Bronze Age Food Vessel Urns in Northern Britain 9780860540311, 9781407322360

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
List of Figures
List of Plates
INTRODUCTION TO PART I
THE NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE
CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THOUGHT ON FOOD VESSEL URNS
CHAPTER 2 THE POTTERY
CHAPTER 3 BURIAL RITE AND CONTEXT
CHAPTER 4 ASSOCIATIONS AND DATING EVIDENCE
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION
NOTES
APPENDIX: BURIAL RITES AND CONTEXTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PART II: INTRODUCTION TO CATALOGUE
ABBREVIATIONS
CATALOGUE OF FOOD VESSEL URNS IN NORTHERN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND
FIGURES, MAP, PLATES

Citation preview

Bronze Age Food Vessel Urns in Northern Britain

Trevor G. Cowie

BAR British Series SS 1978

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England GE:\"ER.-\L EDITORS

.-\. R. Hands, B.Sc., :.I..-\., D.Phil. D.R. \\.alker. )I.A.

B.A.R. 55, 1978, "Bronze Age Food Vessel Urns in Northern Britain'' ©Trevor G. Cowie, 1978

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540311 paperback ISBN 9781407322360 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540311 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age PART I : D ISC USSION

Acknow ledge men ts L is t o f F igures L ist o f P lates I n troduc t ion

1

The N a ture o f t he Ev idence

3

CHAPTER 1 D evelop men t o f T hough t o n F ood V esse l Urns

5

2 The Po t tery

1 3

3 Bur ia l R i tes a nd C on tex ts

3 1

4 Da t ing e v idence

4 3

5 D iscuss ion

5 2

Notes Append ix :

5 8 Bur ia l r i tes a nd c on tex ts

6 3

B ib l iography

7 1

PART I :

CATALOGUE

I n troduction t o C ata logue

7 5

Abbrev iat ions

7 7

C a ta logue o f F ood Vesse l Urns i n N or thern Eng land a nd S cot land

8 0

F igures , map , p la tes

1 37

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

IS hou ld l i ke t o e xpress my t hanks t o Professor S tuar t P iggo t t , a nd t he s ta f fs o f t he v ar ious museu ms v is i ted , f or t he ir h e lp , a dv ice a nd e ncouragemen t ;

i n p ar t icu lar , Iam g ra te fu l t o Dr . J . C lose-Brooks a nd D r . D . V .

C lark ( Na t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies , E d inburgh ) , Mr . T . G . Manby ( Doncas ter ) a nd Dr . I . H . L ongwor th ( Br i t ish Museu m ).

F or t he l oan o f u n-

p ub l ished n o tes a nd d rawings , o r p er m iss ion t o s ee u npub l ished ma teria l I am i ndebted t o Mr . J . Barber , Mr . T . G . Manby , Mr . J . Da lg l ish , Miss D . N . Marshal l , Mrs . M . Sm i th a nd Mr . A . G ibson .

F inal ly , Iam e special ly

g ra tefu l t o C ol in Burgess f or h is c r i t ic is m o f t he work a nd f or e ncourag ing me t owards p ubl ica t ion .

L IST OF F IGURES

F igure 1

Page Bu t 1G len C loy ;

F if 4 Cra igdhu ;

Abn 4 Ca irnbanno—

a ll a t 1 :2 2

1 38

Mk 1 K a i mes H il l ;

N or 1 3 S cre merston H il l ;

Rapp la Wood , Burrelda les;

Ber 2 u prov.;

Abn 9

L an 2 O ld

K enyon—al l a t 1 :2 3

1 39

Rox 2 L i l l iesleaf ;

Per 1B la irgowr ie;

C la I T i l l icou l try—

a l l a t 1 :2 4

Dur 1 Cop t H il l ; H il l ;

5

1 40 Dur 2 Hast ing H il l ;

Dur 3 A, B Hu mb leton

Dur 6 Wash ing Wel l Far m

Cu m 2 A, B How H il l ;

1 41

Cu m 3 A, B N etherhal l ;

Cu m 5

Water loo H i l l , Ag l ionby

1 42

6

Cu m 4 S pringf ield ;

1 43

7

Dur 4 Ry ton ;

Y or 1 2 S harp Howe

Dur 5 T r i mdon G range;

Yor 5 Danby R igg ;

Yor 1 3 Hu t ton Buscel 8

N or 3 A, B Ov ingha m ; G reat Tosson ;

9

1 44 N or 6 F arnh2 m ;

N or 7 F ord ;

Nor 9

N or 1 0 G reen L e igh ton

N or 4 Catchers ide ;

1 45

N or 5 Chat ton S andy ford ;

N or 1 H igh

Buston A , B

1 46

1 0

N or 8 A, B Goa tscrag

1 47

1 1

Che 1 G rappenha l l ; Ca mps; S awdon ;

1 2

L an 3 N oon H il l ;

Yor 3 Caw thorn

Yor 8H ugga te Wo ld Barrow 2 25;

Yor 1 1A , C , D

Yor 1 4 Warter Wo ld

Yor 1B lanch Barrow C90 ;

1 48

Yor 2 Cala is Wo ld Barrow 1 00 ;

Yor 6 Garton S lack Barrow C 58;

Yor 7 H inderwel l Beacon ;

Yor 1 0 N aw ton T owers

1 49

1 3

Abn 6 A, C , DH i l l o f Fou lz ie

1 50

1 4

Abn 8 A —E L oanhead o f Dav io t

1 51

1 5

Abn 1 u nprov.; Curr;

Abn 3 Broo mend o f Cr ich ie;

Abn 1 0 U dny ;

1 6

Ags 2 A, B Balrown ie;

1 7

Ags 5 Dunn ichen ; F if 8 a t 1 :2

Abn 5 C a irn

Ban 4 N ew ton o f Mon tbla iry Ags 3 Edzel l ;

Ags 6 T ea l ing

Ban 1Br idge o f Ban f f ;

1 52 1 53

F if 8 Ten ts mu ir — 1 54

F igure

Page

1 8

Ags 4 Mi l l o f Marcus;

1 9

B er 1u nprov.; Ber 6 L in t law

2 0

F if 1Abden ;

Ags 1Aberle mno

Ber 3 C lachar ie;

1 55

Ber 5 Hopr ig ; 1 56

F if 3 CaRange;

F if 5 A, B D enbea th ;

F if 7 Westerlee

1 57

2 1

Abn 7 L euchar Brae;

2 2

Ber 9 How let 's Ha ';

K in 1 l ü l magad Far m F if 7 A, B L awpark ;

1 58

E l t 1B irseley ;

L nk 3 Ca irngr ief f

1 59

2 3

L nk 1u nprov.;

1 60

2 4

L nk 4A, B Fern iega ir;

2 5

L nk 2 A, B Anna th il l ; 5 A,

2 6

K in 2 Maw m il l ;

L nk 6 N ew lands

2 9

B Udd ingston

1 62 Per 5 B

Rox 3 Dun ion H ill , Bedru le

Per 5 A Woo s zlead o f Garvock ( bone o b ject a t 1 : 1) ; G lenba l loch ;

2 8

1 61

P er 2 Ca l lu m 's H il l , Cr ief f ;

Woodhead o f Garvock ; 2 7

Wig 1 Mid Torrs

Ros 1Dal more ;

Rox 4 O t terburn ; Dun fer m l ine

1 63 P er 4

S tr 1S tra thb lane

Ber 8 Todwel l House;

1 64

F if 6Aberdour Rd , 1 65

Assoc iated f inds w i th N or 3 A Broo mhouses ( Ov ingha m ) 1 :1 ; F if 3 Ca l lange ( 1 :1);

Abn 3 Broo mend o f C r ich ie ( 1 :2 ) ;

N or 5 Cha t ton S andyford ( 2 . 1 :2 )

1 66

3 0

L an 3 N oon H il l—p lan o f s ite

1 67

3 1

N or 5 Chat ton S andy ford—p lan o f s i te

1 68

3 2

N or 8 Goa tscrag —p lan o f s i te

1 69

3 3

Ags 1Aberle mno ;

F if 6 Aberdour Rd , Dun fer ml ine —

c on tex ts o f u rns

1 70

3 4

Abn 8 L oanhead o f Dav io t —con tex ts o f u rns ;

p lan o f s i te

1 71

3 5

Ber 5 Hopr ig —con te mporary s ketch o f s ite

1 72

3 6

D istr ibu t ion map

1 73

L IST OF PLATES

P late

Page

1

Cu m 1Bran thwa ite

1 74

2

Dur 2 Hast ing H il l

1 75

3

Dur 3 A Hu mbleton H il l

1 76

4

Dur 3 B

1 77

5

N or 1Amble ;

6

N or 2 Barrasford

1 79

7

Ban 2 H il l o f Doune

1 80

Ber 4 Gordon

1 78

I NTRODUCTION

I n r ev iew ing t he s ta te o f a rchaeo logy i n Br i ta in midway t hrough t he c en tury , P ro fessor H awkes made a p lea f or c orpora o f p reh is tor ic ma ter ia l ( Hawkes , 1 951 , 1 3-14 ) ;

t oday , t he h opes e xpressed i n H awkes ' a r t ic le u n for tuna tely

r e ma in o n ly p ar t ly f u l f i l led .

R ecen t ly , Burgess h as r e i tera ted t h is n eed i n

c onnec t ion w i th o ur B ronze Age P o t tery i n p ar t icu lar ( Burgess , 1 974 , 2 99 ) . The v a lue o f t he i l lus tra ted c orpus i s s e l f-ev iden t , a nd i ndeed , t he n eed n ow - o ver t wen ty y ears o n -i s , i fa nyth ing , much g rea ter t han b e fore .

Wi th

a t l eas t t he p rospec t o f c orpora o f C o l lared U rns ( i n Eng land a nd Wa les ) a nd F ood Vesse ls a ppear ing s o me t ime i n t he f u ture , i t s ee med t ha t a ny c on tr ibut ion t o t he o vera l l c orpus o f B ron ze Age P o t tery wou ld s erve s o me u se fu l p urpose - e ven i fi t was p oss ib le t ha t f ew f ir m c onc lus ions w ou ld b e f or thco mi ng a t t he p resen t t ime . Aspec ts o f C inerary U rns i n S co t land a nd N or thern E ng land h ave b een t rea ted i n g rea ter o r l esser d e ta i l b y an umber o f wr i ters . The f u l les t s urv ey o f t he S co t t ish ma ter ia l t o d a te , was c arr ied o u t b y J a mes B arber i n 1 958 , a nd h is v ery u se fu l, b u t u n for tuna te ly u npub lished , t hes is a nd c ard i ndex r ema in impor tan t s tar t ing p o in ts f or work o n u rns i n S co t land .

T he amoun t o f

ma ter ia l i nvo lved p rec luded t he t rea t men ti ndep th a nd a dequa te i l lus tra t ion o f t he u rns i n t he t ime a va i lab le , a nd s ince t he e ar ly 1 960s t he o n ly d e ta i led work o n S co t t ish u rns h as b een Morr ison 's r eg iona l s urvey o f t he ma ter ia l i n t he S ou th- Wes t .

I n t he a bsence o f s im i lar ly d e ta i led s urveys f or o ther a reas ,

t here i s t here fore a s y e t n o o vera l l c orpus o f u rns i n S co t land .

G iven t he

s a me l im i ta t ions o f t ime wh ich f aced B arber , i t s ee med b es t t here fore t o t ack le o ne a spec t o f c inerary u rn p rob le ms i n r a ther more d e ta i l a nd t o a ccumu la te a s f u l l a n i l lus tra ted c a ta logue a s p oss ib le . I n t h is c onnec t ion , t he r ecen t p ub l ica t ion o f Encrus ted U rns i n I re land ( Kavanagh , 1 973 ) a nd A pS i mon 's w ider s urvey o f an umber o f p rob le ms c onn ec ted w i th F ood V esse l Urns i n g enera l ( ApS i mon , 1 972 ) s ugges ted t ha t a f u l ler k now ledge o f t hese t ypes i n N or thern B r i ta in wou ld n o t g o am iss .

T he

En larged F ood V esse ls a nd Encrus ted U rns - t ogether t aken t o f or m t he F ood V esse l U rn s er iesi - r e ma in i nadequa tely p ubl ished a s f ar a s t he S co t t ish e xa mples a re c oncerned , a nd i t s oon b eca me c lear t ha t as im i lar s i tua t ion e x is ted i n N or thern Eng land .

T he f ac t t ha t mos t o f t he F ood V esse l Urns i n

t he S ou th a re b e t ter k nown - a nd i n a ma jor i ty o f c ases p ubl ished 2 - mean t t ha t s o me k ind o f c o mple men tary s tudy f or t he Nor th w ou ld b e ap o ten t ia l ly wor thwh i le e xercise . The b as is o f t he s tudy i s t he . i l lus tra ted c a ta logue ( Par t I ) .

T h is r epre-

s en ts t he r esu l ts o f a museu m t our u nder taken i n J u ly 1 974 , a nd work i n t he N a t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies o f S co t land o ver a p er iod o f mon ths f ro m October 1 974 .

A s ac orpus i ti s u ndoubted ly i nco mp le te , b u t i ti s f e l t t ha t t he

r ange o f ma ter ia l i s f a ir ly r epresen ted a nd t ha t t he o vera l l d is tr ibu t ion p a t tern i s u n l ike ly t o b e c hanged r ad ica l ly b y n ew f inds .

Definition of what constitutes a Food Vessel Urn has posed some problems: these are considered in Chapter 2, but at this point it may be worth pointing out that the term has been used in a somewhat more catholic sense than Ap­ Simon, who confines the use of the term Food Vessel/Food Vessel Urn to pot­ tery embracing the features of Abercromby's Types 1-6 (ApSimon, 1969, 35). The Catalogue consists of entries relating to 111 sites or localities which have produced a minimum of 130 vessels represented by anything from single sherds to complete vessels. Where possible the entries in the Catalogue have deli­ berately been made fairly full for reasons noted in the Introduction to Part II. This work was originally written as an undergraduate dissertation presen­ ted to the University of Edinburgh for the degree of !\faster of Arts in June 1975: apart from the inclusion of some new material and references it has not been possible to revise the text completely, but it was felt that this would not greatly affect the analysis and conclusions arrived at in the original work. The dissertation has been presented for publication in the full knowledge that recent and current work in the North will almost certainly throw new light on the origins of our Bronze Age pottery: it is the writer's hope that the present corpus will facilitate such study.

Trevor Cowie

January 197 8

?,

THE NATURE OF THE EV IDENCE

I n a ny s tudy o f a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l i ti s n o t l ong b e fore i ti s n ecessary t o c o me t o s o me s or t o f t er ms w i th t he n a ture o f t he e v idence .

I n t he e ven t ,

i ts ee ms t o t he wr i ter t ha t t here a re t hree ma in s e ts o f f ac tors wh ich d ic ta te t he n a ture o f t he e v idence a t o ur d isposa l .

These a re i n e f fec t r e la ted t o -

s tr ict ly " preh is tor ic" f ac tors , t o t he way i n wh ich a n t iquar ies a nd a rchaeo log is ts h ave a cqu ired a nd s ubsequen t ly a pproached t he ir e v idence ( t he " archaeo log ica l" f actor ) , a nd , t h ird ly , t he n a tura l f ac tor , wh ich i s c o m mon ly r ecogn ised , a nd i s , t o s o me e x ten t , i ndependen t o f t he o thers . Wi thou t e labora t ing , i ti s p oss ible t o s ee t he " preh is tor ic" f actor a s c ons is t ing o f t hree ma in e le men ts , ( a ) t he c ircu ms tances o f d epos i t ion a nd c on tex t ; ( b ) t he q ua l i ty a nd q uan t i ty o f t he ma ter ia l a nd ( c ) t he r eason f or d epos i t ion . I nt he s a me way , t hree e le men ts make u p t he " archaeo log ica l" f ac tor , ( a ) c ircums tances o f d iscovery ; o f t he e v idence .

( b ) q ua l i ty o f t he r ecovery , a nd ( c ) i n terpre ta t ion

The n a tura l f ac tor , i n s o f ar a s i tg overns t he n a ture o f t he

e v idence , i s ac on t inuous p rocess a f fec t ing t he ma ter ia l f ro m d epos i t ion u n t i l r ecovery i n aw ide v ar ie ty o f ways . I ti s c lear t ha t t hese v ar ious f ac tors c o mbine i n d i f feren t ways t o d icta te wha t s urv ives f or s tudy .

T he f o l low ing t ab le s hows e ach o f t hese f ac tors w i th

ar ange o f p oss ib i l i t ies t ha t migh t b e a pp l icab le t o t he u rns u nder r ev iew . A .

Preh is tor ic f actors ( a )

c ircums tances o f d epos i t ion a nd c on tex t .

( b )

q ua l i ty a nd q uan t i ty o f ma ter ia l .

e .g . ,u npro tec ted

c is t .

e .g ., s ca t ter o f s herds ( c )

e .g . ,d o mes t ic r ubb ish B .

we l l made v essel .

r eason f or d epos i t ion . r i tua l/bur ia l .

A rchaeo log ica l f actors ( a )

c ircu ms tances o f d iscovery

( b )

q ua l i ty o f r ecovery .

e .g . ,s a lvage

s ys te ma t ic e xcava t ion .

e .g ., u nrecorded

r ecorded ;

p lans , d e ta i ls o f

c re ma t ion d epos i ts , e tc . ( c )

i n terpre ta t ion . e .g ., s pecu la t ion

c are fu l a na lys is o f e v idence , u se o f c o mpara t ive ma ter ia l , e tc .

C .

N a tura l f ac tors c o mp lex , w ide r ange o f p rocesses ( e .g ., p rocesses o f d ecay ( acid s oi ls ) ;

a t s a me t ime , n a tura l f ac tors c an i nh ibi t d ecay

( w ind-b lown d epos i ts p reserv ing s i tes ).

I n t ime , s im i lar e ven ts

c an e ven l ead t o d iscovery o f s i tes ( mobi le s and-dunes ) ) . 3

I t s ee ms t ha t whereas t he " preh is tor ic" f ac tor i s n ow s ta t ic , t he a rchaeo log ica l f ac tor c an c hange f or b e t ter o r f or worse .

I n t he c on tex t o f s tudy ing

u rns t he p resen t s i tua t ion i s n o t a l toge ther s a t is fac tory a nd i s l i ke ly t o r e ma in s o . W i th t he v ir tua l c essa t ion o f b arrow/ca irn e xcava t ions - w i th s o me n ot able e xcep t ions 3 - i t s ee ms u n l ike ly t ha t much n ew ma ter ia l p roper ly e xcavat ed i n i t s c on tex t w i l l b e f or thco m ing .

T hough t he ways a nd means o f s a lvage

e xcava t ion h ave i mproved c ons iderab ly t he b as ic l im i ta t ions o f f u l ly e xcava t ing a nd i n terpre t ing t he c on tex t o f u rn b ur ia ls i n af i e ld u nder p lough o r ag rave l q uarry h ave n o t b een measurab ly a l tered .

I fa ny th ing c ond i tions h ave b eco me

worse , f or t hough o ur a rchaeo log ica l t echn iques h ave improved , t he o ppor tun i t ies t o emp loy t he m h ave b een r educed b y t he i ncreased mechan isa t ion o f f ar m ing , f ores try a nd q uarry ing . A l l t h is h as a n u mber o f imp l ica t ions i n t he c on tex t o f t he u rns u nder r ev iew . S ys te ma t ic p rob le m-or ien ta ted e xcava t ion a ccoun ts f or a p i t i fu l ly sma l l n umber o f t he v essels - o n ly 1 9 p o ts f ro m 1 3 o u t o f 1 12 s i tes . I ti s t rue a t a t l eas t s o me i n for ma t ion i s v ery o f ten a va i lab le , b u t t he n u mber o f v esse ls f or wh ich t here a re n o u se fu l d e ta i ls o f c on tex t i s s t i l l d epress ing ly h igh , wh ich means t ha t o f ten we a re d ea l ing w i th t he p o t tery o n i t s own . t he ma ter ia l s ee ms t o h ave a f fec ted

T he q ua l i ty o f

t he q ua l i ty o f r ecovery i n t he p as t :

c oarse , o f ten =a t tract ive a nd u nreward ing i n t he way o f r ich a ssoc ia t ions , u rns s ee m t o h ave r ece ived s um mary t rea t men t d ur ing e ar ly b arrow a nd c a irn e xp lora t ions .

On ly i n af ew c ases h ave u rns b een p lanned i n t he ir c on tex ts

a nd f ewer s t i l l hv e h ad t he ir c on ten ts p roper ly e xa m ined .

The l ack o f a sso-

c ia t ions may w e l l b e r ea l , b u t t he p resence o f sma l l o b jec ts s uch a s f a ience o r b one b eads c ou ld o f ten h ave b een missed o n a ccoun t o f t heir s ize o r b urn t m is-shapen a ppearance .

N ever the less , t h is l ack o f u se fu l a ssoc ia t ions d oes

s ee m p ar t icu lar ly a cu te f or t he F ood V esse l U rns , ap rob le m r eso lved i n t he p as t a t l eas t p ar t ly b y t ypo logy . T he n a ture o f t he e v idence i s , t here fore , u nsa t is fac tory a nd i ti s c lear t ha t a cqu ir ing c orpora ,o f t he a va i lab le ma ter ia l , wh i le c er ta in ly n o t a n e nd i n i t s e lf , i s o n ly g o ing t o b e e ven a means t o a n e nd i ft he p oor q ua l i ty o f t he e v id ence c an b e o f fse t b y n ew ma ter ia l .

Ac o mprehens ive s er ies o f r ad iocarbon

d e ter m ina t ions i s s ure ly a p r ior i ty , u n for tuna te ly s t i l l t o b e f u l f i l led f or much o f o ur B ronze Age ma ter ia l . G iven t he u n favourab le c ircums tances o f d iscovery o f s o many u rns , h owever , f or r easons men t ioned a bove , t he . 2e w ou ld p res umab ly o n ly b e s ecured i n t he c on tex t o f e xcava t ions w i th s tra t igraph ic c ont ro ls . I n e f fec t t h is wou ld mean a r e turn t o t he e xcava t ion o f b ur ia l monumen ts . A t t he s a me t ime , i ti s b eco m ing i ncreas ing ly c lear t ha t " se t t le men t a rchaeo logy" h as much more t o o f fer :

t here a re i nd ica t ions t ha t F ood V exsel d o mes-

t i c s i tes d o e x is t a nd c om ing t o t er ms w i th t h is p rob le m i s a nother p r ior i ty . Much o r a l l o f t h is i s c o m mon-sense , b u t i ti s f e l t t ha t s o me r e-a ff ir ma t ion o f t hese b as ic l im i ta t ions i s n ecessary a t t he o u tse t ,

T oo o f ten i ts ee ms t ha t

t he " preh is tor ic" f ac tor i s h e ld u p t o b e u nsa t is fac tory ;

t ha t t he ma ter ia l i s

i n trac table i s u nden iable , b u t t he i mprove men t o f t he e v idence s ee ms t o l i e i n o ur h ands .

4

CHAPTER I DEVELOP MENT OF THOUGHT ON FOOD VESSEL URNS

R ecen t d iscuss ion o f t he i n f luences c on tr ibu t ing t o t he a ppearance o f t he Food V esse l Urn s er ies make a n o vera l l s urvey o f e ar l ier work p o ten t ia l ly u sefu l , a s ab ackground a ga ins t wh ich t o s e t t he s tudy o f t he u rns wh ich f o l lows . Though r ev iewed w i th s pec i f ica l ly F ood Vesse l U rns i n mind , s evera l , o f ten p o lar ised , t he mes a nd t rends h ave marked U rn s tud ies g enera l ly , a nd s ee m t o j us t i fy c ons ider ing t he p rev ious work i n t wo s ec t ions . i .

T ypo log ica l s che mes

Thurnam ( 1871 ) I n h is p ioneer ing t rea t men t o f s epu lchra l p o t tery , T hurna m d is t ingu ished a sma l l n u mber o f v esse ls o n t he b as is o f t heir r e l ie f o rna men t ;

t hese were

s een t o h ave a p redo m inan t ly I r ish d is tr ibu t ion b u t were n o t c ons idered a s a s epara te t ype , b e ing i nc luded i n T hurna m 's t ypes ß a nd Y . ß( Mou lded R im ) a nd f ined ;

I nf ac t , h is t ypes

( Border i np lace o f r im ) a re n o t v ery r igorous ly d e-

t he p resence o f ( a pp l ied ) s tops s ee ms t o h ave warran ted t he i nc lus ion

o f t he N ew ton o f Mon tb la iry u rn ( Ban 4 ) among e xa mp les o f t ype ' Y w i th h and les , wh i le a v esse l f ro m C err ig y D dew i wh ich wou ld n o t b e c lassif ied a s a Food Vesse l Urn ( Savory , 1 957, 2 26 ) , was p laced w i th v esse ls o f t ype ß . ( Thurna m , 1 871 , 3 31 f .) . Abercro mby ( 1 906 ) , ( 1 912 ) I n Abercro mby 's more r e f ined t ypo log y , t he r e l ie f d ecora ted u rns n oted b y T hurna m were c ons idered t o b e wor th d is t ingu ish ing a s as epara te t ype 5 , " character ised b y i t s e ncrusted d ecora t ion r a ther t han i t s s hape" ( 1 906 , 1 91 ) . Abercro mby , s ee ms t o h ave b een h es i tan t a bou t c ons ider ing t he E ncr is ted Urn a s at ota l ly d is t inc t t ype , a nd i n v iew o f r ecen t work , i ti s p erhaps wor th r eca l l ing a p ercep t ive s ta te men t h e made w i th r eference t o t he u rns f ro m K y le P ark , Uddings ton ( Lnk 5 ) : " As t h is t ype o f u rn w i th a h o l low n eck h as i n o ther i ns tances b een a ssoc ia ted w i th Encrus ted U rns h av ing a s im i lar p ro f i le , i ti s e v id en t t ha t t hey a re c on te mporary , a nd t ha t t he e ncrus ta t ion i s a n a dj unc t wh ich m igh t b e om i t ted ."

( 1906 , 2 04 )

A t t he t ime , h owever , " the t ype o f u rn w i th h o l low n eck" w as n o t c ons ide red s epara te ly a nd b o th were a t tr ibu ted t o av ery l a te p er iod b ecause o f t he p resence o f a n Encrus ted U rn i n t he s a me c e me tery a s C ordoned U rns a ssoc ia ted w i th s upposed ly l a te b ronze b lades , a t L awpark , S t . Andrews . ( Fi f 7 B ) I n 1 912 , t he Encrus ted U rns were r ec lass i f ied a s T ype 6 , a nd t he t ype " w i th h o l low n eck" w as c lass i f ied a s T ype 7 - En larged F ood V essels . l a t ter were s een a s s har ing t he c harac ter is ic f or m a nd d ecora t ion o f h is

5

T he

R eg ion I F ood V esse l t ypes i n p ar t icu lar .

I n tegra l t o A bercro mby 's c oncep t

o f p o t tery d evelop men ts was t he i dea t ha t F ood V essels d eveloped i n to Overhang ing-R im U rns , b u t h e was n o t v ery e xp l ici t a bou t t he n a ture o f t he F ood V esse l — En larged F ood V esse l c hange .

I n o ne p aragraph , h owever ,

h e s ays w i th r e ference t o t he v esse l f ro m Hugga te Wo ld B arrow 2 25 ( Vor 8 ) : " i t i s 1 0" h igh a nd a n e xce l len t e xa mp le o f t he t rans i t ion o f t he F ood Vesse l t ype i n to a C inerary U rn b y merely i ncreas ing i t s s ize" .

( 1912 , v o l . i , 1 00 )

As s uch t he v essel was a ss igned t o t he e nd o f " the F ood V essel p er iod" . A bercro mby a ppears t o h ave b een t h ink ing a long t he l ines o f ad ua l o r ig in f or t he u rn b ur ia l r i te , w i th En larged F ood V esse ls f i l l ing t he i n terva l o f t i me b e tween t he c lose o f t he i nhu ma t ion p er iod a nd t he a ppearance o f T ype 1 ( Overhang ing R i m Urns ) N or th o f t he Tha mes .

( 1 912 , v o l . i , 2 3 )

T he g roup o f u rns c harac ter ised b y b o ld r e l ie f wh ich A bercro mby c lassed a s Encrus ted U rns w ere s t i l l f e l t t o b e v ery l a te , f or t he s a me r eason a s i n 1 906. The i mp l ica t ions o f h is e ar l ier r e mark a bou t t he U dd ings ton u rns t here fore d o n o t s ee m t o h ave b een f o l lowed u p , f or t he En larged F ood Vesse ls a nd E ncrus ted U rns w ere a ss igned t o h is p er iods 2 - 3 a nd 5 r espec t ively . ( 1 912 , v o l . i , 1 09 ) I tr e ma ins t o n o te s o me p ercep t ive r e marks made b y A bercromby :

i n t he

f irs t p lace , h e n o ted h ow t here was a b ackground f or t he c re ma t ion r i te i n t he N eo li th ic , a nd , s econd ly , h e s ugges ted t ha t f la t c is t c e me ter ies l ay b eh ind t he l a ter f l a t c re ma t ion c e meter ies .

F ina l ly , A bercro mby s ugges ted t ha t at ypo-

l og ica l d evelop men t o f t he Encrus ted U rns c ou ld b e e nv isaged , i nco lv ing t he d evelop men t f ro m s i mp le o rna men t c on f ined t o t he n eck t o a l l-over d ecora t ion i n wh ich h aphazard i ncis ions were i n tegra ted w i th t he r el ie f d es igns .

( 1912 ,

v o l . i , 5 3 ) F ox ( 1 927) There was n o e x tended t rea t men t o f Encrus ted U rns o r En larged F ood V essels u n t i l 1 927 , when F ox c o mp i led a r eg is ter o f 4 8 Encrus ted U rns , n ear ly h a l f f ro m t he a rea u nder r ev iew .

H is d e f in i t ion o f t he t ype was t aken o ver

f ro m A bercro mby , a nd t he t ypo log ica l d eve lop men t wh ich h e p u t f orward was b ased o n A bercro mby 's p rev ious s ugges t ion o f 1 912.

F ox t rea ted t he q ues tion

o f o r ig ins i n more d e ta i l , h owever , t ak ing t he d ecora t ion a nd g eograph ica l d is tr ibu t ion o f t he v esse ls a s h is ma in g u ide l ines . F ox 's ' geograph ica l a pproach ' i s a pparen t i n h is l i ne o f a rgu men t :

h e

t hough t t ha t t he d ecora t ion was s o s pec ia l ised a nd p ecu l iar t ha t t he d is tr ibu t ion o f v esse ls o n wh ich i t was f ound wou ld r e f lec t move men ts o f p eople .

W i th t h is

p re m ise i n mind , h e e xa m ined f irs t t he d is tr ibu t ion , t hen t he o rna men t o f t he v esse ls i n q ues t ion .

On t he b as is o f t he d is tr ibu t ion , F ox f or mu lated t he

h ypo thes is t ha t t he U rns r epresen ted a move men t o fp eop le f ro m t he E as t o f B r i ta in t o t he Wes t , where t he c oas ta l d is tr ibu t ion o f t he U rns i n I re land s ugg es ted s ea-borne c o lon isa t ion f ro m S ou th- Wes t S co t land o r Cumber land . T he f ew E ncrus ted U rns i n Wa les were s een a s as or t o f " re f lux" f ro m I re land . T he a na lys is o f t he o rna men t was f ound t o s uppor t t h is i n terpre ta tion a t t he t ime ;4

o n ly v esse ls w i th s i mp le d ecora t ion w ere f ound i n N or thern B r i ta in ,

where F ood-Vesse ls p rov ided a s u i tab le b ackground f or mos t o f t he e le men ts o f s hape a nd d ecora t ion o f t he Encrus ted U rns .

6

I n p ar t icu lar , t he im med ia te

t ypo log ica l p redecessors o f t he Encrus ted U rns were t hough t t o b e f or thco m ing i n t he f orm o f c er ta in " trans i t iona l" En larged F ood V esse ls ( t he c lose s im il ar i ty i n s hape o f t he t wo v esse ls f ro m H u mb le ton H i l l ( Dur 3 ) ;

t he p resence

o f an impressed c ord c hevron a nd a pp l ied b ars o n a n u nprovenanced v essel f ro m B erw icksh ire ( Ber 1 ) ;

t he p resence o f ar e l ie f c hevron a nd a s topped

g roove o n t he v essel f ro m D un ion H i l l ( Box 3 ) were a l l c i ted a s e v idence o f t h is t ypo log ica l d eve lop men t ) .

A r easonab le F ood V esse l b ackground was

t herefore f or thco m ing f or n ear ly a l l t he f ea tures e xcep t t he e ncrus ted d ecorat ion t echn ique. I n t he e ven t , t h is was s een a s a n i n troduced t ra i t , l i nked t o t he a bsorp t ion o f e xot ic i n f luences w i th in t he H igh land Z one . T hese i n f luences were r e la ted t o t he im m igra t ions t hen s een a s r espons ible f or t he i n troduc t ion o f ar ange o f n ew p o t tery ( Devere l-R i mbury ) a nd me ta l t ypes ( l ea f-shaped s words , e tc ). One o r t wo p o in ts a re w or th n o t ing a t t h is s tage w i th r e ference t o F ox 's p aper ;

i n t he f irs t p lace , F ox s aw t ha t i f En larged F ood V esse ls w ere t o b e

t he immedia te t ypo log ica l p redecessors o f Encrus ted U rns t he l a t ter wou ld h ave t o b e u p-da ted t o ac er ta in e x ten t . H owever , ad a te e ar l ier t han 1 000 B . C . c ou ld n ot b e a l lowed , b ecause t he c hrono logy was s t i l l t ied t o t he Mon te l ius P er iod I V l ink , o n a ccoun t o f t he " associa t ion" o f C ordoned a nd Encrus ted Urns a t L awpark ( see Bu t ler a nd Sm i th , ( 1956 ) f or f u l l d iscuss ion o f t h is p roble m ) .

S econd ly , w i th t he i n troduc t ion o f t he i dea t ha t L a te Bronze

Age u rn f ie lds i n Br i ta in w ere r e la ted t o t he U rn f ields o f t he C on t inen t , l arge ly d ue t o t he work o f C rawford a nd P eake i n t he 1 920 's , A bercro mby 's o r ig ina l i deas o f an a t ive b ackground f or b o th t he c re ma t ion r i te a nd t he f la t c e me tery were l argely e c l ipsed , a t l eas t i n t he S ou th , f or o ver t wen ty y ears .

F ina l ly ,

Fox 's i dea t ha t t he e ncrus ted o rna men t r epresen ted a n i ncre men t t o ab as ica l ly Food V esse l p o t ting t rad i t ion was t o s urv ive , t hough i th as b een mod i f ied o n more t han o ne o ccas ion s ince . E lgee ( 1930 ) E lgee — l i ke o thers w ork ing i n t he H igh land Z one — e nv isaged t he emerg ence o f al ongl ived u n i for m c u l ture f ro m t he s upposed f er men t o f t he E ar ly Bronze Age .

O f as tab le n a ture , E lgee 's " Urn Cu l ture" was s een a s l as t ing

u p t o a mi llenn iu m , ap er iod t ha t s upposed ly s aw t he a dop t ion o f t he a l mos t u n iversa l p rac t ice o f c re ma tion a nd t he w idespread s e t t le men t o f t he moors a nd d a les . I n h is b as ic u rn t ypo logy , E lgee f o l lowed Abercro mby a nd a greed t ha t t he Overhang ing R i m Urn r epresen ted a d eve lop men t f ro m F ood V essels , v ia t he mou lded r im t ype . E lgee mod i f ied A bercro mby 's s che me i n d e ta i ls h owever , i n t ha t h e s aw En larged F ood V essels a s i n ter med ia te b e tween t rue F ood Vesse ls a nd Overhang ing R im U rns .

( E lgee c on f la ted A bercro mby 's t ypes 1

a nd 7 a nd s ubd iv ided t he u rns i n to a n A , B , C , D s che me w i th En larged F ood Vesse ls , s uch a s t he u rn f ro m H inderwel l B eacon ( Yor 7 ) a t i t s h ead , a nd " degenera te" C ordoned U rns a t t he l a ter e nd o f t he s ca le .) T he i n i t ia l d ev e lop men t o f t he C inerary U rn was s een a s t ak ing p lace i n E as t Y orksh ire , where , n o t o n ly were t here t rans i t iona l p o t tery t ypes , b u t a lso ' t rans i t iona l ' b ur ia l r i tes . ( 1930 , 8 8 )

7

L ongwor th h as p o in ted o u t h ow E lgee 's a na lys is was b ased o n a n a rrangemen t o f t he ma ter ia l i n t he r eg ion w i th wh ich h e was d ea l ing i n s uch a way a s t o f orm a u n i linea l d eve lop men ta l s er ies , wh ich was t hen u ncr i t ica l ly e x tended t o t he r es t o f t he c oun try .

( 1961 , 2 82 )

K i lbr ide-Jones ( 1 936 ) P ub l ish ing t he L oanhead o f D av io t ma ter ia l , K i lbr ide-Jones s ugges ted t ha t' Encrus ted U rns o r ig ina ted i n t he N or th-Eas t o f S co t land ;

t he t ype u nder-

wen t t he mod i f ica t ions e nv isaged b y F ox a s i t moved f ur ther S ou th .

Th is

a t te mp t t o l oca l ise t he a rea o f d eve lop men t w as t o b e r eca l led i n t he l a ter work o f C h i lde . C h i lde ( 1 935 ) , ( 1940 ) , ( 1 946 ) B y t he mid-1930 's t here h ad b een f ur ther mod i f ica t ions t o A bercro mby 's s che me .

I n t he P reh is tory o f S co t land C h i lde e nv isaged u rns a s d eveloping

i n t wo s er ies o r f am i l ies w i th a c o m mon F ood V esse l b ackground . One s er ies d evo lved f ro m t he Overhang ing R im U rns a nd C o l lared U rns i n to C ordoned U rns ; t he o ther , n umer ica l ly i n fer ior , f am i ly d eveloped f ro m En larged F ood Vesse ls i n to Encrus ted U rns .

C h i lde s ee ms t o h ave b een wary o f f o l low ing Fox i n

e nv isag ing Encrus ted U rns a s a r is ing f ro m t he i n teract ion o f f ore ign i n f luences w i th F ood V esse ls , a nd h e n o ted h ow t he t echn iques emp loyed o n t he u rns i n t he S ou th were n o t e n t ire ly t he s a me .

T he u rns a nd f la t c re ma t ion c e meter ies

were s t i l l c ons idered t o b e l a te , b u t C h i lde r ev ived A bercro mby 's o ld i dea o f an a t ive b ackground , a nd h e was a t p a ins t o s tress t he a spec t o f c on tinu i ty , e v inced n o t o n ly b y t he p rolonged u se o f u nmarked s i tes , b u t a lso t he p resence o f t ypo log ica l ly " ear ly" a nd " la te" v esse ls o n t he s a me s i te . F o l low ing work o n N eo l i th ic p o t tery , a nd t he e xcava t ion o f R inyo a nd S kara B rae , C h i lde c ou ld , b y t he 1 940 's , p o in t t o as u i table n a t ive b ackground f or t he c harac ter is t ic o rna men t o f t he Encrus ted U rns , a nd i deas a bou t En larged F ood Vesse ls h ad a lso c hanged .

C h i lde a dop ted G r i mes ' s che me f or t he d evelop men t

o f t he O verhang ing R i m Urns , wh ich i nvo lved t he i dea o f at wo-s trand d evo lut ionary d eve lop men t :

o ne s trand l ed t o C ordoned U rns , t he o ther t o B icon ica l

U rns , b u t b o th t er m ina ted i n g enera l ly s hape less ' bucket" t ypes .

T he d e-

v e lop men ts were f e l t t o t ake p lace i n t he c on tex t o f a n a c tua l migra t ion o f p eople f ro m S ou th t o N or th .

I n N or thern Br i ta in , i n terac t ion w i th t he Food

V esse l t rad i t ion was s een a s r espons ib le f or t he a ppearance o f t he En larged F ood V esse ls , " jus t F ood Vases a dap ted i n t he l i gh t o f t he u rn p a t tern t o s erve a s o ssuar ies" .

( 1 940 , 1 48 )

T he a bsorpt ion o f F ood Vesse l c o m mun i t ies i n to

U rn s oc ie t ies e nhanced t he o vera l l u ni for m i ty o f t he p er iod wh ich C h i lde s tressed .

F ur ther N or th s t i l l , t he i n terac t ion o f t hese — b y n ow u n i for m —

c o mpos i te g roups w i th S kara B rae t rad i t ions was s een a s r esu l t ing i n t he d eve lop men t o f Encrus ted U rns .

( 1940 , 1 50 )

C h i lde f o l lowed F ox 's i dea t ha t

t he more o rna te v essels f ound i n t he Wes t r epresen ted a move men t f ro m Nor th B r i ta in ;

i n 1 946 , t he N or th-Eas t o f S co t land was a ga in s ugges ted a s t he p os-

s ib le a rea o f i n terac t ion where t he Encrus ted U rns f i rs t emerged .

( 1 946 , 1 1)

T hese r e ferences c over t he ma in e ar ly work r e levan t t o t he t ype a nd a rea u nder r ev iew , t hough o ther s tud ies p roceed ing i n t he S ou th ( eg , o n D everelR i mbury p o t tery ) o r t he Wes t ( eg , G r i mes ' work o n u rns ) c lear ly h ad a n

8

i mpor tan t b ear ing o n c on te mporary r esearch i n t he N or th .

An u mber o f

ma in t he mes — o f ten l inked — r un t hrough t h is f or ma t ive p er iod , a nd may b e l i s ted a s f o llows : i ) t he imp l ici t o r e xp l ic i t c oncep t o f H igh land Z one r e tarda t ion i n mos t o f t he s che mes . i )

t he we igh t p u t o nt ypo logy , e ven a t t he e xpense o f t he i mp l ica t ions o f a ssoc ia t ions .

i i )

t he i dea o f as tab le , l ongl ived u n i for m Midd le B ronze Age " Urn c u l ture" , a r is ing a s ar esu l t o f f us ion d ur ing t he "melee" , o r " fer men t" o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age .

i v ) t he c ons is ten t ly l ow c hrono logy f or t he " la te" o r d evo lved u rns — s peci f ica l ly t he C ordoned a nd Encrus ted U rns ( i nev i tab le a s l ong a s t he C lass 1 r azors s uch a s t ha t a ssoc ia ted w i th a C ordoned U rn a t Lawpark were l i nked w i th Mon te l ius B ronze Age I V , a s l ong a s f l a t c re ma t ion c e me ter ies were l inked t o U rn f ields , a nd f ina l ly , a s l ong a s t he u rns t he mselves were s een a s t he e nd p roduc ts o f ad evo lut ionary t ypo log ica l d evelop men t ) . A t t he s a me t ime , i ti s c lear t ha t b y t he e nd o f t h is p hase t here was a g row ing awareness o f t he c o mp lex i ty o f t he p er iod :

t he mod i f ica t ions t o

Abercro mby 's o r ig ina l s che me s how h ow , b y a nd l arge , t he s i mp le u n i l inea l s equence h ad c o me t o b e s een a s u nsa t is fac tory.

I ns tead t he n a t ive b ackground

was s een t o b e p o ten t ia l ly e ven more s ign i f ican t t han o nce g iven c red i t . i .

R e for ma t ion o f t he B r i t ish B ronze Age — t rad i t ions a nd a ssoc ia t ions

Bu t ler a nd Sm i th ( 1956 ) A r is ing f ro m a r econs idera t ion o f U rns i n t he S ou th , f o l low ing work i n t he N ether lands , B u t ler a nd Sm i th 's p aper h ad c rucia l imp l ica tions f or H igh land Z one U rns a s w el l .

B y e xa m in ing t he d a teable a ssoc ia t ions a fresh a nd o n

t heir o wn mer i ts , a nd a pproach ing t he p o t tery u n in f luenced b y t rad i tiona l t ypol ogy t hey s howed t ha t t he L a te B ronze Age d a te o f t he C ordoned a nd Encrus ted Urns c ou ld n o l onger b e c ons idered a ccep table .

A l l t he u rn t ypes c ou ld b e

s hown t o h ave a ppeared b y t he M idd le B ronze Age a t l eas t ( 1956 , 4 6 ).

I n

e f fec t t h is f i t ted i n much b e t ter w i th t he i dea o f n a t ive c on tr ibu t ions t o f ea tures o f t he u rns t he mse lves , a nd t he ir a ssoc ia ted b ur ia l r i tes .

Two y ears p re-

v ious ly P iggo t t s howed t ha t t here was a p er fec t ly g ood b ackground f or f la t c re ma t ion c e me ter ies i n t he L a te N eo l i th ic , i n monumen ts s uch a s t he t hen r ecen t ly e xcava ted s i tes a t D orches ter , o r t he S tonehenge Ic re ma t ion c e me tery ( 1954 , 3 63 ).

I n t h is r espec t , C h i lde 's — a nd u l t i ma tely Abercro mby 's —

b as ic i deas h ad b een v ind ica ted b y a c tua l e xcava ted s i tes . Barber ( 1958 ) Model l ing h is t hes is o n Bu t ler a nd Sm i th 's p aper B arber e xa m ined t he S co t t ish C inerary Urns i n t he l i gh t o f t he ir a ssoc ia t ions :

i n t he e ven t , n one

c ou ld b e s hown t o b e d e f in i te ly l a ter t han t he M idd le B ronze A ge .

B arber was

a t p a ins t o s tress t he c lose r e la t ionsh ip b e tween En larged F ood V esse ls a nd

9

Encrus ted U rns , wh ich was p oss ib le n ow t ha t t he o ld c hrono log ica l a nd t ypol og ica l b arr iers h ad b een r e moved .

Sm i th h ad l ooked t o R inyo-C lac ton

i n f luences f or t he o r ig in o f Encrus ted U rns , ma in ta in ing t ha t t he ir a ppearance " re f lec ted t he s trong s urv iva l a nd e ven e xpans ion o f aL a te N eo l i th ic c u l ture" . ( Bu t ler a nd Sm i th , 1 956 , 4 7 .)

Bu t i ns tead , B arber s ough t a n o r ig in f or b o th

t ypes i nt he Y orksh ire Vase F ood V esse ls .

R e ten t ion o f t he o ld n o menc la ture

was t here fore l argely a ma t ter o f c onven ience , a nd h e b e l ieved t ha t b oth t ypes were "En larged F ood V esse ls ' a t a ny r a te t o a l l c u l tura l a nd c hronolog ica l i n ten ts a nd p urposes" ( 1 958 , 3 3 ) .

B arber , l i ke A ps i mon o ver a d ecade l a ter ,

t hough t i tp er fec t ly p oss ib le f or t he c hevron a nd o ther d es igns t yp ica l o f t he Encrus ted U rns t o a r ise w i th in t he F ood V esse l t rad i t ion ;

Barber c i ted o b l ique

a ppl ied b ars , s uch a s t hose o n t he v esse ls f ro m M i l l o f Marcus ( Ags 4 ) o r D enbea th ( F i f 5 B ) a s p oss ib le " trans i t iona l" f ea tures o n t he way t o t he a ppearance o f t he f u l l c hevron ( 1958 , 3 6 ).

5

Burgess ( 1 969 ) , ( 1 970 ) I n r ev iewing t he s ta te o f B ronze Age r esearch B urgess p oin ted o u t h ow a l l t he ma in c era m ic t ypes c ou ld b e s hown t o h ave merged b y t he E ar ly Bronze Age , a nd t hough t he s urv iva l o f c er ta in t ypes o f u rns i n to t he Midd le B ronze Age ( i n t he s ense o f p os t- Wessex ) was p oss ible , i t was a s y et v ir tua l ly u nd ocu men ted b y d a teab le a ssoc ia t ions .

Burgess n o ted t he e x tre me p over ty o f

a ssoc ia t ions w i th Encrus ted U rns a nd c i ted t he d ub ious f ind o f af ragmen t o f a n Encrus ted U rn a nd a p a ls tave f ro m L i l l ies lea f ( Rox 3 ) a s t he o n ly p oss ib le i nd ica t ion o f s urv iva l i n to t he M idd le B ronze Age .

T hese p apers e f fec t ive ly

mark t he c u lm ina t ion o f t he " re for ma t ion" o f t he B ronze Age s tar ted i n t he 1 950 's , a nd s ince 1 969 work h as p roceeded a long d i f feren t l ines . A ps i mon ( 1 969 ) , ( 1 972 ) A bou t t he s a me t ime a s Burgess was d e mons tra t ing t ha t En larged F ood V esse ls a nd Encrus ted U rns h ad a ppeared b y t he E ar ly B ronze Age , A ps i mon was q ues t ion ing t he t rad i t iona l t ypo logy i t sel f , a nd i n h is p aper o n t he E ar l ier B ronze Age i n t he N or th o f I re land , h e i n troduced s evera l n ew t he mes .

I n

t he f irs t p lace , Aps i mon b roke d own t he e s tab l ished , b u t l argely a cade m ic , b arr ier b e tween " s ing le-grave" p o t tery a nd " urns" .

S tress ing t he s imi lar i t ies

i n t he p o t tery r a ther t han t he d i f ferences i nb ur ia l r i te h e t rea ted t he d i f feren t t ypes o f F ood V esse ls a nd t he ir r e la ted U rns a nd l arge v esse ls t oge ther , a s b eing r epresen ta t ive o f more o r l ess u n i f ied t rad i t ions .

Where t he e v idence

was c leares t i t was f e l t t ha t " there was l i t t le d oub t t ha t t hese t rad i t ions r ea l ly r epresen t d is t inc t c o m mun i t ies" ( 1 969 , 3 3 ).

P ar t ly a s ar esu l t o f t h is a pproach ,

A ps i mon c onc luded t ha t t he Encrus ted U rns d id n o t r epresen t " a c u l tura l ly s ign i f ican t c lass b ecause a pp l ied r e l ie f d ecora t ion was a t echn ique n o t s peci f ic t o o ne g roup" ( 1 969 , 6 6 , n o te 8 ) .

T he d eve lop men t o f " encrus ted" d ecora t ion

was f e l t t o o we n o th ing t o S kara B rae p o t tery , s ince t he u rns wh ich b ore c loses t c o mpar ison were I r ish e xa mp les f e l t t o b e " pla in ly a t t he e nd o f t he s er ies" ( 1 969 , 4 0 ) .

I ns tead t he r e l ie f o rna men t was c ons idered t o b e a n e laborat ion

o f d ecora t ive t echn iques e f fec ted w i th in s pec i f ica l ly t he Yorksh ire F ood V esse l t rad i t ion i n B r i ta in ;

t he e xpans ion o f t he makers o f F ood V essel Urns ( i n

A ps i mon 's s pec i f ic s ense o f v esse ls r e la ted t o Y orksh ire F ood V esse ls ) t o N or thern T re l2nd wa s s een s r Psnons ih lp f or t hp i n trod i int ior i o f n plied r e lie f

1 0

d ecora t ion t o t ha t r eg ion where i t was s ubsequen t ly a dop ted b y t he makers o f o ther u rn t ypes .

I n t h is r espec t , t here fore , A ps i mon was b as ica l ly f o l low ing

Fox 's c en tra l i dea t ha t t he E ncrus ted U rns d eve loped f ro m En larged F ood Vesse ls , w i thou t i nvok ing o u ts ide i n f luences a s F ox h ad , o r t he s urv iva l o f L a te N eo l i th ic t rad i t ions , a s C h i lde a nd o thers s ugges ted . I n t he c ourse o f e xa m in ing p rob le ms c onnected w i th B icon ica l U rns , Aps i mon s ubsequen t ly r ea f f ir med h is b e l ie fs t ha t " Encrus ted U rns" d id n o t warran t s epara te c lassi f ica t ion , a nd t ha t t he d eve lop men t o f r e l ie f d ecora t ion owed n o th ing t o G rooved Ware p o t tery .

As a r esu l t o f t he a na lys is o f t he

s izes o f as a mple o f F ood V esse ls a nd F ood V essel U rns , A ps i mon s tressed f or t he f i rs t t i me t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t t hese " types" c ou ld r e f lec t " a h ypo thet ica l ( or n ear ly h ypo the t ica l ) d o mes t ic F ood V esse l a sse mblage" , i nc lud ing b o th sma l l a nd l arge p ots .

( 1972 )

T he r epresen ta t ion o f sma l l a nd l arge p ots i n

a n a rchaeolog ica l r ecord c o mposed ma in ly o f b ur ia ls wou ld t here fore r e f lect t he c hang ing " b ias o f s e lec t ion" t hrough t ime d epend ing o n whe ther t he p ot was r equ ired t o f u l f i l a n a ccessory r o le o r s erve a s ac on ta iner f or t he b ur ia l . Kavanagh ( 1973 ) K avanagh 's c orpus o f E ncrus ted U rns i n I re land u se fu l ly i l lus tra tes A ps i mon 's t hes is t ha t r el ie f d ecora t ion c an b e d is m issed a s ac u l tura l ly s ign i f ican t f ac tor : h owever Kavanagh h ersel f f e l t t ha t r e ten t ion o f t he t er m Encrus ted U rn c ou ld b e j us t i f ied , b ecause o f t he d is t inc t ive d ecora t ion .

S o mewha t o dd ly s he n o ted

t he l i ke l ihood o f h er Encrus ted U rns b e ing l inked t o d i f feren t F ood V esse l t rad i t ions b u t s he f a i led t o g ive t h is t he s ign i f icance t ha t A ps i mon h ad d one . Kavanagh was more n on-co m m i t ta l t han Aps i mon a s r egards t he o r ig ins o f t he r e l ie f d ecora t ion , a nd a dver ted o nce more t o t he p oss ibi l i ty o f aG rooved Ware ( Skara B rae p o t tery ) c onnec t ion . I n a way t herefore t he l as t t wen ty y ears h ave s een a n a l mos t c o mp le te r eversa l o f t he t rends wh ich marked t he work o f t he f irs t h al f o f t he c en tury . i )

t he c oncep t o f a l mos t i nev i tab le H igh land Z one r e tarda t ion c an n o l onger b e ma in ta ined , a t l eas t i n i t s o r ig ina l f or m .

A ps i mon h as

e ven s ugges ted t ha t F ood V esse ls — s t i l l e ssen t ia l ly a H igh land Z one t ype c ou ld h ave i n f luenced t he d evelop men t o f S ou thern U rns ( 1 972 ). i )

t he c hange i n emphas is f ro m p o t t ypo logy t o me ta lwork s tud ies w i th d ue emphas is o n d a teable a ssoc ia t ions h as v ir tua l ly emp t ied t he M idd le a nd L a te B ronze Ages o f t heir o ld u rn t ypes ;

i ns tead t he

ma in c era m ic t ypes c an t here fore b e s een t o h ave emerged b y t he E ar ly B ronze Age . The p oss ibi l i ty o f i n terac t ion a nd o ver lap i s t here fore much more l ike ly . i i )

t he i dea o f al ong-l ived u n i for m " Urn C u l ture" i s n o l onger s uppor ted b y t he e v idence :

i ns tead t here i s ac on fused p ic ture o f c u l tura l d i-

v ers i ty , i n w h ich v ar ious i nsu lar t rad i t ions c an b e r ecogn ised more o r l ess c lear ly , wh i le t he ir s urv iva l i n to t he P os t- Wessex B ronze Age i s a s y e t l arge ly u nproven .

The r ecogn i t ion o f c era m ic t ra-

d i t ions h as f ac i l i ta ted t he r e mova l o f t he ma in ly a cade m ic b arr iers b e tween s tud ies o f ' s ing le-grave ' p o t tery a nd u rns .

1 1

I n t he l i gh t o f t h is r ev iew o f p rev ious work s evera l p roble ms c an b e f ormu la ted , a nd t he wr i ter h as a t te mpted t o b ear t hese i n m ind wh i le d iscuss ing t he p ot tery , i t s a ssoc ia ted b ur ia l r i tes a nd c on tex t a nd s o o n .

I nt he f irs t

p lace A ps i mon 's s ugges t ion t ha t t he sma l l a nd l arge v esse ls r epresen ted b y F ood V esse ls a nd t he ir r e la ted U rns r e f lec t ah ypo the t ica l d o mes t ic a sse mb lage s ee ms wor thy o f a t ten t ion ;

t h is i dea c an b e s e t a ga ins t t he t radi t iona l

v iew , a s e xpressed b y L ongwor th f or i ns tance ,

( 1 961 ) t ha t F ood V essels

u nderwen t " en large men t" d ue t o t he i n f luence o f C o l lared Urns . T he o ther ma jor p rob le m i s t he q ues t ion o f t he o r ig in o f t he a ppl ied r el ie f d ecora t ion , wh ich s t i l l d oes n o t s ee m t o h ave b een a l toge ther s a t is fac tor i ly r eso lved . Aps i mon c ons idered t ha t S kara B rae p o t tery c ou ld b e t oo e ar ly t o a l low f or a ny c onnec t ion ( qu i te a par t f ro m a ny d i f ferences i n t he p o t tery ) ;

a n a tte mp t

h as t here fore b een made t o c ons ider t h is p rob le m i n t he l igh t o f more r ecen t work o n G rooved Ware s i tes , e specia l ly i n t he c rucia l N or thern a rea .

1 2

CHAPTER 2 THE POTTERY

Ter m ino logy I nt he I n troduc t ion i tw as p o in ted o u t i np ass ing h ow t he t er m F ood V esse l Urn w ou ld b e u sed i n a more c a tho l ic s ense t han A ps i mon , who c on f ined i t s u se t o v essels w i th f ea tures o f t he Y orksh ire V ase s er ies ( Aps i mon , 1 969 , 3 5 ).

P erhaps t h is n eeds s o me e xp lana t ion o r j us ti f ica t ion .

I ti s f e l t t ha t t he

word " Food Vesse l" h as b eco me e n trenched i n a rchaeo log ica l l i tera ture a s a n on-speci fic b lanke tter m c over ing n o t o n ly t he Yorksh ire Vases , b u t a lso t he I r ish Bow ls , I r ish-Sco t t ish Vases a nd t he S ou thern R idged F ood V essels . Food V esse l U rn i s t here fore , i n t he o pin ion o f t he wr i ter , as u i table t er m t o u se i n t he d escr ip t ion o f l arge v esse ls r e la ted t o t hese t ypes w i th wh ich t hey may c orrespond i n mos t f ea tures e xcep t f or t heir r e la t ive ly g rea ter s ize . Wh i le a pparen t ly a ccep t ing A ps i mon 's t hes is t ha t Encrus ted U rns d o n o t c ons t i tu te a " cu l tura l ly s ign i f ican t c lass" ( Aps i mon , 1 969 , 6 6 ) , B urgess a ppears t o f avour t he r e ten t ion o f t he t er m " En larged F ood V esse l" a s b e ing more d escr ip t ive a nd l ess c on trad ic tory t han t he u se o f " Food V esse l U rn" w i th , o ne s upposes , i t s j ux taposed c oncep ts o f a ccessory v esse l a nd c inerary u rn ( 1972 , 4 0 ) .

I ti s d oub t fu l i f many a rchaeo log is ts n ow a c tua l ly t h ink o f t he t er ms

" Beaker" ,

" Food V esse l" e tc . , a s h av ing a ny p rec ise f unc t iona l s ign i f icance ,

a nd w ha t i s i mpor tan t t o s tress i s r a ther t he i dea o f t he c era m ic t rad i t ion . I n o ther words , i ti s t he u se o f t he t er m F ood V esse l w i th i t s imp l ica t ions o f ac era m ic a sse mblage r e la ted b y f or m , f abr ic a nd d ecora t ion t ha t i s mos t impor tan t , a nd o n t h is c oun t , e i ther t er m migh t b e c ons idered s a t is fac tory . " Food Vesse l Urn" h as l ong b een i n u se i n t he S ou th ( eg , C a lk in , 1 964 , 1 1) , whereas Abercro mby o r ig ina l ly i n troduced t he t er m En larged F ood V esse l w i th n or thern u rns i n mind , a nd i t s u se h as b eco me more e n trenched t here . s eems u nnecessary t o p ress f or r ig id c on for m i ty o n t h is p oin t ;

I t

wha t i s more

impor tan t i s t ha t t here s ee ms t o b e s o me a gree men t o ver t he r e jec t ion o f Enc rus ted Urns a s ac lass i n t he ir own r igh t .

6

Once a ga in , t hough , t he r e ten t ion

o f t h is t er m b y o thers — whe ther a s a ma t ter o f c onven ience o r d isagree men t — s ee ms i nev i table . E ven s o , t he u se o f t he t er m F ood V essel Urn s t i l l l eaves r oo m f or a p oss ib le c on trad ic t ion , d epend ing o n h ow c losely o ne a t te mp ts t o d e f ine t he word " urn" .

S evera l o f t he s i tes i nc luded i n t he c a ta logue h ave p roduced s herds i n

wha t a re d e f in i tely o r p robab ly d o mes t ic c on tex ts a nd o ne o r t wo l arge F ood V esse ls h ave b een f ound w i th i nhuma t ions .

The c on trad ic t ion a r ises i ft he

w ord u rn i s t aken t o i mply s peci f ica l ly a C inerary U rn , t ha t i s av esse l d es igned a s ar ecep tacle f or a c re ma t ion .

I t s ee ms t o t he wr i ter t ha t t oo g rea t a n i n-

s is tence o n f ine s e man t ic p oin ts wou ld j us t l ead t o more t er m ino log ica l p rob le ms : o ur t er m ino logy i s n o t b y a ny means s a t is fac tory , b u t n ever the less i ti s workab le .

1 3

S tuden ts o f o ther u rn t ypes , s uch a s C ordoned U rns , h ave a ccep ted t h is i n t he p as t a nd w i th p roper q ua l i f ica t ion o r d escr ip t ion t he i ncons is tencies c an b e r esolved . T he P o t tery The P o t tery d iscussed h ere t here fore c ons is ts o f ab ody o f v esse ls wh ich h ave i nt he p as t b een t rea ted s epara te ly a s En larged F ood Vesse ls a nd Enc rus ted U rns , a nd h ave o n ly r e la t ive ly r ecen t ly c o me t o b e c ons idered t oge ther b ecause o f g rea ter emphas is o n t he ir f or ma l c harac ter is t ics .

I nt h is c hap ter

i ti s i n tended t o d iscuss t he p o t tery i n t er ms o f i t s f or m , f abr ic , a nd d ecora t ion . I n s o me r espec ts , t he c r i ter ia t ha t h ave b een u sed f or d e f in ing F ood Vesse l U rns w i l l n o t b eco me c lear u n t i l a f ter t he d iscuss ion o f t he p o t tery .

By a nd

l arge , p o ts wh ich h ave b een d escr ibed a s En larged F ood V esse ls o r Encrus ted U rns b y e ar l ier wr i ters , o r wh ich wou ld b e d escr ibed i n r ela ted t er ms i n c urren t t er m ino logy , h ave b een i nc luded .

7

A t t he mo men t F ood Vesse l t ypo logy a ppears t o b e r a ther u p i nt he a ir . Burgess ' s che me ( 1 974 , 1 82 ) r e f lec ts t he t rend a way f ro m a r ig id c lassi f ica t ion , a nd p o in ts t o t he i nadequac ies o f t he e ar l ier t ypo log ica l s che mes b ased o n s e lec ted f ea tures s uch a s w id th o r p os i t ion o f g rooves , o r p resence o r a bsence o f s tops . i .

F or t h is r eason d iscuss ion h as b een k ept f a ir ly g enera l .

F or m U nder t he h ead ing " for m" , i ti s p roposed t o c ons ider t he s hape a nd s ize

o f t he v esse ls .

I n mos t c ases t he ir g enera l s hape i s r e markably c ons is ten t

a nd t he ir c lose r e la t ionsh ip t o t he " Yorksh ire V ases" may b e s tressed a t t he o u tset .

T he e xcep t ions s tand o u t f a ir ly c lear ly , a nd i n d ue c ourse i tw i l l b e

s hown t ha t t hese t end t o p ossess a typ ica l f ea tures o f d ecora t ion a nd f abr ic a s we l l . The b as ic r ange o f s hapes i s s hown i n t ex t f igure 1 :

t he a f f in i t ies o f t he

c o m mones t f or ms c lear ly l i e w i th t he Y orksh ire V ase s er ies o f F ood V esse ls , a s h as l ong b een r ecogn ised . I n t er ms o f A bercro mby 's c lassi f ica t ion , " en larged" v ers ions o f T ypes 1 - 3 a re r epresen ted , t he ma jor i ty f a l l ing i n to t he T ype 2 c a tegory . ( Tex t f ig . 1 ) Mos t o f t he p o ts a re a ccording ly c haract er ised b y ab as ica l ly b ipar t i te f or m , w i th a h igh w e l l- marked s hou lder d iv id ing t he p o t i n to t wo u nequa l p ar ts .

T he o u t l ine b e low t he s hou lder i n

t hese v esse ls i s w i thou t e xcep t ion u n in terrup ted ;

a bove t he s hou lder t he u pper

p ar t may h ave a s tra igh t n eck , b u t i ti s more u sua l ly h o l low ( c f , A bercro mby 's T ype 3 ) . More c o m mon ly , h owever , t he u pper p ar t i s d iv ided i n to t wo , o r more r are ly t hree , c ave t to z ones , o f ten d e f ined b y h or izon ta l r a ised mou ld ings o r r idges , w orked u p f ro m t he wa l l o f t he p o t i n s uch a way a s t o c rea te a b reak i n t he p rof i le , s o t ha t t he e f fec t o f ab road c oncave " groove" may o f ten b e more a pparen t t han r ea l .

8

The t rue g roove i s n o t a s c o m mon :

t he v esse l

f ro m E dze l l ( Ags 3 ) i s o ne e xa mp le , i n wh ich t he p o t ter 's f inger h as b een p ressed i n to t he c lay , a nd d rawn a round t he c ircum ference l eav ing " s tops" a t i n terva ls .

Where t he s tops a re p resen t , t he p rof i le o f t he v esse l c an b e

s een t o e x tend i n a n u n in terrup ted c urve t o t he b ase .

As a r u le , s uch g rooves

a re u sed t o emphas ise t he s hou lder , a s o n t he v esse l j us t men t ioned o r t he f ragmen tary u rn f ro m H ow le t 's H a ' i n B erw icksh ire ( Ber 9 ) . 1 4

T ex t f i g. 1 .

Food Vessel Urns —Basic S hapes

1 5

V esse ls w i th v er t ica l s tops o r b ars p resumably r e la t ing t he m i n s o me way t o t he c lass ic Y orksh ire V ase s er ies c ons is t o f r a ther a h e terogeneous g roup i n t er ms o f f or m a nd a re d is tr ibu ted o ver t he who le a rea u nder r ev iew , a l though , w i th t wo e xcep t ions , c on f ined t o t he e as t .

S urpr is ing ly ,

t hey a re a bsen t i n

Y orksh ire , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he v essel r epresen ted o n ly b y s herds f ro m C o t N ab ( Yor 4 ) .

The a f f in i t ies o f t h is v esse l a re n o t c lear :

i n h is u npub l ished

r epor t o n t he p o t tery , Manby r e la tes t he s herds t o Encrus ted U rns a nd Enl arged F ood V esse ls ,

b u t i ft he v esse l i s t o b e s een i n t hese t erms i t i s mos t

u nusua l i n s evera l r espec ts ( as Manby h as h i mse l f p oin ted o u t ) .

I n t he f irs t

p lace t he s herds were a pparen t ly f ound o n t he o ld l and s ur face u nder t he i nner mound o f ab arrow w i th B eaker p r i mary b ur ia ls ;

i n t he s econd p lace i ta ppears

t o b e au n ique v essel among t he F ood V esse l U rns f ro m t he Yorksh ire Wo lds n o t o n ly i n r espec t o f i t s f or m b u t a lso i n i t s d ecora t ion , s ince a l l t he o ther k nown F ood V esse ls f ro m t he a rea a re " en larged" T ype 2 F ood V esse ls , a nd n one h ave c o mb d ecora t ion o r d ecora t ion e x tending d own t o t he b ody .

I n v iew

o f t h is , t he n a ture o f t he ma ter ia l f ro m C o t N ab mus t r e main u ncer ta in - i f p o ten t ia l ly r a ther impor tan t -u n t i l i ti s p ub l ished a nd i l lus tra ted .

9

Fur ther n or th , h owever , t he v esse l f ro m Wash ing Wel l Far m ( Dur 6 ) s hows a n a l mos t c lass ic Y orksh ire Vase f or m w i th i t s b road g roove s panned b y s ubs tan t ia l s top-r idges .

O ther v esse ls o f t h is k ind w i th a s ing le g roove s panned

b y b ars o r s tops h ave o n ly b een f ound n or th o f the B order ( e .g ., u nprov . ( Abn 1 ) ;

T odwe l l H ouse ( Ber 9 ) ;

Dun ion H i l l ( Rox 3 ) ;

L awpark ( Fi f 7 A ) a nd t wo

v esse ls w i th n arrower s topped g rooves f ro m n or th o f t he F or th f ro m C a l lum 's H i l l , C r ie f f ( Per 2 ) a nd Dun fer m l ine ( Fi f 6 ) ) . N o t q u i te s o c lose , b u t p resu mab ly s t i l l e v in cing s o me f or m o f Y orksh ire Vase c onnec t ions a re s er ies o f v esse ls w i th t wo o r more c ave t to z ones a bove t he s hou lder , o ne o r more o f wh ich i s s panned b y b ars o r s tops .

T he t ars

a re o ccas iona l ly worked u p f ro m t he wa l l o f t he p ot a s o n t he f ragmen tary v ess e l f ro m H igh Bus ton ( Nor 1 1A ) , b u t more u sua l ly t hey a re a pp l ied .

V esse ls

w i th t wo c ave t to z ones o ne o r more o f wh ich i s s panned b y b ars h ave b een f ound a t f our s i tes :

a t N e therha l l ( Cu m 3 B ) , B arras ford ( Nor 2 ) , a nd Goa tscrag

( Nor 8 B ) , o f fse t s tops w ere s e t i n e ach z one ; o n ly t he u pper z one w as t rea ted i n t h is way .

o n t he N ew ton o f Mon tb la iry u rn U rns w i th t hree c ave t to z ones

a bove t he s hou lder h ave b een f ound a t H igh B us ton ( Nor 1 1A ) w i th o f fse t b ars i n e ach g roove , a nd a t B a lrown ie i n Angus ( Ags 2 A : b ars i n l ower- mos t g roove ; Ags 2 B : o f fse t b ars i n l ower t wo g rooves ) . T he p o t f ro m C o t N ab may h ave b een s im i lar t o t he s econd v esse l f ro m B a lrown ie i n t h is r espec t . I n t he p as t s evera l o f t hese v esse ls wou ld h ave b een t er med " inc ip ien t Encrus ted U rns" 1 °b ecause o f t he t ypo log ica l d eve lop men t o f t he Yorksh ire Vase l ugs i n to more o r l ess e longa ted a nd l ess o bv ious ly f unc t iona l a pp l ied s tr ips o r b ars .

Whe ther o r n o t t he b ars s erved o n ly a s d ecora t ive f ea tures

t he ir o r ig in i s a t l eas t c lear , b u t o n an umber o f o ther v esse ls t here a re a ppl ied b ars s ee m ing ly e ven f ur ther r e moved f ro m t he i dea o f f unc t iona l l ugs , i fr el a ted a t a l l . N ever the less t hese may a s we l l b e n oted h ere r a ther t han r eserv ing t he m f or men t ion u nder t he h ead ing o f d ecora t ion . On o ne o f t he u rns f ro m t he H i l l o f F ou lzie ( Anb 6 C ) a nd o n t he v esse l f ro m B ran thwa i te ( Cum 1 ) t he v er t ica l b ars s ee m t o b e more d e l ibera te ly i n tegra ted i n to a s che me o f r e l ie f d ecora t ion t han i n t he o thers d iscussed , where , w i th

1 6

t he e xcep t ion o f t he v esse ls f ro m Dun ion H i l l ( Rox 3 ) a nd B erwicksh ire ( Ber 1 ) r e lief o rna men t i s a bsen t e xcep t i n t he f or m o f t he b ars/s tops t he mse lves . F ina l ly , o b l ique b ars a re p resen t o n v esse ls f ro m D enbea th ( F i f 5 B ) , M i l l o f Marcus ( Ags 4 ) a nd o n t he s hou lders o f l arge v esse ls f ro m t he s e t t lemen t s i te a t K i le l lan F ar m ( Arg 1 ) .

T he p resence o f s uch f ea tures o n t he f rag-

men ts o f p resu mab ly d o mes t ic v esse ls f ro m K i le l lan F ar m r a ises t he q ues t ion o f whe ther o r n o t we c an d is m iss o u tr igh t a s t o ta lly n onfunc t iona l a l l t he o ther i ns tances o f b ars a nd s tops .

Wh i le i ti s h ard t o a dm i t t ha t t he b ars c ou ld h ave

h ad a ny p rac t ica l u se i n many c ases , i n o thers t here i s a t l eas t t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t t hey c ou ld h ave b een u sed a s a n a id t o h and l ing t he v esse ls . I t s hou ld b e r e me mbered h owever t ha t t he b ars o n t he v esse ls f ro m D enbea th a nd M i l l o f Marcus w ere n o ted b y B arber ( see p . 1 0 a bove ) a s p oss ib ly " trans i t iona l" o n t he way t o t he a ppearance o f f u l l r e l ie f o rna men t . H owever t h is p rob le m a nd t he q ues t ion o f whe ther o r n o t F ood V esse l U rns were e ver i n tended t o b e f unc tiona l w i l l b e d iscussed more f u l ly i n d ue c ourse . T hese v esse ls w i th a pp l ied b ars/s tops h ave o n ly b een d iscussed s epara te ly f or t he s ake o f c onven ience :

b y a nd l arge t hey b e long t o t he s er ies o f u rns

c harac ter ised b y ab ipar t i te f or m w i th t wo o r more c avet to z ones o r g rooves o n t he u pper p ar t, wh ich c ons t i tu te t he ma jor i ty o f t he v esse ls u nder r ev iew . I n v iew o f t he t ypo log ica l s ign i f icance o nce p laced o n t he w id th o f g rooves ( e .g . Manby , 1 957, 1 -5 ) i ti s p erhaps wor th n o t ing t ha t s o me s ix ty v esse ls c ou ld b e d escr ibed a s h av ing ' broad g rooves" ;

i n c on tras t , o n ly s ix teen v esse ls c ou ld

b e s a id t o p ossess t he t ypo log ica l ly " ear ly" f ea ture o f an arrow g roove o r g rooves .

I n t he a bsence o f mean ing fu l d a t ing e v idence t o s uppor t s uch t ypo lo-

g ica l s che mes ,

1 1

i tw ou ld s ee m u nw ise t o d o much more t han n o te t he e x is-

t ence o f t hese d i f ferences a t t h is s tage .

I ft he d i f ferences c an b e s hown t o

h ave s o me c hrono log ica l s ign i f icance a s f ar a s F ood V esse ls a re c oncerned , t hen a t l eas t i th as b een p oin ted o u t t ha t t hey migh t w e l l h o ld g ood f or t he u rns t oo . I tw as p oin ted o u t a bove h ow t he more d eve loped f or ms o f r e l ief o rna men t ( chevron , e tc .) w ere f or t he mos t p ar t a bsen t o n t he v esse ls w i th b ars a nd s tops mos t c lose ly r ese mb l ing t he l ugs o f t he Yorksh ire Vases ;

i n t he c ase

o f t he " en larged" T ype 2 F ood V esse ls r e l ief d ecora t ion i s more c o m mon , o ccurr ing o n a min i mum o f s o me s ix teen u rns .

H ere a ga in , h owever , t he

e x is tence o f s i mp le a pp l ied b osses s e t a t i n terva ls a round t he c ircumference o f v esse ls s uch a s t hose f ro m Maw m i l l ( K in 2 ) , L in t law ( Ber 6 ) o r C a l lange ( F i f 3 ) s uper f ic ia l ly h in ts a t a nother d is tan t t ypo log ica l l ink w i th s tops a nd b ars .1 2 Two v esse ls s hare f ea tures wh ich s ee m t o j us t i fy n o t ing t he m s epara tely : t he u rn f ro m H op r ig ( Ber 5 ) a nd o ne o f t he v esse ls f ro m Hu mb leton H i l l , S under land ( Dur 3 B ) .

B o th h ave a d is t inc t c y lindr ica l p or t ion o n t he ir u pper

p ar t , d ef ined b y p ronounced mou ld ings , a nd a c oncave g roove u nder a h eavy r im .

The B erw icksh ire v esse l i s u nusua l i n h av ing b o th a pp l ied b ars a nd

k nobs s e ti n t he u pper a nd l ower g rooves r espec t ive ly :

t h is s ee ms t o s treng-

t hen t he c ase f or s ee ing s uch a pp l ied k nobs s e t a t i n terva ls a round t he c ircu mf erence o f t he v esse ls n o ted a bove , a s r e la ted i n s o me way t o t he i dea o f s tops/bars .

1 7

B ipar t i te v esse ls w i th a c oncave n eck o f ten r eca l ling Abercro mby 's T ype 3F ood Vesse ls a re f a ir ly n u merous a nd a re w e l l r epresen ted i n A berdeens h ire , L anarksh ire a nd N or thumber land i np ar t icu lar .

T here i s af a ir amoun t

o f v ar ia t ion i n t he f or m o f t he v esse ls , ma in ly w i th r espec t t o t he a ngu lar i ty o f t he s hou lder ( one o r t wo u rns wh ich may b e r e la ted t o t he I r ish-Scot t ish Vase g roup a re n o ted b e low ) . R e l ie f o rna men t i s p resen t o n ah igh p roport ion o f t he u rns i n t h is g roup , b u t n ever i n t he f or m o f a pp lied v er t ica l b ars .1 3 F ina l ly a n umber o f l ess w e l l r epresen ted f ea tures o f f or m may b e d isc ussed b r ie f ly . R i ms a re g enera l ly v ery c ons is ten t , a nd t he ma jor i ty s how t he c harac ter is t ic mou lded f ea tures a nd t h icken ing o f t he Yorksh ire F ood V esse ls ;

wha t v ar ia t ion t here i s i s c on f ined t o d i f ferences i n t he a ng le a nd

b read th o f t he i n terna l b eve l . f ro m t h is b as ic r im f or m .

H owever , an umber o f v essels d o s how v ar ia t ions

I n an u mber o f c ases t he i n terna l b eve l may b e

more o r l ess c oncave , b u t t h is f ea ture i s n o t u nco m mon o n F ood V esse ls .1 4 S o me o f t he u rns h ave more p ronounced r i ms , p erhaps d eep e nough t o mer i t t he d escr ipt ion " co l lared" , w i thou t imp ly ing a ny c onnec t ion w i th t he C o l lared U rns :

t h is g roup i nc ludes t he v esse ls f ro m C a irn C urr ( Abn 5 ) ;

( Per 4 ) ;

F ern iega ir ( Lnk 4B ) ;

H igh Bus ton ( Nor 1 1A ) ;

N aw ton T owers ( Yor 1 0 ) a nd Hu t ton Busce l ( Yor 1 3 ) .

G lenba l loch

N etherha l l ( Cu m 3 B ) ;

T he e x terna l t h icken ing

o f t he r im a ppears i n s o me i fn o t a l l t hese c ases t o h ave b een c arr ied o u t b y t he a dd i t ion o f a n e x tra s tr ip o f c lay wh ich wou ld h ave a lso i ncreased t he s upp or t o f t he n eck , wh ich i s p erhaps s ign i f ican t s ince t hey were a l l f a ir ly s izeab le v esse ls .

I n n one o f t hese v esse ls d oes t he e x terna l t h icken ing a f fec t t he s truc-

t ura l o u t l ine o f t he p o t t o t he e x ten t o f p roduc ing a p ar t icu lar ly t r ipar t i te p ro f i le , e xcep t f or t he Hu t ton Busce l u rn wh ich d oes s tand o u t o n a ccoun t o f i t s p ro m in en t r im a nd l arge s i ze .

There m igh t b e g rounds t here fore f or t h ink ing o f t h is

v esse l a s a" hybr id" u rn s how ing i n f luence f ro m C o l lared U rns , b u t i t s b road g rooves o r c ave t to z ones , t he f or m o f i t s i n terna l b eve l a nd i ts d ecora tion s ugges t t ha t i to wes more t o t he F ood V esse l t rad i t ion . T iered r i ms a re r are a s we l l , b eing p resen t o n l ess t han a d ozen v esse ls .

1 5

S i mp le t i ered i n terna l b evels a re p resen t o n v esse ls f ro m Wash ing We l l Far m ( Dur 6 ) , C a la is Wo ld B arrow 1 00 ( Yor 2 ) , H u t ton B usce l ( Yor 1 3 ) a nd Woodhead o f G arvock ( Per 5 B ) a nd U dny ) Abn 1 0 ) i n t he n or th . I n t he c ase o f o ne o f t he u rns f ro m t he H i l l o f F ou lzie ( Abn 6 A ) a nd r e l ie f-decora ted u rns f ro m R yton ( Dur 4 ) ;

U dd ings ton ( Lnk 5 B ) ;

a nd L awpark ( Fi f 7 B ) t he t i ers a re s eparated

b y ar a ised mou ld ing , i n e f fec t f or m ing a t h ird t i er . T he p resence o f r el ief d ecora t ion o n v esse ls w i th e labora te i n terna l b eve ls i s ac o m mon f ea ture among t he I r ish u rns , 1 6 a nd i ti s p erhaps s igni f ican t t ha t o f t he f our u rns w h ich s how t h is r are f ea ture i n t he n or th , t hree were d ecora ted w i th r e l ief o rna men t , wh i le t he f our th was d iscovered o n t he s a me s i te a s t wo r e l ie f-decora ted u rns o therw ise o f s im i lar s ize a nd p ropor t ions ( Abn 6C , 6 D ) . T he b od ies o f t he u rns u nder r ev iew v ary c ons iderably i n p rof i le f ro m a t runcon ic t o as qua t ter b agg ier s hape , b u t i ti s u nusua l f or t he wa l ls o f av ess e l t o e x tend i n as tra igh t l ine t o t he b ase .

A s ar u le t he b ases a re sma l l ,

b u t o f ten s ubs tan t ia l a nd d rum-shaped n ever the less , a nd t he wa l ls o f t he p ot n or ma l ly a ppear t o h ave b u i l t u p o n c lay d rawn u p f ro m t he b ase .

T here a re

o ne o r t wo i ns tances o f b ases w i th i n terna l b osses ( e .g . D enbea th ( F i f 5 A a nd B ) , R y ton ( Nor 4 )) : t hese a ppear t o b e as ide e f fect o f p repara t ion o f t he b ase f ro m a l u mp o f c lay b y p ress ing d own w i th t he f ingers a round t he e dge t o r a ise 1 8

t he wa l ls ( C larke , 1 970 , I , 3 0 ) .

The b ases a re r are ly c o mp le te , h owever ,

a nd i fn o t wan t ing a l toge ther a re u sua l ly c ons iderab ly r es tored . A h igh p rop or t ion o f t hese mus t h ave b een l os t d ue t o t he p rac t ice o f d epos i t ing t he u rns i n a n i nver ted p os i t ion .

T h is i s b orne o u t b y t he f ew r ecorded i ns tances o f

F ood V esse l Urns b ur ied u pr igh t ; i n t hese c ases t he u pper p ar ts h ave b een r e moved i n c orrespond ing f ash ion . T h is means t ha t p o ten t ia l ly i n teres t ing f ea tures , s uch a s t he i n terna l b osses j us t men t ioned , a re a l mos t c er ta in ly u nder-represen ted . T he b ase o f o ne o f t he v esse ls f ro m Woodhead o f G arvock ( Per 5 A ) i s t here fore w or thy o f men t ion b ecause o f i t s d ished p ro f i le .

I t

s ee ms r easonab le t o a ccoun t f or t h is a s af unct iona l f ea ture , s u i ted f or u se o n u neven s ur faces .

1 7

I fi ti s af unct iona l f ea ture , t hen i t s hou ld make u s wary

o f a ccep t ing t he t heory t ha t a l l t hese v esse ls were made p r i mar i ly f or b ur ia l o r " conce ived a s i nver ted" .

1 8

A t ten t ion h as l arge ly b een f ocussed o n t he d is-

p ropor t iona te ly sma l l s ize o f t he b ases i n t he p as t b u t a s ApS i mon h as r ecen t ly p oin ted o u t , t h is n eed n o t p rec lude a f unc t iona l u sage ( 1969 , 3 9 ). C lear ly t he a bsence o f d o mes t ic F ood V esse l a sse mb lages i s n ot y e t ac losed c ase . H av ing men t ioned t he v esse l f ro m D enbea th a bove , i ti s p erhaps wor thwh i le c ons ider ing t he e xcep t iona l u rns .

B y a nd l arge , a l l t he v essels d iscussed s o

f ar h ave b een more o r l ess c lose ly r e la ted t o t he Y orksh ire F ood Vesse ls , ma in ly o f A bercro mby 's T ypes l a t o 3 .

T he v esse l f ro m D enbea th ( Fi f 5A )

w i th i t s u nusua l " r i l led" p ro f i le i s u nma tched among S co t t ish u rns .

H owever ,

i ta ppears t o o we i ts b as ic s hape t o F ood V esse ls o f A bercro mby 's T ype 5 a ( Trunca ted C one w i th mou lded r im ) ( 1 912 , I , 9 4 ) , o r B urgess ' " G lobu lar b ow ls" ( 1 974 , 1 85 ) b u t t he c loses t p ara l lels f or t he mu l t iple g rooves a ppear t o b e i n I re land .

1 9

A sma l l g roup o f t hree u rns s tands o u t f ro m t he r es t o f t he p o t tery o n a cc oun t o f t he ir d is t inct ive p ro f i les ;

t he v esse ls i n q ues t ion a re t he f ragmen tary

u rns f ro m G len C loy ( Bu t 1 ) a nd N ew lands ( Lnk 6 ) a nd t he h eav i ly r es tored u rn f ro m Da l more ( Ros 1 ) .

As a r esu l t o f A pS i mon 's r ecen t work o n t he

Bronze A ge i n t he N or th o f I re land t hese c an n ow b e s een t o b e r e la ted t o a l arger b ody o f ma ter ia l t here , t er med b y A pS i mon t he Dru mnak i l ly s er ies o f u rns , a nd s een a s r epresen t ing o ne e le men t a t l eas t o f t he l arge v esse ls a pp ropr ia te t o t he I r ish-Sco t t ish V ase g roup ( 1969 , 4 0-44 ).

T he S co t t ish v es-

s e ls p ossess h igh wel l- marked s hou lders a bove wh ich t here i s a more o r l ess u pr igh t n eck , i n e ach c ase b ear ing a ppl ied d ecora t ion .

T he r i ms a re f l a t tened

a nd h ave p ronounced i n terna l p ro jec t ions i n t wo i ns tances .

I n t he c ase o f t he

N ew lands u rn , h owever , t he i n ter ior o f t he n eck h as b een mou lded t o f or m t wo c oncave z ones a s ab ase f or i nc ised d ecora t ion .

T h is v esse l i s a lso u n ique

among t he r e l ie f d ecora ted u rns i n t he a rea u nder r ev iew i n h av ing a pp l ied o rna men t b e low t he s hou lder .

A l l t hese f or ma l f ea tures s e t t hese u rns a par t

f ro m t he o thers d iscussed b u t c an b e ma tched i n t he I r ish s er ies . Af ragmen t o f av esse l f ro m Luce S ands ( McInnes , 1 963-4 , 8 1 N o . 2 01 ) h as a h ard g r i t ty f abr ic a nd l ow a pp l ied b ars , r eca l l ing f ea tures o f t he G len C loy u rn , b u t t he ir s hapes a re t o ta l ly d iss im i lar . P erhaps a lso r e la ted t o t he I r ish-Sco t t ish Vases ( bu t n o t a s r epresen ted b y t he D ru mnak i l ly s er ies U rns ) a re o ne o r t wo b ipar t i te v esse ls w i th p ron ounced h igh s hou lders a nd c oncave n ecks ;

t hese i nc lude t he v esse l f ro m

E dze l l ( Ags 3 ) w i th a s ha l low s topped g roove e ncirc l ing t he s hou lder a nd t he u rn f ro m A bden ( F i f 1 ) ,

A par t f ro m t he s im i lar i ty i n s hape t o s o me I r ish1 9

S cot tish Vases ( e .g ., S i mpson , 1 965 , f ig . 8 , N o . 6 6 ) t he c o mpar ison i s n ot c lose i n a l l r espec ts , s ince b o th v esse ls h ave t h ickened r i ms wh ich a re c haract ers i t ic o f Y orksh ire F ood V esse ls , wh i le t he i nc ised h err ingbone d ecora t ion o f t he E dze l l U rn i s a lso more a t h o me i n t ha t g roup . h aps b ears c loser c o mpar ison :

T he A bden v esse l p er-

o n ly t he u pper p ar t h as b een smoo thed a nd

d ecora ted , a nd t he b ody h as b een l e f t r ough a nd u ndecora ted .

Th is " con tras t"

e f fect c ou ld c once ivab ly owe s o me th ing t o t he I r ish-Sco t t ish V ases , where c onstras t ing d ecora t ion o n u pper p ar t a nd b ody i s c o m mon ( S i mpson , 1 965 , 2 6 ) .

Fur ther more , t he u se o f f ine l inear wh ipped c ord i s a bso lu te ly r are

among t he v esse ls w i th Y orksh ire Vase c harac ter is t ics , whereas i t was t he s econd mos t c o m mon d ecora t ive t echn ique emp loyed b y t he makers o f t he I r ish-Sco t t ish Vases i n N orthern I re land ( ApS i mon , 1 969 , 4 1 ) . A n umber o f o ther v esse ls s tand a par t f ro m t he ma in b ody o f t he p o t tery o n a ccoun t o f e xcep t iona l f ea tures o f f or m o r d ecora t ion :these-n eed o n ly b e men t ioned b r ie f ly .

T he f rag men tary v esse l f ro m A ncrum Moor ( Rox 1 ) i s ,

t o t he wr i ter 's k now ledge , u npara l le led :

i t s p ro f i le i n s o f ar a s i tc an b e

r es tored , s ugges ts s o me c onnec t ion w i th t he I r ish B ow l F ood V esse ls , al ink t ha t i s s uppor ted b y t he d ebased f a lse r e l ie f d ecora t ion a round t he s hou lder . L arge B ow l F ood V esse ls a re b es t r epresen ted i n S co t land b y t he Machr ie V ases 2 1

r ecogn ised a nd d escr ibed b y S co t t ( 1967 , 1 66-70 ) , b u t t he Ancrum

Moor v esse l d oes n o t r ea l ly b ear c lose c o mpar ison w i th t hese . K i lbr ideJ ones c ou ld f ind n o p ara l le ls f or o ne o f t he v esse ls f ro m t he L oanhead o f Dav io t Enc losed C re ma t ion C e me tery ( Abn 6B ) b u t i t s r ud i men tary g rooves a nd s teep ly a ng led i n terna l b eve l s ee m t o warran t i t s i nc lus ion among t he F ood Vesse l U rns ( K i lbr ide-Jones , 1 935-6 , 2 94-5 ) .

Ano ther a typ ica l v esse l i s t he

u rn f ro m Br idge o f B an f f , wh ich i s v ir tua l ly b icon ica l , t hough i t s d ecora t ion f abr ic a nd t he f or m o f i t s d eep i n terna l b eve l l ink i t more c losely t o F ood V ess e ls r a ther t han t o a ny o ther c lass o f u rns .

Whe ther t hese v esse ls r epresen t

d egenera te f or ms o f " hybr ids" t he ir sma l l n u mbers d o n o t i n a ny c ase a f fect t he o vera l l p ic ture t ha t emerges o f t he c lose r e la t ionsh ip b e tween Y orksh ire F ood V esse ls a nd t he ma jor i ty o f t he F ood V esse ls U rns i n t he N or th . S ize By h is v ery d e f in i t ion o f v esse ls o f T ype 7 , A bercro mby was imp ly ing t ha t a n impor tan t c r i ter ion i n t he ir c lassi f ica t ion was t he i ncrease i n s ize s uppos ed ly a cco mpanying t he c hange i n f unc t ion o f F ood V esse ls f ro m t he r o le o f a ccessory v esse ls t o c inerar 3 u rns .

H owever n o a t te mp t a ppears t o h ave

b een made t hen , o r s ince , t o d e f ine t h is d i f ference i n s ize more c lose ly . I n t he p as t t he ' trans i t ion" f ro m " Food V esse l" t o " En larged F ood V esse l" a ppears t o h ave b een impl ic i t ly

a round 1 80-200 mm ( c . 7 "-8" ) , w i th t he

b ur ia lr i te i nvo lved p erhaps s way ing t he d ec is ion o n wh ich t er m t o u se .

2 2

I t s ee med wor thwh i le t here fore t o t ry a nd s ee i ft here was a ny marked d is t inc t ion b etween t he s ize r anges o f F ood V esse ls a nd F ood V esse l U rns . I n t he a bsence o f af u l l c orpus , t he mos t c onven ien t s ources o f d a ta a re p rov ided b y t he r eg iona l s urveys o f F ood V esse ls i n t he P eak D is tr ict ( Manby , 1 957) a nd t he S ou th- Wes t o f S co t land ( S i mpson , 1 965 ) . as cat ter d iagra m 2 3

T ex t f igure 2 s hows

o f t he h e igh t p lo t ted a ga ins t t he r im d ia me ter o f a l l t he

r es torab le F ood V esse ls i n t hese s urveys , a nd t he v esse ls i nc luded i n t he c a ta logue .

The d iagra m a ppears t o s how t ha t t he t rad i t iona l ' border l ine"

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F V ' s •r e l ie f d ecora t ion

1 00

Tex t f i g. 2 .

2 00

3 00

4 00 mm

S ize r ange o f Food Vessels a nd Food Vessel Urns

2 1

b e tween t he F ood V esse ls a nd t he U rns d oes h o ld g ood ,

2 4

a nd t he i nc lus ion o f

af ew l arge F ood V esse ls a ssoc ia ted w i th i nhu ma t ions , b u t a pparen t ly d is t inct f ro m t he ma jor i ty o f F ood V esse ls i n t er ms o f t he ir s i ze , s ee ms j us t i f ied . I ti s n ot iceab le t ha t t wo o f t he sma l les t v esse ls i nc luded i n t he c a ta logue were d e f in i te ly a ssoc ia ted w i th i nhu ma t ions :

o n t he o ther h and , o ne o f t hese ,

t he v esse l f ro m S harp H owe , F o lk ton ( Yor 1 2 ) was v ir tua l ly t he s a me s ize a s t he l arge A bercro mby T ype l a v esse l f ro m T odwe l l H ouse ( Ber 8 ) wh ich a pp ears t o h ave s erved t he f unc t ion o f a n u rn .

The p resence o f t hese p oten t ia l ly

i n teres t ing v ar ia t ions i n r i te make i tu n for tuna te t ha t d e ta i ls o f c on tex t a re c o mple te ly wan t ing , o r ambiguous , f or s evera l o f t he sma l ler v essels i n t he c a ta logue i n t h is " in ter med ia te" s ize r ange b e tween t he F ood V essels a nd t he b u lk o f t he F ood V esse l U rns .

N o th ing i s k nown o f t he c on tex t o f t he War ter

Wo ld v esse l ( Yor 1 4 ) , wh ich was a l mos t t he s a me s ize a s t he smal l v esse l f ro m G rea t T osson , k nown t o h ave a cco mpan ied a n i n uma t ion .

L ikew ise

n o th ing i s k nown o f t he c on tex t o f a ny o f t he S awdon v esse ls ( Yor 1 1) wh ich a ll a ppear t o h ave b een f a ir ly sma l l a nd t here was n o t race o f ab ur ia l w i th e i ther t he S pr ing f ie ld ( Cum 4 ) o r t he Green L e igh ton ( Nor 1 0 ) v esse ls .

E lgee d rew

a t ten t ion t o t he sma l l u rn f ro m H inderwe l l B eacon ( Yor 7 ) b ecause i t was a ss ocia ted w i th a F ood V esse l s erv ing t he f unct ion o f a n a ccessory v esse l : h e t ook t h is t o b e ar e f lect ion o f t he t rans i t ion f ro m s ing le g rave t o u rn b ur ia l . H is s ugges tion was s treng thened a t t he t ime b y t he " trans i t iona l "f or m o f t he u rn i t se l f , wh ich was f e l t t o r e ta in t he c harac ter is t ics o f aT ype 3 F ood V esse l t hough e n larged f or i t s n ew f unerary r o le ( 1930 , 8 8 ).

E lgee 's i dea o f au n i-

l inea l s equence o f d evelop men t i s n o l onger a ccep table , a nd i ts ee ms r easonab le t o s ee t he v ar ia t ions i n r ite a ssoc ia ted w ith t hese " in ter med ia te" v essels a s r are e xcep t ions, p erhaps a l most i nev i tab le i fo ne a ccep ts ApS i mon 's t hes is t hat t he " b ias o f s elect ion" o f v essels ( f ro m what may h ave b een a d o mest ic Food Vessel a sse mblage ) c hanged t hrough t ime.

I n o ther words , med ium-

s ized v essels wou ld , b y t he ir v ery n ature, b e most p rone t o b e ing a ssoc iated w ith a v ar iety o f b ur ial r ites. A pS i mon b ased h is s ugges t ion t ha t F ood V esse ls a nd F ood Vessel U rns m igh t r e f lec t ad o mes t ic a sse mb lage o n h is a na lys is o f s a mple s ets o f u rns : 'When t he a c tua l h eigh ts o f p o ts o f t hese t wo c lasses a re p lo t ted o n t he s a me d iagra m t wo we l l- marked p eaks a ppear , o ne a t a bou t 1 50 m m ( Food V esse ls ) a nd o ne a t a bou t 3 00 m m ( Food V esse l U rns ) .

Th is s i mp le 1 :2 r e la t ionsh ip l ooks l ike a f unc t iona l o ne

a nd s ugges ts t ha t t he h ypothe t ica l ( or n ear ly h ypo the t ica l ) d o mest i c F ood Vesse l a sse mblage may n or ma l ly h ave c on tained sma l l a nd l arge p o ts ."

( 1972 , 1 48 )

Wh i le a gree ing w i th ApS i mon t ha t t he v ar ia t ions i n s ize may we l l b e ar ef lec t ion o f f unc t iona l d i f ferences w i th in a d o mes t ic a sse mb lage i t i s f e l t t hat l ys is o f al arger s a mple ( o f U rns ) s ugges ts t ha t t he s i tua t ion c o mplex .

i s p oss ib ly more

I n t he f irs t p lace , e xa m ina t ion o f t he d iagra m ( t ex t f ig . 2 , a bove ) s hows t ha t whereas F ood V esse ls t end t owards f a ir ly o pen s hapes ( d ia me ter o fr im e xceed ing h e igh t ) t he l arge v essels c ons is ten t ly t end t owards a more " vasel ike" s hape ( He igh t e xceed ing d ia meter o f r im ) . 2 5 T he more o pen s hapes r epresen ted b y t he v esse ls f ro m S harp H owe ( Yor 1 2 ) o r S awdon ( Yor 1 1D ) a re

2 2

n ot c o m mon i n t he l arger v essels .

T h is may b e p ar t ly d ue t o t he r equ ire men ts

o f t he p o t s truc ture , b u t t ha t t h is i s n o t e n t ire ly s o i s s ugges ted b y t he h igher f requency o f s uch w ide-br i m med u rns i n I re land where s trong B ow l F ood V esse l i n f luence c an p resumab ly b e i nvoked .

2 6

Th is s ee ms t o s treng then t he

impress ion a lready s ugges ted b y t he c ons idera t ion o f t he s hape o f t he v esse ls t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f t he m a re t he p roduc ts o f ac ons is ten t p o t t ing t rad i t ion . A t ten t ion may b e d rawn t o t he f ac t t ha t n one o f t he v esse ls w i th more e labora te r el ie f d ecora t ion ( n o t i nc luding b ars/s tops o n t heir own ) f a l l i n to t he sma l ler e nd o f t he s ize r ange , wh ich c ons is ts o f ar easonab le c lus ter o f v esse ls v arying f ro m c . 1 90-270 m m 7 1 -"-10-" ) i n h e igh t a nd c . 1 90-240 mm 71 "- W ) i n d ia meter . The ma jor i ty o f t he v essels c ons idered h ere a re l arger t han t h is h owever , a nd t hey v ary i n h eigh t f ro m c . 2 80-400 m m ( c . 1 1"-14 ,4 3" ) a nd i n r im d ia me ter f ro m c . 2 50-350 m m ( c . 9 .7/8"-133" ) . On ly t hree v esse ls f ro m S ou th o f t he F or th e xceed t h is r ange :

t hese a re t he

u rns f ro m H opr ig ( Ber 5 ) , H u t ton Busce l ( Yor 1 3 ) a nd H ades H i l l ( Lan 1 ) . T he H u t ton Busce l u rn h as a lready b een n o ted ( p . 1 8 a bove ) a s p oss ib ly ow ing s o me f ea tures o f s hape a nd s ize t o t he i n f luence o f C o l lared Urns , wh ich more c o m mon ly a t ta in l arge p ropor t ions i n t he s ou th .

T he i den ti f ica t ion o f t he

v esse l f ro m Hades H i l l a s aF ood V esse l U rn i s u ncer ta in :2 7

t he d escr ip t ion

i s amb iguous a nd t he p o t c ou ld we l l h ave b een a l arge C o l lared U rn .

O therwise

t he l arges t F ood V esse l U rns i n t he a rea u nder r ev iew a re a l l f ro m n or th o f t he F or th , a nd a l l , i fo ne i nc ludes t he v esse l f ro m B a lrown ie ( Ags 2B ) , were d ecora ted w i th a pp lied r e l ie f o rna men t .

T he r eason f or t h is a pparen t r eg iona l

d i fference i n s ize i s u nc lear b u t w i l l b e d iscussed i n d ue c ourse :

i n a ny c ase

i t s ugges ts t ha t t he s ing le p eak o f 3 00 m m f or t he h e igh ts o f F ood V esse l U rns n o ted b y A ps i mon r epresen ts a n o vers i mpl i f ica t ion o f t he s i tua t ion . N ever theless t he ma jor i ty o f t he v esse ls d o a ppear t o f a l l i n to a sma l ler s ize r ange ( mos t ly w i th a h eigh t i n t he r eg ion o f C . 3 00-350 m m ) .

R e l ie f d e-

c ora ted v essels s ee m t o f a l l i n to t wo g roups w i th in t h is ma in b ody o f u rns . The v esse ls f ro m F ord ( Nor 7 ) , Ag l ionby ( Cum 5 ) , B ra i thwa i te ( Cum 1 ) , R y ton ( Dur 4 ) , Dun ion H i l l ( Rox 3 ) , L awpark ( F i f 7B ) , Anna th i l l ( Lnk 2 B ) a nd U d c i ings ton ( Lnk 5 B ) a re t he sma l les t r e l ie f d ecora ted u rns i n t he a rea u nder r ev iew , v arying s l igh t ly i n h eigh t , b u t o f ten c ons is ten t t o w i th in a c en t i metre o r t wo i n t heir d iame ter .

I ti s i n teres t ing t o n ote t ha t t he t hree r el ie f-decora ted u rns

w i th e labora te t i ered b eve ls a re a l l i n t h is g roup , wh ich d oes s ee m t o b e r eas onab ly d is tinc t f ro m t he g roup o f l arger u rns w i th a pp l ied d ecora t ion .2 8 E xa m ina t ion o f t he s ize r anges o f t he v esse ls u nder r ev iew t here fore s ugg es ts t he f o l low ing p oss ibi l i t ies : i ) t he t rad i t iona l b reak b e tween F ood V essels a nd F ood V esse l U rns a t a round 1 80-200 m m ( . 7 "-8" ) s ee ms t o b e v a l id . i )

t he b u lk o f t he v essels v ary c ons iderab ly i n s ize w i th in a h eigh t r ange o f c . 2 80-400 m m a nd a c orrespond ing r ange i n d ia me ter f ro m c . 2 503 50 m m .

i i )

t here s ee ms t o b e t he p oss ibi l i ty o f ag roup o f v essels l y ing midway i n s ize b e tween F ood V esse ls a nd t he ma jor i ty o f t he F ood V esse l U rns :

t hese l ack e labora te r e l ief d ecora t ion .

2 3

i v )

t he l arges t F ood V esse l U rns , w i th a f ew e xcep t ions , a re f ound i n t he N or th-Eas t o f S co t land , where a l l c an b e s een t o b ear r e l ief d ec ora t ion i n o ne f or m o r a no ther .

I n d ue c ourse i tw i l l b e s hown t ha t

t hese v esse ls p ossess o ther d is t inc t ive f ea tures ( o f d ecora t ion ) p ecu l iar t o t he r eg ion . i .

D ecora t ion I n N or thern Eng land a nd S co t land a l l o f t he F ood V esse l U rns a re a t l eas t

p ar t ia l ly d ecora ted , a nd t he t echn iques u sed s ee m t o f a l l i n to f ive c a tegor ies :2 9 ( i ) a pp l ied r e l ie f d ecora t ion c ons is t ing o f c ordons , c hevrons , k nobs o r b osses a nd r ings .

S tops a nd b ars h ave a lready b een d iscussed a bove ( p . 1 6 );

i nc ised t echn iques :

( i )

t h is t er m c overs s tabs o r c une i for m i ncis ions , a s w e l l

a s t h inner , d rawn l ines a nd s lashes .

D eep n icks , s uch a s t hose o ccurr ing o n

t he v esse l f ro m L in t law ( Ber 6 ) may a lso b e c ons idered u nder t h is c a tegory , t hough i n a t l eas t s o me c ases t h is a ppears t o h ave i nvo lved t he a ctua l r e mova l o f c lay . ( ii ) C ord impress ions , i nc lud ing l inear wh ipped c ord a nd maggo t i mpress ions , l i near p la i ted c ord a nd a v ar ie ty o f t w is ted c ord impress ions — l inear , s hor t l eng ths , a nd " horse-shoes" ;

( i v ) S ta mps :

t h is t er m i s u sed t o

c over a v ar ie ty o f impress ions t ha t may i nclude t hose o f b ird a nd sma l l ma m ma l b ones , t he e nd o f ab roken s t ick o r o ther s uch imple men ts .

D eep p i ts o r c ir-

c u lar impress ions , e f fec ted w i th a r eed e nd o r s im i lar imple men t , t r iangu lar i mpress ions , c o mb , f inger t ip a nd f ingerna i l impress ions may a lso b e i nc luded i n t h is c a tegory ;

( v ) g rooves a nd t oo led l ines :

t hese a re d is t ingu ished ( where

p oss ib le ) f ro m i nc ised l ines b y t heir b roader , f l a t-bo t to med c ross s ec t ion . App l ied r e l ie f d ecora t ion i s , w i th o n ly t wo e xcep t ions , o n ly u sed t o d ecora te t he u pper p ar t o f t he e x terna l s ur face o f t he v essels o n wh ich i to ccurs . T he e xcep t ions a re t he u rns f ro m N ew lands ( Lnk 6 ) a nd C a l lange ( F i f 3 ) :

o n

t he f or mer , v er t ica l a ppl ied s tr ips a nd a pp l ied h or izon ta l c ordons o r ig ina l ly e x tended o ver t he b ody , i n tegra ted w i th i nc ised h err ingbone p a t terns , a nd o n t he l a t ter v esse l t here a re f la t tened a pp l ied k nobs a t i n terva ls r ound t he i n terna l b evel .

3 0

T he mos t c o m mon r e l ie f mo t i f i s t he c hevron , wh ich o ccurs o n s o me

t h ir ty v esse ls , u sua l ly a pp l ied t o t he n eck .

T he v esse l f ro m Ag lionby ( Cum 5 )

i s u nusua l i n h av ing a r e l ie f c hevron e x tend ing r igh t u p t o t he r im .

Wh i le a l l

t he c hevrons a ppear t o c ons is t o f a pp l ied r ol ls o f c lay t hey v ary f ro m t h in , p ro m inen t r idges , a s o n t he N ew lands u rn j us t men t ioned o r t he f ragmen t f ro m C a irnbanno ( Abn 4 ) , t o t he more c o m mon t h icker c hevron w i th r ounded c ross s ec t ion ( eg , U dny ( A l an 1 0 ) o r B roo mhouses ( Ov ingham ) ( Nor 3 B ) ) .

T he t r i-

a ngu lar s paces f or med b y t he r e l ief o rna men t a re u sua l ly f i l led w i th i nc ised o r c orded d ecora t ion ;

t he c hevrons t he mse lves , h owever , a re r arely e nr iched

i nt he a rea u nder r ev iew , i n marked c on tras t t o man y o f t he I r ish r e l ie fd ecora ted u rns . The f ew v essels w i th e nr iched c hevrons c o me f ro m B roo mh ouses ( Ov ingha m ) ( Nor 3 B ) ; Humb le ton H i l l ( Dur 3 B ) ; M id T orrs ( W ig 1 ) ; L awpark ( F i f 7B ) ;

R yton ( Dur 4 ) a nd t ha t r epresen ted b y a n u nprovenanced

s herd f ro m B erwicksh ire ( Ber 2 ) :

i n a l l b u t o ne o f t hese t he c hevrons w ere

d ecora ted w i th i nc ised h err ingbone p a t terns o r t ransverse i nc is ions .

On t he

Lawpark u rn , s hor t l eng ths o f c ord were impressed t ransverse ly a cross t he r e l ief o rna men t .

Much c o m moner among t he r e l ie f-decora ted u rns i n t he a rea

u nder r ev iew i s t he t echn ique o f o u t l in ing t he c hevron w i th i nc is ions , c ord o r s ta mped impress ions .

E xa mp les o f c hevrons o u t l ined w i th i ncis ions o ccur o n

2 4

t he v esse ls f ro m Anna th i l l ( Lnk 2 ) a nd L euchar B rae ( Abn 7 ) ;

w i th p la i ted

c ord , o nt he l arger u rn f ro m U dd ings ton ( Lnk 5B ) , a nd w i th c ircu lar i mpress ions o n f our u rns f ro m n or th o f t he F or th ( Be lhe lv ie ( Fi f 2 ) ; ( Ban 2 ) ;

A ber le mno ( Ags 1 ) ;

K i l magad F ar m ( K in 1 ) ) .

H i l l o f D oune

I ti s wor th n o t ing

t ha t t hese c ircu lar impress ions s ee m t o b e ap ar t icu lar ly c o m mon d ecora t ive f ea ture o f u rns i n t he N or th-Eas t , where t hey o ccur o n n o l ess t han 1 4 u rns . The c arefu l i n tegra t ion o f t w is ted c ord d es igns w i th r e l ie f d ecora t ion i s a lso a pparen t ly a f ea ture p ecu l iar t o u rns i n t he a rea u nder r ev iew , a nd i s r epresen ted b y v esse ls f ro m C a irn C urr ( Abn 5 ) , G lenba l loch ( Per 4 ) , Dun ion H i l l ( Box 3 ) a nd F ord ( Nor 7 ) .

3 1

I n t hese v esse ls l inear t w is ted c ord i s

a rranged i n as er ies o f c oncen tr ic s em ic irc les o r t r iang les wh ich f i l l t he i n ters paces o f t he c hevron b u t a lso e x tend o n t o i t .

I ti s n o t iceable t ha t i n e ach o f

t hese v esse ls t w is ted c ord i s t he o n ly d ecora t ive t echn ique emp loyed .

One o f

t he v esse ls f ro m G oa tscrag ( Nor 8A ) migh t a lso b e c ons idered a s b elong ing t o t h is g roup marked b y t he c are fu l u se o f c ord i n c on junc t ion w i th r el ie f , a l though t he r e l ie f a rcad ing worked u p f ro m t he wa l ls o f t he G oa tscrag v esse l s e ts i t a par t f ro m t he o thers men t ioned .

I n h is d iscuss ion o f t he p o t tery f ro m t he

s i te , B urgess c ons idered t ha t t he b es t p ara l le l f or t he r e l ie f a rcades were t hose o na n i nco mp le te v esse l f ro m E dd isbury , C hesh ire 3 2

( 1972 , 4 4 ) .

As

Burgess p oin ted o u t h owever , t he a rcades o n t he E dd isbury p ot were a ppl ied , n o t p inched u p , a nd were i n tegra ted w i th c are fu l ly a ppl ied wh ipped c ord d ec ora t ion i ns tead o f t w is ted c ord .

I ti s wor th n o t ing t h is c o mpar ison s ince t he

E ddisbury v esse l wh ich wou ld f or mer ly h ave b een g rouped w i th Encrus ted U rns , h as r ecen t ly b een a cknow ledged t o b e Grooved Ware ( Sm i th , 1 974 , 1 19 ) : p oss ib le s ign i f icance o f t h is w i l l b e d iscussed b e low .

t he

Apar t f ro m t he a rcad ing

h owever , t he G oa tscrag u rn b ears r easonab le c o mpar ison w i th t he o thers d isc ussed a bove . B osses a re a lso f air ly c o m mon :

t hese o ccur o n t heir o wn o n t he v essels

f ro m L in t law ( Ber 6 ) , Maw m i l l ( K in 2 ) a nd H opr ig ( Ber 5 ) a nd i n tegra ted w i th c hevrons o n t he A ber le mno ( Ags 1 ) , Ag l ionby ( Cu m 5 ) , L i l lies lea f (B ox 2 ) , U dd ings ton ( Lnk 5 B ) , a nd M id T orrs ( W ig 1 ) u rns a nd f ragmen ts .

On ly t he

b osses o nt he M id T orrs v esse l were e nr iched w i th r ad ia l i nc is ions i n t he manner more c harac ter is tic o f t he I r ish r e l ie f-decora ted u rns . R ings o r a pp l ied p e l le ts w i th d epressed c en tres o ccur o n o n ly t wo v essels , t he u rns f ro m G len C loy a nd Da l more , wh ich w e h ave a lready s een t o b e e xc ep t iona l o n t he b as is o f t he ir s hape .

S uch a pp l ied r ings a re more c o m mon

i n I re land , a nd t here a re s evera l e xa mp les o n t he Drumnak i l ly s er ies u rns w i th wh ich t he S co t t ish v essels a ppear t o b e c lose ly r e la ted .

3 3

( see p . 1 9

a bove ) . T he r ings o n t he G len C loy v esse l wou ld h ave b een s e t a long t he l ine o f t he s hou lder c ar ina t ion ; o n t he n eck t here a ppear t o h ave b een p ara l le l o b lique b ars , w i th s lashed d ecora t ion i n t he s paces b e tween .

On t he u rn f ro m

Da l more t he r ings were s et o n t he l ower a ng les o f t he r el ie f c hevron , wh ich was i nt urn s et b e tween a pp l ied h or izon ta l c ordons . embe l l ished w i th s ta mped t r iangu lar impress ions .

The l ower c ordon was T he p resence o f a n a pp l ied

h or izon ta l c ordon j us t a bove t he s hou lder r eca l ls t he N ew lands u rns a nd o nce a gain s erves t o u nder l ine t he e xcep t iona l n a ture o f t hese t hree v esse ls . F ina l ly , i t may b e n o ted t ha t a l l t hree b ear i nc ised d ecora t ion o n t he f la t o r v ir tua l ly f l a t t ops o f t he ir r i ms — a nother r are f ea ture — wh i le t he v essels f ro m N ew lands a nd G len C loy a re t he o n ly e xa mp les o f F ood Vesse l U rns i n t he c a tal ogue w i th i n terna l d ecora t ion b e low t he r im . 2 5

A pp l ied c ordons a re n o t c o m mon :

a par t f ro m t he t wo i ns tances j us t n o ted ,

t hey o ccur i n c on junc t ion w i th b ars a nd a c hevron o n t he B ra i thwa i te v essel ( Cu m 1 ) , w i th c hevrons o n t he u rn f ro m C lachar ie ( Ber 3 ) t o f or m a s p l i tl ozenge mo ti f ,

3 4

a nd s ee m ing ly w i th a n a rrange men t o f b osses a t c lose

i n terva ls o n s herds f ro m T e inds ide ( Rox 5 ). I ncis ions a nd t he u se o f impressed c ord a re t he mos t c o m mon d ecora tive t echn iques emp loyed o nt he u rns u nder c ons idera t ion .

O f t he v ar ious i ncised

t echn iques , o n ly t ha t r epresen ted b y d eep " n icks" o r n o tches i s u nco mmon : b ecause o f i t s n a ture , i ti s o n ly u sed t o emphas ise r a ised mou ld ings o r r i ms . I to ccurs o n t he u rns f ro m Hu mb le ton H i l l ( Dur 3 B ) ( r im ) : ( shou lder a nd r a ised mou ld ing ) ; r a ised mou ld ing ) ;

L in t law ( Ber 6 )

a nd A bden ( F i f 1 ) ( r im a nd s hou lder a nd

a nd A bden ( Fi f 1 ) ( r im a nd s hou lder ) .

The r e ma inder o f t he i nc ised t echn iques were u sed i n ar a ther l im i ted r eper to ire o f s tra igh t-l ine mo t i fs :

a par t f ro m a s er ies o f s tra igh t l i nes ,

l a t t ice , c hevron a nd h err ingbone p a t terns more o r l ess e xhaus t t he r ange . Drawn i nc ised l ines i n t hese p a t terns a re g enera l ly u sed t o d ecora te t he b od ies o f t he v essels o n wh ich t hey o ccur ( eg , C a irngr ief f ( Lnk 3 ) , Anna th i l l ( Lnk 2 A ) ) . Drawn l ines o r s lashes a re r are ly i n tegra ted w i th r e l ie f d ecora t ion i n N or thern B r i ta in :

a par t f ro m t he G len C loy a nd N ew lands u rns a lready n o ted , o n ly t he

v esse l f ro m U dny ( Abn 1 0 ) a nd a s herd f ro m B erkw icksh ire ( Ber 2 ) h ave t h is f ea ture , a ga in i n marked c on tras t t o t he I r ish r e l ie f d ecora ted u rns .

S tabs

o r s hor t i ncis ions a re more f requen t ly u sed t o d ecora te t he i n terspaces o f r e l ie f c hevrons .

The Humb le ton H i l l ( Dur 3B ) , R y ton pur 4 ) a nd O v ingha m

( Nor 3 B ) u rns s how t he r a ther l im i ted r ange o f d es igns a nd a t t he s a me t ime t he v ar ia t ion i n c are o f e xecu t ion o f t he i nc ised o rna men t u sed i n t h is w ay . On u rns w i thou t r e l ie f d ecora t ion , s hor t d rawn i nc is ions a nd s tabs a re n or ma l ly a rranged i n r epe t i t ive h err ingbone mo t i fs wh ich may e x tend f ro m t he r im t o b elow t he s hou lder , o r b e u sed , more e cono m ica lly , t o d ecora te r idges a nd b evels . C ord d ecora t ion i s a lso v ery w idespread .

O f t he v ar ious c ord t echn iques ,

t w is ted c ord i s t he mos t w ide ly emp loyed , t hough i t s u se i s r are n or th o f t he F or th a nd i n t he wes t .

I ti s u sed i n an umber o f ways a nd i nvo lves a s l igh t ly

more v ar ied r eper to ire o f mo ti fs t han a ny o f t he o ther t echn iques :

t hese i n-

c lude h urd le , h err ingbone , c hevron a nd f i l led-tr iang le p a t terns , wh i le t he a rrange men t o f l inear c ord impress ions i n c oncen tr ic s em ic irc les , t r iang les o r s wags i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th r e l ie f o rna men t h as a lready b een n o ted a bove . L inear t w is ted c ord i s u sed t o f or m h urd le p a t terns o n v esse ls f ro m D anby r igg ( Yor 5 ) , Broo mhouses ( Ov ingha m ) ( Nor 3 A ) , t he H i l l o f F ou lzie ( Abn 6B ) , L oanhead o f Dav io t ( Abn 8 C ) , Woodhead o f G arvock ( Per 5A ) , H opr ig ( Ber 5 ) a nd a n u nprovenanced u rn f ro m B erw icksh ire ( Ber 1 ) .

The f i l led-tr iang le

mo t i f i s e ven l ess c o m mon , b e ing o n ly o n t he u rn f ro m H ow le t 's Ha ' ( Ber 9 ) . Ano ther mo t i f r epresen ted o n o n ly o ne o ccas ion i s t he mu l t ip ly-ou t l ined c hevron o n o ne o f t he H i ll o f F ou lzie u rns ( Abn 6A ) .

3 5

The o n ly d is t inc t ive u se o f

l inear t w is ted c ord i s t here fore i t s emp loy men t i n c on junc t ion w i th r e l ie f c hevrons . O therw ise , l inear t w is ted c ord i s u sed s imp ly i n t he f or m o f s ing le o r mu l t ip le h or izon ta l l ines , mos t c o m mon ly o n t he i n terna l b evels o f r ims . An u nusua l b u t d is t inc t ive f ea ture i s t he a rrange men t o f l eng ths o f t w is ted c ord t o f or m a s er ies o f i n terrup ted h or izon ta l l ines o n t he i n ternal b eve ls o f 2 6

v esse ls f ro m Farnha m ( A lwin ton ) ( Nor 6 ) , F ord ( Nor 7 ) a nd S pr ing f ie ld ( Cum 4 A c o mmon u se o f t w is ted c ord i s i n t he f or m o f s hor t i mpress ions , o ccurr ing o n a bou t f i f teen v esse ls .

T hese a re a rranged i n h err ingbone p a t terns o r

j us t r ows o f v er t ica l o r o b l ique impress ions . Tw is ted c ord " horseshoes" a re , h owever , v ery r are , o ccurr ing o n o n ly t hree v essels , f ro m t he H i l l o f F ou lzie ( Abn 6A ) , Woodhead o f G arvock ( Per 5 B ) a nd B erw icksh ire ( Ber 1 ) . The o n ly o ther c o m mon c ord t echn ique i s t he wh ipped c ord maggo t , o ccurr ing o n s o me t wen ty-four v esse ls , n o t i nc lud ing s herds f ro m s and d une s i tes a t Ten ts mu ir ( Fi f 8 ) a nd H edderw ick ( E l t 2 ) .

A l though t he maggo ts o f ten f or m

a minor e lemen t i n t he d ecora t ion , t hey make u p t he p r inc ipa l d ecora t ive s che me i n an u mber o f v esse ls , s uch a s t he u rns f ro m G oa tscrag ( Nor 8 B ) , o r Dunn ichen ( Ags 5 ) .

I ti s n o t iceable t ha t maggo ts a nd t w is ted c ord t echn iques

r arely o ccur t oge ther o n t he s a me v esse l b u t i ncised t echn iques s ee m t o b e f reely p resen t w i th b o th .

B y t he ir n a ture maggo t impress ions c an o n ly b e

u sed t o f or m a r es tr ic ted r ange o f p a t terns :

h err ingbones a nd r ows o f v er t ica l

o r h or izon ta l impress ions make u p t he r ange i n c o m mon u se .

The l a t t ice

p a t tern c o mposed o f l arge wh ipped c ord maggo ts o n t he S harp H owe ( Yor 1 2 ) v essel i s u npara l le led i n t he r e ma inder o f t he F ood V esse l U rns .

L inear

wh ipped c ord i n h or izon ta l l i nes was a lso p resen t o n t he S harp H owe v esse l , a nd t h is i s a no ther a bso lu te ly r are t echn ique , b e ing p resen t d e f in i te ly o n o n ly t wo o ther p ots , t he u rns f rom A bden ( Fi f 1 ) ( wh ipped c ord h err ingbone ) a nd D oune ( Per 2 ) .

N e i ther o f t hese v esse ls i s t ypica l o f t he ma jor i ty o f t he F ood

V esse l U rns u nder c ons idera t ion :

t he o ne f ro m A bden was n o ted a bove a s

p oss ib ly o w ing s o me f ea tures t o t he i n f luence o f I r ish-Sco t t ish V ases ( see

p . 2 0 ).

T he v esse l f ro m D oune i s more u nusua l s t i l l :

i t s z ona l d ecora t ion ,

c ons is t ing o f t r iangu lar j abs a nd wh ipped c ord impress ions , s ugges ts a B eaker i n f luence wh i le t he p ropor t ions o f t he v esse l a re a lso a typica l .

I t was f ound

w i th a sma l ler p o t c ons idered b y t he e xcava tor t o b e aB eaker-Food V esse l h ybr id , a nd i t s ee ms n ot u n l ike ly t ha t t he l arger v esse l r epresen ts t he p roduc t o f as im i lar mix o f c era m ic t rad i t ions . L inear p lai ted c ord i mpress ions 3 6

a re a lso u nco m mon , t hough , p erhaps

s ign i f ican t ly , we l l r epresen ted i n L anarksh ire .

A par t f ro m i t s u se i n h or i-

z on ta l l i nes , p la i ted c ord w as emp loyed t o f or m l a t t ice a nd c hevron p a t terns a t Broo mend o f C r ich ie ( Abn 3 ) a nd U dd ings ton ( Lnk 5 ) r espec t ive ly . As w el l a s o n t hese , s i mp le h or izon ta l l ines a re p resen t o n u rns f ro m A bden ( F i f 1 ) , H igh B us ton ( Nor 1 1A ) a nd F ern iega ir ( Lnk 4A ) . S tamps o f v ar ious k inds a re v ery c o m mon , o ccurr ing o n o ver f or ty v esse ls , b u t i nd iv idua l ly t he ir r epresen ta t ion v ar ies c ons iderably .

The mos t d is tinc t ive

o f t hese a re t r iangu lar a nd c ircu lar impress ions . T r iangu lar s ta mped i mpress ions o f t he t ype f am i l iar o n B ow l F ood V esse ls a re r are , o ccurr ing o n o n ly f our v esse ls , f ro m Da l more ( Ros 1 ) , Anna th i l l ( Lnk 2 A ) , Fern iega ir ( Lnk 4A ) , a nd O ld K enyon ( Lan 2 ) a s s ing le o r mu l t iple r ows . On t he a typ ica l f rag men tary u rn f ro m Ancrum Moor t wo c lose-se t r ows o f t r iangu lar s ta mps f or med a d ebased f a lse-re l ie f p a t tern a round t he s hou lder . The o n ly o ther p oss ible v esse l w i th t rue t r iangu lar s ta mped i mpress ions i s f ro m T ea l ing ( Ags 6 ) t hough t he d ecora t ion i s u neven a nd h aphazard .

2 7

O therw ise

t r iangu lar i mpress ions a ppear t o h ave b een e f fec ted w i th t he e dge o f as pa tul a te imp le men t j abbed o r p ressed i n to t he c lay a t a n a ng le , a s o n u rns f ro m L oanhead o f D av io t ( Abn 8 B ) , G ar ton S lack ( Yor 6 ) o r Naw ton ( Yor 1 0 ) . C ircu lar i mpress ions h ave a lready b een n o ted a bove a s a pparen t ly b eing p ar t icu lar ly we l l r epresen ted n or th o f t he F or th .

S im i lar c ircu lar i mpres-

s ions o ccur s porad ica l ly o n v esse ls f ur ther s ou th a s we l l , b u t n ever i n tegra ted w i th r e l ie f d ecora t ion i n t he d is t inc t ive way o f t he v esse ls f ro m t he H i l l o f D oune , A ber le mno , K i l magad Far m a nd B e lhe lv ie . C ircu lar impress ions a re p resen t o n u rns f ro m Hu t ton Busce l ( Yor 1 3 ) a nd C a tchers ide ( Nor 4 ) , a nd o n t he i nco mp le te v esse l f ro m C aw thorn C a mps w here t hey a re i n tegra ted w i th t w is ted c ord l ines t o f or m a n u nusua l a l terna t ing p a t tern .

T here i s s o me

v ar ia t ion i n d e ta i l i n t he f or m o f t he c ircu lar i mpress ions :

s o me , s uch a s

t hose o n t he Hu t ton Busce l u rn , h ave a pparen t ly b een j abbed i n to t he c lay a t a n a ng le w i th a b lun t p o in ted imple men t , wh i le o thers , more c o m mon i n t he N or th-Eas t , a re c y l indr ica l h o les , p unched b y at oo l t ha t d rove t he c lay s tra igh t d own .

The u se o f ab one , r eed , o r s t ick s ee ms mos t l ike ly .

B one — a nd s t ick — e nd impress ions a re p resen t o n a bou t ad ozen v essels b u t v ary i n d e ta i l :

u n l ike t he d eeper c ircu lar impress ions j us t men t ioned t hey

r arely f or m t he p r inc ipa l e le men t i n t he d ecora t ion , b u t more u sua l ly a re u sed t o emphas ise t he s hou lder ( eg , Hu mb le ton H i l l ( Dur 3 B ) )o r r idges ( eg , S pr ingf ie ld ( Cum 4 ) )o r t o d ecora te t he r im b eve ls .

The u rn f ro m R yton i s u nusua l

i n h av ing a v ery c are fu l ly e xecu ted d ecora t ive s che me i nvo lv ing i nc is ions , maggo ts , b one-end i mpress ions a nd a r e l ie f c hevron a nd g rooves . F ingerna i l impress ions a re n ot c o m mon a nd i n s o me c ases t hey s ee m t o h ave b een a cciden ta l ly i ncorpora ted i n to t he c lay ( eg , D enbea th ( Fi f 5 B )

.

The o n ly d is t inc t ive u se o f f inger-na i l a nd f ingertip d ecora t ion i s r epresen ted b y t he o rna men t o f t he v esse ls f ro m C a l lange ( F i f 3 ) a nd Mi l l o f Marcus ( Ags 4 ) . G rooved a nd c hanne l led l ines a re a lso u nco m mon a nd a re n or ma l ly emp loyed t o d ecora te t he b od ies o f t he v esse ls o n wh ich t hey o ccur ( eg , C a l lange ( F i f 3 ) ) a l though e ven t hen t he u se o f i nc ised l ines i s more c o mmon .

T he b road

g rooves o f o ne o f t he v esse ls f ro m Denbea th ( F i f 5A ) h ave a lready b een n o ted a s e xcep t iona l ( see p . 1 9 a bove ) ;

t he c are fu l ly e f fec ted g rooves o n t he R y ton

v esse l ( Dur 4 ) a re a lso u nusua l , a nd u npara l le led i n t he r es t o f t he u rns i n t he c a ta logue .

3 7

I ti s wor th men t ion ing a t t h is p oin t t ha t d ecora t ion o f ten e x tends b e low t he s hou lder , f requen t ly a s ac on t inua t ion o f t he d ecora t ion o n t he u pper p ar t , b u t a l l-over d ecora t ion i s r are .

F e l l h owever , h as d rawn a t ten t ion t o t he a pparen t

p re ference o f p o t ters i n t he N or th- Wes t o f Eng land f or a l l-over d ecora t ion , a nd h as s een i n t h is a r e f lect ion o f t he s urv iva l o f L a te N eo l i th ic t rad i t ions ( 1967, 1 9-20 ).

T he f our c o mp le te v esse ls f ro m C umber land d o a l l h ave t h is

f ea ture , t hough t he d is t inc t ive r us t ica t ion o f t he H ow H i l l ( Cunv . 2A ) u rn i s e xc ep t iona l . T he o n ly o ther e xa mp le o f s ha llow r us t ica t ion i s o n t he v esse l f ro m H opr ig ( Ber 5 ) t hough h ere , p ar t o f t he b ody i s l e f t p la in . T h is s che me , whereby a n u ndecora ted a rea i s l e f t o n t he b ody s ee ms t o b e ar are f ea ture o f F ood V esse ls : t he o n ly o ther e xa mples o f u rns w i th t h is f ea ture a re t he p o ts f ro m U dny ( Abn 1 0 ) a nd T i l l icou l try ( C la 1 ) . 38

2 8

i i

Fabr ic The v essels c overed i n t h is s urvey a re g enera l ly i n ar easonab ly h ard

c oarse w are ,

u sua l ly l i gh t b rown/bu f f t o r edd ish b rown i n c o lour e x terna l ly .

T he i nner s ur face i s n or ma l ly d ark , v arying f ro m b rown t o g rey o r b lack . T he p as te h as a d ark c ore , u sua l ly a l mos t b lack , a nd i s t e mpered w i th g r i t , v arying c ons iderab ly i n q uan t i ty a nd q ua l i ty .

The g r i ts u sed a ppear t o v ary

a ccord ing t o l oca l g eo logy a s much a s a ny th ing ( n ot s urpr is ing ly ) w i th i ns tances o f c ha lk g r i t b eing f ound i n Y orksh ire , a nd s tone c o m mon e verywhere e lse . N o d e fin i te i ns tance o f t he u se o f c rushed p o t was n o t iced .

D esp i te t he u se o f

l arge q uan t i t ies o f g r i t i n many c ases , t he s ur faces o f t he v esse ls a re g enera l ly f a ir ly w e l l smoothed ,

a nd t he p o ts h ave c lear ly b een t rea ted p r ior t o f ir ing .

The p rec ise f or m o f t h is p re-f ir ing t rea t men t d oes n o t r ea l ly s ee m t o h ave b een s e t t led a s y e t b u t f o l lowing h is s tud ies o f p reh is tor ic p o t tery , H odges c oncluded t ha t t rue " s l ips" w ere a bso lu te ly r are , a nd t ha t a s ar u le a " we th and f in ish" was emp loyed ( 1 966 , 1 20 ) . o f t he v esse ls u nder r ev iew .

Th is s ee ms t o b e t he c ase f or mos t

T he u rn f ro m A bden h as b een t rea ted i n ad i f-

f eren t f ash ion f or o n ly t he u pper p ar t was smoothed , t o p rov ide a p erhaps d el i bera te c on tras t w i th t he b ody . A sma l l n u mber o f v esse ls s tand o u t o n a ccoun t o f t he f iner q ua l i ty o f t he ir f abr ic a nd f in ish

The g lossy r edd ish c o lour a nd we l l smoo thed e x ter iors o f

t he t wo v essels f ro m Denbea th ( Fi f 5 ) may owe s o me th ing t o B eaker p o t t ing t rad i t ions .

The s played f oot o f t he sma l ler v esse l i s u nusua l a nd migh t b e

t aken t o s uppor t t h is l i nk .

As n o ted a bove ( p . 1 9) s uch f ea tures a re c lear ly

u nder-represen ted b ecause o f t he o f ten i nco mp le te n a ture o f t he u rns .

3 9

A lso n o ted a s e xcep t iona l v esse ls were t he t wo u rns f ro m U dd ings ton ( Lnk 5 ) t he sma l ler o f wh ich ApS i mon h as e ven d irec t ly c o mpared w i th B icon ica l U rns i n t he s ou th , o n t he b as is o f i t s f or m a nd f abr ic ( 1972 , 1 43-5 ) .

F ina l ly , t he

f rag men tary v esse l f ro m G len C loy , wh ich was s een t o b e d i f feren t o n a ccoun t o f i ts f or m a nd d ecora t ion , i s a lso e xcep tiona l i n t er ms o f i t s v ery h ard , t h in f abr ic w i th a g r i t ty t ex ture ;

i ti s p erhaps ma tched i n t h is r espec t b y as herd

f ro m L uce S ands a lso w i th a pp l ied p ara l le l b ars , b u t t hey d i f fer i n s hape . " C ons truc tion t echn iques may b e men t ioned b r ief ly :

where n o t iced ,

4 1

t he

e vidence i s c ons is ten t , a nd w i thou t e xcep t ion t he v esse ls a ppear t o h ave b een r ing-bu i l t .

The u nder-represen ta t ion o f b ases i s u n for tuna te , b u t t he f ew

c o mp le te e xa mp les s ugges t t ha t t he l ower wa l l was f or med b y d raw ing u p c lay f ro m t he b ase , ap rocedure wh ich o ccas iona l ly r esu l ted i n t he f or ma t ion o f a n i n terna l b oss ( e .g ., D enbea th ( Fi f 5 ) ) .

The p o ts were b u i l t u p b y as er ies o f

s tr ips , w i th a dd i t iona l f i l le ts a dded t o f or m t he r i ms o r r idges , n ot o n ly t o g ive g rea ter t h ickness b u t a lso s uppor t .

T ex t f igure 3 s hows s ec t ions o f v esse ls

o n wh ich b u i ld ing l ines h ave b een n o ted :

t he u rns f ro m B a lrown ie were f u l ly

d iscussed i n t h is r espec t b y S tevenson i n h is r epor t o n t he p o t tery ( 1 940-1 , 2 11-12 ) . 42 S u mmary I tm igh t b e wor thwh i le a t t h is s tage t o s u m mar ise wha t a ppear t o b e t he main p o in ts t ha t emerge f ro m t he p reced ing s urvey o f t he p o t tery . T ak ing f or ma l c harac ter is t ics t o b e a ma jor c r i ter ion f or t he d e f in i t ion o f ag roup p o t t ing t rad i t ion , t here i s l i t t le d oub t t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f t he v esse ls 2 9

P ER 2

DUR 6

B

A AGS 2

T ex t f i g. 3 .

F ood V essel U rns w ith e v idence o fb u ild ing l ines

90

a re c lose ly l inked t o t he Y orksh ire F ood V esse ls , b y t heir b as ic b ipar t i te s hape a nd t heir c ave t to z ones , g rooves a nd f requen t b ars o r s tops r eca l l ing t he c lass ic Yorksh ire Vases .

A t t he s a me t ime , t he U rns t end t o b e much

more c ons is ten t ly v ase-l ike i n t heir p ropor t ions , a nd t he s qua t ter o pen s hape i s r are .

T he r e la t ionsh ip w i th Yorksh ire F ood V essels i s c on f ir med b y t he

p redo m inan t d ecora t ive t echn iques a nd p a t terns , c ons is t ing o f ar a ther l im i ted r eper to ire o fs hor t-l ine mo t i fs e f fec ted ( f or t he mos t p ar t ) i n c ord a nd i nc ised t echn iques .

Aga ins t t h is r a ther l im i ted r ange , t he r are a nd e xcep t iona l d e-

c ora t ive s che mes s tand o u t f a ir ly c lear ly . I nt he p as t r e l ief d ecora t ion was t he c r i ter ion b y wh ich Encrus ted U rns were s e t a par t b u t b y p lacing more emphas is o n f or ma l c harac ter is t ics o f t he v esse ls o n wh ich i to ccurs - i n t he a rea

u nder r ev iew - t hey c an f or t he mos t

p ar t a lso b e s een t o b e r e la ted t o t he s a me Y orksh ire F ood Vesse l t radi t ion . Wha tever t he s ource o f t he r el ie f d ecora t ion i t se lf , t he c orded , i nc ised a nd s ta mped t echn iques w i th wh ich i ti s i n tegra ted a re c ons is ten t w i th t h is l ink . The e xcept iona l v esse ls a re s e t a par t b y r ecurr ing d i f ferences i n f or m , d ecora t ion a nd o ccas iona l ly f abr ic .

Ag roup o f t hree v esse ls a l l f ro m t he

Wes t , a re s ee m ing ly r ela ted t o I r ish u rns a ppropria te t o t he I r ish-Sco t t ish v ase g roup ; o ther v esse ls h ave f ea tures s ugges t ing i n f luences f ro m t he B eak er , B ow l F ood V essel a nd C o l lared U rn t rad i t ions , b u t t hese a re a bsolu te ly r are , a nd t he o vera l l impress ion o f ac ons is ten t b ody o f u rns r e la ted t o Yorksh ire Food V esse ls i s u nchanged .

3 1

CHAPTER 3 BUR IAL R ITE AND CONTEXT

The d e ta i ls o f t he c on tex t o f t he u rns a re v ery v ar iab le a nd r are ly c o mp le te . T h is l ack o f c ons istency makes f or a v ery f ragmen tary p icture a nd i ti s d if f icu l t t o make w ide-rang ing c o mpar isons o r d raw f i rm c onc lus ions .

I ts eemed t ha t

t he b est way t o a pproach t h is p rob le m was t o b reak d own t he a va i lab le d eta i ls i nto d if feren t c a tegor ies a ccord ing t o t he n a ture o f t he s i te , t he c on tex t o f t he F ood Vesse l Urn (s) w i th in t he s i te , a nd t he p osit ion o f t he u rn ( Tex t f i g . 4a nd Append ix ) a nd t ry t o c orre la te t he e v idence a s much a s p oss ib le i n t he t ex t . O ver h a lf o f t he u rns f or wh ich t here a re a ny d e ta i ls o f c on tex t c ome f ro m b arrows o r c a irns .

I n many i nstances t here i s n o more t han a r ecord o f t he

u rn h av ing c o me f ro m a t u mu lus, b u t i n t he c ase o f many v esse ls f rom t he N or th o f Eng land f u l ler a ccoun ts a re f orthco m ing , t hanks l arge ly t o t he more c arefu l e xcava t ions o f G reenwe l l a nd Mor t i mer . A l l o ft he Yorksh ire s i tes wh ich h ave p roduced F ood Vesse l Urns, f or wh ich t here a re d e ta i ls o f c on tex t , a re b arrows . O f t he s i tes o n t he Wo lds, o n ly Cot N ab h as b een e xcava ted r ecen t ly , b u t i tu n for tuna te ly r e ma ins u npub l ished ( see p . 1 6) . The F ood Vesse l U rns f ro m t he r e ma inder o f t he Wo lds B arrows were e xcava ted b y Mor t i mer o r G reenwe l l , a part f rom t he v esse l f rom ab arrow o n War ter Wo ld ( Yor 1 4) o pened b y S i lburn , f or wh ich t here i s o n ly t he p rove nance . A t B lanch Barrow C 90 ( Yor 1 ) a nd Ca la is Wo ld Barrow 1 00 ( Yor 2 ) , t he u rns a ppear t o h ave f u lf i l led a ccessory r o les t o c rema t ion b ur ia ls.

A t t he

f ormer s i te , t he u rn was a t o ne e nd o f a n o va l g rave c on ta in ing t he c rema t ion , wh ich was a ssoc ia ted w ith a f l in t k n ife . A t t he l a t ter s i te , t he v esse l l ay 6 " f ro m t he r e ma ins o f a wooden c on ta iner , p oss ib ly a c of f in , c on ta in ing a n =b urn t s ku l l i n a dd it ion t o t he c re ma t ion d epos it .

T he u rn i t se lf was i nverted

o n awooden "p ave men t" 1 8" i n d ia me ter , wh ich p resu mab ly f u lf i l led a s im il ar f unct ion t o t he s tone s labs f ound u nder u rns i n t he H igh land Z one .

I na ny

c ase i ti s ar em inder t ha t t races o f o rgan ic c overs s hou ld b e b orne i n m ind when e xcava t ing u rn b ur ia ls . 43 T hese a re t he o n ly t wo i nstances o f F ood V esse l Urns a cco mpany ing c re ma t ions i n a n a ccessory r o le . The S harp Howe v esse l h as a lready b een n oted a s b e ing o ne o f t he sma l lest v esse ls i nc luded i n t he c a ta logue a nd a s b e ing e xcep t iona l i n i t s a ssoc ia t ion w i th a n i nhuma t ion . T he b arrow i n wh ich i t was f ound was l arger t han t he o ther Wo lds barrows p roduc ing F ood Vesse l Urns, a nd t he o n ly o ne w i th a n e labora te c o mpos i t ion i nvo lv ing a k erb a nd c ha lk c app ing .

The o n ly o ther v esse l d ef in ite ly a ssoc i-

a ted w ith a n i nhu ma t ion i s t he p o t f ro m Grea t T osson ( Nor 9 ) , a lso o ne o f t he sma l lest v esse ls i nc luded i n t he c a ta logue .

I f , a s i ta ppears, t hese v esse ls

a re r ea l ly d ist ingu ished f ro m t he b u lk o f F ood Vesse ls o n ly o n t he b as is o f t he ir s ize , t hen i ts ee ms r easonab le t o s uggest t ha t t hey j ust r epresen t e xcep t iona l 3 2

Na ture o f s i te

N o . o f s i tes

Barrow/Ca irn

4 2

S and g rave l r idge/mound

1 4

Rock S he lter

2

Enc losed c re ma t ion c e me tery

1

R ing Ca irn

2

S tone C irc le

3

Henge ( + s tone c irc le ) F la t c re ma t ion c e me tery

1 5

F lat C ist C e metery

4

S et t le men t

1

S and-dunes

3

Unknown/Stray f inds ( probab ly i nc l .

"f la t u rn b ur ia ls" )

3 0

C on tex t o f Urn Capstone

1 8

On s lab

1 9

On p av ing

4

I n c a irn/ barrow mound

1 3

Be low g round s ur face

3 6

On g round s ur face

4

C ist

2 6

P it

1 9

Unknown

4 5

Pos it ion o f Urn Unknown

7 5

I nver ted

5 1

O ther

4 Bur ia l r i tes a nd c on tex t ( m in i mu m n o ' s .o f o ccurrences) T ex t f ig. 4 .

3 3

c ases o f s e lect ion o f s o mewha t l arger v esse ls t han u sua l f or a ccessory r oles, r a ther t han F ood V esse ls i n t he i n it ia l s tages o f "e n large men t" . T he t wo u rns s erv ing a s a ccessory v esse ls t o c re ma t ions a re p oss ibly more s ign if ican t , a nd s treng then t he impress ion o ne g ets o f t he r ar ity o f F ood Vess e l U rn b ur ia l o n t he Wo lds a s a who le . 44 A par t f ro m t he v esse l f ro m K nap ton ( Yor 9 ) a bout wh ich n oth ing i s k nown , o n ly t wo o ther F ood V esse l Urns h ave b een f ound i n t he a rea d esp i te t he e x tens ive b arrow-d igg ing work o f G reenwe l l , Mor t i mer a nd o thers . A t Gar ton S lack ( Yor 6 ) t he u rn c on ta ined t he s o le b ur ia l f ound i n t he sma l l b arrow C 58 , a nd was p robab ly p r i mary . A t Hugga te Wo ld Barrow 2 25 ( Yor 8 ) , t he u rn a ppears t o h ave b een a s econdary d epos i t : i t was i nver ted o ver a c re ma t ion a t t he c orner o f ag rave wh ich h ad b een r eused a t l east o nce .

T he c en tra l g rave a t Ca la is Wo ld Barrow 1 00 a lso

s ee med t o h ave b een u sed o n more t han o ne o ccasion . I ti s o n ly r e la t ive ly r ecen t ly t ha t f u l l r ecogn it ion h as b een g iven t o t he f act t ha t t he d epos it ion o fb ur ia ls a nd c onstruct ion o fb arrows a nd c a irns w ere p ar ts o f ac o mp lex c on t inu ing p rocess r a ther t han a s ing le a ct ( Petersen , 1 972 , p ass im ) . A t t he s ame t ime t he i dea o f t he b arrow o r c a irn a s ac e met ery h as b een e ndorsed b y r ecen t w ork i n t he H igh land Z one b o th i n Br ita in a nd I re land ( Wadde l l , 1 970 , 9 9 ; L ynch , 1 971, 5 4) . T h is e f fect ive ly means t ha t u rns c an n o l onger b e t aken o u t o f t he ir s i te c on tex t o n t he g rounds o fb e ing "s econdary" b ur ia ls u nre la ted t o t he p rev ious h istory o fu se o f t he s i te , t hough t h is may o f ten h ave b een t he c ase .

I ti s s ign if icant t herefore t ha t an umber

o f F ood V esse l U rns, a lready s een t o b e c lose ly r e la ted t o F ood Vesse ls , h ave b een f ound o n s i tes wh ich s ee m t o f i t t he d escr ip t ion "c e me tery- mounds" , s ince i th as r ecen t ly b een p o in ted o u t t ha t "l i ke t he c ist , t he c e me tery- mound s hou ld b e g enera l ly c ons idered a f oodvesse l p heno menon" ( Wadde l l, 1 970 , 1 01) . I n N or th Yorksh ire , t he b arrow a t H inderwe l l Beacon ( Yor 7 ) c on ta ined a t l east s even c re ma t ion d epos its a l l a tv ar ious d istances w ith in a n e nc irc l ing wa l l 3 0 ' i n d iame ter a nd c o mposed o f l arge s tones . A l l b ut o ne o f t he b ur ia ls were o n o r a bove t he n a tura l s ur face b ut a pparen t ly o n ly o ne o f t he m was p rotected i n a ny way , a par t f ro m t he u rned c re ma tion . A lthough d eta i ls o f t he s tra t igraphy o r e ven t he p lan o f t he s i te a re wan t ing , i ts ee ms n ot u nreas onab le t o c ons ider t he s i te a s ac e metery- mound . I no ther r espects, t he b arrow s ee ms t o b e long t o at ype wh ich a ppears t o b e c harac ter ist ic o f N or th Yorksh ire . 45 T he o ther t wo u rns f ro m t he a rea , f or w h ich t here a re d e ta i ls o f c on tex t , c o me f ro m ab arrow o n D anby R igg ( Yor 5 ) a nd t he n or thernmost o f t he T hree Tre mb lers g roup , But ton Busce l ( Yor 1 3) . T hese b arrows s hare t he i n terna l k erbs o r "wa l ls" o f t he H inderwe l l b arrow , wh i le o n ly c re ma t ion b ur ia ls were f ound , i n k eep ing w i th t he a pparen t o r thodoxy o f r i te o f t he a rea . A t H u t ton B usce l , t he u rn was t he o n ly b ur ia l f ound : i t was n ear t he s ur face a nd o u tw ith t he k erb a nd t here a re , t herefore , more g rounds t o s uppose i t was al a ter i nser t ion i n to t he mound . A t t he Danby R igg b arrow , t he s herds o f t he u rn c ou ld h ave b een i ncorpora ted i n o r i nser ted i nto t he c a irn . I n D urham f our o f t he s ix s i tes were d ef in ite ly b arrows, b u t d e ta i ls a re a va i lab le o n ly f or C op t H i l l ( Dur 1 ) a nd Hast ing H i l l ( Dur 2 ) .

B oth were s i tu-

a ted o n t he magnes ian l imestone h i l ls o ver look ing t he mou th o f t he Wear , a nd a ppear t o h ave b een c o mpos ite b arrows o f m ixed s o i l a nd s tone c onstruct ion . A t Hast ing H i l l t here were 6 c ists, h a lf w i th i nhu ma t ions ; 3 4

af ur ther i nhu ma t ion

I n a n o va l g rave ; a nd t wo c re ma t ions n ear t he s ur face , o ne o f wh ich was i n t he F ood V esse l U rn , i t se lf p rotected b y ar ough "c ist". W ith 3 - 4 c rouched i nhu ma t ions, n ot s pec if ica l ly i n c ists;

a n i nhu ma t ion i n ac ist ;

a nd t wo c re-

ma t ion d eposits, o ne o f t he m u nurned , t he s i te a t C op t H i l l a lso s ee ms t o b ear c o mpar ison w ith t he Hast ing H i l l b arrow i n t he g enera l n a ture o f t he ir b ur ia l r i tes . S avory i nc luded t he H ast ing H i l l s i te i n h is l i st o f mu lt ip le-c ist c a irns ( 1972 , 1 35) b ut t he u se o f t h is r a ther s pec if ic t erm o bscures t he g enera l s im il ar it ies i n r i te b e tween s uch b arrows, a nd Wadde l l h as a dvoca ted t he u se o f t he l ess s pec if ic t erm "c e me tery- mound" ( 1970 , 1 00 n ote 3 9) . I n v iew o f t he p robab ly N eo l ith ic b ackground f or mu lt ip le b ur ia ls i n r ound b arrows , i ti s i n terest ing t o n ote t ha t C op t H i l l was o r ig ina l ly a Neo l i th ic r ound b arrow w ith a c re ma t ion d epos it .

4 6

Trech mann t hough t t ha t t he o r ig i-

n a l b arrow may h ave b een mod if ied o r e n larged a t t he t ime o f t he l a ter r e-use o f t he s i te [ or c on t inu ing u se? ] ( 1 914 , 19) .

A t C op t H i l l , t he F ood V esse l

Urn was n ear t he s ur face a nd may h ave b een o ne o f t he l ast i n termen ts p r ior t o t he "c lose-down" o f t he s i te ( f or s epu lchra l p urposes a t a ny r a te) u n t i l i t s r enewed u se i n Ang lo-Saxon/Ear ly C hr ist ian t imes f or a n e x tended i nhu ma t ion . T he b arrow o n N oon H il l n ear B o lton h ad b een d isturbed a t t he c en tre b u t i n t he o ne q uadran t t ha t wa s more o r l ess f u l ly e xcava ted t here were f our c rema t ion d epos its, o ne o f t hem i nurned ( Lan 3 ) a nd a l l a pparen t ly i n t he b asa l l ayer o ft he c a irn . S im i lar e v idence f or mu lt ip le b ur ia ls i n p resen t i n N or thu mber land . Greenwe l l r ecords d iscover ies a t t he p robab le s i te o f ac a irn a t B roo mhouses , Ov ingham where t here w ere f our c ists ( two c on ta in ing c re ma t ions) a nd t wo i nu rned c re ma t ions ( Nor 3 A , B ) . B oth u rns h ad c apstones: t he d ep th b e low t he s ur face o f t he sma l ler u rn s uggests i t may h ave b een i n ap i t .

O n t he c oast

a t Amb le ( Nor 1 ) a bou t t wen ty c ists were d iscovered a nd many o f t he m s ee m t o h ave b een u nder a l arge o va l c a irn .

The u rn f ragmen ts were n o t f ound i n

t he ir c on tex t b u t t he f ac t t ha t t he v esse l was s a id b y t he q uarry workmen t o h ave b een b roken b yt he c o l lapse o f i t s c apstone s uggested t o t he i nvest iga tor o f t he s i te t ha t i th ad p robab ly b een i n ac ist ( Tho mpson , 1 882-4, 5 23) . U sefu l i n forma t ion a bout t he S cot t ish s i tes i s r are , b u t o ne o r t wo s i tes d o s ee m t o e x tend t he d istr ibut ion o f t he "c e me tery- mound" t o t he N or th-East . A t C lachar ie ( Ber 3 ) e xcava t ion r evea led t hree c ists a nd t hree u nurned c rema t ions s et w ith in a n e gg-shaped e nc losure wa l l w ith t hree "c ross-passages". The d escr ip t ion o f t he e nc losure s uper f ic ia l ly r eca l ls t he p lan o f t he L oanhead o f Dav iot e nc losed c e me tery , b ut t here a re n o t d e ta i ls o f t he s ize o f t he Berw icksh ire s i te n or a p lan a nd t he c o mpar ison may n ot b e a l l t ha t c lose . T he c a irn a t Teinds ide (Rox 5 ) a ppears t o h ave c overed f our c ists a nd a c en tra l p it g rave , b u t t he e x tan t p ot tery , wh ich i nc ludes F ood V esse l f ragmen ts, u n for tuna te ly c annot b e a l loca ted t o s pec if ic f ea tures.

A t t he H i l l o f F ou lz ie 't urn ing-

o ver ' o f t he mound r evea led t wo c ists, a B eaker , al arge F ood V esse l o r sma l l Urn a nd t hree v ery l arge u rns ( Abn 6 ) . S o me measure o f t he n a ture o f t he e xcava t ion i s o bta ined f ro m t he f act t ha t t he i nvest iga tor o f t he s i te c ons idered t wo o ft he u rns ( A a nd C ) t o b e a ssoc ia ted w i th a ccessory v esse ls . T he s upp osed a ccessory v esse ls , t he Beaker a nd a sma l ler u rn were , h owever , "a bou t 3y ards" away f ro m e ach o f t he ur ns.

3 5

A l though d e ta i ls o f S tra t igraphy o r e ven p lans a re h ard ly e ver a va i lab le t he s i tes j ust men t ioned c an b e s een a s h av ing a t l east s o me o f t he c haracteri s t ics o f c e me tery- mounds . 47 Deta i ls o f many o f t he o ther b arrows o r c a irns a re wan t ing o r amb iguous, a nd t here i s n o d oubt t ha t t h is t ype o f s i te i s u nderr epresen ted .

4 8

A t s o me o ther b arrows wha t i n for ma t ion t here i s s uggests d ifferen t b ur ia l p rac t ices , b u t i ti s d if f icu lt t o a ssess t o wha t e x ten t t he p oor q ua lity o f e xcavat i on a nd r ecord ing a ccoun ts f or t he a pparen t v ar ia t ions . A t af ew s i tes t he e v idence i s more i n k eep ing w ith t he i dea o f "p r imary" a nd "s econdary" b ur ia ls, b u t t h is n eed n ot p rec lude t he i dea o f c on t inu i ty .

The u rn f ro m R ose-

b rough ( Nor 1 2 ) was f ound i nver ted o n wha t t urned o u t t o b e t he c apstone o f a c ist c on ta in ing a n i nhu ma t ion w ith a Beaker . T he p resence o f t he u rn i m med ia te ly o ver a n e ar l ier g rave r eca l ls t he c on tex t o f t he H ugga te Wo ld ( Yor 8 ) v esse l ( p . 5 6) a nd i tm igh t s ee m r easonab le t o i n fer f ro m s uch s i tua t ions t he f ormer e x istence o f g rave markers 49 a t l east i n s o me c ases, a l though t he l oca t ion o ft he c en tra l g rave d e l ibera te ly o r a cc iden ta l ly wou ld n ot b e t oo d iff i cu lt i n t he c ase o f a sma l l c a irn a s a t R osebrough .

A t Cha t ton S andy ford

( Nor 5 ) o ne o f t he f ew p roper ly e xcava ted s i tes, e x tens ive d isturbance made i n terpre ta t ion o f t he l a ter p ar t o ft he s equence o fb ur ia l a nd c onstruct ion d iff i cu l t . T he i n it ia l s equence o f t wo Beaker b ur ia ls i n p i t g raves a ppears t o h ave b een f o l lowed b y t he c onstruct ion o f ac a irn .

S ubsequen t e n largemen t o f

t he c a irn a nd t he a dd it ion o f ac arefu l ly b u i lt k erb , at h ird p it g rave w ith a l a te B eaker a nd i nhu ma t ion , a n u rned a nd a n u . nurned c rema t ion were a l l e qua l ly s econdary f ea tures s tra t igraph ica l ly .

A lthough i t was i n ferred t ha t t he c re-

ma t ions h ad s ucceeded t he t h ird B eaker b ur ia l, t he e xcava tor p o in ted o u t t ha t t hey n eed n o t n ecessar i ly h ave b een f ar r e moved i n t ime ( Jobey , 1 968 , 3 2 ) . T he c a irn a t H opr ig ( Ber 5 ) was a nother s i te w ith a more o bv ious ly p r i mary g rave wh ich was a ssoc ia ted w ith B eaker p ot tery , a l though i tc on ta ined n o t race o f ab ur ia l .

Aga in h owever t he s equence i s u nc lear .

T he F ood Vesse l U rn

was d iscovered a t a n u nspec if ied d istance f ro m t he c oncen tra t ion o f s tones t aken t o r epresen t t he ma in c a irn . The e xcava tor c onsidered t ha t t he F ood V esse l Urn , a nd a nother u rn , wh ich h as n o t s urv ived , were b oth o utw ith t he l im its o f t he c a irn a nd u nder t he ir own sma l l mounds ( Hardy , 1 887-9, 1 33 ) . T he s i te a t H opr ig was s i tua ted o n as and a nd g rave l mound o n as l igh t r idge . F ood Vesse l U rns h ave b een f ound i n n a tura l mounds o n an u mber o f o ccas ions, b u t b ecause t hey a re n orma l ly d iscovered d ur ing t he c o m merc ia l e x tract ion o ft he d epos its, t he c ircu mstances o f t he f inds a re r are ly k nown . T he c ho ice o f s i te i s c o m mon t o many c ist b ur ia ls a nd o ther u rn t ypes a s w e l l : K irk a nd McKenz ie c ons idered i tl i ke ly t ha t t he d istr ibu t ion o f f i nds was a t rue r ef lect ion o f t he p reference o f t he c o m mun it ies i nvo lved f or s et t le men t o n l i gh t , f ree ly d ra ined s o i ls, n ot j ust t he i nc idence o f c o mmerc ia l w ork ing o f t he d ep os its . A t t he s ame t ime t hey a dver ted t o t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t i t was, p ar t ly a t l east , t he t u mu lusl ike s hape o f t he mounds t ha t a t tracted t he ir u sers ( 1 9556 , 2 ) A l l t he v esse ls f ro m C u mber land f or wh ich t here a re a ny d e ta i ls o f c ont ex t were d iscovered i n g lac ia l s and a nd g rave l r idges . T he c on tex t o f o n ly o ne o f t he v esse ls f ro m H ow H i l l ( Cu m 2 A) i s k nown , a nd i ts ee ms l i ke ly i t was i n ap it .

O n t he b as is o f t he s and-free n a ture o f t he c re ma t ion i tc on ta ined

3 6

F e l l i n ferred t he u rn h ad b een i nver ted ( 1 967 , 1 7 ) . N o t race o f ab ur ia l was f ound w i th t he v esse l f ro m S pr ing f ie ld ( Cu m 4 ) . A t Ag l ionby ( Cu m 5 ) t he r el i ef d ecora ted u rn was o ne o f an u mber o f v esse ls f or m ing a f la t c re ma t ion c e me tery , t hough i n o ne a ccoun t i ti s s pec if ica l ly r ecorded a s h av ing b een f ound s ome d istance f ro m t he o thers .

B u ' l ock p lausib ly s uggested t ha t t he

v esse ls f ro m Ne therha l l ( Cum 3 ) h ad f ormed p ar t o f af la t c re ma t ion c e me tery ( 1 961, 4 2 )b ut i n f act t here a re n o d e ta i ls o f t he ir c on tex t ( Hodgson , 1 957 , 1 ) . I n S co t land t here a re d e ta i ls o f t he c on tex t o f t he F ood Vesse l Urns i n s evera l o ft hese n a tura l mounds, b u t t hey o n ly h e lp t o c onf irm t he i mpression o f c ons iderab le v ar ie ty i n r i te .

A t L euchar Brae ( Abn 7 ) , t he u rn was i nver t-

e d o n ab ed o f p ebb les i n an a tura l mound o f s and . The v esse l f ro m New lands ( Lnk 6 ) w as a lso i nver ted o n ap repared b ed o f wa ter-worn p ebb les , b ut o therw ise t he v esse ls a nd c on tex ts a re d iss im i lar .

I ti s i n terest ing t o n ote t ha t

f our o ft he f i ve s i tes i n A ngus f or wh ich t here a re a ny d e ta i ls were a pparen t ly n a tura l moands. O n ly o ne o f t he t wo u rns f ro m t he g rave l r idge a t Ba lrown ie ( Ags 2 ) w as e xcava ted i n s i tu b ut b oth a ppeared t o h ave b een d epos ited i nver ted i n s i mp le p i ts.

T he v esse l wh ich was e xcava ted was i n ap it o n ly j ust l arge

e nough t o a cco mmoda te i t .

T he l arge r e l ief d ecora ted u rn f ro m A ber le mno

( Ags 1 ) w as a lso i nver ted i n ap it b u t ap rotect ive c ist h ad b een b u i lt a round i t t 'l ike a h ouse o f c ards" ( Ch i lde 1 942-3 , 1 89) . T he s tructure i s b est d escr ibed a s ap o lygona l c ist : Wadde l l h as d ef ined t hese a s "sma l l s lab-bu i lt g raves o f a pprox ima te ly c ircu lar f orm g enera l ly s uf f ic ien t ly l arge t o c on ta in a c rema t ion i n a n u rn o r ad epos it o f c re ma ted b one"

( 1 970 , 9 6) .

A t l east f our o ther F ood

Vesse l U rns f ro m t he a rea u nder c ons idera t ion a ppear t o h ave b een p rotected b y s im i lar s tructures, a nd w i l l b e n o ted i n d ue c ourse . T he u rn f ro m T ea l ing ( Ags 6 ) was o ne o f t wo v esse ls f ound a bove a nd a t e i ther e nd o f ac ist i n ag rave l h i l lock , a n a rrange men t r eca l l ing t he d iscover ies a t t he M i l l o f Marcus ( Ags 4 ) where t wo u rns were f ound o n e i ther s ide o f t he s pot where a c ist h ad b een d iscovered p rev ious ly . O ther c ists h ad a pparen t ly b een r evea led o n e ar l ier o ccas ions , s o t h is s i te c ou ld p oss ib ly b e c ons idered a s ac e me tery- mound d ist i ngu ished f ro m t he o thers men t ioned o n ly b y i t s n a tura l o r ig in .

S uch s i tes

u nder l ine t he n eed f or c aut ion i n i n terpre t ing d iscover ies o f s ing le u rn b ur ia ls, where n o a t te mp t was made t o e xp lore t he s urround ing a rea f or f ur ther b ur ia ls. F la t c i st c e me ter ies, l i ke c e me tery- mounds, s ee m t o b e ag enera l F ood V esse l p heno menon . Two F ood V esse l Urns were f ound a t Denbea th ( F if 5 ) , a pparen t ly a s izeab le c e me tery o f a bou t t wen ty c ists . I ti s p ar t icu lar ly =f ortuna te t ha t af u l ler a ccoun t o f t he s i te i s n ot a va i lab le b ecause t here a ppear t o h ave b een u nusua l v ar ia t ions i n r i te , a nd i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he u rns w ere a cco mpan ied b y F ood Vesse ls i n a n a ccessory r o le , a s a t H inderwe l l B eacon . T he u rn f ro m Da l more ( Ros 1 ) was f ound i n wha t a ppears t o h ave b een ap o lyg ona l c i s t i n ac e me tery o ft en g raves, where t he c ist s tood o ut f ro m t he o thers o n a ccoun t o f i t s c onstruct ion . I n terest ing ly , a nother o f t he c ists a t Da l more c on ta ined a n u rn i n a ssoc ia t ion w ith a sma l ler , a ccessory v esse l b ut u n for tuna te ly n o f ur ther d e ta i ls a re k nown . T he o n ly f la t c ist c e me tery e xcava ted r ec en t ly was d iscovered n ear Dunferm l ine where t hree c ists, t wo c re ma t ion d epos i ts a nd a n u rned c rema t ion were f ound o n al ow r idge . T he u rn was p rot ected b y as tone s et t ing w h ich c ou ld b e d escr ibed a s ap o lygona l c ist . 5°

3 7

A s p o in ted o ut i n C h . 1 , A bercro mby p o in ted t o f la t c ist c e me ter ies a s t he p oss ib le f orerunners o ft he f l a t c re ma t ion c e me ter ies b ut w e n ow k now t ha t t he l a t ter h ave a s a t isfactory L a te N eo l ith ic b ackground . I n t h is r espec t , t hey a re c o mparab le t o t he r e ma inder o f t he s epu lchra l s i tes o n wh ich Food V esse l U rns h ave b een f ound . T hese f orm a d iverse g roup t ha t i nc ludes mos t o f t he t ypes o f r i tua l monu men t t ha t emerged i n t he H igh land Z one b y o r i nt he s econd m i l lenn iu m . F ive s i tes p roduc ing F ood V esse l U rns a ppear t o h ave b een 'F la t ' Cre ma t ion C eme ter ies .

T he s i tes a t N e therha l l a nd Ag l ionby h ave a lready b een men t ioned .

T he o ther t hree a re a l l n or th o f t he b order .

T he L awpark s i te i s w e l l k nown

o n a ccoun t o f t he imp l ica t ions i to nce h ad f or t he c hrono logy o f H igh land Z one Urns ( Ch . 1 ) .

T he d e ta i ls o f t he s i te a re e x tre me ly v ague , t hough t he f ocus

o f t he c e me tery may h ave b een a l arge s tone .

A t U dd ingston ( Lnk 5 )t he i n-

f orma t ion i s l i t t le b e t ter , t hough i ti s i n terest ing t o n ote t ha t t he s i te was s itua ted o n t he o n ly e xpanse o f l i gh t g rave l ly s o i l i n a n a rea o f o therw ise h eavy b ou lder c lay s ubso i l .

T here were a t l east t hree b ur ia ls o n t he s i te , a pparen t ly

u npro tected i n a ny way .

F ina l ly , a t N ew lands , t he r e l ie f d ecora ted u rn was -

a lbe it a ccord ing t o t he w ork men o n t he s i te - s urrounded b y f our u nurned c rema t ions . A s n oted a bove t he u rn was s e t o n ac irc le o f wa ter-worn p ebb les. A s a t U dd ingston t he s i te was i n a n a rea o f l i gh t s o i l , c on f irm ing t ha t i t was n ot a lways s imp ly t he b arrow s hape o f n a tura l mounds t ha t a t tracted t he ir u se f or b ur ia l s ince t he N ew lands c e me tery was o n ag radua l s lope .

A sma l l c e me-

t ery o f C o l lared Urns was d iscovered a bout 8 0 y ards f ro m t he b ur ia ls j ust men t ioned , b ut t here i s n o e v idence f or a ny r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he t wo s i tes e xcep t f or t he ir r e la t ive p rox im ity t o e ach o ther , t hough h ad i n terven ing u n u rned d epos its e x isted t hey c ou ld e as i ly h ave b een m issed . I ti s i n teres t ing t o n ote t ha t a t Ag l ionby ( Cu m 5 ) t he r e l ie f-decora ted u rn a ppears a lso t o h ave b een f ound a t s o me d istance f ro m t he o ther u rns ( aga in , C o l lared Urns) .

Th is

s pa t ia l s epara t ion o f d if feren tu rn t ypes c ou ld b e ar ea l r ef lect ion o f s oc ia l o r c u ltura l d i f ferences, b u t i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t a ny o ppor tun ity wou ld a r ise t o c onf irm o r d isprove t h is p oss ib i l ity . T he e xcava t ion o f t he e nc losed c e me tery a t L oanhead o f Dav iot ( Abn 8 ) s howed , h owever , t ha t t here a t l east d ifferen t u rn t ypes were d epos ited w ith n o o bv ious d ist inct ions i n t he ir p os it ion w ith in t he e nc losure , t hough t here were d if ferences i n t he b ur ia l r i te . T he o n ly c ons iste n t f ea ture t herefore a ppears t o b e t he l ack o f u n iform i ty among a l l t he s i tes. A t Broo mend o f Cr ich ie ( Abn 3 ) t he u rn f ormed p ar t o f a sma l l c eme tery o fb ur ia ls a nd o ther d epos its a t t he f oot o f s evera l o f t he s tones o f ac irc le w ith in t he C lass I h enge . Bur l h as r ecen t ly s hown t ha t s tone c irc les d o n o t a ppear t o b e a n i n tegra l p ar t o f t he h enge t rad it ion , i n wh ich t hey a re a r e lat i ve ly r are f ea ture , b u t r a ther a n a ccre t ion t o t ha t t rad it ion ( 1 970 , 9 ) . T he c irc le a t Broo mend o f Cr ich ie f a l ls i n to a l a te g roup s ee m ing ly d er ived f ro m t he Recu mben t S tone C irc les o f t he N or th-East , b u t l a ck ing t he r ecu mben t s tone i t se lf .

I n t hese d egenera te s tone c irc les t he n umber o f s tones was f or ma-

l i sed i n to f our , s ix , a s a t Broo mend , o r e igh t , b ut w i th t he t a l lest s tone s t i ll i n t he S ou th- West q uadran t ( Bur l , 1 971, 4 2 ) . The d e ta i ls o f t he c on tex t o f t he u rn f ro m New ton o f Mon tb la iry ( Ban 4 ) a re amb iguous b u t i t may h ave c o me f ro m a nother o f t hese l a te s tone c irc les ( Bur l, 1 971, 4 2 ) .

A no ther l a te d eve lop men t f ro m t he Recu mben t S tone C irc le t rad it ion

3 8

w ere a pparen t ly t he " Four-Pos ters" , d im inu t ive , l a te S tone C irc les s har ing an u mber o f f ea tures wh ich make t he ir a nces try r easonab ly c lear ( Bur l , 1 971 , 3 7-8 ) .

T he u rn f ro m G lenba l loch ( Per 4 ) a ppears t o h ave b een f ound w i th in

a" Four-Pos ter" a nd was s a id t o h ave b een p ro tec ted b y a n a rrange men t o f s tones s e t a round i ti n ab eeh ive f ash ion .5 1 Th is c ou ld we l l d escr ibe a p o lyg ona l c is t , b u i l t a round t he u rn i n s i tu r a ther t han c ons truc ted b e forehand t o r eceive i t .

When i n tac t , t he c is t e nc los ing t he u rn f ro m A ber le mno ( Ags 1 )

may h ave p resen ted a s im i lar a ppearance . I n t he N or th-Eas t o f S co t land , t wo u rns a re r ecorded a s h av ing b een f ound i n r ing c a irns .

A t R app la Wood , B urre lda les a n u rn o f wh ich o n ly f rag men ts

r e ma in ( Abn 9 ) a ppears t o h ave b een f ound i n ac is t i n as econdary r idge o f s tones s urround ing t he c a irn .

( Kenwor thy , 1 972 , 2 3 ) .

5 2

The u rn f ro m C a irn

C urr w as f ound i n as labl ined p i t i n wha t a ga in s ee ms t o h ave b een a s econdary r idge e nc irc l ing t he r ing c a irn ( i bid . 2 6 ) . T he p resence o f t hese u rns i n wha t a ppear t o b e s truc tura l mod i f ica t ions o f t he s i tes i s i n k eep ing w i th wha t d a ting e v idence t here i s f or r ing c a irns :

s uch a s i ti s , i t s ugges ts L a te N eo-

l i th ic a nd B eaker p r i mary a ssoc ia t ions f or t hese monu men ts ( R i tch ie a nd MacLaren , 1 972 , 1 2-13 ) . N one o f t he " f la t" c re ma tion c e me ter ies men t ioned a bove was p roper ly e xcava ted a nd i ti s t here fore u nknown whe ther a ny o f t he m were d e marca ted b y e nc losures o f a ny k ind .

L oanhead o f D av io t , h owever , i s o ne o f at ype o f

b ur ia l s i te c harac ter ised b y t he p resence o f a n e nc losure , w i th in wh ich b ur ia l a nd s o me t i mes a c tua l c re ma t ion t ook p lace .

A t L oanhead o f D av io t t he c e me-

t ery w as e nc losed b y ad ry-s tone d yke s e t i n as ha l low n arrow d i tch w i th t wo o pposed e n trances r eca l l ing C lass I h enges .

T he r e ma ins o f a t l eas t t h ir ty-

o ne i nd iv idua ls were f ound , f our teen o f wh ich were i n terred i n C o l lared o r F ood V esse l U rns .

A l though t he i n ter men ts w ere i n n o a pparen t o rder i n t he

c e me tery , d i f ferences i n b ur ia l r i te were o bserved b etween t he C o l lared U rns a nd t hree o f t he f ive F ood V esse l U rns .

Wh i le a l l o f t he C ol lared U rns were

a cco mpan ied b y a sh f ro m t he p yre , e i ther i n terred i n t he s a me p i t a s t he u rn o r i n a n a d jacen t a sh-p i t , i n t he c ase o f t he t hree F ood V esse l U rns t he u rnp i t h ad b een b ack f i l led w i th t he s o i l d ug f ro m i t .

One o f t he r e ma ining t wo

F ood V esse l U rns was i n terred i n ap i t a long w i th t he a sh , a nd t he o ther was a cco mpan ied b y as epara te a sh-p i t .

A l l o f t he F ood V esse l U rns were i n p i ts

b u t i n o ne c ase i t was s o s ha l low t ha t t here mus t h ave b een a s l igh t mound mark ing t he s i te o f t he i n ter men t . A no ther t ype o f s i te i n t he c e metery t rad i t ion , b u t a s y e t v ery r are among t hose p roduc ing F ood V esse l U rns , i s r epresen ted b y t he sma l l r ock s he l ter c e me tery a t G oa tscrag , i n N or thumber land ( Nor 8 ) . were r epresen ted , w i th t hree o f t hese i n t wo u rns .

A t l eas t f ive i nd iv idua ls One o f t he u rns h ad b een

i nver ted i n ap i t o n ly j us t l arge e nough t o t ake i t , a nd t here mus t h ave b een a sma l l mound mark ing t he s i te o f t he b ur ia l . T he o ther u rns h ad a pparen t ly b een d epos i ted o n t he g round s ur face a nd c overed w i th a mound o f s andy s o i l . I t may h ave b een a ssocia ted w i th a l ine o f s tones , u nder wh ich was f ound a b roken f l in t s craper , t hough t he s craper c ou ld h ave b e longed t o a n e ar l ier , p oss ib ly Meso l i th ic , o ccupa t ion o f t he r ock s he l ter ( Burgess , 1 972 , 4 0 ).

I n

d iscuss ing t he a f f in i t ies o f t he s i te , B urgess n o ted h ow t here was a n a cceptab le b ackground i n t he N eo li th ic f or t he u se o f c aves a nd r ock s he l ters f or b ur ia ls , t hough t he p redo m inan t r i te was i nhuma t ion . 3 9

C re ma t ions a nd u rn b ur ia ls i n

s uch c on tex ts a re r arer b u t c ons is ten t w i th t he e v idence f ro m G oa ts crag f or c on t inu i ty i n t he u se o f s uch s i tes i n to t he E ar ly B ronze Age ( 1972 , 4 1-2 ). The o n ly o ther , a nd a s y e t u npub l ished , i ns tance o f aF ood Vesse l U rn b ur ia l f ro m a r ock s he l ter i s f ro m C orby C rags , E l l ingha m , N or thu mber land ( NU 1 2800965 ) . S herds o f F ood V essel U rns h ave c o me f ro m t wo s and-dune s i tes , a t T en ts mu ir ( F i f 8 ) a nd H edderw ick ( E l t 2 ) t hough o n n e i ther s i te d oes t he F ood V esse l e le men t a ppear t o b e v ery s trong ly r epresen ted .

T he c ircums tances

o f d iscovery o f t hese s herds means t ha t t he ir c on tex ts a re u ncer ta in .

The

d iscovery o f d e f in i te u rn b ur ia ls i n s and-dunes a t L uce S ands ( eg , M id T orrs ( W ig 1 ) )means t ha t t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t t he s herds d er ive f ro m d is turbed b ur ia ls s hou ld b e b orne i n m ind .

On t he o ther h and , t here i s n o r eason why

t hey s hou ld n o t r epresen t s e t t le men t ma ter ia l . On ly o ne d e f in i te s e t t le men t s i te i s k nown , a t K i le l lan F ar m o n t he i s land o f I s lay ( Arg 1 ) .

The p o t tery c ons is ts o f sma l l a nd l arge v esse ls i n k eeping

w i th wha t o ne w ou ld e xpec t o f ad o mes t ic a sse mblage , a nd s ee ms t o r e f lec t a n u mber o f c era m ic i n f luences s o t ha t c o mpar ison w i th t he b u lk o f t he u rns o n t he ma in land i s d i f f icu l t .

T h is m ix ture o f d iverse c era m ic t radi t ions i s wha t

o ne migh t e xpec t i n t he c on tex t o f d o mes t ic a sse mb lages a nd u nder l ines t he n eed t o f ind f ur ther s i tes i n t he E as t — o r e xp la in t he ir a bsence . The n a ture o f s o me t h ir ty s i tes i s u ncer ta in o r u nknown .

Many may h ay '

b een s i mp le u nmarked b ur ia ls i n c is ts ( as a t Wash ing We l l F ar m ( Dur 6 ) ? ) o r p i ts a s a t Dun ion H i l l ( Rox 3 ) .

B y a nd l arge , h owever , t he ma jor i ty o f t he

u rns d o s ee m t o h ave b een f ound i n t he c on tex t o f f i e ld monumen ts .

T here

s ee ms t o b e as ign i f ican t n umber o f f inds f ro m s i tes w i th s trong , o f ten p ree x is t ing , F ood V esse l l inks .

O ther t ypes o f s i te h ave a b ackground i n t he

L a te N eo l i th ic , b u t i n t hese t he c on tex t o f t he F ood V esse l U rns s ee ms c lear ly s econdary o n more t han o ne o ccas ion .

I n mos t c ases , h owever , d eta i ls o f

t he s i tes , a nd e spec ia l ly i n for ma t ion r egard ing s tra t igraphy , a re wan t ing a nd t he e v idence c an o n ly b e t aken s o f ar . The c on tex ts o f t he i nd iv idua l u rns h ave a lready b een men t ioned i n an u mber o f i ns tances , a nd i ti s o n ly n ecessary t o n o te o ne o r t wo e xcep t iona l c ases a nd d raw a t ten t ion t o t he mos t c o m mon f ea tures .

N o t s urpr is ing ly , i n v iew o f

t he ir c lose l inks w i th F ood V esse ls , as izeab le n u mber o f F ood V essel U rns h ave b een f ound i n c is ts , e specia l ly n or th o f t he b order , t hough d e ta i ls a re a l mos t a lways wan t ing . As m igh t b e e xpec ted , n one o f t he u rns f ro m S ou th o f t he T ees was p ro tec ted i n t h is way , a par t f ro m t he v esse l f ro m N oon H i l l ( Lan 3 ) i n t he w es t , wh ich was i nver ted o n as lab a nd e nc losed b y ar ough c is t w i th a c aps tone . N o th ing i s k nown o f t he r e ma inder o f t he c is ts o n N or thern Eng l ish s i tes t hough t he G rea t T osson ( Nor 9 ) v esse l w i th a n i nhuma t ion was p robab ly i n ap roper s hor t c is t , r a ther t han o ne o f t he c rude a rrange men ts o f s labs wh ich more c o mmon ly e nc lose t he u rns . T he c on tex t o f t he f ragmen tary v essels f ro m H igh Bus ton i s wor th n o t ing b ecause o f i t s e xcep t iona l n a ture : t hree v esse ls a ppear t o h ave b een a rranged a round a sma l l c is t c on ta in ing b ones o n t he c aps tone o f wh ich s tood a n i nver ted u rn .

T h is may , t here fore , b e a no ther r are i ns tance o f F ood

V esse l U rns s erv ing a s a ccessory v esse ls , b u t t he d eta i ls o f t he s i te a re t oo v ague t o b e c er ta in . 4 0

Nor th o f t he B order , F ood V esse l U rns h ave d e f in i te ly b een f ound i n " c is ts" i n s o me t wen ty i ns tances ( see A ppendix ).

The l ack o f d e ta i ls o f t heir

f or m makes i t wor th less l i s t ing t hese , t hough i t may b e n o ted t ha t s o me d i ff erences i n c ons truc t ion d o e x is t .

A t t he H i l l o f F ou lzie ( Abn 6 ) f or e xa mp le ,

o ne o f t he u rns h ad b een i nser ted i n to a d eep s tone-l ined p i t wh ich was c overed b y av ery l arge c aps tone ;

w ha t mus t h ave b een a no ther v ery l arge u rn , f ro m

C a irn C urr ( Abn 5 ) a lso a ppears t o h ave b een i n terred i n ap i t , wh ich was l ined w i th s labs . H owever , t he i nco mp leteness o f t he a ccoun ts makes i tp oin tl ess t o t ry a nd d is t ingu ish t he d i f feren t t ypes o f s truc ture i n mos t c ases .

I t

s ee ms c er ta in f or i ns tance , t ha t " po lygona l c is ts" a re u nder-represen ted : o f ten t he ir f or m s ee ms t o b e d ic ta ted l arge ly b y t he r equ ire men ts o f b u i ld ing ap rotec t ive s tone s truc ture a round a n u rn i n s i tu , a s a t A ber le mno ( Ags 1 ) . T he v esse l f ro m G lenvo idean ( Bu t 1 ) , a s y e t u npubl ished , i s wor thy o f men t ion b ecause i tt oo a ppears t o h ave b een i nver ted i n a" po lygona l c is t" , b u t o n t h is o ccas ion t he s truc ture h ad c lear ly b een b u i l t b e forehand f or i t s r ecept ion . T h is c is t w as u nusua l i n h av ing t wo t iers , w i th c re ma t ion d epos i ts i n e ach , t he o ne i nt he u pper t i er b e ing c on ta ined i n t he u rn .

The e is t i s a lso i n teres t ing

i n t ha t i tw as i nserted i n to t he c a irn o f a n e ar l ier N eo li th ic c ha mbered t o mb , ap rac t ice n ow a t tes ted a t an u mber o f s i tes .

5 3

F ina l ly , t he c on tex t o f t he v essel f ro m C ra igdhu ( Fi f 4 ) i s a lso n o tab le s ince i ta ppears t ha t t he u rn , a ssoc ia ted w i th a p yg my v esse l , was i nser ted i n to a l arge p re-ex is t ing c is t :

t h is i nvo lved t he d is turbance a nd p ar t ia l r e mova l

o f t he e ar l ier b ur ia ls , t he u nburn t b ones o f wh ich were f ound i n a nd a round t he c is t i n s o me c on fus ion . I n many c ases i t s ee ms s a fe t o a ssu me t ha t u rns were i n terred i np i ts . T he f ew t ha t h ave b een p roper ly e xcava ted o f ten s how t ha t t he p i t was o n ly j us t l arge e nough t o a cco mmoda te t he u rn , b u t t he r eason f or t h is s tr ic t e cono my o f e ffor t i s n o t c lear .

On ly a f ew c ases o f u rns i nver ted o n ap av ing o f p ebbles

o r sma l l s tones h ave b een n o ted , b u t i n e ach c ase t he v esse l was i n ap i t , t hough t h is n eed n o t b e s ign i f ican t i n v iew o f t he sma l l n u mber i nvo lved .

T he

u rns f ro m L euchar B rae a nd N ew lands h ave a lready b een n o ted i n t h is r espec t a nd t here a re o n ly t wo o ther e xa mp les .

One i s f ro m K i l magad F ar m ( K in 1 )

where t he u rn was i nver ted o n ap av ing o f c hunky s tones o ver a l ayer o f c lean s and .

I n t h is c ase t he p i t was o f l arger s ize a nd t here was a c lear s pace a l l

a round t he u rn .

The o ther e xa mple o f p av ing was n o ted i n o ne o f t he p i ts a t

L oanhead o f Dav io t ( Abn 8 C ) . I ti s much more c o mmon f or u rns t o b e i nver ted o n as lab , wh i le c aps tones a re e qua l ly c o m mon , b u t i n o n ly e igh t c ases d id u rns d e f in i te ly h ave b o th c aps tone a nd p av ing s lab . O f t he f or ty i ns tances i n wh ich t he p os i t ion o f t he u rn was n o ted , i n a l l b u t t hree t he u rn was i nver ted . B ear ing i n mind t he n u mber o f v essels l ack ing b ases a nd t he l ower p ar ts o f t heir b od ies , t h is s ee ms t o s ugges t a l mos t c o mp lete o r thodoxy o f b ur ia l p rac t ice i n t h is r espec t .

One o f t he u rns f ro m

L oanhead o f Dav io t ( Abn 8 E ) was d iscovered i n as ha l low p i t ;

i th ad b een

p ar t ia l ly p ro tec ted b y as t one a nd t he mou th h ad b een c losed b y as lab b u t t h is h ad n o t b een s u f f ic ien t f or t he u pper p ar t t o s urv ive .

T he d iscovery o f t he

l ower p ar t o f av esse l f ro m T i l l icou l try ( C la 1 ) s ugges ts a no ther c ase o f b ur ia l o f t he u rn i n a n u pr igh t p os i t ion , b u t t he i den t i f ica t ion o f t he v essel a s aF ood 4 1

Vesse l U rn i s n o t c er ta in .

The l os t u rn f ro m B la irgowr ie ( Per 1 ) w as s a id

t o b e " s lan t ing" b u t n o o ther u se fu l d e ta i ls were g iven .

T he p resence o f o ne

o r t wo b ases wh ich d o n o t a ppear t o b e long t o t he o ther u rns f ro m t he s i tes where t hey were f ound a re p resen t w i th ma ter ia l f ro m S awdon ( Yor 1 1B ) a nd Ancrum Moor ( Rox 1 ) a nd t h is migh t s ugges t o ne o r t wo more i ns tances o f u pr igh t b ur ia l , t hough n o th ing i s k nown o f t he c on tex ts o f t he s i tes t o c on f ir m o r d isprove t h is . The n umber o f c ases i n wh ich t he c re ma t ion d epos i ts h ave b een i den ti fied i s sma l l , a nd e ven t hen r e l iab le i den t i f ica t ion may b e wan t ing . The c re ma t ion d epos i ts wh ich h ave b een i den t i f ied a re l i s ted i nt he a cc o mpany ing t ab le ( Tex t f ig 5 ) b u t t he s a mple s ee ms t oo l im i ted t o p roduce a ny th ing mean ing fu l i n t he way o f r esu l ts .

5 4

F ina l ly , i t may b e n o ted t ha t

f ive v esse ls were a pparen t ly empty a nd u nassocia ted w i th a ny b ur ia l when d isc overed : t hese i nc lude u rns f ro m H ow H i l l ( Cu m 2 B ) , Green Leigh ton ( Nor 1 0 ) , R y ton ( Dur 4 ) , H i l l o f F ou lzie ( Abn 6B ) a nd F ern iega ir ( Lnk 4B ) .

None

o f t hese v esse ls w ere e xcava ted s ys te ma t ica l ly , s o t here i s ap oss ib i l i ty t ha t v ery s l igh t d epos i ts may n o t h ave b een n o t iced .

O n t he o ther h and , t hey c ou ld

e qua l ly h ave b een d e l ibera te d epos i ts , p erhaps c on ta in ing o f fer ings .

Aga in

i t s ee ms u n l ike ly t ha t t h is w i l l b e r eso lved u n t i l o ne o r o ther p oss ib i l i ty i s v ind ica ted b y e xcava t ion .

4 2

S i te

C re ma t ion d epos i t

N or

8 A

G oa tscrag

y oung a du l t ma le

N or

8 B

G r oa tscrag

y oung a du l t ? fe ma le + v ery y oung c h i ld

1 2

R osebrough

2a du l ts

Hugga te Wo ld

a du l t

H u t ton B usce l

ap erson o ver 2 0 y ears o ld

3

B roo mend o f C r ich ie

ay oung f e ma le

7

L euchar B rae

im ma ture p erson

8A

L oanhead o f Dav io t

c h i ld

8 B

L oanhead o f Dav io t

a du l t

8 C

L oanhead o f Dav io t

a du l t

8 D

L oanhead o f D av io t

a du l t

8 E

L oanhead o f Dav io t

a du l t

1

A ber le mno

a do lescen t

2 A

B a lrown ie

a du l t

2B

B a lrown ie

a du l t

B u t

2

G lenvo idean

a do lescen t

F i t

6

Dun fer m l ine

a du l t f e ma le

L nk

5A

U ddings ton

mixed c re ma t ion — a du l t +

5 B

U dd ings ton

y oung p erson

6

N ew lands

a du l t

Y or

8 1 3

A bn

A gs

P er 2

C a l lu m 's H i l l , C r ie f f

3i nd iv idua ls :

2c h i ldren , 8 -10

a nd 3 -5 r espec t ive ly a nd f rag . o f s ku l l o f a du l t .

L is t o f i den t i f ied c re ma t ion d epos i ts T ex t f ig . 5

4 3

CHAPTER 4

ASSOCIATIONS AND DAT ING EV IDENCE

O f a l l t he u rn t ypes t he F ood V essel U rns a ppear t o b e t he p oores t o f f b y way o f a ssoc ia t ions o f a ny k ind , f ar l ess mean ing fu l a ssoc ia t ions f ro m t he p o in t o f v iew o f d a t ing p urposes .

I t s ee ms c lear t ha t t h is was o ne c on tr ibu tory

f ac tor l ead ing t o t he a ccep tance o f t ypo log ica l s che mes f or s o l ong . The a ssocia t ions s uch a s t hey a re , a re g iven i n s u m mary f or m i nt ex t f igure 6 , a nd w i l l o n ly b e d escr ibed b r ie f ly i n t he t ex t i t sel f , r eserv ing d isc uss ion f or C hapter 5 . F l in t a r t i fac ts a re t he mos t c om mon a ssoc ia ted f ind .

The u rn a t H ades

H i l l ( Lan 1 ) c on ta ined b urn t f l in t imp le men ts , b urn t f l in t f lakes a nd ab roken f l in t n odu le , b u t d oub ts h ave b een e xpressed a bove a bou t t he i den ti f ica t ion o f t h is v esse l a s aF ood Vesse l U rn ( p . 2 3 ) . B urn t f l in t imple men ts w ere a lso d iscovered i n t he l arger o f t he t wo v essels f ro m B a lrown ie ( Ags 2B ) : t hese were i nf rag men ts when f ound b u t s ubsequen t ly r es tored .

One o f t he i mple-

men ts i s ab road o va l k n i fe o r s craper o n af lake , measur ing 5 9x40 mm .

The

o ther was a n u nusua l t oo l b roken a nd wan t ing i t s b u lbar h a l f , s o t ha t i t s c o mp le te f or m i s u nknown .

I th as o ne s tra igh t s ide a nd o ne s ide t ha t c urves o u t

t o mee t t he o ther i n as tou t p o in t .

I np ub l ish ing t he ma ter ia l f ro m B a lrown ie ,

S tevenson c ou ld f ind n o p ara l le l f or t h is imp le men t , n or s ugges t t he u se t o wh ich i t migh t h ave b een p u t ( 1940-1 , 2 12 ) .

T here i s , h owever , as im i lar

imp le men t w i th a n i nhu ma t ion f ro m o ne o f t he b arrows e xcava ted b y Mor ti mer ( Wharra m P ercy B 67 ) :

t h is was u nburn t h owever , b u t i n teres t ing ly i tw as

a ssoc ia ted w i th a sma l l s craper k n i fe ( sugges t ing t he p oss ibi li ty o f at oo l k i t o f s o me s or t?) .

Mor t i mer s ugges ted t ha t t he imple men t was a j ave l in h ead ,

b u t t he s tou tness o f t he Ba lrown ie t oo l wou ld s ee m i l l s u i ted f or t h is ( Mor t i mer 1 905 , 4 9-50 , f ig . 8 5 ) . The o n ly o ther r ecorded f ind o f c a lc ined f l in t i mp le men ts i s f ro m t he H i l l o f Doune ( Ban 3 ) , where n o l ess t han 1 3 a rrowheads w ere d iscovered i n a n u rn , a s we l l a s a n o va l f l in t i mp le men t , a lso c a lc ined , wh ich may h ave b een ak n i fe o r f abr ica tor . The o ne a rrowhead t ha t i s i l lus tra ted i s o f t he b arbeda nd-tanged v ar ie ty b u t t here a re n o d e ta i ls o f t he r e ma inder . I ti s r e marka b le t ha t t he r iches t a ssoc ia t ion w i th a ny o f t he u rns u nder r ev iew i s o n ly k nown f ro m a n 1 8 th c en tury t rave l ler 's a ccoun t , b u t t here s ee ms t o b e n o r eas on t o d oub t i ts v eraci ty c ons ider ing t he q ua l i ty o f P ennan t 's e ngrav ing . O therwise , f l in t o b jec ts a ssoc ia ted w i th F ood V essel Urns h ave b een u nburn t . Af lake k n i fe was d iscovered w i th t he b ones i n t he sma l ler u rn f ro m B roo mh ouses , Ov ingha m ( Nor 3A ) :

i ti s q u i te f ine ly r e touched a long t he e dge o ppo-

s i te t he b u lb o f p ercuss ion , a nd o f s quar ish f or m , a nd may h ave b een s im i lar t o ak n i fe w i th t he u rn f ro m R osebrough ( Nor 1 2 ) .

4 4

Ar a ther c rude k n i fe made

T ext f i g. 6 :

Table o f A ssoc ia ted f i nds

C u m 5 Ag l ionby ( Lan 1 Hades H il l ) N or 3 A B roo mhouses , Ov ingha m N or 5 Cha t ton S andy ford N or 8 Goa tscrag

c • -

N or 9 G t . T osson N or 1 2 Rosebrough Yor 1 B lanch B .C90 Y or 2 Ca la is Wo ld B .100 Y or 3 Caw thorn Camps Y or 7 H inderwel l B eacon A bn 3 Broo mend o f Cr ich ie Ags 2 B Ba lrown ie Ags 4 M il l o f Ma rcus Arg 1 K i lel lan Fm. Ban 3 H il l o fD oune F if 3 Ca l la .nge F if 4 C ra igdhu c • •

F if 5 D enbea th L nk 3 Ca irngr ief f P er 1B la irgowr ie P er 3 D oune P er 5 Woodhead o f Garvock Ros 1 Da lmore

4 5

Burnt f l int a r t ifacts

F l int a rrowheads

Rox 2 L il l iesleaf

o n ap r i mary f l ake was d iscovered w i th t he c re ma t ion d epos i t i n t he u rn f ro m C a l lange , C eres ( F i f 3 ) .

F ina l ly , i ti s wor th n o t ing t ha t af ine , a pparen t ly

p iano-convex , k n i fe was d iscovered w i th t he c re ma t ion d epos i t t o w h ich t he u rn f ro m B lanch ( Yor 1 ) a ppears t o h ave b een a ccessory . There a re n o d e f in i te a ssoc ia t ions o f F ood V esse l U rns w i th me ta l a r t if ac ts .

C re ma ted b ones i n e ach o f t he v esse ls f ro m B a lrown ie ( Ags 2 ) were

n o ted a s h av ing g reen s ta ins , wh ich s ugges ted t ha t a sma l l o b ject o r o b jects o f c opper o r b ronze h ad b een d epos i ted w i th t he b ur ia ls .

I ti s , h owever , n ow

k nown t ha t s uch s ta ins c an b e c aused b y minera l s a l ts a nd n eed n o t i nd ica te t he f or mer e x is tence o f me ta l o b jec ts , t hough t h is r e ma ins a p oss ib i l i ty ( Dav idson , 1 951 - 2 , 4 3 ) .

The s herd o f ar el ie f d ecora ted u rn f ro m L i l l ies-

l ea f was s upposed ly f ound " w i th" a p a ls tave o f C o les ' C lass I ( Cors torph ine G roup ) b u t t here a re n o d e ta i ls o f t he c on tex t , n o r ecords o r r e ma ins o f a s i te i nt he s upposed v ic in i ty o f t he f ind a nd n o p ara l le ls among t he o ther u rns f or s uch a c onven ien t a nd u se fu l a ssoc ia t ion .

On t he o ther h and , t here i s n o

r eason why t he f ind c ou ld n o t b e a ccep ted a t f ace v a lue :

i f s o , i t wou ld b e

o ne o f t he r are i ns tances o f d ocu men ted s urv iva l o f a ny u rn t ype i n to t he Midd le B ronze Age ( Burgess , 1 969 ). D irec t a ssocia t ions w i th o ther p o ts a re r ecorded f ro m a f ew s i tes . t wo v esse ls a ppear t o h ave b een a ssoc ia ted d e f in i te ly w i th p ygmy c ups .

On ly The

u rn a t C ra igdhu ( F i f 4 ) was a pparen t ly i nver ted o ver t he c up , wh ich r ese mbles a min ia ture F ood V esse l w i th s hou lder g roove .

On ly a s herd i s s a id t o s ur-

v ive o f t he u rn f ro m B la irgowr ie ( Per 1 ) wh ich a pparen t ly c on ta ined a sma ll , r ough ly b icon ica l p yg my v esse l a long w i th c re ma ted b ones .

A t H inderwel l

B eacon ( Yor 7 ) t he F ood V esse l U rn was a pparen t ly a cco mpan ied b y a sma l l F ood V esse l :

t he a ssoc ia t ion h as n ever b een q ues t ioned , a l though n o p roper

a ccoun t o r p lan o f t he s i te was p ubl ished .

There may b e s o me d oub t a bou t

t he p oss ib le a ssoc ia t ion o f aY orksh ire F ood V esse l w i th t he l arge g lobu lar u rn f ro m D enbea th ( F i f 5A ) :

r e marks i n c orrespondence i n t he Manuscr ip t

C o l lec t ion o f t he N a t iona l Museum o f An t iqu i t ies o f S co t land s ugges t t ha t t he t wo may h ave b een p laced t oge ther f or t he p urpose o f p ho tography.

On t he

o ther h and , t he o r ig ina l a ccoun t d oes s ta te t ha t t he u rns were a cco mpan ied b y sma l ler v essels i n many c ases a nd t he a ssocia t ion c ou ld b e v a l id . F ina l ly , i t may b e wor th n o t ing t ha t i n o ne o r t wo c ases u rns may h ave b een i n d irec t a ssoc ia t ion w i th o ther p o t tery , t hough t he a ccoun ts a re i nev i tab ly wan t ing i n d e ta i ls .

T he l arge r el ie f d ecora ted u rn f ro m t he H i l l o f D oune was a pparen t ly

i n ac is t w i th t hree sma l ler , p la iner u rns p laced a round i t .

A t C airngr ie f f

( Lnk 3 ) al arge u rn a ppears t o h ave b een i n ac is t , a nd may h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w i th o ther v essels :

o ne a ccoun t s ta tes t ha t t wo o ther u rns were f ound " near

i t " , a no ther t ha t f ive u rns s urrounded t he l arge o ne , a nd t ha t a l l were i n a c is t . I ti s i n f ac t u ncer ta in i ft he F ood V essel U rn r epresen ts t he l arge u rn o r o ne o f t he " accessory" v esse ls . B one o b jec ts a re r ecorded f ro m a f ew s i tes .

A c alcined p in 3 1" l ong i s

s a id t o h ave a cco mpan ied t he v esse l f ro m C aw thorn C a mps ( Yor 3 ) , t hough n o th ing i s k nown o f i t s c on tex t . D oune ( Ban 3 ) :

Ano ther b one p in i s r ecorded f ro m t he H i l l o f

i t was c urved a nd p er fora ted a t t he t h icker e nd , a nd a ppears

n o t t o h ave b een b urn t .

The c o mp le te v esse l f ro m Woodhead o f G arvock ( Per

5A ) was a ssocia ted w i th a sma l l b one o b jec t a bou t 2 0 mm l ong x 6 m m w ide , w i th t wo p er fora t ions , o f u nknown f unc t ion b u t p oss ib ly a t ogg le . 4 6

The u rn f ro m

Da l more ( Ros 1 ) was a ssoc ia ted w i th a b urn t b one t ogg le c ons is t ing o f t wo b u lbous s eg men ts w i th t er m ina l n arrow c o l lars , o ne o f as er ies o f s eg men ted b eads a nd t ogg les d iscussed b y P iggo t t ( 1958 , 2 27 ) .

These a ppear t o b e r e-

l a ted t o f a ience b eads , o f wh ich o ne , w i th t hree s eg men ts was f ound w i th b ones i nt he u rn f ro m M i l l o f Marcus ( Ags 4 ) . The v essel f ro m G rea t T osson , R o thbury ( Nor 9 ) a ppears t o h ave a cco mp anied a n i nhu ma t ion a ssoc ia ted w i th a j e t b u t ton , t hough t he a ccoun ts o f t he s i te a re n o t i n a gree men t . The u rn f ro m B roo mend o f C r ich ie a ppears t o h ave b een f ound a t t he f oot o f o ne o f t he s tand ing s tones o f t he S tone C irc le n ear a c is t w i th c a lc ined b ones , a n u nurned c re ma t ion a nd ab a t t le a xe .

I t s ee ms r easonab le t o f o l low t he e x-

c ava tor 's a ccoun t i n a ss ign ing t he u rn t o t he s a me , p resumab ly more o r l ess c on te mporary d epos i t a s t he b a t t le a xe , a l though a d i f feren t a ccoun t o f t he e xcava t ion s ee m ing ly a ss igns t he u rn t o ac on tex t a t t he b ase o f o ne o f t he o ther s tones .

T he b a t t le a xe i s t he t ype e xa mp le o f R oe 's C r ich ie Group w i th e x-

p anded b u t t a nd b lade , a nd i nc ised d ecora t ion ( 1966 , 2 12 ) .

The a typica l

v esse l f ro m Doune ( Per 3 ) a ppears t o h ave b een i n ac is t c on ta in ing t he i nh u ma t ion o f ac h i ld , a long w i th a sma l l B eaker-Food V essel h ybr id a nd a min ia ture b a t t le a xe o f R oe 's C a la is Wo ld G roup ( 1966 , 2 42 ) .

T he o n ly o ther

s tone o b jec ts a ssocia ted w i th F ood V esse l U rns a re a g r ind ing s tone which was s a id t o h ave b een f ound w i th t he r e l ie f d ecora ted u rn f ro m Ag l ionby ( Cu m 5 ) , a nd a sma l l s tone d ecora ted w i th c up- marks f ro m C ha t ton S andy ford ( Nor 5 ) wh ich may h ave s erved a s ag rave- marker f or t he i nurned c re ma t ion d epos i t . The r ange o f a ssoc ia ted f inds i s t herefore h ard ly impress ive a nd f ro m t he p oin t o f v iew o f d a t ing t here i s n o th ing n ew t o a dd t o B urgess ' s ta te men t o f t he c urren t p os i t ion ( 1 969 , 2 2 ;

1 970 ) .

N one o f t he a ssocia ted f inds i s s peci f ic

t o t he F ood Vesse l U rns , a nd i ti s p erhaps s igni f ican t t ha t t he more d is t ingu ished t ypes s uch a s t he t wo b a t t le a xes a re b o th w i th v essels t ha t a re n o t t ypica l o f t he ma jor i ty o f t he u rns u nder r ev iew .

The B roo mend o f C r ich ie v esse l o n

t he o ne h and i s a typica l i n r espec t o f i t s p ronounced s hou lder c ordon , e longa ted s tra igh t-s ided b ody a nd u nusua l p la i ted c ord d ecora t ion .

A bove t he s hou lder

h owever , i ti s more i n k eep ing w i th t he r es t o f t he F ood V esse l U rns , t hough n o c lose ly c o mparab le v esse ls a re k nown . On t he b as is o f t he l a t t ice p a t tern a nd t he f or m o f t he b ody s ome C ordoned Urn i n f luence migh t b e s ugges ted , wh ich w ou ld b e c ons is ten t w i th t he g rea ter n umber o f b a t t le a xe a ssocia t ions w i th t ha t g roup.

The v esse ls f ro m D oune were a ssoc ia ted w i th a l ess d e-

v eloped t ype o f b a t t le a xe w i th F ood V esse l a ssoc ia t ions .

B o th t he p o ts f ro m

D oune s ee m t o owe a g ood d ea l t o t he i n f luence o f B eaker t rad i t ions a nd s o t h is f ind a lso i s h ard ly a pp l icable t o F ood V esse l Urns a s a who le .

The j e t

b u t ton f ro m Grea t T osson , t he e xac t c on tex t o f wh ich i s i n a ny c ase u ncer ta in , i s a lso o n ly marg ina l ly r elevan t t o t he b u lk o f t he u rns .

I fo ne a ccep ts t ha t

b o th l arge a nd sma l l v esse ls e x is ted w i th in t he c on tex t o f d o mes t ic a sse mblages t hen l arger v esse ls t han u sua l migh t we l l b e p icked o u t f ro m t ime t o t ime t o s erve a s a ccessor ies . H owever , f ur ther d iscuss ion o f t he d a t ing e v idence p rovided b y a ssoc ia t ions i sp os tponed t i l l C hap ter 5 t o b e t aken i n c on junc t ion w i th t he e v idence f ro m o ther a reas . O ther l ines o f e v idence d er ive f ro m f inds d e mons tra t ing c on tac ts b e tween d i f feren t g roups o r p o t t ing t rad i t ions o nt he s a me s i te o r monumen t , a nd f ro m 4 7

s tra t igraph ic r e la t ionsh ips .

The n a ture o f t he p r i mary s ources means t ha t

n o d e ta i led r esu l ts a re f or thco m ing , b u t a t l eas t o ne o r t wo g enera l t rends a re c lear .

T ex t f igure 7 c ons is ts o f at ab le o f s i tes w i th e v idence o f s trat i-

g raphy o r " con tac t" b etween d i f feren t p ot tery t ypes .

( I n t h is c on tex t c on tac t

i s o n ly t aken t o mean t he p resence o f ma ter ia l o nt he s a me s i te , w i thou t imp ly ing a bso lu te c on te mporane i ty .) I n t he e ven t i ti s c lear t ha t n e i ther s tra t igraph ica l e v idence n or " con tac t f inds" a re l i ke ly t o b e o f much a ss is tance i n d a t ing t he ma ter ia l , t hough t he e v idence i s u se fu l f ro m o ther p o in ts o f v iew . N one o f t he a va i lable s trat ig raph ica l e v idence s u m mar ised i n t he l i s t o f fers much more t han a t er m inus p os t q ue m f or t he F ood V esse l U rns i nvo lved , u sua l ly w i th r espec t t o p r i mary B eaker b ur ia ls .

B eakers h ave d ef in i tely , o r a l mos t c er ta in ly , b een s tra ti-

g raph ica l ly e ar l ier t han F ood V esse l U rns a t f our s i tes :

i n t er ms o f C larke 's

c lass i f ica t ion t hese i nc lude t hree N/NR a nd t wo N 2 B eakers , a nd t he v essel f ro m H as t ing H i l l i den t i f ied a s a N/NR-FN B eaker b y C larke o n t he b as is o f i t s s hape , b u t p rev ious ly d escr ibed a s aB eaker/Food V esse l h ybr id ( eg , Ta i t , 1 965 , 2 5 ) .

Apar t f ro m t he l as t men t ioned v essel , mos t o f t hese B eakers c an

b e a ss igned t o S tep 4 o f L an t ing a nd Van d er Waa ls ' s che me ( 1972 , 4 3 ) .

A t

C a la is Wo ld B arrow 1 00 B eakers o f C larke 's S ou thern t ypes were a l mos t c ert a in ly e ar l ier t han t he F ood V esse l U rn , t hough t he s tra t igraph ica l e v idence i s wan t ing , wh i le a t C ha t ton S andy ford t he t h ird B eaker b ur ia l ( S4/FV ) a nd t he F ood V esse l Urn c ou ld h ave b een r ough ly c on te mporary .

L a te Nor thern ( N3 )

B eakers ( c f . L an t ing a nd Van d er Waa ls S tep 5 ) w ere f ound a t t he H i l l o f F ou lzie a nd Wh i te inch , b u t i n n ei ther c ase a re d e ta i ls o f t heir c on tex ts a vai la b le . I ti s i n teres t ing t o n o te t he p resence o f F ood V esse l Urns o n s i tes w ith t hese t ypes o f B eakers i n v iew o f t he a l mos t c er ta in c on tr ibu t ion o f N or thern B eakers t o t he d eve lop men t o f F ood V esse ls .

I nf ac t Aps i mon s pec i f ied t he

N or thern B r i t ish/Nor th Rh ine g roup , w i th i t s s trong N or th European f ea tures , a s p oss ib ly mak ing u p o ne o f t he ma in e le men ts o f t he F ood V essel g roup ( 1 969 , 3 7 ) .

More r ecen t ly h owever , L an t ing a nd V an d er Waa ls h ave c ha l lenged

t he v a l id i ty o f t he N/NR g rouping , s ince i t s s upposed p aren t g roup o nt he c ont inen t l acks g eograph ica l a nd c hronolog ica l h o mogene i ty , wh i le i ts B r i t ish d is tr ibu t ion a lso l acks a ny " cen tre o f g rav i ty" ( 1 972 , 2 8-30 ) .

Even s o , i t

wou ld s ee m t ha t an u mber o f B eakers i n t he N or th d o embody a s trong N or th European C orded Ware c on tr ibu t ion . Wha t d oes emerge i s t he f ac t t ha t t he mos t c o mmon " con tac t f inds" a re w i th F ood V essels o r o ther F ood V esse l U rns , o r b o th , a s o ne migh t e xpect g iven t he c lose r e la t ionsh ips e v inced b y t he p ot tery i t se lf .

B ear ing i n mind

t he n a ture o f t he s i tes o n wh ich t hey o ccur , i ti s i n teres ting t o n ote t ha t f ive o f t he c on tac t f inds w i th F ood V esse ls o ccur i n wha t c ou ld b e t er med c e me tery mounds , a nd t hree o r f our i n f la t c is t c e me ter ies , o u t o f t he t ota l o f ad ozen c on tac t f inds w i th F ood V esse ls f or wh ich t here a re d e ta i ls o f t he s i tes . B oth c e metery mounds a nd f la t c is t c e me ter ies s ee m t o h ave s trong F ood Vesse l a ssocia t ions i n t he N or th .

The p rec ise n a ture o f t he s i te a t U dd ings ton

( Lnk 5 ) i s u ncer ta in b u t i t may h ave b een a f la t c re ma t ion c e metery .

T he

Danby R igg a nd Hugga te Wo ld F ood V esse l U rns s ee m t o h ave b een more o bv ious ly s econdary i n ter men ts i nb arrows w i th F ood V esse l p r i mary b ur ials . The n a ture o f t he s i te a t Anna th i l l i s u ncer ta in a nd i t may h ave b een a f l a t 4 8

Tex t f ig . 7 L IST OF S ITES WITH EV IDENCE OF S TRAT IGRAPH ICAL RELATIONSH IPS , AND " CONTACT F INDS"

N o te :

Where s u f f ic ien t e v idence i s a va i lable t o r econs truc t s equence o f i nt ermen ts , n umbers 1 , 2 , e tc . u sed ;

S i te

N a ture o f s i te

C he 1 G rappenha l l

B arrow

+d eno tes i s t d egree a ssoc ia t ion .

2 FV 's , FVU , C o l lared U rn , C ordoned U rn .

C um 2 H ow H i l l

' F la t ' u rn b ur ia ls i n

2 FVU 's

e sker C um 3 N e therha l l

?F la t C re ma t ion c e me tery

2 FVU 's , C o l lared U rns p yg my v essels?

5 A g lionby

?F la t C re ma t ion c e me tery

FVU , C o l lared Urns , p ygmy v essel .

Dur 2 H as ting H i l l

B arrow

1 .

B eaker ( N/NR-

FN ) .

2 .

4 FV 's

C o l lared U rn , FVU , p ygmy c up . 3 H u mble ton H i l l

S i te o f b arrow

2 FVU 's , a no ther u rn

Lan 2 O ld Kenyon

B arrow

2 FVU 's?

Nor I Amble

C a irn

1 .

B eaker?

2 .

FV 's , FVU .

4 C atchers ide

C a irn

FVU , a no ther u rn ( Col lared?)

5 C ha t ton S andy ford

C a irn

1 .

2N /NR B ea-

k ers .

2 .

S 4/FV

B eaker , FV U rn ( urn p robab ly s ubs equen t t o B eakers ) 8 G oa tscrag

R ock s hel ter c e me tery

2 FVU 's ( A . p rob ably p receded B .)

9 Grea t T osson 1 1

H igh B us ton

1 2

Rosebrough

B arrow o r c a irn

2 FV 's ?

Urns a round c is t

2 FVU 's , 2 FV 's

C a irn

1 . ? 2 . 4 9

B eaker ( N2 ) FVU

Y or 2 C a la is Wo ld B 100

1 .

B arrow

Grave ( reused )

( + S 2 ( W ) , S ? a nd FP Beakers ) 2 .

FVU a ccessory

t o wooden c on ta iner w i th b ur ia l . Y or 5 D anby R igg

1 .

C a irn

FV +f abr ica tor

a nd t anged b ronze k n i fe .

2 .

C ol lared

U rn a nd FVU i n c a irn 7 H inderwe l l B eacon

B arrow

FVU + FV , FV 's

8 Hugga te Wo ld B 225

B arrow

2 FV 's ‚ FVU

S tone c irc le i n C lass I h enge

o f u ncer ta in t ype

R ing c a irn , w i th s econ-

FVU , Beaker/FV

d ary r idge

h ybr id

C a irn/barrow

3 FVU 's , B eaker

A bn 3 B roo mend o f C r ich ie

5 C a irn C urr

6 H i l l o f F ou lzie

FVU , b icon ica l u rn

( N3 ) 8 L oanhead o f D av io t

9 R app la Wood , Burre lda les

Enc losed C re ma t ion

6C o l lared U rns ,

C e me tery

5 FVU 's

R ing c a irn w i th s econ-

FVU ;

d ary r idge

" urn" - o ne o r o ther

a no ther

w i th b ronze b lade. Ags 2 B a lrown ie

" Fla t" u rn b ur ia ls i n

2 FVU 's

n a tura l mound 4 M i l l o f Marcus

? na tura l mound

FVU , C ordoned U rn (s )

5 Dunn ichen

f la t u rn b ur ia l , n ear c is t

FVU ;

h and led b ow l

i n c is t +f la t d agger . 6 T ea l ing Ban 3 H i l l o f D oune

n a tura l mound c a irn

FVU , C o llared Urn FVU , + sma l ler u rns?

B er 5 H opr ig

c a irn o n n a tura l mound

1 .

N 2 + N/NR

B eaker .

2 FVU ,

a no ther u rn ( p oss ibly FVU?)

F i f

6 L in t law

c a irn

FVU , a nother u rn

5 D enbea th

f la t c is t c e me tery

FVU 's , FV 's

6 Dun fer m l ine

f la t c is t c e me tery

FVU , FV

7 L awpark

f la t c re ma t ion c e me tery

2 FVU 's , C ordoned Urns ( 1 6-18 )

5 0

L nk 2 Anna th i l l

f l a t c e me tery?

FV 's ‚ I r ish B ow l , I r ish-Sco t t ish Vase , 2 FVU 's

3 C a irngr ief f

c a irn

FVU , o ther " Urns"

4 F ern iegair

c a irn? o n n a tura l mound

FV , 2 FVU 's , C ordoned U rn

5 U dd ings ton

f la t c re ma t ion c e me tery

FV , 2 FVU 's ( a t l eas t )

6 N ew lands

f la t c re ma t ion c e me tery

FVU , C o l lared U rns?

7 Wh i teinch

?

C o l lared u rn + b a t t le a xe , B eaker ( N3 ) , FVU ( ? )

?

Per 5 Woodhead o f Garvock

2 FVU 's , C ordoned U rn (s ) ?

Ros 1 D a ' more

f la t c is t c e me tery

FVU , FV 's

Rox 5 T e ins ide

C a irn

FVU , FV 's?

5 1

i nhuma t ion c e me tery .

I t s ma in i n teres t l i es i nt he f ac t t ha t I r ish B ow l Food

V esse ls a re p resen t among t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he s i te , s ince o ne o ft he t wo F ood V esse l U rns f ro m t he s i te h as s ta mped t r iangu lar i mpress ions c haract er is t ic o f t he I r ish B ow ls . " Con tac t" w i th C o l lared U rns i s a t tes ted more o r l ess c losely o n t hree " f la t c e me tery" s i tes , o n f our s i tes a lso p roduc ing F ood V esse ls a nd a t t wo s i tes i nt he N or th-Eas t ( Tea l ing ( Ags 6 ) a nd L oanhead o f D av iot ( A lm 8 ) ) . On ly a t L oanhead i s t he p resence o f C o l lared U rns a t tes ted i n a ny s treng th , b u t s uper f icia l ly t he p o t tery s hows n o s igns o f a ny e xchange o f f or m , o r d ecora t ion b e tween t he C o l lared a nd F ood V esse l U rns . A sp o in ted o u t a bove , t h is i ndep endence i s a t l eas t p ar t ia l ly r e flec ted i n t he b ur ia l r i tes o bserved . C ordoned U rns a re e ven l ess we l l r epresen ted o n s i tes p roducing F ood V esse l U rns : t he o n ly wel l a t tes ted f inds a re f rom t he f la t c re ma t ion c e met ery a t L awpark , t he p oss ib le c a irn a t F ern iega ir ( Lnk 4 ) , a nd f ro m t he ( ?) n a tura l mound p roduc ing c is ts a nd u rns a t t he Mi l l o f Marcus ( Ags 4 ) . B es ides t he F ood V esse l U rn f ro m B roo mend o f C r ich ie t here i s a n u nusua l " s imu lated b icon ica l u rn" ( ApS i mon , 1 972 , 1 52 ) , o f u ncer ta in a f f in i ty , b u t p oss ib ly b est s een a s a n a typica l C ordoned U rn . B y a nd l arge t here fore , i ts ee ms c lear t ha t wha tever i n f luences c on tr ibut ed t o t he a ppearance o f t he F ood V esse l U rn a s ac on ta iner f or c re ma ted b ones , i t s l inks a s at ype a re f i rm ly w i th F ood V esse ls . The f requen t b u t b y n o means a bso lu te p rac t ice o f i n terr ing F ood V esse l U rns i n c is ts t ends t o s uppor t t h is r e la t ionsh ip , a s d oes t he f a ir ly f requen t p resence o f t he t ype o n s i tes w i th more o r l ess s trong F ood V esse l a ssocia t ions . N o f irs t d egree a ssoc ia t ions w i th o ther U rn t ypes a re r ecorded , a nd t he o n ly a t a ll we l l r epr esen ted c on tac ts w i th o ther u rn t ypes ( i nb ur ia l c on tex ts ) a re w i th c o l lared u rns . H owever , t he p rob le m o f wha t l ed t o t he a ppearance o f F ood V esse l U rns may b es t b e c ons idered i nt he w ider c on tex t o f d iscuss ion o f t he ir a f f ini t ies a nd b ackground .

5 2

CHAPTER 5 D ISCUSS ION

I nt h is f ina l s ec t ion t he p o t tery i s d iscussed i n i t s w ider c on tex t i n a n a t te mp t t o a ssess i t s b ackground a nd a f f in i t ies u s ing t he e v idence r ev iewed i nt he p rev ious c hap ters . Gran ted t ha t t he e x is tence o f ar e la t ionsh ip ( o r r ela t ionsh ips ) o f t he v ess els u nder r ev iew t o F ood V essels i s c lear t he i m med ia te p roble ms t o b e c ons idered a re t he r eason (s ) f or t he a ppearance o f F ood V esse l U rns a nd t he b ackground f or t he r e l ie f d ecora tion c harac ter is t ic o f many o f t he u rns . Ear l ier wr i ters a ccoun ted f or t he a ppearance o f t he F ood V esse l U rns i n d i f feren t ways ( Ch . 1 ) , b u t b y a nd l arge t he a ccepted v iewpoin t b y t he midd le o f t he c en tury was t ha t e xpressed b y L ongwor th ( 1 961 , 2 84 ) i n wh ich t he " enl arge men t" o f F ood V esse ls t o s erve a s c inerary u rns was s een a s t he r esu l t o f c on tac ts w i th s peci f ica l ly C o l lared U rn g roups , a nd t he s ubsequen t a dopt ion o f t he u rn b ur ia l r i te .

I n o ther words , t h is e xp lana t ion w ou ld imp ly t ha t

t here w as a n i mp l ici t c hrono log ica l a nd p ar t ly c u l tura l d is t inc t ion b e tween Food V essels a nd F ood V essel U rns , i n t ha t t here w ou ld b e a" t ime b e fore" t he a ppearance o f t he l a t ter i n wh ich t hey wou ld b e a bsen t , a nd a t ime a f ter t he impac t o f C ol lared U rns , when t he F ood V essel U rn wou ld s tar t t o b e emp loyed , r epresen t ing t he c onvers ion o f F ood V esse l makers t o wha tever n ew b el ie fs were e n ta i led i n U rn b ur ia l . An a l terna t ive , a nd , i n t he wr i ter 's v iew , more s a t is fac tory , e xp lana t ion i s t ha t o f fered i n i t ia l ly b y A pS i mon wh ich w ou ld s t i l l a l low f or c on tac ts w i th o ther g roups t o a ccoun t f or t he a dop t ion o f t he u rn b ur ia l r i te b u t s ee t he l arge v esse ls t he mse lves a s p ar t o f a n a lready e x is t ing d o mes t ic a sse mb lage , i nc lud ing l arge a nd sma l l v essels . I n o ther words t he i n f luence o f o ther h u man g roups p rac t is ing u rn b ur ia l migh t a ccoun t f or t he c hange i nb ias o f s e lec t ion o f v esse ls f ro m a n a lready e x is t ing c era m ic r ange , b u t wou ld n o t i t se lf t r igger o f f t he p roduc t ion o f l arge v esse ls . I fo ne a ccepts t ha t t he s e lec t ion o f v ess e ls ( f or wha tever f unerary p urposes ) c ou ld v ary t hrough t ime t here wou ld s t i l l b e at ime " be fore" a nd " a f ter" t he a ppearance o f F ood V esse l U rns i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord a s r epresen ted b y b ur ia ls b u t A pS i mon 's e xp lanat i on w ou ld a l low f or t he l arge ly u ndocu men ted p resence o f sma l l a nd l arge F ood V esse ls o n d o mes t ic s i tes t hrough t . A pS imon c ha l lenged t he o ld v iewp o in t i n t he f i rs t p lace , b ecause o nt he b as is o f c o mpara t ive a na lyses o f f or m h e s howed t he f or m o f t he F ood V essel U rns owed n o th ing t o a ny s upposed " Co l lared U rn" i n f luence ( 1 972 , 1 49 ) . H owever , t h is i n i t sel f wou ld n o t b e s u f f ic ien t t o r u le o u t t he b as ic i dea t ha t C o l lared U rns t r iggered o f f t he d evelo p men t , s ince F ood V esse l p o t ters wou ld n o t n ecessar i ly i ncorpora te C o l lared U rn f ea tures i nt he p rocess o f " en larg ing" t heir t rad i t iona l p roduc ts . Wha t g ives more s uppor t t o A pS i mon 's a rgumen t f or c hang ing b iases o f s elec t ion i s

5 3

t he f ac t t ha t t he F ood V esse l U rns s ee m t o f a l l i n to a s ize r ange c ompa tib le w i th t he i dea t ha t t hey r epresen t t he l arge c o mponen t o f af unctiona l a sse mb lage ( 1 972 , 1 48-9 ). The main d rawback t o a ccep t ing t h is v iew c en tres o n t he v ir tua l a bsence o f d o mes t ic F ood V esse l a sse mblages , a nd t he s upposed ly u nsu i tab le n ature o f t he v esse ls f or d o mes t ic u se :

t he p ropor t ions o f t he F ood Vesse l U rns h ave

b een s a id t o make f or " a h eavy u ns tab le v esse l i l-des igned t o s tand o n i ts b ase a nd c onceived a s i nver ted . B o th t he f or m o f t he U rns a nd t he c on tex t i n wh ich t hey a re a l mos t a lways f ound , i nver ted o ver c rema t ions , s t rong ly s ugges t t ha t t hese v esse l were d es igned s peci f ica l ly a nd p robab ly e xc lus ively f or af unerary f unc t ion" . ( Kavanagh , 1 973 , 5 09 ). N ever the less , t ha t d o mes t ic s i tes d o e x is t i s s hown b y t he e xcava t ion a t K i le l lan F ar m ( Arg 1 ) o f as ett lemen t s i te p roduc ing sma l l a nd l arge v esse ls , t hough t hey a re n o t e n t ire ly t ypica l o f t he ma in land F ood V esse ls o r U rns ( Burgess ( 1 976a ) 1 96-204 ) . I n t he E as t , i n t he s and-dune s i tes s uch a s T en ts mu ir , F ood V esse l e le men ts a re n o t s trong ly r epresen ted i nt he c o l lec t ions , b u t p erhaps s ign i f ican t ly b o th sma l l a nd l arge v esse ls s ee m t o b e a t tes ted ( Longwor th , 1 966-7). The p resence o f t hese s i tes , e ven i fe xcep t iona l , s ugges ts t hat t he a bsence o f d o mes t ic F ood V esse l s i tes may n o t y e t b e t aken a s c on f ir med , t hough why t he s i tes s hou ld b e s o f ug i t ive i s u ncer ta in .

The o ther o b jec t ion p erhaps owes

ag ood d ea l t o o ur b iased modern v iewpo in t s ince l arge v esse ls d o n o t h ave t o s tand f ree o nf l a t s ur faces t o b e f unc t iona l a nd a t p resen t t he o b jection i s r ea l ly o n ly s uppor ted b y t he i n frequency o f d o mes t ic s i tes . I ti s t rue t ha t many o f t he v esse ls a re o na ny c oun t u nsu i ted t o s tand f i rm ly o n t heir b ases , b u t t h is n eed n o t p rec lude a f unc t iona l u sage . S o me o r many may h ave b een made s pec i f ica l ly f or b ur ia l , b u t t he o ccas iona l s eem ing ly f unc t iona l f ea ture , a nd t he s ubs tan t ia l -i f sma l l -b ases wou ld s ee m s uper f luous i np ots s upposedly d es igned f or b ur ia l i n a n i nver ted p os i t ion . I n a ny c ase , t he i ns tabi l i ty o f t he v esse ls h as p oss ib ly b een o vers tressed , a nd many , d espi te t he ir h eav i ly r es tored c ond i t ion , s tand s tead i ly e nough o n t he ir b ases t oday . Moreover , p ar tia l f i l l ing o f v esse ls w i th t runcon ic p ro f i les s uch a s t he F ood V esse l Urns w ou ld s ee m t o e nhance r a ther t han d im in ish t heir s tabi l i ty ( i f t hey were f ree-s tandi ng ) . F ina l ly , i ts ee ms t o t he wr i ter t ha t i n t he c ourse o f d iscuss ions o f p o t tery f ound w i th b ur ia ls , i ti s o f ten f orgo t ten o r n o t s u f f icien t ly s tressed t ha t wha te ver p urpose t he v esse ls h ad , t heir makers l i ved s o mewhere , a nd t hat c ont a iners w i l l a l mos t c er ta in ly h ave b een a n i mpor tan t p ar t o f t he ir ma ter ia l c u l ture . I nt hese d o mes t ic c on tex ts , al arge p ar t o f t he a sse mb lage o f c ont a iners m igh t b e made f ro m o rgan ic ma ter ia ls . 5 8 The e x is tence o f o rgan ic c on ta iners r a ises t he p oss ib l i ty o f s keuo morph ism i n a ny p o t tery p roduced b y t he s a me g roup , b u t t h is i s more r e levan t t o t he p rob lem o f t he b ackground o f t he r e l ie f d ecora t ion c ons idered b e low . I t s ee ms r easonab le t o a ssu me t ha t t he f or m a nd c o mpos i t ion o f t he a sse mb lage o f c on ta iners i n ag iven h uman g roup w ou ld b e i n l arge p ar t r e la ted t o i t s e cono my ;

i ft he a bsence o f d o mes-

t i c F ood V esse l a sse mblages i s t aken a s r ea l a nd n o t ag ap i n t he a rchaeo log ic a l r ecord wai t ing t o b e f i l led , t hen s o me a t te mp t o ugh t t ob e made t o e xpla in i ti n e cono m ic t er ms . I ti s f e l t , h owever , t ha t t he ir a bsence may w e l l r epr esen t ag ap i nt he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord , f unc t iona l a sse mb lage i n s o me way .

a nd t ha t t he v esse ls d o r e f lec t a

I ts hou ld a lso b e r e me mbered t ha t t he

5 9

5 4

r a ther a bs trac t t er m " in f luences" a s a pp l ied t o c o mpar isons o f i nan i ma te p o tt ery t ypes i s p resumably a r e f lec t ion o f c on tac ts a nd t he e xchange o r a dopt ion o f i deas b e tween , o r im i ta t ion o f , t he p roduc ts o f d i f feren t g roups o f r epresen t ing t he e xponen ts o f d i f feren t p o t t ing t rad i t ions .

p eop le ;

I t s ee ms r easonab le

t o a ssume t ha t t hese c on tac ts w i l l h ave t aken p lace i n t he c on tex t o f s e t t le men ts , o r more n eu tra l ly , " occupa t ion s i tes" .

I n t hese c on tex ts a lso , o ne migh t e x-

p ec t t o f ind t he d i f feren t p o t ting t rad i t ions c onsc ious ly o r u nconsc ious ly c on tr ib u t ing t o ac o m mon " poo l" o f t echn iques a nd d es igns .

T he f ac t t ha t d i f feren t

c era m ic t rad i t ions b y a nd l arge ma in ta in t heir i den t ity s ee ms t o s uppor t A pS i mon 's c on ten t ion ( 1969 , 3 3 ) t ha t t he d i f feren t p o t t ypes r epresnn t d i f feren t h u man g roups . On e thnograph ica l g rounds t here a ppear t o b e n o o b jec t ions t o t he i dea t ha t d i f feren t h u man g roups c ou ld l i ve t oge ther t o f or m a s ing le c o m mun i ty , t o a l l i n ten ts a nd p urposes s har ing a s im i lar g enera l ma ter ia l c u lture , b u t d is t ingu ished i n l i fe s oc ia l ly ( and p erhaps s ign i f ican t ly , b y d i f fere n t p o t t ing t rad i t ions ) ( e .g ., Dav id a nd H enn ig , 1 972 , 1 -29 ) . I ti s i n teres t ing t hat o n t he o ne we l l a t tes ted s e t t le men t s i te p roducing ' Food V esse l U rns ' ( K i le l lan Far m , Arg 1 ) t he p ot tery d oes s how a v ar ie ty o f e le men ts i nc lud ing B eaker a nd Food Vesse l p o t t ing t ra i ts .

6 0

I na ny c ase , whe ther o r n o t t he F ood V esse l U rns a re j us t l arge v essels p icked o u t f ro m f unc t iona l a sse mb lages , a nd wha tever s ign i f icance t he F ood Vesse l G roup h as i n h uman t er ms , c era m ica l ly a t l eas t F ood V esse l U rns a re c lear ly r e la ted t o F ood V esse ls .

I n t he a rea u nder r ev iew , t h is i nvo lves w i th

af ew e xcep t ions n oted e ar l ier , ar e la t ionsh ip t o t he Y orksh ire V ase F ood V ess e ls , a t tes ted b y s hared f ea tures o f f or m a nd n ecessary t o l i s t o r d iscuss i nd e ta i l :

d ecora t ion wh ich i ts ee ms u n-

f ea tures r e la t ing t he t wo t ypes i nc lude

t he c us to mar i ly mou lded r i ms w i th i n terna l b eve ls , t he g enera l p rof i le o f t he v esse ls ,

6 1

t he p resence o f a pp l ied s tops ( n ever p er fora ted i n t he u rns ) , s im i-

l ar r es tricted r eper to ires o f d ecora t ive t echn iques a nd p a t terns , a nd s im i lar p re ferences i n t he u se o f t hese .

T he h igh f requency o f F ood V esse l U rns o n

s i tes w i th F ood V esse l l i nks a nd t he o ccurrence o f t he u rns i n c is ts , wh ich h ave a lso b een c i ted a s aF ood V esse l p heno menon ( Waddel l , 1 970 , 1 01) s trengt hens t hese c era m ic l i nks .

H owever o ne i n terpre ts t he b ackground t o t he

a ppearance o f F ood V essel U rns i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord , t hey s hare w i th Food V esse ls t he s a me m ixed o r ig in i n P eterborough a nd B eaker p o t tery . Mc Innes h as r ecen t ly r ev iewed P e terborough Ware o u ts ide t he c lass ic S ou thEas tern a rea o f Eng land s tud ied b y Sm i th , a nd h as i so la ted a p o t tery s ty le i n N or thern Br i ta in c o mple men tary t o P e terborough Ware i n t he S ou th :

s he wou ld

s ee t h is " Pe terborough N or thern" s ty le a s d eve loping d ue t o t he i n f luence S ou thern P eterborough p ot tery h ad o n l oca lNeo l i th ic wares i n t he N or th ( 1 972 , C h . I ) . P e terborough N or thern p o t tery s ee ms t o p rov ide t he b ackground f or an umber o f f ea tures o f t he Yorksh ire F ood V esse ls a nd t he r e la ted F ood V ess e l U rns , i nclud ing i n terna l r im b eve ls , a nd t he ma jor impressed d ecora t ion t echn iques a nd p a t terns .

P e terborough Ware migh t a lso p rov ide a b ackground

f or t he u se o f mu l t ip le c ord l ines o n t he g roup o f v esse ls w i th i n tegra ted c ord a nd r el ief d ecorat ion .

I ti s i n teres t ing t o n o te t he p resence o f mu l t ip le t wis ted

c ord l ines o nt he v esse ls f ro m G oa ts crag ( Nor 8 A ) a nd F ord ( Nor 7 ) i n v iew o f t he d iscovery i n t he s a me a rea o f P e terborough N or thern s herds d ecora ted w i th l i near t w is ted c ord i n av ar ie ty o f a rrange men ts .

I np ar t icu lar , t he s em i-

c ircu lar a rcs o f mu l t iple c ord l ines o n t wo o f t he P e terb o rough s herds f ro m F ord ( pub l ished b y L ongwor th , 1 967-70 , 2 59 ) b ear c o mpar ison w i th s im i lar u se 5 5

o f t w is ted c ord t o f or m c urv i l inear p a t terns o nt he G oa tscrag u rn .

The v a l i-

d i ty o f t hese c era m ic l inks i s s treng thened b y t he n a ture o f t he G oa tscrag s i te s ince t he b ackground f or t he u se o f c aves a nd r ock s he l ters i s i n s uch s i tes a s C hurchda le i n D erbysh ire a nd G op C ave i n F l in tsh ire , b o th p roduc ing P e terborough p o t tery a ssoc ia ted w i th i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls ( McInnes , 1 972 , 2 6 ) . The c oncep t o f an or thern b ackground f or t he F ood V essel g roup a s a whole h as b een g iven a dded s treng th b y t he r esu l ts o f t he r ecen t e xcava t ions a t Me ldon B r idge , n ear P eeb les . A t t h is e x tre me ly i mpor tan t s i te , i td oes s ee m t ha t ' vesse ls w i th many o f t he f ea tures o f F ood V esse ls a nd En larged F ood Vesse ls h ad a lready a ppeared b y at ime a s e ar ly a s C . 2 336-2132 B .C .... ' ( Burgess ( 1 976a ) , 1 76 ) . O f t he o ther L a te N eol i th ic c era m ic t rad i t ions t he o ne t ha t i s mos t r elevan t t o F ood V esse l U rns i s Grooved Ware , i n v iew o f t he c on tr ibu t ion i tw as a t o ne t ime s upposed t o h ave made t o t he a ppearance o f a pp l ied r e l ief d ecora t ion . C h i lde was t he f irs t t o c on tend t ha t c on tac t w i th a nd i ncorpora t ion o f S kara B rae -R inyo t rad i t ions was b as ica l ly r espons ible f or t he a ppearance o f t he r el i e f d ecora ted ( Encrus ted ) u rns :

h e d rew a t ten t ion t o U rns w i th p ro fuse a ppl ied

r e l ief d ecora t ion a nd c overed w i th i nc is ions , s tabs , s lashes , g rooves a nd imp ress ions , f or wh ich h e s ugges ted t h is S kara B rae-R inyo b ackground .

H e s aw

t he c on tac t a s t ak ing p lace i n t he N or th-Eas t o f S co t land , where a s trong S kara B rae e le men t was s ugges ted b y t he d is tr ibu t ion o f t he c arved s tone b a l ls t ypic a l o f t he Orkney s i tes b u t u ndocumen ted b y p o ttery ( Ch i lde , 1 940 , 1 50 ; 1 1 ).

1 946,

As p o in ted o u t i n C hapter 1 , b o th B arber a nd A pS i mon s ubsequen t ly

q ues t ioned t he s upposed S kara B rae-R inyo c on tac t , a nd s ugges ted t ha t r e l ief d ecora t ion c ou ld h ave a r isen i ndependen t ly w i th in t he F ood Vessel t rad i t ion s peci f ica l ly t he Y orksh ire F ood V esse l g roup ( B r ber , 1 958 , 3 5-6; 1 972 , 1 45 ) .

A pS i mon

T he b as is o f A pS imon 's c r i t iscis m l i es i nt he f ac t t ha t t he u rns

mos t c losely c o mparab le t o Grooved Ware a re " those I r ish u rns w i th p ro fuse , mudd led , i nc ised a nd t oo led d ecora t ion , p la in ly a t t he e nd o f t he s er ies" ( 1 969 , 4 0 ).

I n I re land s uch u rns a pparen t ly b e long t o b o th t he F ood V esse l ( i n

ApS i mon 's s pec i f ic s ense o f ' Yorksh ire F ood V essels ' ) a nd Drumnak i l ly ( I r ishS co t t ish V ase ) s er ies a nd t he f ea tures j us t n o ted c an b e e xpla ined b y i n terna l d eve lop men t w i th in t he t wo s er ies .

" In p ar t icu lar" , a ccord ing t o ApS i mon ,

" the r ep lace men t o f c ord i mpress ions b y av ar ie ty o f i mpressed , s cra tched o r f ingerna i l d ecora t ion i s af am i l iar d eve lop men t i n t he F ood V essel s er ies" ( 1972 , 1 45 ) . F ina l ly , t he s a me wr i ter n oted t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t G rooved Ware migh t b e c en tur ies o lder t han t he u rns i t was s upposed t o h ave i n f luenced , a nd t ha t " any r e turn t o C h i lde 's o r ig ina l h ypo thes is wou ld i nvo lve s er ious c hrono log ica l d i f f icu l t ies" ( i b id . 1 46 ). I n r e jec t ing C h i lde 's h ypo thes is , ApS i mon makes a n i n teres t ing c o m men t t o t he e f fec t t ha t t he d evelop men t o f S kara Brae p o t tery f ro m Encrus ted U rns i s t ypo log ica l ly more p laus ible t han t he o ther way a round ( 1969 , 4 0 ).

I n t he o pin ion o f t he w r i ter , h owever , the

q ues t ion o f t he o r ig in o f r e l ie f d ecora t ion h as n o t y e t b een s a t is fac tor i ly r es o lved , a nd i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t i tw i l l b e u n t i l n ew e v idence b eco mes a vai lab le , a nd t he f ew c o m men ts wh ich f o l low s hou ld b e s een o n ly a s t en ta t ive s ugges t ions wh ich migh t o r m igh t n o t b e wor th f o l low ing u p i n d ue c ourse .

The c o m men t

b y ApS i mon o nt he t ypo logy o f S kara B rae p ot tery j us t men t ioned i s i n teres t ing b ecause i n t wo ma jor r ecen t s tud ies o f G rooved Ware t he c a ta ly t ic r o le o f I r ish i n f luences i n t he d eve lop men t o f Grooved Ware h as b een s tressed .

I n h er r e-

c en t s tudy o f G rooved Ware ( h er R inyo-C lac ton c o mp lex ) Mc Innes wou ld s ee 5 6

t he R inyo-C lacton c o mplex a s an ew c u l tura l e n t i ty d eve lop ing a s ar esu l t o f s trong I r ish i n f luences r each ing N or thern S co t land .

The f ac t t ha t many f ea-

t ures o f S ou thern G rooved Ware s tyles a re p resen t i n t he N or th ( bu t n o t v ice v ersa ) s ugges ted t o McInnes t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t G rooved Ware d eve loped i n t he N or th ( h er S kara Brae S ty le ) p r ior t o i t s a ppearance i n t he S ou th .

I ndeed

s he g oes s o f ar a s t o s ugges t a n a c tua l N or th t o S ou th move men t o f t he n ew c u l ture ( 1 972 , 5 9f f .) .

Wh i le r ecen t r ad iocarbon d a tes f ro m Orkney 63

migh t

s uppor t t he p rior i ty o f G rooved Ware i n t he N or th , t here i s a s y e t p erhaps t oo l i t t le e v idence t o f avour t he i dea o f a c tua l c u l tura l move men ts . I t migh t b e more r easonab le t o t h ink i n t er ms o f I r ish i n f luences a f fec t ing t he who le c oun try , a s Wa inwr igh t a nd L ongwor th s ee m t o imp ly i n t heir d iscuss ion o f t he R inyo C lac ton/Grooved Ware c o mplex ( 1971, 2 35 ).

T hey were more n on-

c o mm i t ta l a bou t t he q ues t ion o f o r ig ins , b u t n o ted t ha t b o th t he Durr ing ton Wa l ls S ty le a nd R inyo ( McInnes ' S kara B rae ) S tyle s ee med t o e v ince c lear I r ish ( Boyne a r t ) c on tr ibu t ions .

T he d a te o f t he a ppearance o f G rooved Ware

i n t he S ou th i s n o t s e t t led , s ince t he b u lk o f t he a va i lab le r ad iocarbon d a tes s ee m a pp l icable t o a n a lready d eve loped s tage o f t he c u l ture o r " sub c u l ture" ( Wa inwr igh t a nd L ongwor th , 1 971 , 2 57) . T he l ower l im i t o f t he G rooved Ware c u l ture i s a lso s ee m ing ly n o t s e t t led , b u t t here a re h in ts t ha t a n o ver lap o f F ood V esse ls a nd G rooved Ware i s p oss ible , a nd t ha t t he o ppor tun i ty f or a G rooved Ware c on tr ibu t ion t o t he r e l ie f d ecora ted u rns c ou ld e x is t .

One p o in t t ha t m igh t b e made i s t ha t i fo ne a ccep ts

t ha t F ood Vesse l U rns w ere t he l arge c o mponen t o f d o mes t ic F ood V esse l a ss e mb lages t hen t hey wou ld o r c ou ld b e p resen t f ro m t he t ime t ha t t he F ood Vesse l t rad i t ion b eca me f or ma l ised .

T he s urv iva l o f Grooved Ware t radi t ions

i n to t he Bronze Age i s l arge ly u ndocu men ted b u t L ongwor th h as n o ted a s herd f ro m F ord w i th d ecora t ion r e la ted c lear ly e nough t o G rooved Ware b u t i n a c harac ter is t ica l ly E ar ly B ronze Age f abr ic .

F ur ther more , L ongwor th d rew

a t ten t ion t o t he p resence o n t he s herd o f ar ow o f p i ts made w i th a p oin ted imp le men t , wh ich c an b e p ara l le led i n t he K irk Whe lping ton ( Nor 4 ) u rn , a nd t hese r ein force t he i mpress ion t ha t t he s herd migh t r epresen t af a ir ly l a te — i fl oca l — s urv iva l o f G rooved Ware t rad i t ions ( 1967-70 , 2 61) . I nt h is c on tex t i ti s w or th r eca l l ing t he G rooved Ware v esse l f ro m E dd isb ury , Chesh ire n o ted a bove ( p . 2 5 a nd n o te 3 2 ) i n c onnec t ion w i th t he r e l ie f a rcad ing c o m mon t o i ta nd o ne o f t he U rns f ro m G oa tscrag ( Nor 8 A ) .

The

E dd isbury p o t , wh ich s erved t he r o le o f c inerary u rn , i s o ne o f an u mber o f i ns tances o f G rooved Ware p o t tery a ssoc ia ted w i th c re ma t ion b ur ia ls ( eg , Winh i l l , Derbysh ire ;

Woodhenge ;

S tonehenge 4 .

6 3

I ff ew i n n umber , t hese

f inds a re p erhaps p o ten t ia l ly s ign i f ican t f ro m t he p oin t o f v iew o f a ssess ing t he o r ig ins o f u rned a nd u nurned c re ma t ion b ur ia l r i tes . I ts ee ms , t herefore , t ha t c on tac ts , o r a t l eas t t he o ppor tun i ty f or c on tac ts , w i th l a te G rooved Ware g roups may h ave e x is ted , b u t t he ma jor d i f ferences b e tween G rooved Ware a nd F ood V esse l U rns w i th r e l ie f d ecora t ion w ou ld s eem t o s ugges t t ha t wha tever f or m t he i n f luences t ook — i ft hey e x is ted — t hey d id n o t e x tend t o t he e xchange o f s peci f ic t echn iques o r d es igns .

I n t he

a rea u nder r eview t he o n ly v esse ls w i th a pp l ied r e l ie f d ecora t ion s peci f ica l ly r eca l ling G rooved Ware a re t he f ew w i th p ro m inen t a pp l ied c hevrons o r c ordons r ese mbl ing t he p las t ic o rna men t o f S kara B rae p o t tery ( eg , u rns f ro m N ew lands ( Lnk 6 ) ;

C a irnbanno ( Abn 4 ) ;

D a l more ( Ros 1 ) ) . 5 7

As p o in ted o u t i n C hap ter 2 ,

o ther t echn iques wh ich b ear c o mpar ison w i th G rooved Ware , s uch a s e nr ich ing o f t he r e l ie f d ecora t ion b y i nc is ions , a pp l ied r ings , s lash ing a nd g roov ing a re a l l a bso lu te ly r are i n t he u rns u nder r ev iew , a nd , i n a ny c ase , t he f or m o f t he ma jor i ty o f t he v esse ls a nd n ear ly a l l t he o ther e le men ts o f d ecora t ion a re c lear ly r e la ted t o t he Y orksh ire F ood V esse l g roup. On t he f ace o f i t , t here fore , as tra igh t forward G rooved Ware c on tr ibu t ion m igh t s ee m u n l ike ly.

A ps i mon h as o f fered a n a l terna t ive s ugges t ion , n a me ly

t ha t t he i n troduct ion o f r el ie f d ecora t ion was a n i ndependen t d evelop men t b y t he makers o f Y orksh ire F ood V esse ls . H e d rew a t ten t ion t o t he f ac t t ha t F ood V esse l p o t ters a lready u sed r e l ie f d ecora t ion i n a pp lying n onfunc t iona l I mpierced l ugs a nd h e c ou ld s ee n o r eason why " e labora t ion t o i n tens i fy t he e f fec t o f impressed d ecora t ion s hou ld n o t h ave t aken p lace w i thou t a ny c a l l f or o u ts ide i n f luences ."

( 1 972 , 1 46.)

F ur ther more , A ps i mon wou ld s ee t he

F ood Vesse l U rns ( i n h is s pec i f ic s ense o f U rns r ela ted t o Y orksh ire F ood V essels ) a s t he s ource o f r e l ie f d ecora t ion i n I re land , where r el ief d ecora ted u rns a re a pparen t ly t he mos t n umerous f or m o f c inerary u rn ( Kavanagh , 1 973 , 5 24 ) a nd where r e l ie f o rna men t was a dop ted a nd d eve loped i n t he a sse mb lages o f t he I r ish B ow l a nd I r ish-Sco t t ish V ase g roups a s w e l l ( Aps i mon , 1 969 , 4 0 ). Wh i le t h is d eve lop men t i s f eas ible , i t s ee ms r e markable t ha t t he Y orksh ire F ood V esse l t rad i t ion , o therw ise c harac ter ised b y af a ir ly r es tr ic ted r ange o f d ecora t ive t echn iques a nd p a t terns , s hou ld i n troduce s uch b o ld d is t inc t ive f ea tures a s a pp l ied r e l ie f c hevrons a nd b osses .

I ti s a lso r e markable t ha t i n

t he s upposed " ho me land" r e l ie f d ecora ted F ood V esse l Urns a re n ot p ar t icu lar ly we l l r epresen ted , b y c o mpar ison w i th I re land .

I n t he a bsence o f r ef ine men ts

i n c hrono logy , i tt here fore s ee ms t ha t t here i s p erhaps i nsuf f ic ien t e v idence a t p resen t t o s uppor t t he t ypo log ica l d eve lop men t o f t he I r ish r e l ief d ecora ted v esse ls f ro m t he f ew S co t t ish a nd N or thern Eng l ish U rns w i th i n tegra ted t w is ted c ord a nd r e l ie f d ecora t ion ( Aps i mon 's " pr i mary s er ies" r e l ie f d ecora ted u rns ( 1969 , 4 0 ) ) . I nf ac t , g iven t ha t r e l ie f o rna men ted u rns a re s o t yp ica l ly I r ish , i fa ny th ing migh t n o t ac ase b e made f or s ee ing t he a ppearance o f a pp l ied r e l ie f d ecora t ion o n t he u rns u nder r ev iew a s ar e f lec t ion o f I r ish i n f luences i n N or thern B r i ta in f or wh ich t here a re n u merous o ther i nd ica t ions i n t he f or m o f me ta lwork a nd p o t tery . I nI re land t here i s s uper f icia l ly a be t ter a t tes ted b ackground f or r el ie f d eco r a t ion w i th e f f ic ien tf a lse-re l ie fo nt he B ow l F ood V esse ls , a nd o ccasional t rue r e l ie f r epresen ted i n B oyne P assage G rave a r t .6 4

I n v iew o f t he p o ten t ia l

c on tr ibu t ion o f B oyne a r t t o t he G rooved Ware c o mp lex i n B r i ta in , t he i ncorp ora t ion o f s im i lar e le men ts i n to l a ter p o t tery t rad i t ions w i th in I re land migh t n o t b e u nexpec ted . More d e f in i te I r ish l inks a re a t tes ted b y t he e xceptiona l g roup o f v esse ls r ela ted t o t he Dru mnak i l ly s er ies o f U rns ( I r ish-Sco t tish Vases ) o r t he r are u se o f t r iangu lar s ta mp t echn iques s ugges t ing c on tac t w i th o ne o r o ther I r ish F ood V esse l g roup ( ?in a S co t t ish c on tex t ) . I tt hus s ee ms p oss ib le t ha t r e l ie f d ecora t ion migh t h ave b een i n troduced a nd i ncorpora ted i n to t he Y orksh ire F ood V esse l t rad i t ion i n a s y e t u ndocumen ted d o mes tic a sse mb lages .

S ince t h is i s al arge ly h ypo the t ica l s i tua t ion , a nd t he v esse ls

i n t he a rea u nder r ev iew a re b y a nd l arge d is t ingu ishab le f ro m t he I r ish U rns , a no ther e xp lana t ion m igh t s ee t he i n troduc t ion o f r e l ie f o rna men t i nb oth a reas

5 8

as a more or less independent development. Bearing in mind the fact that relief decoration is confined to the larger vessels, it might be that it reflects the skeuomorphic representation of some kind of carrying frame in organic materials, apposite to the larger containers in domestic assemblages. If so, the presence of significant features in the technique or form of such organic materials would be unlikely to survive in the archaeological record, and a true picture of the contacts and developments of different groups might not be forthcoming on the basis of funerary pottery on its own. Until the evidence for the composition of domestic assemblages is clearer, and more dating evidence is forthcoming, it seems unlikely that any one interpretation will be acceptable. From the point of view of dating, the associated finds with the urns in the area under review are neither numerous nor particularly useful. It therefore seems pointless listing these again, given that the position has been summarised recently by Burgess (1974 , 178-82). In summary, then, Food Vessel Urns in the North of England and Scotland consist of a body of vessels formerly called Enlarged Food Vessels and En­ crusted Urns, and although the use of one or both terms seems likely to continue they should not be considered as culturally distinct entities. Although further work is needed to confirm the distinctions in size between Food Ves­ sels and the Food Vessel Urns, it seems reasonable to think of the urns as representing, or at least reflecting, the large component in what still un­ fortunately remains a largely hypothetical domestic Food Vessel assemblage. The appearance of Food Vessel Urns_ in the archaeological record in the con­ text of burials may thus be taken to reflect the impact of the spread of cremation in the Early Bronze Age upon non-cinerary ceramic forms.

NOTES 1.

Following Apsimon, 1969, 66, note 8.

2.

eg, Calkin, 1964 II; Forde Johnston 1965; 1964, 62; Patchett, 1944 , 38.

3.

eg, Lynch, 1971.

4.

In 194 3, the discovery of the urn from Aberlemno (Ags 1) with relief chevron and bosses meant that Fox's original idea that knobs/rosettes marked a definite stage in the east-west movement and development of the Urns was no longer workable (Childe, 194 2-3, 191).

5.

Barber also drew attention to a small Food Vessel from Calally in Northumberland as a possible prototype for the Encrusted Urns, since it was thought at the time to be decorated with small raised bosses (see BNC XIII, 1890-1, 4 3; XIV, 1892-3, 24 ). The vessel was sub­ sequently rediscovered, and published by Jobey who pointed out that the earlier description was inaccurate and that only cord decoration had been employed (AA4 , XXXVIII, 1960, 24 1-2).

59

Annable and Simpson,

6 .

K avanagh ma in ta ins t he u se o f t he t er m i s s t i l l v a l id ( 1 973 , 5 10 ) . Wh i le r ecogn is ing t ha t c er ta in " Encrus ted U rns" s ee m t o b e r e la ted t o B owl F ood V esse ls , a nd o thers t o I r ish-Sco t t ish V ases , s he n evert he less ma in ta ins t ha t t he i n troduc t ion o f u rn b ur ia l s ign i f ied a n imp or tan t c u l tura l c hange , r a ther t han a ccep ting t he ma in t he me o f A ps i mon 's a pproach , whereby t o ta l a sse mblages o f r e la ted p o t tery a re g iven more impor tance t han b ur ia l r i tes .

7 .

C er ta in v esse ls wh ich c anno t r ea l ly b e c lassed a s F ood V esse l Urns h ave n o t b een i nc luded i n t he c a ta logue b u t a re d iscussed i n t he t ex t where n ecessary .

8 .

I ts ee ms t o t he wr i ter t ha t t here i s ar ea l n eed f or a n " au thor ised v ers ion" o f p o t t ing a nd p o t tery t er m ino logy :

t he l ack o f a ny s uch r e-

f erence work may a ccoun t f or a ny n on-con for m i t ies o r e rrors i n t he c a ta logue . 9 .

C o t N ab ma ter ia l i nc luded — p end ing p ubl ica t ion — i n d e ference t o Mr Manby 's i den t i f ica t ion o f t he s herds .

A s um mary a ccoun t o f t he

e xcava t ion was p ub l ished i n 1 966 , i n wh ich t he s herds were i den t i f ied a s Grooved Ware , wh ich wou ld , o f c ourse , b e a rchaeo log ica l ly more a ccep tab le i n v iew o f t he B eaker p r i mary b ur ia ls . Bu i ld ings & Works Annua l Excava t ion R epor t ,

S ee Min . P ubl ic

( 1 966 ) , 5 .

1 0 .

e g , F e l l , 1 962 , 3 0 , o r S avory , 1 957 , 2 05 .

1 1.

As S i mpson h as s hown i n h is r ev iew o f F ood V essel a ssoc ia t ions a nd c hrono logy ( 1 968 , 1 97f f .).

1 2 .

I fn o th ing e lse , t hese q ua l i f ica t ions s ee m t o p o in t t o t he i nabi l i ty o f a ny o ne c lass i f ica t ion s che me t o c ope w i th a l l t he v ar ia t ions .

1 3 .

U n less o ne t akes t he Bran thwa i te v esse l t o r epresen t a n A bercro mby T ype 3 i n i t s b as ic f or m .

1 4.

Exa mp les o f F ood V esse ls w i th c oncave i n terna l b eve ls i n Manby , 1 957, 1 -29 .

1 5 .

P oss ibly t he v esse l f ro m R osebrough ( Nor 1 2 ) h as a n e labora te i n terna l b eve l ( n ot s een b y wr i ter ).

1 6.

Exa mples i n K avanagh , 1 973 :

C a ta logue N o 's 2 0 , 5 9 , 6 6, 7 8 , 8 7 , e tc .

1 7.

C larke ( 1970 , I ,) d iscusses v essels w i th d ished b ases .

1 8 .

" Conce ived a s i nver ted" — K avanagh , 1 973 , 5 09 .

1 9 .

e g , aF ood V esse l f ro m C o mber , C o . D own .

U JA 3 , 9 , 1 946 , 1 39-40 ;

A bercro mby , 1 912 , I , f igs . 3 21, 3 79 , 3 82 . 2 0 .

I r ish-Sco t t ish Vases s ee m t o c ons is t o f ar a ther d iverse g roup o f v esse ls — c o mpare S i mpson ( 1965 ) c a t . n o 's . 6 6 a nd 6 7.

2 1.

Machr ie V ases l i s ted b y S co t t ( 1 967 ) a nd t here fore n o t i nc luded i n t he c a ta logue .

I n a ny c ase t hese v esse ls a re n ever " en larged" t o t he s ca le

o f s o me o f t he I r ish U rns r e la ted t o B ow l F ood V esse ls , e g , S lagh taver ty , C o . D erry ( Kavanagh , 1 973 , C a t . N o . 2 4 ) .

6 0

2 2 .

e g , F e l l , 1 962 , 2 9-30 o r S tevenson 1 948-9 , 2 31-2 .

2 3 .

The wr i ter i s g ra te fu l t o Mr T . G os l ing B . S c . f or a dv ice o n t he impl ica t ions o f t he d iagra m .

2 4 .

Exa m ina t ion o f A bercro mby 's d a ta ( mos t ly h e igh ts o f v esse ls ) f or F ood Vesse ls f ro m t he r e ma inder o f t he c oun try s ee ms t o c on f ir m t he g enera l a bsence o f v esse ls i n t he h e igh t r ange o f c . 7 -8" .

2 5.

I n h is a na lys is o f F ood V esse ls a nd F ood V esse l U rns , A ps i mon d rew a t ten t ion t o t he h igh ly s ign i f ican t i ncrease i n h e igh t r e la t ive t o w id th ( 1972 ) .

2 6.

K avanagh , 1 973 :

C a t . N o 's 1 8 , 2 6 , 4 3 , 5 0 , 5 3 a nd o thers c onven ien t ly

s how t h is more o pen f or m . 2 7.

B u 'lock ( 1 961 , 4 0 ) t hough t t he v esse l migh t b e aF ood V essel Urn . S herds o f wha t may b e t h is u rn a re a pparen t ly e x tan t a nd t he p rob le m s hou ld b e r eso lved i n d ue c ourse .

2 8 .

F ur ther work m igh t s how t hese d is t inc t ions t o b e s pur ious a nd i t mus t b e s tressed t ha t t hey h ave n o t b een t es ted s ta t is t ica l ly .

2 9 .

T here i s much v ar ia t ion i n t er m ino logy a s r egards d escr ip t ion o f d ec ora t ive t echn iques a nd t hese g roupings a re i n tended o n ly t o f aci l i ta te d iscuss ion .

3 0 .

V essels w i th i n terna l a pp l ied d ecora t ion a re a lso a bso lu te ly r are i n I reland :

K avanagh ( 1973 , 5 13 ) f igures o n ly o ne e xa mp le , t he u rn f ro m

P or ts tewar t ( Ca t . N o . 2 3 ) . 3 1.

T hese u rns f or m wha t Aps i mon h as c a l led t he " Pr i mary S er ies" o f S co t tish F ood V esse l U rns ( "w i th F ood V esse l t ra i ts s trong ly i n e v id ence" )

3 2 .

( 1 969 , 4 0 ) .

E dd isbury u rn :

f ound w i th o ther u rns a t t he f oo t o f E dd isbury H i l l .

I th ad a pparen t ly b een p ro tec ted b y a n a rch o f s tones .

The v esse l i s

r epresen ted o n ly b y af rag men t , a nd mus t h ave h ad a d ia me ter o f c . 1 1" ( 280 m m ) . I ti s d ecora ted w i th wh ipped c ord l ines a nd maggo ts , t he l a t ter a rranged i n f i l led t r iang le a nd h err ingbone p a t terns . There i s ad iscon t inuous g roove o n t op o f t he r im . R e ferences :

( Warr ing ton Museum )

S hone W P reh is tor ic Man i n C hesh ire ( 1 911) ;

5 7-8 ;

TLCAS L ( 1 934-5 ) 6 6-106 V ar ley C hesh ire B e fore t he R o mans ( 1 964 ) . 3 3 .

E xa mples o f Drumnak i l ly s er ies u rns w i th a pp l ied r ings i n K avanagh ( 1 973 ): C a t . N o 's . 8 4 , 8 7.

3 4 .

C o mpare s p l i t-lozenge mo t i fs o n I r ish r e l ie f-decora ted u rns f igured b y K avanagh ( 1973 ) : C a t . N o 's . 3 1, 6 0 , 6 6 , 8 5 .

3 5 .

T he mu l t ip ly-ou t l ined t r iang le f or m ing a c hevron p a t tern i s ac o m mon B eaker mo ti f , w i th a N or th European C orded Ware g roup b ackground ( C larke , 1 970 , I , 1 8 — Mo t i f Group Imot i f N o . 1 0 ) .

The p resence o f

t h is mo t i f o n t he H i l l o f F ou lzie u rn c ou ld b e d ue t o B eaker i n f luence ( La te N or thern B eaker o n s a me s i te i n u ncer ta in c on tex t ) .

6 1

3 6.

T er m " p la i ted c ord" u sed ma in ly f or c onven ience , wh i le r ecogn is ing t here may b e d is t inc t ions b e tween t rue a nd " s i mu la ted" p la i ted c ord .

3 7.

T he g rooves o n t he R yton v esse l a re u nusua l — p oss ib ly r epresen t ing i n f luence o f N or thern B eakers?

3 8 .

C o mpare Manby 1 957 , C a t . N o 's . A l2 , A 17.

3 9 .

As r es tored , t he G t . T osson v esse l ( Nor 9 ) a lso h as a s l igh t ly s played f oot .

4 0 .

The o ther t wo v esse ls r e la ted t o t he Drumnak i l ly s er ies were n o t n o ted a s b e ing s o marked ly d is t inc t i n t er ms o f t he ir f abr ic .

4 1.

R ing-bu i ld ing l ines n o ted o n v esse ls f ro m C r ie f f ( Per 2 ) , Mi l l o f Marcus ( Ags 4 ) , C ra igdhu ( Fi f 4 ) , Wash ing We l l F arm ( Dur 6 ) a nd Aberdeens h ire ( Abn 1 ) .

4 2 .

T he work o f S tevenson , a nd t he wr i ter 's own e xa m ina t ion o f t he F ood V esse l a nd o ther U rns s ugges ts t ha t t here m igh t b e r ea l p oten t ia l f or more d e ta i led work o np o t tery f abr ics i n t he N or th .

T h is migh t b e

o ne way t o a pproach t he p rob le m o f u nrave ll ing t he mass o f Bronze Age C oarse Wares a nd s hape less b ucke ts wh ich h ave b een p edd led r ound a v ar ie ty o f c u l tura l b ack-doors w i thou t f ind ing a r espec table h ome . 4 3 .

Ano ther c lue t o t he p resence o f o rgan ic c overs was n oted b y L ynch ( 1 971 , 2 4 ) : t he f ac t t ha t n o b one s p i l led o u t o n i nvers ion o f t he p o t s ee ms t o i mp ly a c over o f t h is n a ture .

4 4 .

I n c on tras t t o wha t migh t b e e xpec ted ;

c o mpare Var ley ( 1964 , 6 4 ) —

" so me u rns a re c lear ly e n large men ts o f t he k ind o f F ood Vesse l ... s o c harac ter is t ic o f Y orksh ire a nd wh ich when s o e n larged i s t he p red om inan t u rn t ype i n Yorksh ire ." 4 5 .

I n terna l o r e x terna l s tone c irc les a nd k erbs a nd c re ma t ion b ur ia ls s ee m t o b e c harac ter is t ic o f t he r eg ion .

4 6.

C op t H i l l p roduced T ow thorpe Ware ( Manby , 1 970 , 1 7 ) :

t h is c ou ld b e

s ign i f ican t s ince T ow thorpe Ware i s r epea ted ly a ssoc ia ted w i th mu l tiple i nhu ma t ion b ur ia l , a nd t he o r ig in o f t he mu l t ip le i nhuma t ion r i tes o n t he Wolds a ppears t o o we a g rea t d ea l t o t he makers o f T ow thorpe Ware . ( Pe terson , 1 972 , 2 8 ) . 4 7 .

These " ce me tery mounds" f a l l i n to e ach o f t he v ar ie t ies r ecogn ised b y Wadde l l , 1 970 , 1 01.

4 8 .

S i tes a t G rappen .ha l l ( Che 1 ) , F ern iega ir ( Lnk 4 ) a nd H u mble ton H i l l ( Dur 3 ) c ou ld a l l h ave b een c e me tery mounds t oo , t hough t oo f ew d eta i ls a re a va i lable t o d o more t han s ugges t t he p oss ib i l i ty .

4 9 .

e g , G rave markers a t C ha t ton S andyford ( N or 5 ) .

5 0 .

When t he " cis t" i s b u i l t a round a l arge v esse l , i t s f or m i s v ir tua lly d ic ta ted b y t he c on tex t , s o t ha t t he f or m o f t he c is t migh t b e e xpec ted t o v ary c ons iderab ly .

5 1.

The o r ig ina l a ccoun t o f t he d iscovery o f t he u rn i s h owever ambiguous , a nd i ti s n o t d irec t ly s ta ted t ha t t he G lenba l loch " Four-Pos ter" was t he s i te o n wh ich t he u rn was f ound . 6 2

5 2 .

K enwor thy ( 1972 , 2 3 ) r e la tes t he u rn a nd C lass I b r azor t o t he s a me f ea ture , b u t t he o r ig ina l a ccoun t i s ambiguous .

5 3.

Many c ases n o ted b y H ensha l l :

f or i ns tance a t Ardnacross a nd B rack ley

i n K in tyre . 5 4.

T he r a t io o f a du l t t o s ub-adu l t r e ma ins i s i n g enera l k eep ing w i th t ha t n oted b y P e terson ( 1 972 , 3 1) f or Wo lds b ur ia ls .

5 5 .

C o mpare d iscovery o f t wo F ood V esse l Urns a t B edd Em lyn , C locaenog , D enbighsh ire .

One a ssocia ted w i th f rag men tary b ronze r azor , t he

o ther w i th 1 1 b arbed a nd t anged a rrowheads , a nd a p lano-convex k ni fe . S avory , H . N . " Bronze Age Bur ia ls n ear B edd Em lyn , C locaenog" T rans . D enbighsh ire H is t . S oc . 1 0 , 1 961 , 7 -22 . 5 6.

S i mi lar f la t b one o b jec ts f ro m K inne i l Mi l l ( Cordoned U rn ) , a nd G ourl aw , Lasswade , M id lo th ian ( Col lared U rn ) — i n NMAS .

5 7.

T he b ead was f or l ong t hough t t o h ave b een i n t he sma l l C ordoned U rn f ound n earby , b u t t he t ex t e xp l ic i t ly s ays t h is was emp ty .

5 8 .

F or c o mpar ison s ee , f or e xa mp le , R obbins ' a ccoun t o f Turkana ma ter ia l c u l ture .

P er ishab le g oods ( i n a rchaeo log ica l s ense ) a ccoun ted f or 6 3%

o f ma ter ia l c u l ture .

4 8% o f t he e qu ip men t c ons is ted o f c on ta iners .

( Wor ld Archaeo logy , 5 , 1 973 , 2 09 ) . 5 9 .

A l though n ew s i tes w i l l — h ope fu l ly — b e f ound , i t migh t b e wor th r ee xa m in ing o ld d iscover ies .

The s i te a t D yser th C as t le , F l in tsh ire ,

f or e xa mp le p roduced b arbed f l in t a rrowheads , p iano-convex k n ives , a nd b ronze e ar-r ings o f at ype f ound w i th a F ood Vesse l b ur ia l a t G ood manha m , Y orks .

( Dav ies , E .

ma ins o f F l in tsh ire , 1 949 , 1 09 ; 6 0 .

6 1.

T he P reh is tor ic a nd R o man R e-

P iggo t t , 1 954 , 2 93 .

P erhaps t h is i s t he s or t o f " poo l ing" o f t rad i t ions o ne migh t e xpec t i n ad o mes t ic c on tex t? T he g enera l p ro f i les o f F ood V esse ls a nd F ood V esse l U rns a re s im i lar , t hough t he l a t ter s how a s ign i f ican t i ncrease i n h eigh t r e la t ive t o w id th .

6 2 .

R ad iocarbon d a te C . 2 600 f ro m Quan terness , Orkney .

C . R en frew i n

l ec ture t o S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ies o f S co t land , o n " Recen t E xcava t ions i n Orkney" .

S ee a lso :

C larke D . V ., " Excava t ions a t S kara B rae :

as um mary a ccoun t" i n Burgess C . B . a nd Mike t R . ( eds ) S e t t le men t a nd E cono my i n t he T h ird a nd S econd Mi l lenn ia B . C . B .A .R . 3 3 , 1 976 , 2 38 . 6 3 .

R inyo- C lac ton/Grooved Ware c o mplex c re ma t ion b ur ia ls e g , Woodhenge ( p i t i ns ide c irc le 2 ) — Cunn ing ton M ., Woodhenge 1 929 , 4 5 , 1 56; S tonehenge — P iggo t t S . 1 954 , 3 53 ;

Winh i l l , D erbysh ire — B a te man T .

T en Y ears D igg ings ,in C e l t ic a nd S axon G rave H i l ls . 2 54-5 ;

L ondon ( 1861 )

Edd isbury , C hesh ire — s ee n ote 3 2 a bove f or r e ferences ;

C h ippenha m , C a mbr idgesh ire a nd P e terborough — l ‘ i lcInnes , 1 972 , 7 3f f . 6 4 .

e g , s p li t l ozenge mo t i f , c hevrons , e tc — c f . O 'Ke l ly , C . I l lus tra ted G u ide t o N ewgrange ( 1 967 ) p la tes 1 0A , 2 1, 2 7.

6 3

Unknown

X X X

On s ide Upr ight X X X X

I nverted Unknown

X X

X

Capstone On s lab/pav ing I n c a irn/barrow Be low g round s urface

X X

X

On g round s urface P it X X

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