma t ion b ur ia l a nd p yre a rea i n 1 931 .

Ca lc ined

b ones o f ay oung a du lt f e ma le c on ta ined i n ap ir i for m b ead-r im j ar a nd a cco mpan ied b y o ne ' c o mp lete a nd t wo f rag mentary h andmade j ars . Re fs :

P oole , 1 931 ,

1 42-3

P oole a nd S herw in , 1 932 , 2 96-8

Ken t 1 13.

A ylesford TQ 7 31593 Excava t ion o f t he sma l l f la t-grave c re ma t ion c e metery b etween 1 886-90 was p oor ly r ecorded a nd B ircha l l h as b een u nable t o a l loca te more t han 2 2 o f t he 4 5 r ecorded p ot tery v esse ls t o s pec if ic g raves .

Three r icher e xa mples , X , Y a nd Z , a re d ist ingu ished

f ro m s ix s i mpler g raves , A-F , wh ich were f ound a rranged a s a ' Fa m i ly C irc le '.

A n u mber o f t he r e ma in ing b ur ia ls , o f wh ich

t here may h ave b een b e tween 6 a nd 8 , a re r epor ted t o h ave b een a rranged i n o ne o r more i rregu lar c irc les , b u t t he f or m o f i nd iv idua l g raves i s n ot c onf ir med ( Bircha l l , 2 43-7; 1 . Bur ia l X :

3 01-5 ).

Large wooden b ucket w i th i ron b ands a nd h and le ,

a pparent ly c on ta in ing t he c re ma ted r e ma ins a nd f ive p ot tery v esse ls ( Bircha l l , 3 01 a nd F ig . 6 , Nos . 4 4-8 ). 2 .

Bur ia l Y : w i th c ha lk .

C ircu lar b ur ia l p i t 3 '6" ( 1 .05 m) d eep , l i ned o r c oa ted Ca lc ined b ones c on ta ined i n ab ronze-bound wooden

b ucke t , w ith t hree b ronze b rooches ( S tead , 1 976, 4 02 a nd F ig . 1 , Nos. 1 a nd 2 ).

Bronze o enochoe a nd p a tel la l ay o u ts ide t he b ucket

w i th f our p ot tery v esse ls ( Bircha l l , 3 02 , a nd F ig . 7 , Nos . 4 9-52 ). 3 . Bur ia l Z :

Bronze p la ted wooden t ankard w ith b ronze h and les f ound

a t t he c en tre o f ag rave 1 '6" ( 0 .45 m) d eep a nd p robably c on ta ined t he c re ma ted r e ma ins.

F ive o r s ix p o ttery v esse ls were a rranged

i n ac irc le a round t he c en tra l d eposi t o f wh ich t hree h ave b een r ec onstruc ted ( Bircha l l , 3 02 a nd F ig . 7 , N os. 5 3-55 ).

3 78

4 .

Fa mi ly C irc le Bur ia l A :

G rave w i th s ing le c inerary b ow l .

( Bircha l l , 3 02 ). 5 .

Fa m ily C irc le Bur ia l B :

G rave a ssoc ia ted w ith a b ow l , u rn a nd

f la t d ish ( Bircha l l , F ig . 8 , Nos. 5 6-58 ), f ound 1 0 ' ( 3 m ) f ro m A . 6 .

Fa m i ly C irc le Bur ia l C :

G rave w i th s ing le b u t t-beaker ( Bircha l l ,

F ig . 8 , N o . 5 9 ) , f ound 3 ' ( 0 .9 m) f ro m B . 7 .

Fa mi ly C irc le Bur ia l D :

G rave w i th t wo b ow ls a nd a p edesta l u rn

( Bircha l l , F ig . 7 , N os. 6 0-1 ;

F ig . 9 , N o. 7 1 ) , f ound 6 ' ( 1 .8 m)

' beyond ' C . 8 .

Fa mi ly C irc le Bur ia l E :

G rave c . 1 '8" ( 0 .5 m ) d eep c on ta ining a

sma ll j ar a nd l arger b ow l ( B ircha l l , F ig . 7 , N os. 6 2-3 ) f ound 6 ' ( 1 .8 m ) f ro m D . 9 .

Fami ly C irc le Bur ia l F :

, Grave c onta in ing t wo j ars , o f wh ich t he

sma l ler may h ave c on ta ined c a lcined b ones ( B ircha l l , F ig . 7 , Nos . 6 4 - 5 ) f ound c . 4 -P ( 1 .35 m) f ro m E , i n t he d irec t ion o f A . T he r e ma in ing p ot tery v esse ls f ro m t he s i te a re u ngrouped , b u t r epu ted ly a re f ro m g raves 2 ' -3 ' ( 0 .6 - 0 .9 m ) i n d epth a nd s u ff ic ien t ly l arge t o a cco m moda te t wo o r t hree u rns ( Bircha l l , 3 03 a nd F igs . 9 -11 , N os . 6 6-87). Re fs :

Evans , 1 890 , 3 17-88 B ircha l l , 2 43-7;

3 01-5

S tead , 1 971a , 2 60-73 ;

2 80

S tead , 1 976 , 4 02 1 14.

Bar ming , Arnold 's Quarry C . TQ 7 12545 Sma ll j ar a nd o ther p ot tery v essels , i nc lud ing a g lobu lar j ar , f ound d ur ing q uarrying i n 1 931 , 1 963 a nd 1 966.

A t l east o ne c on ta ined

c a lc ined b ones . Refs :

Ke l ly , 1 971 , 7 4 Ke l ly , 1 974 , 2 13

1 15.

Bough ton A luph TQ 0 13459 S ing le c re ma tion b ur ia l f ound i n 1 963.

Ca lc ined b ones c on ta ined

i n ac oarse-ware j ar a nd a cco mpan ied b y ac urved-sided b ow l a nd d ish o f g a l lo-be lg ic d er ived f or m . Ref : 1 16.

Ke l ly , 1 963 , 1 88-9

Bough ton Monche lsea C . TQ 7 651 Two amphorae , o f u ndef ined f or m f ound c lose t o Quarry Wood Ca mp , L oose , a nd may c o me f ro m a g rave. Refs :

Ca l lendar , 1 965 , 2 6 Rodwe l l , 1 976 , 3 24 3 79

1 17.

Broadsta irs , Du mpton Gap c . • TR 3 95666 Bur ia l 1 :

C ordonned u rn c on ta in ing t he c re ma ted r e ma ins o f a

c h i ld f ound i n ap i t 2 '6" ( 0 .74 m ) b y l '9" ( 0 .5 m ) w ide a nd 1 '9" ( 0 .5 m ) d eep .

The u rn was p acked r ound w i th f l in ts a nd a cco m-

p an ied b y as econd v esse l o f u ndef ined f or m . Bur ia l 2 :

Ova l g rave 3 ' ( 0 .9 m ) b y 21 ( 0 .6 m) w ide a nd 2 '6"

( 0 .75 m ) d eep , l i ned w i th b aked c lay , c onta ined a n i nco mplete u rn o f ' dark b rown c oarse ware ' a nd a ' du l l r ed s ha l low p an o r s aucer '. Ref : 1 18.

Hurd , 1 909 , 4 27-35

Char ing , N ew land TQ 9 34483 Ordnance S urvey r ecord ' Be lg ic c re ma t ions ' f ro m t he s i te , a l though p ubl ished r epor ts c onf ir m o n ly t ha t as ing le i n tac t p o t tery b ow l was f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th a mass o f p ot tery f rag men ts . Refs :

Grove , 1 959 , 2 26 Ordnance S urvey , 1 962 , 5 5

1 19.

Dea l , Mi l l H i l l TR 3 62508 Probable c re ma t ion c e metery r epresen ted b y g rave g roups a nd u nacco mpan ied o b jec ts f ound b etween 1 885 a nd 1 915 ( S tead , 4 04 ). 1 . Bur ia l 1 :

C re ma t ion b ur ia l f ound c . 1 905 , a ssoc ia ted w i th a

p edesta l u rn ;

n ecked j ar ;

t hree b ow ls ;

p la t ter ;

t wo b ronze

' Co lches ter ' b rooches ( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 1 , N os . 8 8-95 ). 2 .

Bur ia l 2 :

C re ma t ion f ound c . 1 909 i n a sma l l s quare c ha lk-cu t

g rave a nd a ssoc ia ted w i th t wo b ow ls ; h and led j ar ;

ab u t t b eaker ;

b ronze ' Co lchester ' b rooch ;

( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 2;

f ragmen tary

b ronze t o i let s et

N os. 9 6-101 ).

O ther ma ter ia l p robably f ro m c re ma t ion g raves i nc ludes a t azza ( Og i lv ie a nd Dunn ing , F ig . 5 )a nd s ix Aylesford-type b rooches ( S tead , 4 04 a nd F ig . 1 , N os . 3 -4 ;

F ig . 2 , Nos. 1 -4 ).

T he s a me

c e metery may a lso h ave y ie lded t he Dea l i nhu ma t ion w i th t wo La Tbne b ronze s poons ( A.2.32 ). Refs :

Bushe F oxe , 1 925 , 1 8 a nd P l . I V B ircha l l , 1 965 , 3 04-5 a nd F igs . 1 1-12 Og i lv ie a nd Dunning , 1 967, 2 21-6 S tead , 1 976, 4 04 a nd F igs . 1 -2

1 20 .

Faversham TR 0 12609 Ro mano-Br i t ish a nd Ang lo-Saxon b ur ia ls were f ound a t t he s i te b etween 1 846 a nd 1 849.

A l though n o La n ne g rave-groups s urv ive , 3 80

three Aylesford-type brooches (Two in silver, one bronze) are preserved in the British Museum Gibb's Collection and probably derive from one or more cremation graves. Refs:

121.

Bedo, 1872, 141 Smith, 1871, 7 Stead, 1976, 406

Folkestone, Cheriton TR 193369 25 La Tene III to late first century A. D. pottery vessels were excavated from 9 cremation graves in 1948. 25 further vessels, from an unknown number of graves, were accidentally encountered. Two associated brooches are 'Colchester' forms, and two others type. of later first century A.

.q.

Refs:

122.

Tester and Bing, 1949, 21-47; Stead, 1976, 413

Figs. 1-5 and Pls. 1-3

Folkestone, Eversley TR 207362 Unconfirmed Ordnance Survey report by O. G. S. Crawford of 'Early Iron Age burial found 1922'. Ref:

123.

Ordnance Survey Record.

Folkestone, Radnor Park TR 218365 Three cremation burials found 1918. Burial 1: Calcined bones and 'Colchester' brooch contained in butt-beaker (Bushe-Foxe Pl. V, No. 2; Pl. XI, No. 5; Pl. XIV, No. 10). Burial 2: Calcined bones contained in butt-beaker (Bushe-Foxe, Pl. V, No. 3; Pl. XI, No. 4). Burial 3: Cremation contained in a small pedestal jar and associated with a single-handled flagon, samian cup and two bronze brooches (Bush�-Foxe, Pl. V, No. 1; Pl. XI, No. 6; Pl. XIV, Nos. 11-12). Refs:

124.

Bushe-Foxe, 1925, 20-1 Winbolt, 1926b, 63-7 Hawkes and Dunning, 1930, 328 Stead, 1976, 404-5

Folkestone, East Wear Bay TR 240370 Obscure reports indicate between 4 and 9 pottery vessels, all probably associated with cremations, were found beneath a Roman villa during its excavation in 1924, although only three are illustrated; 381

ab icon ica l j ar , b icon ica l b ow l a nd sma l l c urved-sided b ow l ( W inbolt , 1 925 , F ig . F .2 ).

The f irst t wo v esse ls a lso c on ta ined

r espec t ively a Nauhei ml ike b rooch a nd a n Aylesford b rooch ( W inbolt , F igs . 3 a a nd b ;

S tead , F ig . 4 , N o. 2 ;

F ig . 2 , N o. 4 ).

Af our th v esse l , o f u nknown f or m , c on ta ined a s i lver b race let a nd b ronze r ing ( W inbol t , F igs . 3 c a nd d ) .

Af ur ther s i lver A y lesford

b rooch f ound o n t he b each b e low t he c l if f o n wh ich t he c e me tery l ay may c o me f ro m a nother b ur ia l . Refs :

Winbolt , 1 925a

.

Winbo lt , 1 925b , 6 3-7 Winbo lt , 1 926 , 4 9 Ward P erk ins , 1 944 , 1 75 S tead , 1 976 , 4 04-6 1 25.

H oth f ie ld , Westwel l TQ 9 75457 Two c re ma t ion g raves d iscovered d ur ing mi l i tary e xcava t ion i n 1 942. Bur ia l 1 : ( A-D ) ;

Ca lc ined b ones f ound o u tside f our p ot tery v esse ls

ar ound-bod ied b ow l ;

sma l l c ar ina ted b ow l a nd t wo u n-

r econstruc ted v esse ls ( Br inson , P ls. Bur ia l 2 :

Rela t ionsh ip o f c re ma ted r e ma ins t o t he t hree a ssoc ia ted

v esse ls ( E- G );

ab u t t-beaker ;

g lobu lar u rn a nd u nrecons truc ted

j ar , i s u nrecorded ( Br inson , P ls. I I-IV ). Ref : 1 26.

Br inson , 1 943 , 4 1-7

I gh tha m , O ldbury TQ 5 82566 Two p edesta l u rns , e ach c on ta in ing c a lc ined b one , b ur ied i n t he o u ter d efences o f t he h i l l for t , c lose t o t he NE g a te , a f ter t he ir c o mplet ion c . A .D . 4 3 Ref :

1 27.

Ward P erk ins , 1 944 , 1 64 a nd F ig . 1 5

L i tt lebourne , Swanton Farm TR 1 98587 Ordnance S urvey r ecord ' Be lg ic c re ma t ion i n Ma idstone Museum , f ound 1 951 '. Ref :

1 28.

Ordnance S urvey r ecord .

Ma idstone , A l ling ton TQ 7 31561 S ing le c re ma t ion b ur ia l a ssoc ia ted w i th a c ordonned j ar , a p la t ter w i th a n imi ta t ion p o t ter 's s tamp a nd a ' Co lchester ' b rooch , f ound 1 923 . Refs :

Bushe-Foxe , 1 925 , 2 0 , 4 4 ; S tead , 1 976 , 4 12-3 3 82

P l . X I , Nos . 7 -8 ;

P l . XV

N o. 1 5

129. Maidstone, Tassel's Quarry TQ 746573 One or more cremation burials represented by 13 pottery vessels (including pedestal urn, corrugated urn; cordonned cup; large open platter and four flat-based bowls or jars); two Colchester brooches and a Langton Down brooch are reported by Bushe-Foxe (Pl. XI, 7-8; Pl. XV, No. 14; Stead, 412). Another cremation found£· 1860 was associated with a native butt-beaker, a platter, dishes and an importeq 2-handled jug (Kelly, 7 3-4). Refs: Bushe-Foxe, 1925, 19-20 Kelly, 1971, 73-4 Stead, 1976, 412 130.- �Maidstone, Ashford Road TQ 768558 Cremation in a pedestal urn accompanied by a globular urn and a fragmentary iron brooch spring found 1963. Refs: Kelly, 1963, 194-6 and Fig. 16 Stead, 1976, 413-4 131. Northfleet, Bevan's Pit c. TQ 6273 Aylesford-type pottery vessels associated with cremations found at an unknown date. Ref: Evans, 1890, 351 13'2. Orpington, Reynold's Cross TQ 471674 Possible La Tene III cremation disturbed in 1956. Ref: Parsons, 1957, 240 133. Petham, Swarling TR 12752-6 Excavation of a small cemetery discovered during gravel-quarrying in 1925 revealed 19 probable grave-pits, of which at least 17 are known to have contained calcined bone in addition to material objects. Numbering and descriptions used here follow Birchall (1965, 299-301). Burial 1: Calcined bones and bronze 'Colchester' brooch contained in a globular bowl (Birchall, Fig. 1, Nos. 1-2). Burial 2: Grave pit£· 1'9" (0.52 m) wide contained two pedestal urns, one of which contained calcined bones (Birchall, Fig. 1, Nos. 3-4).

383

Bur ia l 3 :

G rave p i t , C . 1 '3" ( 0 .37 m ) d eep , c on ta ined c a lc ined

b ones h e ld i n as ing le g lobu lar b ow l ( B ircha l l , 1 965 , F ig . 1 , N o . 5 ) . Bur ia l 4 :

G rave p i t 1 '3" ( 0 .37 m ) d eep a nd l i ned w i th f l in ts .

Broken a nd p ar t ia l ly o r u nburn t b ones o f ac h i ld c on ta ined , w i th a n i ron b rooch , i n ab icon ica l u rn a nd a cco mpan ied b y f ragmen tary c on ica l u rn .

B oth v esse ls p acked r ound w i th f ur ther f l in ts

( Bircha l l , F ig . 1 , N os . 6 -8 ). Bur ia l 5 :

S ha l low g rave d ug P10" ( 0 .55 m ) b e low modern s ur face

a nd measur ing c . 2 ' ( 0 .6 'm ) b y 1 0" ( 0 .25 m ).

C a lc ined b ones

c on ta ined i n w ide- mothed b ow l i nver ted o ver a n u mber o f f l a t s tones a nd a cco mpan ied b y t wo b u t t-bakers ( Bircha l l , F ig . 2 , N os . 9 -11 ). Bur ia l 6 : G rave d ug 1 '8" ( 0 .5 m ) b e low modern s ur face c on ta ined as ing le c on ica l u rn h o ld ing 'c a lc ined b one ( B ircha l l , F ig . 2 , N o . 1 2 ). Bur ia l 7 :

G rave d ug 1 '7" ( 0 .47 m ) b e low t he s ur face o f t he g rave l

c on ta ined a p edes ta l u rn h old ing c a lc ined b one ( Bircha l l , F ig . 2 , N o . 1 3 ). Bur ia l 8 :

G rave d ug 1 ' ( 0 .3 m ) b e low t he s ur face o f t he g rave l

c on ta ined a n ecked j ar h old ing c a lc ined b one , as econd j ar a nd a sma l l c ordonned b ow l ( B ircha l l , F ig . 2 , N os . 1 4-16 ). Bur ia l 9 :

G rave d ug P ( 0 .3 m ) b e low t he s ur face o f t he g rave l

a nd 2 ' ( 0 .6 m ) i n d iame ter y ie lded c a lc ined b one c on ta ined i n t he f irst o f t hree g lobu lar b ow ls ( B ircha l l , F ig . 2 , N os . 1 7-19 ). Bur ia l 1 0 :

?G rave p i t y ie ld ing a c rude , f la t-bot to med b ow l a nd

n o e v idence o f c a lc ined b one ( B ircha l l , 2 42 ). Bur ia l 1 1 :

?G rave p i t d ug 1 '5" ( 0 .42 m ) b e low modern s ur face

c on ta ined a b icon ica l j ar w i thou t c a lc ined b one ( B ircha l l , F ig . 2 , N o . 2 ) . Bur ia l 1 2 :

G rave p i t y ie lded c a lc ined b ones a nd u nrecons truc tab le

p ot tery s herds ( Bircha l l , 2 42 ). Bur ia l 1 3 :

C ircu lar g rave p i t 3 '6" ( 1 .05 m ) i n d ia me ter a nd 3 '

( 0 .9 m ) d eep .

C a lc ined b ones , t wo sma l l b ow ls a nd t wo b ronze

' Aylesford ' b rooches c on ta ined i n a wooden b ucket w i th i ron h oops a nd h and les .

Two p edes ta l u rns , p acked r ound w i th f l in ts , a nd

t wo f ur ther sma l l b ow ls were a rranged a round t he o u ts ide o f t he b ucke t ( Bircha l l , F ig . 2 , N os. 2 1-27 ). Bur ia l 1 4 :

G rave p i t d ug 2 ' ( 0 .6 m ) b e low t he modern s ur face

c on ta ined a p edes ta l u rn p acked a round w i th f l in ts a nd c on ta in ing c a lc ined b one ( Bircha l l , F ig . 2 , N o. 2 8 ). Bur ia l 1 5 :

G rave p i t d ug P (0 .3 m ) b e low t he modern s ur face .

Ca lc ined b one c on ta ined i n an eck less b ow l a cco mpan ied b y a t runca ted c on ica l b ow l o r l i d a nd a g lobu lar b ow l ( Bircha l l , F ig . 3 , N os . 2 9-31 ).

Bur ia l 1 6 :

G rave p i t y ie lded c a lc ined b one a nd u nrecons tructable

p ot tery s herds ( Bircha l l , 2 42 ). Bur ia l 1 7:

G rave p i t d ug 9 " ( 0 .22 m ) b e low t he s ur face o f t he

g rave l a nd 2 ' ( 0 .6 m ) i n d ia meter c on ta ined a n ecked j ar h old ing c a lc ined b one , a cco mpan ied b y ab icon ica l j ar ( B ircha l l , F ig . 3 , Nos. 3 2-33 ). Bur ia l 1 8 :

G rave p i t d ug 2 '9" ( 0 .82 m ) b e low t he modern s urface

a nd 2 '8" ( 0 .8 m ) i n d ia meter .

Ca lc ined b ones c onta ined i n a

c orruga ted u rn a nd a ccompan ied b y ap ir iform j ar , c ar ina ted b ow l a nd t wo b ronze f la t-bowed La T bne I I b rooches ( B ircha l l , F ig . 3 , N os. 3 4-37). Bur ia l 1 9 :

G rave p i t d ug 2 '8" ( 0 .8 m) b e low t he modern s ur face

a nd 3 ' ( 0 .9 m) i n d iameter .

Ca lc ined b ones c on ta ined i n ap edesta l

u rn a nd a cco mpan ied b y as i mi lar v esse l , ab ronze ' Colchester ' b rooch a nd t he s pr ing mechan is m o f as econd b rooch ( B ircha l l , F ig . 4 , N os. 3 8-40 ). Unassoc ia ted o b jec ts : t ary p edesta l u rn ;

Large d ecora ted ' S '-sided b ow l ;

f ragmen-

b ronze b ucket e scutcheon ( Bircha l l , F ig . 4 ,

N os. 4 1-43 ). Refs :

Bushe-Foxe , 1 925 B ircha l l , 1 965

1 34.

P lax to l , G odden 's Quarry TQ 6 03563 Cre ma t ion b ur ia l d iscovered d ur ing q uarrying i n 1 953 , a nd a t tr ibu ted e lsewhere t o t he a d jo in ing p ar ish o f Borough G reen ( Warhurst , 1 953 ;

S tead , 1 976).

ab urn ished b ead-r im b ow l ; f la t b ronze b ang le ; Refs :

Assoc ia ted o b jec ts c o mpr ised

t wo ' Aylesford ' b rooches ;

d ecora ted

t hree p la in b ronze b ang les.

Warhurst , 1 953 , 1 57-60 a nd F igs. 4 -5 S tead , 1 976 , 4 06 , 4 13 a nd F ig . 3 , No. 2

1 35.

S holden TR 3 60526 Cre ma t ion b ur ia l a ssoc ia ted w ith a b u t t-beaker , sma l l c ar ina ted b ow l a nd t wo b ronze ' Colchester ' b rooches f ound i n 1 962. Refs :

Og i lv ie a nd Dunn ing , 1 967, 2 21-6 a nd F igs. 1 -4 S tead , 1 976 , 4 13

1 36.

S it t ingbourne , Murston c . TQ 9 23642 P edesta l u rn f ro m o ne o f an u mber o f p redo minan t ly p ost-conquest c re ma t ion b ur ia l g roups d iscovered b etween 1 871 -1 872. Refs :

Payne , 1 876 , 1 78-83 a nd F ig . 1 0 V .C .H ., Ken t , I I , 1 932 , 9 7 a nd 1 61 3 85

1 37.

S tone , C ot ton Lane P it TQ 5 61748 Quarrying a c t iv ity i n 1 939 r evea led a t l east t hree c re ma t ion g rave g roups a rranged i n al i ne a nd a f our th c . 6 0 ' ( 18 m ) away.

Twen ty

s even s urv iv ing p ot tery v esse ls i nc luded g lobu lar j ars , p edesta l u rns , g lobu lar a nd c ordonned b ow ls , af lagon a nd b u t t-beaker ( Cot ton a nd R ichardson , F igs . 2 -4 ).

F our b ronze b rooches were

o f ' Co lchester ' , H od H i l l , f l a t-bow a nd t h is t le f orms ( Cot ton a nd R ichardson , F ig . 4 , N os . 1 -3 ). Refs :

C otton a nd R ichardson , 1 941 , 1 34 , 1 41 S tead ,

1 38.

1 976, 4 14

S trood c . TQ 7 369 Probab le p ost-conques t p edesta l u rn f ro m a R o mano-Br i t ish c re ma t ion c e metery. Ref :

1 39.

Hawkes a nd Dunn ing , 1 930 , 2 47 a nd F ig . 2 1 , N o. 4

S turry TR 1 79608 Probable c e metery s i te o r i sola ted g rave g roup r epresen ted b y ac oarse c ordonned u rn , f our p edesta l u rn b ases , af la t-footed b ase a nd f ragmen tary ' S '-s ided b ow l . Ref :

I nce , 1 928 , 9 3-4

M idd lesex 1 40.

S tan more , S tan more Park c . TQ 1 692 I n tac t Koan amphora may d er ive f ro m a c re ma t ion b ur ia l , a l though t here i s n o s uppor t ing e v idence. Refs :

Bra i lsford , 1 964 , F ig . 1 7 , N o. 1 1 Peacock , 1 971 , 1 85

Nor tha mp tonsh ire 1 41 .

Dus ton SP 7 30605 Probable c re ma t ion c e metery d iscovered c . 1 870. a ssoc ia ted w ith a t l east t wo p ir i form p edesta l u rns ; a nd c orruga ted u rns ;

g a l lo-belg ic wares ;

b rooches , f our ' Lang ton Down ' b rooches ; Refs :

S harp , 1 871 , 1 18-30 Bushe-Foxe , 1 925 , 2 4 S tead , 1 976 , 4 15 3 86

Bur ia ls c ordonned

1 0 ' Colchester ' o ne r ose t te b rooch .

1 42.

I rchester ( 1 ) SP 9 17666 F our l a test La Tene I I c re ma t ions f ound i n p i ts d ug i n t he a rea o f ad e molished s ub-rec tangu lar I ron Age e nc losure. Bur ia l 1 : 2 .

P r i mary b ur ia l ( P it 9 7) d isturbed a nd b roken b y b ur ia l

Assoc ia ted o b jects i nc luded b u t t-beaker , sma l ler b eaker a nd

f ragmentary j ug o r f lagon(Ha l l a nd N ickerson , F ig . 1 1 , Nos. 4 0-2 ). Bur ia l 2 :

S econdary b ur ia l ( P i t 9 7 ) a ssoc ia ted w i th a min ia ture

b u t t-beaker ;

b eakerlike v esse l c on ta in ing c a lc ined b one , a nd a

g a l lo-be lg ic-der ived p la t ter ( Ha l l a nd N ickerson , F ig . 1 0 , Nos. 3 7-9 ). Bur ia l 3 :

C re ma ted b one c onta ined i n al oca l ly manu fac tured

b u t t-beaker ( Pi t 1 10 ) ( Ha l l a nd N ickerson , F ig . 1 1 , N o. 4 3 ). Bur ia l 4 :

C re ma ted b one c onta ined i n al oca l ly made b u t t-beaker

a nd a cco mpan ied b y ag lobu lar-bod ied u rn , c ar ina ted b ow l a nd l oca l ly manu fac tured d ish ( Ha l l a nd N ickerson , F ig . 1 1 , Nos. 4 4-7). R ef : 1 43.

Ha l l a nd N ickerson , 1 967, 8 4

I rchester ( 2 ) c . SP 9 17666 I so la ted c re mat ion c on ta ined i n ab u t t-beaker o n a n e x tra- mura l s et t le men t s how ing l a te f irst a nd s econd c en tury A .D . o ccupa t ion . Ref :

1 44.

Kn igh t , 1 967 , 1 20 , 1 27 a nd F ig . 8 , N o. 1

Qu in ton c . SP 7 75526 Excava t ion o f a La Tene I I a nd R o mano-Br i t ish s et t le ment y ie lded t wo u nda ted , b ut p ossibly p re-conquest , d eposi ts o f c a lc ined b one . Ref :

Fr iendsh ip Taylor ,

1 974

O x fordsh ire 1 45.

Aston Rowant , K ingston B loun t SU 7 39994 Two c re ma t ion bur ia ls , e ach a cco mpan ied b y as ing le p ot tery v esse l f ound i n 1 972.

Ca lcined b ones o f a n a du lt c on ta ined i n a

n ecked j ar ( Cha mbers , F ig . l a ) , b ones o f a n i nfant o r c h i ld i n a sma ll b ead-r im b ow l ( Cha mbers , F ig . l b ). Ref :

Cha mbers ,

1 976 , 3 54-5

3 87

1 46.

P yr ton , Wa t ling ton SU 6 75967 C ircu lar g rave p i t 2 ' ( 0 .6 m) i n d iameter c on ta ined c a lc ined b ones o f a n a du l t f e ma le a cco mpan ied b y t wo b u t t-beakers ; b ow l ; R ef :

f la t d ish ;

f oot-r ing

b ronze ' Colchester ' b rooch a nd a nnu lar p ebble .

Case , 1 958 , 1 39-41 a nd F ig . 4 4 , A-E

S o merse t 1 47.

S toke-sub-Ha mden , Ha m H i l l ST 4 78170 Cre ma t ion b ur ia l f ound c . 1 923 i n ap i t 2 '6" ( 0 .75 m ) d eep , whose s ides were wh i tened w i th c ha lk a nd mou th s ea led w i th c lay .

Asso-

c ia ted o b jec ts i nc luded mid-f irst c en tury A .D . a n thropo id-h i lted d agger ;

b ronze b uck le ;

t wo b ronze r ings ; i ron a dze a nd s ick le ;

b ronze s tuds a nd b ronze f ragmen ts . Refs :

Wa t ter , 1 923 , 1 44-50 C larke a nd Hawkes , 1 955 J ope , 1 962

S u f folk 1 48.

Box ford TL 9 77391 Apparent c e metery i mp lied b y an u mber o f c eramic g rave-groups d iscovered d ur ing q uarrying i n 1 926.

The ma jor i ty o f g roups

c on ta ined t hree o r f our v esse ls , t he l argest o f wh ich h e ld c a lcined b one.

The p ot tery i s d escr ibed a s b e ing o f ' Aylesford-Swar l ing

t ype ' a nd t wo a ssoc ia ted b rooches a re o f ' Colchester ' f orm ( Ow les , 1 967 , F ig . 1 4 , g , i , j ) .

Two f ur ther ' Colchester ' b rooches a nd

t wo f ragmen tary i ron b rooches were f ound n earby ( TL 9 74395 ) i n 1 966 ( Ow les , F ig . 1 4 , a -e ). Refs :

Wi l l iams , 1 926, 3 09 C larke , 1 939 , 5 2 , 1 06;

P ls . X-X I I a nd F ig . 9

Ow les , 1 967, 8 8-107 S tead , 1 976 , 4 13 1 49.

E lvedon c . TL 8 279 Two-hand led b ronze t ankard f ound a t t he c en tre o f at r iang le o f i nver ted g lobu lar u rns ( now l ost ).

Presu mab ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a

c re ma t ion , a l though c a lc ined b one i s n ot s pec i f ica l ly r ecorded . Refs :

Evans , 1 890 , 3 59 , F ig . 1 0 V . C. H ., S u f fo lk , I , 1 911 , 3 04 Fox , 1 923 , 9 9 B ircha l l , 1 965 , 2 56 3 88

1 50.

Ked ing ton c . TL 7 046 Koan amphora f ound s tand ing u pr igh t i n t he g round , a l though a ssoc ia ted c a lc ined b ones a re n ot s peci f ica l ly ment ioned . Refs :

Proc . Ca mb. Ant iq . S oc ., 4 2 , 1 949 , 1 29 Rodwe l l , 1 976 , 3 23

1 51 .

Wa ld ing f ie ld c . TM 2 844 Brown ish-grey c ordonned p ot ' probab ly f ro m a c e metery '. Refs :

F ox , 1 923 , 1 03 C larke , 1 939 , 5 2 , 1 10

S urrey 1 52.

S anderstead , K ing 's Wood TQ 3 52608 S et t le men t s i te w i th e x terna l i nfan t c re ma t ion c e me tery.

A l l b u t

o ne o f t he r ecorded b ur ia ls c onta ined i n c inerary v esse ls , o f ten w i th a cco mpanying p ots.

O ne v esse l c onsidered I ron Age i n f or m

a nd t he b uria l g round h as b een a ss igned t o t he p er iod c . A .D . 4 0-70 . Ref :

L i t t le , 1 961 , 3 5-46

a uaa ea 1 53.

Lanc ing TQ 1 78076 An u nknown n u mber o f c rema t ion b ur ia ls were f ound i n t he v ic in ity o f t he R o mano-Cel t ic t e mp le c . 1 828.

S urv iv ing p o t tery v esse ls ,

i nc lud ing a t l east t wo C lass IDuro tr ig ian b ead-r im b ow ls a nd f ragmentary b u t t-beakers s uggest t ha t t he b ur ia l g round may h ave h ad p re-conquest o r ig ins . Refs :

Gent le man 's Magazine , 1 828 , i , 6 31 G ent le man 's Magazine , 1 830 , i , 1 7, 1 8 a nd P l . Sm ith , 1 848 , 9 3 V . C. H ., S ussex , I I , 1 935 , 5 9-60 Frere , 1 940 , 1 58-69 F ox , A ., 1 952 , 8 4 L ew is , 1 965 , 4 9

3 89

Wi ltsh ire 1 54.

Mar lborough , S t Margaret 's Mead S U 1 94689 Bronze-p la ted wooden b ucket w i th i ron b ands a nd h and les f ound w i th c a lc ined b ones i n 1 807. Refs :

C o lt-Hoare , 1 821 , 3 5 a nd P l . V I Cunn ing ton , 1 887, 2 22-8 S tead , 1 971 , 2 79

.

3 90

APPEND IX G .1

Barrows , s ou thern E ng land Avon 1 .

T ickenha m , C our t H i l l ST 4 36721 E xcava t ion o f a Bronze Age c a irn r evea led a p r i mary i nhu ma t ion o f a n a du l t ma le ( C-14 1 375 ± 1 00 b .c .) a nd t he s econdary u nurned c re ma t ion o f ac h i ld ( C-14 7 15 ± 1 30 b .c .).

I n a dd i t ion t o ag enera l

s ca t ter o f Bronze Age t o R o mano-Br i t ish p ot tery , t he b arrow y ie lded a La te Bronze o r v ery e ar ly I ron Age t anged b ronze c h ise l ( Green , F ig . 6 ) . Re fs :

G r inse l l , 1 971 , 1 20 G reen , 1 973 , 3 3-46

B erksh ire 2 .

Br igh twe l l S U 5 75919 Barrow e xcava ted b y H . Wa t ts i n 1 923 f a i led t o y ie ld e v idence o f ab ur ia l , b u t c on ta ined a n i ma l b ones a nd s herds o f ?I ron Age p ot tery ( Read ing Museum Acc . N o . 2 15.69 ). Refs :

G r inse l l , 1 936 , 2 6 Berks . Archaeo l . J our ., 6 5 , 1 970 , 5 5

3 .

Chadd lewor th , Woo ley D own S U 3 99804 Three b arrows e xcava ted i n 1 933 , b u t o f u ncer ta in d a te a nd o r ig ina l f unc t ion . Barrow 1 :

R ing mound w i thou t t races o f c en tra l b ur ia l .

I ron

Age a nd R o mano-Br i t ish p ot tery s herds a nd a n i ron k n i fe f ound b enea th mound o r w i th in t he f i l l ing o f t he s urround ing d i tch . Barrow 2 :

U nda ted s econdary c re ma t ion a nd a n i ron d agger f ound

i n t he f abr ic o f t he r ing mound . t he mound a nd i n d i tch-f i l l ing .

I ron Age p ot tery s ea led b enea th The l a t ter c on tex t a lso y ie lded a

s econd i ron d agger a nd R o mano-Br i t ish p ot tery s herds . Barrow 3 :

D i tch less mound , a t t he c en tre o f wh ich was a n arrow

g rave c on ta in ing t he h ead less s ke le ton o f a n a du l t ma le l y ing f l exed o n t he l e f t s ide .

Im med ia te ly a bove was t he f lexed s ke leton o f a

3 91

y oung a du lt f e ma le a cco mpan ied b y t he s ku l l o f t he ma le .

I ron

Age p ot tery s herds f ound i n t he f abr ic o f t he mound . Refs :

P eake a nd Pade l , 1 934 , 3 0-48 Hard ing , 1 974 , 1 15

C ambr idgesh ire 4 .

C hester ton , Wa ter N ew ton c . TL 1 297 Excava t ion o f ab arrow b y Ar t is c . 1 821-2 y ie lded o n I ta l ic s erpen t iform b ronze b rooch , t wo s p ira l b ronze b race le ts a nd a s p ira l b ronze a rm-band , a l though t here i s n o r ecord o f t he f orm o f b ur ia l . R efs :

Ar t is , 1 828 , P l . 3 1 , F igs . 1 , 2 , 7a nd 8 Harden , 3 16 , 3 18 Hard ing , 1 974 , 1 14

5 .

T hr ip low C . TL 4 344 Three b arrows e xcava ted c . 1 848 a nd a t tr ibu ted t o t he I ron Age b y C . F ox . Barrow 1 :

?I ron Age p ot tery v esse l c on ta in ing c re ma t ion .

Barrow 2 :

Pr i mary d epos i t o f af ire- marked s ke le ton , a ssoc ia ted

w i th a b one p in , ?I ron Age p ot tery a nd a h orse s ku l l . Barrow 3 : Re fs :

C re ma t ion a ssoc ia ted w i th u nburn t h orse b ones .

N ev i l le , 1 848 , 1 4-7 F ox , 1 923 , 7 9-80

6 .

Wh i t t lesford TL 4 52475 1 . Three b arrows a rranged i n al i ne e xcava ted c . 1 819.

O ne c on-

t a ined f our e x tended s ke le tons a ssoc ia ted w i th r ed a nd b lack-g lazed p ot tery. 2 .

The o thers a re n o t d escr ibed .

Two f ur ther b ur ia l mounds e xcava ted c . 1 00 y ards t o t he N . Each c ons truc ted o f f l in t a nd g rave l c overed w i th e ar th a nd s ur— r ounded b y ap er i me ter wa l l 2 2 ' ( 6 .6 m ) i n d iameter , 2 '6" ( 0 .75 m ) t h ick a nd 3 ' ( 0 .9 m ) h igh . a . I n terna l v au l t 5 ' ( 1 .5 m ) s quare a nd 8 ' ( 2 .4 m) d eep w i th a n o ak f l oor c on ta ined t wo s uper i mposed s ke le tons . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : i ron n a i ls ; b .

I ron k n i fe u nder s ku l l o f u ppermost s ke le ton ;

b ronze s ta in ing .

I n terna l v au l t 4 ' ( 1 .2 m ) s quare a nd 8 ' ( 2 .4 m ) d eep c on ta ined t wo s uper i mposed s ke le tons i n ' s i t t ing ' ( ? c rouched ) p os i t ions .

3 92

Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : Refs :

I ron s pear-head ;

i ron n a i ls.

G en t le man 's Magazine , 8 9 , 1 819 , 2 7-8 Babing ton , 1 883 , 6 3 Fox , 1 923 , 7 7-9

D orset 7 .

Hand ley ST 9 88144 V ery sma l l b arrow mound 1 0 ' ( 3 m) i n d ia me ter s urrounded b y a s quare p lan q uarry d i tch c overed a s ca t tered d eposi t o f c a lc ined b one a nd c harcoa l . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts :

S herds o f l a ter I ron Age a nd Ro mano-Br i t ish

p ot tery. Re f : 8 .

Wh i te , 1 970 , 2 6-36

Wey mou th , R idgeway H i l l SY 6 72859 Ear ly Bronze Age b arrow c onta in ing s ix p r i mary o r e ar ly s econdary c rouched i nhu ma t ions.

Two f ur ther i nhu ma t ions h ave b een c lassed

a s I ron Age i nter men ts o n t he g rounds o f a ssoc ia ted c oarse ware v esse ls o f s upposed I ron Age f or m . Ref : 9 .

Payne , 1 943 , 3 8-52 a nd P l . I Xc

Win terbourne S teep leton C . SY 6 12885 Three b ad ly d amaged b arrows w i th s quare-p lan e nc losure b anks . 1 . D ia me ter 3 5 ' ( 10.5 m );

h eigh t 2 ' ( 0 .75 m ).

Enc losure :

6 8 '

( 20 .4 m) x 6 6'6" ( 19 .95 m). 2 .

D iame ter 3 5 ' ( 10 .5 m); h eigh t 2 ' ( 0 .75 m ).

Enc losure :

6 1 '

( 18.3 m) x 6 3 '6" ( 19.05 m ). 3 . D iameter 2 8 ' ( 8 .4 m); h eigh t 2 ' ( 0 .75 m ).

E nc losure :

6 3 '6"

( 19.05 m ) x6 3 '6" ( 19 .05 m). Re fs :

R .C. H. M ., Dorset , 1 970 , 4 72 S tead , 1 965 , 2 3-4

1 0 .

Wood lands , Knob 's Crook S U 0 52073 Sma l l b arrow c over ing t hree p i ts c on ta in ing f ragments o f c re ma ted b one , b urn t c lay , 7 00 b ronze f ragmen ts , i ron n a i ls , mol ten g lass , u nburn t d isc o f t repanned b one a nd 1 1 s herds o f S am ian ware , i nc lud ing o ne f ro m a v essel o f ,t he r are F lav ian Knorr For m 7 8. Re f :

F ow ler ,

1 959 , 9 9-100 3 93

E ssex 1 1 .

Chr isha l l c . TL 4 439 S econdary c re ma t ion f ro m b arrow was a ssoc ia ted w i th t he b urn t b ones o f a t l east o ne h orse a nd t he b urn t f ragmen ts o f ab ronze b rooch a nd i ron k n i fe .

N o c on f ir ma t ion o f I ron Age d a te , t hough

c lassif ied a s s uch b y F ox . Ref :

Fox , 1 923 , 7 9

.

G loucestersh ire 1 2.

L eckha mpton SO 9 48184 Barrow , d ia meter 3 5 ' ( 10 .5 m ) , a t t he c en tre o f as quare-banked e nc losure 8 0 ' ( 24 m ) i n d iameter a nd w ith b anks 1 6 ' ( 4 .8 m ) w ide a nd 2 '6" ( 0 .75 m ) h igh .

E xcava t ion i n 1 925 r evea led a r obber p i t

a nd a s ing le b ronze s tud . Refs :

Know les , 1 925 , 9 1-101 S tead , 1 965 , 2 4

1 3.

Pa insw ick , E bwor th SO 8 98115 Cre ma ted b one c on ta ined i n ar ound-bod ied , h and- made b ow l ( Green , F ig , p . 2 17) , f ound w i th a ' s tone- mu l ler ' i n ab arrow i n 1 882. Ref :

G reen , 1 942 , 2 16-8

Hampsh ire 1 4.

Bo ldre , Beau l ieu Hea th S U 3 66018 Tur f- mound 1 5 ' ( 4 .5 m) i n d ia meter a nd s urrounded b y as ha l low c ircu lar d itch e xcava ted i n 1 941 .

N o t race o f i nhu med o r c re ma ted

b one , a l though t he s i te was i n terpreted a s a Ha l lsta t t c har iot b ur ia l . Assoc iated o b jec ts :

Bronze r ing 11/8 " ( 30 m m ) i n d ia meter ;

t races o f j o inted wooden p lank ing . Ref : 1 5.

P iggot t , C . M., 1 953 , 1 4-21

C o mpton , O l iver 's Ba t tery S U 4 59279 Barrow e xcava ted c . 1 930 y ie lded a c re ma t ion c on ta ined i n a s upposed ly Ha l lsta t t c inerary v essel . Ref :

Andrew , 1 933 , 1 63-8

3 94

N or folk 1 6.

S t i ffkey , Warborough H i l l TF 9 60434 S everely d isturbed a nd p ar t ia l ly q uarr ied mound 4 8 ' ( 14.4 m) i n d ia meter a nd w ith a d i tch c . 1 4 ' ( 4 .2 m) w ide .

Excava t ion r e-

v ea led n on-La U ne I I p o t tery s herds , aq uan t i ty o f c re ma ted o r c ooked a n i ma l b one , b u t n o t race o f h u man r e ma ins . Ref : 1 7.

C larke a nd Apl ing , 1 935 , 4 08-28

Weet ing , Weet ing Park TL 8 05892 I ron Age p ottery r epor ted t o h ave b een f ound w ith a p r i mary c rema t ion i n ab arrow .

C larke a nd Ap l ing s ubsequen t ly r epor ted t he

p resence o f c harcoa l , b u t n o c a lc ined b one. Refs :

Ar mstrong , 1 921 , 8 1 Fox , 1 923 , 7 9 C larke a nd Apl ing , 1 935

S u f fo lk 1 8 .

R isby , Barrow Bot to m TL 7 73661 Barrow e xcava ted i n 1 813 y ie lded t wo o r more h o l low-bladed i ron s pear-heads ( Bury Museu m ) , a t lhough t here i s n o r ecord o f a ny a cco mpanying b ur ia l .

C lassi f ied a s a n e ar ly I ron Age d eposi t b y

F ox . Refs :

Archaeolog ia , 3 4 , 1 852 , 4 9 a nd P I . V Fox , 1 923 , 7 6-7 C larke ,

1 9.

1 939 , 1 8 , 2 0 , 9 5

R isby , R isby Hea th C . TL 7 76678 Brown , b urn ished p edesta l-footed b ow l f ound a s as econdary d eposi t i n ab arrow e xcava ted i n 1 869 , a l though i ti s n ot c lear whether t h is a cco mpan ied a n u nrecogn ised c re ma t ion o r ac rouched i nhu ma t ion k nown t o h ave b een f ound w i th in t h is , o r a n a d jacen t b arrow . Refs :

Proc . S u f folk I nst . Archaeol ., 4 , 1 870 , 3 67 Fox , 1 923 , 7 7 , 8 5 , 3 27 C larke , 1 939 , 4 3-4 , 9 7 Hawkes ,

1 940 , 1 17 , 1 19 a nd F ig . 1 4

3 95

Wi ltsh ire 2 0 .

Box , T otney H i l l ST 8 13678 Bronze Age b arrow w i th c en tra l c re ma t ion b ur ia l a lso y ie lded s econdary d eposi ts r epresen t ing a t l east 1 0 v ery f ragmen ted i nhuma t ions.

Large q uan t i t ies o f a ssoc ia ted ? I ron Age p ot tery l ed

t o a ssu mp t ions o f s econdary I ron Age s acr i f ic ia l a c t iv i ty. Refs :

S haw- Me l lor , 1 929 , 1 69-76 Hawkes , C . a nd J ., 1 935 , 3 58 V ictor ia C ounty H istory , Wi ltsh ire , I , i , 1 957, 1 61

2 1 .

C o ll ingbourne Duc is , C ow D own S U 2 30515 Barrow 3 , e xcava ted b y Luk is , r evea led a s econdary b ur ia l o f a c on tracted s ke leton l y ing o n i t s r igh t s ide.

Possibly I ron Age ,

b u t more l i ke ly t o b e Ang lo-Saxon . Or ien tat ion :

W

Assoc ia ted o b jec t : Refs :

I ron k n ife

Luk is , 1 867 , 8 5-103 Dev izes Museu m Ca ta logue , i , 1 934 , 3 7-9 V ictor ia C ounty H istory , Wi l tsh ire , I , i , 1 957 , 1 67

2 2.

I dmiston S U 2 18352 Bronze Age b arrow c onta ining a p r i mary c re ma t ion a lso y ie lded t he s ke leton o f a n a du lt l y ing c rouched o f t he r igh t s ide , 1 0 ' ( 3 m) f ro m t he c en tre o f t he mound .

Possibly a n Ang lo-Saxon

s econdary b ur ia l r a ther t han a n I ron Age d epos i t . Or ien ta t ion : Ref :

S

S tone , 1 932 , 2 87-8

3 96

APPENDIX G .2

N on-La U ne I I c re ma t ions , s ou thern E ng land S hropsh ire 1 .

Bro m f ie ld SO 4 80778 F la t-grave c re ma t ion c e me tery e xcava ted i n 1 966 y ie lded t hree u ncorrec ted C -14 d etermina t ions f or i n-urned b ur ia ls : b .c .;

1 55 + 1 80

8 50 + 7 1 b .c . a nd 7 62 ± 7 5 b .c .

Assoc ia ted o b jects :

Ca lc ined b ones c on ta ined i n s tra igh t-sided

a nd b arre l-shaped u rns ( S tan ford , F ig . 1 3 ). Refs :

S tanford , 1 972 , 3 2-33 C un l if fe , 1 974 , 2 47 a nd 2 59

S u f folk 2 .

Cre t t ing S t Mary , Woolard 's P i t TM 0 94560 F la t g rave c re ma t ion b ur ia l r epresen ted b y ad eposi t o f c a lc ined b one c ontained i n a n a ngu lar p ot tery v esse l o f s upposed ly e ar ly I ron Age f or m . Refs :

I psw ich Museu m Repor t , 1 929 , 1 98 C larke , 1 939 , 1 9 , 9 6

3 .

Lakenhea th , C aud le Farm TL 7 22812 F la t g rave c re ma t ion d iscovered i n 1 914 a nd a ssoc ia ted w i th t wo s upposed ly e ar ly I ron Age p ot tery v esse ls . Ref :

C larke , 1 939 , 1 9 , 9 7

S ussex 4 .

_ G lynde , Caburn TQ 4 44089 Deposi t o f c a lc ined b one f ound w i th t wo p ot tery v esse ls b enea th t he p r imary r ampar t , b u t o n t op o f a n e ar lier c oun terscarp b ank . S ea led b y at urf-l ine f ro m t he r a mpar t a bove. Refs :

Wi lson , 1 939 , 1 96 , 2 06 a nd F ig . V I I Hawkes ,

1 939 , 2 19 a nd F ig . B 3 97

5 .

S o mpt ing , Park Brow TQ 1 54088 Ca lcined b one c on ta ined i n ac oarse , l i gh t-red p ot tery v esse l b ur ied i n as ha l low i rregu lar c ha lk-cu t d epression . R efs :

Wo les ley a nd Smi th ,

1 924 , 3 47-59

Hard ing , 1 974 , 1 15

Warw icksh ire 6 .

R yton. zo n-Duns more SP 3 72725 C -14 a na lysis o f ma ter ia l a ssoc ia ted w i th a f la t-grave i n-urned c re ma t ion y ie lded a d e ter m ina t ion o f 7 51 + 4 1 b .c . b y J . Ba te man a nd V . S . Wh i te . Ref :

Rad iocarbon , 1 0 , 1 968 , 2 04

3 98

Excava ted

APPEND IX G .3

Cave d eposits , s ou thern Eng land Avon 1 .

Backwe l l ST 4 92679 Cave d eposi t e xcava ted a n te-1938 r evea led a mass o f h u man b ones , t oge ther w ith s herds o f l a te I ron Age a nd e ar ly Ro mano-Br it ish p ot tery.

The ma jor i ty o f t he b ones b elonged t o t he l e f t s ide o f

p os t -cran ia l s keletons a nd o n ly t wo s ku l ls were f ound . Re fs :

Tra t man , 1 938 , 5 7-71 Ever ton , A . a nd R ., 1 971 , 1 9

2 .

Church i l l , Read 's Cavern ST 4 68584 Cave d eposit e xcava ted i n 1 919 r evea led a n u mber o f s ke letons , t hough t t o h ave b een b ur ied b enea th a r oof-fa l l t ha t b locked t he c ave e ntrance.

Assoc ia ted ma ter ia l f ro m t he c ave i n ter ior

i nc luded La Tbne I a nd I I b rooches , i ron l a tchl i f ters a nd s laves hack les a nd I ron Age p ot tery s herds. Re fs :

Proc . Br istol Un iv . S pel . S oc ., I , 1 919 , 2 1 , 9 -20 ; 8 7-92 ;

1 35-43

Proc . Br istol Un iv . S pe l . S oc ., 2 , 3 .

1 922-3 , 5 1-9 ;

1 25-7.

Hu t ton , Hay Wood Cave ST 3 41583 S evere ly d isturbed c ave d eposi t e xcava ted 1 957-71 r evea led t hree c o mp le te a nd 2 5 f ragmen tary s ke le tons , t ogether w i th a d eposi t o f s ix h u man s ku l ls.

Many o f t he b ones a ppeared t o h ave b een

d el ibera te ly d eposi ted when o ld a nd wea thered , a nd were l oose ly a ssoc ia ted w ith s herds o f I ron Age p ot tery. Ref :

Ever ton , A . a nd R ., 1 972 , 5 -29

S o merse t 4 .

S t Cu thber t O u t , Wookey Ho le ST 5 32480 A t l eas t t wo s ke letons a nd n umerous f ragmentary h u man b ones may r e la te t o I ron Age o ccupa t ion o f t he c ave .

O ne ma le s ke leton

was a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i ron b i l l-hook , t r iangu lar i ron k n i fe ,

3 99

l a tch-l i f ter a nd t anged d agger . Re fs :

Ba lch , 1 914 Dobson , 1 931 , 1 14

5 .

S t Cu thber t Ou t , C ook 's H i ll Wood Cave ST 5 19486 R if t d epos it , c on ta in ing c rouched s ke le tons o f a n a du lt ma le. Associated w ith s herds o f Bronze Age p ot tery , b u t b e l ieved b y t he e xcavators t o p ost-dafe t hese . Ref :

Mason , 1 952 , 1 86-7

Wi ltsh ire 6 .

B idd lestone , S laugh terford ST 8 45737 Excava t ion i n an arrow f i ssure , k nown a s G uy 's R if t , i n 1 925 r evea led t he d isturbed , b u t i nhu med r e ma ins o f t he s ke letons o f a n a ged ma le , t hree midd le-aged a du l ts a nd t hree c h i ldren a ged C . 1 1 , 6a nd 4 y ears.

Assoc ia ted w i th a l im i ted q uan t i ty o f c rude ,

amorphous b u t s upposed ly I ron Age p ot tery. Ref :

Hewer , 1 925-6 , 2 29-33

4 00

APPEND IX H . 1

N or thern E ng land ;

c re ma t ions

Hu mberside 1 .

G ar ton , E l mswe l l S E 9 99581 P ossible c re ma t ion f ro m b enea th a sma l l b arrow ( Mor t i mer C 58 a nd 5 8A ). Assoc ia ted o b jec t : Re fs ;

? LBA/EIA p ot tery v esse l .

Mor t imer , 1 905 , 2 62 C ha l l is , 1 975 , i , 5 7;

F ig . 3 4.3

L inco lnsh ire 2 .

Ancaster , S udbrook c . SK 9 744 P ossib le c re ma t ion b ur ia l . Assoc ia ted o b jec t ; R ef ;

C inerary v esse l o f Ha l lsta t t C/D t ype .

C ha l l is , 1 975 , i , 1 74 a nd F ig . 9 , 1

Nor thu mber land 3 .

A lnham , H igh Knowes C . NT 9 70124 E xcava t ion o f C a irn 1 i n 1 962 r evea led a r ock-cu t t rench 1 8 ' ( 5 .4 m ) i n d ia meter s urround ing a n i nterna l s tone k erb c overed b y al ow e ar then r ing mound .

A c en tra l p yre a rea y ie lded b urn t

b one a nd wood f ragmen ts . Associa ted o b jec t ;

Fragmen tary r ing-headed p in w i th s e t t ings

f or d ecora t ive s tuds . Ref ;

J obey , 1 966 , 2 4-33 a nd F igs. 9 -11 .

N or th Yorksh ire 4 .

B irdsa l l , A ldro SE 8 24629 Mor t i mer Barrow 1 08 ( A ldro Group , D iv ision 1 ) , 2 7 ' ( 8 .1 m) i n

4 01

d ia me ter , y ie lded a c lean , we l l-burn t d eposi t o f u nurned c a lc ined b one f ro m a sma l l c entra l h ol low 2 '6" ( 0 .75 m ) w ide a nd 2 ' ( 0 .6 m) d eep . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts :

Bronze f erru le ;

i nse t g lass o r c rys ta l ine p ieces ; Refs :

Mor t i mer , 1 906 , 5 6-7;

t wo b ronze o b jec ts w i th

f ur ther b ronze f ragmen ts.

F igs . 1 07-8

S herw in , MS v ol ., S ociety o f An t iquar ies L ibrary , L ondon . 5 .

Amp lefor th , Amp lefor th Moor C . S E 5 81799 S ing le b arrow e xcava ted b y G . F . Wi l mot t i n 1 937 r evea led u nder lying p yre a rea .

9c ircu lar-d i tched e xa mp les e xcava ted

C . 1 967 h ad a l l b een d isturbed a nd n o b ur ia ls were f ound .

Rad io-

c arbon d e ter mina t ions f ro m 'Barrows 3 a nd 7 were 5 82 ± 9 0 b .c . ( B M-369 ) a nd 5 37± 9 0 b .c . ( B M-368 ). Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : 1 967 Barrows :

1 937 Barrows :

f a ience h ead ;

? LBA p ot tery s herds.

f l in ts ;

b ronze f ragmen t a nd ?

LBA p ot tery s herds . Refs :

C lark , 1 937 , 4 43 Wa inwr igh t a nd L ongwor th , 1 969 , 2 83-94 C ha l l is , 1 975 , i , 6 3 a nd 2 86

6 .

K i lda le

Nanny Howe

NZ 5 98103 S econdary c re ma t ion f ound i n b arrow . Associated o b jec ts : Refs :

C oarse ? LBA p ot tery s herds.

Hayes , 1 966, 5 77 a nd F ig . 3 , 1 Cha l l is , 1 975 , i , 1 74

7 .

Ra th me l l , C oneygar th c . SD 7 961 1 9th c entury e xcava t ion o f ab arrow r evea led c harcoa l f ragmen ts p ossibly a ssoc ia ted w i th a c re ma t ion b ur ia l . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts :

F lin t f lakes ;

p ar t o f sma l l ? LBA p ottery

v esse l w i th i nc ised r im a nd b ody d ecora t ion . Ref :

Cha l l is , 1 975 , i , 2 86;

i , F ig . 8 .12.

4 02

APPEND IX H .2

N or thern E ng land :

i nhu ma t ions

C leve land 1 .

Wes t Hart lepool , Ca tcote NZ 4 90315 Two e x tended i nhu ma t ions i n s ha l low g raves f ro m a l a te I ron Age/ Ear ly R o mano-Br i t ish s et t le ment s i te . Re fs :

L ong , 1 964 , 2 Cha l lis , 1 975 , 1 77

C u mbr ia 2 .

Crosby Garre t t c . NY 7 309 Three c on tracted i nhuma t ions f ound i n 1 873. Associa ted o b ject :

S o l id b ronze p enannu lar b racelet w i th o ver-

l app ing t ermina ls a nd i nc ised d ecora t ion .

Found o n t he wr ist o f

as kele ton . R efs :

G reenwe l l , 1 877, 3 86 Cha l l is , 1 975 , i , 1 77;

i , F ig . 8 ,1 4

Derby s h ire 3 .

Wins ter SK 2 43606 Two c ontrac ted s ke letons f ound 9 ' ( 2 .7 m) a par t a nd w i th t he ir h eads d irec ted NE i n 1 856.

A l though o ne a cco mpanying s pear-

h ead h as b een a t tr ibu ted t o t he S axon p er iod ( Swan ton , 1 973 , 1 53 : C lass B . I ) , s herds o f p ottery h ave b een d a ted t o t he f irst c en tury B .C . ( Cha l l is , 2 91 ). Assoc ia ted o b jec ts :

S ke leton 1 :

I ron s pear-head ; i ron b i l l-hook ;

l ower h a l f o f r otary q uern . S ke leton 2 :

I ron s pear-head ;

b one r ing ;

u pper h a lf o f r o tary

q uern . Refs :

Ba te man , 1 861 , 9 8 1 00 , 1 46 O zanne , 1 962 , 4 9 a nd F ig . 1 4 Meaney , 1 964 , 8 0 Swan ton , 1 973 , 1 53 Cha l l is , 1 975 , i , 2 91 ;

i , F ig . 6 , 1 2

4 03

Durha m 4 .

H igh C onn isc l i ffe c . NZ 2 116 I nhu ma t ion c e me tery d iscovered c . 1 856. Assoc ia ted o b jec ts :

Tw isted b ronze t ore ;

h orse a nd b u l lock

b ones . Refs :

G ent le man 's Magazine ,

1 856, i , 6 9

Cha l l is , 1 975 , i , 1 77

Lancash ire 5 .

B i l l ing ton SD 6 99375 I nhu ma t ion f ound i n ac ist b enea th a b arrow . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : Refs :

O ne o r more i ron s pearheads.

T rans. Lanes a nd C hesh ire Archaeo l . S oc ., 1 2 , 1 894 , 3 2 Cha l l is , 1 975 , i , 5 6

6 .

Lancaster SD 4 70617 I nhu ma t ion f ro m u nspec if ied c on tex t . Assoc ia ted o b jec t : Refs :

I ron r ing .

Ordnance S urvey Records Cha l l is , 1 975 , i , 1 77

L inco lnsh ire 7 .

Dragonby , n ear S cunthorpe S E 9 05138 Excava t ion o f ac o mp lex s et t le men t s i te , o ccup ied d ur ing t he l a ter I ron Age a nd t he R o mano-Br it ish p er iod r evea led 6 i nhuma t ions o f a du l ts a nd c h i ldren f ro m t he u pper f i l l ings o f d i tches.

A l though

n o b ur ia l h ad a ssoc ia ted o b jec ts , o ne g rave h ad b een c u t b y a n I ron Age p i t , t hus s uggest ing a p re-Ro man d a te f or t he b ur ia l g roup . Ref :

May ,

1 970 , 2 27

N or thu mber land 8 .

Beadne l l NU 2 30299 Two c a irns e xcava ted 1 970.

Ca irn Ic on ta ined a n u mber o f u ndated

4 04

i nhuma t ions.

Ca irn I , 1 9 ' ( 5 .7 m) i n d iameter a nd 4 ' ( 1 .2 m )

h igh , c on ta ined a p r i mary c ist w i th a c rouched i nhu ma t ion t ha t was s ubsequen t ly e n larged a nd u sed f or t he s econdary b ur ia l o f 1 8 f ur ther b od ies.

1 5 o f t hese r epresen ted b y ac onfused mass

o f d isar t icu la ted b one ; s ke letons .

t he t hree u pper most b y a r t icu la ted

Two o f t he l a t ter ( an a du lt a nd c h i ld ) l ay e x tended

w ith h eads t o N .

The t h ird was c rouched w i th h ead t o E .

Assoc ia ted o b ject :

Bronze p enannu lar b rooch , F ow ler C lass A-3 ,

w i th t he u pper most c rouched s kele ton ( Ta i t a nd J obey , F ig . 4 3 ). R ef :

Ta i t a nd J obey 1 971 ,

5 3-69 .

N or th Yorksh ire 9 .

A ir ton SD 9 05577 Barrow e xcava ted c . 1 890 r evea led a s ing le i nhuma t ion . Assoc ia ted o b jec t : R efs :

Mork i l l ,

I ron s pear-head .

1 933 , 7

C ha l l is , 1 975 , i , 5 7 1 0 .

C on istone SD 9 99674 S econdary i nhuma t ions f ro m a b arrow . Assoc ia ted o b jects :

I ron k n i fe ;

b one c o mb ;

j e t b u t ton ;

b ronze

r ing a nd f l in t s craper . Ref : 1 1 .

Cha l l is , 1 975 , i , 5 7

E bberston C . S E 8 883 O ne o r more i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls imp l ied b y t he d iscovery o f b ones i n 1 861 . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts :

Two Ha l lstat t b ronze swords , e ach b roken

i n to 4 p ieces . Refs :

H owar th , 1 899 , 6 5 a nd 6 7 E lgee , 1 930 , 1 72 a nd P l . XXV , 5a nd 6 C owen , 1 967 , 4 44 a nd P l . L IXb

1 2.

G rassing ton , L ea G reen SD 9 96658 Large b arrow a ssoc ia ted w i th s even i nhuma t ions . Assoc iated o b jec ts : R ef :

F our i ron k n ives.

Ra istr ick , 1 939 , 1 27

4 05

1 3.

Grassing ton SD 9 99663 Barrow c on ta in ing s ing le i nhu ma t ion . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : Re f :

1 4.

Two i ron k n ives .

Cha l l is , 1 975 , i , 5 7

Ma lha m SD 8 99641 Ca irn o pened c . 1 845 r evea led o ne o r more i nhu ma t ions. Assoc ia ted o b ject : Ref :

1 5.

I ron s pearhead .

Ra istr ick , 1 947 , 5 9-60

Ma lha m SD 8 99641 Ca irn o pened c . 1 845 r evea led o ne o r more i nhu ma t ions . Assoc ia ted o b ject : Ref :

1 6.

I ron s pearhead .

Ra istr ick , 1 947, 5 9-60.

Ma lha m , S ea ty H i l l SD 9 07654 Bronze Age b arrow , 6 6 ' ( 19.8 m) i n d iameter , c onta ined f ragmen tary d isar t icu la ted r e ma ins o f 1 3 s ke letons b ur ied i n i t s s urface.

S o me b ones d e libera te ly b roken o r c u t , b u t c arefu l ly

p laced . Assoc ia ted o b jects : g lass b eads ; Refs :

Two i ron k n ives ;

i ron f ragmen ts ;

t hree

b one p ipe f ormed f ro m a s heep t i bia .

Ra istr i 4 1 952 , 2 8-38 Megaw , 1 960 , 1 0-12 Cha l lis , 1 975 , 1 78

1 7.

S ta infor th SD 7 99672 F ive s ke letons f ound i n al imestone c l in t b enea th a wa l l o f s tones. Assoc ia ted o b jects : Ref :

1 8.

Two i ron k n ives.

Ra istr ick , 1 939 , 1 41

Sw inton , R oo mer C o m mon S E 2 25788 Ca irn ,

1 5 ' ( 4 .5 m) i n d ia me ter c on ta ined a s tone-l ined c ist i n i t s

e astern s ide.

N o s urv iv ing t race o f s ke leta l ma ter ia l .

Assoc ia ted o b jects : c over s tones o f c ist ;

I ron f ragmen ts wedged b e tween c o l lapsed f ragmen ts o f ? LBA a nd ? E IA p ot tery f ro m

d i tch f i l l ing . 4 06

Refs ;

Wa terman , 1 955 , 3 95 Cha l l is , 1 975 , i , 1 77;

i , F ig . 8 , 7 -11

APPEND IX H .3

N or thern E ng land :

c ave d epos i ts

C umbr ia 1 .

Haverbrack , T he D og H o le SD 4 84803 Cave d eposi t e xcava ted 1 912 a nd 1 956-63 .

U pper l eve ls y ie lded

d epos i ts o f d og s ku l ls a nd a n t lers . L owest l ayer c on ta ined l arge q uan t i t ies o f h u man b one . 1 8 h u man s ku l ls i n n or thern a rea , 5 i n t he s ou thern p ar t o f t he c ave , r epresen t ing i nd iv idua ls o f a l l a ges.

O b jec ts a ssoc ia ted w i th h u man r e ma ins b e long t o t he

f irs t-n in th c en tur ies A .D . a nd r epresen t b ur ia l o ver a v ery l ong p er iod o r a ccumu la t ion o f ma ter ia l t hrough f l ood wash f ro m t he s urround ing wa ter c a tchmen t a rea . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts :

F our t w is ted b ronze w ire b race le ts ;

f inger r ing w i th s p ira l b eze l ; b rooch ; R ef :

i ron a xehead ;

b ronze

i ron p enannu lar

g lass a nd j et b eads .

Benson a nd B land , 1 963 , 6 1-76 a nd F igs . 1 -6

Durha m 2 .

B ishop Midd leha m NZ 3 32321 Re ma ins o f a t l east 1 1 i nd iv idua ls o f a l l a ges f ound a t t he b ack o f an arrow f i ssure C . 1 930 .

Many o f t he s ke letons were s everely

d isturbed , e i ther i n a n t iqu i ty o r b y t he a c t ion o f wa ter , b u t a t l eas t t hree h ad b een b ur ied c rouched b enea th l arge , f la t s tone s labs .

Two l ay w i th t he ir h eads t o t he E .

Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : F ig . 3 ) ; R e f :

B one p o in t o f G r im thorpe t ype ( Ra istr ick ,

b ronze o b jec t ;

s herds o f ?E IA p o t tery.

Ra istr ick , 1 933 , 1 11-22.

N or th Yorksh ire 3 .

G rassing ton , C ove H o le SD 9 98648 I nhu ma t ions o f a ssu med I ron Age d a te . R e f :

Ra istr ick , 1 939 , 1 28

4 08

4 .

G rassing ton-Se t t le a rea , S ewe l l 's Cave ( l oca t ion u nknown ) S ix i nhu ma t ions p er formed i n g raves d ug i n to e ar l ier o ccupa t ion l ayers i n t he c ave f l oor . R e f :

5 .

Ra istr ick , 1 939 , 1 28

Hawksw ick , D owkerbot tom C ave SD 9 51689 U nknown n umber o f i nhuma t ions o f a ssumed I ron Age d a te . R ef :

6 .

Ra is tr ick , 1 939 , 1 28

L angc l i f fe , J ub i lee C ave SD 8 38655 More t han 1 0 s ke le tons f öund l y ing b enea th o verhang ing l edges o r w i th in f i ssures i ns ide t he c ave . w i th t he b od ies i s n o t r ecorded . R ef :

Ra istr i4 , 1 939 , 1 28

4 09

T he f orm o f t he ' ar tefac ts ' f ound

APPEND IX I .1

S cot land :

c re ma t ions

Peeb les 1 .

Brough ton , Brough ton Knowe NT 0 98396 Sma l l t urf-covered b arrow , 1 1 ' ( 3 .02 m) i n d ia meter , e xcava ted i n 1 962 , y ie lded a s ca t tered , d isturbed d eposi t o f c re ma ted b one . No e v idence o f d a te , b u t a t tr ibu ted t o t he I ron Age b y a na logy w ith H igh Knowes , N or thumber land ( see : Ref :

H .1 .3 a bove ).

R . C. H . M . ( Scot land ) , P eebles , 1 , 1 967, 3 0-1 , 5 1

4 10

APPEND IX 1 .2

S cot land :

i nhu ma t ions

Aberdeen 1 .

K incard ine O 'Ne i l , S undayswe l ls H i l l N J 6 16036 S econdary c ist p laced i n t he n or th-western s ide o f a n Ear ly Bronze Age c a irn .

No r epor t o f s urv iv ing h u man r e ma ins.

Assoc ia ted o b jec t : Ref : 2 ,

?E IA p ot tery v esse l .

S i mpson , 1 946 , 1 48-50 a nd F ig . 1

T ar land , Wau lk mi l l C . N J 4 605 C ist o f u ncer ta in f orm , b u t a ssoc ia ted w i th h u man b ones , d iscovered d ur ing s and-quarrying i n 1 898. Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : c oloured g lass ; p ebbles ; Ref :

Sma l l s i lver p enannu lar b rooch ;

b a luster-shaped g lass o b jec t ;

f ragmen tary i ron o b jec t (s );

f our d iscs o f

s even q uar tzite

min ia ture b ronze c au ldron .

Ca l lender , 1 915 , 2 03-6 a nd F ig . 2

Angus 3 .

A ir l ie C . NO 3 15502 C ist , 3 '6" - 4 ' ( 1 .05 - 1 .2 m) l ong a nd 1 '6" - 2 ' ( 0 .45 - 0 .6 m) w ide , f ound a t t he Publ ic S chool c . 1 885.

O ne sma l l f rag men t o f

b one s urv ived a nd imp l ies a c rouched i nhu ma t ion . Assoc ia ted o b jec t : Ref : 4 .

Ro man g lass v esse l .

Dav idson , 1 886 , 1 36-41 a nd F ig . 1

Dundee , Cra ig ie C . NO 4 331 C ist , c . 6 ' ( 1 .8 m ) l ong a nd 2 ' ( 0 .6 m ) w ide , d iscovered d ur ing r a i lway c onstruc t ion work a nd c on ta ined s ke leton o f a' f u l l g rown p erson '. Assoc ia ted o b jec t : Ref :

Penannu lar i ron b rooch w i th f la t tened t er m ina ls .

Hu tcheson , 1 903 , 2 33-40

4 11

5 .

I nverke i lor , Boysack Mi l ls

( See a lso Appendix D .3 .48 )

NO 6 27492 Sma l l s quare e nc losure , c . 1 1 m i n d ia meter , r evea led a s c rop marks b y a er ia l p hotography was e xcava ted i n 1 976.

C en tra l ,

r ec tangu lar , t imberl ined g rave-p i t c on ta ined t races o f a n i nhuma t ion . Assoc ia ted o b jec t : Refs :

I ron ? r ing-headed p in .

Ca mbr idge Un ivers i ty C ol lec t ion , Photo BVD 4 8 D iscovery a nd Excava t ion i n S cot land , 1 977 , 5

Berw icksh ire 6 .

A yton , Burn mou th NT 6 59603 S ke leton o f a n a du l t ma le , c rouched o n t he r igh t s ide , f ound d ur ing q uarrying i n ab ou lder-bu il t c ist 5 '7" ( 1 .67 m ) l ong a nd 1 '10" 2 '6" ( 0 .55 - 0 .75 m ) w ide .

G rave c overed w i th f our s ands tone

s labs. Or ien tat ion :

E

Assoc ia ted o b jects :

Two b ronze s poons ;

o ther b ones o f y oung p ig . Re f :

i ron k n ife ;

j aw a nd

A l l f ound b e tween h ands a nd s ku l l .

Craw , 1 924 , 1 43-4 a nd F igs. 1 -3

Dumfr ies 7 .

C loseburn

( See a lso Append ix D .3.49 )

NX 8 83932 Sma l l s quare e nc losure , C . 2 5 ' ( 7 .5 m) i n d ia meter , i den t i f ied f ro m c rop marks.

P ossible t races o f ac en tra l g rave-p i t c an b e

d ist ingu ished . Ref :

Ca mbr idge Un iversi ty C ol lec t ion , Photo BVG 7

Du mbar ton 8 .

Cumbernau ld , Carr iestone Farm c . N S 7 51761 Bur ia l o f u nknown f orm f ro m c ist d iscovered c . 1 864. Assoc ia ted o b ject : Ref :

Large s ha le r ing o r b racelet .

Proc . S oc . An t iq . S cot land , 5 , 1 864 , 1 27

4 12

East Loth ian 9 .

Aber lady, Lu f fness c . NT 4 780 C ist d iscovered c . 1 848. Assoc ia ted o b jec t :

F or m o f b ur ia l u nknown .

P enannu lar b ronze b rooch w ith k nobbed t er-

mina ls a nd i nc ised c hevron d ecora t ion . Ref : 1 0 .

D ir le ton ,

Proc. S oc . An t iq . S cot land , 8 0 , 1 946 ,

1 52 a nd F ig . 1

G u l lane

c . NT 4 884 c . 4 0 c a irns r evea led b enea th b lown s and a t B lack R ocks .

The

ma jor ity were o pened b y h o l iday makers a nd c on ta ined s ing le s ke letons l y ing o n t he ir l e f t s ides a nd w i th h eads d irec ted E . O ne l arger c a irn , 2 0 ' ( 6 m ) l ong a nd 1 3 ' ( 3 .9 m) w ide was more a dequa te ly r ecorded a nd c on ta ined a t l east 5 s epara te i nhu ma t ions. S ke leton 1 :

Crouched o n t he r igh t s ide .

Or ien ta t ion :

E

S ke leton 2 :

Par t ia l ly u nder lying S ke leton 1 .

S ke leton 3 :

Posture a nd o r ien ta t ion u nknown .

Assoc ia ted o b jec t :

S pira l b ronze f inger-r ing .

S ke leton 4 :

Posture a nd o r ienta t ion u nknown .

S ke leton 5 :

C ontrac ted o n t he r igh t s ide .

Or ien ta t ion :

Posture u nknown .

E

Assoc ia ted o b jec t :

I ron k n ife ( Cur ie , F ig . 4 );

s ands tone

s pind le whor l . Ref : 1 1 .

Ewart a nd C ur le , 1 908 , 3 32-41 .

Dunbar , L ochend NT 6 79779 S lab-bu i lt c ist , o r ien ted E - W , e xcava ted c . 1 963. d i mens ions : d eep.

6 '8" ( 2 m) l ong ;

3 ' ( 0 .9 m ) wa le ;

I n terna l

2 '9" ( 0 .82 m)

Capstones o r ig ina l ly a t t he l evel o f t he o ld g round s urface.

C ontents c o mpr ised t he j u mb led d isar t icu la ted r e ma ins o f 2 1 s uccessive ly b ur ied i nd iv idua ls , ma in ly c oncen tra ted a t t he n arrower e nd o f t he c ist , a nd t races o f ap r i mary c rouched i nhu ma t ion o f a n a du l t f e ma le.

Wi th t he e xcept ion o f ac h i ld , a ged c . 4y ears , a l l

t he b ones r epresen ted a du l ts. Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : Ref :

Fragmen tary i ron b rooch ;

Longwor th , 1 965 , 1 73-90.

4 13

i ron o b jec t .

1 2.

N or th Berw ick , S eac li ff Cave c . NT 6 02847 Excava t ion o f as and-f i l led c ave i n 1 831 r evea led a mass ive o va l s tone , 6 '6" ( 1 .95 m) i n d iame ter a nd 4 '6" ( 1 .35 m) t h ick , s tand ing o n a n e ar th a nd r ubble mound n ear t he c ave mo t i th .

Two i nfant

s keletons were f ound i n t he f abr ic o f t h is mound a nd h ave b een r egarded a s s acr if ic ia l d eposi ts. Assoc ia ted o b jec ts :

?I ron Age p ot tery s herds f ro m t he i n ter ior

o f t he c ave. Refs :

Layard , 1 933 Hawkes a nd Hawkes

M id loth ian 1 3 .

Ed inburgh , Moredun c . NT 2 88689 C ist d iscovered a t t he c rest o f as andy h i l lock , c . 1 903. d i mensions : d eep.

4 ' ( 1 .2 m)long ;

2 '3" ( 0 .67 m) w ide ;

I n terna l

1 '9" ( 0 .52 m)

Two s ke le tons , o ne o f ay oung a du l t o f u nknown s ex , a nd

t he o ther o f a n a du lt f e ma le a ged c . 2 1 y ears , l ay o n t he ir s ides. Both f aced n or th , b u t h ad t heir h eads o pposite e nds o f t he g rave. Or ientat ion :

E a nd W

Assoc ia ted o b jects :

I ron b ow-brooch ; i ron r ing b rooch ;

t er mina l

l oop o f i ron r ing-headed p in . Ref : 1 4.

Co les , 1 904 , 4 27-45 a nd F igs. 1 -5

K irknew ton , East Lang ton C . NT 0 89668 Bur ia l o f u nknown f orm d iscovered c . 1 852. Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : b lade ; Ref :

I ron d agger w i th wooden h and le ; i ron k n i fe

p erfora ted b one p in . Denn ison , 1 917 , 2 39

Peebles 1 5.

Wes t L inton , K ippi t H i l l NT 1 12476 S ke leton o f a du l t ? ma le , p robably c rouched o n t he l e f t s ide , f ound c . 1 920 i n as hor t , s lab-bu i l t c ist . o f g rave :

I n terna l d i mens ions

3 '9" ( 1 .12 m ) l ong a nd 2 '2" ( 0 .65 m) w ide .

Or ien ta t ion :

W

4 14

Assoc ia ted o b jec t :

Th in i ron p la te , 1 " ( 25 m m ) s quare , s tuck

t o s ku l l. Ref :

Ca l lender , 1 921 , 4 5-52.

Per thsh ire 1 6.

Dunn ing

( See a lso Append ix D .3.50 )

NN 9 89149 Sma l l s quare e nc losure a nd t wo c ircu lar r ing-d i tches , l y ing c . 5m a par t , r ecorded a s c rop marks.

A l l c on ta in marks o f c entra l

g rave-p i ts a l igned NE-S W . Ref : 1 7.

Cambr idge Un iversi ty C ol lec t ion , Photo BVK 3 0

For tev io t

( See a lso Append ix D .3.51 )

NO 0 55168 Two sma l l c on joined s quare e nc losures , d iame ter C . 2 0 ' ( 6 m ) , a nd a t h ird l ess-we l l d e f ined e xa mp le p hotographed a s c rop marks . Rec tangu lar g rave p i ts a re c lear ly v is ible i n t he sma l ler e xamp les. Or ien ta t ion : Ref :

( o f g raves ) NNE-SS W

Cambr idge Un ivers ity C ol lec t ion , Photo K17-AJ 1 04

R oss a nd C ro mar ty 1 8 .

Edder ton C . NH 7 10852 C ist , w ithou t s urv iv ing h u man b ones a nd measur ing 4 ' ( 1 .2 m) l ong a nd 3 '6" ( 1 .05 m) w ide , d iscovered i n a mound o r b arrow d estroyed d ur ing r a i lway c onstruc t ion . Associa ted o b jec ts ;

Bronze f ragmen t ;

b lue g lass b ead w i th

y e l low s p ira l d ecora t ion . Ref :

J oass , 1 864 , 3 11-5 a nd P l . 2 1 , F ig . 2

S e lk irk 1 9 .

Caddonfoot , Torwood lee NT 4 65384 S ke leton o f a n a du l t f e ma le l y ing i n ac ist , 5 ' ( 1 .5 m) l ong a nd 1 '9" ( 0 .52 m ) w ide , c onstruc ted i n t he midd le o f t he d i tch s urr ound ing t he b roch .

Rubble f ro m t he c . s econd c en tury A .D .

d estruct ion o f t he b u i ld ing l ay b enea th a nd a bove t he c ist . Or ien ta t ion : Ref :

NE

P iggot t , 1 951 , 9 2-117 a nd F igs. 8 -9 ;

4 15

P l. I X

West Lo th ian 2 0.

Bo 'ness a nd C arr iden , B lackness Cast le NT 0 55802 S ke leton o f a n a du lt f e ma le l y ing e x tended , f ace d ownwards , i n a sma l l b ou lder-bu i l t c ist , d iscovered c . 1 924. Or ien ta t ion :

N

Assoc ia ted o b ject :

P enannu lar b ronze b race let w i th r ibbed

a nd c hevron d ecora t ion . Ref : 2 1 .

R ichardson , 1 925 , 1 16-9 a nd F igs. 2 -4

Da l meny , Hound P o in t c . NT 1 57794 S ke leton f ound i n as lab-bu i lt c ist 5 ' ( 1 .5 m) l ong a nd 2 ' ( 0 .6 m) w ide . O r ien ta t ion :

W

Assoc ia ted o b jects :

1 1 g lass b eads o f c onven t iona l f orm a nd a

t we lf th s haped f ro m a f ragment o f t he r im o f aR o man g lass v esse l . Ref : 2 2.

Brown ,

1 915 , 3 32-8

T orp ichen , Ca irnpapp le H i l l N S 9 87717 Four l ong c ists e xcava ted w i th in t he e astern p ar t o f t he Neol i th icEar ly Bronze Age h enge monu ment a nd f unerary c o mp lex .

N o

s urv iv ing b ones o r g rave-goods , b u t a t tr ibu ted t o t he l a ter I ron Age. Ref :

P iggot t , 1 948 , 1 00 , 1 17-8 a nd F ig . 8 .

4 16

APPEND IX J

Wa les:

i nhu mat ions

C lwvd 1 .

C err igydrud ion c . SH 9 548 C ist g rave w ithou t s urv iv ing t races o f b one .

Poss ibly a ssoc ia ted

w i th a n i nhu ma t ion . A ssoc ia ted o b jec t : Refs :

Bronze h ang ing-bow l

F ox , 1 958 , 1a nd F ig . 1 S avory , 1 977 , 2 6-7

D yfed 2 .

L landowror , C oygan Camp SN 2 84092 L i mestone q uarrying i n 1 842 r evea led a s ke le ton l y ing c rouched i n a' s tone c ist ' e xcava ted i n to b edrock .

The g rave was c overed

w i th a s ing le c ircu lar s lab 5 ' ( 1 .5 m) i n d ia me ter a nd 1 ' ( 0 .3 m) t h ick .

S ubsequen t e xcava tions i n 1 964-5 p roduced a p a ir o f b ronze

b race lets w i th f la t b eze ls a nd t wo s erpen t ine r ings , p erhaps f ro m o ne o r more f ur ther d isturbed g raves. Re fs :

G en t le man 's Magazine , 1 842 , i , 4 72-4 Wa inwr igh t , 1 967 , 6 , 4 0-1 , 8 3 , 1 64;

F ig . 2 1 a nd P l . V I I I

Gwen t 3 .

Caerwen t , L lan melin ST 4 60925 E xcava t ion o f a n a nnexe t o a sma ll mu l t iva l la te h i l lfor t c . 1 932 y ie lded t wo u nacco mpan ied i nhu ma t ions. Bur ia l 1 :

S ke le ton o f a n a du l t ma le , 2 5-40 y ears , i n f i l ling o f

o u ter s ou th-wes tern d i tch o f Enc losure A . S ku l l smashed when f ound a nd many o ther b ones missing ( Nash- W i l l iams , F igs. 2 6 a nd 5 5 ). Bur ia l 2 :

S keleton o f a n a du l t ?f e ma le f ound o u tside t he n or th-

e astern d efences o f Enc losure B .

Much missing , i nc lud ing s ku l l

( Nash- W i l liams , F igs . 3 2 a nd 5 6 ). R ef :

Nash- W i l l ia ms , 1 932 , 2 64 , 3 10 .

4 17

Gwynedd 4 .

L langeinwen ,

( See a lso Append ix E .15 )

G e l l in iog Wen

SH 4 59658 S lab-bu i lt c ist f ound i n 1 909 c on ta ined a n ?e x tended s ke leton . O r ien tat ion :

W

Assoc ia ted o b jec ts : Refs :

La n ne I I i ron sword a nd s uspens ion r ing .

Hughes , 1 909 , 2 56-7 R . C. H . M., ( Wa les ) , Ang lesey , 1 937, l xx ix , b oodx a nd F ig . p l . l x ix , N o. 1 P iggot t , 1 950 , 2 8

M id-G la morgan 5 .

Mer thyr Mawr , Burrows We l l S S 8 55771 Ca irn c on ta ined a c rouched s ke le ton c overed w i th b locks o f l imes tone .

I ron Age a scr ipt ion o n g rounds o f a d jacen t s et t le ment s i te .

Or ien ta t ion : Refs :

S E

S avory a nd Moore , 1 950 S avory , 1 951 , 1 70-1

6 .

Mer thyr Mawr , The Warren S S 8 59770 C ist , 1 '8" ( 0 .5 m) l ong , c on ta in ing t he f ragmen tary s ke leton o f ac h i ld .

N o a ssoc ia ted o b jec ts a nd a scr ibed t o t he I ron Age o n

t he g rounds o f a d jacen t s et t le men t a c t iv i ty. Re f : 7 .

Trans. Card i f f Na t . H ist . S oc ., 7 9 , 1 945-8 , 5 9

S t Br ides Ma jor , Ogmore Down C . S S 8 876 Two i nhu ma t ions d iscovered 1 818 .

Bo th s ku l ls r epor ted t o h ave

b een wear ing b ronze h e l me ts, a l though o ther d e ta i ls o f t he b ur ia ls a re u nrecorded . Assoc ia ted o b jects : d ecora t ion ;

Two b ronze h el mets w i th s i lver a nd r ed e na me l

t wo ' brass s ku l l-caps ';

f ragmen ts o f i ron c ha in ;

t wo o r more b arbed i ron ' daggers ' ( a l l l ost ). Refs :

Archaeolog ia , 4 3 , 1 872 , 5 53-6 a nd P l . 3 6 R . C. H . M. ( Wa les ) , 1 976 , G lamorgan , I , P t . 2 , 6

4 18

APPEND IX K

I reland :

c re ma t ions a nd i nhu ma t ions

C o. Down 1 .

D onaghdee , Toughey' c . J5 880 Probab le c re ma t ion b ur ia l i nd ica ted b y t he d iscovery o f o b jec ts i n a sma l l p i t 2 ' ( 0 .6 m) d eep , f i l led w i th b lack e ar th , i n 1 850 , Prec ise l oca t ion o f t he f ind i s u ncer ta in . Associa ted o b jec ts : b ead ;

Neck lace o f 1 51 g lass b eads a nd o ne amber

p urp le g lass a r m-r ing ;

b lue g lass a r m-r ing ;

d er ived L a Tbne I I b ronze b rooch ; r ing ;

b ronze t weezers ;

Nauhe i m-

s p ira l b ronze w ire f inger-

b ronze r od w i th k nobbed t er mina ls.

O ther o b jec ts , n ow l ost , i nc lude a b ronze ' need le ';

amber b eads

a nd ' severa l ' f ragmen tary g lass a nd s ha le b race lets ( Jope , F ig . 1 a nd P l . V ). Ref :

J ope a nd Wi lson , 1 956 , 7 3-84

C o . Dubl in 2 .

Lambay I sland 03 07510 S evera l c rouched i nhuma t ions d iscovered d ur ing c onstruc t ion o f as ea-wa l l i n 1 927.

One o r more were a cco mpan ied b y La Tbne

I I o b jec ts , b u t t he d e ta i led g rave-assoc ia t ions a re u nknown .

The

p resence o f a n i ron sword a nd i ron mirror s uggests a t l east o ne l a te La T bne warr ior b ur ia l a nd o ne r ich f e ma le i nhuma t ion . Associa ted o b jects : Refs :

S ee Append ix E .14.

Maca l ista ir , 1 929 , 2 40-6 L eeds , 1 933 , 5 9-60 a nd F ig . 2 4 Maca l ista ir , 1 949 , 2 46-7 a nd F ig . 3 5 R ynne , 1 976 , 2 31-244

4 19

APPEND IX L

War-graves a nd massacre s i tes Avon 1 .

Weston-super- Mare , Wor lebury

( See a lso Append ix A .1 .4 )

S T 3 14625 Excava t ion c arr ied o u t w i th in t he h i l lfor t b etween t he 1 850s a nd 1 870s , a l though t he c onfus ing n a ture o f t he r epor t makes i nterp re ta t ion o f t he e v idence d i ff icu lt ( Dy mond , 1 902 ).

A t l east 4

p i ts c onta ined i nhu ma t ions a nd t he p resence o f e x tensive i n jur ies t o t he c rania l a nd s ke leta lb ones o f s o me o f t he b od ies h as l ed t o t he a ssu mpt ion t ha t t he b ur ia ls f o l lowed a b a t t le o r massacre d ur ing t he R o man c ampa ign i n S o merset . Refs :

D y mond a nd T o mk ins , 1 851 , 5 5-80 D y mond , 1 902 , 7 6-80 Hawkes , 1 931 , 8 0 , 8 5 , 9 6 Hard ing , 1 974 , 2 22

Bedfordsh ire 2 .

Hough ton R eg is , Ma iden Bower SP 9 96224 P i t f ound i n t he c en tre o f t he s ou th-eastern e n trance i n J anuary 1 913.

1 4 ' ( 4 .2 m) l ong , 1 0 ' -1 1 ' ( 3 -3 .3 m) d eep .

F i l led w i th

d isar t icu la ted h u man b one r epresent ing more t han 5 0 i nd iv idua ls t oge ther w i th a n i ma l b ones , c harcoa l , i ron n a i ls a nd b ronze a nd p ot tery f ragmen ts.

Above t h is d epos i t , a nd b enea th a l arge s and-

s tone s lab , was a c ha lk-block c ist c on ta in ing t hree b roken l egb ones . Ref :

Hawkes , i n Ma thews , 1 976 , i x

Cambr idgesh ire 3 .

Ca mbr idge , C herry H inton , War D i tches TL 4 83556 P oor ly r ecorded r escue e xcava t ion o f a sma l l u n iva l la te h i l l for t o f p robable I ron Age d a te l ed t o t he d iscovery o f an u mber o f i nhuma t ions , a l though r ecord ing o f t hese a nd o ther f inds f ro m t he s i te i s i nadequa te .

S evera l r epor ts i nd ica te t ha t l arge n u mbers o f

h u man s ke le tons were f ound i n t he l ower l evels o f t he d i tch

4 20

s urround ing t he s i te .

A l though R o mano-Br i t ish ma ter ia l was

p resen t i n t he u pper l eve ls o f t he f i l ling , t h is d id n o t e x tend d own t o t he l eve ls o f t he b ur ia ls .

The b od ies h ad n ot b een b ur ied i n

f orma l g raves a nd t here i s s o me s uggest ion t ha t t he s ke le tons h ad b een d amaged o r mu t i la ted .

A l l t he b od ies were o f a du l ts .

Fur ther

g raves , p robab ly o f t he R o mano-Br i t ish p er iod , were f ound i n s ha l low g raves i ns ide a nd o u ts ide t he e nc losure . R efs :

Hughes , 1 903 , 4 52-81 Wa lker , 1 908 , 2 67-73 O rdnance S urvey r ecord f i le ( c lass i f ied a s War C eme tery )

4 .

S tap leford , Wand lebury TL 4 95533 L ong n arrow c ha lk-cu t g rave r evea led a f ter s torm d amage t o t rees .

C on ta ined f i ve s ke le tons wh ich a ppeared t o h ave b een

t hrown i n o n t op o f o ne a nother .

O ne s ku l l b ore a s word t o t he

c h in . R ef :

Taylor a nd D ens ton , 1 977 , 1

D orse t 5 .

S pet t isbury , S pe t t isbury R ings S T 9 15020 Ra i lway c u t t ing work i n 1 857 s ec t ioned o ne s ide o f t h is u n iva l la te h i l l for t a nd r evea led a mass-grave i n t he e x terna l d i tch .

The

o r ig ina l r epor t i mp l ies t ha t t he b od ies were b ur ied i n ap i t 3 5 ' ( 10.5 m ) x1 5 ' ( 4 .5 m ) w ide a nd u p t o 1 0 ' ( 3 m ) d eep , b u t l a ter work i nd ica tes t ha t t h is was a s ec t ion o f t he d i tch ( Gresha m , 1 939 ). 8 0-90 s ke le tons were f ound l a id ' i rregu lar ly ' , d ur ing 1 857 a nd af ur ther 4 0 were l oca ted i n t he f o l low ing y ear , a l though t he p rec ise c ircu ms tances o f t he s econd

d iscovery a re o bscure .

O ne s ku l l

s howed s word i n jury a nd a no ther s ke le ton h ad a R o man s pearh ead l odged i n t he s ku l l .

The ma jor i ty o f t he p reserved ma ter ia l

o b jec ts a ssoc ia ted w i th t he s ke letons i nd ica te a mass g rave f o l low ing a n i nc iden t i nvo lv ing R o man f orces d ur ing t he midd le o f t he f i rst c en tury A .D . A ssoc ia ted o b jec ts :

A l l s urv iv ing ma ter ia l h as b een c a ta logued

b y G resham , 1 939 , a nd i s p reserved i n t he Br i t ish Museum . Bronze :

2f i bu lae o f L a T bne I f or m ; c hapes ;

2d ecora ted b ronze s word

f ragmen tary s cabbard b ind ing ;

3s p ira l r ings ;

h am mered b ronze c au ldron . I ron :

9i ron s pearheads ; s hears ;

p lough s hare ;

c ircu lar d isc ;

2k n ives ;

b ucke t h and le ;

p a ir o f

2k eys ;

s word

b lades ; 4c o mp le te a nd o ne f ragmen tary c urrency b ars ; 4R o man j ave l in h eads .

4 21

Bone :

Weav ing c o mb ; h eads ;

Pot tery: Re fs :

5n eed les ;

1 0 p ins w i th d ecora t ive

o b jec t o f u nknown u se.

S ing le s herd o f h and- made b ow l.

Durden , MS n otebook ( B .M . C ol lec t ion , q uoted G resha m ) G resha m , 1 939 , 1 14-31 .

6 .

Win terbourne S t Mar t in , Ma iden Cast le

( See a lso Append ix B .28 .19-56)

SY 6 69885 Excava t ion o f t he o u tworks o f t he e astern e n trance o f t he h i l lfor t r evea led b etween 3 4 a nd 3 8 i nhu ma t ions i n s ha l low g raves , 1 7 o f wh ich s howed e xtensive b a t t le i n jur ies a nd l ed t he e xcava tor t o c onc lude t ha t t he e n t ire g roup o f b ur ia ls r esu lted f ro m t he R o man s ack o f t he h i l lfor t i n c . A .D . 4 4.

Fu l l d eta i ls o f i nd iv idua l

g raves , s ke letons a nd a ssoc ia ted g rave-goods a re l i sted e lsewhere ; a s t he b ur ia ls c lear ly b e long t o t he r eg iona l l a te-Iron Age b ur ia l t rad it ion o f s ou thern Dorset . Nu mber o f b ur ia ls : S ex :

3 8 ( 4 e x tre me ly f ragmen tary )

Ma le :

2 3 ( 68% )

Fe ma le :

1 1 ( 32% )

Mu t i la t ion :

1 7 i nd iv idua ls s howed b one-in jur ies , i nf l ic ted b y

sword , b a ll ista o r b lun t i nstru men t ( 5f e ma le , 1 1 ma le ). Body P osi t ion : l e f t s ide ( 9% ); Or ien ta t ion :

1 9 o n b acks ( 64% );

4o n r ight s ide ( 13% );

3o n

4o n f ace ( 13% ). S trong t endency t owards S E w i th a s l igh t d r i f t t owards

N a nd S , a l though a l l s ke le tons a re c onf ined t o a n a rc e x tend ing f ro m NE t o SW ( see F ig . 1 9 ). G rave-goods :

No s exua l d ist inc t ion .

1 1 g raves w ith p ot tery v esse ls ( 9 ma le );

l egs o f l a mb o r o ther a n i ma l b ones ; w i th s p ira l b ronze t oe-r ings ; i ron k n ife-blade ; Refs :

7w i th

2w i th s ha le a r mle ts ;

i ron f i nger-r ings ;

3

i ron a xe h ead ;

i ron d ress-c lasp .

Whee ler , 1 943 , 6 2 , 3 51-6 , 2 31-3 , P ls. XV I , LXXXV I I I , LXXX IX , L I I-LX I I I Morant a nd G ood man , 1 940

H ereford a nd Worcester 7 .

Kemer ton , Bredon H i l l SO 9 58400 Excava t ion o f t he g a teway o f ac o mp lex mu l t iva l la te h i l lfor t p roduced c onc lusive e v idence o f t he s ack o f t he f or t i n t he m idf irst c en tury A . D., a l though t he e xcava tor was u nw i l ling t o c ons ider t he p ossibi li ty o f a Ro man a taack ing f orce ( Hencken , 2 4-5 ). The f ragmen ted r e ma ins o f 6 4 s keletons were f ound l y ing j ust

4 22

o u ts ide t he ma in g a te , n o a t te mp t h av ing b een made t o b ury t he b od ies wh ich l ay where t hey f e l l . The b od ies s how g enera l s igns o f mu t i la t ion , much o f wh ich may h ave b een c aused b y s caveng ing a n i ma ls .

A r e markable a bsence o f c ran ia , h owever , i nd ica tes

t ha t s o me mu t i la t ion may h ave t aken p lace a t t he t ime o f t he a t tack . O n ly 2 7 c ran ia a nd 4 6 mand ib les a cco mpan ied t he 6 7 p ost-cran ia l s ke le tons .

A l l s ke le tons were o f ? ma les , a ged b e tween 2 5 a nd

3 5 ( Hencken , 2 1-2 , 5 4-8 , P ls . X I I IA ;

XX IXB ;

XXX IA ).

Fur ther

h uman s ku l ls were f ound b enea th t he c o l lapsed g a te-s truc ture , b u t t hese a ppear t o h ave d er ived f ro m a t rophy d isp lay o ver t he g a tel i n te l . A ssoc ia ted o b jec t :

A l l a re i l lustra ted a nd c a ta logued b y H encken ,

1 939. Bronze :

4f ragmen tary d agger c hapes ; f l a t b race le t f ragmen t ; u se ;

I ron :

8 .

2f ragmen tary o b jec ts o f u nknown

r ive t .

6s pearheads ; k n i fe ;

s word s cabbard ;

2h a m mer-heads ;

u n iden t i f ied i ron f ragment .

B one :

C heekp iece .

P ot tery :

5s herds o f I ron Age v esse ls.

R e f :

2s p ira l f i nger-r ings ;

Hencken , 1 938 , I -I I I

S u t ton , S u t ton Wa l ls SO 5 25464 E xcava t ion o f a2 9 a cre u n iva l la te f or t o ccup ied b etween t he midd le I ron Age a nd t he l a ter Ro man p er iod p roduced c onc lus ive e v idence o f ab a t t le a nd t he e xcava tor a rgued t ha t 3 6 s ke le tons b ur ied i n t he e n trance d i tch r esu l ted f ro m a R o man a t tack i n t he e econd h a lf o f t he f i rs t c en tury A .D . ( Kenyon , 9 -10 ). T he s ke le tons o f 3 6 a du l t ma les h ad b een p laced o r t hrown i n to t he r ecen t ly r e-cu t d i tch t o t he i m med ia te l e f t o f t he ma in e n trance. T he ma jor i ty l ay o n t he f l oor o f t he d i tch b u t o thers were s epara ted f ro m t hese b y u p t o 6 " ( 1 5 cms ) o f e ar th , s ugges t ing t ha t e ar th was t hrown o ver b od ies d ur ing b ur ia l .

I n a l l c ases t he b od ies were

c areless ly p os i t ioned , a nd i n o ne a rea s ke le tons were f ound l y ing i n ah eap ( Kenyon , P l . V I ). a reas ( Trenches I X a nd X ;

Excava t ion was l im ited t o t wo sma l l Kenyon , F ig . 6 ) o n ly , a nd a f ur ther

e x tens ion o f t he mass-grave was c ons idered p robab le .

F o l low ing

t he t hrow ing o f t he c orpses i n to t he d i tch t he a rea was b ack-f i l led a nd n o a t te mp t was made t o r e-for t i fy t he e n trance . S ke leta l d a ta :

Ad eta i led s ke le ta l r epor t b y I . W. C ornwa l l

d escr ibes e ach s ke leton a nd i t s i n jur ies a nd o n ly a s u m mar ised a ccoun t o f t he r esu l ts o f t h is e xam ina t ion i s g iven h ere ( Cornwa l l , i n Kenyon , p p . 6 6-83 ).

4 23

Frag men tary o r c o mp le te c o l lec t ions o f b ones r epresen t ing 3 6 i nd iv idua ls were e xam ined a nd o f t he 2 2 t ha t c ou ld b e p os i t ive ly i den t i f ied , a l l were ma le ,

3i nd iv idua ls were a do lescen t , 2 were

o ver 4 0 a nd t he r e ma inder were y oung a du lts , i mp lying b a t t le r a ther t han massacre v ic t ims .

6b od ies h ad b een d ecap i ta ted

a nd o ther s ke le tons s howed c ran ia l a nd s ke le ta l wounds ( Hencken , P ls . XV I I I a nd X IX ). S ke le tons f ound n ear t he s ur face o f t he d i tch were i n af ragmen tary c ond i t ion , s ugges t ing t he a c t iv i ty o f s caveng ing a n i ma ls a f ter b ur ia l h ad t aken p lace . A ssoc ia ted o b jec ts : as ing le s herd o f R o man p ot tery may h ave b een f ound b enea th t he s ke le tons ( Kenyon , 9 ) . T he a bsence o f a ny o ther ma ter ia l i s v ery s tr ik ing a nd i mp l ies t ha t t he b od ies were v ery t horough ly s tr ipped o f a l l p ossess ions b e fore b ur ia l . R ef ;

Kenyon , 1 953 , 1 -87

S o merse t 9 .

S ou th C adbury S T 6 28252 E xcava t ion o f t he s ou th-wes tern e n trance i n 1 970 r evea led e v idence o f a ma jor massacre f o l low ing a n a t tack o n t he f or t b y R o man f orces ( A lcock , 1 972 , 1 05-7 , 1 60 , P l . 6 7). Fragmen tary r e ma ins o f 2 8 i nd iv idua ls o f a l l a ges , i nc lud ing a c h i ld o f 4y ears , were f ound s ca t tered i n t he U l t i ma te I ron Age e n trance p assage a nd c overed b y c o l lapsed d ebr is o f t he l a tes t p re-Ro man wa l l ing .

The b od ies were f ound i n ac ur ious ly d is-

j oin ted s ta te , w i th i so la ted t orso a nd l imb s egmen ts r epresen t ing c o mp le te i nd iv idua ls .

O n ly o ne u lna s howed a ny e v idence o f

b a t t lein jury a nd t he e xcava tor c onc luded t ha t mu t i la t ion was t he r esu l t o f a c t iv i ty b y wo lves o r d ogs ( A lcock , 1 971 , 3 -4 ; 1 05 ).

1 972 ,

Fu l l d eta i ls o f t he s ke leta l e v idence w i l l b e c on ta ined i n t he

f ina l r epor t o n t he s i te . Assoc ia ted o b jec ts :

O ver 1 00 b ronze b rooches o f mid-f irs t c en tury

A .D . f orms were f ound s ca t tered t hroughou t t he massacre l eve l . Af u l l a na lys is o f t hese i s n ot y e t a va i lab le ( A lcock , 1 971 , 3 -4 a nd P l . I I ;

1 972 , 1 60 a nd P ls . 6 6-7 a nd F ig . 2 6 ).

O ther o b jec ts

i nc luded a r ange o f n a t ive a nd R o man weapons , i nc lud ing s words , l ances , s pearheads , j ave l ins , a rrow-heads , a nd s h ie ld b osses ( A lcock , 1 972 , P l . 6 3 ).

A lso f ragmen ts o f 2j o in ted i ron n eck-

r ings ( A lcock , 1 972 , P l . 6 4 ). R e fs :

A lcock , 1 971 A lcock , 1 972

4 24

Wi l tsh ire 1 0.

M i ldenha l l

( See a lso Append ix A .2.40 )

S U 2 10692 D iscovery o f ag roup o f 8h aphazard i nhuma t ions , b e l ieved t o r epresen t a massacre b ur ia l o r war-ce me tery , a l though n o d eta i led i n for ma t ion o f i n jur ies t o b ones i s r ecorded a nd t he s ta tus o f t he s i te i s a pparen t ly b ased o n t he u ncere mon ious p osit i on o f o ne o f t he s ke le tons o n i t s f ace .

3o f t he s ke letons l ay

i n a n e x tended p os i t ion ' , 3 were f l exed a nd 2 were i n u ndescr ibed p os i t ions .

A t l eas t 2o f t he b od ies were c ons idered t o b e f e ma le .

Presen t l oca t ion o f t he s ke le ta l ma ter ia l a nd f i nds i s u nknown . A ssoc ia ted o b jec ts :

La U ne I I b rooch a nd u nwea thered Be lg ic

p ot-sherds w i th o ne s ke leton . Another w i th t he u pper p ar t o f a La TN ie I I p ot a nd a l arge o xbone r es t ing a cross t he l eg . R e f : 1 1 .

V .C .H ., Wi l ts , I , i , 1 957 , 8 7

War m inster S T 8 98456 Q uarrying w ork p r ior t o 1 922 i n ap i t ( whether a nc ien t o r t he p roduc t o f modern q uarrying i s u ncer ta in ) d isc losed n umerous s ke letons .

S o me o f t hese were e xp l ic i t ly d escr ibed a s c rouched

o f c on trac ted a nd a l l s eem t o h ave b een f ound b e tween 1 8" ( 0 .45 m ) a nd 2 ' ( 0 .6 m ) b e low t he l eve l o f t he t ur f .

Men t ion was made

o f a n a du l t a nd c h i ld t oge ther a nd r epor ts a ppear t o i nd ica te t he d iscovery o f g roups o f h u man s ku l ls o n more t han o ne o ccas ion . 5o r 6s ku l ls were i n o ne o f t hese g roups a nd o ne c on ta ined a d oub le s et o f t ee th . s urv ive .

N o f i nds were r ecorded a nd t he b ones n o l onger

A l though t h is may b e t he s i te o f a massacre o r war-

g rave o f t he I ron Age p er iod , t he l ack o f e xcava t ion a nd t he l im i ted d a t ing e v idence make p roof d i f f icu l t . R ef :

C unn ing ton , 1 924 , 3 68-73.

4 25

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Pagan C e lt ic Br i ta in :

S tud ies i n I conography a nd T rad it ion .

R oya l C o m mission o n Anc ien t a nd H istor ica l Monu men ts ( Eng land ) , 1 970 . Dorset , v ol . I I , S ou th-East , Par t 2 . Roya l C omm ission o n Anc ient a nd H istor ica l Monu men ts ( Eng land ) , 1 970. Dorset , v ol . I V , N or th . R oya l C o mm ission o n Anc ien t a nd H istor ica l Monu men ts ( Eng land ) , 1 976. G loucestersh ire , v o l . I . R oya l C o m mission o n Anc ien t a nd H istor ica l Monu men ts (Wa les ) , 1 927. Ang lesey. R ozoy , J . G ., 1 965.

' Les t o mbes s ans c ranes a La T bne Ia u Mont-Trotb y ,

Bu ll . S oc . Preh ist . Franca ise , 6 2 , 2 53-61 .

4 43

R ozoy , J . G ., 1 970 .

' Le c i met ibre d u Mon t T rote t , Bu l l. G roupe d 'ktudes

Archbo l . Cha mpagne-Ardenne , 7 , 3 8-42. R ynne , E ., 1 974.

' Excava t ions a t ' Madden 's H i l l ' , K i lta le , C o. Mea th ' ,

P roc . R oy. I r . Acad .. 7 4(C ) , 2 67-75. R ynne , E ., 1 976.

' The La U ne a nd R o man f i nds f ro m Lambay I s land ,

C oun ty Dublin ' , Proc. Roy. J r . Acad ., 7 6(C ) , 2 31-44. oseph , J . K . S ., 1 962. S t . J

' A ir r econna issance i n n or thern France ' ,

An t iqu i ty , 3 6 , 2 79-86. S t . J oseph , J . K . S ., 1 9GI.

' A ir r econna issance :

r ecent r esu l ts ' ,

An t iqu ity , 3 8 , 2 17-8. S t . J oseph , J . K . S ., 1 965.

' Air Photography a nd a rchaeo logy ' , i n J . K .

S .

S t . J oseph ( ed .) , The U ses o f A ir Photography , 1 13-26. S t . J oseph , J . K . S ., 1 966.

' Aer ia l r econna issance :

r ecen t r esu l ts ' ,

An t iqu i ty , 4 0 , 5 8-9 . la morgan ' , ' A c ist b ur ia l o n Mer thyr Mawr Warren , G

S avory , H . N ., 1 950.

R ept . Trans. Card i f f Na tur . H ist . S oc ., 7 9 , 5 9 . S avory , H . N ., 1 951.

' D iscover ies o n Mer thyr Mawr Warren ' , Bu l l . Board

C e lt ic S tud ., 4 , 1 70-1. S avory , H . N ., 1 977. S col lar , I . , 1 964.

G u ide c a ta logue t o t he E ar ly I ron Age C ol lec t ion .

' Physica l c ond i t ions t end ing t o p roduce c rop-si tes i n

t he Rh ine land ' , i n C ol loque I n terna tiona l d 'Archko log ie a kr ienne , 3 9-47. S col lar , I . , 1 968 .

' I ron Age e nc losures i n t he C o logne Basin ' , i n J . M.

C o les a nd D . D . A . S i mpson ( eds.) , S tud ies i n Anc ien t Europe , 2 27-32. S harp , S ., 1 871 .

' An a ccoun t o f Ro man r e ma ins f ound a t Duston i n

Northa mptonsh ire ' , Archaeolog ia , 4 3 , 1 18-30 . S haw- Me l lor , A ., 1 929. K ingsdown , Box ' , S heppard , T ., 1 907.

' Excava t ion o f ac ircu lar mound a t To tney H i l l , Wi ltsh ire Archaeol . Na tur . H ist . Mag ., 4 7, 1 69-76.

' Note o n a Br i t ish c har iot b ur ia l a t Hun manby i n Eas t

Yorksh ire ' , Yorksh ire Archaeol . J ourn ., 1 9 , 4 82-8. S heppard , T ., 1 934 .

' I ron Age r e l ics f ro m East Yorksh ire ' , Yorksh ire

Archaeol . J ourn ., 3 1 , 1 32-6. S heppard , T ., 1 939.

' Excava tions a t Eastburn , East Yorksh ire ' , Yorksh ire

Archaeo l. J ourn ., 3 4 , 3 5-47. S herw in , G . A ., 1 936a .

Note o n Be lg ic i nc inera t ion , Proc . I s le o f Wigh t

Na tur . H is t . Archaeol . S oc ., 2 , 6 14-5. S herw in , G . A ., 1 936b.

The I s le o f Wigh t , I ron Age , Par ts 1 a nd 2 ,

u npub lished Ms. v olu me , S oc . An t iq . L ibrary , L ondon . S i mco , A ., 1 973.

' The I ron Age i n t he Bed ford r eg ion ' , Bed fordsh ire

Archaeo l . J ourn ., 8 , 5 -22.

4 44

S i mpson , W. D ., 1 946.

' I ron Age p ot tery f ro m S undayswe l ls H i l l , T orph ins ,

Aberdeensh ire ' , Proc . S oc . An t iq . S co t ., 8 0 , 1 48-50 . Smi th , C . R ., 1 848 .

C o l lec tanea An tigua , v ol . I .

Smi th , C . R ., 1 852.

C ol lec tanea An t igua , v o l . I .

Sm i th , C . R ., 1 87 1 .

A Cata logue o f Ang lo-Saxon a nd o ther An t iqu it ies .

Sm ith , R . A ., 1 909 .

' On a La te C e l t ic mirror f ound a t Desborough ,

N or than ts , a nd o ther m irrors o f t he p er iod ' , Archaeolog ia , 6 1 , 3 29-46. S ini th , R . A ., 1 912.

' On La te C el t ic a nt iqu i t ies d iscovered a t We lwyn ,

Her t fordsh ire ' , Archaeolog ia , 6 3 , 1 -30 . Smi th , R . A ., 1 925.

A g u ide t o t he An t iqu i t ies o f t he Ear ly I ron Age o f

C entra l a nd Western Europe . S pra t ling , M. G ., 1 970a .

' The Sm iths o f S ou th Cadbury ', Curren t Archaeo l .,

2 , 1 88-91 . S pra t ling , M. G ., 1 97 O b.

' A La te p re-Ro man I ron Age b ronze m irror f ro m

O ld Warden ' , Bed fordsh ire Archaeo l . J ourn ., 5 , 9 -16. S tanford , S . C ., 1 972.

' We lsh Border h i l lforts ' , i n C . Tho mas ( ed .) ,

The I ron Age i n t he I r ish S ea Prov ince , 2 5-36. S tan ford , S . C ., 1 974 . S tead , I . M., 1 959 .

Crof t Ambrey.

' A c har iot b ur ia l o n P ex ton Moor , Nor th R id ing ' ,

An t iqu i ty , 3 3 , 2 14-6. S tead , I . M., 1 96 1 .

' A d ist inct ive f or m o f La rnne b arrow i n e astern

Y orksh ire a nd o n t he C ont inen t ' , An t iq . J ourn ., 4 1 , 4 4-62. S tead , I . N i., 1 965.

The La U ne Cu ltures o f Eastern Yorksh ire .

S tead , I . M., 1 967.

' A La U ne I I b ur ia l a t Welwyn G arden C ity ',

Archaeolog ia , 1 01 , 1 -62. S tead , I . M., 1 96 8 .

' An I ron Age h i l lfor t a t G r im thorpe , Yorksh ire ,

Eng land ' , Proc . Preh ist . S oc ., 3 4 , 1 48-90. S tead , I . M., 1 969a .

' An Ear ly I ron Age warr ior b ur ia l f ound a t S t .

Lawrence , I s le o f Wigh t ' , Proc . Preh ist . S oc ., 3 5 , 3 51-4. S tead , I . M., 1 969b.

' Veru la m iu m , 1 966-8 ' , An t iqu i ty , 4 3 , 4 5-52.

S tead , I . M., 1 97 1 a .

' The r econstruc t ion o f I ron Age b uckets f ro m A yles ford

a nd Ba ldock ' , Br it . Mus. Quar t ., 3 5 , 2 50-82. S tead , I . M., 1 97 l b.

' Yorksh ire b e fore t he Ro mans ' , i n R . M. Bu t ler ( ed .) ,

S o ld ier a nd C iv i l ian i n Ro man Yorksh ire , 2 1-43 . S tead , I . M., 1 976.

' The e ar liest b ur ia ls o f t he A ylesford Cu lture ' , i n

G . d e G . S ievek ing e t a l . ( eds.) , Proble ms i n Econo m ic a nd S oc ia l Archaeo logy , 4 01-16. S tead , I . M ., 1 977.

' La TN ie b ur ia ls b etween Bur ton F le m ing a nd Ruds ton ,

Nor th Hu mberside ' , An t iq . J ourn ., 5 6, 2 17-26.

4 45

S tead , I . M., 1 979.

The Arras Cu l ture.

S tee l , R . E ., 1 928 .

' Ear ly I ron Age f inds i n S o merset ' , An t iq . J ourn ., 8 ,

5 22-3 . S t i l l ing f lee t , E . W., 1 848.

' Accoun t o f t he o pen ing o f s o me b arrows o n t he

wo lds o f Yorksh ire ' , Proc . Archaeo l. I nst ., York v ol ., 2 6-32. S tone , J . F . S ., 1 932 .

' Ske le ton f ound i n ab arrow a t I dm iston ' , Wi ltsh ire

Archaeol . Na tur . H ist . Mag ., 4 6 , 3 87-8. Swan ton , M. J ., 1 973 .

The S pear-heads o f t he Ang lo-Saxon S et t le men ts.

Ta it , J . a nd J obey , G ., 1 971 .

' Ro mano-Br it ish b ur ia ls a t Beadne l l ,

N or thu mber land ' , Archaeolog ia Ae liana , 4 9 , 5 3-69. Taylor , A . a nd Denston , B ., 1 977.

' Skeletons o n Wand lebury h i l l for t ' ,

P roc . Ca mbr idge Ant iq . S oc ., 6 7, 1 . T ebu t t , C . F ., 1 934.

' A c ist i n t he I s les o f S c i l ly ' , An t iq . J ourn ., 1 4 ,

3 02-4. T ebu t t , C . F ., 1 957.

' A Be lg ic a nd R o man f ar m a t Wyboston , Bed fordsh ire ' ,

Proc . Ca mbr idge Ant iq . S oc ., 5 0 , 7 5-84. Tester , P . J . a nd B ing , H . F ., 1 949.

' The f irst c entury u rn-f ield a t

C hev iton , n ear F olkestone ' , Archaeol . Can t iana , 6 2 , 2 1-47. Th ierot , M. A ., 1 930 .

' To mbes marn iennes a S ogny-aux- Mou l ins ' ,

Rev . An thropo l., 4 0 ,3 78-84. Th i l l , G ., 1 966.

' Ausgrabungen b e i G oeb l ingen-Nospel t i , He mech t,

1 7,

4 83-91 . Th i l l , G ., 1 967a .

' Die Meta l lgegenstande a us v ier s pä t la tbneze i t l ichen

Brandgräbern b e i G oeb l ingen-Nospe W , H e mech t , 1 8 , 8 7-98. Th i l l , G ., 1 967b.

' D ie Keramik a us v ier s pä t la t Mezei t l ichen Brandgräbern

v on G oeb l ingen-Nospe W , He mech t , 1 8 , 1 99-213. Tho mas , A . C ., 1 961 .

Ph i l lack Church ;

a n I l lustra ted H istory o f t he Ce lt ic ,

N or man a nd Med ieva l f ounda t ions. Tho mas , A . C ., 1 966.

' The c harac ter a nd o r ig ins o f Ro man Du mnon ia t ,

i n A . C . Tho mas ( ed .) , Rura l s et t le men t i n R o man Br i ta in , C ounc . Br it . Archaeo l. Res . Rep t ., 7 , 7 4-98 . Tho mas , I . , 1 955.

N o te o n ac is t a t Pen menner , The L izard , 1 .

Tho mpson , A . a nd Hol land , E ., 1 976.

' Excava t ion o f a n I ron Age s i te a t

De l l f ield , Berkha msted y , Her t fordsh ire Archaeo l ., 4 , 1 37-52. Thurnha m , J ., 1 871 .

' On a nc ien t Br it ish b arrows , e specia l ly t hose o f

Wi ltsh ire a nd t he a d join ing c oun t ies ;

Par t I , Round Barrows ' ,

Archaeolog ia , 4 0 , 2 85-544. T ierney , J . J ., 1 960.

' The C e l t ic e thnography o f Posidon ius ' , Proc . R oy.

J r . Acad ., 6 0(C ) , 1 89-275 .

4 46

T oynbee , J . C . M., 1 970. Tra t man , E . K ., 1 938 .

Dea th a nd Bur ia l i n t he Ro man Wor ld .

' The e xcava t ion o f Backwel l Cave , S o merset ' ,

Proc . Un iv . Br istol S pelaeol . S oc ., 5 , 5 7-71 . Tro l lope , E .,

1 960 .

' Ro man r e ma ins i n t he v ic in i ty o f Padstow , C ornwa l l ', .

Archaeol. J ourn ., 1 7, 3 11-6. V iol l ier , D ., 1 916.

L es s bpu ltures d u s econd a ge d u f er s ur l e P la teau

S u isse. Wa inwr igh t , G . J ., 1 965.

' The e xcava tion o f ac a irn a t S t . Neot , Bod m in

Moor ' , C orn ish Archaeo l., 4 , 4 -9. Wa inwr igh t , G .J . , 1 967.

C oygan Ca mp , Ca mbr ian Archaeo l. Assoc . Pub.

Wa inwr igh t , G . J ., 1 968 .

' The e xcava t ion o f a Durotr ig ian f ar mstead n ear

To l lard Roya l i n Cranborne Chase , s ou thern Eng land ' , Proc . Preh ist . S oc ., 3 4 , 1 02-47. Wa inwr igh t , G . J ., 1 970.

' An I ron Age p ro mon tory f or t a t Budbury ,

Brad ford-on-Avon , Wi l tsh ire ' , Wi ltsh ire Archaeol . Na tur . H ist . Mag ., 6 5 , 1 08-66. Wa inwr igh t , G . J ., 1 979 .

G ussage a l l S a in ts :

a n I ron Age s e t t le ment i n

Dorset , Depar t men t o f t he Env iron men t Archaeolog ica l Repor t , 1 0 . Wa inwr igh t , G . J . a nd Longwor th , I . H ., 1 969 .

' The e xcava t ion o f ag roup

o f r ound b arrows o n Amplefor th Moor , Y orksh ire ' , Yorksh ire Archaeol . J ourn ., 4 2 , 2 83-94. Wa lker , F . G ., 1 908 .

' Skeletons r ecen t ly f ound a t t he War D i tches , Cherry

H inton , Proc . Ca mbr idge An t iq . S oc ., 1 2 , 2 67-73. Ward-Perk ins , J . B ., 1 939 .

' I ron Age meta l h orse-bi ts o f t he Br it ish I sles ' ,

Proc . Preh ist . S oc ., 5 , 1 73-92. Ward-Perk ins , J . B ., 1 944.

' Excava t ions o f t he I ron Age h i l lfor t o f O ldbury ,

n ear I gh tha m , K en t ' , Archaeolog ia , 9 0 , 1 27-76. Warhurs t , A ., 1 953.

' A Be lg ic b ur ia l f ro m Borough G reen ' , Archaeo l .

Cant iana , 6 6, 1 57-60. Warne , C ., 1 872.

Anc ient Dorset .

Wa ter man , D . A . e t a l ., 1 955.

' Two i n land s i tes w i th I ron Age ' A ' p ot tery

i n t he West R id ing o f Yorksh ire ' , Yorksh ire Archaeo l . J ourn ., 3 8 , 3 83-97. Wa tson , W., 1 949.

' Be lg ic b ronzes a nd p ot tery f ound a t Fel mersham-

o n-Ouse , Bed fordsh ire ' , An t iq . J ourn ., 2 9 , 3 7-61. Wa t ter , R . H .,

1 923.

' So me r ecen t f inds o n Ha m H i l l , s ou th S o merse t ' ,

An t iq . J ourn ., 3 , 1 49-50 . Waugh , H . e t a t ., 1 974 .

' So me I ron Age p ot tery f ro m mid a nd n or th

Buck ingha msh ire , w i th a g azet teer o f a ssoc ia ted s i tes a nd f inds ' , Rec . Buck ingha msh ire , 1 9 , 3 73-419.

4 47

West , L . F . a nd Ke ith , A ., 1 916.

' A p reh istor ic war- mound ' , Br i t . Med .

J ourn ., 2 8 Augus t 1 916. Westel l , W. P ., 1 928 .

' Ro mano-Br it ish o b jec ts f ro m F oxho les , n ear H i tch in ' ,

Trans. E . Her t fordsh ire Archaeo l . S oc ., 8 , 2 2-5 . ste l l , W. P ., 1 935 .

' Bronze o b jects f ound i n Her t fordsh ire ' , An t iq . J ourn .,

1 5 , 3 49-51 . Whee ler , R . E . M., 1 943.

Ma iden Cast le , R es. Rep t . S oc . An t iq . L ondon ,

1 2. Whee ler , R . E . M., 1 954.

The S tanw ick For t i f ica t ions , Res. Rept . S oc .

An t iq. L ondon , 1 7. Wh i mster , R . P ., 1 977a . S oc ., 4 3 ,

' I ron Age b ur ia l i n s ou thern Br ita in ' , P roc . Preh ist .

3 17-27.

Wh i mster , R . P ., 1 977b .

' Har lyn Bay :

t he e xcava t ions o f 1 900-1905 i n t he

l i gh t o f r ecen t r esearch ' , C orn ish Archaeo l ., 1 6, 6 0-88. Wh i mster , R . P ., 1 979.

' A p ossib le La Tbne I I i nhu ma t ion f ro m S u t ton

C our tenay , O x fordsh ire ' , Oxon iens ia , 4 4 , 9 3-6. Wh i te , D . A ., 1 970 .

' The e xcava t ion o f a n I ron Age r ound b arrow n ear

Hand ley , Dorset , 1 969 ' , An t iq . J ourn ., 5 0 , 2 6-36. Wh itehead , J . L ., 1 911. Wh it ford , A .,

1 922.

The Underc li f f o f t he I s le o f Wigh t .

' La te Ce lt ic b ur ia l , Abbots Lang ley , Her t fordshire ' ,

An t iq . J ourn., 2 , 2 59-60 . Wh i t ley , D . G ., 1 902.

' The Har lyn b ur ia ls i n t he l i gh t o f r ecent a rchaeo log ica l

d iscover ies i n Europe ' , J ourn . Roy. I nst . C ornwa l l , 1 5 , 9 7-108 . Wi l l ia ms , A ., 1 950 .

' Excava t ions a t A l lard 's Q uarry , Marnhu l l ' , Proc .

Dorset Archaeol . Na tur . H is t . S oc ., 7 2 , 2 0-75. Wi l lia ms , A ., 1 951 .

' Excava t ions a t Beard M i l l , S tan ton Harcour t ,

Ox fordsh ire , 1 944 ' , Oxon iensia , 1 6 , 5 -22. Wi l l ia ms , J . F ., 1 926.

' I ron Age p ottery f ro m Box ford , S u f fo lk ' , An t iq .

J ourn ., 6 , 3 09. Winbolt , S . E ., 1 925a .

Ro man Folkestone .

Winbol t , S . E ., 1 925b .

' Pre-Ro man f inds a t F olkestone ' , An t iq . J ourn ., 5 ,

6 3-7. Winbol t , S . E ., 1 926.

' The R o man V i l la a t F olkestone ' , Archaeo l . Cant iana ,

3 8 , 4 5-50 . Wolesley , G . R . a nd Sm ith , R . A ., 1 924.

' D iscover ies n ear C issbury ' ,

An tiq . J ourn., 4 , 3 47-59 . Woodruf f , C . H ., 1 904.

' Fur ther d iscover ies o f La te Ce l t ic a nd Ro mano-

Br i t ish i n ter men ts a t Wa l mer ' , Archaeol . Can t iana , 2 6 , 9 -16. Woods , P . J .,

Excava t ions a t Hard ings tone , N or tha mptonsh ire .

Z egwaard , G . A .,

1 959.

' Headhunt ing p rac t ices o f t he As ma t o f New G u inea ' ,

Am . An thropol . 6 1 , 1 020-59 . 4 48

INDEX O F PLACE NAMES ( underlined numbers

indicate appendix entries)

Abbots Langley ‚ Herts., 3 72 Aberlady, E .Lothian, 4 13 Abingdon, Oxon., 2 16-7 Airanes, Somme, 1 20 Airlie, Angus, 1 72 , 4 11 Airton, Yorks., 1 70, 405 Aldbury, Herts., 1 53, 3 73 Alderney, 7 4, 1 45-6 Aldro, Yorks., 401-2 Aldwincle, Northants., 1 83 Allard's Pit, Dorset, 1 0, 2 07, 2 29 All C anning's Cross, Wilts., 1 85 Allonville, Somme, 1 17, 1 21 Alnham, Northumbs., 1 69, 1 72, 401 Alton, Wilts., 2 46 Ampleforth, Yorks., 1 69, 402 Ancaster, Lincs., See Sudbrook, Lincs., Andover, Hants., 2 11 Annalore, Monaghan, 1 37 Apt, Vaucluse, 1 86 Ardleigh, Essex, 1 53, 1 56, 3 62 Arlesey, Beds., 3 54 Armitage, Staffs., 3 43 Arras, Pas-de-Calais, 1 53, 1 63 Arras, Yorks., 25, 5 3-4, 6 7, 7 7, 79, 8 8, 9 6-9, 1 03-6, 1 09-11, 1 13, 1 44, 1 74, 2 93-5 Ashwell, Herts., 3 41 Aspley Heath, Bucks., 3 57-8 Aston Clinton, Bucks., 1 53, 1 60, 3 58 Aston Rowant, Oxon., 1 53, 1 58, 3 87 Aston-upon-Trent, Derbys., 1 21-2, 1 71, 2 39 Aulnay-aux-Planches, Marne, 1 16 Aulnay-sur-Marne, Marne, 1 18 Aure, Ardennes, 1 17 Aylesford, Kent, 1 47, 1 51, 1 54, 1 56-63, 3 78-9 Ayton, ßerwicks., 4 12 Backwell, Avon, 3 5, 399 B adgeworth, Glos., 2 30 Bainton, Yorks., 3 10 B aldock, Herts., 1 28, 156-7, 1 59-60, 1 62, 3 73

4 49

Balloy, Marne, 1 18 Bann, r iver, Londonderry, 1 37 Bardwell, Suffolk, 2 17-8 Barling, Essex, 3 62 Barming, Kent, 1 51, 3 79 Barmston, Yorks., 1 14, 3 10 Barnston, Essex, 3 62 Barnwood, Glos., 1 8, 2 32 Barrington, Cambs., 3 59 Bartlow Hills, Essex, 3 3 Barton, Canbs., 359 Barton-under-Needwood, Derbys. 3 40 Basingstoke, Hants., 3 71 Batheaston, Som., 2 49 Battery Hill, Hants., 2 1-3,233-4 Beadnell, Northumbs., 1 70, 404-5 Beaulieu, Hants., 3 3, 394 Beckford, Hereford and Worcs., 1 0, 2 1, 2 34, 2 44 Beenham, Berks., 357 Berg res-les-vertus, Marne, 9 6 Berkhamsted, Herts., 1 53, 3 73 Bertangles, Somme, 1 18, 1 20 Berwick St John, Wilts., 2 18-21, 2 46-7 Beverley, Yorks., 77, 8 8, 1 05, 1 13, 2 86 Biddlestone, Wilts., 400 Billericay, Essex, 1 10, 3 62-3 Billington, Lincs., 1 70, 404 Binsted, Hants., 371 Birch, Essex, 1 76, 340 Birdlip, Glos., 1 8, 2 1, 2 4, 5 3-4, 7 4, 1 06, 1 37, 1 44-5, 2 31 Birdsall, Yorks., 79, 8 7, 2 86, 3 10-1, 350, 401-2 Bishop Middleham, Durham, 1 71, 1 81, 408 Bishop Wilton, Yorks., 7 7, 2 87 Blackness Castle, W .Lothian, 1 72, 4 16 Blewburton, Berks., 5 4 Boldre, Hants., 394 Borough Green, Kent,- See Plaxtol Borre Fen, Denmark, 1 80 Boscombe Down, Wilts., 2 21 Boughton Aluph, Kent, 3 79 Boughton Monchelsea, Kent, 379 Bourton-on-the-Water, Glos. ‚ 210-1, 2 30Bouy, Marne, 1 17 Box, Wilts., 3 3, 1 81, 3 96

Boxford, Suffolk, 1 53, 3 88 Boynton, Yorks., 3 11 B radford-on-Avon, Wilts., 2 51 Bradford Peverell, Dorset, 1 35, 1 37, 3 45 B raintee, Essex, 3 63 B raughing, Herts., 1 60, 3 73-4 B redon Hill, Hereford and Worcs., 64, 1 83, 1 87-8, 4 22-3 B reedon-on-the-Hill, Leics. 3 1, 1 80, 2 51 B reilly, Somme, 1 20 B ridlington, Yorks., 3 11-2 B ridport, Dorset, 2 5, 40, 47, 5 3, 1 06, 1 44, 1 82, 2 53 B rightwell, Berks., 391 Broadmayne, Dorset, 5 3, 5 7, 2 53 B roadstairs, Kent, 8 , 1 0, 1 6, 1 83, 2 14, 2 37-8, 3 80 B romfield, Shropshire, 3 5, 3 97 Brompton, Shropshire, 3 43 Brompton, Yorks., 3 12 Broughton, Peebles., 1 72, 4 10 Budbury, Wilts., 29, 1 79, 2 51 Bugthorpe, Yorks., 7 7, 1 08, 1 31-3, 1 37, 1 40, 2 87, 3 47 Bulbury, Dorset, 5 4, 1 35, 1 37, 1 44-5 Burghead, Moray, 1 85 Burghfield, Berks., 3 57 Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex, 3 63 Burnmouth, Berwick., 2 3,172, 4 12 Burstwick, Yorks., 2 87 Burton Agnes, Yorks., 1 12, 3 12-3 Burton Bradstock, Dorset, 4 0, 47, 5 3, 2 53 Burton Fleming, Yorks., 6 2, 6 7, 7 6-7, 7 9, 8 4, 8 8-9, 9 6-7, 9 9, 1 03-4, 1 07-9, 1 11-4, 1 33, 1 37-8, 1 40-1, 1 81-2, 1 93, 2 87-8, 3 13-6, 3 32, 3 47-8 Bury Hill, Hants., 2 33 Butterwick, Yorks., 3 16 Buxton, Derbys., 1 67 Caburn, Sussex, 3 5, 397 Caddonfoot, Selkirk, 4 15

C aerwent, Gwent, See Llanmelin Cagny, Somme, 1 21 C airnpapple Hill, W .Lothian, 1 73, 4 16 calais Wold, Yorks., 7 7, 2 87 C ambridge, 2 1, 2 4, 1 53, 2 27-8, 3 39, 3 59-60, 4 20-1 Camelon, Stirling, 1 73 C anewdon, Essex, 3 63 Cardonville, Somme, 1 20 Carnaby, Yorks., 8 4, 8 9, 1 03, 1 13-4, 3 16-7 Cassington, Oxon., 2 8, 1 82, 2 45 C asterley Camp, W ilts., 1 0, 1 5, 1 82, 2 24 C atcote, Cleveland, 1 69, 403 C atel, Guernsey, 1 45 Cawthorn C amps, Yorks., 1 05, 1 10, 2 88 C awton, Yorks., 3 17 Cerrigydrudion, Clwyd, 1 74, 4 17 Chaddleworth, Berks., 3 91-2 Chapel Brampton, Northants., 1 71, 3 42 Charing, Kent, 3 80 Charlcombe, Avon, 1 98, 2 26 Chatillon-sur-Indre, I ndre, 1 37 Cheny, Yonne, 1 18 Cherry Hinton, Cambs., 1 87, 420-1 Cherville, Marne, 1 20 Chesterton, Cambs., 3 92 Chicksands, Beds., 3 54 Chotin, Czechoslovakia, 1 10 Chrishall, E ssex, 3 4, 3 94 Christon, Avon, 8 , 1 6, 1 82, 1 98-9 Chronicle Hills, Cambs., 3 3, 3 92 Churchill, Avon, 3 99 Ciry Salsogne, Marne, 1 10 Clanfield, Oxon., 3 43 Clapham, Beds., 2 41 C levedon, Avon, 5 , 1 8, 2 4-5, 7 4, 1 99, 2 26 C loseburn, Dumfries., 2 44, 4 12 Clothall, Herts., 3 74 C lotherholme, Yorks., 1 33, 1 37, 1 39, 3 50 Cogdean, Dorset, 1 52 Colchester, E ssex, 2 5, 1 44, 1 53, 1 55-7, 1 59, 3 64-5 Collingbourne Ducis, Wilts., 3 3, 3 96 Colne, Cambs., 1 53, 3 60 Colne Engaine, Essex, 1 60, 3 65 Combe d 'Ain, Jura, 1 43, Compton, Hants., 3 94 Conde Folie, Somme, 1 21

4 50

Conistone, Yorks., 1 70, 405 Dundee, Angus,- See Craigie Cook's Hill Wood Cave, Avon, Dunning, Perths., 1 74, 3 44, 4 15 3 5, 400 Duston, Northants., 1 53, 3 86 Corfe Castle, Dorset, 40, 47, 5 3, 254 Earl's Colne, Essex, 3 65 Corwen, Gwynedd, 3 44 Eastbourne, Sussex, 2 2, 2 40 Cottam, Yorks.,- See Cowlam Eastburn, Yorks., 7 9, 9 7, 9 9, Coudray, Loiret, 1 20 1 09, 1 11, 1 13, 1 33, 1 37, 1 40, Cowlam, Yorks., 2 5, 7 8-9, 8 8, 1 43, 292, 3 48 1 08-9, 1 11, 1 13, 193, East Langton, E .Lothian, 1 73, 4 14 2 89, 3 17 East Lulworth, Dorset, 2 49 Cowley, Glos.,- See B irdlip Eaton Socon, Beds., 2 41 Coygan Camp, Dyfed, 1 74, 4 17 Ebberston, Yorks., 1 43, 1 69, 405 Craigic, Angus, 1 72, 4 11 Ebbesbourne Wakes, Wilts., 2 21 Crantock, Cornwall, 7 1 Ebworth, Glos., 3 3, 394 Creeksea, E ssex, 5 7, 3 65 Eckington, Hereford and Worcs., Creeting St Mary, Suffolk, 3 5, 3 41 3 97 Ecury-le-Repos, Marne, 1 17 Croft Ambrey, Herefords., 1 83 Edderton, Ross and Cromarty, 1 73 Cromwell, Notts., 3 42 4 15 Crosby Garrett, Cumbria, 1 69, Edinburgh, Midlothian, 4 14 403 Eggington, Beds., 2 1-2, 2 26-7 Cumbernauld, Dumbartons., 1 72, Elmswell, Yorks . , 1 69, 401 4 12 Elvedon, Suffolk, 1 53, 1 57, 1 59, 3 88 Dalmeny, w .Lothian, 1 73, 4 16 Entremont, Provence, 1 86 Dalton-in-Furness, Lancs., . 167 Etoges, Marne, 1 17 Danebury, Hants., 8 , 1 1, 1 5, Etton, Yorks., 3 17 3 1, 1 79, 2 12-3 Danes Graves, Yorks., 62, 6 7, Falmer, Sussex, 1 51 7 7-8, 8 8-9, 9 7, 99, 1 05-11, Faversham, Kent, 1 51, 1 62, 3 80 1 13, 1 69, 1 81-2, 297-307, Felmersham, Beds., 1 59, 3 56 3 27 Fenstanton, Cambs., 2 28, 3 39 Datchworth, Herts., 3 74 Fere-Champenoise, Marne, 1 17 Deal, Kent, 2 1, 2 3, 1 51, 1 59, Fere-en-Tardenois, Aisne, 1 10 1 62, 1 72, 2 38, 3 80 Fifield Bavant, Wilts., 1 5, 1 85, Didling, Sussex, 1 21 2 21 Dirleton, E .Lothian, - See Figsbury, Wilts., 1 83 Gullane Findon Park, Sussex, 1 83 Dog Hole, The, Cumbria, 1 71, Flower's Barrow, Dorset, 2 9, 1 79, 408 2 49 Donaghdee, Co. Down, 1 37, Folkestone, Kent, 1 51, 1 62, 381-2 1 49, 1 76, 4 19 Folkton, Yorks., 3 17-8 Dorchester, Dorset, 39-47, 5 5, Follifoot, Yorks., 1 67 2 54-6 Fordham, Cambs., 1 8, 2 2, 2 28 Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxon., Fordington, Dorset, 5 3, 2 55 2 17, 3 43 Forteviot, Perths., 174, 3 44, 4 15 Dorton, Bucks., 2 5, 1 44, 1 53, Foxholes, Yorks., 8 9, 1 12-4, 3 18-9 1 60, 3 58 Foxton, Cambs., 3 60 Dowkerbottom Cave, Yorks., Freshwater, I sle of Wight, 1 8, 2 2, 409 7 4, 2 35 Dowsby, Lincs., 1 23, 1 71, 342 Frilford, Oxon., 1 8, 2 1, 1 80, Dragonby, Lincs., 2 8, 404 2 38-9 Driffield, Yorks., 297-307 F ulbourn, Cambs., 3 39 Dunbar, E .Lothian, - See Lochend

4 51

Garton-on-the-Wolds, Yorks., 2 89-90, 3 19, 401 Garton Slack, Yorks., 2 5, 1 05, 1 09, 1 44, 1 81, 2 89-90 Gatcombe, I sle of Wight, 378 Gelliniog Wen, Anglesey, 1 35, 1 37-8, 1 41, 1 43, 174, 353, 4 18 Girton, Cambs., 2 8, 242 Glastonbury, So rp., 64, 1 85, 1 87 Glynde, Sussex, 397 Godalming, Surrey, 1 51 Goeblingen-Nospelt, Luxembourg, 1 61 Goldherring, Cornwall, 67 Gourgancon, Marne, 9 6 Grandes Loges, Marne, 1 88 Grassington, Yorks., 1 70-1, 405-6, 408-9 Grauballe, Denmark, 1 80 Gravon, Marne, 1 17 Gray's Thurrock, Essex, 1 26, 3 40 Great Braxted, Essex, 1 26, 3 40 Great Chesterford, Essex, 1 53, 1 57, 1 59, 1 62, 3 65-6 Greatford, Lincs., 1 23, 1 71, 3 42 Greatham, Sussex, 1 51 Great Wakering, Essex, 3 66 Grendon, Northants., 1 5, 2 15 Grimston, Yorks., 3 19 Grimthorpe, Yorks., 7 7, 8 7, 1 03, 1 08, 1 31-3, 1 37-8, 1 40, 1 43, 171, 296, 3 48 Grindale, Yorks., 7 7. 89, 1 11, 1 13-4, 2 90, 3 19-20 Groveley Castle, Wilts., 29, 1 79, 2 51 3 uernsey, 7 4, 1 45-6 Guilden Morden, Cambs., 1 62, 3 60 Guildown, Surrey, 2 3 Guiting Power, Glos., 2 11 Gullane, E .Lothian, 1 73, 4 13 Gussage all-Saints, Dorset, 8 , 1 4-15, 2 8, 4 2, 203-5 2 42-3 Guy's Rift, Wilts., 35, 1 81, 400 Hadleigh, Essex, 3 66 Hailes, Glos., 1 8, 2 1, 2 31-2

7 4,

4 52

Ham Hill, Som., 2 3, 2 8, 35, 1 31, 1 52, 1 85, 2 39, 245 3 88 Hanborough, Oxon., 15, 1 88, 2 17 Handley, Dorset, 34, 1 21, 152, 1 85, 2 05-6, 393 Hannogne, Ardennes, 1 63 Hardingstone, Northants., 8 , 1 85, 2 15-6 Harlyn Bay, Cornwall, 6 0-9, 7 2, 1 80, 1 82, 1 88, 1 92, 2 79-84 Harpham, Yorks., 3 21 Harrold, Beds., 2 01 Hartwell, Bucks., T 558 Haslemere, Surrey, 1 51 Haslingfield, C ambs., 3 61 Hatfield Peverel, Essex, 1 26, 1 58, 3 40, 3 66 Hauxton, C ambs., 3 61 Haverbrack, Cumbria, 408 Hawkswick, Yorks., 409 Hayle, Cornwall, 273 Hayton, Yorks., 290 Hay Wood Cave, Avon, 3 5-6, 399 Heacham, Norfolk, 1 79, 2 14 Headbourne Worthy, Hants., 2 11-2 Hemingford Grey, Cambs., 1 26, 1 28, 3 39 Henstridge, Som., 2 2, 2 39 Hertford Heath, Herts., 1 57, 1 59-60, 1 62, 375 Heslerton, Yorks., 3 21-2 Heybridge, E ssex, 3 66-7 High Conniscliffe, Durham, 1 69, 404 Highstead, Kent, 1 8, 2 2, 2 38 High Wycombe, Bucks., 3 58 Hillhead Broch, Caithness, 1 85 Hitchin, Herts., 5 7, 1 62, 374 Hod Hill, Dorset, 8 , 1 0, 29, 42, 5 5, 1 79, 1 82, 2 07-8, 2 49 Hollesbury, Suffolk, 3 43 Horndean, Hants., 1 8,21, 2 32-3 Hornsea, Yorks., 79, 291 Hothfield, Kent, 3 82 Houghton Regis, Beds., 1 87, 2 01-2, 2 41-2, 354, 420 Hucclecote, Glos., 2 32 Huggate, Yorks., 7 7, 291 Hughtown, Scilly, - See Porth Cressa Hunmanby, Yorks., 79, 8 8, 1 05-6, 1 10, 2 91, 3 22-3 Hunsbury, Northants., 5 , 8 , 65, 1 85, 2 15 Huntow, Yorks., 7 7, 1 09, 290, 3 20

Hurstbourne Tarrant, Hants., 1 51, 1 55, 1 57, 1 59, 3 71 Hutton, Avon, 3 99 Hutton Buschel, Yorks., 2 91-2 I cklingham, Suffolk, 2 4, 2 39 I dmiston, Wilts., 3 3, 2 21, 3 96 I gtham, Kent, 3 82 Inverkeilor, Angus, 1 74, 3 44, 4 12 I rchester, Northants., 2 8, 1 53, 2 44-5, 3 87 Ivinghoe, Bucks., 1 53, 1 59, 3 58 Jordan Hill, Dorset, 4 0, 4 2-3, 5 2-3, 1 52, 1 81, 2 60 Jubilee C ave, Yorks., 409 Juniville, Ardennes, 1 17 Kedington, Suffolk, 3 89 Kelham, Notts., 3 42 Kelvedon, Essex, 3 67 Kemerton, Hereford and Worcs., 4 22-3 Kempston, Beds., 1 53, 1 56, 3 55 Keshcarrigan, Co. Leitrim, 2 5 Ketton, Leics., 1 23, 1 71, 3 41 Kildale, Yorks., 4 02 K ilham, Yorks, 7 8, 3 23-5 Kincardine O 'Neil, Aberdeen, 4 11 K ing Harry Lane, Herts., 1 8, 2 2, 1 28, 1 53-8, 1 62-3, 1 96, 2 35 3 75 Kingscote, Glos., 2 32 K ing's Weston Hill, Glos., 3 4 K irkburn, Yorks., 2 92, 3 25-6, 3 48 Kirknewton, Midlothian, 4 14 Knap Hill, Wilts., 2 46 Knob's Crook, Dorset, 3 93 Ladock, Cornwall, 7 1, 2 73 La Hogue-au-Comte, Guernsey, 1 45 Lake, I sle of Wight, 3 78 Lakenheath, Suffolk, 3 5, 3 97 Lambay I sland, Co. Dublin, 1 35-8, 1 41-5, 1 75-6, 1 93, 3 51-2, 4 19 La Motte St Valentin, HauteMarne, 1 10 Lancaster, 1 69, 404 Lancing, Sussex, 1 51, 3 89 Landewednack, Cornwall, 7 1, 2 73 Langcliffe, Yorks., 4 09

Langford, Essex, 1 26, 3 40 Langham, Essex, 1 26, 3 40 Langton Matravers, Dorset, 40, 5 3, 2 56 Leavening, Yorks., 3 26 Le C atillon, Jersey, 1 46, 1 62 Le Catioroc, Guernsey, 1 45 Leckhampton, Glos., 3 4, 1 21, 3 94 Leconfield, Yorks., 7 8, 2 92-3 Ledston, Yorks., 8 , 1 69, 2 18 Les Bouverets, Marne, 1 88 Les I ssues, Guernsey, 1 45 Les jogasses, M arne, 9 7, 1 88 Letchworth, Herts., 1 59, 2 13-4 2 35, 2 44, 3 75 Lexden, Essex, 1 53, 1 55-7, 1 59-60, 1 62, 3 64 Lidbury, W ilts., 1 85 Liddington, W ilts., 2 22 Lindsell, E ssex, 1 60, 3 67 Linton, Cambs., 3 61 Little Amwell, Herts., 3 75 Little Baddow, E ssex, 1 26, 3 41 Littlebourne, Kent, 3 82 Little Hadham, Herts., 3 75 Little Hallingbury, Essex, 1 53, 3 67 Little Waltham, E ssex, 3 67 Litton Cheney, Dorset, 4 0, 4 2-3, 47, 5 1, 2 56-7 Llandowror, Dyfed, 4 17 Llangeinwen, Anglesey, 3 53, r 4 1-T -Llanmelin, Gwent, 2 8, 1 09, -174, 4 17 Llyn Cerrig B ach, Anglesey, 1 40-1 Lochend, E .Lothian, 1 70, 1 73, 4 13 Lockington, Leics., 1 23, 1 71, 3 42 Longbridge Deverill, Wilts., 1 1, 2 22 Longpre-les-Amiens, Somme, 1 18, 1 20 Longthorpe, Cambs., 2 8, 1 53, 2 28-9, 2 42, 3 61 Lord's Bridge, C ambs., 1 55, 1 60, 3 59 Luffness, E .Lothian, 1 72, 4 13 Luton, Beds., 3 55 Maiden Bower, Beds., 2 8, 2 41, 4 20 Maiden Castle, Dorset, 8 , 1 0, 1 4-15, 2 1, 2 9, 3 7, 3 9-40, 4 2-3, 47, 49, 5 1-2, 5 5, 1 79, 1 87, 2 08-10, 2 29, 2 43, 2 50, 2 62-71, 4 22 Maidstone, Kent, 1 51, 3 82-3 Mairy-sur-Marne, Marne, 1 16 Malham, Yorks., 1 70, 1 81, 406 Market Weighton, Yorks., 2 93-5 Marks Tey, E ssex, 3 67

4 53

Marlborough, Wilts., 1 51, 1 57, 1 59, 370 Marnhull, Dorset, 1 0, 42,

2 07,

2 29 Marson, Marne, 9 6 Mattersey, Notts., 3 42 Maulden Moor, Beds., 1 60, 3 55 Menil-Annelles, Ardennes, 1 17 Merthyr Mawr, Glamorgan, 1 74, 4 18 Middleton-on-the-Wolds, Yorks. 7 9, 295-6, 3 26 Milborne St Andrew, Dorset, 2 8, 2 43 Mildenhall, W ilts., 1 87, 2 40, 425 Millington, Yorks., 7 7, 296, 3 48 Milton, Cambs., 3 61 Moel Hirradug, Clwyd, 1 40 Montfercault, Marne, 1 43 Mont Gravet, Marne, 1 88 Mont-Trot , Ardennes, 9 6-7, 1 04, 1 16-7, 1 88 Moredun, E .Lothian, 1 72, 4 14 Mount B atten, Devon,-See Stamford Hill Mount Bures, Essex, 1 26, 1 591 60, 3 41, 3 68 Mucking, Essex, 1 28 Munsingen, Switzerland, 1 08 Nafferton, Yorks., 7 8, 2973 07, 3 26-8 Nanterre, 1 10 Nether Wallop, Hants., - See Danebury Neufles-St Martin, Eure, 1 20 Newbald, Yorks., 3 28 Newnham C roft, Cambs., 2 1, 24, 7 0, 1 09, 2 27-8 Newton-on-Rawcliffe, Yorks., 3 28 7 Normee, Marne, 1 16, 1 17 North Berwick, E .Lothian, 4 14 North Dalton, Yorks., 3 29 Northfleet, Kent, 3 83 North Grimston, Yorks., 7 9, 87, 9 7, 1 03, 1 08, 1 31-3, 1 37-40, 1 43, 2 86, 3 10-1 3 50 North Muskham, Notts., 1 23, 3 42 Norton, Yorks., 3 29 Nunnington, Yorks., 329 -

-

Oakthorpe, 342

Leics.,

1 23,

1 71

9

4 54

Ogmore Down, Glamorgan, 1 74-5, 4 18 Oldbury, Kent, 3 82 Old Man Island, Scilly, 7 1-2, 2 84 Old W arden, Beds., 1 53, 1 57, 1 60, 3 55-6 Oliver's Battery, Hants., 3 4, 3 94 Orpington, Kent, 3 83 Osmington, Dorset, 47, 2 57 Otterbourne, Hants., 3 71 Owslebury, Hants., 1 28, 1 34, 1 37-8, 1 41-3, 1 52, 1 54, 1 56-8, 1 94, 3 46, 3 72 Oxford, 3 43 Padstow, Cornwall, 274 Painswick, Glos., 394 Park B row, Sussex, 35, 398 Pentridge, Dorset, 2 06-7 Perranarworthal, Cornwall, 1 80 Petham, Kent,- See Swarling Pexton Moor, Yorks., 7 6, 7 9, 1 05, 3 09 Phillack, Cornwall, 7 1, 2 73 Pickering, Yorks., 3 30 Pierrepont-sur-Arne, Somme, 1 18, 1 20 Pimperne, Dorset, 1 83 Plaxtol, Kent, 1 59, 1 62, 3 85 Pleshey, Essex, 368 . Plymstock, Devon, 2 84-5 Pocklington, Yorks., 3 30 Pogny, Marne, 2 3, 172 Poix, Marne, 1 88 Porth C ressa, Scilly, 7 1-2, 2 76-7 Portland, Dorset, 25, 39-40, 47, 5 3, 5 7, 1 44, 257-8 Poynter's Garden, Scilly, 7 1-2, 2 77-8 Presles-St Audebert, Aisne, 1 63 Prunay, Marne, 1 10 Puddlehill, Beds., 2 2, 1 53-4, 1 57, 2 01-2, 2 41-2, 3 54 Puig C astellar, Spain, 1 86 Purleigh, Essex, 3 68 Pyrton, Oxon., 1 53, 3 88 Queudes,

Marne,

1 18

Q uinton, Northants.,

1 57,

3 87

Rathgall, Co.Wicklow, 1 75 Rathmell, Yorks., 1 69 Rayleigh, Essex, 368 Read's Cavern, Avon, 35, 399

Sewell's C ave, Yorks., 4 09 Sharnbrook, Beds., 3 56 Sheepwash, I sle o f Wight,-See

Riccall, Yorks., 3 30 Richmond, Guernsey, 1 45 Ridgeway Hill, Dorset, 3 3,

Freshwater Shenstone, Staffs., 1 67 Sherburn, Yorks., 3 35 Shillington, Beds., 3 56 Shoebury, E ssex, 3 69 Sholden, Kent, 3 85 Silkstead, Hants., 1 51, 1 57, 1 59, 3 71 S ittingbourne, Kent, 3 85 Skipwith, Yorks., 7 9, 3 08, 3 35 S laughterford, Wilts., 3 5, 400 12, S lingsby, Yorks., 8 9, 1 03, 1 1 14, 3 35 Snailwell, Cambs., 1 31, 1 53, 1 57, 1 59-60, 3 61 Snainton, Yorks., 3 36 Sogny-aux-Moulins, Marne, 9 6, 1 88 Soham, Cambs., 2 3, 2 29 St Alban's, Herts., 1 8, 2 2, S o l sb u ry H il l , S om ., 2 9, 1 79, 1 28, 1 53-8, 1 62-3, 1 96, 2 49 2 35, 3 75-6 Somme-Tourbe, Marne, 1 10 St B ride's Major, Glamorgan, - See Ogmore Down Sompting, Sussex, 3 98 Southampton, Hants., 3 72 St Cuthbert Out, Avon, 3 99-400 S ou th C adb u ry , S om ., 2 9, 1 79, St Germaincourt, Ardennes, 1 63 1 87, 2 51, 4 24 St Gibreu, Marne, 1 18 Southend, E ssex, 3 69 St Just, Cornwall, 7 1, 2 74 Southminster, E ssex, 3 69 St Keverne, Cornwall, 2 74-5 Sparsholt, Hants., 2 43-4 St Lawrence, Isle o f Wight, Spettisbury, Dorset, 1 87, 4 21-2 1 34-5, 1 37-8, 1 41, 1 43, Springhead, Kent, 1 80 1 94, 3 49 Stainforth, Yorks., 1 70, 406 St Martin's, Scilly, 7 1-2, Stamford Hill, Devon, 2 5, 5 3, 6 0, 2 75 6 5, 6 7, 7 0, 7 2, 1 09-10, 1 44, St M ary's, S cilly, Cornwall, 2 84-5 7 1-2, 1 92, 2 76-8 Stanfordbury, B eds., 1 31, 1 53-4, S t Merryn, Cornwall, - See 1 57, 1 59-60, 3 56-7 H arlyn Bay Stanmore, Middlesex, 3 86 St Remy-sur-Bussy, Marne, 1 17 Stanton Harcourt, Oxon., 1 5, 1 78, St Saviour, Guernsey, 1 45 2 17 Salisbury, Wilts., 1 82-3, 2 23 Stanway, Essex, 1 26, 3 41 S almonsbury, Glos., 1 4-15, Stapleford, Cambs., 2 02, 4 21 1 83-4, 2 10-1, 2 30 Staple Howe, Yorks., 1 69 Sanderstead, Surrey, 1 51, 3 89 Steeple Langford, Wilts., 2 23, Sandon, E ssex, 3 69 2 48, 2 51 Sandown, I sle of W ight, 1 54, Stiffkey, Norfolk, 395 3 78 Stoke-sub-Hamden, Som., 2 39, 2 45, S awdon, Yorks., 1 09-10 3 88 Scampston, Yorks., 3 34 Stone, Kent, 3 86 Scilly, I sles of, 6 7, 7 1-2, Stourpaine, Dorset, 2 07-8, 2 49 2 75-8 Stratford St Mary, Essex, 3 69 Scorborough Park, Yorks., Strood, Kent, 3 86 7 8-9, 9 7, 1 06, 1 13, 2 92-3 Seacliff Cave, E .Lothian, 1 73 , Sturry, Kent, 3 86 Sudbrook, Lincs., 1 69, 401 1 81, 4 14 Sunk I sland, Yorks., 3 36 Seamer, Yorks., 7 7, 1 12, 3 08, Sutton Courtenay, Oxon., 1 35, 3 34 1 37-8, 1 42-3, 1 53, 1 94, 3 50-1 S ettrington, Yorks., 3 34

3 93 Rillington, Yorks., 1 12, 3 30-1 Risby, Suffolk, 3 4, 395 Rivenhall, E ssex, 3 68-9 Roomer Common, Yorks., 1 69, 4 06-7 Rose Ash, Devon, 2 5 Rotherley, W ilts., 8 , 1 4-16, 2 5, 2 8-9, 42, 2 18-21, 2 46-7 Roudham, Norfolk, 2 , 1 5, 1 82, 2 14-5 Rudston, Yorks., 7 6, 7 9, 8 4, 1 12-4, 1 33, 2 87-8, 3 07, 3 31-4, 3 47-9 Rushmore Park, W ilts., 2 21 Ryton-on-Dunsmoor, W arwicks., 3 98

4 55

Sutton Walls, Hereford and Worcs., 29-30, 1 79, 1 87, 250, 4 23-4 Swanage, Dorset, 39 Swarling, Kent, 1 47, 1 51, 1 54, 1 56-62, 3 83-5 Swine, Yorks., 3 36 Swinton, Yorks., 406-7

Wandlebury, Cambs., 1 5, 1 78-9, 1 87, 2 02, 421 Warborough Hill, Norfolk, 3 4, 3 95 Warminster, Wilts., 425 Warter, Yorks., 3 38 Water Newton, C ambs., 3 92 Wavendon Heath, Bucks., 3 57-8 Weeting, Norfolk, 3 4, 3 95 Welwyn, Herts., 1 48, 1 53-4, 1 57, Tal-y-Llyn, Merioneth, 1 40 1 59-63, 376 Tarland, Aberdeen, 1 72, 4 11 Welwyn Garden City, Herts., 5 1, Thaxted, Essex, 3 70 1 53-4, 1 57-62, 377 Wendon's Ambo, Essex, 1 53, 370 Thorganby Common, Yorks., 3 08 Thornton-le-Dale, Yorks., 7 9, West Hartlepool, Cleveland, 403 3 09 West Linton, Peebles, 1 73, 4 14-5 Westmill, Herts., 3 77 Thorpe Bassett, Yorks., 3 36-7 Thriplow, Cambs., 3 4, 392 ' weston-on-Trent, Derbys., 340 Thuisy, Marne, 9 6 Weston-super-Mare, Avon, 5 , 1 82, Thurrock, E ssex, 3 70 1 99-200, 4 20 West Overton, Wilts., 2 52 Thwing, Yorks., 3 37 Tibthorpe, Yorks., 3 37 West Stafford, Dorset, 5 3, 5 7, r ickenham, Avon, 3 3, 3 5, 391 2 59 Wetwang Slack, Yorks., 7 6, 79, Tilmanstone, Essex, 3 41 Tinqueux, Ardennes, 1 17, 1 88 8 8, 9 6-7, 9 9, 105, 1 08-9, 1 11, 1 13, 2 89-90 Tixall, Staffs., 1 23, 3 43 Tollard Royal, w ilts., 1 6, Weymouth, Dorset, 39, 4 0, 47, 2 59 6 1, 3 9 3 2 23-4 f ollund, Denmark, 1 80 Wharram Percy, Yorks., 8 7, 309 W h it comb e , D o rset , 4 0 , 4 23, 47, f orpichen, w .Lothian, 4 16 5 0 1 , 5 7 , 1 34 , 1 37 -8 , 1 41-3, Torwoodlee, Selkirk, 1 73, 4 15 Trelan Bahow, Cornwall, 25, 2 61-2, 3 45-6 5 3-4, 6 0, 6 7, 7 1, 1 06, 1 37, White Colne, Essex, 370 Whittlesford, Cambs., 3 3, 392 1 44-5, 2 74-5 Wickford, Essex, 370 Tresco, S cilly, 2 84 Trevone, Cornwall, 6 0, 6 7, Wickham Bishops, Essex, 3 71 69-70, 7 1-2, 1 09, 2 74 Wilbury Hill, Herts., 2 8, 2 13-4, Trumping t on, Cambs., 3 62 2 35 Willerby, Yorks., 3 38 Twywell, Northants., 8 , 1 0, W in ch e ste r , H an t s ., 2 1, 1 52, 15, 2 16 Tyneham, Dorset, 47, 2 59 2 33-4, 372 Winster, Derbys., 1 70, 403 Winterbourne St Martin, Dorset, Ugley, Essex, 1 53, 3 70 2 08-10, 2 29, 243, 2 50, 2 62-71, U lrome, Yorks., 3 37-8 422 Upavon, W ilts., 2 24 Upper C latford, Hants., 2 33 Winterbourne Steepleton, Dorset, Ventnor, I sle o f Wight, 2 1, 3 4, 1 21, 393 Winterbourne Stoke, Wilts., 1 0, 2 2, 1 34, 1 82, 2 36-7, 3 49 Vert-la-Gravelle, Marne, 1 17 1 5, 2 24-5 Wintringham, Yorks., 3 38 Vevey, Switzerland, 1 43 W ith am , E ssex , 2 3 ,230 V illeneuve-la-Guyard, Yonne, Witry-les-Reims, Marne, 9 6, 1 17, 1 18 1 88 Ville-sur-Retourne, Ardennes, Wivenhoe, Essex, 1 26, 3 41 1 17 Vinneuf, Yonne, 1 18 Woburn, Beds., 3 57 Woodcutts, Dorset, 8 , 1 1, 1 5, Waldringfield, Suffolk, 2 39-40, 4 2, 1 82, 2 05-6 3 89 4 56

woodlands, Dorset, 393 Woodleigh, Devon, 717- 2 85 aoodyates, Dorset, 8 , - 4 2, 2 06-7 wookey Hole, Avon, 3 5, 1 83,

16 ,

3 99-400 wool, Dorset, 40, 5 3,271 wooley Down, Berks., 3 4, 391-2 Worlebury, Avon, 5 , 1 1, 1 5, 1 82, 1 85, 1 99-200, 420 worth Matravers, Dorset, 3 7,40, 47, 5 3, 5 7, 2 71-2 Worthy Down, Hants., 1 0, 1 5, 2 11-2 W roxeter, Shropshire, 3 43 Wykeham, Yorks., 1 11, 309 Wynford Eagle, Dorset, 4 3, 4 7, 2 72 Yarnbury Castle, Wilts., 2 8, 2 23, 2 48 Yateley, Hants., 1 52, 372 Youlton, Cornwall, 2 5

4 57