British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603-1714 - Design, Construction, Careers and Fates 9781848320406, 9781783469246, 9781783466917

Table of contents :
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Series Foreword by Andrew Lambert
Preface
Acknowledgements
Sources and Data
Bibliography
Introduction
Chronology
Fleet Actions
Glossary and Abbreviations
Preamble
Chapter 1 First Rates – ‘Ships Royal’
(A) Vessels in service or rebuilding at 24 March 1603
(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603
(C) Vessels acquired from 9 May 1660
(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688
Chapter 2 Second Rates – the ‘Great Ships’
(A) Vessels in service or on order at 24 March 1603
(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603
(C) Vessels acquired from 9 May 1660
(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688
Chapter 3 The Third Rates – ‘Middling Ships’
(A) Vessels in service or on order at 24 March 1603
(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603
(C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660
(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688
Third Rates of 80 guns.
Third Rates of 70 guns
Third Rates of of 66 guns
Chapter 4 The Fourth Rates – ‘Small Ships’
(A) Vessels in service or on order at 24 March 1603
(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603
(C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660
(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688
Fourth Rates of 60–64 guns
Fourth Rates of 50 guns
Chapter 5 The Fifth Rates
(A) Vessels in service at 24 March 1603
(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603
(C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660
(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688
Fifth Rates of 40–44 guns
Fifth Rates of 32 and 36 guns
Fifth Rates of 28 guns
Chapter 6 The Sixth Rates
(A) Vessels in service at 24 March 1603
(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603
(C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660
(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688
Sixth Rates of 20 guns and up to 26 guns
Sixth Rates with fewer than 20 guns
Chapter 7 Unrated Vessels
Patrol and Escort Vessels
(B) Vessels acquired before 2 May 1660
(C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660
(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688
Bomb Vessels
Fireships
Storeships
Yachts
Unarmed auxiliaries
Chapter 8 Hired Vessels
(B) Vessels hired from 25 March 1603
(C) Vessels hired from 2 May 1660
(D) Vessels hired from 18 December 1688
Vessels hired from 1701
Appendices
A – English naval vessels engaged in the action against the Armada 1588
B – Construction costs for English Warships 1659–70
C – Lists of Ships in the Navy, as at various dates
D – Dockyard Launchings 1603–1714

Citation preview

The Second Rate Barfleur, launched in 1713, and representative ships of the fleet inherited by the new Hanoverian dynasty in 1714 (National Maritime Museum neg. 3026)

Copyright © Rif Winfield 2009 First published in Great Britain in 2009 by Seaforth Publishing An imprint of Pen & Sword Books Ltd 47 Church Street, Barnsley S Yorkshire S70 2AS www.seaforthpublishing.com Email [email protected] British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP data record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84832-040-6 EPUB ISBN: 978-1-78346-924-6 PRC ISBN: 978-1-78346-691-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing of both the copyright owner and the above publisher. The right of Rif Winfield to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Typeset and designed by Palindrome Printed and bound in China

Contents Series Foreword by Andrew Lambert Preface Acknowledgements Sources and Data Bibliography Introduction Chronology Fleet Actions Glossary and Abbreviations Preamble Chapter 1

First Rates – ‘Ships Royal’ (A) Vessels in service or rebuilding at 24 March 1603 (B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 (C) Vessels acquired from 9 May 1660 (D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688

Chapter 2

Second Rates – the ‘Great Ships’ (A) Vessels in service or on order at 24 March 1603 (B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 (C) Vessels acquired from 9 May 1660 (D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688

Chapter 3

The Third Rates – ‘Middling Ships’ (A) Vessels in service or on order at 24 March 1603 (B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 (C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660 (D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688 Third Rates of 80 guns.

Third Rates of 70 guns Third Rates of of 66 guns Chapter 4

The Fourth Rates – ‘Small Ships’ (A) Vessels in service or on order at 24 March 1603 (B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 (C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660 (D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688 Fourth Rates of 60–64 guns Fourth Rates of 50 guns

Chapter 5

The Fifth Rates (A) Vessels in service at 24 March 1603 (B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 (C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660 (D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688 Fifth Rates of 40–44 guns Fifth Rates of 32 and 36 guns Fifth Rates of 28 guns

Chapter 6

The Sixth Rates (A) Vessels in service at 24 March 1603 (B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 (C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660 (D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688 Sixth Rates of 20 guns and up to 26 guns Sixth Rates with fewer than 20 guns

Chapter 7

Unrated Vessels Patrol and Escort Vessels (B) Vessels acquired before 2 May 1660 (C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660 (D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688

Bomb Vessels Fireships Storeships Yachts Unarmed auxiliaries Chapter 8

Hired Vessels (B) Vessels hired from 25 March 1603 (C) Vessels hired from 2 May 1660 (D) Vessels hired from 18 December 1688 Vessels hired from 1701

Appendices A – English naval vessels engaged in the action against the Armada 1588 B – Construction costs for English Warships 1659–70 C – Lists of Ships in the Navy, as at various dates D – Dockyard Launchings 1603–1714

Series Foreword

B

etween 1603 and 1817 the wooden warship was the critical technology of the English/British state, whether waging war or maintaining peace. Such ships were used in a series of conflicts, ranging from a Civil War through three uniquely naval struggles for control of oceanic commerce with the Dutch, intermittent imperial struggles that tested the cohesion of the Spanish empire, and five wars with France that secured Britain’s key policy objectives: first, European stability and with the River Scheldt under benign control and, second, a growing global empire of economic opportunity and markets for trade and capital. The last war of the period, an existential total war that tested the sinews of British power as never before, was fought to retain those objects. Britain would fight France, Spain, much of Napoleonic Europe and finally the United States of America between 1793 and 1815. These were the glory days of the sailing navy, when it reached its apogee in size, and power. This three-volume series assembles and digests the design, construction and service records of all English/British naval vessels ordered, built, captured or hired by the Royal or Commonwealth navies during a 200-year epoch punctuated by numerous large-scale wars. There is no equivalent work dealing with the Royal or any other major navy of the sailing age. While some readers may do no more than dip into the definitive listing of well over 5,000 warships and auxiliaries to solve specific queries, the wealth of detail can be deployed in many more ambitious ways. The development of ship types, officer careers, ship longevity, the role of foreign prizes in the development of British design, the strategy and tactics of cruiser warfare and much more besides, can be illuminated by interrogating this data. As the most significant moveable artefacts procured by the state, warships reveal much of the policy and strategy that underlay their construction. In the age of the wooden warship every ship was a compromise between size, cost, sailing performance, stability and handiness, with the added complication of choices of armament and rig. The ships that occupy the following pages were ordered for the state by a naval administration that took direction from monarchs and their ministers. While the size of the fleet was a political choice, the design of individual ships was a professional concern, being

driven by the Surveyors of the Navy, experienced shipwrights from the Royal Dockyards, and by the eighteenth century the design records of these ships were held centrally as a state record – and are now in the custody of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. In the seventeenth century the designs were still the personal property of the shipwright. Consequently, during the Dutch raid on the Medway in 1667 Commissioner Pett at Chatham was anxious to save his models and draughts, the most important naval architectural archive in the country; and far more important in real terms than the ships that were taken and burnt. The steady development of English/British naval administration across two centuries reflected the importance of the navy to the security and prosperity of the state. In contrast to Continental rivals for whom the army was the bed-rock of security, Britain, first and foremost a naval power, could not afford to abandon naval construction for long periods, as France did between 1704 and the late 1730s. Similarly, the Royal Navy invariably spent more on infrastructure than Continental fleets. Here the big-budget items included stone dry docks – vital for servicing, repair and even building some key ship types – timber stores, and a significant naval manufacturing base for cordage, biscuit and other vital elements of shipboard life. A careful analysis of individual ship designs can reveal much about the underlying concerns of state and navy. When read alongside the written records of the Navy, largely held by the National Archives at Kew, and surviving private papers of key policy makers, it is possible to reconstruct major decisions.1 In this volume the provision of an operational history for each ship bridges the gap between the intent of the designers and the actual use of the ship. As ships frequently outlast the political circumstances in which they were procured, and the strategic programmes they facilitated, the ability of the Navy to employ existing units effectively in changed circumstances was critical. The Navy in National History The size and shape of the Royal Navy across two centuries was determined by a complex mix of security needs, financial resources, political programme and trade. By the time the Scottish king ascended the English throne as James I in 1603, his new kingdom had already forged a potent modern identity as a seafaring Protestant nation, carefully contrived to establish the legitimacy of the dynasty and the religious settlement, provide good title to national and

imperial boundaries, access to overseas trades and dominion over the adjacent seas. This identity had been validated by the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. While King James was no warrior, quickly bringing the long war with Spain to a close, he recognised the need for naval power to sustain his realm, and his reign. Surrounded by echoes of the naval glory of Elizabethan wars, James refocused the fleet on diplomacy, deterrence and dominion. Sir Walter Ralegh, Sir Francis Bacon and John Selden, among the most acute intellects of the age, developed the modern concept of sea power and argued for the state control of territorial waters, largely to raise revenue. Those policies took imposing shape in the early Stuart prestige flagships Prince Royal and Sovereign of the Seas. In the main the Stuart state used naval power to avoid war, lacking the political cohesion and bureaucratic power needed to raise the necessary funds from parliament. Major operations against Spain and France were anything but glorious, prompting adverse comment about the decline of national power, while the Barbary corsairs proved elusive. Attempts to assert dominion over the adjacent seas, by law or by force, were thwarted by the more astute, and numerous Dutch. Despite the potent symbolism of the prestige flagships, English naval power was at a discount – the glory of 1588 quickly became a threadbare boast. After the Civil War Cromwell’s Commonwealth government deployed a far larger fleet, and used it to wage war on corsairs, the Dutch and the Spanish in pursuit of increased trade and an overseas empire. Under the Generals-at-Sea English naval power revived; the hitherto dominant Dutch were decisively defeated in the First Anglo-Dutch War 1652–54 by a fleet of big ships that slowly fell into a linear formation, to exploit their main weapons, heavy cannon. The removal of hired merchant ships, and hired merchant captains, from the battle fleet, provided the navy with the discipline and coherence to stand and fight, while military experience provided coherent tactical doctrine. By 1660 the English navy was the most powerful in Europe. While Charles II’s restored Stuart monarchy inherited a mighty fleet, it came burdened with debt, and a state system that could not fund a major war for more than two years without external aid. This put a premium on deterrence, and limited the political value of striking battle victories over the Dutch in the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 1660s and 1670s. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Anglo-Dutch regime of William III and Mary II oversaw a transformation of the state, introducing the national debt and the Bank of England to harness national wealth, and link the

landowning and commercial elite to the state and the dynasty through the political system of parliamentary government. The results were immediate and dramatic. The defeat off Beachy Head in 1690 was reversed at Barfleur in 1692, ending the threat of a Stuart Restoration, and wiping out a large part of the French battlefleet at La Hougue for good measure. Within a year the main English fleet was operating in the Mediterranean. During the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–14) three British First Rates operated in the Mediterranean, leaving neither friend nor foe in any doubt about the power of the English state. Between 1705 and 1707 Britannia, Royal Sovereign and Royal Anne symbolised the strategic reach and power of the English state. That they had all been paid off by 1710 told its own story: there was no need for such mighty vessels when the enemy had given up the contest for sea control. By 1714 Britain was dominant – the French, Spanish and Dutch fleets had all sunk into disrepair under the economic pressures of war. After the war the Royal Navy continued to grow, in power, size and reach – and rival fleets remained moribund for decades. While fleet battles have dominated naval history the underlying reality of war at sea was very different. Naval battles did not win wars. They could only secure sea control, the basis for effective strategies against the land, either economic blockade or invasion. For the English/British state, lacking a first class army, or the political will to create one, the latter option was restricted to areas outside Europe, insular territories and allied operations. Instead, economic blockade proved to be the characteristic tool of the British state. It was conducted by cruisers, flotilla craft and privateers under the aegis of the battlefleet, slowly throttling the economic life of a hostile state. Rewarding successful naval personnel with prize money acted as an attractive incentive-based payment scheme. Yet as British trade expanded, the navy that had been used to destroy Dutch shipping in the 1650s became a critical element in the defence of British vessels, closely aligned with the interests of the mercantile community and the insurance market. Nowhere was the symbiosis more obvious than in the early eighteenth-century Convoys and Cruisers Act that obliged the navy to dedicate a large proportion of its ships to trade defence. Despite extensive losses inflicted by French privateers the outcome of an economic war between Britain and France was always going to be positive. Britain could always borrow more money more cheaply than France, which was largely dependant on customs revenues. Obliged to be strong on land and

at sea, the autocratic French state lacked the financial resources and political cohesion to fund long conflicts. Intervention in the American war proved disastrous, economic collapse leading to political and change and revolution. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic administrations tried to wage war by plundering their neighbours, only to raise fresh enemies on land, and lose the war at sea. Well aware that naval power was a fragile instrument, the post-1714 parliaments kept up a heavy programme of new construction, rebuilds and infrastructure development. At the same time the fleet was used to stabilise the politics of southern Europe and the Baltic, defeat Spanish attempts to recover Gibraltar, suppress piracy and impose taxes across a growing empire of trade and settlement. The desire to increase that trade prompted the House of Commons to push for war with Spain in 1739, a conflict that led into the War of the Austrian Succession. Despite a series of embarrassing setbacks the navy quickly recovered the habit of victory under the inspirational leadership of George Anson, who was quick to translate success into political power, and impose his ideas on warship design. Anson’s victory off Cape Finisterre paved the way for the warship designs of Thomas Slade, his favourite surveyor, who created the standard ’4, the single-decked frigate, and the emblematic vessel of Anson’s career, HMS Victory. However, sea power availed the British little in the war of 1740–48. At the peace British statesmen were obliged to barter away their extensive colonial conquests to recover the Austrian Netherlands (modern Belgium) which the French had captured, only to be bankrupted by war and the economic blockade. The eight-year interval before the next war gave Anson an opportunity to translate lessons into ships and after a hesitant start off Minorca the Seven Years War (1756–63) became a succession of naval and imperial triumphs. The amphibious capture of Louisbourg led on to fleet victories at Lagos and Quiberon, capped off by Quebec, Havana and Manilla. Anson determined the strategy of the war, the doctrine of the fleets, and the design of the ships. In partnership with Slade, Anson transformed the fundamental concept of the British warship from the seventeenth-century concern for fighting power in home waters, sacrificing speed and endurance (because the enemy was close at hand and the basic issues were trade and insular security) into an oceanic navy that had to take the initiative, seek out the enemy and support the ultimate expression of sea control, the projection of power ashore. New 74s and frigates provided the speed, power and endurance required for a truly

global war, allowing the basic design parameters to stabilise for the next four decades. This time the French failed to secure any territorial exchanges in Europe, and with their Spanish allies were obliged to submit to the humiliating terms of the Peace of Paris in 1763. Paris and Madrid were quick to take revenge, and their support for the American rebels proved decisive. The profound shock administered by defeat in the American War of Independence (1776–82) emphasised the need for increased numbers. The defeat was rendered less bitter by stunning battle victories, secured by superior doctrine and technology like copper sheathing and carronades that gave the Royal Navy a useful advantage, enabling Rodney, Howe and Hood to capitalise on opportunities for decisive action. After 1782 the ministry of William Pitt the Younger funded a sustained review of the fleet, largely through the repair and overhaul of ships of the line. This was essential to counter the resurgent Bourbon fleets of France and Spain – a full-scale arms race was under way by the late 1780s. This reconstruction effort enabled the navy to wage an almost continuous world war on the largest scale yet undertaken. Between 1793 and 1815 the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars prompted existential fears for the future of the state, constitution, King and Church; it witnessed the dawning of a new ‘British’ cultural identity, and was funded by unprecedented borrowing and the introduction of income tax. The pre-war reserve of capital ships, supplemented by extensive captures and a restrained policy of new construction sustained the main fleets, but as ever extensive programmes were required to generate the numbers of frigates, sloops and brigs needed to transform command of the sea into strategic effect. Despite lengthening existing designs to improve sailing performance, the constant demand for tonnage forced compromises in materials and build quality that left much of the war-built fleet only fit for scrap in 1815. Combat experience during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars emphasised increased size and firepower. By 1817 the design concept of the British fleet had been transformed. The only ships on order were very big 120-gun First Rates and 84-gun Second Rates, ships of far greater size and cost than anything envisaged by Anson. Once again their function was to uphold the national interest, preferably in peace. It was a mission that James I would have recognised, but the scale and cost of the naval effort had expanded far beyond anything an early seventeenth-century statesman could have envisaged. Britain entered the nineteenth century as a unique global

power, with a chain of bases that stretched from Portsmouth to Sydney, by way of Bermuda, Malta, Corfu, Cape Town and Bombay. These bases allowed British warships to control large areas of the world ocean, to protect commerce and colonies while suppressing piracy and the slave trade. The post-Napoleonic era opened with the punitive Bombardment of Algiers, just in case any one doubted who ruled the seas. Warships The navy had been the cornerstone of a complex political, economic, cultural and military process that transformed the weak and vulnerable early Stuart state into a global power. That process was reflected in the increasing number of warships that were built and operated. It was also a factor in the development of ship design. While the evolution of the wooden sailing warship was an international process there was something unique about the English/British contribution. At a simplistic level it could be argued that two centuries of technological stasis allowed the navy to focus on strategy and tactics, to hone the intellectual components of war, without becoming overwhelmed with technical detail. Yet that stability was more apparent than real: throughout the period ships became larger and more sophisticated, in response to operator-driven demand. As admirals and captains learned how to optimise the use of cannon-armed wooden sailing ships as a combat system, they exerted considerable influence over the design process. If the intellectual element of sailing ship warfare reached a cataclysmic finale off Cape Trafalgar on 21 October 1805, the wooden warship as a combat system had along way to go before it was finished. By 1815 Robert Seppings’ diagonal frame, closed bow and round stern allowed ships to grow by 30 per cent and to carry 30 per cent greater weight of metal. The extra weight was deployed in shifting the armament from the cannon and carronade combination used to such deadly effect at Trafalgar to a single-calibre battery of long guns. In truth nothing ever stood still – the stakes were too high – and if the navy was obliged to mass-produce standard designs in wartime, notably the standard classes of 74 and frigate built after Trafalgar, simply to keep pace with rivals, the search for superior alternatives was unending. After 1815 no more 74s were built. Ships larger than the original Sovereign of the Seas were now too small to lay in the line of battle. Types and roles

While some rivals were free to choose between different strategies, to suit specific circumstances, geography obliged the English/British navy to act as a sea control force. The symbol of that strategy was the battlefleet of two- and three-decked fighting ships, from the mid-seventeenth century called ‘ships of the line’, and varying in armament from 50 to 120 guns. In war their function was to secure effective control of the sea, to facilitate the military and commercial exploitation of selected sea areas for national ends. The number and design of such ships was largely conditioned by the state of rival fleets, with a largely undeclared expectation that the Royal Navy be at least equal to the combined Franco-Spanish fleet from the 1730s. This force was often used to secure vital interests without war, notably in the Baltic expeditions of 1659 and the 1710s. The mobilisation of a significant fleet of such ships, noted in the career details, under the command of a senior admiral, was the clearest signal of intent that the state could issue. Deterrence was a well understood concept long before nuclear weapons. Indeed the Elizabethan state had been an effective practitioner. In war the main fleets were deployed to safeguard the Channel and Home waters, in the southern North Sea if the Dutch were the enemy, or in the Western Approaches if France was the threat. This main or ‘Grand Fleet’ was supplemented by an increasing number of capital ships deployed in fleets or squadrons to the Mediterranean, the West Indies, the East Indies and North America. In most cases the main force remained close to home, although after 1756 the strategic location out in the Western Approaches was adopted to cover British commerce and blockade the French fleet in Brest. With the danger of invasion ever present the exact balance of effort between this fleet and those elsewhere was a subject of constant concern. In 1756 this balance was unduly weighted toward the Western Approaches, leaving the Mediterranean Fleet both late to assemble and under strength. Concerned that he lacked the strength to meet the enemy, Admiral Sir John Byng went into battle already half beaten, and his subsequent failure to maintain action cost him his life. Throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars the Grand Fleet remained the most powerful, both in numbers of capital ships, and by the concentration of a high proportion of the navy’s three-decked ships. Although the fleet met the enemy in similar strength but once, on the ‘Glorious First of June’ 1794, it remained the pivot of national strategy to the end, much as the Grand Fleet did in the First World War. While temporary detachments were made to meet specific eventualities, permanent

reinforcements for distant squadrons were drawn from other sources. The Mediterranean Fleet, usually the second most important, was in the 1690s and 1700s briefly the pivot of English naval power. Elsewhere smaller capital squadrons covered major offensive operations and defended the vital overseas colonies and trades that funded the national war effort. Their success was largely a question of infrastructure and investment. India became British because the English East India Company built a dry dock at Bombay capable of taking a Third Rate ship of the line. Thus, after a succession of savage drawn engagements off the Coromandel Coast the French retreated, but the British held station. While the ship of the line was primarily a firepower unit in a linear combat formation, the balance between guns, speed and seaworthiness constantly shifted. In the Dutch wars the English could sit in the Channel and block Dutch trade routes; they did not need to chase (they could rely on the enemy coming out to fight), because their defensive tactical position covered an overwhelmingly powerful economic offensive. The French proved more elusive; they rarely felt obliged to fight for trade routes. Only by conquering major colonial territory could the British hope to draw out the enemy. The loss of Canada in 1759 prompted an attempt to invade the British Isles that resulted in two crushing battle victories at Lagos and Quiberon. Similarly between 1798 and 1805 France sought an opening to convert overwhelming military power into a knock-out blow, but each time her fleets were exposed at sea they were caught and destroyed by the British counter-attacks. Because Britain could not hope to defeat France in a total war, she was obliged to rely on a limited war strategy, using economic and colonial success, and allied armies, to bring France to the peace table. As long as the Navy could block an invasion, the French response remained unlimited, and national finances held out, this proved to be a winning formula. Although ships of the line were detached to operate alone, their raison d’etre was fleet action. Command of the sea was translated into economic warfare by various types of cruiser, initially small two-decked warships with between 40 and 60 guns, miniature battleships. The law and the shipping insurance market determined that most British commerce was convoyed in wartime, with an escort appropriate to the value of the ships, the scale of the risk, and the exigencies of the moment. Obsolescent capital ships, cruisers and lesser craft were deployed for a mission that required little speed, and usually only a modicum of firepower. Operating as convoy escorts or holding

key concentration points, small two-decked ships proved effective, compensating for their low speed by obliging the enemy to come to them. However, their obvious limitations, lacking speed and firepower in heavy weather, prompted Anson to adopt the single-decked frigate, a new French model, much as he had for the 74-gun two-decker. Eventually the standard cruiser developed from the single-decked frigate type of the 1750s. Too small and lightly armed for fleet action, but fast, manoeuvrable and capable of extended cruising, frigates captured enemy commerce, whether carried in national or neutral ships, and patrolled the oceans against hostile frigates and privateers. The scale of French and American privateering becomes clear in the cruiser lists of the third volume, where hardly a page passes without several captures. In the 1690s many of the small two-decked ships, 44s, 50s and 60s, accrued long lists of privateer captures; similar lists were racked up by the successors in the later wars, as smaller and older line of battleships were employed on escort duty. Among the frigates the entry for Pomone is exceptional: 17 captures in seven years (1793–1817 vol, p.132). How far such records reflected superior ships, ideal cruising stations, adept officers or an element of luck is unclear, but studies of the strategy of eighteenth-century trade defence will be greatly assisted by these volumes. Unlike small two-decked ships, frigates were equally effective in fleet scouting and strategic reconnaissance roles. It was the lack of frigates that caused Nelson so much trouble when he set off in pursuit of Napoleon’s invasion fleet in 1798; unwilling to detach capital ships from his line of battle Nelson missed the enemy at sea by the smallest margin. Smaller Sixth Rate frigates, ship sloops and brigs extended the reach of the naval effort, while gun-brigs evolved from oared coastal craft into a patrol type. The conquest of hostile colonies occupied a critical role in British strategy. Mercantilist thought held that the volume of trade was intimately linked with the scale of colonial territory. Consequently some colonies were desirable acquisitions, either to be held at the war’s end, or to be exchanged for assets that the British government valued. For example, the conquest of Belleisle in 1761 was deliberately undertaken to be exchanged for Minorca, lost in 1756. In 1748 the British returned Louisbourg and French territories in India in exchange for the French evacuation of modern Belgium. British strategy relied on command of the sea to isolate French or Spanish overseas possessions, thereby ensuring that a superior British army could be deployed. The capture of Canada in 1759–60 was a classic example of this approach.

Covered against any French attempt to send reinforcements by the Grand Fleet in the Western Approaches, an amphibious task force under joint armynavy command overwhelmed the French defences. Along with ships of the line and cruisers the fleet deployed very large numbers of naval and hired transports (some of the former were old warships), and a large flotilla of coastal craft, brigs, gunboats and landing craft. These last conducted the key operations close to shore, often under oars, landing troops, providing fire support and supplying logistics links with the fleet. Another reason for seizing hostile colonial assets was to close down privateer bases. Between 1793 and 1812 successive campaign in the West Indies, at the Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius and the Netherlands East Indies denied the enemy bases close to vital sea lanes, and swiftly reduced the insurance premiums. The decision to retain Mauritius and Cape Town in the British Empire reflected their strategic value. Despite their firepower ships of the line possessed only limited value when attacking shore positions. Their deep draught and high sides made them dangerous to operate in shallow water, especially if the wind was fallible. The small number of successful coastal bombardments by ships of the line should not disguise this fact. Instead the French designed the bomb vessel, a heavily built ketch or galliot armed with one or two large calibre mortars, that was used to fire explosive shells or incendiaries into coastal towns and naval fortresses. Nelson’s attack at Copenhagen was designed to secure an anchorage from which his bomb vessels could conduct an effective bombardment of Copenhagen. The Danes recognised the threat, and agreed to negotiate once he had achieved that object. As with any armed force the need to command, control, supply and inform ensured that naval ship types proliferated, partly by conversion, partly by new construction. The conversion of old battleships and frigates into floating batteries reflected increased fears of invasion; additional fast sailing craft implied an extended range for communications. Despite apparent technological stasis the design and function of wooden warship was always evolving in response to the experience of war, improved design and construction methods. The growth of basic ship types across two centuries is revealing, the introduction of new concepts, notably the frigate, revealed a growing interest in specialist types. The logic of these changes is best understood at the strategic level, where the needs of the state were constantly shifting, as new enemies replaced the old, and the nature of the

threat shifted with the ebb and flow of peace-time alliances and wartime operations. Although naval policy is normally studied as a question of votes and programmes, the most effective indicator of policy has always been the number of seamen borne afloat, and the equally significant details of the design and construction of new ships. For example, the decision to build more three-decked ships in peace time, rather than keeping men afloat, or building other warship classes, would indicate a serious attempt to deter conflict with another naval power through overwhelming strength. From the outset warships had been intimately linked to the expansion of trade. After 1715 the global role of British naval power expanded, and this can be seen in the development of ship design: indeed one consequence of reading these striking texts is a growing understanding of the wisdom, judgement and efficiency of the naval administration. Service Wooden warships were a profoundly perishable investment. The average life expectancy of a ship depended on the quality of timber, the skill of the constructors and the nature of their seagoing service. This was why all First and Second Rate ships were built in the Royal Dockyards, where quality control could be maintained by Navy Board officials, rather than time- and money-conscious commercial shipyards that series-built smaller standard types in peace and war. With over 200 years of hard-won experience the navy’s judgement was clear. After 1815 not a single wooden warship was ordered from a commercial shipyard. The supply of suitable seasoned timber was always problematic, while the need to stop work so the structure could season at various stages of construction, antithetical to the basic methods of commercial shipbuilding, necessitated a major expansion of the dockyards. The bitter experience of the second Queen Charlotte, built of imperfectly seasoned timber, with her hold closed in long before the timber had dried out, was telling. Infested with fungal decay, the ship, a massive investment of time, money, and prestige, had to be ripped apart and rebuilt within a year of completion. Composed of thousands of relatively small, weak pieces of wood, held together with wooden pins and metal fastenings, the wooden warship was a fragile structure. From the day they were launched, when the hull always broke its sheer, the fixings began to weaken. Sustained hard service would worsen the condition of the hull, and if the material began to decay, loosening

the grip of the fastenings on the timbers, the whole structure would degrade. Eventually the ship would be incapable of carrying its guns, or in the worst cases simply remaining afloat. In the seventeenth century larger ships would be taken to pieces, and as much material as possible salvaged for re-use in a new ship, frequently under the same name. Although the size of the ships steadily increased, rebuilding had the bureaucratic advantage of avoiding a new order. As the navy expanded this fiction slowly dropped out of use: even so, the connection between an old ship and its replacement remained close in the largest classes. Without a detailed analysis of ship longevity, taking into account the frequency of repair and reconstruction work, the extent of active sea time, war service and other variables, it is impossible to determine an average life for a wooden warship, However, it is clear that larger ships, built with more attention to timber quality and seasoning, receiving higher levels of maintenance, and serving in less demanding waters, did last longer. After the industrial revolution Seppings’s attention to detail transformed the art of wooden shipbuilding, with remarkable results. Ships built using his methods lasted far longer than their precursors, without major rebuilds. This mattered in an age of deterrence based on a powerful reserve of capital ships. The First Rate Ship Warships have long been recognised as major cultural icons – manifestations of the prestige and power of states and monarchs, used for the conspicuous display of wealth, technology, culture and power in an age before easy travel and broadcast media. Consequently, the most prestigious warships, originally ‘Royal Ships’, but from the 1630s First Rates, were the most important cultural artefacts created by the English/British state between the early modern era and the mid-twentieth century. The ultimate statement of national and dynastic strength rendered in wood, bronze and iron, the First Rate ship of the line, the flagships of the fleet, were iconic vessels. Larger and more heavily armed than other warships these emblems of might and majesty were also the centre of any line of battle, their firepower and commanding height out of the water making them both the rallying point for friends, and the ultimate target for enemies. However, the seventeenth-century First Rates were clumsy tools, limited to summer cruising in the Channel and Home waters, lacking the stowage to feed their crew, and the seaworthiness to face winter gales. Consequently several sat out entire wars when their unique

attributes we not required. Nor was their construction a simple matter: they needed the largest timbers for stern posts, keels and frame; even the knees required to carry a deck of 42-pounder cannon were outsize. Often built, like Thomas Slade’s Victory, in a dry dock, they represented a colossal investment of man-hours, material and infrastructure. Simply maintaining them in reserve was unusually costly, and they were frequently given great rebuilds and major overhauls. The money sunk in these ships was invariably greater than required to maintain an equivalent amount of fighting power in Second or Third Rate ships. Over time the function of the First Rate changed. In the Dutch wars of the seventeenth century they saw a lot of hard fighting. The Royal Prince and the Royal James were destroyed in battle, and the Royal Charles was captured during the humiliating Medway raid of 1667. They were the last British First Rates to be lost to enemy action. After 1690 the enemy would be France, Royal, Republican or Imperial, and the battles, if less frequent were no less important. After their defeat off Beachy Head in 1690 the Anglo-Dutch fleet won decisively at Barfleur two years later, and followed up their success by burning the pride of Louis XIV’s fleet, his First Rates, at Cherbourg and St Vaast-La Hougue. For the next century First Rates rarely fought, although they were often mobilised in times of crisis as the ultimate deterrent. Because the French and Spanish built very few three-decked warships they were unwilling to come to close action with major British fleets: when they did, at Quiberon in 1759, the firepower of Sir Edward Hawke’s Royal George proved devastating. Deprived of a suitable foe the unwieldy three-deckers were left to secure Home waters while more seaworthy and economical twodeckers waged a world war. When three-deckers were sent to the West Indies they were Second Rates, smaller, less costly, and significantly less prestigious vessels. During the American War of Independence, 1776–82 the safety of the kingdom once again depended on a powerful fleet of threedecked ships in Home waters. While the Bourbon powers deployed numerically larger fleets, they would not risk a full scale fleet action, well aware of the disparity in close-quarters fighting power. This allowed the Channel Fleet to conduct two critical convoy operations to relieve the siege of Gibraltar, on the second occasion brushing aside a superior enemy force. By 1782 the Bourbon powers, recognising that their naval failure had in large part been a product of a critical weakness in heavy fighting ships, began

building a large number of First Rate ships: the Spanish 112-gun class, and the French 118-gun ships of the Commerce de Marseilles class. Both types were significantly larger than existing British 100-gun designs, prompting the development of British no- and 120-gun designs. However, the new British ships were built to the same high standards as their predecessors, taking ten or fifteen years to complete. For the first time since 1692 the British went to war in 1793 facing enemy fleets that contained several heavy three-decked ships. When France and Spain combined outnumbered Britain in First Rates, the dominion of the seas could no longer be taken for granted. The five existing First Rates went to war in 1793, three in the Channel and two in the Mediterranean, and all would see battle within a year and some more than once. Between 1794 and 1798 the superior skill and resolve of the Royal Navy restored the natural order at sea. French and Spanish ships were taken or destroyed, notably at Cape St Vincent where two Spanish 112s fell into British hands, and at the Nile, where a French 118-gun ship was destroyed by two well-handled 74s. The cautious development of a suitable British counter occupied the next two decades, decades in which smaller and older British First Rates like Victory, Royal Sovereign and Britannia upheld the claims of national and royal power that their names so proudly made. At Trafalgar and St Domingo the Royal Navy smashed the last remnants of the mighty pre-war Bourbon three-decker fleets, only to find Napoleon mass producing yet more big First Rates, many as vaingloriously named as those of Louis XIV. To meet the challenge the Royal Navy ordered more ships, and massed the existing First Rates in the main fleets. Lacking the skilled manpower and the confidence to emerge with intent, the new French ships never took part in a major fleet action. Instead the old Royal Sovereign escorted the allied heads of state to Britain in 1814, commanded by the Duke of Clarence, a suitably royal admiral, to celebrate the ultimate victory of British sea power and diplomacy. Despite the emergency of 1806–12 the new First Rates were not rushed into service, the new 120-guns ships taking at least nine years to complete for launching, because they were a long term investment. By 1815 the British had learnt a very important lesson. The biggest problem of the past two decades had been catching the enemy, not winning battles. As a result the development of the three-decked warship underwent a dramatic shift after Trafalgar. Following the success of the Caledonia, the ideal post-Trafalgar First Rate, large, fast and powerfully armed. all First and Second Rate designs were modified to improve their speed and seaworthiness

– largely a question of size and waterline length – and by 1815 the two types had effectively merged, with new Second Rates being built to the lines of the Victory. Ultimately all three-decked ships would be reclassified as First Rates, but all new three-decked ships were built to the largest dimensions, exploiting the structural developments pioneered by Sir Robert Seppings and first employed for the Nelson class ships. Names While most English/British warships served out their careers under a single name, First Rates were different. Not only were they the definitive symbols of national and royal power, but there were never more than a handful of them, seven being the average across the period. Consequently, the accession of a new monarch, a change of dynasty or a revolution necessitated significant degree of renaming across the class. The First Rates were more likely to be renamed than any other type of British warship. They carried names of the highest significance, names that could not be allowed to slide into decrepitude. Often a new ship was no more than an order and an expression of intent, but the name was too important to be left off the list. The names selected for these ships were drawn from a narrow range, and were carefully chosen. Over time certain names achieved permanence, while others were added to the list as circumstance dictated. When Henry VIII wanted to establish the rank and power of his throne he named the flagship Henry Imperial, before reverting to the older form Henri Grace a Dieu. His children all ordered major warships in their own names. Edward VI ordered a ship to replace the Great Harry, but the Edward was completed as the Elizabeth. After 1660 there was always a First Rate named for the monarch; it proved very convenient that between 1714 and 1830 all four kings were Royal George. The only First Rate built under the Commonwealth, the Naseby, featured a figurehead of Oliver Cromwell, representing his quasimonarchical regime and his military power. Charles II reflected this reality when he renamed the ultimate expression of regicide rule the Royal Charles in 1660. King James, King William and Queen Anne all had royal ships named in their honour, mostly existing First Rates suitably re-christened, but Queen Mary II was content with the generic Queen. James I named the Royal Anne for his wife, but the next consort to achieve the same honour was Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, who had two ships named for her in quick

succession. Another Stuart dynastic tradition to wither under the Hanoverians was that of naming a ship for the heir apparent, the Prince Royal/Royal Prince. Hanoverian Kings invariably hated their sons, and ended this practice as soon as possible. Successive princes were left with a Second Rate at best. Prince of Wales only became a First Rate name in the 18 50s – and was not used at sea until 1900. The Prince Regent reflected the unique political circumstances of 1812, when the Prince of Wales assumed royal power during the derangement of his father. By the time the ship was ready to launch the title had passed, when at the death of George III the Regent became George IV It was, perhaps, a reflection of far larger post-1815 list of First Rates that no thought was given to re-naming the ship at any time in the next forty years to represent a more significant individual or concept. The second group of names reflected national power and image. Charles I named his prestige ship to represent British dominion over the oceans. The Sovereign of the Seas/Royal Sovereign reflected the Stuart claim to rule the adjacent seas, and tax them, making it the physical embodiment of John Selden’s contemporary legal tract Mare Clausum of 1631, a closely reasoned legal case for the right of states to impose control on adjacent sea areas and tax those who used them. The Commonwealth was quick to reprint Selden’s book, demonstrating that the concept was a national asset rather than a dynastic boast. Having been reduced to the Sovereign under the Commonwealth, the famous old ship was renamed Royal Sovereign on the same day that the Naseby became the Royal Charles, establishing permanent places on the Navy List that endured down to the mid-twentieth century. The first Britannia, ordered in 1677 by Charles II, connected the English state with its Roman heritage, although the model for the figurehead was one of the King’s more alluring mistresses. The name would be another permanent addition to the list. It has been used both by the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth, in honour of the last Britannia to be discussed in this series, and a succession of seagoing units, culminating in the last royal yacht. Under the Stuarts London acquired First Rate status, only to be demoted in the mideighteenth to a Second Rate. Although Victory was occasionally removed from the list to facilitate a royal renaming, this Elizabethan standard achieved permanence under the Hanoverians. The final HMS Victory added such lustre to the name, commanded by a pantheon of great Admirals, from Keppel, Kempenfelt and Howe to Hood, Jervis, Nelson and Saumarez, that it became the embodiment of the service.

Late in the eighteenth century, as the English navy developed into a British service, with a strong representation of Scots and Irish officers and men, the needs of national unity and the cultural pressures arising out of the French and American revolutions prompted new names. Britannia would be joined by Hibernia, to reflect the Union of Ireland with the British Crown, the absorption of the Irish saltire into the Union Flag and the suppression of the Dublin parliament. The Caledonia followed soon after, leaving the Principality of Wales without a First Rate. Under Charles II St Andrew had represented the Scottish connection, and although Scotland maintained a separate navy until 1707 it did not include First Rates. The most interesting addition to the ranks of British First Rates was the Ville de Paris. It had long been the English tradition to adopt the names of foreign prizes, the proudest symbols of a heroic past. Indeed many of the navy’s finest names were foreign – especially the remarkable strain of proud abstractions, from Renown and Glory to Invincible – but the ultimate prize, a French First Rate flagship, was only taken once. The Ville de Paris, flagship of Admiral De Grasse, surrendered at the Battle of the Saintes on 12 April 1782. Although the prize was lost soon after in a storm, it was quickly replaced with the largest First Rate yet ordered, the ultimate expression of British naval mastery, a ship that would carry the flags of Earl St Vincent and Sir William Cornwallis through the crisis of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. After 1805 the state turned to new gods and heroes as a new British cultural identity took shape, largely defined in opposition to the rest of Europe. Shortly after Trafalgar a new First Rate was named Nelson, honouring the war god of the British state and the central figure in the new pantheon of immortals. He was the first admiral to have a First Rate named in his honour, but one he soon shared with Howe, the King’s favourite, and ministerial ally St Vincent, then in command afloat. These names provided a potent contemporary reminder why Britannia ruled the waves. At the end of the period the number of First Rate ships expanded to include Nelson’s final battle and Waterloo as the twin icons of national glory.

This oil painting George Chambers of Britannia entering Portsmouth harbour about 1835 might be compared with the younger Van de Velde’s portrait of the Royal Sovereign of 1703 (on page 13). In the century that separates them British First Rates had become more business-like in appearance, but remained the ultimate symbol of the power of a maritime nation. National Maritime Museum BHC3245.

The importance of the First Rate ship as a cultural icon ensured that whenever a ship carrying one of these mighty names became unserviceable it would either be ‘rebuilt’ or exchange names with a newer unit to ensure continuity. Of particular significance was the response to the catastrophic loss of the Royal George in 1782: twelve days later a new ship on order was renamed – the Umpire became the Royal George – lest anyone should think that the end of King George’s American empire and the loss of the flagship that bore his name presaged anything worse. The fiery destruction of the Queen Charlotte in 1800 inspired a similarly swift revival. Between 1603 and 1817 very few names were used for First Rate warships, and those names were carefully chosen to represent the might and

majesty of the English/British state at sea. The combination of power and identity was reinforced by decorative artifice. From the start First Rate ships attracted a remarkable output of decorative and gilded work, and celebratory ship portraits; they were the most glamorous vessels afloat, and the ideal vehicle for the international competitive theatre of power. At this remove we understand these iconic ships largely through the eyes of artists; their elaborate carved work, striking paint schemes and the sheer cost of gilding the ‘gingerbread’ that encrusted their upper works made them stand out from the crowd. The observation that the uniquely rich and flamboyant gilded work on Charles Stuart’s Sovereign of the Seas cost as much as a standard fighting ship, and her bronze cannon four times more, is often delivered with a sense of waste and folly.2 Nothing could be further from the truth. In an age of conspicuous display the Sovereign embodied the power of the state, and the strength of the dynasty, in a manner that any number of lesser ships could not. For all their latent power, these prestige ships served the nation best when they preserved the peace, and upheld the proud boast that their names proclaimed. When the new Royal Sovereign appeared in 1701 the decoration was only a little less ornate. First Rates had larger figureheads, and more gilded work, they were shown to visiting princes and ambassadors, and in war they served as floating civil/military headquarters. In an age when warships try to avoid appearing on radar, such vainglory might seem to be at odds with military effectiveness, but in their day First Rates were very deliberately designed to be the most visible of ships. The obvious attraction of the First Rate as a subject for ship portraits and marine art was matched by the enthusiasm of royal and national patrons to commission such works. As a result they achieved celebrity status, in art, engraving and cheap woodcut, the symbol of the English/British nation in arms. All the great sea painters, from Hendrick Vroom, who painted the Prince Royal, and the Van de Veldes father and son, to Turner, painted these great ships as icons of art and power. A First Rate was the nation and the navy. Willem Van de Velde the Younger’s magnificent Royal Sovereign of 1703 (see page 13) commemorates a specific event, when the Lord High Admiral dined with the Commander-in-Chief on the newly completed flagship at the outbreak of war. The stern and quarter perspective allows the picture to convey both the serried ranks of cannon, and the magnificent stern galleries with their rich and ornate decoration, while the presence of a yacht, various boats and the sailors working aloft emphasise the sheer scale of the

ship. The smoke drifting off to the left, the by-product of a 21-gun salute, adds a sign of power to this carefully contrived statement of English/Stuart power at the accession of a new Queen, and the opening of a new war.3 The power of this picture (‘his noblest work’) was such that many reproductions were created by Van de Velde’s studio, both before and after his death in 1707.4 At the opposite end of an era George Chambers’s ‘The Britannia entering Portsmouth Harbour’ of 1835 repeats much of the composition, albeit in reverse and without the smoke. Here the great ship is coming home to pay off after five years of active service, latterly in the Mediterranean. Throughout that time her presence and latent power have upheld the peace of Europe, and the interests of the British state, under the direction of several admirals. While Chambers was widely known as a fine ship portraitist, this serene picture has subtly romanticised the scene. The sails, which hang lifeless in his sketch, now billow in the breeze, while the large boat in the foreground separates the great ship from her illustrious predecessor, Nelson’s Victory, now a harbour flagship. Behind the Victory lie the serried ranks of the reserve fleet, the Advanced Ships with their lower masts in place, the latent might of the British state, heroes of a hundred fights, ready to spring into life at the first sign of danger. Their equipment has been laid by in shore-side storehouses, while the men who will give them life can be seen in every corner of the picture. The carefully contrived combination of a calm sea, a slight wind and the setting sun add an elegiac quality to the end of a long commission.5 But this remains a picture of peace preserved by power, representing the objects of the British state in the age of the sailing warship. Across two centuries the message had subtly changed: the gilded gorgeousness slowly declining in inverse proportion to the power of the British state. In the 1630s the Stuart kingdom was making a boast it could not uphold, posing as the master of the seas; by 1817 the British were the acknowledged masters of the sea, a status confidently reflected in the quiet, restrained embellishments of the flagship. For two centuries the ultimate achievement of the English/British state was to turn the money, raw materials and skill of a small offshore island group off the north-western coast of Europe into wooden warships, the basis of a unique global empire. Those ships are the subject of this book and its companions.

Andrew Lambert London, January 2009 Notes 1 The work of Robert Gardiner on eighteenth-century frigate design is a particular highlight. See Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars, London 2000. 2 B. Lavery, The Ship of the Line, vol. I, London 1983, pp. 16–17. 3 M. S. Robinson, Van De Velde: A Catalogue of the Paintings of the Elder and the Younger Willem Van De Velde, vol. II, Greenwich 1990, pp. 624–30. 4 Robinson, Van De Velde, vol. I, p. xxvi. 5 A. Russett, George Chambers 1803–1840: His Life and Works, Woodbridge 1996, pp. 121–3.

Preface This book is chronologically the first volume in a series covering the ships and vessels of the English Navy (after 1707, the British Navy) during the Age of Sail; it provides a guide to every vessel which served in or was ordered for the Royal Navy between the death of Queen Elizabeth I in March 1603 and the death of Queen Anne (and the start of the Hanoverian era) in August 1714. Similar volumes covering the periods from 1714 to 1792 and from 1793 to 1817 are already in print, and a fourth volume to cover from 1817 to 1863 is envisaged. As with the previous volume dealing with the post-1714 fleet, this book gives a summary of the main technical details of each ‘class’ (design) of vessel built for the navy, from the huge three-deckers down to the minute brigs, schooners and gunboats, together with building data for each vessel ordered to those designs, as well as equivalent details of the hundreds of enemy warships and privateers captured and added to the Royal Navy, and large numbers of merchant vessels purchased from civilian sources to augment British naval strength. All vessels already in service in March 1603, and those ordered before 1714 but not completed in time for war service, are also covered. Altogether, some 1,500 individual vessels are separately detailed. This volume likewise includes – within the constraints of space – fairly detailed notes on service histories for each vessel during the years covered: where available, details of their commanding officers, main deployments, actions in which they were involved (including information on all enemy warships and privateers in whose capture or destruction the British vessel was involved), details and dates of dockyard refits and major repairs – with the expenditure if known, and a variety of other relevant information. Details of the dimensions of every vessel (illustrating divergences from the design data), and of the individual shipbuilders involved – in the Royal Dockyards as well as the commercial contractors – complete this comprehensive singlevolume reference source for every vessel.

Acknowledgements This book, like the other in the series, was made possible by the collective work of a number of individuals, who generously supplied me with the results of their own research, and offered constructive suggestions for improvements and pointed out the errors that inevitable accumulate in a volume of this size. The service histories for individual vessels, in particular, owe a massive debt to the copious archives of the late David Lyon, whose many years at the National Maritime Museum enabled him to compile detailed records on every vessel; I remain most grateful to Leo (Eleanor) Sharpston, for providing me with these archives. I am equally grateful to Andrew Lambert for contributing a comprehensive guide within this volume to the overall strategic development of British naval strength during the age of sail, thereby linking together the volumes which make up this series. Throughout the preparation of this series, a number of good friends have again provided an amazing amount of material from their own records. I would in particular pay thanks to Fred Dittmar, David Hepper, John Houghton and John Tredrea, who have additionally read through a number of versions of this ever-expanding book and added or corrected regular batches of material. For the present volume, Frank Fox has provided enthusiastic support and copious material, as well as putting me straight on issues where my own knowledge was lacking; and I am also grateful to David Davies and to Richard Endsor to their advice. For information on Dutch origins, I am indebted to Jim Bender of kentishknock, to Ron van Maanen and to Carl Stapel. ‘Ted’ Sozaev also provided further information on participants in fleet actions. Further additional research has been forthcoming from Ben Eacott, Simon (‘Cy’) Harrison and Gordon Marriott, while I have also been grateful for the advice of Richard Harding and others. My sister Jane Winfield and Isabelle Guillou have yet again exhaustively checked the orthography of French names, often badly misrecorded in British records. If I have forgotten to include anyone in this list, I hope they will accept my apologies. This work has relied also on the earlier research of a number of writers. David Syrett and R. L. DiNardo’s Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660–1815 (Navy Records Society publication, 1994) has been a constant source of reference to verify the full names and ranks (at dates

stated) of commanding officers, while David Hepper’s British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail 1650–1859 (Jean Boudriot Publications, 1994) has provided reliable precise dates for ship’s fates (often misquoted in many secondary sources). With significant numbers of French and other enemy warships and privateers being incorporated into the British Navy, the published répertoires of Jacques Vichot, Frank Lecalvé and more recently of Alain Demerliac provided substantial verification of much material. A number of museums and libraries have over the years been of vital assistance in helping my own researches and solving the frequent queries that arose, primarily the staff at the Public Records Office at Kew and the Caird Library in the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, but also a range of museums overseas. Inevitably much of the effort has been supplied by my publishers, and I am most grateful for the patience and careful production work of Robert Gardiner and Julian Mannering. Robert researched, selected and captioned all the illustrations which have contributed so much to the final appearance of this volume. Paula Turner has scrupulously copy-edited the text and layout, managing to incorporate all my last-minute changes. Finally but most essentially, I need to thank my wife Ann for her patience during the research and writing for this book, and for her constant help and encouragement.

Sources and Data The data is this book is taken almost exclusively from the archives of the British Admiralty Board, and its subsidiary the Navy Board, primarily that recorded in the archives at Kew and Greenwich. The sheer volume of the records in the ADM and other series of government archives precludes individual sourcing of the documentary material used. Additional material, particularly on vessels added to the navy by capture and/or purchase, is taken from the archives of the country concerned where this conflicts with the (often dubious) information in British records. In the following pages, the vessels of the Royal Navy (and its pre-1660 antecedents) are grouped initially according to Rate, with each of the six Rates into which all significant warships were classified being found in the appropriately numbered chapter. Unrated vessels are found in the subsequent Chapter 7, and merchant vessels hired by the navy appear in Chapter 8. Within each chapter, the Rated vessels are generally separated by gun-rating and the Unrated vessels by type, and within those classifications are listed chronologically according to their design (‘class’ in modern terminology), with vessels built to a common set of plans (‘draughts’) being grouped together. This grouping according to a common design has in this book been extended where possible to the major groups of enemy warships captured and added to the British navy. It must be emphasised that this was not the practice at the time, as each captured warship was treated by the Navy Board as being sui generis, and common designs ignored. However, my approach has been to tackle the warships added from other navies on a similar footing to those designed in Britain, to allow comparisons to be made, although the construction of warships to common draughts was not as developed as during the Napoleonic era. The designed dimensions (in feet and inches) for each class of vessel built for the Royal Navy are shown, together with their established complement of men and guns. The as built dimensions are shown for each individual vessel, and similarly those measured for individual prizes and purchases. The places and dates of construction are shown for every vessel (including captured vessels, where known), together with a record of their service history.

Individual ship service histories give, wherever possible, details of all major refits and repairs carried out during each vessel’s service life, together with the total costs of each such refit or repair. The vessel’s commanding officers and its principal deployments during those commissions are listed where known, together with all major fleet actions in which it was involved and every enemy warship or privateer captured or sunk during that period. Note that the dates upon which commanding officers took up their posts are approximations in many cases, taken from contemporary Navy Lists, and may in some cases be two or three months later than when each actually took command. Also note that Admiralty records are in general less complete for the period covered by this volume than for the succeeding volumes. Vessels that were ordered for the navy between 1603 and 1714 have been included, even where their orders were subsequently cancelled. No attempt has been made to include several projected vessels which were never formally ordered. No attempt has been made to record the numerous smaller harbour craft built for or procured by the Navy Board, although the larger craft capable of seagoing journeys have been included. Similarly shore establishments have been omitted; details of the latter will be found in the Ben Warlow book mentioned in the bibliography. Exhaustive care has been taken, by those mentioned in the acknowledgements above as well as by the author, to ensure comprehensive coverage. Nevertheless, the nature of Admiralty and other records of three centuries ago is such that certain information remains uncertain, particularly as regards the smaller sloops and schooners captured or purchased. Some of these, especially those procured on overseas stations, never saw a British port and lasted only a few months in service. Rather than extend this book with a number of vessels of uncertain provenance, where often only a vessel’s name and little else is recorded, I have omitted some of these ‘small fry’. I should welcome any omissions or errors being drawn to my attention, but would mention that there are references in a variety of published secondary sources which close investigation have shown to be inaccurate, and which it is hoped this book will correct. Dates and Times All dates in this series are in the format day.month.year, and US readers in particular should note that their practice of placing the month before the day is not followed here.

Until September 1752 Britain retained the Julian calendar, and all its dates for this period (often referred to as ‘Old Style’ dates) were up to eleven days behind most Continental recordings of the same event – those of France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Prussia (and German Catholic states), Switzerland, Holland and the southern Netherlands (including Zeeland, Brabant and modern Belgium), Switzerland, Poland and Hungary, who had all adopted the Gregorian calendar by 1588. However the northern Dutch provinces (Friesland, Groningen, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelderland), the remaining German Protestant states and Denmark retained the Julian calendar until 1700–01, Britain and its overseas dominions (including North America) until 1752, and Russia and Turkey until 1918. From 1752 the adoption of the Gregorian calendar brought Britain into line with the rest of Europe (the eleven days between 2 and 14 September were deleted from the calendar). Throughout this volume, all dates used are Old Style (Julian) except references to building dates for French warships where they appear, these being ‘New Style’ (Gregorian). Under the Julian calendar, the start of the calendar year was 25 March. In the period up to 1752, therefore, dates between 1 January and 24 March were usually shown with both the old year and the forthcoming year, e.g. 4 March 1652/3 for the Battle of Leghorn; sometimes only the old year was shown, and there was some inconsistency in recordings, so that contemporary sources are occasionally misleading (and might cause errors in this and other books). To make study easier, I have adjusted dates between 1 January and 24 March so that they conform to current practice. From September 1752 the start of the year became 1 January. Another potential source of confusion for dates involved the time that a day started. While ashore the civil day started, as now, at midnight and ran to the following midnight, in naval use the day ran from noon to noon, and was thus twelve hours behind that ashore. It was not until 11 October 1805 that this practice was ended, and naval time brought into line with civil time. Events at sea may thus be dated a day behind simultaneous events (including building and launch dates for ship construction) on land. I have simply taken the dates recorded in naval records without attempting to clarify this. The Royal Scots Navy To forestall any criticism of the title of this volume from north of the Border, let me state here that I am very much aware that up until 1707 the Royal

Navy (and its Commonwealth and Protectorate predecessors) was entirely an English navy. Nevertheless from the Union of Crowns in 1603 – the starting point of this volume – the forces of the Stuart monarchy served their interests for the whole of Britain, and it was rare for any separate Scottish naval forces to exist (this was certainly not true in early Tudor times, when there was a small but significant Scottish navy built up by James IV of Scotland – notably the flagship Michael, in its day the most powerful warship afloat and the motivation for Henry VIII of England to order his Henri Grace à Dieu to surpass it). Apart from a brief episode in 1626, specific Scottish naval needs were met by the English navy, or by hired ships and privateers licensed by the Scottish Admiralty. It should not be necessary, however, to point out that many Scots served in the Royal Navy throughout this period. This situation altered with the regime change in 1688. To counter threatened Jacobite descents upon Scotland, it was decided on 21 March 1689 to create a small Scottish navy, and two hired frigates were commissioned on 13 April. These were the Pelican of 18 guns and 120 men under Capt. William Hamilton, and the Janet of 12 guns and 80 men under Capt. John Brown. Deployed in May to cruise of the coasts of Kintyre and Mull to prevent Jacobite landings from Ireland, the two frigates were ‘overwhelmed’ on 10 July by a French squadron of three larger frigates (of 36, 30 and 24 guns) under Capt. Duquesne, following a desperate defence (most of the Scottish crews were killed, including both commanders). They were added to the French navy as ‘frégates légères’ Le Pélican and La Jeannette. The Pélican was subsequently retaken in Dublin Bay by Sir Cloudisley Shovell on 18 April 1690, and added to the Royal Navy as a two-decked fireship (see Chapter 7) which was eventually sunk as a breakwater at Harwich in September 1692. The Jeannette was retaken in May 1710 but not added to the Royal Navy. With the establishment of new trading companies in 1695, a specific need to protect Scottish shipping against French privateers was recognised by the Scottish Parliament to create a small permanent Scottish naval squadron of three men-of-war, all of which were built on the Thames. The first of these – the Royal William – commissioned on 1 April 1696 under Capt. Edward Burd. The other two – the Royal Mary and Dumbarton Castle – were commissioned in June 1696 under Capt. John Bosswell and Capt. George Lyon. All three were laid up in October 1697 following the Peace of Ryswick, and saw scant action during the following decade. Nevertheless, all

three ships remained in existence at the Act of Union in 1707 and were quickly added to the Royal Navy, the Royal William becoming the Fifth Rate Edinburgh (see Chapter 5) and the Royal Mary and Dumbarton Castle becoming Sixth Rates (see Chapter 6), with the former being renamed Glasgow. Guns Whereas after 1716 all sea-service ordnance was known by the weight of the projectile it fired (e.g. 32-pounder, 18-pounder, etc.), early ordnance was known by a variety of names. The following table is taken from Sir William Monson’s Naval Tracts (see Bibliography) and thus reflects the situation at the start of the seventeenth century. Several of the guns listed were quite clearly obsolete even before this date. For those guns whose names lasted throughout the period of this volume, there were changes in the precise values, for example the demi-cannon became a gun projecting a shot of 32 pounds, while the culverin became a gun projecting a shot of 18 pounds. The weights of the guns themselves also varied due to changes in gunfounding techniques, and there were a variety of lengths of gun for any given calibre. Name of gun Bore of Weight of Weight of Weight of gun gun shot powder Cannon-royal 8½ ins 8,000 lb 66 lb 30 lb Cannon 8 6,000 60 27 Cannon-serpentine 7 5,500 53½ 25 Bastard-cannon 7 4,500 41 20 Demi-cannon 6¾ 4,000 33½ 18 Cannon-petro 6 4,000 24½ 14 Culverin 5½ 4,500 17½ 12 Basilisk 5 4,000 15 10 Demi-culverin 4 3,400 9½ 8 Bastard-culverin 4 3,000 5 5¾ Sacar (saker) 3½ 1,400 5½ 5½ Minion 3½ 1,000 4 4 Falcon 2½ 660 2 3½ Falconet 2 500 1½ 3

Serpentine Rabinet

1½ 1

400 300

¾ ½

1¾ ½

The above exclude the lighter (usually swivel-mounted) antipersonnel weapons such as bases, fowlers and port-pieces, a brief definition of each type being included within the Glossary provided.

Bibliography Place of publication is London unless stated otherwise Anderson, R(oger) C(harles), Journals and Narratives of the Third Dutch War, Navy Records Society, 1946 — Lists of Men-of-War, 1650–1700: Part 1, English Ships, 1649– 1702, Society for Nautical Research, 1935 — List of English Men-of-War 1509–1649, Society for Nautical Research, 1959 — List of English Naval Captains, 1642–1660, Society for Nautical Research, 1964 — (ed.), The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich, Navy Records Society, 1929 Archibald, Edward, The Wooden Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy AD 897– 1860, Blandford Press, 1968, revised 1972, re-published 1987 (with alterations) as The Fighting Ship of the Royal Navy 897–1984 Atkinson, C.T. (ed.), Papers relating to the First Dutch War (Vols. IV-VI), Navy Records Society, 1909–11 Barratt, John, Cromwell’s Wars at Sea, Pen & Sword, Barnsley 2006 Baumber, Michael, General at Sea: Robert Blake and the Seventeenth Century Revolution in Naval Warfare, John Murray, 1989 Boxer, C.R., The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th Century, 1652– 1674, 1974 Burns, Kenneth V., Plymouth’s Ships of War, National Maritime Museum, 1972 Caruana, Adrian B., The History of English Sea Ordnance, 1523– 1875; Vol. 1, The Age of Evolution, 1523–1715, Jean Boudriot Publications, Rotherfield, Sussex 1994 Capp, Bernard, Cromwell’s Navy: The Fleet and the English Revolution, 1648–1660, Oxford 1989 Charnock, John, Biographia Navalis (6 vols), 1794–98 — History of Marine Architecture, in three volumes, 1800–2 Colledge, James, Ships of the Royal Navy, 3rd edition by Greenhill Books 2003 (revised by Ben Warlow) Conte, Pierre Le, Lists of Men-of-War 1650–1700: Part 2, French Ships,

Society for Nautical Research, 1946 Corbett, Julian S., Fighting Instructions 1530–1816, Navy Records Society, 1905 Davies, Dr J. David, Pepys’s Navy, Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley, 2008 Demerliac, Alain, Nomenclature des navires français de 1614–1661, Editions Omega, Nice 1992 — Nomenclature des vaisseaux du Roi-Soleil de 1661 à 1715, Editions Omega, Nice 1995 Derrick, Charles, Memoirs of the Rise and Progress of the Royal Navy, 1806 Duffy, Michael, Parameters of British Naval Power, Exeter, 1992 Ehrman, John, The Navy in the War of William III, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1954 Endsor, Richard, The Restoration Warship, US Naval Institute Press, 2009 Fincham, John, A History of Naval Architecture, Whittaker and Company, 1851 Fox, Frank, Great Ships: The Battlefleet of King Charles II, Conway Maritime Press, 1980 — A Distant Storm: The Four Days’ Battle of 1666, Jean Boudriot Publications, Rotherfield, 1996 — ‘Hired Men-of-War, 1664–67’, The Mariner’s Mirror 84(1) and 84(2) 1998 Gardiner, Robert, ‘The First English Frigates’, The Mariner’s Mirror 61(2) 1975 — (ed.), The Line of Battle; The Sailing Warship 1650–1840, Conway Maritime Press, 1992 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, History of the Great Civil War, Windrush Press (4 vols) — History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, Windrush Press (4 vols) — Papers relating to the First Dutch War (Vols I–III), Navy Records Society, 1899–1905 Glete, Jan, Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500-1860, Almquist & Winsell, Stockholm (2 vols), 1993 Goodwin, Peter, The Construction and Fitting of the Sailing Man of War, 1650–1850, Conway Maritime Press, 1987 Goss, James, Portsmouth-built warships 1497–1867, Emsworth, 1984 Hainsworth, Roger and Christine Churches, The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars

1652–1674, Sutton Publishing, 1998 Harding, Richard, The Evolution of the Sailing Navy, 1509– 1815, Macmillan Press, 1995 Harland, John, Seamanship in the Age of Sail: An account of the Shiphandling of the Sailing Man-of-War, 1600–1860, based on Contemporary Accounts, Conway Maritime Press, 1984 Hepper, David, British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail 1650– 1859, Jean Boudriot Publications, Rotherfield, 1994 Herman, Arthur, To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World, Hodder & Stoughton, 2005 Holland, A. J., Ships of British Oak, David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1971 Holland, John (edited by J. R. Tanner), Two Discourses of the Navy, 1638 and 1659, Navy Records Society, 1896 Hore, Peter, The Habit of Victory: the Story of the Royal Navy 1545 to 1945, Sidgwick & Jackson, 2005 Howard, Dr Frank, Sailing Ships of War 1400–1860, Conway Maritime Press, 1979 Jones, J.R., The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century, Longman Group, 1996 Knighton, C. S., Pepys and the Navy, Sutton Publishing, 2003 Konstam, Angus, Sovereigns of the Sea, John Wiley & Sons, NJ, 2008 Laird Clowes, William, The Royal Navy – A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume 2 (covering the period identical with this volume), 1898, reprinted by Chatham Publishing, 1996 Lavery, Brian, Deane’s Doctrine of Naval Architecture, 1670, Conway Maritime Press, 1981 — The Ship of the Line (2 volumes), Conway Maritime Press, 1983–4 — The Arming and Fitting of English Ships of War 1600–1815, Conway Maritime Press, 1987 Lecalvé, Frank, Liste de la Flotte de Guerre Française, Toulon 1993 Lees, James, The Masting and Rigging of English Ships of War, 1625–1860, Conway Maritime Press, 2nd edn 1982 Lewis, Michael, The Navy of Britain: A Historical Portrait, 1948 Lyon, David, The Sailing Navy List, Conway Maritime Press, 1993 MacDougall, Philip, The Chatham Dockyard Story, Rainham, 1987 McGowan, A. P (ed.), The Jacobean Commissions of Enquiry, Navy Records Society, 1971

Mahan, Alfred Thayer, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660– 1783, Boston, 1890 Manning, Capt. Thomas Davys and Cmdr C. F. Walker, British Warship Names, 1959 Merriman, Cmdr R. D (ed.), The Sergison Papers, Navy Records Society, 1949 Ollard, Richard, Man of War: Sir Robert Holmes and the Restoration Navy, Hodder & Stoughton, 1969 Oppenheim, Michael, A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy and of Merchant Shipping in relation to the Navy from 1509 to 1660, 1895, reprinted by Temple Smith, 1988 — (ed.), The Naval Tracts of Sir William Monson, (5 vols), Navy Records Society, 1902–14 Owen, John Hely, War at Sea under Queen Anne 1702–1708, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1938 Padfield, Peter, Guns at Sea, Hugh Evelyn, 1973 — Tide of Empires: Decisive Naval Campaigns in the Rise of the West- Vol. 1, 1481–1654, Vol. 2, 1654–1763, Routledge, 1979 — Maritime Supremacy and the Opening of the Western Mind 1588–1782, John Murray, 1999 Pepys, Samuel, (Latham, Robert & Matthews, William, eds.), The Diary of Samuel Pepys, 11 vols, Bell & Hyman, 1970 Pool, Bernard, Navy Board Contracts 1660–1832, Longmans, 1966 Powley, E. B., The Naval Side of King William’s War, 1972 Rodger, Nicholas, The Safeguard of the Sea; A Naval History of Britain 800– 1649, Penguin, 1997 — The Command of the Ocean; A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815, Penguin/Allen Lane, 2004 Rogers, Col. H. B. C., Generals-at Sea, Galago Publishing, Bromley, 1992 Sanderson, Michael, Sea Battles: A Reference Guide, Abingdon, 1975 Sutherland, William, The Ship-builder’s Assistant, 1711 (reprinted by Jean Boudriot Publications, Rotherfield, 1989) Symcox, G. A., The Crisis of French Sea Power 1688–97, The Hague, 1974 Syrett, David and R. L. DiNardo, The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660–1815, Navy Records Society, 1994 Tanner, J. R., A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naval Manuscripts in the Pepysian Library, Navy Records Society, 1903

— (ed.), Samuel Pepys’s Naval Minutes, Navy Records Society, 1926 Vichot, Jacques (ed.), Répertoire des Navires de Guerre Français, Musée de la Marine, Paris, 1967 Vreugdenhil, A., Lists of Men-of-War, 1650–1700: Part 3, Ships of the United Netherlands, 1648–1702, Society for Nautical Research, 1938 Ware, Chris, The Bomb Vessel, Conway Maritime Press, 1994 Warlow, Lieut-Cmdr Ben, Shore Establishments of the Royal Navy, 2nd edn, Maritime Books, Liskeard, 2000 Winfield, Rif, The 50-Gun Ship, Chatham Publishing, 1997 — British Warships in the Age of Sail: 1714–1792, Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley 2007

Introduction The starting date for this volume has been taken as 24 March 1603, the day on which Queen Elizabeth (the last Tudor monarch) died, and the Scottish King James VI became also King James I of England. The closing date was been taken as 1 August 1714, with the death of Queen Anne and the start of the Hanoverian era. Vessels ordered or acquired by the British Navy after 1714 are to be found in the companion volume British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714 to 1792. In order to improve clarity, the entries for each type of vessel are divided chronologically into: (a) those vessels in existence or on order at 24 March 1603; (b) vessels ordered or acquired between March 1603 and May 1660, when Charles II was restored to the English throne: (c) vessels ordered or acquired between May 1660 and 18 December 1688, when James II withdrew; and (d) vessels ordered or acquired from December 1688 to 1 August 1714. The period under review included periods of political and administrative turmoil, which in turn meant that the Navy’s management was discontinuous. It is thus not practical to consider changes in the officers and office-holders in the same way as for the other books in this series, and the four periods are discussed separately below, with an initial look going back to the formation of the Navy Board in 1546. (a) Before March 1603 The origins of the Admiral of England go back to the fourteenth century, but it was not until 24 April 1546 that an administrative body – the Navy Board – was established by patent by Henry VIII (nine months before his death). The Board comprised a Lieutenant of the Admiralty, a Treasurer ‘of Marine Causes’, a Comptroller (subsequently retitled Controller), a Surveyor, a Clerk of the Ships, a Master of Ordnance and a couple of extra officers. The post of Lieutenant was initially filled by Sir Thomas Clere, who was succeeded on 16 December 1552 by Sir William Woodhouse, but the post lapsed with the latter’s death. Similarly the post of Master of Ordnance of the Navy, initially occupied by Sir William Woodhouse, was filled by Thomas Windham upon Woodhouse’s appointment as Lieutenant, and Windham in turn was

succeeded on 2 November 1557 by William Wynter (who held the office concurrent with that of Surveyor), but this post likewise lapsed with Wynter’s death in 1589. The other offices were more long-standing, interrupted only between 1649 and 1660. Those appointed on 24 April 1546, besides Clere and Woodhouse, were Robert Legge as Treasurer, William Broke as Comptroller, Benjamin Gonson, Snr, as Surveyor and Richard Howlett as Clerk of the Ships, while the ‘extra officers’ on the Board were William Holdstock and Thomas Morley Robert Legge died in mid 1549 and on 8 July Gonson was transferred to that post, with William Wynter taking over the post of Surveyor that he was to hold until 1589. Lord High Admirals (from 1547): 1547, 28 January Lord (Thomas) Seymour of Sudeley (who then married Henry’s widow, Catherine Parr) – dismissed January 1549 and executed 20 March. 1549, 28 October John Dudley, Earl of Warwick. 1550, 4 May Edward Fiennes, Lord Clinton and Saye. 1554, 26 March Lord (William) Howard of Effingham. 1558, 10 February Lord (Edward) Clinton (later Earl of Lincoln) – 16 January 1585. 1585, 8 July Lord (Charles) Howard of Effingham (later Earl of Nottingham). The key office of Treasurer (who de facto became the chair of the Board when the office of Lieutenant lapsed) was held by Gonson until his death in 1577. On 1 Jan 1578 John Hawkyns, his son-in-law, was appointed Treasurer, and he in turn held office until his death on 12 November 1595. After an interval, Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, was appointed on 22 December 1598. George Wynter replaced Howlett as Clerk of the Ships in October 1560, and William Holdstock, originally an ‘Extra’ Officer on the Board, took over as Comptroller from William Broke in December 1561. In March 1580 William Borough became Clerk of the Ships. Borough relinquished the office of Clerk on 6 November 1588 to Gonson’s son (also named Benjamin) and became the Comptroller in 1589. In the same year Sir Henry Palmer succeeded William Wynter (on 11 July 1589) as Surveyor. On 20 December 1598 Palmer replaced Borough as Comptroller, and the post of Surveyor was

filled by John (later Sir John) Trevor. The final change of Elizabeth’s reign was in 1600, when Peter (later Sir Peter) Buck took over as Clerk from Benjamin Gonson, Jnr. (b) Before March 1603 to May 1660 The early part of James I’s reign was dominated by Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham, as Lord High Admiral, who remained in post until 28 January 1619. He was then replaced by George Villiers, Marquess (and later Duke) of Buckingham as Lord High Admiral. With the assassination of Buckingham on 23 August 1628, the office of Lord High Admiral was placed ‘in commission’; the following were the leading Commissioners – Richard, Lord Weston (later Earl of Portland) from 2c September 1628, then Robert Bertie, the Earl of Lindsey from 10 April 1635, and finally William Juxon, Bishop of London, from 16 March 1636. During these first 35 years of the Stuart reign, the membership of the Navy Board altered slowly. In 1604 Sir Robert Mansell replaced Fulke Greville as Treasurer of the Navy, and in 1611 the posts of Controller and Surveyor were filled by Sir Guildford Slingsby and Sir Richard Bingley respectively. Following the Commission of Inquiry in 1618, Mansell, Slingsby and Bingley were all removed from their posts. A new Treasurer, Sir William Russell, was appointed on 10 May 1618; he remained in post until 1642, although he was to share the post with Sir Sackville Crowe from 5 April 1627 and then Sir Henry Vane (Jnr) from 12 January 1639. The offices of Controller and Surveyor were not filled for the next nine years, their duties being entrusted to a Board of Navy Commissioners on 12 February 1619; on this Commission the role of Surveyor was undertaken from February 1619 by Thomas Norreys and then from 1625 by Joshua Downing. In 1628 the two posts were reestablished; Slingsby was re-appointed as Controller and Sir Thomas Aylesbury was appointed Surveyor. In December 1632 they were succeeded by Sir Henry Palmer and Kenrick Edisbury respectively. The office of Lord High Admiral was reinstated on 18 March 1638 for Prince James, the Duke of York. But on 13 April Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumberland, was appointed as acting Lord High Admiral. Thomas Smith was appointed as the Secretary to the Lord Admiral (until 1645). On 26 September 1638 William Batten replaced Edisbury as Surveyor, and on 16 February 1639 Thomas Barlow was appointed as Clerk of the Navy (the title soon changed to ‘Clerk of the Acts’). With the death of Sir William Russell,

Sir Henry Vane became the sole Treasurer in August 1642, and the office of Lord High Admiral was again put into commission on 19 October 1642, with Northumberland being retained as the senior Commissioner, but Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, was appointed to command at sea as Vice-Admiral in July by Northumberland, whose health was failing. The duties of the Principal Officers – except for the Treasurership of the Navy – were assigned to a body of Commissioners of the Navy and Customs, directly responsible to the Parliamentary Naval Committee. Among the Commissioners, the duties of Surveyor were discharged by William (later Sir William) Batten until he accepted a seagoing post in 1645, and subsequently by Phineas and Peter Pett. With the outbreak of the Civil War, Warwick was formally appointed as Lord High Admiral on 7 December 1643, against the objections of Charles I, who appointed a Commission of Admiralty under Lord Cottington which nominally remained in office until Charles’s execution. Warwick resigned his office in April 1645, and effective control passed to a Parliamentary Admiralty Committee under Northumberland. Warwick again accepted the post of Lord Admiral on 29 March 1648, but the appointment was cancelled on 23 February 1649 upon Charles’s execution. From 16 February 1649 the administration came under a new body of Navy Commissioners led by John Holland (who had the duties of Surveyor), but was effectively controlled by Sir Henry Vane, who as Treasurer of the Navy led the Council of State’s Committee on the Admiralty and Navy from 12 March 1649 (and subsequently the Parliamentary Committee on Admiralty Affairs from 14 December 1652). Responsibilities at sea were on 27 February assigned to three joint ‘Generals-at-Sea’ – Edward Popham, Richard Deane and Robert Blake; George Monck was added to the list on 1652 and – following Deane’s death in action on 3 June 1653 – William Penn and Edward Montagu. A new Admiralty Commission was appointed on 28 July 1653 under Robert Blake’s leadership, and this remained in charge of the administration when the Commonwealth was superseded by Cromwell’s Protectorate in December 1653. Leadership of the Admiralty Commissioners passed to Maj.Gen. John Lambert in 1655, to Lord (John) Disbrowe in December 1658, to the now aged Sir Henry Vane in May 1659, and finally in February 1660 to Robert Reynolds. Responsible to the Admiralty Commissioners remained the Navy Commissioners, whose membership changed over the decade, George

Paylor replacing Holland as Surveyor in 1654. (c) May 1660 to December 1688 Following the Restoration of the monarchy, Charles II appointed his brother James, Duke of York, as Lord High Admiral on 4 June 1660. In 1673 Charles II briefly (from 14 June) served as his own Lord High Admiral for 25 days, but the office was again put into commission on 9 July, with Prince Rupert as First Lord of the Admiralty and head of the Commissioners. Sir Henry Capel (14 May) became First Lord on 14 May 1673 and Daniel Finch (later Earl of Nottingham and Winchelsea) on 14 February 1680. The Commission was dissolved on 19 May 1684, when Charles II again assumed the office of Lord High Admiral. From 1685 the new King, James II (14 June) also served as his own Lord High Admiral. At the Restoration, the four historic officials (Treasurer, Comptroller, Surveyor and Clerk of the Acts) had been recreated on 20 June and a Navy Board including these Principal Officers and three Extra Commissioners reestablished on 4 July 1660. Capt. Sir George Carteret and Arthur Annesley (the Earl of Anglesey) filled the office of Treasurer from 1660 until 1671, when they were succeeded by Sir Thomas Osborne (later 1st Duke of Leeds); in turn the office passed in 1673 to Sir Edward Seymour and Anthony Cary (Viscount Falkland), who remained in office until 1689. The post of Surveyor of the Navy was again entrusted in 1660 to Sir William Batten. Batten was succeeded as Surveyor on 25 November 1667 by Thomas Middleton; on 5 September 1672 John Tippetts replaced Middleton, and he remained Surveyor until 1692 (being knighted on 12 October 1688). The other key administrative post on the Navy Board was that of Controller of the Navy, which on 31 August 1660 was awarded to Robert Slingsby. On 28 November 1661 Vice-Adm. Sir John Mennes was appointed to take the post, which he retained until his death on 18 February 1671. On 15 April 1671 Adm. Thomas Allin (knighted 7 February 1673) was appointed as successor to Mennes. On 28 January 1680 Thomas Hayter became Controller, but on 2 February 1682 it was taken by Capt. (Adm. from August 1690) Sir Richard Haddock, who was to remain Controller until his death on 29 January 1715. The fourth permanent member of the Navy Board was the Clerk of the Acts. It was to this office that Samuel Pepys was appointed on 13 July 1660. The other key administrative position, not on the Navy Board, was that of

Secretary to the Admiralty Board, the senior official of that body. Sir William Coventry held this office from July 1660 until September 1667, when it was taken over by Matthew Wren. In July 1672 Sir John Werden became the Secretary, and then on June 1673 Pepys became Secretary to the Admiralty Board, and shared the office of Clerk with Thomas Hayter. On 14 April 1677 Pepys was removed from the Secretaryship, with Hayter appointed in his place, and the office of Clerk was then shared between Hayter and James Sotherne, who became the sole Clerk of the Acts in May 1679. John Brisbane replaced Hayter as Secretary in February 1680, and then Pepys recovered his office in May 1684. (d) December 1688 to August 1714 On 8 March 1689 Admiral Arthur Herbert (later Earl of Torrington), was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Thomas Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, became First Lord on 20 January 1690; as he was not a naval officer, Adm. Sir John Chicheley was appointed as the leading naval officer on the Board (First Naval Lord); in turn, the post of First Naval Lord was held by Admiral Edward Russell from 5 June 1690 and then Capt. Henry Priestman on 23 January 1691. In turn, Charles Cornwallis, Lord Cornwallis, became First Lord on 10 March 1692, and then Anthony Cary, Viscount Falkland, on 15 April, with Priestman remaining the First Naval Lord. Admiral Edward Russell (later Earl of Orford) became First Lord on 2 May 1694. Following the end of the War of the English Succession, John Egerton, Earl of Bridgewater, became First Lord on 21 May 1699; as he too was not a naval officer, the role of First Naval Lord was assigned to Admiral Sir George Rooke. Bridgewater was replaced by Thomas Herbert again on 4 April 1701, with Rooke remaining as First Naval Lord. Following the accession of Queen Anne, the post of Lord High Admiral was revived. It was initially filled on 26 January 1702 by Thomas Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, but on 20 May that year it was awarded to the Queen’s consort, Prince George of Denmark, who was assisted by a Lord Admiral’s Council which included Rooke (until 11 June 1705) and subsequently Admiral Sir David Mitchell as the senior naval officer. On 19 April 1708 David Wemyss, Earl of Wemyss, replaced Mitchell as the senior naval member of this Board, and on 28 October the Queen herself took over the position of Lord High Admiral from her husband before re-appointing the Earl of Pembroke on 29 November.

Almost a year later, on 8 November 1709, the position of Lord High Admiral was again placed in commission, with Admiral Russell (Earl of Orford) restored as First Lord. His leadership of the Board was replaced on 4 October 1710 by that of Admiral Sir John Leake, although Leake declined to accept the designation of First Lord. On 30 September 1712 Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, was added to the Board as First Lord, with Leake remaining as the First Naval Lord (and the other Board members remaining in position). This remained the line-up until Queen Anne’s death, when Strafford was dismissed and quickly arrested for sedition, to be succeeded by the ever-resilient Earl of Orford. The administrative officers of the Admiralty and Navy Board had meanwhile faced mixed fortunes following the accession of William and Mary to the throne in 1689. Admiral Edward Russell quickly took over as Treasurer of the Navy; he was succeeded in 1693 by Sir Thomas Littleton, and then in 1710 briefly by Robert Walpole, with Charles Caesar being appointed in 1711 and John Aislabie in 1714. Pepys was removed from the office of Secretary in March 1689, when he was replaced by Phineas Bowles; James Southerne took over the post of Secretary in January 1690. Southerne’s post of Clerk of the Acts has been given in November 1689 to Charles Sergison, who remained in post until May 1719 (although the post was held jointly with Samuel Atkins between 11 February 1702 and 25 August 1706). Meanwhile Southern was replaced as Secretary in August 1694 by William Bridgeman; then on 26 September Josiah Burchett was appointed to share the post of Secretary with Bridgeman, and became the sole Secretary on 24 June 1698, a post that he was to hold until 1742. On the other hand, Haddock remained as Controller of the Navy, retaining the post until February 1714 when Rear-Adm. Sir Charles Wager replaced him. Tippetts remained initially as Surveyor, until Edward Dummer was appointed as Surveyor on 9 August 1692, and the latter in turn was succeeded on 22 September 1699 by Daniel Furzer. Furzer was to remain Surveyor until April 1715, but he shared the post between 19 October 1706 and 16 November 1714 with William Lee. Details of the Master Shipwrights at each individual Royal Dockyard during the period from 1660 (and some before this date) will be found in Appendix D of this volume.

Chronology 1603 24 March 1604 August 1624 12 February

1625 1625 1627 1627

10 March 27 March 8 October January 2 June

1628 23 August 28 October 1629 14 April 1630 5 November 1634 20 October

1649 19 January 19 March 1650 October 1651 October 1652 19 May 30 June 16 August

Death of Queen Elizabeth I and accession of King James I. Peace with Spain. House of Commons appropriates money for the King’s ships. Declaration of War against Spain. Death of King James I and accession of Charles I. Attack on Cadiz by Viscount Wimbledon’s fleet. War with France. Expedition to La Rochelle, led by Duke of Buckingham (returns 12 October). Assassination of Duke of Buckingham (by John Felton at Portsmouth). La Rochelle capitulated to the French monarchy. Peace with France (Peace of Susa). Peace with Spain (Treaty of Madrid). First writs issued for the collection of Ship Money, to provide a fleet for the protection of merchant shipping (extended in 1635 to the entire country). Trial of Charles I begins; Charles is executed 30 January. Abolition of English monarchy and (19 May) proclamation of Commonwealth. Diplomatic embassy to The Hague led by Oliver St John. Navigation Act passed. Battle off Dover, between Blake’s fleet of 25 ships and Marten Tromp’s fleet of 40 ships. England declares war against the United Provinces. Battle of Plymouth (Ayscue’s Fight off the Casquets).

August 28 Battle of Montecristo (off Elba). 1652 28 September Battle of the Kentish Knock, between Blake’s fleet of 68 ships and de With’s fleet of 59 ships. 30 November Battle of Dungeness. 1653 18–20 Battle of Portland (the ‘Three Days’ Battle’) February 2–3 June Battle of the Gabbard. 31 July Battle of Scheveningen (off Texel). 16 December End of the Commonwealth and start of the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell. 1654 5 (or 8) April 1st Treaty of Westminster brings an end to the First Anglo-Dutch War. 1655 4 April Battle of Porto Farina. 1656 February Outbreak of War against Spain. 1658 3 September Death of Oliver Cromwell. 1657 20 April Battle of Santa Cruz. 1659 25 May End of the Protectorate, and resumption of the Commonwealth. 1660 8 May Restoration of King Charles II. 25 May Charles II landed at Dover. 10 September, End of War against Spain. 1665 24 February Start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War (formally declared in March). 3 June Battle of Lowestoft, with Dutch fleet under Obdam and Wassanaer defeated by Duke of York’s fleet, losing some 30 ships including Obdam’s Eendracht. 2 August Action at Bergen; Sir Thomas Teddiman’s squadron repulsed in attack on Dutch East Indies fleet. 1666 1–4 June The Four Days’ Battle off the Galloper Sand between Monck’s fleet (joined by Rupert’s fleet on 4 June) and that of De Ruyter; 17 English and 6 Dutch ships were destroyed or taken. 25–6 July St James’s Day Fight (or Battle of Orfordness) off the North Foreland.

1666 9 August

Action in the Terschelling Roads (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’). 1667 20 May Battle of Nevis. June Dutch raid on the Medway July 31 End of the Second Anglo-Dutch War via Treaty of Breda. 1669 6 September Start of War against the Algerines. 1670 May Treaty of Dover. 1671 8 May Battle of Bugia Bay. 19 November End of War against the Algerines. 1672 12 March Holmes’s attack on the Dutch Smyrna fleet off the Isle of Wight. 17 March Start of the Third Anglo-Dutch War. 28 May Battle of Solebay. 1673 28 May First Battle of Schooneveld. 4 June Second Battle of Schooneveld. 11 August Battle of Texel. 1674 9 February British withdrawal from Third Anglo-Dutch War via 2nd Treaty of Westminster. 1686 25 March Death of Charles II and accession of James II. 1688 11 December Flight (and deemed abdication) of James II. 1689 13 February Accession of William III and Mary II. 1 May Start of the War of the English Succession – Battle of Bantry Bay. 29 July Relief of Londonderry. 1690 30 June Battle of Beachy Head. 1692 19–24 May Battle of Barfleur (and La Hogue). 1693 17 June Battle of Lagos – destruction of the Smyrna convoy. 1694 28 December Death of Mary II, and start of sole reign by William III. 1697 20 September End of the War of the English Succession. 1702 8 March Death of William III and accession of Queen Anne.

4 May 19 August 12 October 1704 24 July 13 August

1705 10 March 1706 28 July 1708 28 May 1713 13 March 1714 1 August

Start of the War of the Spanish Succession. Battle of Santa Marta (‘Benbow’s Action’). Battle of Vigo Bay. Battle of Gibraltar Battle of Vélez-Málaga, where an Anglo-Dutch fleet under Rooke fought an equal-sized French fleet under the Comte de Toulouse, neither side losing a ship. Battle of Marbella (off Cabrita). Bombardment and storming of Alicante by Leake’s fleet. Battle of Cartagena (‘Wager’s Action’). End of the War of the Spanish Succession. Death of Queen Anne, accession of George I.

For centuries a key foreign policy objective of British governments was to prevent the ports on the other side of the Channel from becoming springboards to invasion. This included keeping France out of the southern Netherlands (roughly, modern Belgium), where Dunkirk was one of the most potentially troublesome ports. Its capture from the Spanish, as depicted here, was the most tangible benefit of Cromwell’s war with Spain, and it was briefly in English hands from 1659 until sold to France by Charles II in 1662. Thereafter it developed into a great centre of privateering, to the detriment of British trade in every ensuing war with France for the next 150 years. Despite the expenditure of significant British naval resources, particularly during the 1690s, it proved difficult to blockade and almost impossible to assault effectively from the sea. Beverley R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.39.

Fleet Actions The following is a list of the British and (where possible) opposing French, Dutch and Spanish vessels which participated in each of the major battles of the period. This list is the best available information, but there remains a question mark over the presence or absence of certain ships, particularly for smaller vessels. The number of carriage guns carried by each vessel appears after its name (except for fireships and other small craft); this may be slightly different from the information shown in the main chapters of the book, as ordnance totals did vary from time to time. This table relied on a number of sources. I would express particular thanks to Jim Bender (of kentishknock.com) and to Frank Fox, who were particularly helpful with data, particularly on Dutch participants. The Scheveningen and some other lists were contributed by ‘Ted’ Sozaev. The NRS publications by Dr S. R. Gardiner and C. T Atkinson (the six volumes of Papers relating to the First Dutch War, 1652–54) and by Roger Anderson (Journals and Narratives of the Third Dutch War) were always illuminating, as of course was the perennial standby, Volume 2 of William Laird Clowes’s The Royal Navy – a History from the Earliest Times to the Present. With the Dutch vessels, I have tried wherever possible to indicate the Admiralty to which the particular vessels belonged (or – where appropriate – the VOC, the Dutch East India Company); this is particularly important since the five provincial Admiralties frequently ‘pirated’ (to use Frank Fox’s description) each other’s favourite names, so that there were often two or more vessels of the same name among the Dutch participants in a battle. The list of actions is chronological, and are numbered according to the conflict in which they took place. I have commenced with a pre-1603 action, the raid on Cadiz in 1596 (the naval participants in an even earlier event, the Armada Campaign, are included in an appendix to this volume), and regrettably little else is included until 1652 as reliable lists of combatants in any of the actions during the first half of the seventeenth century are difficult to find. Please note that all dates used are calculated using the Julian calendar, used in Britain until September 1752. Attack on Cadiz – 21 June 1596

While the majority of the ships involved were English or Dutch merchantmen, the following Queen’s ships were involved in the attack: Ark Royal 55 (flagship of Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham, Lord High Admiral), Repulse 50 (flag of Robert, Earl of Essex, as Joint Admiral), Merhonour 41 (flag of Lord Thomas Howard, Vice-Admiral), Warspite 29 (flag of Sir Walter Ralegh, Rear-Admiral), Lion, Mary Rose, Nonpareil, Rainbow, Vanguard, Dreadnought, Swiftsure, Crane, Quittance, Charles, Moon and Tramontana. There were also three ships belonging to the Lord High Admiral – Lion’s Whelp (which was later sold to the Queen, 1601), Truelove and Witness – described (by Capt. William Monson) as the three best sailers in the command. Attack on Algiers – 1621 (actually sailed from England 22 October 1620) Lion 40 (flagship of Adm. Sir Robert Mansell), Vanguard 40 (flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir Richard Hawkyns), Rainbow 40 (flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Thomas Button), Constant Reformation 40, Antelope 34 and Convertine 36. There were also twelve hired merchantmen (see list in Chapter 8). This fleet was joined on 26 February 1621 by the Mercury 20 and Spy 18 (see note in Chapter 5 on these two ships). Attack on Cadiz – 1625 Wimbledon’s fleet Anne Royal 40 (flagship of Sir Edward Cecil, later made Viscount Wimbledon), Saint Andrew 38, Convertine 30, Swiftsure 38 (flag of Earl of Essex), Saint George 38, Constant Reformation 38, [Red] Lion 32 (flag of Sir Francis Steward), Rainbow 36 and Bonaventure 30. Also Assurance 34, Dreadnought 28, Mary Rose 22 and pinnace Mercury. There were also 30 hired merchantmen. 1.1 Battle off Dover – 19 May 1652 (before the formal outbreak of war on 30 June). This was sometimes recorded as the ‘Battle of the Goodwin Sands’. Blake’s fleet - 16 ships (a) Blake’s squadron in Rye Bay James 52 (flag of Robert Blake), Speaker 52, Victory 52, Worcester 46, Garland 40, Ruby 40, Sapphire 38, Portsmouth 34, Mermaid 22, Star 24,

Martin 12; also 3 small others; plus hired merchantman Reuben 26. (b) Bourne’s squadron in the Downs – 9 ships Triumph 60, Andrew 52 (flag of Nehemiah Bourne), Fairfax 52, [Happy] Entrance 40, Centurion 34, Adventure 32, Assurance 32, Greyhound 18; plus hired merchantman Seven Brothers 26. (c) Young’s detachment President 34 (under Capt. Anthony Young), Nightingale 22, Recovery 22. Tromp’s fleet – 41 ships (a) Thijssen’s squadron Groote Liefde 38, Gidion 34, Sint Salvador 34, Lam 32 (flag of Vice-Adm Jan Thijssen), Gouden Leeuw 30, Gouden Leeuwinne 30, Gulden Haen 30, Sint Laurens 30, Grooten Alexander 28, Prinses Roijael 28, Vergulde Zon 28, Liefde 28. (b) Tromp’s squadron (Note there were two ships bearing the name Prins Maurits.) Brederode 54 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Marten Harpertszoon Tromp), Groningen 38, Neptunus 36, Groote Vergulde Fortuijn 35, Sint Matheeus 34, Prins Maurits 34, Zeelandia 34, Hoorn 30, Prins Maurits 28, Maecht van Enkhuizen 28, Alkmaar 28, Faem 28, Sint Vincent 28, Vergulde Valck 28, Blauwen Arend 28, Roosenboom 28, Arke Troijane 28, Sint Maria 28, Hollandia 26. (c) Florissen’s squadron (Note there were two ships bearing the name Samson.) Kroon Imperiael 34, Burgh 34, Swarte Beer 32, Monnikendam 32 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Pieter Florissen), Wapen van Enkhuizen 30, Vergulde Halve Maen 30, Samson 30, Sint Jeronimus 30, Samson 26, Wapen van Monnikendam 24. 1.2 Battle of Montecristo (off Elba) – 28 August 1652 A Dutch victory which saw the capture of the Phoenix, while the rest of Badiley’s squadron sought refuge in Elba. Badiley’s squadron – 8 ships Constant Warwick 32, Elizabeth 38, Paragon 42 (flag of Adm. Richard Badiley), Phoenix 38; plus hired merchantmen Mary Rose 32, William and Thomas 30, Thomas Bonaventure 28 and Richard and William 24 (however, these four took no part in the action). Van Galen’s squadron – 10 ships

Jaarsveld 44 (flag of Rear-Adm. Johan Van Galen), Eendracht 40 (flag of Vice-Adm. Jacob de Boer), Maan 40, Zeven Provincien 40, Haarlem 40, Prinses Royaal 34, Maagd van Enkhuizen 34, Wapen van Zeeland 32, Zeelandia 32, Jonge Prins 28. 1.3 Battle of the Kentish Knock – 28 September 1652 Fleet lists for this battle appear incomplete, and the following must be treated as indicative. Blake’s fleet – 68 ships Sovereign 90, Resolution 88 (flag of Adm. Robert Blake), James 66 (flag of Vice-Adm. William Penn), Triumph 60, Vanguard 58, Andrew 56 (flag of Rear-Adm. Nehemiah Bourne), Speaker 54, Lion 50, Convertine 44, Garland 44, Advice 42, Diamond 42, Foresight 42, Pelican 42, Ruby 42, Assistance 40, Assurance 40, Dragon 40, Nonsuch 40, President 40, Portsmouth 38, Hound 36, Guinea 34, Convert 32, Mary (flyboat) 32, Advantage 26, Falmouth 26, Sampson 26, Old Warwick 24, Pearl 24, Cygnet 22, Little President 22, Nightingale 22, and (?) others; plus hired merchantmen London 40, Richard and Martha 40, Anthony Bonaventure 36, Hercules 34, Lisbon Merchant 34, Exchange 30, Cullen 28, Prudent Mary 28, Martha 25, Golden Dove 24, Acorn 22, Gift 16 (a pink). De With’s fleet – 62 ships (including the 50 ships and 4 fireships listed below) Maas Admiralty’s Brederode 54, Prinses Louise 36, Gorcum 30; Rotterdam Director ships Prins te Pard 38, Sint Pieter 28. Amsterdam Admiralty’s Vrede 42 (flag of Acting Schout-bij-nacht Gideon de Wildt), Aartsengel Michiel 40, Graaf Willem 40 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Jan Gideonszoon Verburgh), Groningen 40, Campen 40, Drie Coningen 36, Engel Gabriel 36, Zeelandia 36, Hollandia 32, Maria 30, Achilles 28, Gelderland 28, Gouda 28, Leyden 28, Star 28, Zutphen 28, Hollandsche Tuyn 24; Amsterdam Directors ships Vogelstruys 40. Vrede 40, Wi’tte Lam 30, Arke Troijane 28, Sint Francisco 28. Zeeland Admiralty’s Amsterdam 30, Faeme 30 Liefde 30, Zeeuwsche Leeuw 28, Zeeridder 28, Sint Jan 26, Ter Goes 26, Sandenburg 24; Middleburg Directors ships Prins Willem 56 (flag of Vice-Adm. Witte de With), Prinses Louise 48 (flag of Commodore Michiel de Ruyter), Gouden Leeuw 30; Vlissingen Directors ships Haes 30, Dubbele Arend 26; Middleburg town Haes in ’t Veldt 30.

Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Wapen van Enkhuisen 30, Wapen van Alkmaar 28, Prins Maurits 28, Kasteel van Medemblick 26, Monnick 24. Friesland Admiralty’s Breda 28 (flag of Acting Schout-bij-Nacht Adriaan Bruynsveld), Frisia 28, Westergo 28, Hector van Troijen 24. Plus fireships Eenhoorn, Graf Sonderlandr, Vergulde Buys and Vos. 1.4 Battle of Dungeness – 30 November 1652 Blake’s fleet Triumph 60 (flag of General-at-Sea Robert Blake), Victory 60, Vanguard 58, Fairfax 56, Speaker 54, Laurel 50, Worcester 44, Garland 44, [Happy] Entrance 43, Lion 42, Convertine 42, Foresight 42, Dragon 40, Fortune 36, Hound 35, Sapphire 34, Princess Maria 33, Mary [Flyboat] 32, Waterhound 30, Dolphin 30, Advantage 26, Swan 22, Greyhound 20. Hired ships: Hannibal 44, Anthony Bonaventure 36, Lisbon Merchant 34, Loyalty 34, Culpepper 30, Cullen 28, Prudent Mary 26, Samuel 26, Martha 25, Katherine 24, Exchange 24, Acorn 22, also several other armed merchant ships. Tromp’s fleet (a) Tromp’s squadron Maas Admiralty’s Brederode 54 (flag of Lieut.-Adm. Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp), Rotterdam 30 and Wapen van Holland 39; Rotterdam Directors ships Prins 38 (flag of temp. Schout-bij-Nacht Corstiaen Corstiaenszoon de Munnick), Sint Pieter 28 and Hollandia 26. Amsterdam Admiralty’s Vrede 44 (flag of temp. Vice-Adm. Gideon de Wildt), Campen 40, Engel Gabriel 36, Hollandia 32, Amsterdam 30, Star 28, Gouda 28; Amsterdam Directors ships Groote Liefde 38, Burgh 34, Gideon 34 and Sint Maria 28. Nooderkwartier Admiralty’s Hoorn 32; Harlingen Directors ship Vergulde Pelicaen 28. (b) De With’s squadron Maas Admiralty’s Prinses Louise 36 (flag of Vice-Adm. Witte Corneliszoon de With), Schiedam or Geldeland 30, Sphera Mundi 26, Beer 24 and Overijssel 22; Rotterdam Directors ship Meerman 32. Amsterdam Admiralty’s Vrijheid 46 (flag of temp. Vice-Adm. Augustijn Balck), Zeelandia 34, Achilles 28 and Leiden 28; Amsterdam Directors ships Croon Imperiael 34, Sint Matheeus 34 and Arke Troijane 28. Friesland Admiralty’s Graef Hendrick 32, Breda 28 and Frisia 28. (c) Evertsen’s (Zeeland) squadron

Zeeland Admiralty’s Hollandia 38 (flag of Vice-Adm. Johan Evertsen), Neptunus 28, Zeeridder 28, Zeeuwsche Leeuw 27, Goes 26, Liefde (i) 26, Liefde (ii) 23, Sint Joris 23 and Eendracht 18; Vlissingen Directors ships Lam 34 (flag of temp. Vice-Adm. Michiel Adrianszoon de Ruyter) and Haes 26; Middelburg Directors ships Gulden Haen 36, Gouden Leeuw 30 and Leeuwinne 30; Zierikzee Directors ship Wapen van Zierikzee 34; Veere Directors ship Wapen van der Veere 38. (d) Florissen’s squadron Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Monnikendam 36 (flag of temp. Adm. Pieter Florissen), Prins Maurits 32, Wapen van Enkhuizen 32, Tobias 30, Wapen van Monnikendam 28, Eenhoorn 28, Casteel van Medemblick 26, Peereboom 24 and Schel 24; plus various Directors ships (6). Friesland Admiralty’s Wapen van Nassau 36 (flag of temp. Vice-Adm. Hendrick Janszoon Camp) and Prinses Albertina 26 (flag of temp. Schout-bij-Nacht Rombout van der Parre). Amsterdam Admiralty’s Zutphen 28; and Amsterdam Directors ship Elias 34. 1.5 Battle off Portland (the ‘Three Days’ Battle’) – 18–20 February 1653 A Dutch attempt to escort a homebound convoy of 152 merchantmen ended with an English victory which secured control over the Channel. Blake captured eight Dutch warships and also took over forty Dutch merchantmen. Blake’s squadron – 84 ships Advantage 26, Adventure 40, Advice 42, Amity 36, Arms of Holland 36 (?), Assistance 40 (flag of Rear-Adm. John Bourne), Assurance 40, Centurion 40, Convert 32, Convertine 32, Cygnet 22, Diamond 40 (flag of Rear-Adm. Roger Martin), Discovery 42, Dolphin 30, Dragon 38, Duchess 24, Eagle, Expedition 32, Fairfax 64 (flag of Vice-Adm. John Lawson), Falmouth 32, Foresight 42, Fortune 36, Gift 34, Gilliflower 32, Guinea 32, [Happy] Entrance 43, Katherine 36, Kentish 50, Laurel 38 (flag of Rear-Adm. Samuel Howett), Lion 50, Martin 14, Mary (ketch), Merlin 12, Nicodemus 10, Nightingale 36, Nonsuch 38, Oak 32, Old Warwck 32, Paradox 14, Paul 32, Pearl 28, Pelican 40, Plover 26, [Great] President 44, Princess Maria 30 Prosperous 42, Providence 33, Rainbow 58 (flag of Vice-Adm. James Peacock), Raven 38, Ruby 44, Sampson 36, Sapphire 38, Satisfaction 29, Speaker 64 (flag of Adm. William Penn), Speaker’s Prize 38, Success 38, Sussex 46, Tenth Whelp 20, Tiger 40, Triumph 62 (flag of Generals-at-Sea Monck and Deane), Tulip 32, Vanguard 56 (flag of General-at-Sea George

Monck), Victory 60 (flag of Vice-Adm. Lionel Lane), Waterhound, 30, Welcome 40, Worcester 50; plus hired merchantmen Angel, Ann and Joyce 34, Ann Piercy 33, Brazil [Frigate] 30, Charles 32, Chase 22, Cullen 26, Elizabeth and Ann 30, Exchange 32, Hannibal 44, Lisbon Merchant 38, Reformation 40, Richard and Martha 46, Roebuck 30, Ruth 30, Thomas and Lucy 34, Thomas and William 36, William and John 36. Tromp’s fleet – 79 ships (escorting a convoy of some 150 merchantmen). Maas Admiralty’s Brederode 54 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp), Prinses Louise 36, Dolphijn 32, Gorcum 30, Holland 30, Roscam 26, Sphera Mundi 26, Gelderland 24, Vergulde Beer 24 (also the yacht Haij 6, advice-yacht Tonijn and storeship Samuel); Rotterdam Directors ships Prins Willem te Paert 38, Meerman 32, Sint Pieter 28 and Hollandia 26; Amsterdam Admiralty’s Vrijheid 46, Vrede 44, Campen 40, Graef Willem 40, Engel Gabriël 36, Zeelandia 34, Amsterdam 30, Achilles 28, Overijssel 28, Zutphen 26; Amsterdam Director’s ships Groote Liefde 38, Burgh 34, Elias 34, Gidion 34, Kroon Imperiaal 34, Sint Matheeus 34, Arke Troijane 28, Faem 28, Sint Francisco 28 and Sint Maria 28; Dutch East Indiaman Vogelstruijs 40; Zeeland Admiralty’s Hollandia 38 (flag of Vice-Adm. Johan Evertsen), Amsterdam 32, Vlissingen 32, Faem 30, Neptunis 28, Westcappel 28, Zeeridder 28, Zeeuwsche Leeuw 28, Liefde (i) 26, Middelburg 26, Salamander 26, Eendracht (i) 24, Liefde (ii) 23, Sint Joris 23, Haes 20 and Eendracht (ii) 18; Vlissingen Director’s ships Arend 30, Haes 30 and Lam 38 (flag of Commandeur Michiel Adrianszoon de Ruyter); Middelburg Director’s ships Vergulde Haen 36, Goude Leeuw 30 and Goude Leeuwinne 30; Veere Director’s ship Wapen van der Veere 38; Zierikzee Director’s ship Wapen van Zierikzee 34; Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Monnickendam 36 (flag of Schout-bijNacht Pieter Florissen), Wapen van Enkhuizen 32, Hoorn 32, Lastdrager 32, Prins Maurits 32, Casteel van Medemblik 28, Eenhoorn 28 and Monnick 28; Enkhuizen Director’s ship Maecht van Enkhuizen 30; Monnikendam Director’s ship Swarte Beer 30; Edam Director’s ship Vergulde Halve Maen 30; Hoorn Director’s ship Samson 30; Friesland Admiralty’s Zevenwolden 36, Wapen van Nassau 36, Graef Hendrick 30, Breda 28, Frisia 28, Princesse Albertijna 26, Hector van Troijen 24 and Sara 24; Harlingen Director’s ship Sint Vincent 28.

1.6 Battle off Livorno (Leghorn) – 4 March 1653 Badiley’s squadron left Elba in an attempt to join forces with Appleton at Leghorn. The latter left port prematurely and his squadron was overwhelmed by the Dutch, with the Bonaventure destroyed by an explosion and, of the rest of his ships, only the Mary escaping capture. (a) Appleton’s squadron – 6 ships Leopard 50 (flag of Commodore Henry Appleton); plus hired merchantmen Bonaventure 44, Sampson 40, Mary 30, Peregrine 30 and Levant Merchant 30. (b) Badiley’s squadron – 8 ships Paragon 52 (flag of Adm. Richard Badiley), Phoenix 38, Elizabeth 38, Constant Warwick 32; also fireship Charity; plus hired merchantmen Mary Rose 32, Lewis 32, William and Thomas 30 and Thomas Bonaventure 28. Van Galen’s fleet – 16 ships Zeven Provincien 40 (flag of Rear-Adm. Johan Van Galen), Eendracht (flag of ?Vice-Adm. Jacob de Boer), Maan 40, Ter Goes 40, Zon 40, Zutphen 36, Maagd van Enkhuizen 34, Jonge Prins 28, Zwarte Arend 28; plus hired merchantmen Julius Caesar 28, Witte Olifant 28, Madonna della Vigna 28, Susanna 28, Salomons Ordeel 28, Roode Haes 28 and Ster 28. 1.7 Battle of the Gabbard (North Foreland) – 2–3 June 1653 A victory for the English fleet on the first day, notwithstanding Deane being killed by the first broadside. Tromp attempted to renew battle on the second day, but was forced to retire when Blake arrived with a reinforcement of eighteen ships. The Dutch lost six ships sunk and eleven captured. (a) Red squadron under ‘the Generals’ (Monck and Deane). Van division – Triumph 62 (flag of Vice-Adm. James Peacock), Laurel 48, Bear 46, Adventure 40, London 40, Mary 37, Heartsease 36, Hound 36, Providence 33; plus hired merchantmen Hannibal 44, Thomas-and-William 36 and Anne-and-Joyce 34. Centre division – Resolution 88 (flag of Generals-at-Sea George Monck and Richard Deane), Worcester 50, Advice 42, Diamond 42, Marmaduke 42, Pelican 40, London 40, Sapphire 38, Mermaid 26, Martin 14; also three fireships Fortune 10, Fox 10 and Renown 10; plus hired merchantmen Golden Fleece 44, Society 44, Malaga Merchant 36 and Loyalty 34. Rear division – Speaker 56 (flag of Rear-Adm. Samuel Howett), Sussex 46, Tiger 40, Violet 40, Sophia 38, Guinea 34, Falmouth 26; also hired

merchantmen Phoenix 34, Hambro’ Merchant 34 and Four Sisters 30. (b) White squadron under Penn Van division – Victory 60 (flag of Vice-Adm. Lionel Lane), Centurion 42, Raven 38, Expedition 32, Gillyflower 32, Middelburg 32, Globe 30; also hired merchantmen Thomas-and-Lucy 34, Exchange m2 and Prudent Mary 28. Centre division – James 66 (flag of Adm. William Penn), Lion 50, Foresight 42, Ruby 42, Assistance 40, Portsmouth 38, Peter 32, Merlin 12; also fireship Falcon 10; plus hired merchantmen Richard and Martha 46, Lisbon Merchant (or Lissa Merchant) 38, Sarah 34, Anne Piercy 33 and Exchange (a second ship of this name!) 30. Rear division – Andrew 56 (flag of Rear-Adm. Thomas Graves), Constant Reformation 40, Assurance 36, Crown 36, Princess Maria 30, Waterhound 30, Pearl 26, Duchess 24; plus hired merchantman Industry 30. (c) Blue squadron under Lawson Van division – Vanguard 56 (flag of Vice-Adm. John Lawson), Happy Entrance 43, Dragon 38, Paul 38, Gift 34, Convert 32, Crescent 30, Roebuck 30; plus hired merchantmen King Ferdinando 36, Benjamin 32 and Samuel Talbot 30. Centre division – George 58 (flag of Adm. John Lawson), Kentish 50, [Great] President 40, Nonsuch 40, Welcome 40, Success 38, Oak 32; also fireship Hunter 10; plus hired merchantmen Adventure 38, Eastland Merchant 32, Brazil 30 and Samaritan 30. Rear division – Rainbow 58 (flag of Rear-Adm. William Goodson), Convertine 44, Amity 36, Arms of Holland 34, Tulip 32, Dolphin 30, Nicodemus 12; plus hired merchantmen William and John 36, Dragoneare 32, Blossom 30 and Jonathan 30. Tromp’s fleet – 109 ships of the line (counting 1 x 56) 1.8. Battle of Scheveningen (off Texel) – 31 July 1653 Monck’s fleet – approximately 120 ships (a) Red squadron under Monck. Van division ? Triumph 62 (flag of Vice-Adm. James Peacock), Laurel 48, Bear 46, Adventure 40, London 40, Black Raven 38, Mary Prize 37, Hound 36, Providence 33; plus hired merchantmen Hannibal 44, Thomas-andWilliam 36, William of London 36. Centre division – Resolution 88 (flag of General-at-Sea George Monck),

Essex l6, Worcester 50, Advice 42, Diamond 42, Marmaduke 42, Pelican 40, Sapphire 38, Mermaid 26, Martin 14; plus hired merchantmen Golden Cock 36, Society 44, Malaga Merchant 36 and Loyalty 34. Rear division ? Speaker 56 (flag of Rear-Adm. Samuel Howett), Sussex 46, Tiger 40, Violet 40, Sophia 38, Guinea 34, Constant Warwick 34, Falmouth 26; also hired merchantmen Phoenix 34 and Four Sisters 30. (b) White squadron under Penn Van division ? Victory 60 (flag of Vice-Adm. Lionel Lane), Centurion 42, Portland 42, Raven 38, Great Charity 36, Expedition 32, Mayflower 34, Middelburg 32, Globe 30; Renown 20; also hired merchantmen Thomas-andLucy 34 and Exchange 32. Centre division ? James 66 (flag of Adm. William Penn), Lion 50, Newcastle 44, Foresight 42, Ruby 42, Assistance 40, Portsmouth 38, Peter 32, Little Charity 32, Merlin 12; plus hired merchantmen Richard-andMartha 46, Lisbon Merchant 38, Sarah 34 and Exchange (a second ship of this name!) 30, Advantage 26. Rear division ? Andrew 56 (flag of Rear-Adm. Thomas Graves), Constant Reformation 40, Assurance 36, Crown 36, Waterhound 30, Duchess 24; plus hired merchantmen Exeter Merchant 30, Sampson 30, Industry 30 and Satisfaction 26. (c) Blue squadron under Lawson Van division ? Vanguard 56 (flag of Vice-Adm. John Jordan), Happy Entrance 43, Dragon 38, Gift Major 34, Paulus 32, Crescent 30, Roebuck 30, Recovery 24; plus hired merchantmen King Ferdinando 36, Benjamin 32 and Samuel Talbot 30. Centre division ? George 58 (flag of Adm. John Lawson), Kentish 50, [Great] President 40, Nonsuch 40, Elizabeth 40, Oak 32, Swan 22; plus hired merchantmen Prosperous 42, Adventure 38, Eastland Merchant 32, Samaritan 30 and Seven Brothers of London 26. Rear division ? Rainbow 58 (flag of Rear-Adm. William Goodson), HalfMoon 36, Tulip 32, Dolphin 30; plus hired merchantmen John and Catharine 36, Dragoneare 32, Hamburgh Merchant 32, Blossom 30 and Jonathan 30. There were a number of fireships attached, including Flying Renown and Hunter. Tromp’s fleet (Evertsen assumed command after Tromp was killed) Approx 100 ships under Maarten Tromp Approx 27 ships under Witte de With

The Dutch lost at least 14 ships, 8 captains and 1,300 prisoners were taken. 2.1 Battle of Porto Farina (Tunisia) – 4 April 1655 15 ships under Blake Amity 30, Andrew 54 (flag of Richard Badiley, Vice-Adm.), Bridgewater 50, Foresight 36, George 60 (flag of General-at-Sea Robert Blake), Kentish 40, Merlin 12, Mermaid 22, Newcastle 40, Pearl 22, Plymouth 50, Princess Maria 34, Success, Unicorn 54 (flag of Joseph Jordan, Rear-Adm.), Worcester 46. 9 ships of the Bay of Tunis

The Battle of Scheveningen was one of the Royal Navy’s most comprehensive victories. The Dutch lost at least ten large ships, and suffered widespread damage among the rest, resulting in massive casualties – possibly as high as 6,000 men – including the commanderin-chief, the great admiral Marten Tromp. It was a victory brought about by two factors: the greater firepower of the English fleet with its higher proportion of purpose-built warships; and the superior tactics of the newly formalised line of battle. This depiction of the battle was a relatively early work by the great Dutch artist Willem van de Velde the Elder, who, rather like a modern war artist, was present in an official capacity. He and his equally talented son, another Willem, were responsible for some of the most accurate and detailed representations of the ships and naval battles of the period, and without their work

this book would have been almost impossible to illustrate in such depth. National Maritime Museum BHC0277.

2.2 Battle of Santa Cruz – 20 April 1657 Bridgewater, Bristol, Centurion, Colchester, Convert, Fairfax, Foresight, George, Hampshire, Jersey, Langport, Lyme, Maidstone, Nantwich, Newbury, Newcastle, Plymouth, Ruby, Speaker, Swiftsure, Unicorn, Winsby, Worcester. 3.1 Battle of Lowestoft – 3 June 1665 English fleet (a) White Squadron under Prince Rupert Van Division – Triumph 66 (flag of Vice-Adm. Christopher Myngs), Monck 54, Lion 52, Newcastle 48, Ruby 46, Expedition 36, Colchester 28; plus hired merchantmen Happy Return 40, John-and-Abigail 40, Katherine 36 and John-and-Katherine 32. Centre Division – Royal James 78 (flag of Prince Rupert), Henrietta 58, Revenge 58, Rainbow 56, Mary Rose 48, Portland 46, Reserve 46, Assurance 32, Garland 28; fireships Hound 8 and Dolphin; plus hired merchantmen Bendish 42 and Exchange 36. Rear Division – Saint Andrew 60, Anne 58, Resolution 58 (flag of RearAdm. Robert Sansum), Kent 46, Bear 42, Advice 40, Milford 28; plus hired merchantmen East India Merchant 44 and Constant Catherine 40. Attached to the squadron were ketches and minor vessels Hind 8; also hired Sea Venture, James, Desire, Little Sampson and William-and-Mary. (b) Red Squadron under Duke of York Van division – Royal Oak 76 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir John Lawson), Saint George 60, Gloucester 58, Bristol 48, Diamond 46, Dover 46, Guinea 36, Norwich 24, Martin [Galley] 14; plus hired merchantmen Royal Exchange 46, King Fernandino 36 and Coast Frigate 34. Centre division – Royal Charles 78 (flag of HRH James Stuart, Duke of York), Old James 68, Mary 58, Vanguard 56, Yarmouth 52, Happy Return 50, Convertine 48, Antelope 46, [Great] Charity 46, Fountain 30, Mermaid 28, Drake 12, Fame 12, Bramble 8; plus hired merchantmen Loyal George 42 and Blackamore 38. Rear division – Swiftsure 60 (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir William Berkeley), Fairfax 58, Leopard 54, Bonaventure 40, Portsmouth 38, Sapphire 38, Amity

36; plus hired merchantmen Satisfaction 46, Eagle 44, Loyal Merchant 44 and George 40. Attached to the squadron were ketches and minor vessels Eaglet 8, Roe 8; also hired Saint George, Bachelor, Isabella, Hopeful Margaret, Seaflower and Edward-and-Eve. (c) Blue Squadron under Earl of Sandwich Van division – [Royal] Katherine 70 (flag of Rear-Adm. Thomas Teddiman), Dreadnought 58, Essex 52, Princess 52, Marmaduke 38, Adventure 36, Forester 28; plus hired merchantmen Golden Phoenix 36, Prudent Mary 36 and Society 36. Centre division – Prince 86 (flag of Earl of Sandwich), Montagu 58, Dunkirk 54, Breda 46, Centurion 46, Swallow 46, Dragon 38, Pembroke 28, Oxford 24, Bryar 12; plus hired merchantmen John-and-Thomas 44 and Madras 42. Rear division – Henry 70 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir George Ayscue), York 58, Unicorn 56, Jersey 48, Assistance 40, Hampshire 40, Providence 30, Guernsey 28; plus hired merchantmen Castle Frigate 36 and Hambro’ Merchant 36. Attached to the squadron were ketches and minor vessels Nonsuch 8; also hired Thomas-and-Rebecca, Hopewell, John (smack), John (hoy) and Two Sisters. Dutch fleet (a) First Squadron under Obdam Maarseveen 78 (Dutch East Indiaman); Maas Admiralty’s Eendracht 76 (flag of Jacob van Wassenaer, Baron Obdam); and Amsterdam Admiralty’s Amsterdam 68 (flag of Vice-Adm. Abraham van der Hulst), Huis Tijdverdrijf 58, Huis te Kruiningen 58, Vrijheid 56, Landman 48, Vrede 48, Stad Gouda 48, Dom van Utrecht 48, Harderwijk 46, Haarlem 46, Zeelandia 38, Ster 36 and Brak 18; plus two fireships and two galjoots. (b) Second Squadron under Jan Evertsen Oranje 76 (Dutch East Indiaman); Zeeland Admiralty’s Hof van Zeeland 58 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Jan Evertsen), Utrecht 50, Middleburg 46, Wapen van Zeeland 36, Delft 34, Zeelandia 34, Schakerlo 29 and yacht Dieshouk 6; and Maas Admiralty’s Klein Hollandia 57 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Jan de Liefde), Prince Mauritz 53, Dordrecht 46, Wapen van Utrecht 36, Delft 36, Schiedam 25 and yacht Lopende Hert 8; plus two fireships and two galjoots. (c) Third Squadron under Cortenaer

Delfland 70 and Sphera Mundi 41 (Dutch East Indiamen); Maas Admiralty’s Groot Hollandia 68 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Egbert Cortenaer); and Amsterdam Admiralty’s Oosterwijk 68, Hilversum 58, Zuiderhuis 50, Stavoren 48, Doesburg 48, Vereenigte Provinciën 48, Duivenvoorde 48, Wakende Boei 48, Ter Goes 46, Harderin 38, Maagd van Enkhuizen 38 and Overijssel 36; plus one fireship and one galjoot. (d) Fourth Squadron under Stellingwerf Huis te Zwieten 70, Mars 50 and Ruiter 18 (Dutch East Indiamen); Frisian Admiralty’s Oostergo 68, Zevenwolden 58 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Auke Stellingwerf), Elf Steden 54, Prinses Albertina 52 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Hendrik Bruynsvelt), Westergo 52, Omlandia 44, Groningen 40 (flag of Vice-Adm. Rudolf Coenders), Klein Frisia 40, Postillon van Smirna 40 and Hollandia 4; and Admsterdam Admiralty’s Phesant 38 and Ijlst 36; plus one fireship and two galjoots. (e) Fifth Squadron under Tromp Amsterdam Admiralty’s Liefde 70 (flag of Vice-Adm. Cornelis Tromp), Luipaard 58, Koevorden 56, Stad en Lande 56, Kampen 48, Tromp 48, Huis te Jaarsveld 48, Raadhuis van Haarlem 48, Groningen 48, Zon 48, Wapen van Edam 38, Schager Roos 38, Asperen 36, Vollenhoven 40 and Fortuin 14; the Dutch East Indiamen Nieuw Batavia 50; and the Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Prinses Royaal 40; plus one fireship and one galjoot. (f) Sixth Squadron under Cornelis Evertsen Zeeland Admiralty’s Vlissingen 46 (flag of Vice-Adm. Cornelis Evertsen the Elder), Kampveere 46 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Adriaan Banckert), Dordrecht 46, Zeerider 34, Goes 30, Zwanenburg 30, Visschers Harder 26, Westcappel 24, Visscher 16 and yacht Zouteland 4; the Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Drie Helden Davids 50; and the Maas Admiralty’s Stad Utrecht 48, Rotterdam 46, Vrede 40, Gorinchem 36, Briel 21, Swol 20 and yacht Hasewinthont 3; plus two fireships and two galjoots. (g) Seventh Squadron under Schram Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Wapen van Nassau 60 (flag of Vice-Adm. Volckert Schram), Gelderland 56, Hollandse Tuin 56, Jozua 50, Westfriesland 50, Wapen van Medemblik 46, Eendracht 44 (flag of Schoutbij-Nacht Frederik Stachouwer), Jupiter 44, Jonge Prins 36, Eenhoorn 30 and Hoorn 30; and Dutch East Indiamen Carolus Quintus 54, Nagelboom 52, Beurs van Amsterdam 52 and Agatha 32; plus two fireships and two galjoots.

3.2 Battle of Vågen (Bergen, Norway) – 3 August 1665 English squadron under Teddiman Revenge 58 (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir Thomas Teddiman), Happy Return 50, Breda 46, Foresight 46, Golden Lyon 42, Sapphire 38, Guinea 36, Guernsey 28, Pembroke 28, Norwich 24; also the smaller Martin [Galley] 14 and fireships Bryar 12 and Hound 8; plus the hired merchantmen Bendish 42, Society 36, Coast Frigate 34 and Prudent Mary 36. Seven other ships of Teddiman’s squadron were unable to enter the harbour and participate in the action: Mary Rose 48, Bonaventure 40, Expedition 30 and the hired merchantmen John-and-Thomas 44, Constant Katherine 40, Exchange 36 and Hambro’ Merchant 36. Dutch East India Company (VOC) squadron under de Bitter Walcheren 60 (flag of Commodore Pieter de Bitter), Slot Hooningen 60, Jonge Prins 60, Wapen van Hoorn 60, Gulden Phenix 65, Rijzende Zon 50, Kogge 45 and Catharina 40. 3.3 Battle of the Galloper Sand (‘the Four Days’ Battle’) – 1–4 June 1666 Albemarle’s fleet (a) White Squadron under Sir George Ayscue Van division – Swiftsure 66 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir William Berkeley), Fairfax 60, Seven Oaks 54, Happy Return 52, Yarmouth 52; plus hired merchantmen John-and-Thomas 48 and Loyal George 42. Centre division – Prince 92 (flag of Adm. Sir George Ayscue), Triumph 72, Helverston 60, Gloucester 58, Crown 48, Portland 48, Unity 42, Oxford 26; and fireship Providence 10. Rear division – Henry 72 (flag of Rear-Adm. John Harman), Anne 58, Rainbow 56, Zealand 40 and Welcome 36.

The Four Days’ Battle in an oil painting by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest. An encounter epic in scope and drama, it might well be regarded as the greatest battle of the age of sail, and was well beyond the capacity of any artist to capture on a single canvas. Like most others who tackled the subject, van Soest conflates time and incidents but gives a general impression of the sheer scale of the engagement. The English fleet was divided as the result of false intelligence about the proximity of a French force, but although the squadrons were reunited for the final day, superior numbers gave the Dutch a clear victory. National Maritime Museum BHC0284.

(b) Red Squadron under Duke of Albemarle Van division – Royal Oak (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Joseph Jordan), Old James 70, Clove Tree 62, Dunkirk 58, Matthias 54, Marmaduke 42; and fireship Hound 8. Centre division – Royal Charles 82 (flag of Duke of Albemarle), House of Sweeds 70, Antelope 52, Golden Ruyter 48, Ruby 46 and Sweepstakes 36. Rear division – Saint Andrew 66, Defiance 64 (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir Robert Holmes), Monck 58, Bristol 52, Black Eagle 48, Dover 46, Saint Paul 40; and fireship Spread Eagle. (c) Blue Squadron under no known commander (intended to have been Sir

Jeremy Smith in Mary 58, but she was absent – victualling at Portsmouth) Van division – Royal Katherine 76 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Thomas Teddiman), Unicorn 60, Lion 58, Assistance 46, Providence 34; plus the hired merchantman Loyal Subject 56. Centre division – Saint George 66, York 58, Newcastle 50, Delft 40, Black Bull 40; and fireship Young Prince 8. Rear division – Rupert 64 (flag of Rear-Adm. Richard Utber), Vanguard 60, Golden Phoenix 60, Jersey 50; plus the hired merchantmen Baltimore 48 and Katherine 40. (d) Prince Rupert’s Squadron (which joined on 4 June 1666) Van division – Victory (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Christopher Myngs), Revenge 58, Bonaventure 48, Swallow 48, Dragon 40, Assurance 38, Expedition 34. Centre division – Royal James 82 (flag of Prince Rupert), Henrietta 58, Essex 56, Leopard 56, Princess 52, Diamond 48, Breda 48. Rear division – Dreadnought 58 (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir Edward Spragge), Plymouth 58, Mary Rose 48, Reserve 48, Portsmouth 44, Amity 38. Also the fireships Bryar 12, Little Unicorn 8, Greyhound 6 and Fortune 6. Note five other ships joined as reinforcements on 3 June - the Convertine 52 (intended for White squadron, Van), Sancta Maria 50 (intended for Blue squadron, Van), Centurion 48 (intended for Red squadron, Van), Kent 46 and Hampshire (intended for White squadron, Rear – as was the fireship Happy Entrance 8 which joined on 4 June). De Ruyter’s fleet (Note there is uncertainty about some divisional organisation – the following follows the situation deduced by Frank Fox.) (a) Second Squadron (Van) under Cornelis Evertsen Van division (all Frisian Admiralty) – Groot Frisia 72 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Tjerk Hiddes de Vries), Groningen 72 (flag of Vice-Adm. Rudolf Coenders), Prins Hendrik Casimir 72 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Hendrik Bruynsvelt), Oostergo 60, Westergo 56, Elf Steden 54, Stad en Lande 52, Prinses Albertina 50, Omlandia 48, Klein Frisia 38. Centre/Rear division (Zealand Admiralty) – Walcheren 70 (flag of LieutAdm. Cornelis Evertsen the Elder), Tholen 60 (flag of Vice-Adm. Adriaan Banckert), Zierikzee 60 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge), Hof van Holland 58, Middleburg 50, Vlissingen 50, Kampveere 50, Utrecht 50, Dordrecht 50; plus Amsterdam Admiralty’s Stad Gouda 46, Huis te Jaarsveld 46, Stavoren 46, Wakende Boei 46 and Harderwijk 44.

Also the frigates (all from Zealand) Zeeridder 36, Delft 36, Zeelandia 36 and Schakerlo 30; the advice-yachts (again all Zealand) Dishoek 6, Zouteland 6, West-Souberg 6 and Oost-Souberg 6; and fireships Vrijheid, Hoop and Rob. (b) First Squadron (Centre) under Michiel de Ruyter Van division – Maas Admiralty’s Eendracht 76 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Aert Jansze van Nes), Groot Hollandia 64, Prinses Louise 34, Harderwijk 32, yacht Swol 18 and fireship Sint Paulus; Amsterdam Admiralty’s Geloof 58, Zuiderhuis 50 and Gouden Leuwen 50; and Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Wapen van Nassau 60 and Jozua 54. Centre division – a sub-division consisted of the Maas Admiralty’s Delft 62 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Jan Janszoon van Nes) and Gorinchem 34, and the Amsterdam Admiralty’s Amsterdam 60 and Duivenvoorde 46. The main centre comprised the Maas Admiralty’s Zeven Provincien 80 (flag of Adm.Gen. Michiel Adrienszoon de Ruyter), Gelderland 64, Klein Hollandia 54, Schiedam 22 and fireship Gouden Ruiter; and Amsterdam Admiralty’s Wapen van Utrecht 66 and Vrede 46. Rear division – Maas Admiralty’s Ridderschap 66 (flag of Vice-Adm. Jan de Liefde), Wassenaar 56, Dordrecht 44, Wapen van Utrecht 36, Nijmegen 34, yacht Lopende Hert 8 and fireship Rotterdam; Amsterdam Admiralty’s Provincie Utrecht 64, Stad en Lande 60 and Raadhuis van Haarlem 46; and Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Hollandse Tuin 56. (c) Third Squadron (Rear) under Cornelis Tromp Van division (Noorderkwartier Admiralty) – Westfriesland 78 (flag of LieutAdm. Jan Corneliszoon Meppel), Pacificatie 73 (flag of Vice-Adm. Volckert Schram), Maagd van Enkhuizen 72 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Frederik Stachouwer), Jonge Prins 66, Noorderkwartier 60, Caleb 50 and Drie Helden Davids 48. Centre division – led by Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Gelderland 56, then Amsterdam Admiralty’s Hollandia 80 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Cornelis Tromp), Gouda 72 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Isaak Sweers), Calantsoog 70, Deventer 66, Huis te Kruiningen 60, Vrijheid 60 and Beschermer 54. Rear division [but one or two of these ships were probably in the Van division] (Amsterdam Admiralty) – Reiger 72, Liefde 68, Spiegel 68 (flag of Vice-Adm. Abraham van der Hulst), Huis Tijdverdrijf 60, Dom van Utrecht 46, Kampen 46, Landman 46, Tromp 46, Haarlem 44 and Zon 44. Also the frigates (all from Amsterdam) Asperen 34, Harder 34, Ijlst 34

and Overijssel 34; and fireships Fortuin, Kat and Wapen van Engeland. 3.4 Battle of Orfordness (‘the St James’s Day Battle’) – 25–6 July 1666 English fleet (a) White Squadron under Allin Van division – Royal Katherine 76 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Thomas Teddiman), Saint George 66, Anne 58, Dunkirk 58, Dover 46, Guinea 38, Expedition 34; plus the hired merchantmen Baltimore 48 and London Merchant 48. Centre division – Royal James 82 (flag of Adm. Sir Thomas Allin), Old James 70, Leopard 60, Montagu 58, Plymouth 58, Centurion 48, Assistance 46, Delft 40, Dragon 40, Assurance 38; plus the hired merchantman Richard and Martha 50. Rear division – Rupert 64 (flag of Rear-Adm. Richard Utber), Helverston 60, Unicorn 60, York 58, Westfriesland 52, Mary Rose 50, Kent 46, Hampshire 42; plus the hired merchantman Coronation 52. Also fireships Fortune, Jacob, Paul, Providence and Richard. (b) Red Squadron under Albemarle and Prince Rupert Van division – Royal Oak 76 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Joseph Jordan), Warspite 64, Slothany 60, Greenwich 58, Matthias 54, Crown 48, Diamond 48, Portsmouth 44; plus the hired merchantman Charles Merchant 54. Centre division – Royal Sovereign 102, Royal Charles 82 (flag of Duke of Albemarle and Prince Rupert), Triumph 72, Saint Andrew 66, Fairfax 60, Henrietta 58, Lion 58, Monck 58, Antelope 52, Swallow 48, Foresight 46, Ruby 46; plus the frigates Sweepstakes 36, Colchester 28 and Little Mary 12. Rear division – Henry 80 (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir John Holmes), Cambridge 64, Revenge 58, Bristol 52, Princess 52, Newcastle 50, Bredah 48, Tiger 40; plus the hired merchantman John and Thomas 48. Also the fireships Abigail, Alepine, Bryar, Charles, Fox, Lizard and Samuel; and the yacht Fanfan. (c) Blue Squadron under Smith Van division – Defiance 64 (flag of Rear-Adm. John Kempthorne), Resolution 58, Happy Return 52, Elizabeth 50, Providence 34; plus the hired merchantmen East India Merchant 50, Turkey Merchant 48 and George 40. Centre division – Loyal London 92 (flag of Adm. Sir Jeremy Smith), House of Sweeds 70, Golden Phoenix 60, Gloucester 58, Mary 58, Rainbow 56, Yarmouth 52, Bonaventure 48, Portland 48, Unity 42, Amity 38.

Rear division – Victory 80 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Edward Spragge), Vanguard 60, Dreadnought 59, Sancta Maria 50, Advice 48, Golden Ruyter 48, Reserve 48, Adventure 38; plus the hired merchantman Loyal Merchant 50. Also the fireships Blessing, Great Gift, Land of Promise and Virgin.

Barely a month after the serious defeat at the Four Days’ Battle, the refitted English fleet trounced the Dutch at the so-called ‘St James’s Day Fight’. Sandwiched between the earlier reverse and the even greater humiliation of the Medway raid, it is a victory that has been largely overlooked by historians – and even the artists of the time, this engraving being one of the few known representations of the engagement. In its depiction of two neatly formed, if sinuous lines, it is clearly idealised, but it does suggest a further step in the development of line-of-battle tactics. The English order of battle is listed below the main picture. British Museum.

De Ruyter’s fleet (a) Second Squadron (Van) under Jan Evertsen

Van division (probably) – Frisian Admiralty’s Groot Frisia 72 (flag of LieutAdm. Tjerk Hiddes de Vries), Groningen 70 (flag of Vice-Adm. Rudolf Coenders), Prins Hendrik Casimir 70 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Hendrik Bruynvelt), Sneek 65, Oostergo 60, Westergo 56, Elf Steden 54, Prinses Albertina 50, Omlandia 48 and Klein Frisia 38. Centre/Rear division – Zeeland Admiralty’s Walcheren 70 (flag of LieutAdm. Jan Evertsen), Tholen 60 (flag of Vice-Adm. Adriaan Banckert), Zierikzee 58 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge), Middelburg 50, Vlissingen 50, Kampveere 50, Utrecht 50 and Dordrecht 49; and Amsterdam Admiralty’s Stad Gouda 46, Dom van Utrecht 46, Stavoren 46, Wakende Boei 46 and Zon 44. Also the frigates (all from Zeeland) Zeeridder 34, Delft 34, Zeelandia 34, Schakerlo 29 and Visschers Harder 26; the yacht Prins te Paard 14, the advice-yachts Zouteland 6, Dishoek 6, West Souburg 6 and Oost Souberg 6; and six fireships Eendracht, Hoop, Prinses, Fortuin, Schiedam and Erasmus. (b) First Squadron (Centre) under de Ruyter Van division – Maas Admiralty’s Eendracht 71 (Lieut-Adm. Aert Jansze van Nes), Groot Hollandia 65, Prinses Louise 40, Wapen van Utrecht 36, Nijmegen 35, yacht Swol 16 and three fireships - Lijdzaamheid, Helena and Delft; and Amsterdam Admiralty’s Provincie Utrecht 64, Gouden Leeuwen 52, Tromp 46 and Harderwijk 44. Centre division - Maas Admiralty’s Zeven Provinciën 80 (flag of Adm.Gen. Michiel Adrienszoon de Ruyter), Gelderland 66, Delft 62 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Jan Janszoon van Nes), Wassenaar 58, Klein Hollandia 54, Gorinchem 34, Schiedam 22, yacht Lopende Hert 8 and three fireships Lammertje Kweek, Rotterdam and Ekster; and Amsterdam Admiralty’s Wapen van Utrecht 66, Stad en Lande 58, Zuiderhuis 50 and Vrede 46. Rear division - Maas Admiralty’s Ridderschap 66 (flag of Vice-Adm. Jan de Liefde), Dordrecht 46, Vrede 34, Harderwijk 32 and fireship Goede Hoop; Amsterdam Admiralty’s Geloof 64, Amsterdam 62, Raadhuis van Haarlem 46 and Huis te Jaarsveld 44; and Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Wapen van Nassau 60 and Hollandse Tuin 56.

(c) Third Squadron (Rear) under Tromp Van division (probably) - Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Westfriesland 78 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Jan Corneliszoon Meppel), Pacificatie 73 (flag of ViceAdm. Volckert Schram), Maagd van Enkhuizen 72, Gelderland 64, Jonge Prins 62, Noorderkwartier 58, Jozua 54 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Govert ‘t Hoen), Wapen van Holland 48, Drie Helden Davids 48, Caleb 47, Wapen van Medemblik 46 and Eendracht 44. Centre/Rear division - Amsterdam Admiralty’s Hollandia 80 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Cornelis Tromp), Reiger 72, Calantsoog 72, Gouda 71 (flag of Vice-Adm. Isaac Sweers), Oosterwijk 68, Deventer 66, Vrijheid 58, Huis Tijdverdrijf 56, Beschermer 52 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Willem van der Zaan), Vereenigde Provinciën 48, Kampen 46, Haarlem 42 and Edam 37. Also the frigates Asperen 34, Harder 34, Ijlst 32 and Overijssel 30 (all from Amsterdam), and Kasteel van Medemblik 30 and Wapen van Hoorn 30 (both from Noorderkwartier); two advice-yachts – names unknown; and six fireships - Bristol, Eenhoorn, Brak, Wapen van London, Pro Patria and Reus.

The single most mortifying event in the history of the Royal Navy was the Dutch raid on the Medway fleet anchorage in June 1667. Charles II’s government, shaken by the outbreak of Plague and the devastation of the Great Fire of London, faced bankruptcy, and had opened peace negotiations with the Netherlands. In the belief that there would be no further campaigning at sea that year, the main fleet was laid up in the river below Chatham, where it was protected more by the complexity of the navigation than the feeble coastal defences. However, seeing an opportunity that might never present itself again, De Ruyter led a daring attack which over the course of five days created havoc in the Medway, destroyed ten major warships, and carried off the fleet flagship, the Royal Charles, to the Netherlands in triumph. Even the Thames was temporarily blockaded, causing panic in London. This panoramic oil painting by Willem Schellings is from the attackers’ point of view looking up the river from Sheerness to the castle and cathedral of Rochester in the far distance, and combines events from a number of days. At the first narrowing of the river is a line of sunken blockships, which failed to stop the Dutch, and beyond them at Gillingham there was a great chain barrier, which they broke through. To the right of the three burning capital ships is the disarmed and abandoned Royal Charles, while further upriver the gunfire and smoke around Upnor Castle (far right) marks the limit of the Dutch advance. It was a spectacular feat of arms, and more than revenge for ‘Holmes’s Bonfire’ the previous year. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.

3.5 Attack on the River Vlie (‘Sir Robert Holmes’s Bonfire’) – 9–10

August 1666. Advice 48, Hampshire 42, Dragon 40, Tiger 40 (flag of Sir Robert Holmes), Assurance 38, Fountain 36, Sweepstakes 36, Garland 28, Pembroke 28; also fireships Bryar 12, Fox 6, Lizard 6, Richard 4 and Samuel 4; and yacht Fanfan 2 3.6 Battle off Nevis – 10 May 1667 Berry’s squadron – 10 ships total Hired Fourth Rates: Coronation 50 (flag of Capt. John Berry), John and Thomas 46, Constant Katherine 40, William 40, Castle Frigate 36, Pearl 34, Companion 30+ (blew up in action) and Saint Peter 30+. Also the King’s ships Norwich 26 and fireship William. Franco-Dutch squadron – 17 ships of the line 3.7 Battle in the Medway (‘Dutch Raid’) – 10/14 June 1667 The Dutch force comprised 62 ships of the line, with 15 smaller warships and 12 fireships, all divided into three squadrons, the first under Lieut-Adm. Michiel de Ruyter, the second under Lieut-Adm. Aert Jansze van Nes, and the third under Lieut-Adm. Baron Willem van Ghent. English losses included the Royal Charles 82 and Unity 42 (former Dutch Eendracht) captured and taken to Holland, and the following vessels burnt or scuttled: Royal James 82, Loyal London 92, Royal Oak 76, House of Sweeds* 70, Golden Phoenix* 60, Vanguard 60, Charles V 54, Matthias 54, Maria Sancta 50, Marmaduke 42, Welcome* 34 and Leicester* 24 (those asterisked were scuttled at Woolwich or Blackwall as blockships, along with flyboats Fortune and Horseman, and several merchantmen). 3.8 Battle of Martinique – 24/25 June 1667 Harman’s squadron – 8 ships of the line Lion 59 (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir John Harman), Dover 52, Newcastle 50, Bonaventure 48, Crown 48, Jersey 48, Assistance 46 and Assurance 42. Also Norwich 26, two ketches (Portsmouth and one other) and two fireships (Joseph and one other). Kindly note that due to an oversight this action is not accredited in the service histories of the individual ships participating. 4.1 Battle of Bugia – 8 May 1671. Spragge’s squadron

Advice 48, Dragon 46, Garland 30, Little Victory 12, Mary 64, Portsmouth 46, Revenge 62 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Edward Spragge); also fireships Eagle and Rose (both expended) Algerine squadron (English names) Orange Tree 34, Three Cypress Trees 34, White Horse 34, Three Half-moons 28, Pearl 26, Golden Crown 24, and Half-moon 24. 5.1 Action of 12 March 1672 (against the Smyrna convoy in the Channel) Holmes’s squadron Saint Michael 90, Resolution 70, Cambridge 70, York 60, Fairfax 60 (joined the following day by Gloucester 62, Diamond 48 and Success 32) De Haaze’s squadron (naval vessels only, not including the merchantmen) Vlissingen 50, Utrecht 48, Klein Hollandia 44, Dordrecht 44 and Delft 36. 5.2 Battle of Solebay (Southwold Bay) – 28 May 1672 Anglo-French fleet – 82 ships (of which the Royal James was sunk) (a) White squadron (French) under d’Estrées Van division – Le Terrible 70 (flag of Rear-Adm. Abraham Duquesne), L’Illustre 70, Le Conquérant 70, L’Admirable 68, Le Téméraire 50, Le Prince 50, Le Bourbon 50, Le Vaillant 50, L’Alcion 46, Le Hasardeux 38. Centre division – Le Saint Phillippe 78 (flag of Vice-Adm. Comte Victor Marie d’Estrées), Le Foudroyant 70, Le Grand 70, Le Tonnant 58, Le Brave 54, L’Aquilon 50, Le Duc 50, L’Oriflamme 50, L’Excellent 50, L’Eole 38, L’Arrogant 38. Rear division – Le Superbe 70 (flag of Chef d’Escadre Des Rabesnières), L’Invincible 70, Le Sans-Pareil 66, Le Fort 60, Le Sage 50, Le Heureux 50, Le Rubis 46, Le Galant 46, Le Hardi 38. (b) Red squadron under Duke of York Van division – London 96 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Edward Spragge), Old James 70, Resolution 70, Dunkirk 60, Monck 60, Bristol 48, Diamond 48, Sweepstakes 36, Dartmouth 32. Centre division – Prince 100 (flag of HRH James Stuart, Duke of York & Albany), Saint Michael 90, Royal Katherine 82, Victory 82, Cambridge 70, Monmouth 66, Dreadnought 62, Fairfax 60, Yarmouth 54, Adventure 44, Phoenix 42. Rear division – Royal Charles 96 (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir John Harman), Rainbow 64, York 60, Anne 58, Greenwich 54, Advice 48 (not certain if in

this division), Dover 48, Forester 38. (c) Blue squadron under Earl of Sandwich. Van division – Saint Andrew 96 (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir John Kempthorne), French Ruby 80, Saint George 70, Warspite 70, Gloucester 62, Bonaventure 48, Antelope 48. Centre division – Royal James 100 (flag of Adm. Edward Montagu, the Earl of Sandwich), Henry 82, Edgar 72, Rupert 66, Montagu 62, Leopard 54, Princess 54, Mary Rose 48, Crown 48, Success 32. Rear division – Royal Sovereign 100 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Joseph Jordan), Triumph 70, Unicorn 64, Mary 62, Plymouth 60, Ruby 48, Tiger 44. Dutch fleet – 62 ships (of which the Jozua 54 was destroyed and the Stavoren 48 captured by the English) and 13 frigates. (a) Van squadron under Banckert Zevenwolden 76, Prins Hendrik Casimir 72 (flag of Hendrik Bruynsvelt, Schout-bij-Nacht of Vriesland), Groningen 70 (flag of Enno Doedes Star, Vice-Adm of Vriesland), Callantsoog 70, Oranje 70 (flag of Jan Matthijszoon, Schout-bij-Nacht of Zeeland), Oudshoorn 70 (the former HMS Swiftsure), Walcheren 70 (flag of Adriaen Banckert, Lieut-Adm. of Zeeland), Steenbergen 64, Oostergo 62, Wapen van Nassau 62, Schieland 60, Zieriksee (flag of Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge, Vice-Adm. of Zeeland), Gelderland 56, Kruiningen 56, Elf Steden 54, Drie Helden Davids 50, Kampveere 50, Middleburg 50, Vlissingen 50, Wapen van Medemblik 46, Zwanenburg 44; also frigates Delft 34, Ter Goes 34, Popkensburg 24 and Schiedam 20. (b) Centre squadron under de Ruyter Zeven Provinciën 80 (flag of Michiel de Ruyter, Lieut-Adm. of the Maas), Westvriesland 78, Eendracht 76 (flag of Aert Janszoon van Nes, Lieut-Adm. of Amsterdam), Reiger[sbergen] 72, Maagd van Dordrecht 68 (flag of Jan vertszoon de Liefde, Vice-Adm of the Maas), Waesdorp 68, Ridderschap van Holland 66 (flag of Jan Janszoon van Nes, Schout-bij-Nacht of the Maas), Stad Utrecht 66, Gelderland 64, Alkmaar 62, Delft 62, Wapen van Hoorn 62, Deventer 60, Groot Hollandia 60, Provincie van Utrecht 60, Westergo 56, Wassenaer 50, Jozua 54, Agatha 50, Beschermer 50, Jaersveld 48, Zeelandia 44; also frigates Utrecht 36, Windhond 34, Brak 24 and Postiljon 24. (c) Rear squadron under van Ghent Dolfijn 82 (flag of Baron Willem Joseph van Ghent, Lieut-Adm. of Amsterdam), Oliphant 82 (flag of Frederik Sweers, Vice-Adm. of Amsterdam), Pacificatie 76 (flag of Volkhart Schram, Vice-Adm. of

Noorderkwartier), Gouda 72 (flag of Jan de Haan, Schout-bij-Nacht of Amsterdam), Wapen van Enkhuisen 72 (flag of David Vlugh, Schout-bijNacht of Noorderkwartier), Komeetster 70, Woerden 70, Justina van Nassau 64, Akerboom 60, Amsterdam 60, Oosterwijk 60, Noorderkwartier 60, Gideon 58, Essen 50, Leeuwen 50, Dordrecht 50, Caleb 48, Stavoren 48, Jupiter 40; also frigates Asperen 30, Overijssel 30, Bommel 24, Haas 24 and Harderwijk 24.

With Britain now allied with France, whose armies quickly overran much of the Netherlands, the outcome of the Third Dutch War should have been a foregone conclusion. Charles II planned an amphibious invasion of Zeeland, but although the allies vastly outnumbered the Dutch at sea, they were foiled by the tactical genius of de Ruyter, who fought a brilliant defensive campaign among the shoals and sandbars of his coastal waters. In the two Battles of Schooneveld the allies failed to destroy the Dutch fleet and consequently were unable to land the invasion force. Therefore, although the battles

themselves were tactically inconclusive, the Dutch were justified in regarding them as strategic victories, and issued celebratory prints like this engraving. Beverley R Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.56.

5.3 First Battle of Schooneveld – 28 May 1673. Anglo-French fleet – 76 ships of the line (a) Van (Red) Squadron under Prince Rupert – 26 ships of the line Van division – London 96 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir John Harman), French Ruby 80, Resolution 70, Triumph 70, Warspite 70, Anne 58, Happy Return 54, Stavoreen 48, Constant Warwick 42. Centre division – Royal Charles 100 (flag of HRH Prince Rupert), Henry 82, Royal Katherine 82, Edgar 72, Old James 70, Rupert 66, Gloucester 62, Lion 62, Princess 54, Crown 48. Rear division – Charles 96 (flag of RearAdm. Sir John Chicheley), Victory 82, Revenge 62, Newcastle 54, Yarmouth 54, Mary Rose 48, Assurance 42. (b) Centre (White) Squadron under d’Estrées – 27 (French) ships of the line Van division – Le Terrible 70 (flag of Chef d’Escadre Hector des Ardents), Le Sans-Pareil 64, Le Conquérant 56, Le Téméraire 52, L’Aquilon 50, L’Oriflamme 50, Le Précieux 50, Le Prince 50, Le Sage 50. Centre division – La Reine 104 (flag of Vice-Adm. Comte Victor Marie d’Estrées), Le Foudroyant 70, L’Invincible 70, Le Glorieux 64, Le Tonnant 64, L’Excellent 60, Le Fier 58, L’Aimable 56, Le Vaillant 50, L’Apollon 50. Rear division – L’Orgueilleux 70 (flag of Chef d’Escadre de Grancey), Le Grand 70, L’Illustre 70, Le Fortuné 60, Le Bon 52, Le Bourbon 52, Le Duc 50, Le Maure 50. (c) Rear (Blue) Squadron under Spragge – 23 ships of the line Van division – Saint Michael 90 (flag of Rear-Adm. Thomas Butler, the Earl of Ossory), Rainbow 64, York 60, Greenwich 54, Foresight 48, Hampshire 46, Sweepstakes 42. Centre division – Prince 100 (flag of Adm. Sir Edward Spragge), Royal Sovereign 100, Cambridge 70, Saint George 70, Dreadnought 62, Henrietta 62, Dunkirk 60, Advice 48. Rear division – Saint Andrew 96 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir John Kempthorne), Unicorn 64, Mary 62, Monck 60, Diamond 48, Ruby 48, Bonaventure 48, Falcon 42. De Ruyter’s fleet – 52 ships of the line (Note that the ships and flag officers

of the Friesland Admiralty were all absent.) (a) Van Squadron under Tromp Gouden Leeuw 82 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Cornelis Tromp), Pacificatie 80 (flag of Vice-Adm. Volkhart Schram), Hollandia 80 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Jan de Haen), Kalandsoog 70, Delft 62, Amsterdam 60, Provincie van Utrecht 60, Schieland 60, Wassenaer 60, Geloof 56, Prins te Paard 54, Agatha 50, Zuiderhuis 48, Wapen van Holland 46, Wakende Kraam 44, Zeelandia 44, Jupiter 42. (b) Centre squadron under Aert van Nes Vrijheid 80 (flag of Vice-Adm. Jan Evertszoon de Liefde), Zeven Provinciën 80 (flag of Adm. Michiel de Ruyter), Eendracht 72 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Aert van Nes), Spiegel 70, Steenbergen 70, Maagd van Dordrecht 68 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Jan Janszoon van Nes), Waesdorp 68, Deventer 66, Stad Utrecht 66, Alkmaar 64, Prins van Oranje 64, Gelderland 63, Beschermer 50, Essen 50, Caleb 46, Dordrecht 44, Wapen van Medemblik 44, Zeeland 42. c) Rear Squadron under Banckert Westfriesland 78, Wapen van Enkhuizen 72 (flag og Schout-bij-Nacht David Vlugh), Eenhoorn 70, Komeetster 70, Walcheren 70 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Adriaan van Trappen Banckert), Justina van Nassau 65, Ridderschap 65, Akerboom 62, Gideon 63, Domburg 60, Gelderland 60, Noorderkwartier 60, Zierikzee 60 (flag of Vice-Adm. Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge), Wapen van Nassau 58, Tijdverdrijf 56, Leeuwen 50, Ter Veere 48. 5.4 Second Battle of Schooneveld – 4 June 1673 Prince Rupert’s fleet The only changes from the previous action were that Prince Rupert shifted his flag from the Royal Charles to the Sovereign, while the Cambridge, Resolution and Conquérant departed for home, and the Swiftsure 70 arrived and was added to the Van (Red) Squadron, reducing the total to 74 ships. De Ruyter’s fleet The only changes from the previous action were that the Prins te Paard, Zuiderhuis and Deventer departed for home (the Deventer was wrecked en route), while the Voorsichtigheid 84 and Olifant 82 (flag of Vice-Adm. Isaak Sweers) arrived and were added to the Centre and Van Squadrons respectively, reducing the total to 51 ships. However, the Akerboom was moved from the Rear to the Van Squadron, and the Prins van Oranje from

the Centre to the Rear Squadron. As Schram and Vlugh had been killed on 28 May, the former’s role in the Van was taken by Sweers, while the latter’s role in the Rear was temporarily taken by Capt. Jan Janszoon Dick in the Eenhoorn. 5.5 Battle of Texel – 11 August 1673 Anglo-French fleet – 86 ships of the line There is uncertainty about the exact composition. I have followed R. C. Anderson’s lead, ascribing to the Blue squadron the twenty-six ships he lists for that squadron in Journals and Narratives of the Third Dutch War, and ascribing to the Red squadron the remaining 30 ships of the line he either lists for that squadron or lists as uncertain. But three of the latter thirty – which ones is unknown – should certainly be included with the Blue squadron. (a) White Squadron under d’Estrées – 30 ships of the line Reine 104 (flag of Adm. Comte Victor Marie d’Estrées), Royale Thérèse 80 (flag of Vice-Adm. Marquis de Martel), Foudroyant 70, Grand 70, Illustre 70, Invincible 70, Orgueilleux 70, Pompeux 70, Terrible 70 (flag of RearAdm. Hector des Ardents), Glorieux 64, Sans-Pareil 64, Tonnant 64, Excellent 60, Fortuné 60, Fier 58, Aimable 56, Conquérant 56, Diamant 54, Bon 52, Bourbon 52, Téméraire 52, Vaillant 52, Apollon 50, Aquilon 50, Duc 50, Maure 50, Oriflamme 50, Precieux 50, Prince 50, Sage 50. (b) Red and Blue Squadrons under Prince Rupert – 29 ships of the line Royal Sovereign 100 (flag of HRH Prince Rupert), London 96 (flag of ViceAdm. Sir John Harman), Charles 96 (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir John Chicheley), Royal Katherine 82, Henry 82, Victory 82, French Ruby 80, Edgar 72, Warspite 70, Old James 70, Triumph 70, Resolution 70, Rupert 66, Monmouth 66, Mary 62, Crown 48, Advice 48; also Fairfax 60, Plymouth 60, Anne 58, Happy Return 54, Leopard 54, Newcastle 54, Princess 54, Yarmouth 54, Diamond 48, Mary Rose 48, Stavoreen 48, Swallow 48, Assurance 42 and Falcon 42 (note that three of the ships in this list following the semi-colon were in the Blue Squadron, but it is unknown which three). (c) Rear (Blue) Squadron under Spragge – 27 ships of the line Prince 100 (flag of Adm. Sir Edward Spragge), Royal Charles 100, Saint Andrew 96 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir John Kempthorne), Saint Michael* 90 (flag of Rear-Adm. Thomas Butler, the Earl of Ossory), Cambridge 70, Saint George 70, Swiftsure* 70, Rainbow* 64, Unicorn 64, Dreadnought 62, Gloucester 62, Henrietta 62, Lion 62, Dunkirk 60, Monck 60, York* 60,

Greenwich* 54, Bonaventure 48, Bristol 48, Foresight* 48, Ruby 48, Hampshire* 46, Portsmouth* 46 and Sweepstakes* 42 (note that the nine ships asterisked in this table comprised Ossory’s division of this squadron). In addition, there were three Fifth Rates – the Pearl 30 with the Red Squadron, and the Success 32 and Guernsey 30 with the Blue Squadron. De Ruyter’s fleet – 60 ships of the line (a) Van Squadron under Tromp – 21 ships of the line Amsterdam Admiralty’s Gouden Leeuw 82 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Cornelis Tromp), Olifant 82 (flag of Vice-Adm. Isaak Sweers), Hollandia 80 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Jan de Haen), Kalantsoog 70, Komeetster 70, Akerboom 62, Amsterdam 60, Provincie van Utrecht 60, Geloof 56, Prins te Paard 54, Agatha 50, Zuiderhuis 48, Wapen van Holland 46, Wakende Kraan 44 and Zeelandia 44; Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Pacificatie 80, Noorderkwartier 60 and Jupiter 42; Maas Admiralty’s Delft 62, Schieland 60 and Wassenaer 60. (b) Centre Squadron under Aert van Nes – 18 ships of the line Maas Admiralty’s Voorsichtigheid 84, Vriheid 80 (flag of Vice-Adm. Jan Evertszoon de Liefde), Zeven Provinciën 80 (flag of Adm. Michiel de Ruyter), Eendracht 72 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Aert van Nes), Maagd van Dordrecht 68 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Jan Janszoon van Nes), Ridderschap 65, Gelderland 63 (flag of temp. Schout-bij-Nacht Cornelis de Liefde), Dordrecht 44 and Zeelandia 42; Amsterdam Admiralty’s Spiegel 70, Steenbergen 70, Waesdorp 68, Stad Utrecht 66, Beschermer 50 and Essen 50; Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Wapen van Alkmaar 64, Caleb 46 and Wapen van Medemblik 44. (c) Rear Squadron under Banckert – 21 ships of the line Noorderkwartier Admiralty’s Westfriesland 78, Wapen van Enkhuizen 72, Eenhoorn 70 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Jan Janszoon Dick), Justina van Nassau 66, Prins van Oranje 64, Gelderland 60 and Wapen van Nassau 58; Friesland Admiralty’s Prins Hendrik Casimir 72 (flag of Schout-bijNacht Hendrik Bruynsvelt), Groningen 70 (flag of Vice-Adm. Enno Doedes Star), Oostergo 68 and Elf Steden 54; Zeeland Admiralty’s Walcheren 70 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Adriaan van Trappen Banckert), Domburg 60, Zierikzee 60 (flag of Vice-Adm. Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge), Vlissingen 50, Dordrecht 50, Ter Veere 48, Utrecht 42; Amsterdam Admiralty’s Gideon 62, Tijdverdrijf 56 and Leeuwen 50.

Supporting the ships of the line, there were also 15 frigates – Amsterdam Admiralty’s Edam 36, Middelburg 36, Oudkarspel 34, Damieten 32, Bommel 24, Haas 24, Popkensburg 24 and Brak 22; Maas Admiralty’s Utrecht 34, Rotterdam 30, Harderwijk 24 and Schiedam 20; Zeeland Admiralty’s Delft 34 and Ter Goes 34; and Friesland Admiralty’s Windhond 30. There were 18 advice-yachts – Amsterdam’s Egmond, Kater, Kits and Triton; Maas’s Hoop and Rotterdam; Zeeland’s Bruinvis, Goes, Hazewind, Jonge Maria, Lapmande, Parel, Tonijn, Waterhond, Zwaluw and one other (name unknown); Friesland’s Hoop and Liefde. And 25 fireships – Amsterdam’s Draak, Jacob en Anna, Kasteel van Loon, Leidster, Melkschuit, Salvador, Vrede, Wapen van Velsen, Zaaier and Zalm; Maas’s Blackmoor, Eenhoorn, Jisper Kerk, Louise, Maria and Sint Pieter; Noorderkwartier’s Catharina, Vis and Witte Mol; Zeeland’s Burg, Catharina, Dadelboom, Samuel en Jacob and Sevellie; and Friesland’s Welkomst. 6.1 Battle of Bantry Bay – 1 May 1689 Herbert’s fleet – 19 ships of the line Cambridge 70, Elizabeth 70 (flag of Adm. Arthur Herbert), Pendennis 70, Defiance 64, Edgar 64, Mary 62, Plymouth 60, York 60, Deptford 54, Greenwich 54, Woolwich 54, Portland 50, Saint Albans 50, Advice 48, Antelope 48, Diamond 48, Ruby 48, Portsmouth 46, Dartmouth 36; also three fireships – Firedrake, Salamander and Saudadoes (the first two were actually bomb-vessels). Châteaurenault’s fleet – 24 ships of the line Ardent 66 (flag of Vice-Adm. Louis François de Rousselet, Comte de Châteaurenault), Courageux 56 (Chef d’escadre Forant), Saint-Michel 56 (Chef d’escadre Gabaret), Vermandois 60, Furieux 60, Excellent 60, Arrogant 58, Entreprenant 58, Apollon 58, Fort 56, Diamant 54, Fendant 52, Precieux 52, Sage 52, Duc 50, Modere 50, Capable 48, Neptune 46, Francois 48, Arc-en-Ciel 44, Emporte 42, Faucon 40, Leger, 40, Oiseau 40. There were also two light frigates (Tempête 30 and Pressance 10) and ten fireships – Bienvenu 10, Boutefeu 10, Dur 10, Gaillarde 10, Petilant 10, Bouffone 10, Hamecon 10, Inconnu 10, Maline 10 and Voile 10. 6.2 Battle of Beachy Head – 30 June 1690 This French victory gave them temporary control of the Channel. The Allied forces lost one Dutch ship captured and two sunk during the battle, and seven

more Dutch ships and one English ship (the 70-gun Anne) badly damaged and consequently burnt to avoid capture by the French. Anglo-Dutch fleet – 56 ships of the line (a) Van (White) Squadron under Evertson – 22 (Dutch) ships of the line Prinses Maria 92 (flag of Rear-Adm. Gilles Scheij), West Vriesland 82 (flag of Vice-Adm. Gerrit van Callenburgh), Hollandia 74 (flag of Lieut-Adm. Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest), Reigersberge 74, Maagd van Enkhuizen 72, Noord Holland (i) 72 (flag of Rear-Adm. Jan Dick), Maagd van Dordrecht 68, Veluwe 68 (flag of Rear-Adm. Jan van Brakel), Maze 64, Vriesland 64, Wapen van Utrecht 64, Gekroonde Burg 62 (flag of Vice-Adm. Carel van de Putte), Tholen 60, Veere 60, Stad en Landen 52, Agatha 50, Castricum 50, Cortienne 50, Elswout 50, Provincie van Utrecht 50, Wapen van Alkmaar 50, Noord Holland (ii) 48; also four fireships. (b) Centre (Red) Squadron under Torrington – 21 ships of the line Royal Sovereign 100 (flag of Adm. Lord Torrington), Albemarle 90, Duchess 90 (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir George Rooke), Sandwich 90 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir John Ashby), Windsor Castle 90, Elizabeth 70, Expedition 70, Grafton 70, Hampton Court 70, Hope 70, Lenox 70, Restoration 70, Stirling Castle 70, Suffolk 70, Warspite 70, Rupert 66, Lion 60, Plymouth 60, York 60, Woolwich 54, Deptford 50; also Constant Warwick 36 and eight fireships – Dolphin, Hound, Owner’s Love, Roebuck, Speedwell, Spy, Vulture and Wolf. (c) Rear (Blue) Squadron under Delavall – 13 ships of the line Saint Andrew 96, Coronation 90 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Ralph Delavall), Royal Katherine 82, Anne 70, Berwick 70, Bredah 70, Cambridge 70, Captain 70, Exeter 70, Defiance 64, Edgar 64, Bonaventure 48, Swallow 48; also eight fireships – Cadiz Merchant, Charles, Cygnet, Fox, Griffin, Hawk, Hunter and Thomas and Elizabeth.

In May 1692 Admiral Tourville’s outnumbered French fleet, under orders from Louis XIV, gave battle to an Anglo-Dutch fleet under Admiral Russell off Cape Barfleur. For much of the day the French held their own but eventually their cohesion broke down and individual squadrons retreated, some taking refuge in shallow water at Cherbourg and St Vaast-La Hougue. The allies sent in fireships and boats over the course of three days, burning three ships at Cherbourg (including the fleet flagship, the magnificent Soleil Royal) and a further twelve at La Hougue, as depicted in this painting by Adriaen van Dienst. Follow-up attacks were made on some of the invasion transports assembled for the planned attempt to restore the exiled ex-king James to the throne of Britain. These actions not only destroyed the best chance of a Jacobite restoration, but are also credited with persuading the French king to give up a battlefleet strategy in favour of commerce warfare, the so-called guerre de course. National Maritime Museum BHC0337.

French fleet – 68 ships of the line (a) Van Squadron under Châteaurenault – 20 ships of the line Dauphin Royal 110 (flag of Vice-Adm. Louis François de Rousselet, Comte

de Châteaurenault), Pompeux 74, Conquérant (flag of Vice-Adm. de VilletteMurçai), Fier 68, Eclatant 64, Ardent 62, Courtisan 62, Courageux 60, Couronne 58, Hardi 58, Excellent 56, Saint-Louis 56, Ferme 54, Bon 52, Fendant 52, Fort 52, Maure 52, Téméraire 52, Trident 52, Indien 50; also Eole 50, Solide 48, Alcion 44 and six fireships. (b) Centre Squadron under de Tourville – 25 ships of the line Soleil Royal 98 (flag of Adm. Comte de Tourville), Souverain 80 (flag of Rear-Adm. de Nesmond), Marquis 80, Saint-Philippe 80, Magnifique 76, Tonnant 70, Brillant 66, Henri 62, Furieux 60, Fortune 58, Fougeux 58, Sans Pareil 58, Vermandois 58, Apollon 56, Content 56, Diamant 56, Entreprenant 56, Sérieux 56, Arrogant 54, Saint-Michel 54, Brusque 50, Fidèle 46, Neptune 46, Arc-en-Ciel 44, Cheval Marin 40; also Faucon 44 and six fireships. (c) Rear Squadron under d’Estrées – 23 ships of the line Florissant 80, Grand 80 (flag of Adm. Victor Marie d’Estrées), Intrépide 80 (flag of Vice-Adm. Jean Gabaret), Belliqueux 74, Terrible 74, Aimable 70, Triomphant 70, Illustre 66, Bourbon 62, Parfait 62, Glorieux 60, Agréable 58, Prince 56, Brave 54, Capable 54, Fleuron 54, Prudent 52, Vigilant 52, Modéré 50, Duc 48, Vaillant 48, François 46, Comte 40; also Léger 44 and six fireships. 6.3 Battle of Barfleur – 19–22 May 1692 (a) Van (White) Squadron under van Almonde – 27? (Dutch) ships of the line Zeven Provincien 76, Admiraal Generaal 84, Veluwe 66, Medemblik 50, Noord Holland 68, Kasteel van Medemblik 86 (flag of Vice-Adm. Gerrit van Callenburgh), Ridderchap van Holland 72, Harderwijk 50, Keurvorst van Brandenburg 92, Amsterdam 64, Prinses 92, Schattershoef 50, Elswout 72, Prins 92 (flag of Lieutenant-Admiral Philips van Almonde), Slot Muiden 72, Raadhuis van Edam 42, Westvriesland 88, Leiden 64, Huis te Vlaardingen 46, Gelderland 64, Provincie van Utrecht 56, Eerste Edele 74, Koning William 92 (flag of Vice-Adm. Carel Van de Putte), Zeeland (Amsterdam Admiralty) 64, Ter Goes 54, Zeelandia (Zeeland Admiralty) 90 and Veere 62 There were also 8? frigates: Anna 38, Wakende Boei 26, Herder 16, Raadhuis te Haarlem 38, Batavier 26, Bruinvisch 18, Zeist 30, Neptunus?. Finally also 7 fireships: Fenix, Wijnberg, Vesuvius, Etna, Stromboli, Etna (Zeeland Admiralty), and Zes Gebroeders.

(b) Centre (Red ) Squadron under Russell – 31 ships of the line Van division – Royal William 100 (with flag of Rear-Adm. Sir Clowdisley Shovell), Sandwich 90, Breda 70, Cambridge 70, Hampton Court 70, Kent 70, Swiftsure 70, Plymouth 60, Oxford 54, Ruby 50, Saint Albans 50; also four fireships – Fox, Hopewell, Phaeton and Strombolo. Centre division – Britannia 100 (with flag of Adm. of the Fleet Edward Russell), London 96, Saint Andrew 96, Eagle 70, Elizabeth 70, Grafton 70, Restoration 70, Rupert 66, Greenwich 54, Chester 48; also four fireships – Flame, Roebuck, Spy and Vulture. Rear division – Royal Sovereign 100 (with flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Ralph Delavall), Saint Michael 90, Royal Katherine 82, Devonshire 80, Burford 70, Captain 70, Lenox 70, York 60, Bonaventure 48, Centurion 48; also four fireships Extravagant, Hound, Vulcan and Wolf. (c) Rear (Blue) Squadron under Ashby – 32 ships of the line Van division – Neptune 96 (flag of Vice-Adm. George Rooke), Albemarle 90. Windsor Castle 90, Royal Oak 74, Expedition 70, Northumberland 70, Resolution 70, Lion 60, Monck 60, Advice 50, Chatham 50; also four fireships Cadiz Merchant, Half-moon, Lightning and Owner’s Love. Centre division – Victory 100 (flag of Adm. Sir John Ashby), Duchess 90, Vanguard 90, Edgar 72, Warspite 70, Berwick 70, Monmouth 66, Defiance 64, Montagu 62, Adventure 44; also four fireships Blaze, Etna, Griffin and Speedwell. Rear division – Duke 90 (flag of Rear-Adm. Richard Carter), Ossory 90, Cornwall 80, Essex 70, Hope 70, Stirling Castle 70, Suffolk 70, Dreadnought 64, Woolwich 54, Crown 50, Deptford 50; also Charles Galley 32 and three fireships – Hunter, Thomas and Elizabeth and Vesurius. [While the above was the intended composition, it appears that four ships of the Red Squadron (Breda, Plymouth, Devonshire and York) and four ships of the Blue squadron (Royal Oak, Chatham, Cornwall and Charles Galley) did not join until after the battle and in lieu were added two Fourth Rates (Portsmouth 46 and Reserve 48), two Sixth Rates (Saudadoes 16 and Greyhound 16) and the fireship Hawk; it is uncertain to which squadron these new vessels were attached.] French fleet under Tourville – 44 ships of the line Bourbon 66, Monarque 92, Aimable 70, St. Louis 66, Diamant 60, Gaillard 66, Terrible 76, Merveilleux 92 (flag of Vice-Adm. d’Amfreville), Tonnant 76, St. Michel 60, Sans-Pareil 60, Sérieux 66, Foudroyant 90, Brillant 66,

Fort 60, Henri 66, Ambitieux 100, Couronne 76, Maure 60, Courageux 62, Perle 54, Glorieux 66, Conquérant 76, Soleil-Royal 106 (flag of Adm. Anne Hilarion de Cotentin, Comte de Tourville), St. Philippe 76, Admirable 86, Content 66, Souverain 86, Illustre 70, Modéré 50, Excellent 60, Prince 60, Magnifique 86, Laurier 66, Brave 60, Entendu 60, Triomphant 76, Orgueilleux 94 (flag of Vice-Adm. Jean Gabaret), Fier 76, Fleuron 50, Courtisan 66, Grand 86, St. Esprit 76 and Sirène 66. Also, there were 11 fireships: Insense, Dragon d’Or, Eveillé, Séditieux, Facheux, Enflammé, Bouttefeu, Dur, Dangereux, Favorite and Jolie. 6.4 Battles off Cherbourg and La Hogue – 22–24 May 1692 In these sequels to the Battle of Barfleur, ships under Sir Ralph Delaval destroyed three large ships, including the fleet flagship Soleil-Royal, at Cherbourg on the 22nd. Then the following ships under command of Rooke took part in destruction of a further twelve French ships at St Vaast-La Hougue on 23–24 May: Eagle 70 (flag of Vice-Adm. George Rooke), Swiftsure 70, Resolution 70, Kent 70, Cambridge 70, Stirling Castle 70, Berwick 70, Warspite 70, Dreadnought 62, Oxford 54, Greenwich 54, Deptford 50, Crown 48, Woolwich 46, Tiger 46, Charles Galley 32, Portsmouth 32, Greyhound 16, Saudadoes 16, also hired ship Chichester 60, Shark brigantine. The French ships were: (at Cherbourg) Soleil-Royal 106, Admirable 90, Triomphant 76. (La Hogue) Ambitieux 100, Merveilleux 92, Foudroyant 90, Magnifique 86, St. Philippe 76, Terrible 76, Fier 76, Tonnant 76, Fort 60, Gaillard 66, St. Louis 66, Bourbon 66. 6.5 Battle of Lagos (‘the Smyrna Convoy’) – 17–18 June 1693 The outward-bound Anglo-Dutch convoy of more than 200 merchantmen, destined for the Mediterranean, was attacked by Tourville’s fleet. Some 90 merchantmen (mostly Dutch) were lost, with forty being captured by the French. (a) Rooke’s squadron – 12 ships of the line and 8 other ships Royal Oak 64 (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir George Rooke), Breda 62 (flag of RearAdm. Thomas Hopsonn), Monmouth 58, Monck 52, Lion 52, Tiger Prize 48, Woolwich 46, Newcastle 46, Chatham 44, Sheerness 28, Lark 16; also hired merchantmen Lumley Castle 56, Loyal Merchant 50, Princess Anne 48 and

Smyrna Factor 40. There were also two bombs (Salamander and Suzanna), two fireships (Speedwell and Vulture) and a storeship Muscovia Merchant.

At the Battle of Vélez-Málaga in August 1704 neither side lost a ship, setting a precedent for many engagements in the ensuing century that produced a tactical stalemate between fleets of similar size employing a rigid line of battle. This did not necessarily mean that the strategic results were insignificant: in this case, the battle removed the Franco-Spanish threat to the newly captured Gibraltar, and gave the Anglo-Dutch fleet the moral ascendancy in the Mediterranean for the rest of the war. This engraving was done some time later by the great French maritime artist Nicolas Ozanne and shows the opening stage of the battle, with Admiral Rooke’s separated squadrons attempting to form a line of battle while running down to engage. Beverley R Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.87.

(b) Van der Goes’s squadron – 8 ships of the line and 2 other ships Admiraal Generaal 84 (flag of Rear-Adm. Pieter van der Goes), Gelderland 72, Zeeland 64, Wapen van Medemblik 64, Oost-Stellingwerf 52, Nijmegen 50, Schiedam 50, Wapen van de Schermer 44. There were also two fireships. Note the Zeeland and Wapen van Medemblik were lost in this action in defence of the Smyrna convoy. (c) The French fleet under Adm. Anne Hilarion de Cotentin, Comte de

Tourville, numbered some 70 ships of the line and about 30 smaller vessels. 7.1 1st Battle off Santa Maria (Colombia) (‘Benbow’s Action’) –19–24 August 1702. A running fight between Du Casse’s small squadron and Benbow’s flagship, supported only by the Ruby and Falmouth. The other four English ships failed to support Benbow and their captains were subsequently courtmartialled, those of the Defiance and Greenwich being executed for cowardice. Benbow’s squadron – 7 ships of the line Bredah 70 (flag of Vice-Adm. John Benbow), Defiance 64, Windsor 60, Greenwich 54, Falmouth 48, Pendennis 48 and Ruby 48. Du Casse’s squadron – 4 ships of the line Heureux 68 (flag of Chef d’escadre Jean Baptiste Du Casse), Phénix 60, Agréable 50 and Apollon 50. There was also a 30-gun (Prince de Frise), a fireship, 3 smaller craft and a transport. 7.2 Battle of Vigo (Vigo Bay and Redondela Harbour) – 12 October 1702. An attack by the Anglo-Dutch fleet on Spanish treasure-ships and their French escorts in Vigo Bay in which all the French and Spanish vessels were either captured or destroyed. Rooke’s fleet – 27 ships of the line (including the 10 Dutch ships listed below) Association 90, Barfleur 90 (neither participated in the line of battle, but were assigned to attack shore defences). 3 x 80s: Ranelagh, Somerset (flag of Adm. Sir George Rooke), Torbay (flag of Vice-Adm. Thomas Hopsonn). 10 x 70s: Bedford, Berwick, Cambridge, Essex (flag of Rear-Adm. Sir Stafford Fairborne), Grafton, Kent, Monmouth, Northumberland (flag of Rear-Adm. John Graydon), Orford, Swiftsure; Mary 62; Pembroke 60. There were also 7 fireships (Griffin, Hawk, Hunter, Lightning, Phoenix, Terrible and Vulture). The Royal Sovereign was not engaged in the action. Van Callenburgh’s squadron (10 Dutch ships) 1 x 94: Unie (flag of Vice-Adm. Baron Jan Gerrit van Wassenaer). 1 x 92: Zeven Provinciën (flag of Vice-Adm. Pieter van der Goes). 1 x 74: Reigersberg.

5 x 72s: Dordrecht, Holland (flag of Lieut-Adm. Gerrit van Callenburgh), Katwijk, Slot Muiden, Wapen van Alkmaar (flag of Vice-Adm. Anthonij Pieterson). 2 x 64s: Gouda, Veluwe. There were also 3 fireships. Châteaurenault’s fleet – 12 ships of the line and 3 lesser two-deckers (9 ships destroyed; 6 ships captured) 1 x 76: Prompt (captured, added to RN 16 October). 1 x 72: Ferme (captured, added to RN 14 October). 3 x 70s: Espérance (captured and destroyed), Fort (flag of Vice-Adm. François Louis de Rousselet, Marquis de Château-renault, burnt), Superbe (captured and destroyed). 1 x 68: Bourbon (taken by the Dutch). 1 x 66: Assuré (captured, added to RN 16 October). 1 x 64: Oriflamme (burnt). 2 x 60s: Prudent (burnt), Sirène (captured and destroyed). 1 x 56: Modéré (captured, added to RN 17 October). 1 x 50: Solide (burnt). 1 x 46: Volonaire (captured and destroyed). 1 x 42: Triton (captured, added to RN 14 October). 1 x 40: Dauphin (burnt). Three smaller vessels (Entreprenant 22, Choquante 8, and fireship Favori) were also taken and burnt. Spanish vessels – 3 ships of the line (all captured and then destroyed) 1 x 70: Jesus Maria José. 2 x 54s: Bufona, Capitana de Assoges. There were also 3 gunboats (burnt) and 17 ‘galleons’ (captured and/or burnt). 7.3 Capture of Gibraltar (‘Rooke’s Action’) – 24 July 1704 This was a siege operation in which Gibraltar was captured by an AngloDutch squadron; no hostile fleet was involved. The Anglo-Dutch squadron – similar to the composition three weeks later at Velez Malaga, but the bulk stood on guard against the possible intervention of the French fleet from Toulon. Command was exercised by Adm. of the Fleet Sir George Rooke (in the 90-gun Royal Katherine), but the following actually participated in the attack on Gibraltar’s fortifications:

(a) English squadron under Byng Ranelagh 80 (flag of Rear-Adm. George Byng); 12 x 70s – Berwick, Burford, Eagle, Essex, Grafton, Kingston, Lenox, Monmouth, Nassau, Suffolk, Swiftsure, Yarmouth; 3 x 60s – Monck, Montagu, Nottingham. (b) Dutch squadron under van der Dussen Katwijk 72, Æmelia 66; Veluwe 64 (flag of Rear-Adm. Paulus van der Dussen), Wapen van Utrecht 64, Wapen van Vriesland 64, Veere 60. 7.3 Battle of Vélez-Málaga – 13 August 1704 A major battle in the Western Mediterranean which saw no ships lost on eitrher side, but secured Allied control of the Sea for the rest of the war. (a) Rooke’s fleet – 39 ships of the line (including 3 of the 50s) forming the Van and Centre squadrons 5 x 2nd Rates (96 guns or 90-gun): Barfleur (flag of Adm. Sir Cloudisley Shovell), Namur, Prince George (flag of Vice-Adm. Sir John Leake), Royal Katherine (flag of Adm. of the Fleet Sir George Rooke), Saint George. 9 x 80s: Boyne, Cambridge, Dorsetshire, Newark, Norfolk, Ranelagh (flag of Rear-Adm. George Byng), Shrewsbury, Somerset, Torbay. 1 x 76: Royal Oak. 16 x 70s: Bedford, Berwick, Burford, Eagle, Essex, Ferme, Grafton, Kent (flag of Rear-Adm. Thomas Dilkes), Lenox, Monmouth, Nassau, Orford, Suffolk, Swiftsure, Warspite, Yarmouth. 1 x 66: Assurance. 4 x 60s: Kingston, Monk, Montagu, Nottingham. 6 x 50s: Centurion, Garland, Panther, Swallow, Tilbury, Triton Prize. (Note that only Centurion, Tilbury and Triton Prize formed part of the line of battle.) Also present were 2 x 40s (Lark and Roebuck), 2 x 32s (Charles Galley and Tartar and 1 x 24 (Newport). There were also 7 fireships (Firebrand, Griffin, Hunter, Lightning, Phoenix, Vulcan and Vulture); 2 bombs (Hare and Terror); 1 yacht (William & Mary); and 2 hospital ships (Jefferies and Princess Anne). (b) Van Callenburgh’s squadron (Dutch units, forming the Rear squadron) 1 x 90-gun: Unie (flag of Vice-Adm. Baron Jan Gerrit van Wassenaer). 3 x 72s: Dordrecht, Gelderland, Katwijk. 6 x 64s: Bannier, Graaf van Albemarle (flag of Lieut-Adm. Gerrit van Callenburgh), Leeuw, Vliessingen, Wapen van Utrecht, Wapen van Vriesland.

2 x 52/54s: Damiaten, Nijmegen. There were also a number of small Dutch vessels (details unknown) Comte de Toulouse’s fleet – 51 ships of the line (Franco-Spanish) 1 x 104: Foudroyant (flag of Adm. Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, le Comte de Toulouse). 1 x 102: Soleil Royal (flag of Lieut.-Gen. le Marquis de Langeron).

Toulon, the main base for the French Mediterranean fleet, was virtually impossible to destroy using naval forces alone, but during the War of Spanish Succession its neutralisation was given high enough priority for a combined land and sea assault to be launched by Confederate forces. Besieged by the army of the Duke of Savoy, led by Prince Eugene, and bombarded from the sea by Sir Cloudisley Shovell’s fleet, the town held out long enough to discourage the allies, who had planned on a quick capitulation. The hopedfor total destruction of the French fleet was not achieved, but so many ships were scuttled by the defenders (some beyond recovery) that the allies were assured of naval dominance

for the rest of the war. Beverley R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.97.

1 x 96: Terrible. 4 x 92s: Amiral (flag of Vice-Adm. de Sebeville), Saint Philippe (flag of Vice-Adm. d’Infreville de Saint-Aubin), Tonnant (flag of Vice-Adm. Alain Comte de Coëtlogon), Triomphant (flag of Rear-Adm. de la Harteloire). 4 x 88s: Fier (flag of Lieut.-Gen. de Villette-Murçai), Monarque, Sceptre, Vainqueur. 2 x 86s: Magnifique (flag of Rear-Adm. de Belleisle-Erard), Orgueilleux. 2 x 84s: Intrepide, Lys. 1 x 80: Couronne. 3 x 74s: Magnanime (flag of Rear-Adm. Jean Bernard Desjeans, le Baron de Pointis), Parfait, Saint-Esprit. 3 x 70s: Eclatant, Heureux, Invincible. 2 x 68s: Ardent, Constant. 2 x 64s: Ecureuil, Henri. 2 x 62s: Eole, Toulouse. 6 x 60s: Arrogant, Excellent, Furieux, Oriflamme, Saint-Louis, Vermandois. 9 x 58s: Content, Diamant, Entreprenant, Fendant, Fortuné, Maure, Sérieux, Trident, Zélande. 5 x 56s: Fleuron, Gaillard, Marquis, Rubis, Sage. 3 x 54s: Cheval Marin, Mercure, Perle. Also present were Oiseau 36, Etoile 30, Méduse 28, Hercule 20, 4 small ships of 6-12 guns (Andromède, Diligence, Galathée and Sibylle); 11 French galleys (Conquérant, Couronne, Dorothée, Duchesse, Favori, Fidèle, Franciscain, Gloire, Patron de la France, Princesse, Royal); 11 Spanish galleys (Anunciada, Isabela, Magdalena, Maria, Monica, Santa Catalina, Santa Clara, Santa Rosalea, Teresa, Veragua and one other); 9 fireships (Aigle Volant, Bienvenue, Croissant, Dangereux, Enflammé, Etna, Lion, Turquoise and Violent); and 2 storeships (Portefaix and Rotterdam). 7.4 Battle of Marbella (‘Leake’s Action off Cabrita’) – 10 March 1705 A final French attempt to challenge English control of Gibraltar saw a decisive victory by Leake in a surprise dawn attack on the French ships attempting to land troops to assault the Rock. Leake’s fleet – 23 English, 4 Dutch and 8 Portuguese ships (this list is

tentative) Antelope 54, Assurance 70, Bedford 70, Canterbury 64, Centurion 54, Expedition 70, Gloucester 64, Greenwich 56, Hampton Court 70, Larke 42, Leopard 54, Monck 64, Monmouth 66, Newcastle 64, Nottingham 64, Panther 54, Pembroke 64, Revenge 70, Swallow 54, Swiftsure 70, Tiger 46 (doubtful presence), Warspite 70, and Yarmouth 70. [Smaller English ships that could have been near the battle were the Flamborough 24, Swallow Prize 32, Charles Galley 32, Tartar 32, Roebuck 40, Newport 24, Garland 40, Terror (bomb) 4, Star (bomb) 4, and Firebrand (fireship).] The four Dutch ships were the Aemilia 64 (flag of Schout-bij-Nacht Van der Dussen), Overijssel 50, Veere 58 and Veluwe 68. The Portuguese participants were four ships of the line: Nossa Senhora de Esperança 70 (flag of Sargento-mor-de-batalha-no-mar Gaspar da Costa de Ataide), Nossa Senhora do Cabo 60, Nossa Senhora da Assuncão 66 and São João de Deus 60; two frigates – Nossa Senhora das Ondas and Nossa Senhora de Remedios – and four armed merchant ships. De Pointis’s squadron – 5 ships of the line Lys 86, Magnanime 74 (flag of Rear-Adm. Jean Bernard Desjeans, le Baron de Pointis), Ardent 66, Marquis 66, Arrogant 60. (The Lys and Magnanime were both driven ashore, and burnt by the French to prevent capture; the Ardent and Marquis were taken by the Dutch ships, and the Arrogant was taken by the English and added to the RN.) 7.5 Battle off the Lizard (‘Edwards’s Action’) – 10 October 1707 Edwards’s squadron – 5 ships of the line, escorting English merchant convoy bound for Portugal Cumberland 80 (flag of Commodore Richard Edwards), Devonshire 80, Royal Oak 76, Chester 50 and Ruby 50. (The Devonshire was destroyed by an explosion; the Cumberland, Chester and Ruby were taken by the French, as were a number of the convoy.) Duguay-Trouin’s squadron – 6 ships Lys 72 (flag of Réné Duguay-Trouin), Achille 66, Jason 54, Maure 50, Amazone 40 and Gloire 38. Forbin’s squadron – 8 ships Mars 54 (flag of Claude de Forbin), Blackwall 54, Salisbury 52, Protée 48,

Jersey 46, Griffon 44, Dauphine 44 and Fidèle 44. 7.6 2nd Battle off Cartagena (‘Wager’s Action’) – 28 May 1708 A successful attack by Wager on the Spanish treasure fleet at Cartagena. Wager’s squadron – 3 ships of the line Expedition 70 (flag of Commodore Charles Wager), Kingston 60, Portland 50 There was also one fireship (Vulture). Santillán’s squadron – 4 ships of the line 2 x 64s: San Josef (flag of Capt. José Fernández de Santillán) and San Joaquín. There were also one 44 (Santa Cruz, which was taken by Expedition), one 40 (Concepción, beached and burnt), and the frigate Carmen 24, plus two French frigates (of 34 and 32 guns) and the 11 merchant ships they were escorting. The San Josef was destroyed by an explosion.

Glossary and Abbreviations The following alphabetical list of lesser-known nautical and other specialised terminology incorporates an explanation of abbreviations and definitions used in this book. Adm Admiral, RN. There were actually three ranks, in descending order these being Admiral, Vice-Admiral and Rear-Admiral. Each rank was subdivided into three grades, in descending order these being designated ‘of the Red’, ‘of the White’ and ‘of the Blue’; however, in this period there was no grade of Admiral of the Red. I have made no attempt to distinguish the separate grades in this book. There was additionally a higher rank of Admiral of the Fleet (not subdivided); those who reached this rank in our period are listed in this Introduction. AO Admiralty (Board) Order (usually with date of issue). Bark At the start of the seventeenth century the term was applied generally by mariners to most smaller three-masted ships, although it later developed the more technical meaning of a three-masted vessel without a mizen topsail. Base A breech-loading, swivel-mounted gun for anti-personnel fire, with a shot of about ½ pound weight. Brig A small two-masted sailing vessel, square rigged on fore and main (the term probably began as a shortened form of ‘brigantine’). Brigantine A small two-masted vessel. By the end of the eighteenth century the term defined a rig (see Brig), but in the seventeenth century it was applied to a small vessel designed for rowing and sailing; sometimes called a half-galley. Broadside The combined weight of projectiles that can be fired from one or other of the lateral sides of a warship (i.e. half the firepower of the combined weight of metal that a ship could fire, assuming that no gun could bear on both sides of the ship. BU Broken up, or taken to pieces (for which the acronym ‘TTP’ also appears in naval records but is not used in this series). Buss Primarily a fishing vessel, it resembled the dogger (qv) but additionally had a foremast.

Cannon-of-seven A muzzle-loading, truck-mounted gun projecting a shot of 42 pounds weight. Cannon perrier A muzzle-loading, truck-mounted gun projecting a stone shot of 24 pounds weight. Capt Captain, RN. Here used only for commanding officers ‘made post’, i.e. having achieved the substantive rank of captain (note that for much of the seventeenth century there was no distinction between rated and unrated craft; all were commanded by captains). Lieutenants who held command of unrated vessels were conventionally called ‘captain’ aboard their ship, but did not hold the substantive rank. Chase (gun) In gunnery terms, a gun to be used when chasing, or being chased; hence mounted to fire forwards or from the stern, and not usually designed to bear on the lateral side of a ship. Cmdr Commander (or strictly speaking ‘Master and Commander’), RN. This rank did not become substantive until 1794, and technically all holders prior to that date remained lieutenants; but to avoid confusion all such lieutenants before 1794 are shown as they would have been if the appropriate rank had been in existence earlier. Culverin A muzzle-loading, truck-mounted gun originally projecting a shot of 17½ pounds, later of 18 pounds weight. Dates All dates are given in UK format, i.e. day.month.year. Abbreviations preceding these dates are: Ord Date ordered (to be built) by the Admiralty - note that, for vessels built by a commercial shipbuilder, this is not the same as the date on which a contract was signed. K Date the keel was laid down - note that work might in some cases have already taken place off the slipway. L Date of launch (where known, this is also quoted for ships purchased or otherwise acquired after being built, or while building was taking place) or - for those few vessels built in a dry dock - of undocking. C date of completion of the fitting-out process which followed a vessel’s launch - note that for vessels built by contract, this almost always took place in a Royal Dockyard. The reader should carefully note that this does not mean the date of first commissioning. For captured vessels, a slightly different procedure is followed; while the launch date is recorded as above, the overall period of construction (where known) is shown in the format date keel laid - date of

completion. Decks The decks on which guns were mounted are listed with the following abbreviations: Fc Forecastle (deck). LD Lower Deck. Note this was the lowest deck to mount guns in a wooden warship; other decks below this (without gunports) were the orlop deck and the hold itself, but they did not bear guns. In the ‘demibatterie’ ship, the LD itself bore only a limited number of heavier guns. MD Middle Deck. On a three-decker, the intervening gun-bearing deck between the lower deck and the upper deck, carrying the second fulllength tier of carriage guns. QD Quarter Deck (usually just quarterdeck). The partial deck extending forward from the stern, usually to about the mainmast (i.e. about halfway along the ship’s length), a deck above the upper deck. RH Roundhouse (deck) or poop (deck). UD Upper Deck. The highest continuous deck of a vessel, excluding the superstructure or ‘upper works’. In a single-decker warship, this was the only deck to carry a continuous battery of carriage-mounted guns. Demi-cannon A muzzle-loading, truck-mounted gun originally projecting a shot of 33½ pounds, later of 32 pounds weight. Demi-culverin A muzzle-loading, truck-mounted gun originally projecting a shot of 9½ pounds, later of 9 pounds weight. Dimensions Throughout the book, dimensions quoted are length x breadth x depth in hold; all measurements are in Imperial feet (ft) and inches (in). Two lengths are usually given, separated by a comma; the first is length on the gundeck (the lower deck in larger vessels); the second is the length of the keel for tonnage (a somewhat artificial figure which is not the same as the actual length of the keel itself). The breadth given is that used for tonnage, actually the breadth at the broadest part of the vessel, outside the planking but inside the wales. Where known, each vessel’s draught is also given in the form: forwards/aft. Dogger Primarily a fishing vessel derived from the fluyt (of flyboat) which it closely resembled. It was rigged with a single square sail on the mainmast and either a square or lateen sail on the mizen mast. Dyd (Royal) Dockyard. The main bases of the British Navy: at Deptford and Woolwich on the Upper Thames, Chatham and Sheerness on the River Medway, Harwich at the mouth of the River Orwell further north and

Portsmouth on the south (Channel) coast of England. Plymouth, further to the west in the approaches to the Channel and was established after 1688 as an additional dockyard. There were also overseas dockyards at Kinsale in Ireland and at a number of other locations. Falcon A small muzzle-loading, truck-mounted gun projecting a shot of 2½ pounds weight. Falconet A small muzzle-loading, truck-mounted gun projecting a shot of 1½ pounds weight. Fluyt Dutch trading vessel of unusual hull design, having a bulbous, rounded stern with a narrow taffrail. The French term was flûte. Flyboat A small vessel of shallow draught (the name derived from the Dutch vlieboot, meaning a boat able to navigate a shallow vlie or river estuary) with two or three masts used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centiruies for both mercantile and naval purposes. Fowler A breech-loading, swivel-mounted gun for antipersonnel fire, with a shot of about 6 pounds weight. Frigate The original meaning was of any reasonably fine-lined (and hence fast-sailing) vessel. The seventeenth-century frigate developed from the two-masted Dunkirk privateers, but once adopted was greatly expanded and by the later years of that century even Third Rate warships were ‘frigate-built’. The term in the early seventeenth century encompassed most Rated warships below the line of battle, but from mid-century onwards the term was extended to the new one- or two-decker ships of the line built to similarly fast lines. In common (sea) use it was applied to most large cruisers. Galliot A small sailing vessel with a tall gaff-rigged mainmast, also carrying a square topsail; it also had a short lateen-rigged mizen mast. Used primarily for coastal and inshore cargo work by the Royal Navy. Guns The established number of guns carried on each deck, with the rating (weight of projectile) of each. Unless specified as carronades (usually mounted on slides), these were long (-barrelled) guns mounted on trucks. Prior to the 1716 Guns Establishment, the number is shown separately for the wartime establishment (when on service in Home waters) and peacetime establishment (including wartime service on overseas stations), the two figures being separated by an oblique stroke. Hoy Like the galliot, a small sailing vessel with a tall gaff-rigged mainmast, also carrying a square topsail; unlike the galliot, it had no mizen mast.

‘in the room of’ a seventeenth- and eighteenth-century expression which seems to fox many people; quite simply, it means ‘in place of or, more generally ‘as a replacement for’. Ketch A two-masted rig with tall main and much smaller mizzen. In the seventeenth century the usual sail plan was a square main course and topsail and a lateen mizzen, but later a square topsail was added to the mizzen. Until the mid eighteenth century, a number of unrated vessels, including many of the sloops and bombs, carried this rig, but it then dropped out of naval use; when two-masted sloops of war re-appeared in the 1770s, most would be rigged as brigs (i.e with a fore and a main mast, instead of a main and a mizen mast). Horseboat A harbour craft, primarily used at Chatham, for which the motive power was literally horses whose strength was used to drive (side) paddle wheels. Lazarette (or lazaretto) A hulk adapted to be used as a floating hospital or isolation ward, often used as accommodation for men in quarantine. Lieut Lieutenant, RN. Men The established complement of officers and ratings of the ship; the number actually carried at any one time naturally varied according to availability and losses. Minion A small muzzle-loading, truck-mounted gun projecting a shot of 4 pounds weight. Mizen The aftermost mast of a three-masted vessel, or of a two-masted ketch (note that a brig has no mizen); often spelt ‘mizzen’. Mld Moulded breadth (inside the planking). M/Shipwright The Master Shipwright was the senior naval constructor at each Royal Dockyard, and usually also at subsidiary naval dockyards. Admiralty records usually record as ‘builder’ only the Master Shipwright who was in post at that dockyard when the ship was launched and delivered to the navy; in this book, all Master Shipwrights who were in post during the period of construction of the ship are attributed. NBW Navy Board Warrant (usually with date of issue). NMM National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. ‘Owling’ Wool-smuggling in contravention of English laws prohibiting its export. For warships ‘owling’ duties meant anti-smuggling patrols. Paterero Usual naval rendition of pedrero, a small hailshot piece normally swivel-mounted and originally breech-loading, employing separate

‘chambers’ like early wrought-iron guns. Pink In naval use, a three-masted vessel with the hull form of the contemporary ketch: i.e. similar to a fluyt, but having a narrow stern. Ketches were frequently rerigged as pinks. Pinnace A small fine-lined craft designed for fast sailing and rowing; from the sixteenth century used for vessels attending the fleet and carrying out the duties of later frigates and sloops. Later it came to denote a ship’s boat rowed usually with eight oars. Port-piece A breech-loading, wrought-iron gun for antipersonnel fire (obsolete by 1603). Powder hulk A vessel for storing and issuing gunpowder. There were usually under the operational control of the Ordnance Board (separate from both Navy and Army) and were for safety stationed well away from the dockyard to which they were attached. PRO Public Records Office, Kew; now a division of the National Archives. Razée A vessel cut down by the removal of an entire deck (or sometimes just its quarterdeck and forecastle) to produce a lighter, usually more seaworthy vessel; most often used to give an extended life to a worn-out large warship. RB Rebuilt or rebuild (depending on context). Receiving ship A stationary vessel used as a floating accommodation ship for men between commissions or before they were attached to a specific vessel (in particular, newly pressed men who needed to be isolated from the shore to forestall attempts at desertion. Rupertinoe guns Supposedly the brainchild of Prince Rupert, these weapons were annealed after initial casting, which produced a stronger gun for given weight. They were also better finished, and consequently more expensive, so generally confined to prestige ships. Saker A muzzle-loading, truck-mounted gun proj ecting a shot of 5 Vi pounds weight. Under the 1677 Guns Establishment the terminology was altered so that 6-pounder guns and even 8-pounder guns were described as ‘sakers’, while the normal 51/4-pounder guns were described as ‘light sakers’, but the terminology subsequently reverted to the previous situation, and to avoid any confusion in this book I have only used the term ‘saker’ for the 51/4-pounder weapons. Schout-bij-nacht The Dutch equivalent of a rear-admiral. Servants Until 1794, a captain was allowed four servants for every hundred

men aboard his ship, so this could be as many as eight servants for the captain of a Sixth Rate, while the captain of a First Rate might have thirty-two servants. Lieutenants, masters, surgeons, and pursers were allowed one servant each, while carpenters, boatswains, and gunners got two. Lieutenants in command of vessels were allowed two servants, while ‘Masters and Commanders’ had three (their base pay was the same as a lieutenant, regardless of the vessel’s rating). Sheer hulk A vessel equipped with a pair of ‘sheer legs’ (two large spars angled together to form an ‘A frame) to hoist masts in and out of vessels. Ship In the more restricted usage of the sailing era, a three-masted sailing vessel, square-rigged on the fore and main masts, but often fore-and-aft rigged on the mizen mast, and with square topsails on all three masts. Sloop In naval terms, the seventeenth-century sloop was generally a twomasted vessel square-rigged on both fore and main; also provided with sweep ports for rowing. Smack A small sailing vessel with a single mast, carrying a gaff sail. Snow A type of ‘two-and-a-half’-masted vessel, rigged similar to a brig (which largely replaced it in the second half of the eighteenth century), but with a small trysail-mast immediately aft of the main mast. Surveyors (of the Navy) The chief designers of warships for the British Navy, and members of the Navy Board. The holders of this post during the period up to August 1714 are listed in the Introduction. Tons Throughout the period covered by this book, a naval vessel’s tonnage was the ‘Builder’s Measurement’ (‘bm’ throughout the book), a formula used in calculating the carrying capacity of the hull. However, the way in which this was calculated changed during the age of sail. Until 1582 measurement was rather unscientific, and was chiefly a matter of opinion. In 1582 a rule was devised, attributed to the leading Master Shipwright Matthew Baker, for calculating the burthen. This Baker’s Rule multiplied together the three principal dimensions – the keel length (leaving out the false post – a piece of timber bolted to the after edge of the main stern post), the beam or breadth (within the planking), the depth of the hold (measured from the underside of the deck above to the lower edge of the keel) – all measured in feet – and divided the product by a factor of 100. This system was slightly amended (on 26 May 1628) to measure these dimensions slightly differently, but under the Commonwealth a new rule was introduced under which the tonnage was

calculated using the formula (k x b x Vib ÷ 94), where ‘k’ and ‘b’ are respectively the keel length and the breadth of the ship outside the planking (but inside the wales); this explains why fractions of a ton are quoted in ninety-fourths. Yacht A vessel intended primarily for pleasure. There were two main types in naval use – the Royal yacht intended for the enjoyment of the monarch or his court, and the dockyard yacht intended for the business purposes of the dockyard commissioner or his officials. The term did not signify any particular form of rig.

Preamble From the Race-built Galleon to the Frigate The navy which was inherited by the incoming Stuart monarchy in 1603 was in many ways a remarkedly homogeneous fleet, in spite of graduations in size. This was a rare moment in naval history (certainly for what was at that time a uniquely English force), when the countervailing pressures of firepower and manoeuvrability were briefly in equilibrium. By the turn of the century, virtually every one of Queen Elizabeth’s warships had been built or rebuilt as a ‘race-built galleon’, with only a few minor vessels not conforming to that description. This force had been created over a generation, and was to a large extent the creation of one Renaissance figure – Sir John Hawkyns (his usual spelling is preserved in this volume). Hawkyns became Treasurer of the Queen’s Navy on New Year’s Day 1578, and held the post until his death on 12 November 1595; but his influence on naval design was already established by the time he joined the Navy Board in 1578. He had taken part in expeditions (led by his father, William Hawkyns) to the West Indies 1558, the year of Elizabeth’s succession and also the year in which he was knighted and some months before he married Katherine Gonson, daughter of Benjamin Gonson who preceded him as the Treasurer of the Navy. He was already a successful merchant, and in 1568 he led a fresh expedition to the Caribbean, hiring the former carrack Jesus of Lubeck (later converted into a classic ‘high-charged’ galleon) from the Queen for the purpose. These were primarily slaving expeditions, taking slaves from the Guinea coast and selling them to colonists in the Caribbean. The subsequent confrontation with the Spanish at San Juan de Ulúa (in modern Veracruz) led to the loss of four of his ships (the Jesus of Lubeck, Swallow, Angel and Grace of God). Hawkyns remained a mercantile prince (in 1570 ‘Hawkyns of Plymouth’ owned thirteen trading vessels totalling 2,040 tons), but his long experience led him to back the designs of shipwrights like Matthew Baker, Richard Chapman and Peter Pett. He began a partnership with Chapman in 1570 to build or rebuild warships for the Queen’s Navy Royal at Deptford. These marked a radical departure in design from the ungainly and top-heavy galleons like the Jesus of Lubeck.

The new galleons were to be razeed or ‘race-built’, with a hull form lengthened to resemble the former galleasses, with a length-to-beam ration of 3:1. They sat deeper in the water than their predecessors to decrease the leeway and improve stability, but most significantly the superstructures were much lower, with the high forecastles and aftercastles of Henry VIII’s ships replaced by more modest but also less cumbersome structures. The bow was stretched out with a long beakhead and a greatly raked stem, which not only improved streamlining but also kept the forecastle drier. The largest frames forming the hull were positioned more forwards in the design, so that the centre-of-gravity moved forward, while the stern tapered off. The layout of the masts was equally altered to improve shiphandling, with the base of the foremast moved slightly forward and inclined forwards. Hawkyns’s new ships could sail closer to the wind (up to 45 degrees from the direction of the wind) and the reduced superstructure gave them less windage (they were not pushed sideways by a broadside wind); coupled with their gain in speed, this made them far more manoeverable than the lumbering carracks and high-charged galleons which still formed the bulk of most fleets. Below decks, there was now a continuous gun deck, stepped down at the bow and stern, so that heavy guns could be mounted lower in the ship (but still retaining adequate freeboard). Unlike its predecessors, the ‘race-built’ galleon carried a relatively large number of muzzle-loading carriage guns and a reduced number of the lighter pieces (breech-loading antipersonnel guns like the fowlers, bases and port-pieces); the new galleons were in effect designed as weapons platforms for heavy guns at longer ranges rather than as manned transports for close-range and boarding actions. Finally, Hawkyns introduced a double layer of planking to sheath the hull, with a mixture of horsehair and tar sandwiched between the layers to reduce the corrosion caused by teredo worms, particularly in the warmer seas which the ships now frequented. The prototype for the new type of warship was the 295-ton Foresight, built by Chapman at Deptford in 1570, and its success led to the conversion of the 160-ton galleasses Bull and Tiger along similar lines (their proportions made them easier to rebuild than the old high-charged galleons). The Dreadnought (360 tons) and Swiftsure (350 tons) were built along similar lines at Deptford by Matthew Baker and Peter Pett respectively in 1573, while each also constructed a smaller version in the same year – Baker the 90-ton Handmaid and Pett the 100-ton Achates.

A larger ship – the 464-ton Revenge – was built at Deptford to a similar design in 1677; the only one of the race-built galleons which was not to survive until 1603 (and hence excluded from the data listed in this book), she measured around 11oft on the keel and 34ft in breadth. The strength and seaworthiness of the new designs was reflected in almost every race-built ship surviving into the next century; the Revenge was the sole ship to be unlucky as it was taken by the Spanish in 1591 and subsequently foundered (apart from the Jesus of Lubeck, it was the only major loss among the Queen’s ships throughout her reign). Once more a smaller galleon – the 132ton Scout – was built in the same year as the Revenge. Following Hawkyns’s appointment to the post of Treasurer in 1678, he undertook to continue and extend his plan to rebuilt and refit the Navy Royal. While the preceding ships were all built at Deptford, the improvements were also extended to Woolwich. Two former galleasses – Antelope and Swallow – had been rebuilt as galleons in 1558, and were again rebuilt to the new concepts in 1580, now measuring 341 and 332 tons respectively. The same year saw the rebuilding of the Aid (a ship of 1562) as a 240-ton galleon. The [Elizabeth] Bonaventure, a ship purchased for the Navy in 1567, was rebuilt as a 448-ton galleon in 1581. Three galleons built under Queen Mary – the Golden Lion of 1557, Philip and Mary of 1554, and Mary Rose of 1556 – were rebuilt, the first emerging as a 421-ton galleon in 1582, the second becoming the 380-ton Nonpareil in 1584, while the Mary Rose was finally rebuilt in 1589 as a vessel of 476 tons.

A cross-section of Elizabethan ship-types shown in action against a Spanish-occupied fort at Smerwick in Ireland in 1580. The map was drawn by William Winter who commanded the squadron, so one may assume that they are reasonable portraits of the ships concerned. From top to bottom they are: Swiftsure, Ayd, Marlyon, Revenge, Achates and Tiger. Some attempt has been made to show the relative sizes of the ships, while the low-built Tiger (a rebuilt galleasse) is different in form from the Revenge, although the latter’s topsides are obscured by decorated arming cloths. National Archives, detail from MPF1/75.

The next pair of new galleons, the 384-ton Rainbow and 449-ton Vanguard, were shared between the two dockyards in 1586; these two ships were to serve as the flagships of Admiral Lord Seymour and his deputy Sir William Wynter respectively in the forthcoming battle against the Armada. A larger ‘Great Ship’ of 1560 (the Victory, originally a purchased merchantman) was rebuilt to a similar scheme in 1586. An additional galleon – the Popinjay – was built in 1587 but seems to have been judged unsuccessful – she never entered service and was discarded in 1601. One final acquisition before that campaign was the 551-ton Ark Ralegh, built by

Chapman at Deptford for Sir Walter Ralegh in 1587 and then acquired for the Queen; renamed Ark Royal, she was to be Lord Howard’s flagship against the Armada. The foregoing, together with the surviving ‘Great Ships’ built earlier in Elizabeth’s reign – the high-charged galleons Elizabeth Jonas of 1559, Triumph of 1561 and White Bear of 1564 – provided the core of the antiinvasion fleet in 1588. But following the defeat of the Armada, Hawkyns continued his efforts. A new ‘Great Ship’, the 692-ton Merhonour at Woolwich and two new Middling ships at Deptford – the 471-ton Defiance and 532-ton Garland – were built in 1590, as were a quartet of smaller (200ton) race-built galleons – the Answer, Advantage, Crane and Quittance. The nineteen-year old Dreadnought and Swiftsure were rebuilt in 1592, to reemerge as 360 and 333 tons respectively. A smaller galleon, the Adventure of 274 tons, was built in 1594, while two larger ships -the 622-ton [Due] Repulse and 518-ton Warspite – were built at Deptford in the next two years. Hawkyns died in 1595, but the work he had begun continued under its own momentum for the next few years – the remaining ‘high-charged’ Great Ships underwent rebuilding – the Triumph in 1596, Elizabeth Jonas in 1598, and White Bear in 1599 – all now reconstructed along ‘race-built’ lines. Thus by the turn of the century all of the principal units of the Navy (down to the Tiger in the following table) were to Hawkyns’s specifications except the elderly Hope of 1559 (which was finally rebuilt similarly following Elizabeth’s death). At the accession of James I, the King’s Ships were listed; the table overleaf shows the vessels grouped according to their established complement of men, a more useful measure which formed the basis for the first Rating system. Besides the above 39 warships, there were three other small vessels which do not appear in James I’s list – a 30-ton pink (Cygnet) and two hoys (Primrose and George). All the tonnages quoted above are the burthen tonnages calculated under Matthew Baker’s Rule by multiplying together the length on the keel, the beam (inside of the planking) and the depth in hold, all figures being in feet, and then dividing the product by a factor of 100. A second figure, called ‘tons and tonnage, was obtained by multiplying the burthen tonnage by 1¼ (until James’s accession, whereupon the multiplier was altered to 1 1/3). Throughout this book, these figures are shown separated by an oblique stroke and followed by the word ‘tons’ to distinguish them from the revised

calculation adopted in Commonwealth times, when the beam was measured outside the plank, a figure equal to half this beam was substituted for the depth in hold, and the divisor was changed from 100 to 94; all these later tonnages are followed by ‘bm’ instead of ‘tons’. From 1603 The first formal attempts as classifying ships of the Navy Royal were made at the start of the Stuart regime. The Great Ships were divided into two ranks – the larger vessels (or ‘Royal ships’) comprising the first two of the groups above became the First Rank (see Chapter 1 of this volume), while the rest of the Great Ships – groups 3 to 5 above – became the Second Rank (Chapter 2). The ships of groups 6 and 7 were ranked as Middling Ships, or Third Rank, and will be found in Chapter 3. The remaining vessels were all initially classed together as Small Ships (initially all Fourth Rank); these groups were later – c. 1625 – split into Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Ranks or Rate; for convenience, the smaller galleons comprising groups 8 and 9 will be found in Chapter 4, the rest of groups 10 to 15 in Chapter 5, and the miscellaneous craft not tabulated above are in Chapter 6. The King’s Ships at the Accession of James I Group 1 With 500 men (340 mariners, 40 gunners and 120 soldiers) a Triumph (built 1561 [741 tons], rebuilt 1595-96 [760 tons]) b Elizabeth [Jonas] (built 1559 at Woolwich [740 tons], rebuilt 1597-98 [684 tons]) c [White] Bear (built 1564 [729 tons], rebuilt 1598-99 [732 tons]) Group 2 With 400 men (268 mariners, 32 gunners and 100 soldiers) a Victory (purchased 1560 [530 tons], rebuilt 1586 [555 tons]) b Ark [Royal] (built 1587 at Deptford [551 tons]) c Merhonour (built 1590 at Woolwich [692 tons]) Group 3 With 350 men (230 mariners, 30 gunners and 90 soldiers) a [Due] Repulse (built 1596 at Deptford [622 tons]) Group 4 With 300 men (190 mariners, 30 gunners and 80 soldiers) a Garland (built 1590 at Deptford [532 tons)

b Warspite (built 1596 at Deptford [518 tons]) Group 5 With 250 men (150 mariners, 30 gunners and 70 soldiers) a Mary Rose (built 1556 [450 tons est.], rebuilt 1589 [476 tons]) b [Elizabeth] Bonaventure (purchased 1567 [600 tons est.], rebuilt 1581 [448 tons]) c Hope (built 1559 at Deptford [416 tons]) d [Golden] Lion (built 1557 [461 tons], rebuilt 1582 [421 tons]) e Defiance (built 1590 at Deptford [441 tons]) f Rainbow (built 1586 at Deptford [384 tons], rebuilt 1602) g Nonpareil (built 1554 as Philip and Mary [420 tons est.], rebuilt 1584 as Nonpareil [380 tons]) h Vanguard (built 1586 at Woolwich [449 tons], rebuilt 1599 [same]) Group 6 With 200 men (130 mariners, 20 gunners and 50 soldiers) a Dreadnought (built 1573 at Deptford [360 tons], rebuilt 1592 [same]) b Swiftsure (built 1573 at Deptford [350 tons], rebuilt 1592 [333 tons]) Group 7 With 160 men (114 mariners, 16 gunners and 30 soldiers) a Antelope (built 1546 [300 tons est.]; rebuilt 1577 [341 tons]) b Foresight (built 1570 at Deptford [295 tons]) c Swallow (built 1544 [200 tons est.]; rebuilt 1558 [300 tons est.]; rebuilt again 1580 [332 tons]) Group 8 With 120 men (88 mariners, 12 gunners and 20 soldiers) a Adventure (built 1594 at Deptford [274 tons]) Group 9 With 100 men (76 mariners, 12 gunners and 12 soldiers) a Crane (built 1590 [202 tons]) b Quittance (built 1590 [216 tons]) c Answer (built 1590 [219 tons]) d Advantage (built 1590 [172 tons]) e Tiger (built 1546 [160 tons est.], rebuilt 1570 [149 tons])

Group 10 bark. a Group 11 bark. a Group 12 ‘ship’ a Group 13 pinnace a Group 14 pinnaces a b c d Group 15 pinnace a

With 70 men (52 mariners, 8 gunners and 10 soldiers) – a Tramontane (built 1586 at Deptford [132 tons]) With 66 men (48 mariners, 8 gunners and 10 soldiers) – a Scout (built 1577 at Deptford [132 tons]) With 60 men (42 mariners, 8 gunners and 10 soldiers) – a Catis or Achates (built 1573 at Deptford [100 tons]) With 45 men (32 mariners, 6 gunners and 7 soldiers) – a Charles (built 1586 at Woolwich [70 tons]) With 40 men (30 mariners, 5 gunners and 5 soldiers) – all Moon (built 1586 at Deptford [59 tons]) Advice (built 1586 at Woolwich [42 tons]) Spy (built 1586 at Limehouse [42 tons]) Merlin (built 1579 as Marline [50 tons]) With 30 men (24 mariners, 4 gunners and 2 soldiers) – a Sun (built 1586 at Chatham [39 tons])

1 First Rates – ‘Ships Royal’

A

system of grading the fighting ships of the King’s Navy into four categories or ranks was introduced early in King James I’s reign. It was originally based on the number of men carried per gun, but soon this was altered to the total number of men in the ship’s established complement. Ships with 400 men or more were categorised as ‘Royal Ships’, but from the introduction of the rating system, the old ‘Ships Royal’ of the Tudor and early Stuart navy officially became classed as First Rank (later in Charles I’s reign the word ‘Rate’ was substituted). All First – and Second – Rates were built in the Royal Dockyards. These prestige ships were designed and commissioned for fair-weather operations, and were usually paid off at the end of summer to avoid the storms of autumn and winter. Nevertheless they were structurally solid and capable of taking (as well as dealing out) immense punishment in battle. Because they were so expensive to run, few First Rates were built (although eight were built in the decade following the Second Dutch War), in spite of royal patronage for these potent symbols of naval power.

(A) Vessels in service or rebuilding at 24 March 1603 The six largest vessels in the Queen’s navy at the time of Elizabeth’s death in 1603 comprised two distinct groups. Five of these six ships were survivors of the English squadrons that fought against the Spanish Armada in 1588 (although all these had subsequently undergone a rebuilding); the exception was the newer Merhonour. The largest trio were three galleons each with an ‘established’ seagoing complement of 500 men (comprising 340 mariners, 40 gunners and 120 soldiers). These comprised the Elizabeth Jonas (sometimes just called the Elizabeth), the Triumph and the White Bear (often simply called the Bear); these three had all been built originally during the first few years of Elizabeth’s reign; and then were all rebuilt during the late 1590s. The smaller three ships each had an ‘established’ seagoing complement of 400 (comprising 268 mariners, 32 gunners and 100 soldiers). They comprised

the Merhonour (sometimes called the Mere Honour or simply the Honour), the Ark Royal and the elderly Victory. Two other ships of similar size still actually in existence were the former prizes Saint Matthew (ex-Spanish San Mateo) and Saint Andrew (ex-Spanish San Andrea), of 500 and 400 men respectively, and each with 50 guns. These were galleons of the ‘Apostle’ class captured at Cadiz in June 1596 and added to the navy. However, they were only commissioned for one voyage – for the expedition to the Azores in 1597, and both were given away in 1604 to Sir John Leigh as being no longer serviceable. REBUILT GROUP (1595–99). These galleons when originally built were among the earliest true galleons in the Navy Royal, but with high structures. The origins of the first date back to 1557, when the keel was laid of a new ‘great ship’ of 800 tons as a replacement for the Henry Grace a Dieu (burnt in 1553); first tentatively called the Peter, and later the Edward, she was officially named Elizabeth Jonas at her launch in 1559, almost a year after the new queen’s accession. A second 800-ton ship, the Victory, was purchased in 1560 and a 1,000-ton ship, the Triumph, was begun in 1561 and launched in October 1562. In 1563, a fourth ‘great ship’ of 900 tons was started, probably using material from the old Great Bark; this became the White Bear in 1564. Of the four, the Victory had been rebuilt in 1586 to incorporate the principles of Hawkyns’s ‘race-built’ galleons, and appears in the second group below. The remaining trio were rebuilt in the late 1590s to incorporate the same principles. Elizabeth [Jonas] Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett] Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 38ft 0in x 18ft oin. 684/855 tons. Men (1603): 500. Guns: 55 (3 cannon, 2 demi-cannon, 18 culverins, 13 demiculverins, 19 sakers) + 3 smaller. L: 3.7.1559. RB: 1597–98. Repaired at Woolwich 1585–86. Commissioned 1588 under Sir Robert Southwell; in actions against the Spanish Armada. Rebuilt 1597–98 at Woolwich (warrant to repair her issued 27.9.1597). In 1599 under Lord Thomas Howard, as Admiral, for the mobilisation of that year. Sold 1618. Triumph Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright probably Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 40ft 0in x 19ft oin. 760/955 tons. Men (1603): 500. Guns: 55 (4 cannon, 3 demi-cannon, 19 culverins, 16 demi-

culverins, 13 sakers) + 4 smaller.

This Dutch engraving by Claes Visscher purports to show the White Bear, one of a series depicting ships that fought the Armada in 1588. It was produced well after the event and much doubt has been cast on details of the ship, but in general terms it gives an impression of the largest warships of the period.

L: 10.1562. RB: 1595–96. Repaired at Woolwich 1585–86. Commissioned 1588 under Lord Hugh Seymour until 2.1588, then under Sir Martin Frobisher; in actions against the Spanish Armada. Rebuilt 1595–96 at Woolwich (warrant to repair her issued 5.8.1595). In 1599 under Sir Fulke Greville, for the mobilisation of that year. Sold 1618. [White] Bear Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright probably Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 110ft 0in keel x 37ft 0in x 18ft oin. 732/915 tons. Men (1603): 500. Guns: 57 (2 cannon, 6 demi-cannon, 21 culverins, 16 demiculverins, 12 sakers), nil smaller. L: 1564. RB 1598–99. Repaired at Woolwich 1585–86. Commissioned 1588 under Lord Howard of

Effingham until 2.1588, then under Lord Edward Sheffield; in actions against the Spanish Armada. Rebuilt 1598–99. Noted as unserviceable in 1627, and sold at Rochester 12.6.1629. SMALLER GROUP (1586–90). These galleons were earlier constructed or converted to the ‘race-built’ format. The oldest, the Victory, had been one of the ‘great ships’ built in the 1550s, allegedly as a large merchantman called the Great Christopher, but was rebuilt in 1586. The Ark Royal was begun as a private ship (the Ark Ralegh) for Sir Walter Ralegh, but her construction was taken over while on the stocks and she was completed for the Queen. A further ‘great ship’ was begun soon after the Armada; her name was sometimes listed as Mary Honora (and this was usually corrupted in seamen’s talk to ‘Mary Nora’); unlike earlier capital ships, which had all been four-masted – except the ‘Middling’ Dreadnought and Swiftsure – the Merhonour (as her name is usually recorded) and the smaller pair of Great Ships of 1590 (see Chapter 2) dispensed with the bonaventure mizzen mast, although the Merhonour was one of the longest ships in the navy. Victory (former Great Christopher) Dimensions & tons: 95ft 0in keel x 35ft 0in x 17ft oin. 565/707 tons. Men (1603): 400. Guns: 34 (4 cannon, 6 demi-cannon, 14 culverins, 8 demiculverins, 2 sakers) + 10 smaller. Purchased 14.3.1560 from Anthony Hickman & Edward Castlyn, and renamed 11.1560. Rebuilt 1586. Commissioned 1588 under Sir John Hawkyns, as Rear-Adm., in actions against the Spanish Armada. Ordered 4.1600 ‘to lie between the forts of Gravesend and Tilbury’ to serve as a guard ship. Removed from Chatham to Woolwich 1606 to rebuild, but eventually BU 1608 (replaced by Prince Royal). Ark Royal Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Chapman] Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 37ft 0in x 15ft oin. 555/694 tons. Men (1603): 400. Guns: 38 (4 cannon, 4 demi-cannon, 12 culverins, 12 demiculverins, 6 sakers) + 6 smaller. Purchased and L: 1587. Commissioned 1588 under Lord (Charles) Howard of Effingham, as Lord High Admiral, in actions against the Spanish Armada. In 1596 under Amyas Preston, as flagship of the Lord High Admiral, for expedition to Cadiz. In 1599 under Sir Walter Ralegh, for the mobilisation of that

year. Docked 9.10.1606 at Woolwich to rebuild 1607–08. Merhonour Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 110ft 0in keel x 37ft 0in x 17ft oin. 692/865 tons. Men (1603): 400. Guns: 39 (4 demi-cannon, 15 culverins, 16 demi-culverins, 4 sakers) + 2 smaller. L: 1590. Commissioned 1596 under Lord Thomas Howard, for expedition to Cadiz. In 1597 under Sir Robert Mansell, as flagship of Robert Devereux (the Earl of Essex), Adm., for expedition to the Azores. In 1599 under Sir Henry Palmer, for the mobilisation of that year. In 1603 under Sir William Monson, in the Channel. Docked 10.1.1612 at Woolwich to rebuild 1612–15.

(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 Following their recent reconstructions, little was done to the three larger vessels during the early years of James I’s reign. Of the three existing ‘smaller’ ships, the Ark Royal was rebuilt between 1607 and 1608, the Victory was broken up in 1608 (her material was probably incorporated in the construction of the Prince Royal – theoretically a new ship) and the Merhonour was rebuilt between 1612 and 1615. Notably all the First Rates were built at Woolwich until 1660. ANNE ROYAL. Repairs to the Ark Royal were approved in August 1606, and she was taken to pieces and rebuilt in 1607–08, being nominally of 800 tons, and renamed Anne Royal at her re-launch in honour of James’s queen. Anne Royal Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 107ft 0in keel x 37ft 10in x 15ft 4in. 621/828 tons. Men: 400. Guns (1624): 40 (2 cannon-periers, 5 demi-cannon, 12 culverins, 13 demi-culverins, 8 sakers) + 4 smaller (port-pieces). Ord (warrant issued): 15.4.1607. L (RB): 29.6.1608. Commissioned 1625 under Capt. Sir Thomas Love, as flagship of Adm. Sir Edward Cecil (subsequently created Viscount Wimbledon), for assault on Cadiz. In 1636 under Sir John Pennington, Vice-Adm. of the Ship Money Fleet. Bilged on her own anchor and sunk off Tibury Hope in the

Thames 9.4.1636; raised and her remains were broken up at Blackwall. PRINCE ROYAL. In 1606 it was decided to repair the Victory, and the work entrusted to Phineas Pett in 1607. However in 1608 Pett recommended to James I that a completely new ship should be built as a replacement. In November Pett showed a model of the proposed ship to the King, who was ‘exceedingly delighted’ and gave personal approval to build what was the largest prestige vessel yet built for war. She was originally intended to retain the name Victory, but this was changed at her launch to Prince Royal. The first ‘three-decker’ to be built for the English navy, she carried two complete batteries of guns (there were eight pairs of gunports on the LD and nine pairs on the second or MD). Initially completed with the LD and UD stepped down towards both bow and stern (these two decks both became flush decks, eliminating the stepped-down sections, in the 1621 refit). The partially armed third deck above certainly had spaces for a complete battery, with eight pairs of ports (one under the forecastle, three in the waist and four under the half-deck), but seems to have carried fewer guns on this deck, above which a grating was superimposed to protect gun crews from falling projectiles or parts of spars; a tenth pair of ports was added when the stepdown was eliminated. While unquestionably she was built as a full three-decker in structural terms, she is in her initial guise perhaps better perceived as a two-and-a-halfdecker, with the section of UD below the half-deck joined by an unarmed section to the forecastle to form a flush third deck, until her reconstruction in 1639–41. She was finally launched at 2 a.m. on 25 September 1610 (after an attempt on the previous day had been unsuccessful). Like the Elizabethan-era galleons (which she resembled in many ways), she was completed as a fourmasted ship, and was not re-rigged with three masts until her subsequent rebuilding.

Part of Hendrik Vroom’s oil painting of the Prince Royal leading the fleet back into the Solent in 1623 after the expedition to Spain. Compared with the same artist’s well-known painting of the ship at Flushing (Vlissingen) in 1613, in which the falls in the decks can be deduced from the stepped-down gunports, the refitted vessel now has three properly flush decks, with uninterrupted rows of guns following the sheer.

Prince Royal (ex-Victory) Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 115ft 0in keel x 43ft 6in x 18ft 0in. 890/1,187 (nominally 1,200) tons. Men: 500. Guns (1624): 51 (LD: 2 cannon-periers, 6 demi-cannon, and 12 culverins; MD 18 demi-culverins; UD: 13 sakers) + 4 smaller (portpieces). Ord: 11.1607. K: 20.10.1608. L: 25.9.1610. Commissioned 6.4.1613 under Charles Howard, the Lord High Admiral and Earl of Nottingham (–7.5.1613), to transport Princess Elizabeth (James I’s eldest daughter) and her new husband Frederick (the Elector Palatine)

from Dover to Vlissingen. Underwent refits in 1621 (for £6,000, to replace rotten timbers) and 1623 (under £1,000) which eliminated the falls (stepped down sections) towards the bow and stern on both the LD and MD. Recommissioned 1623 under Capt. Henry Mainwaring, as flagship of the Earl of Rutland for expedition to Spain, sailing 24.8.1623. Laid up in Ordinary at Chatham in 1624, but recommissioned 5–6.1625 to transport the new Queen from Boulogne to Dover, arriving 12.5.1625. Repair was originally approved 27.9.1635, but this was postponed, and she was finally rebuilt at Woolwich 1639–41. MERHONOUR. Nominally a ship of 800 tons. As late as 1635, this rebuilt vessel was still considered one of the navy’s fastest ships. Merhonour Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 112ft 0in keel x 38ft 7in x 16ft 5in. 709/946 tons. Men: 400. Guns (1624): 40 (LD: 2 cannon-periers, 6 demi-cannon, and 12 culverins; MD: 12 demi-culverins; UD: 8 sakers) + 4 smaller (portpieces). Ord: 12.1611. K (docked to rebuild): 10.1.1612. L (RB): 6.3.1615. Sailed to Chatham 4.1615 and laid up until 1634.

One of the most famous images of any ship, John Payne’s engraving of the Sovereign of the Seas was completed in 1637. The general resemblance between Charles I’s prestige ship and that of his father, the Prince Royal, masks the radical nature of the later vessel – with a 100-gun armament optimised for broadside fire and a three-masted ship rig, Sovereign of the Seas could be seen as the ancestor of every British First Rate for a quarter of a millennium.

Commissioned 1635 under Capt. William Rainsborow, as flagship of Robert Bertie (the Earl of Lindsey). Later under Capt. Thomas Kettleby. Laid up again from 1636. On 9.11.1637 it was recorded that she was old and ‘generally decayed’, and on 30.1.1638 she was ordered to be docked at Chatham to be ‘opened up’ and surveyed, with a view to rebuilding her (to be ‘cut down and have but two decks and a half’), but this does not appear to have happened, and instead she remained laid up at Chatham until sold in 1650 (by Order 1.6.1649). By the time of the 1618 Commission, both the Elizabeth [Jonas] and the Triumph (the two then being in dock at Woolwich) were deemed to be unserviceable, and it was decided that they should be sold for breaking up.

The Commission recommended that the remaining four royal ships should be retained, but that no extra royal ships would be built. Instead, lesser ships of 650 tons (‘Great Ships’, or Second Rates – see Chapter 2) should be built at Deptford as replacements for the Elizabeth [Jonas] and the Triumph. In making this recommendation, the Commissioners noted that ‘the former navies [sic] had but 4 Royal ships, which were held sufficient for the honour of the state, as being more than the most powerful nations by sea had heretofore, and for service specially on our coast, ships of 650 (tons) are held as forcible, and more yare [responsive to her helm], and more useful than those of greater burden, and are built, furnished, and kept, with a great deal less charge’. A fairly standard allocation of ordnance on the lower deck was apparent by this time, each of the First Rank ships carrying a standard ‘establishment’ of 2 cannon-periers, 6 demi-cannon (32pdrs) and 12 culverins, except that the Anne Royal had one less demi-cannon. The upper tiers were less extensively armed, with a mixture of demi-culverins and sakers (plus 4 port-pieces). In the division of the King’s Ships into six Ranks or Rates which was introduced in 1626 (primarily for purposes of paying their officers), the First Rates – the former ‘Ships Royal’ – were categorised as having an established complement of over 300 men. This was raised in 1653 to classify as First Rates those ships having at least 400 men and upwards. No further additions were made until 1635, although the [White] Bear was sold in 1629. During the 1630s, a new prestige ship (the Sovereign of the Seas) was built, but the Anne Royal was lost by accident in 1636. The rebuilding of the Prince Royal in 1641 was the only other development until 1650. SOVEREIGN OF THE SEAS. On 24 June 1634, Charles I visited Woolwich and asked Phineas Pett to commence planning a new First Rate; Phineas entrusted the leading role to his son Peter. While not the first three-decker built in England (the Prince Royal holds that honour), she was to be the first in which each of the three gun decks extended for the full length of the ship, without being stepped down at the fore and aft structures. Her layout is well described in the words (spelling modernised) of the playwright Thomas Heywood, who designed her decoration: ‘She has three flush decks, and a forecastle, a half-deck, a quarter deck, and a roundhouse. Her lower tier has 30 ports, which are to be furnished with demi-cannon and whole cannon

throughout (being able to bear them). Her middle tier has also 30 ports for demi-culverin and whole culverin; her third tier has 26 ports for other ordnance, her forecastle has 12 ports and her half-deck has 14 ports. She has 13 or 14 ports more within board for murdering pieces, besides a great many loopholes out of the cabins for musket shot. She carried moreover 10 pieces of chase ordnance in her, right forward; and 10 right aft, that is according to land-service in her front and the rear. She carries 11 anchors, one of them weighing 4,400 pounds…’ Her figurehead was a statue of King Edgar (reigned 959–75) on horseback, ‘trampling upon seven Kings’. There were 24 gunports along the broadside of each of her three continuous decks, making her the first warship to mount most of her ordnance on the broadside rather than pointing forwards or aft. Originally designed for 90 guns, but on Charles’s instruction the total was raised to 102 guns (which were all brass, and – except for the bow and stern chase guns on the MD and UD – all drakes, i.e. shorter and lighter than ordinary guns). She was moreover the first British three-decker to be completed as a three-masted ship, dispensing with the bonaventure mizzen of the Prince Royal. As with the Prince Royal, the first attempt on 25 September 1637 to launch her was unsuccessful, and she finally took to the water nearly three weeks later. In 1652 much top weight was removed (because she was crank), although she remained a three-decker. Proposed Dimensions & tons: 126ft x 46ft 9in (46ft 2in within plank) x 18ft 9in. 1,141/1,466 tons. Sovereign [of the Seas] Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] As built: 167ft pin, 127ft 0in x 46ft 6in x 19ft 4in. 1,141.7/1,522 tons. Men: 600 in 3.1652; 700 at end 1653. Guns (original): LD 20 cannon (on broadside, 9ft length) and 8 demi-cannon (4 stern chasers of 12½ft, 2 bow chasers of 11½ft, and 2 more abaft the bow chasers of 10ft); MD 30 culverins (24 on broadside of 8½ft, plus 4 stern and 2 bow chasers of 11½ft); UD 28 demi-culverins (24 on broadside of 8½ft, plus 2 stern and 2 bow chasers of 10ft); HD 6 demi-culverins (of 9ft); QD 2 demiculverins (of 5½ft); Fc 2 culverin (of 5½ft, ‘pointing aft’ – i.e. facing the waist, to repel boarders) and 8 demi-culverins (of 9ft). First cost: £40,833.8.1½d (excluding ordnance, which cost £24,753.8.8d). Ord: 7.5.1635. K: 21.12.1635. L: 14.10.1637. Commissioned 1638 (capt. unknown) and sailed from Erith 12.5.1638 to load ordnance at Greenhithe; in the Channel 8.1638. After a brief (24-day)

cruise, she was laid up in Ordinary at Chatham from late 1638 to 1651, then repaired at Chatham 1651–52 (by Order 7.11.1651) and partly cut down. Recommissioned in 1652 under Capt. Nicholas Reed; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1654 under Capt. Lionel Lane. Docked at Chatham 11.7.1659 to rebuild (see below). ROYAL PRINCE. An extensive reconstruction of this ship took place following the completion of the Sovereign of the Seas. Probably at this time her original flat stern was replaced by the more recent ‘round tuck’, while more ornate quarter-galleries and a large equestrian figurehead were added. Royal Prince Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett] Dimensions & tons: 115ft 0in keel x 43ft 6in x 18ft 0in. 890/1,187 tons. As re-measured (outside the plank): 115ft 0in keel x 44ft 0in x 18ft 0in. 1,187 (1,184 24/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 500 in 3.1652; 550 at end 1653, but 500 again in 1660. Guns: 64 initially, soon raised to 70; 85 in 3.1652, 88 at end 1653. 80 in 1660. Ord (RB): 9.10.1637. K: 1639. L (RB): 14.10.1641. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Richard Blyth, as flagship of the Earl of Warwick in the Channel. Renamed Resolution 2.1649 (probably 7.2.1649). In 1650 under Capt. William Wildey, as flagship of Generalsat-Sea Robert Blake and Richard Deane; with Popham’s squadron off the Tagus. In 1652 flagship of Robert Blake again, at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1653 under Capt. John Bourne, as flagship of Generals-at-Sea George Monck and Richard Deane; at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653 (Deane killed); still Monck’s flagship, at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later under Capt. Richard Lyons. In 1656 under Capt. John Lawson, as Vice-Adm. (resigned), then under Capt. Richard Badiley, as Rear-Adm. with Blake’s fleet. Renamed Royal Prince again at the Restoration on 23.5.1660, then rebuilt 1661–63 at Chatham (see below). By the start of the Civil War, there were thus three First Rates, the Sovereign of the Seas, the Prince and the Merhonour. The last-named ship was sold in 1650, and the remaining two were renamed Sovereign and Resolution under the new Commonwealth on New Year’s Day 1650, when the Council of State ordered that all ships whose names had associations with the former monarchy should be renamed. One further First Rate was acquired under

Cromwell’s rule; ordered as a Second Rate (one of four under the 1654 Programme) but launched in 1655 as the First Rate Naseby, she was renamed Royal Charles at the Restoration on 23 May 1660. Another of the original quartet of the 1654 Programme, the Richard, was completed as a Second Rate in 1658, but was reclassed as a First Rate at the Restoration of Charles II and renamed Royal James (see Chapter 2 for details). Also at the Restoration, the Resolution was renamed Royal Prince and the Sovereign (still rebuilding in May 1660) was renamed Royal Sovereign. NASEBY. Although ordered as a Second Rate, it was decided early on to alter the 1654 programme to include a First Rate suitable as a fleet flagship. When completed, the ship was quoted as having a breadth of 42ft, and thus a tonnage of 1,229 bm, much larger than the three Second Rates of the same programme. By 1660, this seemingly had been increased to the dimensions below. She has a set of fortified cannon-of-seven (42pdrs) cast for her while under construction. As much an emblem of power for the Protectorate as earlier (and later) First Rates were for the Crown, her politically symbolic figurehead depicted Cromwell bestriding six nations. Naseby Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas/Peter Pett II] As built: 131ft 0in keel x 42ft 0in x 18ft 0in. 1,229 bm. Draught ?21ft 6in. As girdled: 131ft 0in keel x 42ft 6in x 18ft 0in. 1,258 (1,258 57/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 21ft 6in. Men: 500 in 1660, 550 in 4.1666, but raised to 632 in 5.1666; and to 650/500/400 later in 1666. Guns: 80 in 1660, and actually carried 78 in 1665. However, she had 82 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 cannon-of-seven, 6 demi-cannon, 26 culverins and 30 demiculverins) and actually carried this ordnance. Later raised to 86/76. Ord: 3.7.1654. L: 12.4.1655. Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Roger Cuttance, as flagship of Generals-atSea Robert Blake and Edward Montagu (Montagu only from 10.1656). After a period in 1657–58 as ‘private ship’ (i.e. not flagship), then spending much of 1658 out of commission, Cuttance again recommissioned the ship as flagship of Montagu again 1658, in the Sound 1659; transported Charles II (with Montagu and Pepys) from Scheveningen to England in May 1660. Renamed Royal Charles at the Restoration on 23.5.1660. In 1660–61 still under Cuttance, as flagship of Earl of Sandwich; at Algiers 31.7.1661.

On 14.11.1661 under Capt. Robert Clerke (– 17.3.1662), still Sandwich’s flag in the Mediterranean; at Tangier. On 18.3.1662 under Cuttance again (–20.6.1662). On 30.11.1664 under Capt. Sir William Penn (died 31.7.1665), as flagship of Duke of York at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665; with John Harman as 2nd Capt (26.3– 10.6.1665). On 20.2.1666 under Sir John Kempthorne (–9.6.1666); flagship of Albemarle in Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 32 killed and 55 wounded. On 12.6.1666 under Capt. John Hubbard (– 4.12.1666), as flagship of the joint commanders (Prince Rupert and the Duke of Albemarle); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Centre division) 25.6.1666. Taken by the Dutch in the Medway 12.6.1667 while lying uncommissioned off Gillingham; carried off as a prize to Rotterdam, where put on display until eventually broken up at Hellvoetsluis in 1673.

The Commonwealth’s greatest ship, the Naseby was decorated with almost monarchical iconography, her figurehead depicting Cromwell subduing six nations. Promptly renamed Royal Charles at the Restoration, as shown here in this drawing by Willem Van de Velde the Elder, she suffered the most humiliating fate of any British fleet flagship, being captured while laid up during the Dutch raid on the Medway in 1667, and towed to Holland to be displayed as a trophy of war. National Maritime Museum PW6460.

ROYAL SOVEREIGN. The Sovereign was renamed Royal Sovereign by Charles II on 23 May 1660 prior to her re-launch. She was initially to be established with 100 guns and 600 men, but these totals were only reached in wartime. She was out of commission (in Ordinary) at the time of the Battle of Lowestoft in June 1665, and only brought into service three months later. She also missed the Four Day’s Battle (see notes below) and even (thankfully) missed the Dutch raid on the Medway (she was at Portsmouth) the next year, when so many of the English three-deckers were lost. [Royal] Sovereign Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Capt. John Taylor] Dimensions & tons: 167ft 9in, 127ft 0in x 47ft 10in x 19ft 4in. 1,545 60/94 bm. Draught 24ft (laden). Men: 600 in 4.1666, but raised to 700 in 5.1666, and to 800 in 7.1667. Guns: Nominally 92 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 cannon-ofseven, 6 demi-cannon, 28 culverins and 36 demi-culverins); actually carried 102 in 1666 (comprising 13 cannon-of-seven, 13 demi-cannon, 36 culverins, 18 demi-culverins and 22 sakers). 100 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 26 cannon-of-seven, MD 28 x 24pdrs, UD 28 demi-culverins, QD 14 sakers, RH 4 x 3pdrs). K: (docked) 11.7.1659. L: 26.8.1660 (following the Restoration). Commissioned 9.1665 under Capt. Sir Jeremiah Smith (–4.1666), with squadron to the Straits. Later (4?.1666) under Capt. John Cox; still ‘waiting men’ during the Four Days’ Battle in 6.1666 (she finally sailed 4.6.1666 from the Thames, too late to join the fleet); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. Recommissioned 19.1.1672 under Rear-Adm. (Vice-Adm. 8.4.1672) Sir Joseph Jordan (– 29.10.1672) (with Lieuts Phillip Lately, Nordash Rand and James Watts for same dates); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672. On 7.7.1672 Capt. Stephen Pyend (–26.8.1672) became 2nd Capt. On 11.2.1673 under Capt. John Hayward (–4.6.1673) (with Lieuts. Adrian Scroop and Charles Thorowgood 11.2– 4.6.1673); at 1st Battle of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673, for 2nd Battle shifted to Red squadron, Centre division as flagship of Prince Rupert 4.6.1673 (– 14.9.1673) On 5.6.1673 under Capt. Sir Richard Haddock (– 30.6.1673) (with 2nd Capt. Anthony Young 5.6.1673– 30.6.1673; and Lieut. Joseph Perry 5.6.1673–13.8.1673 and Lieut. Peter Wheatley 4.6– 30.10.1673). On 1.7.1673 under Capt. Sir William Reeves (killed 11.8.1673) with 2nd Capt. John Wetwang (–30.10.1673); at Battle of

Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. Laid up in Ordinary at Chatham following end of war. Rebuilt at Chatham 1679–85 (see below).

The meticulous drawings and paintings of contemporary ships by the Dutch artists Willem van de Velde, father and son, provide a reliable and detailed visual record unparalleled before the age of photography. Here the elder Van de Velde details the stern decoration of the Royal Sovereign as it appeared about 1661, just after the ship had completed a major rebuilding. National Maritime Museum PZ7257-001.

(C) Vessels acquired from 9 May 1660 On 23 May 1660 there were three First Rates – the 100-gun Sovereign (rebuilding but nearing re-launch) and the 80-gun Naseby and Resolution, both part of the fleet which carried Charles II and his entourage back to England. On that date, Charles renamed all three First Rates – as Royal Sovereign, Royal Charles and Royal Prince respectively. At the same time,

the 70-gun Richard was upgraded from a Second Rate to a First Rate, and renamed Royal James. ROYAL PRINCE or PRINCE. In June 1661, an amount of £6,500 was set allocated to repair the Prince, which work was completed in 1663. Her length on the keel increased by 17ft, indicating major structural changes which manifested themselves in reductions fore and aft in the rake of the ship. As rebuilt, she had – like the Royal Sovereign of three years earlier – thirteen pairs of gunports on the LD and the same number on the MD, with twelve pairs on the UD; there were five pairs of QD ports and 2 pairs on the Fc, with a final 2 pairs on the RH to provide a total of 94 ports. [Royal] Prince Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett II] Dimensions & tons: 132ft 0in keel x 45ft 2in x 18ft 10in. 1,432 34/94 bm. Men: 600/550/500 initially; raised to 620 by 4.1666; then raised to 632 on 12.5.1666 (but only for victualling the 12 men in the accompanying hired ketch). Guns: 92 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 cannon-of-seven/42pdrs, 6 demi-cannon; 28 culverins and 36 demiculverins); records unavailable for what was actually carried. Ord: 20.6.1661. L: 11.7.1663. Commissioned 20.2.1665 under Capt. Sir (knighted 1.7.1664) Roger Cuttance (died 13.2.1666), as flag of Adm. Edward Montagu, Earl of Sandwich; at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 14.2.1666 under Capt. Sir George Ayscue, as Adm. of the Blue; at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Centre division) 1– 3.6.1666; grounded on the Galloper Sand, then taken and burnt by the Dutch 3.6.1666. On 18 May 1664 the Establishment of Guns was altered to provide for demicannon to replace cannon-of-seven in the chase positions on the lower tier, mainly because the Ordnance Dept. lacked enough cannon-of-seven for each First Rate’s LD gunports, but also to reduce the weight of ordnance carried in these positions. Accordingly the Royal Sovereign and Royal Prince were each to carry 20 cannon-of-seven on the LD broadsides ports and 8 demi-cannon at the chase positions; the Royal Charles also had 20 cannon-of-seven but just 6 demi-cannon, while the smaller Royal James had a mixed armament on this deck (see Chapter 2). Each of the four had 28 culverins on the MD, with demi-culverins and demi-culverin cutts on the higher decks.

A detail from Abraham Storck’s dramatic rendition of the Four Days’ Battle showing the Royal Prince heavily engaged. Although the painting does not depict a specific moment, and is not to be trusted for the exact appearance of the English ships, it does reflect accurately the ferocity of the fighting. The Royal Prince later ran on the Galloper Sand where she was surrounded by Dutch ships and forced to surrender. The Dutch, however, could not get her off, and so they burnt her to avoid recapture. National Maritime Museum, detail from BHC0286.

The newly constituted Royal Navy entered the Second Dutch War on 24 February 1665 with four First Rates, but the newly rebuilt Royal Prince was lost in June 1666 and both the Royal Charles and Royal James in the Dutch raid of June 1667. An ambitious replacement plan saw no fewer than eight

ships of this size constructed between 1668 and 1675 (including the significantly smaller Saint Michael, originally completed as a Second Rate and not up-rated until early 1672; her details are thus in Chapter 2). 96-GUN GROUP. Following the end of the Second Dutch War, a trio of First Rates were laid down by Christopher Pett at Deptford and Woolwich. All were 128 or 129ft on the keel. The first was begun as an addition but became a replacement for the Royal Charles (the ship launched in 1655 as the Naseby), the second a replacement for the Second Rate Loyal London burnt during 1665 (reconstructed from the surviving hull of the burnt vessel), and the third presumably a replacement for the Royal James. The dimensions and tonnage quoted for the latter two ships by Anthony Deane in his Doctrine of Naval Architecture (1670) appear to be the intended pre-completion dimensions, and are quoted below as ‘as designed’. From 1673 (when a new Royal Charles was completed – see below) the 1668-launched ship, originally called Charles the Second, was known simply as Charles to distinguish it. Men: 600. Guns: as built 96 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 26 cannon-of-seven/42pdrs; MD 28 culverins; UD 26 demi-culverins; QD/Fc 12 x 5¼pdr sakers; RH 4 x 3pdrs); see below under individual ships for 1685 Establishment. [Royal] Charles Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett (died 3.1668), completed by Jonas Shish] As built: 162ft 6in, 128ft 0in x 42ft 6in x 18ft 6in. 1,229 74/94 bm. Draught 21ft. Men: 710/605/500. Guns: 96/86 (see above). Under the 1685 Establishment this comprised 22 cannon-of-seven + 4 demi-cannon (LD), 28 culverins (MD), plus 30 demi-culverins and 12 demi-culverin cutts. Ord: 30.6.1666. L: 10.3.1668. First cost: £18,435 (1,229 tons @ £15 per ton). Commissioned 23.3.1668 under Capt. John Cox (–1.7.1668). On 15.1.1672 under Capt. Sir John Harman (–19.10.1672), as Rear-Adm, with Capt. William Houlding as 2nd Capt. 20.6.1672 (–19.10.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672. On 4.2.1673 under Capt. Sir John Chicheley, as Rear-Adm, with Capt. Richard Dickenson as 2nd Capt. 4.2.1673 (– 11.10.1673); at Battles of Schoonevelde (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red

squadron) 11.8.1673. On 15.5.1678 under Capt. Lawrence Wright (– 26.8.1678), as flagship of Adm. Sir John Holmes, in the Channel. Renamed Saint George on 21.10.1687. Reclassed as 90-gun Second Rate 1691. Rebuilt 1699–1701 at Portsmouth (see Chapter 2).

The London of 1670, as depicted by the elder Van de Velde about 1676. One of the smaller First Rates of 96 guns, the ship’s identification features include the absence of an entry port on the starboard side and a latrine built over the main chains. The crew crowding the upperworks emphasises the relatively small size of even the capital ships of this era. National Maritime Museum PZ7302.

London Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett (died 3.1668), completed by Jonas Shish] As designed: 129ft 0in keel x 43ft 9in x 19ft 0in. 1,312 (by calc. 1313 35/94) bm. As built: 160ft 8in, 129ft 0in x 44ft 0in x 19ft 0in. 1,328 40/94 bm. Men: 730/620/510. Guns: 96/86 (see above). Under the 1685 Establishment this comprised 24 cannon-of-seven + 2 demi-cannon (LD), 28 culverins + 2 demi-cannon (MD), plus 30 x 12pdrs and 12 x 6 pdrs. Ord: 15.7.1667. L: 25.7.1670. First cost: £19,680 (1,312 tons @ £15 per ton). Commissioned 22.6.1670 under Capt. John Tinker (–6.8.1670). On 12.2.1672 under Sir Edward Spragge (–28.10.1672), as Vice-Adm. of the Red, with Thomas Elliott as 2nd Capt from 25.6.1672 (– 28.10.1672), at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1672; became flagship of the Duke of York when the Saint Michael was disabled. On 31.1.1673 under Sir John Harman (died 20.10.1673), as Vice-Adm. of the Red, with Capt.

William Houlding as 2nd Capt; at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. Rebuilt at Chatham by Phineas Pett 1679 (while substantial, this did not effect the dimensions and tonnage). Recommissioned 1691 under Capt. Thomas Jennings, as flagship of Shovell. In 1692 under Capt. Matthew Aylmer; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693–94 under Capt. Christopher Billop, in the Channel. In 1695 under Capt. Stafford Fairborne, then 1696 Jennings again and 7.1696 Capt. John Munden (–1697), still in the Channel. Rebuilt at Chatham 1706 (see below). Saint Andrew Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett (died 3.1668), completed by Edward Byland] As designed: 129ft 0in keel x 43ft 6in x 18ft 8in. 1,298 38/94 bm. As built: 159ft 0in, 128ft 0in x 44ft 0in x 17ft 9in. 1,318 12/94 bm. Draught 21ft 6in. Men: 730/620/510. Guns: 96/86 (see above). Under the 1685 Establishment this comprised 26 cannon-of-seven (LD), 26 culverins (MD), plus 28 demi-culverins, 14 sakers and 2 saker cutts. Ord: 1667? L: 4.10.1670. First cost: £21,417 (1,298 tons @ £16.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 18.10.1670 under Capt. John Tinker (died 6.12.1670). On 16.1.1672 under Adm. Sir George Ayscue (died 8.4.1672), then on 8.4.1672 under Rear-Adm. Sir John Kempthorne (–18.10.1673), with Capt. John Archer as 2nd Capt (27.3.1673–died 18.10.1673); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Van division) 28.5.1672; at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. In 1690 under Capt. Robert Dorrell; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1691 under Lord John Berkeley, as Rear-Adm. of the Red, with Russell’s fleet. In 1692 under Capt. George Churchill; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. John Clements. In 1694 under Capt. Wolfram Cornwall, with Russell’s fleet in the Channel; to the Mediterranean 10.1694; back in the Channel 1697. Renamed Royal Anne 8.7.1703 and rebuilt (see below). 100-GUN GROUP. Three further First Rates were built at Chatham and Portsmouth, with an ‘extra’ vessel being added as a replacement for the first

Portsmouth vessel (burnt at Solebay after barely a year’s service). These constituted a further increase in size, all being over 130ft on the keel and about 45ft in breadth. While the Prince at Chatham was built by Phineas Pett, the Portsmouth vessels were all designed by Anthony Deane and built by Deane and his successor as Master Shipwright, Daniel Furzer. The Royal Charles proved to be unstable on completion, and had to be girdled to increase her breadth. In 1671–72 the 90/80-gun Second Rate Saint Michael was re-classed as a First Rate. Men: 780/670/560 (except Royal James (i), see below). Guns: 100/90 under 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 26 cannon-of-seven, MD 28 culverins, UD 28 demi-culverins, QD 10 sakers; Fc 4 sakers, RH 4 x 3pdrs); again Royal James (i) was an exception, with 102 guns. See under individual ships for later.

The Prince of 1670 seen as the flagship of the Duke of York during a royal visit to the fleet in 1672. The oil painting, probably by the younger Van de Velde, has the authentic feeling of an event actually witnessed by the artist – certainly the flags agree with a journal account – and it epitomises the great ceremonial that surrounded the Stuart navy, a service that enjoyed both the support and the personal interest of the royal house. National

Maritime Museum, detail from BHC0299.

[Royal] Prince Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] As designed: 131ft 0in keel x 44ft 10in x 19ft 0in. 1,403 bm. As built: 167ft 3in, 131ft 0in x 44ft 9in x 19ft 0in. 1,395 bm. Draught 20ft 9in. As girdled: 45ft 10in breath. 1,463 73/94 bm. Men: 780/670/560. Guns: 100 under 1685 Establishment (comprising 24 cannon-of-seven, 32 culverins and 44 demi-culverins, 10 of the latter being cutts). 94 actual in 1688 (comprising 24 cannon-of-seven, 30 culverins, and 40 demi-culverins, 9 of the latter being cutts). Ord: 6.1667. L: 3.12.1670. First cost: £23,851 (1,403 tons @ £17 per ton). Commissioned 15.1.1672 under Capt. Sir John Cox (killed 28.5.1672), as flagship of Duke of York (Lord High Admiral), with Sir John Narborough as 2nd capt.; at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672, when Cox killed and Narborough succeeded to command. On 7.2.1673 under Capt. Sir Edward Spragge (killed 11.8.1673), as Adm. of the Blue squadron, with Thomas Fowler as 2nd capt.; at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle ofTexel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673 (Spragge killed, although after his transfer to Saint George); Fowler succeeded to command (–16.8.1673). Rebuilt 1691–92 at Chatham and renamed Royal William (see below) Royal James (i) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] As designed: 132ft 6in keel x 44ft 10in x 18ft 0in. 1,416 bm. As built: 132ft 6in keel x 45ft 0in x 18ft 5in. 1,426 bm. Draught 19ft 9in. Men: 800/700/600. Guns: 102/90 (composition unclear). Ord: 22.4.1669. L: 31.3.1671. First cost: £24,072 (1,416 tons @ £17 per ton). Commissioned 18.1.1672 under Capt. Richard Haddock (– 28.5.1672), as flag of Adm. Edward Montagu, Earl of Sandwich, as Adm. of the Blue; at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672; when Sandwich was killed and Royal James burnt by the Dutch fireship Vrede. Royal Charles Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane to 9.1672, completed by Daniel Furzer] Dimensions & tons: 136ft 0in keel x 44ft 8in x 18ft 3in. 1,443 bm. Draught

20ft 6in. As girdled (in Winter 1673–74): 46ft 0in 1,531 bm. Men: 780/670/560. Guns: 100/90 under 1677 Establishment (as above). By 6.1682 as guardship had 40 only (comprising 12 cannon-of-seven, 4 culverins, and 24 demi-culverins, 4 of the latter being cutts). 100 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising 24 cannon-of-seven, 32 culverins, 42 demi-culverins including 12 cutts, and 2 x 3pdrs). Ord: 26.4.1671. L: 3.1673. Commissioned 2.2.1673 under Capt. Richard Haddock (–4.6.1673), as flag of Prince Rupert 5.2.1673, with Anthony Young as 2nd capt.; at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673. On 15.6.1673 under Capt. John Hayward (killed 11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 14.8.1673 under Capt. Sir John Holmes (– 17.10.1673), as Rear-Adm. of the Blue. On 24.4.1678 under Capt. John Rogers (–29.8.1678), as flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir John Kempthorne in the Channel. By early 1680s was Guard ship at Portsmouth. Rebuilt as Queen at Woolwich 1693 (see below). Royal James (ii) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer] Dimensions & tons: 163ft 1in, 136ft 0in x 45ft 0in x 18ft 4in. 1,485 bm. Draught 20ft 6in. Men: 780/670/560. Guns: 100/90 under 1677 Establishment (as above). By 6.1682 as guardship had 30 only (all being sakers). 100 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 30 culverins, 42 x 6pdrs, and 6 x 3pdrs). By 1694 had 22 demi-cannon, 30 culverins, 42 sakers and 6 x 3pdrs. Ord: 1.4.1673. L:29.6.1675. Commissioned 25.3.1678 under Capt. John Wetwang (–28.8.1678), as flagship of Adm. Sir Thomas Allin (–28.8.1678). On 30.11.1678 under Capt. Sir William Jennings, as guard ship at Portsmouth. On 13.3.1683 under Rear-Adm. Sir Richard Beach. Renamed Victory 3.3.1691. On 6.1.1691 under Capt. Edward Stanley (died 19.3.1693); flagship of RearAdm. Lord (John) Berkeley 16.2. In 4.1693 under Capt. Thomas Jennings, then 6.1693 Capt. John Every (–2.1694). Rebuilt at Chatham 1695 (see below). 1677 PROGRAMME. With the close of the third of the Anglo-Dutch Wars

in 1674, a programme to enlarge the fleet was undertaken. Initially, Samuel Pepys requested the construction of two First Rates in April 1675 (together with 7 Second Rates, 27 Third Rates and 4 Fourth Rates). This was cut back and later modified, so that the final programme approved on 5 March 1677 included a single new First Rate among the ‘Thirty Ships’ of this Programme. The new ship was designed by Sir Phineas Pett, who began the construction of the vessel, as well as the rebuilding of the Royal Sovereign (and also undertook a Major Repair on the London – see earlier entry); both emerged in the 1680s and might be said to have constituted a single class. Significantly larger than her predecessors (except the 1637 Sovereign); the Britannia was initially found to be rather crank, but was girdled (widened) in 1691–92, and subsequently regarded as the best First Rate in the fleet. She had fourteen pairs of LD gunports, the same number on the MD, thirteen pairs of UD gunports, with six pairs on the QD and three pairs on the RH. All the Britannia’s guns were brass, whereas on the Royal Sovereign (in 1696) all were iron except for the UD sakers.

A magnificent contemporary model of the short-lived Royal James of 1671. She was destroyed by a Dutch fireship at the Battle of Solebay a little over a year after her launch. Designed by Anthony Deane, the most scientific shipbuilder of his day, the ship proved a fine sailer during her short career, being judged unusually stable and weatherly for a threedecker. However, there was no time to evaluate some of Deane’s structural innovations, such as iron pillars and knees, and the experiment was not repeated. Kriegstein Collection.

Designed (‘1677 Establishment’) dimensions & tons: 165ft 0in, 137ft 8in x 46ft 0in x 19ft lin. 1,550 bm. Guns (as designed): 100/90, comprising LD 26 cannon-of-seven (of 69cwt and 9½ft length); MD 28 culverins (of 42cwt and 9½ft length); UD 28 sakers (of 22cwt and 8½ft length); QD 12 light sakers (of 16cwt and 7ft length); Fc 4 light sakers of 16cwt and 7ft length); RH 2 x 3pdrs (of 5cwt and 5ft length). Britannia Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett II to end 1680, completed by Robert Lee]

Dimensions & tons: (original) 167ft 5in, 136ft 0in x 47ft 4in x 17ft 2½in. 1,620 70/94 bm. (as girdled by AO 3.10.1691) 167ft 5in, 135ft 8in x 48ft 8in x 19ft 8in. 1,709 13/94 bm. [There are wide variations in the data recorded in official records; the above represents the best available deductions.] Dimensions & tons: 167ft 5in, 146ft 0in x 47ft 4in x 19ft 7½in. 1,739 86/94 bm. Draught 20ft 0in. Men: 780/670/560. Guns: 100 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising LD 22 cannon-of-seven and 4 culverins; MD 28 culverins; UD 28 sakers; QD/Fc 16 sakers; RH 2 x 3pdrs). 1696 (actual) – 26 cannon-of-seven, 2 demi-cannon, 24 x 24pdrs; 2 culverins, 28 x 12pdrs, 20 sakers. 1703 (Establishment) – LD 28/26 x 32pdrs; MD 26/24 x 18pdrs; UD 28/24 x 9pdrs; QD 12/10 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/4 x 6pdrs; RH 2/2 x 6pdrs. Ord: 5.3.1678. K: 6.1679. L: 28.6.1682, then laid up. Refitted at Chatham under Special Commission of 1684–88 (for £2,315 for hull, and £2,138 for rigging & stores). Girdled 1691–92. Commissioned 2.1691 under Capt. John Fletcher; flagship of Adm. Sir Edward Russell 1692–93 (with David Mitchell Capt. of the Fleet); at Battle of Barfleur (and subsequent action in La Hougue Bay) 19– 24.5.1692; paid off 12.1695. Recommissioned 2.1696, still under Fletcher, as flagship of Adm. Lord (John) Berkeley off the French coast; paid off 10.1697. Major Repair 1700–01. Recommissioned 1.1702 under Capt. John Leake, as flagship of Adm. Russell (the now Earl of Orford); paid off 6.1702. Recommissioned 2.1705 under Capt. John Norris, as flagship of Adm. Sir Cloudisley Shovell; in attack on Barcelona 1705; paid off 8.1707 and laid up 1709. By August 1714 this ship was incapable of further service, and was to be BU in 1715 to be RB 1716– 19 (see below).

The destruction of a First Rate named after the King’s brother and heir to the throne was as much a public relations disaster as a significant material loss, and a replacement for the Royal James was laid down as soon as there was capacity at Portsmouth. Taking the name of the vessel lost at Solebay, the new Royal James was also designed by Deane, who was knighted by the King at the launch. As shown in this drawing by the younger Van de Velde, the new ship had one less gunport a side on each deck than Deane’s previous ships, one lesson of the war being that the gundecks were too cramped and needed more space between the guns. National Maritime Museum PT2335.

A contemporary model of the Britannia as she appeared after the major repair of 1701, with one less gunport at each end of the middle tier, but accurately depicting the extremely unusual feature of this ship, an entry port on both sides. Although wider than previous First Rates, the ship also carried a far greater weight of ordnance, and proved very unstable when first equipped for war, resulting in an emergency girdling in 1691. However, as fleet flagship in 1692, she gained glory at the Battle of Barfleur, standing up well to a broadside

duel with the more powerful Soleil Royal. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 6.

Royal Sovereign Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett II to end 1680, completed by Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 167ft 9in, 13 ift 0in x 48ft 0in x 19ft lin. 1,605 42/94 bm. Draught 23ft 6in. Men: 815/710/605. Guns: 100 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising LD 26 cannon-of-seven, MD 26 x 24pdrs; UD 28 x 12pdrs; QD/Fc/RH 20 sakers). 1696 (actual): LD 22 cannon-of-seven; MD 26 culverins; UD 24 sakers (brass); QD/Fc 10 sakers; RH 2 x 3pdrs. Ord: ?10.1680. K: 1680? L: 1685. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. John Neville, as flagship of Adm. Lord Torrington; at Battle of Beachy Head 30.6.1690. In 1691 under Capt. Humphrey Saunders, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir Ralph Delavall; at Battle of Barfleur 19–24.5.1692. In 1693–94 under Capt. Edward Whitaker, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Matthew Aylmer. Burnt by accident at Chatham 29.1.1696 while preparing to rebuild. All the First Rates were established with 100 guns and 780 men in wartime, and with 90 guns and 580 men in peace; the exception in 1714 was the Royal Sovereign, which by then had been classed as carrying 110 guns with 850 men, although apparently this distinction was not perpetuated. Owing to the practice of rebuilding, the origins of the First Rates in particular were somewhat confused and they need some explanation. No entirely new First Rates were built between the Britannia of 1682 and the Royal George launched in 1756. In principle, throughout the period of the Establishments, the British navy maintained on the Navy List seven such First Rates, but often several were only maintained in theory, as ships taken to pieces for ‘rebuilding’ would not be re-completed – or even restarted – for some considerable period. At the death of Charles II on 6.2.1685, there were five First Rates of 100 guns each (Royal Sovereign, Royal Prince, Royal Charles, Royal James and Britannia), and four of 96 guns each (Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint Michael and London, with a total of 12,547 tons. At the Glorious Revolution the number was the same, but the tonnage had increased due to the enlargement of the Royal Sovereign.

(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688 By the 1690s most of the First Rates were ageing. With the change of regime, a programme to rebuild three of the ships of the 1660s and 1670s was put in hand. ROYAL WILLIAM. Rebuilt from Royal Prince of 1670, with no change in dimensions, but renamed to honour the King on 6 April before her relaunch. Royal William Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 167ft 3in, 132ft 6in x 47ft 2in x 18ft 0in. 1,568 (1,567 88/94 by calc.)bm. Men: 780/580. Guns: 100 (initially comprising 28 cannon-of-seven, 28 culverins, and 44 demi-culverins). Under the 1703 Guns Establishment had 100/90 (comprising LD 28/26 demi-cannon; MD 28/26 culverins; UD 28/24 demi-culverins; QD 12/12 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs; RH nil). Ord: 18.4.1691. L:21.4.1692. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. Thomas Jennings, as flag of Rear-Adm. Sir Cloudisley Shovell; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 7.1692 under Capt. William Wright. In 1693 under Capt. the Earl of Danby. In 7.1693 under Capt. Benjamin Hoskins (–1697), as flagship of the now Rear-Adm. Marquis of Carmarthen (the former Earl of Danby), in Berkeley’s operations; in 1696 flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir David Mitchell. In 1698 under Capt. John Cooper, at Portsmouth (undermanned); flagship of Marquis of Carmarthen again in 9.1702. Docked 31.7.1714 at Portsmouth to take to pieces and rebuild there by Naish (by AO 1.1.1714) 1714–19. QUEEN. Rebuilt from Royal Charles of 1673, initially ordered as a Repair, but renamed 27 January 1693 (possibly her precise date of relaunch). Queen Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] Dimensions & tons: 170ft 5in, 137ft 8in x 47ft 7in x 18ft 0in. 1,658 (1,657 92/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 780/580. Guns: 100 (initially comprising 24 cannon-of-seven, 32 culverins, 30 demi-culverins, 12 x 6pdrs and 2 x 3pdrs). Under the 1703 Guns Establishment had 100/90 (comprising LD 26/24 demi-cannon; MD 28/26 culverins; UD 28/24 demi-culverins; QD 12/10 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/4 x 6pdrs; RH 2/2 x 6pdrs).

Ord: 16.3.1691. L: 1.1693. Commissioned 16.2.1694 under Capt. John Every (–1695); flagship of Adm. Lord (John) Berkeley 1694, in attack on northern French ports 6–7.1694. In 3.1695 under Capt. Thomas Jennings (–6.1695), then 6.1695 under Capt. James Wishart and 8.1695 Capt. John Hubbard (–5.1696); flagship of Adm. Sir George Rooke 1695. In 8.1696 under Capt. Thomas Jennings again (– 12.1697), as flagship of Adm. Sir Cloudisley Shovell. In ordinary 1698–1702. Recommissioned 1.1702 under Capt. James Stuart, then 3.1703 Capt. Edward Good; paid off 25.5.1703. BU 1709 to rebuild at Woolwich 1709–15 (renamed Royal George 9.9.1715) VICTORY. The rebuilding of this ship in the 1690s was somewhat circuitous. The old Second Rate Victory (built 1666) was ordered to be rebuilt by AO 10.11.1690, but seemingly this ship was condemned by survey and was BU in 1691 (by AO 5.3.1691); instead the Royal James (built 1675) was renamed Victory 3.3.1691, and finally paid off 2.1694 for this purpose.

Oil painting by the younger Van de Velde of the Royal Sovereign, probably representing a visit to the ship on 4 June 1702 by Prince George of Denmark, consort to Queen Anne and the recently appointed Lord Admiral. Although the material connection was largely fictitious, the ship traced her ancestry to Charles I’s Sovereign and this prestige required a decorative scheme to match – the cost of which is supposed to have provoked the Admiralty’s order of 1703 severely restricting carved works thereafter. Nevertheless, she was regarded as a successful ship, and served with distinction in the War of Spanish succession. National Maritime Museum BHC3614.

Victory Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 163ft 1in, 136ft 0in x 45ft 4in x 18ft 6in. 1,486 63/94 bm. Men: 780/580. Guns: 100/90 under the 1703 Establishment (comprising LD 26/24 demi-cannon; MD 28/26 culverins; UD 28/24 demi-culverins; QD 12/10 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/4 x 6pdrs; RH 2/2 x 6pdrs. RB Ord: ?1694. L: 1695. Commissioned 10.1695 under Capt. Thomas Jennings. In 1.1696 under Capt. Stafford Fairbourne, then 2.1696 under Gabriel Hughes (temp._ and 5.1696 Capt. Edward Whitaker, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Matthew Aylmer; paid off 6.12.1697. Recommissioned 2.1702 (but not manned!) under Capt. David Greenhill. In 2.1703 under Capt. Christopher Myngs, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir John Munden (who was dismissed by the Queen, in spite of exoneration by a court martial in 1702); paid off 5.1703. Recommissioned 12.1704 under Capt. John Hartnell; laid up by AO 26.1.1705, and company transferred to Royal Sovereign; paid off 16.2.1705. In dockyard hands 1709–14; renamed Royal George 27.8.1714, but name restored to Victory 9.9.1715. ‘Taken down to Middle Deck’ (by AO 6.6.1716) at Cork 6–7.1716, ‘to draw less (water) at.. . moorings and (be) more easily transported between moorings, saving trimming the hull’; never subsequently recommissioned. Docked at Portsmouth 16.3.1721 to BU. Partly burnt by accident 1721, and taken to pieces at Portsmouth (for £507.8.4d) 4.1721 to RB. ROYAL SOVEREIGN. The most prestigious ship in the fleet, the old Royal Sovereign – originally built in 1637, and rebuilt in 1660 and 1685 – was largely destroyed in an accidental fire at Chatham in January 1696. Her replacement, nominally a ‘rebuilding’, thus in practice involved building an entirely new ship, and the talented shipwright Fisher Harding was transferred deliberately to Woolwich and given virtually a free hand in creating the highly successful replacement. The proposed dimensions under Harding’s draught were 173ft x 49ft 6in x 19ft. Royal Sovereign Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 174ft 6in, 141ft 7in x 50ft 3½in 0a (50ft 0in for calc.) x 19ft 1in. 1,882 71/94 bm. Men: 780/580. Guns: 100/90 under the 1703 Establishment (comprising LD 28/26 demi-cannon; MD 28/26 culverins; UD 28/24 demi-culverins; QD

12/12 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs). RB (in theory) Ord: 29.10.1697. L: 25.7.1701. Commissioned 1.1702 under Capt. Thomas Ley (died 19.9.1702), with 2nd Capt. John Fletcher, as flagship of Adm. Sir George Rooke (–1703), for Cadiz; at Battle of Vigo Bay 12.10.1702; in 1703 Capt. James Wishart replaced Ley; paid off 10.1703. Recommissioned 2.1705 under Capt. John Hartnell, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir Stafford Fairbourne, with Shovell and Peterburgh in the Mediterranean; paid off 10.1706. Recommissioned 1.1708 under Capt. James Littleton; paid off 7.1708, but recommissioned 12.1708. Fitted as a flagship by AO 26.2.1709. Recommissioned 1.1709 under Capt. Stephen Martin, as flagship of Adm. Sir John Leake; paid off 16.5.1709 and laid up at Chatham. Fitted out at Chatham by AO 1.1.1710. In 12.1709 under Capt. James Littleton, with 2nd Capt. James Moneypenny, as flagship of Adm. Sir Matthew Aylmer; paid off 10.1710. Not subsequently put back into service until ‘Great Repair’of 1723–29. ROYAL ANNE GROUP. In 1702 the Saint Andrew and the London, both originally built from 1667 to 1670, were ordered to be rebuilt, and enlarged to the dimensions specified below, in order to carry the same Establishment of Guns as the larger First Rates. The former ship was renamed Royal Anne by AO 8.7.1703, while the latter had already been rebuilt at Chatham in 1679, although this had not been extensive enough to change her dimensions. Dimensions & tons: 167ft 0in, 137ft 6in x 47ft 6in x 19ft 0in. 1,650 bm. Men: 750. Guns 100/90 under the 1703 Establishment (comprising LD 26/24 demi-cannon; MD 28/26 culverins; UD 28/24 demi-culverins; QD 12/10 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/4 x 6pdrs; RH 2/2 x 6pdrs). Royal Anne Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Lee] As (re)built: 170ft 0in, 140ft 6in x 48ft 0in x 19ft 4in. 1,721 82/94 bm. Ord: 6.3.1702. L: 25.4.1704. Commissioned 7.1705 under Capt. Richard Hughes, as flagship of RearAdm. John Jennings, then of Vice-Adm. Sir George Byng, for the Channel and Bay of Biscay. In 1706 under Capt. William Passenger (– 1707), still Byng’s flag (–1709), for the Mediterranean; at Alicante 7.1706. In 1708 under Capt. James Moneypenny (–1709), in the Channel in 1708 and the Mediterranean 1709. In 1710 under Capt. Bartholomew Candler, as flagship of now Adm. Sir John Jennings; laid up at Chatham

by AO 26.8.1710 until ordered to be RB (by AO 21.3.1727), and taken down at Chatham 5.1727 (RB in 1756 as Royal George – see below). London Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewall.] As (re)built: 168ft 0in, 137ft 6in x 48ft 0in x 19ft 2in. 1,685 10/94 bm. Ord: 6.3.1702. L: 2.7.1706. Commissioned 12.12.1706 under Capt. William Clevland; paid off 23.6.1707 and never recommissioned. Docked at Chatham 3.7.1718 for a Large Repair which apparently turned into another rebuilding.

One of the earliest surviving original draughts of a First Rate is this sheer and body plan for rebuilding the London in 1702. Note the very deep head with four tiers of rails, a characteristic feature of ships of the Queen Anne era. Although rebuilt in 1718, the ship’s forty-year career included barely half a year of active service. National Maritime Museum J1831.

The 1703 Establishment of Guns distinguished between two groups of First Rates, although all were rated at 100/90 guns. Under this new Establishment, the 42pdr ‘cannon-of-seven’ was to be eliminated, with the more versatile 32pdr demi-cannon becoming the primary battlefleet weapon. The Royal Sovereign and Royal William were each established with 28/26 demi-cannon of 9¾ft length on the LD, 28/26 culverins of 9½ft length on the MD and 28/24 demi-culverins of 9ft length on the UD; on the QD they were to carry 12/12 x 6pdrs of 8ft, on the Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs (2/0 of 8ft and 2/2 bowchasers of 9½ft. The smaller Queen, Victory, London and Saint Andrew were each established with 26/24 demi-cannon of 9¾ft length on the LD (9½ft in the London and Saint Andrew), 28/26 culverins of 9½ft length on the MD and 28/24 demi-culverins of 9ft length on the UD; on the QD they were to carry

12/10 x 6pdrs of 8ft, on the Fc 4/4 x 6pdrs (2 of 8ft and 2 bowchasers of 9½ft, and on the RH 2/2 x 6pdrs of 7ft. The Royal Anne was probably established similarly to the London, although interestingly the Establishment omits her guns’ lengths, only specifying that her guns were of brass compared with the iron ordnance of the other First Rates. The Britannia was a slight variation from this second group, having 28/26 demi-cannons and 26/24 culverins in view of her differing pattern of gunports. The new Establishment of Dimensions introduced in June 1706 (henceforth referred to as the ‘1706 Establishment’) fixed what was intended as a permanent standard for the overall size and proportions of each Rated ship from 30 guns up to 90 guns, but the First Rates were deliberately excluded from consideration, apparently because they were infrequent enough for each new one to be considered on its merits. Nevertheless in practice the Royal Sovereign of 1701 seems to have been accepted as the ideal size for a 100-gun ship, and its dimensions were to form the basis of the more detailed Establishment brought into use in 1719. ROYAL GEORGE. Originally built in 1673 as the Royal Charles and rebuilt in 1693 as the Queen, this ship was rebuilt again and renamed Royal George by AO 9.9.1715, but saw no service until 1741. Men: 750. Guns (1703 Establishment): LD 26/24 demi-cannon (32pdrs); MD 28/26 culverins (18pdrs); UD 28/24 demi-culverins (9pdrs); QD 12/10 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/4 x 6pdrs; RH 2/2 x 6pdrs. Royal George Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth to 11.1714, the John Naish to 7.1715, completed by John Hayward] Dimensions & tons: 171ft 9in, 139ft 7in x 49ft 3in x 19ft 6in. 1,800 84/94 bm. Ord: 29.8.1706. K: 3.5.1709. L: 30.9.1715. C: 18.10.1715. First cost: 28,707.2.5¾d including fitting. Great Repair at Chatham (for £25,465.4.8d) 3.1735–3.1737. Commissioned 1741 under Capt. Edward Falkingham (–1742), for Norris’s fleet. Repaired and fitted as a 90-gun ship (but remained classed as First Rate) at Chatham (for £18,092.12.6d) 8.1742– 7.1745. In 1744 under Capt. Charles Cotterel, at Chatham; by AO 15.11.1744 fitted as a flagship; recommissioned 10.1745 under Capt. Thomas Harrison (– 1748), as flagship of Adm. Edward Vernon in the Downs; paid off 6.1748. Surveyed 5.1.1749 and 28.1.1749. Proceeded to Sheerness under

Capt. Roger Martin 1755 and surveyed there 8.11.1755. Renamed Royal Anne 10.1.1756 (exchanged names with new ship building at Woolwich). Refitted at Portsmouth (for £8,449.0.11d) to 1756. Recommissioned 2.1755 (still under Martin); in 5.1756 under Capt. Clark Gayton, then 1757 Capt. John Barker and 10.1757 Capt. Sir William Burnaby (–1760); joined Hawke’s fleet 21.9.1759 but parted company (in distress) 12.10.1760; paid off 1.1761. Surveyed 10.1764 and 7.3.1767. BU at Portsmouth (by AO 10.3.1767, for £767.4.8d) completed 9.4.1767. ROYAL WILLIAM. This vessel had originally been built at Chatham in 1670 as the Prince, and rebuilt at Chatham in 1692, when she was renamed. Although theoretically this vessel was in existence for almost a century following her rebuilding in 1719 (at a cost of £30,794.0.5½d), she was actually laid up from her re-launch (and saw no service at all) until she was reduced to a Second Rate of 84 guns in 1756.

A contemporary Navy Board model of the Royal William as she appeared in the late 1690s, dated by the King’s RWR monogram on the stern to the period after the death of Queen Mary in December 1694. Although the rebuilding of the ship from the Prince in 1691–92 did not alter the main dimensions, the appearance was clearly modernised. Note the combination of spritsail topmast and jibboom, a transitional feature of the rig seen in the

decades either side of 1700. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 39.

Royal William Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Naish] As rebuilt: 175ft 4in, 142ft 7in x 50ft 3½in x 20ft 1in. 1,918 23/94 bm. Draught 14ft 3½in / 16ft 4in. Ord: 1.1.1714. K: 31.7.1714. L: 3.9.1719. Not commissioned as a First Rate. Remained laid up at Portsmouth until 1756. In 1746 consideration was given to cutting her down to 2½ decks, but this scheme was turned down in 1748. Under AO of 1.11.1755 it was ordered that she be reduced to 84 guns (on three decks); she was reregistered as a Second Rate by AO 9.4.1757. The 1716 Establishment of Guns was to see all the surviving First Rates given a common armament of 28 main guns of 10ft length on the LD (either 42pdrs of 65cwt, or 32pdrs of 55cwt), 28 x 24pdrs on the MD (of 10ft length and 51cwt), 28 x 12pdrs on the UD (of 9½ft length and 35cwt), 12 x 6pdrs on the QD (of 9ft length and 24cwt) and 4 x 6pdrs on the Fc (also of 9ft length and 24cwt).

2 Second Rates – the ‘Great Ships’ (A) Vessels in service or on order at 24 March 1603 At the accession of James I, the lists of the monarch’s ships included eleven ‘Great Ships’ other than the six largest (counted as ‘Ships Royal’ and detailed in Chapter 1). These galleons formed the surviving core of the fleet that had fought against the Spanish Armada in 1588, although several had subsequently been rebuilt. There was one galleon with an ‘established’ seagoing complement of 350 men (comprising 230 mariners, 30 gunners and 90 soldiers) – the Due Repulse (hereafter simply called Repulse) of 700 tons burthen. There were two with a complement of 300 men each (comprising 190 mariners, 30 gunners and 80 soldiers) – the Garland and the Warspight (hereafter spelt Warspite) – and eight with an complement of 250 men each (comprising 150 mariners, 30 gunners and 70 soldiers) – the Mary Rose, Hope and Bonaventure (all three rated at 600 tons each), and the Golden Lion, Defiance, Rainbow, Nonpareil and Vanguard (all five rated at 500 tons each). The first of these larger ‘race-built’ galleons – the Revenge of 500 tons (built at Deptford in 1577) - had been sunk in 1591. While the Bonaventure (originally the Elizabeth Bonaventure) seems to have been unserviceable by 1603 as other sources do not list her beyond 1599, her details are nevertheless included below, as are those of the Hope and Nonpareil of which the rebuilding had already been authorised before Elizabeth’s death. 1554–67 GROUP. These five ships had been built as ‘high-charged’ galleons, the first three being the only galleons constructed during Queen Mary’s reign (the Golden Lion was possibly a rebuilding of the galleasse Lion of 1536, but unlikely). These ships showed novel design characteristics compared with the great ships (carracks) of Henry VIII’s reign; the traditional huge castles at bow and stern were cut down to more seaworthy heights – the forecastle to a single deck, and the aftercastle to a half-deck, a quarter-deck and a poop; each was longer and narrower than Henry’s carracks, with

increased tumblehome and finer underwater lines; the success of their design is evidenced by their long lives. A similar ship (the Hope) was built in 1559 at Deptford, and another (the Elizabeth Bonaventure) was purchased in 1567. All five were rebuilt as ‘race-built’ galleons during the 1580s, the Bonaventure in 1581, the Golden Lion in 1582, the Philip and Mary in 1584 (when she was renamed Nonpareil), the Hope also in 1584 and the Mary Rose in 1589 (following the Armada campaign). Nonpareil (ex-Philip and Mary) Deptford Dyd. Dimensions & tons: 85ft 0in keel x 28ft 0in x 16ft 0in. 380.8/476 tons. Men (1603): 250. Guns: 32 (2 cannon periers, 3 demi-cannon, 7 culverins, 8 demi-culverins, 12 sakers) + 2 port-pieces & 2 fowlers. K: 1555. L: 1556. RB: 1584 at Deptford. Commissioned 1586 under Sir John Hawkyns. In 1588 under Thomas Fenner; in action against the Armada 8.1588. In 1589 under Henry Savile, for Drake’s expedition. In 1591 under Sir Edward Denny, with Lord Thomas Howard’s expedition to the Azores. In 1596 under Sir Richard Dudley, for Cadiz voyage. In 1597 under Sir Thomas Vavasour, for voyage to the Azores. In 1599 under Jeremy Turner, the 8.1599 under Sir Robert Crosse, for mobilisation of that year. In 1601 under Humphrey Reynolds, for Ireland; in 1602 with Leveson’s expedition; Cezimbra raid 3.6.1602. Rebuilt 1603 and renamed Nonsuch. Mary Rose [M/Shipwright Bright, Snr] Dimensions & tons: 85ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 17ft 0in. 476/595 tons. Men (1603): 250. Guns: 29 (4 demi-cannon, 11 culverins, 10 demi-culverins, 4 sakers) + 3 port-pieces. K: 1555. L: 1556 or 1557. RB: 1589. Commissioned 1588 under Edward Fenton; in action against the Armada 8.1588. RB 1589. In 1590 under Sir John Hawkyns. In 1596 under Sir George Carew, for Cadiz voyage. In 1597 under John Wynter, for expedition to Azores. In 1599 under William Fortescue, for the mobilisation of that year. In 1602 under Guildford Slingsby, with Leveson’s squadron. In 8–11.1602 under Sackville Trevor, with Monson’s squadron. In 12.1602 under Sir William Monson. Condemned 1618 and expended as part of a wharf at Chatham. [Golden] Lion Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in keel x 32ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 421/526 tons. Men (1603): 250. Guns: 36 (4 demi-cannon, 8 culverins, 14 demi-culverins, 9

sakers, 1 falcon) + 8 fowlers. L: 1557. RB: 1582. Commissioned 15 59–60 under William Wynter, for the coast of Scotland. RB 1582. Recommissioned 1586 under William Borough, for Hawkyns’s squadron; later with Drake until 26.5.1587. In 2.1588 under Lord Thomas Howard; in action against the Armada 8.1588. In 1590 with Sir George Beeston, with Hawkyns and Frobisher. In 1591 under George Fenner with Lord Thomas Howard’s expedition to the Azores. In 1593 under William Monson, with flag of the Earl of Cumberland. In 1596 under Sir Robert Southwell, for Cadiz voyage. In 1597 under Lord Thomas Howard again, for expedition to the Azores. In 1599 under Sir Henry Palmer with the Medway Guard, then 8–10.1599 under Sir Richard Leveson with the Channel Guard and then in mobilisation. In 1601 under Sir Henry Palmer again, with the Thames Guard. Rebuilt 1609 and renamed [Red] Lion.

Another of the series by Claes Visscher of ships that fought the Armada, this engraving is supposedly the Golden Lion. For a ‘race-built’ ship, the stern looks exaggerated in height, but the upperworks were narrow, and represented less topweight than the old carrack style of construction.

Hendrik Vroom’s painting of the fleet returning from Spain in October 1623: in the foreground, right to left, are the Great Ships Saint Andrew and Defiance followed by the smaller Bonaventure – all new (or newly rebuilt) at that time. They have two complete gundecks, without apparent steps fore or aft, but the number of guns mounted at the extremities is somewhat reduced over earlier ships. National Maritime Museum, detail from BHC0710.

Hope Deptford Dyd. Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 13ft 0in. 403/504 tons. (Note the recorded tonnage is 416/520, probably implying that a dimension had been increased since 1559, presumably in 1584.) Men (1603): 250. Guns: 30 (2 cannon periers, 4 demi-cannon, 9 culverins, 11 demi-culverins, 4 sakers) + 4 port-pieces & 2 fowlers. L: 1559. RB: 1584 ‘into the form of a galleass’. Commissioned 1588 under Robert Crosse; in action against the Armada 8.1588. In 1595 under Gilbert Yorke (died 6.12.1595), then under Thomas Drake and later Samuel Thomas, for Drake & Hawkyns’s expedition to the West Indies. In 1597 under Sir Richard Leveson, for expedition to the Azores; with Channel Guard until 8.1599. Subsequently under John Gilbert, for mobilisation of that year. In 1601– 02 under Sir Robert Mansell, in the Channel. Rebuilt 1603–04 and renamed Assurance. [Elizabeth] Bonaventure (ex-mercantile) Dimensions & tons: 80ft 0in keel x 35ft 0in x 16ft 0in. 448/560 tons. Men (1603): 250. Guns: 35 (2 cannon periers, 2 demi-cannon, 11 culverins,

14 demi-culverins, 4 sakers, 2 minions) + 2 port-pieces & 2 fowlers. Purchased 1567 from Walter Jobson (for £2,230). Rebuilt 1581 (upper works only). Commissioned 1585 under Thomas Fenner, with Sir Francis Drake in the West Indies. In 1587 under Sir Francis Drake, at Cadiz. In 1588 under Sir John Hawkyns until 2.1588, then under Lord Henry Seymour. From 13.5.1588 under George Raymond; in action against the Armada 8.1588. In 1590 under Edward Yorke, with Hawkyns & Frobisher; with the Earl of Cumberland 1593. In 1595 under J Troughton, with Drake and Hawkyns’s expedition to the West Indies. In 1597 under Sir William Harvey, in expedition to the Azores. In 1599 under Troughton again, for mobilisation of that year. BU 1611. 1586–96 GROUP. These six ships were all constructed to the design requirements specified by Hawkyns, seemingly ordered in pairs. A seventh, the prototype ‘race-built’ Great Ship Revenge of 1577, had been lost on 31 August 1591 in Sir Richard Grenville’s classic battle against overwhelming Spanish numbers. (i) 1586 pair. Described (in Monson’s ‘Tracts’) as ‘low and snug in the water, like a galleasse’. They were both initially intended to be of 500 tons, and to carry 36 iron guns (8 demi-cannon, 10 culverins, 14 demi-culverins, 2 sakers and 2 falcons each), not counting 18 brass bases as anti-personnel weapons, but the Rainbow emerged much smaller, and by 1599 each carried the armament listed below. Vanguard Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons (1599): 108ft 0in keel x 32ft 0in x 13ft 0in. 449.3/561.6 tons. Men (1603): 250. Guns: 38 (4 demi-cannon, 14 culverins, 16 demi-culverins, 4 sakers) + 4 lighter guns. L: 1586. Commissioned 1588 under Sir William Wynter; in action against the Armada 8.1588. From 8.1588 under Sir Henry Palmer, then 10.1588 Sir Martin Frobisher, 4.1589 Sir George Beeston and 8.1589 Sir Henry Palmer. In 1594–95 under Frobisher again; wounded 17.11.1593 in attack on Crozon (died 22.11.1593). In 1594 under Sir Robert Mansell, for Cadiz voyage. In 1596 under Sir John Wingfeild, for the later Cadiz voyage. Rebuilt in 1599. In 1600 under Sir Richard Leveson; in the Channel until

8.1601. In 1602 under Thomas Button, then 8.1602 Mansell again, in the Channel. In 1604–06 under Sir William Monson. Rebuilt 1615 (see below). Rainbow Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett] Dimensions & tons (1602): 100ft 0in keel x 32ft 0in x 12ft 0in. 384/480 tons. Men (1603): 250. Guns: 26 (6 demi-cannon, 12 culverins, 7 demi-culverins, 1 saker); nil lighter guns. L: 1586. Commissioned 1587 under Henry Bellingham, for Drake’s expedition to Cadiz. In 1588 under Sir Henry Palmer, then 5.1588 Lord Hugh Seymour, in action against the Armada 8.1588. From 8.1588 under Thomas Gray. In 1590 under Edward Fenner, with Hawkyns & Frobisher. In 1594 under George Fenner, with Frobisher’s squadron. In 1596 under Sir Frances Vere, for Cadiz voyage. In 1597 under Sir William Monson, for expedition to the Azores. In 1598 under Sir Richard Leveson, with the Channel Guard, then 7.1599 under Sir Alexander Clifford, for mobilisation of that year. In 1.1600 under Leveson again, then 8.1600 Clifford again, and 2.1601 Leveson, all with the Channel Guard. Rebuilt (partly) in 1601–02. In 1.1602 under Sir Robert Mansell, then 1603 Sackville Trevor, still in the Channel. In 1607–08 under Sir William Monson, then again in 1610–12. Rebuilt 1617 (see below). (ii) 1588 pair. The Programme of 1588 provided for three new ‘race-built’ galleons (of which the Merhonour was of the First Rank – see Chapter 1). All three galleons laid down in 1589 dispensed with the fourth (bonaventure mizzen) mast, whereas the earlier galleons had four masts. Garland (also Guardland) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Chapman] Dimensions & tons: 95ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 17ft 0in. 532/665 tons. Men (1603): 300. Guns: 34 (16 culverins, 14 demi-culverins, 4 sakers) + 2 fowlers & 2 port-pieces. K: 1589. L: 1590. Commissioned 1591 under William Monson, with flag of Earl of Cumberland. In 1592 under Sir Walter Ralegh, later Sir Martin Frobisher; capture of Spanish Madre de Dios 3.8.1592. In 1595– 96 under Humphrey Reynolds, with flag of Sir John Hawkyns (died 12.11.1595), for Drake and Hawkyns’s expedition to the West Indies. In 1597 under J Troughton, for expedition to the Azores. In 1599 under Sir

William Harvey, for the mobilisation of that year. In 1601 under Sir Amyas Preston, for Ireland. In 1602 under George Somers, then 3.1602 Sir William Monson; in raid on Cezimbra 3.6.1602. Hulked 1604 for use as a wharf at Chatham, until sunk there as a wharf in 1618. Defiance Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter & Joseph Pett] Dimensions & tons: 92ft 0in keel x 32ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 441.6/552 tons. Men (1603): 250. Guns: 34 (14 culverins, 14 demi-culverins, 6 sakers) + 2 fowlers & 2 port-pieces. K: 1589. L: 1590. Commissioned 1591 under Lord Thomas Howard. Sheathed at Woolwich 1515 (by Joseph Pett). In 1595–96 under Sir Francis Drake (died 28.1.1596), then Capt. Jonas Bodenham, for Drake and Hawkyns’s expedition to the West Indies. In 1597 under Capt. George Fenner, for expedition to the Azores. In 1599 under Capt. Sir William Monson, for the Mobilisation of that year. In 1601 under Capt. Walter Gore (–1603), for Ireland; with Leveson’s squadron 1602; in the Channel 1603. Docked 9.1.1612 ‘to repair’ 1612–13 (see below). (iii) 1595 pair. The revival of the war against Spain in 1595 resulted in the construction of the last two Elizabethan galleons, both laid down in the early autumn of 1595. The Repulse was a replacement for her predecessor, lost in action four years earlier; like the 1588-built vessels, this was a true ‘racebuilt’ galleon, while her companion’s proportions were more akin to the bluff vessels of Hawkyns’s early administration. Like the 1588 Programme ships, the Warspite was three-masted, but the Repulse had four masts. The distribution of the 40 guns proposed in October 1595 for the Warspite was to be for 16 culverins of 8½ft length ‘for the sides on the lower overlop’ (the lower deck) and 4 more of 10ft length for the stern and prow on this deck; 8 demi-culverins of 8½ft length ‘for the capstan [upper] deck on the sides’ and 4 more of 9½ft length for the stern and prow on the sides; and 6 sakers of 8½ft length ‘for the waist fore and aft’, with 2 more for the halfdeck [State Papers Domestic CCLVVIV/43 (PRO)]. While there is no evidence that the ship mounted this exact ordnance, it indicates the ideal layout of guns as perceived at that date; it is significant that the smaller wrought-iron breech-loading guns like fowlers, bases (swivels) and portpieces were excluded as obsolete. The Repulse is more helpfully quoted in the same document as having the same number of culverins (all brass guns) of which the broadside weapons were 8½ft in length and the stern and prow

weapons (chasers) were 10ft in length; she had 20 demi-culverins (iron) of which 16 were 8½ft in length and the other 4 (again presumably the chase guns) were 9ft in length, and again 8 sakers (iron) of 8½ft length – 48 guns in all. However, both vessels were reduced by 1599 to the ordnance listed below. [Due or Dieu] Repulse Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 105ft 0in keel x 37ft 0in x 16ft 0in. 622/777 tons. Men (1603): 350. Guns (1599): 38 (2 cannon periers, 3 demi-cannon, 13 culverins, 14 demi-culverins, 6 sakers) + 2 fowlers & 2 port-pieces. K: 1595. L: c.1.3.1596. Commissioned 1596 under William Monson, as flagship of Robert Devereux (the Earl of Essex), for Cadiz expedition; attack on Cadiz harbour 20.6.1596. In 1597 under Capt. Middleton, as flagship of Lord Thomas Howard, for voyage to Azores 7– 10.1597. In 8.1597 under Sir Robert Mansell. In 1599 under Sir Henry Palmer, with the Thames Guard; later under Sir Thomas Vavasour, for mobilisation of that year. In 1600 under Sir Richard Leveson, for expedition to the Azores. In 5.1602 under George Somers. In 1603 under Leveson again, in the Channel. Rebuilt 1610 (see below). Warspite Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Edward Stevens] Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 36ft 0in x 16ft 0in. 518/648 tons. Men (1603): 300. Guns: 32 guns (2 cannon periers, 2 demi-cannon; 14 culverins, 10 demi-culverins; 42 sakers); nil lighter guns. K: 1595. L: c.1.3.1596. Commissioned 1596 under Sir Arthur Gorges, as flagship of Sir Walter Ralegh, for Cadiz expedition; voyage to Azores 1597. In 1600 under Capt. J Troughton, with Leveson’s squadron in expedition to the Azores. In 1601 under Sir Richard Leveson, in Irish waters. In 1602 under Capt. George Somers. On 22.5.1602 under Leveson again; in raid on Cezimbra 3.6.1602. In 1603 under Somers again, in the Channel. In 1627 under Capt. Thomas Porter, for expedition to La Rochelle. On 4.5.1633 noted as unfit for service, she was ordered 7.1.1635 to be sold or BU, but on 11.8.163 5 she was ordered to be cut down into a lighter for harbour service. Sold by Order 1.6.1649.

(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 Two existing galleons had already been authorised to be rebuilt (each for the second time) — the elderly Hope and Nonpareil; this work went ahead and the two rebuilt ships were back in service in 1605, but had been renamed Assurance and Nonsuch respectively Details of the builders of these two ships are unknown. Also rebuilt and renamed in this decade was the Golden Lion, which on rebuilding in 1609 became officially the Red Lion; but for simplicity this vessel is referred to as Lion throughout this volume (any prefix being finally dropped after the 1658 rebuilding). The 1618 Commission recorded that the Bonaventure ‘was broken up about seven years past’ (i.e. around 1611), and around the same time (1610 to 1614) the Repulse and Defiance were rebuilt. Rebuilding of the Vanguard and Rainbow took place in the next few years. 1602 PROGRAMME. Rebuilding of the galleons Hope and Nonpareil for both of which payment was authorised by warrant of 14.12.1602. Assurance (ex-Hope) Dimensions & tons: 95ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 14ft 6in. 451/601 tons. Men: 250 (1633). Guns: 34 in 1624 (comprising 2 cannon-periers, 10 culverins, 12 demi-culverins, and 10 sakers), + 4 fowlers. Ord: 1602. L: 1605. Commissioned 1606 under Capt. Sir William Monson (-1614, not necessarily continuously), for the Channel. In 1625 in Sir Edward Cecil’s fleet for expedition to Cadiz. In 1627 under Capt. Sackville Trevor, on the Dutch coast; capture of Saint Esprit 10.1627. In 1629 under Capt. Sir Henry Palmer, in the Channel and on the Dutch coast. In ordinary 1630–31. In 1632 under Capt. Richard Plumleigh; in Ordinary again at Chatham from 1633. In 1636 under Capt. Lewis Kirke, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel (‘Ship Money fleet’, 2.7.1636), later under Capt. J? Fletcher. Ordered to be sold 14.11.1645. Nonsuch (ex-Nonpareil) Dimensions & tons: 88ft 0in keel x 33ft 4in x 15ft 0in. 454/619 tons. Men: 250 (1633). Guns: 32 in 1624 (comprising 2 cannon-periers, 12 culverins, 12 demi-culverins, and 6 sakers), + 2 falconets and 4 fowlers. Ord: 1602. L: 1605. Commissioned 1615–16 under Capt. Sir William Monson, for the Channel. In

1627 under Capt. Sir Allen Apsley, for expedition to La Rochelle. In 1628 under Capt. Sir Francis Carew, for 2nd expedition to La Rochelle. In 1636 under Capt. John Povey, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1638 under Capt. John Mennes. Ordered to be sold 4.11.1645. LION. A second rebuilding of the galleon Golden Lion, previously rebuilt in 1582. [Red] Lion Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 91ft 0in keel x 35ft 2in x 16ft 0in. 523/698 tons. Men: 250 (1633). Guns: 32 in 1624 (comprising 2 cannon-periers, 14 culverins, 12 demi-culverins, and 4 sakers), + 2 falconets and 4 fowlers L: 7.6.1609. Commissioned 1620 under Capt. Sir Robert Mansell; in expedition against Algerian corsairs. Repaired 1622. In 1625 under Capt. Mitchell as flagship of Adm. Sir Francis Steward for expedition to Cadiz. In 1626 under Capt. John Pennington; in expedition against Île de Ré 1627. In summer 1635 under Capt. John Mennes. Reported 7.5.1636 as decayed, taken to Deptford to repair by Order 22.5.1637, then sold by order 30.1.1638. REPULSE GROUP. Between 1610 and 1614 two of the Great Ships were rebuilt, each to carry 34 major (and 6 minor) guns. Although initially completed with 97ft keel lengths, by 1633 these appeared to have been lengthened. Dimensions & tons (as rebuilt): 97ft 0in keel x 37ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 706 tons. Men: 280 (Defiance) & 300 (Repulse) in 1633. Guns: 34 in 1624 (comprising 2 cannon-periers, 2 demi-cannon, 14 culverins, 12 demi-culverins and 6 sakers), + 6 smaller (2 port-pieces and 4 fowlers). [Dieu] Repulse Dimensions & tons: 108ft 0in keel x 37ft 0in x 16ft 0in. 657/876 tons. L: 1610. Commissioned 1627 under Capt. Thomas Best, with ‘flag’ of Lord Lindsey, for expedition to La Rochelle 6–11.1627. In 1636 under Capt. Montagu, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel (‘Ship Money fleet’, 2.7.1636). BU 1645. Defiance Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett I]

Dimensions & tons: 104ft 0in keel x 36ft 7in x 15ft 0in. 563/751 tons. K: 1.1612 (docked ‘to repair’ 9.1.1612). L: 12.1613. Commissioned 1623 under Sir Sackville Trevor, for voyage to Spain. In 1636 under Capt. David Murray, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. Sold by Order 1.6.1649. VANGUARD GROUP. The last galleons to be rebuilt prior to the 1618 Commission of Enquiry. Dimensions & tons (as rebuilt): 102ft 0in keel x 35ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 665 (664 59/94) bm. Men: 270 (Rainbow) & 280 (Vanguard) in 1633. Guns: 34 in 1624 (comprising 2 cannon-periers, 14 culverins, 12 demi-culverins, 4 sakers and 2 falcons), + 6 smaller (unspecified). Men: 410/335/270. Guns: 64/54 peace) — 22 demi-cannon, 22 culverins, 14 x 6pdrs and 6 sakers (1677). Vanguard Chatham Dyd [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] As built: 102ft 0in keel x 35ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 499.8/666 tons. L: 1615. Commissioned 1620 under Capt. Sir Richard Hawkyns (as Vice-Adm.), for Mansell’s expedition to Algiers. In 1624 under Capt. John Pennington; lent to King of France (at La Rochelle). In 1627 under Capt. Sir John Burgh, then 1628 Capt. Nicholas Parker, still at La Rochelle. Rebuilt 1630 (see below). Rainbow Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Bright] By 1660: 112ft 0in x 36ft 3in x 13ft 6in. 548/731 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. L: 1617. Commissioned 1620 under Capt. Sir Thomas Button, for Algiers. In 1623 under Capt. Sir Henry Palmer, for Spain. In 1625 under Capt. John Chidley (with flag of Baron (Thomas) Cromwell as Vice-Adm.), for Cadiz. In 1627 under Capt. John Weddell (as flagship of Earl of Lindsey, as Vice-Adm.), for La Rochelle. Rebuilt again (nominally ‘repair’) 1628–29. 1618 PROGRAMME. The 1618 Jacobean Commission of Enquiry, looking into the nature of England’s ships of war, divided up the fleet into several classes. The ‘Great Ships’ were to be the main strength of the battlefleet (compared with the larger ‘Royal Ships’ which were primarily prestige

vessels), and from these ‘second rank’ ships of between 600 and 800 tons evolved the Second Rate of the seventeenth century. By the time of the 1618 Commission (besides the no-longer-extant Bonaventure) the Garland and Mary Rose — both now lying at Chatham — were also deemed to be unserviceable, and it was decided that they should be hauled up ashore and their material used to complete the new dock there. The Commission recommended that the remaining eight Great Ships should be retained, and that six new Great Ships of 650 tons each should be built — three to replace the above-mentioned trio, two more to replace the Royal Ships Elizabeth Jonas and Triumph — both in dock at Woolwich and unserviceable — as it was now felt that extra Great Ships would be more effective than these Royal Ships, and a sixth to replace the four outmoded galleys which should be laid up in a creek pending disposal. The new ships were to have three decks, but the lowest of these was to be below the waterline, so they were two-deckers in the later sense of the name.

A portrait of the Constant Reformation by the elder Van de Velde as she was in 1648 when she joined the Royalist squadron at Hellevoetsluis. The relatively flat and narrow stern has only one tier of windows and no open gallery, although the quarter galleries look as though they may have been open as first built. National Maritime Museum PZ7253.

Following the report of the 1618 Commission of Enquiry, six ‘Great Ships’ of (originally) 42 guns each were built, all at Deptford under the supervision of William Burrell, the Master Shipwright to the East India Company. Initially these were to have been of 650 tons each, and to measure 103ft on the keel by 34ft breadth, but the design was advanced in two stages. The agreement with Burrell provided combined costs for each pair of vessels — £8,575 in 1619 for the Constant Reformation and (Third Rate) Happy Entrance, an identical amount in 1620 for the Victory and (Third Rate) Garland, the same again in February 1621 for the Swiftsure and (Third Rate) Bonaventure. The same again was funded in February 1622 for the Saint Andrew and Saint George of the second batch, and £7,300 in February 1623 for the Triumph and (Fourth Rate) Mary Rose. By the 1660s, the recorded dimensions of the survivors had increased, presumably by girdling the hulls; in at least one case (that of Swiftsure) a formal rebuilding was carried out in 1654, and this may have been done with other ships. Certainly all five survivors (the Constant Reformation had been lost) had been enlarged, and the spar deck between forecastle and half-deck had become a fully fledged third gun deck. The Saint Andrew and Saint George each had their name reduced in 1650 (losing the ‘Saint’ prefix), but were returned to their original names at the Restoration. Men: 300 in 1633 except Reformation 280, Triumph 350). Guns: 38 in 1624 (comprising 2 cannon-periers, 2 demi-cannon, 16 culverins, 12 demiculverins, 4 sakers and 2 falcons), + 4 smaller (2 port-pieces and 2 fowlers). For later men and guns see under individual ships below. (1) First batch Burrell’s first group of Second Rates had design dimensions of 106ft 0in keel x 35ft 0in (= 556 1/2/742 tons). [Constant] Reformation Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Burrell] As built: 106ft 0in keel x 35ft 6in x 15ft 0in. 557/742 tons. Ord: 20.4.1619. L: 1619. Commissioned 1620 under Capt. Arthur Manwaring, for Algiers. In 1625 under Lord de la Warr and Capt. Greeves, for Cadiz; later under Sir Michael Greere. In 1635 under Lord Paulett and Capt. Thomas Kettleby, with Lindsey’s squadron in the Channel. In 1638 under Capt. John Povey In 1642 under Capt. Sir David Murray, in the Channel, later under Capt. Sir Richard Fogge. In 1644 under Capt. William Batten. In 1648 under Capt. Thomas Rainborow; joined Royalist forces in 6.1648 at Helvoetsluis. In 1648 under Capt. Thomas Kettleby again (-1650), as

flagship of Adm. Prince Rupert, at Kinsale and later in the Tagus; at Toulon 1650. In 1651 under Capt. Robert Fearnes; lost at sea off the Azores 30.9.1651 (c. 300 drowned).

Another early Stuart Second Rate, probably drawn by the younger Van de Velde around 1655. The ship has Commonwealth emblems on the stern but Prince of Wales feathers on the quarter gallery, which suggests the Victory, a ship originally built for the Prince. The ship does not carry guns on the spar deck in the waist as some ships of this era were to do in later life. National Maritime Museum PW6453.

Victory Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Burrell] As built: 108ft 0in keel x 35ft 9in x 17ft 0in. 541/721 tons. By 1660: 108ft 0in x 37ft 6in x 16ft 6in. 807 79/94 bm. Draught 18ft 6in. Men: 260 in 3.1652; 300 at end 1653; 280 in 1660. Guns: 52 in 3.1652; 58 at end 1653; 56 in 1660. Ord: 10.3.1620. L: 1620. Commissioned 1627 under Lord Denbigh; later under Lord Harvey and Capt.

Thomas Kettleby, at La Rochelle. In 1636 under Capt. Walter Stewart, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1638 under Capt. Sir Henry Mervyn, as Rear-Adm. In 1639 under Capt. John Mennes. In 1641 under Capt. John Povey, as Rear-Adm. In 1642 under Capt. John Mennes, later under Capt. Richard Fogge, in the Channel; later under Capt. Richard Haddock. In 1643 under Capt. Nathaniel Goodlad, in the Channel. In 1644 under Capt. Benjamin Crandley. In 1646 under Goodlad again; at Portsmouth 1647. In 1649 under Capt. Robert Moulton; at blockade of Kinsale 1649. In 1651 under Capt. Lionel Lane; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; Lane Vice-Adm. of the White, at Battle of Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. John Stoakes. Apparently not commissioned subsequently, and rebuilt 1664–66 at Chatham Dyd (see below). Swiftsure Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Burrell] As built: 106ft 0in keel x 35ft 10in x 16ft 9in. 559/746 tons. By 1660 (following RB): 118ft 0in x 37ft 10in x 16ft 0in. 898 38/94 bm. Draught 17ft 7in. Men: 260 in 3.1652; 400 at end 1653. Guns: 46 in 3.1652; 64 at end 1653. Ord: 2.1621. L: 1621. Commissioned 1623 under Lord Windsor, for voyage to Spain. In 1625 under the Earl of Essex and Capt. Sir Samuel Argali, for Cadiz. In 1628 under the Earl of Moston and Capt. John Burley, at La Rochelle. In 1635 under Capt. Sir John Pennington, with Lindsey’s squadron in the Channel. In 1637 still under Pennington, now Vice-Adm. In 1640 under Capt. Sir John Povey as Rear-Adm. In 1643 under Capt. Robert Moulton, for the Channel. In 1647 under Capt. Thomas Davis, at Portsmouth. In 1650 under Capt. John Gilson, on the West coast; later under Capt. Anthony Houlding. In 1651 still under Houlding, with Penn’s squadron; later as flagship of General-at-Sea George Monck, at St Helens for winter 1653– 54. Rebuilt 1654 at Woolwich Dyd as a Third Rate (see next Chapter). (2) Second batch Burrell’s draughts were enlarged for the later ships, which had designed dimensions of 110ft 0in keel x 36ft 6in. These three long-lived vessels underwent major modifications during their careers, but the dates are undocumented. Like the previous trio, they were all three-deckers by the mid1640s, even though — like the Prince Royal in her original form — the upper deck lacked gunports in the waist; and they underwent further alterations

following battle damage in the 1650s. By the Restoration their keel length was re-measured or extended by 6ft (the overall length remaining unchanged as the rake of stem and stern was reduced) and their breadth by 1ft (possibly through girdling). The Andrew and George never had a forecastle in their final form, although one was fitted to the Triumph. Anthony Deane in 1670 quoted ‘cost’ figures for Saint George and Triumph which implied that both ships had by then been further enlarged from their original dimensions. Saint Andrew Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Burrell] As built: 110ft 0in keel x 36ft 5in x 14ft 8in. 587/783 tons. By 1660: 116ft 0in x 38ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 891 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Men: 280 in 3.1652; 360 at end 1653, but 280 again in 1660; 360/280/260 in 1666. Guns: 42 in 1624; 52 in 3.1652; 58 at end 1653; 56 in 1660. Nominally 66 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 demicannon, 20 culverins and 26 demi-culverins); actually carried 66 in 1666 (but with 17 demi-culverin and 8 sakers instead of 26 demi-culverins). Ord: 2.1622. L: 1622. Commissioned 1623 under Lord Morley, for voyage to Spain. In 1625 under Capt. Sir John Watts, as flagship of Vice-Adm. William Fielding (Earl of Denbigh) for expedition to Cadiz. In 1628 under Capt. Thomas Kettleby, again flagship of the Earl of Denbigh, for expedition to La Rochelle; later under the Earl of Newport, still at La Rochelle. In 1635 under Capt. Walter Stewart, with Lindsey’s fleet in the Channel. In 1636 under Capt. Sir John Pennington, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1638 Pennington now Vice-Adm, then 1641 Adm. In 1643 under Capt. William Batten, in the Channel. In 1645 under Batten again (-1646), then again in 1647 In 1649 under Capt. Sir George Ayscue, as Adm. of the Irish Squadron. Renamed Andrew 1650. In 1650 under Capt. Edward Popham, as flagship of Lisbon blockade until 10.1650. Also in 1650 under Capt. James Moulton (temp) and Vice-Adm. Robert Moulton. In 1652 under Capt. Edward Hall; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Nehemiah Bourne, at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1653 under Rear-Adm. William Graves; at Battle of Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653 (ship badly burnt by fireships, and Graves among those killed). Later in 1653 under Capt. George Dakins; at Chatham in winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Vice-Adm. Richard Badiley, with Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean; at Tunis 4.4.1655. In 1656–57 under Capt.

Anthony Young, still with Blake’s fleet. Resumed the name Saint Andrew 1660. On 15.4.1664 under Capt. Thomas Allin, as Commodore in the Downs (-25.6.1664). On 3.1.1665 under Capt. Valentine Piend (-16.1.1667); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Rear division) 1– 4.6.1666, losing 12 killed and 17 wounded; at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666; driven ashore near Rye in a gale 3.9.1666, salved but deemed unrepairable, run ashore 24.11.1666 to be stripped and BU. Saint George Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Burrell] As built: 110ft 0in keel x 37ft 3in x 14ft 6in. 594/792 tons. By 1660: 116ft 0in x 38ft 0in x 14ft 10in. 891 bm. (per Deane in 1670: 117ft 0in x 38ft 9in x 15ft 9in. 937 bm) Draught 18ft 0in. Men: 280 in 3.1652; 350 at end 1653, but 280 again in 1660; 360 in 1666. Guns: 52 in 3.1652; 64 at end 1653; 56 in 1660. Nominally 66 under the 1666 Establishment (as Saint Andrew above); actually carried 72 in 1666 (comprising 20 demi-cannon, 14 culverins, 12 demi-culverins, 20 sakers and 6 x 3pdrs. 70 in 1677 (as Triumph below); 68 in 1685 (comprising 18 demi-cannon, 4 culverins and 22 x 12pdrs, and 24 sakers). Ord: 2.1622. L: 1622. First cost: £10,307 (937 tons @ £11 per ton). Commissioned 1623 under Capt. Sir Francis Stewart, for voyage to Spain. In 1625 under Capt. Gilbert, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Henry Power (Viscount Valentia), for expedition to Cadiz. In 1628 under Capt. John Weddell (as Rear-Adm.), for La Rochelle; later under Lord Lindsay, still with Weddell as Capt., at La Rochelle. In 1635 under Capt. James Montagu, with Lindsey’s fleet in the Channel. In 1637 under Capt. David Murray. In 1640 under Capt. John Mennes, as Vice-Adm. In 1642 under Capt. William Batten, later Capt. Richard Owen, in the Channel. In 1648 under the Earl of Warwick, in the Downs and on the Dutch coast. In 1649 under Capt. Robert Moulton, later under Capt. Edward Popham, with Robert Dennis Capt in 8.1649; to Channel Islands 9.1649; damaged by explosion in Stokes Bay 16.12.1649. Renamed George 1650. In 1650 under Capt. Charles Thorowgood, as flagship of Robert Blake, to blockade of the Tagus; capture of Brazil fleet 14.9.1650. In 1653 under Capt. John Lawson, as Adm. of the Blue; at Battle of Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later

in 1653 under Capt. William Goodson; at Chatham in winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Capt. John. Stoakes, as flagship of Robert Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean; at Tunis 4.4.1655; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657; Blake died 7.8.1657. Resumed the name Saint George 5.1660. On 25.5.1661 under Capt. Robert Clerke (-13.11.1661). On 29.11.1664 under Capt. Joseph Jordan (-26.6.1665, knighted 1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 29.8.1665 under Capt. William Poole (-17.9.1665), with Sandwich’s fleet. On 18.9.1665 under Capt. John Coppin (-2.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Centre division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 17 killed (including Coppin) and 23 wounded. On 9.6.1666 under Capt. John Hayward (-7.12.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 5.2.1672 under Capt. Willoughby Hannam (-18.4.1672), then 29.4.1672 under Capt. Jeffrey Pearse (killed 28.5.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Van division) 28.5.1672 (Pearse killed). On 13.6.1662 under Capt. William Davies (-9.10.1672). On 23.5.1673 under Capt. Leonard Harris (27.6.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673. In 8.1673 under Capt. Thomas Darcy; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673, becoming flagship of Spragge when the Prince became disabled. Hulked at Sheerness 10.1687 and sunk there as blockship 20.10.1697 to defend port. Triumph Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Burrell] As built: 110ft 0in keel x 36ft 6in x 14ft 6in. 582/776 tons. By 1660: 116ft 0in x 38ft 0in x 15ft 6in. 891 bm. (per Deane in 1670: 117ft 0in x 38ft 6in x 15ft 6in 922 bm) Draught 18ft 0in. Men: 300 in 3.1652; 350 at end 1653; 300 again in 1660; 380 in 1666 (raised to 430 and on 12.5.1666 to 442 — but only for victualling the 12 men in the accompanying hired ketch); 460/385/310 by 1685. Guns: 60 in 3.1652; 64 at end 1653, and still 64 in 1660. Nominally 72 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 demi-cannon, 26 culverins, 24 demiculverins and 2 sakers); actually in 1666 carried 74 (comprising 20 demi-cannon, 24 culverins, 22 demi-culverins and 8 sakers). Nominally 70/62 under 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 22 demi-cannon, MD 22 culverins, UD 20 x 8pdr sakers, 6 x 5 1/4pdr sakers); 70/62 in 1685 (comprising 20 demi-cannon, 24 culverins, 24 demi-culverins and 2 x 5 1/4pdr sakers).

Ord: 3.2.1623. L: 1623. First cost: £10,142 (922 tons @ £11 per ton). Commissioned 1625 under Lord Willoughby, for Cadiz voyage. In 1627 under Duke of Buckingham and Capt. John Watts, at La Rochelle. In 1636–37 under Earl of Northumberland and Capt. William Rainborow. In 1647 under Capt. Robert Moulton, at Portsmouth. In 1649 under Robert Blake and Deane, as flagship of the blockade of Kinsale. In 1651 under Capt. Edward Hall, for Mediterranean convoy. Later in 1651 under Capt. Abraham Wheeler (-1652). In 5.1652 under Capt. William Penn; at Battle off Dover 19.5.1652, then under Capt. Benjamin Blake (-1653); at Battle of Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652. In 1653 under Capt. Andrew Ball; flagship of Blake and Bourne at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653 (Ball killed). Later under Capt. Proud, with flag of James Peacock (Vice-Adm. of the Red); at Battle of Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653 (ship badly damaged by fireships, and Peacock severely burnt, later dying of his burns). Later under Capt. Lionel Lane, then Capt. Joseph Jordan, at Chatham for winter 1653–54. In 1657 under Capt. Edward Blagg. In 1659 under Capt. Robert Clarke, for operations in the Sound. On 29.11.1664 under Capt. John Stoakes (died 21.3.1665). On 25.3.1665 under Capt. Christopher Myngs (-3.11.1665), as Vice-Adm. of the White; at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 25.2.1666 under Capt. Sir Edward Spragge (-26.5.1666). On 27.5.1666 under Capt. Henry Terne (killed 2.6.1666); in Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Centre division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 9 killed (including Terne) and 15 wounded. On 3.6.1666 briefly under Capt. John Holmes (-6.6.1666). On 10.6.1666 under Capt. Robert Clerke (-30.11.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. On 5.5.1668 under Capt. Sir George Ayscue (-13.6.1668). On 15.1.1672 under Capt. John Lloyd (died 18.4.1672), then on 19.4.1672 under Capt. Willoughby Hannam (killed 28.5.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672 (Hannam killed). On 11.6.1672 under Capt. Charles Wylde (-12.10.1672). On 8.2.1673 under Capt. William Davies (-8.10.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red Squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. Delivered (‘old’ to officers of Ordnance Dept. (by AO 4.1.1688) and later BU.

In the division of the King’s Ships into six Ranks or Rates which was introduced in 1626 (primarily for purposes of paying their officers), the Second Rates — the former Great Ships — were categorised as having an established complement of from 250 to 300 men. This was raised in 1653 to classify as Second Rates those ships having at least 300 men (and up to 399). REBUILDINGS OF 1628–34. From 1628 the elderly Rainbow underwent a ‘epair’that amounted to a full-scale rebuilding although it was not recorded as such (her dimensions and other characteristics altering), and in 1630 the Vanguard was rebuilt along similar lines. Rainbow Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright ?John Bright] Dimensions & tons (by 1660): 114ft 0in keel x 37ft 10 in x 15ft 0in. 868 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Men: 260 in 3.1652; 300 at end 1653; 280 in 1660; 410/335/270 by 1680. Guns: 54 in 3.1652; 58 by end 1653; 56 in 1660. Nominally still 56 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 demi-cannon, 2 culverins, 22 x 12pdrs and 12 demi-culverins); actually in 1666 carried 56 (but comprising 18 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 24 demi-culverins and 10 sakers). Nominally 64/54 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 22 demi-cannon, MD 24 demi-culverins, UD 14 x 5pdrs; QD 6 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). Ord: 5.11.1628 (‘to repair’). L: ?3.1629. First cost: £8,877 (807 tons @ £11 per ton). Commissioned 1635 under Capt. John Povey, with Lindsey’s fleet in the Channel. In 1637 under Capt. ?Walter Stewart, then Povey again, for the Netherlands. In 1639 under Capt. Sir John Pennington, Adm. In 1640 under Capt. David Murray. In 1641 under Capt. George Carteret, ViceAdm. In 1642 under Capt. John Mennes, then later under Capt. Richard Blythe, then Capt. William Batten (-1643). In 1643 under Capt. Peter Andrews, in the Channel. In 1646 under Rear-Adm. Thomas Trenchfield (died), and in 1647 under Capt. Bryan Harrison, at Portsmouth. In 1650 under Capt. Leonard Lidcott (probably nominal), then Capt. Thomas Harrison. In 1651 under Adm. Sir George Ayscue, as flagship in the West Indies; in 1652 flagship in Western Channel; in action of 16.8.1652. In 1653 under James Peacock, Vice-Adm. of the White; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later in 1653 under William Goodson, Rear-Adm. of the Blue; at Battle of Gabbard 2–3.1653; at Battle of

Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653; later under Capt. Peter Strong. In 1656–57 under Capt. Robert Stoakes, with Blake’s fleet. In 1657 under Capt. Eustace Smith, then 1659 under Capt. Anthony Young, in operations in the Sound. On 4.4.1663 under Capt. Sir Thomas Allin (-22.9.1663), in the Downs. On 6.1.1665 under Capt. Willoughby Hannam (-20.10.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 22.10.1665 under Capt. John Hart (-30.11.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 5 killed and 22 wounded; at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. At Chatham 12.6.1667. On 25.9.1671 under Capt. John Ashby (-3.1.1672), as guard ship. On 24.1.1672 under Capt. James Storey (-3.10.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672. On 1.3.1673 under Capt. Mark Harrison (died 10.10.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 20.4.1678 under Capt. Anthony Young (-30.8.1678), then 12.12.1678 under Capt. Leonard Harris (died 31.3.1680), as guard ship in the Medway. Sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness (by AO 20.3.1680). Vanguard Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Phett] As (re)built: 112ft 0in keel x 36ft 4in x 13ft 10in. 563/751 tons. Draught 17ft 0in. By 1660: 112ft 0in keel x 38ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 860 24/94 bm. Men: 260 in 3.1652; 300 at end 1653; 280 in 1660; 320/280/240 in 1666. Guns: 54 in 3.1652; 58 by end 1653; 56 in 1660. Nominally 60/52 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 2 culverins, 24 x 12pdrs, 8 demi-culverins and 4 sakers), actually in 1666 carried 60 (but comprising 20 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 24 demi-culverins and 12 sakers). Ord: 29.10.1630. L: 21.4.1631. Commissioned 1635 under Sir Francis Sydenham, later John Mennes with Lindsey’s squadron in the Channel. In 1637 still under Mennes, with Northumberland’s fleet. In 1639 under John Povey (Rear-Adm), then 1642 under Capt. Richard Blythe, in the Channel. Later in 1642 under Capt. Bryan Harrison. In 1652 under Capt. Thomas Harrison, subsequently under Capt. Richard Haddock; at Ayscough’s action of 16.8.1652, then Battle of Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. Later in 1652 under Capt. John Mildmay; at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652; as flagship of

Monck at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653 (Mildmay killed). Later in 1653 under Capt. Joseph Jordan, as Vice-Adm. of the Blue; at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later still in 1653 under Capt. Richard Badiley (-1654). In 1654 under Capt. Anthony Young. At Restoration of Charles II 1660. On 23.2.1665 under Capt. Jonas Poole (died 17.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 18.6.1665 under Capt. Robert Moulton (-20.9.1665). On 23.9.1665 under Capt. Martin Carslake (-31.3.1666). On 6.2.1666 under Capt. Thomas Whitty (died 1.6.1666); in Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 27 killed (including Whitty) and 35 wounded. On 3.6.1666 under Capt. Anthony Langston (-30.11.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. Sunk as a blockship at Rochester 12.6.1667 to bar the upper Medway to the Dutch; wreck sold 7.2.1668. CHARLES I’s ADDITIONS (1631–34) — the SHIP MONEY FLEET. The issue which would contribute greatly to Charles I’s eventual loss of his throne (and his life) resulted from his grandiose beliefs that his navy should dominate the waters around Britain. His decision to add several capital ships to his fleet would lead by 1635 to such a need to expand his basis of local taxation that it required the extension of Ship Money from the coastal areas to the whole of the country. The expansion of the Fleet began on 15 September 1631, when timber was ordered to be felled for three new ships, followed by a Warrant on 12 December to fell 6,000 oaks for the new ships. On 12 November 1631 an estimate of £12,713.8.0d had been obtained to construct these three new ships of 500 tons each. On 25 May 1632 the Navy Board officers recommended that just two ships of 500 tons should be built, and these were named by the King on 3 October. On 7 March 1633 the King approved two (further) ships, and these were ordered two days later. At least two of these four vessels must have proved somewhat crank upon completion, as on 2 January 1635 an Order had to be issued for the Charles and Unicorn to be girdled, and by 1660 both survivors had been widened at least once. Although each of these ‘two-and-a-half-deckers’ later had the waist filled in to provide a continuous upper deck, none of them was ever to carry a full battery on this deck. Charles Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett, Snr or Phineas Pett]

As built: 105ft 2in keel x 35ft 7in x 16ft 3in. 607/810 tons. Men: 300 in 1633. Guns: 44 in 1633. Ord: 9.1631. K: 2.1632. L: 30.1.1633. Commissioned 1636 under Capt. Thomas Kettleby, for Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1638 and 1640 under Capt. Sir Henry Mainwaring. In 1642 under Capt. Richard Swanley (-1643), in the Channel. In 1643 under Capt. Tristram Stevens, still in the Channel. In 1647 under Capt. Walter Mynar, at Portsmouth. In 1649 under Capt. William Wildey, as flagship of General-at-Sea Edward Popham and later of General-at-Sea Richard Deane. Renamed Liberty 1649. In 1650 under Capt. Edward Hall; ran aground and wrecked off Harwich 10.1650. Henrietta Maria Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Henry Goddard] As built: 106ft 0in keel x 35ft 9in x 15ft 8in. 594/792 tons. Men: 300 in 1633; 260 in 3.1652; and still 260 at end 1653. Guns: 42 initially; 52 in 3.1652; 54 at end 1653. Ord: 9.1631. L: 31.1.1633. Commissioned 1635 under Capt. Thomas Porter; with Lindsey’s fleet in the Channel 1636; with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel 1636. In 1637 under Capt. Thomas Kettleby, later Capt. David Murray, still with Northumberland’s fleet. In 1639 under Capt. Sir Henry Mainwaring, as Vice-Adm. In 1647 under Capt. Richard Owen, as flagship of the Western Guard. Renamed Paragon 1650. In 1650 under Capt. Robert Hackwell, and in 1651 under Capt. Richard Badiley (-1653); in Battle of Montechristi 28.8.1652, losing 26 killed and 57 wounded; at Battle off Leghorn 4.3.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. George Dakins (-1654). Later in 1654 under Capt. William Goodson (-1654), as Vice-Adm. with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies. In 1655 under Dakins again, as RearAdm. in West Indies; caught fire by accident at sea north of Cuba 13.7.1655, blew up and sank (c.100 died). Unicorn Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Edward Boate] As built: 107ft 0in keel x 35ft 8in x 15ft 1in. 575/767 tons. By 1660: 110ft 0in keel x 37ft 6in x 15ft 0in. 823 (822 76/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Men: 250 initially; 260 in 3.1652, then 300 by end 1653; 280 in 1660; 320 in 4.1666 (war level); later 410/335/270. Guns: 46 initially; 52 in 3.1652, then 56 at end 1653, and still 300 in 1660. Nominally 60 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 14 culverins, 20 demi-

culverins and 4 sakers), actually in 1666 carried 63 (comprising 16 demi-cannon, 26 culverins, 11 demi-culverins and 10 sakers). Nominally 64/54 under 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 22 demi-cannon, MD 22 demi-culverins, UD 14 x 6pdr sakers and QD 6 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). Ord: 9.3.1633. L: 6.2.1634. First cost: £8,030 (730 tons @ £11 per ton). Commissioned 1636 under Capt. Sir Henry Mainwaring, for Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1639 under Capt. David Murray. In 1642 under Capt. Thomas Trenchfield, in the Channel. In 1646 under Capt. Peter Andrews, at Portsmouth 1647. In 1648 under Capt. Richard Haddock; with Warwick’s fleet in the Downs 9.1648. In 1649 under Capt. John Harris. In 1653 under Capt. Peter Strong, later under Capt. William Goodson; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653; at St Helens in winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Rear-Adm. Joseph Jordon, with Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean; at Tunis 4.4.1655. In 1655 under Capt. John Stoakes, then 1656 under Capt. Robert Clarke. Later in 1656 under Capt. Jonas Poole, still with Blake’s fleet; home to repair 7.1656; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. On 24.1.1665 under Capt. Henry Teddiman (dismissed 3.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 4 killed and 24 wounded. On 4.6.1666 briefly under Capt. Mark Harrison (dismissed 10.6.1666), then 11.6.1666 under Capt. George Batts (dismissed 30.7.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 31.7.1666 under Capt. Levi Greene (-30.11.1666). At Chatham 12.6.1667. On 26.1.1672 under Capt. Richard James (-10.10.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672. On 18.2.1673 under Capt. John Rogers (-9.10.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1673 and 6.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. Reclassed as a Third Rate 1677 (and seemingly cut down to a two-decker). On 10.5.1678 under Capt. William Houlding (-30.8.1678), in the Channel. On 6.12.1678 under Capt. Lawrence Wright (-28.5.1679), as guard ship at Chatham. On 1.7.1679 under Capt. Anthony Young (-3.8.1679), as guard ship. Sold (for £308) 27.1.1688.

The Old James, as she was renamed in 1660, seen in a portrait by the younger Van de Velde thought to date from about 1675. Although the stern carries the royal arms and cipher, the design and decorative scheme is typical of the commonwealth era, suggesting the ship did not undergo much modification after the Restoration, even though there was a proposal for a major modernisation in the 1670s. National Maritime Museum PY1842.

James Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett Snr.] As built: 110ft 0in x 37ft 6in x 16ft 2in. 823 bm (875 old tonnage). 17ft 2in draught. By 1660: 138ft 0in, 110ft 0in keel x 39ft 0in x 16ft 0in. 890 (889 89/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 18ft 6in. Men: 250 initially; 280 in 3.1652; 360 at end 1653, then down to 300 in 1660; 380 in 4.1666 (war level); later 380/300/260. Guns: 48 initially; 52 in 3.1651; 66 at end 1653, then down to 60 in 1660. Nominally 70 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 26 culverins, 18 demiculverins and 4 sakers), actually in 1666 carried 63 (comprising 16 demi-cannon, 26 culverins, 11 demi-culverins and 10 sakers). Nominally 70 under 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 26 demi-cannon, UD 26 culverins, QD 14 x 5 1/4pdr sakers and RH 4 x 3pdrs).

Ord: 9.3.1633. L: 7.2.1634. First cost: £11,256 (938 tons @ £12 per ton). Commissioned 1635 under Capt. Sir William Monson, for Lindsey’s fleet in the Channel. In 1636 under Capt. Sir Henry Mervyn, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1637 under Capt. Walter Stewart / John Povey, still with Northumberland’s fleet. In 1639 under Capt. Richard Fogge; in 1640 flagship of Adm. Sir John Pennington. In 1642 under the Earl of Warwick, then 1643 Capt. Henry Bethell, in the Channel. In 1644 under Capt. Richard Blythe (-1645). In 1652 under Capt. John Gilson, as flagship of General-at-Sea Robert Blake; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652. In 6.1652 under Vice-Adm. William Penn; at Battle of Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) (Penn now Adm. of the White) 31.7.1653. In 1654 under Capt. John Stoakes. In 1656 under Capt. Anthony Young; joined Blake’s fleet in autumn 1656; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. Later in 1657 under Capt. John Harman, then 1659 Capt. John Lawson (-1660). Renamed Old James 1660. On 18.3.1662 under Capt. Robert Clerke (-1.7.1662), with Sandwich’s squadron. On 11.2.1665 under Capt. James Ley, Earl of Marlborough (killed 3.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665 (Marlborough killed). On 16.6.1665 under Capt. Sir Thomas Allin (-18.7.1665), then 19.7.1665 under Capt. Sir John Kempthorne (-19.2.1666). On 26.2.1666 under Capt. Edmund Seaman (-died 3.12.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 14 killed and 30 wounded; at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. Set alight at Chatham (during Dutch raid) 12.6.1667, but saved. On 26.3.1668 under Capt. John Hubbard (-5.4.1668), then 7.4.1668 under Capt. Willoughby Hannam (-7.7.1668). On 20.9.1671 under Capt. Thomas Trafford (-3.3.1672), as guard ship. On 24.1.1672 (note overlap) under Capt. John Hayward (-17.10.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1672. On 7.2.1673 under Capt. James Storey (-10.10.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. Reduced to Third Rate 1677. Sold as useless 16.2.1682. The first Ship Money fleet, which cruised in the Channel between May and

October 1633, comprised just one ‘Ship Royal’ (the Merhonour, as flagship of the Earl of Lindsey), nine ‘Great Ships’ — soon to become the ‘Second Rates’ — (the older Lion, the rebuilt Vanguard and Rainbow, Burrell’s Constant Reformation, Swiftsure, Saint George and Saint Andrew; and the new Henrietta Maria and James), three ‘Middling Ships’ — soon to become the ‘Third Rates’ — (the Antelope, Leopard and Swallow), and one ‘Small Ship’ (Burrell’s Mary Rose). During the 1640s the Second Rates were seldom employed — the conflicts of the Civil War requiring more the use of smaller ships — but were not neglected. Over the years the original spar deck which linked the forecastle and half-deck was gradually strengthened and finally became a complete deck, converting the vessels into structural three-deckers, although for a considerable period this new upper deck did not carry a complete battery. Only after the Restoration would the upper deck be armed with a continuous battery similar to those on the middle and lower decks below (a development which would be mirrored in the early years of the next century by the large three-decker Third Rates). The exception to this process was the Swiftsure. Identified very early on (1627) as structurally weaker than her half-sisters, in 1649 it was decided to cut her down and she remained a two-decker (although seemingly reestablished with 64 guns by the end of 1653). In 1654 she was rebuilt, adding 12ft to the keel length in the process, but she emerged as a Third Rate (see Chapter 3 for details), only to be restored to the Second Rate in 1660. 1651 PROGRAMME. The Navy Committee estimates presented to Parliament on 29 May 1651 included ‘ne ship and nine frigates’ to be built that year. The ship was to be of the Second Rank, of 830 tons. On 8 August the Council of State approved the building of this ship by Christopher Pett at Woolwich, to carry 40 guns and to be 110ft keel x 32ft x 18ft. However, on 1 October it agreed a request from the Admiralty Committee that Pett be allowed to build his frigate ‘to his own dimensions’, and also that she may carry 50 guns. Antelope Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] Dimensions & tons: 120ft 0in keel x 36ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 828 (by calc, 827 88/94) bm. Men: 200 (but in reality was probably 260 or more). Guns: 56. Ord:8.8.1651.L: 1652.

First cost: £7,470 (830 tons @ £9 per ton). Commissioned 9.1652 under Capt. Andrew Ball, sent to convoy merchantmen from the Sound; wrecked off Jutland 30.9.1652. In March 1652, there were eleven Second Rates on the List. There were three ships established at this time with 260 men and 52 guns apiece -the James, Andrew and George; the others had 260 men apiece — the Vanguard and Rainbow of 54 guns each, the Victory, Paragon (ex-Henrietta Maria), Fairfax and Speaker (the last two included in this volume in Chapter 3) of 52 guns each, the 50-gun Unicorn and the 46-gun Swiftsure. By the end of 1653 most had enlarged wartime establishments. The Swiftsure at this time was established with 400 men and 64 guns, the James with 360 men and 66 guns, the Andrew with 360 men and 64 guns, and the George with 350 men and 64 guns. There were six ships with 300 men apiece; the Victory, Rainbow and Vanguard of 58 guns, the Unicorn and Fairfax of 56 guns, and the 54-gun Speaker. The Paragon still had 260 men but now 54 guns. 1654 PROGRAMME. On 3 July 1654 the Council of State issued an order to build four Second Rank ships. The Admiralty Committee on 3 August ordered the Master Shipwrights at Chatham, Woolwich and Deptford to prepare draughts for 60-gun ships and assemble timber to build them. The first three of these Second Rates were the London, Naseby and Dunbar, while the fourth ship (the Richard) was not ordered until 1656. Of these the Naseby was enlarged during construction (being 7ft longer on the keel and some 18in broader than the other three), and was completed as a First Rate (see Chapter 1). On completion as Second Rates, each had thirteen pairs of LD gunports, twelve pairs on the MD, ten pairs on the UD — three forwards and seven aft of the unarmed waist — and (later) five pairs on the QD. The Richard was reclassed as a First Rate at the Restoration, but is included below; on conversion to a First Rate, her UD acquired an extra two pairs of gunports for an extra 4 guns in the waist. Nevertheless, her relatively small size and lack of cannon-of seven (by 1666, those cannon-of seven initially mounted having been removed) still associated this fast and weatherly ship more accurately with the Second Rates. After 1667 the surviving Second Rate of this group — Henry — was similarly given extra UD gunports in the waist, but remained a Second Rate. Design (original): 120ft 0in keel x 38ft 4in x 15ft 9in. 938 bm. Draught 20ft

8in. Dunbar Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Manley Callis] As built: 123ft 0in keel x 40ft 0in x 17ft 2in. 1047 bm. As girdled: 124ft 0in keel x 40ft 6in x 17ft 0in. 1,082 (1,081 81/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 20ft 6in. Men: 340 in 1660, 440 in 4.1666 (war level), but raised to 452 on 12.5.1666 (but only for victualling the 12 men in the accompanying hired ketch), later 530/440/350. Guns: 64 in 1660 (comprising LD 12 demi-cannon +12 culverins; MD 12 culverins +12 demi-culverins; UD 16 demiculverins — 6 fwd, 4 waist, 6 aft). Nominally 72 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 demi-cannon, 30 culverins, 18 demiculverins and 4 sakers); actually in 1666 carried 80 (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 28 x 12pdrs, 22 demi-culverins and 4 sakers). Nominally 82 under 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 24 demicannon, MD 26 culverins, UD 24 x 8pdrs, QD 8 sakers). L: ?5.1656. First cost: £13,340 (920 tons @ £14.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Thomas Marriott. Later in 1656 under Capt. Jeremy Smith (-1657). In 1657 under Capt. Benjamin Blake. In 1659 under Capt. Edward Blagg, for operations in the Sound. Renamed Henry at the Restoration on 23.5.1660. On 6.5.1661 under RearAdm. Sir John Mennes (died 27.9.1662), for Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier and Lisbon. On 5.10.1664 under Rear-Adm. (Vice-Adm. in 1665) Sir George Ayscue (-13.2.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 14.2.1666 under Rear-Adm. Sir John Harman (-9.6.1666); in Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing over 100 killed and over 50 wounded. On 10.6.1666 under Rear-Adm. Sir Robert Holmes (-21.1.1667); at St James’s Day Battle (Red squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. Out of commission at Chatham 12.6.1667. Recommissioned on 6.4.1668 under Rear-Adm. Sir Joseph Jordan (-13.6.1668). On 16.1.1672 under Capt. Francis Digby (killed 28.5.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 8.6.1672 under Capt. Sir Roger Strickland (-15.9.1672). On 17.3.1673 under Capt. John Wetwang (-30.6.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673. On 4.7.1673 under Capt. Sir John Ernie (-8.10.1673); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 31.8.1673. In 11.1678

under Capt. John Rogers, as guard ship at Sheerness. While in Ordinary, burnt by accident at Chatham 16.5.1682.

The short-lived London drawn by the elder Van de Velde in 1660 when the ship was still carrying the decorative work of the Commonwealth. The lower deck battery has twelve guns run out, the thirteenth port being closed — right forward, next to the hawse holes, where it would have been almost useless when the ship was under way National Maritime Museum PX6182.

London Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Capt. John Taylor] As built: 123ft 6in keel x 40ft 0in x 16ft 6in. 1,050 bm. As girdled: 123ft 6in keel x 41ft 0in x 16ft 6in. 1,103 (1,104 26/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 360 in 1660. 450/360/280 in 1665. Guns: 64 in 1660 (as Dunbar/Henry). 76/68 in 1665. L: 6.1656 (by Order of 19.6.1656). Commissioned 1657 under Rear-Adm. Richard Stayner. In 1658 under Capt. William Whitehorne, as commander-in-chief in the Downs. In 1659 under Stayner again, for operations in the Sound. In 1660 under Capt. John Lawson, at Restoration of Charles II. On 10.6.1664 under Capt. Jonas Poole (-22.2.1665), as flagship of Adm. Edward Montagu, Earl of Sandwich 21.6.1664 (-5.2.1665). On 23.2.1665 under Vice-Adm. Sir

John Lawson; blown up by accident at the Nore 7.3.1665 (c.300 died). Richard Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] As built: 124ft 0in keel x 41ft 0in x 18ft 0in. 1,108 (1,108 70/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 21ft 0in. Men: 400 in 1660; 500 in 4.1666 (war level), but raised to 520 and later to 532 on 12.5.1666 (but only for victualling the 12 men in the accompanying hired ketch); later 550/460/350. Guns: 70 in 1660, raised 1078 (war) by 1664 (comprising 12 cannon-of-seven, 14 demi-cannon, 28 culverins, 22 demi-culverins and 4 demi-culverin cutts). Nominally 82 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 26 culverins and 34 demi-culverins); actually in 1666 carried 82 (but comprising 24 demi-cannon, 26 culverins and 32 demi-culverins). Ord: 84.1656. L: 26.5.1658. Commissioned 1658 under Rear-Adm. John Bourne (-1659). In 1660 under Capt. John Stoakes, in the Downs. Renamed Royal James at the Restoration on 23.5.1660, and reclassed as a First Rate. On 294.1661 under Capt Roger Cuttance, as Rear-Adm. (-17.2.1662); flagship of Adm. Edward Montagu, Earl of Sandwich. On 8.11.1664 under Capt. William Penn (-21.11.1664), then 26.11.1664 under Capt. John Kempthorne (-18.7.1665), as flagship of Prince Rupert; at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 19.7.1665 under Adm. Sir Thomas Allin (-7.12.1666), with Sir Edward Spragge as 2nd Capt. from 26.8.1665 to 17.10.1665, still as flagship of Prince Rupert; at Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Centre division) 4.6.1666, losing 21 killed and 21 wounded; at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. Burnt by the Dutch 14.6.1667 while lying uncommissioned below Chatham; her remains were ordered taken to Woolwich, but little could be used and she was BU in 8.1670.

The worst humiliation in the history of the Royal Navy, the Dutch raid on the fleet laid up in the Medway in June 1667. This view, looking down-river from Rochester, conflates the events of several days, but includes the burning of the scuttled wrecks of the Second Rates Royal Oak and Loyal London and the First Rate Royal James; the old Second Rate Vanguard was also sunk as a blockship and, with the captured Royal Charles, these ships constituted the greatest material loss to the Navy Dutch etching, undated but shortly after the event. Beverley R Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.48.

(C) Vessels acquired from 9 May 1660 At the Restoration there were eleven Second Rates, of which the 70-gun Richard (renamed Royal James) was promptly re-classed as a First Rate as mentioned in Chapter 1. There were three Second Rates of 64 guns (the London, Triumph and Dunbar — the latter being renamed Henry), one of 60 guns (the James, henceforward called Old James) and six of 56 guns (Saint Andrew, Saint George, Rainbow, Vanguard, Victory and Unicorn). The 60gun Swiftsure was restored from a Third Rate to a Second Rate. 1661 PROGRAMME. These were the first major ships to be built after the Restoration, following an estimate submitted on 1 October 1661. They had fourteen pairs of LD and fourteen pairs of MD gunports, and five pairs on the QD. Their planned establishment of 76 guns was to comprise 12 cannon-ofseven and 14 demi-cannon in the lower tier, 26 culverin in the middle tier, and 20 demi-culverins on the third (or upper) tier, with 4 demi-culverin cutts on the QD. As with the Commonwealth era ships, on completion the upper deck was not armed in the waist (the Royal Katherine had just nine pairs of

UD ports, three forwards and six aft of the waist, and the Royal Oak was presumably similar), and the ships also lacked a forecastle. The Royal Katherine was initially unstable and required girdling prior to her first commission. Following the Second Dutch War, she was given a forecastle and extra UD gunports in the waist (and thus re-armed with a complete UD tier in the winter of 1672–73, being listed as 100 guns for the rest of that year, and — while decommissioned in 10.1673 — retained the extra guns until at least 1675 (although it is uncertain where such would have been distributed; they were most probably smaller weapons), but by 1677 the total seems to have settled down to the figures shown below. Intended dimensions & tons: 120ft 0in x 40ft 0in x 17ft 4in. 1,021 26/94 tons Royal Katherine Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] As built: 153ft 1in, 124ft 0in x 39ft 8in x 17ft 3in. 1,037 75/94 bm. Draught 20ft 0in. As girdled: 124ft 0in keel x 41ft 0in x 17ft 8in. 1,108 70/94 tons. Men: 450/360/280 in 4.1666, but raised to 462 on 12.5.1666 (but only for victualling the 12 men in the accompanying hired ketch); later 540/450/360. Guns: Nominally 76/62 under 1666 Establishment (comprising LD 10 cannon-of-seven, 12 demi-cannon and 4 culverins; MD 26 culverins; UD and QD 22 demi-culverins and 2 sakers); actually in 1666 carried 76 (as above). Nominally 84/74 under 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 26 demi-cannon; MD 26 culverins; UD 24 x 6pdrs; and QD 8 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). The 1685 Establishment gave her as 86 guns (comprising 26 demi-cannon, 26 culverins, and 34 sakers), and the 1696 Survey actually listed 76 guns (comprising 26 demi-cannon, 26 culverins, 4 x 6pdrs and 20 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). Ord: ?10.1661. K: 5.1662. L: 26.10.1664. First cost: £14,804.10.0d (1,021 tons @ £14.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 13.3.1665 under Capt. Thomas Tiddiman (died 10.12.1666), as Rear-Adm; at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue Squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; as Vice-Adm, at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 13 killed and 39 wounded; at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. At Chatham 12.6.1667 during Dutch raid; scuttled to avoid capture but subsequently raised and refitted. On 26.3.1668 under Capt. Sir Jeremy Smith (died 23.9.1668), as Vice-Adm. in the Channel. On 30.1.1672 under Capt. Sir John Chicheley (-8.5.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre

division) 28.5.1672 — taken by the Dutch (and Chicheley and other officers removed as PoWs) then retaken. On 7.6.1672 under Capt. John Sheffield, Earl of Mulgrave (-16.10.1672). On 12.2.1673 under Capt. George Legge (-7.10.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1672; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. On 1.4.1678 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-28.8.1678), with flag of Sir Thomas Allin in the Channel. In 1690 under Capt. Matthew Aylmer; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1691–2 under Capt. Wolfran Cornwall; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. Later in 1692 under Capt. James Gother (died 9.11.1696); with Berkeley’s squadron 1693–94; with the fleet 1695–96. In 1697 under Capt. Peter Pickard at Portsmouth. Rebuilt 1699–1703 at Portsmouth (see below).

A late portrait of the Royal Katherine by Humphrey Vale, possibly commissioned by the Earl of Mulgrave who commanded the ship in 1672. Dating from no earlier than 1696, it differs in some significant respects from a Van de Velde drawing of the ship in 1673.

National Maritime Museum BHC3605.

Royal Oak Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir John Tippetts] As built: 121ft 0in, 39ft 10in x 17ft 1 1/2in. 1,021 21/94 bm. Draught 19ft 6in. Men: 450/360/280 in 4.1666, but raised to 462 on 12.5.1666 (but only for victualling the 12 men in the accompanying hired ketch). Guns: Nominally 76/62 under 1665 Establishment (comprising LD 22 cannonof-seven and 4 demi-cannon, MD 26 culverins, UD and QD 24 demiculverins); actually in 1666 carried 79 (comprising 6 cannon-of-seven and 16 demi-cannon and 16 demi-cannon, 30 culverins, 24 demiculverins and, curiously, 3 x 6pdrs, the last probably Dutch and thus actually using shot of about 6 1/2 English pounds). Ord: ?10.1661. L: 26.12.1664. Commissioned 21.1.1665 under Vice-Adm. Sir Christopher Myngs (-24.3.1665). On 27.3.1665 under Vice-Adm. Sir John Lawson (died 25.6.1665 of wounds); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665 — Lawson mortally wounded. On 27.6.1665 under Rear-Adm. (later Vice-Adm.) Sir Joseph Jordan (-3.12.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 31 killed and 60 wounded; at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. Burnt by the Dutch at Chatham 14.6.1667 (while uncommissioned); remains ordered to be salvaged 15.7.1667 for BU. On 19 January 1663, an Order was issued to provide £18,3 52.2.0d towards the building of two Second Rates. It is unclear which two Second Rates this covered, but presumably the two above. 1664 PROGRAMME. The programme of new construction adopted by the Navy Committee on 26 October 1664 provided for two further Second Rates (together with four Third Rates — see next Chapter), and construction was again assigned to Portsmouth and Woolwich Dyds on 11 November. These were intended to measure 120ft on the keel by 39 1/2ft breadth, or 995 85/94 bm. However, the mounting cost of the war in 1665 led to the cancellation of the Woolwich vessel (on 15.4.1665), which was never named, and the postponement of the Portsmouth ship, which emerged post-war as the Saint Michael.

The Victory drawn in 1672 by the younger Van de Velde. Nominally a rebuild of the 1620 vessel, the new ship was far larger in all dimensions, but there is a suggestion that the relatively short life of the new ship meant that it must have incorporated much of the timber of the old ship. National Maritime Museum PY5018.

VICTORY. Estimates for ‘repair’ of the 1620 vessel were sought in the summer of 1664, and on 28 June Phineas Pett (and Joseph Lawrence) submitted an estimate of £1,503.10.0d for repairs. This was clearly-found inadequate, as a further estimate ‘to build a new Second Rate’ was obtained. Nevertheless, the enlarged ship emerged with a high proportion of the original timbers retained, although her keel was extended by 13ft (drastically reducing the rake forwards and aft). The rebuilding occupied much of the resources of Chatham Dyd throughout the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Like her Commonwealth era predecessors, the Victory had thirteen pairs of gunports on her LD, twelve on her MD, and initially ten on her partly-armed UD (three pairs forwards and seven pairs aft of the unarmed waist), but at least two further pairs of ports were subsequently added on the UD. While her LD battery was in theory reduced to demi-cannon under the 1677 Establishment, in practice it is likely that she retained cannon-of-seven on this deck throughout her career. Design Dimensions & tons: 124ft 6in x 42ft 0in x 17ft 6in. 1,168 17/94 bm.

Draught 20ft 6in. Victory Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett II.] As (re)built: 121ft 0in x 40ft 0in x 17ft 0in. 1,029 (1,029 74/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 17ft 4in. Men: 450 in 4.1666 (war level), but raised to 462 on 12.5.1666 (but only for victualling the 12 men in the accompanying hired ketch). Later 530/440/350. Guns: 76 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 cannon-of-seven [42pdrs] and 4 demi-cannon, 26 culverins and 24 demiculverins); actually in 1666 carried 80 (comprising 20 cannon-of-seven and 6 x 24pdrs, 26 culverins and 28 demi-culverins). 82/72 nominally under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 24 demi-cannon, MD 26 culverins, UD 24 demi-culverins and QD 8 sakers). 80 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising 24 cannon-of-seven, 24 culverins, 24 demiculverins and 8 demi-culverin cutts); actually in 1688 Survey carried 73 (comprising 23 cannon-of-seven, 22 culverins, 21 demi-culverins and 7 demi-culverin cutts). Ord: 9.11.1664? L: 2 or 3.1666. First cost: £16,870.15.0 (1,168 tons @ £14.10.0d per ton, less £65.5.0d). Commissioned 4.4.1666 under Vice-Adm. Sir Christopher Myngs (killed 7.6.1666); in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Van division) 4.6.1666, losing 28 killed (including Myngs) and 87 wounded. On 8.6.1666 under Vice-Adm. Sir Edward Spragge (-3.12.1666); in St James’s Day Battle (Blue squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 26.3.1668 under Rear-Adm. Sir Joseph Jordan (-5.4.1668), then 6.4.1668 under Capt. John Hubbard (-6.7.1668). On 16.1.1672 under Capt. Sir John Kempthorne (-10.4.1672), then on 11.4.1672 under Capt. Thomas Butler, Earl of Ossory (-21.10.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 20.2.1673 under Capt. Sir William Jennings (-13.8.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. On 17.8.1673 under Capt. Bernard Ludman (died 29.10.1673). In 1690 it was intended to rebuild her, but she was found to be too rotten and in 1691 was condemned and BU at Woolwich. GIFTED VESSEL (1665). Following the loss in March 1665 through an accident of the Second Rate London of 1657, the aldermen and livery companies of the City undertook to finance the construction of a replacement

vessel, which the grateful King decreed should bear the prefix ‘Loyal’ as a tribute to her backers. Navy Commissioner John Taylor, who had built the earlier London, undertook the work by direct contract with the City, on a slip made available at Deptford. [Loyal] London Capt. John Taylor, at Deptford Dyd (by contract). As built: 127ft 0in x 41ft 9 1/2in x 17ft 0in. 1,236 bm. / 1134 tons Draught 19ft 0in. Men: 470/380/300; but listed with extra 50 ‘supernumaries’ authorised in early July 1666 and a further 80 in mid-July, raising the total to 600. Guns: 80 at the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 cannon-of-7 [42pdrs] and 4 demi-cannon, 26 culverins and 28 demi-culverins); raised to 92 in July 1666, when actually carried 7 cannon-of-7 and 19 demicannon, 28 culverins, 26 x 12pdrs and 12 demi-culverins. Ord: 4.1665 (contract 15.7.1665). L: 10.6.1666. As per Deane: 129ft 0in x 43ft 9in x 19ft 0in 1,312 tons. Draught 21ft 0in. Commissioned 16.7.1666 under Capt. Sir Jeremy Smith (-8.12.1666), as Adm. Of the Blue; at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. Burnt by the Dutch at Chatham 14.6.1667 (while uncommissioned); remains ordered to be salvaged 15.7.1667 for rebuilding at Deptford 1667–70 as a First Rate (see Chapter 1).

A superb Navy Board or Dockyard-style model of the Saint Michael, said to have once belonged to Sir Robert Holmes, who had a high opinion of the ship after his time in command. The design was an attempt to cram the armament of a First Rate into dimensions of a Second, and was eventually deemed a failure, despite later girdling (increasing the breadth) and reducing the number of guns. National Maritime Museum D1899–6.

POST-WAR PROGRAMME. The design for this vessel originated in Tippetts’s draught for the postponed Second Rate of the 1664 Programme that had been allocated to Portsmouth. This was allowed to go ahead (reinstated?) after the war. Estimates for a further Second Rate were obtained in July 1666, with both Castle and Johnson tendering at £12 per ton, but this ship was not ordered. Saint Michael Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir John Tippetts] Specification Dimensions & tons: 122ft 6in keel x 40ft 0in x 17ft 5in. 1,042 52/94 tons. Draught 20ft 0in. As built: 125ft 0in keel x 40ft 8 1/2in x 17ft 5in. 1,101 bm. Draught 19ft 8in.

As girdled (in winter 1673/4): 155ft 2in, 122ft 6in x 41ft 8in x 17ft 5in. 1,131 22/94 bm. Men: 480 (orig), later 550/460/370. Guns: 84 (orig), but by early 1672 had 90, and at Solebay carried 98. Still 90 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 26 demi-cannon, MD 26 culverins, UD 26 demiculverins, QD 10 x 5 1/4pdr sakers and RH 2 x 3pdrs). 96 under the 1685 Establishment (LD/MD/UD unchanged, but above carried 10 demiculverin cutts, 4 x 6pdrs and 4 x 3pdrs). In the 1696 Survey actually carried 81 (26 demicannon, 26 culverins, 29 x 6pdrs). Ord: 26.10.1664 (originally). L: 30.9.1669. First cost: £15,630 (1,042 tons @ £15 per ton). Commissioned 16.1.1672 under Capt. Sir Robert Holmes (-22.10.1672); in attack on Smyrna fleet 13–14.3.1672, losing 34 killed and 56 wounded; at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672 — became Duke of York’s flagship when Prince was disabled. Reclassed as First Rate 1672. On 18.5.1673 under Rear-Adm. the Earl of Ossory (Thomas Butler), with Thomas Guy as 2nd capt. (-3.7.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673. On 1.7.1673 under Capt. Sir John Narborough (-13.9.1673), with Henry Carverth as 2nd capt.; at Battle of Texel (Blue Squadron) 11.8.1673, losing 60 killed and 130 wounded; later flagship of Vice-Adm. the Earl of Ossory (-1674). On 20.4.1678 under Capt. Charles Wylde (-29.8.1678), in the Channel. Repaired in 1688, and reduced back to Second Rate again 31.12.1689. Recommissioned 27.8.1690 under Capt. Robert Dorrell. In 11.1690 under Capt. Thomas Hopson (-1692); at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 2.1693 under Capt. John Munden (-1694), with Russell’s fleet in the Channel; to the Mediterranean 10.1694. In 1.1696 under Capt. Christopher Myngs, with the Channel fleet; at Portsmouth 1697. In 1.1702 under Capt. Francis Wyvell, with Shovell’s fleet. In 3.1703 under Capt. Henry Houghton, then 10.1705 under Capt. Richard Browne; paid off 21.11.1705. Renamed Marlborough 18.12.1706 and rebuilt at Blackwall (see below).

A contemporary model of a 90-gun ship of the mid 1670s. The dimensions, which are slightly smaller than the ‘as built’ measurements of the 1677 Programme Second Rates, suggest this may represent the original intentions for this class, before royal intervention increased their size. The gunport arrangement would certainly fit the intended armament; note the curious ‘extra’ lower deck port right aft under the quarter gallery, a feature also shown in Van de Velde drawing thought to be the Neptune. National Maritime Museum D2005.

A small re-classification took place in 1672 which altered the rating of some ships. The Second Rate Saint Michael was re-classed as a First Rate (as reported above), while the Third Rate French Ruby (see Chapter 3) was reclassed as a Second Rate. 1677 (‘THIRTY GREAT SHIPS’) PROGRAMME. Authorised on 5 March 1677, this programme included nine Second Rates ordered over a period of two years, each to carry 90 guns. As the original plans were for modest increases, Charles II demanded larger ships to compare with current

French construction, and he personally exerted much influence on the designs. At Pepys’s insistence, the design and many fittings were standardised. Their planned dimensions were taken from the 96-gun First Rate Saint Andrew of 1670, while the ordnance layout of the recent Saint Michael was adopted. Three ships were laid down ‘immediately’, with the other six following later that year. Unlike earlier Second Rates, which had all been built with a partially-armed upper deck (to which extra guns and ports were added later), all ships of this programme had three complete tiers of guns, with thirteen pairs of ports each on the LD, MD and UD, with five (later six) pairs on the QD and usually two pairs on the RH. Dimensions & tons (1677 Establishment): 158ft 0in, 126ft 11in x 44ft 0in x 18ft 2in. 1,307 (1,306 91/94) bm. Men: 660/580/500. Guns (planned 1677): 90/82 comprising — LD 26 demicannon (of 54cwt and 9 1/2ft); MD 26 culverins (of 40cwt and 9ft); UD 26 x 5 1/4pdr sakers (of 22cwt and 8 1/2ft); QD 10 x 5 1/4pdr sakers (of 16cwt and 7ft); RH 2 x 3pdrs (of 5cwt and 5ft). By 1685 the Establishment of Guns provided that 4 of the LD demi-cannon were replaced by culverins (usually of 11ft, and thus patently ‘chase’ guns — and usually a third pair of this length had replaced one pair of 9ft culverins on the MD) Vanguard Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer] As built: 160ft 0in, 126ft 11in x 44ft 10in x 18ft 5in. 1,356 89/94 bm. Draught 20ft 6in. Ord: 5.5.1677. L: 11.1678. Commissioned 2.1.1691 under Capt. Richard Carter. In 3.1692 under Capt. Christopher Mason; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. John Bridges (died 24.9.1694), then under Capt. Stafford Fairborne, in Berkeley’s operation. In 1695 under Capt. John Graydon (-1697), in the Channel; paid off into ordinary 22.10.1697. Sank at moorings in the Medway in the Great Storm 26.11.1703, while uncommissioned. Salved and rebuilt 1705–10 at Chatham (see below). Windsor Castle Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Shish] As built: 162ft 0in, 125ft 7in x 44ft 6 1/2in x 18ft 3in. 1,325 88/94 bm. Draught 20ft 0in. Ord: 5.5.1677. L: 4.3.1679. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. George Churchill (younger brother of John Churchill, the later Duke of Marlborough); at Battle of Beachy Head

(Red squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1692 under Capt. Peregrine Osborne (the Earl of Danby); at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. John Munden, then Capt. Daniel Jones; wrecked on the Goodwin Sands off Deal 28.4.1693. Sandwich Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Isaac Betts] As built: 161ft 6in, 126ft 10in x 44ft 8in x 18ft 3in. 1,346 (exact) bm. Draught 20ft 0in. Ord: 8.9.1677. L: 5.1679. Commissioned 17.4.1679 under Capt. John Moore (-15.6.1679). In 5.1690 under Capt. William Bridges, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir John Ashby; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1691 under Capt. Anthony Hastings; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19.5.1692 (Hastings killed). In 1692–93 under Capt. Woolfran Cornwall. In 1694 under Capt. George Mees; at Ile de Rhé 6.7.1696. In 1697 under Capt. Simon Foulkes. Rebuilt 1709–15 at Chatham (see below). Duchess Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Shish] As built: 162ft 8in, 126ft 2in x 45ft 1in x 18ft 4in. 1,364 1/94 bm. Draught 20ft 6in. Ord: 19.9.1677. L: 5.1679. Commissioned 1.7.1679 under Capt. John Moore (-12.8.1679). In 1690 under Capt. Thomas Gillam, as flagship of Rear-Adm. George Rooke; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1691–92 under Capt. John Clements; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693– 94 under Capt. William Bokenham; in Berkeley’s operations 1694. In 1695 under Capt. David Lambert, then 1696–97 Capt. Thomas Ley. Renamed Princess Anne 31.12.1701, then Windsor Castle 17.3.1702 and finally Blenheim 18.12.1706. Rebuilt 1708–09 at Woolwich (see below). Albemarle Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Isaac Betts] As built: 162ft 0in, 126ft 6in x 44ft 4in x 18ft 3 1/2in. 1,322 46/94 bm. Draught 21ft 0in. Ord: 1678. L: 29.10.1680. Commissioned 29.10.1680 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-11.2.1681). In 1690 under Capt. Sir Francis Wheeler; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19– 24.5.1692; flagship of Adm. Sir John Ashby in autumn 1692. In 1693– 94 under Capt. Thomas Ley, then 1696–97 under Capt. Stafford

Fairborne. Rebuilt 1701–04 at Chatham (see below). Neptune Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Shish] As built: 163ft nin, 127ft 10in x 45ft 0in x 18ft 6in. 1,376 87/94 bm. Draught 21ft 0in. Ord: 8.9.1678. L: 174.1683. Commissioned 174.1683 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-27.6.1683). In 7.1690 under Capt. Thomas Gardner (-1693); flagship of Vice-Adm. George Rooke 5.1692, at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19– 24.5.1692. In 1694 under Capt. Thomas Jennings (-1695), as flagship of Rear-Adm. Cloudisley Shovell; in Camaret Bay operations 7–9.6.1694. In 6.1695 under Capt. William Bokenham. In 1696 under Capt. Basil Beaumont (-1697), as flagship of Rear-Adm. John Neville; paid off 10.1697. Rebuilt 1708–10 at Blackwall (see below). Duke Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Shish] As built: 162ft 10in, 126ft 2in x 45ft 1in x 18ft 9in. 1,364 1/94 bm. Draught 20ft 6in. Ord: 1.3.1679. L: 13.6.1682. Commissioned 3.6.1682 under Capt. Sir Richard Haddock (-21.6.1682). On 22.6.1682 under Capt. Anthony Smith, to deliver to Chatham. In 1689 under Capt. Edward Stanley, as flagship of Adm. Edward Russell. In 1690–91 under Capt. Edward Good, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Henry Killigrew. In 1692 under Capt. William Wright, as flagship of RearAdm. Richard Carter as Rear-Adm. of the Blue; at Battle of Barfleur 19– 24.5.1692 (Carter killed 19.5.1692). Later under Capt. Thomas Jennings, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Cloudisley Shovell. In 1693–94 under Capt. John Shovell, as flagship of Vice-Adm. David Mitchell. In 1697 under Capt. John Worrell, as flagship of Rear-Adm. John Benbow. Rebuilt 1700–01 at Chatham and renamed Prince George (see below). Ossory Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer] As built: 161ft 0in, 124ft 1in x 44ft 6in x 18ft 2in. 1,307 (exact) bm. Draught 20ft 0in. Ord: 3.4.1679. L: 24.8.1682. Commissioned 8.7.1690 under Capt. John Tyrrell; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. On 29.10.1692 under Capt. Christopher Billop. On 23.5.1693 under Capt. George Mees, then 7.1693 under Capt. John Leake (-1697), with Russell’s fleet; paid off into ordinary 5.10.1697. Rebuilt 1708–11 at Deptford (see below).

A portrait by Van de Velde the Elder of one of the Second Rates of the 1677 Programme, probably the Neptune. Replete with lively detail, the drawing including a very busy crew, but the one area that usually draws the attention of the Van de Veldes — the stern decoration — is merely sketched in, although the angle clearly shows the open stern galleries, a feature reintroduced around this date after a lapse of more than half a century National Maritime Museum PY9380–002.

Coronation Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Isaac Betts] As built: 160ft 4in, 126ft 4in, x 44ft 9in x 18ft 2in. 1,345 65/94 bm. Draught 16ft 4in. Ord: 1678. L: 23.5.1685. Commissioned 14.2.1690 under Capt. John Munden, as flagship of ViceAdm. Sir Ralph Delavall; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690. On 29.10.1690 under Capt. Charles Skelton; dismasted and wrecked on Rame Head in a storm 3.9.1691 (c.300 drowned including Skelton). During James II’s reign, the very old Saint George was hulked in October 1687 (the First Rate Charles took over her name) and the Triumph and Unicorn were both sold during the following January. Thus at the end of 1688 the Royal Navy again had eleven Second Rates, totalling 14,905 tons. These comprised the nine new 90-gun ships of the 1677 Programme, and the older 82-gun Royal Katherine and Victory (the Saint Michael was still a First Rate at this date).

(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688

Before 1703 all Second Rates were 90-gun ships (the Saint Michael was an exception), mostly carrying 22 demi-cannon, 30 culverin, 36 sakers (of which 10 were 7ft guns on the QD) and 2 x 3pdrs. The 1703 Establishment of Guns provided all of these Second Rates with an 96/86-gun armament of 26/24 demi-cannon (9 3/4ft long) on the LD, 26/24 culverins (9 1/2ft. long) on the MD, and 26/22 demi-culverins (9ft long) on the UD, plus 18/16 6pdrs (12/10 on the QD, 4 on the FD and 2 on the RH); the 6pdrs (replacing earlier sakers) were 7 1/2ft long except one (chase) pair on the FD which were 9 1/2ft long, and the pair on the RH which were 7ft long. The small and elderly Saint Michael (built 1669 and reduced from a First Rate in 1689) had been the exception, bearing 88/80 guns; but this ship had been rebuilt and renamed Marlborough in 1706. 1694 PROGRAMME GROUP. Four new three-deckers at a cost of £33,958 each (including rigging and stores) were included in the navy estimates of 20 November 1694, and ordered to be built on 20 December. These were to be built to the 1677 Establishment (see above). The Association was initially fitted with just 80 guns, compared with 90 guns in each of her three halfsisters, but under the 1703 Establishment all became 96/86-gun ships. Dimensions & tons (1677 Establishment): 158ft 0in, 126ft 11in x 44ft 0in x 18ft 2in. 1,307 bm. Men: 680. Guns: (1703 Establishment) LD 26/24 demi-cannon (32pdrs — 9 3/4ft long); MD 26/24 culverins (18pdrs — 9 1/2ft long); UD 26/22 demi-culverins (9pdrs — 9ft long); QD 12/10 x 6pdrs (7 1/2ft long); Fc 4 x 6pdrs (2 x 9 1/2ft long, 2 x 7 1/2ft long); RH 2 x 6pdrs (7ft long). Association Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Bagwell] As built: 165ft 0in, 133ft 6in x 45ft 4in x 18ft 3in. 1,459 32/94 bm. Guns (as completed): 22 demi-cannon, 30 culverin, 2 x 6pdrs, 24 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs. Ord: 20.12.1694. L: 1.1.1697. Commissioned 7.1697 under Capt. Francis Wyvill. In 1.1702 under Capt. John Leake, for Rooke’s fleet. In 7.1702 under Capt. William Bokenham (died 9.11.1702); at Cadiz 8.1702, then at Battle of Vigo 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Richard Hughes, with Shovell’s fleet. In 1705 under Capt. Samuel Whitaker, as flagship of Sir Thomas Dilkes (still with Shovell’s fleet). In 9.1705 under Capt. Edmund Loades, with 2nd Capt. Samuel Whitaker, as flagship of Adm. Sir Cloudisley Shovell in the

Mediterranean; wrecked while coming back to Britain 22.10.1707 off the Isles of Scilly with all hands (including Shovell and Loades). Namur Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As built: 160ft 9in, 130ft 0in x 45ft 8in x 18ft 6in. 1,442 6/94 bm. Guns (as completed): 24 demi-cannon, 28 culverin and 38 sakers. Ord: 20.12.1694. L: 28.4.1697. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Robert Robinson, then 1698 Capt. Thomas Coal; paid off 10.1702. Recommissioned 4.1704 under Capt. Christopher Myngs, with Shovell’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga 13.8.1704 (in Van squadron, losing 18 killed, 44 wounded); paid off 9.1706; never subsequently recommissioned. ‘Taken down to Middle Deck’ (by AO 6.6.1716) at Portsmouth 7–8.1716, ‘to draw less (water) at ... moorings and (be) more easily transported between moorings, saving trimming the hull’. BU at Portsmouth 1720–23, remains sent to Deptford 7.1723 to RB.

A magnificent contemporary model usually identified as the Coronation (the model carries the cipher of James II and this ship was the only one of the 1677 Second Rates to be completed after the death of Charles II). However, it has been suggested that the hull is earlier, and may even be a design model for the entire class since it shows the intended pattern of armament, with five gunports on the quarterdeck, whereas the evidence of all Van de Velde illustrations shows six on all but the earliest ships completed. Kriegstein Collection.

Barfleur Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 162ft 10 1/2in, 129ft 4 1/2in x 46ft 3 3/4in x 18ft 2 1/4in. 1,476 1/94 bm. Guns (as completed): 22 demi-cannon, 30 culverin, 36 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs.

Ord: 20.12.1694. L: 10.8.1697. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. Thomas Jennings, as flagship of Sir Cloudisley Shovell, for Rooke’s fleet. In 1702 under Capt. Francis Wyvill, still with Rooke’s fleet; at Cadiz 8.1702, then at Battle of Vigo 12.10.1702; recapture of Dartmouth (orig. taken 2.1695); sailed for home 19.10.1702. In 1704 under Capt. James Stewart (died 2.1705), as flagship of Shovell; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga 13.8.1704 (in Van squadron, losing 6 killed, 24 wounded). In 1705 under Capt. Sir Edward Whitaker, with Shovell’s fleet. In 1706 under Capt. Robert Fairfax, in Home waters. Sent from Portsmouth to Deptford 1713 to RB as an 80gun Third Rate. Triumph Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 160ft 1in, 131ft 0in x 46ft 1 1/2in x 18ft 3in. 1,482 44/94 bm. Guns (as completed): 22 demi-cannon, 30 culverin, 36 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs. Ord: 20.12.1694. L: 2.3.1698. Commissioned 2.1702 under Capt. William Bokenham (-7.1702), with 2nd Capt. John Fletcher, as flagship of Adm. Sir George Rooke. In 11.1702 under Capt. Richard Hughes, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir John Graydon, with Rooke’s fleet (Fairborne’s squadron) at Cadiz; sailed for England 19.10.1702; paid off 12.1702. Recommissioned 3.1703 under Capt. James Stewart (died 17.2.1705), as flagship of Adm. Sir Cloudisley Shovell, for the Mediterranean; paid off 3.1704. Recommissioned 2.1705 under Capt. Richard Edwards, for the Channel and Bay of Biscay; paid off 9.1706. Recommissioned 1.1708 under Capt. Bartholomew Candler, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir John Jennings, with Byng’s fleet in the Channel. In 1709 under Capt. John Hubbard, at Portsmouth; paid off 9.1709. Recommissioned 3.1711 Capt. Robert Kirkham, for the Channel; paid off 8.1711. Renamed Prince 27.8.1714. Great Repair at Chatham (for £20,266.13.11d) 7.1716– 3.1718. BU at Chatham (by AO 27.10.1738, for £1,224.11.4d) 19.9.1738–12.1738.

One of the earliest surviving English draughts is this sheer, half-breadth and body plan for the Triumph of 1694. The arrangement, scale and general level of detail depicted in the drawing is already established, and would not alter much during the remaining history of the wooden warship in Britain. The ship has more gunports than required for her planned armament, which allowed her to be upgunned to a 96-gun ship in 1703. National Maritime Museum J2406.

1700 GROUP. Following the close of war in 1697, four further ‘90-gun’ ships were ordered to be rebuilt in 1699–1701. The Royal Katherine had been built in 1664; she was renamed in 1706 to reflect the Duke of Marlborough’s victory at Ramillies on 23 May of that year. The Saint George had been built in 1668 as the Charles; she had been renamed 21.10.1687, and reclassed as a Second Rate in 1691, but was never commissioned until after her 1701 rebuilding. The Duke had originally been built in 1682; she was renamed Prince George soon after re-launching. The Albemarle was intended to have been renamed Union at her re-launch in 1704, to celebrate the Anglo-Scottish merger, but this event did not take place until 1707 and the renaming was put back until the end of 1709. After 1709 none of these ships were brought into service again prior to their next rebuilding. Men: 680. Guns: (1703 Establishment) LD 26/24 demi-cannon (32pdrs — 9 3/4ft long); MD 26/24 culverins (18pdrs — 9 1/2ft long); UD 26/22 demi-culverins (9pdrs — 9ft long); QD 12/10 x 6pdrs (7 1/2ft long); Fc 4 x 6pdrs (2 x 9 1/2ft long, 2 x 7 1/2ft long); RH 2 x 6pdrs (7ft long). Royal Katherine Portsmouth Dyd [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe to 8.1702, completed by Thomas Podd] As (re)built: 160ft 0in, 132ft 6in x 44ft 6in x 18ft 6in. 1,395 62/94 km. Ord: 25.2.1699 (as ‘Great Repair’). L: 23.2.1703. Commissioned ?8.1703 under Capt. Henry Haughton (died later in 1703),

then Capt. James Wishart (Rear-Adm. 1.1704). In 1.1704 under Capt. John Fletcher, as flagship of Adm. Sir George Rooke (and with RearAdm. Sir James Wishart as Capt. of the Fleet); at Battle of Vélez-Málaga 13.8.1704 (losing 27 killed, 94 wounded). In 1706 under Capt. Lord Archibald Hamilton, ordered home and paid off ?8.5.1706 into ordinary at Portsmouth. Renamed Ramillies 18.12.1706. Ordered to be recommissioned 18.12.1709, but seemingly this never happened. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £14,887.2.5d) 10.1712–11.1713, but never subsequently brought back into service. BU (by AO 1737) at Portsmouth 8.1741 for RB.

A fine contemporary Dockyard-style model of the Saint George of 1701, which is highly

unusual in that the rigging is entirely original. It once belonged to Charles Sergison, Pepys’s successor as Clerk of the Acts, and there is little doubt about its identity However, the stern carries the ciphers of both William III and Queen Anne (who succeeded him in 1702), which suggests that caution is necessary when using such evidence to identify or date models — it is possible that a model may have been completed before, or after, the ship itself. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 1.

An unrigged Navy Board model of a Second Rate bearing the arms of Queen Anne (1702– 07). Dimensions and details suggest a model just preceding the 1706 Establishment, and may represent the initial scheme for rebuilding the ships which became Blenheim or Marlborough — the general appearance and gunport arrangement match that of a draught of the former ship in the Danish Archives, except for the addition of two extra ports at the forward end of the quarterdeck where there is room on the model. National Maritime Museum D7789.

Saint George Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As (re)built: 162ft 6in, 134ft 0in x 45ft 5in x 18ft 7in. 1,470 19/94 bm. Ord: 20.5.1699. L: ?7.1701 (by AO 5.7.1701). Commissioned 20.1.1702 under Capt. Peter Watton, as flagship of RearAdm. Sir Stafford Fairborne; sailed 19.6.1702 on expedition to Cadiz; sailed for home 19.10.1702. In 3.1703 under Capt. John Jennings; sailed 9.1703 for the Mediterranean; with Rooke’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-

Málaga 13.8.1704 (losing 45 killed, 93 wounded); paid off 12.1704. Recommissioned 1.1706 under Capt. John Watkins, as flagship of the now Rear-Adm. Sir John Jennings; at Alicante 1706. In 9.1706 under Capt. Lord (James) Dursley, still in the Mediterranean. In 1.1708 under Capt. Robert Johnson, as flagship of the now Vice-Adm. Lord Dursley, with Byng’s fleet in the Channel. In 9.1708 under Capt. Bartholomew Candler, flagship of Jennings again, for voyage to Lisbon 10.1708; paid off 12.1709. BU at Portsmouth 11.1726 for RB. Prince George (ex-Duke, renamed 31.12.1701) Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Shortiss] As (re)built: 162ft 10in, 131ft 6in x 45ft 1in x 18ft 7in. 1,421 63/94 bm. Ord: 13.1.1700. L: 3.12.1701. Commissioned 2.1702 under Capt. John Cooper, as flagship of Rear-Adm. the Marquis of Carmarthen (and Duke of Leeds). In ?6.1702 under Capt. Gerrard Ellwes, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir Thomas Hopson; sailed 19.6.1702 on expedition to Cadiz; sailed for home 19.10.1702; paid off 11.1702. Recommissioned 3.1703 under Capt. Stephen Martin (-1709); flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir John Leake 8.5.1703 (-1.1704), with Rooke’s fleet; returned home 11.1703; sailed again 4.1704 to the Mediterranean, again Leake’s flagship from 22.4.1704 (-8.1704); at Battle of VélezMálaga 13.8.1704 (losing 15 killed, 57 wounded); sailed home 9.1704, then returned 6.1705 to the Mediterranean, resuming role as Leake’s flagship (-1.1706); careened and repaired at Lisbon early 1706, then 4.1706 to the Mediterranean again as Leake’s flagship (-10.1706); returned home 10.1706 and paid off. Recommissioned 2.1709 under Capt. James Moody, at Blackstakes; paid of by AO 24.8.1709 into ordinary at Chatham. Sent 1718 to Deptford to RB; docked 3.9.1719 at Deptford to BU (completed 11.1719) for RB. Albemarle Chatham Dyd [M/Shipwright Robert Shortiss] As (re) built: 163ft 6in, 135ft 0in x ‘45ft 0in’ (est. 44ft 1 1/2in) x 18ft 4in. c. 1,398 bm. Ord: 22.7.1701. L: ?1.1704 (by AO 25.1.1704). Commissioned 1705 under Capt. Isaac Townsend, for Byng’s squadron in the Soundings. In 1706 under Capt. John Hubbard, for Shovell’s fleet. In 1707 under Capt. Robert Fairfax. In 1708 under Capt. Sir Thomas Hardy, with Stephen Martin as 2nd Capt., as flagship of Adm. Sir John Leake in the Mediterranean. In 1709 under Capt. Francis Wyvell; paid

off 24.8.1709 into ordinary at Woolwich, and renamed Union 29.12.1709. Docked at Chatham 5.3.1718 to BU (completed 1.1722) for RB.

The Second Rate Marlborough of 1706. Few models of this era can be so positively

identified, since the dimensions are in close agreement and there is a plethora of references to John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough in the iconography of the decorative work — the figurehead, a classicised portrait of the Duke riding down his French opponent, even contains an ‘M’ on the saddle-cloth of the horse. The model reflects the reduced amount of carving and gilding that followed a restrictive Admiralty order of 1703: wreath ports and the broadside decoration have disappeared, the headrails are confined to plain mouldings, and even the stern is more restrained. Although the model is contemporary, the rigging was added by R. C. Anderson, one of the greatest experts of his day. Kriegstein Collection

1706 ESTABLISHMENT GROUP. The remaining Second Rates from the 1677 Programme were becoming in need of rebuilding by 1704, with work at Woolwich on the former Duchess being the first to be sanctioned that July. With others being due, in February 1705 Prince George (as Lord High Admiral, and without consulting his advisory Council) called on the Navy Board to report to him on suitable dimensions for such rebuildings, mentioning the Barfleur of 1697 as a ship ‘which is represented to me to be a complete man of war’. The Surveyor, at the Board’s request, provided recommendations to the Admiralty in May, by which time a second 90-gun ship had been ordered to be rebuilt at Chatham. The recommended figures for Second Rates were, naturally, based on the Barfleur. However, these recommendations were rejected by Adm. John Churchill (representing the Admiralty Council) and enlarged dimensions were finally approved by the Admiralty on 18 April 1706, by which time a third rebuilding of a Second Rate had been ordered, this time by contract. Of this trio, the elderly Second Rates Saint Michael and Duchess, rebuilding before 1706, were renamed Marlborough and Blenheim respectively at the former ship’s launch on 18.12.1706 (the Duchess had already undergone two name-changes before 1706), to commemorate the victory of the Duke of Marlborough on 13 August 1704; both were completed to the dimensions of the 1706 Establishment. The Saint Michael had originally been ordered to be rebuilt with a specification of 46ft breadth (1,486 66/94 bm), but this was raised to the new Establishment’s 47ft by AO 23.4.1706. Four other 90-gun ships were also rebuilt to the 1706 Establishment. Establishment dimensions & tons: 162ft 0in, 132ft 0in x 47ft 0in x 18ft 6in. 1,551 (exact) bm. Men: 680. Guns: (1703 Establishment) LD 26/24 demi-cannon (32pdrs — 9 3/4ft long); MD 26/24 culverins (18pdrs — 9 1/2ft long); UD 26/22

demi-culverins (9pdrs — 9ft long); QD 12/10 x 6pdrs (7 1/2ft long); Fc 4 x 6pdrs (2 x 9 1/2ft long, 2 x 7 1/2ft long); RH 2 x 6pdrs (7ft long). Blenheim (ex-Windsor Castle, renamed 18.12.1706, ex-Princess Anne, renamed 17.3.1702, ex-Duchess, renamed 31.12.1701) Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin to 11.1705, then Richard Stacey] As (re)built: 162ft 2 3/4in, 131ft 4 1/2in x 47ft 2 1/2in x 18ft 10 1/4in. 1,557 35/94 bm. Ord: 21.7.1704 & 12.3.1705. L: 15.4.1709. Commissioned 10.1710 under Capt. Bartholomew Candler (-1714), as flagship of Adm. Sir John Jennings in the Mediterranean (-1713); paid off at Portsmouth 1714. Great Repair there (for £12,974.3.3 3/4d) 7.1715–5.1716. Fitted as flagship at Portsmouth (for £5,011.10.2 3/4d) 2–5.1734. Recommissioned 1734 under Capt. Thomas Griffin (-1735), as flagship of Vice-Adm. Philip Cavendish in the Channel; paid off 1735/36. Fitted as Hospital ship for Portsmouth (under AO 24.4.1740, for £1,585.0.11d) to 6.1740, recommissioned as such 5.1740 under Lieut. Curtis King (-1742), subsequently under other Lieuts. to 1747. Recommissioned 7.1755 under Lieut. Cheney Hurt, reclassed as hospital ship at Portsmouth; in 1756–59 under Lieut. John Facey, then 1760–61 Lieut. William Whitewood; paid off 10.1761. BU (under AO 11.8.1763) completed at Portsmouth (for £628) 9.1763. Vanguard Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] As (re)built: 162ft 0in, 132ft 0in x 47ft 0in x 18ft 6in. 1,551 bm. (this equals Establishment details). Ord: 21.3.1705. L: 2.8.1710. Commissioned 1.2.1711 under Capt. John Evans. In 3.1711 under Capt. Rupert Billingsley, for the Channel; paid off 7.1711 (and never subsequently recommissioned). Renamed Duke 26.7.1728 and BU 1733 for RB. Marlborough (ex-Saint Michael, renamed 18.12.1706) William Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 162ft 8in, 132ft 6in x 47ft 4in x 18ft 6in. 1,579 3/94 bm. Ord: 31.12.1705. L: 18.12.1706. C: ?1708 at Chatham. Commissioned 20.1.1708 under Capt. Gerard Ellwes (-1709), for Blackstakes; paid off 24.8.1709 into ordinary at Chatham. Recommissioned early 1711 under Capt. Jasper Hicks, but paid off 7.1711. BU at Chatham began 6.3.1725 (by AO 6.4.1725) for RB.

Ossory Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin, Snr.] As (re)built: 162ft 7 1/2in, 131ft 5in x 47ft 4 3/4in x 18ft 7 1/2in. 1,570 24/94 bm. Ord: 20.6.1706. L: 21.7.1711 (by AO 3.7.1711). No record of commissioning until 1742. Renamed Princess 2.1.1716. Great Repair at Chatham (for £20,333.16.8(d) 12.1721–3.1725. Renamed Princess Royal 26.7.1728. Small Repair at Chatham (for £3,207.17.4(1) 6–10.1735. Middling Repair at Chatham (for £19,164.7.9d) 11.1740– 6.1741. Commissioned 11.1742 under Capt. Christopher O’Brien (died 2.1743), for Home waters. In 1744 under Capt. John St Lo; Lisbon convoy 1745. Recommissioned 10.1755 under Capt. Richard Collins, as guard ship for the Nore; in 7.1756 under Capt. Edward Barber, then 10.1758 under Capt. John Falkingham. BU (under AO 14.10.1763) completed at Chatham 11.1763.

Draught of the Princess Royal, ex-Ossory. Although the plan is undated, the ship did not receive this name until 1728, so it may be related to the Middling Repair of 1740. However, it still displays the deep head, so characteristic of the big ships of the Queen Anne era. National Maritime Museum J1884].

Neptune William Johnson, Blackwall. As (re)built: 163ft 1 3/4in, 132ft 9 1/2in x 47ft 3in x 18ft 6in. 1,576 88/94 bm. Ord: 12.5.1708. L: 6.5.1710. C: 1711 at Chatham. Commissioned 3.2.1711 under Capt. Francis Wyvell; paid off 7.1711 (and never subsequently recommissioned). BU at Portsmouth 26.9.1724, and remains sent to Woolwich for RB.

Sandwich Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] As (re)built: 162ft 6in, 132ft 0in x 47ft 4in x 18ft 6in. 1,573 7/94 bm. Ord: 20.7.1709. L: 21.4.1715. First cost: £24,607.0.5d to rebuild, plus £4,057.10.4d fitting (1–2.1720). Commissioned 1720 under Capt. William Faulkner (-1721) for the Baltic, as flagship of Adm. Sir John Norris. Fitted as guard ship 1723, served 1723–25 under Capt. Salmon Morrice, as guard ship at Blackstakes. Great Repair at Chatham (for £27,460.6.0d) 10.1729–10.1733. Fitted as flagship at Chatham (for £5,358.11.2d) spring 1741; recommissioned 1.1741 under Capt. Samuel Mead, for the Channel; in 6.1741 under Capt. Charles Brown; in 10.1741 under Capt. Samuel Atkins, in Norris’s fleet. In 1742–43 under Capt. Sir William Hewitt, in Home waters. In 1744 under Capt. Roger Martin, as flagship of Rear-Adm. William Martin in Norris’s fleet; convoy to Lisbon 4–5.1744. In 4.1745 under Capt. Harry Powlett, at Portsmouth, then 7.1745 Capt. Philip Saumarez and 10.1745 Capt. John Hume. Surveyed 3.1748; made a Church ship ‘in the room of the Union’ at Chatham 10.1749. Cut down and fitted as a lazarette for Stangate Creek (by AO 21.1.1752), by contract with Mr Temple 9.3.1752, completed 1752; conveyed to Stangate Creek (by NBW 26.11.1754) and deleted from Navy List by AO 22.1.1755. BU completed at Chatham 24.3.1770. Barfleur Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin to 7.1715, completed by Richard Stacey] As (re)built: 163ft 0in, 131ft 9in x 47ft 3in x 18ft 6in. 1,564 54/94 bm. Ord: 3.8.1713. K: 9.12.1713. L: 27.6.1716. C: 4.9.1716. First cost: £23,956.12.9d including fitting, plus £1,891.3.5d further fitting (3.1717). Commissioned 1717 under Capt. James Mighells (-18.3.1718, when promoted Rear-Adm.) for the Baltic, as flagship of Adm. Sir George Byng. Fitted for the Mediterranean at Chatham (for £1,032.17–1d) 3.1718; recommissioned 3.1718 under Capt. George Saunders, with Capt. Richard Lestock as 2nd capt., still as Byng’s flagship; sailed 15.6.1718 for the Mediterranean; at Battle off Cape Passaro 11.8.1718; paid off 1719. Small Repair at Chatham (for £3,426.3.9d) 11.1721– 2.1722. Middling Repair there (for £17,621.11.10d) 9.1738–10.1739. Recommissioned 1.1741 under Capt. William Rowley; for Norris’s fleet 10.1741; in the Mediterranean 1742–43. In 1744 under Capt. Merrick de

1’Anglo, as flagship of Rowley; at Battle of Toulon 11.2.1744. In 1745 under Capt. John Gascoigne, then 7.1745 Capt. Matthew Mitchell, when paid off. Great Repair and fitted at Chatham (for £28,374.0.7d) 7.1745– 9.1747. In 1748 under Capt. John Orme, but paid off again. Surveyed 29.1.1749. Reduced to 80-gun Third Rate 1755. Hulked 1764. BU 7.1783. At the accession of King George I, the British navy had thirteen Second Rates, of which two (Sandwich and Barfleur) were in the process of rebuilding. The Blenheim was in commission and the other ten were all lying in Ordinary; of these, according to the survey of April 1714, the Prince George, Saint George, Ramillies, Union and Ossory were in good condition, while the Triumph, Marlborough, Neptune and Vanguard needed Small Repairs and the Namur required rebuilding (the last-named was cut down to the Middle Deck in 1716). All were to be re-established by the 1716 Guns Establishment with 90 guns (wartime) comprising 26 x 32pdrs on the LD (but 9 1/2ft long and 53cwt instead of the former 9 3/4ft type), 26 x 18pdrs on the MD (unchanged at 9 1/2ft long, 41cwt), 26 x 9pdrs on the UD (now also 9 1/2ft long and 29cwt instead of the former 9ft type) and finally 12 x 6pdrs (now all 9ft long and 24cwt) — with just 10 guns on the QD, 2 guns on the Fc, and none on the RH.

3 Third Rates — ‘Middling Ships’ (A) Vessels in service or on order at 24 March 1603 The ‘Middling Ships’ in the Queen’s Navy at the time of Elizabeth’s death in 1603 comprised two galleons each with an ‘established’ seagoing complement of 200 men (made up of 130 mariners, 20 gunners and 50 soldiers), and three with an ‘established’ seagoing complement of 160 (114 mariners, 16 gunners and 30 soldiers). These ships had included the earliest of John Hawkyns’s ‘race-built’ galleons, launched from 1570 onwards; all had taken part in the actions against the Spanish Armada in 1588. The later pair — the Dreadnought and the Swiftsure — had both been subsequently rebuilt in 1592; the most elderly comprised the Antelope, the Swallow and the Foresight. FORESIGHT. The prototype of Hawkyns’s new galleons, the result of his thoughtful partnership with Richard Chapman (at this time still a private contractor). The pair tendered to build or repair ships for the Navy Royal, using the facilities of Deptford Dockyard. Their new style of galleon used the underwater lines and proportions of Henry VIII’s galleasses, but with a deeper draught and a continuous but stepped gundeck. Virtually unchanged until BU in 1604. Foresight Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Chapman] Dimensions & tons: 78ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 295/368 tons. Men: (1604) 160. Guns (1603): 28 (14 demi-culverins, 8 sakers, 3 minions, 3 falcons) + 3 fowlers. L: 9.1570. Commissioned 1588 under Christopher Baker. In 1589 under William Wynter, with Drake’s squadron; with Hawkins and Frobisher 1590. In 1591 under Thomas Vavasour, with Lord Thomas Howard to the Azores. In 1592 under Robert Crosse, with Frobisher; capture of Madre de Dios 3.8.1592. In 1595–96 under Wynter again, with Drake and Hawkins in the West Indies. In 1597 under Sir Carew Reynolds until

8.1597, then Sir Alexander Ratcliffe. In 1599 under Sir Thomas Shirley, for the mobilisation of that year; later under J. Troughton, with the Thames Guard. Condemned and BU in 1604. REBUILT GALLEASSES (1558). In the last year of Queen Mary’s reign, six of her father’s former galleasses (classed simply as ‘ships’ from 1549) were ordered to be rebuilt as small galleons; the largest of these were the 300ton Swallow, Antelope and Hart. The first two of these were again rebuilt in the early 1580s to conform to Hawkyns’s principles. Swallow Dimensions & tons: 88ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 333/416 tons. Men: (1603) 160. Guns: 30. L (orig): 1544 as galleasse. RB (or large refit) at Deptford: 1558 and again in 1580. Commissioned 1569 under William Holstock, for the coast of Scotland. Recommissioned 1588 under Benjamin Gonson, Jnr. In 5.1588 under Richard Hawkyns. In 1589 under John Bostock, with Frobisher’s squadron. Sold 1603. Antelope Originally built as one of a pair of 300-ton galleasses in 1546 (her half-sister Hart was seemingly deleted in 1568), originally four-masted and completely flush-decked. Dimensions & tons: 87ft 0in keel x 28ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 341/426 tons. Men: (1604) 160. Guns: 26 (4 culverins, 13 demi-culverins, 8 sakers, 1 falcon) + 2 fowlers & 2 port-pieces. L (orig.): 1546 as galleasse. RB: 1558 and again in 1581. Commissioned 1559–60 under William South wick, for the coast of Scotland. Rebuilt 1577–81; large refit at Deptford 1585–86. In 1588 under Sir Martin Frobisher until 5.1588, then Sir Henry Palmer until 8.1588, then John Wynter. In 1597 under Sir John Gilbert, replaced by Sir Thomas Vavasour for expedition to the Azores. In 1599 under Sir Robert Mansell, on the Irish station. In 1601–02 under Jeremy Turner, in the Channel. Rebuilt 1618 (see below).

A portrait of the Antelope by the elder Van de Velde as she was in 1648 when she defected to the Royalists at Hellevoetsluis. The elaborate decorative schemes of early Stuart warships is drawn in detail around the bow, which also shows forward-firing chase guns on both upperdeck and forecastle. A relatively short ship, on her broadside there are only eight gunports on each deck, plus a port on the lower deck right forward in the luff of the bow; the aftermost ports appear to step down on both decks, but this may simply reflect the fact that the young artist has yet to master the complex perspective of ship shapes. National Maritime Museum PZ7254.

1573 PROGRAMME. Two smallish galleons were built in 1573, both launched that autumn. They were generally considered in the 1580s to be the fastest warships in the fleet, but were sometimes criticised as too lightly built. Both were rebuilt in 1592. Dreadnought Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 80ft 0in keel x 30ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 360/450 tons. Men: (1604) 200. Guns: 29 (2 cannon, 4 culverins, 11 demiculverins, 10 sakers, 2 falcons) + 4 fowlers. L: 1573. RB: 1592. Commissioned 1587 under Thomas Fenner, with Drake’s squadron at Cadiz. In 1588 under Sir George Beeston, then 1589 under Fenner again, with Drake’s squadron. Following her rebuilding in 1592, recommissioned 1596 under Sir Alexander Clifford, for Cadiz voyage. In 1597 under Sir William Brooke, for expedition to the Azores. In 1599 under George Fenner, in the Western Channel. In 1601 under Sir Henry Palmer, with the Thames Guard until 5.1601, then under J. Cason. In 9–10.1601 under Sir Amy as Preston, in the Channel. In 1602 under Edward Manwaring, with Leveson; in raid on Cezimbra 3.6.1602. In 7–11.1602 under

Richard Caulfield, with Monson’s squadron. In 12.1602 under S. Trevor. In 1603 under Humphrey Reynolds, in the Channel. Rebuilt 1612–14. Swiftsure Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett] Dimensions & tons: 74ft 0in keel x 30ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 333/416 tons. Men: (1604) 200. Guns: 29 (2 cannon, 5 culverins, 12 demiculverins, 8 sakers, 2 falcons) + 4 fowlers. L: 1573. RB: 1592. Commissioned 1588 under Edward Fenner. In 1589 under ?Walter Gore. In 1590 under Edward Wilkinson, with Hawkyns and Frobisher. Following her rebuilding in 1592, recommissioned 1596 under Sir Robert Crosse, for Cadiz voyage. In 1597 under Sir Gelly Meyrick, for expedition to the Azores. In 1599 under Matthew Bradgate, in the Western Channel. In 1601 under George Somers, in Irish waters. In 1602 under Sir Amy as Preston, still off Ireland. In 9–10.1602 under Sir William Monson, then 12.1602 under J. Marbury. Rebuilt 1607 and renamed Speedwell.

(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 Both the Foresight and the Swallow were disposed of (without replacement) shortly after James’ accession, while the remaining three vessels underwent rebuilding during the next fifteen years — the Swiftsure in 1607 (renamed the Speedwell), the Dreadnought in 1612–13 and the Antelope in 1618. Three new vessels were added following the 1618 Commission, and three more under Charles I (although of these the Lion was actually a rebuilding of the former Second Rate Lion). Under the Commonwealth an expansion programme was instituted under which the Third Rate replaced the Second Rate as the most numerous section of the battlefleet. Speedwell (ex-Swiftsure) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 74ft 0in keel x 30ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 333/416 tons. L (RB): 1607. Commissioned 8.1624 under John Chudleigh; wrecked 1.11.1624 on a sandbank near Vlissingen (Flushing). Dreadnought Deptford Dyd. Dimensions & tons: 93ft 0in keel x 31ft 0in x 14ft 4in. 414/552 tons. Men: 200 (1633). Guns: 28 in 1625, comprising 16 demi-culverins, 10 sakers

and 2 minions; also 4 fowlers. 30 total in 1633. L (RB): 1614. Commissioned 1618 under Capt. Lowe, for voyage to Spain. In 1621 under Capt. Edward Christian, for voyage to the Straits for expedition against pirates; laid up at Chatham 5.1622. In 1625 for Wimbledon’s fleet, for voyage to Cadiz. In 1628 under Capt. Plumleigh, for La Rochelle expedition. In 1637 under Henry Stradling, later Thomas Kirke, with Northumberland’s fleet. In 1643 under Capt. Seamaster, in the Channel. In 1644 under Capt. John Bowen, in the western Channel. BU 1645 or 1648. Antelope Dimensions & tons: 92ft 0in keel x 31ft 9in x 12ft 6in. 384/512 tons. Men: 180 (1633). Guns: 30 in 1625, comprising 4 culverins, 14 demiculverins, 10 sakers and 2 minions; also 4 fowlers. 38 total in 1633. L(RB): 1618. Commissioned 10.1620 under Sir Henry Palmer, for expedition to Algiers. In 1623 under 1623 under Thomas Love, to Spain. In 1625 under Sir Thomas Button, on the Irish coast against pirates. In 1628 under Arthur Rice, for expedition to La Rochelle; later under John Povey, also to La Rochelle. In 1635 under Richard Fogge, with Lindsey’s squadron in the Channel. In 1639 under Henry Stradling, then 1640 Edward Popham. In 1642 under Barnaby Burley, then 1643 under Richard Haddock, both in the Channel; bombarded and captured Lindisfarne for Parliament 29.5.1643. In 1644–45 under Edward Hall. In 1647 under Sir George Ayscue, with the Western Guard. In 1648 under Hall again; joined the Royalist forces 7.1648. Her guns were sold in 1648 to equip Prince Rupert’s squadron for sea, and she was burnt 26.7.1649 during an attack on Hellevoetsluis by the Parliamentarians (bombs from Happy Entrance and Dragon). 1618 PROGRAMME. At the Commission in 1618, it was agreed that there was a requirement in the Navy for six ‘Middling Ships’, each of some 450 tons. All three existing ships were identified as worth keeping, and it was proposed that three new ships of should be built. Dimensions & tons (as ordered): 93ft 0in keel x 31ft 0in x 15ft 0in. ‘450 tons’. Men: 200 (1633), reduced to 180 by 1652. Guns: 28 in 1624, comprising 4

culverins, 12 demi-culverins, 10 sakers and 2 minions (Bonaventure had 2 extra demi-culverins); also 4 fowlers. Later 30–34 total (1633); 40 (1652). First cost: see under Chapter 2 for this Programme. Happy Entrance Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Burrell] Dimensions & tons: 96ft 0in keel x 32ft 2in x 14ft 0in. 404/540 tons. Later 539 34/94 bm. Ord: 20.4.1619. L: 8.11.1619. Commissioned 1623–24 under Capt. Sir Richard Bingley, ‘in the Narrow Seas’ operating against pirates. In 1625–26 under Capt. Sir Henry Palmer, then 1627 under Capt. Sir Henry Melvyn, and finally 1628 under Capt. Edward Harvey, for La Rochelle. In 1636 under Capt. George Carteret, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1638 under Capt. Richard Fogge. In 1640–41 under Capt. Robert Slingsby. In 1642 under Capt. Richard a id="page_42"/>Owen, then 1643 Capt. John Bowen, both in the Channel. In 1644 under Capt. Benjamin Crandley, then 1644–45 under Capt. William Smith (died 6.1645), participated in capture of Cardiff Castle 2.1645. Later briefly under Capt. William Penn (temp.), then later in 1645 under Capt. John Crowther (-1647), in the Irish Sea; with the Winter Guard 1646–47. In 1647 under Bowen again, in the Downs. In 10.1647 under Thomas Rainsborow (-1648). In 1649– 50 under Capt. Richard Badiley, at the Isles of Scilly; later at Blockade of Kinsale; with Blake’s fleet to the Tagus in 1650, home again in 9/10.1650. In 1651–53 under Capt. John Coppin, in Channel Islands operations 1651. Later in 1652 under Capt. Edward Chapman; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 29.11.1652 (Chapman dismissed). In 1653 under Capt. Henry Goodson; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Newberry; at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Anthony Tucker (-1654). In 1655–57 under Capt. John Hayward, with Blake’s fleet. Burnt 28.9.1658 by accident at Chatham. Garland (or Guardland) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Burrell] Dimensions & tons: 96ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 16ft 0in. 425/567 tons. Later 538 66/94 bm. Ord: 10.3.1620. L: late 1620. Commissioned 1623–24 under Capt. Sir William Best; in North Sea operating against pirates. In 1624–25 under Capt. Sir Richard Bingley,

then 1626–28 under Capt. Sir Henry Palmer; in expedition to La Rochelle 1628. Later under Capt. Sir John. Chudleigh. Repaired at Chatham 1629–30. In 10.1630 under Capt. John Mennes. In 1634 under Capt. Thomas Kettleby In 1636 under Capt. Richard Fogge, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1638 under Capt. David Murray, and 1640–41 under Fogge again. In 1642 under Capt. Robert Slingsby, in the Channel. In 1644–45 under Capt. Richard Owen, then 1646 under Capt. John Bowen. In 1647–48 under Capt. Henry Bethell, with the Western Guard; at Blockade of Kinsale 1649. In 1649–50 under Capt. Leonard Lidcott, then 1650 under Capt. Lionel Lane. In 1651–52 under Capt. John Gibbs; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652. Later in 1652 under Capt. Richard Batten; at Battle of Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 29.11.1652; taken 30.11.1652 by the Dutch, and added to Dutch Navy as Rozenkrans; burnt at the Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Bonaventure Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Burrell] Dimensions & tons: 98ft 0in keel x 32ft 5in x 15ft 8in. 418/557 tons. Later 567 63/94 bm. Ord: 2.1621. L: late 1621. Commissioned 1623 under Capt. Sir William St Leger, for voyage to Spain. In 7.1623 under Capt. Edward Christian, then 1624–25 under Capt. Thomas Love, and 1625 under Capt. Collins, with Sir Henry Palmer at Cadiz. In 1627 under Capt. Sir Thomas Chudleigh; damaged 21.11.1627 when driven on to rocks at Plymouth, but repaired at Deptford. Repaired at Chatham 1629. In 5.1631 under Capt. John Pennington, then 1633 under Capt. Thomas Kettleby and 2.1634 under Capt. Sir Richard Plumleigh ‘for the guard of the coast of Ireland’. In 1636 under Capt. Henry Stradling, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1637 under Capt. Sir Henry Merrin, Vice-Adm. with Northumberland’s fleet. In 1639 under Capt. Richard Fielding. In 1641 under Capt. David Murray. In 1642 under Stradling again; surrendered to Parliamentary forces at Newcastle 10.1642, Stradling ‘turned out’ then 1643–44 under Capt. Richard Swanley, and 1644–45 under Capt. Henry Bethell, all in the Irish Sea. In 1646 under Capt. Benjamin Crandley, later Capt. Walter Maynard. In 1647–48 under Crowther again; flagship in Irish Sea 1648. In 1649 under Capt. Robert Hackwell (-1650), in Isles of Scilly operations. In 1650 under Capt. John Harris, with Blake’s fleet to the

Tagus. In 1652 under Capt. John Witheridge, with Appleton’s squadron at Leghorn. In 1652 under Capt. Owen Cox (temp.), then in 1653 under Capt. Stephen Lyme (as 44-gun ship); in Battle off Leghorn 4.3.1653, blew up (only five survivors) under gunfire from Dutch De Zeven Provinci n. CONVERTINE. In 1616 a private ship — the Destiny — was built at Woolwich Dockyard for Sir Walter Ralegh, and used by him for an expedition to Brazil 1617–18. In 1620 this was acquired for the Navy and renamed. Convertine Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 96ft 0in keel x 32ft 4in x 15ft 0in. 465.6/620.8 tons. Men: 180 (1652). Guns: 30 in 1624 (comprising 18 demi-culverins, 10 sakers and 2 minions); + 4 fowlers. Ord (for Ralegh): 27.3.1616. K: 8.4.1616. L: 16.12.1616. Purchased 1620. Commissioned 1620 under Thomas Love, for Algiers expedition. In 1625 under Capt. Thomas Porter, with Sir William St Leger, for Cadiz expedition; to La Rochelle 1626. On 13.9.1627 under Capt. John Bond, then 1629 Capt. Sir Thomas Button. In 1630–1 under Capt. Richard Plumleigh, then 1631–32 under Capt. John Pennington; laid up at Chatham 1633–35. In 3.1636 under Capt. John Mennes (-1637), and 1637 Capt. Richard Fogge, both with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1638 under Capt. George Carteret. In 1640 under Capt. Henry Stradling. In 1643 under Capt. John Stansby, in the Channel. In 1646 under Capt. John Mann, in the Downs; joined Royalist forces 7.1648. In 1648 under Capt. Elias Jordan, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Prince Maurice, at Kinsale and then Lisbon. In 1650 under Capt. Thomas Allin, still Prince Maurice’s flag; sold at Lisbon 1650. EX-FRENCH PRIZES (1625–27). Five Huguenot ships of between 250 and 600 tons were taken from the French off the Ile de Rhé in 1625 and 1626 and were added to the fleet, and two more were taken from the French in 1627. Saint Dennis (French St Denis), 38 guns. Dimensions & tons: 104ft 0in keel x 32ft 5in x 11ft 9in. 396/528 tons. Men: 200. Guns: 38. Taken 9.1625. No record of commissioning. Hulked 1634. In 1638 under Thomas Kirke.

Sold by AO 4.11.1645. Saint Esprit (French St Esprit, built in Holland), 42 guns. Dimensions & tons: 105ft 0in x 35ft 0in x ? 800 tons. Taken 9.1627 in the Texel by Assurance and Adventure. Commissioned 11.1627 under Capt. Rowland Thicknesse. In 1628 under Capt. Richard Paramour. No mention after 1631. The remaining ships — the 300-ton Saint Claude in 1625, the Saint Mary, 350-ton Saint Anne and 250-ton Esperance in 1626, and the 300-ton Fortune in 1627 — were (to judge from their sizes) probably added as Fourth Rates, but not enough is known about them to justify their inclusion in Chapter 4; the Saint Mary was given away to Sir John Chudleigh in 1629, the Saint Claude was sold in 1632, while the Fortune lasted to 1635. The others lasted a shorter time, including various unidentified prizes variously acquired around this time — a Saint James and Saint Peter in 1625, the Hope (exL’Espérance de Calais — not to be confused with the 250-ton Espérance above), Mary (ex-Marie de Rouen), Pelican, Saint George and Seahorse in 1626 and the Black George and Nightingale in 1628. In the division of the King’s Ships into six Ranks or Rates which was introduced in 1626 (primarily for purposes of paying their officers), the Third Rates — the former Middling Ships — were categorised as having an established complement of from 160 to 200 men. This was raised in 1653 to classify as Third Rates those ships having at least 200 men (and up to 299). CHARLES I’s ADDITIONS (1634–40). Two two-decked ships were ordered in 1633, to carry 34 guns each. An estimate of £5,770.8.0d was obtained on 20 May 1633. It was confirmed on 22 June that the two ships were to be built ‘according to the dimensions approved’. The dimensions intended for these ships were given personally by the King to the shipwrights, and significantly both vessels exceeded these figures. At the end of the decade the Second Rate Lion was rebuilt, and re-classed as a Third Rate. Dimensions & tons (specified): 93ft 0in keel x 31ft 0in x ... 384 tons (gross). Draught 11ft 6in. Swallow Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett] Dimensions & tons: 96ft 0in keel x 32ft 2in x 11ft 7 1/2in. 358/478 tons (528 33/94 bm by later calc.). Draught 12ft 3in.

Men: 250 as built. Guns: 36 as built. Ord: 1.3.1634. L: 12.1634. Commissioned 1635 under Capt. Thomas Stradling, with Lindsey’s fleet in the Channel. In 1636 under Capt. Thomas Kirke, with Northumberland’s fleet. In 1642 under Capt. Thomas Kettleby, in the Irish Sea. In 1643 under Capt. Thomas Rainborow, in the Channel. Later in 1643 under Capt. William Smith, in the Irish Sea; capture of Fellowship at Milford 8.1643. In 1645 under Capt. William Somaster; with the Winter Guard 1646–47, then with the Western Guard 1647. In 1648 under Capt. Leonard Harris; joined Royalist forces 6.1648 (remaining in Royalist hands until disposal in 1654). In 1648 under Capt. Richard Fielding, then 1648–50 under Capt. John Mennes, at Kinsale then at Lisbon. Later in 1650 under Capt. Edward Chester (-1652); 1651 saved Prince Rupert from Constant Reformation. In 1652 under Capt. Robert Fearnes, as flag of Prince Rupert, in the West Indies. Sold at Nantes 1654. Leopard Woolwich Dyd. Dimensions & tons: 95ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 12ft 4in. 387/516 tons (550 27/94 bm by later calc.). Draught 12ft 9in. Men: 250 as built, 180 in 3.1652. Guns: 36 as built; 40 in 1652. Ord: 1.3.1634. L: 11.3.1635. Commissioned 1635 under Capt. Lewis Kirke, with Lindsey’s fleet in the Channel. In 1637 under Capt. William Rainborow, in expedition to Salé. In 1638 under Capt. Henry Stradling, and 1639 Capt. George Cartaret. In 1640 under Capt. Richard Fielding, and in 1641 Capt. Richard Blythe. In 1643 under Capt. Benjamin Crandley, in the Channel. In 1644 under Capt. Richard Swanley (-1645), as Adm. on the Irish station. Later in 1645 under Capt. Peter Andrews (temp.), then Capt. John Bowen. In 1646 under Capt. Henry Bethell, then 1646–47 under Capt. William Batten, with the Winter Guard. In 1647 under Crandley again, in the Downs. Later in 1647 under Capt. Thomas Rainsborough (-1648). In 1649 under Capt. Edward Hall; capture of Royalist Charles (ex-Guinea) in 5.1649, then capture of Thomas; at blockade of Kinsale, then to Isles of Scilly in autumn 1649. In 1649 under Capt. Robert Moulton (-1650); with Blake’s squadron to the Tagus (as Vice-Adm). In 1651 under Capt. Henry Appleton, in the Mediterranean (-1653, although Capt. Jonas Poole was temp, in command in 1652); at Battle of Leghorn 4.3.1653, where taken by the Eendracht of the Dutch squadron, with 70 killed and

54 wounded; taken into Dutch service as the Luipaard. Lion Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett] Dimensions & tons: 95ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 470/626 tons (550 27/94 bm by later calc.). Men: 180 in 3.1652; 220 in 12.1653. Guns: 42 initially; 40 in 1652; 50 in 1653. Ord: 17.6.1637. L(RB): 1640. Commissioned 1641 under Capt. Henry Straddling. In 1642 under Capt. Thomas Price, in the Channel. In 6.1642 under Capt. Robert Fox (dismissed). In 1643 under William Smith (died 1645), as Vice-Adm. in Irish waters. In 1645 under Capt. Peter Andrews (temp.) then Capt. Richard Swanley and finally Capt. Robert Moulton (-1646). In 1646 under Swanley again (-1647); with Winter Guard in 1646–47; flagship in Irish Sea 1647. In 1648 under Capt. Sir George Ayscue, with Warwick’s fleet in the Downs 9.1648. In 1649 under Capt. Sir William Penn (-1650), as Vice-Adm. in Irish Sea; at Blockade of Kinsale. In 1650 under Capt. Thomas Handon, later under Capt. John Birkdell (-1651), in Scottish waters; with Hall’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1651. In 1652 under Capt. Charles Saltonstall; at Battle of Dungeness 29.11.1652 (Saltonstall dismissed). Later in 1652 under Capt. Andrew Ball, then in 1653 under Capt. John Lambert (-1657); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at Chatham in winter 1653–54; with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies 1655. Rebuilt again in 1658. 1649 PROGRAMME. From 1649 onwards the new Parliamentary Commission for the Admiralty began an expansion of the fleet, initially among the Fourth Rate frigates. The Council of State approved on 25 March the building of five new ships ‘frigate fashion’. Three Fourth Rates were ordered in late March (see Chapter 4), and on 12 April orders were placed for two much larger frigates to serve as flagships for the Winter Guard. They were to have cabin space, not only for their own captains and officers, but for a flag officer and his retinue. At almost twice the size of the first group of Fourth Rate frigates, they were even larger than the existing Third Rank ships (formerly described as ‘Middling Ships’) of the 1630s like the Lion and Leopard, and would be as effective in fleet actions as in the traditional frigate role. Accordingly, the two new ships were initially classed as Second Rates, although they were always two-deckers, and by 1660 the survivor (Speaker)

was accordingly reduced to a Third Rate, and is included in the present chapter as she provided the model for further Third Rates. Their design and construction was entrusted to the leading Master Shipwrights of the period. Peter Pett would build the first ship — named Fairfax after the infant Republic’s commander-in-chief — in the Royal Dockyard at Deptford, while his brother Christopher undertook the second ship (although Peter would oversee the work) — named Speaker in recognition of Parliamentary supremacy — downriver at Woolwich Dockyard. Both new ships were launched in April 1650. The design seems to have been improved during construction on instructions from the Navy Commissioners, notably by building a new forecastle above the upper deck (with which the original forecastle had been merged). This not only improved the ships’ sea-keeping qualities in heavy weather (they would otherwise have been very wet) but also strengthened the bow structure. However, the two ships, while larger than other Third Rates, were still two-deckers, and in the late 1650s the survivor Speaker (after Fairfax was lost) was downgraded to a Third Rate. For consistency I have thus included them in the present Chapter (rather than in Chapter 2). The design was a great success, and even in the 1660s the Admiralty demanded that all its new Third Rates be built to the same design.

This important early model is somewhat controversial since it underwent extensive restoration in the 1920s and its harshest critics accuse the restorer of faking much of the detail to make it look like the Fairfax. The masts and rigging, as well as virtually all of the upper deck, much of the stern, and the square wreath-ports are entirely new, although based on good references. However, the basic hull is original and certainly represents a Commonwealth Third Rate of about 1650. In fact, at the usual 1/48th scale the dimensions very closely match those of the Speaker (and are close to a number of other ships of that time), so it may be taken as a good representation of the general appearance of the first ‘great frigates’. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 107.

The new ships would thus foreshadow in basic detail the layout of all two-decker warships built over the next two centuries. In April 1649 they had been planned to carry just 44 guns, but by October 1649 this had grown to 50 guns and by 1655 the Speaker was established with 60 guns in wartime and 50 in peacetime service. The lower deck, with 13 gunports to each side, carried the principal battery (of 4 demicannon and 22 culverins), but the new full-length upper deck above (with twelve pairs of gunports) carried an almost equal number of slightly inferior guns (demi-culverins, later replaced

by 12pdrs), with a few lighter pieces stationed on the quarterdeck; at this date the lightly-built forecastles would not bear guns. Peter Pett’s Fairfax, sadly, did not last long, being burnt to the waterline in February 1653 at Chatham after some loose gunpowder ignited accidentally. Her sister-ship Speaker, renamed Mary at the Restoration, had a long and active career, being rebuilt in 1687 and then serving until her loss in 1703. She participated in fourteen major fleet actions during her half-century of service — from Dover in 1652 to Vigo Bay in 1702 — a record unsurpassed by any other ship in the history of the Royal Navy. Design dimensions (est.): 116ft 0in keel x 34ft 4in x 14ft 6in. 727 31/94 bm. Men: 260 (as built). Guns: 52 (at 1.3.1652). Speaker Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] As built: 143ft 3in, 116ft 0in, x 34ft 8in x 14ft 6in. 741 49/94 bm. Draught 17ft 0in. (The ship’s breadth was enlarged, either by girdling or re-measurement, firstly to 35ft 6in (777 bm) and later to 36ft 8in (829 bm). The dates of this work are unclear.) Men: 260 in 3.1652; 300 by end 1653; 220 in 1660 (peacetime); 300 in 1666; finally 355/280/215. Guns: 54 at end 1653; 50 in 1660; 58 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 26 x 12pdrs and 8 demi-culverins); actually carried 63 in 1666 (18 demicannon, 6 culverins, 33 x 12pdrs, 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers and 2 falcons). 64/54 under the 1677 Establishment (theoretically comprising LD 24 x 24pdrs, UD 26 demiculverins, QD 12 x 5 1/4pdr sakers and RH 2 x 3pdrs). The 1685 Establishment retained the 24 x 24pdrs, but provided 24 x 12pdrs on the UD and 10 sakers on the QD; 62/54 (final). Ord: 12.4.1649. L: 4.1650. First cost: £6,669 (741 tons @ £9 per ton). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Nehemiah Bourne (-1652), as flagship in the Downs and East coast. In ?mid 1652 under Capt. John Coppin; in Battle of Dover 19.5.1652; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. Later under Capt. John Gilson; at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652. In 1653 under Capt. William Penn (Admiral of the Blue); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Roger Martin, then Capt. Samuel Howett (Rear-Adm. of the Red); at Battle of the Gabbard 2– 3.6.1653; at St Helens in winter 1653/54. In 1656 under Capt. Richard Stayner, with Blake’s fleet; attack on Spanish galleons 9.9.1656; at

Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. In 1658 under Capt. William Whitehorne, as commander-in-chief at the Downs, later under Capt. William Goodson, and then Stayner again, as Rear-Adm. In 1659 under Capt. Eustace Smith, for operations in the Sound. In 1660 under Capt. Robert Clerke. Renamed Mary at the Restoration on 23.5.1660. In 1660 still under Capt. Robert Clerke, in the Downs. On 1.4.1661 under Capt. (now Sir) Richard Stayner (died 15.10.1662), with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier; at Algiers 31.7.1661. On 21.9.1664 under Capt. Sir Jeremiah Smith (-29.8.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 30.8.1665 under Capt. John Cox (-15.9.1665); in action of 3–4.9.1665 (Cox wounded 3.9.1665). Under Repair 15.9– 22.11.1665. On 23.11.1665 under Smith again (-6.1666); sailed with squadron for Tangier 12.1665; victualling at Portsmouth during the Four Days’ Battle 1–4.6.1666. On 6.6.1666 under Capt. William Poole; in St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666; paid off into ordinary 17.2.1667. Recommissioned 1.1.1668 under Clerke again (died 23.12.1669), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 1.1.1670 under Capt. Daniel Helling (died 7.4.1672); with Spragge’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1671; at Battle of Bugia Bay 8.5.1671. On 8.4.1672 under Capt. John Brookes (-18.9.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672. On 19.9.1672 under Capt. Sir Roger Strickland (-31.3.1675); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. On 25.12.1677 under Strickland again (-15.1.1679); took (with Rupert) a 40-gun Algerine [the subsequent Tiger Prize] 1.4.1678. On 16.1.1679 under Capt. Henry Killegrew (-22.7.1679). On 1.9.1679 under Capt. Leonard Harris (died 31.3.1680), as guard ship. Rebuilt 1687–88 at Woolwich (see below).

The famous Speaker drawn by Van de Velde the Elder around the time she was renamed Mary in 1660 (the inscription gives both names). She took part in twelve major fleet battles (and two more after she was rebuilt in 1688), not to mention a number of lesser engagements, and was a hugely influential design: indeed, she might be regarded as the starting point for the development of the standard English 70/74-gun two-decker for a century to come. National Maritime Museum PY1724.

Fairfax Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett Snr.] Dimensions & tons: 116ft 0in keel x 34ft 9in x 14ft 4in (or 14ft 6in?). 745 8/94 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Men: 260 in 3.1652, later 300. Guns: 52 in 3.1652, 64/56 by 1653. Ord: 12.4.1649. L: 4.1650. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. William Penn, as Vice-Adm. on the Irish coast; fought ‘2 or 3 severe actions in the Channel against French cruisers’ in 1650. Later in 1650 under Capt. John Lawson (-1651). In 1651 under Penn again, as Adm. in the Mediterranean. In 1652 under Lawson again, now as Vice-Adm; at Battle of Dover (Bourne’s squadron) 19.5.1652; at Battle of Portland (as Vice-Adm, Red squadron) 18.2.1653; burnt by accident at Chatham 21.3.1653. WORCESTER. Of the three Fourth Rates ordered in late March 1649 (as part of the same programme as the Speaker and Fairfax), the Worcester was

altered while building and completed as a Third Rate. However she only measured 112ft on the keel and so only had twelve pairs of gunports on the lower deck (most Third Rates had thirteen) and eleven pairs on the UD, with six pairs on the QD (by 1666) and one pair on the RH. By 1679, her original demi-cannon (32pdrs) were replaced by culverins, but the exact date is unclear. Worcester Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Andrew Burrell (the son of James I’s leading shipwright)] Dimensions & tons: 141ft 5in, 112ft 0in x 32ft 6in (33ft 4in later) x 14ft 0in. 629 24/94 bm (661 88/94 bm later). Draught 16ft 0in. After 1690–91 ‘Great Repair’ the breadth was 35ft 11in, giving a tonnage of 768 48/94 bm Men: 180 as built; 220 at end 1653; 230 in 1660; 260 in 1666; later 340/270/210. Guns: 48 as built. 50 in 9.1653, then 56 at end 1653. 58/50 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demicannon, 2 culverins, 32 demi-culverins and 2 sakers), actually carried 58 in 1666 (but comprising 16 demi-cannon, 8 culverins, 34 demi-culverins). 60 under the 1677 Establishment (theoretically comprising LD 24 x 24pdrs, UD 24 demi-culverins, QD 10 x 5 1/4pdr sakers and RH 2 x 3pdrs), but by 7.1679 actually carried 52 when laid up in Portsmouth (22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 10 demi-culverin cutts), while in 1685 Establishment had 22 culverins, 24 demi-culverins, 12 demi-culverin cutts and 2 saker cutts. L: 9? 1651. First cost: £5,346.10.0d (629 tons @ £8.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Charles Thorowgood; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652. Later in 1652 under Capt. Anthony Young, and 1653 Capt. George Dakins. Later in 1653 under Capt. William Hill (-1654). In 1656 under Capt. Robert Nixon (-1659). In 1660 under Dakins again. Renamed Dunkirk at the Restoration in 1660. In 1660 under Capt. Anthony Enning. On 1.2.1662 under Capt. Arnold Browne (-27.7.1663), as flagship of Commodore James Ley, Earl of Marlborough; sailed for Bombay (to take possession for Charles II). On 4.10.1664 under Capt. John Kempthorne (-25.11.1664), then on 2.12.1664 under Capt. Robert Sansom (-24.2.1665). On 3.4.1665 under Capt. John Hayward (-7.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665; in Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Van division) 1–4.1666,

losing 11 killed and 31 wounded. On 8.6.1666 under Capt. John Waterworth (-11.10.1667); in St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Van division) 21.7.1666. On 10.5.1668 under Capt. John Wetwang (-13.6.1668). On 15.1.1672 under Capt. Francis Courtney (-9.12.1672, then re-appointed 6.1.1673; killed 11.8.1673); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1672; at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 14.8.1673 under Capt. Charles Roydon (-4.4.1674). On 17.1.1678 under Capt. John Ashby (-8.7.1679), in the Channel; laid up at Portsmouth 7.1679. Recommissioned on 21.12.1689 under Capt. Lawrence Wright, as flag of squadron to West Indies, sailing 8.3.1690. Great Repair at Blackwall 1690–92 (by AO 17.9.1692) involving considerable broadening (see above). In 1692 under Capt. James Watt (killed 31.5.1693); with Wheeler’s squadron to the West Indies 1693. In 1694 under Capt. Thomas Dilkes; capture of La Diligente at Isles of Scilly 12.5.1694; took (with Weymouth) 54-gun L’Invincible 17.6.1694; flagship of Robert Wilmott (died 9.1695) in the West Indies 1695. In 1696 under Capt. Thomas Butler, in Irish waters. Reduced to 60-gun Fourth Rate 1695–96. In 1697 under Capt. Thomas Robinson(-1701), with North Sea convoy. In 9.1701 under Capt. John Huntingdon, to West Indies; home in 1703. Rebuilt at Blackwall 1704 (see Chapter 4). In March 1652 the Commonwealth Navy included just five Third Rates with 40 guns and 180 men — the now elderly Garland, Happy Entrance and Bonaventure; the Lion and Leopard. The new Speaker and Fairfax (i) were established with 52 guns and 260 men. Some lists include the Laurel and Worcester, each of 46 guns and 180 men, both actually begun as Fourth Rates; and in fact the latter was completed as a Third Rate. The Antelope, a frigate newly building at Woolwich, and at that date intended to have 50 guns and 200 men, was actually classed with the Second Rates. EARLY 1652 PROGRAMME. Of the six new frigates authorised on 17 February 1652, the Essex was initially to be to the dimensions of the Ruby (see Chapter 4), but on 2 July the Council of State agreed that she ‘may be 115ft long’, and she was actually completed with a greater length (but less breadth) than the Speaker. She had thirteen pairs of LD gunports, twelve

pairs on the UD and three pairs on the QD. A rebuilding of the Swiftsure had already been authorised earlier in the year, and this was also completed in 1653. The Sussex and the Kentish of this Programme were also completed as Third Rates, but the Kentish subsequently reverted to a Fourth Rate. Both the Swiftsure and the Essex were lost in June 1666. Swiftsure Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] Dimensions & tons: 118ft 0in keel x 37ft 10in x 16ft 0in. 898 38/94 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Men: 300 on 3.9.1653; 400 on 17.12.1653 but 300 again by 1660; 380/300/260 in 1666. Guns: 56 on 3.9.1653; 64 on 17.12.1653; 60/48 in 1660; 66/54 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 28 culverins and 16 demi-culverins). Ord: 5.2.1652 (to be surveyed). L (RB): 28.9.1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. William Penn, as flagship of General-at-Sea George Monck. In 1654–55 under Capt. Jonas Poole, as flagship of General-at Sea Robert Blake, then later of General-at-Sea William Penn, as Adm. in the West Indies. In 1656–58 under Capt. John Bourne, with Blake’s fleet (serving as Blake’s flagship again 10–12.1656); at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. In 1658–59 under Capt. William Goodson, as Vice-Adm, for operations in the Sound 1659. Re-classed as Second Rate 1660. In 1660 under Rear-Adm. Sir Richard Stayner. On 1.4.1661 under Vice-Adm. Sir John Lawson (15.1.1663), with Sandwich’s squadron at Algiers, then in command in the Mediterranean. On 12.11.1664 under Lawson again (-9.2.1665), then Rear-Adm. Sir Thomas Tiddeman. On 1.3.1665 under Capt. Sir William Berkeley (killed 1.6.1666); as Rear-Adm. at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; as Vice-Adm. in Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Van division) 1.6.1666, when taken by the Dutch. Became Dutch 70-gun Oudshoorn and took part in Battle of Solebay 28.5.1672 in Dutch Van squadron. Essex Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 118ft 0in keel x 32ft 3in x 14ft 0in. 652 75/94 bm. Draught 17ft 0in. Men: 250 in late 1653; 200 in 1660; 260/200/160 in 1666. Guns: 56 in late 1653; 60/48 in 1660; 56 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 12 demi-cannon and 12 culverins, 28 demi-culverins and 4 sakers). Ord: 1.4.1652. L: 18.4.1653.

Commissioned 1653 under Capt. William Brandley, as flagship of Generalat-Sea Robert Blake at Battle of the Gabbard 3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Sanders, in the Channel for winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Capt. Jonathan Bourne. Repaired at Portsmouth 1655–56. In 1656 under Capt. Jeremiah Smith, then 1657 Capt. William Whitehorn. In 1659 under Capt. John Hayward, for operations in the Sound. In 1660 under Capt. Thomas Bunn, at Restoration of Charles II. On 7.8.1663 under Capt. James Smith (died 14.8.1664), then 20.9.1664 under Capt. Richard Utber (-5.1.1666), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 15.8.1665 under Capt. William Reeves; at Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Centre division) 1–2.6.1666, when taken by the Dutch.

A portrait by Van de Velde the Elder of the Essex, probably drawn around 1660. The first attempt to improve on the Speaker, the new ship was longer but somewhat narrower — since Speaker was twice girdled to improve stability, it is unlikely that Essex was entirely satisfactory, and later ships were certainly broader. National Maritime Museum PY3836.

LATER 1652 PROGRAMME. Soon after the outbreak of war with the Dutch in July 1652, the Navy began demanding more large frigates capable of fleet action, and on 28 September Parliament authorised the building of a

further thirty ships (although only twenty were actually contracted for). Eight of these, all ordered during December, were to be Third Rates of 116ft keel length, and a ninth (Tredagh) was intended to be of 120ft, although in fact she was completed to a similar size as the other eight. All were registered as Third Rates upon completion. Initially established with 52 guns, but by 1666 each had about 58 guns (with wartime establishment). Contemporary illustrations show all these seemingly had thirteen pairs of LD and either twelve or thirteen pairs of UD gunports, with either four or five pairs of QD ports (and none on the Fc). Marston Moor Henry Johnson, Blackwall. Dimensions & tons: 116 keel x 34ft 6in x 14ft 2in. 734 (734 38/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 17ft 0in. Later quoted as: 139ft 0in, 115ft 0in x 35ft 0in x 14ft 2in. 749 (749 31/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 16ft 6in. Men: 210 in 1660; 280 in 1666; later 340/270/210. Guns: 52 in 1660. 58 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 2 culverins, 32 demi-culverins and 2 sakers); actually carried 58 in 1666 (comprising 20 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 32 demi-culverins and 2 sakers). 60/52 under the 1677 Establishment (theoretically comprising LD 24 x 24pdrs, UD 24 demi-culverins, QD 10 x 5 1/4pdr sakers, RH 2 x 3pdrs), and in 7.1679 actually carried 60 when laid up in Portsmouth (but comprising 20 demi-cannon drakes, 4 culverins, 26 demi-culverin drakes and 10 demi-culverin cutts); the 1685 Establishment still showed the 1679 ordnance. 56 in the 1696 Survey (20 culverins, 22 demi-culverins and 14 x 6pdrs). Ord: 12.1652. L: 11.1653. First cost: £5,321.10.0d (734 tons @ £7.5.0d per ton). Commissioned 11.1653 under Capt. John Bourne, at St Helens for winter 1653–54. In 1655 under Capt. Edward Blagg, with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies, later with Goodson’s fleet (-1657). Renamed York at the Restoration in 1660. Recommissioned 25.5.1661 under Capt. Francis Allen (died 27.3.1662); with Sandwich’s squadron to Lisbon and Tangier 1662. On 14.10.1664 under Capt. John Swanley (-29.10.1667); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Centre division) 1– 4.6.1666, losing 8 killed and 14 wounded; in St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 14.3.1668 under Capt.

John Hayward (-25.7.1668). On 15.1.1672 under Capt. Thomas Elliott (-24.6.1672); in attack on Smyrna ships 13/14.3.1672; at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672. On 26.6.1672 under Capt. John Turner (died 16.7.1672), then 19.7.1672 under Capt. George Legge (-3.8.1672), then on 1.9.1672 under Capt. William Finch (killed 28.5.1673); at 1st Battle of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673. On 31.5.1673 under Capt. Henry Clarke (-died 7.4.1674); at 2nd Battle of Schooneveld (position unchanged) 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673; to Tangier, and later in North Sea 1674. On 27.4.1678 under Capt. Richard Griffith (died 23.11.1678), and 6.12.1678 under Capt. James Storey (-7.7.1679), in the Channel; laid up at Portsmouth 7.1679. Recommissioned 1.10.168 8 under Capt. Ralph Delavall; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. On 30.9.1689 under Capt. John Benbow. In 1690 under Capt. Thomas Hopson; at Battle of Beachy Head 30.6.1690. In 1691–92 under Capt. Robert Deane. In 1693 under Capt. George Mees; capture of privateers 26-gun Le St Antoine (of Nantes) and 16-gun La Mariana (of St Malo), and recapture of Scarborough 27.1.1693; capture of 14-gun Prince of Wales 4.1693. In 7.1693 under Capt. James Killigrew. In 7.1694 under Capt. William Whetstone, in the Mediterranean. Reduced to Fourth Rate 1695–96. Recommissioned 1697–1700 under Capt. Edward Bibb. In 6.1701 under Whetstone again, to Jamaica. In 1701–02 under Capt. John Smith, in the West Indies. Wrecked on the Shipwash in the Great Storm 23.11.1703.

The York ex-Marston Moor drawn in some detail by the elder Van de Velde in 1674. The ship has thirteen ports a side on the lower deck, possibly the same on the upper deck (the drawing is unclear forward), plus four on the quarterdeck, so easily capable of the 60 guns she was to carry by 1677. The ship had a very long career, with no apparent rebuilding, and was eventually wrecked in the Great Storm of 1703. National Maritime Museum PZ7273.

Plymouth John Taylor, Wapping. Dimensions & tons: 139ft 6in, 116ft 0in x 34ft 8in x 14ft 6in. 741 49/94 bm. Draught 17ft 0in. As girdled 36ft 9in breadth. 833 31/94 bm. Men: 260 in 1660; 280 in 1666; later 340/270/210. Guns: 52 in 1660. 58/50 under the 1666 Establishment (as York above); actually carried 60 in 1666 (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 2 culverins, 34 demi-culverins and 2 falcons). 60 under the 1677 Establishment (as York above), and in 7.1679 actually carried 60 when laid up in Portsmouth (22 demi-cannon drakes, 2 culverins, 26 demi-culverin drakes and 8 demi-culverin cutts). The 1685 Establishment still showed the 1679 ordnance. 56 under the 1696 Survey (comprising 22 culverins, 22 demi-culverins, 4 sakers and 8 saker cutts). Ord: 9.12.1652. L: 26.12.1653. First cost: £5,372.5.0d (741 tons @ £7.5.0d per ton). Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Richard Stayner, for Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean; at Tunis 4.4.1655; Spanish galleons 9.9.1656; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. In 1659 under Capt. Edward Witheridge, for

operations in the Sound. On 14.6.1660 under Capt. John Hayward (-24.8.1660), in the Downs. On 25.8.1660 under Capt. Thomas Allin (-17.9.1661), for voyage to Levant. On 26.6.1664 under Allin again (-15.6.1665), now Vice-Adm. in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 11.6.1665 under Capt. John Jeffreys (died 24.2.1666); in action of 3–4.9.1665 (capture of Dutch Slothany). On 25.2.1666 under Capt. Roger Millner (died 7.6.1666); in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Rear division) 4.6.1666, losing 5 dead and 20 wounded (including Millner mortally). On 8.6.1666 under Capt. John Lloyd (-8.11.1667); in St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666, when set on fire. On 13.5.1668 under Capt. John Hubbard (-13.6.1668). On 11.1.1672 under Capt. William Poole (-25.2.1672), then 11.3.1672 under Capt. Roger Strickland (-7.6.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672. On 9.6.1672 under Capt. Richard le Neve (-6.7.1673), with Narborough’s squadron to Tangier and the Mediterranean. On 7.7.1673 under Capt. Anthony Young (-27.7.1674); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673; paid off 1674. Recommissioned 9.4.1677 under Capt. Sir John Narborough (-11.7.1679) as 58-gun flagship in the Mediterranean; in action (with squadron) during 11.1678 against five Algerines (42-gun Greyhound, 36-gun Golden Tiger, 36-gun Five Stars, 34-gun New Fountain and 32-gun Flying Horse), all five being taken; home in 5.1679; laid up at Portsmouth 7.1679. Recommissioned 3.8.1688 under Capt. Richard Carter; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron, Van division) 30.6.1690. In 1691–92 under Capt. John Mayne, then 1693 Capt. John Leake. In 7.1693 under Capt. James Killigrew; in action off Pantelleria 27–28.1.1695 — capture of 60-gun Le Content and 50-gun Le Trident 28.1.1695 (Killigrew killed), then under Capt. Charles Cornwall. In 1697 under Capt. John Jennings (-1699); took 14-gun St Malo privateer La Concorde 27.1.1697; took (with Rye) 36-gun Le Nouveau Cherbourg and 28-gun Le Dauphin 5.2.1697; guard duty at Plymouth 7.1699 (until paid off); in 1699 under Capt. Henry Robinson. In 1701 under Capt. Robert Kirktown, as flagship of Sir Stafford Fairborne with the Dunkirk squadron; with Rooke’s fleet 1702, then in Cadiz operations. Rebuilt as 64-gun Fourth Rate at Blackwall 1703–05.

A curiously undramatic rendition by Johan Danckerts of the wreck of the Gloucester on a sandbank in 1682, when around 130 were drowned and the Duke of York was lucky to escape with his life. It is reproduced here to illustrate the typical appearance of a Commonwealth Third Rate in later life. National Maritime Museum BHC3369.

Bridgwater Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Chamberlain] Dimensions & tons (Pepys): 116ft 9in x 34ft 7in x 14ft 2in. 743 tons. Draught 17ft 0in. Men: 210 in 1660; 280 in 1666, later 340/210/180. Guns: 52 in 1660. 58/50 under the 1666 Establishment (as York above); actually carried exactly this in 1666. Ord: 12.1652. L: ?12.1653. First cost: £5,379.10.0d (742 tons @ £7.5.0d per ton). Commissioned 12.1653 under Anthony Earning (-1659); with Blake in the Mediterranean 1654–55; at Tunis 4.4.1655; with Blake’s fleet off Cadiz 1656–57; attack on Spanish galleons 9.9.1656; at Santa Cruz 20.4.1657; in operations in the Sound 1659. Renamed Anne at the Restoration in 1660. On 27.5.1661 under Capt. Jonas Poole (-13.12.1662). On 14.12.1662 under Capt. James Smith (-1.8.1663), at Tangier. On 4.10.1664 under Capt. Arnold Browne (died

20.8.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 27.8.1665 under Capt. James Lambert (died 9.9.1665). On 22.9.1665 under Capt. Robert Moulton (died 4.5.1667); in Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666; in St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 5.5.1667 under Capt. Thomas Elliot (-13.8.1668). On 15.1.1672 under Capt. John Waterworth (killed 28.5.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672. On 11.6.1672 under Capt. Thomas Fowles (dismissed for flogging the master of a collier 9.9.1672). On 18.9.1672 under Elliot again (died 2.12.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. Blown up by accident at Sheerness 2.12.1673. Gloucester Matthew Graves, Limehouse. Dimensions & tons: 117ft 0in keel x 34ft 10in x 14ft 6in. 755 11/94 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Men: 210 in 1660; 280 in 1666; later 340/270/210. Guns: 50 in 1660. 58/50 under the 1666 Establishment (as York above); actually carried 57 in 1666 (comprising 19 demi-cannon, 4 culverins and 34 demi-culverins). 60 under the 1677 Establishment (as Yorke above). Later 62/52. Ord: 12.1652. L: ?3.1654. First cost: £5,473.15.0d (755 tons @ £7.5.0d per ton). Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Benjamin Blake (resigned 1656). Later in 1656 under Capt. Richard Newberry, with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies (where ship was rammed); later with Goodson’s fleet in the West Indies. In 1658 under Capt. Eustace Smith, then 1659 under William Whitehorne, for operations in the Sound. On 10.6.1664 under Capt. Christopher Myngs (-7.9.1664), then 8.9.1664 under Capt. John Harman (-25.3.1665). On 28.3.1665 under Capt. Robert Clarke (-9.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; in action against Dutch convoy off Texel 15.5.1666; in Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Centre division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 18 killed and 27 wounded. On 10.6.1666 under Capt. Richard May (-26.10.1667); in St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. On 16.1.1672 under Capt. John Holmes (-3.4.1672); in attack on Smyrna ship 14.3.1672. On 16.4.1672 under Capt. William Coleman (-12.8.1673); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Van division) 28.5.1672; at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at

Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 14.8.1673 under Capt. Sir William Jennings (-31.3.1674); to Mediterranean at end 1673. On 13.4.1682 under Capt. Sir John Berry; bilged and sank on the Lemon & Ower sandbank (off Great Yarmouth) 6.5.1682; c. 130 drowned including Earl of Roxburgh. Torrington Henry Johnson, Blackwall. Dimensions & tons: 116ft 0in keel x 34ft 6in x 14ft 2in. 734 38/94 bm. Draught 16ft 6in. Men: 210 in 1660; 280 in 1666; later 355/280/215. Guns: 52 in 1660. 58/50 under the 1666 Establishment (as York above); actually carried 66 in 1666 (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 6 culverins, 36 demi-culverins and 2 x 3pdrs). 62/54 under the 1677 Establishment (as Henrietta below). Still 62 under the 1685 Establishment (now comprising 24 x 24pdrs, 26 demiculverins, 2 sakers and 10 saker cutts). Ord: 12.1652. L: early 1654. First cost: £5,350.10.0d (738 tons @ £7.5.0d per ton). Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Jeremy Smith. Later in 1654 under Capt. George Dakins, as Rear-Adm. with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies. In 1655 under Capt. William Goodson, as Adm. in the West Indies (-1656). In 1657 under Capt. Robert Sanders (-1659), with Stoakes’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1658–59. Later in 1659 under Capt. John Harman (-1660), for operations in the Sound. Renamed Dreadnought at the Restoration in 1660. Recommissioned 1660 under Capt. John Harman. On 14.6.1664 under Capt. Bernard Gilpin (drowned 27.3.1665). On 27.5.1665 under Capt. Henry Terne (-26.5.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 27.5.1666 under Rear-Adm. Edward Spragge (-7.6.1666); in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Rear division) 4.6.1666, losing 6 killed and 30 wounded. On 10.6.1666 under Capt. Robert Mohun (died 9.4.1667); in St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 10.4.1667 under Capt. James Storey (-14.12.1667). On 11.7.1671 under Capt. Sir John Chicheley. On 25.5.1672 under Capt. Arthur Herbert (-9.6.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 13.6.1672 under Capt. Richard Trevanion (-29.7.1674); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue Squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673, then convoy to the Straits; at Cadiz and the

Straits 1674. On 1.2.1678 under Capt. Sir John Berry (-21.8.1679), in the Channel; convoy to Tangiers 1679. On 15.9.1688 under Capt. Stephen Akerman (-1689), with Dartmouth’s fleet 10.1688. In 3.1690 under Cmdr Robert Wilmot; while en route from Portsmouth to the Nore, foundered off North Foreland 16.10.1690. Langport William Bright, Horsleydown (Bermondsey). Dimensions & tons: 116ft 0in keel x 35ft 7in x 14ft 4in. 781 24/94 tons. Draught 17ft 0in. Men: 210 in 1660; 300 in 1660; later 355/280/215. Guns: 50 in 1660. 58 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 demi-cannon, 4 culverins; 26 x 12pdrs; 8 demi-culverins); actually carried 65 in 1666 (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 37 demi-culverins and 2 x 3pdrs). 62/54 under the 1677 Establishment (theoretically comprising LD 24 x 24pdrs, UD 24 demi-culverins, QD 12 x 5 1/4pdr sakers and RH 2 x 3pdrs). 60 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising 24 x 24pdrs, 30 demiculverins, 4 demi-culverin drakes and 2 demi-culverin cutts). Ord: 12.1652. L: 1654. First cost: £5,568 (768 tons @ £7.5.0d per ton). Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Roger Cuttance (-1656); with Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean. In 1656 (recorded only from 19.5.1658) under Capt. John Coppin (-24.7.1660), still with Blake’s fleet; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. Renamed Henrietta at the Restoration on 23.5.1660. On 9.11.1660 under Capt. Robert Holmes (-18.8.1661), as guard ship. On 3.9.1664 under Capt. Walter Wood (died 6.6.1666); flagship of Prince Rupert 3.10– 26.11.1664; at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665; in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Centre division) 4.6.1666, losing 2 killed (including Wood) and 10 wounded. On 9.6.1666 under Capt. Sir Frescheville Holies (22.9.1666); in St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. On 22.9.1666 under Capt. John Tyrwhit (-17.12.1667). On 11.11.1672 under Capt. Sir William Reeves (-3.3.1673); then 14.3.1673 under Capt. Robert Woerdon (killed 28.5.1673); in 1st Battle of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673. On 2.6.1673 under Capt. (Count) Gustavus Horne (-15.9.1673), for 2nd Battle of Schooneveld (position unchanged) 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. on 14.9.1673 under Capt. Sir John Narborough (-20.12.1675), for the

Mediterranean; raised from 60 guns (and 340 men) to 62 guns (and 355 men). On 21.12.1675 under Capt. Henry Killigrew (-13.7.1676); in boat attack on Tripoli 14.1.1676; home to England 7.1676. On 1.5.1678 under Capt. Thomas Fowler (-30.9.1678), in the Channel. On 17.6.1682 under Capt. Sir John Berry (-18.4.1684), off Ireland; to Tangier 9.1682; evacuation of Tangier 1683. In 1685–86 under Capt. John Ashby, as guard ship at Chatham. In 9.1688 under Capt. Richard Trevanion; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 4.1689 under Capt. John Neville; wrecked in storm in Plymouth Sound 25.12.1689 (c.6o men drowned). Tredagh Sir Phineas Pett, Ratcliffe. Dimensions & tons: 117ft 3in keel x 35ft 2in x 14ft 5in. 771 27/94 tons. Men: 210 in 1660; 290/210/180 in 1666. Guns: 50 in 1660. 58 under the 1666 Establishment (as Henrietta above). Ord: 12.1652. L: 22.5.1654. Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Anthony Young (-1656). In 1656 under Capt. John Harman (-1657); with Blake’s fleet off Cadiz; with Capt. John Stoakes’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1657–59. In 1659 under Capt. Thomas Teddeman; operations in the Sound 1659; in the Straits 1660. Renamed Resolution at the Restoration. On 30.3.1662 under Adm. Sir John Lawson (-23.11.1663), took a 32-gun Algerine. On 13.11.1664 under Rear-Adm. Sir William Berkeley (-23.11.1664). On 25.2.1665 under Capt.. Robert Sansum, Rear-Adm. at Battle of Lowestoft (White Squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665 (Sansum killed); later flag of RearAdm. Sir John Harman. On 21.10.1665 under Capt. Willoughby Hannam, still Harman’s flagship; took French La Victoire off Portugal 3.5.1666; at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666 — where burnt by a Dutch fireship in action (c200 men drowned).

One of a large programme of new construction instigated by the First Anglo-Dutch War, the Newbury was one of those built by contract in a merchant yard. Renamed Revenge at the Restoration, she is seen here in a drawing by the younger Van de Velde done in 1673. National Maritime Museum PY1829.

Newbury Matthew Graves, Limehouse. Dimensions & tons: 117ft 6in keel x 35ft 0in x 14ft 5in. 765 59/94 tons. Draught 18ft 0in. Men: 220 in 1660; 300 in 1666; later 355/280/215. Guns: 52 in 1660. 58 under the 1666 Establishment (as Henrietta above); actually carried 69 in 1666 (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 30 demi-culverins, 10 x 5 1/4pdr sakers, 2 x 3pdrs and a minion). Ord: 12.1652. L: 3.6.1654. First cost: £5,408.10.0d (746 tons @ £7.5.0d per ton). Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Robert Blake II, for Blake’s fleet; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657; in operations in the Sound 1659; in the Mediterranean 1660. Renamed Revenge at the Restoration in 1660. On 30.5.1664 under Capt. Thomas Tiddiman (-10.3.1665). On 6.2.1665 under Capt. Charles Herbert and Capt. Robert Fairer (-22.2.1665), as flagship of Adm. Edward Montagu, Earl of Sandwich 6–19.2.1665, later flagship of Rear-

Adm. Thomas Tiddiman. On 14.3.1665 under Capt. Robert Holmes (-14.6.1665), still Tiddiman’s flagship; at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 14.6.1665 under Capt. Arthur Laughorne (-9.9.1665), still Tiddiman’s flag, at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 3.8.1665. On 13.9.1665 under Capt. John Hart (-21.10.1665), then on 25.10.1665 under Capt. Sir John Harman (-14.1.1666). On 7.12.1665 under Capt. Thomas Elliot (-31.10.1667), in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Van division) 4.6.1666, losing 11 killed and 8 wounded; in St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 28.12.1667 under Vice-Adm. Sir Edward Spragge (-21.9.1668), re-appointed 29.4.1669 (-5.1.1672); in the Downs 1668, and in Mediterranean 1669–71; at Battle of Bugia Bay 8.5.1671, when destroyed seven Algerine warships (34-gun White Horse, 34-gun Orange Tree, 34-gun Three Cyprus Trees, 28-gun Three Half Moons, 26-gun Pearl, 24-gun Gold Crown and 24-gun Half Moon). On 6.1.1672 under Hart again (-5.6.1672), then on 5.6.1672 under Capt. Sir John Ernie (-3.7.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1673 and 6.6.1673. Ordered to be rebuilt later in 1673, but instead condemned to be ‘laid on shore and disposed of’ by AO 19.9.1678. Lyme Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir John Tippetts] Dimensions & tons: 145ft 0in, 117ft 0in x 35ft 2in x 15ft 0in. 769 60/94 tons. As girdled: 145ft 0in, 118ft 0in x 36ft 6in x 15ft 6in. 836 19/94 tons Men: 220 in 1660; 300 in 1666; later 355/280/215. Guns: 52 in 1660. 58 under the 1666 Establishment (as Henrietta above); actually carried 58 in 1666 (comprising 20 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 32 demi-culverins and 2 falcons). Ord: 12.1652. L: 4.9.1654. First cost: £7,020 (780 tons @ £9 per ton). Commissioned 1655 under Capt. John Bourne. In 1656 under Capt. Eustace Smith (-1657), for Blake’s fleet; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. Later in 1657 under Capt. John Stoakes (-1659), as Adm. in the Mediterranean. Renamed Montagu at the Restoration in 1660. Recommissioned 1.4.1661 under Capt. Richard Utber (-17.12.1662), with Sandwich’s squadron to Tangier and in the Mediterranean. On 7.10.1664 under Capt. Henry Fenn (-28.8.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 29.8.1665 under Capt. Martin Carslake (-22.9.1665). Fenn

reappointed 24.9.1665 (died 31.5.1666). On 2.6.1666 briefly under Capt. Thomas Roome Coyle (-6.6.1666). On 7.6.1666 under Capt. Daniel Healing (-15.10.1667); in St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666 On 20.3.1668 under Capt. Francis Digby (-12.5.1669), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 20.9.1671 under Capt. Richard London (-18.1.1672), then on 19.1.1672 under Capt. Thomas Darcy (-30.10.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.6.1672. Rebuilt 1673–75 at Chatham (see below).

One of the earliest surviving scale ship models, this Commonwealth ‘great frigate’ has the same gunport arrangement as the Newbury and Lyme of 1654, but the dimensions are closest to the short-lived Antelope of 1651 (classed as a Second Rate on commissioning). Although the word ‘frigate’ has meant different things at different times, it is usually associated with speed, and it may seem a curiosity of the mid seventeenth century to apply it to vessels that were embryonic line of battle ships. However, this model shows the fine lines of this type, and it is easy to understand the origins of these two-deckers in ships intended for fast sailing, as opposed to the ‘floating fortress’ philosophy embodied in the earlier ‘great ships’. National Maritime Museum C4060–1.

FAIRFAX. The original Fairfax had been ‘burnt to the lower deck’ on 21 March 1653, and eight days later the Council of State ordered a replacement for her to be newbuilt, but on 6 April changed this to rebuild her ‘from the portion still uninjured, to her former proportions’. Fairfax (ii) Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Taylor] Dimensions & tons: 120ft 0in keel x 35ft 2in x 14ft 6in. 785 (789 35/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 17ft 6in.

Later quoted as: 118ft 0in keel x 34ft 9in x 14ft 4in. 756 (757 88/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 17ft 6in. As girdled: 36ft 0in breadth. 813 42/94 bm. Men: 220 in 1660; 300 in 1666; later 340/220/190; 400 in 1672. Guns: 52 in 1660. 60/54 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 26 x 12pdrs and 8 demi-culverins); actually carried 66 in 1666 (as per Establishment but with 14 x 5 1/4pdr sakers instead of the demi-culverins). In 1672 carried 72 guns (comprising LD 26 x 24pdrs, UD 24 x 12pdrs, QD 14 x sakers, Fc 4 sakers, RH 2 saker drake cutts, plus 2 x 12pdrs in the Great Cabin; the LD and UD guns were of iron, the sakers and Great Cabin guns were brass). Ord: 29.3.1653. L: 9.1653. First cost: £7,065 (785 tons @ £9 per ton). Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Edward Blagg. Later in 1654 under Capt. John Lawson (-1655), at St Helens for winter 1653–54. In 1656 under Blagg again, with Blake’s fleet; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. In 1658 under Capt. Robert Storey, then under Capt. Thomas Whetstone (-1659), with Stoakes’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 9.5.1661 under Capt. Thomas Tiddiman (16.1.1662), with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier; at Algiers 31.7.1661; later with Lawson’s squadron in the Mediterranean (-1662). On 7.10.1664 under Capt. Robert Salmon (died 30.9.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 2.6.1665. On 2.10.1665 under Capt. John Watley (-13.11.1665). On 11.11.1665 under Capt. Sir Christopher Myngs (-3.4.1666), as ViceAdm.’s flagship in winter 1665–66. On 2.4.1666 under Capt. John Chicheley (-6.y.1666), then 7.7. 1666 under Capt. Richard Beach (-9.11.1667). On 13.1.1672 under Capt. George Legge (-18.7.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 17.9.1672 under John Narborough (-30.6.1673), with Lisbon and Tangier convoys. On 2.7.1673 under Capt. Dominick Nugent (-10.12.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673; bilged on sankbank at Grays 19.9.1673; refloated 5.10.1673 but found to be unrepairable and broken up at Woolwich 1674. LATE PROTECTORATE ADDITIONS (1658–60). The Lion was docked at Chatham in September 1657 for rebuilding, and a similar ship was ordered to be newbuilt at Portsmouth in 1659.

Lion Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Taylor] Dimensions & tons: 130ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 4in x 15ft 6in. 717 (717 18/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Men: 210 in 1660; 260 in 1666; later 340/270/210. Guns: 52 in 1660. 58 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon. 2 culverins, 32 demi-culverins, 2 sakers); actually carried 59 in 1666 (19 demicannon, 4 culverins, 34 demi-culverins and 2 x 3pdrs). 60/52 under the 1677 Establishment (theoretically-comprising LD 24 x 24pdrs; UD 24 demi-culverins; QD/Fc 10 x sakers; RH 2 x 3pdrs). 60 under the 1685 Establishment (24 x 24pdrs, 24 demi-culverins; 10 x 5 1/4pdr sakers (drakes) and 2 x 3pdrs). L(RB): 1658. First cost: £6,552 (728 tons @ £9 per ton). Commissioned 1659 under Capt. John Lambert, for operations in the Sound. On 25.5.1661 under Capt. Thomas Bunn (died 8.8.1662). On 9.8.1662 under Capt. Sir Thomas Allin (-17.12.1662), with Sandwich’s squadron to Tangier and Lisbon. On 2.11.1664 under Capt. Edward Spragge (-25.8.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 27.8.1665 under Capt. Daniel Helling (-15.11.1665), then 16.11.1665 under Capt. John Hubbard II (-9.6.1666). On 10.6.1666 under Capt. Sir William Jennings (-30.11.1766). On 17.2.1667 under Rear-Adm. Sir John Harman (-26.5.1668); in 3.1667 to the West Indies; in action off Martinique 24–25.6.1667. On 7.11.1672 under Capt. Richard Haddock (-1.2.1673). On 3.2.1673 under Capt. Richard Rooth (-12.3.1673), in the Mediterranean. On 13.3.1773 under Capt. Thomas Fowles (killed 28.5.1673); at 1st Battle of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673. On 31.5.1673 under Capt. John Ashby (-12.11.1673); at 2nd Battle of Schooneveld (position unchanged) 4.6.1673; at Battle of the Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 18.4.1678 under Capt. Henry Williams (-7.7.1679), in the Channel. In 11.1688 under Capt. Charles Skelton; with the Fleet 1689. In 1690 under Capt. John Torpley; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1691 under Capt. Robert Wiseman; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 17–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. Thomas Gardiner; with Rooke’s fleet in defence of Smyrna convoy 6.1693. In 1694 under Capt. Jedidiah Barker (-1696), with the Dunkirk squadron, and cruising. In 1697 under Capt. Francis Dove, to Newfoundland. Sold 16.12.1698.

Part of a sketch by Van de Velde the Elder of the Monck, drawn about 1675. His interest is clearly the stern decoration (he made two attempts to get the gunports in the right positions and then left most of the broadside detail unfinished). It demonstrates how no two ships were exactly alike in their finishing, this one for example having a curious oval window in the centre of the stern gallery Note also the round ports (with lids open) in the counter at the upper deck level. National Maritime Museum, detail from PZ7275.

Monck Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Tippetts] Dimensions & tons: 107ft 0in keel x 35ft 0in x 14ft 6in. 697 (697 19/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 16ft 0in. Later quoted as: 136ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 0in x 13ft 11in. 703 (703 68/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 16ft 0in.

Men: 220 in 1660; 260 in 1666; later 340/270/210. Guns 52 in 1660. 58 under the 1666 Establishment (as Lion above); actually carried 58 in 1666 (but comprising 30 demi-cannon, 2 culverins, 2 x 12pdrs and 34 demi-culverins). 60/52 under the 1677 Establishment (again as Lion). 58 under the 1685 Establishment (24 demi-cannon (drakes), 26 x culverins; 8 demi-culverin cutts). L: 7.1.1660. First cost: £6,273 (697 tons @ £9 per ton). Commissioned 29.4.1661 under Capt. Nicholas Tatersell (died 12.2.1663). On 7.10.1664 under Capt. Thomas Penrose (died 14.11.1667); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; at the Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 16 killed and 41 wounded; at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 30.4.1668 under Capt. Sir William Reeves (-24.7.1668). On 22.3.1672 under Capt. Bernard Ludman (-16.8.1673); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1772; at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 17.8.1673 under Capt. Henry Killigrew (-6.4.1664). In 1689 under Capt. Sir Cloudisley Shovell (-1680), in the Irish Sea. In 1691 under Capt. William Bokenham, off Dunkirk. In 1692 under Capt. Benjamin Hoskins; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–25.5.1692. In 1692–93 under Capt. Stafford Fairborne; with Rooke’s fleet in defence of Smyrna convoy 6.1693. In 1694 under Capt. Thomas Warren; in Camaret Bay operations 6.1694, then cruising. In 1695 under Capt. Edward Whitaker; took DuguayTrouin’s 36-gun Le Diligent off the Isles of Scilly 12.5.1695. In 1696 under Capt. Edward Bibb, with Benbow’s squadron. In 1697 under Capt. Robert Stapleton, with Broad Pendant of Capt. John Norris, off Newfoundland. Rebuilt 1702 as a 60-gun Fourth Rate (see Chapter 4).

(C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660 At the Restoration of King Charles II, the English Navy had sixteen Third Rates: the Swiftsure of 60 guns; the Bridgwater; Fairfax, Lyme, Marston Moor, Monck, Newbury, Plymouth and Torrington, each of 52 guns; the

Gloucester, Langport, Speaker and Tredagh, each of 50 guns; and the Essex, Lion and Worcester, each of 48 guns. The majority (nine ships) were renamed at the Restoration, as shown above. The Swiftsure (not renamed) was restored at this time to her original class as a Second Rate, and appears in the previous Chapter. 1664 PROGRAMME. On 26 October 1664, the Navy Committee ordered a Programme of new construction to build four Third Rates (plus two Second Rates — see Chapter 2). On 11 November two Fourth Rates were added (see Chapter 4), and the Committee directed the Navy Board that one of the Third Rates should be built by contract; this contract with Castle was approved on 16 November. On 23 November, it was agreed that the Third Rates’ dimensions should be 116ft keel x 34 1/2ft breadth, giving a tonnage of 734 38/94 bm. On 15 February 1665 the Admiralty cancelled the two Second Rates which had been originally part of this Programme, and an extra Third Rate — the Warspite — was ordered in place of one of these Second Rates. At the same time the Third Rate ordered from Chatham (initially this had been assigned to Daniel Furzer at Lydney) was deferred until the rebuilding of the Second Rate Victory was completed. Their initial Establishment of men and guns was proposed to be 280 men and 60 guns (LD 22 demi-cannon and 4 culverins, UD 26 demi-culverins, QD/Fc 6 demi-culverin cutts and 2 sakers); however by their completion each was established with: Men: 320/200/165. Guns: 64/54 (22 demi-cannon, 28 culverins, 14 demiculverins). The dockyard-built ships had thirteen pairs of LD gunports, twelve pairs on the UD and six pairs on the QD, while Cambridge (and Warspite) had three pairs on the Fc. Thus it seems likely that the demi-cannon and 4 culverins were allotted to the LD as originally intended, and the remaining culverins to the UD. The Defiance differed (although no illustration is known) as Castle’s designs usually did, by providing one more gunport per side on the UD than on the LD (the Warspite similarly had fourteen pairs of gunports on the UD). The original draught for the Warspite was amended by the Navy Board on 22 November 1664, now requiring the breadth to be increased from 34 1/2ft to 36ft and the hold deepened from 14ft to 15ft (the scantlings were also

enlarged). Charles II, himself expert in naval architecture, intervened personally to demand even greater beam in order to raise the freeboard of the LD gunports to 4 1/2ft. Castle advised the Admiralty on 9 January 1665 that he intended to alter her dimensions accordingly. This initial establishment was soon amended, both in terms of men and of guns. The actual ordnance carried by the first quartet appears below for individual ships. By the 1677 Establishment of Guns (the Defiance having been lost), two distinct groups had emerged. The Cambridge and Warspite were re-established with 420/345/270 men and 70/62 guns (LD 26 demicannon, UD 26 x 12pdrs, QD/Fc 16 x 5 1/4pdr sakers and RH 2 x 3pdrs), while the slightly smaller Rupert and Monmouth were re-established with 400/320/255 men and 66/58 guns (LD 26 x 24pdrs, UD 24 x 12pdrs, QD/Fc 14 x 5 1/4pdr sakers and RH 2 x 3pdrs). The guns under the proposed 1685 Establishment were more diverse, and are shown individually below. Rupert Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Specified Dimensions & tons: 118ft 0in keel x 35ft 6in x 14ft 6in. 791 bm. As built: 144ft 11n, 119ft 0in x 36ft 3in x 15ft 6in. 831 72/94 bm. Draught 17ft 0in. Later quoted as: 144ft 11n, 119ft 0in x 36ft 6in x 17ft 1in. 843 27/94 bm.] Guns: Actual in 1666 was 67 (22 demi-cannon, 30 culverins, 12 demiculverins and 3 x 6pdr sakers). Under the 1685 establishment had 64 (comprising 24 x 24pdrs, 2 culverins, 26 x 12pdrs, 12 demi-culverins). Ord: 26.10.1664. L: 26.1.1666. First cost: £7,119 (791 tons @ £9 per ton). Commissioned 6.1.1666 under Capt. Richard Utber (-2.4.1667); as RearAdm. at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, flag of Rear division) 1– 4.6.1666, losing 17 killed and 46 wounded; as Rear-Adm. at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, flag of Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 2.4.1667 under Capt. John Hubbard II (-10.12.1667). On 22.3.1668 under Capt. Sir John Chicheley (-27.8.1668); with Allin’s squadron to the Mediterranean. On 6.6.1671 under Capt. John Hart (-5.1.1672), as flagship of Sir Edward Spragge in the Mediterranean. On 4.4.1672 under Capt. Sir John Holmes (-13.8.1673); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672; at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. On 17.8.1673 under Capt. Thomas Fowler (-3.11.1673). On 5.11.1677 under Capt. Arthur Herbert (-1679); took 40-

gun Algerine Tiger 1.4.1678; as Vice-Adm. in the Mediterranean 5.1679. In 11.1679 under Capt. John Wyborne (-1680), in the Mediterranean. On 24.5.1684 under Capt. Anthony Smith (-7.6.1684), for delivery to Chatham. On 29.6.1685 under Capt. John Neville (-5.8.1685). On 24.9.1685 under Capt. Stephen Akerman (-1686), with the Guard at Chatham. In late 1688 under Capt. Sir William Jennings; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 4.1689 under Capt. Sir Francis Wheeler (-1690), in the Channel. On 24.6.1690 under Capt. George Pomeroy; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690 (Pomeroy mortally wounded, dying 10.7.1690), then under Capt. Simon Foulkes. In 1691 under Capt. Matthew Aymer; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. Later in 1692 under Capt. Basil Beaumont; took (with Adventure) two privateers 24-gun and 18-gun on Irish station 10.1692; took two 16-gun privateers off the Start 12.1692. In 1694 under Capt. Thomas Kercher (died 17.10.1694), then under Capt. Thomas Dilkes; in the Soundings 1695; to West Indies with Neville’s squadron 1697 (Dilkes succeeding to command on death of Neville 27.8.1697). In 1698 under Capt. David Greenhill; paid off 7.1698. Rebuilt at Plymouth 1702–03 (see below).

A lively impression of some of Charles II’s fleet at sea by the younger Van de Velde, done about 1680. In fact it is an imaginary scene, bringing together ships commanded by Captain John Wyborne, presumably in preparation for a painting commission. The vessel in the foreground is the Rupert, with the Pearl off her bow; astern is the Garland and James

Galley, with the Bristol to the far left. He went on to command the Happy Return (which is not represented) in 1681, which suggests the dating. National Maritime Museum PY1869.

Defiance William Castle, Deptford. (Contract) Dimensions & tons: 116ft 0in keel x 37ft 0in x 15ft 9in. 844 66/94 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. As built: 117ft 0in x 37ft 3in x 15ft 3in. 863 50/94 bm. Draught 16ft 6in. Guns: actually carried in 1666 were 65 (22 demi-cannon, 29 culverins and 12 demi-culverins). Ord: 26.10.1664. L: 27.3.1666. First cost: £5,966.15.0d (823 tons @ £7.5.0d per ton, apparently based on a planned breadth of 36ft 6in). Commissioned 28.3.1666 under Capt. Sir (he was knighted at her launching) Robert Holmes (-9.6.1666); as Rear-Adm. (from 3.6.1666) at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, flag of Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 40 killed and 73 wounded. On 4.6.1666 under Capt. William Flawes (-9.6.1666), as flagship of Holmes, then 10.6.1666 under Capt. Sir John Kempthorne (-3.12.1667), as Rear-Adm. at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, flag of Van division) 25.7.1666; in 9.1667 flagship of Holmes again, as commander-in-chief at Portsmouth. On 27.5.1668 under Capt. Sir John Harman (-1.7.1668). Burnt by accident at Chatham 6.12.1668 while in Ordinary (remains hulked 2.3.1672). Cambridge Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 121ft 0in keel x 37ft 0in x 15ft 9in. 881 10/94bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Guns: actually carried 68 in 1666 (comprising 24 demi-cannon, 30 culverins and 14 demi-culverins). Under the 1685 Establishment had 70 (comprising 26 demi-cannon, 26 culverins, 18 demi-culverins). Ord: 26.10.1664. L: 5.1666. First cost: £7,929 (881 tons @ £9 per ton). Commissioned 1.7.1666 under Capt. John Jeffries (died 19.9.1666) at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 23.9.1666 under Sir Frescheville Holies (-4.1.1667). On 26.3.1668 under Capt. Sir Robert Holmes (-15.9.1668). On 20.1.1672 under Holies again (killed 28.5.1672); in attack on Smyrna convoy 13–14.3.1672; at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 10.6.1672 under Capt. Arthur Herbert (-11.10.1673); at ist Battle of Schooneveld

(Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673; sent home before 2nd Battle; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. In 1674–75 with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 28.3.1678 under Capt. William Davies (-20.6.1679), in the Channel. On 15.9.1688 under Capt. John Tyrwhitt, with Dartmouth’s fleet in October. On 14.12.1688 under Capt. John Clements; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. In 1690 under Capt. Simon Foulks; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690. On 26.8.1690 under Capt. Jacob Banks. In 1691 under Richard Lestock; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. John Ward, wrecked on Spanish coast east of Gibraltar 19.2.1694 (100 men drowned). Monmouth Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Specified Dimensions & tons: 119ft 0in keel x 36ft 0in x 15ft 6in. 822 (820 32/94 by calc.) bm. As built: 148ft 5in, 118ft 9in x 36ft 10in x 15ft 6in. 856 89/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Guns: Under the 1685 Establishment had 66 (26 demi-cannon, 24 x 12pdrs, 14 x 6pdrs and 2 x 3pdrs). Ord: 26.10.1664. L: 3.1667 (and was then completing at Chatham during Dutch raid on 12.6.1667). First cost: £7,398 (822 tons @ £9 per ton). Commissioned 1.3.1667 under Capt. Robert Clerke (-2.10.1667), then 18.10.1667 under Adm. Sir Thomas Allin (-30.4.1669), in the Mediterranean. On 13.2.1672 under Capt. Sir Richard Beach (-16.7.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron) 28.5.1672. On 18.7.1672 under Capt. John Kempthorne, Jnr (-9.11.1672?). On 17.12.1672 under Capt. Sir Robert Robinson (i) (-25.10.1673); with Narborough’s squadron for Malaga trade; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. On 10.1.1678 under Capt. Sir John Wetwang (-24.3.1678), with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 13.4.1678 under Capt. Richard Rooth (-31.7.1679), in the Channel. In 1689 under Capt. Richard Dickenson, then 1690 Capt. Nehemiah Bourne (possibly??), and 9.1690 Capt. Thomas Raines. In 1692 under Capt. Robert Robinson (ii); at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19– 24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. Peter Pukard; with Rooke’s fleet in defence of Smyrna convoy 6.1693; at destruction of shipping in Bertheaume Bay 10.5.1694. In 1696 under Capt. John Knapp (-1699), in

the Channel with convoys. Rebuilt 1700 at Woolwich (see below). Warspite Henry Johnson & Francis Barham, Blackwall. (Contract) Dimensions & tons: 142ft 8in, 117ft 0in x 38ft 0in x 15ft 6in. 898 62/94 bm. As built: 142ft 0in, 117ft 0in x 38ft 1 1/2in x 15ft 6in. 904 54/94 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Later quoted as: 142ft 11n, 118ft 0in x 38ft 9in x 15ft 6in. 942 44/94 bm. Draught 17ft 6in.] Guns: Actually carried in 1666 were 66 (22 demi-cannon, 2 culverins, 26 x 12pdrs, 12 demi-culverins and 4 x 3pdrs). Under the 1685 Establishment had 68 (24 demi-cannon, 26 x 12pdrs, 14 demi-culverins and 4 x 3pdrs). Ord: 14.1665. K: 5.1665. L: 8.6.1666. First cost: £6, 510.10.0d (898 tons @ £7.5.0d per ton). Commissioned 11.6.1666 under Capt. Robert Robinson (-4.12.1667); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666; took (with Jersey, Diamond, Saint Patrick, Nightingale and Oxford) the Dutch 38gun Cleen Harderwijk, 36-gun Leijden and 36-gun Eeles 25.12.1666. On 26.3.1668 under Capt. Sir John Kempthorne (-22.8.1668). On 27.1.1672 under Robinson again (-8.11.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Van division) 28.5.1672. On 9.11.1672 under Capt. John Wetwang (-16.3.1673). On 2.5.1673 under Capt. Richard White (killed 4.6.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673. On 7.6.1673 under Capt. Robert Stout (-10.11.1673); at Battle of the Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. On 14.1.1674 under Stout again (-30.3.1674). In 12.1688 under Capt. William Botham. In 1690 under Capt. Stafford Fairborne; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. On 13.1.1692 under Capt. Caleb Grantham; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.3.1692; in the Mediterranean 1694. Rebuilt at Rotherhithe 1702 (see below). EX-DUTCH PRIZES (1665). Four Dutch East Indiamen and an Amsterdam Admiralty warship, all of between 52 and 70 guns and captured during 1665, were registered as Third Rates in the Royal Navy. Clove Tree (Dutch 52-gun East Indiaman Nagelboom, built 1659 at Hoorn), 62 guns. Dimensions & tons: 103ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 12ft 8in. 596 59/94 bm. Draught 14ft 0in.

Men: 250/220/170. Guns: 62/48 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 24 demi-cannon, 26 demi-culverins and 12 sakers). Taken 4.6.1665 by Colchester following the Battle of Lowestoft. Commissioned 9.6.1665 under Capt. Richard May (-13.11.1665), with Myngs’s squadron for homewards convoy from Hamburg. On 15.11.1665 under Capt. John Chappell; at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666; recaptured by the Dutch at close of battle 4.6.1666 (Chappell killed). Helverston (Dutch 58-gun Hilversum of Amsterdam, built ?1655), 60 guns. Dimensions & tons: 103ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 12ft 8in. 597 bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Men: 260/230/200. Guns: 60/54 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 24 demi-cannon, 26 demi-culverins and 10 sakers); actually carried 8 x 24pdrs and 16 culverins, 2 x 12pdrs, 2 x demi-culverins, 18 x 8pdrs, 12 minions and 2 x 3pdrs. Taken 4.6.1665 by Bristol following the Battle of Lowestoft. Commissioned 10.6.1665 under Capt. John Hubbard (-11.11.1665). On 14.11.1665 under Capt. Richard May (-7.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Centre division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 6 killed and 15 wounded. On 10.6.1666 under Capt. Abraham Annesley (-31.7.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 1.8.1666 under Capt. John Blake (-1.1.1667). Bilged and sunk at Sheerness while serving as accommodation ship shortly after Dutch raid on the Medway 22.7.1667. Golden Phoenix (Dutch 60-gun East Indiaman Vergulde Phenix, built 1653 at Amsterdam), 60 guns. Dimensions & tons: 113ft 0in keel x 36ft 0in x 16ft 6in. 779 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Men: 260/230/200. Guns: 60/54 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 24 demi-cannon, 2 culverins, 24 x 12pdrs, 10 demi-culverins), and actually carried this exact ordnance. Taken 3.9.1665 by Adventure and Hector in the North Sea. Purchased by AO 14.11.1665. Commissioned 10.3.1666 under Capt. Francis Steward (dismissed 30.7.1666 for cowardice); at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Centre division) 1– 4.6.1666, losing 5 killed and 12 wounded; at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. On 27.7.1666 under Capt. Thomas

Foulis (-early 1667). Scuttled as a blockship at Woolwich 13.6.1667; raised in 8.1667 and broken up. Slothany (Dutch 60-gun East Indiaman Slot van Hooningen, built 1654 at Rotterdam), 60 guns. Dimensions & tons: 112ft 0in keel x 36ft 0in x 16ft 10in. 772 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Men: 280/220/170. Guns: 60/54 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon, 2 culverins, 24 x 12pdrs, 12 demi-culverins), and actually carried this exact ordnance. Taken 3.9.1665 by Plymouth and Milford in the North Sea. Purchased by AO 14.11.1665. Commissioned 3.4.1666 under Capt. Thomas Rand (-8.4.1667); on the Thames or Medway during Four Days’ Battle 1–4.6.1666; at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. Allegedly renamed Mary and intended to be sunk as a blockship in the Medway during the Dutch raid in 6.1667, but instead grounded. Hulked at Portsmouth 12.1667. Sold by AO 1.1686.

Dutch East Indiamen were large, powerfully armed vessels and played a significant part in the fleet battles of the first two Anglo-Dutch wars. This drawing by one of the Van de Veldes (the attribution is uncertain) shows one of these VOC ships, Huis te Zwieten becalmed with other ships. Captured in 1665, the nearest the English could get to her name was House of Sweeds, and she fought her old masters at the two great battles of 1666 before being scuttled in the Thames during the Dutch raid of June 1667. National Maritime Museum PY1730.

House of Sweeds (Dutch 70-gun East Indiaman Huis te Zwieten, bought 1660, built in Amsterdam), 70 guns. Dimensions & tons: 111ft 0in keel x 36ft 6in x 16ft 3in. 786 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Men: 280/200/170. Guns: 70/60 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 26 demi-cannon, 26 x 12pdrs and 20 sakers); actually carried 68 (which differed is unclear). Taken 9.9.1665 in the North Sea. Commissioned 24.9.1665 under Capt. Samuel Danerell (-2.4.1666). On 3.4.1666 under Capt. Jeffrey Dare (killed 6.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Centre division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 14 killed (including Dare) and 29 wounded. On 10.6.1666 under Capt. John Wilgresse (-31.3.1667); at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. Scuttled as a blockship at Woolwich 13.6.1667; raised in 8.1667 and broken up. EX-FRENCH PRIZE (1666). A French 60-gun vaisseau du 2 éme rang was captured in the Channel in 1666 and registered as a Third Rate of 66 guns. In 1672 she was re-classed as a Second Rate of 74 guns. French Ruby (French Le Rubis, built 1662–1.1665 at Brest. L: 11.1664. Laurent Hubac design), 66 guns. Dimensions & tons: 139ft 7in, 112ft 0in x 38ft 2in x 16ft 6in. 867 77/94 bm. Draught 18ft 6in. Men: 460/250/200 (as Third Rate); 520/435/350 (as Second Rate). Guns: 66, later 80/70 in 1677 (comprising LD 24 demi-cannon, MD 24 culverins, UD 24 sakers; QD 8 ‘light’ sakers). 74 in 1685 (comprising 22 demicannon, 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins, 8 demi-culverin drakes and 2 minions). Taken 18.9.1666 by Adventure, Foresight, Monck and Royal James of Allin’s squadron off Dungeness.

Commissioned 19.9.1666 under Capt. Henry Young (-3.4.1667). On 20.3.1668 under Capt. John Hart (-8.7.1668). Re-classed as a Second Rate 1672. On 23.2.1672 under Capt. Thomas Roome Coyle (-15.10.1672), then re-appointed 11.2.1673 (-28.11.1674); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672; at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673; guard ship at Sheerness 9.1674. On 1.4.1678 under Capt. Sir William Jennings (-26.8.1778), in the Channel. Hulked at Portsmouth 12.1.1686. Later broken up (date unknown).

Perhaps understandably one of the most famous marine paintings of the whole age of sail, the younger Van de Velde’s Resolution in a gale is a superb depiction of what the King James Bible called ‘the way of a ship in the midst of the sea’. It is also a fine portrait of the ship herself, and hints at a seaworthiness seemingly at odds with elaborate and fragilelooking carved and gilded topsides: in fact, although the ‘great ships’ remained summeronly cruisers, the two-decked ships of this era were increasingly all-weather, go-anywhere ships (the painting probably shows the ship en route for the Mediterranean in 1668). National Maritime Museum BHC3682.

1666 PROGRAMME. A further Programme of ten major warships ‘whereof

none to be under the Third Rate’ was initiated by Charles II on 30 June 1666, but the only vessels which materialised were a single First Rate (the Royal Charles — see Chapter 1) and two further Third Rates. Of the latter, the Resolution was a slightly enlarged version of those in the 1664 Programme, while the Edgar — ordered to the same specification as the Resolution — was completed as the largest and longest Third Rate so far built. The Edgar was probably closer to the classic 74-gun ship of the 1750s than any of her contemporaries; there exists no known illustration of this ship (and the illiterate but talented Bayley never drew designs on paper), but she probably had thirteen pairs of gunports on each of the two gundecks. Further large Third Rates, most of which were presumably intended to form part of the 1666 Programme, were authorised over the next few years, but all were rescinded for lack of funds in Charles’s bankrupt treasury. These orders included one vessel laid down by Sir Thomas Strickland in 1668 at Pill in Lancashire, another intended to be built by Furzer at Conpill (in the Forest of Dean) in the same year (an estimate in September 1670 by Daniel Furzer indicated a cost of £5,390 — or 770 tons at £7 per ton), two more were ordered from Hull and another from Bayley at Bristol in 1670, and a further three authorised to be built under contract on the Thames in 1671. All these projects were cancelled, and no other Third Rates were laid down until 1672. Resolution Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Dimensions & tons: 148ft 2in, 120ft 6in x 37ft 2in x 15ft 9in. 885 37/94 bm. Draught 16ft 9in. (as girdled: 148ft 2in, 120ft 9(or 7?)in x 37ft 6in x 15ft 9in. 902 bm.) Men: 420/345/270. Guns: 70/62 guns under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 26 demi-cannon; UD 26 x 12pdrs; QD/Fc 16 sakers (5 1/4pdrs); RH 2 x 3pdrs). By the 1685 Establishment had 68 (22 demicannon, 4 culverins, 24 x 12pdrs, 18 sakers [5 1/4pdrs]). Ord: 30.6.1666. L: 6.12.1667. First cost: £7,965 (885 tons @ £9 per ton) Commissioned 1.4.1668 under Rear-Adm. Richard Utber (killed 18.11.1669); in 1669–70 flagship of Sir Thomas Allin, in the Mediterranean. On 16.1.1672 under Capt. Thomas Butler, Earl of Ossory (-10.4.1672); attack on Smyrna ships 13/14.3.1672. On 11.4.1672 under Capt. Sir John Berry (-3.4.1674); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1672; flag of Sir Edward Spragge 9.1672; at 1st Battle of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673; returned home

before 2nd Battle; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673; with convoy to Canaries 10.1673. In 1688 under Capt. William Davies, as flagship of Adm. the Earl of Dartmouth (George Legge). In 12.1688 under Capt. Henry Boteler, as flag of now Rear-Adm. William Davis. In 1690 under Capt. Edward Stanley, then 1691 Capt. the Earl of Danby. In 1692 under Capt. Edward Good; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. On 6.1.1693 under Capt. James Braithwaite (died 1693), as flag of Rear-Adm. Sir Francis Wheeler (drowned 19.2.1694), to the West Indies. In 1694–95 under Capt. John Baker; at destruction of shipping in Camaret Bay 10.5.1694; to the Mediterranean 10.1694. In 1695 under Capt. Simon Foulks, for convoy to Ireland; with Wyvell’s squadron at blockade of Dunkirk 3.1696; outwards convoy to Baltic; home to pay off 25.9.1696. Rebuilt 1696–98 at Chatham (see below). Edgar Francis Bayley, Bristol. Dimensions & tons: 153ft 6in, 124ft 0in x 39ft 10in (40ft 0in was intended) x 16ft 1in. 1,046 51/94 bm. Draught 18ft 4in. Men: 445/370/290. Guns: 72/62 guns under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 26 demi-cannon; UD 26 x 12pdrs; QD/Fc 16 sakers (5 1/4pdrs); RH 4 x 3pdrs). By the 1685 Establishment had 74 guns (comprising 24 demi-cannon, 28 culverins, 12 demi-culverins and 10 demi-culverin cutts). Ord: 30.6.1666. L: 29.7.1668. First cost: £7,648.15.0d (1,055 tons @ £7.5.0d per ton) + £12? extra. Commissioned 29.7.1668 under Capt. John Wetwang (-2.12.1668). On 19.1.1672 under Wetwang again (-30.10.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 4.3.1673 under Capt. Sir William Reeves (-30.6.1673); at both Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; under Lieut. Anthony Young in 7.1673 (temp). On 7.7.1673 under Capt. Richard Le Neve (killed 11.8.1673) at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. On 14.8.1673 under Capt. William Coleman (-14.10.1673). Recommissioned 30.4.1678 under Coleman again (-4.7.1679); in the Channel 1678. In ? 12.1688 under Capt. John Munden, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Lord (John) Berkeley. In 1689 under Capt. Cloudisley Shovell, still Berkeley’s flagship; at Battle of Bantry 1.5.1689 (Shovell knighted); later under Capt. John Shelley (died 5.4.1690), then Capt. John Jennifer (died 2.2.1691); at Battle of Beachy Head 30.6.1690 (Jennifer mortally

wounded). In ?1.1690 under Capt. John Torpley; at Battle of Barfleur 19–24.5.1691. In 1693 under Capt. John Johnson, with the Fleet. In 1694 under Capt. Andrew Pedder, with Berkeley’s squadron. In 1696 under Capt. James Greenaway; convoy to Bilbao 7.1696. In 1697 under Johnson again, with the Dunkirk squadron; paid off 10.1698. Rebuilt at Portsmouth 1700 (see below). 1672 PROGRAMME. On 4 January 1672 Anthony Deane submitted a proposal to build two new Third Rates of 70/60 guns by contract in the Dockyard at Harwich, and the offer was accepted by the Admiralty on 10 February. The design owed a great deal to contemporary French construction. They had thirteen pairs of gunports on the LD and twelve pairs on the UD. Later in the year the Admiralty ordered a replacement to be built at Chatham for the Defiance (which had been lost in 1668) as well as the rebuilding on similar lines of the Montagu (originally built as the Lyme of 1654); these two ships emerged somewhat smaller than the Harwich pair, and from their Establishment seem to have had twelve pairs of gunports on both LD and UD. Men (first two): 420/345/270. Guns (first two): 70/60 comprising (1677) LD 24 demi-cannon (32pdrs); UD 24 x 12pdrs; QD/Fc 18 sakers (5 1/4pdrs); RH 4 x 3pdrs. Swiftsure Anthony Deane, Harwich. Dimensions & tons: 149ft 3in, 123ft 0in x 38ft 8in x 15ft 6in. 978 17/94 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Guns (1685 Establishment): 66 comprising 24 demi-cannon, 24 x 12pdrs, 16 sakers (5 1/4pdrs) and 2 x 3pdrs. Ord: 10.2.1672. L: 8.4.1673. Commissioned 22.3.1673 under Capt. Richard Rooth (-30.7.1674); at 2nd Battle of Schooneveld (Red squadron) 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673; convoy to the Straits 10.1673; at Cadiz 1674. On 24.3.1678 under Capt. Edward Russell (-10.11.1679), in the Channel. In 1689–90 under Capt. Ralph Saunderson. In 1691–92 under Capt. Richard Clark; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 7.1693 under Capt. James Wishart; with Berkeley’s squadron 1694. Rebuilt at Deptford in 1696 (see below).

Sir Anthony Deane’s highly successful Harwich in an exquisite drawing by the elder Van de Velde done about 1674. Samuel Pepys claimed that Deane’s masterpiece was inspired by the French Superbe, a big two-decker of 74 guns, but she had neither the size nor proportion of the French ship (in fact, the open stern gallery is the only obvious borrowing), and her speed under sail strongly suggests that she retained the fine lines traditional in these ‘great frigates’. National Maritime Museum PY9360.

Harwich Sir (knighted 1673) Anthony Deane, Harwich. Dimensions & tons: 123ft 9in x 38ft 10in x 15ft 8in. 992 61/94 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Guns (1685 Establishment): 64 comprising 24 demi-cannon, 22 x 12pdrs, 14 demi-culverins (cutts) and 4 minions. Ord: 10.2.1672. L: 12.4.1674. Commissioned 14.6.1675 under Capt. Henry Killigrew (-20.12.1675), for Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 29.1.1678 under Capt. Sir Robert Robinson (-5.7.1679), in the Channel. In 1679 under Capt. John Moore. In 1689 under Capt. James Ward. In 9.1690 under Capt. Henry Robinson; wrecked off Mount Edgecombe (Plymouth) 3.9.1691; remains sold 20.2.1693 to Joseph Bingham to BU. Montagu Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 145ft 0in, 117ft 0in x 36ft 6in x 15ft 0in. 829 11/94 bm. Men: 355/280/215. Guns: 62/54 comprising (1677) LD 24 x 24pdrs; UD 24 demi-culverins, QD/Fc 12 sakers (5 1/4pdrs); RH 2 x 3pdrs. Under the 1685 Establishment she had only 58 guns — 20 x 24pdrs and 4

culverins, 24 demi-culverins plus 10 demi-culverin cutts. Ord: 20.11.1672. L: 1675. Commissioned 19.4.1677 under Capt. Sir John Holmes (-14.5.1678), for the Channel. On 16.5.1678 under Capt. Richard Trevanion (-15.10.1678), still in the Channel. On 3.5.1683 under Capt. Henry Killigrew (-11.6.1684), for Tangier. In 1688 under Capt. Lord (John) Berkeley, with Dartmouth’s fleet in October. In 1689 under Capt. Anthony Hastings, then 5.1689 under Capt. Thomas Leighton (died 10.1689) and then Capt. John Laton (killed 2.1.1691 in action against a French privateer). In 1.1691 under Capt. Simon Foulkes (-1693); at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1694 under Capt. William Bridges, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir Thomas Hopson off Dunkirk and cruising. In 1695 under Capt. Edward Littleton, then 1696 Capt. Basil Beaumont. Rebuilt 1698 at Woolwich (see below). Defiance Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 143ft 10in, 117ft 0in x 37ft 10in x 15ft 10in. 890 75/94 bm. Draught 17ft 6in. Men: 390/310/245. Guns: 64/56 comprising (1677) LD 24 demi-cannon; UD 24 culverins, QD/Fc 14 sakers (5 1/4pdrs); RH 2 x 3pdrs. Under the 1685 Establishment she had 64 guns — 24 x 24pdrs, 24 demi-culverins plus 14 demi-culverin cutts, and 2 x 3pdrs. Ord: 20.11.1672. L: 16.6.1676. Commissioned 28.12.1677 under Capt. Edward Russell (-23.3.1678). On 27.3.1678 under Capt. Sir John Ernie (-21.6.1679), with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. In 1688 under Capt. John Ashby; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. In 1690 under Capt. John Graydon; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1691–93 under Capt. Edward Gurney; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1694 under Capt. James Stewart, with Berkeley’s operations. Rebuilt 1695 at Woolwich (see below). ROYAL OAK. The Royal Oak was designed, probably as a copy of the muchadmired French 74-gun Le Superbe, as a ship of 76/66 guns (reduced quickly to 74/64 guns by the removal of 2 x 3pdrs). Even longer than the Edgar, she had fourteen pairs of gunports (a number matched only by some First Rates) for demi-cannon on the LD, although only thirteen pairs on the UD, where whole culverin were mounted in place of her predecessors’ 12pdrs; thus she anticipated by some 80 years (in spite of lacking a fourteenth pair of UD

gunports) the classic gun layout of the 74-gun ship that would dominate the battlefleet of the late eighteenth century. The most powerfully armed twodecker of her day, she was only commissioned for a total of nine months in her short life before being rebuilt. Unusually, she was entirely armed with the ‘Rupertinoe’ guns cast in 1673 by John Browne. A further 74-gun ship was intended to be ordered in 1674 from Francis Bayley of Bristol, but was cancelled (unnamed) when funds ran short.

The Royal Oak at anchor; drawn by Van de Velde the Elder shortly after the completion of the ship. With 74 guns mounted in the largest hull of any Third Rate in the Royal Navy, the Royal Oak had a better claim to being a copy of Le Superbe — although there had been no opportunity to obtain the lines of the French ship, so ‘copy’ is an overstatement. However,

the inspiration seems to have been real enough, and Royal Oak matched the French ship in breadth and similarly had fourteen ports a side on the lower deck. Despite seeing little service, the ship was highly regarded and her design became the starting point for the twodecker 80s of the 1690s, which, carrying heavier metal, proved structurally weak, and had to have the waist decked over — ironically, a fate which had already befallen Le Superbe herself. National Maritime Museum PY6881.

Dimensions & tons: 155ft 0in, 125ft 0in x 40ft 6in x 18ft 3in. 1,090 55/94 bm. Royal Oak Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] As built: 157ft 6in, 127ft 0in x 40ft 6in x 18ft 3in. 1,107 bm Draught 18ft 8in. Men: 470/390/310 (each figure reduced by 10 when 2 x 3pdrs removed). Guns (as built): 24 demi-cannon; 28 culverins, 18 demi-culverins; 6 x 3pdrs (2 removed on completion). By 1677 Establishment: LD 28 demicannon; UD 28 culverins, QD/Fc 16 sakers (5 1/2pdrs); RH 2 x 3pdrs. By 1685 Establishment: 24 demi-cannon; 30 culverins, 16 demiculverins; 4 x 3pdrs. ?after 1688: 28 demi-cannon (32pdrs); 28 x 12pdrs; 16 sakers; 2 x 3pdrs. Ord: 12.5.1673. L: 8.1674. Commissioned 20.8.1674 under Capt. Robert Robinson (-19.10.1674). On 1.4.1678 under Capt. Henry Killigrew (-15.6.1678), with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 16.1.1679 under Capt. Anthony Langston (died 19.3.1679), then 13.4.1679 under Capt. Thomas Roome Coyle (-23.6.1679). Rebuilt at Chatham 1690 (see below). Ex-DUTCH PRIZE (1674). One Dutch vessel of 60 guns (a Dutch East Indiaman, in spite of the name) taken during 1674 was registered as a Third Rate in the Royal Navy. Arms of Rotterdam (Dutch East Indiaman Wapen van Rotterdam, built 1666 at Amsterdam), 60 guns. Dimensions & tons: 119ft 0in keel x 39ft 6in x 18ft 9in. 987 57/94 bm. Draught 18ft 6in. Men: 400/250/200 as Third Rate, 7 as hulk. Guns: 60/50. Taken 2.1674 by Cambridge in the Shetlands while sheltering from the weather. No record of commissioning. Hulked by AO 14.8.1675 at Chatham. BU there 1703.

1677 CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME. Notwithstanding England’s success in the Third Dutch War (which continued as a Franco-Dutch War after England’s withdrawal), the Royal Navy had actually fallen to third place quantitatively in the arms race. Accordingly Pepys called in Parliament in April 1675 for a massive expansion in a new ‘Forty Ships Programme’ that would have included no less than 27 new Third Rates. A reduced programme of twenty ships — including fourteen Third Rates — was voted for in 1676, but eventually a revised ‘Thirty Ships Programme’ was approved on 5 March 1677. This included twenty new Third Rates, each to carry 70/62 guns and 470 men (subsequently reduced to 460). A common Establishment of masts and other top hamper, and of ordnance, was approved for each Rate. This was the first approach to a regular Establishment of men and guns in the Navy, although individual ship design was in each case still left to the builder. This group were often described as the best-looking sailing warships ever completed. While the Lenox, Hampton Court and Captain were built with just twelve ports a side on the UD, and thirteen ports on the LD, all the others seem to have thirteen ports a side on each deck. Notwithstanding the common Establishment of Guns, in practice armament differed considerably, generally providing a broadside inferior to the Establishment. By 1688 the ordnance actually carried differed widely, and this is listed below individually. Six of these new ships were briefly commissioned in order under a single captain (John Perryman) between 7.1679 and 8.1680, for the purpose of conveying them to Chatham Dyd. Few of the others were commissioned until after the regime change of 1688, and many were found in the mid 1680s to be sadly deteriorated. Three of the group were lost in 1689–90 and another (Hope) in 1695, but the majority of the others were all rebuilt in 1699–1702. Dimensions & tons: 150ft 0in, 121ft 0in x 39ft 8in x 17ft 0in. 1,012 65/94 bm. Men: 460/380/300 (Elizabeth 475) in 1688. Guns (as planned): 70/62 comprising LD 26 demi-cannon (54cwt/9 1/2ft); UD 26 x 12pdrs (32cwt/9ft); QD 10 sakers (16cwt//ft); Fc 4 sakers (16cwt/7ft); RH 4 x 3pdrs (5cwt/5ft). By the 1685 Gun Establishment, this was reduced to LD 22 demi-cannon + 4 culverins; UD 26 x 12pdrs, QD/Fc 14 sakers; RH 4 x 3pdrs. By the 1703 Gun Establishment, this was reduced to LD 24/22 x 24pdrs; UD 26/24 x 9pdrs; QD 12/10 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs; RH 4 x 4pdrs.

First Batch (1677 Orders). Five of these ships were launched in 1678 and the other seven in 1679, all but one in the Royal dockyards. No less than four of the new names honoured Charles II’s illegitimate sons; Charles Lennox, his son by Louise de Kéroualle (Duchess of Portsmouth), was created Duke of Lennox in 1675; Charles Beauclerk, his son by Nell Gwynn, was created Duke of Burford in 1676; Henry Fitzroy, one of his sons by Barbara Palmer (Duchess of Cleveland), was created Duke of Grafton in 1675, and George Fitzroy, another son by Barbara Palmer, was created Duke of Northumberland in 1678. Of Charles’s other illegitimate sons, Charles Fitzroy, a third son by Barbara Palmer, was created Duke of Southampton in 1675, but no ship reflected his title; James Scott, his son by Lucy Walter, and created Duke of Monmouth in 1663, had already been honoured by the Third Rate of 1667, while Charles FitzCharles, his son by Catherine Pegge, and created Earl of Plymouth in 1675, could claim the 1653-built ship as his recognition.

Lenox, the first of the Third Rates of the ‘Thirty Ships’ programme of 1677, as depicted by the elder Van de Velde when laid up in the 1680s. Like a couple of the other early ships (Hampton Court and Captain), Lenox had only twelve ports a side on the upper deck. The drawing provides a good portrait of the standard crowned lion figurehead, but note the lion masks on the inside of the port lids. National Maritime Museum PT2427.

Lenox (sometimes Lennox) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Shish] As built: 151ft 6in, 120ft 0in x 39ft 10in x 17ft 0in. 1,012 74/94 bm. Draught

18ft 0in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment, but with demi-culverins instead of 12pdrs on the UD). 70 in 1696 (but with 22 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 26 demi-culverins, 12 demi-culverin cutts and 6 x 3pdrs). Ord: 4.1677. K: 25.6.1677. L: 18.4.1678. Commissioned 9.5.1678 under Capt. John Kirke (-17.5.1678), for transport to Chatham. In 1690 under Capt. John Granvill; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1692 under Capt. John Munden; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. William Kerr, then 1694–95 Capt. Christopher Myngs, with the Fleet. In 1697 under Capt. James Greenaway, on convoy service. Rebuilt 1701 at Deptford (see below). Hampton Court Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Shish] As built: 150ft 6in, 121ft 3in x 40ft 1in x 17ft 0in. 1,036 21/94 bm. Draught 18ft 6in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment, but with demi-culverins instead of 12pdrs on the UD). 70 in 1696 (but with 22 demi-cannon, 4 culverins, 24 x 12pdrs, 16 sakers and 4 x 3pdrs). Ord: 4.1677. K: 1677. L: 10.7.1678. Commissioned 22.7.1678 under Capt. John Kirke (-2.8.1678), for transport to Chatham. In 11.168 8 under Capt. Henry Priestman. In 1689 under Capt. John Munden, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Lord (John) Berkeley with the Fleet. In 1690 under Capt. John Laton (died 2.1.1691); at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.5.1690. In 1691–94 under Capt. John Graydon, then 1696–97 Capt. Henry Robinson, with the Fleet. Rebuilt 1701 at Blackwall (see below). Anne Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] As built: 150ft 10in, 122ft 0in x 40ft 3in x 17ft 0in. 1,051 30/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment). Ord: 4.1677. L: 11.1678. Commissioned 1687 under Capt. Cloudisley Shovell, as flagship of the Duke of Grafton; provided escort to Queen of Portugal. In 1690 under Capt. John Tyrell; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690; dismasted in action, ran ashore near Winchelsea 6.7.1690 and burnt to avoid capture. Restoration Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Isaac Betts (from 26 May 1677)]

As built: 150ft 6in, 120ft 7in x 39ft 11in x 17ft 0in. 1,021 91/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment, but with demi-culverins instead of 12pdrs on the UD). Ord: 4.1677. L: 28.5.1678. Commissioned 17.5.1678 under Capt. John Brookes (died 3.8.1678). In 1690 under Capt. William Botham; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690 — Botham killed. Later under Capt. Edward Stanley, with the Fleet. In 1691 under Capt. James Gother; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. Later in 1692 under Capt. Benjamin Hoskins (-1693), then Capt. Humphrey Saunders. In 1694 under Capt. William Cross and 1696–98 Capt. Thomas Foulis, still with the Fleet. Rebuilt 1702 at Portsmouth (see below).

In the long history of the Royal Navy its main fleet was only once defeated by the French, at Beachy Head in July 1690. Even then the allied Dutch squadron bore the brunt of the fighting, the English loss being confined to the Third Rate Anne, which was dismasted in the battle and during the retreat up-Channel was deliberately run ashore and burnt by her crew to avoid capture. This Dutch lithograph was published much later, around 1830. Beverley R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.72.

Berwick Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett]

As built: 150ft 10in, 121ft 4in x 40ft 2in x 17ft 0in. 1,041 23/94 bm. Draught 17ft 0in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment). Ord: 4.1677. L: 5.1679. Commissioned 1689 under Capt. Edward Stanley, later in 1689 under Capt. Henry Martin; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692; with Russell’s fleet in the Mediterranean 10.1694. In 1696 under Capt. Robert Sincock, off Cape Clear. In 1697–98 under Capt. Lord Archibald Hamilton, with the Dunkirk squadron. Rebuilt 1700 at Deptford (see below). Burford Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett (to 2.1678), completed by Thomas Shish] As built: 152ft 4in, 121ft 6in x 40ft 4in x 17ft 3in. 1,051 32/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Ord: 4.1677. L: 11.1679. Commissioned 15.12.1679 under Capt. John Perryman (-30.1.1780). In 1689 under Capt. Charles Skelton (-1690). In 1691 under Capt. Thomas Harlow; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1696 under Capt. Richard Fitzpatrick; at Ile Groix 3.7.1696. Rebuilt 1699 at Deptford (see below). Eagle Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer] As built: 151ft 6in, 120ft 8in x 40ft 6in x 17ft 0in. 1,052 74/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment). Ord: 4.1677. L: 31.1.1679. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. Stephen Myngs. In 1691 under Capt. John Leake; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. Richard Lestock (-1694), to the Mediterranean. In 1697 under Capt. Thomas Gardner, off Dunkirk; paid off 5.1699 to be rebuilt at Chatham in 1699 (see below). Expedition Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer] As built: 152ft 1in, 121ft 0in x 40ft 9in x 17ft 0in. 1,068 72/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Ord: 4.1677. L: 10.9.1679. Commissioned 1689 under Capt. John Clements; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1691 under Capt. Edward Dover (died 16.11.1695); at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In

11.1695 under Capt. John Shovell (died 11.4.1697), then 4.1697 under Capt. James Stewart; in action of 23.8.1697. In 1699 under Capt. Lord Archibald Hamilton; paid off 5.1699 to be rebuilt at Chatham 1699 (see below). Grafton Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett (to 2.1678), completed by Thomas Shish] As built: 150ft 0in, 120ft 8in x 40ft 6in x 17ft 2in. 1,052 74/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment). Ord: 4.1677. L: 17.5.1679. Commissioned 16.7.1679 under Capt. John Perryman (-12.8.1679). On 18.4.1683 under Capt. Sir William Booth (-19.4.1684), also nominally on 18.4.1683 under Capt. Henry Fitzroy (the Duke of Grafton); from 4.8.1683 as flagship of Admiral George Legge, Earl of Dartmouth, with whom sailed 23.8.1683 from Plymouth to evacuation of Tangier. In 1690 under Capt. the Duke of Grafton again; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690; in attack on Cork 29.9.1690 (Grafton mortally mounded, died 9.10.1690). In 1691 under Capt. Benjamin Hoskins, later under Capt. Henry Bokenham; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19– 24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. Thomas Warren. In 1694 under Capt. Richard Fitzpatrick, with Russell’s fleet in the Channel, then to the Mediterranean 10.1694; paid off 10.1695 to be rebuilt at Rotherhithe, although work did not start until at least a year later (see below).

A contemporary model of the Grafton, identified by the arms of Lord Dartmouth, whose flag the ship carried in 1683–84. Much of the existing model is a relatively recent reconstruction, including the head, a lot of the detail and all the top hamper. Nevertheless, photographs of the model before restoration show that the basic hull matches Van de Velde portraits of Grafton, although expert opinion suggests that the model may predate its association with Dartmouth. The authenticity of the hull form is not in doubt and confirms the relatively fine lines of these ships; the hollow waterlines of the bow are readily apparent in this photograph. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 32.

Pendennis Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] As built: 150ft 10in, 121ft 9in x 40ft 3 1/2in x 17ft 0in. 1,051 31/94 bm.

Draught 17ft 0in. Ord: 4.1677. L: 1679. Commissioned 25.9.1688 under Capt. Sir William Booth, with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 1689 under Capt. George Churchill (brother of the later Duke of Marlborough); at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689; wrecked on the Kentish Knock 26.10.1689. Northumberland Francis Bayley, Bristol. [Bayley died 3.1678 and his executor, Mr Pope, completed the contract.] As built: 151ft 11 3/4in, 121ft 4in x 40ft 2in x 17ft 0in. 1,041 23/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment, but with demi-culverins instead of 12pdrs on the UD). Ord: 5.1677. L: 6.1679. First cost: (@ £9 per ton) Commissioned 20.6.1679 under Capt. John Wetwang (-20.9.1679). On 18.11.1689 under Capt. John Bridges. In 9.1690 under Capt. Andrew Cotton (killed 13.6.1693); at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19– 24.5.1692. In 7.1693 under Capt. Henry Botelar (killed in a duel 21.9.1693). In 1694 under Capt. David Lambert, with Russell’s fleet in the Channel; to the Mediterranean 10.1694. In 1695 under Capt. John Benbow, with Berkeley’s operations. In 8.1695 under Capt. Baron Wyld. In 1696 under Capt. Christopher Fogg, with Berkeley’s fleet. Rebuilt at Chatham 1699–1702 (see below). Captain Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett (to 2.1678), completed by Thomas Shish]

The launch of one of the 1677 Third Rates, possibly Suffolk in 1680, in a rapid but accurate sketch by the elder Van de Velde. One of the contract-built second batch, Suffolk was also one of the minority to be commissioned immediately, most of them being laid up in ordinary, where their rapid decay became a matter of scandal and controversy National Maritime Museum PY9365.

As built: 149ft 6in, 119ft 10in x 40ft 5in x 17ft 1in. 1,041 20/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment). 70 in 1696 (but with 22 demicannon, 4 culverins, 24 x 12pdrs, 16 sakers and 4 x 3pdrs). Ord: 9.6.1677. L: 1678. Commissioned 12.9.1678 under Capt. Sir John Holmes (died 22.9.1679), for the Channel. In 1690 under Capt. Daniel Jones; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19– 24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. Francis Wyvell; in Berkeley’s operations 1694. In 1695 under Capt. Gabriel Hughes, in Carmarthen’s squadron. In 1696 under Capt. Richard Lestock; paid off 1697. Laid up 1699 and rebuilt at Portsmouth 1706–08 (see below) Second Batch (1678 Orders). As the Royal Dockyards were increasingly falling behind on delivery dates due to the strain on materials and manpower, the Admiralty in January 1678 instructed the Navy Board to conclude contracts for six of the remaining Third Rates with commercial shipbuilders on the Thames. The first of these

was launched before the end of 1678, three more in 1679 (along with the two ships assigned to the Dockyards) and the remaining pair in 1680. Essex Sir Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 150ft 2in, 120ft 9in x 40ft 1in x 16ft 9 1/2in. 1,031 89/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment). Ord: 20.2.1678. L: 1679. Commissioned 14.8.1679 under Capt. John Perryman (-4.9.1679). In 1689 under Capt. Anthony Hastings. In 1690 under Capt. John Bridges; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. William Wright (-1694). In 1697 under Capt. Basil Beaumont, later under Capt. Christopher Fogg, with the Dunkirk squadron. Rebuilt 1699–1700 at Rotherhithe (see below). Kent Sir Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 151ft 0in, 121ft 5in x 40ft 1 1/2in x 16ft 9 1/2in. 1,039 75/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment, but with demi-culverins instead of 12pdrs on the UD). Ord: 20.2.1678. L: 1679. Commissioned 25.9.1679 under Capt. John Perryman (-17.11.1679), later under Capt. William Fazeby. In 1688 under Capt. Francis Wheeler. In 1689 under Capt. Edward Good, with flag of Vice-Adm. Henry Killigrew in the Channel; at Dunkirk. In 7.1690 under Capt. Peter Pickard. In 1691 under Capt. John Nevill; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. Richard Edwards (-1694), with the Dunkirk squadron. In 1695 under Capt. John Mayne, in the Soundings. In 1696 under Capt. Francis Wyvell, then 1697 Capt. Charles Cornwall; paid off 5.1697 to be rebuilt at Rotherhithe 1697–99 (see below). Exeter Sir Henry Johnson (he was knighted in 1679), Blackwall. As built: 150ft 2in, 120ft 0in x 40ft 2 1/2in x 16ft 9 1/2in. 1,031 88/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Ord: 20.2.1678. L: 3.1680. Commissioned 8.6.1679 under Capt. John Perryman (-15.6.1680). In 1689 under Capt. Lawrence Wright, later under Capt. Mathew Tennant. In 1690 under Capt. George Mees; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690; burnt by accident at Plymouth 12.9.1691, then

hulked at Portsmouth. BU 1717 at Portsmouth. Suffolk Sir Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 150ft 10in, 121ft 4in x 40ft 2in x 16ft 9 1/2in. 1041 23/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Ord: 20.2.1678. L: 5.1680. Commissioned 11.8.1680 under Capt. John Perryman (died 4–9–1780). In 1689 under Capt. Matthew Aylmer, for the Fleet. In 1690 under Capt. Wolfran Cornwall; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. On 2.1.1691 under Capt. Peregrine Osborne (Earl of Danby), later Capt. Christopher Billop; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. James Wishart, later under Capt. Robert Robinson (-1694), with Berkeley’s squadron. In 3.1696 under Capt. Capt. John Johnson, as flagship of Benbow, on Special Service. In 1699 under Capt. Stafford Fairborne. Rebuilt 1699 at Blackwall (see below). Hope Robert Castle, Deptford. As built: 151ft 5in, 121ft 7in x 40ft 4in x 16ft 9in. 1,052 7/94 bm. Draught 18ft 6in. Guns: 70 in 1688 (as 1685 Establishment, but with demi-culverins instead of 12pdrs on the UD). Ord: 3.1678. L: 1678. Commissioned 31.3.1679 under Capt. John Moore (-16.4.1679). In 1689 under Capt. Thomas Allen, for the Mediterranean. In 1690 under Capt. George Byng; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1691 under Capt. Peter Pickard, in the Channel. In 1692–95 under Capt. Henry Robertson, in the Channel; taken by Duguay Trouin’s squadron 16.4.1695; in service as French L’Espérance d’Angleterre until destroyed at Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. Elizabeth Robert Castle, Deptford. As built: 151ft 8in, 120ft 0in x 41ft 0in x 16ft 8 1/2in. 1,072 92/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Ord: 3.1678. L: 3.3.1679. Commissioned 18.1.1680 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-26.1.1680). In 1688 under Capt. John Neville, with flag of Rear-Adm. Sir John Berry; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 1689. In 4.1689 under Capt. David Mitchell, with flag of Adm. Arthur Herbert; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. Later in 1690 under Capt. Henry Priestman (-1690). In 1692 under Capt. Stafford Fairborne;

at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. Later under Capt. Richard Fitzpatrick. In 1693 under Capt. Robert Wilmot, with the Channel fleet. In 1694 under Capt. Edward Whitaker, for Berkeley’s operations. In 1695 under Capt. James Greenaway, with Russell’s fleet. In 1696 under Capt. John Fletcher, in the Soundings. In 1697 under Capt. Thomas Sherman, at Portsmouth. Rebuilt at Portsmouth 1703 (see below). Stirling Castle Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Shish] As built: 151ft 2in, 120ft 11in x 40ft 7in x 17ft 3in. 1,059 29/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Ord: 9.7.1678. L: 29.7.1679. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. Anthony Hastings; at Battle of Beachy Head 30.6.1690. In 1691 under Capt. Benjamin Walters (superannuated 18.4.1693); at Battle of Barfleur 19–24.5.1692 (Blue). In 1693 under Capt. Humphrey Sanders, with the Channel Fleet. In 1695 under Capt. Robert Deane, in Berkeley’s operations; in the Soundings 1696. In 1697 under Capt. Jedediah Barker, with the Dunkirk Squadron. Rebuilt at Chatham 1699 (see below). Bredah Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Isaac Betts] As built: 151ft 3in, 120ft 7in x 39ft 11in x 16ft 9in. 1,021 91/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. Ord: 9.7.1678. L: 26.9.1679. Commissioned 26.7.1679 under Capt. John Moore (died 17.11.1679). On 30.5.1689 under Capt. Christopher Mason. In 1690 under Capt. Matthew Tennant; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690; at siege of Cork; destroyed by explosion of unknown cause in Cork Harbour 12.10.1690 (Tennant among the many killed). MARY. The only Third Rate to be rebuilt during the brief reign of James II was the Mary (built as the Speaker, the oldest of the Commonwealth Third Rate frigates). Still a small Third Rate, she emerged carrying 60 guns; she was reclassed as a Fourth Rate in 1696. Mary Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 143ft 3in, 116ft 0in x 36ft 8in x 14ft 6in. 829 52/94 bm. Men: 355 (215 peace). Guns: 60 under the 1688 Establishment; actually carried just 52 in 1688 (comprising 20 x 24pdrs, 22 demi-culverins, 6 sakers and 4 saker cutts); 60 actual in 1696 (comprising LD 23 x 24pdrs

and 1 culverin; UD 24 x 12pdrs; QD/Fc 12 sakers). Under the 1703 Establishment she was raised to 64/54 guns (see 1703 Establishment of Guns data in Chapter 4). Ord: ?1687. L: 1688. Commissioned 23.7.1688 under Capt. John Laton, as flagship of Sir Roger Strickland, with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. On 22.12.1688 under Capt. Mathew Aylmer; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. In 1690 under Capt. Lawrence Wright (Broad Pendant) in the West Indies. In 1692 under Capt. Robert Arthur (died 2.1693), then Lieut Richard Wyatt (temp.); action off Désirade 21.2.1692; then 5.1692 under Capt. Henry Boteler (or Butler). In 1693 under Capt. John Jennings, with the Channel fleet; in 1694 with Russell’s fleet, to the Mediterranean 10.1694; capture of Le Diligente 12.5.1694 of Duguay-Trouin’s squadron off Isles of Scilly. Later in 1694 under Capt. Edward Hopson, with Good’s squadron. In 11.169 5 under Capt. Charles Wager. In 1696 under Capt. Thomas Harman, in the Soundings. Reduced to Fourth Rate 1696. In 1697 under Capt. Thomas Poulton. In 1699 under Capt. Thomas Jennings, as guard ship at Chatham. In 1702 under Capt. Edward Hopson; in Cadiz operations 8.1702; with Shovell’s fleet at Battle of Vigo Bay 12.10.1702; flagship of Rear-Adm. Basil Beaumont 1703; wrecked on the Goodwin Sands in the Great Gale of 27.10.1703 (Beaumont drowned).

(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688 By 1688 the Third Rate included one ship of 74 guns (Royal Oak), 25 ships of 70 guns (the 20 ships of the 1677 Programme, plus the older Cambridge, Warspite, Resolution, Swiftsure and Harwich), two of 66 guns (Rupert and Monmouth), two of 64 guns (Edgar and Defiance), plus three of 62 guns (Dreadnought, Henrietta and Mary) and six of 60 guns (Dunkirk, Plymouth, York, Monck, Lion and Montagu). Survivors of the two last-mentioned groups of 62s and 60s would soon be reclassed as Fourth Rates. The developmental history of a new 80-gun class requires separate consideration from that the traditional 70-gun ship, even though the latter continued to be numerically the backbone of the battlefleet. Similarly the smaller Third Rates, rated in

1689 or soon after at 66 guns or fewer, are considered separately below.

Third Rates of 80 guns While the 74-gun Royal Oak was still the largest Third Rate in 1688, Torrington had explained to Parliament in November 1690 that individually French ships were generally larger than English ones, and Parliament approved a new generation of 80-gun ships to measure 1,100 tons and carry 80 guns each. Initially these were two-deckers like the Royal Oak, but these emerged as structurally weak ships, and before the programme was completed the design was re-cast as a new class of three-decker. The Establishment of Guns finally approved for these two-deckers consisted of 24 demi-cannon on the LD (each of 53cwt and 10ft length), together with 2 culverins (also of 53cwt, with 11ft length); 28 culverins on the UD (26 of 39cwt and 9ft length, plus 2 of 42cwt and 10ft length); 16 x 6pdrs on the QD and coach (10 of 18cwt and 7 1/2ft length, plus 6 of 14cwt and 6 1/2ft length); 6 more 6pdrs on the Fc (2 of 24cwt and 9 1/2ft length, plus 2 of 18cwt and 7 1/2ft length); and 4 x 3pdrs on the poop (of 7cwt and 6ft length). ROYAL OAK. In 1690 the 74-gun Royal Oak of 1674 was rebuilt. Initially armed again with 74-guns, she was nominally re-established under the 1703 Establishment of Guns as an 80-gun ship; however, it appears that she swiftly reverted to 74 guns, and probably never carried more than 74. While not specified, one pair of culverins presumably served as chase guns on the LD. She remained a 74 until rebuilt again in 1710–13, this time as a ‘standard’ 70gun ship and still a two-decker. Men: 500/355. Guns: 74 actual (1696 survey) — 24 demi-cannon (32pdrs; of 9 1/2ft length); 30 culverins (18pdrs; of 9ft or 11ft length), 12 demiculverins (9pdrs, 2 of 10ft, 2 of 9ft and 8 of 8ft); 2 x 6pdrs; 6 x 3pdrs. Later established as 80/72 under 1703 Establishment (as for two-decker type listed below). Royal Oak Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As (re)built: 157ft 6in, 127ft 0in x 41ft 4in x 18ft 6in. 1,154 10/94 bm. Ord: ... ? L: 1690. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. George Byng; at Battle of La Hogue (Blue

squadron) 24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. Gerrard Ellwes, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir George Rooke; at Smyrna convoy action 6.1693. In 10.1693 under Capt. John Norris. In 1694 under Capt. Richard Wyatt (-1697), as flagship of Rear-Adm. John Nevill. In 1701 under Capt. Richard Edwards, with Rooke’s fleet. In 1703 under Ellwes again, with Shovell’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 20 killed and 33 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. John Evans, in the Channel and Bay of Biscay; to the Mediterranean 1706; at Alicante 7.1706. In 1707 under Capt. Baron Wylde; in action against Forbin’s squadron 1.5.1707 — ship run ashore near Dungeness, but salved; in action against combined squadrons of Forbin and Duguay Trouin 10.10.1707 (Wylde dismissed from service 9.10.1708). In 1708 under Capt. William Passenger, with Byng’s fleet in the Channel; in the Soundings 1709. Docked at Woolwich to take to pieces to rebuild there as a 70-gun ship 1710–13 (see below). 1691 CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME. Seventeen ships of 80 guns each were ordered under the 1691 Programme (the ‘27 Ships Programme’). Dimensions similar to the Royal Oak were proposed by Tippetts and Dummer on 13.2.1691, with primary ordnance on the LD and UD laid out like the 70s of the 1677 Programme, but with extra guns on the QD and Fc. It was recognised that the increased number of guns was excessive for the tonnage approved by Parliament, with 28 guns on each of the LD and UD, and as soon as the first ships saw service it was clear that they were structurally a failure. It was not simply a matter of the total weight of the additional guns, but their location at the extremities of the ship, where the narrower structure tended to sag under the weight. Specified dimensions & tons: 156ft 0in, 121ft 0in x 41ft 4in x 17ft 4in. 1,099 55/94 bm. (Note this is original requirement in ADM 95/3; as built the keel was about 8ft longer as shown below.) Men: 490/410/330. Guns (original): LD 26 demi-cannon and 2 (chase) culverins, UD 26 culverins and 2 (chase) sakers or 6pdrs, QD/Fc 20 sakers; RH 4 minions (or 3pdrs). In peacetime, this generally reduced to 72 or 74 guns — typically 24 demi-cannon, 30 culverins, 14 sakers and 4 x 3pdrs.

Group 1 (two-decker type) The first thirteen 80s were completed to the original specification as twodeckers. However, the final Establishment of guns for these ships was altered to reduce the LD demi-cannon by two and increase the QD guns to 22. While the Sussex was wrecked in 1694 and never replaced, the other twelve were in due course all rebuilt as, or replaced by new, three-deckers bearing the same names. In spite of being nominally re-established with 24pdrs and 12pdrs to the new Establishment of Guns in 1703, it seems that most if not all continued to carry their original armament of demi-cannon (plus 2 or 4 culverins in the chase positions) on the LD and the rest of the culverins on the UD. Under the 1716 Establishment, the demi-cannon (now simply referred to as 32pdrs) would be restored as the primary ordnance on all the 80s. Men: 476 (later 520). Guns: As completed 80 comprising LD 24 demicannon (each of 53cwt and 10ft length) and 2 chase culverins (each of 53cwt and 11ft length), UD 26 culverins (each of 39cwt and 9ft length) and 2 chase culverins (each of 42cwt and 10ft length), QD 16 x 6pdrs (10 of 18cwt and 7 1/2ft length; 6 of 14cwt and 6 1/2ft length); Fc 6 x 6pdrs (4 of 18cwt and 7 1/2ft length; 2 of 24cwt and 9 1/2ft length), and RH 4 x 3pdrs (each of 7cwt and 6ft length). Under the 1703 Establishment this became 80/72 comprising LD 26/24 x 24pdrs (9 1/2ft long); UD 28/26 x 12pdrs (9ft long); QD 16/14 x 6pdrs (9ft long); Fc 6/4 x 6pdrs (2/2 x 9 1/2ft long and 4/2 x 7 1/2ft long); RH 4/4 x 3pdrs (5 1/2ft long). Devonshire William Wyatt, Bursledon. As built: 154ft 0in, 126ft 11in x 41ft 5in x 17ft 4in. 1,158 (exact) bm. Ord: 12.3.1691 (contract). L: 5.4.1692. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. Henry Haughton (-1695), for the Channel. In 1696–97 under Capt. John Hubbard, in Shovell’s division; later in Harlow’s detached squadron in the Channel approaches, in chase of De Pointis’s squadron 14–16.8.1697. Awaiting rebuilding at Woolwich from 10.1701, where rebuilt 1703–04 (see below). Cornwall John Winter, Southampton. As built: 156ft 4in, 129ft 6in x 41ft 6in x 17ft 3in. 1,186 31/94 bm. Ord: 12.3.1691 (contract). L: 23.4.1692. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. Edward Boys (-1694); in Russell’s fleet 1693–94. In 1697 under Capt. Robert Fairfax. In 1702 under Capt. Richard Listock, at Portsmouth. In 1704 under Capt. William Cross.

Rebuilt at Rotherhithe 1704–06 (see below). Humber John Frame, Hessle (near Hull). As built: 156ft 3in, 129ft 9in x 42ft 1 1/2in x 17ft 4in. 1,224 65/94 bm. Guns: (1702 actual) 24 demi-cannon, 30 culverins, 22 sakers, 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 12.3.1691. L: 30.3.1693. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. Lionel Ripley. Later in 1693 under Capt. Richard Clarke; with Russell’s fleet 1694. In 1697–99 under Capt. Henry Haughton; in the Mediterranean 1698–99. By 10.1701 it was suggested that a Large Repair was required. In 1702 under Capt. Richard Sincock, with Shovell’s fleet. Rebuilt at Deptford (Mr Wicker’s dock) 1707–08 (see below).

A copy of the design draught for the Boyne, Russell and H umber of 80 guns, showing the original gunport configuration with only thirteen ports on the upper deck. A model in the US Naval Academy Museum at Annapolis that is usually identified as the Sussex has this arrangement, although that model also has a more crowded quarterdeck, with eight ports and only two on the forecastle. This plan is clearly a later copy since the draughting conventions shown in the body plan were only developed in the middle of the eighteenth century. National Maritime Museum J2415.

Boyne Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 157ft 0in, 128ft 2in x 41ft 3in x 17ft 3in. 1,160 1/94 bm. Ord: 16.3.1691. L: 21.5.1692. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. John Baker, for the Nore. In 1693 under Capt. Edward Good (-1697); to the Mediterranean 1694. In 1698 under Capt. Hovenden Walker (-1699), as flagship of Sir Matthew Aylmer, in the Mediterranean. In 1701 under Capt. Anthony Pedder, as flagship of Sir John Munden, for Home. In 1702 under Capt. Lord Archibald

Hamilton, for Rooke’s operations at Cadiz in 8.1702. Later under Capt. John Cranby (died 19.12.1702), to West Indies. In 1.1703 under Capt. Thomas Day (died 2.8.1703), as flagship of Hovenden Walker, in the West Indies. In 6.1703 under Capt. Sampson Bourne. In 1704 under Capt. Lord (James) Dursley, for Shovell’s fleet; at Battle of VélezMálaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 14 killed and 52 wounded. Rebuilt in Johnson’s dock at Blackwall 1707–08. Russell (ex-Sussex, renamed 26.5.1692) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Ship-wright William Stigant] As built: 155ft 6in, 126ft 6in x 41ft 6in x 17ft 4in. 1,177 16/94 bm. Ord: 16.3.1691. L: 3.6.1692. Commissioned 14.6.1692 under Capt. Charles Britiff. In 1693 under Capt. David Lambert, and 1694 Capt. John Norris; to the Mediterranean with Russell’s fleet 1694. In 1696 under Capt. Jacob Banks (-1697). Recommissioned 1702 under Capt. Isaac Townsend, for Shovell’s fleet in the Channel; with Shovell’s fleet to the Mediterranean 1703. In 1705 under Capt. Samuel Vincent, in the Channel and Bay of Biscay. Laid up at Woolwich 18.8.1707, then rebuilt at Rotherhithe 1707–09 (see below) Norfolk John Winter, Southampton. As built: 156ft 6in, 129ft 3 1/4in x 41ft 6in x 17ft 4in. 1,184 22/94 bm. Ord: 21.12.1691 (contract). L: 28.3.1693.

A model of the Boyne, probably showing the ship as completed with a very crowded upper deck with fourteen ports a side. The model is firmly identified by an inscription at the break of the poop saying it is the Boyne ‘built by Mr Harding at Deptford’, which may suggest the model was finished after the ship herself. National Maritime Museum F2449.

The draught of the Torbay as rebuilt after 1716 shows the way the three-decker 80 was to develop, with a fully armed upper deck, and above that a forecastle, quarterdeck and poop (note the three tiers of stern windows). The windage of the resulting high topsides made these ships very leewardly National Maritime Museum J2397.

First cost: £12,839.8.8d (ky contract, @ £11.2.6d per ton). Commissioned 1693 under Capt. Daniel Jones (died 12.2.1694); to the Mediterranean 1694. In 10.1694 under Capt. Edward Bibb, then 1695 Capt. John Mayne and 1697 Capt. Thomas Butler (-1798). In 1702 under Mayne again, then 1704 Capt. John Knapp, with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 15 killed and 20 wounded. In 1706 under Capt. Robert Wynn, still with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean; with Dilke’s squadron in winter 1707–08; with Leake’s fleet 1708. In 1710 under Capt. John Smith; to pay off 7.1711. In 1715 under Capt. Thomas Smith (-1716), as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Thomas Hardy, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic; guard ship at Portsmouth 12.1715. BU commenced 6.2.1717 to rebuild. Torbay Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 156ft 0in, 128ft 9in x 41ft 11in x 17ft 4in. 1,203 25/94 bm. Guns: (1708 actual) 26 demi-cannon, 28 culverins, 26 sakers. Ord: 13.5.1692. L: 16.2.1693. Commissioned 1694 under Capt. Simon Fowkes, for Russell’s fleet. In 169– 97 under Capt. Thomas Harlow; in chase of de Portis’s squadron 14– 16.8.1697. In 1701 under Capt. Lord Archibald Hamilton, then 1702 Capt. Andrew Leake, with Rooke’s fleet; in Cadiz operations 8.1702; later flagship of Vice-Adm. Thomas Hopson, at Battle of Vigo 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. William Caldwell, with Shovell’s fleet;

Mediterranean cruise 1703; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 21 killed and 50 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Robert Fairfax. Great Repair at Chatham 1706. In 1706 under Capt. Samuel Whitaker, with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706/07. In ?3.1707 under Capt. William Faulkner, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir John Norris in the Mediterranean; in Toulon operation 1707. In 1708 under Capt. Robert Arris, with Byng’s fleet in the Downs; to Lisbon 5.1708 and thence to the Mediterranean; with main fleet in 1710. In 1711 under Capt. James Moody, in the Channel. Docked at Deptford 23.7.1716 to take to pieces to rebuild. Sussex Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 157ft 2in, 132ft 5in x 41ft 4in x 17ft 1 1/2in. 1,203 31/94 bm. Ord: 13.5.1692 L: 11.4.1693. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. John Mayne; later in year under Capt. John Norris (briefly). In 1694 under Capt. Charles Hawkins, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Francis Wheeler; wrecked at Gibraltar in a gale 19.2.1694 (all but two drowned including Wheeler and Hawkins). Lancaster William Wyatt, Bursledon. As built: 156ft 1in, 128ft 9in x 41ft 10in x 18ft 6in. 1,198 46/94 bm. Guns: (1703 and 1706 actual) 24 demi-cannon, 30 culverins, 26 sakers. Ord: 3.3.1693 (contract). L: 3.4.1694. First cost: £12,807.4.10d (by contract, @ £11.2.6d per ton). Commissioned 1694 under Capt. Andrew Leake. In 1696 under Capt. Robert Robinson, then 1697 Capt. Henry Martin. In 1702 under Capt. John Price, with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean. In 1703 under Capt. Christopher Myngs, then 1707 Capt. James Moodie (-1708), still with Shovell’s fleet; in 6.1707 at Denia, then 1708 with Leake’s fleet, in the Straits. In 1709 under Capt. ?John Huntingdon (-1711), in the Channel. BU commenced 25.5.1719 to RB. Chichester Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 157ft 3in, 130ft 5in x 41ft 9 1/2in x 17ft 0in. 1,211 55/94 bm. Guns: (1704 actual) 24 demi-cannon, 30 x 12pdrs, 22 sakers, 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 4.4.1693. L: 6.3.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. Richard Edwards, for Berkeley’s fleet. In 1696 under Capt. Charles Britiff, then Capt. John Jennings, then 1697 Capt. Robert Dean. In 1700 under Capt. Robert Robinson, for guard duties at Portsmouth; attended King at Holland in 1701. In 1702 under

Capt. Andrew Pedder (died 1702), with Rooke’s fleet at Cadiz; then to West Indies with Walker’s squadron. Later in 1702 under Capt. Jedediah Barker (died 12.1.1703), in the West Indies. In 1704 under Capt. Thomas Coale, for voyage home. Rebuilt 1705–06 at Woolwich (see below). Dorsetshire John Winter, Northam. As built: 153ft 4 1/2in, 125ft 5in x 42ft 0in x 18ft 0in. 1,176 73/94 bm. Guns: (1706 actual) 24 demi-cannon, 30 culverins, 22 sakers, 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 1.6.1693. L: 8.12.1694. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. John Hubbard, for Berkeley’s squadron. Later in 1695 under Capt. Edward Littleton (died 2.1.1696), then Capt. James Wishart (-1697). In 1700 under Capt. Edward Nevill, for guard duties at Portsmouth; attended King at Holland in 1701. In 1702 under Capt. Thomas Robinson; with Shovell’s squadron 10.1702. In 1.1703 under Capt. Edward Whitaker, with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 12 killed and 20 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Thomas Butler, for the Channel and Bay of Biscay; to the Mediterranean 1706, at Alicante 7.1706. Began rebuilding at Portsmouth 24.11.1706. Cambridge Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 156ft 0in, 127ft 9in x 41ft 11 1/2in x 17ft 0in. 1,196 28/94 bm. Ord: 27.11.1693. L: 21.2.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. James Stewart, as flagship of Cloudisley Shovell, for Berkeley’s operations. In 1696 under Capt. Thomas Crawley, for the Soundings; flagship of Vice-Adm. John Neville (died 27.8.1697), for the West Indies. In 1702 under Capt. Richard Lestock, with Rooke’s fleet, for Cadiz operations; at Vigo Bay 12.10.1703; later with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean; with Rooke’s fleet at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 11 killed and 27 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. James Littleton (-1706), with Shovell’s fleet, later Leake’s fleet; at Barcelona and Alicante. In 1707 under Capt. Thomas Swanton, with Hardy’s squadron to Lisbon, then to the Soundings 1707; to the Mediterranean 1708. In 1709 under Capt. Francis Dove (-1712), as guard ship at the Nore (250 men). Docked 30.8.1713 at Woolwich to rebuilt (see below). Newark John Frame, Hessle (near Hull). As built: 157ft 1 1/2in, 130ft 5 1/2in x 41ft 10 1/2in x 18ft 0in. 1,216 75/94

bm. Ord: 17.5.1693 (contract 4.5.1694). L: 3.6.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. Robert Fairfax (-1696), for the Fleet. In 1697 under Capt. Josias Crow. In 1701 under Capt. Richard Clarke (-1704); with Rooke’s fleet 1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 15 killed and 32 wounded; (briefly) flagship of Leake. In 1706 under Capt. Samuel Vincent (-1707), in the Mediterranean. Docked at Chatham 12.5.1713 to take to pieces to rebuild (see below). Group 2 (three-decker type) By 1694 the structural weakness of the two-decker 80 was becoming apparent, and the last four were built as three-deckers by joining the quarterdeck and forecastle to provide a third complete deck, but without building a new quarterdeck or forecastle above this, so that the ships were virtually flush-decked — the original poop now becoming a short quarterdeck with just a few 6pdrs on it. This was to provide the basic layout of the 80-gun ship for the next half-century. Men: 476. Guns: (1703 Establishment) — 80/72 comprising LD 26/24 x 24pdrs (9 1/2ft long); MD 26/24 x 12pdrs (9ft long); UD 22/20 x 6pdrs (9ft long); QD 6/4 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long); Fc nil. Under the 1716 Establishment this was revised to — LD 26 x 32pdrs (9 1/2ft long — 53cwt); MD 26 x 12pdrs (9 1/2ft long — 34cwt); UD 24 x 6pdrs (9ft long — 24cwt); QD 4 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long — 22cwt); Fc nil. Cumberland Mrs Anne Wyatt, Bursledon. [contract was with William Wyatt and John Bolton, completed by Mrs Wyatt after her husband’s death] As built: 156ft 0in, 130ft 0in x 42ft 0in (43ft 4in when girdled) x 18ft 0in. 1,219 74/94 (1,298 43/94 when girdled) bm. Ord: 4.5.1694 (contract). L: 12.11.1695. Girdled at Portsmouith ‘with 8 inch stuff on each side’. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Thomas Dilkes, then 1697 Capt. Peter Wotton, with the Fleet. In 1702 under Capt. Simon Foulkes (died 12.1702), with Fairborne’s squadron. In 1703 under Capt. Samuel Martin, with Rooke’s fleet; at Cadiz 8.1703, then to West Indies with Walker’s squadron. In 1705 under Capt. Hovendon Walker, in the Channel and Bay of Biscay; in the Mediterranean 1706, then to West Indies with Jennings’s squadron in 8.1706. In 1707 under Capt. Richard

Edwards; in action against Forbin’s and Duguay Trouin’s squadrons 9.10.1707 in defence of Lisbon convoy, when taken by the French (sold on to the Genoese 1715 and then to Spain 1717 as Principe de Asturias, she was retaken by the British Navy in 1718 after Battle of Cape Passaro, but not re-added to the fleet and instead sold to Austria; subsequently wrecked off Florida). Shrewsbury Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] As built: 158ft 0in, 130ft 5in x 42ft 6in x 17ft 5in. 1,257 (1,253 by calc.) bm. Ord: 11.6.1694. L: 6.2.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. Thomas Jennings, as flagship of Adm. Lord (John) Berkeley, for operations on the French coast. In 1696 under Capt. Henry Haughton. In 1697 under Capt. Richard Clarke. In 1700 under Capt. Thomas Ley and subsequently Capt. Benjamin Hoskins, as flagship of Adm. Sir George Rooke in the Baltic. In 1701 under Capt. Charles Cornwall. In 1702 under Capt. Josiah Crow (-1708); with Shovell’s fleet in 10–12.1702; in the Mediterranean 1703; as flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir Stafford Fairborne in the Channel 1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 31 killed and 73 wounded; at Bombardment of Alicante 7.1706; with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea 1708. Docked at Deptford 15.11.1711 to be taken to pieces for rebuilding, and rebuilt there 1711–13 (see below). Ranelagh Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 158ft 8in, 129ft 3in x 41ft 8 3/4in x 17ft 4in. 1,198 89/94 (1,197 15/94 by calc.) bm. Ord: 30.5.1695. L: 25.6.1697. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. (4.1701) John Munden. In 1701 under Capt. James Greenaway, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Thomas Hopson, for Rooke’s fleet. In 1.1702 under Capt. Edward Whitaker, then 2.1702 Capt. Richard Fitzpatrick; in Cadiz operation 8.1702; in Battle of Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. William Scalley (died 9.1703), as flagship of Rear-Adm. George Byng, with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean; in 9.1703 under Capt. John Cowe, still Byng’s flagship; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704 (losing 24 killed including Cowe and 45 wounded). In 1705 under Capt. George Delavall; flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir John Leake in winter 1705/06. In 1706 under Capt. Charles Fotherby, then 1708 Capt. William Faulkner (-1711), as flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir John Norris, still

with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean; in the Soundings 1709, then in Mediterranean again 1710–11; sailed for England in autumn 1711. In ordinary at Portsmouth 1712 to 1723. BU 9.1723 to RB 1731 (renamed Princess Caroline in 1728). Somerset Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwrights Robert & William Lee] As built: 158ft 0in, 130ft 0in x 42ft 9in x 17ft 10in. 1,263 70/94 bm. Guns: (1713 actual) 24 demi-cannon, 28 x 12pdrs, 28 sakers. Ord: 30.5.1695. L: 31.5.1698. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. James Stewart. In 1702 under Capt. (3.1703, Rear-Adm.) Thomas Dilkes, for Rooke’s fleet; flagship of Adm. Sir George Rooke at Battle of Vigo 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Richard Canning, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Stafford Fairborne, with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean; later under Capt. Richard Wyatt (died 12.1703). In 1704 under Capt. John Price (-1707), with Rooke’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 31 killed and 62 wounded; in the Channel and Bay of Biscay 1705; in the Mediterranean 1706, at Bombardment of Alicante 7.1706 and with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706/07; still in Mediterranean 1707; paid off 30.12.1707 to repair at Chatham. In 1709 under Capt. James Littleton, then 1710 under Capt. Richard Hughes, all with Baker’s squadron in the Mediterranean. In 1712 under Capt. Robert Bowler, as flagship of Rear-Adm. John Baker in the Mediterranean. Scheduled to go from Portsmouth in 1713 to Woolwich to be rebuilt, but instead fitted as a hulked at Woolwich 1715 (nominally taken to pieces in ?1722 so ‘rebuild’ could take place — see below). Actually BU at Woolwich 7.1740.

The French prize Le Prompt captured in 1702 was not thought worthy of service in the Royal Navy, but nevertheless a technical record was kept in the form of this draught ‘taken off’ the ship, and a full survey would have been made at the same time. As the century progressed and ever more prizes were taken, this habit was to provide the Royal Navy with an unrivalled archive of information and inspiration, superior in almost every respect to the conventional espionage forced on the other naval powers. National Maritime Museum J6132.

Ex-FRENCH PRIZE (1702). A sole 76-gun two-decker (vaisseau de lerne Rang, designed and built by René Levasseur) was taken from the French and re-classed as an 80-gun ship, but not put into service after arrival in England. Prompt Prize (French Le Prompt, built 9.1692–3.1693 at Dunkirk. L: 25.12.1692.). Dimensions & tons: 157ft 9in, 129ft 2in x 45ft 0in x 15ft 4 1/4in. 1,391 27/94 bm. Men: ... Guns (French, not re-armed): 28/26 x 36pdrs and 24pdrs; 30/28 x 18pdrs or 12pdrs, 18/12 x 6pdrs; 4 x 4pdrs. Taken 12.10.1702 at Vigo Bay by Anglo-Dutch squadron under Adm. Sir George Rooke. Commissioned 16.10.1702 under Capt. Edward Rumsey for voyage to Chatham. Registered 25.1.1703 and established as a Third Rate 24 & 26.3.1703. Became a wharf at Chatham (by AO 20.5.1703)6.1703. PRE-ESTABLISHMENT GROUP. Prior to the introduction of the 1706 Establishment, three of the two-decker 80s were rebuilt as three-deckers in the early years of Queen Anne’s reign. Of these the Devonshire was shown as rebuilding at Woolwich from 10.1701. Unlike the earlier 80s, this trio (and

the following three-decker 80s below) appear to have been actually armed to the 1703 Establishment of Guns. Note that at this date the rebuilt 80s kept their UD guns clear of what had formerly been the waist, and this midships part of the UD served only to strengthen the ship and to provide additional berthing space for the crew. Men: 520 (360 in peacetime). Guns: (1703 Establishment) — 80/72 comprising LD 26/24 x 24pdrs (9 1/2ft long); MD 26/24 x 12pdrs (9ft long); UD 22/20 x 6pdrs (9ft long); QD 6/4 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long); Fc nil. Under the 1716 Establishment this was revised to — LD 26 x 32pdrs (9 1/2ft long — 53cwt); MD 26 x 12pdrs (9 1/2ft long — 34cwt); UD 24 x 6pdrs (9ft long — 24cwt); QD 4 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long — 22cwt), Fc nil. Devonshire Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Lee] As (re)built: 156ft 0in, 129ft 3in x 42ft 1 1/2in x 17ft 0in. 1,219 92/94 bm. Ord: 9.9.1703. L: 11.1704. Commissioned 1705 under Capt. James Berkeley (Lord Dursley), for the Mediterranean. In 8.1706 under Capt. John Watkins, as flagship of Adm. Sir John Jennings, sent to the West Indies with squadron; home in 4.1707; in action against French squadrons under Duguay Trouin and Forbin off the Lizard 10.10.1707, blew up and sank (with only three survivors). Chichester Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As (re)built: 155ft 6in, 127ft 6in x 43ft 5in x 17ft 10in. 1,278 37/94 bm. Ord: 29.2.1704. L: 18.4.1706. Commissioned 1706 under Capt. John Smith, for Byng’s squadron in the Mediterranean in winter 1706/07. In ?3.1708 under Capt. John Michell, with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean. In ?10.1708 under Capt. Richard Rowzier, as flag of Rear-Adm. Sir Edward Whitaker, with Byng’s fleet in the Mediterranean; in 10.1708 under Capt. Charles Constable and 11.1708 Capt. Vincent Cutter. In 1711 under Capt. Richard Leake, in the Channel. Large Repair at Chatham (for £14,216.2.0d) 9.1715–9.1716. Fitted there for sea 1719, and for the Baltic service in 3.1721; in 1721 under Capt. Richard Hughes, for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. Middling Repair at Chatham (for £22,580.15.4d) 2–4.1730. Recommissioned 2.1739 under Capt. Richard Girlington, then to West Indies under Capt. Robert Trevor (died 1740); in Cartagena operations 3–4.1741; sailed for Home late 1741 or early 1742. In 5.1743 under Capt. Thomas Watson; Small Repair at Plymouth

(for £10,927.9.9d) 1743. In 1744 under Capt. William Dilke; at Battle of Toulon 11.2.1744 (Dilke dismissed by court martial). In ?4.1745 under Capt. Timothy Nucella; to Spithead to pay off. Recommissioned 7.1746 under Capt. Roger Martin, for Home waters. In ?3.1748 under Capt. Henry Marsh; paid off 6.1748. Surveyed 13.12.1748. BU at Plymouth completed (for £514.12.1d, in 56 days) 3.9.1749.

This model of the Chichester as rebuilt in 1706 clearly shows the way the quarterdeck and forecastle were joined to form a structural third deck, even though the waist was left unarmed. The model, which was damaged when it came into the museum’s collection, has received some conservation, but not the wholesale restoration applied to many contemporary models; the missing taffrail, for example, was replaced with a plain template simply to show the original shape. National Maritime Museum F5850–003.

Cornwall Richard Burchett, Rotherhithe. As (re)built: 156ft 7 1/2in, 127ft 11in x 42ft 8 1/4in x 17ft 7in. 1,241 21/94 bm. Ord: 7.8.1704. L: 7.3.1706. Commissioned 1706 under Capt. Jasper Hicks (-1707), for Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean. In 5/6.1708 under Capt. ?Thomas Buller, then 1710

Capt. Thomas Swanton (-1714), still in Mediterranean; home at end 1713. BU at Portsmouth (for £523.13.8d) 3.1722 to RB (remains shipped to Deptford 3.1723 by hoy Lyon). 1706 ESTABLISHMENT GROUP. Eight of the remaining two-decker 80s were rebuilt as three-deckers to the new Establishment -among which the Torbay was rebuilt after 1714 and thus is excluded from this volume — while two new ships were built to the same specification as replacements for the three-deckers Devonshire and Cumberland, both lost in 1707. As before, the midships part of the UD remained clear of guns, and it was not until July 171 o that the Admiralty ordered the gunwales here to be raised so that the UD could mount a full tier of 6pdrs. (Establishment) Dimensions & tons: 156ft 0in, 127ft 6in x 43ft 6in x 17ft 8in. 1,283 29/94 bm. Men: 520 (360 in peacetime). Guns (1703 Establishment): 80/72 comprising LD 26/24 x 24pdrs (9 1/2ft length); MD 26/24 x 12pdrs (9ft length); UD 22/20 x 6pdrs (9ft length); QD 6/4 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft length); Fc nil. 1716 Establishment — LD 26 x 32pdrs; MD 26 x 12pdrs; UD 24 x 6pdrs; QD 4 x 6pdrs; Fc nil. Boyne William Johnson, Blackwall. As rebuilt: 156ft 0in, 128ft 1in x 43ft 8 1/4in x 17ft 8in. 1,300 30/94 bm. Ord: 27.4.1706 (‘in a merchant’s yard’ by AO 29.8.1706). L: 26.3.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Capt. Vincent Cutter, for Byng’s fleet in the Channel; sailed for Lisbon 10.1708, then to Mediterranean for 1709. In 1710 under Capt. Richard Griffith (-1712); survey at Chatham; to the Mediterranean 1711; paid off 2.1713. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £14,222) 5.1715–3.1716. BU at Portsmouth 20.11.1733, with remains shipped 7.1.1734 to Deptford to RB. Humber John Wicker, Jnr, Deptford. As rebuilt: 156ft 0in, 127ft 7in x 43ft 8in x 17ft 8in. 1,294 (exact) bm. Ord: 20.6.1707. L: 26.3.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Capt. Thomas Smith, for Byng’s fleet in the Channel; Lisbon voyage 10.1708; in the Mediterranean 1709. In 1710 under Cmdr John Pulley; home for survey. In 1711 under Capt. Richard Culliford, for St Lawrence expedition; paid off 11.1711. Middling Repair at Portsmouth (for £1,646.15.4 1/2d) 1714. BU at Portsmouth completed 27.11.1723 to RB.

Russell Richard Wells, Rotherhithe. As rebuilt: 156ft 9 1/2in, 127ft 5 1/2in x 43ft 8 1/2in x 17ft 8 3/4in. 1,293 91/94 bm. Ord: 25.9.1707 (contract 3.10.1707). L: 16.3.1709. C: by AO 13.5.1709. Commissioned 5.1709 under Capt. James Mighells, then 6.1709 under Capt. Sir Thomas Hardy (with Capt. Stephen Martin flag capt.) as Adm. Sir John Leake’s flagship for the Channel until 7.1709; with main fleet in 1710 (still under Martin). In 2.1711 under Capt. Robert Wynn, in the Channel; paid off 12.1711. Docked at Chatham 2.9.1726 and BU (for £756), with remains transported to Deptford to ‘RB’. Devonshire Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] As built: 156ft 2in, 127ft 8 1/2in x 43ft 10in x 17ft 8in. 1,305 17/94 bm. Ord: 29.12.1707. L: 12.12.1710. Commissioned 5.1.1711 under Capt. Robert Arris, for St Lawrence expedition; later under Capt. John Cooper; paid off 11.1711. Recommissioned 1.1718 with Byng’s fleet in the Baltic, then 1719 Norris’s fleet there (no commander listed). Great Repair at Chatham (for £16,275.5.11d) 8.1719–1.1721. Recommissioned 4.1723; paid off 1.1727. Small Repair at Chatham (for £2,365.5.0d) 1729. Surveyed 9.9.1732; Middling Repair at Chatham (for £4,970.18.0d — perhaps should read £14,970.18.0d?) 9.1732–7.1733. Recommissioned 1734 under Capt. James Stewart; with Watson’s squadron 1735, in Home waters. Hulked at Woolwich (by AO 1.7.1740, for £2,708.19.8d) 4– 10.1740. Sold there (by AO 2.10.1760, for £285) 14.10.1760. Cumberland Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 156ft 2in, 128ft 0in x 43ft 10in x 17ft 8 1/2in. 1,308 15/94 bm. Ord: 29.12.1707. L: 27.12.1710. Commissioned 6.1.1711 under Capt. Stephen Martin (2nd Capt. William Ockman), as flagship of Adm. Sir John Leake in the Channel until 7.1711, then flagship of Adm. Sir George Byng; prepared for the Baltic 1713. In 1715 under Capt. William Faulkner, as flagship of Adm. Sir John Norris in the Baltic (-1716). In 1717 under Capt. Robert Coleman, as flagship of Rear-Adm. James Littleton, with Byng’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1718 under Faulkner again, as Norris’s flagship; under Capt. William Martin (temp?) in 11.1718, then 1719 Faulkner & Norris again; paid off 1.1720. Recommissioned 4.1723 under Coleman again, as guard ship at Blackstakes; from 1726 flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir George

Walton, with Wager’s fleet in the Baltic; paid off 1.1727. BU at Woolwich (for £992.14.2d) 10.1732 to RB. Dorsetshire Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As rebuilt: 156ft 0in, 127ft 6in x 43ft 6in x 17ft 8in. 1,283 28/94 bm. Ord: 29.12.1707. K: 24.11.1706. L: 20.9.1712. C: Spring 1718. First cost: £15,760.13.8d to build, plus £8,767.6.6 1/2d fitting. Commissioned ?3.1718 under Capt. John Furzer, as flagship of Rear-Adm. George Delavall; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718; fitted as flagship for the Baltic in spring 1719 (also in spring 1720 and 1721); in ?5.1719 flagship of Rear-Adm. Edward Hopson, in the Baltic. In 1720–21 under Capt. Richard Girlington, still Hopson’s flagship, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £15,943.10.0d) 1722–24. Recommissioned 1734 under Capt. John Hemminton, with Cavendish’s fleet in 1734; paid off late 1735. Small Repair and fitted at Portsmouth (for £10,213.3.3d) 1741–43. Recommissioned 12.1743 under Capt. George Burrish (dismissed by court martial 9.10.1745), for the Mediterranean; at Battle of Toulon 11.2.1744. In ?2.1745 under Capt. Edmund Toll, as flagship of Vice-Adm. Isaac Townshend in the Mediterranean; to the Leeward Islands 9.1745; off Cape Breton 1746. Investigated (by AO 16.1.1748) as to whether she could be reduced to 66 guns; surveyed 10.10.1749, and BU at Portsmouth (by AO 5.9.1749, for £545.3.2 1/4d) competed 5.12.1749. Shrewsbury Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As rebuilt: 156ft 7in, 128ft I 1/2in x 43ft 11in x 17ft 8in. 1,314 39/94 bm. Ord: ?1711. K: 15.11.1711. L: 12.8.1713. C: 21.9.1713. Commissioned 1716 under Capt. William Clevland, for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1717 under Capt. Richard Hughes, as flagship of Rear-Adm. William Caldwell in the Baltic (until 8.1717). In 1718 under Capt. John Balchen, in the Mediterranean; flagship of Vice-Adm. Charles Cornwall, for Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £15,719.7.2a) 5.1719–8.1720. Small Repair at Portsmouth (for £6,319) 11.1738–4.1739. Recommissioned 1740 under Capt. Isaac Townshend, for Norris’s fleet; flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Chaloner Ogle in 8.1740 and for passage to West Indies; sailed for West Indies 23.10.1740; in Cartagena operations 3–4.1741; home at end of 1741 or early 1742. In 1743 under Capt. Digby Dent, for Home waters. In 1744 under Capt. Solomon Gideon, for Norris’s fleet in the Channel; Lisbon convoy 3–

4.1744; at Spithead 5.1745. In 10.1745 under Capt. Roger Martin, as flagship of Vice-Adm. William Martin at Spithead. Surveyed 19.6.1749; BU completed at Portsmouth (by AO 5.9.1749) 6.2.1750. Newark Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] As rebuilt: 156ft 0in, 127ft 8in x 43ft 6in x 17ft 8in. 1,283 28/94 bm. Ord: ?1711. K: 12.5.1713. L: 29.7.1717. First cost: £21,917.2.9d to build. Remained in Ordinary to 1735. Small Repair at Chatham (for £1,509.6.8d) 1733. Fitted for a flagship at Chatham in spring 1735. Commissioned 3.1735 under Capt. Robert Trevor, as flagship of Adm. Sir George Walton; paid off 2.1736. Surveyed 4.1741; BU at Chatham (by AO 22.4.1741, for £1,121.3.0d) 5.1741 to RB. Cambridge Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] As rebuilt: 156ft 1in, 126ft 0in x 43ft 8in x 17ft 8 1/2in. 1,286 33/94 bm Ord: 1.9.1713. K: 30.8.1713. L: 17.9.1715. C: 25.9.1715. First cost: £17,117.4.0d including fitting. Remained in Ordinary to 1739. Small Repair at Chatham (for £1,312) 1725. Middling Repair at Chatham (for £11,476.4.4d) 1.1733–77.1734. Commissioned 3.1739 under Capt. Thomas Whorwood, for Norris’s fleet 7– 9.1740. In 1741 under Capt. Joseph Lingen, with Norris’s fleet 7.1741. In 1742 under Capt. Charles Drummond in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Toulon 11.2.1744 In 7.1745 under Capt. Lachlin Leslie. Surveyed 20.12.1746. Investigated (by AO 9.1.1748) as to whether she could be reduced to 66 guns. Surveyed 29.1.1749; BU at Chatham (by AO 14.9.1749, for £462.4.8d) completed 12.2.1750. One more two-decker (Torbay) was rebuilt to the 1706 Establishment from 1716 to 1719 (at Deptford) but does not fall within this volume. Of the remaining two-deckers, the Lancaster and Norfolk would be rebuilt to the 1719 Establishment, while the Somerset was hulked and never rebuilt, as a replacement three-decker was newbuilt to the 1719 Establishment in her place. The Navy List in April 1714 included sixteen 80-gun ships, but of these the Cambridge was rebuilding and the Newark had been taken to pieces preparatory to rebuilding. Of the fourteen 80-gun ships actually in existence in 1714, all were lying in Ordinary. Nine ships (the Norfolk, Torbay, Lancaster, Ranelagh, Chichester, Boyne, Humber, Russell and Devonshire)

were reportedly in good condition, while the Cumberland, Dorsetshire and Shrewsbury were in need of Small Repairs, and the Cornwall needed Great Repairs, while the Somerset needed rebuilding.

Third Rates of 70 guns Notwithstanding the new class of 80-gun ship introduced during the 1690s, the 70-gun ship remained the most numerous class of Third Rate throughout the first half of the eighteenth century (until superseded by the new 74-gun class after 1756). Under the new Establishment of guns in 1703, it became a 70/62-gun class, with standard ordnance comprising LD 24/22 x 24pdrs (9 1/2ft long); UD 26/24 demi-culverins (9ft long); QD 12/10 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long); Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs (2/2 of 9 1/2ft and 2/0 of 7 1/2ft length); RH 4/4 x 3pdrs (5 1/2ft long). Third Rates with demi-cannon on the LD had them replaced by 24pdrs (in theory, at least; in practice a number continued with their former guns for several years). Under the 1716 Establishment of guns this was revised to comprise LD 26 x 24pdrs (9 1/2ft long — 64cwt); UD 26 x 12pdrs (9ft long — 32cwt); QD 14 x 6pdrs (8ft long — 20cwt); Fc 4 x 6pdrs (2 chase guns of 9ft length — 24cwt; and 2 as on the QD).

The bow of an unidentified model of a 70-gun ship of the late 1690s. The open frames of the so-called ‘Navy Board’ modelling convention makes it very easy to visualise the shape of the underwater hull: here the fine hollow lines of the bow timbers are very evident. National Maritime Museum D7364–1.

1690 PROGRAMME. The construction of three new 70-gun ships was approved by Parliament on 10.10.1690 (a vote of £88,008.10.0d). While not formally part of the ‘Twenty-seven Ships’ Programme of 1691, these new 70gun ships were contemporary with that Programme. As completed, the Bredah was established with 72 guns and 460 men, the Harwich-built ships with 70 guns and 440 men. All were re-established as 70/62-gun ships under the 1703 Establishment. Dimensions & tons: (1677 Establishment) 150ft 0in, 121ft 0in x 39ft 8in x 17ft 0in. 1,012 65/94 bm. Yarmouth Nicholas Barrett, Harwich. As built: 150ft 10in, 123ft 11in x 40ft 1in x 16ft 11in. 1,059 1/94 bm.

Men: 440/320. Guns (original) 26 x 24pdrs, 26 demi-culverins, 14 sakers, 4 x 6pdrs. Ord: 23.1.1691. L: 7.1.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. James Moodie; with Berkeley’s squadron 1695; to the Mediterranean 1696. In 2.1696 under Capt. William Whetsone. In 1697 under Capt. William Clevland, for home. In 1699 under Capt. John Johnson. In 1701 under Capt. David Greenhill. In 1702 under Capt. William Prowther (died 17.4.1703), in Fairborne’s squadron with Rooke’s fleet at Cadiz 1702; later to West Indies with Walker’s squadron. On 24.5.1703 under Capt. Thomas Mathews, then Capt. Samuel Martin, in the West Indies. In 1704 under Capt. Jasper Hicks, with Rooke’s fleet; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 7 killed and 26 wounded; with Leake’s squadron in winter 1704–05. BU 1707 and rebuilt 1707–09 at Deptford (see below). Bredah Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As built: 150ft 0in, 126ft 0in x 40ft 5in x 16ft 8in. 1,094 75/94 bm. Men: 460 (as 72-gun), later 440/320. Guns (original) 72 — LD 24 demicannon + 2 culverins; UD 26 x 12pdrs; QD/Fc 14 x 6pdrs; RH 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 5.3.1691. L: 23.4.1692. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. David Lambert; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19.5.1692; flagship of Rear-Adm. Thomas Hopsson with Smyrna convoy 6.1693. In 1694 under Capt. John Johnson; with Russell’s fleet mid 10.1694. In 1697 under Broad Pendant of Capt. (Rear-Adm., 2.1697) George Mees (died 20.7.1697), in West Indies, later under Capt. William Hockaday than Capt. Thomas Dilkes; capture of 40-gun Le Cerf Volant. In 1701 under Capt. Christopher Fogg (-1702), as flagship of Vice-Adm. John Benbow; sailed for West Indies 8/9.1701; in action with Ducasse’s squadron off San Domingo 19– 24.8.1702 (Benbow died of his wounds 11.1702). In 1703 under Capt. Richard Thompson, still in West Indies. ‘Rebuilt’ (but probably Great Repair instead) at Chatham 1704. In 1705 under Capt. James Moodie, for the Channel and Bay of Biscay. In 1706 under Capt. Philip Boys, for Jamaica, with Broad Pendant of Capt. William Kerr. In 1707 under Capt. Thomas Long (-1710), still Kerr’s Pendant in 1707; with Byng’s fleet in Channel 1708, to Lisbon 5.1708 than to Brazil; in Jennings’s fleet 1709, then to Mediterranean 1710; capture of 60-gun Le Maure 13.12.1710

(Long killed). In 1711 under Capt. William Cock (-1712), in the Channel. Great Repair at Chatham (for £11,792) 1714–15, then Small Repair there (for £1,100.1.1d) and fitted for the Mediterranean 1817. Recommissioned 1718 under Capt. Barrow Harris (-1719); at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718 (took 70-gun Principe de Asturias). Guard ship at Portsmouth 1721–22 under Capt. Philip Vanbrugh. Fitted as guard ship 1723, then guard ship at Portsmouth 1723–25 under Capt. Edward St Lo (died 22.4.1729); flagship of Vice-Adm. Francis Hosier in West Indies 1726 (Hosier died 23.8.1727, and St Lo was in command of fleet from then until his own death). Completed BU at Portsmouth (for £539.5.3d) 7.10.1730. Ipswich Nicholas Barrett, Harwich. As built: 149ft 11in, 123ft 3in x 40ft 0in x 16ft 8in. 1,048 88/94 bm. Men: 440/320. Guns (original) 26 x 24pdrs, 26 demi-culverins, 14 sakers, 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 16.3.1691. L: 19.4.1694. Commissioned 1694 under Capt. Isaac Townsend (-1701), for the Channel; off Dunkirk 1697; to the Mediterranean 1698–99; at Spithead 1701 (reduced crew). In 1702 under Capt. William Wakelyn (-1703), for Shovell’s fleet. In 1706 under Capt. Robert Kirktown, for Leake’s fleet; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706/07. In 1707 under Capt. Robert Arris, with Shovell in the Mediterranean. In 1708 under Capt. Charles Fotherby (-1709), with Byng in the Channel. Large Repair at Woolwich 8.1711–11.1712. Made fit for sea at Chatham 1718, then fitted for Vigo expedition at Portsmouth 9.1719. Recommissioned 1719 under Capt. John Cooper, for the Channel. In 1721 under Capt. William Owen (died 8.1722), as guard ship at Portsmouth; then under Capt. John Balchen; laid up 1724 at Portsmouth. Docked at Portsmouth to BU 24.4.1727 and RB by 1730. Ex-FRENCH PRIZE (1695). A sole 60-gun ship (vaisseau de 2érne Rang, designed and built by Blaise Pangalo) was taken from the French during the War of English Succession and re-armed to Third Rate establishment of Guns. Content Prize (French Le Content, built 5.1686–4.1687 at Toulon. L: 23.12.1686.). Dimensions & tons: 119ft 6in keel x 42ft 2in x 15ft 0in. 1,130 17/94 bm.

Men: 440/365. Guns: 70 initially, comprising 26 x 24pdrs. 28 x 12pdrs, 12 sakers and 4 x 3pdrs. In 1703 re-established (but not re-armed) as 70/62gun ship as per 1703 Establishment. Taken 28.1.1695 off Pantellaria by Plymouth and other ships of Killigrew’s squadron. Purchased 27.6.1695. Commissioned 1.169 5 under Capt. Caleb Grantham; home to refit; sailed to rejoin Russell’s fleet 8.1695; home in 10.1695. Later in 1695 under Capt. John Norris, for expedition to Hudson’s Bay; took French 32-gun bomb frigate La Foudroyante 5.1696. In 1697 under Capt. Hovendon Walker, with Rooke’s fleet in the Channel. In 1702 under Capt. Robert Hancock, at Blackstakes; paid off 19.3.1703. Fitted as a hulk and storeship 7.1703 and sailed to Lisbon. Sold there c.1715.

A draught of the Ipswich probably associated with the Great Repair of 1712. Note the apparently very flat stern, which has only one level of quarter galleries, although the tiny poop or roundhouse has its own tier of lights across the stern. Unlike most ships of this era, which have more ports than the gun establishment requires, Ipswich would struggle to accommodate 70 guns — presumably two sakers fired over the forecastle rails and the four 3pdrs were mounted on the poop. National Maritime Museum J8104.

1695 PROGRAMME. Funds for four additional 70-gun ships (along with eight Fourth Rates — see next chapter) were voted by Parliament on 6.12.1695, to be newbuilt — one by contract and three in the Royal Dockyards; the Establishment of 1677 remained in use. While Revenge was a traditional name in the Navy, the other three names were new, reflecting the notables of the new regime — Admiral Edward Russell, the first Lord of the Admiralty, was the nephew of William, Earl of Bedford (created Duke of Bedford in May 1694), and was himself created Earl of Orford in 1697, while the County of Nassau was a subsidiary holding of William I whose family

name was Orange-Nassau. Dimensions & tons: (1677 Establishment) 150ft 0in, 121ft 0in x 39ft 8in x 17ft 0in. 1,012 65/94 bm. Men: 460/380/300. Guns (1703): 70/62 (Bedford and Nassau, actual 1703: 22 x 24pdrs + 4 culverins; 26 x 12pdrs; 14 sakers; 4 x 3pdrs). Orford Edward Snelgrove, Deptford. As built: 150ft 5in, 122ft 6in x 40ft 6in x 17ft 1in. 1,051 (by calc. 1,068 73/94) bm. Ord: 24.12.1695. L: 27.4.1698. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. John Jennings. In 1701 under Capt. Jasper Hicks. In 1702 under Capt., John Norris; joined Fairborne’s squadron 7.1702, for the Cadiz expedition, then Shovell’s squadron for attack on Vigo Bay 12.10.1702; took 36-gun privateer Le Philippeaux and another of 16 guns 1703; took (with Warspite and Litchfield) French 50-gun Le Hasardeux in the Channel 16.11.1703; with Shovell’s fleet 1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van division) 13.8.1704, losing 6 killed and 9 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Edmund Loades, still with Shovell’s fleet; to reduction of Denia. In 1706 under Capt. Charles Cornwall, in the Mediterranean (-1707); with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea and the Channel 1708. Docked 23.8.1709 to be BU for rebuilding (by AO 26.2.1709) 1709–12. Bedford Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 151ft 0in, 124ft 1in x 40ft 4in x 16ft 9in. 1,073 66/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695. L: 12.9.1698. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. Robert Sincock. In 1701–02 under Capt. Henry Haughton, for Fairborne’s fleet; in Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. In 1703–04 under Capt. Sir Thomas Hardy, with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean in 1703, and Rooke’s fleet 1704; took (with Kent and Antelope) Spanish 60-gun Porta Coeli and Santa Teresa off Lisbon 12.3.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 12 killed, 51 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Edward Acton, in Dilke’s squadron (Shovell’s fleet). In 1706 under Capt. Robert Arris, with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean. In 1707–10 under Capt. Robert Stepney; with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1707; with Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea 1708, then back to Mediterranean 1709–10; with Norris’s squadron off the Hyères 7.1710. Large Repair at Portsmouth (for £11,255.10.1 1/4d) 11.1710–1712. In 1712 under Capt.

Stephen Martin and Capt. William Colman, as flag of Adm. Sir John Leake in the Channel. In 1713 under Capt. William Cock (dismissed 1715), as flag of Vice-Adm. Sir Edward Whitaker; fitted for South Sea Company 1713 (on Company’s service at Porto Bello 1714–15); later under Thomas Leith. Large Repair at Portsmouth (for £15,476.19.11 3/4d) 1718; fitted for the Baltic at Portsmouth (for £4,028.12.6 3/4d) 1719–20. Recommissioned 1720 under Capt. Robert Bowler (-1721), for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. Fitted at Portsmouth as guard ship 1723; recommissioned 1723–28 under Capt. Edward Hook; to Baltic 1726; joined Wager’s fleet in the Straights of Gibraltar 10.1727. Fitted for sea at Portsmouth 1733–34, but found to need Middling Repair. BU completed at Portsmouth 11.1736 for rebuilding (under AO of 8.10.1736). Revenge Deptford Dyd. [M/shipwright Samuel Miller] As built: 150ft 2in, 123ft 8in x 40ft 3in x 17ft 1 1/2in. 1,065 64/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695. L: 4.4.1699. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. Thomas Ley. In 1700 under Capt. Thomas Jennings, as guard ship at Chatham, then 1701 under Ley again, attending HM the King (Holland). In 1702 under Capt. William Kerr; with Shovell’s squadron 10.1702; with Shovell’s squadron in the Channel in 1704; in action against Duguay Trouin’s squadron 4.8.1704 (Falmouth captured). In 1705 under Capt. Gerrard Ellwes (-1707); flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Thomas Dilkes 1705; at Battle of Marbella 10.3.1705; in the Mediterranean 1706–07 (at Alicante 7.1706; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07. In 1708 under Capt. Thomas Cleasby (-1711), with Byng’s fleet in the Channel; to Lisbon 10.1708; in the Mediterranean 1709–11; paid off 1711 at Chatham, then surveyed. Renamed Buckingham 16.6.1711. Fitted for ordinary at Chatham 1711– 12. In ?3.1718 under Capt. Robert Trevor, as flagship of Rear-Adm. James Mighells, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. Fitted for the Baltic spring 1720; in 1720–01 under Capt. Robert Coleman, for the Baltic. Converted to a hulk at Sheerness (by AO 28.10.1727) 2.1728, with 45 men, in the room of the Kingfisher. Sunk as breakwater at Sheerness by AO 18.5.1745, with the Winchester hulked in her room.

Another exquisite contemporary model from the Kriegstein family collection, this 70-gun ship bears the motto and emblems of Queen Anne but nothing that identifies the particular vessel. The ship still carries the typical decorative scheme of the earlier reign (supposedly banned by AO after 1703), and is unusual in having a fourteenth upper deck port. Many of the 70s around this period were rebuilds and they probably varied significantly from each other, and anything that might be regarded as the norm before the 1706 Establishment. Kriegstein Collection.

Nassau Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As built: 150ft 9in, 127ft 0in x 40ft 0in x 17ft 2in. 1,080 80/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695. L: 2.8.1699. Commissioned 1700 under Capt. Christopher Myngs, as flagship of ViceAdm. Thomas Hopson for the Baltic. In 1702 under Capt. George Byng, for Shovell’s fleet. In 1703 under Capt. Francis Dove, for the Mediterranean; with Shovell’s fleet 1704; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 15 killed and 26 wounded; in the Channel and Bay of Biscay 1705. In 1706 under Capt. John Smith, with Whitaker’s squadron. Later in 1706 under Capt. John Edwards; wrecked 30.10.1706 on Bembridge Ledge off Spithead. RESOLUTION. One of the oldest surviving 70-gun ships, the Resolution (of 1667) was rebuilt towards the end of the War of the English Succession. This limited form of rebuilding amounted more to a repair than an actual

reconstruction, without taking the ship to pieces and thus without any alteration in her dimensions, so that she remained smaller than the other 70s. When the ship fitted for sea in 9.1698, it showed a poor standard of condition. Resolution Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As (re)built: 148ft 2in, 120ft 9(or 7?)in x 37ft 6in x 15ft 9in. 902 bm. Ord: 1696? L: 30.4.1698. Commissioned 1699 under Capt Basil Beaumont. In 3.1703 under Capt. Thomas Lyell, as flagship of Vice-Adm. John Graydon; sailed for West Indies 13.3.1703, arriving Jamaica 5.6.1703; to Newfoundland, arriving 2.8.1703; arrived home in the Downs 22.10.1699; run ashore off Pevensey to avoid foundering during the ‘Great Gale’ of 27.11.1703 (all crew survived). (A wreck located in April 2005 has been provisionally identified as the Resolution.) REBUILDINGS OF 1697–1704. Following the conclusion of the War in 1697, the eight surviving Third Rates from the Commonwealth era were reclassed as Fourth Rates, and fourteen of the fifteen surviving 70-gun ships of the 1677 ‘Thirty Ships’ Programme were rebuilt between 1697 and 1704 (the exception was the Captain, not rebuilt until 1706–08). In addition, the slightly older Edgar of 1668 was rebuilt under the same programme. The basis of rebuilding became increasingly more thorough during this period, and from 1699 the practice was to take the old ship to pieces to rebuild, although still without any general increase in dimensions (even though remeasurement after each rebuilding did confirm small changes in dimensions). Group 1 (all by contract) Burford Edward Snelgrove, Deptford. As built: 152ft 9in, 126ft 2in x 40ft 8 3/4in x 16ft 4 1/4in. 1,113 25/94 bm. Ord: 6.1697 (docked for rebuilding 1.11.1696). L: 12.9.1698. Commissioned 1700 under Capt. Simon Foulkes, as guard ship at Sheerness; attending on King on Holland voyage 1700. In 1702 under Capt. Hovenden Walker, with Rooke’s fleet in Cadiz operation, and then detached to West Indies. In 1703 under Capt. Thomas Meads, then 3.1703 Capt. William Fairborne; to West Indies in autumn 1703. In 1704 under Capt. Kerryll Roffey, with Rooke’s fleet; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 11 killed and 19 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Baron Wylde, in the

Mediterranean; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07. In 1707 under Capt. John Evans, then 1709 Capt. Robert Kirktown, still in the Mediterranean. In 1710 under Capt. Thomas Kempthorne; home in 1710, then back to Mediterranean 1711, with Broad Pendant of Capt. Charles Cornwall. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £12,494.13.6d) 10.1712–5.1714. Recommissioned 1715 under Capt. Edward Hopson (-1716), for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1717 under Capt. Thomas Scott, with Byng’s fleet in Baltic. In 1718 under Capt. Charles Vanbrugh; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718; wrecked in Pentemelia Bay (Italy) in a storm 14.2.1719 (crew saved). Kent John & Richard Wells, Rotherhithe. As (re)built: 151ft 6in, 123ft 7 1/2in x 40ft 3in x 16ft 7in. 1,064 (by calc. 1,065 30/94) bm. Ord: 1697? (docked for rebuilding 5.1697) L: 3.1699. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. John Leake. In 1701 under Capt. John Jennings, for Rooke’s fleet; sailed 19.6.1702 for attempt on Cadiz; in Cadiz operation 20.8.1702; at Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Robert Fairfax, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Thomas Dilkes; destruction of convoy off Avranches 26.7.1703 and in Cancale Bay 28.7.1703. In 1704 under Capt. Jonas Hanway, still Dilkes’s flagship; capture of 60-gun Porta Coeli and 60-gun Santa Teresa (Spanish ‘Phillippist’ ships) off Lisbon 12.3.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1703, losing 15 killed, 26 wounded. In 8.1704 under Capt. James Moneypenny, then 1705–06 under Capt. Sir Thomas Hardy, with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean; with Lisbon convoy and in the Soundings 1707; with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1708, then in the Channel. In 1709 under Capt. Robert Johnson; with main fleet 1710; took 56-gun La Superbe 30.7.1710. In 1711 under Capt. Robert Hughes, in the Channel; flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Thomas Hardy 1712, in the Soundings. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £4,689.11.1 1/2d) 8.1714– 3.1715. Small Repair at Portsmouth and fitted for the Mediterranean (for £5,810.16.4 1/2d) in spring 1718. Recommissioned 1718 under Capt. Thomas Mathews; took 64-gun Santa Rosalia at Corfu 2.1718; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718 (taking 60-gun San Carlos). BU at Woolwich completed 17.3.1722 to RB. Suffolk Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As (re)built: 151ft 4in, 124ft 0in x 40ft 4 1/2in x 16ft 7 1/2in. 1,078 (by calc.

1,075 17/94) km. Ord: ... ? L: 4.1699. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. Thomas Foulis, at Spithead with reduced crew. In 1702 under Capt. Edward Good; with Shovell’s fleet 10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Robert Kirton, with Rooke’s fleet; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 13 killed and 38 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. William Wakelin (died 1.10.1705), as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir William Whetstone, in the West Indies. In 1708 under Capt. William Clevland, with Byng’s fleet in the Channel; voyage to Lisbon 10.1708; in the Mediterranean 1709–11; took 38-gun Le Gaillard 2.5.1710; ordered home 7.1711. BU 1717 to RB. Group 2 (all by dockyard) Eagle Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer] As (re)built: 156ft 6in, 125ft 0in x 40ft 8in x 17ft 3in. 1,099 (ky calc. 1,099 55/94) km. Ord: ... ? L: 1699. Commissioned 1700 under Capt. William Kerr, for Rooke’s fleet; in the Baltic 1701. In 1702 under Capt. James Wishart, in Fairborne’s squadron for Cadiz operations. In 1703 under Capt. Lord Archibald Hamilton (-1705); to the Mediterranean 9.1703; in Rooke’s fleet 1704; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 7 killed and 57 wounded. In 1706 under Capt. Robert Hancock (died 10.1707); with Fairborne’s squadron off Ostend; to the Mediterranean 9.1706; with Shovell’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1707; wrecked with all hands lost on the Isles of Scilly 22.10.1707. Expedition Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer, Jnr.] As (re)built: 152ft 1in, 125ft 10in x 40ft 10in x 17ft 1 1/2in. 1,116 (by calc. 1,116 1/94) bm. Ord: ... ? L: 1699. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. John Knapp, for Fairborne’s squadron, in Cadiz operations. At Portsmouth in 7.1704, with no Capt. appointed. In 1705 under Capt. Thomas Coale, with Dilke’s squadron; at Battle of Marbella 10.3.1705; to Brazil 1706. In 1707 under Capt. Edward Windsor, as flagship of Charles Wager, in voyage to Jamaica. In 1708 under Capt. Henry Long, still Wager’s flagship; in Wager’s Action off

Cartagena 28.5.1708. Arrived at Portsmouth 11.3.1709 to take to pieces to rebuild, being renamed Prince Frederick (see below). Stirling Castle Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer] As (re)built: 151ft 2in, 124ft 8in x 40ft 6in x 17ft 8in. 1,087 (ky calc. 1,087 64/94) bm. Ord: ... ? L: 1699. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. John Johnson, for Rooke’s fleet; in Cadiz operations 8.1702; flagship of Rear-Adm. John Leake 12.1702; under Capt. Josiah Crow 7.1703 (temp?); wrecked on the Goodwin Sands during the ‘Great Storm’ 27.11.1703, with 70 survivors (206 drowned including Johnson). Group 3 (all by contract) Berwick Edward Snelgrove, Deptford. As (re) built: 150ft 9in, 125ft 3in x 40ft 5 1/2in x 16ft 10in. 1,090 (by calc. 1,090 49/94) bm Ord: 11.1697? L: 5.1700. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. John Leake, for Rooke’s fleet. In 1702 under Capt. Richard Edwards, still with Rooke’s fleet (and Fairborne’s squadron); in Cadiz operations 8.1702; at Vigo Bay 12.10.1702; in the Mediterranean 9.1703. In 1704 under Capt. Robert Fairfax, with Rooke’s fleet; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 23 killed and 24 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Thomas Lisle (-1712); in the Mediterranean 1706–07; at Alicante 7.1706; with Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea 1708–10; to Lisbon 5.1710, then to escort Brazil fleet; back to Mediterranean 1711; in the Channel 1711–12. Fitted at Portsmouth as a hulk 10.1715. BU at Portsmouth 8.1742. Essex John & Richard Wells, Rotherhithe. As (re) built: 150ft 4in, 124ft 0in x 40ft 7 1/2in x 16ft 6in. 1,090 (by calc 1,088 52/94) bm. Ord: 23.9.1698. K: 11.1698. L: 5.1700. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. John Hubbard, for Rooke’s fleet; in 8.1702 with Fairborne’s squadron for Cadiz operations. Later under Capt. Richard White (?temp.), as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Stafford Fairborne, with Shovell’s fleet; at Vigo 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Hubbard again (-1705), with Shovell’s fleet to the Mediterranean; in attack on Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre

squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 13 killed and 36 wounded. In 1706 under Capt. Henry Lumley, with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean. In 1708 under Capt. John Smith, in the Mediterranean in winter 1708/09; with Byng’s fleet there 1709. In 1710 under Capt. Vincent Cutter (died 10.4.1710), then Capt. Richard Leake, with the main fleet. In 1711 under Capt. Kerryll Roffey, in the Channel. Great Repair at Chatham (for £12,727) 10.1711–1.1714. Recommissioned 1715 under Capt Charles Strickland (-1716), for the Baltic. Fitted at Chatham for the Mediterranean in spring 1718. In 1718 under Capt. Richard Rowzier, for the Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.4.1718 (where took the 36-gun Juno). In 1721 under Capt. Christopher O’Brien, as guard ship at Sheerness; paid off 1722 at Chatham. BU at Woolwich completed 5.1736 to RB.

Commodore Wager’s action off Cartagena on 28 May 1708 was an attempt to intercept a convoy of Spanish ‘galleons’ (i.e. ships carrying government bullion). Led by the 70-gun Expedition (seen here in the foreground), Wager’s force included the 60-gun Kingston and 50-gun Portland, along with the fireship Vulture. The Spanish squadron comprised two 64s, a 44 and a 40 plus about a dozen frigates and small craft. The Spanish flagship San Josef blew up in action with Expedition, which also captured the 44-gun ship, but Wager was not well supported, and both the captains of Kingston and Portland were later courtmartialled and dismissed their ships. Engraving by William Rayner, about 1710. Beverley

R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.99.

Grafton John & Richard Wells, Rotherhithe As (re) built: 150ft 8 1/2in, 124ft 5in x 40ft 10in x 16ft 8in. 1,102 (by calc 1,103 42/94) km. Ord: ?1699. L: 1700 (by AO 27.8.1700). Commissioned 1701 under Capt. Thomas Harlow, for the Downs squadron, later in Rooke’s fleet, in Cadiz operations 8.1702; at Battle of Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Sir Andrew Leake (killed 13.8.1704), still in Rooke’s fleet; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 31 killed (including Leake) and 66 wounded. Later in 1704 under Capt. J Herne (died 9.1705), then under Capt. Edward Acton, in the Mediterranean; taken by Forbin’s squadron off Brighton 2.5.1707 (Acton killed). Became French Le Grafton 1707; condemned 1744 at Brest and BU. Lenox Edward Popely, Deptford. As (re)built: 152ft 7 1/2in, 126ft 1 1/2in x 40ft 3 1/2in x 17ft 1in. 1,089 (by calc. 1,089 11/94) km. Ord: 14.9.1699 L: 2.1701. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. William Jumper (Kt. 1704), for Rooke’s fleet; in Cadiz operations 8.1702; at Vigo 12.10.1702; with Shovell’s fleet 1703–04; to the Mediterranean ?9.1703; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 23 killed and 78 wounded; with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1707. In 1708 under Capt. Richard Culliford; with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea and Channel 1708; on Ireland station 7.1708; to Lisbon 10.1708; in the Mediterranean 1709; at Chatham (for survey) 1710. In 1712 under Capt. John Bennet; sailed to St Helena and thence to the Cape. Small Repair and fitted for the Mediterranean at Chatham (for £1,177.10.8d) 3– 5.1718. Recommissioned 1718 under Capt. Charles Strickland; at Battle of Cape Passaro n.8.1718;in the Mediterranean 1719–20. Docked 2.5.1721 at Portsmouth to BU for RB. Hampton Court Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As (re) built: 150ft 6in, 123ft 10in x 40ft 4 1/2in x 16ft 11in. 1,073 (by calc 1,073 71/94) bm. Ord: 27.9.1699. L: 1701 (by AO 22.5.1701). Commissioned 1702 under Capt. Charles Wager (-1706); North Sea convoy

7.1702; with Shovell’s fleet 10.1702; with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1703; with Dilke’s squadron 1705; still in the Mediterranean, at Alicante 7.1706. In 1707 under Capt. George Clements, at Barcelona; taken by Forbin’s squadron off Brighton 2.5.1707 (Clements killed). Became French Le Hampton Court (2érne rang) 1707–11. Sold 1712 at Dunkirk, becoming Spanish Capitaine; wrecked 1715. Group 4 (all by dockyard) Restoration Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As (re) built: 150ft 9in, 122ft 9in x 40ft 0in x 17ft 0in. 1,045 (by calc. 1,044 64/94) bm. Ord: 25.2.1699. L: 22.1.1702. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. Robert Fairfax. In 1.1703 under Capt. Edward Whitaker, for a few days only, then under Capt. Fleetwood Ernes; wrecked on the Goodwin Sands during the ‘Great Storm’ 27.11.1703, with no survivors (391 drowned). Elizabeth Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe to 8.1702, completed by Thomas Podd] As (re) built: 153ft 3in, 126ft 2in x 41ft 5 1/2in x 17ft 1 1/2in. 1,152 (by calc 1,153 45/94) bm. Ord: 25.2.1699. L: 3.9.1704. Commissioned 1704 under Capt. William Cross; taken by 54-gun L’Auguste and Le Jason and 26-gun La Valeur of Duguay-Trouin’s squadron off the Isles of Scilly 23.11.1704 (Cross dismissed by court martial). Became French L’Elisabeth 1704; deleted 1720 at Brest. Edgar Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As (re)built: 153ft 6in, 124ft 4in x 39ft 9in x 15ft 6in. 1,042 (by calc. 1044 91/94) bm. Ord: 15.4.1699. L: 1702. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. Robert Sincock. In 1702 under Capt. Jedediah Barker, in the Channel. In 1703 under Capt. David Wavell, with Walker’s squadron to the West Indies. In 1704–06 under Capt. John Redman; home in 1704; with Shovell’s fleet in 1705; with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1706. Rebuilt 1708 at Rotherhithe (see below). Northumberland Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Shortiss] As (re) built: 152ft 0in, 126ft 8in x 40ft 4in x 17ft 3in. 1,096 (by calc 1,096 5/94) bm.

Ord: 14.9.1699. L: 1702. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. James Greenaway, for Rooke’s fleet; at Cadiz 12.8.1702; at Vigo 12.10.1702, as flagship of Rear-Adm. John Graydon; wrecked on the Goodwin Sands during the ‘Great Storm’ 27.11.1703, with no survivors (220 drowned). Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1702). Two French two-deckers were captured at Vigo Bay and re-classed as 70-gun ships in the Royal Navy. The larger was a 72-gun vaisseau de 2èrne Rang, designed and built by Honoré Malet and Pierre Masson; the second was a 66-gun vaisseau de 3ème Rang, designed and built by François Coulomb. Ferme (French Le Ferme, built 1698–6.1700 at Rochefort. L: 1700.). Dimensions & tons: 156ft 2in, 129ft 0in x 43ft 4in x 17ft 11in. 1,288 45/94 bm. Men: 440/354 (150 as guard ship). Guns: 70/62 (as per 1703 Establishment). Taken 12.10.1702 at Vigo Bay by Anglo-Dutch squadron under Adm. Sir George Rooke. Commissioned 14.10.1702 under Capt. Salmon Morrice (or Morris) for voyage to England. Registered 29.1.1703 and established as a Third Rate 24 & 26.3.1703. Recommissioned 1704 under Capt. Baron Wyld for Rooke’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 25 killed and 48 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Rupert Billingsley (-1709), for the Channel and Bay of Biscay; to the Mediterranean 1706; in the Channel again in 1708, then to Lisbon 5.1708; in the Mediterranean in winter 1708–09; in Byng’s fleet in 1709. Fitted as a guard ship 1711 at Chatham, to lie at Gillingham; recommissioned under Capt. John Bennet, then under Capt. John Williams (died 6.11.1711) and then Capt. Matthew Tate (died 20.3.1712). Sold (for £625) 12.11.1713, to become Russian Leferm. Assurance (French L’Assuré, built 12.1696–1.1698 at Toulon. L: 1697.). Dimensions & tons: 145ft 10in, 118ft 0in x 41ft 11in x 16ft 11in. 1,102 71/94 bm. Men: 440/365. Guns: 70/62 (as per 1703 Establishment); by 1704 rated 66 guns. Taken 12.10.1702 at Vigo Bay by Anglo-Dutch squadron under Adm. Sir George Rooke. Commissioned 16.10.1702 under Capt. John Mitchell for voyage to England.

Registered 4.12.1702 and established as a Third Rate 24 and 26.3.1703. Recommissioned 1703 under Capt. Robert Hancock, for Shovell’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van division) 13.8.1704, losing 6 killed and 14 wounded; in Leake’s squadron 1704–05, in the Mediterranean. War Establishment reduced to 66 guns and 400 men in 1705 (peacetime Establishment unchanged). In 1706 under Capt. Anthony Tollat, with Whitaker’s squadron; with Lisbon convoy, then Smyrna convoy 1707; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 1708; in action against Duguay Trouin’s squadron 2.3.1709 (losing 25 killed, 53 wounded including Tollat). In 1709 under Capt. William Passenger; with main Fleet 1710; in the Channel 1712. BU at Chatham (by AO 5.4.1712) 4.1712. 1706 ESTABLISHMENT GROUP. Following the loss of four 70-gun ships (Northumberland, Resolution, Stirling Castle and Restoration) in a single night during the Great Storm of 27 November 1703, four replacements were ordered from the Royal Dockyards just three weeks later. Another two were ordered in 1705 and two more in 1706. All were significantly larger than the 1677 Establishment; in effect, all were completed to the dimensions of the new Establishment which was adopted in April 1706 during their construction. This Establishment had the effect of increasing the breadth by 16 inches and the depth by 4 inches over the dimensions of the 1677 ships; however, it should be noted that the quoted tonnage in this Establishment (1,069 bm) does not equate with the quoted breath and keel length (which would give 1090 71/94 bm), and possibly relates to an earlier set of dimensions proposed in 1705 — which provided for a 121ft 6in keel and 40ft 8in breadth. The length (GD) was not increased under this 1706 Establishment. (Establishment) Dimensions & tons: 150ft 0in, 122ft 0in x 41ft 0in x 17ft 4in. ‘1,069’ bm. Men: 440/320/255. Guns (1703 Establishment): 70/62 comprising LD 24/22 x 24pdrs (9 1/2ft long); UD 26/24 demi-culverins (9ft long); QD 12/10 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long); Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs (2/2 of 9 1/2ft and 2/0 of 7 1/2ft length); RH 4/4 x 3pdrs (5 1/2ft long). Group 1 (all by dockyard) Northumberland Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 150ft 8in, 123ft 8in x 41ft 0in x 17ft 6in. 1,105 71/94 bm. Ord: 17.12.1703. L: 29.3.1705.

Commissioned 1705 under Capt. Thomas Cleasby, for the Channel and Bay of Biscay. Later in 1705 under Capt. Kerril Roffey (- 1709), for the Mediterranean; to West Indies with Jennings’s squadron in 8.1706; home in 3.1707; flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Edward Whitaker 1708, with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean and winter 1708–09; with Byng’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1709. In 1710 under Capt. Philip Cavendish (-1714), to Lisbon and then the Mediterranean; returned from Mediterranean 1713. Docked at Portsmouth 29.12.1718 to BU, with ‘serviceable remains’ transported 1.4.1719 to Woolwich to rebuild.

Original draught of the Resolution, which notes the launch as 25 March 1708, so presumably as built. Note the unusual structural section showing the chain pumps. The draught, with the heavy over-inking of some lines, was originally pasted into a folio and is therefore in two parts. National Maritime Museum J7231 and J7233.

Resolution (i) Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Lee] As built: 150ft 10in, 123ft 10in x 40ft 11in x 17ft 1in. 1,102 70/94 bm. Ord: 17.12.1703. L: 31.3.1705. Commissioned 1705 under Capt. John Knapp, for the Channel and Bay of Biscay. In 1706 under Capt. Edward Owen, for the Mediterranean; to

Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07. In 1707 under Capt. Henry Mordaunt; run ashore at Ventimiglia and burnt to avoid capture by a French squadron of six warships on 21.3.1707 (Mordaunt died 24.2.1710 of his resultant wounds). Stirling Castle Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] As built: 151ft 0in, 125ft 6in x 41ft 0in x 17ft 6in. 1,122 15/94 bm. Ord: 17.12.1703. L: 21.9.1705. Commissioned 14.11.1705 under Capt. Francis Dove, for Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean. In 1709 under Capt. Robert Bowler, as flagship of RearAdm. John Baker, in the Mediterranean. In 9.1711 under Capt. Richard Hughes; took 60-gun La Toulouse off Minorca 21.10.1711; returned home 1713 and paid off 1714. BU at Portsmouth 29.3.1720, with remains sent to Woolwich to RB. Nassau Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] As built: 150ft 6in, 123ft 6in x 41ft 0in x 17ft 4in. 1,104 26/94 bm. Ord: 17.12.1703. L: 9.1.1707. Commissioned 1707 under Capt. Charles Strickland; with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1708; with Whitaker’s squadron in winter 1708/09; still in the Mediterranean 1709–10; in action off Vado 22.3.1709. In ordinary at Chatham 1712. Repair and fitted for Channel service at Chatham (for £14,534.5.11d) 10.1718–9.1720. Recommissioned ?1720 under Capt. Sir George Walton (-1722), as guard ship at Sheerness. In ?1722 under Capt. Philip Vanbrugh (-1725), as guard ship at Blackstakes. Fitted for the Baltic 1726; recommissioned 1726 under Capt. Salmon Morrice, for Wager’s fleet in the Baltic. Under Vanbrugh again in 1727, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic; later under Capt. George Rogers. In 6.1728 under Capt. Robert Coleman; prepared for the Mediterranean 1729. Guard ship again in 1729. BU at Chatham 3–6.1736 to RB. Elizabeth Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 150ft 6in, 124ft 4in x 40ft 11 3/4in x 17ft 4in. 1,110 56/94 bm. Ord: 15.3.1705. L: 14.8.1706. Commissioned 13.9.1706 under Capt. John Hubbard (-1709), for Byng’s squadron; in 1707 in the Mediterranean, with Shovell’s fleet, then 1708 Leake’s fleet. In 1709 under Capt. John Underdown (-1712), in the North Sea, escorting eastern trade, then 1710–12 in the Mediterranean. Fitted for service with the South Sea Company 1713, and recommissioned 1714 under Capt. Samuel Vincent, for Santa Cruz, in

the Company’s service. Underwent Great Repair at Woolwich (for £15,361.11.7a) 6.1718–3. 1720 which altered her dimensions and thus equated to a rebuilding. Restoration Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 151ft 0in, 123ft 9in x 41ft 0in x 17ft 6in. 1,106 48/94 bm. Ord: 15.3.1705. L: 15.8.1706. Commissioned 1706 under Capt. John Hartnoll; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07; in the Mediterranean 1707–09; to Lisbon and then again to the Mediterranean 1710; wrecked in a storm off Leghorn 9.11.1711. Resolution (ii) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 150ft 1in, 123ft 7in x 41ft 3in x 17ft 4in. 1,118 50/94 bm. Ord: 27.4.1706. L: 26.3.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Capt. Richard Haddock, for Byng’s fleet in the Channel, later with Mighell’s squadron in the North Sea; in 1709–11 with Baker’s squadron in the Mediterranean; wrecked in a gale at Barcelona 10.1.1711. Captain Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] As built: 150ft 6in, 124ft 2in x 41ft 2 1/2in x 17ft 4in. 1,121 51/94 bm. Ord: 27.4.1706. L: 6.7.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Capt. Richard Griffith; with Jennings’s squadron on the Portuguese coast 1709, later with Whjitaker’s squadron in the Mediterranean. In 1710 under Capt. Thomas Smith (-1714) in the Mediterranean; home at end 1713. Large Repair at Portsmouth (for £3,664.11.11d) 1714–15. Small Repair and fitted for the Mediterranean at Portsmouth (for £5,690.4.6 3/4d) 1717–18. Recommissioned 1718 under Capt. Alexander Hamilton; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718 (capture of Principe de Asturias); in the Mediterranean 1719. BU 1720 to rebuild at Portsmouth 1720–22.

Group 2 (all by contract) Two vessels were newbuilt and another three vessels rebuilt from existing Third Rates in 1706–09. Edgar (RB) John & Richard Burchett, Rotherhithe. As (re)built: 149ft 8in, 122ft 4in x 41ft 6in x 17ft 4in. 1,120 64/94 bm. Ord: 5.12.1706. L: 31.3.1709. Commissioned 1709 under Capt. Joseph Soanes, for the Nore; in 1710 in the North Sea, and on Russian convoys; flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Hovenden Walker 1711, in St Lawrence operation 7–8.1711. In 6.1711 under Capt. George Paddon; blown up by accident at Spithead 15.10.1711 (‘several hundred’ killed). Yarmouth (RB) John Wicker, Deptford. As (re)built: 150ft 0in, 123ft 4in x 41ft 1 3/4in x 17ft 4in. 1,110 60/94 bm. Ord: 4.2.1707. L: 9.9.1709. Commissioned 30.8.1709 under Capt. Henry Lumley (-1714); in the Mediterranean 1711–12; prepared for the Baltic 1713. In 1715 under Capt. James Moody (-1718); guard ship at Portsmouth 1715–16; with Byng’s fleet in the Baltic 1717 (and winter 1717–18). Great Repair and fitted for the Mediterranean at Portsmouth (for £17,002.4.8 1/2d) 1.1720–12.1721. In 1721 under Capt. Charles Strickland, then 1723

Capt. Christopher O’Brien (-1728), as guard ship at Portsmouth to 1725; fitted at Portsmouth for the Baltic (for £4,225.17.0d) 1725–6; with Wager’s fleet in the Baltic, then to the Straits 1726; off Spanish coast 1727; paid off 1728. Recommissioned 1734 under Capt. James Poole, with Cavendish’s fleet in Home waters; paid off 11.173 5. Converted to a Hulk at Portsmouth (by AO 25.4.1740, for £2,696.3.11d) 6–11.1740. Sold or BU (by AO 5.10.1768) 11.9.1769. Grafton Edward Swallow & Robert Fowler, Limehouse. As built: 150ft 1 1/2in, 122ft 0in x 41ft 1 1/2in x 17ft 4in. 1,095 31/94 bm. Ord: 17.3.1708. L: 12.8.1709. Commissioned 1710 under Capt. Lord (George) Forbes, Earl of Grannard, for the Mediterranean. In 1712 under Capt. William Faulkner, still in Mediterranean. Large (or Middling?) Repair at Portsmouth (for £4,463.7.7d) 2–5.1714. Small Repair and fitted for the Mediterranean (for £6,001.15.9 9 3/4d) completed in spring 1718. Recommissioned ? 1718 under Capt. Nicholas Haddock, for the Mediterranean. Docked 12.9.1722 at Portsmouth to BU, with remains transported to Woolwich for ‘RB’. Hampton Court James Taylor, Rotherhithe. As built: 150ft 8 1/2in, 124ft 1in x 41ft 6in x 17ft 4in. 1,136 67/94 bm. Ord: 17.3.1708. L: 27.8.1709. Commissioned 1709 under Capt. James Mighells (-1713), for the Mediterranean; took 60-gun Le Toulouse off Minorca 21.10.1711. In 1718 under Capt. Robert Coleman (-1719), for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic; fitted for the Mediterranean in spring 1719, then for the Baltic. Great Repair at Woolwich (for £10,603.0.6 3/4d) 1720–21. Fitted for the Baltic (for £1,300.8.8a) in spring 1726; recommissioned 1726 under Capt. Robert Hughes, for the Baltic. In ?4.1727 under Capt. Richard Rowzier, as flagship of the now Rear-Adm. Hughes. Fitted for sea 6.1731; recommissioned 1731 under Lord Vere Beauclerk, preparing for the Mediterranean; paid off 27.12.1731. Small Repair at Chatham (for £1,096.10.1d) 5–6.1732. Ordered to fit for Channel service 1.1734, then fitted as guard ship; recommissioned 1734 under Capt. John Michell; with Norris’s fleet in the Tagus 1735. Small Repair at Chatham (for £7,865.14.8d) 6.1736–2.1737. In 1738 under Capt. John Russell, with Broad Pendant of Capt. Charles Brown, for the West Indies. In 1739 under Capt. Digby Dent, still with Brown’s Broad Pendant; at Porto

Bello 11.11.1739; flagship of Vice-Adm. Edward Vernon (temp.) in 1.1740; in Cartagena operation 3/4.1741. BU (by AO 28.10.1741) at Chatham 9–11.1741 to RB.

Once part of the Sergison collection, this model of a 70-gun ship of about 1706 is built to an unusual scale (about 1/56th) and was probably intended to fit a specific cabinet in Sergison’s home. It is almost untouched since it was first built, and is therefore an authoritative depiction of the 70s of the era just after the order restricting carved work came into force. Among its many interesting features is a rigged ship’s wheel, possibly the earliest known example. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 7.

Orford (RB) George Fowler & William Johnson, Limehouse. As built: 151ft 1 1/2in, 121ft 2in x 41ft 3 1/2in x 17ft 5in. 1,098 81/94 bm. Ord: 26.2.1709 (contract 1.8.1709). K: 23.8.1709. L: 17.3.1713. C: 7.5.1713. Commissioned 1715 under Capt. Francis Dove, as guard ship (with 110 men) at Chatham. In 8.1715 under Capt. John Balchen; with Byng’s fleet in the Baltic 1717. Fitted for the Mediterranean at Chatham (for £1,096.8.2d) 1718; in 1718 under Capt. Edward Falkingham; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. Great Repair at Chatham (for £12,580.7.4d) 12.1720–4.1722. In 1727 under Capt. Charles Brown, at the Nore. Small Repair 1731. Fitted as a guard ship 1733/34. Recommissioned 1734 under Capt. Robert Man; with Norris’s fleet in the Tagus 1735; paid off 21.7.173 6. Great Repair and fitted at Chatham (for £20,725.18.7d)

7.1737–7.1739. Recommissioned 1739 under Capt. Richard Girlington, for Home waters. In 1740 under Capt. Lord Augustus Fitzroy (died 28.5.1741); took (with Lenox and Kent) Spanish 64-gun Princessa off Cape Finisterre 8.4.1740; with Norris’s fleet off Ferrol 7–9.1740; sailed for the West Indies 26.10.1740; in Cartagena operations 3–4.1741. In ? 5.1741 under Capt. Perry Mayne; at Port Bello 3.1742; bilged on Hogsties Reef off Great Inagua Island (Bahamas) 13.2.1745 while en route home. Group 3 (both by dockyard) Two vessels were rebuilt from existing Third Rates in 1710–14. Expedition (RB) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As (re)built: 150ft 6in, 124ft 3in x 41ft 0in x 17ft 4in. 1,110 92/94 bm. Ord: ?1709. K: 11.3.1709. L: 16.8.1714. First cost: £11,834.14.1 3/4d to build. Renamed Prince Frederick 2.1.1715. Commissioned 1718 under Capt. Coville Mayne, for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic; later in ?1718 under Capt. Robert ?Haward, as flagship of RearAdm. James Mighells in Home waters. Fitted for the Baltic in spring 1719, and again in spring 1720 and spring 1721; in ?5.1719 under Capt. Edward St Lo, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Francis Hosier, for the Baltic. Fitted as guard ship 1723; in 1723 under Capt. Edward Falkingham, as guard ship at Portsmouth; fitted for the Baltic in spring 1726; in the Baltic 1726; fitted for the Mediterranean in spring 1727; to the coast of Spain 1727. BU completed at Portsmouth 6.1736. Royal Oak (RB) Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] As (re)built: 150ft 0in, 121ft 6in x 41ft 4 1/2in x 17ft 4in. 1,106 33/94 bm. Ord: 28.10.1710. K: 5.1710. L: 14.5.1713. C: 15.6.1713. First cost: £14,051.10.0 1/2d to build. Ordered 1715 for service in the Channel, but not commissioned. Commissioned 1717 under Capt. Nicholas Haddock, for Byng’s fleet in the Baltic; flagship of Rear-Adm. William Caldwell 6.1717. Fitted at Chatham for the Mediterranean 1718. In 1718 under Capt. Thomas Kempthorne; at Battle of Cape Passaro n.8.1718.In 1719 under Capt. Joseph Winder (-1720), in the Mediterranean. Fitted at Chatham for the Mediterranean (for £1,833.9.8d) 1726. Recommissioned 1726 under Capt. Thomas Jacob; with Jennings’s fleet to the Straits 1726’ with Wager’s fleet 1727; took 46-gun Nuestra Senora del Rosario 11.3.1727.

In 1728 under Capt. Edward Falkenham, then 1729 under Capt. Richard Lestock (-1731), for the Mediterranean; with Wager’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1731. Fitted as a guard ship at Chatham 1731; in 1731 under Capt. Peter Solgard, as guard ship at Portsmouth; fitted for Channel service (by AO 7.1732), then reduced to guard ship 8.1732; with Norris’s fleet in the Tagus 1735. Surveyed 11.1736, BU (by AO 8.3.1747) at Portsmouth completed 5.1737, with remains transported to Plymouth for ‘rebuilding’. Three further ships were rebuilt in the Dockyards as 70-gun ships to the 1706 Establishment between 1715 and 1719, and were armed according to the Guns Establishment of 1716. These comprised the 70-gun Suffolk at Chatham, the 66-gun Monmouth at Portsmouth, and the 66-gun Revenge at Woolwich. None of these therefore falls within the scope of this volume. The Navy List at the death of Queen Anne had twenty-one Third Rates of 70 guns. Six of these were in commission, of which the Bedford, Elizabeth, Captain and Yarmouth were reported in April 1714 as being in good condition, while the Northumberland and Stirling Castle needed Great Repairs. The remaining fifteen were in Ordinary, including the Expedition rebuilding at Portsmouth; ten ships (the Bredah, Ipswich, Burford, Kent, Suffolk, Buckingham, Essex, Nassau, Orford and Royal Oak) were reported in April 1714 as being in good condition; three ships (Lenox, Grafton and Hampton Court) were in need of Small Repairs, while the Berwick was in need of rebuilding.

Third Rates of 66 guns The distinction between the smaller Third Rates — all being below 1,000 tons — and the ‘standard’ 70-gun ships was not simply numeric. The difference lay not so much in the exact number of guns, but in the fact that generally (there were exceptions) the smaller vessels were, or came to be, established with a principal (LD) battery of culverins (18pdrs) as opposed to the 24pdrs of the 70-gun ships and larger Third Rates. The category was never numerous and in any case did not last long beyond 1714. The older vessels, mainly survivors of the Commonwealth building programmes, either came to the end of their lives or were regraded

as Fourth Rates. The remainder were rebuilt, but by 1714 only five were left, of which the Rupert and Defiance were reduced to 60-gun Fourth Rates in 1716, and the other three were rebuilt again, but now as 70-gun ships. In the details below, the Defiance appears twice, as she was rebuilt in both 1695 and in 1704–07. PURCHASED VESSEL (1690). Following the foundering of the old 62-gun Dreadnought in October 1690, the Admiralty decided (by AO 8.11.1690) to purchase a new ship building on speculation by Sir Henry Johnson, with design dimensions of 124ft 7in keel x 36ft 5in x 17ft 0in. She was named Dreadnought at her launch three weeks later. Dreadnought Sir Henry Johnson, Blackwall. Dimensions & tons: 142ft 0in, 120ft 6in x 36ft 5 1/2in x 17ft 6in. 851 91/94 bm. Men: 365 (240 peace). Guns: LD 24 x 24pdrs, UD 26 x 12pdrs; QD 10 sakers; Fc 3 sakers; RH 2 x 3pdrs. L: 29.11.1690. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. Basil Beaumont. In 9.1692 under Capt. Thomas Coal (-1695); at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19– 24.5.1692; cruising in the Channel and elsewhere 1694–95. In 7.1696 under Capt. William Whetstone (-1697, for Newfoundland and the Channel. Reclassed as a Fourth Rate 1697. Recommissioned 1701 under Capt. Vincent Cutter; to West Indies ?9.1701. In 1703 under Capt. John Evans; sailed for home 1703; with convoy to Virginia 1704; took (with Falkland and Fowey) French 54-gun flûte La Seine off the Azores 15.7.1704. Rebuilt at Blackwall 1704–06 (see Chapter 4). REBUILDINGS OF SHIPS BUILT UNDER THE 1664–66 AND 1672 PROGRAMMES. There had long been a distinction among the Third Rates built in the late 1660s between those subsequently upgraded to 70 guns (the Cambridge, Warspite and Resolution) and those with 66 guns (the Rupert and Monmouth — with the similar Defiance of 1666 being an early loss). This distinction was perpetuated by the four ships built during the Third Dutch War; the Swiftsure and Harwich joined the 70-gun ‘club’ while the rebuilt Montagu and replacement Defiance were seen as ‘66s’. The Harwich was lost in 1691 and the Cambridge in 1694, but all the seven remaining ships required rebuilding during the following few years.

Of the larger three, the Swiftsure was rebuilt in 1696, the Resolution in 1698 and Warspite in 1702; however the Resolution was always considered a 70 (and is so considered above), whereas the Swiftsure and Warspite were reduced to 66 guns. Of the smaller four, the Defiance was rebuilt in 1695, the Montagu (a second time) in 1698, the Monmouth in 1700 and the Rupert in 1703; however the Montagu was reclassed as a 64-gun Fourth Rate at this rebuilding (probably on account of her age, having been originally built in 1654) and so is dealt with in the following Chapter. The Rupert was also established with 64 guns but remained within the Third Rates. Men: 440. Guns: (1703 Establishment) LD 24/24 x culverins (18pdrs); UD 26/24 x demi-culverins (9pdrs); QD 10/6 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs. Defiance Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As (re)built: 143ft 10in, 118ft 0in x 37ft 11in x 15ft 8in. 902 35/94 bm. Ord: ... L: 1695. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Gabriel Hughes (-1699), for convoys in Channel, etc; chase of De Pointis’s squadron 14–16.8.1697; to the Mediterranean in autumn 1698. At end 1699 under Capt. Andrew Peddar, then 1700 Capt. John Mayne, as guard ship at Plymouth; attending the King on journey to Holland 1700. In 1701 under Capt. Henry Martin (died 2.1702), to the West Indies. In 2.1702 under Philip Boys (acting), then under Capt. Richard Kirby; in Benbow’s action off San Domingo 19–24.8.1702; Kirby tried by court martial and shot. Later under Capt. Samuel Vincent. Rebuilt at Deptford 1707 (see below). Swiftsure Edward Snelgrove, Deptford. As built: 148ft 0in, 122ft 0in x 39ft 0in x 14ft 10in. 987 3/94 bm. Ord: ?5.1695 (to repair). L: 1696. Commissioned 11.1696 under Capt. Gerrard Ellwes, for the North Sea. In 1698 under Capt. William Jumper; with Shovell’s fleet in the Downs 1699; with Rooke’s fleet 1701. In 1702 under Capt. Robert Wynn; with Rooke’s fleet (and with Shovell); in Cadiz operations 8.1702; at Battle of Vigo 12.10.1702; with Shovell’s fleet 1704; at Gibraltar 13.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 13 killed and 33 wounded; with Leake’s squadron in winter 1704/05; home in 1705. In 1706 under Capt. Richard Griffith; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706/07; action with privateers 2.1707; in the Mediterranean 1707. In 1707 under Capt. John Cooper, with Byng’s fleet in the Channel; and North Sea; with convoy to Levant; with Jennings’s squadron 1709; with

Russian convoy 7.1710; in St Lawrence expedition 1711. Later in 1711 under Capt. Joseph Soanes. In 1712 under Capt. George Paddon, for North Sea convoy; paid off 12.1712. Renamed Revenge 2.1.1716. Docked 3.10.1716 at Woolwich to BU for RB. Monmouth Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 147ft 9in, 123ft 0in x 38ft 0in x 16ft 0in. 944 70/94 bm. Ord: 3.10.1699 (to repair). L: 1700. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. Edward Bibb (died 2.10.1701), for convoy to Holland. In ?10.1701 under Capt. John Baker (-1708), with Rooke’s fleet; in Cadiz operations 8.1702; at Battle of Vigo 12.10.1702; with Shovell’s fleet 1703, for cruising in Mediterranean; with Rooke’s fleet 1704; at Gibraltar 13.7.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre division) 13.8.1704, losing 27 killed and 67 wounded; with Byng’s squadron in the Channel and Bay of Biscay 1705; off Ostend and with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706/07; with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1707. In 1708 under Capt. John Edwards, as flagship of the now RearAdm. Baker on Dutch coast; sailed 5.1708 for Jamaica. In 1709 under Capt. Henry Long, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Charles Wager, at Jamaica. In 1711 under Capt. John Mitchell, for St Lawrence expedition. Small Repair at Portsmouth (for £2,090.15.1 3/4d) 11.1711–4.1712. In 1712 under Capt. Peter Chamberlain, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Sir Hovenden Walker, at Jamaica. In 1713 under Capt. Francis Hosier; returned home and paid off 7.1713. Docked 20.4.1716 at Portsmouth to BU for RB. Warspite John & Richard Burchett, Rotherhithe As built: 147ft 7in, 120ft 6in x 38ft 6 1/2in x 15ft 8in. 952 3/94 bm. Ord: 9.10. & 1.12.1701. L: 20.2.1703. Commissioned 1703 under Capt. Edmund Loades, for Shovell’s fleet; took Le Hazardeux 14.11.1703 and privateer La Résolue 15.4.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van division) 13.8.1704, losing 17 killed and 44 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Charles Strickland, in Dilke’s squadron; at Battle of Marbella 10.3.1705; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706/07. In 1707 under Capt. Thomas Butler; to defence of West Indies convoy 2.1707; to Relief of Denia 6.1708. In 1708 under Capt. Jasper Hicks, with Leake’s fleet to Brazil. In 1709 under Capt. Josias Crow (-1712), in the North Sea; Russian convoy, etc; to Lisbon in 1710 and thence to Mediterranean; took 60-gun Le Maure 13.12.1710; in Channel and North Sea 1711–12; took privateers Le Griffon 5.2.1712 and La

Gaillarde 19.2.1712; paid off 9.1712. Renamed Edinburgh 2.1.1716. BU 1721 to RB. Rupert Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd to 6.1702, completed by Benjamin Rosewell] As (re)built: 143ft 4in, 119ft 0in x 38ft 4in x 15ft 2in. 930 11/94 bm. Ord: 6.3.1702. L: 11.11.1703. Commissioned 1704 under Capt. Christopher Fogg (died 24.11.1708), for Shovell’s fleet in the Channel; in the Mediterranean 1706; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07; with Leake’s fleet, still in the Mediterranean 1708. In ?11.1/08 under Jonathan Spann (died 30.8.1712), in the Downs 1709; to Jamaica 1710, with Spann’s Broad Pendant; home in 7.1712. Underwent Great Repair at Chatham 9.1715– 7.1716, and reduced to 60-gun Fourth Rate by AO 8.5.1716 (see subsequent history in 1714–92 volume).

A plan of the siege of Ostende. A highly effective bombardment by land and sea led to the rapid surrender of the city in June 1706. Among the substantial naval forces was the 66-gun Monmouth. Beverley R Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.93.

Defiance John Wicker, Deptford. As built: 146ft 3 1/2in, 120ft 4in x 38ft 6in x 15ft 9 1/2in. 948 70/94 bm. Ord: 18.8.1704. L: 5.1707 (by AO 26.4.1707). Commissioned 5.1707 under Capt. Robert Kirktown, for Hardy’s squadron; to the Mediterranean 1708. In 1708 under Capt. John Evans, for Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean; with Whitaker’s squadron in 1708/09, then with Byng’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1709; in action against two French ships (60-gun and 70-gun) 8.11.1709. In 1711 under Capt. Edward St Lo, sailed to Jamaica; Broad Pendant of Capt. James Littleton 1712; home and paid off 4.1713. Reduced to a 60-gun Fourth Rate by AO 8.5.1716 (see subsequent history in 1714–92 volume). In August 1714, all five of the above vessels were in Ordinary, of which in April the Defiance had been reported to be in good condition, the Swiftsure and 64-gun Rupert as needing Small Repairs and the Monmouth and Warspite as needing Great Repairs.

4 Fourth Rates — ‘Small Ships’

I

n 1603 the classification of all James I’s warships with fewer than 160 men (i.e. less than the ‘Middling Ships’) was comprised in a single rank of ‘Small Ships’. However, for the purposes of the remaining chapters of this book, these vessels (and additions between 1603 and 1650) have been divided between Chapters 4, 5 and 6 according to how they would have appeared if the post-1625 classification into six Rates had been in force. Accordingly, the remaining ‘ships’ (usually listed as galleons) appear under in this Chapter; the barks and pinnaces are to be found under Chapter 5; and the remaining craft — primarily oared vessels — under Chapter 6.

(A) Vessels in service or on order at 24 March 1603 There were at the accession of James I one galleon with an ‘established’ seagoing complement of 120 men (88 mariners, 12 gunners and 20 soldiers) and five galleons with an ‘established’ seagoing complement of 100 men each (76 mariners, 12 gunners and 12 soldiers); however, some documents quote the last four with 20 soldiers each (i.e. a complement of 108 each). The largest and newest of these was the Adventure, recorded as a rebuilding of the earlier Bull of 1546. The elderly Tiger had originally been a half-sister of the Bull, and both galleases had been rebuilt as small (200 ton) race-built galleons in 1570, but while the Bull had been rebuilt again and renamed in 1594, the Tiger was hulked as a floating battery in 1600 to defend the chain across the Medway at Upnor, and is not detailed below (she was sold in 1605). The other four were the Crane, Quittance, Answer and Advantage; all had been built subsequent to the Spanish Armada. These vessels were the smallest of the galleons inherited from Elizabeth, all those vessels with fewer than 100 men being classed as ‘pinnaces’, ‘barks’ or ‘galleys’. It should be noted that a second vessel with 120 men (and of similar size to the Adventure) appears on the Official List of 1603 as the Tide, but she was actually an armed merchant vessel on contract to the Navy.

CRANE GROUP Crane Deptford? Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Chapman] Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 13ft 0in. 202.8/253.5 tons. Men (1603): 100. Guns (1603): 19 (comprising 6 demi-culverins, 7 sakers and 6 minions), + 2 fowlers. L: 1590. Commissioned 1590 under Capt. John Bostocke, for Hawkyns & Frobisher’s expedition; in 1591 with Lord Thomas to the Azores. In 1594 under Capt. Humphrey Reynolds, with Frobisher’s squadron. In 1596 under Capt. Jonas Bradbury, for voyage to Cadiz. In 1599 under Capt. Sir Alexander Clifford, with Sir Richard Leveson’s Channel Guard until 7.1599. Later under Bradbury again, for the mobilisation of that year. In 1.1600 under Sir Alexander Clifford again, then under Capt. Walter Gore until 9.1600 and 11/12.1600 under Capt. Thomas Coverte, all with the Channel Guard. In 1601 under Capt. Edward Manwaring, on the Irish station until 3/1602, then Capt. Thomas Mansell until 9.1602, then Capt. William Jones and finally Capt. J. White, in the Channel. Sold at Rochester 17.6.1629. Quittance Deptford? Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 13ft 0in. 216/270 tons. Men (1603): 100. Guns (1603): 21 (comprising 2 culverins, 6 demi-culverins, 7 sakers, 4 minions and 2 falcons), + 2 fowlers. L: 1590. Commissioned 1590 under Capt. Francis Burnell, for Hawkyns and Frobisher’s expedition. In 1594 under Capt. Henry Savile, with Frobisher’s squadron. In 1596 under Capt. Sir George Clifford, for voyage to Cadiz. In 1599–1601 under Capt. Humphrey Reynolds, with the Channel Guard. In 1602 under Capt. Bryan Brown until 9.1602, then under Capt. Peter Beeston, with Monson’s squadron. In 1603 under Capt. Francis Howard, in the Channel. Condemned 1618. Answer Deptford? Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 65ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 13ft 0in. 219.7/274.6 tons. Men (1603): 100. Guns (1603): 19 (comprising 5 demi-culverins, 6 sakers, 6 minions and 2 falcons), + 2 fowlers. L: 1590. Commissioned 1599–1600 under Capt. Walter Gore, for the Channel Guard. In 1601 under Capt. Thomas Coverte, for the Thames Guard. In 1602

under Capt. Matthew Bradgate, in the Channel. Sold at Rochester 17.6.1629.

Early seventeenth-century minor warships are poorly represented in the art of the time, and their appearance is little studied, so much is speculation and guesswork. This detail is taken from the background to a painting by Abraham de Verwer, dated to around 1625, and shows a small low-built vessel flying English colours, with seven guns on the broadside and the purposeful air of a fighting ship. It is so unlike the usual galleon-like vessels in the paintings of this era (including the main subject of this painting) that it is tempting to assume it was drawn from life. National Maritime Museum, detail from BHC0732.

This drawing is one of the earliest examples of a scale draught in existence and has defied identification. The ship carries the cipher of Charles I, has sixteen banks of oars and ten broadside gunports (with a less obvious port under the forecastle and another under the quarterdeck, so seems close to the specification for the 1637 ‘pinnaces’. However, the dimensions given are slightly larger — keel 96ft and breadth 32ft, for a burthen of 368 tons — so may represent a rejected proposal. Note that the main gundeck steps up at the bow and down at the stern. National Maritime Museum DAR0001.

Advantage Deptford? Dyd. [M/Shipwrights Peter & Joseph Pett] Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 12ft 0in. 172.8/216 tons. Men (1603): 100. Guns (1603): 20 (comprising 6 demi-culverins, 8 sakers, 2 minions and 4 falcons); nil smaller. L: 1590. Commissioned 1599 under Capt. Thomas Coverte, for Thames Guard until 8.1599, then the Channel until 1/2.1600. Later in 1600 under Capt. George Fenner, then 1601 Capt. Sackville Trevor and 1602 Capt. William Jones, still in the Channel. Burnt by accident ‘in Scotland’ 12.1613. ADVENTURE. This vessel seemingly had its origins in the Bull, one of a final pair of galleasses built for Henry VIII in 1546 (and smaller editions of the Antelope and Hart built in the same year — see Chapter 3). Both vessels were listed as ships from 1549 and rebuilt as galleons in 1570, but the Bull was taken to pieces for rebuilding after 1589 and her half-sister Tiger (or Tygar) became a floating battery in 1600 and was condemned in 1605.

Adventure Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 88ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 12ft 0in. 274.6/343.2 tons. Men (1603): 120. Guns: 20 in 1603 (comprising 4 culverins, 11 demiculverins, 5 sakers), + 2 fowlers. 22 in 1624 (comprising 12 demiculverins, 6 sakers and 4 minions); + 4 fowlers. L: 1594. Commissioned 1595 under Capt. Thomas Drake, then under Capt. Henry Savile, for Drake and Hawkyns’s expedition to the West Indies. In 1597 under Capt. Sir George Carew, for expedition to the Azores. In 1599 under Capt. George Somers, on the Irish station. In 1600 under Capt. Sir Alexander Clifford, with the Channel Guard. In 1602 under Capt. Sackville Trevor, with Sir Richard Leverson’s squadron; in attack on Cezimbra 3.6.1602. Later in 1602 under Capt. Thomas Norreys, with Sir William Monson’s squadron. In 1611–12 under Capt. Sir William Monson, in the Channel. In commission summer 1623 under Capt. Richard Bingley. In 1626 under Capt. George Alleyne; off the Dutch coast, at capture of Saint Esprit in 10.1627. Repaired at Deptford 12.1627–1628. In 11.1628 under Capt. John Mennes (-1629). On 30.3.1635 under Capt. Richard Paramore, with Lindsey’s fleet in the Channel. On 30.3.1636 under Capt. Thomas Price, with Northumberland’s fleet in the Channel. In 1638 under Capt. J Hall, butin 11.163 8 reported to be ‘old, leaky, rotten’ and laid up at Chatham. Sold by AO 4.11.1645.

(B) Vessels acquired from 25 March 1603 There were few changes to the Small Ships during James I’s reign. The Answer was rebuilt in 1604, but no changes in her particulars were reported, so a separate entry is not required. Three new Small Ships were built in 1613–16, but of these the Seven Stars is included in Chapter 5 and the ketch Desire in Chapter 6. PHOENIX. While described as a pinnace, the size and established men and guns for this ship sets her apart from the smaller vessels included in the following chapters.

Phoenix Chatham Dyd. Dimensions & tons: 70ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 184.8/246.4 tons. Men: 100. Guns: 18 in 1624 (comprising 12 sakers, 4 minions and 2 falcons); + 4 fowlers. Ord: 6.1612. L: 1613. No record of service. Not mentioned after 1624. The Commission in 1618 reported that the Adventure, Crane and Answer were still effective, but the Quittance and Advantage were ‘decayed and unserviceable’ (the last-named ship actually no longer existed). It was felt that there was a requirement in the Navy for two ‘Small Ships’, each of some 350 tons. It was agreed to retain the Adventure, and to build another Small Ship as a replacement for the Crane (as reported in the previous chapter, the Answer, Quittance and Advantage were replaced by new construction ‘Middling Ships’). MARY ROSE. The smallest and last of the ten ships built by Burrell as a result of the 1618 Commission, this Small Ship took the name of the discarded Great Ship Mary Rose. Mary Rose Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Burrell] Dimensions & tons: 83ft 0in keel x 26ft 9in x 13ft 0in. 288.6/384.8 tons.] Men: 120. Guns: 24 in 1624 (comprising 8 demi-culverins, 10 sakers, 2 falcons and 4 minions) + 2 fowlers. Ord: 3.2.1623. L: 1623. First cost: see under Chapter 3 for 1618 Programme. Commissioned 8.1624 under Capt. Thomas Wilbraham, ‘to scour the coats of pirates, from Dungeness to Portland’. In 1625 under Lord Wimbledon, for Cadiz expedition. In 1627 under Capt. Francis Sydenham (-1630); in expedition to La Rochelle 1628. In 1635 under Capt. George Carteret, later under Capt. Kenelm Digby, with Lindsey’s fleet in the Channel. In 1636 under Capt. Jeremy Brett, with the Dutch fleet in the Channel. In 1637 under Capt. Lewis Kirke, later under Capt. Thomas Trenchfield (-1638). In 1639 under Capt. Thomas Price (-1640). Later in 1640 under Capt. Richard Swanley (-1641). In 1642 under Robert Fox (dismissed), then Capt. Henry Bethell. In 1643 under Capt. Richard Blythe, then 1644 Capt. William Somaster and 1645–47 Capt. Phineas Pett. Later in 1647 under Capt. Thomas Harrison; with Warwick’s fleet in 9.1648. In 1649

under Capt. Francis Penrose; wrecked off Flanders coast in a storm 3.1650. In the division of the King’s Ships into six Ranks or Rates which was introduced in 1626 (primarily for purposes of paying their officers), the Fourth Rates — the larger of the former Small Ships — were categorised as having an established complement of from 100 to 120 men. This was raised in 1653 to classify as Fourth Rates those ships having at least 140 men (and up to 199). 1637 GROUP. On 12 December 1636, orders were given to build two new ‘pinnaces’, to carry fourteen pieces of ordnance and to have sixteen banks of oars. In practice these ships, built at Bermondsey, carried thirty guns each. They had ten pairs of LD gunports, while on the UD were two pairs forwards and four pairs aft of the unarmed waist (at least two further pairs of gunports were probably later added in the waist to enable these ships to carry sixteen guns on the UD). Their measurements (both seemed to comply with the contract dimensions below) compare favourably with the new style frigates built a decade later, and their original 3.46:1 keel-to-beam ratio gives them a better claim than the later Constant Warwick to being considered the earliest frigates. This Providence should not be confused with the ex-mercantile vessel of the same name, which existed in naval hands from 1642 to 1653. Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 13ft 0in. 304.2/405.5 tons. Later re-measured: 90ft 1in x 27ft 4in x 11ft 0in. 357 93/94 bm. Men: 120 in 1652; 140 in 1653, 140/100/90 by 1666. Guns: 30 (orig); by 1666 had ordnance quoted below. Expedition Matthew Graves, Bermondsey. Guns: Nominally 34/30 under the 1666 Establishment; actually carried 38 in 1666 (comprising 7 culverins and 13 demi-culverins — probably all on the LD — also 6 x 6pdr and 10 x 5 1/4pdr sakers, and 2 x 3pdrs). Ord: 12.12.1636. L: 20.3.1637. Commissioned 1638 under Capt. Robert Slingsby (-1639). In 1640 under Capt. Richard Seaman (-1641). In 1642 under Capt. Baldwin (or Isaac?) Wake, in the Channel. In 1643 under Capt. Brooks, then later in 1643 under Capt. Joseph Jordan (-1646), in Irish waters. In 1646–47 under Capt. Sir George. Ayscue, for the Winter Guard. In 1647–48 under Jordan again, with the Western Guard and in the Irish Sea. In 1650 under

Capt. Abraham Wheeler, at the Blockade of Lisbon. By 1651 classed as a Fourth Rate. In 1651 under Capt. Thomas Vallis; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron, Van division) 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653; at Chatham in winter 1653–54. In 1656–59 under Capt. Edward Thompson, for operations in the Sound. On 21.11.1663 under Capt. Valentine Piend (-2.1.1665), then 31.1.1665 under Capt. James Ableson (-27.2.1665). On 10.3.1665 under Capt. Tobias Sackler (died 30.7.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (in White Squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Van division) 4.6.1666, losing 2 killed and 3 wounded; in St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 31.7.1666 under Capt. Benjamin Simmonds (-5.9.1666), then 6.9.1666 under Capt. John Turner (-19.10.1666). On 27.2.1667 under Turner again (-23.5.1667). Converted to fireship in 6.1667, then sold 10.1667. Providence Mr Tranckmore, St Saviour’s Dock, Bermondsey. Guns: Nominally 34/30 guns under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 6 culverins and 14 demi-culverins — probably all on the LD — and 14 x 5 1/4pdr sakers) and actually carried this ordnance. Ord: 12.12.1636. L: 21.3.1637. Commissioned 1638 under Capt. Edmund Seaman (-1639). In 1640 under Capt. Richard Hill (-1641). In 1642 under Capt. Strachan. In 1643 under Capt. William Brooks, then 1644 under Capt. Thomas Plunkett (suspended), in Irish waters. Later in 1644 under Capt. John Ellison, then in 1645–47 under Capt. John Stansby; in Winter Guard 1646–47; in the Downs 1647. Later in 1647 under Capt. John Mildmay, in the Irish Sea; with Warwick’s fleet in the Downs 9.1648. In 1649 under Capt. John Pearce (-1653); with Blake’s fleet off Lisbon until 10.1650; with Blake in the Irish Sea 1651; temp, under Capt. George Swanley in 5.1652; at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653. In 1654 under Capt. Thomas Bunn, then 1655 under Capt. Robert Kirby (-1656). Later in 1656 under Capt. John Littlejohn (-1657), with Blake’s fleet. In 1658 under Capt. John Pointz, then in 1659 under Capt. Giles Shelley (-1660), off the coast of Scotland. On 19.3.1663 under Capt. John Tyrwhit (-3.4.1665). On 16.4.1665 under Capt. Richard James (-5.10.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 2 killed and 6 wounded; in the St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Van division)

25.7.1666. Converted to a fireship in 6.1667. On 10.6.1667 under Capt. James Cooke (-16.9.1667). On 2.4.1668 under Capt. Hugh Ridley; wrecked at Tangier 31.10.1668.

Drawing by Van de Velde the Younger of the Providence as she appeared about 1661. It is not clear that the ship has a tenth gunport forward on the lower deck (nor in his father’s portrait of the ship’s sister, the Expedition), but if two chase guns are allowed there are ports for all the guns they are known to have carried in 1666. National Maritime Museum PY9345.

PURCHASED VESSELS (1643–44). Marmaduke, 26 guns. Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in x 29ft 6in x 14ft 0in. 388/518 tons. Men: ... Guns: 26. Purchased 1643. First cost: £2,600. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. John Walter. Disposed of 1645. John, 28 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions not recorded. 275/367 tons. Men: 120/110. Guns: 28.

Purchased 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Richard Haddock. In 1645 under Capt. Robert Zachary, then later in 1645 under Capt. William Swanley; in Winter Guard 1646–47; in Irish Sea 1647. In 1648 under Capt. Edward Miott; in Irish Sea 1649. In 1650 under Capt. Charles. Saltonstall, with Blake’s fleet off Lisbon. In 1651 under Capt. Robert Dennis; wrecked off Virginia 7.1652. CONSTANT WARWICK. Privateer frigate, built as a private venture for a group including the Earl of Warwick and Sir William Batten. Hired by the Navy Board in 1646, and purchased on 20 January 1649 (had joined the Royalist forces in 7.1647, but deserted to the Parliamentary side in 11.1647). She was described as ‘an incomparable sailer, remarkable for her sharpness and the fineness of her lines’; Pett introduced convex lines on the immersed part of the hull, and added studding and sprit sails. This vessel is often claimed to be the first English-built frigate, but (as shown above) several earlier vessels might lay claim to this title — including the Expedition and Providence. Men: 140 at end 1653; later 150/140/115. Guns: 32 in 1653 and in 1666 (comprising 12 culverins, 12 demi-culverins, 10 sakers). Constant Warwick Peter Pett I, Ratcliffe. Dimensions & tons: 85ft 0in keel x 26ft 5in x 13ft 2in. 315 48/94 bm. Later quoted as: 88ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 12ft 0in. 341 22/94 bm. L: 1645. First cost: £1,982.10.0d (305 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1645 under Capt. John Gilson (-1647). In 11.1647 under Capt. Robert Dare. In 1649 under Capt. Robert Moulton (Jnr); capture of Royalist Charles (ex-Guinea) in 5.1649, then at blockade of Kinsale; with Blake’s squadron off the Tagus 1650; in Irish Sea 1651. In 1651 under Capt. Owen Cox (-1652), with Badiley’s squadron at Battle of Montecristo 28.8.1652. In 1653 under Capt Upshott; with Appleton’s squadron at Battle off Leghorn 4.3.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Richard Potter (-10.1656), in Home waters; off Dutch coast in winter 1653–54. In 1.1657 under Capt. Robert Vessey; at Plymouth 6.1660. On 1.6.1661 under Capt. Robert Kirby (-1.8.1663); at Tangier in 1662; laid up at Portsmouth 1663–66. Rebuilt 1666 at Portsmouth as 42 guns (see below).

1646 PROGRAMME. Parliament on 14 October 1645 approved the disposal of six elderly ships, and gave directions ‘for the speedy building of other ships’ in lieu of them. It instructed the Admiralty Committee on 4 November to ‘take care for the setting up ... and building of so many ships or frigates as they think fit’, and the Committee ordered a model on 2 December with an intention ‘to build three frigates, to carry 32 or 34 guns’, which were then ordered. Each had eleven pairs of LD gunports and (presumably) five or six pairs on the QD. A light forecastle was added after a couple of years, and eventually a second full-length deck was built with an equal number of ports, with two pairs later added on the new QD added above this. Men: 160/150/120 in 1653; 120 (Assurance 115) in 1660. Guns: 40 (Nonsuch 38) in 1653. 32 (Nonsuch 34) in 1660; see below for later.

This early model is often dated to around 1660 because of the royal arms and the decorative scheme, and the only ships of that era with this configuration were Fifth Rates. However, like the ships themselves, models were often altered after the Restoration (there is physical evidence of this at the stern) and this example, with its great overhang to the stem and long, narrow proportions, looks more like a Commonwealth Fourth Rate after their original layout had been altered by the addition of a forecastle. It also has eleven lower deck ports and the dimensions at 1/4 8th scale are very close to those of Adventure. National Maritime Museum A264.

Drawing by Van de Velde the Younger of the Adventure as she appeared about 1675. Compared with the previous model, the gunports are in much the same positions (including the two just forward of the roundhouse), the main difference being the addition of four ports in the waist, where the model has the necessary room. The forecastle has also been extended slightly to cover the third gunport. Many of the Commonwealth ‘frigates’ became two-deckers by this route. National Maritime Museum PY3900

Adventure Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett II] Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in keel x 27ft 9in x 13ft 10in. 385 3/94 bm. Draught 13ft 9in. Later quoted as: 116ft 2in, 98ft 0in x 29ft 0in x 11ft 8in. 438 37/94 bm. Men: 190/160/120 by 1666. Guns: 38 in 1666 (10 culverins, 14 demiculverins and 14 sakers); 44/38 in 1677 (comprising 22 demi-culverins, 18 x 6pdr sakers; 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers); 40 in 1685 (12 culverins, 6 demiculverins, 16 x 6pdrs and 6 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). In 1673 there were 170 men and 40 guns. Ord: 12.1645. L: 1646. First cost: £2,618 (374 tons @ £7 per ton). Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Thomas Beddall (-1648); with the Winter Guard 1646–47; with the Western Guard 1647. Later in 1648 under Capt. Andrew Ball, at the blockade of Kinsale. In 1649 under Capt. Edward Hall, then later that year under Ball again; in the Scilly Isles in autumn 1649; with Blake’s fleet off the Tagus 1650, home in 9/10.1650; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1651. Later in 1651 under Capt. Robert Wyard,

in the North Sea. In 1653 under Capt. Robert Nixon; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Van division) 2–3.6.1653. Later under Capt. Peter Foot, with east coast colliers in winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Robert Sansum (-1655), then Capt. John Best (-1656). In 1657 under Capt. Valentine Tatnell, for operations in the Sound; in the Channel 6.1660. On 20.5.1661 under Capt. Hugh Hide (-16.12.1662); at Tangier 1662. On 7.10.1664 under Capt. Benjamin Young; at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; in action of 3–4.9.1665; in St. James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666; captured Le Rubis 18.9.1666. Later in 1666 under Capt. John Tapley (or Torpley); in actions against four French ships 20.12.1666 and against three Flushing ships 31.12.1666. On 1.1.1671 under Capt. John Tyrwhit (-31.3.1673); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673; in the Soundings 7.1673. On 7.8.1673 under Capt. John Temple (-27.5.1674). On 22.3.1675 under Capt. Sir Richard Rooth (-16.2.1677), for expedition against Salé. On 27.5.1678 under Capt. Richard Tapson (died 22.7.1678), in the Channel. On 30.7.1678 under Capt. William Booth (-22.1.1683); destroyed 32-gun Citron Tree near Tangier 3/4.1680; took 28-gun Calibash 11.4.1680; took 46-gun Golden Horse 4.1681; destroyed 34-gun Flower Pot 12.1681. Rebuilt 1691 at Chatham as a 40gun Fifth Rate (see next chapter).

One of the Commonwealth Fourth Rates without the additional guns in the waist, so closer to the original configuration. The Constant Warwick was very similar, except that the beakhead bulkhead is known to have been different, so this drawing by the elder Van de Velde from about 1675 may represent the Assurance; certainly, the known armament carried by that ship in 1677 could be accommodated in this gunport arrangement. National Maritime Museum PY1836

Assurance Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett I] Dimensions & tons: 106ft 7in, 89ft 0in x 26ft 10in x 13ft 6in. 340 81/94 bm. Later (as girdled): 89ft 0in x 29ft 1in x 11ft 3in. 400 40/94 bm. Men: 190/160/120 by 1666. Guns: Nominally 38 at the 1666 Establishment (comprising 10 culverins, 24 demi-culverins and 4 sakers); actually carried 42 in 1666 (comprising 10 culverins, 26 demi-culverins, 2 sakers and 4 x 3pdrs). 42/38 in the 1677 Establishment (comprising 20 demiculverins, 18 x 6pdr sakers; 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers); 42 in 1685 (comprising 10 culverins, 12 demi-culverins, 16 x 5 1/4pdrs and 4 x 3pdrs). Ord: 12.1645. L: 1646. First cost: £2,352 (336 tons @ £7 per ton). Commissioned 1646 under Capt. William Penn; in the Winter Guard 1646– 47; in Irish Sea 1647–9. In 1650 under Capt. Benjamin Blake; with (Robert) Blake’s fleet off the Tagus; took a Portuguese 28-gun frigate in

single combat 10.1650; home in 10.1650; with Penn in the Mediterranean 1651; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652. In 1653 under Capt. Robert Sanders; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Philip Holland (- 1660); at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron, Rear division) 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653; off the Dutch coast in winter 1653–54; joined Blake in the Mediterranean 8.1655; with Blake’s fleet until 7.1656, then to the Channel; operations in the Sound 1659. In late 1660 under Capt. John Stoakes; foundered at Woolwich 9.12.1660 in a gale (20 men drowned) but salved. On 4.5.1651 under Capt. John Tyrwhit (-16.3.1663), with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier; at Algiers 31.7.1661, later with Lawson’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 7.9.1664 under Capt. John Jeffreys (-10.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 18.6.1665 under Capt. Philemon Bacon (-16.9.1665); at action of 3/4.9.1665, capture of 50-gun Westfriesland. On 18.9.1665 under Capt. Thomas Guy (-31.12.1665, although seemingly remained in command until 6.1666); in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Van division) 4.6.1666, losing 3 killed and 4 wounded. On 11.6.1666 under Capt. John Narborough (-29.10.1667); at Battle of Orfordness (St James’s Day Fight) (White squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666; in attack on Dutch shipping in the Vlie (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’) 9–10.8.1666. On 30.10.1667 under Capt. Nepthali Ball (-19.8.1668). On 13.7.1670 under Capt. Charles Wylde (-10.1.1672), and 10.12.1671 (overlapping) under Capt. William Beeston (-23.10.1672). On 15.5.1672 under Capt. Ralph Lassells (-3.9.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. On 5.9.1673 under Capt. Henry Williams (-23.4.1674). On 1.5.1676 under Capt. Sir Robert Robinson (-28.1.1678); to the Mediterranean 1677. On 14.5.1678 under Capt. Thomas Lovell (-15.10.1678), in the Channel. On 19.5.1680 under Capt. Stephen Akerman (-13.10.1682); to Newfoundland 1680; later in Soundings, then 1682–83 herring convoy. On 24.5.1688 under Capt. Randall M’Donald (dismissed 13.12.1688), with Dartmouth’s fleet. In 1689 under Capt. Simon Foulkes, off Dunkirk. In 1690 under Capt. John Mayne, with the Fleet. Reduced to Fifth Rate 1690. In 1691 under Capt. Isaac Townsend; to Virginia in 1692. In 1693 under Capt. John Price. In 1694 under Capt. William Fazeby, as guard ship at Sheerness. Sold

1698. Nonsuch Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett I] Dimensions & tons: 98ft 0in keel x 28ft 4in x 14ft 2in. 418 44/94 bm. Ord: 12.1645. L: 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. William Thomas, for the Winter Guard 1646–47; in the Irish Sea 1647. Later in 1647 under Capt. Richard Willoughby, in the Channel; with Warwick’s fleet in the Downs 9.1648; at Blockade of Kinsale 1649. In 1650 under Capt. John Mildmay, on the west coast; to the Mediterranean 1651 with Penn’s squadron; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1652 under Capt. Thomas Penrose (-1655); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653. In 1656–57 under Capt. John Woolters, with Blake’s fleet. In 1660 under Capt. Ambrose Smith (died), then 27.3.1661 under Capt. John Parker (-8.9.1662), for the Restoration of Charles II; with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier 1661; with Sir John Lambert’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1661–62. On 19.3.1664 under Capt. Nicholas Parker (-3.11.1664), with Sir Thomas Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 4.11.1664 under Capt. Philip Bacon; wrecked in a storm at Gibraltar 3.12.1664. 1647 PROGRAMME. The Admiralty Committee recommended on 31 December 1646 that four more frigates should be built, each to be of 370 tons. This programme was approved by Parliament on 9 January 1647. These ships were to carry 32 guns (peacetime); in wartime this increased to 38 guns. Like the 1646 trio, they had eleven pairs of LD gunports and (eventually) an equal number on the UD, with two pairs of gunports later provided on the QD. The Dragon was the first frigate to be built at Chatham Dyd. Men: 150 in 1652; 160 in 1653; 130 in 1660; later as shown below. Guns: 38/32 initially, later as shown below. Dragon Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Henry Goddard] Dimensions & tons: 120ft 0in, 96ft 0in keel x 28ft 6in x 14ft 3in. 414 72/94 bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Later recorded (after girdling?) as 96ft 0in keel x 30ft 0in x 12ft 0in. 470 bm. Men: 160 (1666), later 230/200/150. Guns: 40/32 in 1666 (comprising 12 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 8 sakers); 46 in 1677 (comprising LD 22 culverins, UD 20 x 6pdr sakers and QD 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). L: 1647.

First cost: £2,473. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Anthony Young (-1649), for the Irish Sea; at recapture of 12-gun Hart 1648. In 1650 under Capt. John Stoakes, on the Irish coast; at Battle of Dungeness 29.11.1652. In 1653 under Capt. Edmund Seaman; at Battle of Portland 28.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Van division) 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653; in the Thames for winter 1653–54; joined Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 6.1655. In 1656 under Capt. Richard Haddock (-1660), with Blake’s fleet until 7.1656, then to the Channel. At sometime in 1664, possibly under Valentine Pyend? On 24.2.1665 under Capt. John Lloyd (-23.7.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 16.11.1665 under Capt. Daniel Helling (-6.6.1666), in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Van division) 4.6.1666, losing 1 killed and 6 wounded. Later in 6.1666 under Capt. Thomas Roome Coyle (-1667?); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666; in attack on Dutch shipping in the Vlie (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’) 9–10.8.1666. On 21.3.1668 under Capt. Richard May (-4.9.1668). On 6.3.1669 under Capt. Arthur Herbert (-20.5.1672), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean (Spragge’s squadron from 1671); in Battle of Bugia 8.5.1671; in action against three Algerines 5.1672. On 1.7.1672 under Capt. Thomas Chamberlaine (-12.9.1673); in action against two Dutch warships off Bury Head. On 13.9.1673 under Capt. David Trotter (-19.2.1674), in Home waters (Ireland?). On 12.9.1674 under Capt. Sir Roger Strickland (-22.11.1677), with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 6.3.1682 under Capt. Thomas Hamilton (-26.5.1684), in the Mediterranean. On 11.7.1686 under Capt. Henry Killigrew (-1689), as flagship in the Mediterranean, and to Salé. Rebuilt at Deptford 1689–90 (see below). Elizabeth Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett I] Dimensions & tons: 101ft 6in keel x 29ft 8in x 14ft 10in. 475 15/94 bm. Men: 160/130/100 (1666). Guns: 40/32 (1666) comprising 12 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 8 sakers. L: 1647. Commissioned 1648 under Capt. Jonas Reeves (-1653), at recapture of 14gun Crescent 11.1648; at blockade of Kinsale 1649; with Blake’s squadron off Cadiz 1650; in Channel Islands operations 1651; with

Badiley’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1652; at Battle of Montecristo 28.8.1652; in action off Leghorn 4.3.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Christopher Myngs (-1655), at Home; in the Sound in winter 1653–54. In 1656 under Capt. Robert Coleman (-1658). In 1659 under Capt. John. Grimsditch, for operations in the Sound; in the Straits 6.1660. On 1.5.1664 under Capt. Edward Nixon (died 17.5.1665). On 18.5.1665 under Capt. Robert Robinson (-8.4.1666) at Tangier; capture of Dutch merchantmen in the Channel. On 9.4.1666 under Capt. Charles Talbot (-18.8.1666); for convoy to Lisbon, returning 5.1666; at St James’s Day fight (Blue squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 19.8.1666 under Capt. John Lightfoot (died 5.6.1667), for convoy duties in Virginia; burnt in action with two Dutch warships off Jamestown (Virginia) 5.6.1667.

In this painting attributed to Isaac Sailmaker three Commonwealth-era ships are shown in much later life. The ship in the foreground is the Third Rate Fairfax, but astern is the Fourth Rate Elizabeth, by this time a full two-decker. In the left background is the Assurance, also sporting a fully armed waist, but in this case the upper deck battery looks to be of far lighter calibre. Where visible, the decoration is royalist in style, but both Fairfax and Elizabeth retain the triple pinnacles over the quarter galleries that was characteristic of Commonwealth ships. National Maritime Museum BHC3334.

Phoenix Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett II] Dimensions & tons: 96ft 0in keel x 28ft 6in x 14ft 3in. 414 72/94 bm. (556

tons, 1664) Men: 150/130/100 (1664). Guns: 40/32 (1664). L: 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Owen Cox; with Warwick’s fleet in the Downs in 9.1648. In 1649 under Capt. Thomas Harrison; in the Irish Sea. In 1650 under Capt. William Brandley; with Popham’s squadron off the Tagus, later with Blake’s squadron. Later in 1650 under Capt. John Wadsworth, as flagship of Robert Blake in the Irish Sea; Isles of Scilly 6.1651; Channel Islands 10.1651; with Badiley’s squadron at Battle of Montecristo 28.8.1652, where taken by Dutch 40-gun Endracht off Elba; retaken by boat attack at Leghorn 26.11.1652. Recommissioned under Capt. Owen Cox again; in Battle off Leghorn 4.3.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Nicholas Foster; in the Sound in winter 1653–54. In 1656–58 under Capt. Thomas Whetstone, with Blake’s fleet (back home in 7–11.1656). In 1658–9 under Capt. Thomas Bunn, with Stoakes’s squadron in the Mediterranean. In 1660 under Capt. Edward Nixon. On 30.4.1663 under Capt. Richard Utbar (-19.9.1664). On 16.9.1664 under Capt. John Chicheley, with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean; wrecked at Gibraltar Bay in storm 3.12.1664. Tiger Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett I] Design dimensions & tons: 99ft 0in keel x 29ft 2in x 12ft 0in. 448 bm. As built: 99ft 0in keel x 29ft 4in x 14ft 0in. 453 10/94 bm. Draught 14ft 8in. Men: 160 (1666), later 190/160/120. Guns: 40/32 in 1666 (comprising 12 culverins, 16 demi-culverins and 12 sakers); 44/38 in 1677 (comprising 22 demi-culverins, 18 x 6pdr sakers and 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). L: 1647. First cost: £2,912 (448 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1647 under Capt. James Peacock (-1652); with Warwick’s fleet in the Downs in 9.1648; in the Irish Sea 1649; capture of Irish Mary Antrim 14.2.1649; with Blake’s squadron off Lisbon until 10.1650; took a Portuguese 36-gun frigate in single combat 10.1650; with Hall’s squadron 1651, for Mediterranean convoy; in Home waters 1652. Later in 1652 under Capt. William Chant (killed). In 1653 under Capt. John. Seaman; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653, later under Capt. John Senior. Later in 1653 under Capt. Gabriel Sanders (-1660); at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Rear division) 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of

Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653; in the Thames for winter 1653–54: with Stoakes’s fleet in the Mediterranean; home by 6.1660. On 1.3.1665 under Capt. Phineas Pett (killed in action with Zealand privateer 2.5.1665). On 10.5.1666 under Capt. John Wetwang (-16.11.1667); at Battle of Orfordness (St James’s Day Fight) (Red squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666; flagship of Sir Robert Holmes in attack on Dutch shipping in the Vlie (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’) 9–10.8.1666. On 25.4.1668 under Capt. Nicholas Parker (died 18.9.1668), then Capt. John Earle, with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 21.3.1671 under Capt. John Turner (-25.6.672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron) 28.5.1672. On 26.6.1672 under Capt. Thomas Harman (-25.7.1674); with Narborough’s squadron 1672, later to Tangier; capture of 28-gun Schakertoo off Cadiz 1674. Rebuilt 1681 at Deptford (see below). Ex-ROYALIST PRIZES (1649–52). While the majority of the Navy stood by Parliament, in June 1648 Sir William Batten ‘withdrew’ from the Thames with ten naval ships, which then joined the Royalist forces in Holland — the Swallow, Constant Reformation, Convertine, Antelope, Satisfaction, Constant Warwick, Hind, Crescent, Roebuck and Pelican. Prince Rupert was appointed to the command of the squadron, at Hellevoetsluis. The Constant Warwick returned to the Parliamentary side almost immediately, and in November 1648 the Satisfaction and Hind likewise reverted to Parliament. The Crescent and Roebuck subsequently returned to their former allegiance, and the Antelope was dismantled at Hellevoetsluis. Details of these vessels appear under the appropriate position in this volume, dependent upon their original rating. However, during the subsequent years various vessels, acquired by or for the Royalist cause, joined Prince Rupert’s squadron in exile, and of these the following were subsequently captured by the Commonwealth Navy and added to the fleet as Fourth Rates. Guinea (Royalist Charles), 30 to 38 guns. Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 28ft 0in x 11ft 4in. 375 30/94 bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Men: 140, then 150/120/100 by 1653. Guns: 30 initially; 34 by 1653. Nominally 38/32 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 10 culverins, 10 demi-culverins and 18 sakers) and seems to have actually carried this ordnance. Taken 25.4.1649 in Irish waters from Royalists by Constant Warwick and

Leopard. Originally the mercantile Guinea (usually spelt Guinny or Guinney) purchased by the Royalists and commissioned 1648 as Charles under Capt. Thomas Allin; with Prince Rupert’s squadron at Kinsale 1649 when captured. Ordered 4.5.1649 to be taken into service. Commissioned into Commonwealth Navy 1649, resuming name Guinea, under Capt. Charles Thorowgood, for blockade of Kinsale. In 1650 under Capt. Walter Wood, on the Irish coast; sailed with Penn’s squadron to the Azores 30.11.1650, then to Mediterranan; in Isles of Scilly operations 1651. Later in 1651 under Capt. Edmund Curtis (-1653), to Virginia; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Rear division) 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. George Acklam; at Portsmouth for winter 1653–54. Later in 1654 under Capt. Jonathan Barnes. In 1656 under Capt. Giles Shelley (-1657), with Blake’s fleet until 7.1656, then in the Channel. In 1658 under Capt. Jeffrey Pearce (-1659). Repaired at Portsmouth (by M/Shipwright John Tippetts, for £646) 9.1659–4.1660. On 26.2.1664 under Capt. Hugh Hide (-30.1.1665), then 31.1.1665 under Capt. Andrew Ashford (-26.2.1665). Later in 19.5.1665 under Capt. James Abelson (killed 3.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 11.6.1665 under Capt. Joseph Sanders (-6.8.1665); at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 3.8.1665. On 8.8.1665 under Capt. Thomas Roome Coyle (-1.6.1666); in action of 3–4.9.1665. On 2.6.1666 under Capt. William Coleman briefly (-11.6.1666), then 12.6.1666 under Capt. Arthur Ashby (mortally wounded 25.7.1666, died 15.8.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 16.8.1666 under Capt. Sir John Berry (-1.11.1666), for expedition to Lisbon, then 2.11.1666 Capt. William Davis (died 21.11.1666); paid off 11.1667. Sold 27.11.1667. Marigold (Royalist Crowned Lion, built in Portugal) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 100. Guns: 30/22 at end 1653.. Taken 1650. Purchased by AO 10.1.1651 and ordered to be fitted; named Marigold (or Mary Gold) 15.11.1651. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Humphrey Felstead (-1656); fishery protection off Scotland and Ireland 1652–3; with convoy of fishing vessels to Iceland 5.1654–58.1654; with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies

1655. In 1656–57 under Capt. George Kendall, with Blake’s fleet off Cadiz. Sold 1658. Gillyflower (Royalist Saint Michael, originally Genoese merchantman Archangel San Michel, built Amsterdam 1639), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 530 tons. Men: 120. Guns: 32. Captured 8.1651 (through desertion to Parliamentary cause). Renamed and fitted for service by AO 15.11.1651. [Originally captured by Royalist privateers 11.1650 and commissioned 1651 under Capt. John Goulding.] Commissioned 1651 under Capt. John Hayward (-1653); at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron, Van division) 2–3.6.1653. In 1654 under Capt. Henry Fenn; to West Indies 12.1654, returned 11.1655 and laid up at Deptford. Reported 6.3.1657 to be ‘much eaten by the worm’. Sold (by AO 8.6.1657) 18.6.1657. Marmaduke (Royalist Revenge [of Whitehall], purchased mercantile Marmaduke, built 1643), 42 guns, 457 tons. Dimensions & tons: 87ft 0in keel x 3 1ft 5in x 15ft 2in. 456 70/94 bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Men: 160 in 1653; 110 in 1660; 160/120/100 in 1666. Guns: 40 in 1653; 32 in 1660. Nominally 42/34 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 12 culverins, 22 demi-culverins and 8 sakers) and seems to have actually carried this ordnance. Taken 31.5.1652 (through desertion to Parliamentary cause following mutiny 4.1652). Purchased 5.6.1652. [Originally commissioned 1651 by Royalists under Capt. Thomas Price. In early 1652 under Capt. Philip Marshall.] Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Bonner (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. Edward Blagg; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Jonathan Grove (-1654). In 1655 under Capt. William Godfrey, on the Irish station. Repaired at Deptford 1657. In 1658 under Capt. Peter Butler; convoyed East India ships to St Helena 1659, returning with homebound convoy 1659. Repaired at Portsmouth 1661–62. On 7.4.1664 under Capt. John Best (died 15.11.1665). On 1.1.1666 under Godfrey again (-4.7.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 10 killed and 31 wounded. Scuttled n.6.1667 as blockship during Dutch raid on

the Medway; later attempts to raise her failed, and the wreck was sold 22.9.1669 to Thomas Gould (for £151). 1649 PROGRAMME. On 29 March 1649, the new Council of State ordered that ‘some five ships (to) be built ‘frigate fashion’ for the winter service, the Admiralty Committee to obtain estimates’. In accordance with this the Admiralty Committee issued orders on 12 April for three frigates ‘of the same rate with the new frigates lately built’ (the 1647 quartet), besides two larger Third Rates (see Speaker Class in Chapter 3). In June it was ordered that one of the three smaller vessels should be built at Portsmouth Dyd. However, of the three smaller vessels ordered, the third ship (at Woolwich) was built significantly larger than its predecessors and was completed as a Third Rate with 48 guns (see Worcester in Chapter 3); she had just twelve pairs of LD and 11 pairs of UD gunports, with six pairs of QD ports (and none on the Fc). By 1660 the two Fourth Rates were reestablished with 38 guns. Men: 150/130. Guns: 34 (1652). In 1660, 38 guns and 130 men in Portsmouth and President. Portsmouth Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Eastwood] Dimensions & tons: 99ft 0in keel x 28ft 4in x 12ft 8in. 422 69/94 bm. Later recorded as 100ft 0in keel x 29ft 6in x 12ft 6in. 463 (462 84/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 16ft 0in. Men: 170 in 1653; 130 in 1660; 160 in 1666, 220 in 1689. Guns: 34 in 1652, 42 in 1653; 38 in 1660. Nominally 44 under the 1666 (comprising 22 culverins, 18 demi-culverins and 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers); actually carried 51 in 1666 Establishment (comprising 23 culverins, 22 demi-culverins and 6 x 3pdrs). Nominally 46 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 22 culverins, UD 20 x 6pdrs (sakers) and QD 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). The 1685 Establishment had added a third pair of QD sakers, but by 1689 had reverted to 46 guns. Ord: 4.1649. K: 6.1649. L: 1649/50. First cost: £3,587 (422 tons @ £8.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. William Brandley, for the Irish coast; with Blake’s squadron in the Irish Sea 1651; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1653 under Capt. Robert Durnford; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron, Centre division) 2– 3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later in 1653

under Capt. Joseph Cubitt; in the Channel for winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Capt. John Bourne (-1655), then Capt. Anthony Young. In 1655 under Capt. Robert Sansum (-1660); in operations in the Sound 1659; off the north coast 1660, for restoration of Charles II. On 17.12.1663 under Capt. Henry Tearne (-28.3.1665), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 29.3.1665 under Capt. Robert Mohun (-8.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, but suffering no casualties. On 9.6.1666 under Capt. Thomas Guy (-21.1.1668); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. In 1668 under Capt. William Basse. On 23.4.1669 under Capt. William Coleman (-14.11.1671), with Allin’s squadron to the Mediterranean; at Battle of Bugia 8.5.1671. On 18.5.1672 under Capt. James Page (died 16.4.1674); at Battle of the Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 23.4.1675 under Capt. James Storey (-16.11.1678), for the Mediterranean. On 30.8.1688 under Capt. George Saint Loe; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689; taken by French 58-gun La Marquise in the Channel 9.8.1689 and destroyed.

Despite the bitter Anglo-Dutch rivalry that led to three seventeenth-century wars, the navies of the two countries were capable of effective cooperation against a common enemy — especially the Barbary powers of north Africa. In the incident depicted in this sketch by Van de Velde the Elder, a joint squadron under Beach and van Ghent attacked and destroyed six Algerine vessels off Cape Spartel on 27 August 1670. In the foreground is the

Portsmouth, astern of the Hampshire, the flagship of Commodore Richard Beach; the other English ships are Jersey and (bow on) Centurion. The Algerine ships burn in the distance. National Maritime Museum PZ7274.

[Great] President Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett I] Dimensions & tons: 124ft 0in, 100ft 0in keel x 29ft 6in x 14ft 9in. 462 84/94 bm. Men: 180 in 1653. Guns: 44 in 1653. Ord: 4.1649. L: 9.4.1650. First cost: £3,378.15.0d (450 1/2 tons @ £7.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Anthony Young (-1652), for the West coast; in action off the Start 12.5.1652 (leading to Battle of Dover); at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. Later in 1652 under Capt. Thomas Graves; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Francis Parker (-1655); at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653; with east coast colliers in winter 1653–54. In 1656 under Capt. Benjamin Sacheverell (died) and in same year Capt. Richard Potter (-1660). Renamed Bonaventure 1660, still under Capt. Richard Potter. On 11.8.1662 under Capt. Sir William Berkeley (-18.11.1663). Rebuilt 1663 at Chatham (see below). PURCHASED VESSEL (1650). Amity (mercantile Merchant Frigate) Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel (originally 85ft 0in) x 28ft 0in x 12ft 0in. 375 30/94 (originally 354 44/94) bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Men: 150 in 1653; 140/120/100 in 1660; later 150. Guns: 38/30 in 1666 (comprising 12 culverins, 14 demi-culverins and 12 sakers). Purchased and renamed 18.1.1650 (after being first hired 11.1649). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. John Coppin, for Scottish waters. In 1651 under Capt. (later Rear-Adm.) Michael Packe, with Ayscue in the West Indies; in action of 16.8.1652 (Packe mortally wounded). Later in 1653 under Capt. Henry Packe; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Rear division) 2–3.6.1653; took Dutch 20gun ship 2.1654; with Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1654–55; at Tunis 4.4.1655; still with Blake’s fleet 1656–57. On 20.12.1660 under Capt. John Stoakes (-26.12.1661). On 23.5.1664 under Capt. John Parker

(-9.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1666, losing 2 killed and 2 wounded. On 10.6.1666 under Capt. William Finch, briefly (-26.7.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. On 28.7.1666 under Capt. Stephen Pyend (-6.11.1667). Sold 27.11.1667. Ex-PORTUGUESE PRIZES (1650). The Commonwealth fought a brief (and now forgotten) war against Portugal in 1650 — a hiccup in the 650-year Anglo-Portuguese alliance. Two separate hard-fought single-ship actions took place during October 1650 in the Tagus estuary; in one of which the ship detailed below was a 36-gun Portuguese warship (with 200 men) captured by the Tiger, while in a second incident a slightly smaller (28 guns, 140 men) ship was captured by the Assurance. One of these prizes (which is unclear) was the Nossa Senhora da Natividade and the other was probably the Säo Pedro de Lisboa, but only the larger ship seems to have been added to the Commonwealth Navy (and is often confused with the Convertine of 1616, detailed in Chapter 3), with no information as to the fate of the Assurance’s prize. Convertine (Portuguese ...) Dimensions & tons: 103ft 0in keel x 30ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 493 8/94 bm. Lengthened in 7.1653. Men: 180 in 3.1652, rising to 210 at end 1653 (briefly as Third Rate); later 190/140/110. Guns: 44 at end 1653; 40 in 1660. Nominally 52/44 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 24 culverins, 20 x 8pdrs and 8 sakers). Taken 10.1650 by Tiger off the Tagus. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Abraham Wheeler. Later in 1651 under Capt. John Holden; at Battle of Dungeness 29.11.1652. Later in 1652 under Capt. John Lambert (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. Anthony Joyne; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Rear division) 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 (after lengthening) under Capt. John Hayward; at Harwich in winter 1653–54; sailed with Penn’s fleet to the West Indies 25.12.1654; in attack on San Domingo 13.4.1655. Later in 1655 under Capt. Thomas Wilkes (-1660); for Jamaica 1660. Later under Capt. John Povey, to East Indies. On 8.9.1664 under Capt. John Pearce; joined Four Days’ Battle (White squadron,

Centre division) on 4.6.1666, and was captured by two Dutch warships. Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1650–52). Of the following four prizes, the Success was reduced to a Fifth Rate before 1660 (although still carrying 34 guns). The Crow and Gift (the latter a ship chartered by the French from the Knights of Malta) were among seven frigates and three fireships of Commodore de Menillet’s squadron captured by Blake’s squadron on 4 September 1652. Success (French Le Jules, built Stockholm 1647 as Julius and gifted to France 1648), 38 guns. Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in keel x 30ft 0in x 11ft 6in. 450 (exact) bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 150 initially ; 160 in 1653; by 1660 140/110/80. Guns: 38 initially, later 34/30. Taken 19.10.1650 by Phoenix off Portuguese coast. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Butler Noades (killed 1652). Later in 1652 under Capt. William Kendall (-1655); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Van division) 2–3.6.1653; with Blake’s fleet to the Mediterranean 8.1654; at bombardment of Porto Farina 4.4.1655. In 1655 under Capt. Zachary Brown (-1657). In 1658 under Capt. Thomas Fleet (-1660); convoyed East India ships to St Helena 1659, returning with homebound convoy 8.1660, then laid up. Renamed Old Success 1660. Reported ‘not worth repairing’ 15.4.1662 and sold 3.9.1662. Crow (French — probably Le Croissant), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 140. Guns: 36. Taken 4.9.1652 by Blake’s fleet off Dunkirk. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Thomas Thompson (-1654). Sold 1656. [Great] Gift (French Le Don de Dieu), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 98ft 0in keel x 30ft 8in x 12ft 6in. 490 22/94 bm. Draught 13ft 6in. Men: 130. Guns: 36 in 1653; 40/32 in 1666. Taken 4.9.1652 by Blake’s fleet off Dunkirk. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Thomas Salmon (killed 1653); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Edward Barrett; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. In 1654 under Capt. Samuel

Dickinson. In 1655 under Capt. Mark Harrison (-1657). Renamed Great Gift in 1658 (to distinguish from the ex-Spanish prize Little Gift). In 1660 under Capt. Jeffrey Dare, for North Sea fishery. On 24.6.1660 under Capt. George Batts (-24.4.1661). On 4.5.1661 under Capt. George Bernard (died 4.9.1663). On 5.7.1664 under Capt. Jacob Reynolds (-16.2.1666); to Guinea 1665. Converted to a fireship in 1666, with 4 guns and 50 men. Recommissioned 26.6.1666 under Capt. John Kelsey; at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron) 25.7.1666, where expended in action. Fortune (French La Fortunee), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 100. Guns: 36. Taken 1652 ‘from a pirate’ (may have been a Royalist ship). Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Anthony Spatchurst. Later in 1652 under Capt. William Tatnell (killed 2.1653); at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652; at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Anthony Archer (-1654). Sold 1654. 1650 PROGRAMME. The Council of State issued orders on 16 November 1649 to build six frigates ‘of the same proportions as the Elizabeth and Phoenix’. On 4 January 1650 the Admiralty Committee confirmed that six frigates had been ordered, each for £6.10.0d per ton. Unlike the previous group, all but one of these were built by contract. All six were named on 16 August 1650, and launched before the end of the year. Each was initially established with 34 guns and 150 men, but this had altered to 180 men and between 40 and 44 guns by late 1653, and then down to 40 guns and 140 men (except Centurion with 150 men) in 1660. Contract dimensions & tons (Foresight, 24.12.1649): 100ft keel x 31ft (= 511 16/94 bm). Foresight Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 121ft 0in, 101ft 6in keel x 30ft 10in x 15ft 5in. 513 26/94 bm. Later 102ft 0in x 31ft 1in x 12ft 9in. 522 bm. Draught 14ft 6in. Men: 180 in 1653; 170 in 1666. Guns: 42 in 1653; 46 in 1666 (comprising LD 22 culverins, UD 20 demi-culverins and QD 4 sakers); 48 in 1677 (with 2 additional sakers); 52 in 1685 (22 culverins, 22 demi-culverins, 4 sakers and 4 minions).

Ord: 24.12.1649. L: 1650. First cost: £3,393 (522 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Samuel Howett, for the Downs and east coast; with Penn’s squadron in 11.1650; with Penn’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1652; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 29.12.1542. In 1653 under Capt. Richard Stayner; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653; at the Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653; in the Channel in winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Capt. Peter Mootham (-1660), with Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean; at Tunis 4.4.1655; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. On 1.10.1661 under Capt. Sir Thomas Allin (-8.8.1662), for voyage to Cadiz. On 9.8.1662 under Capt. Packington Brooke (-25.9.1663); reappointed 2.11.1664 (died 26.8.1666); at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 2.8.1665, losing 14 killed and 54 wounded. On 18.9.1665 under Capt. Hugh Seymour (killed 25.7.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666; then on 27.7.1666 under Capt. William Finch (-6.11.1666); capture of Le Rubis 18.9.1666. On 6.11.1666 under Capt. Richard Goodlad (-31.1.1668). On 30.5.1668 under Capt. James Cartaret (died 6.7.1668). On 17.5.1669 under Capt. John Hayward (-16.1.1672), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 4.2.1673 under Capt. Richard James (-7.5.1674); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 8.9.1674 under Capt. Sir John Ernie (-27.10.1774). On 28.10.1674 under Capt. William Davis (-4.7.1676); to Jamaica 1675. On 16.11.1677 under Capt. Francis Willshaw (-16.10.1678); in the Mediterranean 1678. On 11.1.1680 under Capt. Sir Robert Robinson, then on 28.1.1680 under Capt. Henry Killigrew (-3.2.1682), in the Mediterranean; paid off 2.1682. Recommissioned 22.11.1682 under Capt. David Trotter (died 15.7.1683). In 8.2.1684 under Capt. George Aylmer (-24.5.1684), in the Mediterranean. In 3.1687 under Capt. Lawrence Wright, for Jamaica. In 7.1687 under Capt. Sir John Narborough. In 8.1688 under Lieut. Stanley, with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 1689 under Capt. Daniel Jones; in action off the Isles of Scilly 4.10.1689. In 1690 under Capt. Basil Beaumont, then 1691 Capt. Thomas Gillam. In 1693–94 under Capt. Isaac Townsend, for Virginia. In 1694 under J. Manston; refitting in 7.1694. In 1695 under Capt.

Hovenden Walker (-1696); defence of convoy in the Channel 30.4.1695. In 1697 under Capt. Charles Richards, for Jamaica; ordered home 1698 for sale, but wrecked on the Jardine Rocks, south of Cuba 4.7.1698.

The island of St Helena in the south Atlantic was an important refreshment stop on the route to and from the East. It was captured by the Dutch in 1672, but retaken by Richard Munden in the Assistance in May 1673, as celebrated in this print. The area where the attack was made was thereafter known as Munden’s Point. Beverley R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.59.

Assistance Henry Johnson, Deptford. Dimensions & tons: 121ft 0in, 101ft 6in keel x 30ft 10in x 15ft 5in. 513 26/94 bm. Later 121ft 5in, 102ft 0in x 32ft 4in x 13ft 0in. 567 bm. Draught 15ft 6in. Men: 180 in 1653; 170 in 1666. Guns: 40 in 1653; 46 in 1666 (as Foresight

above); 48 in 1677 (with 2 additional sakers); 50 in 1685 (22 culverins, 22 demi-culverins, and 6 sakers). Ord: 12.1649. L: 1650. First cost: £3,386.10.0d (521 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. John Bourne, for the Downs and east coast; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Portland (as RearAdm. of the Blue) 18.2.1653, where Assistance was taken by the Dutch but then recaptured. Later in 1653 under Capt. William Crispin; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653; in the Western Approaches in winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Capt. Thomas Sparling (-1660), in operations in the Sound 1659. On 20.5.1661 under Capt. Edward Wye (died 9.4.1662), with Sandwich’s squadron in the Straits. On 10.4.1662 under Capt. Sir William Berkeley (-9.8.1662). On 15.9.1665 under Capt. Zachary Brown (-31.12.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron) 3.6.1665. On 1.1.1671 under Capt. John Hubbard II (killed 19.7.1771), in action against Algerines. On 20.8.1671 under Capt. John Wilgress (died 9.9.1671), and then 1672 Capt. Ralph Lasselles?. On 7.1.1673 under Capt. Richard Munden (-7.11.1674); at recapture of St Helena 5.1673; home in 1674. On 15.5.1675 under Capt. William Houlding (-16.11.1676), with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 5.11.1677 under Capt. Thomas Gardner (died 13.4.1679), in the Channel and later the Mediterranean. On 13.6.1679 under Capt. James Barber (-4.12.1679). On 18.5.1680 under Capt. Sir Robert Robinson (-28.7.1682), for Newfoundland. Rebuilt 1687 at Deptford (see below). Reserve Peter Pett II, Woodbridge. Dimensions & tons: 118ft 0in, 100ft 0in keel x 31ft 1in x 15ft 6 1/2in. 513 87/94 bm. Later 118ft 4in, 100ft 0in x 32ft 10in x 12ft 8in. 573 bm. Men: 180 in 1653 and 1666. Guns: 44 in 1653; 48 in 1666 (comprising LD 22 culverins, UD 20 demi-culverins and QD 6 sakers); 48 in 1677 (unchanged); 48 in 1685 (22 culverins, 22 demi-culverins, and 4 sakers). Ord: 12.1649. L: 1650. First cost: £3,334.10.0d (513 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Robert Clarke (-1653), for the north coast. Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Taylor. In 1654 under Capt. Robert Plumleigh; in operations in the Sound 1659; with Newfoundland fishery

1660. On 9.8.1662 under Capt. Robert Holmes (-22.9.1663). On 4.9.1664 under Capt. John Hayward (-2.4.1665). On 4.4.1665 under Capt. John Tyrwhit (-20.9.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; in Four Days’ Battle (with Prince Rupert’s squadron, Rear division) in action on 4.6.1666. On 23.9.1666 under Capt. Ralph Lassells (-19.1.1667). On 20.1.1667 under Capt. Christopher Gunman (-3.8.1668). On 23.8.1670 under Capt. Thomas Elliott (-15.1.1672). On 28.4.1672 under Capt. Jasper Grant (-14.10.1673); to the Mediterranean 1673; dismissed by court martial 1674. On 17.10.1673 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-27.6.1674), in the Mediterranean. On 22.3.1675 under Capt. Edward Russell (-19.6.1677), for Newfoundland. On 4.6.1678 under Capt. David Lloyd (-2.6.1679), in the Channel. On 3.6.1679 under Capt. Lawrence Wright (-5.6.1780), for Newfoundland. On 14.8.1681 under Capt. Henry Priestman (-13.5.1683), for the Mediterranean. On 20.6.1685 under Capt. George Aylmer (-13.8.1685). In 8.1685 under Capt. Dominick Nugent (-1688), as guard ship at Portsmouth. In 1689 under Capt. George Byng. In 6.1689 under Capt. Richard Keigwin. In 1691 under Capt. Thomas Crawley (-1693), for the Mediterranean; at Battle of Barfleur 19– 24.5.1692; with Newfoundland convoy 1693. In 1694 under Capt. James Launce, at the Nore. In 1696 under Capt. John Moses (-1698); to Jamaica 1696; to Newfoundland 1697. For sale in 1698, but instead rebuilt 1701 at Deptford (see below). Advice Peter Pett II, Woodbridge. Dimensions & tons: 118ft 6in, 100ft 0in keel x 31ft 2in x 15ft 7in. 516 64/94 bm. Later 32ft 0in breadth x 12ft 4in. 544 bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Men: 180 in 1653. Guns: 42 in 1653. Ord: 12.1649. L: 1650. First cost: £3,334.10.0d (513 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. George Dakins (-1652), for the west coast. In 1653 under Capt. John Day; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later under Capt. Jeremy Smith; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Francis Allen (-1660); on the Dutch coast in winter 1653–54; in operations in the Sound 1659; in the Mediterranean 6.1660. In 1663 under Capt. William Poole (-1665), re-appointed 8.11.1665 (-5.6.1666); with Allin’s

squadron in the Mediterranean 1664; at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665, damaged by collision with Bonaventure 29.5.1666 On 17.7.1666 under Capt. Charles O’Bryen (-25.11.1667); in St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Rear division), and in attack on Dutch shipping in the Vlie (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’) 9– 10.8.1666. In 1668–70 flagship of Sir John Harman in the Mediterranean. On 17.2.1670 under Capt. Henry Barnardiston (-23.2.1670). On 27.2.1670 under Capt. Benjamin Young (died 31.7.1670); in action (with Guernsey) against seven Algerines 1670. On 23.7.1670 under Capt. John Ashby (-30.12.1670). On 12.11.1671 under Capt. Dominick Nugent (-16.12.1672); at Battle of Bugia 8.5.1671; at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron — probably) 28.5.1672; at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673; in the Straits 1674. In 1678–79 under Capt. William Houlding, as guard ship at Portsmouth. In 1688 under Capt. Henry Williams, with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 1689 under Capt. John Granville; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. In 9.1690 under Capt. Edward Boys (-1691). In 1693 under Capt. Charles Hawkens; to the West Indies with Wheeler’s squadron. In 1694 under Capt. William Harman (killed 10.1694), in the West Indies. In 1695 under Capt. Edward Action; to the East Indies 1696–97. Rebuilt 1698– 99 at Woolwich (see below). Pelican John Taylor, Wapping Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 30ft 8in x 15ft 4in. 500 22/94 bm. Men: 180 in 1653. Guns: 42 in 1653. Ord: 12.1649. L: 1650. First cost: £3,250 (500 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Joseph Jordan; in Scottish waters until 11.1650, then joined Penn’s squadron; with Penn’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1651; at Ayscue’s action of 16.8.1652; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1653 under Capt. John Stoakes; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. John Simonds, then Capt. Peter Mootham; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. William Whitehorne (-1654); at St Helens in winter 1653–54. In 1655 under Capt. Robert Storey; burnt by accident at Portsmouth 13.2.1656.

Centurion Peter Pett I, Ratcliffe. Dimensions & tons: 104ft 0in keel x 31ft 0in x 15ft 6in. 531 58/94 bm. Men: 180 in 1653 and 1666; 230/300/150 by 1688. Guns: 50 in 1653. 48 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising LD 22 culverins, UD 20 demi-culverins and QD 6 sakers); actually in 1666 carried 20 culverins, 22 demi-culverins, 2 x 6pdrs and 4 sakers). Still 48/42 under the 1677 Establishment (but established with 8pdrs on the UD vice demiculverins, and actually carried 6pdrs). In 1681 carried 52 (22 culverins, 22 x 8pdrs and 8 minions), but only 50 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising 22 culverin drakes, 22 x 8pdrs and 6 saker cutts). Ord: 12.1649. L: 1650. First cost: £3,451.10.0d (531 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. William Penn. In 1651 under Capt. John Lawson, for Scottish waters; with Penn’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1651. In 1652 under Capt. Walter Wood; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron, Van division) 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Nixon, on the Dutch coast in winter 1653–54; joined Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 6.1655. In 1656 under Capt. Anthony Spatchurst, with Blake’s fleet; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. In 1659–60 under Capt. Francis Parke, for operations in the Sound. Later in 1660 under Capt. John Coppin. On 22.3.1661 under Capt. Christopher Myngs (-2.9.1663). On 17.8.1664 under Capt. Robert Moulton (-12.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron) 3.6.1665. On 13.6.1665 under Capt. Daniel Helling (-24.8.1665). On 25.8.1665 under Capt. Mark Harrison (-21.2.1666). On 22.2.1666 under Capt. John Hubbard (-6.7.1666), then 7.7.1666 under Capt. Charles Wylde (-19.3.1667). In 1668 under Capt. William Coleman. On 29.4.1669 under Capt. Peter Bowen (-11.1.1672), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 1.2.1673 under Wylde again (-3.10.1674), in the Mediterranean. On 23.11.1677 under Capt. Roger Strickland (-24.12.1777). On 11.1.1678 under Capt. Richard Carter (-24.10.1781). On 12.6.1682 under Capt. Ralph Wrenn (-17.8.1685); Newfoundland convoy 1682, later in Home waters. In 8.1688 under Capt. Thomas Ashton, then 9.1688 Capt. Francis Wheeler and later Capt. Edward Elliot. On 21.4.1689 under Capt. Basil Beaumont; wrecked in a storm in Plymouth Sound 25.12.1689.

1651 PROGRAMME. It appears that the programme for the 1651 construction was delayed, with only one large Fourth Rate (Laurel) and four Fifth Rate frigates confirmed in the first four months. On 6 May the Council of State was urging that ‘all speed should be made ... to get in hand the remaining ships of the planned ten frigates’. The ten frigates included five Fourth Rates, three of 410 tons (the Laurel, Sapphire and Bristol, at a cost of £6.10.0d per ton) and two larger of 600 tons (the Ruby and Diamond, at a cost of £7.10.0d per ton). The size of these ships size grew during construction, the first trio being lengthened from their 1647 predecessors, and then the later batch being significantly broader, and a further nine were ordered around Christmas of that year. Four of the latter were to have single gun decks, like the preceding batch, but the other five were intended to be two-deckers. All these were completed as 34-gun frigates (except Diamond and Ruby, each with 40 guns, while the Laurel and Bristol were raised to 50 guns and 200 men, and were re-registered as Third Rates. Laurel Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Tippetts] Dimensions & tons: 103ft 0in keel x 30ft 1in (29ft 10 1/2in by calc.) x 15ft 0in. 489 bm. Men: 180 in 1652, but 200 by 1653. Guns: 46 as built, 48 or 50 by 1653. Ord: 5.2.1651. L: 1651. First cost: £3,178.10.0d (489 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1651 under Capt. John Taylor; at Battle of Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 29.11.1652 (Taylor dismissed). In late 1652 under Capt. John Wadsworth, later 1653 under Capt. Samuel Howett; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653 (as Rear-Adm., Red). Later in 1653 under Capt. John Stoakes; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Van division) 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Richard Newberry, at Chatham for winter 1653–54. In 1655 under Capt. William Crispin, with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies. Later in 1655 under Capt. Henry Kirby; wrecked off Great Yarmouth 30.5.1657. Sapphire Peter Pett I, Ratcliffe Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 28ft 10in x 14ft 5in. 442 20/94 bm. Men: 140 in 1653; 160/130/90 in 1666. Guns: 38 in 1653. Nominally 40 guns under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 12 culverins, 10 demiculverins and 14 sakers totalling 36 only; 4 x 3pdrs probably

overlooked); actually carried 44 (comprising 6 culverins, 16 demiculverins, 18 sakers and 4 x 3pdrs). 36/30 guns in 1670. L: 1651. First cost: £2,873 (442 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Robert Moulton; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 29.11.1652. Later in 1652 under Capt. William Hill; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Nicholas Heaton (-1655); at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653; at Portsmouth for winter 1653–54. In 1655 under Capt. Richard Clay; with Blake’s fleet until 7.1656, then rejoined in autumn; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657; in the Western Approaches 6.1660. On 23.11.1661 under Capt. Samuel Titsell (-23.5.1663). On 29.10.1664 under Capt. Henry Hyde (died 11.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 11.6.1665 under Capt. Thomas Elliott (-6.12.1665), at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 2.8.1665, losing 15 killed and 41 wounded. On 7.12.1665 under Capt. Jasper Grant (-26.1.1667); on Irish coast in 6–7.1666. On 28.1.1667 under Capt. Sir William Jennings (-7.12.1668). On 30.10.1669 under Capt. John Pearse; run ashore on Sicily to avoid capture by four (suspected) Algerine corsairs 31.3.1670 [they weren’t corsairs, and Pearse was shot for cowardice 26.8.1670]. Bristol Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Tippetts] Dimensions & tons: 130ft 0in, 104ft 0in x 31ft 1in x 13ft 0in. 534 45/94 bm. Draught 15ft 8in. Later recorded as 130ft 0in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 0in x 13ft 6in = 670 tons. Men: 200 in 1653; 150 in 1660; then 200 in 1666, later 230/200/150. Guns: 50 in 1653; 44 in 1660. Nominally 52 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 26 culverins, 22 demi-culverins and 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers); actually carried 48 in 1666 (comprising 24 culverins, 22 demi-culverins and 2 sakers). 48/42 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 x 8pdr sakers and 6 x 5 1/4pdr sakers); 48 in 1685 (comprising 22 x 12pdrs, 22 x 8pdrs and 4 x 3pdrs). Ord: 27.2.1652. L: 1653. First cost: £4,256 (532 tons @ £8 per ton). Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Roger Martin; in Western Approaches for winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Capt. Robert Clarke (-1654). In 1656 under Capt. Thomas Penrose, later under Capt. Henry Fenn (-1658), with

Blake’s fleet; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. In 1659 under Capt. George Dakins; with Stoakes’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1659. In 1660 under Fenn again; in the Downs 6.1660. On 16.12.1663 under Capt. Sir William Berkeley (-14.8.1664), with Lawson’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 15.8.1664 under Sir John Chicheley (-15.9.1664), then 20.9.1664 Berkeley again (-12.11.1664) and on 13.11.1664 under Capt. John Hart (-12.9.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 17.9.1665 under Capt. Philemon Bacon (killed 2.6.1665); in Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Rear division) 1– 4.6.1664, losing 12 killed and 58 wounded. On 7.6.1666 under Capt. Sir John Holmes (-17.10.1667); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Red division) 25.7.1666. On 24.3.1668 under Capt. Daniel Healing (-31.12.1669), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 12.1.1670 under Holmes again (-16.12.1670). On 29.1.1672 under Capt. Charles Wilde (-10.6.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron) 28.5.1672; in action off Heligoland 22.7.1672. In 1673 under Capt. Erik Sjöblad, for Mediterranean convoy; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673; convoy to the Canaries 10.1673. In 1674 under Capt. William Harman. In 1675 under Capt. Sir John Berry (-1677), to Newfoundland, then to Straits and finally to America. In 1677 under Capt. Henry Killigrew. In 3.1678 under Capt. Anthony Langston, in the Channel and later to the Mediterranean. On 16.1.1679 under Capt. Sir Roger Strickland (-1.9.1679), in the Mediterranean (as Rear-Adm.). In 1680 under Capt. Arthur Herbert, in the Mediterranean. In 3–4.1680 under Capt. John Wyborn; destroyed 32-gun Algerine Citron Tree. In 5.1682 under Capt. John Nevill. On 27.4.1685 under Strickland again, for Turkey convoy; in the Channel 1686–87; escort to Queen of Portugal 1687. In 1688 under Capt. Thomas Leighton; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. On 22.12.1688 under Capt. John Granville, then 6.1689 Capt. Henry Houghton; to the West Indies 1690–91. Rebuilt 1693 at Deptford (see below). RUBY CLASS (Large Type). These two ships of the 1651 Programme were built from the start as two-deckers, with twelve pairs of gunports on the LD (one pair seems never to have been filled) and eleven on the UD, with three pairs later added on the QD. They seem to have been completed with 40 guns, and still had this total in 1660, but by 1666 were also mounting smaller

guns on the QD. They had demi-culverins on the UD; the 1677 Establishment showed large sakers (6pdrs?) on the UD instead of demi-culverins, but as demi-culverins were ‘reinstated’ by the time of the 1685 Establishment, it is unlikely that sakers were actually ever fitted here. In their half-century of service, the Ruby participated in sixteen major fleet actions and the Diamond in fifteen. Men: 180/150 in 1652–60. Guns: 42/40 in 1652–60; later 48/42 (see below for later armament). Ruby Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett II] Dimensions & tons: 125ft 6in, 105ft 6in keel x 31ft 6in x 15ft 9in. 556 77/94 bm. Men: 150 in 3.1652, rising to 180 at end 1653; 170 in 1666. By 1685 had 230/200/150. Guns: Nominally 46 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers); actually in 1666 carried 48 (with 2 extra demi-culverins). The 1677 Establishment showed 48 guns (with 6 x 5 1/4pdr sakers rather than 4 of these, neglecting the extra pair of demi-culverins), but the 1685 list reverted to just 4 sakers, with the 2 extra demi-culverins to make up the 48 guns. The 1696 Survey showed a LD armament of 22 x 12pdrs instead of culverins, and only 19 demi-culverins (and no sakers). Ord: 5.1651. L: 15.3.1652. First cost: £4,175.12.6d (556 3/4 tons @ £7.10.od per ton). Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Lambert. Later in 1652 under Capt. Anthony Houlding (killed 18.2.1653); at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Sanders; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653. Later under Capt. Edmund Curtis; at St Helens in winter 1653–54; with Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1654–55. In 1656 under Capt. Robert Kirby (-1660), still with Blake’s fleet; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657; in operations in the Sound 1659. On 27.5.1661 under Capt. Robert Robinson (-29.12.1662); with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier and Lisbon 1662. On 11.10.1664 under Capt. Sir William Jennings (-7.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 2.6.1665; in action of 3–4.9.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Centre division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 10 killed and 32 wounded. On 8.6.1666 under Capt. Thomas Lamming (died 30.9.1667); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Centre

division) 25.7.1666. On 21.5.1668 under Robinson again (-22.4.1669); joined Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 24.8.1672 under Capt. Richard Sadlington (-26.8.1672), then on 27.8.1672 under Capt. Stephen Pyend (died 8.6.1674); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron) 28.5.1672; at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 26.3.1678 under Capt. Thomas Allen (-1682), in the Channel; sailed for Bilbao 15.4.1679, returned home 5.1679; sailed with convoy for the Straits 6.1679, returning 8.1679; sailed for Lisbon with Portuguese Ambassador 3.1680; sailed with troop reinforcements for Tangier 6.1680. On 18.11.1682 under Capt. Richard May; to Jamaica 1683–84. On 1.10.1683 under Capt. David Mitchell. Rebuilt at Blackwall 1687 (see below). Diamond Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Peter Pett II] Dimensions & tons: 127ft 6in, 105ft 6in keel x 31ft 3in x 15ft 7 1/2in. 548 1/94 bm. Men: 150 in 3.1652, rising to 180 at end 1653; 140 in 1660; 180 in 1666. By 1685 had 230/200/150. Guns: Nominally 48 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 6 x 5 1/4pdr sakers); actually carried 46 in 1666 (short of 2 sakers). Still 48 under the 1677 Establishment (unaltered in composition), while under the 1685 Establishment the culverins had been replaced by 22 x 12pdrs. Ord: 6.1651. L: 15.3.1652. First cost: £4,360 (545 tons @ £8 per ton). Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Roger Martin; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. William Hill; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. John Harman; in the Channel in winter 1653–54; with Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1654–55. In 1656 under Capt. John Lloyd (-1657), still with Blake’s fleet. On 23.10.1660 under Capt. Richard Whiting (died 26.5.1662). On 7.11.1664 under Capt. John Golding (killed 13.4.1665); took (with Yarmouth) Dutch 32-gun Eendracht and 18-gun Windhout in the North Sea 13.4.1665. Later in 17.4.1665 under Capt. John King (died 16.9.1668); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Centre division) 4.6.1666, losing 2 killed and 2 wounded. On 18.5.1671 under Capt. John Holmes (-1.1.1672), with

Spragge’s squadron in the Mediterranean; in action on 25.12.1671. On 3.2.1672 under Capt. Levi Greene (-3.3.1672), then on 6.3.1672 under Capt. Thomas Fowles (-10.6.1672); in attack on Smyrna ships 14.3.1672; at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron) 28.5.1672. On 13.6.1672 under Capt. George Canning (-5.4.1673), then on 7.4.1673 under Capt. John Shelly (-12.2.1674); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. On 13.2.1674 under Capt. Robert Robinson (-14.6.1674). On 15.6.1674 under Capt. Richard Griffiths (-11.7.1675), with Marlborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean, then to America. On 4.4.1677 under Capt. John Wood (-31.12.1679), to the Mediterranean. On 27.3.1680 under Capt. James Storey (-16.4.1680), then on 17.4.1680 under Capt. Richard Dickenson (-2.1.1682), to the Mediterranean. On 22.4.1682 under Capt. Daniel Jones (-19.11.1685), to Newfoundland; to Jamaica 1684–85. On 30.8.1688 under Capt. Benjamin Walters; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. On 22.7.1691 under Capt. Richard Cotton (died 28.1.1692); with Wrenn’s reinforcement to the West Indies. On 29.1.1692 under Capt. Christopher Maund; in action off Desirade 21.2.1692. Later in 1692 under Capt. Henry Wickham; captured by the French 20.9.1693 (Wickham court-marshalled and imprisoned for life); not added to French Navy. In March 1652 the Commonwealth Navy included ten ships each of 34 guns and 150 men (Nonsuch, Portsmouth, President; the six ships of the 1650 Programme; and the more recent Sapphire), six ships each of 32 guns and 150 men (Adventure, Assurance and the four ships of the 1647 Programme), the purchased Constant Warwick of 32 guns and 140 men; two older ships (Providence and Expedition) each of 30 guns and 120 men; and the new Ruby and Diamond, each of 40 guns and 150 men. This total excluded ten other assorted ships captured or purchased rather than built — Amity, Convertine, Discovery, Fox Gillyflower, Guinea, John, Marygold, Satisfaction and Success. Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1652–54). During this period, the Commonwealth Navy seized a number of substantial Dutch warships and merchantmen, which were added to the English forces chiefly as Fourth Rates. Most were disposed of shortly after the war, and some of the survivors were re-classed

as Fifth Rates by 1660. Few details were recorded of some of these vessels, and the list below may be incomplete. The actual ordnance was generally unspecified. [White] Raven (Dutch ...), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 140 at end 1653. Guns: 38 at end 1653. Taken 2.1652. Forecastle added 1.1653. Commissioned by 4.1652 under Capt. Robert Taylor; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron, Van division) 2–3.6.1653. In 1654 under Capt. Henry Southwood; taken by Dutch privateers off St Abbs Head 11.4.1654. Hound (Dutch Hasewind, of Zeeland), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 120 at end 1653. Guns: 36 at end 1653. Taken 31.5.1652 in the Channel. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Goulding; at Battle of Dungeness 29.11.1652. In 1653 under Capt. Jonathan Hyde (-1654); at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653; at Portsmouth in winter 1653–54. In 1655 under Capt. Richard Rooth, later Capt. John Blythe, with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies. Hulked 1656. BU at Jamaica 1660. Princess Maria (Dutch Prinses Royaal Maria, built 1643), 38 guns. Dimensions & tons: 114ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 12ft 0in. 442 5/94 bm. Men: 170 at end 1653. Guns: 38 at end 1653. Taken 18.6.1652 (impounded in the Downs on the outbreak of war). Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Edward Witheridge (-1653); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. In 2.1653 under Capt. Henry Kirby; at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. John Lloyd (-1656); with Blake’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1654–55; at Tunis 4.4.1655. In 1657 under Capt. John Grimsditch (-1658); wrecked on the Goodwin Sands 8.2.1658. Dolphin (Dutch Dolfijn, on hire to Dutch East India Company), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 120 at end 1653. Guns: 30 at end 1653. Taken 27.6.1652 off Yarmouth. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. William Badiley. In 1653 under Capt. Robert Davis. In 1654 under Capt. John Smith. Sold 1657. Sophia (or Speaker’s Prize) (Dutch Sophia, from Cadiz silver fleet),

Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 324 (323 58/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 13ft 0in. Men: 160 initially, later 130/100/70. Guns: 38 initially, later 34/26. Taken 11 or 12.1652 by Speaker. Arrived at Dover 3.12.1652 and fitted by Order 10.1.1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Anthony Kirk. Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Kirkby (-1654); at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. On 14.11.1660 under Capt. John Wood (-2.10.1661), then on 3.10.1661 under Capt. Abraham Holditch (-23.12.1661). In 1665 under Capt. John Andrews, then 21.4.1666 under Capt. John Anderson (-31.3.1667). Sold ‘as useless’ 10.1667. The next six ships below were first recorded in December 1652, as fitting out. They had been selected for naval service from nearly thirty large prizes which were in the Thames on 9.12.1652, some having lain there for many months, and original capture dates are unknown. Stork (Dutch Ooievaar), 36 guns Dimensions & tons: 97ft 0in keel x 27ft 9in x 12ft 6in. 397 30/94 bm. Draught 11ft 9in. Men: 180 initially. (2 as hulk). Guns: 36. Taken 1652. Fitting out 12.1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Roger Harman. Hulked 6.1653 to carry ballast and guns to ships ‘as she is too old and shattered for any other service’. Sold 11.1663. Violet (Dutch ...), 44 guns. Dimensions & tons: 98ft 0in keel x 28ft 0in x 12ft 6in. 408 64/94 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 180 initially. (2 as hulk). Guns: 44 initially; 40 in 1653. Taken 1652. Fitting out 12.1652. Stored and victualled by AO 29.12.1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Henry Southwood; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Rear division) 2–3.6.1653. Hulked at Woolwich ‘for setting of masts, etc’ by AO 3.12.1653. BU 1672. Heartsease (Dutch ...), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 150 at end 1653. Guns: 36 at end 1653. Taken 1652. Fitting out 12.1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Thomas Wright (-1655); at Battle of the

Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at St Helens in winter 1653–54; with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies 1655. Sold 1656. Welcome (Dutch ...), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 82ft 0in keel x 29ft 0in x 10ft 7in. 365 (366 77/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 200 in 1653. 120 in 1660, later 150/120/100 (as a fireship 40/36/36). Guns: 40 in 1653. 36 in 1660, later 36/30 (as a fireship 6). Taken 1652. Fitting out 12.1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. John Harman; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653. Lengthened 7.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Thomas Bennett (-1654). In 1655 under Capt. Thomas Bunn. On 15.9.1665 under Capt. Michael Lindsey (died 3.4.1667); at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Rear division) 1– 4.1666, losing 7 killed and 13 wounded. Scuttled 11.6.1667 as blockship during Dutch raid on the Medway; raised 10.1667 but found to be fit only to serve as a fireship, to which she was converted. Recommissioned 13.6.1669 under Capt. John Shelley (-1.8.1670), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. Reconverted to a Fifth Rate in 1671, then a fireship again in 1673. On 25.3.1673 under Capt. Abraham Goodhart (killed 4.6.1673); at 2nd Battle of Schooneveld 4.6.1673, when expended. Bear (Dutch 42-gun Beer), 46 guns. Dimensions & tons: 106ft 0in keel x 26ft 6in x 12ft 0in. 407 (395 89/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 200 at end 1653, later 170/120/80. Guns: 46 at end 1653, later 42/36. Taken 1652. Fitting out 12.1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Peter Mootham. Later in 1653 under Capt. Francis Kirby; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Van division) 2– 3.6.1653. In 1655 under Capt. Richard Rooth, later in 1655 under Capt. Jeffrey Dare (-1657), with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies. On 24.6.1660 under Capt. John Wilgress (-3.9.1661), for Jamaica. On 27.8.1664 under Capt. John Ableson (-30.1.1665), then 3.2.1665 under Capt. Edward Leventhorpe (died 8.2.1665). On 13.2.1665 under Capt. John Waterworth (-13.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 14.6.1665 under Capt. John Steward (-18.1.1666); paid off at Woolwich, and given up to the Ordnance Board later in 1666.

Tulip (Dutch ...), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 120 at end 1653. Guns: 32 at end 1653. Taken 1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Joseph Cubitt; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. John Clarke (-1654); in the Thames for winter 1653–54. Later in 1654 under Capt. Jeffrey Dare (-1655), with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies. Sold 1657. Sampson (Dutch mercantile Samsun of the silver fleet from Cadiz), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. (Not to be confused with earlier prize Sampson, a Fifth Rate.) Men: 140 at end 1653; later 120. Guns: 36 at end 1653; later 32. Taken 1.12.1652 by Diamond, and carried into Plymouth, where fitted 1– 3.1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Plumleigh; at Plymouth for winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Capt. John Hubbard; with Penn’s fleet to the West Indies 1655. Sold 1658. Cardiff (Dutch Fortun), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, c. 300 bm. Men: 130 at end 1653. Guns: 36 at end 1653 (also quoted as 18). Taken Plate 1652. Fitting at Bristol 2.1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Storey (-1654). In 1654 under Capt. John Grove (-1655); with Penn’s fleet to the West Indies. Sold 1658 in Jamaica. Five of the prizes taken at the Battle of Portland were classed as Fourth Rates. Black Raven (Dutch merchantman Zwarte Raaf). 38 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, c. 300 bm. Men: 150 at end 1653. Guns: 38 at end 1653. Taken 18.2.1653 at the Battle of Portland. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Samuel Dickenson (-1654); in the Thames for winter 1653–54. Sold 1654. Estridge (Ostrich) (Dutch Vogelstruys or Struisvogel, former Dutch East Indiaman, built 1640 at Amsterdam), Dimensions & tons: 116ft 0in keel x 36ft 3in x 17ft 0in. 811 (810 75/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 19ft 0in.

Men: (2 as hulk). Guns: nil in English service. Taken 18.2.1653 by Oak at the Battle of Portland. No record of commissioning before 1667. Hulked 1653. Converted to a fireship in 1667. Commissioned 13.6.1667 under Capt. John Perryman (-19.9.1667). Sunk as a foundation at Sheerness 1679. [Golden] Cock (Dutch Vergulde Haan, built 1652 as Middelburg Directors’ ship), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 140 at end 1653. Guns: 36 at end 1653. Taken 18.2.1653 at the Battle of Portland. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Edmund Chapman (killed 31.7.1653); at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. John Edwin. Later in 1653 under Capt. William Garrett (-1655); at Chatham in winter 1653–54; with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies 1655. Sold 1656. [Great] Charity (Dutch mercantile Groote Liefde, built as Amsterdam Directors’ ship), 44/36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 106ft 0in keel x 28ft 4in 110n. 452 59/94. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 130 at end 1653; 170/130/100 in 1665. Guns: 44 at end 1653; 46/36 in 1665. Taken 18.2.1653 at the Battle of Portland. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. James Cary. Later in 1653 under Capt. Andrew Dennis, then (still 1653) Capt. James Terry; at Portsmouth for winter 1653–54. In 1655 under Capt. Leonard Harris, with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies. From 1656 simply called Charity. In 1656 under Capt. Thomas Bunn. In 1659 under Capt. Bartholomew Ketcher, for operations in the Sound. In 1661 under Capt. William Poole. Recommissioned 18.3.1664 under Capt. Robert Wilkinson; at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665, when retaken by the Dutch. Little Charity (Dutch mercantile Gecroonde Liefde), 38 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, c. 500 bm. Men: 150 at end 1653. Guns: 38 at end 1653. Taken 18.2.1653 at the Battle of Portland. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. William Whitehorne, later under Capt. John Jeffreys, then (still 1653) Capt. Leonard Harris (-1654). Later in 1654

under Capt. Robert Haytubb. Sold 1656. Five of the prizes taken at the Gabbard were classed as Fourth Rates. Elias (Dutch Elias), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 101ft 0in keel x 27ft 6in x 11ft 6in. 406 26/94 bm. Draught 14ft 6in. Men: 140 at end 1653; 110 in 1660; later 130/110/80. Guns: 36 at end 1653 and in 1660, later 36/30. Taken 4.6.1653 at the Battle of the Gabbard. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Edward Moorcock. Later in 1653 under Capt. John Best (-1654), in the Western Approaches in winter 1653–54; then under Capt. John Simonds (-1655), with Blake’s squadron in the Mediterranean. In 1657 under Capt. William Ledgant (died 1658), then Capt. John Grimsditch (1659) and subsequently Capt. Mark Harrison (-1660), for operations in the Sound. On 16.10.1661 under Capt. Richard Teate (-26.1.1663); with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier and Lisbon 1662. On 4.3.1663 under Capt. William Hill; with Nicholls’s squadron to capture of New Amsterdam (New York); foundered en route home from New England 19.10.1664 (Hill and 20 men rescued by the Martin). (Note that there was at the same time another Elias, a Spanish ship acquired 1656 which was hulked in 1657 and served us such until 1684 — see Chapter 7.) Westergate (Dutch Westergo, built Friesland 1652), 34 guns. Dimensions & tons: 86ft 0in keel x 24ft 6in x 11ft 6in. 273 (274 55/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 13ft 0in. Men: 140 at end 1653, later 100/80/70 as Fifth Rate. Guns: 34 at end 1653, later 30/24 as Fifth Rate. Taken 4.6.1653 at the Battle of the Gabbard. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Samuel Hawkes (-1656); to the West Indies 1655–56. On 15.1.1664 under Capt. Samuel Titsell, to Jamaica; lost, presumed foundered with all hands after sailing from Jamaica c. 20.8.1664. Mathias (Dutch Sint Mattheus. built as Amsterdam Directors’ ship), 52/44 guns. Dimensions & tons: 108ft 0in keel x 32ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 588 24/94 bm. Draught 16ft 6in. Men: 150, later 250/200/160. Guns: initially 38, 52/44 at end 1653. In 1666 actually had 52 (comprising 22 x 24pdrs, 2 culverins, 6 demi-culverins,

18 x 8pdrs and 4 sakers). Taken 4.6.1653 at the Battle of the Gabbard. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Philip Gethings. Later in 1653 under Capt. John White (-1654), at Chatham for winter 1653–54; with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies 1655. In 1656 under Capt. Francis Parke. On 29.5.1664 under Capt. John Hubbard (-21.2.1666), then on 23.2.1666 under Capt. Peter Bowen (-8.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, losing two killed. On 10.6.1666 under Capt. Henry Millet, as guard ship at Chatham; burnt by Dutch during raid on the Medway 12.6.1667. Half Moon (Dutch Halve Maan, built as Monnickendam or Edam Directors’ ship), 34 guns. Dimensions & tons: 97ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 10ft 8in. 322 44/94 bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 130/90/70. Guns: 36 at end 1653; later 34/28. Taken 4.6.1653 at the Battle of the Gabbard (fitting out in 6.1653). Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Bartholomew Ketcher; at St Helen’s in winter 1653–54; with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies 1655–56- Later in 1654 under Capt. Willoughby Hannum (-1655). In 1656 under Capt. James Strutt (-1658). Sold 11.1660. Rosebush (Dutch Rozeboom, Amsterdam Directors’ ship, built Amsterdam 1653), 32 guns Dimensions & tons: 84ft 0in keel x 24ft 6in x 11ft 6in. 268 18/94 bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 130, later 100/85/70. Guns: 32, later 24. Taken 4.6.1653 at the Battle of the Gabbard (fitting out in 6.1653). Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Valentine Tatnell (-1654); at St Helen’s in winter 1653–54. Later in 1654 under Capt. Richard Hodges (-1656), with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies 1655–56. In 1660 under Capt. Seth Hawley, for Iceland fishery protection. In 1660 under Capt. John Browne. Hulked at Harwich 10.1664. Sold 11.1668. Indian (Dutch East Indiaman 60-gun Roos van Amsterdam, built Amsterdam), 60/50 guns. Dimensions & tons: 114ft 0in keel x 33ft 8in x 14ft 0in. 687 28/94 bm. Draught 17ft 0in. Men: 180/140/110. Guns: initially 44, later 60/50. Taken 13.4.1654.

Commissioned 1655 under Capt. James Terry, with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies. In 1659 under Capt. Charles Wager, for operations in the Sound. Sold 6.11.1660. EARLY 1652 PROGRAMME. On 16 February 1652 the Council of State ordered the Navy Committee to contract for timber and planking ‘fit for building six frigates’ and the following day instructed that six frigates were to be built over the summer. Two ‘of the same dimensions as Ruby and Diamond’ were ordered on 1 April to be built by contract (Sussex and Kentish), although both were completed as Third Rates (Kentish later reverted to Fourth Rate). On 9 April Peter Pett was ordered to build two at Deptford (Essex and Hampshire); however, of the latter the Essex was completed as a Third Rate (see Chapter 3). The two final vessels of this group were ordered to be built be contract during the summer, the Portland by Taylor and the Newcastle by Phineas Pett, but the latter was completed as the first of a new ‘broad-beam’ group (see below). Sussex Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Tippetts] Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 600 bm. Men: 180 in 1653. Guns: 46 in 1653. Ord: 1.4.1652. L: late 1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Roger Cuttance; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Rear division) 2– 3.6.1653; blown up by accident at Portsmouth 9.12.1653. Kentish Henry Johnson, Deptford. Dimensions & tons: 107ft 0in keel x 32ft 6in x 13ft 6in. 601 15/94 bm (also reported as 104ft 0in keel, 584 29/94 bm). Draught 16ft 0in. Men: 180 in late 1653; 150 in 1660; 170 in 1666; later 180/140/110. Guns: 40 in 1660. Nominally 46/36 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 4 sakers); actually carried 50 in 1666 (comprising 2 demi-cannon, 20 culverins, 22 demi-culverins, 2 x 6pdrs and 4 sakers). Ord: 1.4.1652. L: 11.1652. First cost: £3,906.10.0d (601 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Jacob Reynolds; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Centre division) 2– 3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Edward Witheridge; at Chatham for winter 1653–54; with Blake’s squadron to the Mediterranean 1654–55;

at Tunis 4.4.1655. In 1656 under Capt. James Abelson, later in 1656 under Capt. Willoughby Hannum; with Blake’s fleet; to the Channel 7.1656; with Stoakes’s squadron at Tunis 1.1658; in the Downs 1660. Renamed Kent at the Restoration of Charles II. On 1.4.1663 under Capt. Thomas Tiddiman (-21.5.1664). On 22.5.1664 under Capt. Benjamin Gilpin (-13.6.1664), then 14.6.1664 under Capt. John Kempthorne (-3.10.1664) and 4.10.1664 under Capt. Thomas Ewens (dismissed 14.6.1666); in Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (probably White squadron, Rear division) 3–4.6.1666, losing 5 killed and 8 wounded. On 7.6.1666 under Capt. John Silver (died 20.1.1668); in St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 5.6.1668 under Capt. Sir John Holmes (-3.8.1668). On 2.4.1670 under Capt. Roger Strickland (-28.8.1771). On 1.8.1672 under Capt. John Wood; bilged on the Lemon & Ower sandbank off Great Yarmouth 15.10.1672, and broke up. Hampshire Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright probably Christopher Pett] Dimensions & tons: 118ft 0in, 101ft 9in x 29ft 9in x 13ft 0in. 479 1/94 bm. Men: 180 in late 1653; 130 in 1660; 160 in 1666; later 220/185/140. Guns: 40 in late 1653; 38 in 1660. Nominally 42 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 12 culverins, 16 demi-culverins and 14 sakers); actually carried 40 (with only 10 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs). Nominally 46 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 22 culverins, 20 x 8pdrs and 4 sakers). Still 46 under the 1685 Establishment (but now comprising 20 culverins, 20 x 8pdrs, 4 minions and 2 x 3pdrs). Ord: 9.4.1652. L: 4.1653. First cost: £3,592.10.0d (479 tons @ £7.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Blake II (-1655), for the Western Approaches in winter 1653–54; with (General-at-Sea) Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1654–55. In 1656–57 under Capt. Robert Storey, with Blake’s fleet; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657; with Stoakes’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1659. In 1660 under Capt. Henry Tearne, at the Restoration of Charles II; re-appointed 26.3.1661 (-26.12.1662); in 1661 with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier and in the Mediterranean; at Algiers 31.7.1661. On 30.5.1664 under Capt. George Batts (-7.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; in Four Days’ Battle (probably Blue squadron, Van division) 3–4.6.1666. On 12.6.1666 under Capt. William Coleman (-18.12.1667); at St James’s

Day Fight (White squadron, Read division) 25.7.1666; in attack on Dutch shipping in the Vlie (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’) 9–10.8.1666. On 1.4.1669 under Capt. Richard Beach (-9.2.1672), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean; leading detached squadron (with Portsmouth, Jersey and Centurion) destroyed six Algerine corsairs of between 28 and 34 guns each in 1670 (in ‘Beach’s Action’). On 3.9.1672 under Capt. Richard Griffith (-16.10.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 24.11.1673 under Capt. Casibe Cain Burton (died 8.4.1674). On 12.11.1677 under Capt. Edward Pym (died 5.7.1680); in the Mediterranean 1678; capture of 32-gun Calabash near Tangier 11.4.1680. On 11.7.1680 under Capt. George Rooke (-12.1.1682), in the Mediterranean. Rebuilt 1686 at Deptford (see below). Portland Capt. John Taylor, Wapping. Dimensions & tons: 105ft 0in keel x 32ft 11in (30ft 11in) x 13ft 0in (13ft 4). 605 14/94 bm. Men: 180 in late 1653; 150 in 1660; 180 in 1666; later 240/210/155. Guns: 42 in late 1653; 40 in 1660; 48 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 24 demi-culverins and 2 sakers). Ord: late 1652. L: 1653. First cost: £3,932.10.0d (605 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1653 under Capt. William Rouse; [possibly at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653?]; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Edward Blagg, at Plymouth for winter 1653– 54. In 1655 under Capt. Edward Newberry, with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies; with Goodson’s fleet in the West Indies 1655–57. In 1656 under Capt. Henry Powell (-1657). On 29.3.1661 under Capt. Edward Spragge (-20.12.1662), with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier; at Algiers 31.7.1652; later with Lawson’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 8.9.1664 under Capt. Christopher Myngs (-20.1.1665). On 21.1.1665 under Capt. John Aylett (-13.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Centre division) 1–4.1666, losing 1 killed and 4 wounded. On 14.6.1666 under Capt. Richard Haddock (-9.11.1667). On 10.10.1667 (sic!) under Capt. John Pearse (died 24.7.1668). On 16.11.1668 under Capt. John Hart (-23.9.1670), with Allin’s squadron in the

Mediterranean; destruction of Gilt Lime Tree 7.9.1669 (Golden Flowerpot). On 8.2.1672 under Capt. Thomas Guy (-3.11.1672), then on 5.11.1672 under Capt. John Shelly (-5.4.1673). On 6.4.1673 under Capt. George Canning (-10.8.1674), at Jamaica. On 6.4.1677 under Capt. Richard James (died 20.1.1680), in the Mediterranean. In 1688 under Capt. George Aylmer (killed 1.5.1689); at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. Later in 1689 under Capt. Thomas Ley; in Londonderry operations 1689; in the Mediterranean 1690–2; burnt to avoid capture by the French near Málaga 12.4.1692.

A drawing by the elder Van de Velde of Portland, probably done about 1660 because the ship still sports Commonwealth-style decoration. It is not visible in this view, but these ships usually had a twelfth lower deck gunport right forward in the luff of the bow, although it was not regularly armed. Nominally of around 40 guns, many Commonwealth Fourth Rates could mount 50 or more guns by arming the upperworks. National Maritime Museum PW6763.

LATER 1652 PROGRAMME. Under the ‘Thirty Ships’ Programme adopted by Parliament on 28.9.1652 (of which only twenty ships were actually ordered, the last batch of ten being omitted following the close of the Second Dutch War), the second group of ten (authorised by the Council of State on 27.12.1652) included six ships of 100ft length, contracted for at £6.10.0d per ton. Two further ships under this programme were completed to

a broader design (see Winsby and Yarmouth below), while the remaining pair were never built. On 1.10.1653 the Admiralty ordered a further ‘400-ton’ Fourth Rate to be built at £5.5.0d per ton from Francis Baylie (this became the Nantwich, which was actually built to a similar size to the rest of this 100ft group). All were intended from the start to carry 40 guns on two full gun decks, and with a large quarterdeck (at the onset with no guns here), and they still had this total in 1660, but by the 1666 Establishment each had from 46 to 52 guns, which comprised 22 culverins on the LD and 20 demi-culverins on the UD, with the balance being a varying number of sakers on the QD. By 1677 all six survivors had an identical ordnance establishment of 48 guns, comprising LD 22 culverins, UD 20 x 6pdrs and QD 6 sakers. Most seemed to have twelve pairs on gunports on the LD and a similar number on the UD, while the provision on the QD varied. Men: 140 (1660), except Gainsborough 150. Guns: 40 (1660). Gainsborough Thomas Taylor, Pitch House, Wapping. Dimensions & tons: 100ft 10in keel x 31ft 10in x 13ft 0in. 543 48/94 bm. Men: 180 in 1666, later 230/200/150. Guns: 48 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 6 sakers); actually carried 46 (composition unclear). Later 48/42. L: 1653. First cost: £3,529.10.0(1 (543 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1655 under Capt. William Whitehorne. In 1656 under Capt. Nicholas Heaton (-1660); in the Western Approaches 6.1660. Renamed Swallow at the Restoration 1660. On 23.5.1664 under Capt. Richard Hodges (killed 4.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Van division) 4.6.1666, losing 1 killed (Hodges) and 10 wounded. On 9.6.1666 under Capt. Bernard Ludman (-27.12.1667); in St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. On 10.4.1668 under Capt. John Tyrwhit (-5.9.1668), then 1.3.1669 under Capt. John Lloyd (-9.1.1672). On 1.3.1673 under Capt. George Watson (-8.7.1673), then 9.7.1673 under Capt. Edward Russell (-15.10.1674); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673; to the Straits 10.1673; in the Mediterranean 1674. On 27.4.1675 under Capt. Thomas Fowler (-2.6.1677), with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 29.4.1678 under Capt. Joseph Haddock (-3.10.1678), then 1.10.1678 under Fowler again

(-1.6.1681), in the Channel. On 28.10.1681 under Capt. Henry Carverth (died 12.12.1683); convoy to herring ships. In 1688 under Capt. Matthew Aylmer, with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 1689 under Capt. Wolfran Cornwall, in Londonderry operations. In 1690 under Capt. Benjamin Walters; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1690 under Capt. William Bridges, in the Mediterranean; wrecked at Kinsale 9.2.1692. Preston William Carey, Woodbridge. Dimensions & tons: 101ft 0in keel x 30ft 0in x 14ft 1in. 483 48/94 bm. Later reported as: 101ft 0in keel x 31ft 0in x 13ft 0in. 516 26/94 bm. Draught 16ft 0in. Men: 190 in 1666, later 230/200/150. Guns: 52 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 10 sakers); actually carried 52 in 1666 (comprising 22 x 12pdrs vice culverins, 24 demiculverins, 4 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs). Later 48/42. L: 11.1653. First cost: £3,142.15.0d (483 1/2 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Philip Gethings (-1656). In 1656 under Capt. Robert Robinson (-1660), in operations in the Sound 1659; in the Straits 1660. Renamed Antelope 1660. In 1660 still under Robinson, in the Mediterranean. On 24.11.1663 under Capt. Robert Clerke (-27.3.1665); with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1664. On 26.3.1665 under Capt. John Chicheley (-8.10.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665; capture of Dutch 54-gun Seven Oaks 3/4.9.1665. On 2.10.1665 under Capt. Frescheville Holies (-8.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Centre division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 21 killed and 30 wounded. On 10.6.1666 under Capt. Francis Willshaw (-5.11.1668); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. On 19.1.1672 under Capt. Roger Strickland (-28.2.1672). On 7.3.1672 under Capt. Richard White (-1.5.1673); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Van squadron) 28.5.1672; later in the North Sea. On 2.5.1673 under Capt. Gustavus l’Holstein (-18.4.1674), with the Fleet and then in the North Sea. On 3.2.1678 under Capt. Lawrence Wright (-13.5.1678), then on 18.5.1678 under Capt. Henry Priestman (-20.3.1680); to Newfoundland 1679. On 20.5.1680 under Capt. James Storey (died 2.5.1682); to the Mediterranean 1681. In 9.1688 under Capt. Hugh

Ridley; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. On 22.3.1689 under Capt. Henry Wickham; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689, later in Londonderry operation; in the West Indies 1690–2; in action off Désirade 21.2.1692. Later in 1692 under Capt Christopher Maund (died 17.3.1692). Sold 11.6.1693. Maidstone John Munday, Woodbridge. Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 31ft 6in x 13ft 0in. 527 74/94 bm. Draught 16ft 0in. Later reported as: 101ft 10in keel x 32ft 1in x 13ft 3in. 557 52/94 bm. Men: 190 in 1666, later 230/200/150. Guns: 50 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 8 sakers); actually carried 52 in 1666 (with 2 additional demi-culverins). Later 48/42. L: 11.1653. First cost: £3,432 (528 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Thomas Adams; with Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. Later in 1657 under Capt. Thomas Penrose, for operations in the Sound. In 1660 under Capt. Thomas Pomeroy; at Gravesend 6.1660. Renamed Mary Rose 1660. On 1.1.1662 under Capt. Joseph Cubitt (died 24.7.1663); to West Indies in 1662 (home in 1663). On 4.12.1664 under Capt. William Reeves (-8.7.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 21.7.1665 under Capt. Thomas Darcy (-13.1.1669); in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Rear division) 4.6.1666, losing 6 killed and 3 wounded; at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 22.2.1669 under Capt. John Kempthorne (-13.6.1670); in action against seven Algerine warships in the Straits of Gibraltar 29.12.1669 (losing 12 killed, 18 wounded). On 1.3.1671 under Capt. William Davies (-12.6.1672); in Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 24.6.1672 under Capt. Thomas Hamilton (-31.12.1675); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673; in the Mediterranean 1674–75, with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1675. On 4.10.1675 under Capt. William Copow (-31.12.1675). On 24.7.1677 under Capt. Charles Wylde (-19.4.1678). On 20.4.1678 under Capt. Charles Talbot (-7.6.1680), in the Channel then to Newfoundland; home in 1679. On 18.8.1681 under Capt. John

Ashby (-9.8.1684), to the Mediterranean. On 19.6.1685 under Capt. John Temple (died 1687); to Barbadoes 1686. On 26.7.1687 under Capt. Ralph Wrenn, at Barbados (-9.1688). In 1691 under Capt. John Bounty; taken (with Constant Warwick) 12.7.1691 by a French squadron off Portugal; became French Le Vaillant. Dover William Castle, Shoreham. Dimensions & tons: 104ft 0in keel x 31ft 8in x 13ft 0in. 554 68/94 bm. Later 118ft 6in, 100ft 0in x 32ft 6in x 12ft 11in. 561 78/94 bm. Draught 16ft 0in. Men: 170 in 1666, later 230/200/150. Guns: 46 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 4 sakers); actually carried 52 in 1666 (6 additional demi-culverins). Later 48/42. L: 1.1654. First cost: £3,604.5.0d (554 1/2 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Edward Moorcock. Later in 1654 under Capt. Robert Sanders, for Penn’s fleet in the West Indies; recommissioned in the West Indies. In 1656 under Capt. John Blythe, with Goodson’s fleet in 1655–57. In 1658 under Capt. Robert Martin (-1660); with Stoakes’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1658–59; in the North Sea 6.1660. On 9.7.1660 under Capt. Thomas Allin (-24.8.1660), then 26.8.1660 under Capt. John Hayward (-18.10.1662); with Sandwich’s squadron to Tangier and Lisbon 1662. On 16.5.1664 under Capt. Edward Spragge (-27.10.1664). On 28.10.1665 under Capt. Jeffrey Pearse (-3.9.1668); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; in action of 3–4.9.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 3 killed and 12 wounded; in St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 1.9.1671 under Capt. John Berry (-8.4.1672), then 9.4.1672 under Capt. John Ernie (-4.6.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672, losing 20 killed and 30 wounded. On 10.6.1672 under Capt. Christopher Mason (-28.7.1674); to the Straits 7.1673 and then in the Mediterranean. On 8.5.1678 under Capt. John Kempthorne, Jnr (-19.10.1678), in the Channel. In 5.1679 under Capt. David Lloyd, for Newfoundland. In 7.1681 under Capt. Daniel Dering; to Ireland 1682 and later to Tangier. In 1688 under Capt. Cloudisley Shovell (-1689); with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 4.1689 under Capt. John Munden, then 5.1689 Capt. John Jennifer and 6.1689 Capt. George Byng. In

5.1690 under Capt. Edward Whitaker; capture of 14-gun Le Lion Eveillé, 26-gun Le St Antoine and 16-gun La Mariana 27.1.1693. In 1693 under Capt. William Cross, in the Irish Sea. In 1694 under Capt. Andrew Douglas, off Dunkirk. Rebuilt at Portsmouth 1695 (see below).

One of the most celebrated actions of the period was the defence of a Mediterranean convoy in December 1669 against seven Algerine cruisers of between 40 and 28 guns by the Mary Rose, supported only by the ketch Roe. This annotated engraving shows six of the Algerines attacking in succession (the seventh is on the horizon chasing a merchantman), with the Mary Rose on the engaged side of her charges. The action lasted four hours at the end of which the Algerines retired and the convoy escaped unscathed. Beverley R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.77.

Taunton William Castle, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 100ft 6in keel x 31ft 8in x 13ft 0in. 536 5/94 bm. Men: 170 in 1666, later 230/200/150. Guns: 48 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 6 sakers); actually carried 48 in 1666, but with 4 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs vice 6 sakers. Later 48/42. L: early 1654.

First cost: £3,484 (536 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Richard Lyons; in the Thames in winter 1653–54. Later in 1654 under Capt. Thomas Vallis, with Blake in the Mediterranean; at Tunis 4.4.1655. In 1656 under Lyons again (resigned), then under Capt. Nathaniel Brown (-1660), with Blake’s fleet; home in 7.1656, then rejoined Blake; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. Renamed Crown at the Restoration in 1660. On 29.3.1661 under Capt. Richard Beach (-17.2.1663), with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier 1661; with Lawson’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1662. On 1.2.1665 under Capt. Charles Wager (died 24.2.1666), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 1.2.1666 under Capt. George Chappie (died 4.7.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Centre division) 1– 4.6.1666, losing 8 killed and 15 wounded. On 5.7.1666 under Capt. William Godfrey (-18.2.1667). On 21.2.1667 under Capt. William Poole (-19.12.1668). On 21.3.1670 under Capt. William Finch (-30.8.1772); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 31.8.1672 under Capt. Richard Sadlington (killed 4.6.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673. On 5.6.1673 under Capt. Richard Carter (10.10.1674); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673; in the Mediterranean 1674. On 11.11.1680 under Capt. David Lloyd (-30.10.1683), in the Mediterranean. On 1.7.1685 under Capt. Thomas Roome Coyle (-1686), in Home Waters. In 8.1686 under Capt. John Neville; Turkey convoy 1687. In 9.1688 under Capt. Robert Robinson; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. Rebuilt 1689 at Woolwich (see below).

This is effectively a modern copy by Henry Culver of a seventeenth-century model whose condition deteriorated beyond saving. However, before it crumbled away, a cast was taken of it so the hull shape is accurate, and some of the original carved work was also preserved and applied to the new model. It clearly represents a big Fourth Rate of about 1655, with one more port on the upper deck than the lower. This somewhat unusual feature is known to have been a hallmark of ships built by William Castle, so the model may be the Dover or Taunton of 1654. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 50.

Jersey Mr Starling, Maldon (‘Maudlin’). Dimensions & tons: 101ft 10in keel x 32ft 2in x 13ft 3in. 560 43/94 tons. Draught 15ft 6in. Men: 190 in 1666, later 230/200/150. Guns: 50 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 8 sakers), actually carried 48 in 1666 (2 fewer sakers) which later tallied with the 1677 Establishment (48/42) composition. L: 1654. First cost: £3,640 (560 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1654 under Capt. James Terry. In 1656 under Capt. John Seaman, for Blake’s fleet (until 7.1656; rejoined at end of year). In 1656

under Capt. John Simonds (-1660); at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657; with Stoakes’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1658–59; in operations in the Sound 1659; in the Straits 1660. In 1663 under Capt. Robert Holmes. On 29.3.1664 under Capt. John Holmes (-29.3.1665). On 31.1.1665 under Capt. Hugh Hide (died 16.3.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 19.3.1666 under Capt. JeanBaptiste du Tiel (dismissed 7.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 7 killed and 9 wounded. On 8.6.1666 under Capt. Francis Digby (-22.1.1667); dismasted 24.7.1666; with Sir Robert Robinson’s squadron 25.12.1666. On 1.4.1669 under Capt. William Poole (-26.6.1671), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 29.7.1672 under Capt. Lucas Walsh (-23.3.1673), with Narborough’s squadron to Tangier and Levant trade. In 1675 under Capt. Richard Trevanion?. On 24.11.1677 under Capt. Richard Griffith (-19.3.1678). On 20.3.1678 under Capt. John Temple (-21.7.1679), for Jamaica. In 1686 under Capt. Sir William Jennings, as guard ship at Portsmouth. In 1688–89 under Capt. John Beverley; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 4.1689 under Capt. George Mees. In 1690 under Capt. William Tollemache, in the Irish Sea; to West Indies in 10.1690. In 1691 under Capt. John Bomstead; captured by two French warships off Guadeloupe 18.12.1691; destroyed in Bertheaume Bay by Monmouth, Resolution and fireship Roebuck 10.5.1694. Nantwich Francis Bayley, Bristol Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 31ft 0in x 12ft 8in. 511 16/94 bm. Draught 15ft 6in. Men: 180/140/110 (1666). Guns: 48 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 6 sakers); actually carried 46 in 1666 (2 fewer sakers). Ord: 1.10.1653. L: 13.3.1655. First cost: £2,682.15.0d (511 tons @ £5.5.0d per ton). Commissioned 1655 under Capt. John Jeffreys; joined Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 8.1655; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657. In 1658 under Capt. Bernard Gilpin, for operations in the Sound; in the Straits 6.1660. Renamed Bredah at the Restoration 1660, still under Gilpin. On 1.6.1661 under Capt. John Hazelgrove (died 3.9.1662); with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier and Lisbon 1662. On 21.5.1664 under Capt. Robert Kirby (killed 4.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Centre

division) 3.6.1665. On 12.6.1665 under Capt. Thomas Seale (killed 2.8.1665); at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 2.8.1665. On 7.8.1666 under Capt. Joseph Sanders (died 15.8.1666); at Four Day’s Battle (with Prince Rupert’s squadron, Centre division) on 4.6.1666, losing 4 killed; at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666; wrecked on the Dutch coast during Holmes’s operations 15.8.1666. LARGE (BROAD-BEAM) GROUP (1653–60). A distinct type of large Fourth Rate (almost as large as the contemporary Third Rates) was built under the Protectorate in two batches, three vessels in 1653–54 and another two in 1659–60. The first was ordered in late 1652, with the name Newcastle being approved on 16 March 1653. Two further ships of this size were ordered under the 1652 Programme, to measure 104ft keel x 33ft broad, or 602 40/94 bm (Yarmouth and Winsby); The Admiralty Committee subsequently (according to Edmund Edgar, the shipbuilder) attempted unsuccessfully to replace his order by one for smaller ships of 1 ooft keel x 31ft (similar to the Gainsborough group above). The Council of State issued a fresh order on 29 September 1657 for a new Fourth Rate (Leopard) to be built at Deptford; this ship was intended to be of the same dimensions as the Bristol or Nantwich, but emerged as a broader vessel. Finally the Council of State gave, as its last shipbuilding instruction in August 1658, an order to build a frigate in the Forest of Dean, and this order was confirmed by the Admiralty Committee on 9 September. These last ships established a pattern for the (relatively few) new construction Fourth Rates of Charles II’s reign. These ships as built were all over 33 feet in beam, and up to 109ft in keel length. At first completed with no guns on the QD, and a total of 44 guns on the LD and UD, by 1666 they mounted a variety of armament as shown for individual vessels below (although generally better armed than the smaller Fourth Rates, none of which carried any gun larger than a culverin). By the early 1670s their ordnance was theoretically established at a common ‘fit’ of 54 guns in wartime, with 24 x 24pdrs on the LD, 22 x 6pdr sakers on the UD and 8 x 5 1/4pdrs on the QD, although by the 1685 Establishment the survivors had replaced these by culverins on the LD and demi-culverins on the UD. Men: 160 (1660), later 280/240/185. Guns: 44 in 1660; by 1677 Establishment: 54/46 guns comprising; LD 24 x 24pdrs; UD 22 x 6pdrs

(sakers); QD/Fc 8 x 5 1/4pdrs (light sakers). Newcastle Phineas Pett II, Ratcliffe. Dimensions & tons: 131ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 33ft 1in x 13ft 2in. 631 bm (628 71/94 by calc.) Draught 16ft 0in. Men: 200 in 1666, later as above. Guns: Nominally 50 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 10 demi-cannon and 12 culverins, 22 demiculverins, and 6 sakers); actually carried this, except that sakers were 2 x 6pdrs and 4 x 5 1/4pdrs. In 1685 the Establishment provided for 52 guns (24 culverins, 22 demi-culverins and 6 sakers), but the 1688 Survey listed just 44 carried (22 culverins, 18 x 18pdrs and 4 sakers). Ord: 17.2.1652. L: 5.1653. First cost: £4,101.10.0d (631 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Nathaniel Cobham; off the coast of Holland in winter 1653–54; with Blake in the Mediterranean 1654–55; at Tunis 4.4.1655. In 1656 under Capt. Philip Gethings, later in 1656 under Capt. Edmund Curtis (-1660), with Blake’s fleet; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657; in operations in the Sound 1659; in the Straits of Gibraltar 1660. On 16.3.1661 under Capt. James Smith (-13.12.1662, with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier. On 14.12.1662 under Capt. Jonas Poole (-17.1.1663), with Lawson’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 18.10.1664 under Capt. Anthony Burroughs or Samuel Burrell (-7.4.1665). On 18.10.1664 (according to records) under Capt. Thomas Page (-2.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Centre division) 1– 4.1666, losing 1 killed and 5 wounded. (In fact, Page was presumably Lieut, until his predecessor’s removal.) On 10.6.1666 under Capt. Peter Bowen (-17.6.1668); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. On 22.8.1670 under Capt. Anthony Langston (-30.6.1672), in the Mediterranean. On 1.7.1672 under Capt. John Pearce (died 9.11.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Rear division)) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. On 10.11.1673 under Capt. John Wetwang (-15.2.1676); Newfoundland convoy 1674; in the Mediterranean 1675. On 5.4.1677 under Capt. Gustavus l’Holstein (-11.3.1678), still in the Mediterranean; paid off 5.1679. Recommissioned 5.8.1680 under Capt. Edward Russell (-11.9.1682), for the Mediterranean. On 26.9.1688 under Capt. George Churchill; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. On 24.6.1689 under Capt.

David Lambert (-1691), in the Mediterranean. Rebuilt at Rotherhithe 1692 (see below).

The large fourth Rate Newcastle, identified by the bas-relief castle atop her quarter gallery. The ship had thirteen lower deck ports a side, but initially carried a mixed main battery of only twenty-two guns (including ten massive demi-cannon); later this was regularised to twenty-four culverins. Drawing by Van de Velde the Younger, about 1678. National Maritime Museum PX6243.

Happy Return, drawn about 1678 by the elder Van de Velde. The Commonwealth ‘frigates’ were generally regarded as lightly built yet despite having increased weights of metal imposed on them later, many enjoyed very long lives — in the case of this ship over half a century National Maritime Museum PZ7576.

Yarmouth Edmund Edgar, Gt. Yarmouth.

Dimensions & tons: 105ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 13ft 3in. 608 20/94 bm. Draught 17ft 0in. Men: 200 in 1666, later as above. Guns: Nominally 52 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 x 24pdrs; 2 culverins and 20 demiculverins, and 8 sakers); actually carried 54 (comprising 22 x 24pdrs; 2 culverins, 24 demi-culverins, 6 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs). Ord: 27.12.1652. L: 1653. First cost: £3,952 (608 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Mackay; with Stoakes’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1658–59. On 23.3.1660 under Capt. Charles Wager (-15.1.1663), at the Restoration of Charles II; later in the Downs; with Sandwich’s squadron in expedition to Tangier 1661–62; at Algiers 31.7.1662; later with Lawson’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 8.10.1664 under Capt. Thomas Ay cliff e (-17.2.1666); took (with Diamond) Dutch 32-gun Eendracht and 16-gun Windhout in the North Sea 13.4.1665; at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 18.2.1666 under Capt. John Lloyd (-7.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 7 killed and 40 wounded. On 11.6.1666 under Capt. John Parker (killed 25.7.1666); in St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. On 29.7.1666 under Capt. Benjamin Young (-18.12.1667), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 4.2.1672 under Capt. Robert Woerden (-13.3.1673), at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 15.3.1673 under Capt. Henry Clerke (-30.5.1673). On 1.6.1673 under Capt. John Keene (died 1.9.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. On 3.9.1673 under Capt. Ralph Lassells (-25.3.1674). On 1.5.1675 under Capt. Richard Trevanion (-31.3.1677), with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. BU by AO 5.1680. Winsby Edmund Edgar, Gt. Yarmouth. Dimensions & tons: 104ft 0in keel x 33ft 2in x 13ft 0in. 608 49/94 bm. Draught 17ft 0in. Men: 190 in 1666, later as above. Guns: Nominally 52 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 culverins, 22 demi-culverins, and 8 sakers); actually carried 2 more demi-culverins and 2 fewer sakers. In 1685 the Establishment provided for 48 guns (22 culverins, 20 demi-

culverins and 6 demi-culverin cutts), and the 1688 Survey confirmed this was actually carried. Ord: 27.12.1652. L: 21.2.1654. First cost: £3,932.10.0d (605 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Joseph Ames (-1660), for Blake’s fleet; at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.4.1657; in operations in the Sound 1659. Renamed Happy Return at the Restoration in 1660, still under Ames; in the North Sea in 6.1660. In 9.1660 under Capt. John Tyrwhit. On 31.5.1664 under Capt. Robert Moulton (-16.8.1664). On 4.10.1664 under Capt. James Lambert (-25.8.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665; at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 3.8.1665. On 28.8.1665 under Capt. Henry Cuttance (-11.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Van division) 1–4.1666. On 12.6.1666 under Capt. Francis Courtney (-11.10.1667); at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 26.6.1672 under Capt. John Stansby (died 1.4.1674); at Battles of Schoonveld (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. In 1678 under Capt. Morgan Kempthorne, in the Channel. On 5.9.1678 under Capt. Sir William Poole (-27.11.1679), with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1679. On 25.7.1681 under Capt. Sir John Wyburne (-22.4.1684), for expedition to Tangier; later to Ireland. On 20.6.1685 under Capt. Thomas Fowler (died 9.1687), in Home waters and the Mediterranean. On 2.9.1687 under Capt. Benjamin Walters. In 1689 under Capt. William Gifford, then 7.5.1689 under Capt. William Bokenham. In 1690 under Capt. William Robinson, in the Mediterranean. In 1691 under Capt. Thomas Monk, later under Capt. Peter Pickard; on convoy service (with Saint Albans) off Barfleur 2.1691; taken by French privateers off Dunkirk 4.11.1691. Retaken 4.1708 by Burford, but not re-added to Royal Navy. Leopard Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: (probable design) 108ft 0in keel x 33ft 6in x 15ft 0in. 644 65/94 bm. As built: 109ft 0in keel x 33ft 9in x 15ft 0in. 660 39/94 bm. Draught 17ft 3in. Men: 250 in 1666, later as above. Guns Nominally 56 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-cannon and 2 culverins, 24 demiculverins, and 8 sakers); actually carried this ordnance. In 1685 the Establishment provided for 54 guns (24 culverins, 24 demi-culverins and

6 demi-culverin cutts), but the Leopard was hulked a year later. Ord: 29.9.1657. L: 2.1659. First cost: £5,482.10.0d (645 tons @ £8.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1659 under Capt. Jonas Poole, for operations in the Sound; in the Mediterranean 1660. On 1.1.1662 under Capt. Richard Minors (-24.7.1663); in the East Indies 1662–63. On 11.5.1664 under Capt. Sir Richard Beach (-6.7.1666), sailed for the Mediterranean; with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1664; at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear squadron) 3.6.1665; in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Centre division) 4.6.1666, losing 2 killed and 21 wounded. On 7.7.1666 under Capt. John Hubbard (-23.1.1668); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666. Possibly rebuilt in 1667 by Jonas Shish at Deptford, from which she emerged fitted very similarly to the Greenwich (see below). On 29.5.1668 under Capt. Charles O’Bryen (died 3.8.1669). On 17.1.1672 under Capt. Peter Bowen (died 27.5.1673); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672; in the Levant trade 1673. On 29.3.1677 under Capt. Sir William Poole (-4.9.1678), with Broad Pendant to Newfoundland, later to the Mediterranean. On 10.1.1680 under Capt. Henry Killigrew briefly (-27.1.1780), then on 28.1.1680 under Capt. Sir John Berry (-3.5.1681), in the Mediterranean. Made into a hulk 19.3.1686, and sent to Gibraltar. Sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness 7.6.1699. Princess Daniel Furzer, Lydney. Dimensions & tons: 105ft 0in keel x 31ft 6in x 14ft 6in. 556 bm (554 17/94 by cala). As built: 104ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 14ft 3in. 602 40/94 bm. Draught 16ft 6in. Men: 220 in 1666, later as above. Guns: Nominally 52 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 10 demi-cannon and 12 culverins, 4 demiculverins and 20 x 8pdrs, and 6 sakers); actually carried 56 (comprising 10 demi-cannon, 11 culverins, 2 demi-culverins, 24 x 8pdrs, 5 sakers, 2 minions and 2 x 3pdrs) Ord: 9.9.1658. L: 27.8.1660. First cost: £4,726 (556 tons @ £8.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 27.8.1660 under Capt. Walter Wood (-7.5.1661) then on 8.5.1661 under Capt. Robert Hall (died 19.12.1662); with Sandwich’s squadron to Algiers, Tangier and Lisbon 1661–62. On 1.10.1664 under

Capt. George Swanley (died 23.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 24.6.1665 under Capt. Peter Mootham (killed 4.6.1666); in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Centre division) 4.6.1666, losing 3 killed and 4 wounded. On 1.7.1666 under Capt. Henry Dawes (killed 17.5.1667); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666; in action against Dutch squadron off the Dogger Bank on 18.4.1667, while en route to Gothenburg, and in returning against two 40-gun Danish warships off the coast of Norway 17.5.1667. On 14.7.1667 under Capt. Anthony Langston (-3.5.1669); at Chatham 12.6.1667; with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1668. Later under Capt. John Waterworth. In 1669 under Capt. William Coleman, and then 4.10.1670 under Capt. William Jennings (-12.1.1672); to the Mediterranean with a convoy. On 22.4.1672 under Capt. Richard Munden (14.9.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 13.3.1673 under Capt. Robert Stout (-6.6.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Centre division) 22.5.1672 and 4.6.1673. On 7.6.1673 under Capt. Thomas Mayo (died 19.4.1674); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron, Centre division) 11.8.1673. BU by AO 11.1680. Apart from the Leopard and Princess mentioned above, no further Fourth Rates were ordered by the Commonwealth following the close of the First Anglo-Dutch War in April 1654. Numbers of Fourth Rates had been dramatically raised, both by the large wartime building programme and also by the commissioning of numerous ships taken from the Dutch. At the close of 1653 the Navy had sixty-five Fourth Rates. Thirty of these had been added since the previous list in March 1652 — the Mathias (52 guns at end 1653), Bear (46), Great Charity (44), Welcome (40), Black Raven (38), Little Charity (38), Princess Maria (38), White Raven (38), Sophia (38), Arms of Holland (36; — originally classed as a Fifth Rate — see Chapter 5), Cardiff (36), Elias (36), Golden Cock (36), Half Moon (36), Heartsease (36), Hound (36), Sampson (36), Westergate (34), Tulip (32), Dolphin Prize (30), and Rosebush (28) being prizes from the Dutch (three more prizes — the Stork, Violet and Estridge — had been hulked). Four were ex-French — the Success (38), Crow (36), Fortune (36) and Gift (36). The Marmaduke (40) was a prize taken from the Royalists; and just four were newbuilt — the Kentish (50), Portland (42), Hampshire (40) and Newcastle (40) — although the list also

included the still-building Gainsborough, Preston, Maidstone, Dover, Taunton (46), Yarmouth and Winsby.

(C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660 New construction Fourth Rates during the Restoration era would largely follow the pattern of the ‘Broad-beam’ group above, with a main armament chiefly composed of 24pdrs. Few of these would be built, as so many Fourth Rates had been brought into service during the Commonwealth years. A couple of the latter were rebuilt in the 1660s, and many of the remainder were modified (dates unrecorded) during this period, adding a variety of smaller guns on the upper works.

The Constant Warwick seen in a rapid pen and wash drawing by Van de Velde the Elder, probably done about 1685. The ship was rebuilt as a two-decker in 1666 from the famously fast-sailing ex-privateer of 1645, but the new vessel was less well regarded: in fact one critic referred to her as a ‘slug’. This bow view shows the chase guns in the beakhead bulkhead. National Maritime Museum PY1877.

REBUILT VESSELS (1663–66). These two Fourth Rates were rebuilt in the 1660s.

Bonaventure Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett II] Dimensions & tons: 124ft 10in, 102ft 9in x 30ft 8in x 12ft 4in. 514 bm. Men: 180 (1666), later 230/200/150. Guns: 48/42 in 1666 (comprising 22 culverins, 16 demi-culverins and 10 sakers). Still 48 in 1677 (comprising LD 22 culverins, UD 20 x 8pdr sakers. QD 6 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). L(RB): 1663. Commissioned 19.11.1663 under Capt. Arthur Laughorne (-13.6.1665); with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1664; grounded in storm at Gibraltar 3.12.1664, but salved and repaired at Cadiz; at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 14.6.1665 under Capt. John Waterworth (-7.6.1666); in Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron, Van division) 4.6.1666. On 2.7.1666 under Capt. William Hammond (killed at Surinam 7.10.1667), then 30.10.1667 under Capt. John Narborough (-21.10.1668). On 9.1.1672 under Capt. Richard Trevanion (-12.6.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron) 28.5.1672. On 13.6.1672 under Capt. Henry Killigrew (- 16.8.1673); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 17.8.1673 under Capt. John Wood (-23.12.1674); with convoy to the Straits of Gibraltar 10.1674; in the Mediterranean 1674. Rebuilt 1682–83 at Portsmouth (see below). Constant Warwick Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Tippets] Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 28ft 2in x 12ft 0in. 379 78/94 bm. Men: 180/150/115. Guns: 42/36 in 1677 (comprising LD 20 demi-culverins, UD 18 sakers, QD 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). By 1685, LD only 18 demiculverins (drakes), UD 18 x 6pdrs, QD 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 3.1664. L (RB): 21.6.1666. Commissioned 7.6.1666 under Capt. Robert Ensome (died 24.2.1667); in action against Dutch privateer off the Tagus 2.1667 (Ensome mortally wounded). On 3.4.1667 under Capt. Arthur. Herbert (-5.9.1668). On 1.4.1669 under Capt. John. Waterworth (-28.1.1672), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 10.4.1672 under Capt. Thomas Hamilton (-23.6.1672); at Battles of Schooneveld (Red squadron) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673. On 24.6.1672 under Capt. Count (Gustavus) Horne (-1.6.1673), then 2.6.1672 under Capt. Joseph Harris (-27.7.1674); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673; expedition to Cadiz and to Guinea 1674. On 9.4.1677 under Capt. Ralph Dalavall (-18.7.1679), to Bardados; paid off summer 1679. On 8.4.1680 under Capt. John Ashby

(-1682), in the Channel. On 6.5.1682 under Capt. Henry Williams, in Home waters; with convoy to Newfoundland 1683; to the Mediterranean 1684 (due for relief in 7.168). On 10.7.1686 under Capt. Charles Skelton, with Guard at Portsmouth; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 1688. In 1689 under Capt. George Byng (the first promotion to be made by William III), later under Capt. Abraham Potter. In 1690 under Capt. John Beverley; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. Reduced to 28-gun Fifth Rate in 1691. Recommissioned 1691 under Capt. James Moodie, sailed with convoy for the West Indies; taken (with Mary Rose) 12.7.1691 off Portugal by a French squadron. 1664 PROGRAMME. The programme of new construction approved by the Navy Committee on 26 October 1664 initially provided only for Second and Third Rates (the former subsequently cancelled), but in November 1664 two Fourth Rates were added. Unlike earlier Fourth Rates, which virtually all had a principal battery of culverins (the vessels of the ‘Broad-Beam’ Group and a few larger prizes had been exceptions), these vessels has a main battery of 24pdrs. Nevertheless the two ships were configured very differently from each other; the Greenwich had thirteen pairs of gunports on the LD and the same on the UD, with five pairs on the QD; the Saint David seems to have had only eleven pairs of gunports on the LD and ten pairs on the UD, which must have made it difficult to mount the ordnance she is stated to have carried. Projected dimensions & tons: 107ft 0in keel x 32ft 6in (= 601 15/94 bm). Greenwich Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] As built: 136ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 33ft 9in x 14ft 6in. 654 33/94 bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Later quoted as 136ft 0in, 110ft 0in x 34ft 2in x 13ft 8in. 684 bm. Men: 260 in 1666; later 280/240/185. Guns: Nominally 58 under the 1666 Establishment; actually in 1666 carried 61 (comprising 20 x 24pdrs, 2 culverins, 27 demi-culverins and 12 sakers). 54/46 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 24 x 24pdrs, UD 22 x 6pdr sakers, QD 8 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). 60 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising 22 x 24pdrs, 2 culverins, 26 demi-culverins and 10 x 5 1/4pdr sakers); actually carried this ordnance in both the 1687 and 1696 Surveys. Ord: 11.11.1664. L: 7.6.1666. First cost: £5,491 (646 tons @ £8.10.0d per ton).

Commissioned 8.6.1666 under Capt. John Brookes (-30.1.1667); in St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 31.1.1667 under Capt. Francis Digby (-9.11.1667). On 9.11.1667 under Capt. Sir Richard Beach (-4.11.1668). On 24.7.1670 under Capt. Sir Robert Robinson (-19.1.1672). On 8.3.1672 under Capt. Levy Green (died 11.6.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron) 28.5.1672; at capture of 48-gun Stavoreen. On 12.6.1672 under Capt. Napthali Ball (died 8.1.1673). On 9.1.1673 under Capt. Thomas Bridgeman (-9.4.1674); in Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of the Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673. On 15.1.1678 under Capt. Thomas Fowler (-30.4.1678), with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 1.5.1678 under Capt. Henry Carverth (-7.6.1678), in the Channel; to Mediterranean again 1679. On 16.4.1687 under Capt. Stephen Akerman. In 1688 under Beach again, then 5.9.1688 Capt. Ralph Wrenn, with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 1689 under Capt. Christopher Billop; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. On 10.3.1690 under Capt. Richard Edwards; to the Mediterranean 1690–1; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 12.1692 under Capt. Andrew Peddar. In 1694 under Capt. Frederick Weighman; at attack on Camaret Bay (Brest) 8.6.1694. Later under Capt. Richard Finch (died 1.5.1695). In 1695 under Capt. Charles Wager (-1698), for North Sea and the Channel, on convoy service. Rebuilt at Portsmouth 1699 (see below).

Greenwich, a named and dated drawing by the younger Van de Velde, 1679. The first newbuilt Fourth Rate of Charles II’s reign was a powerful ship, the first of her rate to be designed from the outset for a 24pdr main battery. US Naval Academy Museum, Annapolis.

Saint David Daniel Furzer, Conpill (near Lydney in the Forest of Dean). As built: 110ft 0in x 33ft 0in x 14ft 6in. 637 17/94 bm. Later 107ft 0in keel x 34ft 9in x 14ft 8in. 687 26/94 bm. Draught 16ft 8in. Men: 220 (1666), later 280/240/185. Guns: Nominally 50 under the 1666 Establishment. 54/46 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 24 x 24pdrs, UD 22 x 8pdr sakers, QD 8 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). Still 54 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising 24 x 24pdrs, 22 x 8pdr sakers, 2 x 5 1/4pdr sakers and 6 x 5 1/4pdr saker cutts); actually carried these, plus 2 extra 5 1/4pdr saker cutts, in the 1687 Survey. Ord: 11.11.1664 L: 30.3.1667. Commissioned 30.3.1667 under Capt. Richard Rooth (-21.12.1667). On 30.4.1669 under Capt. Ralph Sanderson (-4.6.1671), with flag of Sir John Harman, Rear-Adm. in the Mediterranean. On 26.2.1672 under Capt. Sir William Poole (-25.7.1674), in the Mediterranean; home in autumn 1673; to Barbadoes 1674–75. On 5.4.1677 under Capt. Sir Richard Munden (died 31.5.1680). On 14.4.1783 under Capt. George Rooke (-1.11.1684), in the Channel; Turkey convoy 1684. In 8.1688 under Capt. William Botham, then 12.1688 Capt. Thomas Layton. In 5.1689 under Capt. John Graydon. Sunk at Portsmouth 11.11.1690; raised 8.1691 and used as a hulk. Sold at Woolwich (for £200) 20.8.1713. 1665 (SUPPLEMENTARY) PROGRAMME. After the War was under way, the Navy Committee adopted a supplement to the 1664 Programme which comprised one Third Rate (Warspite — see Chapter 3) and three Fourth Rates, slightly shorter than the previous pair, all four vessels to be built by contract. Commissioner Peter Pett successfully applied for one contract, to privately build a Fourth Rate in his own yard at Chatham (for £2,000, or about £3.10.0d per ton), while the other two Fourth Rates were awarded to Henry & Edmund Edgar of Great Yarmouth, and to Francis Bayley of Bristol, each at £6 per ton. However, the King’s chronic financial worries soon intervened to force the cancellation of the Pett and Edgar contracts (both vessels were never named). Bayley built his Saint Patrick in

barely a year (while ordered five months after the 1664 Programme pair, she was completed earlier) and she was an outstanding success as a fast, weatherly sailer, but lasted just 9 months before being lost to the Dutch. The design had just twelve pairs of LD gunports. Projected dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 32ft 6in. (= 561 78/94 bm) for all three intended Fourth Rates. Saint Patrick Francis Bayley, Bristol. As built: 102ft 0in keel x 33ft 10in x 14ft 6in. 621 5/94 bm. Draught 16ft 6in. Men: 220/160/120. Guns: Nominally 50 under the 1666 Establishment (later raised to 54/48); actually in 1666 carried only 48 (comprising 20 x 24pdrs, 2 culverins, 22 demi-culverins and 4 sakers). Ord: 15.4.1665 (contract). L: 9.5.1666. Commissioned 10.6.1666 under Capt. Robert Saunders; in Sir Robert Robinson’s squadron 25.12.1666; taken by Dutch 34-gun Delft and 28gun Shakerlo off North Foreland 5.2.1667 (9 killed including Saunders, 16 wounded); added to Dutch Navy as Zwanenburg. Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1664–67). Twenty Dutch warships or merchantmen of between 36 and 70 guns were taken during 1664–65 (including a Venetian merchantman wrongly believed by her captors to be Dutch) and a further one in 1667, all of which (except five which became Third Rates) were registered as Fourth Rates in the Royal Navy. However, few outlasted the close of the war. Golden Lion (Dutch Gouden Leeuw), 42 guns. Dimensions & tons: 101ft 4in keel x 28ft 6in x 13ft 0in. 437 79/94 bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Men: 170/130/100. Guns: 42/36 48 (20 x 12pdrs, 18 x 6pdrs, 4 sakers). Taken 29.3.1664 by Jersey off West coast of Africa. Commissioned 24.4.1665 under Capt. William Dale (-4.5.1666); at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 3.8.1665. Given away (to Guinea Company) 11.1.1668. Maria Sancta (Venetian merchantman Sancta Maria) 50 guns. Dimensions & tons: 106ft 0in keel x 26ft 6in x 12ft 2in. 395 89/94 tons. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 180/140/110. Guns: 50/44 (22 culverins, 22 demi-culverins, 6 sakers). Taken 29.12.1664 by Sir Thomas Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. Fitted at Plymouth. Commissioned 3.9.1665 under Capt. Francis Steward (-9.3.1666). On

10.3.1666 under Capt. Roger Strickland (-5.12.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (probably joined Blue squadron, Van division) 3–4.6.1666, losing 3 killed, 7 wounded); at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. Intended to be scuttled during Dutch during raid on the Medway 12.6.1667, but grounded and was burnt by the Dutch. Unity (Dutch Eendracht), 42 guns. Dimensions & tons: 95ft 0in keel x 24ft 6in x 9ft 2in. 303 30/94 bm. Draught 12ft 4in. Men: 150/130/100. Guns: 42/34. Taken 13.4.1665 by Yarmouth and Diamond in the North Sea. Commissioned 22.5.1665 under Capt. Thomas Trafford (-5.12.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Centre division) 1–4.1666, losing o killed and 9 wounded; became guard ship at Sheerness 1667; retaken by the Dutch Vrede during Dutch during raid on the Medway 12.6.1667. Zealand (Dutch Wapen van Zeeland, Zeeland Admiralty, built 1648 then purchased 1652), 42 guns. Dimensions & tons: 93ft 0in keel x 28ft 6in x 9ft 0in. 401 75/94 bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Men: 160/130/110. Guns: 42/36, later 40 (22 x 12pdrs, 18 sakers). Taken 3.6.1665 by Centurion at Battle of Lowestoft. Commissioned 9.6.1665 under Capt. Thomas Whatley (died 13.4.1666). On 12.3.1666 under Capt. William Davies (-17.7.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 1 killed and 4 wounded. On 18.7.1666 under Capt. Richard Smith (died 10.12.1666). Sold 27.11.1667. Mars (Dutch East Indiaman Mars), 50 guns. Dimensions & tons: 106ft 0in keel x 26ft 6in x 12ft 2in. 395 89/94 bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 180/140/110. Guns: 50/44, later 52 (22 culverins, 24 demi-culverins, 6 sakers). Taken 3.6.1665 at Battle of Lowestoft. Commissioned 11.6.1665 under Capt. Bartholomew Capel (or Cable; died 29.11.1665); in action in North Sea of 3.9.1665. Sold 3.1667. Delft (Dutch 36-gun Delft, Zeeland Admiralty, built 1658), 48 guns. Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 9ft 2in. 288 (exact) bm. Draught 12ft 4in. Men: 160/120/100. Guns: 48/42, later 40 (22 x 12pdrs, 18 sakers).

Taken 3.6.1665 at Battle of Lowestoft. Commissioned 11.6.1665 under Capt. Abraham Annesty (-9.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Centre division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 2 killed and 11 wounded. On 13.6.1666 under Capt. Edward Cotterell (-5.6.1667). Sold as useless 22.5.1668. Young Prince (Dutch 36-gun Jonge Prins, built 1634, Noorderkwartier Admiralty), 38 guns. Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 28ft 0in x 10ft 2in. 375 30/94 bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Men: 150/120/100 (as fireship 50/45/45). Guns: 38/32 (as fireship 8/6). Taken 4.6.1665 by Martin [Galley] following the Battle of Lowestoft. Commissioned 12.6.1665 under Capt. John Chapelle (-14.11.1665). Converted to fireship 6.1666, under Capt. William Bustow; expended as fireship during Four Days’ Battle 2.6.1666. Guilder de Ruyter (or Golden Ruyter) (Dutch East Indiaman G eldersche Ruiter), 50 guns. Dimensions & tons: 105ft 0in keel x 35ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 684 16/94 bm. Draught 16ft 0in. Men: 180/140/110. Guns: 50/42, later 48 (22 culverins, 18 demi-culverins, 8 sakers). Taken 3.6.1665 at Battle of Lowestoft. Commissioned 1665 under Capt. John Bellasyse. Later under Capt. Francis Courtney; at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Centre division) 1– 4.6.1666, losing 3 killed and 10 wounded. On 12.6.1666 under Capt. Robert Gilbey, then 27.7.1666 under Capt. John Bellasyse. Sold 7.2.1667. Black Bull (Dutch 38-gun Wapen van Edam, ex-Zwarte Bul, Amsterdam Admiralty, built 1644), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 103ft 0in keel x 30ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 480 bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 160/130/100. Guns: 36/30 (comprising 20 x 12pdrs, 12 x 6pdrs and 4 x 3pdrs) actual, later 40 (22 x 12pdrs, 18 sakers). Taken 4.6.1665 by Anne and Ruby following the Battle of Lowestoft. Commissioned 21.6.1665 under Capt. John Gethings; at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Centre division) 1–4.6.1666, where taken by the Dutch 72-gun Prins Hendrik Casimir 4.6.1666 but recaptured by the imprisoned English seamen, and then foundered (Gethings among the

drowned). Charles V (Dutch East Indiaman Carolus Quintus), 54 guns. Dimensions & tons: 102ft 0in keel x 32ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 555 54/94 bm. Draught 16ft 0in. Men: 200/160/120. Guns: 52/44, later 54 (22 culverins, 24 demi-culverins, 8 sakers). Taken 4.6.1665 by Plymouth following the Battle of Lowestoft. Commissioned 2.9.1665 under Capt. Gerrard White (-20.5.1666), for Sandwich’s fleet. On 1.4.1667 under Capt. John Fortescue (-12.6.1667), as guard ship at Chatham; burnt by a fireship during the Dutch raid on the Medway 12.6.1667; remains sold 12.10.1667.

The Zevenwolden was a new ship when captured in 1665, but her service, as the Seven Oaks, in the Royal Navy was to be short, being recaptured the following year at the beginning of the Four Day’s Battle. This drawing by Van de Velde the Younger shows many features typical of Dutch ships of the period: the flat ‘square tuck’ stern, the upward sweep of the moulding line under the stern windows as it reaches the quarter galleries, and the reverse-clinker ‘clap board’ cladding of the topsides in the quarterdeck area. British Museum SL,5214.33.

Seven Oaks (Dutch 56-gun Zevenwolden, Friesian Admiralty, built 1664), 52 guns. Dimensions & tons: 105ft 0in keel x 35ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 684 16/94 bm. Draught 16ft 0in. Men: 190/160/120. Guns: 52/44, later 54 (22 demi-cannon, 24 demiculverins, 8 sakers). Taken 3.9.1665 by Antelope in the North Sea. Commissioned 5.9.1665 under Capt. James Jenifer; at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Van division) 1.6.1666, when recaptured by Dutch at start of battle. Hope [Prize] (Dutch 40-gun Hoop), 44 guns. Dimensions & tons: 103ft 0in keel x 30ft 6in x 13ft 6in. 493 bm. Draught 14ft 0in Men: 170/130/100. Guns: 44/36, later 40 (22 culverins, 18 sakers). Taken 3.9.1665 by Mary in the North Sea. Commissioned 26.9.1665 under Capt. Charles Riley (-16.2.1666). On 17.2.1666 under Capt. Jacob Reynolds (died 25.7.1666); foundered in a hurricane at St Christopher (St Kitts) 16.8.1666. Black [Spread] Eagle (Dutch 50-gun Groningen, Friesian Admiralty, built 1658), 44 guns. Dimensions & tons: 86ft 0in keel x 28ft 4in x 12ft 0in. 367 21/94 bm. Draught 13ft 0in. Men: 180/140/110. Guns: 44/36, later 48 (22 culverins, 18 demi-culverins, 8 sakers). Taken 3.9.1665 by Adventure in the North Sea. Commissioned 18.12.1665 under Capt. John Silver; at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Rear division) 1–2.6.1666, foundered 2.6.1666 from damage received. West Friesland (Dutch 50-gun Westvriesland, Noorderkwartier Admiralty, built 1661), 54 guns. Dimensions & tons: 102ft 0in keel x 32ft 0in x 12ft 0in. 555 54/94 bm. Draught 16ft 0in. Men: 180/145/120. Guns: 54/44, later 50 (10 demi-cannon, 12 culverins, 22 demi-culverins, 6 sakers). Taken 3.9.1665 by Assurance in the North Sea. Commissioned 17.7.1666 under Capt. John Butler (-12.12.1666); in St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. Sold

27.11.1667. Saint Paul (Dutch East Indiaman Sint Paulus, built Enkhuizen), 48 guns. Dimensions & tons: 84ft 0in keel x 25ft 6in x 9ft 8in. 291 (290 50/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 160/140/110. Guns: 48/40, later 40 (22 culverins, 18 demi-culverins). Taken 9.9.1665 in the North Sea (another Sint Paulus, also a 40-gun Dutch East Indiaman, but from Middelburg, was taken on the same date but then burned). Commissioned 18.9.1665 under Capt. John Holmes; at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Rear division) 1–2.6.1666, where burned to avoid capture 2.6.1666. Stathouse van Harlem (Dutch 46-gun Raadhuis van Haarlem, Amsterdam Admiralty, built 1658), 46 guns. Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 30ft 4in x 11ft 6in. 440 45/94 bm. Draught 15ft 0in. Men: 220/185/140. Guns: 46/40. Taken 11.8.1667 by Swallow. No record of commissioning, as upon arrival in the Humber after capture she was found to be ‘in bad condition, having received several shots under water’. Arrived Gravesend 1.1668 and laid up. Converted to a hulk at Deptford 1669. Expended as a foundation at Sheerness 28.10.1690.

East Indiamen, which were the largest and most powerfully armed ships in the merchant fleet, continued to play a significant part in the Dutch order of battle during the second Anglo-Dutch war. This portrait by Van de Velde the Younger probably shows one of these, the Sint Paulus, captured in 1665. The largest Indiamen were effectively two-deckers in the naval sense, but this ship does not seem to have a continuous upper tier of gunports. National Maritime Museum PW6522.

MARGARET GALLEY (1671). In 1670 it was originally planned to order two galleys specially built in Italy, at a cost (estimated 18.8.1670) of £23,090, one from Leghorn (presented as a gift to Charles II from the Duke of Tuscany, and named after the Duchess of Tuscany) and the other from Genoa (likewise intended as a gift to Charles from Genoa). A naval officer of French origin, Capt. Sir Jean-Baptiste du Tiel, was in 10.1671 appointed to oversee the former’s construction and to command her. There was a constant problem in finding rowers to man her, prisoners from the Barbary pirates having to be used. As a consequence of this galley’s high cost of arming and operating (some £18,000 per year was estimated, in view of the huge complement of

rowers), the second galley was completed but never fitted out. Margaret Galley (Beneditto Carlini, at the Medici Arsenal in Pisa). Dimensions & tons: overall length (prow to poop) 153ft 0in. Men: 460. Guns: unknown. L: 1671. Commissioned 1671 under Capt. Sir Jean-Baptiste du Tiel; eventually sailed 1675 from Leghorn to Tangier. On 18.6.1675 under Capt. Thomas Hamilton, at Tangier; never sailed from Tangier, and laid up there early in 1676; given away as a gift to Colonel Legge and Sir Roger Strickland 21.7.1677. OXFORD CLASS. Further Fourth Rates were planned at the start of the 1670s. Six ships were initially included in a planned 1670 Programme, but these were not proceeded with. Instead, two new 50s were ordered in September 1672, and these were built in 1673–75. An agreement was reached on 18 May 1673 with Sir Edward Spragge and Sir Nicholas Armourer to build jointly four Fourth Rates at Waterford (at a rate of £8.6.3d per ton), and to deliver them to Portsmouth Dockyard; these were presumably the balance of the intended 1670 Programme, but Spragge’s death at the Battle of Texel twelve weeks later led to this contract being annulled. However, the contract dimensions given below are probably identical to those for the 1672 orders. The Woolwich was renowned for the richness and extent of her intricate carvings and decoration. Dimensions & tons: 109ft 0in keel x 33ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 631 36/94 bm. Men: 280/240/185. Guns: 54/46 comprising: LD 22 x 24pdrs; UD 22 x 6/8pdrs (sakers); QD/Fc 10 x 5 1/4pdrs (light sakers). Oxford Francis Bayley, Bristol. As built: 127ft 0in, 109ft 0in keel x 34ft 0in x 15ft 6in. 670 22/94 bm. Draught 17ft 8in. Later 127ft 0in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 4in x 14ft 9in. 683 41/94 bm. Men: 280/240/185. Guns: Nominally 54/46 under 1677 Establishment (comprising: LD 24 x 24pdrs; UD 22 x 8pdr sakers; QD/Fc 8 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). 54 under 1685 Establishment (but comprsing 22 x 24pdrs, 6 demi-culverins and 26 x 8pdrs); actually in 1688 Survey carried 54 (as per Establishment). Ord: 11.9.1672. L: 6.1674. Commissioned 15.4.1678 under Capt. Christopher Mason (-22.7.1682), for

the Channel; in Virginia 1680; convoy of Turkey trade 1681. On 4.6.1683 under Capt. Charles Wylde (died 24.2.1684), for Tangier expedition. On 25.2.1684 under Capt. Jonathan Tyrrell (-18.6.1684). On 27.3.1685 under Capt. Richard Dickenson; to New York 1685; in the Channel 1686–87. On 17.4.1689 under Capt. Seth Thurston (died 29.10.1689), in the Channel. In 1690 under Capt. John Leake, then 1691 Capt. Christopher Myngs, both in the Mediterranean. In 1692 under Capt. James Wishart; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1694 under Capt. James Greenway, in the North Sea. In 1696 under Capt. Christopher Fogg, with Northumberland convoy. Later in 1696 under Capt. Thomas Stepney (-1697). In 1699 under Capt. Robert Stapleton. In 1702 under Capt. Jasper Hicks. Rebuilt (‘Great Repair’) at Deptford 1702 (see below). Woolwich Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] As built: 138ft 3in, 110ft 0in x 35ft 7in x 15ft 0in. 740 79/94 bm. Draught 16ft 4in. Men: 280/240/185. Guns: Nominally 54/46 under 1677 Establishment (comprising: LD 22 x 24pdrs; UD 22 x 8pdr sakers; QD/Fc 10 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). 54 under 1685 Establishment (comprising as before); actually in 1688 Survey carried 48 (20 x 24pdrs, 20 x 8pdr sakers, and 8 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). Ord: 11.9.1672. L: 26.8.1675. Commissioned 9.4.1677 under Capt. Sir John Ernie (26.3.1678), for the Mediterranean. On 12.4.1678 under Capt. Richard Dickenson (-9.7.1979), then 21.10.1679 Capt. John Wetwang (knighted 20.11.1680), still in the Mediterranean; paid off 1.1681. Recommissioned 1681 under Capt. Anthony Smith, then 18.4.1682 Capt. William Holden. On 14.4.1683 under Capt. Thomas Fouler (-29.4.1685), in the Channel. On 12.10.1688 under Capt. Anthony Hastings, with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688 (taking two ships of William of Orange’s fleet). In 1689 under Capt. Ralph Sanderson; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. In 7.1689 under Capt. James Gother; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1691 under Capt. Richard Kempthorne, with the Dunkirk squadron. In 1693 under Capt. Christopher Myngs; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692; with Rooke’s fleet in defence of Smyrna convoy 6.1693. In 1694 under Capt.?Thomas Hamilton, off the Orkneys. In 12.1695 under Capt. Charles Wager, then

4.1696 Robert Stapleton, with Benbow’s squadron. In 1697 under Capt. Thomas Lyell, at Blackstakes. Rebuilt at Woolwich 1702 (see below) Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1672–73). Two Dutch vessels captured during the Third Anglo-Dutch War were added to the Royal Navy. There is some uncertainty about the former identity of the second ship, some sources claiming her to be the former Kampveere of the Zeeland Admiralty, built 1653 at Veere. Stavoreen (Dutch 46-gun Stavoren, Amsterdam Admiralty, built 1653 at Edam) Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 32ft 0in x 12ft 9in. 544 64/94 bm. Draught 14ft 4in. Men: 230/160/120. Guns: 48/42 in 1677 (comprising LD 22 culverins, UD 20 x 8pdr sakers, QD 6 x 5 1/4pdr sakers. Taken 28.5.1672 by London (Spragge) at the Battle of Solebay. Commissioned 22.2.1673 under Capt. John Keene (-31.5.1673); at 1st Battle of Schooneveld (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673. On 1.6.1673 under Capt. Charles Roydon (-13.8.1673); at 2nd Battle of Schooneveld (position unchanged) 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673. On 15.8.1673 under Capt. Robert Washburne (-30.1.1674). On 10.1.1678 under Capt. Henry Williams (-17.4.1678), in the Channel. On 18.4.1678 under Capt. Charles Skelton (-4.7.1679). Sold as useless 1682. Arms of Terver (Dutch 50-gun East Indiaman Wapen van Veere, built 1667 at Middelburg) Dimensions & tons: 96ft 0in keel x 32ft 0in x 13ft 0in. 522 84/94 bm. Draught 15ft 6in. Men: 200/160/120. Guns: 44 Taken 5.1673 off St Helen’s. No record of commissioning. Given away to Sir Jeremy Smith 6.1674. SPECIAL TYPE. Designed as the seventeenth-century forerunner of the Qship, this unusual vessel was intended to masquerade as a merchantman in the Mediterranean, to mislead and lure Algerine corsairs into attacking her. She had false bulkheads on her upper deck (to conceal the 6pdrs mounted there), which could be quickly lowered. She had various means of disguising her appearance. She was completed without a forecastle, the latter being added in

1685. Kingfisher Phineas Pett III, Woodbridge. Dimensions & tons: 136ft 0in, 110ft 0in x 33ft 8in x 13ft 0in. 663 17/94 bm. Draught 13ft 0in. Later quoted as: 136ft 0in, 110ft 0in x 34ft 2in x 12ft 10in. 683 3/94 bm. Men: 220/185/140. Guns: 46/40, comprising LD 22 culverins (later 20 x 12pdrs), UD 20 x 6pdrs, QD 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers). By 1696 Survey actually carried 20 x 12pdrs, 16 x 6pdrs and 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 1674. L: 1.1676. Commissioned 11.4.1676 under Capt. John Kirke (-2.5.1676). On 9.4.1677 under Capt. David Trotter (-1.9.1679), for Home waters; with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1678–79. On 23.10.1679 under Capt. Morgan Kempthorne (killed 22.5.1681); in action against seven Algerines off Sardinia 22.5.1681. On 23.5.1681 under Lieut. Ralph Wrenn (temp.-9.8.1681). On 10.8.1681 under Capt. Francis Wheeler (-28.3.1683), in the Mediterranean. Refit in 1685 to add forecastle, and perhaps to girdle the ship. In 1685 under Capt. Thomas Hamilton (-1687); took (with Falcon) Scottish Effenyng Castle 6.1685; to New England 1686–87. In 1689 under Capt. Thomas Allan, then 16.6.1689 under Capt. John Every, with the Fleet. On 27.5.1690 under Capt. John Johnson (-1692), as fishery guard ship off the Foreland; later off Dunkirk. In 1692 under Capt. Jasper Hicks (-1697); off Ireland 1695; to East Indies 1696–97; paid off 1698. Rebuilt 1698–99 at Woolwich (see below).

For no discernible reason, the Woolwich was completed with an incredibly elaborate carved and gilded exterior, and as a result became a popular subject for the marine painters of the period. This example, probably after Van de Velde the Elder, gives a good idea of the scope of the decoration, but the square tuck stern is a clear mistake, agreeing with none of the other, many representations of this ship. National Maritime Museum BHC3732.

Designed to masquerade as a merchant ship, Kingfisher was all too successful as a decoy and on 22 May 1681 found herself in action with seven Algerines. After a twelve-hour fight, the corsairs were driven off, but not before the Kingfisher’s captain, Morgan Kempthorne, was killed. Fighting Algerines was something of a family tradition, Morgan’s father Sir John being the commander of the Mary Rose in 1669 when she similarly defeated seven ships of the north African state. Drawing by Van de Velde the Elder. National Maritime Museum PX6247.

GALLEY FRIGATES (1676 PROGRAMME). The depredations of Algerine privateers led to renewed experiments to protect English merchantmen in the Mediterranean, and the Royal Navy sought designs which could effectively employ galley-type vessels to catch these. At the suggestion of Capt. Thomas Willshaw, the concept was copied from French practice in the Mediterranean, notably the 24-gun small two-decker La Bien Aimée built by François Chapelle at Toulon in 1671–72. Constructed as twodeck cruisers with their main batteries on the UD, and with sweep ports along the LD between forwards and aft chase ports. Unlike other types their established men and guns did not vary from peace to war. Designed for speed under oars as well as under sail, being lightly built in spite of their large size and complement. Nevertheless, they (together with the later Mary Galley — see below) were found to be too expensive and specialised and were judged unsuccessful, being reclassed as Fifth Rates in 1691. James Galley Anthony Deane, Jnr., Blackwall.

Dimensions & tons: 112ft 0in, 104ft 0in x 28ft 1in x 10ft 2in. 436 27/94 bm. 27ft in x 10ft 9in Men: 200. Guns: 30 comprising LD 4 sakers, UD 22 sakers, QD 4 x 3pdrs. 1688 Survey (actual): 26 sakers, 4 x pdrs. 1696 Survey (actual): LD 4 x 6pdrs (6ft long), UD 22 x 6pdrs (14 of 8ft length, 8 of 6 1/2ft length), QD 6 x 3pdrs) Ord: 8.1.1676. L: 2.10.1676. Commissioned 6.10.1676 under Capt. George Canning (killed 28.10.1677), for the Mediterranean; took (with Charles Galley) Algerine Golden Marigold off Tangier 28.10.1677. On 28.10.1677 under Capt. John Wyburne (-15.9.1679), still in the Mediterranean. In 12.11.1679 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-2.10.1679), then 3.12.1679 under Capt. William Coleman (died 21.4.1681). On 23.4.1681 under Capt. Cloudisley Shovel (-1686), still in the Mediterranean; took (with Sapphire) 32-gun Algerine Half Moon 9.1681; drove ashore (with Adventure) 34-gun Algerine Flowerpot near Masagram 12.1681 (destroying her next day) 11.1686. On 10.4.1689 under Capt. Robert Reynolds, then 1690 Capt. Edward Dover (-1691), in the Irish Sea. Reduced to Fifth Rate 1691. In 1691 under Capt. William Vickars, then late in 1692 Capt. Edward Bibb. In 7.1693 briefly under Capt. Andrew Leake, then 7.1693 under Capt. Josiahh Soanes, in the North Sea; wrecked 26.11.1694 on Longsands in Thames Estuary while en route for Leith. Charles Galley Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett II] Dimensions & tons: 131ft 1in, 114ft 0in x 28ft 6in x 8ft 7in. 492 50/94 bm. 28ft 9in Men: 220. Guns: 32 comprising LD 6 sakers, UD 22 sakers, QD 4 x 3pdrs. 1688 Survey (actual) 26 sakers, 6 x 3pdrs. Ord: 22.3.1676. L: 12.9.1676. Commissioned 12.2.1677 under Capt. Thomas Hamilton (-4.8.1680), for the Mediterranean; took (with James Galley) Algerine Golden Marigold off Tangier 28.10.1677. On 11.6.1685 under Capt. Dominick Nugent, then 27.9.1685 under Capt. Matthew Aylmer, as guard ship at Chatham. On 9.7.1686 under Capt. Lord John Berkeley (-1688), for expedition to Salé; home in 5.1688. On 4.4.1689 under Capt. Jeremiah Roach (died 6.6.1690). Later in 1690 under Capt. John Crofts; Irish convoy 7.1690; at Cork 9.1690, then at siege of Kinsale; arrived home (the Downs) in

10.1690. In 1691 under Capt. James Buck; retook (with Mary Galley) 34-gun Tiger (mercantile prize) 20.7.1691. Later under Capt. Joseph Waters; reduced to Fifth Rate 1691; at Battle of Barfleur 19–24.5.1692. Rebuilt at Woolwich 1693 (see Chapter 5).

A fine portrait of the Charles Galley by or after the elder Van de Velde. These oar-and-sail hybrids were particularly useful in the Mediterranean, where true galleys were still common. Fine sailers, they were regarded as a success in their intended roles, and a repeat of the design was ordered in 1686. However, their manpower demands made them uneconomic (especially in peacetime, because the requirement for rowers meant that the complement could not be reduced, as was the norm with other warships); during the 1690s, when there were acute difficulties manning the fleet, they were downgraded to Fifth Rates, as part of an attempt to spread available personnel more thinly. This presumably meant that they were no longer expected to use their oars, or perhaps not so regularly. National Maritime Museum BHC3254.

Ex-ALGERINE PRIZES (1677–82). Five vessels equivalent to English

Fourth Rates were taken from the Algerines (recorded as ‘Turkish’ prizes) and added to the Royal Navy. While precise details of the armament carried by the Marigold are unknown, the other four carried a main battery of demiculverin drakes or 8pdrs. [Golden] Marigold, 44 guns. Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 30ft 6in x 12ft 6in. 494 76/94 bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 190/160/120. Guns: 44/38. Taken 28.10.1677 by James Galley and Charles Galley. Purchased 16.6.1678. Commissioned 29.10.1677 under Capt. James Dunbar; driven from her moorings in a storm and wrecked in Tangier Bay 31.1.1679 (53 drowned). Tiger Prize, 48 guns. Dimensions & tons: 112ft 0in, 90ft 0in x 31ft 6in x 12ft 8in. 475 1/94 bm. Men: 230/210/150. Guns: 48/42, later 46 (comprising 20 demi-culverin drakes, 26 x 6pdrs. By the 1685 Establishment, 6 minions had replaced 6 of the 6pdrs). Taken 1.4.1678 by Mary and Rupert. Purchased 16.6.1678. Commissioned 22.3.1678 under Capt. Thomas Hopson (-2.8.1678). On 3.1.1682 under Capt. Richard Dickenson (-9.1.1682), then 19.1.1682 under Capt. Matthew Aylmer (-4.10.1682?). In 1688 under Capt. Thomas Smith, the 1689 Capt. James Barber (died 2.1692), in the West Indies. In 1692 under Capt. Robert Sincock (-1694); with Rooke’s fleet in defence of Smyrna convoy 6.1693. Sunk as a foundation at Sheerness 14.2.1696. Golden Horse, 46 guns. Dimensions & tons: 125ft 8in, 101ft 0in x 36ft 8in x 14ft 10in. 722 28/94 bm. Draught 14ft 9in. Men: 230/200/150. Guns: 46/40, later 40 (comprising 20 demi-culverin drakes, 16 x 6pdrs and 4 minions). Taken 9.4.1681 at Algiers by Adventure, Nonsuch and Calabash. Commissioned 8.9.1682 under Capt. Lawrence Wright (-31.3.1683). On 29.4.1685 under Capt. Thomas Fowler. Sunk as a foundation (‘a fence to the mast dock’) at Chatham (by A O 5.8.1688).

The perceived utility of the sail-and-oar concept led to the rebuilding of the conventional two-decked Tiger as a galley-frigate in 1681. This experiment obviously generated a lot of royal interest, and there are numerous drawings of the ship by the elder Van de Velde done during the king’s visit to the ship shortly after commissioning. The ship had pairs of oarscuttles (sixteen a side in total) between the lower-deck gunports, not including the foremost and aftermost pair where the hull shape (or possibly the internal fittings) precluded the effective use of sweeps. National Maritime Museum PX6250.

Half Moon [Prize], 44 guns Dimensions & tons: 113ft 1in, 90ft 0in x 34ft 1in x 13ft 4in. 556 11/94 bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 190/160/120. Guns: 44/38, later 40 (comprising LD 18 x 8pdrs, UD 18 x 6pdrs and QD 4 minions). Taken 9.9.1681 at Algiers by Sapphire and James Galley. No record of commissioning. At Gibraltar in 7.1682. Burnt by accident at Chatham 28.9.1686 (while under repair). Two Lions, 44 guns. Dimensions & tons: 115ft 6in, 92ft 6in x 33ft 6in x 13ft 6in. 552 16/94 bm. Draught 15ft 6in. Men: 190/160/120. Guns: 44/38, later 40 (comprising LD 18 x 8pdrs, UD 18 x 6pdrs and QD 4 minions). Taken 16.9.1681 by Adventure.

Commissioned 11.7.1682 under Capt. Thomas Leighton (-19.10.1782). Sold (for £101) 27.1.1688. On 19 February 1681 a new board was appointed under Daniel Finch, (from April 1684 ennobled as Earl of Nottingham), as first commissioner (with John Brisbane as secretary from February 1680). Only three ships — all 50gun Fourth Rates — were ordered during this Administration, although another was purchased and two rebuilt. On 19 May 1684 this board was dismissed and Charles II resumed direct control of the administration as Lord High Admiral, with Samuel Pepys again appointed as secretary. On Charles’s death, the role of Lord High Admiral was taken over by James II at his succession, during his brief reign a single galley-frigate was built (and two bombs — see Chapter 7), while a further three rebuildings of Fourth Rates took place. REBUILT VESSELS (1681–87). By the start of the 1680s, the surviving Fourth Rate frigates from the Commonwealth era were ageing, and rebuilding was required. The Tiger of 1647 was rebuilt in 1681, followed by a second rebuilding of the Bonaventure. Under James II, the Hampshire of 1653, the Assistance of 1650 and the Ruby of 1652 were likewise rebuilt, the first nominally with 48 guns and the other two with 50 guns each. Tiger Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Shish] Dimensions & tons: 123ft 8in, 104ft 0in x 32ft 8in x 13ft 8in. 590 30/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: 46, comprising 20 demi-culverins (drakes), 18 sakers and 8 saker drakes. L(RB): 2.1682. Commissioned 5.7.1681 under Capt. Lord Charles Berkeley (died 6.3.1682), for the Mediterranean. On 9.5.1682 under Capt. Arthur Herbert (-16.8.1683), in the Mediterranean; capture of Algerine Two Lions 7.1682. On 17.8.1683 under Capt. Francis Wheeler (-15.8.1685); to Newfoundland 1684; off Scotland 1685. In 7.1686 under Capt. John Tyrwhit, as guard ship at Chatham. In 4.1687 under Capt. Matthew Tennant, as guard ship; in North Sea 1689. In 1690 under Capt. Thomas Coal (-1691), in the Mediterranean. In 7.1691 under Capt. William Allen (-1692). In 1693 under Capt. Thomas Sherman (-1694), with Wheeler’s squadron in the West Indies. In 1696 under Capt. John Redman (-1697), in the East Indies. In 1698 under Capt. John Symonds (-1699), in Home

waters. Rebuilt 1702 at Rotherhithe (see below).

This contemporary model of a Fourth Rate bears the date 1682 on the stern and since there were no new 50-gun ships around that date it is assumed to represent the Bonaventure as rebuilt — or perhaps the design for rebuilding the ship, since the model is slightly too big at 1/48th scale. Nevertheless, the model has exactly the right gunport configuration for Bonaventure. National Maritime Museum F5823–001.

Bonaventure Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Isaac Betts] Dimensions & tons: 102ft 6in keel x 32ft 2in x 12ft 4in. 564 12/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: 52 in 1688, comprising 22 x 12pdrs, 22 x 8pdrs, 2 sakers (drakes) and 6 x 3pdrs. In the 1696 Survey carried only 40 guns (comprising 18 x 12pdrs, 20 x 6pdrs and 2 minions). L(RB): 1683. Commissioned 14.5.1683 under Capt. Henry Priestman (-1685); at evacuation of Tangier, later at Salé. In 1685 under Stafford Fair-borne (temp., during Priestman’s sickness); boat action at Mamora 12.6.1685. In 1688 under Capt. Thomas Hopson; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; in Londonderry operations 1689. In 1690 under Capt. John Hubbard (-1694); at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692; cruising in 1694. In 1696 under Capt. William Allen (killed 24.10.1696); at recapture of Fort York (Hudson’s Bay) 1696; in action with former Mary Rose in the Channel approaches 24.10.1696. In 1697 under Capt. Vincent Cutter (-1698), for Newfoundland. Rebuilt at Woolwich 1699 (see below). Hampshire Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 118ft 0in, 101ft 0in x 30ft 2in x 11ft 8in. 488 84/94 bm.

Men: Guns: 46 in 1688 Survey (comprising 20 x 12pdrs, 20 x 6pdrs, 4 minions and 2 x 3pdrs). L(RB): 1686. Commissioned 1687–88 under Capt. Richard Trevanion, in the Channel. In 1689 under Capt. Robert Robinson (-1691); in the West Indies 1690–91. In 4.1692 under Capt. William Hughes, in the Channel. In 1694 under Capt. Thomas Symonds (died 6.10.1694), in the West Indies. In 1695 under Capt. John Fletcher; in the West Indies 7.1696; sunk 26.8.1697 in action with French Le Pelican in Hudson’s Bay. Assistance Robert & John Castle, Deptford. Dimensions & tons: 121ft 5 1/2in, 102ft 0in x 32ft 4in x 13ft 0in. 567 20/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: 42 in 1688 Survey (comprising 20 culverins [drakes], 18 demi-culverins and 4 saker cutts). 46 in 1696 Survey (comprising 17 culverins, 21 demi-culverins and 8 sakers) L (RB): 1687. Commissioned 7.1687 under Capt. Lawrence Wright (-1689). In 1690 under Capt. Richard Keigwin (died 21.6.1690); in West Indies 1690–2. In 1691–92 under Capt. Francis Maynard. In 1693 under Capt. Phineas Bowles, with Newfoundland convoy. In 1694 under Capt. Edward Littlejohn, in the Channel and cruising. In 1695–96 under Capt. Thomas Robinson, in the North Sea. In 1697 under Capt. James Davison, with Iceland convoy. Rebuilt 1700 at Deptford (see below). Ruby Sir Henry Johnson, Blackwall. Dimensions & tons: 125ft 7in, 105ft 6in x 31ft 6in x 13ft 0in. 556 bm (i.e., no change). Men: ... Guns: 48 in 1688 Survey (comprising 22 culverins [drakes], 22 demi-culverins [drakes] and 4 saker cutts). 42 in 1696 Survey (comprising 22 x 12pdrs and 19 demi-culverins) L (RB): 1687. Commissioned 30.8.1688 under Capt. Frederick Froud; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. In 1691 under Capt. George Mees, for cruising; with convoy to north coast 4.1692; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692; later sent to reconnoitre St Malo. In 1693 under Capt. Robert Dean; with Wheeler’s squadron to the West Indies. In 1694 under Capt. Robert Fairfax, for cruising in North Sea; took 46-gun Brest privateer L’Entreprenant 4.1694; took La

Diligente of Duguay-Trouin’s squadron off the Isles of Scilly 12.5.1694. In 1696 under Capt. Robert Holmes (died 7.1697), with Mees’s squadron to the West Indies. In 1698 under Capt. William Hockaday; paid off 7.1698. Recommissioned 1701 under Capt. Richard Kirby; sailed with Benbow’s squadron to West Indies 8/9.1701. In 3.1702 under Capt. George Walton; at Benbow’s action off San Domingo 19–24.8.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Henry Hobart. Rebuilt at Deptford 1706 (see below). PURCHASED VESSEL (1683). This vessel was built as a privateer for a syndicate led by Viscount (Charles) Mordaunt, who sold her to the Royal Navy in 1682. She had eleven pairs of LD gunports, and (typical of Castle’s ships) one more pair of UD ports than on the LD, and five pairs on the QD. Unusually, she had four stern gunports in the lower counter, compared with the usual two, while the forecastle reached far forwards so that the beakhead bulkhead was actually built into the bollard timber (the ‘knightheads’).

One of the more firmly identified contemporary models, this matches both the visual evidence and the dimensions of the Mordaunt, a privateer purchased in 1682. Furthermore, the Mordaunt family arms are carved on the break of the poop, but there is also an Admiralty crest at the break of the quarterdeck, so it is uncertain whether the model represents the ship before or after purchase. National Maritime Museum D1874–4.

Mordaunt William Castle, Deptford. Dimensions & tons: 122ft 6in, 101ft 9in x 32ft 4 1/2in x 13ft 0in. 567 26/94 bm. Men: 230/200/150. Guns: 46/40, comprising 20/18 x 12pdrs, 18/16 x 8pdrs and 8/6 sakers (5 1/4pdrs). L: 1681. Purchased 7.10.1682. Commissioned 20.5.1684 under Capt. Henry Killigrew; off West Africa in 1684–85. On 6.3.1687 under Capt. John Ashby. On 4.9.1688 under Capt. John Tyrrell; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; in action (with Foresight and Lively) against squadron of 12 French ships off the Isles of Scilly 4.10.1689. In 4.1690 under ?; to West Indies. In 1.1692 under Capt. Henry Boteler, with Wrenn’s squadron in the West Indies; in action (with Mary and a hired ship) against French squadron off Desirade 21.2.1692. In early 1692 under Capt. Francis Maynard; lost with all hands off Cuba 21.11.1693, while escorting a homeward-bound convoy from Jamaica. SAINT ALBANS GROUP. Three ships designed to carry 54 guns each were ordered in 1682–83, and all launched in 1687, although they were completed with just 50 guns apiece compared with the planned ordnance of 22 x 24pdrs, 22 demi-culverins, and 10 demi-culverin drakes. Men: 280/240/185. Guns: 50/44. In the 1696 Survey Deptford had 43 guns — 16 culverins, 19 x 6pdrs and 8 minions. Saint Albans Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Shish to 10.1686 (died), completed by Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 128ft 4in, 107ft ?3in x 32ft 10in x 13ft 3in. 615 bm. Draught 15ft 9in. Ord: 29.4.1682. L: 6.1687. Commissioned 22.10.1688 under Capt. John Laton; for Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. In 1690 under Richard Fitzpatrick; capture of French 36-gun ship off Rame Head 18.7.1690 (losing 4 killed and 7 wounded); at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1692 under Capt. Thomas Gillam; to Newfoundland 1692; home in 10.1692; off Irish coast 12.1693; wrecked at Kinsale 8.12.1693 (Gillam drowned). Deptford Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Shish to 12.1685 (died), completed by Joseph Lawrence]

Dimensions & tons: 125ft 0in, 103ft 0in x 33ft 6in x 13ft 11in. 614 80/94 bm. Draught 15ft 6in. Ord: 15.9.1682.L: 6.1687. Commissioned 1.6.1688 under Capt. William Davies. Later in 1688 under Capt. George Rooke, for Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689, then in Londonderry operations. On 14.5.1690 under Capt. William Kerr; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690; took (with Chester) 22-gun privateer 11.1691; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692; took 24-gun Nantes privateer La Fortune 10.1692; took (with Portsmouth) privateer La Hyacinthe 11.1692. In 1693 under Capt. T. Houles. In 1694 under Capt. John Bridges, in the Mediterranean. In 1695 under Capt. Daniel Reeves. In 1696 under Capt. John Worrell, with Benbow’s squadron. In 1697 under Capt. John Leader, for New England; home in 1698, ordered to be sold, but instead rebuilt at Woolwich 1700 (see below). Sedgemoor Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 123ft 0in, 109ft 4in x 34ft 6in x 13ft 7in. 692 bm. Ord: 6.1.1683. L: 5.1687. Commissioned 5.5.1687 under Capt. David Lloyd, for the Channel; wrecked in St Margaret’s Bay (Dover) 2.1.1689; Lloyd then joined James II in exile. Some timbers were salvaged and used in building of the new Fourth Rate Chatham, at Chatham (by AO 3.1690). MARY GALLEY. A successor to the two galleys of 1676 (see above), she was built ‘to the same form as the James Galley’ but was no more successful and was similarly reclassed as a Fifth Rate in 1691. Nevertheless, these three galley-frigates led the way to the ‘derni-batterie’ Fifth Rates of the later Stuart era. Mary Galley John Deane, Cuckold’s Point, Rotherhithe.

This is a modern copy by Robert Spence of an original model of the Saint Albans he once owned, so its accuracy is reliable. It is not obvious in this view, but the model has a flat ‘square tuck’ stern, unusual in all but the smallest English ships of this era. National Maritime Museum F5857–001.

Dimensions & tons: 116ft 9in, 99ft 10in x 29ft 6in x 11ft 0in. 462 12/94 bm. Men: 200; by 1703 reduced to 135/115/90. Guns: 34, comprising 30 x 6pdrs (presumably 8 on LD, 22 on UD) and 4 x 3pdrs. 1688 Survey (actual) 30 x 6pdrs, 4 x 3pdrs. 1703 Establishment: 36/30 comprising LD 8/6 demiculverins (8ft long), UD 22/20 x 6pdrs (7 1/2ft long), QD 6/4 x 4pdrs (7ft long). Ord: 1686. L: 1687. Commissioned 1689 under Capt. Daniel Dering. In 1690 under Capt. James Wishart, convoying Russian and coasting trade. Reclassed as Fifth Rate 1691. On 12.10.1691 under Capt. John Baker. On 22.4.1692 under Capt. Richard Griffith (-1694), in the Thames Estuary; in attacks on French ports. On 28.4.1695 under Capt. Christopher Moore (died 29.4.1695). On 28.4.1696 under Capt. Richard White, with Benbow’s squadron. In 1697 under Capt. Charles Desborough, for Newfoundland. Later in 1697 under Capt. Thomas Clensby; to Newfoundland 1699–1700. In 1701 under Capt. Joseph Moore; to Tripoli 1701; in the Channel 1702 (taking several privateers). On 9.4.1703 under Capt. Henry Mordaunt, with Beaumont’s squadron. On 2.3.1704 under Capt. Thomas Scott, on private service in the Mediterranean. On 12.9.1706 under Capt. John Paul (-1706), in the Mediterranean. Taken down 1707 and rebuilt at Deptford 1708 (see Chapter 5).

At the time that James II left Britain, the Royal Navy included forty-one Fourth Rates: the ‘broad-beamed’ Greenwich, Happy Return, Newcastle, Oxford, Saint David and Woolwich, each of 54/46 guns and 280/240/185 men;

Because this model shows only ten gunports a side on each deck, it is usually catalogued as a Fifth Rate of ‘unusually large dimensions’ dating from about 1685. At 1/4th scale it actually matches the 50-gun Sedgemoor very closely in size, with space for the additional guns required on the quarterdeck and forecastle. Furthermore, an ordnance list from 1687 shows the ship’s establishment as only twenty culverins on the lower deck, plus thirty sakers elsewhere (positions unspecified). Like the Saint Albans, this model also shows a

square tuck stern, so this may have been a short-lived feature of this class. National Maritime Museum D1947–2.

the new Saint Albans, Deptford and Sedgemore, each of 50/44 guns and 280/240/185 men; the Advice, Antelope, Assistance, Bonaventure, Bristol, Centurion, Crown, Diamond, Dover, Foresight, Jersey, Mary Rose, Portland, Reserve, Ruby, Swallow and Tiger Prize, each of 48/42 guns and 230/200/150 men; the Dragon, Hampshire, Kingfisher, Mordaunt and Portsmouth, each of 46/40 guns and 220/185/140 men; the Tiger of 44/38 guns and 190/160/120 men; the Assurance, Constant Warwick, Falcon, Nonsuch, Phoenix and Sweepstakes, each of 42/36 guns and 180/150/115 men; and the three galley-frigates — Mary Galley (34 guns and 200 men), Charles Galley (32 guns and 220 men) and James Galley (30 guns and 200 men).

(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688 On Christmas Eve 1690 Parliament voted the sum of £570,000 for a programme of twenty-seven new ships of the line, of which ten were to be Fourth Rates carrying 60 guns apiece. Following consultation with the principal M/Shipwrights, the Surveyor (Sir John Tippetts) adopted in February 1691 the dimensions proposed by Fisher Harding of Deptford, which formed the basis of most of the commercial contracts. This new class of Fourth Rates were to be 37 1/2ft in breadth, and of 900 tons burthen; they were thus larger than the older (1660s built) Third Rates. As further 50-gun ships were built at the same time, the Rate split into two distinct classes, and the development of these has been shown separately below.

Fourth Rates of 60–64 guns The final Establishment of Guns for the 1691 Programme 60s as built comprised 22 x 24pdrs on the LD (each of 46cwt and 10ft length); 22 demi-

culverins on the UD (20 of 26 cwt and 8 1/2ft length, plus 2 of 30 cwt and 10ft length); 12 sakers on the QD and coach (6 of 16cwt and 7 1/2ft length, plus 6 of 12cwt and 6 1/2ft length); and 4 more sakers on the Fc (2 of 22cwt and 9 1/2ft length, plus 2 of 16cwt and 7ft length). They also were to have 2 x 3pdrs (of 6cwt and 5 1/2ft length) on the poop, which seemingly were not included in the total of 60 guns. Under the 1703 Establishment of Guns, the larger Fourth Rates were reestablished with 64 guns in wartime, and 56 in peacetime. The 64 guns comprised 24 culverins (18pdrs of 9 1/2ft length) on the LD instead of 24pdrs, 26 demi-culverins (9pdrs of 9ft length) on the UD, 10 x 6pdrs (of 8 1/2ft length) on the QD, and 4 x 6pdrs (2 of 9 1/2ft and 2 of 7 1/2ft length) on the Fc. The peacetime Establishment comprised 2 fewer UD guns, 4 fewer QD guns, and 2 fewer (7 1/2ft) Fc guns. However, the guns actually carried varied considerably, and many of the pre-1703 vessels were recorded as retaining a LD armament of 24pdrs rather than (18pdr) culverins. Few if any of these ships had their guns replaced over the next decade or so, before the 1716 Establishment of Guns formally replaced the culverins and reinstated 24pdrs on the LD. THE TWENTY-SEVEN SHIPS PROGRAMME OF 1691. All ten Fourth Rates were newbuilt under this programme. These and most other ships built as 60-gun were established as 64-gun ships (56 guns in peacetime) under the 1703 Establishment. Dimensions & tons: 144ft 0in, 120ft 0in x 37ft 6in x 16ft 0in. 897 57/94 bm. (In Sunderland, Kingston and Windsor contracts. Carlisle contract specified 145ft 0in, 119ft x 37ft 6in x 158ft 8in. 893 23/94 bm. Canterbury contract specified: 145ft 0in, 119ft 3in x 37ft 6in x 15ft 8in. 892 (exact) bm.) Men: 365 (240 peace). Guns (pre-Establishment, typically): LD 22 x 24pdrs; UD 24 demi-culverins (9pdrs); QD 10 x 6pdrs; RH 4 x 3pdrs. (1703 Establishment): LD 24/24 culverins (18pdrs); UD 26/24 demi-culverins (9pdrs); QD 10/6 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs. Medway Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer to 6.1692, completed by Zachariah Modbury] As built: 145ft 3in, 119ft 0in x 38ft 0in x 15ft 7in. 914 2/94 bm. Ord: 16.3.1691. L: 20.9.1693. Commissioned ?10.1694 under Capt. Roger Bellwood, for the Mediterranean

returned home 5.1696; took privateers La Duchesse de Main 11.8.1696, La Constante 2.9.1696, Le St Louis 22.10.1696 and L’Arc-en-Ciel 4.11.1696, all in the Channel. In 1697 under Capt. William Clevland, on Irish station; took 50-gun privateer Le Pontchartrain 30.4.1697, losing 5 killed; later under Capt. John Baker (-1699), still in Mediterranean. In 1701 under Capt. Charles Wager, in the Channel and Rooke’s fleet. In 1702 under Capt. James Littleton, with Leake’s squadron off Newfoundland 1702, then with Shovell’s fleet in the Channel 1703; took 6-gun La Trompette 10.5.1702; took privateers in the Channel — Le Ferme 15.9.1703, La Revanche 20.10.1703, Le St Michel 3.8.1804, Le Comte de Revel 15.8.1704 and Les Trois Provinces 17.8.1704. In 1705 under Capt. Henry Mordaunt, with Byng’s squadron in the Channel and Bay of Biscay; attacked homebound French West Indies convoy 15.2.1705, taking escort 44-gun La Thétis and storeship L’Elephant; took privateers Le Phelypeux 6.2.1705, La Bonaventure 12.2.1705 and La Minerve 3.4.1705; took (with Chatham) 50-gun L’Auguste 8.8.1705; in the Mediterranean 1706; took 22-gun L’Upton. In 1707 under Capt. Edward Owen (died 10.1708), with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea and Channel; flagship 3.1708; took privateers La Levrette 19.4.1708 and La Madame de Maintenon 7.6.1708. In ?10.1708 under Capt. William Cock, in the Channel; to Lisbon and Mediterranean 1710; took privateers La Dauphine 18.7.1709, La Diane 24.8.1709, Le Mars 1.10.1709, Le Sage-Salomon 9.7.1710, La Confiance 26.10.171 o and L’AimableFrançois 3.12.1710. In 1711 under Capt. John Mitchell (-1713), in the Channel; retook 3o-gun Sorlings 15.11.1711; took privateer L’Intrépide 13.6.1712. Docked at Deptford to be BU (for RB) 9.7.1716. Carlisle Edward Snelgrove, Limehouse. As built: 145ft 0in, 118ft 10in x 38ft 0in x 15ft 7 1/2in. 912 79/94 bm. Ord: 30.12.1691. L: 11.2.1693. First cost: £9,825.11.5d (contract @ £11 per ton). Commissioned 1693 under Capt. Jacob Banks; sailed 12.1693 for the Mediterranean. In 12.1694 under Capt. John Norris; in action off Pantelleria 28.1.1695 (capture of French 60-gun Le Content and 50-gun Le Trident); wrecked on the Shipwash sandbank in the Thames Estuary 28.1.1696. Winchester William Wyatt, Bursledon. As built: 146ft 2 1/2in, 121ft 7in x 38ft 2in x 15ft 11in. 942 7/94 bm.

Ord: 20.1.1692. L: 11.4.1693. First cost: £9,140.7.11d (contract @ £10.2.6d per ton), plus £1 for excess work done, minus £31.6.1d for work defaulted. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. Edward Bibb. In 1694 under Capt. James Jesson, then 1695 under Capt. John Soales, for West Indies; wrecked on reef off Cape Florida 24.9.1695. Canterbury Edward Snelgrove, ‘Redhouse’ (probably Rotherhithe). As built: 144ft 9in, 119ft 3in x 37ft 9in x 15ft 7in. 903 87/94 bm. [The breadth recorded in the Dimensions Book is 38ft 1 1/2in; the corrected figure is taken from the Deptford Yard letter book.] Ord: 24.2.1692 (contract). L: 18.12.1693. First cost: £9,812 (contract @ £11 per ton), plus £42 excess work done, less £5 for work defaulted. Commissioned 1694 under Capt. Basil Beaumont, for Russell’s fleet. In 1696 under Capt. Andrew Leake (-1798), for the Mediterranean; took privateer Le Sincère 4.1698. In 1701 under Capt. Kerry 11 Roffey, for Rooke’s fleet, then to West Indies. In 1702 under Capt. William Whetstone (-1703), in West Indies. In 1704 under Capt. George Walton (-1709); at Battle of Marbella 10.3.1705; in the Mediterranean 1706, then Hardy’s squadron 1707 and Channel and North Sea 1708. In 1711 under Capt. Salmon Morrice (-1714); in the Channel and North Sea (Downs squadron); took privateer La Duchesse d’Aumont 27.3.1711; to the Mediterranean 1712, then home in 1713 to fit for the Baltic; paid off 12.1714. Fitted for the Mediterranean at Portsmouth (for £1,146.18.5 1/2d) 1717–18; recommissioned 1.1718 under Capt. George Walton again (-1719); at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718, then in Mediterranean 1719. Docked at Portsmouth to be BU (for rebuilding) 19.11.1720.

A model of a 60-gun ship originally in the Sergison collection, now thought to be made to an ‘odd’ scale of 1/5th. or 1/56th. The form of royal arms on the stern make 1707 the latest date, while the mixed style of the decorative work suggests an earlier ship modified after the 1703 restrictions on carved work. However, the most instructive feature is a very high length: breadth ratio that limits the possible identity to only a few ships, one of which is the Exeter of 1697. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 5.

Gloucester Thomas Clements, Bristol. As built: 145ft 2in, 120ft 4in x 37ft 5in x 15ft 8in. 896 9/94 bm. Ord: 27.3.1693. L: 5.2.1695. First cost: £8,659.2.6d (contract @ £9.15.0d per ton), plus £47.11.0d for excess work done, minus £241.16.9d for work defaulted. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. Thomas Fowler. In late 1695 under Capt. Thomas Poulton, sailed with convoy (for Turkey) to the Mediterranean. In 1698 under Capt. Thomas Sherman (died 15.6.1699); flagship of Adm. John Benbow 13.11.1698, and sailed with squadron 29.11.1698 to West Indies. On 26.6.1699 under Capt. William Scalley. In 1701 under

Capt. John Hartnoll (-1703), still with Benbow’s squadron in the West Indies. In 1704 under Capt. Thomas Meade, with Shovell’s fleet in the Channel; to Brazil 1706. Hulked by AO 24.4.1708. BU 10.1731. Sunderland John Winter, Northam (Southampton). As built: 145ft 2in, 120ft 2in x 37ft 10in x 15ft 10in. 914 85/94 bm. Ord: 20.4.1693. L: 17.3.1694. First cost: £9,088.5.3d (contract @ £10.2.6d per ton), less £58 for work defaulted. Commissioned 1694 under Capt. Gerrard Ellwes (-1696). In ?2.1697 under Capt. Roger Bellwood (died 11.8.1697), with Mees’s squadron in the West Indies. From 8.1697 under Capt. Jonathan Spann; paid off 7.1698. In 1701 under Capt. Tudor Trevor, for the Dunkirk squadron; then 1702 Capt. David Wavell and ?9.1702 Capt. Robert Thompson. In 4.1703 under Cmdr (8.1703 Capt.) Thomas Campion (dismissed 3.1704), then ? 1704 Capt. Thomas Long, with Byng’s squadron in the Channel and Bay of Biscay; with Kerr’s squadron to Jamaica 1706. In 1707 under Capt. William Jameson, then 1708 Capt. (Earl of Grannard) George Forbes, with Mighell’s squadron in the North Sea; with Lord Dursley’s squadron in the Channel in 1709; action with Duguay-Trouin’s squadron 2.3.1709. In 1710–11 under Capt. Henry Gore, in the Soundings; to St Helena and Cape of Good Hope 1710. In ?6.1711 under Capt. Augustus Rouse. In 1711–12 under Capt. John Cockburn, with Walker’s squadron 1711 in the St Lawrence, later in the Channel; paid off 1.1713. Fitted as a Hulk for Chatham (by AO 1.11.1715) 11-12.1715. Reported scuttled as a foundation at Sheerness 1737 but alternatively reported fitted as hospital ship (100 men, 20 guns) 6.1741 until condemned at Port Mahon 10.3.1744.

A contemporary, if heavily restored model of a 60-gun ship of the first years of the eighteenth century Assuming the traditional scale, it has the length of the 1706 Establishment but is too narrow for any ship built or rebuilt even in the years running up to its promulgation, although the gunports would easily accommodate the armament fits of the period. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 12.

Pembroke Edward Snelgrove, Limehouse. As built: 145ft 0in, 120ft 6in x 37ft 7 3/4in x 15ft 9 1/2in. 908 28/94 bm. Ord: 8.1.1694 (contract). L: 22.11.1694. First cost: £9,871.10.0d (contract @ £11 per ton), minus £8.3.6d for work defaulted. Commissioned 17.1.1695 under Capt. Roger Bellwood. In 1696 under Capt. Robert Wynn, for Benbow’s squadron. In 11.1696 under Capt. James Studley (died 28.5.1697); sailed with Neville’s squadron for Cadiz and thence to West Indies; then under Capt. John Lytcott (died 4.6.1697). In 1698 under Capt. Anthony Tollat, with Guard at Portsmouth. In 1701 under Capt. John Baker, with Rooke’s fleet. In 1702 under Capt. Thomas

Hardy, still with Rooke’s fleet; at Cadiz 8.1702; at Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Robert Arris (-1705), in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Marbella 10.3.1704. In 1706 under Capt. Charles Smith. In 1708 under Capt. Edward Rumsey (killed 29.12.1709), with Byng’s fleet in the Channel; in 1709 with Baker’s squadron in the Mediterranean; taken (with Falcon) by three French ships off Toulon 29.12.1709 (140 casualties); retaken 22.3.1711 but foundered the same day. Kingston John Frame, Hessle (near Hull). As built: 145ft 0in, 120ft 10in x 37ft 11in x 15ft 9in. 923 82/94 bm. Ord: 10.8.1694. L: 13.3.1697. First cost: £9,088.5.3d (contract @ £10.2.6d per ton), plus £149.2.7d excess work done. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Andrew Pedder; in the Mediterranean from end 1698. In 6.1699 under Capt. John Watkins, then 12.1699 Capt. George Smith and 1701 Capt. John Leader (died 18.1.1702); to West Indies in 1701. In 1702–03 under Capt. Barrow Harris, then 1704 under Capt. Edward Acton, with Shovell’s fleet; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704 and at Battle of Vélez-Málaga 13.8.1704, losing 14 killed and 46 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. George Clements, off Virginia, then 1706 Capt. Edward Chant (died 1707), in the West Indies. In 1707 under Capt. Timothy Bridges; at Wager’s Action off Cartagena 28.5.1708 (Bridges dismissed by court martial 23.7.1708). In 1709 under Capt. Tudor Trevor, in West Indies, then 1710 under Capt. Barrow Harris again, at Jamaica. In 1711 under Capt. Joseph Winder, with Walker’s squadron off North America; in North Sea 1712; paid off 11.1712. Docked at Portsmouth to be BU (for RB)22.7.1716. Windsor Edward Snelgrove, ‘Redhouse’ (probably Rotherhithe). As built: 146ft 2 1/2in, 120ft 0in x 37ft 9in x 15ft 8 1/2in. 909 57/94 bm. Ord: 22.10.1694. L: 31.10.1695. First cost: £9,873.13.4d (contract @ £11 per ton), plus £397.15.9d excess work done. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Thomas Warren, for the East Indies, then guard ship at Chatham until paid off 1698. In 1699 under Capt. James Wishart, then 1701 Capt. John Constable (dismissed by court martial 10.1702); in Benbow’s action off San Domingo 19–24.8.1701. In 1703 under Capt. Hercules Mitchell, then 1704 Capt. James Moodie, in the

West Indies. In 1705 under Capt. Tudor Trevor (-1708), with Byng’s squadron in the Channel; to Jamaica 1706–08. In 1709 under Capt. Barrow Harris, then 1710 under Capt. George Paddon, off Jamaica; capture of 42-gun La Thétis off American coast 26.11.1711 (losing 5 killed). In 1711 under Capt. Robert Arris (-1714); St Lawrence expedition 1711; guard ship at Chatham 1714. Great Repair at Chatham (for £3,608) 2.1715–4.1716. In 1715 under Francis Dove, as flagship of Adm. George Byng in the Channel 8.1715. In 1718 under Capt. Francis Percy, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1721 under Capt. John Hubbard, in Home waters; paid off 2.1722. BU began at Portsmouth 2.10.1725, then remains removed to Chatham for RB (but actually RB at Deptford 1725–29). Exeter Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Bagwell] As built: 148ft 0in, 122ft 5in x 38ft 2in x 15ft 9in. 948 50/94 bm. Ord: 20.12.1694 to be built by contract; amended 8.3.1695 to build at Portsmouth. L: 26.5.1697. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Richard Edwards (-1700); to the Mediterranean 1699. In 1701 under Capt. James Stewart, in the Channel. In 1702 under Capt. Thomas Swanton (-1706), as flagship of Rear-Adm. John Leake for Newfoundland convoy; took privateer Le Cerf 30.5.1702; to Mediterranean 1703, then Home waters 1704–06; flagship of ViceAdm. Sir George Byng 1705; took 44-gun La Thétis 14.2.1705 (losing 11 killed). In 1708 under Capt. Baymont Raymond (-1711); took privateer Kengarre 1.6.1708; Channel and North Sea 1708–09, then Mediterranean 1710–11; action off Vado 22.3.1711. Later in 1711 under Capt. Tudor Trevor, for the Baltic. In 1715–16 under Capt. Nicholas Haddock, for the Baltic, then 1717 Capt. ?Peter Trevor. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £12,656.3.9d) 2.1719–4.1720, then fitted at Plymouth for the East Indies (for £6,975.3.9 1/2d); recommissioned under Capt. Sir Robert Johnson (dismissed by court martial 1720), for East Indies. In 1723 under Capt. John Cockburn; ordered home 1723. In 1731 under Capt. Thomas Durell; fitted for Mediterranean, but reduced to guard ship at Plymouth 12.1731. Fitted for Channel service there 7.1732, but again reduced to guard ship 8.1732, under Capt. Robert Trevor. Ordered fitted for sea 2.1733, but instead men were removed (into Swallow) and laid up at Plymouth. In 1734 under Capt. John Yeo, for Norris’s fleet; guard ship at Sheerness 1736–37. BU completed at Plymouth (to RB) 3.1740.

The sheer, half-breadth and body plan for the Montagu, probably for the rebuilding in 1716 (one of the figures on the taffrail holds a shield with the GR monogram of George I). By later standards the drawing is unusual in including details like the gunport lids (with sidehinged half ports under the forecastle), and much of the decorative work; drawing the main frame stations at rightangles to the keel line in the sheer plan is also a rather archaic convention. National Maritime Museum J3456.

Ex-FRENCH PRIZE (1695). A French vaisseau de 4ème Rang of 50 guns was taken and added as a 58-gun Fourth Rate. Trident Prize (French Le Trident, built 8.1687–9.1688 at Toulon. L: 22.6.1688. Laurent Coulomb design) Dimensions & tons: 129ft 6in, 107ft 1 1/2in x 36ft 7in x 13ft 4in. 762 57/94 bm. Men: 60. Guns: LD 22 culverins; UD 24 ‘sakers’ (probably demi-culverins); QD/Fc 10 sakers, 2 x 3pdrs. Taken 28.1.1695 by Plymouth and others of Killigrew’s squadron off Pantelleria. Purchased 23.11.1695. Commissioned 8.1695 under Capt. Richard Griffith in the Mediterranean; home to England 10.1695; with Mees’s squadron in the West Indies 1697. In 1699 under Capt. Francis Hosier. Sunk as a breakwater at Harwich 14.1.1701. PRE-ESTABLISHMENT REBUILDINGS. Six small Third Rates had been downgraded to Fourth Rates in 1696–97, but were in need of rebuilding by the close of King William’s War. The Montagu of 1675 was rebuilt in Woolwich Dyd. In 1698, and the elderly Commonwealth era ‘frigate’ Monck was rebuilt by contract in 1700–01. In 1703–04 Johnson secured contracts to rebuild at Blackwall two equally old frigates, together with the more recent

Dreadnought, to a somewhat larger specification. Men: 365 (240 peace). Guns (1703 Establishment): LD 24/24 culverins (18pdrs); UD 26/24 demi-culverins (9pdrs); QD 10/6 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs. Montagu Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As (re)built: 143ft 10in, 120ft 0in x 37ft 8in x 15ft 4in. 905 57/94 bm. L: 1698. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. Francis Wyvill, as a guard ship at Chatham. In 1701 under Capt. William Cleveland (-1704), for Rooke’s fleet; with Leake’s squadron to Newfoundland 1702; with Shovell’s fleet to the Mediterranean 1703; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; at Battle of Velez Malaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704. In 1705 under Capt. Bennet Allen (-1705); to Jamaica with Whetstone’s squadron; in action off Cape Nicholas (with Whetsone’s squadron) 19.11.1705. In 1708 under Capt. John Carlton (-1710), off Dunkirk; in the Channel 1709–10. In 1711 under Capt. George Watson (-1712); in St Lawrence expedition 1711; with convoy to Gibraltar 1712; rebuilt at Portsmouth 1716. Monck John & Robert Burchett, Rotherhithe. As (re)built: 137ft 6 1/2in, 114ft 3in x 36ft 5 1/2in x 14ft 5 1/4in. 807 73/94 bm. Ord: 10.10.1700. L: 12.1701. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. James Mighells, for Good’s squadron; in 10.1702 joined Shovell’s squadron; with Dilke’s squadron off Cape Clear 1703; with Shovell’s fleet 1704; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704, then Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 36 killed and 52 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Joseph Moore (shot himself ?27.2.1706). In 1706 under Capt. Salmon Morrice; with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1706; under refit in 1707; with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea and Channel 1708; still in the Channel 1709–10; took privateers Le Conquérant 24.7.1709 and Le Saint-François d’Assise 10.9.1710. In 1711 under Capt. George Camocke; took privateers — 16-gun La Salamandre off Cork 28.4.1712, 40-gun Le Comte de Giradin 19.5.1712 and Saint-Louis de Beaulieu 19.6.1712; Camocke’s Broad Pendant 1713, in the Mediterranean. In 9.1714 under Capt. Philip Cavendish, as guard ship at Portsmouth; with Byng’s squadron in the Channel 1715–16. Reduced to a 50-gun ship in 1719 and fitted for the Baltic. Recommissioned 1719 under Capt. Richard Hughes, for the Baltic; in

1720 under Capt. George Clinton; bilged and wrecked off Yarmouth 24.11.1720. Plymouth Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As (re)built: 140ft 5in, 115ft 3in x 38ft 3in x 15ft 7in. 896 84/94 bm. Ord: 10.5.1703 (contract 7.7.1703). L: 15.3.1705. Commissioned 1705 under Capt. Hercules Mitchell; foundered with all hands in a storm in the Channel 11.8.1705. Dunkirk Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As (re)built: 141ft 6in, 116ft 6in x 38ft 3in x 15ft 7in. 906 59/94 bm. Ord: 20.9.1703. L: 12.1704. Commissioned 1705 under Capt. ?Henry Grenville (-1708), for the Channel and Bay of Biscay (Byng’s squadron) took privateer Le Hocquart in the Channel 22.9.1705; in the Mediterranean for 1707 and winter 1707–08. In 1708 under Capt. Thomas Butler (dismissed by court martial 6.1711); in Minorca operation 9.1708; Sir Edward Whitaker’s squadron winter 1708–09, with Bung’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1709; St Lawrence expedition 1711. In 6.1711 under Capt. Augustine Rouse, then Capt. Henry Gore (-1714); in the Channel 1712, then Mediterranean 1713; guard ship at Plymouth 1714; paid off 12.1714. Large Repair at Plymouth (for £3,692.11.7 1/2d) 10.1716–2.1717. Small repair and fitted for the Mediterranean 1718; recommissioned 1718 under Capt. Sir Francis Drake (-1719), for the Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. In 1720 under Capt. Archibald Hamilton, still in Mediterranean. Fitted for guard ship at Plymouth (for £2,422.7.9d) 1723. In 1723 under Capt. Francis Hume (-1726); guard ship at Plymouth 1723–25; fitted for the West Indies at Plymouth (for £1,982.10.4d) 1726; with Hosier’s fleet in the West Indies 1726; at Porto Bello 1726. In 1727 under Capt. Sir Yelverton Peyton (-1728), still in West Indies. BU at Plymouth 7.1729, and serviceable remains sent to Portsmouth to RB.

A contemporary model of a 6o-gun ship of about 1705. It is slightly too narrow, but otherwise conforms to the 1706 Establishment, so may be part of the discussion stage leading up to the final decisions. It is also very similar to surviving draughts of specific ships. National Maritime Museum A8984.

Dreadnought Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As (re)built: 142ft 10in, 118ft 0in x 38ft 1in x 15ft 9in. 910 30/94 bm. Ord: 9.11.1704. L: 18.2.1706. Commissioned ?1706 under Capt. James Mighells, for the Channel; off Dunkirk 1707; with Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea 1708. In 1709 under Capt. John Bennett, in the Channel. In 1710 under Capt. John Chilley (-1714); off Dunkirk 1710 with broad pendant of Capt. Charles Cornwall?; to the Mediterranean 1711; flagship of Vice-Adm. Sir Edward Whitaker in the Channel 1712; prepared for the Baltic 1713; Middling Repair at Portsmouth (for £3,400.9.3 3/4d) 11.1713–8.1714; guard ship at Portsmouth 1714; paid off 12.1714. Recommissioned 1715 under Capt. Richard Canning, for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1716 under Capt. Tancred Robinson, still in the Baltic, with Norris’s fleet — later Byng’s fleet in winter 1717–18, Small Repair and fitted for the Mediterranean at Portsmouth (for £6,364.4.2d) 1718 (subsequently resheathed in the Mediterranean). In 1718 under Capt. William Haddock, in the Mediterranean’ at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.4.1718. Docked at Portsmouth 6.1721 for what was officially a ‘Great Repair’, but which altered her dimensions and tonnage and is thus treated here as a RB (see below for RB ship of 1723).

PRE-ESTABLISHMENT NEWBUILDINGS. A new vessel was ordered at Deptford in early 1702 to similar dimensions to the 60-gun Fourth Rates of the 1690 Programme. Just following its completion, the Navy lost the old York and Mary, both wrecked in 11.1703 within a few days of each other; replacements were quickly built in other Dockyards, each about 2ft longer in the keel than previous designs. Men: 365 (240 peace). Guns (1703 Establishment): LD 24/24 culverins (18pdrs); UD 26/24 demi-culverins (9pdrs); QD 10/6 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs. Nottingham Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 145ft 9 1/4in, 120ft 4in x 38ft 0in x 15ft 11in. 924 24/94 bm. Ord: 6.3.1702. L: 10.6.1703. Commissioned 6.1703 under Capt. Samuel Whitaker (-1704), for Shovell’s fleet; at Gibraltar 23.7.1704; took privateer La Tour de Montfort 9.4.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 7 killed and 19 wounded; flagship of Leake in winter 1704–05. In 1705 under Capt. James Moneypenny; at Battle of Marbella 10.3.1705. In 1706 under Capt. Richard Culliford (-1707), in the Mediterranean. In 1708 under Capt. Robert Bowler, with Byng’s fleet in the Downs. In 1709 under Capt. Henry Hubert (died 1711), in the North Sea; to the Mediterranean 1710; at capture of 60-gun La Toulouse off Minorca 12.1711; home to pay off 1713. Docked at Plymouth 20.12.1716 to BU, then serviceable remains sent to Deptford to rebuild. Mary Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Shortiss] As built: 145ft 0in, 122ft 3in x 37ft 6in x 15ft 8in. 914 41/94 bm. Ord: 19.3.1703. L: 12.5.1704. Commissioned 1704 under Capt. Edward Hopson (-1714); Byng’s flagship 1705, in the Soundings; took privateer Le Bienvenu 6.10.1705; with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1706; with Hardy’s squadron 1707, with Lisbon convoy and later in the Soundings; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 1708; with Byng’s fleet again in 1710, then underwent survey; in the Mediterranean 1711–13; ordered home 1713 and paid off 1714. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £10,584.9.10 3/4d) 4.1717–2.1718; fitted there for the West Indies (for £4,468.10.3 1/2d) 1719. Recommissioned 3.1719 under Capt. Edward Vernon, to Jamaica; returned and paid off 9.1721. Renamed Princess Mary by AO 26.7.1728. Docked 11.1736 at Portsmouth for ‘searching into her defects’; BU completed 1.1737.

York Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell to 1705, completed by John Lock] As built: 146ft 6in, 122ft 0in x 39ft 0in x 16ft 0in. 987 3/94 bm. Ord: 27.10.1703. L: 18.4.1706. Commissioned 1706 under Capt. Nicholas Trevanion (-1714); in Mediterranean 1707–09, with Main Fleet 1710, in the Channel 1711, and off Newfoundland 1712–13; took privateers — Le Saint-François 6.6.1710, Le Duc de Montmorency 4.1.1711 and La Reine des Anges 17.4.1711; guard ship at Plymouth 1714; paid off 12.1714. Great Repair at Plymouth (for £4,823.7.8 3/4d) 10.1713–5.1716. In 1715 under Capt. Thomas Scott, in the Downs, then 1717 under Capt. Charles Brown, with Byng’s fleet in the Baltic. Fitted at Portsmouth for the Baltic (for £4,404.19. 10 1/4d) 1719; fitted at Chatham 1719–20; recommissioned 1719 under Capt. Francis Percy, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic; in 1720 under Capt. William Ellford, then 1721 Capt. Henry Medley. Refit at Plymouth (for £7,498.9.9d) 1724–26; recommissioned 1726 under Capt. William Smith (-1728); with Jenning’s fleet 1726, then with Hopson’s squadron in the Straits; with Wager’s fleet on the Spanish coast 1727. In 1728 under Capt. John Cockburn, then under Capt. John St Lo (-1729); guard ship at Plymouth winter 1728–29, then fitted for the Mediterranean. In 1731 under Capt. Philip Vanbrugh, reduced to guard ship in 12.1731, at Plymouth 1731–32 and (after Channel service 7.1732) 1732–33. In 1732 under Capt. Joseph Lawes (died 19.3.1733), then under Capt. Edmund Willyams (-1736), with Norris’s fleet in the Tagus 1735; paid off 9.4.1737. Underwent ‘Great Repair’ at Plymouth which amounted to RB to 1733 Establishment 4.1737–1.1740. 1706 ESTABLISHMENT GROUP. The dimensions recommended as ‘most proper’ for 60-gun ships were proposed by the Surveyor, Daniel Furzer, who simply took the dimensions adopted in 1691 (see above), and shortened the keel to 119ft, while adding 6in to the breadth to compensate for the additional weight of the 1703 Establishment of Guns; these dimensions were finally promulgated without change by the Navy Board on 18.4.1706. Four ships were newbuilt to the 1706 Establishment in 1706–12 (of which the Rotherhithe-built Gloucester was taken by the French in 1709, and subsequently sold to the Genoese in 1711 and then to Spain in 1720). The existing Montagu, described in 4.1714 as in need of rebuilding, had this work

put in hand the following month, and was rebuilt to the same specification. Dimensions & tons: 144ft 0in, 119ft 0in x 38ft 0in x 15ft 8in. 914 2/94 bm. Men: 365 (240 peace). Guns (1703 Establishment): LD 24/24 culverins (18pdrs); UD 26/24 demi-culverins (9pdrs); QD 10/6 x 6pdrs; Fc 4/2 x 6pdrs. Under the 1716 Establishment of Guns, the 18pdrs were replaced by 24pdrs, and the ships reduced to 60 guns by the removal of two pairs of 6pdrs (one pair each from QD and Fc) — the rebuilt Montagu was completed with this armament. Plymouth Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Lock] As built: 144ft 0in, 119ft 0in x 38ft 2in x 15ft 8in. 922 5/94 bm. Ord: 7.7.1705. L: 25.5.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Capt. Jonas Hanway (-1711); with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 1708; with Leake’s fleet in the Channel 1709; retook (with Assurance) sloop L’Ecureuil (ex-HMS Squirrel) 15.2.1709; took privateers — Le Diligent 17.5.1709, Les Bijoux 8.7.1709 and L’Heureux 2.1.1710; capture of 40-gun La Dryade 20.9.1709; with the Downs squadron 1711. In 1712 under Capt. Richard Leake, in the Soundings. Small Repair at Chatham (for £2,218.2.4d) 1713. In 1715 under Capt. Richard Hughes, then 1716 Capt. Chaloner Ogle, both with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. Put in condition for sea at Chatham 1717. In 1719 under Capt. John Hager, again with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. Docked 13.4.1720 at Chatham to BU for RB. Gloucester John Burchett, Rotherhithe. As built: 143ft 8in, 118ft 7 1/2in x 38ft 3in x 15ft 8 1/2in. 923 15/94 bm. Ord: 17.3.1708. L: 25.7.1709. Commissioned 1709 under Capt. John Balchen; taken by French 70-gun Le Lis and 66-gun L’Achille off Capr Clear (Ireland) 26.10.1709 while escorting convoy. Became French 3 ème Rang Le Gloucester, sold 1711 at St Malo (as privateer?) and subsequently sold on to Spain in 1716 as Conquistador — deleted 1738. Lion Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] As built: 144ft 0in, 119ft 0in x 38ft 0in x 15ft 8in. 914 2/94 bm. Ord: 17.3.1708 (specified ‘merchant yard’, altered 22.4.1708 to Chatham). L: 20.1.1709. Commissioned 1710 under Capt. Galfridus Walpole (-1714); to Lisbon 1710 and thence Mediterranean; action off Vado 22.3.1710; took privateers La Victorieuse 5.5.1710 and La Fortunée 14.12.1711; home in 1713. Small

Repair at Chatham (for £1,194.18.2d) 12.1713–8.1714. In 1715 under Capt. Robert Bowler (-1716), as flagship of Rear-Adm. John Baker in the Mediterranean. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £12,220.10.5 1/2d) 6.1718–12.1719. Fitted there for the East Indies (for £3,189.9.2 3/4d) in spring 1720–1. Recommissioned 1721 under Capt. Edward Reddish (-1724), with Broad Pendant of Capt. Thomas Mathews for the East Indies. In 1727 under Capt. Joseph Lawes, with Wager’s fleet in the Straits; to West Indies 1728; flagship of Vice-Adm. Edward Hopson 1728; home to pay off autumn 1728. Recommissioned 1729 under Capt. George Berkeley, as flagship of Rear-Adm. Charles Stewart for Jamaica. In 1730 under Capt. Perry Mayne, still Stewart’s flag in Jamaica; paid off 1732. Completed BU at Portsmouth 11.1735; remains to Deptford for RB. Rippon Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 144ft 2 1/2in, 118ft 10in x 38ft 3in x 15ft 8 1/2in. 924 74/94 bm. Ord: 27.7.1711. L: 23.8.1712. C: 2.10.1712. Commissioned 1713 under Capt. Baymont Raymond (-1715), for the Baltic; flagship of Adm. Sir James Wishart 1713; in 4.1715 was already described as ‘wants rebuilding’; to the Mediterranean 1714; from the Mediterranean 1715, thence to the Baltic. Small Repair and fitted ‘for the Streights’ at Chatham (for £5,521.5.8 1/4d) 1718; recommissioned 1718 under Capt. Christopher O’Brien (-1719), for the Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. Great Repair at Plymouth (for £9,235.5.11 1/4d) 15.7.1721–9.3.1722. Fitted as guard ship at Plymouth (for £2,606.15.1d) 1723; recommissioned 1723 under Capt. Vincent Pearce (-1724) as guard ship at Plymouth; in 1725 under Capt. John Hubbard (died 11.1727); to West Indies 1726. In 1728 under Capt. William Berkeley. BU at Plymouth 8.12.1729 and serviceable remains sent to Woolwich for RB. Montagu Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey to 7.1715, completed by John Naish] As rebuilt: 144ft 3in, 119ft 0in x 38ft 1 1/2in x 15ft 8in. 920 4/94 bm. Ord: 7.1714 (having docked to BU 13.5.1714). L: 26.7.1716. First cost: £11,190.14.2 1/4d to build. Commissioned 1717 under Capt. George Purvis, for Byng’s fleet in the Baltic. Small Repair and fitted ‘for the Streights’ at Portsmouth (for £4,244.9.7 3/4d) 1718. Recommissioned 1718 under Capt. Thomas

Beverley (-1720), for the Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. Middling Repair at Portsmouth (for £3,393.2.3d) 3–6.1721. Recommissioned 1734 under Capt. John Hildesley, for Cavendish’s fleet in Home waters; paid off 12.1735. Great Repair and fitted at Portsmouth (for £11,812.8.1d) 1.1739–5.1740. Recommissioned 1740 under Capt. Thomas Trefusis, for Balchen’s squadron off Ferrol. In 8.1740 under Capt. William Chambers; to West Indies with Ogle in late 1740; in Cartagena operations 3–4.1741; in Santiago operations 7–10.1741; at Port Bello 3.1742; at Jamaica 1743–44; cast ashore in hurricane 20.10.1744, but salved; arrived home from West Indies in 6.1745. Surveyed 7.1.1748, and BU completed (by AO 3.1.1749, for £383.17.0 1/2d) at Portsmouth 19.9.1749.

Draught of the Rippon of 1712. It was originally bound into a folio and is consequently in two parts. Heavy inkingover of some lines does not enhance its readability, but the rarity of early plans makes it worth reproducing. National Maritime Museum J7226 & J7229.

Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1702–10). Four French vaisseaux de 3ème Rang, of between 52 and 56 guns, were taken in 1702–10 and added to the British Navy as 64-gun or 60-gun ships. Moderate (French Le Modéré, built 8.1684–5.1686 at Dunkirk. L: 1685. F. Hendrick design), 64 guns. Dimensions & tons: 132ft 6in, 106ft 11 7/8in x 39ft 6in x 14ft 8in. 887 85/94 bm. Men: 365. Guns: 64. Taken 12.10.1702 at Vigo Bay. Registered 29.1.1703, and established 24 & 26.2.1703. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. John Balchen. In 1703 under Capt. Thomas Long. In 1704–05 under Capt. Henry Lumley, with Shovell’s fleet in the

Channel. Subsequently served as storeship at Portsmouth until 1712 (start date unknown). Sold to J. Williamson (for £335) 15.12.1713. Arrogant (French L’Arrogant, built 8.1681–12.1682 at Le Havre. L: 6.5.1682. Jacques Doley design), 60 guns. Dimensions & tons: 137ft 8in, 111ft 10in x 39ft 6in x 19ft 8in. 928 bm. Men: 365. Guns: 60. Taken 20.3.1705 by Leake’s squadron at seizure of Gibraltar. Registered 3.10.1705. Commissioned 1706 under Capt. Sampson Bourne at Lisbon (as storeship for Leake’s fleet). Hulked 1707–08. In 12.1708 under Capt. George Nichols; foundered with all hands en route from Lisbon to Port Mahon, in a violent storm 5.1.1709. August (French L’Auguste, built 1–7.1704 at Brest. L: 3.5.1704. Etienne Hubac design), 60 guns. Dimensions & tons: 141ft 6in, 115ft 2 1/2in x 39ft 0in x 16ft 0in. 932 8/94 bm. Men: 365 (240 peacetime). Guns: LD 24 x 24pdrs; UD 26 x 9pdrs; QD 8 minions; Fc 2 minions. Taken 8.8.1705 from Duguay-Trouin by Chatham and Medway (of Byng’s fleet). Registered 28.8.1705, fitted for Channel. Commissioned 11.9.1705 under Capt. Robert Bokenham (died 8.1707), for Hardy’s squadron; took privateers La Marie-Madeleine 13.9.1706 and L’Hirondelle 30.11.1706. In 8.1707 under Capt. Thomas Scott; in 1708 in Byng’s fleet in North Sea and the Channel. In late 1708 under Capt. Lord Kenneth Duffus, still in Channel; took privateers Le Mercure 1.11.1708 and La Susanne 20.8.1709. In 1710 under Capt. Robert Thompson, with Dunkirk squadron 1710, then to Mediterranean 1711 and West Indies 1712. In 1716 under Capt. Robert Johnson, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic; wrecked on Anholt Island while en route home 10.11.1716. Superb (French Le Superbe, built 8.1708–3.1709 at Lorient. L: 12.12.1708. Pierre Coulomb design.), 64 guns. Dimensions & tons: 143ft 6in, 119ft 3in x 40ft 2in x 15ft 6 1/2in. 1,020 33/94 bm. Draught 17ft 0in / 18ft 6in. After 1721 Great Repair: 143ft 6in, 119ft 3in x 40ft 3 1/4in x 15ft 8in. 1,029 bm. Men: 365. Guns: 64/58/56.

Taken 29.7.1710 off the Lizard by Kent. Registered 22.9.1710. Commissioned 171 o under Cmdr (Capt. 10.1710) William Ellford. In 1711 under Capt. James Moneypenny (-1714), in the Mediterranean; ordered home 1713. In 1716 under Capt. George Sanders; in the Baltic 1717 and winter 1717–18. Fitted at Chatham ‘for the Streights’ (of Gibraltar) I718;in 1718 under Capt. Strensham Master, for the Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. Great Repair (or RB) at Woolwich by Hayward (for £9,704.17.3 3/4d) 4.1720–3.1721. Recommissioned 1723 under Capt. Arthur Feild (died 24.10.1726) as guard ship at Sheerness 1723–25, then at Chatham. Fitted at Portsmouth for the West Indies 1725–26, then sailed to join Hosier’s fleet there 1726; at blockade of Porto Bello. In 1726 under Cmdr (Capt. 6.1727) John Price (died 27.12.1727), then Capt. Edward St Lo (died 22.4.1729) then Capt. Peter Solgard, home to pay off. To Woolwich 10.1732 to be RB or repaired, but instead BU there 9.1733.

The French prize L’Auguste taken in 1705 from the famous privateer Duguay-Trouin. With fine lines (note the very sharp midship section) and fitted for rowing on the lower deck, this is a ship optimised for commerce raiding — with a view to out-running anything it cannot out-fight. National Maritime Museum J3420.

Another French prize, the Superbe captured in 1710. English 60s, with their flat floors and full bodies (see draughts of Montagu and Rippon above), were general purpose ships, as useful in the line of battle as they were as heavy cruisers; in contrast, French ships of this size seem dedicated to the guerre de course, although there were a number of such ships in the French line at Velez-Malaga in 1704. National Maritime Museum J4012.

At the death of Queen Anne, the British navy included seventeen Fourth Rates of 64 guns, together with one 60-gun ship (the latter being the prize August). Among them, the Montagu was described in April 1714 as needing rebuilding (in fact, she had already been taken to pieces, and by 8.1714 was actually rebuilding), the Kingston and Medway as needing a great repair, and the August as needing a small repair; all these were lying in Ordinary, as were the Exeter, Lion, Plymouth and Sunderland, all of which were in good condition. Of the remaining ten ships in Commission, the Rippon was described as in need of rebuilding (surely an error as she had in fact been rebuilt in 1712), the Mary and York were in need of a great repair, while the Canterbury, Dunkirk, Dreadnought, Monck, Nottingham, Superb, and Windsor were in good condition. All these 64-gun ships, the earliest of which had originated with 60 guns, were to be reclassed as 60-gun ships in 1716.

Fourth Rates of 50 guns Under the 1703 Establishment of Guns, most of the smaller Fourth Rates were established with 54 guns in wartime, and 46 in peacetime. The 54 guns comprised 22 x 12pdrs (of 9ft length) on the LD, 22 x 6pdrs (of 8 1/2ft length) on the UD, 8 x 6pdrs (of 7ft length) on the QD, and 2 x 6pdrs (of 9 1/2ft length) on the Fc. Their peacetime Establishment comprised 2 fewer LD

guns, 4 fewer UD guns, and 2 fewer QD guns. Ten of the very smallest ships had an Establishment of fewer guns — the Kingfisher, Crown, Reserve, Assistance, Dover, Ruby and Bonaventure, each with 50/44 guns; and Tiger, Advice and Dragon, each with 48/42 guns. 120ft GROUP (1688–90 Rebuildings). The Crown and Dragon were rebuilt at the start of the reign of William and Mary. Crown Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As (re)built: 120ft 5 1/2in, 100ft x 32ft 11in x 13ft 0in. 577 (576 31/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 250. Guns: (1696 Survey) 18 culverins (drakes), 20 demi-culverins and 6 sakers. Under the 1703 Establishment had 50/44 comprising LD 20/18 x 12pdrs (9ft long); UD 22/20 x 6pdrs (8ft long); QD 6/4 x 6pdrs (7ft long); Fc 2/2 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long). L: 1689. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. Benjamin Hoskins. In 1691 under Capt. Robert Wilmott, off Dunkirk. In 1692 under Capt. Thomas Warren; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. William Whetstone, then 1694–95 under Capt. John Guy, both in the Channel. In 1696 under Capt. Cooper Wate; to Newfoundland 1697. In 1699 under W Caldwall. In 1700 under Capt. Robert Wynn, with Rooke’s squadron 1702 for Operation Dunkirk in the Baltic. In 1702 under Capt. John Worrell, with Beaumont’s squadron. BU 1703 to rebuild at Deptford 1703–04. Dragon Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As (re)built: 118ft 11in, 99ft 0in x 3 1ft 9in x 12ft 2in. 479 (530 79/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 220. Guns: (1696 Survey) 18 x 12pdrs, 20 x 8pdrs and 8 sakers. Under the 1703 Establishment had 48/42 comprising LD 20/18 x 12pdrs (8 1/2ft long); UD 20/18 x 6pdrs (8ft long); QD 6/4 x 6pdrs (7ft long); Fc 2/2 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long). [1703 actual (Priddy’s Hard Achive) comprised 18 x 12pdrs and 28 sakers (6pdrs).] Ord: 9.5.1689. L: 3.1690. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. William Wright, for Ireland; in the Channel 1692. In 1692 under Capt. William Vickars (died 25.11.1694), with Wheler’s squadron; to the West Indies in early 1693; took (with Russell’s fleet) French La Diligente of Duguay-Trouin’s squadron

12.5.1694. In 1695 under Capt. Edward Rigby; with Moody’s squadron to the Mediterranean, escorting convoy to Turkey; with the Dunkirk squadron 1697. In 1701 under Capt. Robert Holliman (killed 13.10.1702), with the Fleet; in action against French 70-gun vessel 13.10.1702 (26 killed including Holliman); then under Lieut. Charles Fotherby. In 1703 under Capt. Lord Henry Maynard, for the Channel and North Sea. BU 1706 to rebuild at Rotherhithe 1706–07 (see below). 123ft GROUP. Twelve 54-gun ships were newbuilt under orders placed in 1690 (five ships) and 1692 (seven ships) to similar specifications. The contracts specified a number of variations as shown below. Dimensions and tons (Contract): Chatham — 123ft 0in x 34ft 3in x 13ft 9in. Centurion — 125ft 0in x 32ft 6in x 13ft 4in. Portland — 123ft 0in x 33ft 0in x 13ft 6in. Weymouth and Anglesea — 123ft 0in x 33ft 6in x 13ft 4in. Men: 230 (160 peacetime). Guns: In the 1696 Survey, the Chatham actually carried 49 guns (comprising 21 culverins, 18 x 8pdrs and 10 minions) while the Chester had 50 guns (22 x 12pdrs, 22 x 6pdrs and 6 minions. Under the 1703 Establishment all had 54/46 guns (comprising LD 22/20 x 12pdrs; UD 22/18 x 6pdrs; QD 8/6 x 6pdrs; and Fc 2/2 x 6pdrs). Group 1: March 1690. These three ships were, with the 40-gun Adventure, the only ships to be ordered during the short existence of the Admiralty Board of early 1690, led in practice by Rear-Adm. Sir John Chicheley (nominally under the Earl of Pembroke). Chatham Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 126ft 0in, 109ft 6in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 4in. 686 54/94 bm. Ord: 14.3.1690. L: 20.4.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. John Leader; with Rooke’s fleet in defence of Smyrna convoy 6.1693; took St Malo privateer La Marguerite (after a two-hour fight) 7.1.1693; in the Mediterranean 1694. In 1696 under Capt. John Worrell, with Benbow’s squadron. In 1697 under Capt. Samuel Whitaker; convoy to Jamaica 7.1697; ordered home 1698. Large repair recommended, but no report of being done. In 1701 under Capt. Robert Hancock, with the Fleet; took privateers La Marianne 28.5.1702 and Le Bienvenu 28.8.1702. In 1704 under Capt. Robert Bokenham; took privateers L’Envoi 7.3.1704 and La Duchesse de Main 29.10.1704; action with 50-gun L’Auguste of Duguay-Trouin’s squadron 23.11.1704

(her consort Elizabeth was captured by Le Jason and La Valeur); took 30-gun St Malo privateer Le Connétable 14.1.1705; took (with Medway) 50-gun L’Auguste 8.8.1705 (losing 1 killed, 30 wounded). In 1706 under Capt. Richard Hughes, with Whitaker’s squadron in the North Sea; in 1708 with Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea; in the Mediterranean 1709. In 171 o under Capt. Nicholas Haddock (-1713), still in the Mediterranean. Great Repair at Woolwich (for £3,317.0.3 1/2d) 2–7.1713. In 1715 under Capt. Robert Harland, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1716 under Capt. Edward Storey (-1717). Docked at Deptford 4.7.1718 to BU and RB. Centurion Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 125ft 8 1/2in, 105ft 0in x 33ft 2in x 13ft 5in. 614 35/94 bm. Ord: 20.3.1690. L: 6.3.1691. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. Francis Wyvell; at Battle of Barfleur 19– 24.5.1692; took privateers Le Farouche 5.5.1692 and La Machine (after a long fight) in the Channel 17.7.1692. Later in 1692 under Capt. John Bridges (died 24.5.1694); took privateers off Scottish coast 9.1792, then Les Deux Frères 12.6.1693 and La Galante 20.1.1694. In ?5.1694 under Capt. John Price; successful actions against privateers in North Sea 24.2.1694; took privateers L’Obéissance 23.2.1695 and Le Saint-Louis 30.7.1695, still in North Sea. In 1702 under Capt. John Herne (-1704), with Shovell’s fleet; took privateer Le Saint-Louis 10.9.1702; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 10 killed and 33 wounded; with Leake’s squadron in winter 1704–05. In 1705 under Capt. John Cooper, in Home waters. In 1706 under Capt. William Fairborne (died 5.10.1708), off Ostend; to the Mediterranean 1707; Minorca operations 9.1708. In ?10.1708 under Capt. John Mitchell (-1710); in Whitaker’s squadron in winter 1708–09; in action against French 70-gun and 60-gun 8.11.1709. In 1711 under Capt. Robert Jackson (-1714), in Downs squadron; took privateer Le Jeune Abraham 26.10.1711; to Jamaica 1712. In 1715 under Capt. Charles Smith, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1718 under Capt. Charles Boyle (?died 28.3.1720), in Home waters. Docked at Plymouth 4.2.1729 to BU and RB. Chester Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As built: 125ft 1in, 105ft 10in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 10 1/4in. 663 55/94 bm. Ord: 20.3.1690. L: 21.3.1691.

Commissioned 1691 under Capt. Clifford Chamberlin (died 6.11.1691), then under Capt. Thomas Gillam; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19– 24.5.1692. In 7.1692 under Capt. John Jennings. In 1693 under Capt. Thomas Heath (died 9.6.1693), then Capt. William Julius (-1694), with Wheeler’s squadron in the West Indies; drove ashore on Dominica 4.1694 a French 18-gun privateer, which blew up. In 1696 under Capt. Richard Athy; at Blackstakes in 7.1696. In 1697 under Capt. John Viat, for convoys in the Channel and Irish Sea. In 1702 under Capt. Robert Stevens (died 24.2.1705); with Beaumont’s squadron 7.1702; by 1705 fitting for voyage to Guinea. In 1705 under Capt. John Balchen (-1707), for voyage to Guinea; in 10.1707 escorting Lisbon convoy, attacked by Duguay-Trouin and Forbin’s squadron off the Lizard 10.10.1707, when taken by the French 56-gun Le Jason.

An unidentified contemporary model of one of the ‘123ft Group’ 50s of the 1690s, possibly the Portland. Even the contracts specified slightly different dimensions, and although Dummer produced a standard draught for the merchant-built ships, this was not followed

closely by all builders. The end result was considerable variation in details like gunport numbers and configurations. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR33.

Group 2: August 1690. Norwich (i) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] As built: 125ft 7in, 102ft 2in x 33ft 8in x 13ft 4in. 615 90/94 bm. [alternative record states ‘107ft 1in keel x 33ft 2in x 13ft 4in. 607 bm’. But this is almost certainly an error] Ord: 15.8.1690. L: 16.7.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Commodore Ralph Wrenn (died 26.3.1692), sailed 26.12.1691 with squadron for the West Indies; arrived Barbados 16.1.1692; in action off Désirade 21.2.1692 against 18-ship squadron of the Comte de la Roche-Courbon-Blenac. Later in 1692 under Capt. Richard Pugh; lost, presumed foundered with all hands in a tropical storm in the West Indies 6.10.1692.

Another contemporary model of a 50-gun ship of the early 1690s, possibly one of the larger ones of ‘123ft Group’ like the Chatham. This one has the monograms of William and Mary worked into the panels either side of the rudder head, which dates it to before 1695. This view emphasises the sharp hull lines, demonstrating that, unlike 60s, English 50-gun ships of this era were already considered primarily cruisers and not battlefleet units. The model has a square tuck stern, which is supposedly unusual, but a number of models dating from the 1680s and early 1690s display one, so it may have been more common than is often thought. National Maritime Museum D4066–5.

Weymouth Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] As built: 123ft 4in, 107ft 10in x 34ft 3in x 13ft 10in. 672 79/94 bm.

Ord: 15.8.1690.L: 8.8.1693. Commissioned 8.1693 under Capt. William Jumper; took (with Dunkirk) 54gun L’Invincible 17.6.1694; took privateers Le Dauphin 8.3.1694, Le Monpertu and Le Prosper 1.8.1694, La Marie Bien-Aimée 11.8.1694 and (after a four-hour long fight) La Ville de Saint-Malo 31.8.1694; action against 44-gun Le Comte de Toulouse 34.9.1694; took further privateers — La Pinelle 1.5.1695, La Pinelle d’Orléans 6.5.1695, L’Harpe 11.7.1695 and 36-gun St Malo Le Comte de Revel 20.7.1695; took frigate L’Emerillion 13.11.169 5; action (with Dover) against 48-gun Le Fougueux 12.1696; took privateers L’Union 2.4.1697 and L’Espérance 1.12.1697. took 24-gun L’Héroine off Olonne 21.7.1697. In 1698 under Capt. Thomas Poulton (killed 20.6.1699 in duel), for Newfoundland; later under Capt. Charles Desborow. In 1701 under Capt. William Gifford, with Brooke’s fleet. In 1702 under Capt. Samuel Whitaker, conveying of East India ships; took privateers Le Renau 5.6.1702, La Légère 7.6.1702 and Le Succès 13.6.1702; with Shovell’s squadron in 10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. John Mitchell; took privateers Le Reynold 26.2.1703, L’Aurore 9.6.1703 and La Diane 14.7.1703; in North Sea 1704; to Barbados 1705. In 1707 under Capt. Charles Smith, with Whetstone’s squadron. In 1708 under Capt. Thomas Legge, to West Indies; took privateer Le Marquis de Bernières 23.2.1708. Fitted in 1710, then under Capt. Richard Lestock, for Jamaica in 1710; returned home 1713. In 2.1713 under Capt. Edward Falkingham. Refitted at Plymouth (for £2,572.11.5d) 6.1713–6.1714. In ?1714 under Capt. Charles Hardy, then 1715 Capt. Robert Studley, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1716 under Lestock again, still in the Baltic. Docked at Woolwich 13.6.1717 to BU and RB. Group 3: 1692 Orders. Falmouth Edward Snelgrove, Limehouse. As built: 124ft 0in, 101ft 6 1/2in x 33ft 7 1/2in x 13ft 9in. 610 63/94 bm. Ord: 1.1.1692. L: 25.6.1693. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. John Beverley; in the Mediterranean 1694. In 1695 under Capt. Caleb Grantham; with Killigrew’s squadron in action off Pantelleria (capture of French 60-gun Le Content and 50-gun Le Trident) 28.1.1695. In 1696 under Capt. John Baker, still in the Mediterranean. In 1697 under Capt. David Lloyd (drowned 7.1699), with the Dunkirk squadron; with Benbow’s squadron 1698–99; sailed

11.1698 for the West Indies. In 1701 under Capt. Samuel Vincent, in the West Indies; in Benbow’s action off San Domingo 19–24.8.1702. In 10.1703 under Capt. Christopher Fogg; later in 1703 under Capt. Thomas Kenny (killed 4.8.1704); taken by Duguay-Trouin’s squadron off the Isles of Scilly 4.8.1704. Portland Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As built: 125ft 6in, 103ft 6in x 34ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 636 39/94 bm. Ord: 17.2.1692. L: 28.3.1693. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. William Bridges, for the North Sea. In 6.1694 under Capt. William Smith (drowned 31.12.1695); took privateer Le Coasquen 17.2.169 5. In 1.1696 under Capt. James Littleton; with Norris’s squadron; took privateers 24-gun La Notre Dame de Lombardie and Le St Jean, both on 18.4.1696, and Le Commode 23.8.1696, all in the Channel; to Newfoundland 1697. In 1699 under Capt. Edward Whitaker; with Baltic squadron 1700; off Dunkirk 1701. In 1702 under Capt. James Jesson, in the North Sea. In 1705 under Capt. Leonard Crow, in the West Indies. In 1706 under Capt. Henry Turville, in Home waters. In 1707 under Capt. Timothy Bridges, in the West Indies. In 1708 under Capt. Edward Windsor (dismissed 23.7.1708); in Wager’s Action off Cartagena 28.5.1708. In ?7.1708 under Capt. Stephen Hutchins (died 24.8.1709 at Jamaica); action with 50-gun Le Coventry and 40-gun Le Mignon off the Bastimentos (near Puerto Bello) 4– 6.1709, recapturing the former (losing 9 men killed, 12 wounded). In ? 8.1709 under Capt. George Purvis, for Newfoundland convoy. In 12.1710 under Capt. Robert Pearson, with Hardy’s squadron in the Downs. Later in 1711 under Capt. Thomas Beverley; in North Sea 1712. Docked 16.2.1719 at Portsmouth to BU and RB. Anglesea Mr Flint, Plymouth. (Some sources state built by Elias Waffe at Plymouth Dyd, but this was actually a private contract to Flint, with labour and materials supplied from the Dyd.) As built: 125ft 0in, 106ft 0in x 33ft 2in x 14ft 0in. 620 21/94 bm. Ord: 17.2.1692. L: 17.4.1694. Commissioned 1694 under Capt. William Power, for Channel cruising; took privateers 20-gun Saint Nicolas 28.9.1694 and 30-gun Saint Louis 15.10.1694, both in the Channel; escaped from Duguay-Trouin’s squadron 16.4.169 5. In 1695 under Capt. William Caldwell (-1698);

took privateers Le St Jean Baptiste 19.4.1696 and Le Perrine 8.6.1696, both in the Channel, and La Bergère 13.8.1696 in the North Sea. In 1698 under Capt. James Littleton (-1701), for East Indies. In 1702 under Capt. Baron Wylde, then 1703 Capt. John Moses (died 3.1704? or ?10.1705), for West Indies. In ?3.1704 under Capt. Henry Partington; in Home waters 1705; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 1708; in North Sea 1709. In 171 o under Capt. Thomas Legge (died 28.2.1712), for Guinea and thence West Indies; took 24-gun L’Espèrance 16.11.1711; recaptured (with Fowey) Scarborough 31.3.1712. In 1712 under Capt. Robert Johnson; in Home waters 1712; fitted at Woolwich for the South Seas in 1712; to South Seas 1713–14 (in Company’s service); at Cartagena 1715. Docked at Chatham 1.1719 for ‘GR’ (as dimensions were altered, this in effect was a RB) and re-classed as a 40-gun Fifth Rate 6.1719. Dartmouth John Shish, Rotherhithe. As built: 122ft 0in, 100ft 0in x 33ft 8in x 13ft 7in. 602 84/94 bm. As re-measured following 1703 recapture: 121ft 8in, 101ft 6in x 33ft 6in x 13ft 5in. 605 84/94 bm. Ord: 21.6.1692. L: 24.7.1693. Commissioned 1694 under Capt. Roger Vaughan (killed 4.2.1695); taken by two French 40-gun frigates 4.2.1695 in the Western Approaches. In French service as Le Bourbon, retaken 12.10.1702 by Barfleur, and renamed Vigo Prize 29.1.1703. Recommissioned under Capt. Thomas Long; wrecked 27.11.1703 in the ‘Great Gale’ at Hellevoetsluys (Holland). Rochester Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 125ft 5in, 107ft 0in x 32ft 8in x 13ft 6in. 607 32/94 bm. Ord: 28.6.1692. L: 15.3.1693. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. Gabriel Hughes, for the Main Fleet. In 1695 under Capt. Robert Kirton; to the Mediterranean with convoy to Turkey at end 1695; cruising in the Mediterranean 1696; took 24-gun French frigate 9.1697. In 1698 under Capt. Gerrard Ellwes (-1699). In 1701 under Capt. John Mayne, as guard ship at Chatham; then to Guinea. In 1702 under Capt. Edward Owen (-1706); took 18-gun La Gracieuse 11.6.1702; with Beaumont’s squadron 1702; with Byng’s squadron in the Soundings 1705; took 24-gun privateer 4.1705. In 1706 under Capt. John Aldred (-1712), with Whitaker’s squadron 1706, then Whetstone’s squadron 1707; in North Sea 1708, then the Channel 1709, and

Newfoundland 1710. Small repair at Kinsale in early 1712. Docked 30.7.1714 to be taken down for rebuilding at Deptford 1714–16. Southampton John Winter, Southampton. As built: 121ft 9in, 100ft 0in x 33ft 10in x 13ft 9in. 608 83/94 bm. Ord: 13.7.1692. L: 10.6.1693. Commissioned 1694 under Capt. Richard Kirkby (-1697); with Killigrew’s squadron in action off Pantelleria (capture of French 60-gun Le Content and 50-gun Le Trident) 28.1.1695; in the West Indies 1696–97. BU 1699 to rebuild 1699–1700 at Deptford (see below). Norwich (ii) Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As built: 123ft 8in, 101ft 6in x 33ft 10in x 13ft 6 1/2in. 618 bm. Ord: 5.8.1692 (contract). L: 24.8.1693. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. Josias Crow (-1696); bombardment of St Malo 16–19.11.1693; off Dunkirk 1694; sailed to West Indies 1695, and thence to Virginia, returning with convoy 7.1695; on the Irish station later in 1695; in the Channel with the main fleet 1696. In 1697 under Capt. George Simonds (dismissed by court martial), for the West Indies. In 1697 under Capt. Phineas Bowles (died 4.11.1698). In 1701 under Capt. Andrew Douglas (dismissed by court martial 16.11.1704), for the West Indies. In 1705 under Capt. John Watkins, in the North Sea. In 1706 under Capt. Jonathan Spann (-1708); to St Helena 1707; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel and North Sea 1708. In 1709 under Capt. Robert Studley (-1712); to St Helena 1709; to New England with mast ships 1710; to New England 1711; in the Channel 1712. Small Repair at Kinsale 4.1712. Arrived at Chatham 15.10.1712 to break up for rebuild (to 1718). A second batch of twelve vessels to the dimensions of the Centurion (see above) was envisaged, with an estimate of the costs called for by AO of 16.11.1693; however these were never ordered and instead the first five of the following 130ft vessels were ordered on 15.2.1694. 130ft GROUP — Rebuildings. Two elderly Fourth Rates — the Newcastle and Bristol (both of 1653) — were rebuilt by contract. Men: 280/240/185. Guns: (Actual in 1696 Survey: Newcastle, 52 — 24 culverins, 22 x 8pdrs and 6 sakers. Bristol, only 38–18 culverins and 20 x 8pdrs). In 1703 both were Established with 54/46 guns, comprising: LD 22/20 x 12pdrs (9ft long); UD 22/18 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long); QD 8/6 x

6pdrs (7ft long); Fc 2/2 x 6pdrs (9 1/2ft long). Newcastle ? Pett, Rotherhithe. As (re)built: 131ft 0in, 108ft 2in x 33ft 4 1/2in x 13ft 6in. 642 61/94 bm. (? 670 tons) Ord: 31.10.1691. L: 1692. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. Jedediah Barker; with Rooke’s fleet in defence of Smyrna convoy 6.1693. In 1694 under Capt. Charles Wager, with Russell’s fleet in the Channel; to the Mediterranean 10.1694; in Killigrew’s action off Pantelleria 28.1.1695 (capture of Le Content and Le Trident). On 27.11.1695 under Capt. Daniel Reeves; to West Indies with convoy 1696; home in 1697. In 1702 under Capt. William Carter; to Guinea and the Cape of Good Hope; returned in 1703; foundered at Spithead during the ‘Great Storm’ of 27.11.1703 (193 drowned including Carter; 40 saved). Bristol Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As (re)built: 130ft 0in, 107ft 6 1/2in x 34ft 3 1/4in x 13ft 1 1/4in. 671 64/94 bm. L: 1693. Commissioned 8.1693 under Capt. Edward Gurney (died 29.1.1695), for the West Indies. In 1696 under Capt. Edmund Doyley (or D’Oyley), at Barbados. In 1697 under Capt. Stephen Elliot, with Mees’s squadron in the West Indies; home in 1698, then Guard at Portsmouth until paid off. Recommissioned 1701 under Edward Acton; to West Indies at end of 1701; at executions of Capts. Kirkby and Wade at Plymouth 16.4.1703. In 1704 under Capt. John Watkins, then 1705 under Capt. John Anderson (dismissed by Court Martial), in the West Indies. In 11.1705 under Capt. Thomas Mann; home in 7.1706 (under temp command of Lieut.). In 1707 under Capt. Henry Gore; with Whetsone’s squadron in 1707; convoy to Virginia 1708; taken by the French 66-gun L’Achille and 40-gun La Gloire of Duguay-Trouin’s squadron off Plymouth 24.4.1709; retaken next day but foundered in the Channel. 130ft GROUP — Newbuildings. The prototype for this design was the rebuilding by contract of the elderly Newcastle and Bristol. The design of the following vessels explicitly followed the dimensions of the latter ship. The 21 ships comprised two ‘batches’.

Stylistically, this undated draught of the Lichfield seems to belong to the second decade of the eighteenth century so either it shows the appearance of the ship shortly before her rebuilding (ordered in 1720) or it is the draught used for the rebuilding itself. National Maritime Museum J4030.

Dimensions & tons: 130ft 0in, 107ft 0in x 34ft 2in x 13ft 6in. 664 38/94 bm. Men: 230 (160 peacetime). Guns (1703 Establishment) 54/46 comprising: LD 22/20 x 12pdrs (9ft long); UD 22/18 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long); QD 8/6 x 6pdrs (7ft long); Fc 2/2 x 6pdrs (9 1/2ft long). 1694 Batch. The first five of this lengthened group of 54-gun ships was authorised in November 1693; these were all newbuilt (three in Royal Dockyards, and two by contract in February 1694), with another pair by contract in November 1694 (Harwich and Pendennis from Castle) and a further pair the next month (Burlington and Severn from Johnson). Romney Henry Johnson, Blackwall. Dimensions & tons: 130ft 0 1/2in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 7in. 683 41/94 bm. Ord: 16.11.1693 (contract 23.2.1694). L: 23.10.1694. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. Edmund Loades; took 30-gun privateer Le Phénix in the Mediterranean 3.1696; refitting at home in 7.1697. In 1699 under Capt. John Fletcher, as guard ship at Chatham; attending King in Holland 1701. In 1701 under Capt. Charles Strickland (-1704), with the Fleet; Russian convoy 1702. In 1705 under Capt. John Smith, in the North Sea; with Fairbourne’s squadron off Ostend 1706. Later in 1706 under Capt. William Coney, to the Mediterranean; took (with Milford and Fowey) 16-gun privateer at Malaga 15.12.1706, and destroyed 54-

gun Le Content off Almeria 26.12.1706; wrecked (with Shovell’s Association) on Bishop & Clerks rocks off Isles of Scilly 22.10.1707 (all drowned except one man). Colchester Henry Johnson, Blackwall. Dimensions & tons: 131ft 4in, 111ft 8in x 34ft 3in x 13ft 7in. 696 71/94 bm. Ord: 16.11.1693 (contract 23.2.1694). L: 23.10.1694. Commissioned 10.12.1694 under Capt. Frederick Weighman (died 16.2.1697), for the West Indies. Later in 1697 under Capt. William Julius (died 3.10.1698), still in the West Indies. In 1699 under Capt. Thomas Jennings, as guard ship at Chatham. In 1701 under Capt. John Redman (-1702), for the West Indies. In 1703 under Capt. Edmund D’Oyley (died 5.1703), to West Indies, then under Capt. David Wavell; wrecked in Whitesand Bay, Cornwall in a storm 16.1.1704 (170 drowned including Wavell). Lichfield Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] Dimensions & tons: 130ft 3in, 107ft 7in x 34ft 7 1/2in x 13ft 6in. 686 6/94 bm. Ord: 16.11.1693. L: 4.2.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. Lord Archibald Hamilton, for the Soundings; took privateers in the Channel — Le Postillon 28.7.1695, La Marie de Grâce 8.8.1695 and 24-gun St Malouine Le Tigre 12.12.1695. In 1697 under Capt. Fleetwood Ernes, for Yarmouth fishery; took privateer L’Empereuse in the North Sea 13.5.1697. In 1702 under Capt. Lord (James) Dursley, for Newfoundland expedition; took 36-gun frigate Le Martial 12.6.1703. In 1704 under Capt. Rupert Billingsley, with Whetstone’s squadron; took privateer Le Soleil 13.5.1704 in the North Sea. In 1705 under Capt. Thomas Smith, for the Channel and Bay of Biscay; Smyrna convoy 1706; to St Helena and Cape of Good Hope 1707; paid off by AO 22.3.1707 and laid up at Deptford. Recommissioned 1709 under Capt. Joseph Taylor; to Newfoundland 1709; with Main Fleet 1710; took privateers — Le Comte de Vassy 30.5.1710, Les Deux Amis 16.4.1711 and Les Passages-Volant 29.2.1712; in the Channel 1711; took (with Medway) Les Sorlingues — ex-RN Sorlings — 18.1.1711; off Portugal 1712; paid off 2.1715. BU at Plymouth 28.5.1720 to RB. Lincoln Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As built: 130ft 7in, 108ft 4in x 34ft 3 1/2in x 13ft 6 1/2in. 675 91/94 bm.

Ord: 16.11.1693. L: 19.2.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. Baron Wylde, for the North Sea. In 1696 under Capt. Edward Chant, for the Irish Sea. In 1697 under Capt. Nicholas Dyer (died 4.6.1697), with Mees’s squadron in the West Indies. Later in 1697 under Capt. G. Mohun, then under Capt. William Wakelin, arrived home 11.10.1697; with Guard at Portsmouth until paid off. In 1700 under Capt. Edward Neville (died 12.9.1701), as commodore of squadron for Virginia. Later in 1701 under Capt. Henry Middleton; lost, presumed foundered with all hands in a storm 29.1.1703 (after parting from Ipswich); finally paid off then (by AO 30.6.1703).

Another contemporary model originally in the collection of Charles Sergison, Pepys’s successor as Clerk of the Acts. It represents one of the 130ft 50-gun ships of the late 1690s, but it defies precise identification. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 11.

Coventry Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: ..., 106ft 0in x 34ft 5in x 13ft 6in. 670 bm. Ord: 16.11.1693. L: 20.4.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. G Mister (died 12.1696), for the Mediterranean. In 1697 under Capt. George Delavall; home for refit in 7.1697; to Mediterranean again 1698. In ?1699 under Capt. George Smith, then 5.1699 Capt. Robert Bokenham. In 1701 under Capt.

Thomas Hardy, with the Fleet. In 1702–03 under Capt. Kerryl Roffey, with Virginia convoy and then to Barbados. In 1704 under Capt. Henry Lawrence, with Shovell’s fleet in the Channel; taken by squadron of French privateers off the Isles of Scilly 24.7.1704 (Lawrence dismissed by court martial 5.1.1705). Retaken by Portland 6.5.1709 at Bastimentos (near Puerto Bello), but not recommissioned, and BU 1709. Severn Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 131ft 3in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 6in. 683 41/94 bm. Ord: 16.11.1693 & 7.12.1694. L: 16.9.1695. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Richard Edwards, for the Fleet. In 1697 under Capt. Richard White; took privateer Le Saint-Guillaume 26.2.1697 in the Channel. In 1699 under Capt. Robert Fairfax; with Rooke’s squadron in the Baltic 1700. In 1702 under Capt. Thomas Stepney, for the East Indies. In 1703 under Capt. Charles Richards (died 23.3.1703), then Capt. Robert Harland, still in East Indies; home in 1705. In 1706 under Capt. Humphrey Pudner (-1712), for Wager’s squadron in the West Indies; to Newfoundland 1710; took privateer La Comtesse d’Evreaux 4.9.1710 on the Newfoundland Banks; later to the Straits of Gibraltar; in the Mediterranean 1711; action off Vado 22.3.1711; convoy to Virginia 1712. Recommissioned 1715 under Capt. John Shales, for the Baltic 1715–17. Refitted at Chatham (for £4,817.17.2a) 2–9.1718. Fitted as a guard ship there 9.1728. Recommissioned 1728 under Capt. Philip Vanbrugh, as guard ship at Chatham to 1730; to the Mediterranean 1730. BU at Plymouth completed 6.1734 to RB. Burlington Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 131ft 3in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 3in x 13ft 7in. 680 12/94 bm. Ord: 16.11.1693 & 7.12.1694. L: 16.9.1695. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. William Kerr, for Portuguese convoy; took privateer La Bergère 19.7.1696. In 1697 under Capt. Robert Stevens, convoy to Ostend. In 1701 under Capt. Thomas Cleasby, off Dunkirk and with Rooke’s fleet. In 1702 under Capt. Jasper Hicks, for St Helena and thence to Cape of Good Hope; in 1704 under Capt. Francis Hosier, on same service. In 1707 under Capt. Thomas Meads; to Virginia 1708. In 1709 under Capt. George Lumley, for Barbados; to Relief 1710. In 1711 under Capt. William Clarke, to Barbados 1711; home in 1712 and paid off 1713. Large Repair at Chatham (for £7,002) 2.1713–4.1715. Recommissioned 1715 under Capt. Jordan Sandys, for the Baltic 1715–

17; paid off 9.1717. BU at Sheerness 8.1733, with a new 60-gun ship (Augusta) to be built ‘in her room’ (by AO 22.5.1733). Harwich Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As built: 130ft 2in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 8in. 683 41/94 bm. Ord: 18.11.1694. L: 14.9.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. Andrew Douglas (-1697), for the Irish coast; Virginia convoy 1697. In 1698 under Capt. Thomas Warren (died 12.11.1699 at Madagascar); with Broad Pendant in East Indies 1699. On 13.11.1699 under Capt. William Cock, still in East Indies; wrecked while careening at Collinstaw Island, Amoy (China) 5.10.1700. Pendennis Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As built: 130ft 2 1/2in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 3 1/2in x 13ft 6 1/2in. 681 73/94 bm. Ord: 18.11.1694 (contract 2.11.1694). L: 15.10.1695. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Thomas Hardy, for Benbow’s squadron; convoy of mast ships from Norway 10.1696; to West Indies with Benbow’s squadron in 11.1698; home in 1699. In 1701 under Capt. John Viall (died 4.3.1702); to West Indies at end of 1701. Then briefly under Capt. Richard Paul (died 17.3.1702) at Jamaica, subsequently Capt. Thomas Hudson (suicide 25.9.1702); at Benbow’s action off San Domingo 19–24.8.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Philip Boys, still in the West Indies, subsequently on 9.9.1703 under Capt. Edward St Lo. In 1704 under Capt. Henry Mordaunt, in the North Sea. In 1705 under Capt. John Foljambe (killed 20.10.1705); taken by 50-gun Le Salisbury and Le Triton of Saint Pol’s squadron off the Dogger Bank 20.10.1705, while defending the Baltic trade convoy (Foljambe killed).

A contemporary model but with modern rigging of a 50-gun ship of the late 1690s (William Ill’s single monogram dates it after the death of Queen Mary in December 1694). Careful inspection reveals that the elaborately decorated rail at the break of the quarterdeck is pierced for two gunports facing into the waist, reflecting a serious concern of the time, when a number of ships were lost to boarding by heavily manned French ships. National Maritime Museum F5792–003.

1695 Batch. Four further 130ft Fourth Rates were ordered to be built by

contract in September 1695, and a further eight on Christmas Eve — six by contract and two in Royal Dockyards. The cost per ship was estimated at £9,315 (£6,720 to build plus £2,595 fitting). Blackwall Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 131ft 1 1/2in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 2 1/2in x 13ft 7 1/2in. 678 44/94 bm. Ord: 12.9.1695. L: 6.7.1696. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. John Lytcott (died 4.6.1697), for Nevill’s squadron in the West Indies. Later in 1697 under Capt. William Carter, to pay off 1699. Recommissioned 1702 under Capt. Edward Dursley, for Beaumont’s squadron. Later in 1702 under Capt. Thomas Day; with Graydon’s squadron to the West Indies in spring 1703. Later in 1703 under Capt. Samuel Martin, at Barbados; home in 1704, then in Home waters; taken 20.10.1705 by St Pol’s squadron off the Dogger Bank, while escorting homebound Baltic convoy (Martin killed). In French service as La Blekoualle; Forbin’s flagship in 1707; retaken 15.3.1708 but not re-added to RN (reportedly retaken again by the French in 1709, becoming Le Blakoual, in service until 1719). Guernsey Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 131ft 9in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 3in x 13ft 6in. 680 12/94 bm. Ord: 12.9.1695. L: 6.7.1696. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Kerryll Roffey, for Newfoundland; paid off 1698. Recommissioned 1702 under Capt. John Symonds; to Shovell’s squadron in 10.1702; ?to East Indies (uncertain). In 1704 under Capt. John Huntington, with Shovell’s fleet in the Channel; to Jamaica 1704– 05; to the Leeward Islands 1707; convoy to Virginia 1708. In 1709 under Capt. William Herriott (-1714), to Newfoundland 1709; to Barbados 1710; for Relief 1711. Arrived Woolwich 24.6.1716 to break up to rebuild 1716–17. Nonsuch Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As built: 130ft 5in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 2in x 13ft 9in. 676 77/94 bm. Ord: 25.9.1695. L: 20.8.1696. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Edward Boys (suicide 24.9.1696). In 9.1696 under Capt. Samuel Vincent; took privateer La Duchesse de Bourgogne 2.2.1697 in tne Channel. In 1702 under Capt. Robert Thompson, for East Indies. In 1703 under Capt. John Wooden (?died 20.5.1703), for Dilke’s squadron. In 1704–05 under Capt. Philip Boys, for Jamaica. In 1706–07 under Capt. James Carlton, for Hardy’s squadron; to Newfoundland

1707; took privateer Le Duc d’Orléans 14.8.1707. In 1708 under Capt. Lord (Kenneth) Duffus, off Dunkirk. In 1709 under Capt. George Paddon, in the North Sea. In 1710 under Capt. Charles Hardy, for Jamaica; in Home waters 1711; took privateer La Trompeuse 8.6.1711. In 1712 under Capt. Thomas Meads, for convoy to Russia. Arrived Portsmouth 8.1715 and BU to RB. Warwick Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As built: 130ft 5in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 5in x 13ft 9in. 686 71/94 bm. Ord: 25.9.1695. L: 20.8.1696. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Anthony Tollat, for Neville’s squadron to the West Indies. In 1698 under Capt. Joseph Moore (home to pay off 7.1698). In 1699 under Capt. Edmund Loades, then 1702 Capt. Francis Dove. In 1703 under Capt. George Clements. In 1704 under Capt. George Smith (died 11.1704), with Shovell’s fleet in the Channel, then to West Indies. In 1705 under Capt. John Trotter, in the West Indies, then home. In 1706 under Capt. Baymont Raymond, to Newfoundland; to Archangel 1707. In 1708 under Capt. John Mitchell, with Byng’s fleet in the Downs, then to Newfoundland again. Rebuilt 1710 at Rotherhithe (see below). Hampshire John Taylor, Cuckold’s Point, Rotherhithe. As built: 132ft 0in, 110ft 7in x 34ft 3in x 13ft 6in. 690 1/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695 (contract 14.2.1696). L: 3.3.1698. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. Andrew Leake; Newfoundland 1699; Baltic 1700. In 1702 under Capt. Henry Lumley, with Beaumont’s squadron; then 10.1702 with Shovell’s fleet. In 1703 under Capt. Thomas Stepney; Mediterranean 1703; home in 1704; in the Channel and Bay of Biscay 1705; Smyrna convoy 1706. In 1707 under Capt. Henry Maynard, with Haddock’s squadron; off Dunkirk 1708; off Ireland 1709; actions with Duguay-Trouin 2.3.1709 and 26.10.1709. In 1711 under Capt. John Hager; in the Channel 1711; to the Mediterranean 1712; Great Repair at Woolwich (for £4,626.10.6d) 4.1713–10.1715; to the Baltic 1715. In 1716 under Capt. Charles Brown, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1717 under Capt. Peter Chamberlain, with Byng’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1719 under Capt. John Shales (died 24.4.1720), to the Mediterranean. In ?4.1720 under Capt. Arthur Field, in the Mediterranean. In 1721 under Capt. Ambrose Saunders, in Home waters. In 1726 under Capt. John Weller, with Wager’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1727 under Capt. Francis

Knighton (died 16.7.1727), in the Downs. Surveyed 5.1734; no repair reported. BU at Portsmouth 6.1739. Dartmouth James Parker, Southampton. As built: 131ft 3 3/4in, 108ft 10 1/2in x 34ft 3 1/2in x 13ft 6in. 681 47/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695. L: 3.3.1698. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. Daniel Reeves (died 23.9.1702). In 10.1702 under Capt. James Wishart. In 1703 under Capt. Leonard Crow, to St. Helena and the Cape of Good Hope, and subsequently Capt. William Cook (-1708), convoying the East India trade to and from St Helena. In 1709 under Capt. Charles Stewart (-1714), in the Soundings, then to the Mediterranean 1710–13; home in 1713. Docked at Woolwich 7.5.1714 to rebuilt there 1714–16. Winchester John & Richard Wells, Rotherhithe. As built: 130ft 0in, 107ft 5in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 7in. 673 48/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695. L: 17.3.1698. Commissioned 1698 under Capt. John Norris, for Newfoundland. In 1699 under Capt. Thomas Dilkes, then 7.1699 Capt. Robert Wynn. In 1700 under Capt. John Munden, for Salé and then off Cape Verde. In 1701 under Capt. Richard Wyatt, for Rooke’s fleet; to Beaumont’s squadron 1702; to the Mediterranean 1703. In 1704 under Capt. Robert Hughes, for Whetstone’s squadron; in the Channel 1705; to Leake’s fleet 1706, then 1707 to Shoveil’s fleet in the Mediterranean (-1709); in the Channel 1709; took Flushing privateer 27.11.1709. In 1712 under Capt. Tancred Robinson, to the Mediterranean; paid off 12.1714. Docked at Plymouth 10.7.1716 to BU for RB. Salisbury Richard & James Herring, Bailey’s Hard. As built: 134ft 4 1/2in, 109ft 9 1/2in x 34ft 2in x 13ft 6in. 681 67/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695. L: 18.4.1698. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. Richard Lestock; to Rooke’s fleet in the Baltic 1700; off Dunkirk 1701 and with Rooke. In 1702 under Capt. Richard Cotton; taken 10.4.1703 off Orford Ness by St Pol’s squadron (4 French warships and 3 privateers), losing 17 killed and 34 wounded. Served as French Le Salisbury (in Forbin’s squadron) until retaken 15.3.1708 by Leopard and others of Byng’s squadron off Scotland; renamed Salisbury Prize (as a new Salisbury had been built by 1708). In 1708 under Capt. Edward St Lo, with Mighell’s squadron in the North Sea; in Dunkirk squadron 1710. In 1711 under Capt. Robert Hartland,

for Jamaica; at Cartagena 17.6.1711. In 1712 under Capt. John Clifton, still at Jamaica; home in 1712; guard ship at Chatham 1714. Large Repair at Woolwich (for £3,227) 4–8.1714. Renamed Preston 2.1.1716. Recommissioned 1718 under Capt. Robert Johnson; to Turkey with HM ambassador. Refitted at Woolwich (for £7,780.14.0d) 1–9.1719. Recommissioned 1726 under Capt. Edward Reddish, for Wager’s fleet in the Baltic 1726 and in the Straits 1727. Great Repair at Woolwich (for £4,305.11.0d) 6.1729–2.1730. Small Repair at Woolwich (for £2,145.0.6d) 11.1733–9.1734. Recommissioned 1735 under Capt. Charles Cotterell, for Home waters. BU completed at Plymouth 2.1739 to RB. Worcester Robert Winter, Northam. As built: 131ft 9in, 109ft 7in x 34ft 5in x 13ft 6in. 690 41/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695 (contract 26.2.1696). L: 31.5.1698. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. Peter Wootton; to the Baltic 1700; off Dunkirk 1701. In 1702 under Capt. Thomas Butler (-1704), with Beaumont’s squadron on Russian convoy; took Le Postillon 1702. In 1705 under Capt. Richard Canning (-1708), wth Byng’s squadron in the North Sea; in action against Le Jason of Duguay-Trouin’s squadron in 1.1705; with Whitshed’s squadron 1707; with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea and the Channel 1708. Docked at Deptford 2.5.1713 to rebuild (see below). Jersey Joseph Nye & George Moor, East Cowes. As built: 132ft 1in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 2in x 13ft 8in. 676 77/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695 (contract 31.7.1696). L: 24.11.1698. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. Robert Stapleton (died 20.12.1702); off Dunkirk 1701; to New York 1702. In ?12.1702 under Cmdr (Capt. 7.1703) George Rogers, at New York; home in 1703. In 1705 under Capt. William Passenger, for the North Sea. In 1706 under Capt. John Symonds (died 19.1.1707), for the West Indies. In ?1.1707 under Cmdr (Capt. 11.1707) Walter Pigot, still in West Indies. Later under Capt. Edward Vernon (-1712), in West Indies with Wager and Littleton; Broad Pendant of Capt. James Littleton in 1711; action off Cartagena 17.7.1711. Great Repair at Plymouth, then Small Repair immediately afterwards (for £2,967.16.od altogether — hull only) 8.1715–3.1716. Recommissioned 1717 under Capt. Thomas Smith, for Byng’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1721–22 under Capt. William Davies, as guard ship at

Plymouth. Hulked at Plymouth 8.1731. Small Repair at Plymouth (for £881.0.7d) 6–7.1735. Proposed (AO 2.3.1763) to BU, but instead deliberately sunk at Plymouth 27.5.1763. Carlisle Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As built: 132ft 0in, 112ft 0in x 34ft 6in x 13ft 2in. 709 8/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695. L: 16.5.1698. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. Francis Dove; with Rooke’s fleet in the Baltic 1700; blew up by unknown accident 19.9.1700 in the Downs (all aboard killed, but Dove survived, being ashore). Tilbury Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer] As built: 130ft 1 1/2in, 110ft 3in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 7 1/2in. 691 26/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1695. L: 29.9.1699. Commissioned 1700 under Capt. Stafford Fairborne, for Newfoundland. In 1701 under Capt. George Delavall; to Barbary States 1701; with Beaumont’s squadron 1702; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 20 killed and 25 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Jonas Hanway; Russian convoy 1706; to the Mediterranean 1707. In 1708 under Capt. John Bennet, with Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea. In 1709 under Capt. James Aldington (died 1710), in the Channel. In 1710 under Capt. Philip Boys, in the North Sea; to St Helena and thence to Cape of Good Hope 1711; Newfoundland convoy 1712; paid off ? 1713- Docked at Chatham 4.11.1726 to BU for ‘rebuilding’ (actually replaced by 60-gun ship). REBUILDING (1694–95). The Dover of 1654 was rebuilt during the later stage of the War. She emerged as a 48-gun ship, somewhat reduced in length but substantially widened. In 1703, as she was too small to carry the 54 guns of the new Establishment, she was one of the six ships which had her ordnance set at only 50/44 guns. Dover Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Bagwell] As (re)built: 118ft 0in, 98ft 6in x 34ft 4in x 12ft 7in. 604 (617 56/94 by calc.) bm. (It is probably the breadth figure that is in error, rather than the tonnage. The estimated correct breadth figure is 33ft 11 1/2in.) Men: 260. Guns: (1703 Establishment) 50/44 comprising LD 20/18 x 12pdrs (9ft long); UD 22/20 x 6pdrs (8ft long); QD 6/4 x 6pdrs (7ft long); Fc 2/2 x 6pdrs (8 1/2ft long). In 1707 Dover actual carried (Priddy’s Hard

Achive) 50 guns comprising 20 culverins (18pdrs) and 30 sakers (6pdrs). Ord: Plate 1694. L: 21.12.1695. Commissioned 3.1696 under Capt. William Crosse, for Irish waters 1696–97; took privateers Le Marqis de Tourlaville 6.7.1696 and La Fleur des Près 2.9.1697, both in the Channel; in action (with Weymouth) against 48-gun Le Fougueux 12.1696; to the Mediterranean 1698. In 1701 under Capt. Nicholas Trevanion (-1704), for North Sea, etc; took privateers St Pierre 4.7.1702 and L’Entreprenant 15.8.1702, both in the North Sea, and 32gun Le Comte de Toulouse off Scilly Isles 30.1.1703. In 1705 under Capt. Thomas Mathews, still in North Sea; to New England with mast ships convoy 1706; with Hardy’s squadron 1707; took privateers La Comtesse d’Evreux 15.8.1707, 26-gun Le Bien-Aimé 22.11.1707 and Le Chevalier d’Honneur 21.7.1708, in the North Sea; with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea and Channel 1708; paid off 21.10.1708 and laid up at Chatham. Recommissioned 1709 under Capt. John Williams; Newfoundland convoy 1709; with Dunkirk squadron 1710; took privateer Le St Louis Ballatre 9.5.1710 off the coast of Portugal. In 1711 under Capt. Charles Brown, in the Channel and North Sea. In 1712 under Capt. William Houlding, in the North Sea; prepared for the Baltic 1713. Re-established as Fifth Rate (with 40 guns and 280 men) by AO 24.5.1716; Great Repair at Deptford (for £7,526.10.9 3/4d) 12.1716– 7.1718. Recommissioned 5.1718 under Capt. Philip Cavendish, for Salé. In 1719 under Capt. Edmund Hooke, with broad pendant of Cavendish; action against Spanish off Cape St Vincent 9.12.1719. In 1721 under Cmdr Edward Brooke, with broad pendant of Capt. Charles Stewart, still off Salé; paid off 12.1721. Recommissioned 2.1723 under Capt. Tyrwit Cyley; paid off 9.1724. Surveyed 3.11.1724; Small Repair at Deptford (for £1,334.17–5d) 1725. Recommissioned 1.1728 under Capt. Matthew Consett; paid off 7.1730. BU completed at Deptford n.1730. PURCHASED VESSEL (1696). This vessel was originally built at what later became Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and served as a mast ship until offered for sale; on 20.11.169 5 the Admiralty ordered her to be surveyed for purchase. Falkland Thomas Holland, River Piscatagua, New Hampshire. As built: 128ft 6in, 109ft 0in x 33ft 2in x 13ft 9in. 637 71/94 bm. Men: 260. Guns: 48.

L: 1690. Purchased 2.3.1696. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Robert Hancock, for the Irish coast; back to New England 1697; guard ship at Chatham 1698 until paid off. BU at Chatham 1701 to rebuild there 1701–02. Ex-FRENCH PRIZE (1697). Medway’s Prize (French privateer Le Pontchartrain, from Dunkirk but built at St Malo 1688 as Le Seignelay), 50 gun. Dimensions & tons: 116ft 7in, 90ft 11in x 34ft 1in x 13ft 1in. 561 74/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: ... Taken 30.4.1697 by Medway off the Isles of Scilly. Purchased 20.8.1697. Commissioned 1698 under Capt. Edward Darley. Hulked at Deptford 1699 and sent to Sheerness for fitting. Sunk as breakwater 1712. INTER-WAR (1697–1702) REBUILDING PROGRAMME. Following the end of the 1689–97 conflict, the Navy Board turned its attention to the state of its worn-out ships, in particular the surviving Fourth Rates dating back to the Commonwealth Era, but also two more recent vessels whose condition had proved to be poor. Unlike newly built ships, most of those rebuilt in this period (all except one in the Royal Dockyards) remained somewhat smaller than the 130ft ‘standard’ dimensions, as the rebuilding was restricted in nature and ships were usually not lengthened much. 56-gun Type. The three surviving 54-gun Fourth Rates from the 1664 and 1672 Programmes were reconstructed in 1699–1702 (all three nominally had ‘Great Repairs’, but as their dimensions altered, they are here treated as Rebuilt). Originally each had carried a main battery of 24pdrs compared with the culverins in most of the smaller Fourth Rates, and each was now rebuilt with 56 guns compared with the 48 guns of other smaller Fourth Rates, they were re-established (together with the rebuilt Newcastle) as 54/46 guns on 3 June 1699, and retained this rating under the 1703 Establishment of Guns. Men: 280 (185 peacetime). Guns (1703 Establishment): LD 22/20 x 12pdrs; UD 22/18 x 6pdrs; QD 8/6 x 6pdrs; Fc 2 x 6pdrs. Greenwich Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As (re)built: 135ft 10in, 110ft 0in x 36ft 0in x 13ft 6 1/2in. 758 28/94 bm. (not 785 as mis-stated in Adm records) Ord: 25.2.1699. L: 1699.

Commissioned 1701 under Capt. Cooper Wade (-10.1702); in Benbow’s action off San Domingo 19–24.8.1702 (Wade court-martialled 10.1702 and shot 16.4.1703). In ?10.1702 under Capt. Charles Smith; still in West Indies; home in 1704. In 1705 under Capt. Peregrine Bertie, in the Downs; later off St Malo. In 1706 under Capt. James Jesson (died 27.2.1709), to Virginia and the West Indies. In ?1709 under Capt. Archibald Hamilton (-1710), still in West Indies. Great Repair at Chatham 6.1711–9.1712, then laid up in Ordinary. Recommissioned 1713 under Capt. Lord (George) Forbes, Earl of Grannard (-1715), for Minorca. Surveyed 5.1724, then BU at Chatham 7.1724 to RB. Woolwich Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Lee] As (re)built: 139ft 0in, 110ft 0in x 36ft 1in x 14ft 11in. 761 79/94 bm. Ord: ?1701. L: 1.1702. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. Thomas Clansby, for Russian convoy. In ? 1704 under Capt. Thomas Ekines (dismissed by court martial 4.1704), then under Capt. Jonathan Spann; Newfoundland convoy 1704. In 1706 under Capt. Robert Thompson, for Virginia 1706–07; off Dunkirk 1708. Fitted in 1710, then under Capt. Thomas Meads 1710; to the Mediterranean 1711.In 1712 under Capt. Archibald Hamilton, for the West Indies; Small Repair at Deptford (for £1,850.17.0 3/4d) 9.1713– 2.1714; Baltic convoy 1714; paid off ?12.1714. Refit at Chatham (for £2,661.17.5d) 7–11.1722. BU at Deptford 8.1736 to RB. Oxford Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As (re)built: 126ft 6 1/2in, 103ft 5in x 35ft 0 1/2in x 14ft 9 1/2in. 675 44/94 bm. Ord: 9.10.1701. L: 1702. Commissioned 1703 under Capt. Joseph Moore (died 27.2.1706); Virginia convoys 1703 and 1704; to Guinea 1706. In 1706 under Capt. John Bennet, to St Helena. In 1708 under Capt. Charles Smith; Virginia convoy 1708; in the Channel 1709; to St Helena 1711 and thence Cape of Good Hope. In 1715 under Capt. James Mighells, with Byng’s squadron in the Channel. In 1716 under Capt. Charles Pool, with Norris’s fleet in the Channel. BU at Portsmouth 7.1723 to rebuild. 48-gun Type. Like the wartime Dover, the Advice (of 1650) when rebuilt in 1698 was not lengthened (indeed, her keel was shortened) and she was considered to be too small to have her ordnance raised to 54 guns under the 1703 Establishment. She remained at 48/42 guns until 1704, when the 48-gun

group was abolished and, like all the smallest Fourth Rates, she was ‘standardised’ at 54/46 guns. Other small Fourth Rates were rebuilt in 1699– 1702. The Assistance, Bonaventure and Reserve were (with the Crown, Dover and Ruby) rated as 50/44 guns in 1703, while the larger Southampton, Deptford and Falkland were rated as 54/46 guns. Men: 230/200/160. Guns (1703 Establishment): LD 20/18 x 12pdrs; UD 20/18 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 6pdrs; Fc 2 x 6pdrs. Advice Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As (re)built: 118ft 0in, 99ft 3in x 32ft 4in x 12ft 1in. 551 86/94 bm. Ord: 24.5.1698. L: 1698. Commissioned 1698 under Capt. Robert Wynn; sent to New England ‘for Kidd ye pirate’ to bring him to England 4.1700. In 1700 under Capt. William Caldwell (-1702), for New York. In 1703 under Capt. Salmon Morrice (-1705); took 18-gun vessel (later the Advice Prize) 20.5.1704. In 8.1705 under Capt. John Lowen (-court martial 27.12.1706); to Maryland 1706. In 1707 under Capt. Peter Chamberlain (-1709), for Newfoundland; in North Sea 1708. In 171 o under Lowen again, in the North Sea. In 1711 under Capt. Kenneth Sutherland (Lord Duffus); taken by six French privateers 27.6.1711 off Great Yarmouth, losing 60 men killed and wounded. Lord Duffus, being a Jacobite supporter, ‘withdrew’ to Sweden in 1716 and later became a flag officer in the Russian Navy under Peter the Great. Assistance Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Samuel Miller] As (re)built: 119ft 7in, 103ft 4in x 33ft 3in x 12ft 0in. 607 62/94 bm. Ord: 29.4.1699. L: 1699. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. John Graydon. In 1702 under Capt. Robert Arris, with Leake’s squadron to Newfoundland. In 1703 under Capt. John Edwards (-1705); in the North Sea 1705. In 1706–07 under Capt. Barrow Harris, to Jamaica. In 7.1708 under Capt. Caesar Brookes. In 1709 under Capt. Abraham Tudor (killed 2.3.1709); in action against Duguay-Trouin’s squadron 2.3.1709. Later in 1709 under Capt. William Gray. Rebuilt 1712 at Limehouse (see below). Southampton Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Samuel Miller] As (re)built: 122ft 3in, 102ft 2in x 34ft 2 1/2in x 13ft 2in. 635 88/94 bm. Ord: 29.4.1699. L: ?1700. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. James Moody (-1703), for Virginia. In 1704 under Capt. Joseph Soanes (-1708), for the Irish Sea. In 1709 under

Capt. Robert Watkins (-1711), still in Irish Sea; to North Sea 1711. Repair at Portsmouth (for £7,026.11.10 1/2d) 7.1711–5.1712. Recommissioned 1712 under Capt. Charles Fotherby (-1715), for the Channel; to the Mediterranean 1713–14; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 1715. Re-established as Fifth Rate (with 40 guns and 280 men) by AO 24.5.1716. Middling Repair and fitted at Chatham for Guinea and Antigua (for £5,438.11.1d) 12.1723–8.1724; however was then ordered not to proceed thither (Southsea Castle was sent instead); reduced again to 40-gun Fifth Rate by AO 24.5.1726 and laid up 1727. Fitted at Portsmouth (for £1,988.16.0d) as a hulk for Jamaica 5.1728; sailed for Jamaica 1728 under Cmdr William Patterson (-1731) and hulked at Port Antonio; in 1732 under Cmdr Charles Knowles (-1735). Sunk or BU at Jamaica 1771. Bonaventure Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As (re)built: 125ft 5in, 102ft 5in x 33ft 1in x 12ft 5in. 596 24/94 bm. Ord: ?1698. L: 1699. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. Fleetwood Ernes (-1702), for voyage to Guinea; with Shovell’s squadron in 10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Edward Rumsey (-1707); convoys to Newfoundland and West Indies 1703; in North Sea 1704–06; with Whetstone’s squadron 1707. In 1708 under Capt. Philip Boys (-1709), with Baker’s squadron on the Dutch coast and then in Scottish waters. Rebuilt 1711 at Chatham (see below). Deptford Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As (re)built: 128ft 4in, 106ft 9in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 5in. 669 31/94 bm. Ord: 7.6.1699 (‘to repair’). L: ?1700. Commissioned 2.1701 under Edward Loades; to Beaumont’s squadron 1702. In 1703 under Capt. John Worrell, to Guinea. In 1704 under Lieut. John Wooden. In 1705 under Capt. Charles Stukely, for Byng’s squadron in the Channel, then to New England (-1708); in the Channel 1709. In 1710 under Capt. Tancred Robinson, convoy to Virginia. In 1711 under Capt. Richard Rouzier (-1712), in the Channel and North Sea. Docked at Plymouth 21.3.1717 to BU for RB. Reserve Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As (re)built: 117ft 6in, 96ft 5in x 33ft 7 1/2in x 13ft 0in. 579 80/94 bm. Ord: 20.5.1700. L: 1701. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. Richard Haddock, for Leake’s squadron to Newfoundland. In 1703 under Capt. John Anderson; wrecked while at

anchor off Gorleston (Gt. Yarmouth) in the ‘Great Storm’ of 27.11.1703, losing 174 drowned. Falkland Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Shortis] As (re)built: 128ft 6in, 109ft 0in x 33ft 2in x 13ft 9in. 637 73/94 bm. Ord: 24.6.1701. L: 1702. Commissioned 1703 under Capt. John Underdown (-1707), for the North Sea; took (with Dreadnought and Fowey) 54-gun flûte La Seine off the Azores 29.8.1704; in 1705 to Virginia; to Newfoundland 1706–07, during which in 8–9.1707 attacked (with Nonsuch and Medway’s Prize) French vessels in Acadian harbours, taking 30-gun Le Duc d’Orleans and a 20-gun ship, destroying several others. In 1708 under Capt. Robert Coleman (-1712), for Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea; later in Mighell’s squadron in the North Sea; Guinea convoy 1719; in the Channel 1711. In 1715 under Capt. John Smith, for Byng’s squadron in the Channel. In 1716 under Capt. John Sapsford, for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. Docked 8.4.1718 at Deptford to BU for RB. 46-gun Type. Like the Tiger of 1681 and the Dragon of 1690, the Kingfisher when rebuilt was too small to carry the standard 48 guns, and all three ships were rated at 46 guns. The three remained at 46 guns in 1699, and when the Tiger was rebuilt again two years later — the only rebuilding to take place in a merchant yard — she remained at 46 guns. All three ships — together with the Advice — were raised to 48/42 guns under the 1703 Establishment, and by 1714 the Tiger was one of the only two Fourth Rates established with less than 54 guns. Men: 230/200/160 in 1703. Guns (1703 Establishment): LD 20/18 x 12pdrs; UD 20/18 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 6pdrs; Fc 2 x 6pdrs. Kingfisher Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As (re)built: 125ft 3in, 110ft 0in x 34ft 4 1/2in x 12ft 9in. 691 36/94 bm. Ord: Plate 1698. L: 1699. Commissioned 4.1701 under Capt. Anthony Tollat (-1705), with East India Company convoy to St Helena and Cape of Good Hope; paid off 12.1705 and never recommissioned. Cut down to make a hulk at Woolwich (by AO 17.8.1706). BU at Sheerness 1728. Tiger John (& Richard?) Wells, Rotherhithe. As (re)built: 124ft 8 1/2in, 103ft 6in x 33ft 4 1/2in x 13ft 9in. 613 21/94 bm. Ord: 9.10.1701. L: 4.1703. Commissioned 4.1703 under Capt. Philip Cavendish, for the North Sea; took

privateer San Esteban 16.4.1704 off the coast of Portugal; with Leake’s squadron in winter 1704–05. In 1705 under Capt. Charles Fotherby, then 1706 Capt. Thomas Kempthorne, in the Mediterranean; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 708; at Lisbon 1.1709, then Mediterranean convoy. In 1710 under Capt. Francis Percy, with Dunkirk squadron; 1711 Virginia convoy; 1712 to Guinea; Small Repair at Chatham (for £1,802.6.10d) 10.1713–1.1714; 1714 to the Mediterranean then home, later to Norway; paid off 4.1716. Docked at Plymouth 7.3.1718 to BU; remains sent to Sheerness for RB. POST-1702 REBUILDINGS (54-gun Type). Two further ships (Crown and Ruby) were rebuilt to the same standards following the outbreak of war in 1702, and as completed were armed to the 1703 Establishment of Guns, but are for convenience included below. Crown Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As (re)built: 126ft 8in, 103ft 4in x 34ft 5 1/2in x 13ft 6in. 652 59/94 bm. Ord: 10.6.1703. L: 24.6.1704. Commissioned 1704 under Capt. Thomas Lyell. In 1705 under Capt. John Worrell (died 16.12.1706), for North Sea; to Barbados 1706. In ?12.1706 under Cmdr (Capt. 5.1707) Robert Clarke, then ?11.1707 Capt. John Cockburn, still at Barbados. In 1708 under Capt. Edward Hicks, with Baker’s squadron on the Dutch coast; took privateer Le Brillant 12.2.1709 in the Channel. In 1709 under Capt. Philip Dawes (dismissed 27.6.1710), for Lisbon then to Jamaica. In ?6.1710 under Capt. Tudor Trevor (-1716), at Jamaica; home to pay off 1711. To the Mediterranean 1712, still under Trevor. Great Repair at Woolwich (for £2,007.2.8 1/4d) 11.1716–6.1717. Recommissioned 1718 under Capt. John Roberts; bilged and sunk off St Julian’s Fort (Lisbon) 21.1.1719. Ruby Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As (re)built: 128ft 4in, 105ft 7in x 34ft 8in x 13ft 7in. 674 88/94 bm. Ord: 29.2.1704. L: 18.2.1706. Commissioned 1706 under Capt. Peregrine Bertie (5th son of Earl of Abingdon), with Whitaker’s squadron 1706; to the Virgin Islands 1707; sailed with Edwards’s squadron to convoy ships to Lisbon; taken by 70gun Le Mars of Forbin and Duguay-Trouin’s squadron 10.10.1707 in the Western approaches (Bertie died in captivity 1709); not added to French navy, but condemned at Brest in early 1708 and sold for commerce.

1702–05 GROUP. Eight 54-gun ships were newbuilt during the early years of Queen Anne’s reign, four in the Dockyards and four by contract. All were ordered to the same specification as the 130ft Group of 1694–95, and were established upon completion to the 1703 standards for 54/48 gun ships. Dimensions & tons: 130ft 0in, 107ft 0in x 34ft 2in x 13ft 6in. 664 38/94 bm. Men: 280 (185 peacetime). Guns (1703 Establishment): LD 22/20 x 12pdrs; UD 22/18 x 6pdrs; QD 8/6 x 6pdrs; Fc 2 x 6pdrs. Swallow Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 130ft 0in, 106ft 3in x 34ft 6in x 13ft 6in. 672 64/94 bm. Ord: 6.3.1702. L: 22.2.1703. Commissioned 1703 under Capt. Richard Haddock; in Rooke’s fleet 1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 1 killed and 3 wounded; with Leake’s squadron for winter 1704–05; with Shovell’s fleet 1705; with Whitaker’s squadron 1706; Forbin’s attack on Russian convoy 11.7.1707 off the Lofotens. In 1708 under Capt. Jordan Sandya, with Byng’s fleet in the Channel and North Sea; convoy to Cape. In North Sea 1710, then Russian convoy; to St Helena 1711 and then Cape of Good Hope. In 1712 under Capt. Francis Drake; to West Indies 1713; Small Repair at Chatham (for £1,211.5.3d) 7.1713–3.1714; to the Mediterranean 1714–15; home and to the Baltic 1715. Docked at Chatham 11.9.1717 to BU for rebuilding. Newcastle Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 130ft 2in, 109ft 0in x 34ft 2in x 13ft 7in. 676 77/94 bm. Ord: 6.3.1702. L: 24.3.1704. Commissioned 1704 under Capt. Vincent Cutter; at Battle of Marbella 10.3.1705; with Byng’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1706–07. In 1708 under Capt. Henry Herbert; with Mighell’s squadron in the North Sea 9.1708. In 1709 under Capt. Sampson Bourne (dismissed by court martial 1712); to St Helena 1709; to West Indies 1711. Large Repair at Chatham 8.1712–4.1713. Recommissioned 1713 under Capt. Richard Leake; carried Governor to Bermuda 1713; convoy to Newfoundland 1714. In 1717 under Capt. William Passenger, for Newfoundland and the Straits. In 1719 under Capt. John Mihell, for the Mediterranean. In 1721 under Capt. Edward Falkenham, coming home from the Mediterranean. Docked at Woolwich 16.4.1728 to BU (for £212.5.2d) for RB. Antelope John Taylor, Rotherhithe. As built: 131ft 5in, 108ft 11 1/2in x 34ft 4 1/2in x 13ft 9in. 684 80/94 bm.

Ord: ?4.7.1702. L: 13.3.1703. Commissioned 1703 under Capt. Thomas Legge, for Rooke’s fleet; took 60gun Porta Coeli and Santa Teresa off Lisbon 12.3.1704; with Leake’s squadron in winter 1704/05. In 1705 under Capt. Philip Cavendish’ at Battle of Marbella 10.3.1705; in the Mediterranean 1706; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706/07; with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea and the Channel 1708; voyage to Lisbon 9.1708; with Byng’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1709. In 1710 under Capt. Seth Jermy (-superannuated 24.5.1710), then Capt. George Sanders; to the Mediterranean end 1710, returning 1712, then with Byng’s fleet in the Channel. Great Repair at Plymouth (for £7,291.8.11 1/2d) 7–9.1718. Recommissioned 1719 under Capt. Charles Brown (-1720), off San Sebastian cooperating with the French. Middling Repair at Sheerness (for £3,492.14.2d) 4.1730–1.1733. Recommissioned 1734 under Capt. Timothy Bridge, for the African coast; to Jamaica 1735–37; paid off 25.10.1737. BU completed at Woolwich 2.1738 to RB. Leopard Edward Swallow, Rotherhithe. As built: 131ft 1in, 108ft 9in x 34ft 4 1/2in x 13ft 6in. 683 12/94 bm. Ord: ?4.7.1702 (Pcontract 8.7.1702). (named 1.3.1703) L: 15.3.1703. Commissioned 1703 under Capt. Richard Culliford; to Leake’s squadron for winter 1704/05; at Battle of Marbella 10.3.1705. In 1706 under Capt. James Moneypenny, in the Mediterranean; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706/07. On 3.2.1708 under Capt. Thomas Gordon, formerly the Commodore of the Royal Scots Navy (-1711), with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea; recapture of the Salisbury 17.3.1708; sailed 5.1708 with convoy to Cape of Good Hope. In 1711 under Capt. Isaac Cooke (died 18.12.1712), at Cape of Good Hope and St Helena. Arrived 8.1719 at Woolwich to BU for RB. Panther Edward Popley, Deptford. As built: 131ft 3 1/2in, 108ft 9 1/2in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 8 1/4in. 683 27/94 bm. Ord: ?4.7.1702 (contract 8.7.1702). L: 15.3.1703. Commissioned 1703 under Capt. Peregrine Bertie, for Rooke’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 10 killed and 16 wounded; in Leake’s squadron in winter 1704–05. In 1705 under Capt. Charles Smith, with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean. In 1706 under Capt. Henry Hubbard, with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07; in the Mediterranean 1707. In 1708 under Capt. John Trotter, with Byng’s fleet

in the Downs, then to St Helena; in the Soundings 1709; took privateer La Belette 2.6.1709; in 1711 to St Helena and thence to Cape of Good Hope. In 1712 under Capt. Charles Constable, for Barbados; returned 1713 and paid off. BU at Woolwich 1713 to RB.

This draught of the Antelope of 1703 is annotated with details taken off at Plymouth in March 1713 but may be the actual building plan. This ship has a moderately capacious midship section but quite fine waterlines fore and aft. National Maritime Museum J3530.

Reserve Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 130ft 0in, 107ft 0in x 34ft 5 1/2in x 13ft 6 1/2in. 675 75/94 bm. Ord: 19.3.1703. L: 18.3.1704. Commissioned 1704 under Capt. John Smith, for the North Sea. In 1705 under Capt. Richard Cotton (died 10.1705), in the West Indies, then under Capt. Humphrey Pudner; home in 1706. In 1707 under Capt. Matthew Tate; to New England 1708–09; in North Sea 1710; convoy to Virginia 1711. Middling Repair at Portsmouth (for £2,092.2.5d — hull only) 7–8.1712. In 1712 under Capt. Charles Brown (-1714); convoy to Gibraltar 1712; to New England 1713. Renamed Sutherland 2.1.1716. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £7,307.7.5 1/2d) 5.1717–2.1718. Ordered (AO 28.4.1740) to serve as a hulk, with another ship ‘built in her room’. Fitted at Portsmouth as a hospital ship (by AO 21.5.1741, for £7,661.16.46.) 5–7.1741. Commissioned ?6.1741 under Cmdr John Opie, for the Mediterranean. In 1744 four officers took command in quick succession: ?1.1744 Lieut. Lord (Alexander) Colvill, ?3.1744

Cmdr Henry Marsh, then Cmdr John Bentley and P8.1744 Cmdr Richard Jasper, still in the Mediterranean. Condemned at Port Mahon 10.3.1744, and BU by AO 15.11.1754. Saint Albans Richard Burchett, Rotherhithe. As built: 130ft 8in, 109ft 7in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 7 1/2in. 687 8/94 bm. Ord: 10.11.1705 (contract 16.11.1705). (named 10.8.1706) L: 27.8.1706. Commissioned 1707 under Capt. John Cooper, for convoy to Smyrna. In 1708 under Capt. Thomas Lawrence (-1712), with Baker’s squadron off the Dutch coast; with Mighell’s squadron in the North Sea 9.1708; in the Channel and North Sea 1709; took (with Salisbury) Dunkirk privateer L’Heureux off Cape Clear 10.2.1710; Russian convoy 1711; to St Helena and thence to the Cape 1712. Docked at Plymouth 4.1717 to RB. Colchester Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 130ft 6in, 108ft 3in x 34ft 5in x 13ft 6 1/2in. 682 3/94 bm. Ord: 10.11.1705. (named 13.2.1707) L: 22.2.1707. Commissioned ?1706 under Capt. Thomas Mead. In 1707 under Capt. Richard Leake, with Whetstone’s squadron; with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1708; with Whitaker’s squadron in winter 1708/09; with Byng’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1709. In 1710 under Capt. John Balchen, with the main fleet; to the Mediterranean 1711; home to pay off 1714. Docked at Plymouth 28.6.1718 to BU, with remains transported 1.4.1719 to Chatham for ‘RB’. 1706 ESTABLISHMENT GROUP. The new Establishment of Dimensions approved in April 1706 added a foot to the keel length (while retaining the GD length) and also added to both the breadth and depth in hold of the 50gun ship. Eleven new vessels were ordered (all as replacements for Fourth Rates lost during the war years from 1703 onwards) from the Royal Dockyards to this Establishment from 1706 to 1714, while another eight existing vessels were ordered to be rebuilt to the same specification, of which five were from the dockyards (the last of these, Rochester, was only docked to be rebuilt on 30.7.1714) and three from private contractors. In 1744–45 the Ruby, and Advice (also the Norwich of 1718) were re-armed as 44-gun Fifth Rates and were renamed in 5.1744, re-armed with LD 20 x 18pdrs, UD 20 x 6pdrs and QD 4 x 6pdrs, and 250 men. Dimensions & tons: 130ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 703 68/94 bm. Men: 280 (185 peacetime). Guns (1703 Establishment): LD 22/20 x 12pdrs;

UD 22/18 x 6pdrs; QD 8/6 x 6pdrs; Fc 2 x 6pdrs. Salisbury Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] As built: 130ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 703 63/94 bm. Ord: 27.4.1706. L: 3.7.1707. Commissioned 1707 under Capt. Francis Hosier (-1712); to Byng’s fleet in the Channel and North Sea 1708; took L’Heureux off Cape Clear 10.2.1710; to Jamaica 1711–12; with Littleton’s squadron at Cartagena 17.6.1711. In 1.1713 under Capt. Richard Girlington, at Sheerness; paid off 12.1714. Docked at Deptford 25.5.171610 BU for RB. Dragon James Taylor, Cuckold’s Point, Rotherhithe. As (re)built: 131ft 8in, 108ft 5 1/4in x 35ft 3 3/4in x 14ft 0in. 719 73/94 bm. Ord: 7.11.1706. L: 10.1707. Commissioned 1707 under Capt. George Martin, for Baker’s squadron on the Dutch coast; to Newfoundland 1709; sailed 8.5.1710 for Nova Scotia; capture of Annapolis (Port Royal) 2.10.1710; home at end 1710, then refit in early 1711; wrecked on the Casquets (near Alderney) 26.3.1711. Falmouth Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 130ft 0in, 107ft 0in x 35ft 1in x 14ft 0in. 700 45/94 bm. Ord: 8.2.1707. L: 26.2.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Capt. Walter Riddall (-1712); off Dunkirk in 1708; in defence of New England convoy 5.1710; capture of L’Annapolis Royal 2.10.1710; home in 7.1711; action with two French ships off coast of Guinea 9.3.1712. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £7,608.2.4 1/2d) 8.1713–3.1716. Recommissioned 1716 under Capt. William Collier, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic, later with Byng’s fleet there. In 1720 under Capt. Caleb Webb, in the Baltic; in Home waters 1721. Later under Capt. James Windham?; paid off 12.1721. BU (by AO 14.5.1724) completed at Woolwich 24.6.1724 to RB. Pembroke Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Lock] As built: 130ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 703 63/94 bm. Ord: 26.2.1707. L: 16.5.1710. Commissioned 1710 under Capt. Charles Stukely (-1715); to the Mediterranean end 1710; guard ship at Plymouth 1713–14; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 1715. BU 6–8.1726 at Plymouth to ‘RB’ (as 60-gun ship). Ruby Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 130ft 4 3/4in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 2in x 14ft 0in. 707 7/94 bm.

Ord: 26.3.1707. L: 25.3.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Capt. John Lowen, for the North Sea. In 1710 under Capt. Peter Chamberlain, with the Dunkirk squadron and in the North Sea. In 1712 under Capt. John Mitchell, in the Channel. In 1713 under Capt. George Paddon; to the Mediterranean and Salé; home in 1715. Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £7,558.18.1 3/4d) 5.1715–8.1716. Recommissioned 1739 under Capt. Samuel Goodere (hanged for murder 15.4.1740), then Capt. John Russell, in Home waters. In 1740 under Capt. Robert Fytche (suicide 6.10.1740), in the Bristol Channel; fitting out in 7.1740. Late in 1740 under Capt. Rowland Frogmore; with Norris’s fleet in 7.1741; in Irish Sea for winter 1741–42; fitted (by AO 7.1742) for voyage to Africa, to carry 280 men and 44 guns; off Africa in winter 1742–43. In ?1743 under Capt. Edward Peyton, for Norris’s fleet in the Channel. Middling Repair and fitted as a 44-gun Fifth Rate at Woolwich (by AO 14.9.1743, for £10,099.18.2d — with a new 50-gun Ruby built ‘in her room’ by AO 30.9.1743) 9.1743–3.1744. Recommissioned 1.1744 under Capt. James Douglas, for Virginia (rearmed 1.1744 as 44-gun ship), and renamed Mermaid 23.5.1744. In 5.1745 under Capt. William Montagu; assisted in capture of Le Vigilante 19.6.1745. In 7.1745 under Capt. Warwick Calmady. In 1746 under Capt. Clark Gayton, with Boscawen’s squadron in the Western Approaches; to New England 1747. Sold at Chatham (by AO 9.1.1748, for £346) 19.5.1748. Chester Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] As built: 130ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 703 63/94 bm. Ord: 29.12.1707. L: 18.10.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Capt. Thomas Mathews, for New England; recaptured 32-gun Winchelsea 24.2.1709; took 38-gun La Gloire 24.4.1709; took privateer Le Bien Aimé 17.6.1709; took LAnnapolis Royal 2.10.1710; still in New England 1711–12. In 1715 under Capt. Nicholas Eaton; to the Mediterranean 1716; in Home waters, then to Baltic 1717; with Byng’s fleet in the Baltic in winter 1717–18. Large Repair at Chatham (for £6,907.10.3d) 10.1718–11.1719. Small Repair at Chatham (for £1,719.3.10d) 12.1731–2.1732. Small Repair at Chatham (for £1,439.11.0d) 10–12.1734. Recommissioned ?1738 under Capt. Sir Roger Butler, for Home waters. In 1739 under Capt. Thomas Cooper, with Haddock’s fleet in the Mediterranean; sailed to meet East India

ships 1740. In ?5.1741 under Capt. Charles Long; in attack on Santiago 7–10.1741; home in 8.1742. Surveyed 1742, reduced (by AO 23.12.1742) to 44-gun ship ‘in the room of the Lark’. Fitted as a hospital ship at Portsmouth (by AO 23.6.1743, for £3,010.14.0d) ‘in the room of the Princess’ 7–8.1743. In 11.1744 under Lieut. James Master, at Portsmouth; took the 20-gun flûte L’Elephant 21.2.1745. In 1747 under Lieut. Alexander Blythe. BU (by NBW 17.7.1749) completed at Portsmouth 20.2.1750.

A small 1/60th scale model of a 1706 Establishment 50-gun ship, of great significance because its provenance is documented — it was in the Barrington family until recently, and its original rigging is known to be virtually intact. Thus the jibboom replacing the spritsail topmast, a development usually dated later, needs to be taken seriously The model is also far more detailed than the standard Dockyard-style model, with many fittings, like the pinnace on the booms, not usually represented. National Maritime Museum D6997–3.

Draught of the Dragon ex-Ormonde, renamed in 1715. Although the Establishments standardised dimensions and scantlings, within those parameters the Master Shipwrights were allowed a reasonably free hand in design, so ships of the same specification did not form a ‘class’ in the modern sense of being built to a common plan. For example, this design by Jacob Acworth has no roundhouse, whereas other draughts and models of 1706 Establishment 50s all show one. National Maritime Museum J4015.

Romney Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 130ft 6in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 2in x 14ft 0in. 710 41/94 bm. Ord: 29.12.1707. L: 2.12.1708. Commissioned 1709 under Capt. Thomas Scott (-1716); in the Channel 1709–12; to the Mediterranean 1713–14; home in 1715, then with Byng’s squadron in the Channel. Foundered at Plymouth 17.10.1721 ‘by reason that they would not keep her above water’, but raised. BU there 12.2–31.7.1723, and remains sent to Deptford to RB. Bonaventure Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] As (re)built: 130ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 703 68/94 bm. Ord: ?1709. L: 18.9.1711. Commissioned 1712 under Capt. Ralph Sanderson, for Home waters. In 1715 under Capt. Coningsby Norbury (-1718), for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic; renamed Argyll 2.1.1716; operations against Salé 1716; flagship of ViceAdm. Charles Cornwall (died 7.10.1718) ?2.1717, still off Salé; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. Docked at Woolwich 20.10.1719 to BU for RB. Bristol Plymouth Dtd. [M/Shipwright John Lock] As built: 130ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 703 68/94 bm. Ord: 24.4.1709. L: 8.5.1711. Commissioned 1711 under Capt. J(ohn or James) Hemmington; in the Downs

squadron 1711; to Gibraltar 1712; to Salé 1713. Large Repair at Portsmouth (for £6,825.14.10 3/4d) 8.1716–4.1717. Middling Repair at Portsmouth (for £1,435.8.9d?) 8–10.1738. Recommissioned 8.1738 under Capt. William Chambers (-1740), for Home waters. In 1741 under Capt. Benjamin Young; sailed with convoy for West Indies in early 1741. BU ‘to RB’ at Woolwich (by AO 22.11.1742) completed 2.2.1743. Warwick Richard Burchett, Rotherhithe. As (re)built: 130ft 0in, 107ft 2 1/2in x 35ft 7in x 14ft 0in. 722 4/94 bm. Ord: 3.5.1709 (contract 9.5.1709). L: 9.1.1711. Commissioned 1711 under Capt. Henry Partington; Newfoundland convoy 1711; in the Channel 1712; fitted at Woolwich for a voyage to the ‘South Sea’ 6.1713; sailed for South Seas (Buenos Aires) 1712–16 on Company’s service. Great Repair at Woolwich (for £5,371.5.11 3/4d 11.1716–7.1717. Recommissioned 1720 under Capt. Thomas Willyams, for the Baltic. Docked 20.12.1726 at Plymouth to BU. Ormonde Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] As built: 130ft 0in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 0in x 14ft 1 1/2in. 703 68/94 bm. Ord: 9.6.1710. L: 18.10.1711. Commissioned 1711 under Capt. Arthur Field. In 1712 under Capt. Strensham Master (-1717), for the Mediterranean 1712–13, then to the Channel and Irish Sea; renamed Dragon 30.9.1715 (following the impeachment of Ormonde); back in the Mediterranean 1716, then with Byng’s fleet in the Baltic 1717; took 36-gun Swedish Fildrim 28.6.1717; in Baltic for winter 1717–18. Fitted for Newfoundland and the Straits 1717/18. In 1718 under Capt. Thomas Scott (died 13.9.1725), for Newfoundland and then to Mediterranean; fitted at Deptford (for £1,504.14.6d) spring 1725, for West Indies, and sailed for Jamaica. In ? 9.1725 under Capt. Perry Mayne, then 6.1726 under Capt. Francis Hume, still in the West Indies; home in 1727. Docked at Woolwich 30.8.1733 to ‘RB’ as 60-gun ship. Assistance William Johnson, Limehouse. As (re)built: 132ft 1 1/2in, 108ft 11in x 35ft 0in x 14ft 0 1/2in. 709 65/94 bm. Ord: 15.6.1710. K: 23.6.1710. L: 16.2.1713. C: ?3.1715 at Deptford Dyd. Commissioned 1714 under Capt. Edward Vernon (-1717), for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic; took Ambassador to Turkey in winter 1716–17. In 1719 under Capt. Edward Holland, for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. BU

completed at Woolwich 27.4.1720 to RB. Gloucester Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 130ft 8in, 108ft 1in x 35ft 3in x 14ft 0in. 714 34/94 bm. Ord: 29.7.1710. L: 4.10.1711. Commissioned ?1711 under Capt. James Carlton (killed in duel 10.11.1712), in the Channel. In 1715 under Capt. William Passenger (-1716), to the Mediterranean. In 1717 under Capt. John Furzer, with Byng’s fleet in the Baltic. Great Repair at Sheerness (for £2,485.17.3d) 5–12.1718. Recommissioned 1720 under Capt. Edward Holland, for the Baltic. BU (by AO 6.11.1724) completed at Sheerness 20.1.1725 to RB. Advice Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 130ft 8in, 108ft 1in x 35ft 3in x 14ft 0in. 714 34/94 bm. Ord: 27.7.1711. L: 8.7.1712. Commissioned 9.1712 under Capt. Kenneth Sutherland (Lord Duffus), for the Channel and North Sea; to the Mediterranean 3.1714. From ?6.5.1714 under Capt. Thomas Gordon; returned home 4.1715, then to Norris’s fleet for the Baltic in 1715; paid off 4.1716 at Chatham (Gordon refused to take an oath of allegiance to George I; he resigned his RN commission in 2.1716 and took service in the Russian Navy, in which he rose to the rank of Admiral). Recommissioned 5.1719 under Capt. William Owen, for Gibraltar and Lisbon station; paid off 8.1720. Recommissioned 1.1726 under Capt. Charles Brown, for Wager’s fleet in the Baltic; returned and paid off 2.1727. Recommissioned 2.1727 under Capt. William Martin, for service on the coast of Spain with Wager’s fleet; returned home 4.1728; Channel service and then guard ship 1728–31; paid off 9.1731. Fitted for sea at Plymouth 7.1738; recommissioned 8.1738 under Capt. Thomas Trefusis, for the Channel. From 10.1739 under Capt. Christopher Oates (died 14.2.1741); to the Mediterranean 9.1740. From 2.1741 under (temp) Lieut. William Fielding; returned home 4.1741. From 4.1741 under Capt. Charles Bargrave (dismissed by court martial 24.2.1742), then Capt. Elliott Smith, for the West Indies; in attack on La Guaira 2.1743; returned home 1.1744; paid off 4.1744. Rearmed 5.1745 as 44-gun Fifth Rate, and renamed Milford 23.5.1744. Recommissioned 7.1745 under Capt. Thomas Hanway, for the coast of Scotland. In 1746 under Capt. John Simcoe?, then Capt. Edward Rich; at Michell’s encounter with Conflans 4–10.8.1746; encounter with Dubois de la Motte’s convoy 25.3.1747. In 1747 under Cmdr (Capt. 9.1748)

Edward Clarke; to Jamaica 1748. Sold 11.5.1749. Strafford Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Phillips] As built: 130ft 10in, 108ft 0in x 35ft 0in x 14ft 1 1/2in. 703 68/94 bm. Ord: 11.7.1712. L: 16.7.1714. C: 3.6.1715. Commissioned 1715 under Sir Nicholas Trevanion, for Byng’s fleet in the Channel. In 1716 under Capt. Colville Mayne, for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic; later Byng’s fleet in the Baltic in 1717 and winter 1717–18. Docked at Chatham 6.6.1726 to BU for ‘RB’ (by AO 22.5.1733 as a 60gun ship). Worcester Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As (re)built: 131ft 5in, 108ft 7in x 35ft 3 1/2in x 14ft 0in. 719 34/94 bm. Ord: ?1713. K: 2.5.1713. L: 31.8.1714. Commissioned ?1714 under Capt. Thomas Kempthorne, for Newfoundland and the Straits. In 1717 under Capt. Chaloner Ogle, for Byng’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1719 under Capt. Charles Boyle (died 28.3.1720), then Capt. Francis Delaval, then 1721 Capt. Robert Man, all still in the Baltic. Refitted at Deptford (for £3,035.18.7d) 3.1721. Docked at Portsmouth 3.5.1733 to BU for RB. Panther Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth to 11.1714, John Naish to 7.1715, then John Hayward] As (re)built: 131ft 1 1/2in, 108ft 3 1/2in x 35ft 3in x 14ft 4in. 715 70/94 bm. Ord: 26.1.1714. K: 11.12.1713. L: 26.4.1716. C: 22.2.1717. First cost: £9,230.9.4 3/4d to rebuild. Commissioned 1717 under Capt. Richard Lestock, for Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. Small Repair at Portsmouth (for £3,613.3.0 3/4d) 9.1720. Recommissioned 1721 under Capt. Samuel Atkins, for the Baltic; Newfoundland convoy 1722; paid off 1722. Small Repair at Portsmouth (for £2,311.8.8d) 4–8.1733. Recommissioned 1739 under Capt. James Rycault, for the Western Approaches 11–12.1739. In 1741 under Capt. Solomon Gideon; to the Mediterranean 6.1741; with Martin’s squadron at Naples 7.1742; paid off at Deptford ?1743 (a new 50-gun ship to be built ‘in her room’ by AO 16.5.1743). Surveyed 12.1743, and fitted as a hulk ‘in the room of the Success’ (by AO 9.1.1744, for £3,032.8.8d) 11.1744–5.1745. Surveyed 25.11.1756; no repair recorded. Sold at Deptford (by AO 19.4.1766, for £235) 26.4.1768. Dartmouth Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth to 11.1714, then John Naish to 7.1715, completed by John Hayward]

As (re)built: 130ft 3in, 108ft 9in x 35ft 1in x 14ft 4in. 711 67/94 bm. Ord: 3.3.1714. K: 7.5.1714. L: 7.8.1716. C: 23.2.1717. First cost: £9,950.15.10d to rebuild, plus £359.19.6d fitting. Commissioned 1717 under Capt. Edward Falkingham, for Byng’s fleet in the Baltic; took 36-gun Swedish Fildrim 28.6.1717. In 1719 under Capt. Nicholas Eaton, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1721 under Capt. William Smith, still in the Baltic. BU at Sheerness 9.1733 to RB. Rochester Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin to 7.1715; completed by Richard Stacey] As (re)built: 131ft 3in, 108ft 7in x 35ft 3 1/2in x 14ft 0in. 719 34/94 bm Ord: ?1714. K: 30.7.1714. L: 19.3.1716. C: 11.5.1716. First cost: £9,858.19.10d to rebuild, including fitting. Commissioned 1716 under Capt. John Hager, for Newfoundland the the Straits. In 1718 under Capt. Joseph Winder, for the Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718.1111719 under Capt. Philip Vanbrugh, in the Mediterranean. Small Repair at Portsmouth (for £1,581.18.0d) 7– 9.1720. Small Repair and fitted at Portsmouth (for £6,567.6.6d) 11.1738–3.1739. Recommissioned 8.1739 under Capt. Cornelius Mitchell, for Home waters; sailed 1740 to meet East India ships. In 1741 under Capt. Edmund Williams, for Newfoundland; in the Mediterranean 1742–43. In 1744 under Capt. Arthur Scott; paid off 19.9.1744 and renamed Maidstone 27.9.1744. Converted to a hospital ship (by AO 25.8.1743, with a new ship to be built ‘in her room’ by AO 16.5.1743) 10.1744 for service at Port Mahon. In 1746 under Cmdr Peter Parker; arrived Woolwich 11.1746 and BU there (by AO 1.7.1748) completed 10.1748. Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1703–10). Of the several French vessels equivalent to 50-gun ships taken during the War of the Spanish Succession, only three (two vaisseaux de 3èrne classe and a flûte) were added to the Royal Navy. Hazardous (French Le Hasardeux, built 3.1699–2.1701 at Lorient. L: 8.1699. Pierre Coulomb design), 54 guns. Dimensions & tons: 137ft 0in, 114ft 0in x 38ft 0in x 15ft 0in. 875 58/94 bm. Men: 320 (reduced to 240 by AO 1.12.1704). Guns: 54/46, comprising LD 22 culverins, UD 22 x 12pdrs, QD 8 x 6pdrs and Fc 2 x 6pdrs. Taken 6.11.1703 by Warspite, Orford and Lichfield in the Channel. Registered 8.12.1703. Established 27.3.1704.

Commissioned 1704 under Capt. Barrow Harris, for convoys to Virginia. From 1706 under Capt. Richard Brown (died 12.11.1706), on the same service. In 11.1706 under Lieut. John Hare (temp, for one week); wrecked on a sandbank near Selsey Bill 19.11.1706. Falkland Prize (French flûte La Seine, built 1687–5.1699 at Rochefort. L: 1698. Pierre Masson design), 54 guns. Dimensions & tons: 132ft 6in, 112ft 4in x 35ft 0in x 15ft 1in. 731 90/94 bm. Men: 280. Guns: 54/46, comprising LD 22 x 12pdrs, UD 22 x 6pdrs, QD 8 x 6pdrs and Fc 2 x 6pdrs. Taken 15.7.1704 by Falkland (with Dreadnought and Fowey) off the Azores. Registered & established 29.8.1704. Commissioned 1705 under Capt. William Fairborne, for Newfoundland; driven from her anchorage in the Downs in a storm and run ashore in Sandwich Bay 19.12.1705; wreck sold to John Bushell (for £240) 11.3.1706. Moor (French Le Maure, built 8.1687–10.1688 at Toulon. L: 8.1688. Blaise Pangalo design), 54 guns. Dimensions & tons: 135ft 4in, 116ft 2in x 36ft 2 3/4in x ... 811 3/9 bm. Men: 320. Guns: 54/46. Taken 13.12.171 o by Breda, Warspite and Berwick in the Mediterranean. Registered 1.5.1711. Commissioned 8.5.1711 under Capt. Michael Sansom (died 3.11.1711), for the Downs squadron. On 5.11.1711 under Capt. Thomas Gordon (-1714), in Home waters 1712 and in the Mediterranean 1713–14; took privateer Le Saint François 14.3.1712. In 1715 under Capt. William Cowley; came home and thence to Baltic. Sunk as a breakwater at Plymouth 7.3.1716. Another ten ships were rebuilt in the Royal dockyards from 1716 onwards to the dimensions of the 1706 Establishment, but these were all established and armed as 50-gun ships according to the 1716 Establishment of Guns, with 18pdrs on the LD. This group — comprising the Nonsuch, Salisbury, Winchester, Saint Albans, Guernsey, Norwich, Deptford, Tiger, Weymouth and Swallow — were launched in 1717–19 (the Tiger in 1722) and are detailed in the companion 1714–92 volume. At the death of Queen Anne, the British Navy included forty-nine Fourth Rates of 54 guns, plus the two ships remaining with fewer guns (Dover and

Tiger — the Kingfisher having been hulked and the Advice lost). Among them, apart from the Strafford newbuilding at Plymouth in 4.1714 (and launched before August), the Worcester rebuilding at Deptford and the Burlington under repair at Chatham, the Dartmouth and Rochester were described as needing rebuilding (in fact, both these ships had commenced rebuilding by 8.1714), the Deptford, Falmouth, Norwich, Nonsuch and Portland as needing a great repair (in fact, the Norwich had been BU to RB in 1712), and the Bonaventure, Chatham, Chester, Gloucester, Hampshire and Oxford as needing a small repair; all these were lying in Ordinary, as were the Assistance, Falkland, Jersey, Leopard, Saint Albans, Severn and Tilbury, all of which were in good condition. All these were reclassed as 50gun ships under the 1716 Establishment of Guns. Of the remaining twenty-nine ships of less than 60 guns in Commission, the Panther was rebuilding at Woolwich by 8.1714, the Lichfield, Reserve and Salisbury Prize (the last-named ship soon to be renamed the Preston) were described in 4.1714 as in need of a great repair, while the Advice, Anglesea, Antelope, Bristol, Centurion, Colchester, Crown, Dover, Guernsey, Greenwich, Moore, Newcastle, Ormonde, Pembroke, Ruby, Romney, Salisbury, Southampton, Swallow, Tiger, Weymouth, Warwick, Winchester and Woolwich were in good condition. All these ships were to be reclassed as 50-gun ships in 1716.

5 The Fifth Rates

W

hile it would be misleading to talk in terms of a Fifth Rate of warship during the first quarter of the seventeenth century, the equivalent would have been the larger of the pinnaces which existed at the death of Elizabeth I. The Fifth Rate (and equally the even smaller Sixth Rate) ships comprised those vessels which were clearly perceived as too lightly armed (generally the demi-culverin or 9pdr being their largest gun before 1714) and too lacking in structural strength to stand in battle against larger ships in a major action, but which fulfilled a range of escort and patrol purposes. Some Fifth Rates, however, did participate in fleet actions during the Anglo-Dutch wars.

(A) Vessels in service at 24 March 1603 The largest of those vessels which were inherited by James I in 1603, other than those categorised as galleons, were the barks Tramontana, with an established complement of 70 men (52 mariners, 8 gunners and 10 soldiers), and Scout, with 66 men (48 mariners, 8 gunners and 10 soldiers). The larger of the pinnaces were Achates (or Catis) of 60 men (42 mariners, 8 gunners and 10 soldiers), the Charles of 45 men (32 mariners, 6 gunners and 7 soldiers), and the Moon, Advice and Spy, each of 40 men (30 mariners, 5 gunners and 5 soldiers), the Merlin of 35 men (26 mariners, 5 gunners and 4 soldiers) and the Sun of 30 men (24 mariners, 4 gunners and 2 soldiers). However the Scout and Achates were by 1603 cut down into lighters at Chatham and so are excluded from the details below (both lighters were sold in 1605). Not included in the official List were two other pinnaces (the Swallow, not to be confused with the galleon of the same name, and the tiny Trench frigate’), plus a further vessel (the ketch Lion’s Whelp) which had been purchased from the Lord High Admiral in 1601.

The English fleet at the Ile de Ré expedition in 1627, one of a set of meticulous contemporary engravings by Jacques Callot. Considering they were largely hired merchantmen, the seagoing ships seem remarkably uniform in size and layout, the only obvious small craft being the large sprit-rigged boats, probably the type of vessel known as ‘shallops’. In the following year’s expedition, all the ‘Whelps’ accompanied the fleet, but they do not seem to be represented anywhere in Callot’s work. National Maritime Museum PAH7550.

SWALLOW. Originally a vessel of 8 guns, but by 1603 no armament was

quoted and the vessel (which had been with Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s voyage to Newfoundland in 1583) was no longer on the Official List, but was included in the Establishment. She was condemned later in 1603. Swallow Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 40/50 tons. L: 1573. TRAMONTANA. Described as a ‘bark’ in all the Tudor naval lists. Tramontana (or Tremontane) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Chapman] Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 132/165 tons). Men (1603): 70 (comprising 52 mariners, 8 gunners and 10 soldiers. Guns: 21 in 1599 (comprising 12 sakers, 7 minions and 2 falcons). L: 1586. Commissioned 1586 under Benjamin Gonson, Jnr (the son of Hawkyns’s predecessor as Treasurer), with Hawkyns’s squadron. In 1588 under Lake Ward; with Frobisher’s squadron in 1589. In 1596 under William King, for Cadiz expedition. In 1599 under Guildford Slingsby, then 1600 Sackville Trevor, both with the Channel Guard, In 1601–02 under Charles Plessington, in Irish waters. BU 1618. MERLLN. Merlin (ex-Marline, renamed 1603) Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 50/62 tons. Men (1603): 35. Guns (1603): 2 minions and 5 falcons. Built 1579; underwent a ‘Large refit’ at Deptford 1585–86. Commissioned 1588 under Capt. Walter Gower. Recommissioned 1599 under Capt. Gawen Harvey, for the mobilisation of that year. In 1601 and 1602 under Capt. Thomas Flemyng, off Iceland (?fisheries). Condemned 1607. 1586 GROUP. Six pinnaces were built in 1586, of which the Makeshift (contract-built by William Pett at Limehouse) was lost at sea in 1591. Moon Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Chapman] Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 17ft 0in x 7ft 0in. 59/74 tons. Men (1602): 40. Guns (1603): 5 sakers, 6 minions and 2 falcons. Commissioned 1588 under Capt. Alexander Clifford. In 1589 under Capt. J.

Merryweather, with Frobisher’s squadron. In 1592 under Capt. Jonas, with Lord Thomas Howard to the Azores. In 1594 under Merryweather again, with Frobisher. In 1599 under Capt. Christopher Crofts, then 1601–02 under Capt. Thomas Bulton, all on the Irish station. Rebuilt 1602 at Chatham Dyd by Phineas Pett, enlarged to 100 tons. Condemned 1626. Charles Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 7ft 0in. 70/88 tons. Men (1602): 45. Guns (1603): 4 sakers, 2 minions and 2 falcons. Commissioned 1588 under Capt. John Robartes (or Roberts), then 9.1588 under Capt. Robert Pettiman. In 1589 under Capt. Robert Pitman, with Frobisher’s squadron. In 1591 under Capt. Mathew Bradgate, with Lord Thomas Howard to the Azores. In 1594 under Capt. Nicholas Franklyn, with Frobisher’s squadron. In 1599 under Capt. Sackville Trevor, on the Irish station. In 1601 under Capt. John White, in the Channel until 10.1602. Sold 1616 in Scotland. Advice Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 14ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 42/52 1/2 tons. Men (1602): 40. Guns (1603): 4 sakers, 2 minions and 3 falcons. Commissioned 1588 under Capt. Ambrose Mannington, then 4.1588 under Capt. John Harris. In 1589 under Capt. Samuel Foxcroft, with Drake’s squadron. In 1590 under Capt. William King, with Hawkyns and Frobisher. In 1597 under Capt. William Willis, for expedition to the Azores; in the Western Channel 1599. In 1600 under Capt. John White, with the Channel Guard. In 1601 under Capt. Richard Bourne, with the Thames Guard. Sold 1617. Spy William Pett, Limehouse. Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 14ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 42/52 1/2 tons. Men (1602): 40. Guns (1603): 4 sakers, 2 minions and 3 falcons. Commissioned 1587 under Capt. Alexander Clifford, for Drake’s voyage. In 1588 under Capt. Ambrose Ward, then 8.1588 Capt. Thomas Scott. In 1589 still under Thomas Scott, for Frobisher’s voyage. In 1599 under Capt. John White, with the Channel Guard; again with Channel Guard 7–12.1600. Listed to 1613, when BU. Sun Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Matthew Baker] (Note this was the first English warship to be built at Chatham.) Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 13ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 40/50 tons.

Men (1603): 30. Guns: 5. Commissioned 1588 under Capt. Richard Buckley. In 1589 under Capt. William King, for Frobisher’s voyage. In 1599 under Capt. Richard Bourne, with the Channel Guard. Condemned 1603. Ex-FRENCH PRIZE (1591). French frigate (seemingly this tiny craft was so unimportant that no specific name was given her until 1612, when she became the Primrose). She was rebuilt in 1612, doubling her size to 30 tons, but was condemned at the time of the 1618 Commission of Enquiry as being unserviceable (she was by then stationed in Ireland). Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 15 tons. Men:... Guns: 2. PURCHASED VESSEL (1601). Lion’s Whelp Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 90/112 1/2 tons. Men: 60 in 1618. Guns (1603): 2 sakers, 7 minions and 2 falcons. Purchased 1601 from Lord (Charles) Howard of Effingham. In 1600 under Capt. William Willis, in the Channel. Repaired at Chatham Dyd by Phineas Pett 1601. In 1601 under Capt. William Morgan, then 1602 under Capt. Thomas Norreys, still in the Channel. Later in 1602 under Capt. Joseph May, with Monson’s squadron. In 1603 under Capt. William Polwhele. Rebuilt (?) in 1608, but no details. Given to Lord Buckingham 1625 for North-West Passage venture.

(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 Very few details were recorded of any small ships acquired by the early Stuarts before the Civil War. Almost the only ships listed are the ‘Whelps’ of 1628 and the Roebuck and Greyhound of 1636 — all listed below, but doubtless other similar vessels were purchased or captured during these 40 years. For example, two pinnaces of 120 tons and 80 tons were ordered on 12.6.1620 by the king to be built by Phineas Pett at Ratcliffe, and their sizes were subsequently increased to 300 tons and 200 tons; these pinnaces — the

20-gun Mercury and 18-gun Spy — were launched on 16.10.1620 and 18.10.1620. Both sailed on 30 October with the fleet to drive off Algerine pirates who continued their depredations on shipping in the Channel They were purchased into the navy on 21.8.1621, but neither figured in any navy list and they had disappeared before 1625. SEVEN STARS. Seven Stars Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in x 20ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 108/144 tons. Men: 40. Guns: 14 in 1624, comprising 2 demi-culverins, 6 sakers and 5 minions). L: 1615. Commissioned for voyage to Spain 1623. Not mentioned after 1624. CHARLES. This pinnace was constructed following the Commission of 1618. Charles Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in x 16ft 0in x 7ft 0in. 70/94 tons. Men:... Guns: 12 in 1624 (comprising 2 sakers, 6 minions and 4 falcons). L: 1623. Commissioned 1623 under Capt. Christopher Harris, for voyage to Spain. In 1627 under Capt. Liddiard, for La Rochelle expedition. In 1631 under Capt. Luke Fox, for Arctic voyage. Not mentioned after 1631. In the division of the King’s Ships into six Ranks or Rates which was introduced in 1626 (primarily for purposes of paying their officers), the new group of Fifth Rates were categorised as having an established complement of from 60 to 70 men. This was raised in 1653 to classify as Fifth Rates those ships having at least 80 men (and up to 139). LION’S WHELP CLASS. On 26.2.1627 orders were issued to bargain with shipbuilders to construct ten small vessels ‘for the enterprise of Rochelle’. It was proposed that they should e of 120 tons, with ‘one deck and a quarter, to row as well as sail’. On 24.3.1627 the Navy Board officers confirmed that contracts had been agreed. These forerunners of the sloop were built by nine separate shipwrights under contract (at £3.5.0d per ton). They were built at the expense of the Duke of Buckingham (George Villiers), rather than as King’s Ships. Construction was overseen by Capt. John Pennington, whose accounts show

they cost nearly £7,000. In spite of their small size, these were built along the lines of Dutch cromsters. They had two decks and a round house, and were three-masted and square-rigged, but fitted with sweeps. Although masted and armed from naval stores, they were employed as privateers, and preyed on French shipping prior to joining the King’s fleet for the second expedition to La Rochelle in 1628. Following Buckingham’s assassination on 23 August 1628, the ten Whelps were added to the Navy (£4,500 in compensation was paid to his estate in 1632). Dimensions & tons: 62ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 206 bm (185 gross). Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 60–70. Guns: 10 (comprising 4 culverins, 4 demi-culverins and 2 brass sakers) + 4 smaller. 2 demi-cannon added later. By the end of 1653, the surviving Tenth Whelp carried 20 guns. 1st [Lion’s] Whelp William Castle, ‘Southwark’ (presumably Bermondsey). Commissioned 1628 under Capt. Taylor, for La Rochelle. In 1635–36 under Capt. Anthony Penraddock, for Wimbledon’s fleet. In 1637 under Capt. Richard Donnel, later under Capt. Robert Slingsby. In 1640 under Capt. J. Bargrave. Converted to a chain ship (for the Chatham barricade) 1641. Hulked at Deptford 1650, and sent as a careening hulk to Harwich 8.1650. Sold at Harwich 10.1651. 2nd [Lion’s] Whelp John Taylor, Wapping. Commissioned 1628 under Capt. William Jewell, for La Rochelle. In 1636 under Capt. Thomas Price, later Capt. Philip Hill (-1637). In 1639 under Capt. ?Robert Burley. In 1640 under Capt. Robert Fox (after 7.1640). Converted to a chain ship (for the Chatham barricade) 1641. Sold by Order 8.1650. 3rd [Lion’s] Whelp John Dearsley, Wapping. Commissioned 1628 under Capt. William Batten, for La Rochelle. In 1636 under Capt. Peter Lindsey. In 1639 under Capt. Philip Hill. In 1640 under Capt. Robert Fox (until 7.1640). Condemned 1640 and deleted by 2.1643. 4th [Lion’s] Whelp Christopher Malim, Rotherhithe. Commissioned 1628 under Capt. Pardoe, for La Rochelle. In 1636 under Capt. Elias Kirke, later Capt. Anthony Penraddock; bilged on rock and sank in St Aubin’s Bay (Jersey) 14.8.1636, without loss of life. 5th [Lion’s] Whelp Peter Marsh, Wapping. Commissioned 1628 under Capt. William Batten, for La Rochelle. In 1636

under Capt. Peter Lindsey, later Capt. John Burley. In 1637 under Capt. Edward Popham; wrecked on the Dutch coast 28.6.1637, with 17 men drowned. 6th [Lion’s] Whelp Peter Pett, Ratcliffe. Commissioned 1628 under Capt. John Pett, for La Rochelle; lost with all hands off Brittany while returning home in 1628. 7th [Lion’s] Whelp Matthew Graves, Limehouse. Commissioned 1628 under Capt. Browne, for La Rochelle. In 1630 under Capt. Dawtrey Cooper; blew up in action (with Mary Rose) 25.10.1630 against a Dutch warship from Enkhuizen in dispute over a Dunkirker taken off the coast of Suffolk. 8th [Lion’s] Whelp John Graves, Limehouse. Commissioned 1628 under Capt. Burnford, for La Rochelle. In 1635 under Capt. Thomas Price (-1637). In 1638 under Capt. Richard Donnel, the 1639 Capt. Robert Fox. In 1640 under Capt. Anthony Woolward. In 1642 under Capt. William Thomas (-1644). Later in 1644 under Capt. John Kearse (-1646). Laid ashore at Woolwich as ‘unrepairable’ 7.1645. 9th [Lion’s] Whelp John Graves, Limehouse. Commissioned 1628 under Capt. Bulger, for La Rochelle. In 1632 under Capt. Dawtrey Cooper (-1633). Wrecked 4.1640 in the River Clyde (‘with pinnace Confidence’) while taking supplies from Ireland to Dunbarton Castle. 10th [Lion’s] Whelp Robert Tranckmore, Shoreham. Commissioned 1628 under Capt. Powell, for La Rochelle. In 1635 under Capt. William Smith, then 1636 Capt. Francis Smith. In 1638 under Capt. Abraham Wheeler. In 1640 under Capt. Baldwin Wake. In 1642 under Capt. Richard Hill (-1643); defected to Royalists 1643, but retaken 1645. In 1645 under Capt. Boone. In 1646 under Capt. William Lawrence (-1647), in the Irish Sea. Later in 1647 under Capt. William Brandley (-1648), still in Irish Sea. Later in 1648 under Capt. William Younger (-1649); with Blake’s squadron off the Tagus 1649. Later in 1649 under Capt. George Dakins, then 1650 under Capt. Robert Baynes, as a fireship. In 1651 under Capt. Philip Gethings (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. David Dove; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Sold (for £410) to Jacob Blackpath 19.10.1654. 1635 GROUP. On 23.11.1635 the king approved the building of two new

pinnaces, of 70 and 90 tons respectively, for a combined total of £460. In 1.163 6 it was instructed that they should be built from the waste (material) left over from the Sovereign of the Seas, then still building. Roebuck Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 57ft 0in keel x 18ft 1in x 6ft 8in. 90/120 tons. Men: 30. Guns: 10. Ord: 16.1.1635. L: 28.3.1636. Commissioned 1636 under Capt. Robert Slingsby, with Northumberland’s fleet. In 1637 under Capt. Ruben Broad. In 1639 under Capt. Andrew Woodward. In 1640–1 under Capt. Thomas. Rockwell; lost in collision 1641. Greyhound Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 20ft 3in x 7ft 8in. 126/168 tons (130 82.94 bm). Men: 60. Guns: 12. Ord: 16.1.1635. L: 28.3.1636. Commissioned 1636 under Capt. Robert Taylor. In 1637 under Capt. Thomas Rabnett. In 1638–43 under Capt. Abraham Wheeler (in the Channel 1642–43). In 1645–49 under Capt. John Coppin; Winter Guard 1646–47; in the Downs 1647; with Warwick’s fleet in the Downs, 9.1648. In 1650 under Capt. George Dakins, later in same year under Capt. Henry Southwood, in the Downs and on the East Coast; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652; at Battle of Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1653 under Capt. Thomas Bunn; off coast of Scotland in winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Capt. Robert Robinson, then 1655 under Capt. Edmund Thompson. In 1656 under Capt. John Wager; blown up in action with four Spanish privateers off the Farne Islands 14.6.1656 (only 2 survivors). PURCHASED VESSELS (1643–50) Cygnet Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, c. 160 tons. Men: 80. Guns: 18. Purchased 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. John Wild (-1644), in the Irish Sea. Later in 1644 under Capt. John Whetstone. In 1645 under Capt. John Mann. In 1646 under Capt. William Peake. Later in 1646 under Capt. Abraham Wheeler (-1648); Winter Guard 1646–47; in North Sea 1647. In 1650

der Capt. William Wheatley, as a fireship, with Blake’s squadron off the Tagus. In 1651 under Capt. Philip Holland (-1652); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1652. In 1653 under Capt. Robert Fuller (-1654). Sold 1654. Warwick Dimensions & tons: 80ft 0in keel x 23ft 9in x ... 240 2/94 bm. Men: 90. Guns: 22. Purchased 1643. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. John Gilson. Later in 1644 under Capt. William Thomas (-1646). Later in 1646 under Capt. James Peacock (-1647). Later in 1647 under Capt. Richard Farmer (-1648). Later in 1648 under Capt. John Edwin, then Capt. William Gregory (temp.), and finally Capt. John Green. In 1650 under Capt. Anthony Houlding. Renamed Old Warwick 1650. Recommissioned 1652 under Capt. William Godfrey (-1653). In 1654 under Capt. William Cockraine. In 1656 under Capt. Matthew Browne, as a fireship. BU 1660. Hector Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, c. 200 tons. Men: 70. Guns: 22. Purchased (or possibly taken as a prize) 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Arthur. Later in 1644 under Capt. John Stansby. In 1645 under Capt. Edward (or Edmund) Elliott (-1647); Winter Guard 1656/47. Later in 1747 under Capt. Francis Penrose (-1648), in the Channel; with Warwick’s fleet in the Downs 9.1648. Later in 1648 under Capt. Stephen Squibb, then Capt. Robert Nixon (-1649). Later in 1649 under Capt. John Stoakes. In 1650 under Capt. Edmund Curtis (-1651), off the Irish coast. Later in 1651 under Capt. Nathan Buskill (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. John Smith (-1654); at Chatham in winter 1653–54, then with Blake in the Mediterranean. Sold 1656. President 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, c. 275/367 tons. Purchased 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Thomas (or John) Pilgrim (-1648). In 1649 under Capt. Richard Fearnes. Renamed Old President (or Little President?) 1650. Recommissioned 1650 under Capt. Thomas Sparling (-1653). In 1654 under Capt. William Ledgant. In 1656 under Capt. Valentine Tatnell, as a fireship. Stricken 1656.

Satisfaction (Dutch ...), 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: 89ft 0in keel x 24ft 6in x 10ft 6in. 284 15/94 bm. Draught 14ft 0in Men: 100, later 120/100/80. Guns: 26, later 32/26. Purchased 1646. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Robert Moulton, for the Irish Sea. In 1648 under Capt. Leonard Lidcott; joined Royalists in 6.1648; surrendered to Parliamentary forces in 11.1648. Later in 1648 under Capt. Francis Penrose, then 1649 Capt. William Brandley, and in 1650 under Capt. John Lambert, with Popham’s squadron off the Tagus. In 1651 under Capt. William Pestell (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. Michael Nutton (-1655); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Portsmouth in winter 1653– 54. In 1656 under Capt. Valentine Tatnell, then 1657 under Capt. Peter Butler (-1658). In 1659 under Capt. Robert Wilkinson, for Newfoundland fishery 1660. On 28.3.1662 under Capt. Morgan Jones (-13.8.1662), then 14.8.1662 under Capt. Robert Mohun; wrecked on the Dutch coast 19.9.1662. Star Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 70. Guns: 12. Purchased 1650. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Robert Sanders; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652. Later under Capt. Peter Mootham. Sold 1652. Ex-ROYALIST PRIZES (1643–49) Fellowship 28 guns. Dimensions & tons: 110ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 10ft 5in. 395 50/94 bm. Draught 11ft 8in. Men:... Guns: 28. Taken 1643. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. William Penn (-1645). Later in 1645 under Penn again, as Rear-Adm. in Irish waters. In 1647 under Capt. Jonas Reeves. Later in 1647 under Capt. Henry Jervoise (-1648). Later in 1648 under Capt. Francis Penrose, then under Capt. Robert Nixon (-1651). Hulked 1651. Sold 7.1662. Globe (ex-Bristol merchantman employed by Royalists) Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, c. 250 tons.

Men: 100. Guns: 24. Taken 23.2.1644 by Parliamentary forces at Milford Haven. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Richard Willoughby (-1647); Winter Guard 1646–47; in Irish Sea 1647. In 1647 under Capt. Stephen Squibb. Sold 1648. Swann (Royalist Swann, built 1641), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, c. 200 tons. Men: 80. Guns: 12. Taken 1645 by Parliamentary forces at Dublin (crew changed sides while her [Royalist] Capt. Thomas Bartlett was ashore). Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Robert Clarke (-1650). In 1651 under Capt. Thomas Keysar. Later in 1651 under Capt. Richard Newberry (-1652). In 1653 under Capt. Edward Tarleton, later Capt. Thomas Wilkes; wrecked off Duart Castle (Scotland) 13.9.1653. (Note another 200-ton Swan was purchased 1652, established with 22 guns; Tarleton and/or Wilkes may have been her commander, rather than of the above 12-gun vessel. This second vessel was in 1654 under Capt. Richard Pittock, and was sold in the same year.) Mayflower (Irish Royalist Fame), 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown Men: 60. Guns: 20. Taken 1649. Commissioned 1649 under Capt. Thomas Thompson (-1652); fitted for Summer Guard by Order 16.2.1650. Later in 1652 under Capt. John Woolters. In 1653 under Capt. William Newman (killed), later in 1653 under Capt. Peter Bowen (-1657); at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Blown up and sold as a wreck 1658. (Note there seems to have been a second Mayflower — also a Fifth Rate but with 130 men and 34 guns — purchased 1651 and sold in 1658. This was the ship commanded by Peter Bowen.) James [Prize] (Royalist Exchange), 29 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, c. 300 tons. Taken 1649. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Henry Mootham. No subsequent record (had been commanded by Capts Thomas Braithwait and Henry Stradling in Royalist service 1649). Paradox (Royalist...), 14 guns.

Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 20ft 0in x 8ft 0in. 128 (127 62/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 70/60/35. Guns: 14/12. Taken 1649. Fitted by Order 13.11.1649. Commissioned 1649 under Capt. Benjamin Blake; at blockade of Kinsale. In 1650 under Capt. John Seaman, later in 1650 under Capt. Thomas Coule (-1651), in the Downs and East Coast. In 1652 under Capt. Anthony Archer; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1653 under Capt. Roger Jones (-1655); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; off coast of Ireland in winter 1653–54. In 1656 under Capt. Richard Cowes; in the Bristol Channel in 6.1660. On 9.3.1663 under Capt. Edward Cotterell (-1.4.1663), then 22.12.1664 under Capt. Leonard Guy (-17.10.1667); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. Sold ‘as useless’ 2.1668. Mary [Prize] (Royalist ?Mary and Joseph), Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 120. Guns: ?36. Taken 1649 — perhaps by Tiger and Nonsuch? Commissioned 1650 under Capt. James Pacey (-1651). In 1653 under Capt. William Tunick (drowned 1653), later in 1653 under Capt. Henry Maddison (-1654)’ at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653; in the Sound for winter 1653–54. Sold 1657. Ex-FLEMISH PRIZES (1646–47). Roebuck (Dunkirker), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, 110 bm. Men: 70 in 3.1652. Guns: 14. Taken 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Andrew Woodward (-1647). In 1648 under Capt. John Mildmay, later Capt. Robert Nixon, under whom went over to Royalists 1648; under Capt. Philip Marshall in 1649. Retaken by the Commonwealth 3.11.1650 off Cape Palos, but no record of recommissioning. Sold 1652. Recovery (a ‘ship of Flushing’), 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. c300 bm. Men: 70 in 3.1652. Guns: 20. Taken 1647.

Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Robert Dare. In 1648 under Capt. Peter Squibb, later under Capt. John Bowen. Later in 1648 under Capt. Owen Cox (-1650). Later in 1650 under Capt. Francis Allen (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Haytubb (-1654). Later in 1654 under Capt. John Blythe. Sold 1655. Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1650–53) Fox (French ...) Dimensions & tons: unknown Men: 80. Guns: 22. Taken 1650. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. John Seaman (-1652), for service on Irish coast 3.1651. Reclassed as a fireship 4.1653. In 1654 under Capt. Robert Vessey. Later under Capt. William Pickering; expended as fireship in attack on Spanish shipping at Málaga 8.7.1656. Duchess (French La Duchesse), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 90. Guns: 24. Taken 4.9.1652 by Blake’s fleet off Dunkirk. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Richard Suffi eld. Later in 1653 under Capt. Edmund Smith (-1654). Sold 1654. Fame [Prize] (French La Renommée, built 1653), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: 68ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 208 (208 32/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 85 in 1660. 120/85/65 in 1665. 34/30 as fireship. Guns: 20 in 1660. 30/24 in 1665. 12/8 as fireship. Taken 1653. Commissioned 1655 under Capt. Richard Country. In 1656 under Capt. Thomas Wright (-1660); in the North Sea in 6.1660 On 27.1.1665 under Capt. John Gethings; converted to a fireship 1665; at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron) 3.6.1665, when expended to destroy Dutch 56-gun Koevorden, 50-gun Prins Maurits and 38-gun Utrecht (all entangled with each other). PURCHASED VESSEL (1651) Discovery, 20 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown.

Men: 120. Guns: 20 (later 30). Purchased early 1651 (for £2,950.6^). Fitted at Chatham for service (for £329) from 1.1651. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Thomas Marriott (-1654). Later in 1654 under Capt. Thomas Wilkes (-1655); with Penn’s squadron at capture of Jamaica 17.5.1655; destroyed by accident (fire and explosion) off Port Royal 25.5.1655. 1651 PROGRAMME. The first group of purpose-built Fifth Rates built by contract for the Commonwealth Navy. These four vessels were originally built and established with 22 guns (18 demi-culverins and 4 sakers) and 100 men. All were contracted to be built at a cost of £6.50 per ton, names were allocated to them on 18 June 1651. They were launched in June or July 1651, with the Pearl being reported ready to take guns aboard on 19 July and the other three on 23 July. Men: 100, later 140/100/75. Guns: 22, later 28/22 (see below for later individual vessels). Pearl Peter Pett, Ratcliffe. As built: 103ft 3in, 86ft 0in x 25ft 0in x 10ft 1in. 285 85/94 bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 100 in 1666. Guns: 26 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 18 demi-culverins and 8 sakers); actually carried 24 (comprising 16 demiculverins, 6 sakers and 2 minions). 30 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising 18 demi-culverins, 8 sakers and 4 minions). 28 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising 12 demi-culverins, 10 x 6pdrs, 4 saker cutts and 2 x 3pdrs). L: ?6.1651. First cost: £1,852.10.0d to build (285 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Roger Cuttance; at Battle of Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1653 under Capt. James Cadman; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of Gabbard 2–3.6.1653. In 1654 under Capt. Benjamin Sacheverell, with Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean; at Tunis 4.4.1655. On 12.6.1661 under Capt. William Pestell (died 6.12.1662); with Sandwich’s squadron at Lisbon 1662. On 25.5.1664 under Capt. Thomas Page (-17.10.1664), then 24.10.1664 under Capt. Hugh Seymour (-17.9.1665), off Ireland and with Sandwich’s fleet. On 19.9.1665 under Capt. Benjamin Carteret (-19.12.1667); at defence of

East Coast colliers against a Dutch 50-gun ship 19.2.1667. On 11.11.1668 under Capt. John Berry (-12.1.1670), sent with Sir Thomas Allin’s squadron to the Mediterranean; destruction of Algerian 36-gun Gilt Lime Tree 7.9.1669. On 13.1.1670 under Page again (-30.9.1670). On 4.1.1672 under Capt. John Ashby (-2.6.1673); action with Dutch privateer 2.1672. On 3.6.1673 under Capt. Thomas Booth (-18.1.1675), for the Channel; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. On 20.3.1675 under Capt. John Wyborne (-10.10.1677), to the Mediterranean and later Newfoundland. On 10.10.1677 under Capt. Richard Borthwick (-6.9.1679), in the Mediterranean again. On 15.4.1680 under Capt. Henry Williams (-29.5.1682), for the Channel. On 30.5.1682 under Capt. William Botham, to Iceland; to Salé 1684; Queen of Portugal’s escort 1688. Reclassed as a fireship 8.1688. On 30.8.1688 under Capt. Thomas Coal, with Dartmouth’s fleet. Reverted to Fifth Rate 1689. On 4.7.1689 under Capt. James Wishart, for Dunkirk. On 1.4.1690 under Capt. Robert Dean. In 1691 under Capt. Gabriel Hughes, then 1693 under Thomas Killingworth, in the Thames Approaches and for Hamburg convoys. On 25.9.1693 under Capt. George Breholt, then 15.10.1694 Capt. Robert Holmes, both in Irish waters. On 23.5.1696 under Capt. James Studley, with Benbow’s squadron. Sunk as a foundation at Sheerness 6.8.1697.

A number of early Fifth Rates were converted to fireships and met their intended fiery fate. One of the most devastating uses of fire in naval warfare was by Sir Robert Holmes’s squadron against the Dutch shipping sheltering in the Vlie. In what was quickly dubbed ‘Holmes’s Bonfire’, most ships were set on fire after boarding from ship’s boats, but four fireships were expended. However, the Bryer ran aground and survived to be refloated later.

Mermaid Matthew Graves, Limehouse. As built: 105ft 0in, 86ft 0in x 25ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 285 85/94 bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Later 26ft beam/309 22/94 bm (after?) Men: 110 in 1666. Guns: 28 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 demi-culverins and 8 sakers); actually carried 33 (comprising 22 demiculverins, 9 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs). 32 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising 18 demi-culverins, 10 sakers and 4 minions). 30 under the 1685 Establishment (comprising 12 demi-culverins, 10 sakers, 4 saker cutts and 4 minions). L: 1651. First cost: £1,852.10.0d to build (285 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Richard Stayner; at Battle off Dover 15.5.1652. In 1653 under Capt. John King; at Battle of Gabbard 2– 3.6.1653. Later under Capt. James Ableson, off the Dutch coast in winter

1653–54; in the Mediterranean 1654, with Blake’s fleet; at Tunis 4.4.1655. In 1656 under Capt. Peter Foote (-1660), still with Blake’s fleet until 7.1656, then in the Channel. On 24.10.1661 under Capt. Edward Nixon (-20.2.1663); at Tangier 1662. On 24.10.1664 under King again (-16.4.1665); took Dutch privateer Jonge Leewe in the North Sea ? 4.1665. On 17.4.1665 under Capt. Jasper Grant (-6.12.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red Squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 8.12.1665 under Capt. George Watson (-11.12.1668). On 10.1.1672 under Capt. Thomas Hamilton (-9.4.1672), then 17.4.1672 Capt. Errick Sieubladh (-21.6.1672) and 22.6.1672 Capt. John Temple (-8.8.1673), in the Channel. On 10.12.1673 under Capt. Richard Tapson (-28.5.1674). On 4.4.1677 under Capt. William Flawes (-17.9.1677), then 20.9.1677 under Capt. David Lloyd (-21.5.1678), off Ireland. On 1.6.1678 under Capt. Daniel Jones (-12.6.1679?), in the Channel. On 15.3.1680 under Capt. David Trotter (-24.11.1681), then 3.7.1682 Capt. John Tyrrell (-24.2.1683), to Barbados. In 1684 under Capt. William Clifford (-1688), back in Home waters; with squadron to Salé 1686–88. Reclassed as a fireship 10.1688. On 24.10.1688 under Capt. Thomas Ley. Rebuilt at Woolwich as Fifth Rate 1689 (see below). Primrose John Taylor, Wapping. As built: 86ft 0in keel x 25ft 1in x 10ft 0in. 287 76/94 bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 90 in 3.1652. Guns: 24 in 3.1652; 26 at end 1653. L: 1651. First cost: £1,865.10.0d to build (287 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Sherwin; off Scottish coast in winter 1653–54; wrecked on the Seven Stones rocks 13.3.1656; freed but then foundered (15 men drowned) Nightingale William Bright, Horsleydown (Bermondsey). As built: 86ft 0in keel x 25ft 2in x 10ft 0in. 289 68/94 bm. Draught 12ft 6in. Men: 110 in 1666. Guns: 28 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 demi-culverins, 2 sakers and 6 minions); actually carried 30 guns (comprising 18 demi-culverins, 10 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs). L: 1651. First cost: £1,878.10.0d to build (289 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Jacob Reynolds, for the Mediterranean; at Encounter off the Start 12.5.1652; at Ayscue’s action on 16.8.1652; at Battle of Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1653 under Capt. John

Humphreys; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; off coast of Ireland in winter 1653–54. In 1660 under Capt. John Lightfoot, then 25.5.1661 under Capt. Thomas Page (-8.12.1662); at Tangier 1662. On 17.11.1664 under Capt. Richard Long (-31.12.1666); off Ireland 1665. On 16.1.1667 under Capt. John Earle (-3.10.1668); with Sir Robert Robinson’s squadron 25.12.1666; with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1668. On 4.10.1668 under Capt. Thomas Hamilton (-4.5.1669). On 1.1.1672 under Capt. Henry Clerke (-14.3.1673); off Newfoundland in spring 1672; at Battle of Solebay 28.5.1672. On 1.2.1673 (unexplained overlap!) under Capt. Joseph Harris (-1.6.1673); action with three Dutch frigates off the Galloper 8.6.1673. On 11.6.1673 under Capt. Edward Pearce; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673; captured a Dutch 12-gun privateer 15.1.1674; both Nightingale and her prize were wrecked in a storm on Goodwin Sands the next day (most drowned including Pearce, with C.30 survivors). Ex-ROYALIST PRIZES (1651). Two vessels were captured by Parliamentary forces in the Isles of Scilly during the spring, and a third later in the year. Tresco (ex-Royalist Michael), 24 guns. Taken 17.4.1651 in Tresco harbour; fitted by Order 17.6.1651. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. George Blake (killed 1651); wrecked 12.10.1651 in St Aubins Bay (Jersey). Bryer or Bryar (ex-Royalist Peter), 22 guns. Dimensions & tons: 70ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 8ft 10in. 252 (251 66/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 85 in 1660, later 100/80/65; 45 as fireship. Guns: 22/18; 26 by end 1653; 12 as fireship. Taken 7.5.1651 in Bryher harbour, and fitted by Order 17.6.1651. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Robert Sansum (-1653); took a Dutch privateer off Tynemouth 23.1.1653; dismissed 2.1653 for selling stores. In the Thames for winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Capt. Peter Foot, later in 1654 under Capt. Robert Clay (-1655). In 1656 under Capt. Nicholas Parker (-1658). Later in 1658 under Capt. Anthony Riveley (-1660), for the North Sea. In 1664 under Foot again. On 13.2.1665 under Capt. Richard Cotton (-22.7.1665); converted to fireship 1665; at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron) 3.6.1665. On 24.7.1665 under Capt. Vincent

Pearse (killed 2.8.1665); at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 2.8.1665. On 3.8.1665 under Capt. Joseph Paine (-9.8.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron) 4.6.1666; at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron) 25.7.1666; in attack on Dutch shipping in the Vlie (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’) 9–10.8.1666 (Bryer grounded but refloated). Given away to Mr Golding by warrant 10.1667. Peacock (ex-Royalist Falcon), 18 guns. Dimensions & guns: unknown. Men: 60. Guns: 18. Taken 10.1651 by Tiger (under Capt. James Peacock), and renamed and fitted by Order 15.11.1651. No record of commissioning (and did not appear on 1652 or 1653 Lists). Sold by 11.1658. At March 1652 the Commonwealth Navy included twenty Fifth Rates; the newly built quartet of the 1651 Programme (with 24 guns and 90 men each); the Warwick (also of 90 men); the Cygnet, Little President, Mary flyboat and Irish-built Swann (each of 80 men), the Concord, Hector, Recovery, Roebuck and Star (each of 70 men); the Bryer, Fame prize, Golden Sun, Paradox and Tenth Whelp (each of 60 men); and the Truelove (of 30 men; this last vessel will be found in Chapter 6). Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1652–53). A substantial number of smaller Dutch warships were captured during the First Anglo-Dutch War, and the records are not always clear as to which were added to the Commonwealth Navy as Fourth or Fifth Rates. The following list should this be taken as provisional, and may exclude a number of ships. Convert (Dutch Maagd van Dordrecht, of Maas Admiralty), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 324 (323 58/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 0in. [Her Dutch dimensions were 106 x 25 x 10 Rotterdam feet.] Men: 120/90/70. Guns: 32, later 34/26. Taken 15.6.1652 (‘detained’ at Hull at outbreak of war). Fitted by Order 12.7.1652, and named 20.7.1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Stephen Rose. In 1653 under Capt. Philip Gethings; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard 2– 3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Isias Blowfield (-1654). In 1656

under Capt. Rowland Bevans (-1660). Sold 1661. Falmouth (Dutch Wapen van Rotterdam, of Maas Admiralty), 28 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown (her Dutch dimensions were identical with those of the Convert above). Men: 100. Guns: 28. Taken 6.1652 (‘detained’ at Falmouth at outbreak of war). Commissioned 1652 under Capt. ? William Neale. Later in 1652 under Capt. John Jeffreys (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Mills (-1654). Not mentioned after 1657. Middleburg (Dutch Middelhurg, of Amsterdam), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown (Dutch dimensions 120 x 28 x 10 1/2 Amsterdam feet). Men: 120. Guns: 32. Taken 6 or 7.1652 (brought into the Downs 9.7.1652). Commissioned 1652 under Capt. ?Leonard Harris (discharged 1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. Edward Witheridge. Later in 1653 under Capt. William Godfrey (-1654). Not recorded after 1656 (fate unknown). Advantage (Dutch mercantile Eendracht), 26 guns. Men: 100. Guns: 26. Taken 7.1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. William Beck (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Mills. Later in 1653 under Capt. Edmund Thompson (-1654). Sold 1655. Peter (Dutch mercantile Pieter, of Rotterdam), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 100. Guns: 32. Taken ?7.1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. William Purefoy (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. John Littlejohn, later Capt. Pierpoint. Sold 1653. On 12 July 1652 the Dutch Fishery Protection Squadron was attacked by Blake’s squadron in the North Sea. A dozen Dutch warships of between 24 and 30 guns were either sunk or captured, among them the following five ships which were added to the Commonwealth navy as Fifth Rates; about a hundred (herring) fishing busses were taken at the same time, but these were set free. One of these prizes (Arms of Holland) was soon afterwards reregistered as a Fourth Rate, but is included below.

Adam and Eve (Dutch Adam en Eva of the Noorderkwartier Admiralty), 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 100 as Fifth Rate; 30 as a storeship. Guns: 20. Taken 12.7.1652 in the North Sea. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. William Coppin (-1655), classed as a storeship by 9.1653. Sold 1657. Arms of Holland (Dutch Wapen van Holland of the Noorderkwartier Admiralty), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 120 initially; 150 in late 1653. Guns: 34 initially; 36 in late 1653; later 32/28. Taken 12.7.1652 in the North Sea. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Francis Harditch; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Coleman, escorting East Coast colliers in winter 1653–54. In 1654 under Capt. Robert Storey (-1655); with Penn’s fleet to the West Indies. In 1655 under Capt. Samuel Hawkes (killed 7.1656); in the West Indies; caught fire and blew up en route home from Jamaica 7.1656, with heavy loss of life. Sampson (Dutch Samsun [van Hoorn], Hoorn Directors’ ship, built at Enkhuisen) 22 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown (Dutch dimensions 132 x 27 x 13 1/2 Amsterdam feet). Men: 100. Guns: 22. Taken 12.7.1652 in the North Sea. Fitting out 1.1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Edmund Button; disabled at Battle off Portland 18.2.1653 and scuttled (Button killed). Paul (Dutch Paulus of Rotterdam), 22 guns. Dimensions & tons: 84ft 0in keel x 25ft 6in x 9ft 8in. 291 (290 50/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 120, later 95/85/55. Guns: 32, later 28/24. Taken 12.7.1652 in the North Sea. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Thomas Adams (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. Anthony Spathurst (-1654); at Battle of the Gabbard 2– 3.6.1653; at St Helens in winter 1653–54. On 24.6.1660 under Capt. Robert Wyard (died 11.10.1662), for the Iceland fishery. Converted to a

fireship 1665. In 9.2.1665 under Capt. Peter Foot (died 19.5.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 6.9.1666 under Capt. George Hillson (-23.10.1666). On 19.3.1667 under Capt. Daniel Stephens (-14.11.1667); expended 12.6.1667 against the Dutch during the Raid on the Medway. Waterhound (Dutch Waterhond of Rotterdam), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 120. Guns: 32. Taken 12.7.1652 by Blake’s fleet in the North Sea. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Goulding. Later in 1652 under Capt. Giles Shelley (-1653); at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Sold 1656. Oak (Dutch ?Akerboom), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 120 in 1653. Guns: 32 in 1653. Taken 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Edwin; at Battle off Portland 18.2.1653 (taken by Dutch but then retaken); at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653; burnt in action by Dutch fireship at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. Plover (Dutch Morgenster), 16 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 100. Guns: 26. Taken 10.1652 by Tiger in the North Sea. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Robinson; at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. In 1654 under Capt. Elias Drew (-1655). Later in 1655 under Capt. Edmund Thompson. Sold 1657. Church (Dutch mercantile Berkhouter Kerk van Saardam or Kerk van Graveling), 26 guns. Dimensions & tons: 69ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in (23ft 6in in some records) x 9ft 6in. 194 (194 14/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 8in. Men: 110/80/65. Guns: 26/20. Taken 18.2.1653 at the Battle of Portland. Ordered 1.11.1653 ‘to be taken into service’. Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Mark Harrison (-1655). In 1656 under Capt. Simon Evans. Hulked 1659 at Harwich, sold 11.1660. Augustine (or Augusteen) (Dutch ...), 32 guns.

Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 14ft 0in. 359 54/94 tons. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 120/90/75. Guns: 28, later 32/26. Taken 1653. Storeship by 9.1653. Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Henry Fenn. On 23.5.1661 under Capt. William Hill (-11.10.1662), with Sandwich’s squadron in the Mediterranean (as storeship for spare masts, etc.); at Algiers 31.7.1661. On 2.4.1663 under Capt. Richard Teate (-15.9.1665). Sunk at Harwich as a fence to the graving place 1665. Three of the prizes taken at the Gabbard were classed as Fifth Rates. Katherine (Dutch Catharina, built as Amsterdam Directors’ ship), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown (Dutch dimensions 125 x 28 1/2 x 13 Amsterdam feet). Men: 130. Guns: 36. Taken 3.6.1653 at the Battle of the Gabbard. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Willoughby Hannam (-1654); at St Helens for winter 1653–54. In 1655 under Capt. Richard Stayner; with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies 1655. Sold c. 1658. Pelican Prize (Dutch Gulden Pelikaan, built 1653 as Amsterdam Directors’ ship), 34 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown (Dutch dimensions 126 x 263/4 x 12 1/2 Amsterdam feet). Men: 120. Guns: 34. Taken 4.6.1653 at the Battle of the Gabbard. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. John Simons. In 1654 under Capt. Anthony Archer (-1656). Sold 1656. Falcon Flyboat (Dutch fluyt ...), 28 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, c. 200 bm. Men: 80, later 100. Guns: 28, later 32. Taken 4.6.1653 at the Battle of the Gabbard. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Bartholomew Yates (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. John Lightfoot. Later in 1654 under Capt. Thomas Fleet (-1658) Some sources list another prize under the name of Swift, allegedly commissioned under Capt. Edward Barrett; however, investigation shows there to be no such vessel, which is almost certainly a misreading

of the name Gift. At the close of 1653, there were thirty-five Fifth Rates on the list (including the Truelove which, with only 30 men and 12 guns, was soon to be correctly included with the Sixth Rates). The rest comprised the Convert (of 200 men and 32 guns), the Katherine (of 130 men and 36 guns), Mayflower of (130 men and 34 guns); eight of 120 men each — the Falmouth (32 guns), Hound (36), Mary Prize (37), Middelhurg (32), Old Warwick (32), Paul (32), Pelican Prize (36) and Waterhound (30); seven of 100 men each — the Advantage (26 guns), Falcon Flyboat (32), Mermaid (36), Nightingale (36), Pearl (28), Peter (32) and Plover (26); eight of 90 men each — the Bryer (26 guns), Drake (12), Dutchess (24), Fox (22), Greyhound (20), Martin (14), Merlin (12), Primrose (26) and Recovery (24); four of 80 men each — Cygnet (22 guns), Little President (26), Swan (22) and Weymouth (16); and three of 60 men each — the Paradox (14 guns), Sparrow (12 guns — a pink, listed in Chapter 7) and Tenth Whelp (20 guns). Ex-ROYALIST PRIZES (1653–55). Lizard (ex-Royalist ...), 16 guns. Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 22ft 9in x 9ft 0in. 165 17/94 bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 75/60/50 (45/40/40 as fireship). Guns: 16; later 20/18 (6 as fireship). Taken 1653. Commissioned 6.1653 under Capt. John Taylor (-1655). In 1656 under Capt. Daniel Baker (-1657). Later in 1657 under Capt. William Barker (-1659). Later in 1659 under Capt. Richard Ducie (-1660). In 1660 under Capt. Richard Darcy (possibly same person), in the Bristol Channel. On 4.4.1663 under Capt. William Blake (died 16.2.1664). On 27.2.1664 under Capt. Henry Hide (-28.10.1664). On 2.2.1665 under Capt. John Andrews (died 23.4.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. Converted to a fireship 1666. Recommissioned 18.6.1666 under Capt. Joseph Harris (-9.8.1666); at St. James’s Day Fight (Red squadron) 25.7.1666; in Holmes’s raid on the Vlie (‘Holmes’s Bonfire) 8.8.1666, when expended. Sortings (ex-Royalist Royal James), 22 guns Dimensions & tons: 86ft 0in keel x 26ft 6in x 11ft 4in. 321 23/94 bm. Draught 15ft 0in.

Men: 100 in 1660; 130/105/80 in 1666. Guns: 28/22 in 1660. Nominally 32/26 under 1666 Establishment (comprising 22 demi-culverins and 12 sakers); actually carried 34 (2 demiculverins and 22 x 8pdr sakers, 8 x 6pdr sakers and 2 minions). Taken 11.4.1654 near Sorlings (Isles of Scilly) by Constant Warwick. Fitted for service by AO 18.7.1654. Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Thomas Morris (-1660); to Jersey ‘with money’ in 6.1660. Later in 1660 under Capts. Richard Greene and Nicholas Tattersal (sequence unknown), then repaired at Portsmouth 1660–01. On 13.7.1661 under Capt. Allen Covell (-17.3.1662). On 18.3.1662 under Humphrey Conningsby (-24.4.1663). On 25.10.1664 under Jonathan Waltham (-10.8.1665). On 10.8.1665 under Capt. John Skelton (-26.11.1665), then 26.11.1665 under Capt. Stephen Akarman (or Acreman); in action against two Dutch privateers 7.1667; bilged and wrecked on the Woolpack Sands (off Reculver) 15.11.1667. Wexford (ex-Royalist Fleetwood), 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: 70ft 0in keel x 20ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 149 (148 88/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 0in. Men: 100/75/50. Guns: 20/16; 4 guns as fireship. Taken 1655. Commissioned 6.1655 under Capt. Robert Coleman (-1656). Later in 1656 under Capt. Abraham Allgate (-1657), then 1658 under Capt. Valentine Jowles (-1659). Renamed Dolphin 1660 (before Restoration). Recommissioned 13.4.1660 under Capt. Valentine Jowles (-24.10.1661), off Ireland. On 24.1.1665 under Capt. William Gregory (-3.6.1665); converted to a fireship 1665; at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron) 3.6.1665, when expended to destroy Dutch 78-gun Maarseveen, 34-gun Ter Goes and 30-gun Zwanenhurg (all entangled with each other). 1653–56 PROGRAMMES. On 1 October 1653 the Council of State issued an order for the Admiralty Committee to contract for ‘six nimble frigates’ of 20 guns each, and two days later the Committee in turn placed orders for these six, each at a price of £6.10.0d per ton. Some fifteen months later, on 28 December 1654, the Council issued a fresh instruction to build another six of these small frigates. A final pair were ordered on 8 April 1656, to be built at Portsmouth and Deptford, but on 10 July the Council of State directed that two Fifth Rates

should be built in the Forest of Dean ‘to make the experiment of building frigates in the Forest’. The Admiralty contracted on 13 August to build the first of these at Lydney Pill (in the Forest) but on 25 September ordered the second to be built at Portsmouth; this was changed to Chatham on 29 January 1657. These were smaller versions of the Third and Fourth Rate frigates, being two-deckers with their main battery on the lower deck and a partial battery on the upper deck. All these vessels were similarly originally built and established with 22 guns (18 demi-culverins and 4 sakers), rather than the intended 20 guns, and with 100 men; exceptions were the Cheriton with 20 guns and 90 men, and the Bradford and Colchester with 24 guns and 100 men each. Fourteen were built under this programme; although one was lost in 1655, the rest survived past 1660 (when seven were renamed, as shown below) and they formed the core of the Fifth Rate for much of the Restoration era. By 1666 most surviving vessels were re-established with 28 guns and 110 men, while later changes are shown below under individual vessels. First Batch — ordered 3.10.1653. Colchester Henry Edgar, Gt. Yarmouth. As built: 83ft 0in keel x 25ft 6in x 11ft 0in. 287 7/94 bm. Draught 12 ft 0in. Men: 100 in 1660; 110 in 1666; 125/100/75 in 1667. Guns: 22 in 1660; 28/24 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 18 demi-culverins and 10 sakers). Ord: 1.10.1653. L: 23.2.1654. Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Giles Shelley (-1656). Later in 1656 under Capt. Samuel Blake (-1660); with (Robert) Blake’s fleet at Battle of Santa Cruz 20.5.1657; off Ireland 1660. On 2.4.1661 under Capt. Robert Fortescue (-4.9.1662), with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier; at Algiers 31.7.1661 [also under Capt. John Fortescue, probably his brother, at some date]. On 9.9.1664 under Capt. Daniel Helling (-12.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 13.6.1665 under Capt. William Hammond (-3.6.1666); in action of 3– 4.9.1665. On 2.7.1666 under Capt. Arthur Langhorne (killed 24.3.1667), with Harman’s squadron in the West Indies; sunk in action with French 3.1667. Islip Francis Bayley, Bristol. As built: unknown. Men: unknown. Guns: unknown.

Ord: 1.10.1653. L: 25.3.1654. Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Edward Tarleton; wrecked 24.7.1655 off Inverlochy. Fagons (named after Saint Fagons in Wales) Robert Page, Wivenhoe. As built: 82ft 0in keel x 24ft 6in x 10ft 0in. 261 76/94 bm. Draught 12ft 6in. Men: 105 in 1660; 110 in 1666; later 125/100/75. Guns: 22 in 1660; 28/24 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 18 demi-culverins and 10 sakers); actually had 30 in 1666 (comprising 14 demi-culverins, 2 x 6pdrs, 12 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs). Ord: 1.10.1653. L: 22.5.1654. First cost: £1,638 (252 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Thomas Elliott (-1657). In 1659 under Capt. Nicholas Parker, for operations in ‘the Sound’ (Oresund); in Western Approaches in 6.1660. Renamed Milford at the Restoration in 1660. On 28.3.1663 under Capt. Henry Terne (-18.11.1663). On 10.12.1663 under Capt. John Chicheley (14.8.1664). On 15.8.1664 under Capt. Thomas Seale (-11.6.1665); with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 12.6.1665 under Capt. Richard White (-25.7.1668); at capture of Slothany in the North Sea 3.9.1665. On 26.11.1668 under Capt. John Hubbard II (-11.3.1669), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. Burnt by accident (while ‘drying out the bread-room’) at Port Mahon 7.7.1673 (remains BU 8.1674). Selby John Taylor, Wapping. As built: 85ft 6in keel x 25ft 8in x 10ft 0in. 299 56/94 bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 100 in 1660 and 1666; 13 5/115/90 in 1677. Guns: 22 in 1660. 26 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 16 demi-culverins and 10 sakers); 32/38 in 1677. 12 as fireship. Ord: 1.10.1653. L: 22.4.1654. First cost: £1,930.10.0d (297 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 1655 under Capt. Henry Powell. Later under Capt. John Clarke, with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies. Recommissioned in the West Indies for Goodman’s fleet. In 1656 under Capt. Samuel Higginson (-1660); in the North Sea in 6.1660. Renamed Eagle at the Restoration in 1660. On 17.10.1660 under Capt. John Fletcher (-8.9.1662). On 25.3.1664 under Capt. Packington Brooks (-1.11.1664). On 3.11.1664 under Capt. John Stainsby (-14.11.1665); at

Tangier 2665. On 15.11.1665 under Capt. John Crabb (-5.12.1668). On 6.1.1673 under Capt. Ralph Dalavall (-1.6.1674); to Guinea in 1674. Converted to a fireship 1674. On 14.7.1675 under Capt. William Booth (-31.5.1678), as guard ship at Sheerness. On 17.5.1678 under Capt. William Jaques (died 12.12.1678). On 19.12.1678 under Capt. Robert Wilford (-1689), as guard ship at Sheerness. In 1689 under Capt. Edward Dover; off Dunkirk 7.1689. On 24.1.1690 under Capt. William Fazeby (-1693), as guard ship at Sheerness. Sunk as a foundation at Sheerness 1694.

One of the Commonwealth Fifth Rates, probably the Guernsey, in later life, drawn around 1676 by Van de Velde the Younger. The ship seems to have nine lower deck ports (although there may be a chase port out of sight right forward), plus six ports under the quarterdeck and another two upon it. National Maritime Museum PX6236.

Basing Jonas Shish, Walberswick (near Southwold, Suffolk). As built: 91ft 0in, 80ft 0in x 24ft 6in x 10ft 0in. 255 40/94 bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 100 in 1660; 110 in 1666; later 130/110/85; by 1673 150. Guns: 22 in

1660; 28 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 18 demi-culverins and 10 sakers); 30/28 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 18 demi-culverins, UD 8 sakers, QD 4 minions); 34 in 1685 (comprising. 16 demi-culverins, 16 sakers [including 4 cutts] and 2 x 3pdrs). Ord: 1.10.1653. L: 26.4.1654. First cost: £1,592.10.0d (245 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Richard Hodges. In 1656 under Capt. Alexander Farley. In 1657 under Hodges again (-1660); operations in the Sound 1659; off the North coast 1660. Renamed Guernsey at the Restoration in 1660. On 19.3.1663 under Capt. Humphrey Conesby (dismissed 19.4.1665). On 20.4.1665 under Capt. John Utber (killed 6.8.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 2.8.1665, losing 2 killed and 9 wounded. On 7.8.1665 under Capt. John Moore (-25.8.1665). On 28.4.1666 under Capt. Thomas Fisher (-27.3.1667). On 28.3.1667 under Capt. Thomas Bridgeman (-12.12.1667). On 7.5.1668 under Capt. William Davies (-6.7.1668). On 9.4.1670 under Capt. Argentine Allington (killed 3.7.1670); in action (with Advice) against seven Algerian warships 3.7.1670. On 24.7.1670 under Capt. Richard London (-6.6.1671). On 3.1.1672 under Capt. Charles Montagu (-29.3.1672). On 23.5.1673 under Capt. William Harman (-27.6.1673), then on 28.6.1673 under Capt. Leonard Harris (-6.10.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. On 7.10.1673 under Capt. Jonathan Waltham (-19.2.1674). On 17.9.1674 under Capt. Charles Royden (-25.2.1676); to Salé 1675. On 6.4.1677 under Harman again (killed 13.12.1677); to Newfoundland and later to the Mediterranean; in action against Algerine 50-gun White Horse 19.1.1677. On 17.12.1677 under Capt. Matthew Tennant (-8.8.1685), in the Mediterranean; to Iceland 1679; in the Channel 1680–1 (but trooping to Tangier in summer 1680); to Jamaica 1682–84. Converted to a fireship 1688. On 16.6.1688 under Capt. Thomas Ashton, then on 30.8.1688 under Capt. Robert Arthur (-1691); with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; to the West Indies 1690–1. On 22.10.1690 under Capt. Edward Oakley (died 20.9.1693), still in the West Indies. BU 1693.

A Fifth Rate, most likely the Dartmouth, drawn by Van de Velde the Younger about 1675. In the 1660s the larger Fifth Rates had guns added in the waist and were rerated as Fourths, but most — like this one, with four ports and two forward on the upper deck — retained an unarmed waist. Dartmouth enjoyed a long career, and emerged from historical obscurity again recently when the wreck was discovered and investigated by archaeologists. National Maritime Museum PY390J.

Grantham Daniel Furzer, Lydney (Forest of Dean). As built: 98ft 7in, 80ft 0in x 25ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 265 90/94 bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 100 in 1660; 110 in 1666; later 130/110/85; by 1673 150. Guns: 22 in 1660; 28 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 18 demi-culverins and 10 sakers); 30/28 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising UD 18 demi-culverins, LD 8 sakers, QD 4 minions); 34 in 1685 (comprising 16 demi-culverins, 16 sakers (including 4 cutts) and 2 x 3pdrs). Ord: 1.10.1653. L: 1654. First cost: £1,722.10.0d (265 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 1654 under Capt. John Lightfoot (-1656), with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies; with Goodson’s squadron in the West Indies 1655. In 1658 under Capt. Giles Marsh (-1659). In 1660 under Capt. James Ableson, off the North coast. Renamed Garland (often written as Guardland) at the Restoration in 1660. On 29.6.1661 under Capt. William Button (-26.4.1662). On 28.5.1662 under Capt. Valentine Piend (-20.11.1663). On 19.1.1665 under Charles

Talbot (-22.3.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. In ?3.1666 under Capt. Charles Haward; in attack on Dutch shipping in the Vlie (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’) 9–10.8.1666; took ‘large’ Dutch ship 3.1667. On 27.3.1668 under Capt. Richard Rooth (-20.2.1669), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean; at Salé 9– 10.1668. On 5.5.1669 under Capt. Francis Courtney (-2.1.1672), still with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Bugia Bay 8.5.1671. On 2.4.1672 under Capt. John Wyburne (-3.10.1674); at Barbados 1673–4. On 8.5.1675 under Capt. Ralph Lassells (died 22.5.1677), in the Downs. On 11.4.1677 under Capt. Richard Hodder (-16.7.1681), in the Downs; in Irish waters 1678; to Tangiers with troops 1680; off Ireland again 1681; paid off 1681. Recommissioned 16.6.1685 under Capt. Richard Borthwick (-13.8.1685), then 6.9.1685 under Capt. John Neville; guard ship at Portsmouth 12.1685. Om 15.8.1686 under Capt. Hugh Ridley (-1688); to Salé squadron under Strickland’s orders in autumn 1686. Converted to a fireship 8.1688. On 18.9.1688 under Capt. John Jenifer (-1689), as fireship with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. Reconverted to Fifth Rate 1689. On 15.2.1691 under Capt. Thomas Robinson (-1694), in the Channel and North Sea . In 1695 under Capt. Christopher King (-1696); voyage to Virginia 1695; in the North Sea 1696. On 25.8.1696 under Capt. John Underdown (-1697), still in North Sea. Sold 13.5.1698. Second Batch — ordered 28.12.1654. Norwich Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] As built: 80ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 265 90/94 bm. Draught 12 ft 0in. Men: 100 in 1660 and 1666; 160 in 1673, but 125/105/80 in 1677; later 130/110/8 5. Guns: 22 in 1660. 26 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 18 demi-culverins, 6 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs). 30/28 under the 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 18/16 demi-culverins, UD 8 sakers, QD 4 minions). Ord: 28.12.1654. L: 11.9.1655. First cost: £1,722.10.0d (265 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 1655 under Capt. Benjamin Sacheverell. In 1656 under Capt. Michael Nutton (-1660), off the North coast. In 1660 under Capt. Robert Wyard. In 1661 under Capt. David Lambert; to Tangiers 1662. On 10.2.1665 under Capt. John Wetwang (-9.5.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft

(Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 2.8.1665, losing 7 killed and 24 wounded. On 10.5.1666 under Capt. Robert Woerden (-21.12.1668) at Battle off Nevis 10.5.1667; at Battle of Martinique 25.6.1667. On 3.3.1671 under Capt. Thomas Leggett (-23.11.1671). On 26.5.1672 under Capt. Richard London (-3.9.1677), in the Channel and Irish waters. On 14.5.1678 under Capt. Peter Heywood, in the Channel; voyage to Guinea 1679; to Jamaica 1680; bilged 19.6.1682 off Port Royal, freed but run ashore 26.6.1682 to prevent foundering, then abandoned. Pembroke Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Samuel Raven] As built: 81 ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 269 26/94 bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 100 in 1660 and 1666; 110/100/75 in 1667. Guns: 22 in 1660. 28 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 demi-culverins and 8 sakers). 34/28 in 1667. Ord: 28.12.1654. L: 9.1655 (by order 13.9.1655). Commissioned 1655 under Capt. John Grove (-1660); on the Scottish coast 6.1660. On 7.10.1660 under Capt. Samuel Titsell (-22.11.1661). On 29.11.1661 under Capt. Arthur Langhorne (-18.12.1662). On 3.12.1664 under Capt. Thomas Darcy (-20.7.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 23.7.1665 under Capt. Richard Cotton (-17.2.1666); at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 2.8.1665, losing 6 wounded; in action of 3–4.9.1665. On 20.2.1666 under Capt. Richard Goodlad (-5.11.1666); on convoy service 6.1666; in attack on Dutch shipping in the Vlie (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’) 9–10.8.1666. On 8.11.1666 under Capt. Arthur Herbert (-2.4.1667). On 4.4.1667 under Capt. George Legge; foundered in Tor Bay following collision with Fairfax off Portland n.5.1667. Dartmouth Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir John Tippetts] As built: 80ft 0in keel x 24ft 9in x 10ft 0in. 260 62/94 bm. Draught 12 ft 0in. Men: 100 in 1660; 110 in 1666; 135/115/90 in 1685. Guns: 22 in 1660; 28 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 18 demi-culverins and 10 sakers); 32/28 under the 1677 Establishment (with 4 minions added); 36 in 1685 (comprising 16 demi-culverins, 16 sakers and 4 minions). Ord: 28.12.1654. L: 22.9.1655. First cost: £1,693.5.0d (260 1/2 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 1655 under Capt. Robert Robinson. In 1656 under Capt. Richard Rooth (-9.9.1662), at Restoration of Charles II; with Sandwich’s

squadron at Tangier and Lisbon 1662. On 31.5.1664 under Rooth again (-9.3.1667); off Ireland 1665 and 1666. On 10.3.1667 under Capt. Richard Trevanion (-23.2.1669). On 26.4.1669 under Capt. Thomas Darcy (-20.5.1671), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 28.4.1672 under Capt. Richard Sacklington (-13.8.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron) 28.5.1672. On 14.8.1672 under Capt. Edward Pynn (-28.12.1674), with Narbrough’s squadron to Tangier and the Mediterranean trade; off Ireland 1674. On 29.3.1675 under Trevanion again (-23.4.1675), then on 24.4.1675 under Capt. John Temple (-3.10.1677), with Narbrough’s squadron in the Mediterranean; to Virginia 1677 and then home. On 14.5.1678 under Capt. George Churchill (-6.9.1680), in the Channel. On 7.10.1680 under Capt. George Aylmer (-11.12.1680), then on 17.4.1682 under Capt. George St Loe (-1685, re-appointed 24.3.1685), for Ireland; to Leeward Islands 1684. Converted to a fireship in 8.1688 Recommissioned 23.8.1688 under Capt. Woolfran Cornwall; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. On 26.11.1688 under Capt. Thomas Legge; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. On 3.5.1689 under Capt. John Leake; to Relief of Londonderry 28–29.7.1689. On 19.3.1690 under Capt. Edward Pottinger; wrecked on the Isle of Mull 9.10.1690 (Pottinger and most of the crew drowned). Cheriton Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Manley Callis] As built: 76ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 232 80/94 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 90 in 1660; 100 in 1666. 125/105/80 in 1676. Guns: 20 in 1660. 26 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 16 demi-culverins and 10 sakers). 28/26 in 1676. Ord: 28.12.1654. L: 16.4.1656. First cost: £1,508 (232 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 1656 under Capt. John Parker (-1659). In 1660 under Capt. Henry Cuttance. Renamed Speedwell at the Restoration in 1660. On 13.2.1665 under Capt. John Lightfoot (-16.8.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 18.8.1666 under Capt. John Phenny (died 28.12.1667). On 20.12.1667 under Capt. Thomas Bridgeman (-19.9.1668), later on 4.3.1669 under Capt. John Tyrwhit (-4.11.1669). In 1672 under Capt. Richard Borthwick. On 12.3.1673 under Capt. Charles Skelton (12.6.1674), for the North Sea; to the Straits in autumn 1673. On 15.2.1675 under Capt. John Wyborne, then 29.3.1675 under

Capt. David Trotter (-19.n.1675), in the North Sea. On 15.3.1676 under Capt. John Wood (-25.8.1676), for voyage of Arctic exploration, in search of the North-East Passage; wrecked on Novaya Zemlya Island 29.6.1676 (2 drowned). Wakefield Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir John Tippetts] As built: 89ft 11in, 76ft 0in x 24ft 0in x 9ft 9in. 232 80/94 bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 100 in 1660 and 1666; 130 in 1673; 125/105/80 in 1685. Guns: 22 in 1660. 24 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 16 demi-culverins and 8 sakers). 28/26 under the 1677 Establishment (4 minions added). Ord: 28.12.1654. L: n.1656. First cost: £1,508 (232 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 1656 under Capt. John Baskett (-1658). Renamed Richmond at the Restoration in 1660. In 1660 under Capt. John Pointz. In 1662 under Capt. Hugh Hide. In 1664 under Capt. Thomas Knevitt (-1666), off Ireland. In 1666 under Capt. William Kempthorne. In 1667 under Capt. Amos Beare. On 3.3.1671 under Capt. Richard Trevanion (-24.11.1671). On 19.1.1672 under Capt. Nepthali Ball (-10.6.1672). On n.6.1672 under Capt. David Trotter (-12.9.1673). On 13.9.1673 under Capt. Henry Priestman (-3.10.1674); in the Mediterranean 1673. On 17.5.1678 under Capt. William Booth, in the Channel. On 1.10.1679 under Capt. James Dunbar (died 7.4.1682); to Barbados 1680–1. On 22.4.1687 under Capt. Randall MacDonald, in the Channel. On 24.5.1688 under Capt. Benjamin Walters. Converted to a fireship in 8.1688. Recommissioned 30.8.1688 under Capt. Stafford Fairborne, as fireship in Dartmouth’s fleet 10.1688. On 7.2.1690 under Capt. Thomas Crawley, in the Mediterranean. On 23.10.1690 under Capt. Roger Vaughan. In 1691 under Capt. John Votier, then 1692 Capt. Gerrard Elwes. In 1693 under Capt. John Evans (-1698), for New York. Sold 30.8.1698.

Speedwell, ex-Cheriton was one of the smaller Commonwealth Fifth Rates and originally carried two guns less (this drawing shows only eight lower deck ports, although there is room for another between the two forwardmost). Drawn by the younger Van de Velde in 1675, it must have been done shortly before the ship was fitted for the Arctic voyage that was to prove her last. National Maritime Museum PY1843.

Oxford Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Manley Callis] As built: 72ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 220 56/94 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 120/95/70. Guns: 26/22. Ord: 28.12.1654. L: 11.1656 (by Order 6.11.1656). Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Abraham Allgate (-1658). In 1659 under Capt. John Cuttle (-1660). On 8.4.1663 under Capt. Arthur Launghorne (-19.11.1663), at Algiers. On 10.12.1663 under Capt. Robert Mohun (-28.3.1665). On 29.3.1665 under Capt. Philip Bacon (-16.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 13.6.1665 under Capt. Thomas Guy (-16.9.1665). On 17.9.1665 under Capt. James Cartaret (-27.1.1666). On 28.1.1666 under Capt. William Bass (-9.11.1667); with Sir Robert Robinson’s squadron 25.12.1666; given to Sir Thomas Modyford (the Governor of Jamaica) 3.1667. Under Capt. (non RN) Henry Morgan; sailed for attack on buccaneers at Maracaibo, but accidentally blown up at Île à Vache (off Hispaniola) 2.1.1669 (c. 250 died, but Morgan among 10 survivors). Third Batch — ordered 10.7.1656.

Forrester Daniel Furzer, Lydney (Forest of Dean). As built: 80ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 265 90/94 bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 100 (1660); 110 (1666); later 140/100/75. Guns: 22 in 1660. 28/24 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 18 demi-culverins and 10 sakers). Ord: 13.8.1656 (contract). L: 3.9.1657. First cost: £1,592.10.0d (245 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 1657 under Capt. Anthony Archer (-1660); operations in the Sound 1659; on the North coast 1660. On 29.6.1661 under Capt. William Finch (-30.12.1661), with Sandwich’s fleet in the Straits. On 31.12.1661 under Capt. Henry Cuttance (-14.11.1662). On 19.12.1664 under Capt. Edward Cotterel (-21.7.1665) at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 24.7.1665 under Capt. Richard Countrey (-24.12.1667). On 1.5.1668 under Capt. John Aylett (died 6.7.1668). On 8.3.1669 under Capt. Christopher Gunman (-20.9.1669), then on 7.3.1670 under William Davies (-3.10.1670). On 9.1.1672 under Capt. Henry Killigrew (-12.6.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672. On 14.6.1672 under Capt. Robert Stout (-18.11.1672); blown up by accident (unknown cause) at Leghorn 18.11.1672. Bradford Chatham Dyd. [Capt. John Taylor] As built: 85ft 0in keel x 25ft 6in x 10ft 8in. 294 (exact) bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 100 (1660); 120 (1666); later 13 5/115/90. Guns: 24 in 1660. 30 under the 1666 Establishment (comprising 20 demi-culverins and 10 sakers). 32/28 in 1677 (comprising LD 18 demi-culverins, UD 10 sakers and QD 4 minions). Ord: 29.1.1657. L: 3.1658. First cost: £2,317.10.0d (309 tons @ £7.10.0d per ton), less £20. Commissioned 1658 under Capt. Peter Bowen (-1660); on the Scottish coast 1660. Renamed Success at the Restoration in 1660. On 2.12.1664 under Capt. Edward Grove (died 30.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 5.3.1667 under Capt. William Peach (-30.12.1667), then 23.3.1668 under Capt. Roger Strickland (-20.2.1669). On 21.3.1671 under Capt. George Watson (-4.2.1673); in the Mediterranean 1671; in attack on Smyrna convoy 14.3.1672; at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672, losing 1

killed and 6 wounded. On 6.2.1673 under Capt. Richard Carter (-4.6.1673), then 5.6.1673 under Capt. Thomas Bury (dismissed by court martial 24.11.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. On 25.11.1673 under Capt. Leonard Harris (-14.6.1674). On 26.6.1674 under Capt. Robert Stout (died 22.12.1675); with Newfoundland convoy and later to the Mediterranean. In 1678 under Capt. John Torpley, in Home waters. On 3.6.1679 under Capt. George Tyete (died 27.9.1679), for Jamaica. On 28.9.1679 under Capt. Thomas Johnson (-15.2.1680); wrecked on her own anchor at Jamaica n.1680.

A Dutch engraving of the Four Days’ Battle, 1–4 June 1666. The English expended two fireships on the second day, but the main effort was concentrated on the final day when four were employed: Hound, Greyhound, Happy Entrance and Little Unicorn. All these latter were ex-prizes. Beverley R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.45.

Ex-SPANISH PRIZES (1656–58). Two vessels captured from Spain during the hostilities in the West Indies were added as Fifth Rates.

Hound (Spanish ...), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 80ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 206 (205 90/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 75/60/50 as Fifth Rate; 45/40 as fireship. Guns: 24/18 as Fifth Rate; 8/6 as fireship. Taken 1656 at Jamaica. Commissioned 9.3.1663 under Capt. John Fortescue (-29.12.1664). In Ordinary at Woolwich in early 1665. Recommissioned 10.5.1665 under Capt. James Coleman; converted to a fireship 1666; at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, when expended against Dutch fleet. Coventry (Spanish San Miguel), 26 guns. Dimensions & tons: 68ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 9ft 6in. 191 (191 32/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 110/90/70. Guns: 26/20. Taken 1658 at Jamaica. Commissioned 1658 under Capt. John Aylett (-1660), at Jamaica. On 8.4.1663 under Capt. Nicholas Parker (-17.11.1663). In 1664 under Capt. William Hill; at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665; to West Indies 1666; driven ashore at Guadeloupe 25.7.1666, subsequently captured by the French 8.8.1666. Ex-ROYALIST PRIZES (1657–58). Three more Royalist vessels were captured during the final months of the Protectorate. The Greyhound was initially registered as a Sixth Rate, but became a Fifth Rate at the Restoration; however, Admiralty records quote two very different sets of dimensions, indicating that a larger vessel may have replaced the ex-Royalist prize at some date. Hector (ex-Royalist Three Kings), 22 guns. Dimensions & tons: 71ft 0in keel x 17ft 2in x 9ft 0in. 111 (111 27/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 100/85/65. Guns: 22/18. Taken 4.1657 by Sapphire. Fitted for service by Order 11.8.1657. Commissioned 1657 under Capt. Robert Haytubb (-1660); to the West Indies 1658–60. On 6.4.1663 under Capt. Bernard Gilpin (-21.5.1664). On 28.5.1664 under Capt. John Wilgress (-4.9.1664). On 2.12.1664 under Capt. John Cuttle (killed 3.9.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White

squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; in action in North Sea 3.9.1665, foundered with 80 drowned. Greyhound (ex-Royalist Greyhound), 24 guns Dimensions & tons: 62ft 0in keel x 21ft 0in x 8ft 6in. 145 (145 41/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 0in. (The dimensions 60ft 0in keel x 26ft 6in x 11ft 6in (224 bm) are also reported; this may be another Greyhound about the same date.) Men: 100/85/65 (45/40 as fireship). Guns: 24/20 (6 as fireship. Taken ?6.1657. Commissioned ?6.1657 under Capt. Jeremy Country (-1660), for Scottish coast. On 15.5.1661 under Capt. Nicholas Parker (-26.4.1662), with Sandwich’s squadron for Tangier; at Algiers 31.7.1661. On 27.4.1662 under Capt. John Hubbard (-18.12.1662), for Lawson’s squadron in the Mediterranean. Converted to a fireship 1665. Recommissioned on 24.7.1665 under Capt. William Flawes (-3.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron) 4.6.1666, when expended. Lichfield (ex-Royalist Patrick), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 9ft 10in. 233 (232 80/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 120/90/65 (35/30 as fireship). Guns: 24/20 (6 as fireship). Taken 1658. Commissioned 1659 under Capt. William Parker (1660). Renamed Happy Entrance at the Restoration in 1660. Converted to a fireship 1666. Recommissioned 12.3.1666 under Capt. Andrew Ball (-12.6.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (probably White squadron) 4.6.1666, when expended. At the Restoration in 1660, the Fifth Rate was stated to consist of 37 vessels; however, of these the Success carried 34 guns (she was renamed Old Success, and was sold in 9.1662) and the Providence carried 30 guns (but she was quickly restored to the Fourth Rate), and these were both originally Fourth Rates and are included in Chapter 4. There were four vessels with fewer than 20 guns each — the 18-gun Bryer, the 16-gun Hound and Lizard, and the 14gun Wexford (the last-named recently renamed Dolphin). All the rest carried between 20 and 26 guns, as follows (listed for each gun rating in the order in which they appeared above): 26 guns: Convert, Augustine, Great Gift, Half Moon, Satisfaction, Sophia and Westergate.

24 guns: Rosebush; Colchester and Bradford (renamed Success). 22 guns: Pearl, Mermaid, Nightingale, Sorlings, Paul, Fagons (renamed Milford), Selby (renamed Eagle), Basing (renamed Guernsey), Grantham (renamed Garland), Norwich, Pembroke, Dartmouth, Wakefield (renamed Richmond), Oxford and Forrester. 20 guns: Fame, Church, Cheriton (renamed Speedwell), Coventry, Hector and Lichfield (renamed Happy Entrance). Some of the ex-Dutch vessels (such as Half Moon, Rosebush, Sophia and Westergate) and the ex-French Great Gift were likewise added originally as Fourth Rates, and their details are found in Chapter 4.

(C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660 Under Charles I, the size of the average Fifth Rate and the ordnance it carried grew steadily, and by 1688 almost all surviving vessels were established with 30 or 32 guns, although all but two of these were converted into fireships at that date. There was no clear separation within the Rate until after the Revolution of 1688, and thus this Chapter lists chronologically all Fifth Rates vessels prior to this time. After 1688 different categories of Fifth Rates can be — and are — distinguished in the final section below. Ex-ALGERINE PRIZE (1664). Fountain (Algerine corsair ...), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 88ft 0in keel x 28ft 2in x 11ft 6in. 371 34/94 bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 130 in 1666; later 150/115/100 (as fireship, 46/40/40). Guns: 36 in 1666 (comprising 20 x 12pdrs, 2 demi-culverins and 14 x 6pdrs). Later 34/30 as Fifth Rate (10/8 as fireship). Taken 1664 at Tangier by Lawson’s squadron. Commissioned 1664 under Capt. Hugh Seymour, for voyage home (arriving 15.7.1664 in the Downs). Repaired at Woolwich 1664–65. Recommissioned 16.2.1665 under Capt. Jean Baptiste du Tiel (-1.2.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 7.2.1666 under Capt. Thomas Leggatt (-22.1.1667); at Jersey 1–4.6.1666 in attack on Dutch shipping in the Vlie (‘Holmes’s

Bonfire’) 9–10.8.1666. On 16.7.1671 under Capt. Robert Stout; converted to 8-gun fireship 1672 and expended (burnt prematurely) at Battle of Solebay 28.5.1672. Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1665–66). Little Unicorn (Dutch Eenhoorn), 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 72ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 185 34/94 bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 100/75/60 (35 as fireship). Guns: 18/16 (8 as fireship). Taken 1665. Commissioned 18.4.1665 under Capt. William Davies (-6.7.1665). On 7.7.1665 under Capt. John Kelsey; converted to a fireship 1666, at Four Day’s Battle (Prince Rupert’s squadron) 1–4.1666, where expended 4.6.1666. Orange or Orangetree (Dutch Oranjeboom), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: 74ft 0in keel x 25ft 3in x 9ft 10in. 250 90/94 bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 110 (1666), later 130/105/80. Guns: 32/26. Taken 1665. Commissioned 17.3.1665 under Capt. Christopher Gunman (-19.1.1667); in actions against privateers in the Channel 29.6.1666 and (with French Victory) 3.8.1666; took 20-gun French East Indiaman La Vierge de Bon Part (which then foundered) 7.1666. On 21.1.1667 under Capt. John Freeman (-16.12.1667). On 21.6.1668 under Capt. Andrew Ball (died 16.2.1669?), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean; lost, presumed foundered with all hands in the Gulf of Lyons 22.12.1670. Elias (Dutch Elias), 34 guns. Dimensions & tons: 78ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 8ft 0in. 302 43/94 bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 130/110/90. Guns: 34/30. Taken 1666. Commissioned 26.1.1667 under Capt. John Pearce (-16.11.1667). Sold 11.1667.

One of relatively few seventeenth-century models of smaller ships, this Fifth Rate is pierced for 34 guns and carries the monogram of Charles II. It represents the original layout of a number of ships built early in his reign, but at 1/48th scale is too long for any of them. The aftermost lower deck gunport under the quarter gallery suggests a stepped-down deck, which would be unusual for a warship in this era, so the model may represent a rejected design, or possibly a privateer. It once belonged to Admiral Sir Robert Fairfax (1666– 1725). Kriegstein Collection.

1665 PROGRAMME. On 15 April 1665 three new Fifth Rates were ordered, but this presumably included the ship (Sweepstakes) for which a contract had been signed three days previously with Edgar at Yarmouth. On 20 April, Peter Pett suggested that the other two should be built at Portsmouth and Chatham, but on 22 April Christopher Pett asked that one should be assigned to Woolwich instead of Portsmouth, to use the timber and other supplies already assembled for the recently cancelled Second Rate. The Little Victory was built from waste timber left over from the rebuilding of the Second Rate Victory. While the Little Victory was only 245 tons, the other pair (and two more built after the end of the war) were significantly larger, with eleven pairs of LD ports and ten pairs on the UD, and these four ships were re-classed as Fourth Rates of 42 guns in 1668–69, with a similar armament to the rebuilt Constant Warwick of 1666 (see Chapter 4); but all reverted to 36-gun Fifth Rates in 1691.

Men: see below. Guns (except Little Victory): 42 in 1677 (comprising LD 20 demi-culverins, UD 18 x 5 1/4pdr sakers, QD 4 x 3pdrs). Little Victory Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As built: 75ft 0in keel x 21ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 175 87/94 tons. Draught 9ft 0in. (But quoted by Deane as: 80ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 9ft 6in. 245 10/94 bm. Draught 10ft 0in. These figures seem more likely.) Men: 90 in 1666, later 100/85/65 (as a fireship, 35/30/30). Guns: 26 in 1666 (comprising 6 demi-culverins, 16 sakers and 4 minions); later 28/20 (as a fireship, 12, later 6). Ord: 4.1665. L: 1665. First cost (as quoted by Deane): £1,592.10.0d to build (245 tons @6.10.0d). Commissioned 5.10.1665 under Capt. Thomas Blackman (-19.12.1667); in action (with Pearl) in defence of East Coast colliers 19.2.1667. On 20.4.1668 under Capt. Leonard Harris (-8.5.1671), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean 7.1669; in action (with Spragge’s Revenge) against two Algerian vessels off Cape Formentera 14.12.1669; converted to a fireship 1671; at Battle of Bugia Bay 8.5.1671, when expended in attack (Harris was wounded early on, and command taken over by a Master’s Mate, Henry Williams). Sweepstakes Henry Edgar, Gt. Yarmouth. As built: 108ft 10in, 87ft 0in x 28ft 6in x 11ft 0in. 375 83/94 bm. Draught 13ft 8in. Men: 140/120/95 as Fifth Rate; 180/150/115 as Fourth Rate. Guns: 36/30 as Fifth Rate; 42/36 as Fourth Rate; 40 in 1685 (20 x 12pdrs, 20 sakers). Ord: 4.1665. L: 21.3.1666. First cost: £2,327 to build (358 tons @ £6.10.0d). Commissioned 22.3.1666 under Capt. Francis Sanders (-23.12.1667) in attack on Dutch shipping in the Vlie (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’) 9–10.8.1666. On 20.3.1668 under Capt. Francis Courtney (-30.9.1668). Re-classed as Fourth Rate 1669. Recommissioned 17.6.1669 under Capt. John Narborough (-1.8.1671; reappointed 24.10.1671 (-4.1.1672), for voyage to the South Sea. On 5.1.1672 under Capt. George Canning (-12.6.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Van division) 28.5.1672. On 15.6.1672 under Capt. Thomas Bridgman (-8.1.1673). On 10.1.1673 under Capt. John Tempest, Snr (killed 28.5.1673); at 1st Battle of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Rear Division) 28.5.1673. On 31.5.1673 under Capt. Peter Belbin (23.12.1674); at 2nd Battle of Schooneveld

(Blue squadron, Rear Division) 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron, Rear Division) 11.8.1673; in the Mediterranean 1674. On 7.4.1677 under Capt. Charles Roydon (dismissed by court martial 10.7.1678), in the Channel Islands. On 11.7.1678 under Capt. Thomas Wylde (-4.6.1680), in the Mediterranean. On 11.6.1680 under Capt. John Temple, Jnr (-16.11.1682), in Home waters; to West Indies 1682. On 17.6.1689 under Capt. John Venner, with the Fleet. Reduced to Fifth Rate again 1691. In 1691 under Capt. Thomas Warren, with the Dunkirk squadron. On 31.8.1691 under Capt. Andrew Douglas (-1693), in the North Sea and the Channel. In 1694 under Capt. Robert Hancock (-1695), in the North Sea. In 1696 under Capt. Henry Lumley (-1697), in the North Sea. Sold 13.5.1698 (although still shown in the List of 1699). Falcon Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] As built: 88ft 0in keel x 27ft 4in x 12ft 0in. 349 67/94 bm. Draught 13ft 0in. Men: 140/120/95 as Fifth Rate; 180/150/115 as Fourth Rate. Guns: 36/30 as Fifth Rate; 42/36 as Fourth Rate. 40 in 1685 (20 x 12pdrs, 16 x 6pdrs and 4 sakers). Ord: 4.1665. L: 1666. First cost: £2,527.10.0d to build (337 tons @ £7.10.0d). Commissioned 9.8.1666 under Capt. Robert Sheppard (-23.12.1667). Reclassed as Fourth Rate 1668. On 18.3.1668 under Capt. John Holmes (-8.5.1668), then 9.5.1668 under Capt. Thomas Page (-10.8.1668). On 1.3.1669 under Capt. John Hubbard (-3.11.1669). On 5.11.1669 under Capt. John Tyrwhit (-24.6.1670). On 27.9.1670 under Capt. Robert Werden (-3.2.1772); sailed for the Mediterranean 31.1.1671. On 30.3.1672 under Capt. Charles Montagu (-18.1.1673); at Battle of Solebay 28.5.1672. In 1673 under Capt. Thomas Andrews (died); at Battles of Schooneveld (Blue squadron, Van division) 28.5.1673 and 4.6.1673; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, to the Mediterranean in 10.1673. On 21.1.1674 under Capt. Thomas Gardiner (-24.7.1674). On 9.4.1677 under Capt. Thomas Booth (-17.9.1677), for Ireland. On 18.9.1678 under Capt. William Flawes (died 31.8.1769), in the Channel; to the Mediterranean 1679. On 31.8.1679 under Lieut. John Bounty (-10.1679, acting); for voyage home. On 11.9.1680 under Capt. George Churchill (-18.3.1682); to the Mediterranean 1681; off Ireland 1682; in the West Indies 1683. On 28.3.1685 under Capt. Charles Talbot (-1687), for Jamaica. On 11.7.168 8 under Capt. Thomas Smith (-8.11.1688). On

17.12.1689 under Capt. James Ward (-1691), for the Mediterranean. Reduced to Fifth Rate again 1691. On 17.3.1692 under Capt. Nathaniel Brown (died 28.6.1693), in the Channel; with Wheeler’s squadron to the West Indies 1693. On 1.7.1693 under Lieut. Philip Dawes (acting), still with Wheeler’s squadron. On 12.2.1694 under Capt. Thomas Bryant (killed 1.5.1694); taken by four French warships off Jamaica 1.5.1694; in French service as Le Faucon Anglais until deleted 1708. Ex-FRENCH PRIZE (1666) French Victory (French La Victoire, built at Soubise (near Rochefort) 9.1656–11.1658. L: 18.6.1658. Jean-Pierre Brun design), 38 guns. Dimensions & tons: 88ft 0in keel x 29ft 0in x 11ft 6in. 393 62/94 bm. Draught 14ft 6in. Men: 140 in 1666, later 160/120/95. Guns: 34 under the 1666 Establishment comprising 2 ‘culverins’ (actually French 16pdrs), 6 x 12pdrs, 6 x 8pdrs, 8 x 6pdrs, 10 sakers and 2 falcons. Later 38/30. Taken 5.4.1666 off Lisbon by Resolution and Oxford. Taken into service by AO 28.5.1666. Commissioned 26.5.1666 under Capt. Thomas Scott (died 14.12.1667); in action (with Orange) against two Dutch privateers (of 44 and 36 guns) in the Channel 3.8.1666. On 20.3.1668 under Capt. John Fortescue, Snr (died 19.9.1668); to Iceland (with Speedwell) for protection of whalers 1668. On 4.3.1672 under Capt. John Fletcher (killed 5.5.1672); taken by Dutch fleet off North Foreland 5.5.1672. 1668–69 PROGRAMMES. On 24 April 1668 Anthony Deane submitted an estimate to build a Fifth Rate of 90ft for £3,560, and this order was approved in June 1668. The Nonsuch was in many ways an experimental design, built according to proposals by the Dutch naval officer Laurens van Heemskirk (who became her first captain) as a fast sailer. Deane confirmed on 11 May 1669 that he had received a further order to build a second Fifth Rate at Portsmouth. The Phoenix was also innovative, being the first vessel to be fitted with lead sheathing to protect against shipworm. Like the Sweepstakes and Falcon, the two new ships were re-classed as 42-gun Fourth Rates shortly after completion, but both reverted to being 36-gun Fifth Rates in 1691. Nonsuch Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane]

As built: 88ft 3in keel x 27ft 8in x 10ft 10in. 359 29/94 bm. Draught 12ft 8in. Men: 150/120/100 as Fifth Rate; 180/140/120 as Fourth Rate. Guns: 36/30 as Fifth Rate; 40/32 in 1685 (20 demi-culverins, 16 sakers and 4 x 3pdrs). Ord: 13.6.1668.L: 22.12.1668. First cost: £2,692.10.0d to build (359 tons @ £7.10.0d). Commissioned 22.12.1668 under Capt. Sir Laurens van Heemskirk (-9.4.1669). Re-classed as Fourth Rate 1669. On 9.4.1669 under Capt. Sir John Holmes (-11.1.1670), with Allin’s squadron to the Mediterranean; at destruction (with Pearl and Portland) of Algerine 36gun Gilt Lime Tree 7.9.1669. On 13.1.1670 under Capt. Sir John Berry (-10.7.1671), still in the Mediterranean. On 3.2.1672 under Capt. Thomas Leggett (died 30.5.1672), then 31.5.1672 under Capt. Edward Fitzgerald (-3.2.1673), and 8.2.1673 Capt. Lawrence Wright (-5.10.1674), all at Tangier; at Battle of Texel (probably) 11.8.1673; at Cadiz 1674. On 25.4.1677 under Capt. George Rooke (-10.7.1680), on home service and subsequently to the Mediterranean. On 14.7.1680 under Capt. Cloudisley Shovell (-11.9.1680), then 12.9.1680 under Capt. Francis Wheeler (-9.8.1681), in the Mediterranean; took Algerine 46-gun Golden Horse 9.4.1681. On 9.8.1681 under Capt. Ralph Wrenn (-22.5.1682). On 22.4.1687 under Capt. John Tyrwhit (-1688). On 9.9.1688 under Capt. James Montgomery; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. On 25.3.1689 under Capt. Thomas Room Coyle (killed 12.5.1689); took 24-gun La Railleuse (Jean Bart) and 16-gun La Serpente (Forbin) off the Casquets 12.5.1689. From 12.5.1689 under Lieut. (Capt. 27.6.1689) Robert Sincock; in Irish Sea 1690. Reduced to 36-gun Fifth Rate again 1691. In 1692 under Capt. Richard Short, at Boston, Massachusetts. In 1.1693 under Capt. Thomas Dobbin, then 25.11.1693 under Capt. Thomas Taylor, off New England 1694; escorting five mast ships home from Massachusetts at start of 1695, taken off the Isles of Scilly by Duguay-Trouin’s 48-gun Le François 4.1.1695; renamed Le Sans Pareil and served in French Navy until 1697.

The Phoenix shown as a Fourth Rate in 1675 by the younger Van de Velde, now with a fully armed upper deck. National Maritime Museum PY1840.

Phoenix Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] As built: 89ft 0in keel x 27ft 10in x 11ft 2in. 366 70/94 bm. Draught 13ft 0in. Men: 180/150/115 as Fourth Rate. Guns: 42/36 as Fourth Rate; 40 in 1685 (20 demi-culverins, 18 sakers and 2 x 3pdrs). Ord: 7.5.1669. L: 31.3.1671. Commissioned 16.9.1671 under Capt. Ralph Sanderson (-21.6.1672), later on under Capt. Richard le Neve; at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672. On 10.6.1672 under Capt. Edward Russell (-8.7.1673), with Narborough’s squadron to Tangier and Mediterranean trade. On 9.7.1673 under Capt. George Watson (-14.6.1674), in the Mediterranean; to Guinea 1674. Re-classed as Fourth Rate 1674. On 3.3.1675 under Capt. Lawrence Wright (-8.9.1677); to Jamaica 1676–77. On 17.12.1677 under Thomas Room Coyle (-12.4.1679), for the Mediterranean. On 13.4.1679 under Capt. Cloudisley Shovell (-3.5.1679), then 4.5.1679 under Capt. William Blagg (-3.8.1682); to Tangier with troops 1680; in the Channel 1681. On 19.6.1684 under Capt. John Tyrrell (-1687); to Bombay 1685; action against pirate in the East Indies 19.9.1685. On 1.11.1688 under Capt. William Gifford. In 5.1689 under Stafford Fairborne, in the Channel. In 4.1690 under Capt. Thomas Legge, then 15.5.1690 under Capt. Thomas Monk. Reduced to 36-gun Fifth Rate again 1691. In 1691 under Capt. Jacob Banks; driven

ashore near Malaga on the Spanish coast (along with Portland) 12.4.1692 and burnt to avoid capture by a French squadron. Ex-ALGERINE PRIZES (1670–83). Algier [or Algiers] Dimensions & tons: 82ft 6in keel x 28ft 0in x 12ft 6in. 344 4/94 bm. Draught 13ft 6in. Men: 160/150/110. Guns: 32/26. Taken 18.12.1670 by Revenge. Commissioned 9.2.1671 at Algiers under Capt. Edward Cotterell (-14.4.1671) for voyage to England, arriving in the Thames 4.4.1671. On 6.6.1671 under Capt. Richard White (-6.3.1672). On 11.3.1672 under Capt. Thomas Knevett; with Narborough’s squadron to Tangiers 1673; wrecked on the Black Tail bank (at the Nore) 17.6.1673. Orange Tree Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 26ft 4in x 8ft 10in. 280 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 130/110/85. Guns: 30/28. Taken 30.8.1677 by Sapphire. Registered 20.7.1678. Commissioned 18.9.1677 (by Order of Narbrough) under Capt. Robert Best (drowned 25.2.1678, at Leghorn), in the Mediterranean. On 27.2.1678 under Capt. Edward Blagg (-12.4.1679), then 13.4.1679 Capt. John Bridges (-18.7.1679), still in the Mediterranean. On 19.4.1680 under Capt. John Tyrrell (-12.12.1681), for Iceland. On 18.4.1683 under Capt. William Botham. Sold (for £193) 20.12.1687. Date Tree Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 265 bm. Men: ... Guns: 28. Taken 30.8.1677 by Sapphire and Assurance. Registered 20.7.1678. Commissioned 30.10.1677 under Capt. John Whiston, for voyage to England; Whiston re-appointed 28.2.1678 (-4.5.1679). On 5.5.1679 under Capt. Matthew Aylmer; capsized (due to rotten timbers) while careening at Cadiz 13.10.1679. Saint Paul (originally Dutch-built) Dimensions & tons: 74ft 0in keel x 25ft 9in x 11ft 2 1/2in. 260/1 bm. (or 79ft x 24ft 9in x 10ft 2in) Men: 135/115/90. Guns: 32/28.

Taken 1679. Not used until 4.1688, when converted to fireship. Commissioned 26.4.1688 under Capt. Henry Boteler (-1689). On 25.4.1689 under Capt. John Crofts. On 16.11.1689 under Capt. John Jennings, then 14.12.1689 under Capt. John Bumpstead (-1691); to West Indies at end 1689. On 3.7.1681 under Capt. Josias Crow, then 31.3.1692 Capt. Phineas Bowles, in 5.1692 under Capt. Richard Pugh, still in West Indies. On 1.6.1692 under Capt. Samuel Vincent. On 3.1.1695 under Capt. Capt. John Mitchell (-1697), with Berkeley’s squadron for convoy service and later with the Fleet. On 28.6.1697 under Capt. Robert Dunbar. Sold 3.5.1698.

The Holmes was a French-built ship captured and put to work as a privateer before being sold to the Royal Navy in 1671. This drawing from 1675 by Van de Velde the Younger shows the ship with the royal arms on the taffrail of a tall narrow stern. National Maritime Museum PY1844.

Red Lion

Dimensions & tons: 92ft 3in, ... x 25ft 6in. Taken 19.12.1681 by Calabash (possibly, as identity uncertain!). Commissioned 26.1.1682. On 15.7.1682 under Capt. Adrian Scroop (-19.10.1682). Sold 12.1683. PURCHASED VESSEL (1671). A vessel was purchased from Sir Robert Holmes in 1671, originally taken as a (French-built) prize. In the same year, the Welcome was reinstated as a Fifth Rate from among the fireships. Holmes (ex-privateer Albemarle, later merchantman), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 80ft 0in keel x 22ft 9in x 12ft 9in. 220 22/94 bm. Draught 13ft 6in. Men: 100/80/65; later (1673) 100; as fireship 35. Gun: 24/20; later (1673) 22; as fireship 8. Purchased 1671 from Sir Robert Holmes (having been a privateer under Capt. Henry Clerke from 7.1.1670 to 31.3.1671). Commissioned 24.2.1672 under Capt. Richard Griffith (-28.8.1672). On 30.8.1672 under Capt. Casibelan Burton (-12.11.1673), off Scotland. On 13.11.1673 under Capt. George Rooke (-11.11.1674), off Ireland. On 1.6.1675 under Henry Williams (-26.10.1676), with Narborough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. Converted to a fireship 1677. On 18.7.1677 under Capt. John Votier (-8.7.1679); in the Mediterranean 1678–79. Sold ‘as useless’ in 2.1682. (Note there was also a record of Capt. William Orchard in command of a vessel called the Holmes from 26.12.1673 (to 20.3.1674), but this is believed to be a hired vessel of the same name.) Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1673). Hunter (Dutch privateer Abrahams Offering, of Flushing), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: 80ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 265 90/94 bm. Draught 13ft 6in. Men: 130/220/85. Guns: 30/28 (comprising LD 8 x 5 1/4pdr sakers; UD 18 demi-culverins; QD 4 minions). Taken in early 1673 in the Channel. Fitted at Plymouth 4.1673. Commissioned 22.4.1673 under Capt. George Colt (-6.5.1674), for the Channel. On 25.9.1674 under Capt. Richard Dickinson (-7.9.1677); to Surinam 1675. On 10.1.1678 under Capt. John Tosier (-27.10.1680); to Jamaica 1678–80. Sold ‘as useless’ 12.1683.

Clearly a Dutch-built ship from the shape of the quarter galleries and the flat tuck stern, Swan was a prize bought shortly after capture. As drawn by the younger Van de Velde in 1676, the ship has the royal arms on the stern, but another drawing of the ship in a Dutch museum reveals a small arms of Amsterdam on the taffrail above. National Maritime Museum PX6238.

Swan [Prize] (Dutch ...), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: 74ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 246 (exact) bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 135/115/90. Guns: 32/28. Taken 10.1673 by Plymouth in the Channel, then purchased in late 1673 from Capt. Anthony Young. Commissioned 6.1.1674 under Capt. Thomas Bynning (-17.9.1674), for Ireland. On 22.4.1675 under Capt. Richard Carter (-2.5.1677), for Newfoundland 1675; to the Straits 1676. On 28.1.1678 under Capt. Henry Priestman (-17.5.1678), then 18.5.1678 under Capt. William Anguish (died 20.6.1680), in the Channel; to Ireland 1679–80. On 11.7.1680 under Capt. Frederick Froude, then 17.7.1680 under Capt. Matthew Aylmer (-9.1.1682), still off Ireland. On 10.1.1682 under Capt.

Thomas Hopson (-12.9.1684), off Ireland; to the Mediterranean 1684. On 14.6.1685 under Capt. Hugh Ridley (-27.8.1685), in Home waters. In 1686 under Froude again (-1688), to Virginia; home in 1687, then to Bermuda in 1688. Converted to a fireship by AO 12.8.1688, reconverted to a Fifth Rate by AO 5.1.1689. On 30.8.1688 under Capt. Thomas Johnson (died 28.10.1690 at Greenwich); with Baltic convoy 1689, then to West Indies. On 23.12.1690 under Capt. Edward Neville (-1692), with Baltic convoy; wrecked during earthquake at Jamaica 15.6.1692; remains sold 19.12.1692. 1670s NEW CONSTRUCTION. Two further Fifth Rates were built during the Third Dutch War, both by contract. Rose Henry Edgar, Gt. Yarmouth. As built: 93ft 3in, 75ft 0in x 24ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 229 74/94 tons. Draught 12ft 6in. Men: 125/105/80. Guns: 28/26 under 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 16 demi-culverins, UD 8 sakers, QD 4 minions). Still 28 under 1685 Establishment (comprising 16 demi-culverins, 8 sakers and 4 x 3pdrs). In 1688 Survey actually carried 14 demi-culverins (drakes) and 8 sakers. Ord: 1672? L: 9.1674. Commissioned 10.9.1674 under Capt. John Ashby, for the Mediterranean; to Salé in 1676 and then to America. On 12.4.1678 under Capt. Compton Felton, for the Channel. On 23.3.1684 under Capt. John George (died 4.5.1690); to New England 1689–90. On 25.5.1690 under Capt. David Condon. Reclassed as fireship 1690. On 27.1.1691 under Capt. John Beer (-1694), as guard ship at Portsmouth. In 1695 under Lieut. Thomas Pindar, with Berkeley’s squadron. On 15.3.1696 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw, as guard ship at Portsmouth. Sold 20.9.1698. Sapphire Sir Anthony Deane, Harwich (as contractor). Contract dimensions: 90ft 0in (keel) x 27ft 6in (= 362 bm) at a cost of £4,175 (including rigging) As built: 105ft 8in, 89ft 0in x 26ft 10in x 10ft 0in. 340 81/94 tons. Draught 13ft 2in. Men: 135/115/90. Guns: 32/28 under 1677 Establishment (comprising LD 18 demi-culverins, UD 10 sakers, QD 4 minions). 28 under 1685 Establishment (now comprising 16 x 8pdr sakers and 10 minions, plus 2 x 3pdrs), and in 1688 Survey actually carried that ordnance.

Ord: 30.9.1674. L: 29.6.1675. Commissioned 13.6.1675 under Capt. Thomas Harman (killed 10.9.1677), for the Mediterranean; at Genoa 1.1676; captured Algerine Date Tree 8.1677; action with Algerine 46-gun Golden Horse 10.9.1677 (Harman killed). On 11.9.1677 under Capt. Cloudisley Shovell (-12.4.1679); to the Mediterranean 1679–80. On 12.4.1679 under Capt. William Blagg (-3.5.1679), then on 5.5.1679 under Shovell again (-24.2.1680). On 23.3.1681 under Capt. Anthony Hastings (-14.10.168 5); capture of Algerine 32-gun Half Moon 9.1681. On 11.7.168 6 under Capt. John Tozier; to New England 1689. In 5.1689 under Capt. William Bokenham, then 7.1689 Capt. Christopher Myngs. On 11.4.1690 under Capt. James Killigrew, for the Mediterranean; captured a large French privateer 7.1691. In 1693 under Capt. Hovenden Walker, on the Irish station. In 1694 under Capt. Robert Wynn, then 1695 Capt. John Lytcott, with Berkeley’s squadron. In 1696 under Capt. Thomas Cleasby, for convoy to Newfoundland; abandoned and burnt to avoid capture by a French squadron 11.9.1696 in the Bay of Bulls, Newfoundland. Ex-MONMOUTH PRIZE (1685). Helderenberg (ex-Duke of Monmouth Helderenherg, built Netherlands), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: 74ft 0in keel x 24ft 10in x 9ft 6in. 242 69/94 bm. Draught 11ft 3in. Men: 130/110/85. Guns: 30/28. Taken 20.6.1685 by Saudadoes. Purchased by AO 15.7.1686. No record of commission as Fifth Rate. Converted to a hospital ship 10.1688, but was also reported to be used as a bomb tender. In ?11.1688 under Capt. Albion Howell; sent to join Dartmouth’s fleet, but sunk in collision with Bonaventure 17.11.168 8 off the Isle of Wight. Most remaining Fifth Rates were reclassed as fireships during 1688 — the Saint Paul in April, the Pearl, Garland, Guernsey, Dartmouth, Richmond and Swan in August, and the Mermaid in October.

(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688

On the day of King James II’s ‘withdrawing’, there were technically only two Fifth Rates remaining — the Rose and Sapphire. However, five elderly (all over thirty years old) former Fifth Rates which in 1688 had been re-classed as fireships were restored to their former Rate during 1689 — the Pearl, Garland, Guernsey, Dartmouth and Richmond. And in 1691 another four vessels which had been raised to the Fourth Rate in 1668–72 (each of 42 guns) reverted to being 36-gun Fifth Rates — the Falcon, Sweepstakes, Nonsuch and Phoenix. The first of a new type of 40/44-gun Fifth Rates appeared from 1690 onwards, and these formed a distinct category which is treated separately in the rest of this chapter. Three grades of ship covered by the Fifth Rate classification were quite distinct types throughout the period covered by this book. The ‘40-gun’ ship (rising to 42 or 44 guns) was the smallest class of combatant vessel with two complete decks of guns. Originating in the 1690s, it continued throughout the eighteenth century, although it had in effect become obsolete by that century’s close. The ‘30-gun’ ship (actually rising to 32 or 36 guns before 1716), while structurally built with two complete decks, was in fact only partially armed on its lower deck, generally with just two or sometimes four pairs of gunports on this level; from this partial tier the French term ‘demi-batterie’ seems the best description of the type, which became outmoded early in the century, with the last of the type re-armed or rebuilt as 20-gun Sixth Rates in the 1720s. The ‘28-gun’ ship were introduced with the alternative role of fireship in mind, and were classified as such; but in their normal escort role they carried a single pair of gunports on the lower deck, being similar in construction to ‘demi-batterie’ ships.

Fifth Rates of 40–44 guns The large Fifth Rate originated in 1690 with the 44-gun Adventure, but no further ships of this class were built until 1702, when the first five of a long series of 42-gun ships derived from that prototype were ordered. The 1703 Establishment of Guns provided the Adventure with 8ft long demi-culverins on the LD, 7 1/2ft long 6pdrs on the UD, and 7ft long 6pdrs on the QD; and the Lark Group which followed mirrored this ordnance. The two-decker 42gun ship comprised the primary element of the Fifth Rate until 1716, when the new Establishment of Guns superseded it by the 40-gun class which

carried 20 x 12pdrs (9ft long, 31cwt guns) on the LD and 20 x 6pdrs (8ft 6in long, 22cwt guns) on the UD, with no guns on the upperworks. ADVENTURE. The prototype 40-gun Fifth Rate, rebuilt from the Fourth Rate of 1646. An estimate was obtained from Chatham on 3.3.1690 for the rebuilding of the Adventure, amounting to £3,293.15.0d to build (or 425 tons @ £7.15.0d per ton), less £350 ‘saved by the old body’, plus £1,800.5.0d for ground tackle, rigging and 8 months stores — a total of £4,744. Specification: 95ft keel x 29ft x 12ft. 425 (424 91/94) bm. Men: 190/160/120. Guns: LD 18/16 x 9pdrs; UD 20/16 x 6pdrs; QD 6 x 3pdrs (by 1703, 4 x 6pdrs). Adventure Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Lee] As built: 117ft 0in, 98ft 0in x 29ft 0in x 11ft 8in. 438 37/94 bm. Ord: 7.3.1690. L: 20.2.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. Thomas Dilkes; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue Squadron) 19–24.5.1692; captured (with Rupert) two privateers (24-gun and 18-gun) on the Irish station 10.1692; captured two 16-gun privateers in the Channel 12.1692. In 1694 under Capt. Charles Cornwall; capture (with squadron) of 36-gun La Diligente (DuGuay Trouin’s ship) off the Scilly Isles 12.5.1694; in action off Pantelleria 28.1.1695 (capture of 60gun Le Content and 50-gun Le Trident). Later in 1.169 5 under Capt. John Worrel. In 1696 under Capt. Charles Richards, in the Mediterranean. In 1697 under Capt. John Edwards, with the Dunkirk squadron; sailed 11.1698 with Aylmer’s squadron to the Mediterranean, (from 44 to 40 gun by 1703) In 1701 under Capt. John Home, with the Dunkirk squadron. In 1702 under Capt. Tudor Trevor. In 1703 under Capt. John Balchen; in action with St Pol’s squadron in the North Sea (Salisbury taken) 10.4.1703. In 1705 under Capt. Edmund Hicks; captured (with Tartar) 24-gun Le Jeux in the North Sea 10.7.1706. In 1707 under Capt. Robert Clark, for the Leeward Islands; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel and North Sea 1708; to West Indies with convoy 1709; taken by a French squadron off Montserrat 1.3.1709 (c.100 casualties including Clark).

A contemporary model of the Adventure, a hugely influential cruiser design during the second half of the seventeenth century By the time the ship was rebuilt in 1690, carrying 40 guns no longer qualified for the Fourth Rate, so although no smaller than her predecessor, the new Adventure rated as a Fifth. As such she has a claim to being the ancestor of the whole class of 40- and 44-gun two-decked Fifth Rates of the following century Kriegstein Collection.

Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1692–96). Three French privateers were added as large Fifth Rates. Saudadoes Prize (French privateer La Victoire, built at St Malo), 40/36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 103ft 6in, 86ft 0in x 29ft 0in x 12ft 6in. 384 67/94 bm. Men: 180/150/115. Guns: 40/36 (‘12pdrs and 6pdrs’). Taken 13.9.1692 by Saudadoes in the Channel. Purchased 29.9.1692. Commissioned 1693 under ?Cmdr William Power, in the Thames Approaches. In 1694 under Capt. William Allen; in the St Malo operations 7.1694; in action against privateers off La Hogue 23.7.1694. In 1695 under Capt. William Eyton (died 11.1698); Newfoundland convoy 1696; to Jamaica 1698. In 1698 under Capt. Peter Pichard, at Jamaica; home in 1699. On 27.2.1699 under Capt. Bennet Allen. Fitted ‘to assist the hulk at Plymouth’ (i.e., to act as a tender, by NBW 12.2.1702) in 1702. Sunk as a foundation at Plymouth 1712. Ruby’s Prize (French privateer L’Entreprenante, built at Brest 1693), 44/36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 108ft 0in, 82ft 2in x 31ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 420 1/94 bm. Men: 190/160/120. Guns: LD 18/16 x 9pdrs; UD 20/16 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 3pdrs.

Taken 7.4.1694 by Ruby. Purchased 27.3.1695. Commissioned 15.4.1695 under Capt. Thomas Elkins. In 1696 under Capt. Samuel Vincent, as storeship at the Nore. In 1697 under Capt. John Herne, still at the Nore. Sold (for £501) 24.5.1698. [Saint] Lewis Prize (French privateer Le Saint-Louis, built at St Malo 1695), 42/36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 113ft 0in, 93ft 0in x 30ft 6in x 11ft 3in. 460 17/94 bm. Men: 180/150/115. Guns: 42/36. Taken 22.10.1696 by Medway. Purchased 22.1.1697. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. John Hartnoll, for the Channel. Fitted to serve as a hulk in the West Indies (by AO 22.4.1701). From 1701 under Richard Long (Master Attendant). PURCHASED VESSEL (1693). England [Frigate] (mercantile England, origins unknown), 42 guns. Dimensions & tons: 93ft 0in x 28ft 0in. 406 (by calc 388) bm. Men: 180/150/115. Guns: 42/36. Purchased 19.8.1693 (but also listed in the records as ‘hired 5.9.1693’!). Commissioned 1694 under Capt. William Cooper (killed 16.2.1695), for the North Sea or Bristol Channel; taken and sunk by a French squadron off Cape Clear 16.2.1695 while defending homewards convoy from the West Indies.

This contemporary model was once part of the collection of Charles Sergison at Cuckfield Park. It can be roughly dated by heraldic emblems adopted on the Act of Union between England and Scotland in 1707, and it is sometimes described — presumably because of the

large number of gunports — as an ‘unusually small Fourth Rate’. However, the dimensions closely fit a number of 42-gun ships built just prior to the 1706 Establishment, and it is known that many ships of this era had more gunports than the guns they were required to carry, so it is more likely to represent a Fifth Rate. Kriegstein Collection.

LARK GROUP. These vessels preceded the 1706 Establishment; seven vessels were newbuilt to this specification (three by contracts agreed 4.7.1702, and four in the dockyards). Dimensions & tons (Establishment): 118ft 0in, 97ft 6in x 32ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 531 6/94 bm. (Draught 12ft 9in / 14ft 0in.) Men: 190/130. Guns: LD 18/16 x 9pdrs; UD 20/16 x 6pdrs; QD 4/4 x 6pdrs. [Roebuck had only 40 guns] Hector John & Richard Burchett, Rotherhithe. (It is possible that it may originally have been intended to name her Expedition.) As built: 116ft 4 1/2in, 95ft 7in x 3 1ft 2in x 12ft 11in. 493 74/94 bm. Ord (contract date): 4.7.1702 (named 13.2.1703). L: 20.2.1703. Commissioned 12.3.1703 under Capt. Jordan Sandys; in the Channel 1703– 04; took part in attack on enemy shipping off Mont St Michel 26/27.7.1703, destroying two naval sloops — La Joyeuse and La Railleuse; to Jamaica 1705–06. In 1707–08 under Capt. William Grey, in the Leeward Islands. On 8.3.1709 under Capt. William Clarke; at Barbados 1710, for convoys. On 10.10.1710 under Capt. William Ellford (-1714); for New York 1711–12; took an 18-gun Bordeaux privateer 2.1712 paid off 9.1714. Docked 24.3.1718 at Plymouth to BU and RB. Lark Richard Wells, Rotherhithe. As built: 115ft 2in, 95ft 0in x 31ft 2 1/2in x 12ft 10in. 492 5/94 bm. Ord (contract date): 4.7.1702 (named 13.2.1703). L: 6.3.1703. Commissioned 1703 under Capt. Bennet Allen (dismissed by court martial 5.8.1703). On 29.7.1703 under Capt. Jonas Hanway. By 1704 under Capt. Charles Fotherby, for Rooke’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga 13.8.1704; with Leake’s squadron in winter 1704–05. In 1705 under Capt. Thomas Legge; with Shoveil’s fleet; to Newfoundland, later in North Sea, etc. On 26.12.1707 under Capt. James Hamilton (died 22.12.1708), in the West Indies. In 12.1708 under Cmdr (Capt. 12.1.1709) Coningsby Norbury, at Bardados, then home; in 1710 to Leeward Islands; home in 1711. In 1715 under Capt. Robert Coleman,

for Archangel convoys; paid off 4.1716. BU at Sheerness 9.7.1723– 9.1723, and remains sent to Woolwich 10.1723 for RB. Greyhound William Hubbard, Ipswich. As built: 114ft 3in, 95ft 3in x 31ft 3in x 12ft 10 1/2in. 494 71/94 bm. Ord (contract date): 4.7.1702. L: 9.3.1703. Commissioned 2.3.1703 under Capt. Charles Layton (died 11.11.1704), for convoys to Ireland, etc. On 14.11.1704 under Capt. James Herriot; Leeward Islands 1705–07; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 1708, then Virginia convoy; with Mighell’s squadron in the North Sea 9.1708. On 14.1.1709 under Capt. James Stewart, for the coast of Scotland (Forth); in the North Sea 1711 ; wrecked on the bar at Tynemouth 26.8.1711. Garland Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Lee] As built: 115ft 6in, 96ft 0in x 3 1ft 2in x 12ft 11 1/2in. 496 1/94 bm. Ord: 8.9.1702 (named 28.4.1703). L: 31.5.1703. Commissioned 31.3.1703 under Capt. Algernon Greville. On 29.10.1703 under Capt. Henry Gore, then in 1704 Capt. Henry Hobart (or Hubbard), with Rooke’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van division) 13.8.1704; with Leake’s squadron in winter 1704–05. On 16.1.1706 under Capt. Henry Creamer, then under Capt. Charles Stewart, in the Mediterranean; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07; in North Sea 1707; convoy to Virginia 1708. On 18.10.1708 under Isaac Cooke, in North America; ran ashore and wrecked off Cape Henry 29.11.1709. Folkestone Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 115ft 8in, 95ft 0in x 3 1ft 4in x 13ft 0in. 496 10/94 bm. Ord: 1702? (named 11.10.1703) L: 14 or 15.10.1703. Commissioned 10.1703 under Capt. ? (not Gore); Russian convoy 1704; to Jamaica 1705. On 7.1.1706 under Capt. Capt. James Adlington; in North Sea 1708. In 1709 under Capt. Robert Coleman, then ?1.1711 Capt. John Gray, still in North Sea; Small Repair at Kinsale 1712; to Newfoundland 1712; to Jamaica 1713–14; paid off 8.1715. Great Repair at Woolwich (for £5,561.1.6 3/4d) 1715–11.1716. Docked at Woolwich 18.11.1727, and BU to 1.1728.

A draught for the Gosport of 1707 in the Danish Archives. It is possibly the original because there is a note on it in English, but equally it may be a tracing because the ship’s name is mis-spelt as ‘Godsport’ and the scale rule is annotated ‘feet English’. The ship has more gunports on each deck than required by the established armament, which demonstrates the need for caution when trying to identify models (or draughts) by their apparent gun rating. Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen.

Roebuck Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] As built: 115ft 0in, 95ft 2in x 31ft 3in x 13ft 0in. 494 18/94 bm. Ord: 19.3.1703. (named 4.4.1704) L: 5.4.1704. Commissioned ?3.1704 under Capt. Thomas Kempthorne, for Shoveil’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga 13.8.1704; with Leake’s squadron in winter 1704/05. In 1.1706 under Capt. Bartholomew Candler, in the Mediterranean; protecting workmen at Eddy-stone 1707. In 1708 under Capt. Charles Hardy, for Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea; to Jamaica 5.1708. In 1710 under Capt. Philip Dawes (dismissed 27.6.1710) then 8.171 o Capt. William Basille, at Jamaica. In ?3.1711 under Capt. John Fletcher, in Home waters and later to Leeward Islands; paid off 5.1713. Recommissioned 2.1715 under Capt. Charles Constable (died 1716), for Barbados; escort to Baltic victuallers 1717; paid off 8.1717. Decision to RB taken 12.1721. Completed BU at Woolwich completed 27.1.1725 for RB. Sorlings Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] As built: 116ft 6in, 94ft 7in x 31ft 8 3/4in x 13ft 1 1/2in. 506 45/94 bm. Ord: 16.3.1704. (named 30.1.1706) L: 18.2.1706. Commissioned 11.2.1706 under Capt. Robert Jackson (-1709), for the North

Sea; Russian convoys in 1706; with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1707; with Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean in winter 1708/09; with Byng’s fleet in 1709. By 1710 under Capt. John Hager, then 8.1710 under Capt. Charles Vanbrugh (-1714); to the Mediterranean at end 1710, later to New York; paid off 1.1715. Fitted at Woolwich (for £3,627.16.9 1/4d) 9.1715–5.1717. Recommissioned 4.1717 under Capt. John Goodall, for Byng’s fleet in the Baltic; wrecked in a storm on the East Friesland coast 17.12.1717 (142 men drowned, only Goodall and 10 men being saved). 1706 ESTABLISHMENT GROUP. Of the thirteen 42-gun ships new-built to the 1706 Establishment, all but two of these ships were constructed in the royal dockyards, to designs by the individual master shipwrights there. The ship to be Hastings was originally ordered from Chatham Dyd on 30.7.1706, but was reassigned to Portsmouth Dyd six days later. A fourteenth ship, ordered on 14.3.1708 from Woolwich, was completed to a somewhat different design (see Royal Anne Galley below). Dimensions & tons (Establishment): 118ft 0in, 97ft 6in x 32ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 531 6/94 bm. (Draught 12ft 9in / 14ft 0in.) Men: 190/130. Guns: LD 18/16 x 9pdrs; UD 20/16 x 6pdrs; QD 4/4 x 6pdrs. [by 1709 the last six ships had apparently been completed as 40-gun ships, with 20 LD demi-culverins and no QD guns; these were Royal Ann Galley, Fowey, Charles Galley, Launceston, Faversham and Lynn.] Ludlow Castle Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] As built: 118ft 0in, 97ft 6in x 32ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 531 6/94 bm. Ord: 21.3.1705. (named Ludlow 20.3.1707, then Ludlow Castle 24.3.1707) Established 26.3.1707. L: 10.4.1707. Commissioned 4.1707 under Capt. Nicholas Haddock (-1709); retook Nightingale 30.12.1707 (or 14.1.1708 New Calendar); with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea and Channel 1708; Lisbon voyage 9.1708, then rejoining Byng’s fleet for 1709. In ?3.1710 under Capt. Streynsham Master, for the Mediterranean. Later under Capt. Ambrose Cole (died 17.10.1711), then under Capt. Arthur Feild, with Baker’s squadron on the Portuguese coast 1712; took part in attack on enemy shipping at Estepona 10.6.1712 (when Spanish 36-gun Principe de Asturias was destroyed, along with two merchant ships); Great Repair at Sheerness (for £1,361.10.2 1/2d) 1712–5.1713; Newfoundland convoy 1713; paid

off 10.1714. Recommissioned 4.1717 under Capt. Edward Whitworth (died 4.1721), for North Sea 1717; to Jamaica 1718–20. Docked at Woolwich 3.2.1721 to BU for RB. Gosport Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 118ft 0in, 97ft 4in x 32ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 530 14/94 bm. Ord: 27.4.1706. (named 1.3.1707) Established 3.3.1707. L: 8.3.1707. Commissioned 1707 under Capt. Lord George Forbes (Earl of Grannard), for the North Sea. In ?1.1708 under Capt. Tancred Robinson, with Baker’s squadron on the Dutch coast; took privateer La Rusée in the North Sea 13.8.1709. In 11.1709 under Capt. St John Charlton (-1714); in the Mediterranean 1710, ordered home 1713; paid off 9.1714. Great Repair at Deptford (by AO 8.3.1716, for £3,965.9.0d) 5.1717–4.1718. Recommissioned 3.1719 under Capt. Francis Delaval, for Baltic convoy. In 8.1720 under Capt. William Smith, then 1721 Capt. James Luck, in the Baltic; paid off 11.1721. Recommissioned 1.1728 under Capt. Duncomb Drake (-1732), for Home waters; to Gibraltar 1730, then to Salé; ordered home 1731; paid off 6.1732. BU at Plymouth completed 10.1735. Portsmouth Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 118ft 3 1/2in, 96ft 9in x 32ft 2in x 13ft 6in. 532 45/94 bm. Ord: 30.7.1706. (named 25.3.1707) Established 31.3.1707. L: 1.4.1707. Commissioned 7.4.1707 under Capt. Kenneth Sutherland (Lord Duffus), for Whetstone’s squadron. In 1708 under Capt. John Barter, for the North Sea. In 1709 under Capt. Thomas Mann (-1712); to West Indies with convoy 1709; at Jamaica 1710; took privateer Le Partisan in the Channel 16.1.1711; Newfoundland convoy 1711; in Home waters 1712; paid off 10.1712. Recommissioned 2.1720 under Lieut. Samuel Mead, for the Baltic; fitted as a Hospital ship at Sheerness (for £1,086.11.6d) spring 1721; paid off 11.1721. In 1726 under Cmdr (Capt. 11.1726) John Trevor; for the Baltic again in spring 1726; in ?3.1727 under Cmdr John Wynnell. Docked 23.10.1728 at Deptford to BU. Hastings Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] As built: 118ft 0in, 97ft 6in x 32ft 1in x 13ft 6in. 533 78/94 bm. Ord: 30.7.1706. (named 18.9.1707) Established 22.9.1707. L: 2.10.1707. Commissioned 1709 under Capt. John Paul, for the Bristol Channel 1708–09; on Irish station 1710–12; took privateers — Le Marquis 9.2.1710, La Toison d’Or 20.4.1710, La Fine 14.5.1710, L’Aimable 16.5.1711 and La

Mouche 28.5.1711; paid off 6.1713. Small Repair at Portsmouth (for £1,566.15.2d) 5–7.1714. Hulked at Portsmouth (by AO 8.2.1740), with another ship to be built ‘in her room’. Sold at Portsmouth (by AO 23.5.1744, for £301) 27.9.1744; not being taken away, she was put up for sale again and sold (for £245) 1.10.1745. Sapphire Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] As built: 118ft 0in, 97ft 6in x 32ft 1in x 13ft 6in. 533 78/94 bm. Ord: 29.12.1707. (named 27.8.1708) Established 30.8.1708. L: 3.9.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Capt. John Cockburn (-1711); convoy to West Indies 1708; Russian convoy in 1710. In 6.1711 under Capt. Augustus Rouse (died 5.10.1714), for North America; coast of Scotland 1711; to Baltic 1713; to Jamaica 1714; paid off 12.1714. Small Repair at Plymouth (for £1,562.15.3 1/4d-hull only) 9–10.1716. Fitted for Guinea 7.1728. Recommissioned 1.1728 under Capt. John Smith, for African coast; paid off 1.1728. Small Repair at Plymouth (for £491.3.3d) 9– 10.1732. Hulked at Plymouth (by AO 8.2.1740), with another ship to be built ‘in her room’. Sold at Plymouth (by AO 16.6.1744, for £530.11.0d) 1.5.1745. Enterprise Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Lock] As built: 118ft 6in, 97ft 6in x 32ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 531 6/94 bm. Ord: 29.12.1707. (named 26.2.1709) L: 28.4.1709. Commissioned 3.1709 under Capt. Nicholas Smith (-1712), for Virginia; took two merchantmen and French 36-gun La Loire 2.1712; paid off 1.1715. Great Repair at Deptford (for £4,645.9.1 1/2d) 3–7.1715. Great Repair at Deptford (for £5,764.8.3d) 5.1718–3.1719. Recommissioned 1719 under Capt. Mungo Herdman, for Home waters; off Vigo 1719; destroyed (with Worcester and Flamborough) Spanish depot that had been installed at Donan Castle, Ross-shire for support of Jacobite rebels. Fitted for Virginia 3.1721. Recommissioned 1721 under Capt. John Yeo (-1724), for Virginia; paid off 9.1724. Great Repair at Plymouth (for £5,123.12.2d — hull only) 4.1727–9.1728. Recommissioned 1729 under Capt. William Smith (-1731), for the Channel (Wager’s fleet). Small Repair at Plymouth 4.1732. Hulked at Plymouth (by AO 8.2.1740, with another ship to be built ‘in her room’ (this replacement ship became the Liverpool). Surveyed 1742, and designated to be sold (by AO 16.6.1744), but instead fitted as a Hospital ship at Plymouth, with 24 guns (by AO 4.9.1745, for £809.8.8d) 9–10.1745. Recommissioned 1745

under Lieut. John Badcock (-1748); at Portsmouth 1746 then Plymouth again 1747; paid off 6.1748. Sold at Plymouth (by AO 3.1.1749, for £280) 3.4.1749. Pearl Richard Burchett, Rotherhithe. As built: 117ft 0in, 96ft 6 1/2in x 33ft 0in x 13ft 7 1/4in. 559 20/94 bm. Ord (contract date): 10.3.1708. (named 29.7.1708) Established 2.8.1708. L: 5.8.1708. Commissioned 7.1708 under Capt. Henry Lawson; to Bristol Channel 1709; to Channel Islands 1710; in the Channel 1711; took privateers Le Bizarre 8.9.1711 and La Victorieuse 18.9.1711, both off coast of Portugal. In 1712 under Capt. Caesar Brookes, for the North Sea; paid off 12.1712. Recommissioned 7.1715 under Capt. ?Charles Poole, with Byng’s fleet in the Channel and on the Scottish coast. In 1716 under Capt. George Gordon, in the Baltic and North Sea; to Virginia 1717–19; paid off 12.1719. BU at Deptford ?12.1722–1.1723 to RB. Southsea Castle Edward Swallow, Lavender Dock, Rotherhithe. As built: 119ft 4 3/4in, 98ft 3in x 32ft 4in x 13ft 8 3/4in. 546 33/94 bm. Ord (contract date): 10.3.1708. (named 11.1708) L: 18.11.1708. Commissioned 1709 under Capt. John Roberts, for America; in Main Fleet 1710; took privateer Le Hardi in the North Sea 13.6.1710; took naval 6gun sloop L’Hermione in the Channel 22.8.1710; in Channel and Downs squadron 1711; took privateer Le Cerf-Volant 24.3.1711. In ?3.1712 under Capt. John Temple (-1715), for the Portuguese coast and Mediterranean; took privateers Le Jupiter 12.5.1712 and Le Duc de Vendôme 30.7.1712 in the Channel; paid off 5.1715. Docked 26.2.1723 for ‘Great Repair’ at Portsmouth which amounted in practice to a rebuilding, with revised dimensions, and so the ship launched 1724 is subsequently considered as a new ship (see under 1719 Establishment, although technically she remained classed as 1706 Establishment). Adventure Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] As built: 118ft 0in, 97ft 7 1/2in x 32ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 531 70/94 bm. Ord: 14.3.1708. (named 14.6.1709) L: 16.6.1709. Commissioned 6.1709 under Capt. William Houlding; took privateer Le Satyr 23.7.1709. In 11.1709 under Capt. Caleb Wade (-1714), for Dunkirk squadron; took privateer Le Triomphant 19.5.1710; in Irish waters 1711– 12; to Newfoundland 1714; paid off 1.1715. Small Repair at Woolwich (for £1,993.1.4 1/2d) 3–8.1715. Recommissioned 7.1715 under Capt.

Thomas Reynolds (-1718); with Byng’s squadron in the Channel 1715; to Jamaica 1716–17; home to pay off 10.1718. Fitted at Deptford (for £6,797.5.3d-hull only) 10.1718–4.1719. Recommissioned ?1719 under Capt. Thomas Davers (-1724), for Jamaica; paid off 12.1721. Docked at Plymouth 11.1724 to BU for RB. Fowey Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 118ft 0in, 97ft 0in x 32ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 528 32/94 bm. Ord: 9.4.1709. (named 29.11.1709) L: 7.12.1709. Commissioned 2.1710 under Capt. Robert Chadwick (-1715), for Guinea; took privateer Le César on the coast of Guinea 24.2.1711; in West Indies later in 1711; in the Channel 1712–15; recaptured (with Anglesea) the Scarborough 31.3.1712; Norway convoy 7.1715; paid off 4.1716. Middling Repair at Portsmouth (for £5,033.16.5 3/4d) 6.1718–1.1719. Small Repair and fitted at Portsmouth (for £6,154.2.7d) 9.1740–4.1741. Recommissioned 2.1741 under Capt. James Peers, for the Bristol Channel and Irish Sea. In ?7.1741 under Capt. Thomas Tucker; convoy to Jamaica in late 1741; at Jamaica 1743. In 1744 under Capt. Polycarpus Taylor; AO 3.9.1743 to build a new ship ‘in her room’; paid off 6.1744 and on 12.7.1744 ordered to lay up the old ship (Taylor transferred to new Fowey in 8.1744). The old ship was ordered to be reduced to 24-gun Sixth Rate 3.11.1744 (with 20 x 9pdrs and 4 x 12pdrs), and renamed Queenborough 5.11.1744; but the conversion was not carried out (on 16.1.1745 she was stated to be ‘not fit for conversion’) and she remained at Deptford. Sold there (by AO 9.8.1746) 8.1746. Launceston Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 118ft 4in, 97ft 0in x 32ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 528 32/94 bm. Ord: 29.7.1710. (named 2.10.1711) L: 17.10.1711. Commissioned 10.1711 under Capt. Joseph Pulley (died 2.7.1715), for the Mediterranean. In 7.1715 under Capt. Thomas Willyams, in Home waters; paid off 7.1716. Small Repair at Woolwich (for £1,507.12.4 1/4d) 10–12.1716. Recommissioned 4.1717 under Capt. Robert Chadwick (died 10.7.1719); Archangel convoy 1717; in the Baltic 1718; then 1719 Willyams again, still in the Baltic; paid off 4.1720. Recommissioned 12.1720 under Capt. Bartholomew Candler (died 22.10.1722), for the West Indies. In ?10.1722 under Capt. Digby Dent; paid off 7.1725. Docked at Woolwich 8.4.1726 to BU and RB (the new

ship was renamed Princess Louisa 16.7.1728 before launch). Faversham (or Feversham) Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Phillips] As built: 118ft 0in, 97ft 6in x 32ft 2in x 13ft 6in. 536 56/94 bm. Ord: 7.6.1711. (named 22.7.1712) L: 22.8.1712. C: 19.9.1712. Commissioned 7.1712 under Capt. William Cawley, for the Mediterranean; off Salé 1713–14. In 1715 under Capt. Mungo Herdman, still in the Mediterranean; paid off 3.1716. Great Repair at Woolwich (for £5,904.9.9 1/2d) 4–9.1716. Recommissioned 12.1720 under Capt. Charles Brown, fitted for Barbados early 1721; paid off 8.1723. In 1728 under Capt. John Goodall (died 31.1.1729), for Guinea. In ?2.1729 under Capt. William Smith, at Jamaica, then home to pay off 9.1729. BU at Portsmouth 8.6.1730– 12.1730 to RB. Lynn Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Hayward] As built: 118ft 8in, 99ft 1in x 32ft 5in x 13ft 1/2in. 553 77/94 bm. Ord: 21.6.1711. (named 19.3.1715) L: 8.4.1715. Commissioned 10.1715 under Capt. Digby Dent (-1718); with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic 1716; with Byng’s fleet in the Baltic 1717, and winter 1717/18. In ?6.1718 under Capt. John Yeo; operating against pirates on the Guinea coast 1720. Refit at Plymouth (for £2,246.16.7 3/4d — hull only) 1720. Recommissioned 5.1722 under Capt. William Ellford (died 31.3.1723), for the West Indies. In ?3.1723 under Capt. Francis Cooper (-1727), at Barbados; paid off 7.1728. In 1729 under Yeo again; home to pay off 3.1729. BU completed at Plymouth 10.1732. PURCHASED VESSELS (1706–08). Two 40-gun ships were built ‘on spec’ by William Johnson, and purchased on the stocks by the Navy Board. The contracts of 5.5.1706 and 8.10.1708 appear to be those covering these purchases. Men: 190/130. Guns: nominally 42/36 guns under the 1703 Establishment, comprising LD 18/16 x 9pdrs; UD 20/16 x 6pdrs; QD 4/4 x 6pdrs. However by 1714 these were both rated as 40-gun, presumably with 20 LD guns and without guns on the QD. Looe William Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 119ft 7 1/2in, 98ft 6in x 32ft 6in x 13ft 6 1/2in. 553 38/94 bm. Purchased 28.1.1707. (named 26.3.1707) Established by AO 1.4.1707. L:7.4.1707.

Commissioned 11.1707 under Capt. John Cockburn; from ?7.1707 under Capt. Robert Harland; to Archangel 7.1707; to Newfoundland 1708–09. In 9.1709 under Capt. James Herbert, then 12.1709 Capt. Beaumont Waldron (-1714), with Dunkirk squadron; Russian convoy 1711; in the Channel 1712; to the Mediterranean 1714; arrived Sheerness to pay off 11.1714. Small Repair and fitted as hospital ship at Sheerness (by AO 7.3.1716, for £3,161.11.9 3/4d) completed 4.1717. Small Repair at Deptford (for £2,574.1.1d) 11.1717–5.1718. Recommissioned 3.1718 under ?Cmdr Timothy Splaine, for the Baltic; at Battle of Cape Passaro 31.7.1718. In ?12.1718 under Capt. George Protheroe, in the Mediterranean 1719–21; capture of Spanish privateer near Capri 28.6.1719; paid off 9.1722. Middling Repair and ‘made a frigate of’ (i.e. fitted as a Fifth Rate again) at Woolwich (for £5,824.1.11d-hull only) 10.1722–2.1724. Fitted for sea there 1727–28. In 1728 under Capt. Thomas Waterhouse, then 10.1728 Capt. Fitzroy Lee. In 1729 under Capt. William Berkeley (-1731); to Gibraltar 1730 and thence to Salé; home in 1731. Small Repair at Sheerness (for £673.7.10d) 3–5.1731. Fitted at Sheerness as a hospital ship again (for £1,181.12.9a) 4–6.1735 ‘to go to Lisbon with Sir John Norris’. In 5.1735 under Capt. John Best; to the Tagus 1736; paid off 9.5.1737. Sunk as breakwater at Sheerness 7.1737. Diamond William Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 117ft 2 1/2in, 96h 6 1/2in x 32ft 4in x 13ft 6in. 536 80/94 bm. Purchased 9.9.1708. (named 11.10.1708) Established by AO 12.10.1708. L: 12.10.1708. Commissioned 10.1708 under Capt. George Ramsey; took privateer Le René in the Channel 10.5.1709; to Leeward Islands 1709–10. Later under Capt. Toby Lisle; with Walker’s squadron in America 1711; home in 1712; paid off 5.1713. Recommissioned 2.1715 under Capt. John Balchen; to Jamaica 1715; in North Sea 1716. In 1717 under Capt. Thomas Jacob, for Jamaica (suppression of piracy); paid off 6.1720. BU 3.1721 at Deptford for RB. REBUILT GALLEY-FRIGATES. While rebuilt from the galley-frigates of 1687 and 1693 respectively, these two emerged as conforming to the 1706 Establishment in all characteristics. Dimensions & tons: 118ft 0in, 97ft 6in x 32ft 0in x 13ft 6in. 531 6/94 bm.

Draught 12ft 9in / 14ft 0in. Men: 190/130. Guns: LD 18/16 x 9pdrs; UD 20/16 x 6pdrs; QD 4/4 x 6pdrs. [Charles Galley completed with 40 guns — LD 20 x 9pdrs, UD 20 x 6pdrs, QD nil — and Mary Galley later re-armed similarly] Mary Galley Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 118ft 0in, 96ft 10in x 32ft 3in x 13ft 6 1/4in. 535 66/94 bm. Ord (RB): 9.5.1707. Established 2.8.1708. L: 6.8.1708. Commissioned 1709 under Capt. Michael Sansom, for the Channel. In 10.1709 under Capt. Ralph Sanderson (-1711), still in the Channel; took privateer La Louise-Charlotte in the Channel 19.4.1711. In 2.1712 under Capt. Thomas Mabbot; action off coast of Guinea 9.3.1712 (Mabbot killed). In 1713 under Capt. Peter Chamberlain; paid off 6.1714. BU at Plymouth 1.1721 to RB.

Drawing of the Gloire, presumably as designed, from the great French portfolio of plans Souvenirs de Marine compiled by Admiral Paris and published in the nineteenth century. With only a few guns on the lower deck, these demi-batterie ships, as they were known in France, were intended as commerce raiders, with emphasis on sailing qualities rather than firepower, and a facility to use oars to run down their prey or escape from superior force when conditions were appropriate. However, by the time the ship was captured, the lower deck had eight gunports a side stretching forward from the quarter to the main mast.

Charles Galley Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 118ft 7in, 97ft 6 1/2in x 32ft 2in x 13ft 6in. 536 79/94 bm. Ord (RB): 12.11.1709. L: 29.8.1710. Commissioned 6.1709 (note commission transferred from old to RB ship?)

under Capt. Edward Storey (-1714); in the Mediterranean 1711–13; at capture of 60-gun Le Toulouse off Minorca 12.1711; paid off 9.1714. ‘Prepared for service’ 9.1715. Recommissioned 10.1715 under Capt. Philip Vanbrugh (-1718); in the Baltic 1716; with Lisbon convoy 1717, then to Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. In ?12.1718 under Capt. Samuel Atkins, in the Mediterranean; paid off 3.1720. Surveyed 2.5.1726; sunk at breakwater (by AO 13.5.1726) at Sheerness. Renamed Torrington 7.1729 and RB as hulk in 1740; sold 12.7.1744. ROYAL ANNE GALLEY. Nominally ordered to the 1706 Establishment (‘of the same dimensions which were last established’), this 40-gun was later described as built ‘by the Marquis of Carmarthen’s directions’, and was significantly longer and leaner than the other 40-gun ships, while having the same men and guns. Men: 190/130. Guns: LD 20 x 9pdrs; UD 20 x 6pdrs; QD nil. Royal Anne Galley Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 127ft 0in, 100ft 0in x 31ft 0in x 13ft 0in. 511 16/94 bm. Ord: 14.3.1708. (named 16.5.1709) L: 18.6.1709. Commissioned 2.3.1709 under Capt. Robert Trevor (-1714); flagship of Adm. Peregrine Osborne (Earl of Danby) in 1710 (cruise for trial); in the Channel 1711, then Russian convoy; with Baker’s squadron on the Portuguese coast 1712; took part in attack on enemy shipping at Estepona 10.6.1712 (when Spanish 36-gun Principe de Asturias was destroyed, along with two merchant ships); off Salé 1713. In 1715 under James Stewart, for the Channel; later to Coast of Scotland 1715–16; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 1717. Large Repair at Sheerness (for £2,145.19.9 1/4d) 1–2.1719. Refitted (for £3,478.6.5 3/4d) 5–8.1721. Recommissioned 1720 under Capt. Francis Willis; sailed for Barbados with that island’s governor-designate, Lord Belhaven; wrecked on Lizard Point, Cornwall 10.11.1721 (all drowned including Willis and Belhaven, with just 2 survivors). Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1702–12). Five vaisseaux de 4ème Rang were captured by the Royal Navy during this War. However, two 42-gun ships successively named La Thétis, taken in 2.1705 and 5.1710 respectively, were not added to the RN. Triton [Prize] (French Le Triton, built 7.1696–1697 at Brest. L: 1.1697.

Blaise Pangalo design) Dimensions & tons: 128ft 0in, 105ft 7in x 34ft 4in x 13ft 4in. 661 73/94 bm. Men: 230. Guns: 42. Taken 12.10.1702 at Vigo Bay. Purchased 29.1.1703. Commissioned 1702 under Capt. William Sealey. In 1703 under Capt. Tudor Trevor; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704, losing 5 killed and 21 wounded. In 1705 under Capt. Joseph Taylor; took 24-gun St Malouine prize Le Beringhen 1705; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07; in the Mediterranean 1707–28; at Relief of Denia 6.1707. Sold (for £120) 4.10.1709 at Woolwich. Sweepstakes (French La Gloire, built 1–6.1707 at Lorient. L: 18.4.1707. Laurent Helie design), 42 guns. Dimensions & tons: 122ft 0in, 102ft 4in x 34ft 9in x 13ft 0in. 657 24/94 bm. Men: 190/130. Guns: LD 18/16 x 9pdrs; UD 20/16 x 6pdrs; QD 4/4 x 6pdrs. Taken 14.5.1709 by Chester of Lord Dursley’s squadron. Commissioned 5.1709 under Capt. Thomas Jacob (-1714); in the Soundings 1709; at Barbados 1710–11; with Guinea convoy 1712; guard ship at Sheerness 1714; paid off 10.1714. Sold 5.6.1716. Griffin (French Le Griffon, built 9.1704–3.1705 at Port Louis, near Lorient. L: 10.1.1705. Pierre Coulomb design), 44 guns. Dimensions & tons: not measured in British service Taken 19.8.1712 off Cap Finisterre by Hardy’s squadron. Not commissioned. Restored to France 1713 at the end of hostilities, and served in French Navy until late 1744; BU 1749.

The Play Prize was a typical cruiser of the late seventeenth century, with a single gundeck, and guns on the forecastle, quarterdeck (and sometimes poop), but none in the waist. They differed from the frigates of the mid eighteenth century and later because they were not big enough to have a full deck below the gundeck. National Maritime Museum PY1898.

At the death of Queen Anne, there were twenty-three Fifth Rates rated at 42 guns (excluding Lynn — still building). Fifteen were in commission, in good condition — Folkestone, Sorlings, Ludlow Castle, Gosport, Sapphire, Southsea Castle, Adventure, Fowey, Launceston, Faversham, Looe, Mary Galley, Royal Anne Galley, Charles Galley, Sweepstakes; a sixteenth — Hector — was in commission but ‘wants great repair’. Seven were in Ordinary, five being in good condition -Portsmouth, Hastings, Enterprise, Pearl and Diamond — while the Lark ‘wants but small repairs’ and Roebuck ‘wants good repairs’.

Fifth Rates of 32 and 36 guns At the accession of William III, there were only two Fifth Rates on the List, the 32-gun Sapphire and 28-gun Rose. Large numbers of 32-gun ships were built during the next quarter-century, and others were acquired by capture from the French. They were all two-decker ships, developed from the Fourth Rate galley-frigates (which in 1691 were reduced to Fifth Rates also), but with only a single continuous battery (of sakers, later 6pdr guns) on the upper deck, and just two pairs of gunports for heavier weapons (demi-culverins, later 9pdrs) on the lower deck. Later models carried twice the number of LD guns, and were rated at 36 guns. The 1706 Establishment, which set standard dimensions for all ships down to 40-gun Fifth Rates (excluding the exceptional First Rates) did not provide equivalent standards for the 36-gun and smaller ships. MERMAID. The first of the demi-hatterie ships was actually a rebuilding of the surviving Fifth Rate of 1651, and differed from the new-built ships of 1689 by having a single pair of LD guns. Mermaid Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As rebuilt: 106ft 0in, 86ft 0in x 27ft 4 3/4in x 9ft 6in. 343 30/94 bm. Men: 100. Guns: (1696 Survey) LD 2 demi-culverins; UD 20 x 6pdr sakers; QD 10 falcons.

Ord (‘to repair’): 24.6.1689. L: 12.1689. Commissioned 18.6.1690 under Capt. Arthur Ashby (died 30.11.1691), for Sheerness. In 1692 under Capt. Thomas Sherman, for Yarmouth fishery. On 13.1.1693 under Capt. Edward Rigby, later under Capt. William Harman in the West Indies with Wheeler’s squadron. In 1694 under Capt. Richard Athy, for the Mediterranean. On 11.4.1696 under Capt. Thomas Pindar, then 28.4.1696 Capt. Robert Arris, in the North Sea and the Channel. In 1699–1700 at Plymouth as guard ship. In 1701 under Capt. Leonard Crow. On 21.1.1703 under Capt. Henry (or Humphrey) Lawrence, with Dilke’s squadron. On 21.12.1703 under Capt. Walter Riddall (-1705), for Jamaica. Rebuilt 1706–07, still as 32-gun Fifth Rate (see below). Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1689). Two vaisseaux de 5ème Rang were captured from the French in 1689 and added to the RN as 30-gun Fifth Rates. Play Prize (French 36-gun Les Jeux, built 5.1688–2.1689 at Dunkirk. L: 8.1.1689. Hendrick design.) Dimensions & tons: 97ft 6 1/2in, 87ft 0in x 28ft 2in x 10ft 8in. 367 13/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: 30. Taken 12.5.1689 by Nonsuch and Tiger. Purchased 29.8.1689. Commissioned 29.8.1689 under Capt. Andrew Cotton. On 26.7.1690 under Capt. James Buck. In 1692 under Capt. Frederick Weighman (-1694). On 29.5.1694 under William Lindsay (died 16.10.1694), for the West Indies. On 18.10.1694 under Capt. Edward Bowles (died 13.1.1695), in the West Indies. On 6.2.1695 under Capt. Edmund Doyley, then on 5.2.1695 under Capt. Richard Jackson (died 8.1695), then 19.8.1695 under Capt. William Russell, still in the West Indies. ‘Cast’ from service at Deptford and sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness by AO 4.8.1697.

A unique contemporary model of an English demi-batterie ship of the 1690s. Although it has received a lot of restoration, the main features are unaltered. The dimensions suggest it represents one of the early ships, and may be a design model, as the original intention to carry no guns on the lower deck was quickly modified. In fact, there was much discussion about the number of lower deck ports to be fitted, and as built the ships varied considerably. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 14.

Lively Prize (French 30-gun L’Éveille, built 1685 at Brest. Etienne Hubac design) Dimensions & tons: 78ft 4in keel x 27ft 3in x 11ft 0in. 309 37/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: 14 x 8pdrs and 16 x 6pdrs. Taken 25.7.1689 by Lively, Foresight and Mordaunt south-west of Isles of Scilly. Purchased 2.8.1689. Commissioned 7.1689 under Capt. William Tichborne; retaken 4.10.1689 by a French squadron off the Isles of Scilly. 1689 PROGRAMME. The prototype demi-batterie ships to be designed for the Royal Navy, for which the basic specification — devised by Admiral the Earl of Torrington (Arthur Herbert) — provided for ‘one tier of ordnance flush and that to be on the upper deck whereby they will be able to carry them out in all weathers’ (a freeboard of at least 7ft for the ten pairs of UD sakers was provided); below this the lower deck had just two pairs of gunports, for larger calibre guns (demi-culverins) only deployable in a flat calm, with ten oar-ports a side and a centrally placed loading port. Following a preliminary instruction by the Admiralty on 4.5.1689 for the Navy Board to ‘prepare an estimate of the charge of building five (Fifth Rates) together with a draught of the said ships’, five new 32-gun Fifth Rates were ordered from

the Dockyards in June 1689, to carry 10 guns a side (and) to have 10 oar ports or scuttles on each side. Of these the Experiment survived until 1724 and the Sheerness until 1729; the others {Pembroke, Milford and Portsmouth) were all lost to the French in 1693–96. Dimensions & tons: 105ft 0in, 92ft 0in x 27ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 3 56 70/94 bm. Men: 145/100 [Experiment as Sixth Rate, 115/85 only]. Guns: (1703 Establishment) LD 4/4 x 9pdrs; UD 22/20 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. [Experiment as Sixth Rate, UD 20/18 x 6pdrs only] Experiment Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 105ft 0in, 92ft 0in x 27ft 6in x 10ft 6in. 370 7 1/2/94 bm. Ord: 28.6.1689. L: 17.12.1689. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. John Jennings; to America 1690. In 1692 under Capt. Thomas Heathe (died 9.6.1693), with the Fleet. In 1.1693 under Capt. James Greenaway; with Wheler’s squadron to the West Indies. In 2.1694 under Capt. Michael Wilkins (died 16.8.1694), then 10.1694 David Lloyd, at Jamaica. In 1695 under Capt. James Lawnce (died 15.9.1695). In 5.1697 under Capt. John Lapthorne, for the Channel. In 1698 under Capt. Trevor Tudor; to the Mediterranean 1699, then Newfoundland 1700. In 1701 under Capt. Richard Paul (died 17.3.1703), for Whetstone’s squadron in the West Indies. In 1703 under Capt. William Russell (died 30.6.1703), then Capt. Humphrey Pudner. In 1.1706 under Capt. William Jameson (died), then 9.1706 Capt. John Williams. In 1.1707 under Capt. Robert Bowler, at Jamaica, then Capt. Charles Adamson (died 27.2.1708). In 1708 under Capt. Robert Johnson, then 2.1708 Capt. Robert Studley, with Byng’s fleet in the Downs. In 11.1708 under Capt. James Hemmington, with Mighells’s squadron in the North Sea. In ?6.1709 under Capt. Charles Hardy, then 11.1709 Hemmington again, in the Channel and later to Portugal; took privateer La Découverte 24.8.1710. In 3.1711 under Capt. Matthew Elf ord (-1714), for North America and Jamaica; took privateer La Dame de Lazire 1.6.1711; sent to Motherbank to look after the quarantine ships 12.1712; home (‘owling’) in 1713; Great Repair at Portsmouth (for £25847.18.9d) 4–8.1713; paid off 12.1714. Reduced to a 20-gun Sixth Rate at Plymouth (for £1,450.6.4 3/4d) 7.1717. Recommissioned 1718 under Capt. Edmund Hooke, for Salé expedition. In 6.1719 under Capt. William Davies (-1720), at Salé. Docked Plymouth 20.3.1724 to be BU for RB.

Pembroke Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 105ft 6in, 90ft 6in x 27ft 2 1/2in x 10ft 2in. 356 (356 34/94 by calc.) bm. (Note that ADM records erroneously state keel as 96ft 6in.) Ord: 28.6.1689. L: 3.3.1690. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. John Every, with the Fleet 1690; off the Scottish coast 1691. On 19.9.1691 under Capt. George Warren (died 20.4.1693); with Wheler’s squadron 1693 to the West Indies. In 4.1693 under Capt. Francis ?Hilsley (died 2.5.1693). On 17.1.1694 under Capt. Roger Bellwood; taken by French 40-gun privateer Le Louis off the Lizard 23.2.1694 (then ran ashore by her captors). Milford Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As built: 105ft 2in, 88ft 5in x 27ft 6in x 10ft 0in. 355 (355 62/94 by calc.) bm. Ord: 28.6.1689. L: 18.3.1690. Commissioned 10.3.1690 under Capt. Charles Hawkins, for Newfoundland fisheries 1691. In 1692 under Capt. Roger Vaughan, for the North Sea; taken by a French squadron of four ships off Orfordness 1.12.1693 (losing 16 killed). In French service as Le Milford or Le Milfort until c1702, when condemned at Dunkirk. Portsmouth Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] As built: 106ft 3in, 89ft 0in x 29ft 6in x 10ft 0in. 412 (411 92/94 by calc.) bm. Ord: 28.6.1689. L: 13.5.1690. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. Francis Wyvill, with the Channel Fleet. In 1691 under Capt. William Whetstone, with the Channel Fleet. On 17.9.1691 under Capt. John Bridges. In 1693 under Capt. Charles Britiffe; took (with Deptford) 36-gun St Malouine privateer La Hyacinthe 11.1693; with Russell’s fleet in 10–11.1694. In 1696 under Capt. Gabriel Millerson, with Benbow’s squadron; taken by four French privateers off Romney 11.10.1696. Sheerness Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer] As built: 105ft 9in, 89ft 3in x 27ft 6in x 10ft 0in. 359 1/94 bm. Ord: 28.6.1689. L: 6.3.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. Anthony Roope (died 25.6.1692), for the North Sea. In 1692 under Capt. Thomas Fowlis. In 1.1693 under Capt. John Norris; with Smyrna convoy 6.1693. In 9.1693 under Capt. Lord

Archibald Hamilton. In 1694 under Capt. Francis Dove; defence of convoy in Channel 30.4.1694; to Irish Sea; temp in 1694 under Capt. James Lawnce. In 1697 under Capt. Valentine Bowles (dismissed by court martial 27.10.1698), for the West Indies. In 1701 under Capt. William Urry; off Dunkirk 1702; to Orkneys and with Beaumont’s squadron 1702; with Shovell’s fleet 10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Thomas Mitchell; to Newfoundland 1703; to Leeward Islands 1704; in North Sea 1705. In 1706 under Capt. William Bloys, for the Leeward Islands; took privateer La Trompeuse 27.6.1709; in North Sea 1709–10; in Firth of Forth 1712; Great Repair at Sheerness (for £928.11.0 1/2d hull only) 11.1712–2.1713; ‘owling’ in 1713; paid off 12.1714. Reduced to Sixth Rate by AO 23.2.1717; fitted as 20-gun ship at Portsmouth (for £4,387.9.5 1/4d — hull only) 2–8.1717. Recommissioned 1718 under Capt. Arthur Delgarno, for Salé expedition. Great Repair at Deptford (for £1,082.4.9d — hull only) 4–10.1722. Repaired her head (damaged by a collier at Woolwich) 1724. In ?4.1724 under Capt. James Cornwall, for New England. Surveyed 1729, then docked at Deptford 7.3.1730 to BU and build new 20-gun ship ‘in her room’. Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1690–93). Two French privateers captured in 1690 and another in 1693 were added to the RN as 32-gun Fifth Rates. Men: 120. Guns: 32/28. In 1696 Survey, the Dover’s Prize carried 28 (24 x 6pdr sakers, 1 x 3pdr and 3 falcons). Virgin Prize (French privateer La Vierge de Grace). Dimensions & tons: 95ft 0in, 79ft 0in x 27ft 9in x 11ft 0in. 323 55/94 bm. Taken 22.4.1690 by Happy Return. Purchased 29.7.1690. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. John Bounty. In 1691 under Capt. John Hailes (drowned 9.12.1693 at Kinsale), in the Channel. In 12.1693 under Cmdr Charles Desborow, then 14.1.1695 under Capt. Richard Cotton, later under Capt. Leonard Crow and on 28.12.1695 Capt. James Worthington. In 1696 under Capt. William Julius, with Barbados convoy. On 25.2.1697 under Cmdr Jonathan Spann, later Cmdr John Triggs and 25.7.1697 Capt. John Balchen, all in the West Indies. Sold (for £201) 20.9.1698. Conception Prize (French privateer Le Conception, built 1682). Dimensions & tons: 98ft 0in, 81ft 0in x 29ft 6in x 11ft 5in. 374 89/94 bm. Taken 18.7.1690 by Saint Albans. Purchased 1.11.1690.

Commissioned 15.9.1690 under Capt. Robert Fairfax, off Mull; in late 1693 on New England station. In 1694 under Capt. John Anderson, off the North of England. Condemned 1694, then sold 28.11.1694. Dover’s Prize (French privateer Le Beaulieu). Dimensions & tons: 105ft 0in, 86ft 0in x 26ft 10in x 12ft 0in. 329 35/94 bm. Taken 4.6.1693 by Dover. Purchased 16.3.1694. Commissioned 7.7.1693 under Cmdr Charles Desborow. In 1694 under Richard Short, for Irish waters. In late 1694 under Capt. Thomas Pound (-1698), still in Irish waters; to the Virgin Islands 1697, then home. Sold (for £300) 30.8.1698. In 1691 the three Fourth Rate galley-frigates — the 30-gun James Galley of 1676, the 32-gun Charles Galley of 1676, and the 34-gun Mary Galley of 1687 (see Chapter 4 for details) — were re-rated as Fifth Rates. The Charles Galley was rebuilt two years later. CHARLES GALLEY. A rebuilding of the galley-frigate of 1676. Charles Galley Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] Dimensions & tons: 130ft 4in, 124ft 0in x 28ft 1in x 9ft 1in. 548 32/94 bm. Commissioned 20.1.1694 under Capt. Edward Chant; in action at Camaret Bay 8.6.1694. On 7.2.1695 under Capt. Thomas Poulton, for protection of fisheries off Sussex; took two French privateers off Rye 4.1695; later with Berkeley’s squadron. Later in 1695 under Capt. Stephen Elliott, for cruising in the Channel; attack on French convoy off Havre de Grace 11.1695; action with two French warships (of 44 and 28 guns) off Brest 6.1696; convoy to Canaries and back later in 1696. In 1697 under Capt. Robert Arris, off Dunkirk. In 1701 under Capt. Henry Middleton. On 15.1.1702 under Capt. Lord Henry Maynard, with Newfoundland convoy. On 15.2.1703 under Capt. Joseph Taylor, in North Sea; with Rooke’s fleet to Lisbon and the Meditrerranean 1704; at Battle of VélezMálaga 13.8.1704. In 1705 under Capt. Beaumont Raymond, with Shovell’s fleet. On 23.3.1706 under Capt. George Martin. On 12.6.1707 under Capt. John Hagar, for the North Sea; with Leake’s fleet 1708. Rebuilt at Deptford as a 40-gun ship 1709–10 (see above). 1693 PROGRAMME. Another four 32-gun Fifth Rates were ordered in early 1693 (the Navy Board estimating the cost for building the first two at

£4,455 — or about £6.5.0d per ton)), this time with three of the quartet being built by contract. The contract with Ellis (the first of this type to be contracted out) was confirmed 21.3.1693. The contract for the Winchelsea was originally signed with William Wyatt, but he died in June 1693 and the building was instead supervised by his widow. Both Scarborough (renamed Milford after her recapture) and

Although ostensibly optimised for cruising duties, the demi-batterie ships, with their ability to use oars in the right conditions, found themselves much in demand for the coastal assault operations so prevalent during King William’s War. Shoreham, for example, was employed in close support for one of the first — and most disastrous — of these, at Camaret Bay in June 1694. The idea was to seize the neck of land overlooking Brest water, so the French fleet could be bombarded, but the enemy was forewarned and the attack turned into a fiasco. Beverley R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.75.

Winchelsea were re-rated as 36 guns under the 1703 Establishment of Guns).

(Contract) Dimensions & tons: 103ft 9in, 85ft 0in x 28ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 354 44/94 bm. Men: (1703) 145/110 in Shoreham and Sorlings; 155/110 in Milford and Winchelsea. Guns: LD 4/4 demi-culverins (Milford and Winchelsea 8/6 demi-culverins); UD 22/20 x pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. Shoreham Thomas Ellis, Shoreham. As built: 103ft 0in, 85ft 7in x 28ft 1 1/2in x 10ft 8in. 360 8/94 bm. Ord: 17.2.1693. L: 6.1.1694. First cost: c. £2,765 to build (@ £7.16.0d per ton). Commissioned 1.1694 under Capt. John Constable; at Camaret Bay 8.6.1694; took 6-gun corvette La Farouche 25.7.1695. In 1697 under Capt. Philip Dawes. In 1699 under Capt. William Passenger (-1704), for North America and West Indies 1700–01, then Ireland 1703–04. In 1.1705 under Capt. George Saunders (-1709), then 3.1710 Capt. John Furzer and 1711 Capt. Charles Hardy, all on Irish station; took privateer L’Espérance 19.5.1709. In ?2.1713 under Capt. Edward Falkingham, for New York; paid off 1713. Great Repair at Sheerness (for £1,985.8.2d) 2.1714–2.1715. Recommissioned ?1.1715 under Capt. Thomas Howard (-1718), for Virginia. BU at Woolwich 21.10.1719 to rebuild as Sixth Rate. Scarborough Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] As built: 104ft 10in, 84ft 5in x 28ft 10 1/2in x 11ft 7in. 374 35/94 bm. Ord: 10.3.1693. L: 15.2.1694. Commissioned 1.1694 under Capt. Thomas Killingworth, for the Irish Channel; taken by French privateers (36-gun Le Comte de Revel and 22gun L’Étoile) off Tory Island, Northern Ireland 18.7.1694, losing 32 killed (including Killingworth) and 10 wounded. In French service as Le Duc de Chaulnes, retaken 15.2.1697 by Plymouth and Rye, and renamed Milford. Recommissioned 1700 under Capt. William Moses, for the coast of Africa; attending on the King in Holland 1701. In 1702 under Capt. John Anderson. On 12.3.1703 under Capt. Edward Windsor, for the West Indies. Rebuilt at Deptford 1705 (see below). Sorlings Richard Barrett, Shoreham. As built: 102ft 8 1/2in, 85ft 8in x 28ft 2 1/2in x 10ft 9in. 362 55/94 bm. Ord: 10.4.1693. L: 19.3.1694. Commissioned 1694 under Capt. Fleetwood Ernes; to New England in 1694, 1695 and 1696. In 1697 under Capt. Richard Cotten, for Iceland convoy.

In 1697 under Capt. John Worrell; to Newfoundland 1698 and thence with convoy to the Mediterranean, arriving Leghorn 11.1698. Recommissioned 2.4.1701 under Capt. Lord James Dursley (the later Earl of Berkeley). In 1702 under Capt. Jonathan Spann, for Rooke’s fleet; to Newfoundland 1703 and then to the Leeward Islands. On 22.8.1703 under Capt. Thomas Campion (dismissed by court martial 31.3.1704). On 1.4.1704 under Capt. William Coney, for the North Sea taken (along with Blackwall and Pendennis) by four French warships (specifically 30-gun Le Jersey) in the North Sea 20.10.1705 while escorting homebound Baltic convoy. In French hands as Le Sorlingue until 2.1711, when retaken but sold on recapture. Winchelsea Mrs Ann Wyatt, Redbridge (Southampton). As built: 103ft 5in, 85ft 4 1/2in x 28ft 4in x 10ft 7 1/2in. 364 53/94 bm. Ord: 10.4.1693. L: 13.8.1694. Commissioned under Capt. James Littleton, for the North Sea. In 1696 under Capt. Francis Hosier (-1698), still in the North Sea; guard ship at Plymouth from 1698. Later in 1698 under Capt. William Moses (-1699), still as guard ship, In 1701 under Capt. Richard Short, for Ireland. In 1702 under Capt. George Smith, with Eastern convoy; in North Sea 1703. On 7.2.1704 under Capt John Trotter, with Shovell’s fleet in the Channel; to the West Indies in autumn 1704. On 29.4.1705 under Capt. William Gray (died), then Capt. Henry Turville; noted to come home in 7.1705. In 9.1705 under Capt John Castle (killed 6.6.1706), with fishery protection in the Channel; taken by five French privateers off Hastings 6.6.1706. 1694 GROUP. Altogether nineteen 32-gun Fifth Rates were built from 1694 to 1698, of which thirteen were by contract, at an estimated cost of £3,196 each to build (or 376 tons @ £8.10.0d per ton), plus £1,378 fitting per ship. Four of these (Scarborough, Faversham, Looe (ii) and Bridgewater) were rerated as 36 guns under the 1703 Establishment of Guns. (Contract) Dimensions & tons: 108ft 0in, 88ft 0in x 28ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 366 92/94 bm. Men: 145/110 (36-gun ships 155/110). Guns: LD 4/4 demi-culverins (36-gun ships 8/6 demi-culverins); UD 22/20 x pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. Lyme Mr Flint, Plymouth. As built: 109ft 0in, 88ft 0in x 28ft 8in x 10ft 6in. 384 62/94 bm.

Ord: 16.2.1694. L: 20.4.1695. Commissioned 4.1695 under Capt. William Caldwell. On 27.5.1695 under Capt. John Ward, for Berkeley’s squadron (note Capt. William Caldwell was originally appointed by AO 15.3.1695). In 1695–96 under Capt. Valentine Bowles, in the Channel. In 1697 under Capt. Thomas Cleasby, to Newfoundland. In 1698 under Capt. Sir Nicholas Trevanion, in North America; to Salé 1700. In ?1.1701 under Capt. William Power, then 1702 Capt. Edmund Letchmere (killed 15.1.1704); took privateers La Marie de Caillot 9.7.1702 and La Marie 22.8.1703; action with 46-gun privateer off Dodman Head 15.1.1704 (36 killed and wounded, including Letchmere mortally). On 19.1.1704 under Capt. George Dolman (killed 23.3.1705), for the Mediterranean, then under Cmdr (Capt. 9.1705) Robert Coleman; with Shovell’s fleet 1706. On 14.1.1708 under Capt. Michael Sanson, with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea. In 12.1708 under Capt. James Gunman, in the Baltic; sailed from Milford with Newfoundland convoy 1710; in the Mediterranean 1711; action off Vado Bay 22.3.1711; to Barbados 1713. Middling Repair at Deptford (for £1,624.4.1 1/4d) 7–11.1714. Reduced to Sixth Rate by AO 23.2.1717, and altered to a 24-gun ship at Deptford (for £925.5.1 1/4d) 3.1717. Recommissioned 1717 under Capt. Ellis Brand (-1719), for Virginia. BU at Deptford 2.1720 to RB. Hastings (i) Thomas Ellis, Shoreham. As built: 108ft 8in, 90ft 9in x 28ft 2 1/2in x 10ft 7 1/2in. 383 90/94 bm. Ord: 2.4.1694. L: 5.2.1695. Commissioned 18.6.1695 under Capt. John Draper; to West Indies 1695, returning with convoy; off Ireland 1696; escorting timber ships to Kinsale 1697; wrecked in a storm off Waterford 10.12.1697, with no survivors. Milford William Hubbard, Ipswich. As built: 107ft 10in, 90ft 2 1/4in x 28ft 4 1/2in x 10ft 7 1/2in. 386 23/94 bm. Ord: 17.5.1694. L: 6.3.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. Thomas Lyell, for the North Sea on fishery protection; taken by five French ships on passage from Great Yarmouth to Holland 7.1.1697; in French service as Le Milford until 1720. Arundel Thomas Ellis, Shoreham. As built: 108ft 7in, 90ft 7in x 28ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 377 71/94 bm Ord: 24.12.1694. L: 13.9.1695.

Commissioned 1695 under Capt. William Kiggins (died 16.9.1698), for New England. In 1698 under Capt. Josiah Crow; to Newfoundland 1699; to North America and West Indies 1700. In 1702 under Capt. John Ward, in Irish waters. On 4.3.1703 under Capt. Unton Dering (died 16.11.1706), then 1.12.1706 under Capt. Joseph Winder (-1710), still off Ireland; in the Channel 1709; to West Indies for convoy service 1710. On 25.1.1711 under Capt. Andrew Douglas; with Newfoundland convoy 1711; in the Channel 1712. Sold to John Mackpheadras (for £315) by AO 11.6.1713. Rye Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Shortiss] As built: 109ft 6 1/2in, 90ft 0in x 28ft 4in x 11ft 3in. 384 29/94 bm. Ord: 27.12.1694. L: 7.6.1696. Commissioned 20.12.1695 under Capt. Richard Haddock (-1700); took (with Weymouth) 46-gun Le Fougueux 10.6.1696; took (with Plymouth) 36gun Le Nouveau Cherbourg and 28-gun Le Dauphin 5.2.1697; took privateers Le Duc de Chaulnes 6.2.1697, La Marquise de Maintenon 16.7.1697 and L’Amitié 29.8.1697; to Salé 1700. In ?7.1702 under Capt. James Carlton, in the North Sea; took privateers Le RossignolCourronné 26.2.1703 and Le Saint-Antoine 17.7.1704; in the Channel and Bay of Biscay 1706. In ?1.1706 under Capt. Edward Vernon, in the Mediterranean. In 11.1707 under Capt. John Shales; with Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea 1708; Newfoundland convoy 1710. Large Repair at Woolwich 12.1711–4.1712. Recommissioned 1712 under Capt. Robert Pearson; Russian convoy 1712; off Salé 1713. Repair at Sheerness (for £1,183.6.4d) 6–11.1714. In 1715 under Capt. Arthur Feild, on Irish station. Small Repair and reduced to 20-gun Sixth Rate (by AO 17.1.1718) at Sheerness (for £1,614.18.8d) 1–3.1718. In 1718 under Capt. Thomas Whorwood (-1721); Newfoundland convoy 1718; to Virginia 1720; paid off ?1721. Sailed from Sheerness 5.7.1727 to be sunk (by AO 4.4.1727) as a breakwater at Harwich in that month. Scarborough James Parker, Southampton. As built: 108ft 0in, 90ft 0in x 28ft 7in x 10ft 9in. 391 8/94 bm. Ord: 22.2.1695. L: 24.3.1696. First cost: c. £2,660.15.0d to build (@ £7.5.0d per ton). Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Richard Short, for the Fleet; took privateer La Volontaire 20.7.1696; to West Indies 1697 (Mee’s squadron). In 1701 under Capt. Stephen Elliott, then ?12.1701 under Capt. Thomas Hudson,

in the West Indies. In 1702 under Capt. Henry Fowles (died 24.4.1704), for the East Indies. In 4.1704 under Capt. Stephen Hutchings (-1707); to West Indies 1707. In ?7.1708 under Capt. Edward Holland, at Jamaica; Guinea convoy 1710; taken by 30-gun French privateer off Cape Lobos, Guinea 1.11.1710. Became French Le Scarborough, retaken 31.3.1712 by Anglesea and Fowey. Recommissioned 4.1712 under Capt. Walter Ross; paid off, and renamed Garland by AO 10.4.1712. Large Repair at Woolwich (for £3,172.17.7d) 5–10.1712. Recommissioned 6.1712 under ?Lieut. John Ogilvie, then 7.1712 under Capt. Edmund Hooke. Prepared for service 9.1715. Recommissioned 10.1715 under Capt. Ellis Brand, for the Baltic. Small Repair and converted to a fireship (for £840.19.1 1/4d; reduced to fireship by AO 18.2.1717) 2–3.1717. In 1717 under Capt. John Temple, for Byng’s fleet in the Baltic. In ?1.1718 under Cmdr Samuel Atkins, as fireship in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. In 1719 under Capt. John Hubbard in the Mediterranean, re-armed and re-rated as 20-gun Sixth Rate. In ?4.1721 under Capt. John Weiler, as quarantine guard at the Nore. BU 24.10.1721 at Sheerness to RB as Sixth Rate. Looe (i) Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As built: 110ft 0in, 93ft 0in x 28ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 384 80/94 bm. Ord: 1.4.1695. L: 5.8.1696. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Richard Paul, for the Channel; wrecked in Baltimore Bay (Ireland) 30.4.1697. Lynn Thomas Ellis, Shoreham. As built: 107ft 9 1/2in, 88ft 0in x 28ft 3in x 10ft 8 1/2in. 373 52/94 bm Ord: 3.5.1695. L: 24.4.1696. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Horatio Townsend (died 12.3.1698); to Ireland 1697; to West Indies 1698. On 16.3.1699 under Capt. Edmund Letchmere, with Rooke’s fleet; reappointed 9.7.1700 and again 26.5.1701. In 1702 under Capt. John Watkins. In 1704 under Capt. George Martin (-1705), for the Leeward Islands. On 16.7.1706 under Capt. Sir George Forbes, Earl of Grannard. In 12.1.1707 under Capt. Archibald Hamilton (-1708), for Barbados. On 28.2.1709 under Capt. Henry Blinston (-1712), for the Mediterranean; with Baker’s squadron on the Portuguese coast 1712. Sold to Francis Sheldon (for £195) 16.4.1713. Fowey Thomas Burgess & William Briggs, Shoreham.

As built: 108ft 0in, 89ft 5 1/2in x 28ft 2in x 10ft 6 1/2in. 377 48/94 bm Ord: 3.5.1695. L: 7.5.1696. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Charles Brittiff. In 1697 under Capt. Richard Culliford, at the Nore; to New York 1698. In 1700 under Cmdr Thomas Legge, in North America and West Indies. In 1703 under Capt. Richard Brown (-1704); took 50-gun ship 6.1704; Virginia convoy 1704; taken 1.8.1704 by a squadron of seven French privateers off Isles of Scilly 1.8.1704. Southsea Castle (i) John Knowler, Redbridge (Southampton). As built: 106ft 6in, 88ft 8in x 28ft 1 1/2in x 10ft 8 1/2in. 373 6/94 bm. Ord: 3.5.1695. L: 1.8.1696. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Samuel Whitaker. In 1697 under Cmdr Thomas Legge, with Virginia convoy; wrecked on the Dove Sands off Hoylake (Wirral) 15.9.1697. Gosport William Collins, Shoreham. As built: 107ft 9in, 89ft 10in x 28ft 1in x 11ft 0in. 376 80/94 bm. Ord: 3.5.1695. L: 3.9.1696. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. David Greenhill, for Mees’s squadron in the West Indies. In 1701 under Capt. Henry Crofts (died 16.12.1702); to New England at end of 1701. In 1703 under Lieut. Thomas Crofts (acting), in New England. In 1704 under Capt. Thomas Smith, in New England and thence home. On 1.5.1705 under Capt. John Barter (suspended 1706), in the Channel and Bay of Biscay. In 1706 under Capt. Edward St Loe, for the West Indies; taken 28.7.1706 en passage to Jamaica by 54-gun Le Jason (losing 20 killed and 40 wounded). Poole Joseph Nye & George Moore, East Cowes. As built: 108ft 6in, 90ft 1 1/2in x 28ft 2 1/2in x 10ft 7in. 381 43/94 bm. Ord: 5.6.1695. L: 6.8.1696. First cost: Contract @ £7.4.0d per ton. Commissioned ?1696 under Capt. James Worthington (drowned 16.10.1697 at Harwich). In ?10.1697 under Capt. John Cranby (died 19.12.1702); off Lisbon 1698; in the Mediterranean 1699; off Cape Verde 1700; off Dunkirk 1701. In 1703 under Capt. Robert Hughes; to the Mediterranean 9.1703; in the North Sea 1704. In 1705 under Capt. Edward Windsor, off Guinea. In ?10.1706 under Capt. Galfridus Walpole (-1709), with Hardy’s squadron; to the Mediterranean 1708; with Byng’s fleet 1709. In 1711 under Capt. William Gray (-1712), in the Irish Sea. Converted to a

fireship of 8 guns and 50 men (for £1,651.19.0 3/4d; reduced to fireship by AO 14.4.1719) at Portsmouth 4–8.1719. Recommissioned 1719 under Cmdr Isaac Townsend, then ?2.1720 under Cmdr Henry Medley, to the Baltic; in ?2.1721 under Cmdr John Trevor, still in Baltic. Surveyed 1.1722; Great Repair at Deptford (for £3,517.9.9d) 2.1723–4.1724. Recommissioned ?2.1726 under Cmdr (Capt. 6.1727) William Hervey, with Wager’s fleet in the Baltic and Straits. In ?5.1729 under Cmdr Richard Herbert, still with Wager’s fleet. Fitted as a fireship again (for £1,592.0.4d — hull only) 4–5.1729. Recommissioned ?2.1734 under Cmdr Gilbert Wallis (-1736), for Norris’s fleet; to the Tagus 1735. In 3.1737 under Cmdr John Forbes; converted to a fireship (for £840.19.1 1/4d; reduced to fireship by AO 18.2.1737) 2–3.1737. Sunk as a breakwater at Harwich by AO 8.7.1737. Faversham (or ‘Feversham’) Thomas Ellis and William Collins, Shoreham. As built: 107ft 0in, 88ft 5 1/2in x 28ft 1 1/2in x 10ft 8in. 372 1/94 bm. Ord: 9.8.1695. L: 1.10.1696. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Robert Thompson, for Ireland. In 1699 under Capt. Benjamin Hoskins, as guard ship at Plymouth. On 17.1.1701 under Capt. Philip Cavendish; to Newfoundland 1701; off Ireland 1702. On 12.1.1703 under Capt. Sir Charles Rich (died 17.10.1706), off Ireland and in the North Sea. On 17.10.1706 under Capt. Galfridus Walpole. In 1707 under Capt. Walter Riddle, then in 1708 under Capt. John Williams, both in the North Sea. In 21.2.1709 under Capt. Charles Vanburgh, then 3.6.1709 under Capt. Robert Paston (drowned 7.10.1711); foundered off Cape Breton 7.10.1711 (90 drowned including Paston, 45 survived). Hastings (ii) Isaac Betts, Woodbridge. As built: 108ft 4in, 89ft 10in x 28ft 3in x 10ft 6in. 381 32/94 bm. Ord: 1696. L: 17.5.1698. Commissioned 1698 under Capt. Richard White (died 7.7.1700); sailed early 1699 for East Indies. On 1.9.1699 under Capt. Edward Rumsey, for return home. In 1702 under Capt. Richard Culliford, in the Bristol Channel. In 1703 under Capt. Thomas Kenney. On 6.4.1704 under Capt. Charles Parsons, then 7.11.1704 Capt. Philip Stanhope; to Guinea 1705. Later in 1705 under Cmdr Francis Vaughan (drowned 9.2.1707), for convoy service in the North Sea; wrecked in a storm near Great Yarmouth 9.2.1707 (only 24 survivors).

Lowestoffe Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 104ft 4in, 87ft 8in x 27ft 8in x 10ft 4in. 356 88/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1696. L: 7.8.1697. Commissioned ?1699 under Capt. John Underdown; Isle of Man 1699; to the Baltic 1700; with the Fleet 1701–02. In 1703 under Capt. Rupert Billingsley, for Guinea. In 7.1703 under Capt. Charles Stukely, still off Guinea. In ?7.1704 under Capt. George Fane (died 8.4.1709), for New York. In ?4.1709 under Capt. George Gordon, still at New York; home in 1712; Middling Repair at Sheerness (for £102.14.8d?) 5–6.1712; to Bermuda 1713. In 1717 under Capt. Sir Hugh Middleton, to the Baltic 1717–18. BU at Portsmouth 17.2.1722 to rebuild as 20-gun Sixth Rate. Looe (ii) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Bagwell] As built: 108ft 1in, 89ft 8in x 28ft 7in x 11ft 1in. 389 63/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1696. L: 15.10.1697. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Robert Arris, for the Irish coast. In late 1702 under Capt. Timothy Bridges, for Leake’s squadron, to Newfoundland; while returning with homewards convoy, wrecked in Scratchwell Bay (Isle of Wight) 12.12.1705 (8 drowned). Southsea Castle (ii) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 108ft 0in, 89ft 9in x 28ft 6in x 10ft 9in. 387 71/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1696. L: 6.11.1697. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Thomas Swanton. In 1699 under Capt. Thomas Stepney, for Jamaica; wrecked (with Biddeford) on the Isle of Ash, off Haiti 12.11.1699. Bridgewater Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Shortiss] Dimensions & tons: 110ft 5in, 90ft 11in x 29ft 2in x 11ft 5 1/2in. 411 37/94 bm (design dimensions uncertain). Ord: 15.2.1697. L: 30.5.1698. Men: 155. Guns: orig. 32/28 guns; by 1703 36/30 guns. Commissioned ?1699 under Capt. Thomas Dilkes, for the Irish coast. In 1702 under Capt. Richard Griffith, then ?10.1704 Capt. Thomas Lawrence, still off Irish coast; action against two privateers off Kinsale 16.5.1705. In ?n.1707 under Capt. Walter Pigot, still off Ireland; to Russian convoy 1711. Large Repair at Chatham 1712. In 1715 under Capt. John Fletcher, for the Channel; to the Mediterranean and to Salé 1717. Repair at Woolwich (for £2,251.10.8 1/2d) 2–6.1718. Converted to a fireship of 8 guns and 55 men at Woolwich (by AO 3.1727) 3–4.1727.

Recommissioned 1727 under Capt. John Temple (-1730), for the Baltic. Fitted at Sheerness (for £854.6.0d) 6–7.1732. Fitted at Sheerness (for £415.14.1d) 3.1733–4.1734. Recommissioned ?2.1734 under Cmdr George Pocock (-1737), for Norris’s fleet; repair at Sheerness (for £272.10.7d) 12.1736; guard ship at Sheerness 1736–37. BU 4.1738 at Deptford. Ludlow Mrs Anne Mundy, Woodbridge. As built: 108ft 0in, 90ft 0in x 28ft 3in x 10ft 7in. 382 5/94 bm. Ord: 1697. L: 12.9.1698. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. Henry Lumley (-1702), for North America and the West Indies. In 1703 under Capt. William Cock; taken by French 40-gun L’Adroit and another off Gorée 16.1.1703 (losing 30 killed and wounded). PURCHASED VESSEL (1695). Betty (Bristol privateer Betty), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 103ft 0in, 86ft 0in x 28ft 6in x 11ft 9in. 371 65/94 bm. Men: 135/115/90. Guns: 36/28, comprising LD 8 short demi-culverins, UD 20 x 6pdrs, QD 8 minions. Purchased 26.4.1695. Established 29.4.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. John Popwell (killed 14.9.1695); to West Indies 1695; en route home, taken 14.8.1695 by a French 30-gun privateer (18 killed and 14 wounded) while defending homebound convoy. Recovered 15.2.1696 by Phoenix and renamed Betty Prize. On 20.10.1696 under Capt. Thomas Lambert (-1699) (Lambert may have been in command as Cmdr from 4.3.1696); off Lisbon and thence to Mediterranean 1698–99. On 3.3.1701 under Capt. Peregrine Bertie; to Guinea 1701; surveying off Ireland 1702. Sold to John Wheeler (by AO 9.1702) for £147) 1.10.1702. Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1696). A French bomb-vessel (galiote à mortier) — carrying 30 guns and 2 mortars — was captured on her maiden voyage and a privateer during the same year; both were added as 32-gun Fifth Rates. Thunderbolt Prize (French La Foudroyante, built 11.169 5–4.1696 at Lorient. L: 15.2.1696. François Lebrun design), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: 119ft 0in, 99ft 0in x 31ft 9in x 13ft 3in. 530 79/94 bm. Men: 135/115/90. Guns: 32/28.

Taken 16.5.1696 by Content. Purchased 22.7.1696. Commissioned 24.7.1696 under Capt. Edward Hopsonn (-1698), for the Irish Sea. Hulked at Portsmouth 1699. BU 1731. Rainbow Prize (French L’Arc-en-Ciel), 32 guns. Dimensions & tons: 103ft 7in, 83ft 4in x 27ft 7in x 10ft 10in. 345 91/94 bm. Men: 138. Guns: (1696 Survey) 6 demi-culverins, 21 sakers and 4 minions. Taken 4.11.1696 by Medway. Purchased 22.1.1697. Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Henry Middleton, for the Channel, and for ‘convoying to and from Ireland the small coasting vessels’. Sold (for £451) 20.9.1698. BEDFORD GALLEY. This galley-frigate was purchased from its New England builder while under construction. Bedford Galley Thomas Holland, New England. Dimensions & tons: 103ft 3 1/2in, 85ft 2in x 28ft 8in x 10ft 7 1/2in. 372 26/94 bm. Men: 135/115/90. Guns: originally established with 34/28 guns comprising LD 6 demi-culverins (none in peacetime), UD 22 x 6pdrs, QD 6 sakers. 32/28 guns under 1703 Establishment (comprising LD 4/4 demiculverins, UD 22/20 x 6pdrs and QD 6/4 x 4pdrs). Purchased 6.5.1697 from Mr Taylor (by AO 14.3.1697). Commissioned 1697 under Capt. Robert Holliman; to Newfoundland 1698; off the French coast 1699. In 10.1701 noted ‘wants a Large Repair’ In 1702 under Capt. John Edwards, with Virginia convoy. In 1703 under Capt. John Jackson (-1708), for the Channel Islands. Rebuilding at Portsmouth by 1709 (see below). KINSALE. This vessel, the only warship to be built at the eponymous Irish dockyard, was originally intended to be completed as a 40-gun ship. However, on completion she was found to be structurally weak, and so was established with only 36 guns; no further naval construction was carried out at Kinsale. Kinsale Kinsale Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 117ft 6in, 99ft 6in x 31ft 9in x 12ft 0in. 533 49/94 bm. Men: 155/110. Guns: LD 8/6 x 12pdrs; UD 22/20 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. Ord: 24.11.1796. L: 22.5.1700. Commissioned ?6.1700 under Capt. Bartholomew Clements. In 1701 under

Capt. George. Maugham (died 28.8.1702); to West Indies end 1701. In 1703 under Capt. John Foljambe, in the West Indies. In 1704 under Capt. Thomas Mathews, in the North Sea. In ?5.1705 under Cmdr Francis Vaughan, then 12.1705 Capt. Francis Kestell (died 16.9.1706), for the West Indies. In 1707 under Capt. John Clifton, for Newfoundland; with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea 1708; to Lisbon 10.1709, then convoy to Mediterranean and to New York. Great Repair at Chatham (by Benjamin Rosewell) 1711. Recommissioned 1711 under Capt. John Furzer (-1715), for Newfoundland convoy; in North Sea 1713; to the Mediterranean 1714. Refit at Deptford (for £2,033.5.9d) 9– 11.1715. Recommissioned 1716 under Capt. Christopher O’Brien, for the North Sea and Baltic; in the Channel 1717. In ?3.1718 under Capt. Samuel Chadwick; in Home waters 1718 (North Sea and convoys); Small Repair at Portsmouth (for £1,169.7.9 1/4d) 12.1718–2.1719; with Mighell’s squadron off Vigo 1719; in the Channel 1720; in the Baltic 1721. BU at Portsmouth 1.1723 to RB. TARTAR GROUP. A 32-gun ship was newbuilt at the start of Queen Anne’s reign, of ‘a new model, with a deck over the guns ...’ and a pink stern. Two more were ordered to the same design in March 1703; the Falcon was named by AO 18.11.1704, instructing her to be launched and fitted for the Channel. Men: 145/100. Guns: LD 4/4 x demi-culverins (later 12pdrs); UD 22/20 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. Tartar Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 108ft 0in, 90ft 9in x 29ft 6in x 13ft 0in. 420 7/94 bm. Ord: 7.4.1702. (named & established 7.9.1702) L: 12.9.1702. Commissioned 8.1702 under Capt. Richard Canning. In 1703 under Capt. John Cooper, for Rooke’s fleet; took privateer La Bonne-Union 3.8.1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga 13.8.1704. In 8.1704 under Capt. Thomas Legg, in Leake’s squadron for winter 1704–05. In ?1.1705 under Capt. George Fisher (died 18.8.1705) in the West Indies, then Capt. Richard Leake (-1707); took (with Adventure) French 36-gun Les Jeux in the North Sea 7.6.1706. Later under Capt. Edward St Lo. In ? 5.1708 under Capt. Chaloner Ogle, with Byng’s fleet in the North Sea; with Mighell’s squadron 9.1708; took privateer L’Entreprenant 3.11.1708; Newfoundland convoys 1709–10; in the Mediterranean 1711–12. Fitted at Deptford (for £2,902.1.10 3/4d) 3.1713–7.1714. In

1715 under Capt. Christopher Parker, for West coast of Scotland; off Salé 1717–19. Fitted at Deptford (for £5,147.10.5 1/4d) 9.1720–1.1721. Fitted at Deptford for Virginia (for £1,391.15.4d). In 1725 under Capt. Vincent Pearce (-1728), in Virginia. Fitted at Deptford (for £2,434.5.6d) 11.1728. Rerated and fitted as a 20-gun Sixth Rate 1729. In ?1728 under Capt. George Proctor, for Jamaica; paid off 7.6.1732. BU at Deptford 5.1733 to RB as a Sixth Rate. Falcon Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 106ft 5in, 88ft 5in x 29ft 7in x 13ft 0in. 411 53/94 bm. Ord: 16.3.1703. L: 2.12.1704. Commissioned 1.12.1704 under Capt. Charles Stewart, for Shovell’s fleet. On 27.1.1706 under Capt. Bartholomew Candler. Later on 30.4.1706 under Capt. Robert Delavall (died 29.1.1708), for the Mediterranean. On 17.5.1708 under Capt. William Massam (suicide 2.10.1708), then Capt. Charles Constable; taken (with Pembroke) by a French squadron off Toulon 29.12.1709 (with only 16 men left unwounded).

At the beginning of Queen Anne’s reign two significant innovations were tried out in the latest small cruiser designs. One was a deck over the guns, probably intended to make the ship more ‘defensible’ after boarding, and the second was a narrow pink stern, designed to be less vulnerable than the traditional big flat stern. This intriguing model is of approximately the right date and demonstrates both features, although it has the armament and layout of a Sixth Rate. The pink-sterned Fifth Rates were definitely demi-batterie ships, and no pink-sterned Sixth Rates were actually built, so this can only be a proposal; but it does demonstrate perfectly the probable appearance of the stern. US Naval Academy

Museum, HHR 13.

Fowey Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Shortiss] As built: 108ft 0in, 89ft 0in x 29ft 6in x 13ft 0in. 411 92/94 bm. Ord: 16.3.1703. L: 10.3.1705. Commissioned 1705 under Capt. Charles Parsons (killed 11.2.1706), for the Mediterranean. On 29.4.1706 under Capt. Richard Lestock; home in 9.1706, then returned to join Leake’s fleet in the Mediterranean during winter 1708–09; taken by two French 40-gun ships off Cape Gato (Spain) 14.4.1709. Under the 1703 Establishment of Guns, four distinct classes of Fifth Rate were recognised. The largest of these, the 42-gun ship, has been covered earlier in this Chapter, and the smallest, the 28-gun ship appears later in this Chapter. The two intermediate classes were to merge under the 1716 Establishment into a single 30-gun class, but in 1703 they were identified with the following highest (wartime) / lowest (peacetime) armaments and men: 36-gun class: LD 8/6 x 9pdrs; UD 22/20 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. 155/110 men. 32-gun class: LD 4/4 x 9pdrs; UD 22/20 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. 145/110 men. (The 9pdrs were 8ft long demi-culverins, the 6pdrs were 7ft 6in long sakers, and the 4pdrs were 7ft long.) MILFORD Group. The following three 36-gun ships were rebuilt from the earlier Fifth Rates of 1694 (built as the Scarborough), 1689 (itself rebuilt from the earlier Mermaid of 1651) and 1690 (built as a 28-gun fireship) respectively. Men: 155/110. Guns: LD 8/6 x 12pdrs; UD 22/20 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. Milford Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As (re)built: 108ft 7 1/2in, 88ft 11in x 29ft 10in x 11ft io 1/2in. 420 89/94 bm. Ord: ?. L: ?12.1705. Commissioned 12.1705 under Capt. Philip Stanhope (killed 17.9.1708); off Ostend 1706; action near Leghorn 19/20.5.1707; took (with Fowey) 42gun Le Mercure 8.1.1707; in action at Minorca 17.9.1708. In 9.1708

under Capt. John Goodhall (-1715); with Whitaker’s squadron in winter 1708/09; in the Mediterranean 1709, then on Newfoundland convoy; back in the Mediterranean 1712–13. Small Repair at Woolwich (for £1,099.11.9 1/2) 9.1715–2.1716. In 1718 under Capt. Peter Chamberlain (-1720), to Jamaica; wrecked on Cape Corrientes (Cuba) 18.6.1720, with loss of most of crew including Chamberlain. Mermaid Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] As (re)built: 108ft 0in, 90ft 0in x 29ft 8in x 12ft 0in. 421 31/94 bm. Ord: 20.6.1706. L: ?8.1707. Commissioned 7.1707 under Capt. John Chilley, for Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea 1708; on coast of Scotland 1709. In 5.1710 under Capt. William Collier, on Scottish coast; in the Channel 1712; to the Mediterranean 1714–15, then to the Baltic with Norris’s fleet 1716. Repaired at Portsmouth (for £4,658.6.9d) 7–10.1716. In ?6.1718 under Capt. John Yeo; sheathed 6.1720 for voyage to West Indies; to Jamaica. In 1720 under Capt. Digby Dent, at Jamaica, then 10.1722 Capt. Joseph Lawes (-1724). Surveyed 10.11.1724, no repair reported. BU at Deptford completed 26.6.1734, with a new 20-gun Sixth Rate to be built ‘in her room’. Dolphin Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As (re)built: 110ft 0in, 90ft 6in x 29ft 8in x 11ft 0in. 423 63/94 bm. Ord: 27.5.1709. L: 7.6.1711. Commissioned 5.1711 under Capt. Covill Mayne, for Home waters. In early 1712 under Capt. Charles Gay. Re-rated as 20-gun Sixth Rate after 1713. Middling Repair at Plymouth (for £1,808.1.11 1/2d) 10.1718–2.1719; fitted there (for £3,033.0.4d) 3.1721. Recommissioned 1.1721 under Capt. John Cundett (died 26.4.1724), for Newfoundland. In 1728 under Capt. Thomas Davers (-1729), for Barbados. Docked at Deptford 7.8.1730 to be BU with a new 20-gun Sixth Rate to be built ‘in her room’. Ex-SCOTTISH ACQUISITION. The Royal Scots Navy had contained only three warships at the time of the Act of Union. Of these the 32-gun flagship — the two-decker Royal William — was added to the Royal Navy as a Fifth Rate (with a change of name, as the RN already had a Royal William), while the two 24-gun frigates were incorporated as Sixth Rates (see Chapter 6). Edinburgh (Scottish Royal William, built 1696 on the Thames), 32 guns.

As built: 99ft 0in, 83ft 4 1/2in x 28ft 8in x 11ft 12in. 364 42/94 bm. Men: 145. Guns: LD 10 x 9pdrs; UD 18 x 6pdrs; QD 4 x 4pdrs. Transferred 5.8.1707, but established 16.4.1707. Commissioned 1707 under Capt. Thomas Gordon (nominally from the establishment of the Union, but Gordon had been Commodore of the Royal Scots Navy and, while his commission was backdated to 7.11.1705 when he took command of the then Royal William, he argued that his original date of commission from Queen Anne as a captain was 17.7.1703); paid off 12.1707. Ordered to be sold by AO 24.5.1708, but instead was sunk at Harwich as a breakwater 10.8.1709. PURCHASED VESSEL (1708). This 36-gun vessel was built on speculation and purchased by the Navy. Winchelsea John Ides, Rotherhithe. As built: 108ft 2 1/2in, 87ft 7 1/2in x 29ft 10in x 12ft 9 1/2in. 414 78/94 bm. Men: 155/110. Guns: LD 8/6 x 9pdrs; UD 22/20 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. Purchased 3.2.1708 from Capt. Browne. Commissioned ?2.1708 under Capt. Francis Percy, for Newfoundland; taken by French 40-gun privateer off Beachy Head 8.2.1709; retaken 2.3.1709 by Chester. In ?3.1709 under Capt. Nicholas Eaton (-1713), for the Mediterranean; took privateers Le Duc de Vendôme 28.7.1709, and La Geneviève and La Conquérante 30.7.1709; in action off Vado 22.3.1711; home to pay off 1713. Reduced to 20-gun Sixth Rate 1716. Recommissioned 1717 under Capt. Bartholomew Candler; to New York 1717; surveying in West Indies 1718. In ?6.1720 under Capt. Humphrey Orme (-1723); off Salé 1720–2; to Jamaica 1723. In 1724 under Capt. Ellis Brand (-1726); at Jamaica 1724–25; with Hosier’s fleet at Porto Bello 1726–27. In 1729 under Capt. Thomas Waterhouse; to the Mediterranean 1729; at Canceaux 1730–1. In 1732 under Capt. Vincent Pearce (-1735), for Virginia. BU 12.1735. BEDFORD GALLEY. 32 guns, rebuilt from the earlier (1697) galley-frigate built in New England. Bedford Galley Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] As (re)built: 103ft 3 1/2in, 91ft 8in x 29ft 0in x 11ft 2in. 410 6/94 bm. Men: 145/110. Guns: LD 4/4 x 9pdrs; UD 22/20 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. Ord: ?1708. L: 24.8.1709.

Commissioned ?1.1710 under Capt. Andrew Ley; convoy to Virginia 1710; with Walker’s squadron in the St Lawrence 1711; to West Indies 1712; paid off ?10.1712. In 1716 under Capt. Edward Holland, for Archangel convoy. Small Repair and fitted at Deptford as a fireship (by AO 19.2.1717), for £420.1.7 1/4d) 1717. Recommissioned 1717 under Cmdr William Davies, for the Baltic. Refitted at Deptford (for £1,126.2.2 1/4d) 12.1719–2.1720. In 1719–20 under Cmdr James Luck, then 1721 Cmdr Edward Brooke, still in the Baltic. In 1722 under Cmdr John Trevor, for quarantine guard; paid off 1723. Sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness (by AO 22.4.1725) 3.5.1725.

An original draught in the Danish archives for the Sweepstakes, annotated in English ‘built at Woolwich in 1708’. Since Queen Anne’s consort, Prince George of Denmark, was Lord Admiral for part of her reign, it is not surprising that there are a number of English plans of this era in the official Danish navy collection. Like many of the demi-batterie ships, Sweepstakes has more ports (especially on the lower deck) than called for by her established armament. Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen.

1706 ESTABLISHMENT GROUP. The Sweepstakes was captured by the French in April 1709, and was replaced by an ex-French vessel captured by Lord Dursley’s squadron four weeks later, and given the same name (see under 42-gun type). Establishment: 108ft 0in, 90ft 0in x 29ft 6in x 12ft 0in. 416 57/94 bm. Draught 12ft 0in /13ft 0in. Men: 145/110. Guns: LD 4/4 x 9pdrs; UD 22/20 x 6pdrs; QD 6/4 x 4pdrs. Sweepstakes Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 108ft 5in, 90ft 0in x 29ft 6in x 12ft 0in. 416 57/94 bm.

Ord: 29.12.1707. (established 4.9.1708) L: 20.9.1708. Commissioned 20.9.1708 under Capt. Samuel Meade; taken by two French privateers of 40 and 26 guns off the Scilly Isles 16.4.1709 (Meade dismissed the service, but reinstated 1713). Scarborough Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Poulter] As built: 108ft 0in, 90ft 0in x 29ft 6in x 12ft 0in. 416 57/94 bm. Ord: 1.7.1709. L: 23.5.1711. Commissioned ?1.1711 under Capt. Francis Cooper (-1714); on Russian convoy 1711; to West Indies 1712–13; guard ship at Sheerness 1714. Small Repair at Sheerness (for £1,987.17.9 1/4d) 7.1714–10.1715. Recommissioned 1716 under Capt. Francis Hume (-1719), for Barbados; alledged action against ‘Black-beard’ (Edward Teach) and his 18-gun Queen Anne’s Revenge at St Vincent 1718 (unproven). Docked at Deptford 21.10.1720 to BU and (under AO 11.10.1720) RB 1722 as a Sixth Rate. At the death of Queen Anne, the British Navy had eighteen Fifth Rate ships of either 32 or 36 guns. Of the 36-gun ships, the Kinsale, Milford, Mermaid and Dolphin were in sea pay, in good condition in April 1714, and Winchelsea was lying in Ordinary, but also in good condition; Garland and Bridgewater, also in Ordinary, needed small repairs. Of the 32-gun ships, the Experiment, Sheerness, Rye, Lowestoffe and Scarborough were in sea pay, and the Shoreham and Bedford Galley were lying in Ordinary, but also in good condition; Poole was in need of small repairs, the Lyme of great repairs, and Tartar was under repair at Deptford.

Fifth Rates of 28 guns The history of this class of ship is identical with that of the purpose-built ‘fireship’. The idea of building specialised vessels to expend as fireships, rather than to use worn-out warships or other existing vessels obtained by purchase, seemingly originated following the successful Dutch fireship attack in 1672 which caused the destruction of the Royal James at Solebay (see Chapter 1). On 16 October 1672 the Admiralty contracted with merchant shipwrights to build twenty fireships of 200–250 tons each, ‘first presenting an estimate of the costs. Nine days later, Pepys called for estimates to build

fireships ‘of lesser dimensions’, perhaps realising the expense for such ‘onetime-use’ weapons. In any case, the construction was evidently not proceeded with, and it was not until after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 that purposebuilt fireships were ordered. 1689 PROGRAMME ‘FIRESHIPS’. On 16 October 1689 the Navy Board obtained an estimate of building ‘one Fifth Rate for a fireship’. The vessel was to be 97ft long (LD), with a breadth of 24ft 8in and a depth in hold of 9ft 8in, and with a minimum height between decks of 4ft 6in. It was to have both a QD and a Forecastle, with in the latter ‘a fall of 8in to give room for a cookroom’. With finishing, rigging and 8 month’s (boatswain’s and carpenter’s) stores, the cost was estimated at £2,550. A month later on 19 November, a revised estimate was sought by the Admiralty, this time to build twelve such Fifth Rate fireships. The specification was slightly changed to give a shortened (LD) length of 93ft, and a tonnage of 252 bm (‘or thereabouts’ (equating to a keel of 77ft 10in). The ships were authorised on 6 December. On 2 January 1690 the cost was estimated as £31,080, or £2,590 per ship. Essentially these vessels differed little from the smaller Fifth Rates with which they were classed. The use of a two-decker layout was ideal, as ports could be provided along the lower deck to create a fierce draught; these ports were fitted with lids hinged at the bottom (normal gunport lids were hinged at the top) so that they could not be closed by fire burning through the tackles that held the lid). Aft on the same deck was a large sallyport through which the final skeleton crew could escape into a boat after the fireship was set on its final task. On the deck above a lattice-work was constructed as a false platform on which combustibles could be stored, while large chimneys were fitted through the upper deck to increase the circulation of air. Dimensions & tons: 93ft 0in, 77ft 10in x 24ft 8in x 9ft 8in. 252 bm. As Fifth Rates (1703 Establishment): Men: 115. Guns: 28/24 (comprising LD 4/2 x 9pdrs; UD 20/18 x 6pdrs; QD 4/4 x 4pdrs). As fireships: Men: 45. Guns: 8 x 6pdrs. In practice, Vulture (in 1701) carried 6 sakers and 2 falcons, while Hunter (in 1707) carried 6 minions and 2 falconets. Dolphin Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 93ft 6in, 82ft 0in x 24ft 9 1/2in x 9ft 8in. 267 (268 7/94 by calc.) bm.

Ord: 6.12.1689 (contract 13.12.1689). L: 29.3.1690. Commissioned 31.3.1690 under Capt. William Vickars; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red Squadron) 30.6.1690. On 6.2.1691 under Capt. Robert Hancock; re-rated 9.1.1692 as a 24-gun Fifth Rate. In 1692 under Capt. Thomas Kercher, for the Irish Sea. On 27.12.1693 under Capt. Thomas Stepney. In 1696 under Capt. George Delavall, with Portuguese convoy. On 10.12.1696 under Capt. Nicholas Dyer. In 1697 under Capt. William Carter, with Mees’s squadron in the West Indies. On 13.7.1697 under Capt. William Blowers. On 4.9.1698 under Capt. Collin Hunter (dismissed 7.8.1700). In 1700 under Capt. Edward Acton, for Particular Service. In 1700 under Capt. Joseph Soanes, for the Irish Sea. In 1704 under Capt. Edward St Loe, with Shovell’s fleet in the Channel, then to West Indies; in North Sea 1705. On 22.1.1706 under Capt. Edward Vernon, then 2.2.1706 under Capt. John Clifton, to West Indies. On 17.9.1706 under Capt. Henry Long; to Jamaica 1707. On 5.8.1707 under Capt. Abraham Tudor, at Jamaica. On 24.7.1708 under Capt. Caesar Brookes. Laid up at Portsmouth (by AO 28.5.1709) and BU 1709 to rebuild as a 36-gun ship. Speedwell Thomas Gressingham, ‘Redrith’ (Rotherhithe). As built: 94ft 0in, 78ft 6in x 24ft 11in x 9ft 8in. 259 53/94 bm. Ord: 6.12.1689 (contract 18.12.1689). L: 3.4.1690. First cost: contract @ £7.2.6d per ton. Commissioned 4.4.1690 under Capt. John Mason (died 5.2.1691). On 21.7.1690 under Capt. Stephen Woolgate (died same year). In 1692 under Capt. Thomas Symonds; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue Squadron) 19– 24.5.1692; convoy for the Smyrna Fleet 6.1693; to West Indies with Neville’s squadron 1694. On 15.2.1694 under Capt. David Wavell; with Berkeley’s squadron 1694; off Irish coast 1694–97; re-rated 23.5.1695 as a 24-gun Fifth Rate. In 1697 under Capt. John Guy (died 9.12.1697), for West Indies, then Capt. Christopher Colson (died 9.1698) and finally Capt. Jedediah Barker; attempted mutiny 1699; paid off 1700. BU 1702 to RB. Spy John Taylor, Cuckold’s Point, Rotherhithe. As built: 91ft 6in, 80ft 0in x 25ft 3 1/2in x 9ft 6 1/2in. 253 (272 18/94 by calc.) bm. Ord: 6.12.1689. L: 6.4.1690. First cost: contract @ £7.2.6d per ton.

Commissioned 5.4.1690 under Capt. Frederick Weighman; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red Squadron) 30.6.1690. On 19.1.1691 under Capt. Thomas Sheerman. On 12.1691 under Capt. John Norris; at Battle of Barfleur (Red Squadron) 19–24.5.1692; caught fire and burnt by accident while repairing at Portsmouth 12.1.1693. Hopewell Thomas Ellis, Shoreham. As built: 93ft 3 1/2in, 79ft 4in x 24ft 10 3/4in x 9ft 8 1/2in. 253 (261 51/94 by calc.) bm. Ord: 6.12.1689 (contract 16.12.1689). L: 15.4.1690. First cost: contract @ £6.10.0d per ton. Commissioned 4.1690 under Capt. Thomas Warren; burnt by accident in the Downs 3.6.1690. Note that a (smaller) replacement was promptly purchased from the Shoreham builder Nicholas Barrett and given the same name — see Chapter 7 Fox Nicholas Barrett, Shoreham. As built: 93ft 4in, 79ft 1in x 25ft 1in x 9ft 8in. 263 (264 62/94 by calc.) bm. Ord: 6.12.1689. L: 16.4.1690. First cost: contract @ £6.10.0d per ton. Commissioned 4.1690 under Capt. William Stone; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue Squadron) 30.6.1690. On 9.1.1691 under Capt. Andrew Leake? On 17.2.1692 under Capt. Thomas Killingworth; at Battle of Barfleur (Red Squadron) 19.5.1692, expended unsuccessfully 19.5.1692. Griffin William Rolfe & William Castle, Upper Globe Dock, Rotherhithe. As built: 94ft 9 1/2in, 82ft 4in x 24ft 8 1/2in x 9ft 9 1/2in. 266 (267 34/94 by calc.) bm. Ord: 6.12.1689. L: 17.4.1690. First cost: contract @ £7.2.6d per ton. Commissioned 18.3.1690 under Capt. Clifford Chamberlain; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red Squadron) 30.6.1690. On 5.8.1690 under Capt. Gabriel Hughes. On 19.1.1691 under Capt. William Cross. In 1692 under Capt. Robert Partridge (died 9.7.1692); at Battle of Barfleur (Red Squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. Robert Hancock, with the main fleet. On 23.1.1694 under Capt. Kerryll Roffey, with Russell’s fleet. On 27.1.1696 under Capt. Thomas Long. In 1698 under Capt. Thomas Coale, as guard ship at Sheerness. BU 1701 to RB. Hawk John Frame, Wapping. As built: 94ft 10 1/2in, 86ft 8in x 25ft 0in x 9ft 7in. 288 11/94 bm.

Ord: 6.12.1689. L: 17.4.1690. First cost: contract @ £7.2.6d per ton. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. William Harman (-1692); at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690. On 3.12.1692 under Capt. John Hartneil, then on 24.5.1693 under Capt. John Anderson, both with Wheler’s squadron in the West Indies. In 1694 under Capt. Cooper Wade, with Berkeley’s squadron in the Channel. On 4.5.1696 under Capt. Richard Browne (-1697), on convoy duties. In 1702 under Capt. Bennet Allen; at Battle of Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Capt. Walter Riddle (or Riddall). In 1705 under Cmdr John Williams (-1706), with Byng’s squadron in the Soundings. In 25.9.1706 under Cmdr Abraham Tudor, for Jamaica and then home. In 5.7.1707 under Cmdr Thomas Richards (-1710), with Byng’s fleet in the Channel; voyage to Lisbon 10.1708; with Byng’s fleet in the Mediterranean 1709–10. On 30.7.1710 under Cmdr Joseph Lingen, still in the Mediterranean, as a fireship. Sunk as abreakwater at Plymouth (by AO 9.12.1712) at end 1712.

As a proportion of their numbers, few fireships were expended in action, and even fewer were successful. At the Battle of Barfleur in 1692 the English used four to no effect and

one was set on fire by enemy action, but it was very different during the follow-up actions at Cherbourg and La Hougue. Two of the three employed at Cherbourg destroyed the stranded 70-gun Triomphant and the huge fleet flagship Soleil Royal; at La Hougue, however, fireships were held back when it was discovered that the French warships could be more economically destroyed by boarders setting fire to the abandoned ships, although two fireships were later released, ineffectually, against transports sheltering in the harbour. This drawing by the younger Van de Velde is captioned as La Hougue, but it shows fireships alongside two of the French great ships, and is more indicative of the action at Cherbourg. British Museum.

Roebuck Edward Snelgrove, Wapping. As built: 96ft 0in, 84ft 5in x 25ft 6in x 9ft 9 3/4in. 291 92/94 bm. Ord: 6.12.1689 (contract 13.12.1689). L: 17.4.1690. First cost: contract @ £7.2.6d per ton. Commissioned 11.4.1690 under Capt. Isaac Townsend. On 21.7.1690 under Capt. John Walford (died 29.8.1690), then 17.8.1690 under Cmdr Andrew Leake, and 15.1.1691 under Capt. Francis Manley (died of wounds 17.6.1692); at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. On 6.3.1693 under Capt. Richard Wyatt. On 23.11.1693 under Capt. Robert Kirton; at destruction of shipping in Bertheaume Bay 10.5.1694. Re-rated 23.5.1695 as a 24-gun Fifth Rate. Later in 1695 under Capt. Edward Owen; escape from Duguay-Trouin’s squadron 4.1695. Later under Capt. George Trenchard (died 21.4.1696), then Capt. Robert Stevens. In 1697 under Capt. William Urry, for Yarmouth fishery. On 11.8.1698 under Capt. William Dampier, fitted for round-the-world expedition (as 12-gun Sixth Rate), sailed 14.1.1699 from the Downs via Cape of Good Hope and Timor to reach Australia, sailing for home via New Guinea 1.1.1700; foundered 24.2.1701 at anchor off Ascension. Hound Mr. Graves, Limehouse. As built: 93ft 8in, 81ft 8 1/2in x 25ft 0in x 9ft 8in. 271 60/94 bm. Ord: 6.12.1689 (contract 13.12.1689). L: 18.4.1690. First cost: contract @ £7.2.6d per ton. Commissioned 12.4.1690 under Capt. Thomas Fowlis (or Fowles); at Battle of Barfleur 19.5.1692; expended in attack on Cherbourg (burnt prematurely) 22.5.1692. Vulture Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As built: 93ft 1in, 82ft 2in x 24ft 10 1/4in x 9ft 7 1/2in. 270 30/94 bm. Ord: 6.12.1689. L: 18.4.1690.

First cost: contract @ £7.2.6d per ton. Commissioned 14.4.1690 under Capt. James Moodie. On 31.8.1690 under Capt. Thomas Symonds, with the Fleet. In ?1.1691 under Capt. Thomas Kercher, with the Fleet. On 17.2.1692 under Capt. Hovenden Walker; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Cmdr William Lindsey, ?later Cmdr John Jackson, to the Mediterranean. On 26.5.1694 under Capt. Thomas Cleasby, with Russell’s fleet. On 7.12.1695 under Capt. John Symonds (-1697); to East Indies 1697. In 1700 under Capt. Richard Paul; to the Baltic 1701. Later in 1701 under Capt. Richard Cotten, with Rooke’s fleet. In 1702 under Capt. Thomas Long; at Battle of Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. On 27.9.1703 under Capt John Cowe; to the Mediterranean 9.1703. In 1704 under Cmdr George Fisher, with Shovell’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704; with Leake’s squadron 1704–05. In 1705 under Cmdr Isaac Cook, with Shovell’s fleet in the Mediterranean. In 1706 under Cmdr Richard Lestock, with Leake’s fleet. In 9.1706 under Cmdr Caesar Brooks, to Jamaica; in Wager’s action off Cartagena 28.5.1708. Later in 1708 under Cmdr William Lloyd; taken by a French squadron off Ushant 10.12.1708. Wolf Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As built: 93ft 1in, 81ft 10in x 24ft 11in x 9ft 9in. 270 33/94 bm. Ord: 6.12.1689. L: 18.4.1690. First cost: contract @ £7.2.6d per ton. Commissioned 18.4.1690 under Capt. Thomas Urry. On 19.1.1691 under Capt. James Greenway; at Battle of Barfleur 19.5.1692; expended in attack on Cherbourg (destroying 70-gun Le Triomphant) 22.5.1692. Hunter Jonas Shish (Jnr), Lower Globe Dock, Rotherhithe. As built: 93ft 6in, 84ft 7in x 24ft 10in x 9ft 11in. 277 43/94 bm Ord: 6.12.1689. L: 29.4.1690. First cost: contract @ £7.2.6d per ton. Commissioned 29.4.1690 under Capt. Thomas Kercher; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue Squadron) 30.6.1690. On 19.1.1691 under Capt. Gerard Elwes. In 1692 under Capt. Thomas Rooke; at Battle of Barfleur 19– 24.5.1692. On 6.12.1692 under Capt. James Braithwaite (died 1693). On 21.7.1693 under Capt. John Herne; with Benbow’s squadron 1696. On 25.9.1696 under Capt. John Cranby; to Newfoundland 1697. On 11.8.1697 under Capt. Henry Crofts. In 1701 under Capt. James Jesson,

for the Dunkirk squadron. In 1702 under Cmdr Sir Charles Rich, with Fairburne’s fleet; at Battle of Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. On ?12.1.1703 under Thomas Legge, with Rooke’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704. On ?15.8.1704 under Cmdr Robert Bowler, in the Mediterranean. In 1707 under Cmdr James Stewart, for return Home. Re-rated sloop 1708. In 1708 under Cmdr Sir Francis Drake, with Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea; Lisbon voyage 10.1708. Reclassed as fireship 1709?, then made a Sixth Rate (24 guns, 115 men, by AO 14.1.1709); returned to the Mediterranean 1710; taken by French privateer La Délice off Cadiz 20.9.1710. 1690 PROGRAMME ‘FIRESHIPS’. An estimate for a smaller ‘Fifth Rate for a fireship’ was obtained on 5 August 1690; this was to be a vessel of 68ft 8in (keel) x 20ft 9in x 9ft 2in, giving a tonnage of 157 bm with a height between decks of 4ft 8in. The estimate was £1,099 to build (£7 per ton) plus £664.8.0d fitting and storing for 8 months — a total of £1,763.8.0d. However, this small Fifth Rate does not appear to have been progressed further. Another eight 256-ton fireships were ordered in late 1690. On 2 December 1690, a new estimate was obtained for these. It was no longer stated that these were to be included in the Fifth Rate, but in practice these vessels were treated like their 1689 predecessors. They were now to be 91ft long (LD), with a breadth of 25ft 2in and a depth in hold of 9ft 6in, and with a minimum height between decks of 4ft 8in. The tonnage would be 256 bm, giving a keel length of 76ft. Eight ships were now envisaged at an estimated cost of £23,344.16.0d (or £2,918.2.0d per ship) fully fitted and stored. Dimensions & tons: 91ft 0in, 76ft 0in x 25ft 2in x 9ft 6in. 256 bm. As Fifth Rates (1703 Establishment): Men: 115. Guns: 28/24 (comprising LD 4/2 x 9pdrs; UD 20/18 x 6pdrs; QD 4/4 x 4pdrs). As fireships: Men: 45. Guns: 8 x 6pdrs. Vulcan Jonas Shish (Jnr), Lower Globe Dock, Rotherhithe. As built: 91ft 2in, 80ft 0in x 25ft 4 1/2in x 9ft 6in. 273 (274 by calc.) bm. Ord: 5.9.1690 (contract 31.10.1690). L: 21.2.1691. Commissioned 23.2.1691 under Capt. Josiah Soanes (-1693); at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19–24.5.1692. On 20.9.1693 under Capt. William Hockaday (-1696), in the Mediterranean. In 6.7.1696 under Cmdr Christopher Coulsea, in the North Sea. In 10.12.1697 under Capt.

John Watkins; to the Mediterranean 1699. In 1701 under Capt. Richard Culliford, then 1702 Capt. John Balchen, with the Fleet. In 1703 under Cmdr John Clifton (-1705), with Shovell’s fleet; at Battle of VélezMálaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704. In 2.2.1705 under Cmdr William Falkner. In 17.3.1707 under William Ockman (drowned 22.10.1707), in the Mediterranean. Sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness 10.8.1709. Blaze Edward Snelgrove, Deptford. As built: ..., 76ft 1in x 25ft 4in x ... 259 68/94 bm. Ord: 5.9.1690 (contract 21.10.1690). L: 5.3.1691. Commissioned 4.3.1691 under Capt. Thomas Rooke, then 16.4.1691 under Capt. Richard Short. In 1692 under Capt. Thomas Heath; at Battle of Barfleur 19.5.1692; expended in attack on Cherbourg (destroying 102gun Le Soleil Royal) 22.5.1692. Flame Thomas Gressingham, Rotherhithe. As built: 91ft 7in, 80ft 0in x 25ft 4 1/4in x 9ft 8in. 273 51/94 bm. Ord: 5.9. 1690 (contract 31.10.1690). L: 6.3.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. David Greenhill. On 16.2.1692 under Capt. James Stewart; at Battle of Barfleur (Red Squadron) 19–24.5.1692. On 19.8.1692 under Capt. George Symonds, with Russell’s fleet. In 9.1694 under Capt. Thomas Lake, then 24.4.1695 Capt. John Edwards and 8.1.1697 Capt. Joseph Moore. Later in 1797 under Capt. Thomas Day; then 5.6.1697 Capt. Henry Searle; sailed to Newfoundland 7.1797, then to Neville’s squadron in the West Indies; abandoned and allowed to founder on route home from Barbados 22.8.1697. Strombolo Sir Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 91ft 6in, 78ft 1 1/2in x 25ft 4in x 9ft 6 3/4in. 266 65/94 bm. Ord: 5.9.1690. L: 7.3.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. Thomas Urry; at Battle of Barfleur (Red Squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1694 under Capt. Thomas Legge, then 10.3.1697 under Capt. Edward Cole, both with the Channel fleet. In 1701 under Capt. William Russel, for Jamaica. In 1702 under Capt. Charles Smith, then 1703 Capt. Henry Hobart, still in West Indies. Reclassed as Fifth Rate by AO 15.4.1704 (with 28 guns, 125 men), On 21.4.1704 under Capt. Mathew Teate, for Virginia; to North Sea 1706. On 13.1.1707 under Capt. Charles Hardy, then 1708 Capt. George Lumley, still in the North Sea. In 1709 under Capt. Charles Brown, in the Channel, then 10.6.1709 Capt. Thomas Beverley, with

Newfoundland convoy. In 171 o under Capt. Caesar Brooks, then 27.1.1712 Capt. Charles Boyle, both in the North Sea. Sold (for £623) 20.8.1713. Aetna (Etna) John Frame, Hessle, near Hull. As built: 90ft 11 1/4in, 81ft 3in x 25ft 7 1/2in x 9ft 6in. 283 74/94 bm. Ord: 25.9.1690 (contract 20.10.1690). L: 19.3.1691. Commissioned 3.5.1691 under Capt. Richard Kerworth (or Carverth); at Battle of Barfleur (Blue Squadron) 19–24.5.1692. In 1694 under Capt. Kendrick Anderson; taken by French 40-gun privateer off Berry Head 18.4.1697 (Anderson killed), becoming French L’Aetna. Phaeton Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As built: 91ft 5in, 79ft 0in x 25ft 7 1/2in x 9ft 6in. 263 (275 87/94 by calc.) bm. Ord: 25.9. 1690 (contract 31.10.1690). L: 19.3.1691. Commissioned. 6.2.1691 under Capt. Robert Hancock; at Battle of Barfleur (Red Squadron), expended unsuccessfully 19.5.1692. Lightning John. Taylor, Cuckold’s Point, Rotherhithe. As built: 91ft 2in, 80ft 0in x 25ft 2in x 9ft 8 1/2in. 269 48/94 bm. Ord: 25.9.1690 (contract 31.10.1690). L: 20.3.1691. Commissioned 16.3.1691 under Capt. Lawrence Keck; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue Squadron) 19–24.5.1692. On 11.11.1693 under Capt. Robert Audley (dismissed 28.2.1696), in the Mediterranean. In 1696 under Capt. William Carter, with Iceland convoy. On 21.2.1697 under Capt. Charles Ormerod, with Mees’s squadron. In 13.8.1697 under Capt. Barrow Harris, in the West Indies. In 1701 under Keck again, then 1702 Capt. Thomas Mitchell; in Battle of Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. In 1704 under Cmdr Archibald Hamilton; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704; taken by the French 24.11.1705. Vesuvius John Taylor, Cuckold’s Point, Rotherhithe. As built: 92ft 0in, 80ft 0in x 25ft 2in x 9ft 8 1/2in. 269 48/94 bm. Ord: 25.9.1690 (contract 31.10.1690). L: 30.3.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. William Kiggins. In 1692 under Capt. John Guy; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue Squadron) 19–24.5.1692; expended (as an explosion vessel) in attack on harbour at St Malo 19.11.1693.

Possibly the oldest known draught of a named fireship, this is the Griffin as rebuilt in 1702. The rebuilding was actually categorised as a ‘Great Repair., which did not alter the dimensions much, and probably did not change the basic layout of the ship as built in 1690. On the lower deck (the ‘fireroom’), the seven forward ports are shown armed with the chambers that blew out the port-lids when the fuzing mechanism was fired, and the larger eighth port was the sally-port from which the crew escaped to a waiting boat. The two aftermost pairs of ports were retained for the defensive armament of four 9pdr guns, as laid down in the Establishment. The ship could not work its cables conventionally on the lower deck because it was encumbered with the ‘fireworks’, so at the stem the upper deck was curved down to the hawse-holes, allowing the cables to be brought up to a windlass under the forecastle. National Maritime Museum J8101.

1693–94 PROGRAMME ‘FIRESHIPS’. In November 1693 two further fireships were ordered to the same general arrangement as those above, and a third in January 1694, while two more (taking the names of fireships expended in the previous year) were purchased on the stocks. As Fifth Rates: Men: 115 (1703). Guns: at the 1696 Survey, Terrible actually carried 26 guns (comprising 6 demi-culverins, 16 sakers and 4 x 3pdrs). Under the 1703 Establishment all had 28/24 (comprising LD 4/2 x 9pdrs; UD 20/18 x 6pdrs; QD 4/4 x 4pdrs). As fireships: Men: 45. Guns: 8 x 6pdrs. In practice, Phoenix (in 1707) carried 6 minions and 2 falconets, while Firebrand (in 1701 and 1703) carried 6 minions and 2 falcons. Phoenix John Gardner & John Dalton, Rotherhithe. As built: 91ft 0in, 76ft 0in x 25ft 2 1/2in x 9ft 10 1/2in. 256 (256 83/94 by calc.) bm. Ord: 16.11.1693 (contract 8.12.1693). L: 16.3.1694. Commissioned 1694 under Capt. Edward Rigby. On 21.12.1694 under Capt. John Douglas, for the Channel. On 1.10.1697 under Capt. Hercules

Mitchell. In 1701 under Capt. Joseph Soanes, then 1702 Capt. John Mitchell; at Battle of Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Cmdr John Trotter, then ?7.2.1704 under Cmdr Edmund Hicks; at Battle of VélezMálaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704. On 9.3.1705 under Capt. Michael Sansom, for the Mediterranean; grounded in the Scillies 22.10.1707 (no casualties), but salved; laid up at Plymouth 1708–09, then RB there (see below). Firebrand John Haydon, Limehouse. As built: 92ft 3in, 78ft 0in x 25ft 5in x 9ft 7in. 268 2/94 bm. Ord: 16.11.1693 (contract 13.12.1693). L: 31.3.1694. Commissioned 7.1694 under Capt. William Carter. On 19.10.1694 under Capt. John Soule; sailed early 1695 to West Indies. On 14.12.1695 under Capt. Josiah Hickman (-1698). In 1700 under Capt. John Balchen, for Irish waters; sailed to Jamaica with Whetstone’s squadron. In 1702 under Capt. Henry Turville; with Leake’s squadron at Newfoundland; with Rooke’s fleet at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704; with Leake’s squadron in winter 1704–05. In 1705 under Capt. Sampson Bourne, with Shovell’s fleet. In 1706 under Capt. Francis Piercy, off Ostend; to the Mediterranean 1707; returning with Shovell’s squadron, wrecked on rocks off the Scillies 22.10.1707 (24 survivors including Piercy). Terrible Thomas Ellis, Shoreham. As built: 92ft 3in, 76ft 0in (71ft 8in in some records) x 25ft 0in x 9ft 8in. 252 62/94 bm. Ord: 24.1.1694. L: 15.6.1694. Commissioned ?7.1694 under Capt. John Fletcher. In 1696 under Capt. Timothy Bridges, as guard ship at Plymouth. Converted to fireship (by AO 26.2.1701), then ‘frigate’ (by AO 17.3.1701), then fireship again (by AO 26.3.1701). In 1701 under Capt. John Anderson, in the Downs. In 1702 under Capt. George Ramsey; at Battle of Vigo 12.10.1702. Established as fireship by AO 29.5.1703. In 1703 under Capt. William Jameson, with Shovell’s fleet; to the Mediterranean 9.1703; home in 1704; to Jamaica 1705. On 17.5.1708 under Capt. William Massam (suicide 2.10.1708), 1708 under Capt. John Goodhall, for the Mediterranean. In 1709 under Capt. Charles Constable. Made Fifth Rate again by AO 14.1.1710. In 1710 under Capt. Thomas Mabbot, for the Mediterranean; taken by the French 36-gun Le Faucon off Cape St

Maria (Portugal) 20.9.1710, losing 4 dead and 16 wounded. Vesuvius Nicholas Barrett, Shoreham. As built: 92ft 0in, 77ft 6in x 25ft 7in x 10ft 6in. 269 76/94 bm. L: 4.12.1693. Purchased. Commissioned 1694 under Capt. Robert Stapleton, for Russell’s fleet. On 20.5.1695 under Capt. William Passenger, for Benbow’s squadron; in the Downs 1697. In 1700 under Capt. Edward Owen, for the Baltic. In 1701 under Capt. Thomas Swanton, for Rooke’s fleet. In 1702 under Capt. Lawrence Keck, for Shovell’s fleet. In 1703 under Capt. George Paddon; stranded at Spithead in the Great Gale 26.11.1703; refloated 12.1703 but condemned (by AO 7.9.1705) and BU. Blaze Sir Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 93ft 0in, 77ft 8in x 24ft 9in x 10ft 0in. 253 6/94 bm. L: 17.2.1694. Purchased 1.2.1694 (by AO 12.1.1694) and established ‘as the fireships last built’. Commissioned 1.2.1694 under Capt. John Wooden, for Berkeley’s squadron; taken (with Seaford) 5.5.1697 off the south-west of Ireland by four French warships.

A contemporary model, also thought to represent the Griffin, but judging from the decorative work probably depicting the ship towards the end of her long career in the 1730s. The model provides a few extra details not seen on the draught — the ‘chimneys’ at the corners of the waist, designed to carry flames up to the sails, and the downward-hinged lower-deck ports that were designed to be blown open at the right moment by explosive charges. Note that the aftermost ports are still rigged as conventional gunports. This model also shows much of the elaborate system of ‘fireworks’ between decks, although it needs fibre-optic technology to see it properly US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 42.

REBUILT FIRESHIPS. The Griffin and Speedwell were rebuilt in 1700–2 from two of the large purpose-built fireships of 1690–92. The Griffin of 1702 remained a fireship in 1714 (the sole fireship left in the navy at that date), while Swiftsure was the sole example left by 1714 of the 28-gun demibatterie Fifth Rates. The similar Phoenix of 1694 was rebuilt in 1709 and established 28.4.1709 as a fireship (with 8 guns and 45 men), but was reclassed as a 20-gun Sixth Rate (with 100 men) on 2.2.1711 and a 24-gun (with 115 men) on 14.7.1711.

As Fifth Rates (1703 Establishment): Men: 125/95. Guns: LD 4/2 x 9pdrs; UD 20/18 x 6pdrs; QD 4/4 x 4pdrs. As fireships: Men: 45. Guns: 8 x 6pdrs. Griffin Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Bond (died 10.1701), completed by Joseph Allin] As built: 94ft 7in, 78ft 9 1/2in x 25ft 1 1/2in x 9ft 6in. 163 63/94 bm. Ord: 29.10.1700 (as ‘Great Repair’). L: early 1702. Commissioned 2.1702 under Capt. William Scalley (died 26.9.1703); at Battle of Vigo Bay 12.10.1702. In 1703 under Cmdr George Ramsay, for Rooke’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704; subsequently in the Mediterranean; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07. In 1707 under Cmdr William Holden, with Byng’s fleet in the Downs. In 1709 under Cmdr John Stevens (-1712), in the Mediterranean. Middling Repair at Deptford (for £1,552.0.2d for hull only) 5–7.1713. In 1717 under Cmdr Francis Knighton, with the Baltic Fleet, then ?3.1718 under Cmdr Humphrey Orme, in the Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. Refit at Deptford (for £1,446.11.9 1/4in for hull only) 4–8.1719. In 1723 under Lieut. Peter Warren, in the Baltic. Refit at Deptford (for £1,336.9.0d) 6–10.1725. In 1726 under Cmdr James Cornwallis (died 28.5.1727), with Wager’s fleet in the Baltic, then 1727 under Cmdr John Smith, with Norris’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1729 under Cmdr Edward Bennet, with Wager’s fleet again. In 1732 under Cmdr John Towry; paid off 8.8.1732. Recommissioned 1734 under Cmdr William Weighman, for Norris’s fleet, then ?4.1735 Cmdr (Capt. 5.1736) Samuel Faulkner, still with Norris’s fleet in the Tagus; paid off 7.5.1737. Sold at Deptford (for £113) 21.7.1737. Speedwell Newman & Graves, Limehouse. Dimensions & tons: 94ft 9in, 78ft 10 1/2in x 25ft 4in x 9ft 8 1/2in. 269 22/94 bm. Ord: (to RB) 9.10.1701. L: 28.8.1702 (approval date for launching). Commissioned 6.1702 under Capt. George Camocke (-1710), for the Irish coast; took (with Shoreham) privateers L’Aventure 30.7.1705 and La Bonne-Françoise 19.6.1706; recaptured sloop Wolf 1.6.1708; took privateers La Marie-Thérèse 13.7.1708 and La Mignonne 20.6.1709. In 11.1710 under Capt. Philip Vanbrugh (-1715), still in Irish sea; Middling Repair at Portsmouth (for £1,118.7.9 1/4d) 11.1712–2.1713; to Barbados 1713. Docked at Deptford to BU (by AO 17.12.1715) 11.1715 to RB as

Sixth Rate. Phoenix Joseph Bingham, Plymouth. As built: 93ft 6in, 76ft 9in x 25ft 10 1/2in x 9ft 8in. 273 21/94 bm. Ord: (to RB) 12.3.1708. L: 28.5.1709. Commissioned 4.1709 as a fireship under Cmdr Thomas Graves; damaged in collision with Saint Albans 10.9.1709; paid off at Portsmouth 28.9.1710. Recommissioned 1710 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) Edward Blacket (-1715), for the Channel and North Sea; ‘considerable’ repair at Woolwich 3–5.1713; to New England 1714–15. On 5.10.1715 under Capt. Vincent Pearce (-1721); coast of Scotland 1716; with Byng’s fleet to the Baltic 1717, to the Bahamas 1718, then to New York until 1721. Surveyed at Deptford 1727, then BU 4.1727 with remains taken to Woolwich to RB. The above were the last purpose-built fireships ordered for the Navy until their revival in the 1780s following the advocacy of Richard Howe. During the early Georgian period a number of older warships, both Fifth and Sixth Rates, were converted to the role (not always permanently). In reality their cost never justified such specialised construction, a need that could more economically be made by commandeering existing (and no longer valuable) vessels. Under the 1703 Establishment of Guns, the 28-gun class was identified as carrying 125/95 men and 28/24 guns comprising: LD 4/2 demi-culverins or 9pdrs (of 8ft length); UD 20/18 x 6pdrs (of 7 1/2ft length); QD 4/4 x 4pdrs (of 7ft length). The 1716 Establishment of Guns made no provision for this type, as the remaining units were being phased out.

6 The Sixth Rates

T

he difference between the Fifth Rate and the Sixth Rate, from the middle of the seventeenth century, is that the Sixth Rates had a single continuous gun deck, whereas the Fifth Rates were generally two-deckers. The primary weapon on the Restoration Sixth Rate was the saker, of which they carried up to about sixteen. From the early 1690s a larger type of singledecked vessel was introduced, carrying twenty of these sakers. This type became the standard Sixth Rate throughout the first half of the eighteenth century, with the primary weapon upgraded to the 6pdr.

(A) Vessels in service at 24 March 1603 This section includes the miscellaneous smaller craft which were among the vessels inherited by James Fs navy following the death of Elizabeth, the smaller galleons having been included in Chapter 4, and two small ships and the various pinnaces in Chapter 5. In setting out this assorted list, no differentiation by size or type has been practical. Only the two hoys were on the Officiai List of the Navy Royal in 1603, but the galleys and other vessels were still included in the Establishment. SEVEN STARS. This galley of 140 tons was built at Chatham Dyd in 1586 and carried 5 guns. She was discarded in 1603 following James’s accession. CYGNET. This pink of 30 tons was built in 1585. She carried 3 small guns and 30 men, and was used primarily for communication, but was no longer on the Establishment in 1603, and was discarded following James’s accession. HOYS (1588 and 1590). The George of 100 tons was built in 1588 (and then rebuilt in 1601) and the Primrose of 80 tons in 1590. Both were recommended in the 1618 Commission of Enquiry to be made serviceable, so they were clearly still extant, but nothing more is recorded of them.

HULKS (1588 and 1592). Two large vessels on the establishment remained in existence for static harbour duties. The 1,150-ton Rosario was the prize Nuestra Señora del Rosario taken from the Spanish in 1588; she had been the flagship (‘Admirale’) of the Andalusian squadron within the Spanish Armada, captured by Drake; she was hulked in 1594 and was taken to pieces in 1622. The 894-ton merchantman Eagle of Lubeck had been purchased in 1592, converted into a careening hulk with her name shortened to Eagle, and stayed until finally sold in 1683. MERCURY. This galley of 80 tons was built at Deptford Dyd in 1592 and carried 6 guns. She was converted into a pinnace soon after James’s accession, but was sold in 1611. GALLEYS (1601–02). These four vessels were each of 100 tons and established with 5 guns (1 culverin, 2 sakers and 2 fowlers). Their origins may lie in Queen Elizabeth’s proclamation that captured Spanish mariners would be put to service as oarsmen chained in English ships (the Spanish had a record of doing this to captured English seamen). The edict seems to have been meant as a propaganda weapon, and not implemented in practice, but these four galleys may have been built to give credence to the proclamation. However, it is more likely that they were built as a response to the Spanish bringing a force of galleys from Spain to Dunkirk in the summer of 1599, which was used in the shallow waters off the Dutch coast. It was initially suggested that as a response England should build a fleet of twelve galleys (four by the Queen, two by the City, two by Essex/Suffolk/Norfolk/Lincolnshire, two by Kent/Surrey/Sussex/Hamspshire and two by Somerset/Devon/Cornwall), together with an arsenal at Chatham to house them. The arsenal was never built, and only the first four galleys materialised, and it appears that these were never used, but were laid up. James I rescinded the proclamation soon after ascending the throne, as part of his peace deal with Spain. The galleys were all condemned as unserviceable in 1618 and finally sold in 1629 ‘after costing large sums in paint and tinkering for nearly thirty years’. Advantagia Woolwich Dyd. (1601) Men: 422 (50 mariners. 10 gunner, 118 soldiers and 244 oarsmen) Superlativ a Deptford Dyd (1601) Men: 446 (50 mariners. 10 gunner, 126 soldiers and 260 oarsmen) Gallarita Limehouse (1602)

Men: 422 (50 mariners. 10 gunner, 118 soldiers and 244 oarsmen) Volatillia Deptford Dyd. (1602) Men: 394 (50 mariners. 10 gunner, 118 soldiers and 216 oarsmen) A further vessel, the Margaret Galley, was also built in 1601, and appears to have lasted until 1671, but no service is recorded.

(B) Vessels acquired from 24 March 1603 DESIRE. This ketch was added as a Fourth Rate in 1616 (but would have been counted as a Sixth Rate if that classification had existed in 1616). Desire Dimensions & tons: 66ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 63/84 tons. Men:... Guns: 2 falcons: + 4 port-pieces. L: 1616. No record of service. Not mentioned after 1628. In the division of the King’s Ships into six Ranks or Rates which was introduced in 1626 (primarily for purposes of paying their officers), the newly designated group of Sixth Rates were categorised as having an established complement of from 40 to 50 men. This was amended in 1653 to classify as Sixth Rates those ships having at least 40 men (and up to 79). 1626 PINNACES. Two small pinnaces were launched in 1626. Notwithstanding the fact that they carried fewer men than prescribed for Sixth Rates, they appear to have been so rated.

The English fleet at the siege of La Rochelle in 1628, a detail from the series of engravings by Jacques Callot. In the foreground are a number of oared small craft of varying designs. Perhaps surprisingly, they are lateen rigged, a sail plan associated with the Mediterranean, but the hull shape has far more sheer than usual in ships from that region. They are decked, and quite distinctly larger than the ships’ boats also shown, so may be ‘shallops’, or even ‘pinnaces’ — the appearance of early seventeenth-century small craft is an almost unstudied field. Peter Kirsch.

Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 15ft 0in x 7ft 6in. 51/68 tons (52 22/94 bm by later cala). Men: 25. Guns: 6. Henrietta (1626) Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Thomas Rabnet. In 1660 under Capt. Benjamin Firmase. Sold 1661. Maria (sometimes misrecorded as Madrid) (1626) as Henrietta. Reported in 1644 as unseaworthy, and not mentioned otherwise in the records.

A List of the King’s Ships dated 1633 includes also four ships of 58ft keel length, each rated as having 30 men and 8 guns. Two of these (the names given are Providence and Expedition) are quoted as being 89 tons each, and two (named as Roebuck and Greyhound) as 80 tons each. As the list also includes the ‘frigates’ Swan and Nicodemus (of 1636, see below), albeit as each being of 40ft keel and 60 tons, and carrying 10 men and 3 guns, I have assumed this List to be erroneous and to confuse later Fourth and Fifth Rates of the same names with the details quoted. Ex-PRIVATEER PRIZES (1635–36). Swan (Dutch privateer, built at Vlissingen), Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men:... Guns:... Taken 11.1635 by Swiftsure. Purchased for £171.18.4d. Commissioned 1636 under Capt. Henry Dunning (-1637), for the North Sea and Channel, but was wrecked off Guernsey 10.1638. Nicodemus (Dunkirk privateer ...), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in keel x 19ft 0in x 9ft 6in. 105 gross (later 121 bm). Men: 50 in 1652–53. Guns: 6 initially; 10 in 1652–53. Taken 13.10.1636 (detained at Plymouth). Commissioned 1636 under Capt. Buller. In 1643 under Capt. John Wood. In 1644 under Capt. Thomas Pacey (-1648). In 1650 under Capt. Thomas Vallis (-1651). In 1652 under Capt. William Ledgant (-1654). Later in 1654 under Capt. Richard (or Robert) Ducie (-1655). In 1656 under Capt. David Dove. Sold 1657. PURCHASED VESSELS (1642) Crescent Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 167 bm. Men:... Guns: 14. Purchased 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Thomas Plunkett (-1643). In 1644 under Capt. Peter Whitty. In 1645 under Capt. John Edwin (-1648). Later in 1648 in Royalist hands, under Capt. Skinner. Reverted to Parliamentary control 1649, and under Capt. Jacob Reynolds. Wrecked 1649. Lily

Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown, 110 bm. Men: 50. Guns: 10/12. Purchased 1642. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. John Lambert (-1649). In 1650 under Capt. Richard Newberry (-1651). Later in 1651 under Capt. Philip Holland (probably), then under Capt. Edward Barrett (-1652). Later in 1652 under Isias Blowfield (-1653); wrecked in Weymouth Bay 9.1653 in a storm. Ex-ROYALIST PRIZES (1642–45). Robert (Royalist Fortune), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 100 tons. Men:... Guns: 8. Taken 1642 from Royalists. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. William Rew; in 1645–48 under Rew again. In 1648 under Capt. William Jennings. Taken by Irish Royalists 1649. Hart (Royalist ...), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 120 tons. Men: 60. Guns: 12. Taken 1643 from Royalists. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Batts. In Royalist hands 1643, under Capt. Richard Nesson; retaken by Parliamentarians. In 1644 under Capt. Roger Beere. In 1646 under Capt. John Bowen (-1648). In 1649 under Capt. Philip Goose (-1650). Later in 1650 under Capt. John Seaman (-1651). In 1651 under Capt. James Coppin (killed 8.1652); taken by three Dutch privateers in the North Sea 8.1652. Duncannon (Royalist Duncannon), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men:... Guns: 10. Taken 1644 from Royalists. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Samuel Howett; blew up in action 1645. Increase (Royalist ...), 12–14 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 133 bm. Men: ... Guns: 12–14. Taken 1645. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. ?Swymmer. In 1646 under Capt. Robert Moulton (-1647). In 1649 under Capt. Robert Wilkinson; wrecked near

Cardiff 3.1650 in a storm. Ex-‘KING’S SHIPS’ (i.e. Royalist) (1647–49). A number of Royalist vessels were taken and added to the Parliamentary forces as Sixth Rates; of these the Truelove was until the late 1650s actually classed as a Fifth Rate by the Commonwealth Navy. Falcon (Royalist ‘shallop’..., possibly Irish), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 40. Guns: 6. Taken 1647 by ‘the Irish squadron’, then purchased for £155.19.9d. Fitted for service at Bristol (by Order 29.4.1647). Commissioned 1648 under Capt. George Dakins. No record after 1653. Truelove (Royalist Katherine), 14 guns Dimensions & tons: 59ft 0in keel x 18ft 0in x 7ft 1in. 102 (101 64/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 30 in 1652–53; 50 in 1660; 60/50/35 in 1666. Guns: 14 in 1652; 12 by end 1653 and in 1666. Taken 1647 by ‘the Irish squadron’, then purchased for £75.1.2d. Fitted for service at Bristol (by Order 29.4.1647). Commissioned 1648 under Capt. John Sherwyn; joined Royalists, but surrendered in 11.1648. In 1650 under Capt. John Vessey, on the Irish coast and in the Irish Sea. In 1651 under Capt. Robert Vessey (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. John Parker (-1656). In 1656 under Capt. Benjamin Gunston (-1657), then 1657 under Capt. John Smith (-1658) and 1659 Capt. Benjamin Firmase (-1660); Medway guard ship 6.1660. Later under Capt. Robert Holmes. On 1.7.1661 under Capt. Phineas Pett (-25.9.1663), at the same time commanding the Bramble. On 15.3.1665 under Capt. William Peach (-23.11.1666); stationed in the Downs during Battle of Lowestoft 3.6.1665; stationed between Yarmouth and Harwich 3.1666, then used as transport of newly raised men from north-east ports to Harwich in 7.1666. Rebuilt at Harwich Dyd (by Anthony Deane) 10.1666–3.1667. Recommissioned 5.3.1667 under Capt. Thomas Langley (-19.11.1667). Converted to a fireship 1668. On 25.4.1668 under Capt. John Shelley (-11.1.1669). On 12.5.1671 under Capt. John Dawson (-5.1.1672). On 5.3.1672 under Capt. Peter Bonamy (died 11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron, Rear division) 11.8.1673, when expended.

Elizabeth (hoy), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 8. Deserted to the Parliamentary side 1649. Commissioned 1649 under Capt. Richard Stayner (-1651). Later in 1651 under Capt. Thomas Wilkes (-1652). No mentioned after 1653. Tiger’s Whelp (Irish Mary Antrim), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: .14. Taken 14.2.1649 by Tiger. Fitted for service by Order 4.4.1649 and renamed 7.4.1649. No record of commissioning, but was wrecked 1649. Leopard’s Whelp (Royalist Thomas), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 10. Taken 1649. Commissioned 1649 under Capt. Thomas Keysar (-1650). Not mentioned subsequently. Jermyn (Royalist privateer Adventure) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: ... Taken 1649 by Tiger. Fitted by Order 9.7.1649. Commissioned 1649 under Capt. John Seaman. No further record, but disappeared before 1653. The Royalist forces included a number of other vessels counted as Sixth Rates, about which little detail is available. Two were acquired by them in 1648; the Black Prince (of 10 guns) was hired in 1648 and purchased in March 1650, when commanded by Capt. John Goulding; the Blackamoor Lady (of 18 guns and 180 tons) was purchased in 1648 and commanded by Capt. Thomas Dossey (or Dessie) in 1648–49 and subsequently by Capt. Richard Green, before sold in Portugal in 1650. In March 1652 the Navy included thirteen Sixth Rates with 40 men or more (excluding those with 30 or less). Apart from the Greyhound (of 80 men and 18 guns), which would revert in 1660 to being a Fifth Rate (and is included in the previous Chapter) and the three new purpose-built vessels ordered in the previous December (see below), the following were listed

(those marked with an asterisk not being included by end 1653): Two with 60 men each: Hart* (prize) and Weymouth* (the latter was a pink, details included in Chapter 7). Three with 50 men each: Elizabeth*, Lily* and Nicodemus. Three with 40 men each: Eagle*, Falcon and Galliot hoy*. Six with 30 men apiece: Fly*, Hare (ketch), Minion*, Samuel*, Scout* and Spice*. Henrietta pinnace of 25 men and 7 guns. Dove* (pink), Lady ketch*, Mary frigate and Peter of Waterford*, for which no established complement is listed. Those with fewer than 40 men should presumably be included with the unrated craft in Chapter 7, and indeed I have done this for those vessels of which anything further is known. There were also two unnamed shallops ‘to row with 20 oars’, and two hulks for careening and setting masts: Eagle at Chatham and Fellowship at Woolwich; a new hulk (the Ann) was being built at Portsmouth; all these certainly should be unrated. Both this list and the 1653 list mention below include the Fruelove with the Fifth Rates, in spite of only being established with 30 men at this period, but she should be included in this Chapter and indeed was a Sixth Rate again by 1660.

A portrait by Van de Velde the Younger of the Drake, probably drawn about 1681, so towards the end of the ship’s life. Despite her small size, the vessel is quite ship-like in configuration, with a quarterdeck and forecastle, and more than enough upper deck gunports for the 16 guns allocated at this time. National Maritime Museum PY1876.

1651 PROGRAMME. The Admiralty Committee issued an Order on 5 December 1651 to build three small vessels ‘to ply among the sands and flats to prevent pirates’. They were established with 14 guns each, and initially had 90 men apiece at end 1653. On completion, the last two vessels were described as ‘galleys’. Drake Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 85ft 0in keel x 18ft 0in x 7ft 6in. 146 46/94 bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 60 in 1660. 70 in 1666. 75/65/45 in 1677. Guns: 14/12 originally and in 1660. 12 under the 1666 Establishment; actually carried 10 in 1666 (comprising 4 demi-cannons, 2 x 8pdr sakers and 4 minions). 16/14 sakers in 1677.

L: 1652. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Anthony Smith (-1652). In 1653 under Capt. Robert Clarke, Snr. Later in 1653 under Capt. Abraham Allgate (-1656). In 1656 under Capt. John Bowrey (-1660). On 5.9.1660 under Capt. William Battin (-6.5.1661), then 23.5.1661 under Capt. Arthur Laughorne (-28.11.1661). On 9.4.1664 under Capt. Tobias Sackler (-1.3.1665). On 2.3.1665 under Capt. Richard Poole (-1.5.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 2.5.1666 under Capt. Thomas Hammond or Harwood (-21.12.1667). On 6.4.1668 under Capt. Leonard Guy (died 21.4.1668), then 22.4.1668 under Capt. Richard Country (-8.12.1668). On 1.1.1672 under Capt. John Temple (6.6.1672), then 17.6.1672 under Capt. Casibelan Burton (-29.8.1672), then 25.8.1672 under Capt. Rowland Stepney (died 26.12.1676); in the North Sea 1673; to Tangier 1674. On 9.2.1678 under Capt. JohnTyrell (-19.7.1679), in Home waters. On 10.7.1683 under Capt. Thomas Leighton (-24.2.1684), still in Home waters. On 25.2.1684 under Capt. Baron Wylde (-6.10.1684). On 11.4.1685 under Capt. Thomas Spragge (-1690), for Jamaica; condemned 1690 and sold 1691 in Jamaica.

The Martin as she was in 1661, a naïve but ï sketch from Edward Barlow’s journal. Barlow served in the ship while she was part of the Tangier squadron and he calls her the Martaine Galley.

Merlin Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Capt. John Taylor] Dimensions & tons: 75ft 0in keel x 18ft 0in x 7ft 8in. 129 24/94 bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 60 in 1660. 80/60/35 in 1662. Guns: 14/12. L: 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Peter Warren (-executed). Later in 1652 under Capt. William Vessey (-1653); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. George Crapnell (-1654); at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 31.7.1653. In

1655 under Capt. Peter Foot, with Blake’s fleet in the Mediterranean; at Tunis 4.4.1655. In 1656 under Capt. George Ford (-1658), with Blake’s fleet. On 7.5.1660 under Capt. Edward Grove (-8.12.1662). On 25.3.1665 under Capt. Charles Haward (-13.10.1665); taken by a Dutch squadron off Cadiz while defending her convoy en route to Tangier 13.10.1665. (Possibly later either a Dutch fireship at Battle of Solebay, or a privateer.) Martin Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir John Tippetts] Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 19ft 4in x 7ft 6in. 127 23/94 bm. Draught 8ft 0in. Men: 50 in 1660. 60/50/35 in 1666. Guns: 14/12. 12 under the 1666 Establishment; actually carried 14 in 1666 (comprising 6 demi-culverins, 4 x 5 1/4pdr sakers, 2 minions and 2 falcons). L: 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Robert Clarke, Jnr; at Battle of Dover 19.5.1652. In 1653 under Capt. John Vessey (killed 17.6.1653); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.1653; in action off the Vlie 17.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. William Vessey (-1655); in the Downs for winter 1653–54; with Penn’s fleet in the West Indies 1655. In 1656 under Capt. John Blythe, with Goodson’s squadron in the West Indies. In 1659 under Capt. William Burrough (-1660), then Capt. William Poole. In 1661 under Capt. ?Bennett, with Sandwich’s squadron at Tangier. On 4.4.1664 under Capt. Edward Grove (-1.12.1664). On 3.12.1664 under Capt. William Tickle (died 26.5.1665). On 27.5.1665 under Capt. Richard White (-11.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 16.6.1665 under Capt. William Kempthorne (died 26.4.1666); at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 2.8.1665, losing 1 killed and 1 wounded. Sold as useless 2.1667. At the end of 1653 the Navy list included just nine Sixth Rates. The 36-gun Cardiff (with 130 men) seems included there in error (I have shown her in Chapter 4), and the remaining eight comprised the Nicodemus, Hare (ketch) and Henrietta (pinnace) from the 1652 list, the Deptford (shallop), Horsleydown and Wren with 50 men each, and the Call prize and Red Hart (pink) with 30 men each. Of the Sixth Rates listed in early 1652, the newbuilt trio of the 1651 Programme and the Greyhound were now classed with the Fifth Rates (having 90 men apiece), although they would revert to being

Sixth Rates by 1660; all the others seem to have been deleted or lost. Ex-SPANISH PRIZES (1654–58). Mary Prize (or Little Mary) (Spanish Maria), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 18ft 6in x 9ft 0in. 109 21/94 bm. Draught 9ft 4in. Men: 60/50/30. Guns: 14/12. Taken 1654. Commissioned 1659 under Capt. Edmond Curie (-1660), in the North Sea; reappointed 24.6.1660 (-15.10.1661). On 16.10.1661 under Capt. John Clerke (-7.5.1663). On 27.2.1665 under Capt. Abraham Blackleach (died 20.1.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 16.8.1666 under Capt. John Brookes, for (herring) fishery protection off East Anglia; taken by three Dutch warships off Great Yarmouth 13.10.1666. (See also entry as Mary Prize under ‘Fireships’ taken from the Dutch in 1666.) Wolf (also Wolfe or Woolf) (Spanish Nostra Senora del Socorro), 6/6 guns. Dimensions & tons: 61ft 0in keel x 20ft 0in x 8ft 6in. 130 (129 74/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 70/60/50 men. Guns: 6/6. Taken 1656. Commissioned 1656 under Capt. John Jeakin (-1660); in the Western Approaches 6.1660. Sold ‘as useless’ 10.1663. Gift Minor or Little Gift (Spanish Bon Jesus), 16 guns. Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 20ft 0in x 8ft 6in. 128 (127 62/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 80/60/40. Guns: 16/14. Taken 1658. Commissioned 1660 under Capt. Hugh Middleton. Sold ‘as useless’ 1667. Ex-OSTEND/DUNKIRK PRIZES (1656–57). Three small frigates taken at Ostend — the Griffin may have been a Royalist ship, while the other two were presumably privateers — and one Dunkirker (Vulture) were added as Sixth Rates. Griffin (Dutch ....) Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 19ft 6in x 7ft 6in. 121 (121 33/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 0in.

Men: 60/40/25. Guns: 12/10. Taken at Ostend 1656. Commissioned 1656 under Capt. John Taylor (-1660); with Blake’s fleet off Cadiz 1656; in the Western Approaches 6.1660. In 1661 under Capt. Isaac Marychurch. In 1664 under Capt. V. Swaerts (?); lost, presumed foundered off Jamaica 8.1664. Vulture (Dutch Buitre), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in keel x 17ft 6in x 9ft 0in. 88 (87 90/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 0in. Men: 60/50/40. Guns: 6. Taken 1656 by Portsmouth. Fitted for service at Harwich (by Order 10.4.1656). Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Anthony Riveley (-1658). Later in 1658 under Capt. Richard Muns (temp) then Capt. Edmund Curie; converted to fireship 1659, for operations in the Sound. Sold ‘as useless’ 10.1663. Bramble (Dutch ....) Dimensions & tons: 59ft 0in keel x 20ft 0in x 8ft 6in. 125 (125 50/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 50/40/30. Guns: 14/12. Taken at Ostend 1657. Commissioned 1657 under Capt. Lambert Cornelius (-1659). Converted to a fireship 1665 (with 8/6 guns and 25/20/20 men). Commissioned 15.2.1665 under Capt. Napthali Ball (-3.6.1665); expended in action following Battle of Lowestoft 4.6.1665. Fox [Frigate] (French ?privateer Le St Antoine) Dimensions & tons: 72ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 8ft 6in. 203 (202 56/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 0in. Men: 60/45/30. Guns: 14/12. Taken at Ostend 1658. Commissioned 1658 under Capt. James (or Samuel) Sharland (-1660); off Ireland 1660. On 19.8.1662 under Capt. Morgan Jones (-16.12.1662); with Allin’s squadron at Lisbon. In ordinary at Portsmouth in 1665. Recommissioned 8.5.1665 under Capt. Henry Osgood (-17.4.1666); took Algerine corsair in Argilla Bay 2.1666. On 20.5.1666 under Capt Nicholas Tovey (-16.6.1666). Converted to a fireship 1666 (with 6/4 guns and 35/30/30 men). Commissioned 16.6.1666 under Capt. John Elliott (-10.8. 1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron) 25.7.1666;

expended in action during raid on Dutch shipping at Westerschelling (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’) 9.8.1666. Ex-ROYALIST PRIZES (1655–57). Five vessels were taken and added as Sixth Rates. Cornelian (Royalist Cornelius of Brest) Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 19ft 0in x 8ft 8in. 100 bm. Men: 50/40/30. Guns: 12 or 6/6. Taken 1655. Commissioned 1655 under Capt. Lambert Cornelius (-1656). In 1658 under Capt. Matthew Browne, then 1659 under Capt. William Gregory as a fireship. Not listed after 1660. Hunter Dimensions & tons: 45ft 0in keel x 14ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 50 30/94 bm. Draught 6ft 0in. Men: 30/25/20. Guns: 6. Taken 1656. Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Robert Duck, stationed in the Thames Estuary; lost, presumed foundered with all hands in the North Sea 16.7.1661. Kinsale Dimensions & tons: 55ft 0in keel x 17ft 8in x 8ft 8in. 91 29/94 bm. Draught 8ft 10in. Men: 45/35/25. Guns: 10. Taken 1656. Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Samuel Sharland (-1660), stationed at Kinsale. Sold ‘as useless’ 10.1663. Larke Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 17ft 6in x 8ft 6in. 84 66/94 bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 40/35/30. Guns: 10. Taken 1656. Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Thomas Large (-1660), stationed between Yarmouth and Orford Ness; in squadron attending Charles II on passage at his Restoration. Sold ‘as useless’ 10.1663. Francis Dimensions & tons: 59ft 0in keel x 16ft 6in x 7ft 0in. 85 41/94 bm. Draught 8ft 0in. Men: 50/45/40. Guns: 14/12.

Taken 1657. Commissioned 1659 under Capt. Ambrose Smith. In 1660 under Capt. William Dale; in squadron attending Charles II on passage at his Restoration, when renamed Old Francis. On 14.2.1670 under Capt. Stephen Sertaine (-7.10.1670), as a fireship. On 12.3.1673 under Capt. John Polea (-11.6.1673). On 1.12.1673 under Capt. William Mather (-2.4.1674). Sold 5.1674. PURCHASED VESSELS (1656–59). Harp (built at Dublin 1656) Dimensions & tons: 51ft 0in keel x 16ft 8in x 8ft 0in. 75 33/94 bm. Draught 8ft 2in. Men: 35/30/25. Guns: 10/8. Purchased 1656. Commissioned 24.6.1660 under Capt. Robert Williamson (-26.5.1661). On 27.5.1661 under Capt. Thomas Dossy (died 24.6.1663). Converted to a fireship 1663. On 4.8.1663 under Capt. Richard Routh (-30.5.1664). On 1.6.1664 under Capt. James Sherland (-29.12.1665). On 30.12.1665 under Capt. Robert Hooper (-3.4.1669), in Irish waters; laid up at Kinsale 4.1669. Sold 1671 in Ireland. Acadia Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men:... Guns: 10. Purchased 1656. Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Robert Hensfield (drowned 9.1659); lost, presumed foundered with all hands in a storm in the Channel 9.1659. 1657 PROGRAMME. The Council of State issued an Order on 31 March 1657 to build six small vessels, each to carry 4 guns and 30 men, and not to draw more than 5ft of water when fully manned. Two each were built by Deptford, Woolwich and Chatham Dockyards, although surprisingly only one from each Dyd was classed as a Sixth Rate while the other was unrated, as a ketch or pink. To keep them together, I have included all six in Chapter 7. At the Restoration of Charles II, there were 23 vessels of the Sixth Rate. However, three of these (Cygnet, Lily and Hart) were the three ketches or pinks mentioned in the previous paragraph, and so included with the similar

(but unrated) vessels of the same design in Chapter 7. The Henrietta and Hunter were likewise of 6 guns each, while the Harp had 8 guns. Of the other seventeen, the Wolf had 16 guns, the Bramble and Fox 14 guns each, ten were of 12 guns each (the Cornelian, Drake, Griffin, Gift, Martin, Mary Prize, Merlin, Paradox, Truelove and Vulture), and three of 10 guns each (the Francis, Kinsale and Larke); the larger Greyhound of 20 guns was restored to the Fifth Rate at the Restoration.

(C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660 Most of the Commonwealth Navy’s Sixth Rates were disposed of soon after 1660. The Cornelian was deleted in 1660, the Hunter foundered in 1661 the old Henrietta was sold ‘as useless’ in September 1661 and four more of the existing vessels in October 1663 — the Kinsale, Larke, Vulture and Wolf. The Gift, Martin and Paradox were similarly sold in February 1667 [and the Lily ketch in October 1667]. The Bramble was converted to a fireship in 1665, the Fox in 1666, the Truelove in 1668 and the Francis (called Old Francis since 1660) in 1672. The Harp was sold (in Ireland) 1671. The Griffin foundered in 1664, the Mary Prize was lost to the Dutch in 1666 and only the Drake survived as a Sixth Rate beyond 1672. Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1665). Flying Greyhound (Dutch 18-gun Windhont, built 1649 at Amsterdam) Dimensions & tons: 78ft 0in keel x 23ft 6in x 11ft 0in. 229 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 40/30/20. Guns: 24/20. Taken 13.4.1665 by Yarmouth and Diamond in the North Sea. No record of commissioning. Given away to Sir William Penn, by warrant 14.10.1667. Young Lion (Dutch privateer Jonge Leeuw) Dimensions & tons: 42ft 0in keel x 14ft 0in x 5ft 0in. 44 (43 74/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 50/40/30. Guns: 10/8 (unspecified). Taken ?4.1665 by Mermaid in the North Sea. Commissioned 19.4.1665 under Capt. Michael Young (-23.4.1666). On

19.4.1666 under William Berry (died 1.2.1667). Sold 10.1667. Repurchased 4.1668 and sunk as a foundation at Sheerness 1673. 1665 PROGRAMME. Three Sixth Rates were built by Anthony Deane during his tenure at Harwich Dyd. The Fanfan, while commissioned as a Sixth Rate, was little more than a yacht (‘fast pleasureboat’), built expressly for the use of Prince Rupert, and allegedly so called after the pet-name of one of Prince Rupert’s lady-friends. The other two were 16-gun ships. The Truelove (prize of 1647) was also rebuilt by Deane at Harwich in 1666–67. Fanfan Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Dimensions & tons: 58ft 6in, 44ft 0in keel x 12ft 0in x 5ft 8in. 33 66/94 bm. Draught 5ft 6in. Men: 30/25/18. Guns: 4 sakers (minions in 1685 Establishment and 1688 actual). L: 7.1666. Commissioned 10.7.1666 under Capt. William Garris (died 7.7.1667); in chase of de Ruyter following St James’s Day Fight (Battle of Orfordness) 25.7.1666; as flagship of Sir Robert Holmes during operations in the Vlie (on the Dutch coast) 8.8.1666. On 8.7.1667 under Capt. Thomas Fuller (died 21.2.1668). On 10.5.1668 under Capt. Robert Long (died 6.7.1668). On 30.10.1669 under Capt. John Kelsey (-4.1.1671). On 9.2.1672 under Capt. John Pybus (died 20.3.1674); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron) 28.5.1672. On 20.7.1677 under Capt. William Stone (-19.7.1679); to the Mediterranean 1678. On 1.7.1680 under Capt. Andrew Cotton (-31.12.1681), at Guernsey. In 1689 under Capt. Edward Pottinger (-3.1690). In 1690 under Capt. Richard Finch (-1691), in Scotland and Ireland. Made into a pitch boat 1692. Roebuck Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 19ft 6in x 9ft 10in. 129 42/94 bm. Draught 8ft 6in. Men: 75/65/45. Guns: 16/14 (all 6pdrs). L: 24.7.1666. First cost: £884 (136 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 10.7.1666 under Capt. George Liddell (died 14.8.1672). On 20.1.1673 under Capt. Edward Pearse (-10.6.1673, then 12.6.1673 under Capt. Charles Lloyd (-8.2.1674); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. On 9.2.1673 under Capt. Richard Countrey (died 22.1.1676); to the

Mediterranean 1674. On 10.4.1678 under Capt. William Botham (-19.7.1679), in the Channel. Sold ‘as useless’ 12.1683. Francis Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Dimensions & tons: 66ft 0in keel x 20ft 0in x 9ft 2in. 140 40/94 bm. Draught 8ft 8in. Men: 75/65/45. Guns: 16/14 (all 6pdrs); by 1677 comprised 14 minions and 2 x 3pdrs. L: 1666. First cost: £910 (140 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton) Commissioned 19.7.1666 under Capt. William Burstow (-24.1.1670); with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean 1668; at blockade of Salé (with Garland) 25.9–5.10.1668. On 6.7.1671 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-16.4.1672), then 20.4.1672 under Capt. William Jaques (-4.2.1673), then 19.2.1673 Capt. Thomas Page (died 21.4.1674), all as guard ship at Sheerness. On 29.9.1676 under Capt. Henry Carverth (-30.4.1678), in Home waters. On 26.5.1678 under Capt. William Collins (-21.7.1679), in the Channel. On 17.1.1683 under Capt. Charles Carlisle (drowned .8.1684); to the Leeward Islands 1683; wrecked in hurricane in Leeward Islands 1.8.1684. PURCHASED VESSEL (1667). Philip Sidney (3rd Earl of Leicester, 1619– 98), was pardoned at the Restoration and a vessel purchased in 1667 bore his name, but saw no service. Leicester Dimensions & tons: 84ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 11ft 8in. 257 34/94 bm. Draught 12ft 4in. Men: 40/30/20. Guns: 24/20. Purchased 1667. Not commissioned. Sunk ‘for a bar’ (as a blockship) at Blackwall 13.6.1667, during the Dutch raid on the Medway.

Slightly larger than the Commonwealth Sixth Rates, those built after the Restoration were similar in general appearance but given the royal enthusiasm for yachting they may have had finer lines (royal yachts were often rated as Sixths, and many Sixth Rates were often employed in lieu of yachts, so it would not be surprising if the design parameters were similar). This is the Lark, designed and built by Sir Anthony Deane, as portrayed in a quick but ï drawing by the younger Van de Velde about 1685. National Maritime Museum PX6262.

1669–75 CONSTRUCTION. Harwich Dyd closed at the end of 1667, and Deane was appointed to Portsmouth in 1668, where he built (among others) two new Sixth Rates — the first a small vessel which after three years was significantly enlarged at Deptford (this rebuilding took place with the ship remaining in commission, so that exceptionally I have not shown this as a fresh entry). The second vessel was a state-of-the-art small frigate which may have served as a forerunner for the ‘standard’ 20-gun Sixth Rates of the 1690s — the Greyhound (the name chosen to reflect her qualities as a fast trade protection vessel). Following his departure from Portsmouth (and being knighted in 1673), Deane contracted in 1675 to build a third Sixth Rate of similar size (the Larke), to the lines of the Greyhound but measuring 75ft x 22 1/2in (at a cost of £2,481.8.0d). Like the Harwich-built ships of 1666, all three were essentially 16-gun ships, although from the Larke onwards a pair of lighter guns was included on the QD, and a similar pair was retro-fitted to the Greyhound.

Saudadoes Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Dimensions & tons: 51ft 6in keel x 17ft 6in x 8ft 0in. 83 84/94 bm. Draught 8ft 0in. As rebuilt (1673): 74ft 0in keel x 21ft 6in x 10ft 0in. 180 (181 89/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 40/35/30 in 1670; 75/65/45. Guns: 8/6 in 1670; 16/14 from 1673 (all 6pdrs). By 1685 had 4 demi-culverin cutts, 6 x 6pdrs, 4 x 5 1/4pdr saker cutts and 2 x 3pdrs. L: 28.10.1669. Rebuilt 1673 at Deptford Dyd [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish]. Commissioned 6.11.1669 under Capt. Nicholas Hill (-4.1.1670); then again on 9.5.1670 under Hill (died 9.6.1671). On 11.7.1671 under Capt. James Jenifer (died 9.7.1677); rebuilt 1673 as 16-gun ship; to Lisbon with Narbrough’s squadron 1673; ‘on Queen’s service’ 1676. On 21.7.1677 under Capt. Richard Trevanion (-15.5.1678); then again 16.10.1678 under Trevanion (-1685); to Scotland 1679; in the Channel 1680; capture of Monmouth’s ships 20.6.1685. On 10.4.1687 under Capt. John Beverley (-1688), then 29.5.1688 under Capt. John Graydon (-1689). In 4.1689 under Capt. Francis Wyvill, as fireship; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. On 15.5.1690 under Capt. Roger Newton, in the Channel. In 7.1691 under William Prowther; at Battle of Barfleur 19–24.5.1692. In 1693 under Capt. William Jumper. On 12.7.1693 under Capt. Edmund Loades. On 14.2.1694 under Capt. George Trenchard, for the Mediterranean. On 5.8.1695 under Capt. Thomas Day; taken and burnt 23.2.1696 by two large French privateers off north coast of France. Greyhound Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Dimensions & tons: 93ft 0in, 75ft 0in x 21ft 6in x 9ft 0in. 184 38/94 bm. Draught 8ft 6in. Men: 75/65/45. Guns: 16/14 (all 6pdrs). By 1685 had 16 x 5 1/4pdr saker cutts and 2 x 3pdrs. Ord: 6.12.1671. L: 7.1672. Commissioned 17.7.1672 under Capt. John Clements (-14.8.1674), in Home waters for fishery protection, etc then again on 5.5.1679 under Clements; with troops from Kinsale to Tangier 6.1680, returning 7.1.1681. On 15.7.1683 under Capt. Randall Macdonell; in the Channel 1683–84; to Salé 1685; boat action at Mamora 12.6.1685. On 25.3.1689 under Capt. Thomas Gillam; to Scotland and Ireland, and in Londonderry operations. On 22.2.1690 under Capt. Charles Staggins, in the Irish Sea. In 1691

under Capt. John Fletcher, then 1692–93 Capt. William Kiggins, in the North Sea and Channel. On 11.12.1693 under Capt. James Atkins (-5/6.1695), with the Fleet. Sold (by AO 15.4.1698) 13.5.1698.

Taken from the Earl of Argyle during the Monmouth rebellion, the Sophia was typical of the elision between yacht and Sixth Rate. Probably the Earl’s private yacht, the ship was rated in the Royal Navy as a 10-gun Sixth Rate, but did not enjoy much of a career as a cruiser, being one of the many minor warships converted to fireships in 1688, an emergency response to the threat of invasion by William of Orange. Drawing by Van de Velde the Elder, about 1685. National Maritime Museum PZ7699

Lark (or Larke) Sir Anthony Deane, Blackwall. Dimensions & tons: 74ft 0in keel x 22ft 6in x 9ft 2in. 199 25/94 bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 85/70/50. Guns: 18/16 in 1677 (comprising 16 x 6pdrs and 2 minions); in 1685 comprised 16 x 5 1/4pdr sakers and 2 x 3pdrs. Ord: 30.9.1674. L: 11.6.1675. Commissioned 19.6.1675 under Capt. Henry Priestman (-15.8.1677), for the Mediterranean. On 6.2.1678 under Capt. William Trelawney (died 21.8.1679), in Home waters. In 1679 under Capt. Greenville Collins, ‘attending on Trinity House’. On 22.4.1682 under Capt. William Gifford (-22.2.1684), for Sale. On 26.2.1684 under Capt. Thomas Leighton (-1686) at Salé; boat action at Mamora 12.6.1684. On 22.4.1687 under Capt. Thomas Ashton, in the Channel. On 15.6.1688 under Capt. John Laton, then on 23.7.1688 under Capt. John Grimsditch and on 15.12.1688 under Capt. William Tollemache; took privateer Le Vigoreux-Roland 10.5.1689. In ?5.1689 under Capt. Richard Fitzpatrick, for fishery protection. In 1690 under Capt. Andrew Douglas (-1691), in

the Irish channel, later in the Channel. On 17.7.1692 under Capt. Peter Wotton, with the Fleet; to the Mediterranean 1693; Smyrna convoy 6.1693; took privateer L’Espérance 1.5.1694. In 1695 under Capt. Edward Hopson, then 17.6.1695 under Capt. Samuel Whitaker, with Shovell’s squadron in the Channel; took privateer L’Entreprenante 24.2.1696; with Berkeley’s main fleet 1696. On 7.8.1696 under Capt. Charles Strickland, at Guernsey. Sold 3.5.1698. Ex-DUTCH PRIZE (1672). Morning Star (Dutch Morgenster), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 17ft 0in x 8ft 6in. 80 (79 88/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 8ft 10in. Men: 45/35/25. Guns: 14/12. Taken 5.6.1672 by Nightingale. Commissioned 29.6.1672 under Capt. Francis Read (-14.4.1674). Given away to Capt. ?Richard Clerke by AO 6.1674. PURCHASED VESSEL (1673). Young Spragge Dimensions & tons: 46ft 0in keel x 18ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 79 bm. Draught 8ft 6in. Men: 50/40/30 (as fireship, 25/20/20). Guns: 10 sakers (6 as fireship). Purchased from Sir Edward Spragge 1673. Commissioned 4.1.1673 under Capt. George Broad (died 3.4.1674). On 2.4.1675 under Capt. Henry Carverth (-9.9.1676). Converted to a fireship 1677. On 20.9.1680 under Capt. Charles Skelton (-1685 or later). Reverted to Sixth Rate by 1688; on 15.9.1688 under Capt. Greenville Collins. Expended as breakwater at Sheerness 1693. Ex-SALÉ / ALGERINE PRIZES (1681–85). While most of the larger Muslim corsairs were Algerine (i.e. from Algiers), several smaller corsairs were from ‘Sallee’ (i.e. Salé on the Atlantic coast of modern Morocco). Two Lyons (Salé ...) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Taken 16.9.1681, but not established. Commissioned 8.1.1684 under Capt. Frederick Froud (-9.6.1684). Sold 27.1.1688. Swan [Prize] (Salé ...)

Dimensions & tons: unknown. Taken 8.1683, but not established. Commissioned 17.9.1683 under Capt. Thomas Spragge (-7.5.1684), then given away to Capt. George St L0 4.1684. Shedam (Algerine ..., ex-Dutch flyboat Schiedam) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Taken 8.1683 by James Galley off Cadiz, but not established. Commissioned 19.10.1683 under Capt. Gregory Fish (-4.4.1684), cast away at Land’s End 4.4.1684 while en route to England. Rose or Sally Rose (Salé ...) Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 2in. 180 bm. Draught 10ft 8in. Men: 75/65/45. Guns: 16/14. Taken 1684. Converted to a fireship 6.1688. Sold 1696. Half Moon (Salé ...) Dimensions & tons: 67ft 4in keel x 25ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 214 (223 79/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 3in. Men: 85/70/50. Guns: 18/16. Taken 1685. Laid up until converted to a fireship 6.1688. Commissioned 27.4.1688 under Capt. John Grimsditch. On 23.7.1688 under Capt. John Munden. On 14.10.1688 under Capt. John Bounty; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. On 1.5.1690 under Capt. John Hailes, in the Irish Sea. On 18.10.1690 under Capt. Rupert Kempthorne. On 26.5.1691 under Capt. John Guy, off Dunkirk. On 17.2.1692 under Capt. John Knapp; at Battle of Barfleur 19–24.5.1692; expended at La Hogue 24.5.1692. There was also another Algerine ship of 120 bm, taken in 1684 and renamed Maria; she was used as a store hulk at Gibraltar until sold 27.10.1690 at Cadiz. Ex-ARGYLE PRIZES (1685). All captured from the Earl of Argyle’s forces during the 1685 rebellion. David (Scottish David), not established. Dimensions & tons: 55ft 0in keel x 16ft 2in x 9ft 9in. 76 bm. Draught 9ft 8in. Taken 15.6.1685 by Kingfisher off Ennengreg (Scotland) Seemingly not commissioned or put into service. Sold or BU by AO

7.10.1685. Dumbarton (Scottish Dumbarton) 20/18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 71ft 0in keel x 22ft 1in x 10ft 0in. 191 76/94 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 80/70/55. Guns: 20/18. Taken 16.7.168 5 by an RN squadron. Registered 6.9.1685 and converted to a fireship. Commissioned 8.6.1685 under Capt. Edmund Elliott (-13.8.1685). On 14.7.1686 under Capt. Simon Rowe (-1691), for Virginia. Condemned in Virginia 6.6.1691. Sophia (Scottish ...) Dimensions & tons: 65ft 0in keel x 20ft 1in x 9ft 6in. 145 76/94 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 50/40/30. Guns: 10/10. Taken 16.7.168 5 by Kingfisher of an RN squadron. Registered 6.9.1685. Converted to a fireship 6.1688. On 3.9.1688 under Capt. Christopher Myngs. Converted to a hoy by AO 25.2.1690 at Deptford for the transportation of timber; to Portsmouth after 1694. BU 1713 (by AO 6.12.1712).

(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688 Before 1688, virtually no Sixth Rate had carried as many as 20 guns, but four more heavily armed vessels were captured from the French during the early years of the war. These were classed as Sixth Rates, and from 1693 a new class of single-decked vessels was introduced carrying 20 sakers (later replaced by 6pdrs) on the upper deck and (generally) four smaller guns on the quarterdeck. Over the next two decades, this group was greatly expanded, and by 1714 it has become the standard type of Sixth Rate (with smaller types of Sixth Rate having been gradually eliminated). The two categories are separately detailed below.

Sixth Rates of 20 guns and up to 26 guns Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1689–92).

Swift Prize (French frégate légère La Railleuse, built 1676–12.1677 at Dunkirk as Le Dauphin, purchased for French Navy 9.1683), 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: 87ft 6in, ?78ft 1in x 26ft 4in x 9ft 8in. 288 bm. Men: 80. Guns: 20 (later 24). Taken 12.5.1689 by Nonsuch and Tiger. Purchased 7.8.1689. Commissioned 7.8.1689 under Capt. Bryant Townsend (died 14.1.1692), for the Irish Sea. In ?1.1692 under Cmdr (Capt. 3.7.1692) Andrew Peddar, still in the Irish Sea. On 27.2.1693 under Capt. James Littleton. Sunk as a breakwater at Portsmouth 24.4.1695. Crown’s Prize (French ‘frégate légère’ La Friponne, built 7.1670–3.1671 at Rochefort. L: 11.1670. Honoré Malet design), 26 guns. Dimensions & tons: 84ft 0in, 68ft 0in x 24ft 10in x 11ft 0in. 223 5/94 bm. Men: 120. Guns: 14 sakers, 10 minions and 2 x 3pdrs. Taken 7.12.1690 by Crown. Purchased 2.11.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. William Tichborne (drowned 9.2.1692); wrecked on Start Point (Dartmouth) in a storm 9.2.1692, with loss of Tichborne and 20 others. Henry Prize (French privateer Le Henri from St Malo), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 86ft 0in, 71ft 0in x 25ft 6in x 12ft 6in. 246 (245 54/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 80. Guns: 18 x 6pdrs + 6 x 3pdrs. Taken 4.1.1691 by Dover. Purchased 31.3.1691. Commissioned 1.5.1691 under Capt. Richard Finch, for Virginia. On 14.2.1694 under Capt. Robert Holmes, off Dunkirk and in the North Sea. In 1696 under Capt. Edward Durley (or Darley), on fishery protection duties. Sold (for £270) 24.5.1698. Sun Prize (French ?privateer Le Soleil), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 90ft 9in, 70ft 0in x 24ft 0in x 9ft 4in. 214 44/94 bm. Men: 90/60. Guns: 24/22. Taken 7.6.1692 by James Galley. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. Francis Manley (killed 17.6.1693), for the North Sea; while cruising off North Foreland on fishery protection, taken by two French privateers 17.6.1693. Retaken 8.10.1696. Recommissioned 29.10.1696 under Capt. Jonathan Watts (died 25.7.1698), for West Indies convoy. On 8.11.1698 under Capt. Edward Briscoe. Sold 19.9.1699.

With the onset of the guerre de course by France against English merchant shipping, following the defeat of the French battlefleet at La Hogue in 1692, there arose the need for a new type of cruiser, capable of trade protection. The new Sixth Rates introduced from 1693 onwards were somewhat larger than earlier ships of this rating, being about 250 tons in measurement, but they retained the characteristic of having a single gun deck, mounting a uniform battery of 6pdr guns, which was designed to be carried on a 4 1/2ft freeboard. MAIDSTONE GROUP. These were the first of the standard Sixth Rates with an UD battery of 20 x 6pdrs, originally conceived in an Admiralty request of 7.7.1693 to the Navy Board for ‘good, light sailing frigotts of the sixth rate, to carry about twenty guns’. The Navy Board proposal (to the dimensions below) estimated costs at £1,676.10.0d per ship, with another £2,513 for cordage, canvas and materials for completing. Fourteen ships were ordered in July 1693 (four), spring 1694 (eight), and March 1695 (two), with a further four ordered during 1696. Dimensions & tons: 93ft 0in, 77ft 8in x 24ft 4in x 10ft 8in. 244 57/94 bm. Men: no. Guns: UD 20 x sakers; QD 4 x 3pdrs. 1703 Establishment: UD 20 x 6pdrs (18 in peacetime); QD 4 x 4pdrs. Batch 1 (all built in the Royal Dockyards) Maidstone Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 94ft 3in, 79ft 6in x 24ft 4in x 10ft 8in. 250 36/94 bm. Ord: 21.7.1693. L: 31.12.1693. Commissioned 1.1.1694 under Capt. John Tuckey, for the Channel. On 14.1.1695 under Capt. Stephen Elliot (having never been a Lieut, and commissioned as a reward for escaping from a French prison with valuable information), with Berkeley’s squadron. On 9.6.1695 under Capt. Richard Culliford, with the Channel fishery. On 3.3.1697 under Capt. Jonathan Kelling (died 20.10.1698); to West Indies. On 27.2.1699 under Capt. Bennet Allen; ordered home. On ?27.6.1701 under Cmdr William Fairbourne, in the Leeward Islands, then 10.3.1703 Cmdr Robert Coleman; to New York in 1705. On 25.9.1705 under Cmdr Henry Long, for passage to West Indies. On ?15.3.1708 under Cmdr George Gordon, in West Indies; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 1708; to Lisbon 10.1708, then to Mediterranean convoy; at New York 1709. On ?94.1709 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1.1713) Richard Davis; returned from

America 1710; in North Sea 1711–12; ‘owling’ 1713. Sold to James Jeffs (for £420) 29.7.1714. Jersey Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 94ft 6in, 81 ft 0in x 24ft 8in x 10ft 8in. 262 14/94 bm. Ord: 21.7.1693. L: 17.1.1694. Commissioned 19.3.1694 under Lieut. John Triggs. On 23.4.1694 under Capt. Richard Paul. On 11.4.1696 under Capt. Thomas Fisher (died 7.3.1697); to West Indies with convoy. On 10.3.1697 under Capt. Edmond Bugden, in the West Indies; dismissed by court martial ?1697. Renamed Margate 21.10.1698. Recommissioned ?7.1699 under Capt. Thomas Urry (died 18.11.1699). In 1700 under Capt. Philip Dawes; to America and West Indies. In 1702 under Cmdr Charles Layton (or Laton), for survey of Irish coast. On 6.3.1703 under Cmdr John Chilley, for North Sea; to Leeward Islands 1704–05; home in 1706. On ? 18.7.1707 under Cmdr Samuel Meade, for the Leeward Islands; wrecked 9.10.1707 near Cartagena (on Colombian coast). Lizard (i) Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 94ft 3in, 79ft 6in x 24ft 4in x 10ft 8in. 250 36/94 bm. Ord: 21.7.1693. L: 19.3.1694. Commissioned 22.1.1694 under Capt. William Caldwell, for the Bristol Channel. On 26.2.1695 under Capt. Joseph Welby, still in the Bristol Channel, then in the Irish Sea; to the Mediterranean 1696; missing, presumed foundered or wrecked with all hands 31.5.1696 off Toulon. Newport Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] As built: 94ft 3in, 78ft 9in x 24ft 7in x 10ft 11in. 253 14/94 bm. Ord: 21.7.1693. L: 7.4.1694. Commissioned 22.1.1694 under Capt. Wentworth Paxton; to New England in 1694, 1695 and 1696; taken 5.7.1696 by French warships in the Bay of Fundy; became French Le Nieuport, condemned c. 1720. Batch 2 (all by contract except Queenborough). Falcon Nicholas Barrett (of Wapping), Shoreham. As built: 91ft 6in, 77ft 6in x 24ft 6 1/2in x 10ft 8in. 240 (248 27/94 by calc.) bm. Ord: 28.3.1694 (contract 28.3.1694). L: 28.9.1694. Commissioned 13.10.1694 under Capt. Henry Middleton; taken 10.6.1695 off Dodman Point by French 40-gun Le Saint-Antoine and 24-gun Le Tigre. Retaken 1703 and BU.

Queenborough Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Bagwell] As built: 96ft 4in, 80ft 4 1/2in x 24ft 9in x 10ft 10in. 261 83/94 bm. (Some records show this vessel as rebuilt at Portsmouth Dyd in 1709, but this remains uncertain, and her dimensions did not alter.) Ord: 16.4.1694. L: 22.12.1694. Commissioned 10.12.1694 under Capt. Horatio Townsend. On 5.3.1695 under Capt. John Moses (briefly), then 16.3.1695 under Capt. Theophilus Hodgson (drowned 6.5.1695); took Calais privateer L’Espérance 29.3.1695. On 8.5.1695 under Capt. Thomas Swanton; to Irish Sea 1696. On 27.5.1697 under Capt. Martin Gardiner (died 1698), still in Irish Sea; took privateers Le Saint-Antoine 8.7.1797 and Le Surprenant 7.8.1697, all in the Channel; to Leeward Islands 1698. On 9.11.1698 under Capt. John Oake (died 13.1.1699), still in Leeward Islands, then 12.1.1699 Capt. Rupert Billingsley; ordered home. In 1700 under Capt. Henry Crofts; for the Baltic. In 1701 under Capt. Edward Owen, off Dunkirk. In 1702 under Capt. Thomas Day, with Beaumont’s squadron, then 8.1702 Cmdr Abraham Tudor, in the North Sea. In 1704 under Cmdr William Herriott, then ?11.1704 under Cmdr John Jephcott and 1707 Cmdr Chaloner Ogle, still in North Sea. In ?5.1708 under Cmdr Charles Brown; sailed 1709 to New York. Reportedly Great Repair at Portsmouth in 1709 (although limited time between commissions). In 1709 under ?Cmdr Michael Polkinghorne (-1711), on Glasgow station. In 1712 under ?Cmdr Thomas Warwood; ‘owling’ 1713–14. Fitted at Deptford (for £1,125.12.2 1/4d) 7–8.1715. Recommissioned 7.1715 under Capt. Charles Kendall, for the Firth of Forth. In 1717 under Capt. George Fairly, for Baltic convoys. Sold at Deptford (for £102) 20.8.1719. Swan Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As built: 93ft 3in, 78ft 1in x 24ft 6in x 10ft 8in. 249 29/94 bm. Ord: 2.5.1694 (contract 2.5.1694). L: 13.9.1694. Commissioned 2.6.1695 under Capt. Timothy Bridges, for Wilmot’s squadron in the West Indies. On 9.8.1695 under Capt. Thomas Kenny, to West Indies; home in 1696, then to Irish Sea. On 27.8.1697 under William Bloyes, in the Channel. In 1699 under Capt. Thomas Day (-1700), in the Irish Sea. In 1702 under Bloyes again (-1705), still in the Irish Sea. In 1706 under Cmdr Robert Clarke, for the Leeward Islands. In 1707 under Cmdr Charles Howard. Lost, presumed foundered with all

hands in tropical storm 17.8.1707. Drake George Fowler, Rotherhithe. As built: 93ft 0in, 77ft 8in x 24ft 9in x 10ft 8in. 253 6/94 bm. Ord: 2.5.1694 (contract 2.5.1694). L: 26.9.1694. Commissioned 26.9.1694 under Capt. John Stapleton; wrecked on Irish coast in a storm 20.12.1694 (no survivors). Solebay Edward Snelgrove, Redhouse. As built: 92ft 1in, 77ft 8in x 24ft 11in x 10ft 8in. 256 45/94 bm. Ord: 1694. L: 13.9.1694. Commissioned 13.8.1694 under Capt. Robert Stevens, for the North Sea. On 1.5.1696 under Capt. Henry Wilde, on fishery protection in the North Sea. On 24.5.1699 under Henry Lawrence (-1700), in the Irish Sea. In 1702 under Capt. John Aldred, then 1706 Cmdr Galfridus Walpole, 1707 Cmdr Sir Tancred Robinson and 1708 Cmdr George Stidson, all in the North Sea; wrecked on Boston Knock sands, Lincolnshire, 25.12.1709. Seahorse John Haydon, Limehouse. As built: 93ft 10in, 78ft 8in x 24ft 9in x 10ft 8in. 256 30/94 bm. Ord: 2.5.1694 (contract 6.5.1694). L: 27.9.1694. Commissioned 13.8.1694 under Capt. Nathaniel Grantham. On 23.3.1695 under Capt. Anthony Tollett, for the Channel. On 15.1.1696 under Capt. John Drake (died 22.11.1697), for the Irish Sea; to Newfoundland 1697. In 1698 under Capt. George Walton (-1699); with Aylmer’s squadron to the Mediterranean 11.1698. On 29.6.1701 under Capt. Hercules Mitchell, to Jamaica. In 6.1702 under Capt. William Russell (died 30.6.1703), in the West Indies. In 1704 under Richard Jones or William James?, still in the West Indies; wrecked off Manchioneal, Jamaica 14.3.1704.

Seahorse of 1694, one of a large number of single-decked 20-gun ships built to a basically similar specification over a period of twenty years. Indeed, the basic layout would continue for most of the eighteenth century This drawing by Van de Velde the Younger, thought to have been done about 1701, shows that even quite small warships could be heavily decorated. National Maritime Museum PY5024.

Bideford Nicholas Barrett, Harwich. As built: 93ft 1in, 78ft 6in x 24ft 9in x 10ft 9in. 255 73/94 bm. Ord: 11.5.1694 (contract 15.5.1694). L: 25.10.1695. Commissioned 19.10.1695 under Capt. Thomas Thatcher (died 20.10.1697), for the West Indies. On 18.10.1697 under Capt. Samuel Martin, in the West Indies. In 1699 under Capt. Henry Searle (drowned 12.11.1699): wrecked on Isle of Ash off Hispaniola 12.11.1699. Penzance Thomas Ellis, Shoreham. As built: 94ft 3in, 77ft 10 1/2in x 24ft 9in x 10ft 8in. 253 69/94 bm. Ord: 11.5.1694 (contract 3.10.1694). L: 22.4.1695. Commissioned spring 1695 under Capt. Horatio Townsend (fitting out 7.1695). On 29.1.1696 under Capt. John Cooper, then 7.5.1697 under

Capt. John Aston (dismissed 6.3.1698), for Ireland. In 1699 under Capt. Richard Wyatt; to Salé 1700. In 1701 under Cmdr Thomas Lawrence (-1704) in the Irish Channel. In 1705 under Cmdr Robert Studely (-1707) still in the Irish Channel. In 1708 under Cmdr John Parr (-1712); in the North Sea 1712. Laid up at Deptford by AO 22.2.1702. Sold to John Bevois (for £493) 24.9.1713. Batch 3 (both by contract) Dunwich William Collins & Robert Chatfield, Shoreham. As built: 93ft 7in, 78ft 4in x 24ft 6 1/2in x 10ft 8in. 250 90/94 bm. Ord: 22.3.1695 (contract 1.4.1695). L: 15.10.1695. First cost: £1,625 to build (hull only), plus £812 fitting. Commissioned 25.5.1696 under Capt. Nicholas Trevanion; Bristol Channel 1695–96; Norris’s squadron off Newfoundland 1697. In ?6.1697 under Capt. John Cranby; with Norris’s squadron to Newfoundland. On 8.10.1697 under Capt. Tudor Trevor and then in 1698 Capt. Mark Noble (died 22.3.1702), in the Channel; in 2.1698 to Cadiz and Mediterranean, then to Sallee (Salé, Morocco) 1700, then 1701 with the Fleet. On 23.3.1702 under Capt. William Harding, with Fairbourne’s squadron; in attack on Cadiz. In 1703 under Capt. John Wooden, on fishery protection duties off Sussex coast; took privateer La Gracieuse 7.3.1703. On 21.7.1703 under Capt. Christopher Elliott (died 27.12.1704), in Home Waters. In 15.2.1705 under Capt. William Jones (-1706) and 17.9.1706 Capt. George Lumley, in the North Sea; took privateer La Roue de Fortune 5.5.1707. In 1708 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1709) James Stewart, with Byng’s fleet in the Channel and North Sea. In 6.1709 under Capt. Charles Hardy (-1710), in the North Sea; but later 1709 under Capt. James Hemmington; took privateer Le Chasseur 24.8.1709. In 1711 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1.1713) Thomas Graves (-1714), in the Channel, and with Downs squadron; took privateers Le Téméraire 6.9.1711 and Le Saint-Jean 29.7.1712; laid up at Plymouth 1713. Sunk as a Breakwater (by AO 10.1714) 15.10.1714. Orford Thomas Ellis, Shoreham. As built: 93ft 8in, 77ft 6in x 24ft 8in x 10ft 8in. 250 72/94 bm. Ord: 22.3.1695. L: 29.11.1695. Commissioned 26.10.1695 under Capt. Richard Sheerman (for 2 days), then 28.10.1695 under Capt. George Delavall. In 1696 under Capt. James Jesson (-1698), for New England convoy. Renamed Newport (ii)

3.9.1698. Recommissioned 1699 under Capt. Salmon Morrice (-1702), for North America and the West Indies 1700–01; with the Fleet 1702. In 1703 under Capt. Charles Fotherby, in the North Sea. In 1704 under Capt. George Paddon, with Rooke’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704; with Leake’s squadron 1704–05. In 1705 under Cmdr Richard Leake, in the Mediterranean. In 1706 under Cmdr Isaac Cooke (-1708), in the Channel and North Sea. In 1709 under Cmdr Charles Poole, for convoy to Leeward Islands; Newfoundland convoy 1710; in Channel and North Sea 1711, then in North Sea 1712–13; at Hull 1713, for quarantine guard. Sold to John Mackfeorys (for £408) 29.7.1714. Batch 4 (all from Royal Dockyards). Lizard (ii) Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Shortiss] As built: 95ft 0in, 79ft 4in x 25ft 0in x 10ft 10in. 263 70/94 bm. Ord: 1.7.1696. L: 29.3.1697. Commissioned 29.3.1697 under Capt. William Johnson (died 31.8.1699); in the Channel 1697, then to the East Indies 1698. On 1.9.1699 under Capt. Edward Rumsey, then 8.7.1700 under Capt. George Martin, still in the East Indies. In 1702 under Capt. Rupert Billingsley. In 1703 under Capt. George Dolman, in the Mediterranean. On 14.7.1704 under Capt. George Fane, in Home waters. In 1705 under Capt. Josiah Mighells (died 30.8.1707), in the Irish Sea. In 1708 under Cmdr Nicholas Smith, then 1709 Cmdr Francis Cooper and in 1710 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1.1713) Arthur Jones (-1713), all in the Irish Sea. Sold 29.7.1714. Flamborough Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 94ft 0in, 77ft 10in x 24ft 8in x 10ft 4in. 251 85/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1696. L: 10.7.1697. Commissioned 28.6.1697 under Capt. Robert Hughes (-1702); White Sea convoy 1698; to Ireland 1699; Yarmouth fishery 1701; with Rooke’s fleet 1702. On 31.3.1703 under Josiah Mighells (-1704), with Shovell’s fleet to the Mediterranean. In 1705 under Capt. John Hooper (died 16.9.1705), with Shovell’s fleet. In 9.1705 under Cmdr Joseph Winder; taken by French 50-gun Le Jason off Cape Spartel, Morocco 10.10.1705, and scuttled.

A modern small-scale replica by Phil Reed based on a well-attested model of the Lizard of 1697 currently in the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford. The original, at 1/4in to the foot (1/48th) scale, is hull-only, but the rigging for this one was reconstructed using the copious surviving documentation. By courtesy of Phil Reed.

Seaford Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Bagwell] As built: 93ft 2in, 77ft 2in x 24ft 7in x 10ft 10in. 248 5/94 bm. Ord: 24.12.1696. L: 15.10.1697. Commissioned 28.10.1697 under Capt. Charles Strickland (-1699); in the Mediterranean 1699. In 1699 under Capt. John Watkins. In 1701–02 under Capt. George Clements, then 1703–04 ?Cmdr (Capt. 1.1705) George Sanders, both in Irish Sea; took privateer La Rusée in Irish Sea 2.4.1704. In 1705–10 under Capt. George Rogers, still in Irish Sea; took privateers La Marie-Anne 17.4.1708 and La Duchesse Anne off the Irish coast 28.8.1708. In 1711 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1.1713) Thomas Davers (-1715); to Newfoundland 1711; in North Sea 1712; Great Repair (for £1,093.13.2 3/4d) 1712–13; to New York 1714–15. In ?9.1716 under Capt. John Rose (-1720); in Leeward Islands 1717–19. BU completed 8.1722 at Deptford to RB 1724. Deal Castle Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding]

As built: 91ft 11in, 77ft 8in x 24ft 1 1/4in x 10ft 9 1/2in. 240 3/9 bm. Ord: 24.12.1696. L: 6.11.1697. Commissioned 28.10.1697 under Capt. Henry Fowles. In 1698 under Capt. Thomas Hardy, then 1699 Fowles again, to Newfoundland 1699. In 1700 under Edmund Doyley (died 10.5.1703), to America and West Indies 1700 and 1701; surveying Irish coast 1702. In 1703 under Cmdr Henry Scott, in the North Sea. In 1704 under Cmdr John Trehearn (died 1705), to Jamaica. In 1706 under Cmdr Chaloner Ogle; taken by French 26-gun privateer off Ostend 3.7.1706.

A model of the Peregrine Galley as originally built with a two-masted rig. The brain-child of the Marquis of Carmarthen, the aristocratic amateur who had already designed the fastsailing Royal Transport, the ship was essentially a yacht for VIPs, and was much used by the Duke of Marlborough when travelling to and from his Continental campaigns. The ship was given a conventional ship rig in 1703 and reorganised internally following complaints from Marlborough’s staff. One change was the reorientation of the fire hearth, which (unusually and dangerously) faced the powder room; its original position is depicted on the model. National Maritime Museum B9552.

PURCHASED VESSEL (1695). One vessel was built by Herring on

speculation to a similar specification to the Maidstone Group. Note that this ship was acquired (and then lost!) before the second Seaford from Batch 4 of the Maidstone Group (see above). Seaford Richard Herring, Bursledon. Dimensions & tons: 98ft 5in, 81ft 3in x 26ft 1in x 10ft 10in. 293 60/94 bm. Men: 115. Guns: UD 24 sakers; QD 4 x 3pdrs. Purchased 1695 (for £1,688.18.2d) Commissioned ‘late in’ 1695 under Capt. John Grange (died 8.1696); on Hudson Bay expedition (recapture of Fort York) 1696. On 14.8.1696 under Capt. John Watkins, then on 19.1.1697 under Capt. George Walton; sailed with Symonds’s squadron for West Indies 4.1697; taken off the Isles of Scilly 5.5.1697 by a French squadron and burnt by them. PEREGRINE GALLEY. Designed by the Marquis of Carmarthen, originally ordered built (as ‘a yacht or small friggot’) at Chatham, but frames moved to Sheerness by AO 11.9.1699. Named & established by AO 4.9.1700. Note she actually had 20 UD ports. Peregrine Galley Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Lee] Dimensions & tons: 86ft 10in, 71ft 0in x 22ft 10in x 10ft 7in. 196 84/94 bm. Men: 50. Guns: UD 16 x 3pdr sakers (by 1714, 6pdrs); QD 4 x 3pdrs; also had 12 x 1/2pdr swivels. Ord: 10.6.1699. K: ... L: 21.9.1700. Commissioned 2.1701 under Rear-Adm. the Marquis of Carmarthen, her designer, and employed as Royal yacht. In 1702 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) William Sanderson (-1714); brought George I to England in 8.1714; renamed Carolina (by AO 29.5.1716) and converted to a Royal yacht. Recommissioned 1716 under Capt. Galfridus Walpole (-1720); in 1721–29 under Capt. John Guy and 1730–32 Capt. Charles Hardy. Rebuilt as Royal yacht Royal Caroline from 5.1733. NIGHTINGALE GROUP. Three Sixth Rates were built in 1702–04; the third was a replacement for the second vessel, which was captured within a few months of going to sea. The design dimensions were the same as those of the Maidstone Group, but this batch had ‘a slight deck over the guns in the waist’.

One innovation of the early 1700s was the introduction of a spar deck over the open waist in cruising ships. This may have been intended to protect crews from debris falling from aloft during battle, but was more likely to be a response to the perceived dangers of boarding — a very effective tactic of French warships and privateers, which tended to have large crews. It was felt that the extra deck made ships more ‘defensible’: the main battery could continue to fire on the enemy vessel, and the grating deck allowed boarders to be shot from below. This model, from the late Lord Thomson’s collection now in the Art Gallery of Ontario, represents one of the Nightingale group.

Nightingale Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Shortiss] As built: 93ft 0in, 78ft 9in x 24ft 6in x 10ft 8in. 251 40/94 bm. Men: 115 (from 1713, 100). Guns: UD 20 x 6pdrs; QD 4 x 4pdrs. Ord: 4.8.1702. L: 16.12.1702. Commissioned 28.12.1702 under Cmdr Seth Jermy, for the North Sea; taken by six French privateer galleys off Harwich 25.8.1707; became French Le Rossignol. Recaptured 31.12.1707 by Ludlow Castle; re-established and renamed Fox 16.1.1708. Recommissioned 1.1708 under Cmdr John Pepys; in 1709 under Cmdr Ralph Saunderson, then 1710 Cmdr ?George Colt, all in North Sea. In 1712 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) Edward Nurse, for Newfoundland; to Ireland 1712; Large Repair at Chatham (for £1,339.34d) 9–12.1713; paid off 12.1714. In 1715 under Capt. Hercules Baker, for the Mediterranean. BU at Deptford 2.3.1724 to RB. Squirrel (i) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] As built: 93ft 6in, 80ft 0in x 24ft 8in x 10ft 8in. 258 82/94 bm.

Ord: 1702? L: 6.1703 (by AO 14.6.1703). Commissioned 1703 under Cmdr Gilbert Talbot; taken by five French privateers off Hythe 21.9.1703. Squirrel (ii) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] As built: 93ft 6in, 80ft 0in x 24ft 8in x 10ft 8in. 258 85/94 bm. Ord: 1703? L: 10.1704 (by AO 28.10.1704). Commissioned 1705 under Cmdr Robert Jackson, for the Channel and Bay of Biscay. In 1706 under Cmdr Daniel Butler; taken by six French privateers off the Goodwins 7.7.1706. Became French L’Ecureuil, employed in Forbin’s attempt on Scotland in 1708, recaptured and then foundered 15.3.1708. Under the 1703 Establishment of Guns, the standard Sixth Rate armament became 24 guns, comprising 20 x 6pdrs (7ft long) on the UD and 4 x 4pdrs (6ft long) on the QD. Under the 1716 Establishment of Guns, this would be replaced by the 20-gun Sixth Rate armed with a single (UD) tier of 20 x 6pdrs (7ft 6in long, 18cwt). Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1704–09). Note that in vessels named after their captor (e.g. Medway’s Prize), the use of ‘’V’ was often omitted. Sun Prize (French Le Soleil), 22 guns. Dimensions & tons: 82ft 8in, 69ft 3in x 24ft 2in x 9ft 7 1/2in. 215 12/94 bm. Men: 110. Guns: 18 x 6pdr sakers, + 4 x 4pdr minions. Taken 13.5.1704 by Litchfield. Registered 1.7.1704. Commissioned 1704 under Capt. John Bennet, for the Channel. In 1706 under Cmdr J? Grayham, still in the Channel. On 20.1.1707 under Cmdr John Wood. In 1708 under Cmdr Andrew Ley; taken by French 36-gun privateer Le Duc de Vendôme off St Albans Head, Dorset 17.1.1708 (with 2 dead, 1 missing and 10 wounded). Medway’s Prize (French Les Trois Provinces), 28 guns. Dimensions & tons: 92ft 8in, 72ft 6in x 25ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 241 2/94 bm. Men: 110. Guns: LD 6 x 6pdrs; UD 22 x 6pdrs. Taken 17.8.1704 by Medway. Registered 6.9.1704. Commissioned 1705 under Cmdr Thomas Hughes (-1708), for the Mediterranean. In 1709 under Cmdr Thomas Beverley, for Home waters. In ?10.6.1709 under Capt. Charles Brown, then 1710 Cmdr John Fletcher, with the Fleet. In 1711 under Capt. William Basille, for

Jamaica. In 1713 under Capt. Sir Hugh Middleton, still at Jamaica. Sold there late 1713. Valeur (French ‘frégate légère’ La Valeur; built 1–6.1704 at Brest. L: 21.3.1704. Laurent Helie design), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 100ft 9in, 81ft 0in x 27ft 4in x 11ft 8in. 321 64/94 bm. Men: 115 (from 26.5.1713, 100). Guns: UD 20 x 6pdrs; QD 4 x 4pdrs. Taken 2.4.1705 by Worcester in the Channel. Purchased at Plymouth (for £405) by AO 30.5.1705. Commissioned 5.1705 under Cmdr Robert Johnson, for the Mediterranean; took privateer L’Audacieuse 19.7.1706; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706/07. In 1708 under Cmdr William Ockman, with Byng’s fleet in the Downs; then to Newfoundland. Later in 1708 under Cmdr John Hare, in Newfoundland; taken by boats of French La Surprise in Carbonnear Harbour, Newfoundland 6.9.1710 (28 killed or wounded); retaken 12.9.1710 by Essex. Repurchased from captors by AO 13.12.1710. In 1711 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) John St Lo, for the Irish Sea; in Maryland 1715; paid off 1716. Small Repair and converted to a fireship (by AO 2.3.1717) at Deptford 3.1717, but converted back to a 24-gun ‘frigate’ later in 1717. In 1717 under Capt. Richard Davis. BU at Deptford (by AO 14.3.1718) 28.12.1717–5.1718. Triton’s Prize (French privateer Le Royal, of St Malo), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: 75ft 0in keel x 26ft 3in x 12ft 6in. 274 84/94 bm. Men: 115/100/65. Guns: UD 26 x 6pdrs; QD 4 x 3pdrs. Taken 3.2.1705 by Triton. Purchased 3.3.1705. Commissioned 1705 under Cmdr Thomas Miles (-1706), for the Channel; to New York 1706. In 1707 under Cmdr Coningsby Norbury (-1709), at New York. In 1709 under Cmdr Richard Girlington (-1712); to Virginia 1710 and again in 1711. On 27.2.1713 under Capt. John Pace, then 24.7.1713 under Capt. Francis Hume. Sold 26.11.1713. Cruizer (French Le M eric), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 75ft 0in keel x 26ft 6in x 11ft 3 1/2in. 280 14/94 bm. Men: 115. Guns: 24. Taken 29.3.1705 by Triton. Purchased 5.5.1705. Commissioned 1705 under Cmdr John Shales; in the Downs squadron 1706; to the Mediterranean 1707. In 11.1707 under Cmdr William Cawley; to Dutch coast, then to West Indies 6.1708; ran ashore on Terceira Island (Azores) to prevent foundering 15.12.1708.

Fox Prize (French Le Behringhen), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x ... 273 bm. Men: 115. Guns: 20 x 6pdrs, + 4 x 4pdrs. Taken 2.5.1705 by Triton. Purchased 19.5.1705. Commissioned 1705 under Cmdr Henry Roach, for Ireland; wrecked in Holyhead Bay 28.8.1706 with many drowned (including Roach). Enterprise (French L’Entreprenante), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 93ft 0in, 79ft 9in, 27ft 6in x 11ft 5in. 320 75/94 bm. Men: 115. Guns: 20 x 6pdrs, + 4 x 4pdrs. Taken 7.5.1705 by Triton. Registered 1.6.1705. Commissioned 1705 under Cmdr John Paul, for the Mediterranean; with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07. In 1707 under Cmdr William Davenport; wrecked off Thornton (near Blackpool) with all hands 12.10.1707. Dunkirk’s Prize (French privateer Le Hocquart, built 1704 at St Malo), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 70ft 8in keel, 27ft 10in x 12ft 6in. 299 (291 14/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 115/95. Guns: UD 20 x 6pdrs, + QD 6 x 3pdrs. Taken 9.1705 by Dunkirk. Purchased & registered 15.11.1705. Commissioned 1706 under Cmdr Edward Holland (-1708), for the West Indies. In 1708 under Cmdr George Purvis, in the West Indies; grounded and lost off Cap François (Haiti) 18.10.1708 while pursuing a French privateer (which also grounded and was captured by the crew of Dunkirk’s Prize, who used her to return to Jamaica). Child’s Play (French ‘vaisseau de 5ème Rang’ Les Jeux, built 6.1689–1.1690 at Dunkirk. L: 11.1689. Howens Hendrick design), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 103ft 0in, 80ft 7in x 29ft 6in x 10ft 7in. 373 2/94 bm. Men: 115. Guns: 20 x 6pdrs, + 4 x 4pdrs. Taken 7.6.1706 by Tartar. Purchased 6.7.1706. Commissioned 10.7.1706 under Capt. George Doyley (drowned 30.8.1707), for West Indies; wrecked in a hurricane on Palmetto Point, St Kitts 30.8.1707. Orford’s Prize (French ‘vaisseau de 5ème rang’ La Gaillarde, built 1687– 1690 at Rochefort. L: 6.1689. Pierre Masson design), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 74ft 11in keel x 26ft 9in x 11ft 6in. 283 34/94 bm. Men: 115. Guns: 20 x 6pdrs, + 4 x 4pdrs.

Taken 2.10.1708 by Orford. Purchased 21.10.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Cmdr William Collier; retaken by two French 30gun privateers off Lundy 27.5.1709 and resumed the name La Gaillarde; sold at Havre 7.1712, becoming the Spanish Santo Francisco de Paolo in c.1714. Fame [Prize] (French La Renommée), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 106ft 0in, 88ft 0in x 26ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 316 24/94 bm. Men: 115/110. Guns: 24/22. Taken 7.1709 in the Mediterranean. Surveyed at Port Mahon 6.7.1709 after being carried into that port, and fitted out by Sir George Byng’s order. Commissioned 15.7.1709 under Cmdr Strensham Master, in the Mediterranean. In 1710 under Capt. Ambrose Cole, still in the Mediterranean; taken off Port Mahon 21.9.1710 by French 56-gun Le Toulouse, 40-gun La Vestale and 30-gun La Méduse. PURCHASED VESSELS (1706). These vessels were purchased on the stocks from their respective builders. Men: 115. Guns: UD 20 x 6pdrs; QD 4 x 4pdrs. Aldborough William Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 94ft 3in, 74ft 11in x 26ft 10 1/2in x 11ft 1 1/2in. 287 77/94 bm. Purchased 2.1.1706. Registered 26.2.1706. L: 6.3.1706. Commissioned 3.1706 under Cmdr Beaumont Waldron (-1709); off Ostend 1706; in the Mediterranean 1707; in the Channel and with convoys 1708–09; took privateer Le Postillon 11.4.1708. In ?12.1709 under Capt. Thomas Ekines (dismissed 6.1712); at Glasgow 1711; took privateers La Geneviève de Bonne Espérance 28.4.1710 and Le Desmarets 25.8.1711. In 1712 under ?Capt. Joseph Thornton; in the Mediterranean in 1713. Fitted at Portsmouth (for £1,268.8.4 1/2d) 8.1714. In 1715 under Capt. Charles Stewart (-1718), for the west coast of Scotland and Ireland; fitted at Plymouth (for £1,304.10.4 1/4d) 7–8.1717. In 1719 under Capt. Thomas Lawrence (-1725), still west coast of Scotland and Ireland. Docked at Portsmouth to BU 29.3.1727 to RB. Nightingale William Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 90ft 3 3/4in, 74ft 0 1/2in x 25ft 4 1/2in x 10ft 6in. 253 55/94 bm. Purchased 28.7.1706. L: 15.10.1707. Commissioned 1708 under Cmdr Covill Mayne, for the Downs; to Newfoundland 1708. In 3.1709 under Capt. Charles Gay (-1712), for the

North Sea; Scottish coast 1711. In 1.1713 under Capt. Ezekiel Wright (-1715), for Maryland. Sold (for £257) 21.6.1716.

Built to a smaller than usual scale, this model is catalogued as a ‘30-gun ship’, which makes it impossible to identify with any known ship. However, it is probably a 20, with the spar deck of the early 1700s. The number of gunports (34) may seem excessive, but it is known from surveys of the purchased Sixth Rates that some had this many. In fact, the model resembles the known details of the Deal Castle and at 1/64th scale (3/16in to the foot) is close match to her dimensions. National Maritime Museum F5851–002.

Deal Castle Richard Burchett, Rotherhithe. As built: 98ft 2in, 74ft 6in x 26ft 2 1/2in x 11ft 0in. 272 18/94 bm. Purchased 2.8.1706. L: 9.9.1706. Commissioned 1707 under Cmdr Charles Howard (drowned 17.8.1707), for the West Indies. In ?8.1707 under Cmdr Henry Blimstone, in the West Indies. In 1709 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) John Codner (died 23.4.1714), for the North Sea and Channel; later to Jamaica. In ?4.1714

under Cmdr (Capt. 9.1714) Francis Willis; prepared for service 9.1715; on Scottish coast (Leith) 1716; to Newfoundland 1717. Docked at Sheerness 12.12.1722 to BU for RB. FLAMBOROUGH CLASS. These two vessels were designed and built by Stacey at Woolwich. Men: 115 (85 in peace). Guns: UD 20 x 6pdrs; QD 4 x 4pdrs. Flamborough Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 94ft 0in, 79ft 8in x 25ft 0in x 10ft 8in. 261 49/94 bm. Ord: 30.7.1706. L: 29.1.1707. Commissioned 1706 under Cmdr William Clarke, for the Yarmouth fishery; with Byng’s fleet in the Channel 1708. In ?2.1709 under Capt. Charles Vanburgh; took privateers La Trompeuse 22.5.1710 and Le St François 5.6.1710, both in North Sea. In 8.1710 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) Thomas Howard (-1714), for the North Sea; took privateer L’Agrippa 18.3.1711 in the North Sea; in Orkneys 1712; quarantine guard at Leith 1713. In 1714 under Capt. Andrew Douglas, with Byng’s squadron in the Channel. In 1717 under Capt. ?John Hildesley (-1721); in North Sea 1718–19; in Carolina 1720 or 1721. Docked at Portsmouth 29.3.1727 to BU for RB. Squirrel Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 94ft 0in, 79ft 0in x 25ft 0in x 10ft 8in. 262 59/94 bm. Ord: 26.3.1707. L: 29.12.1707. Commissioned 1708 under Cmdr James Hodsoll, for Byng’s fleet in the Channel and North Sea. In 1710 under Cmdr John Gray, for the Firth of Forth; took privateer La Roue de la Fortune in the North Sea 1.6.1710. In 1711 under ?Cmdr James Campbell, for the Channel, then to New England; fishery 1712; Irish waters 1713; the Mediterranean 1714–15. In ?7.1715 under Capt. Thomas Smart (-1720), for operations against pirates on the N.E. coast 1717–20. BU at Deptford 4.1727; remains to Woolwich for ‘RB’. Ex-SCOTTISH ACQUISITIONS. The tiny Scottish Navy had contained only three warships at the time of the Act of Union. Of these the 32-gun Royal William was added to the Royal Navy as a Fifth Rate (see previous chapter), while the 24-gun Royal Mary and Dumbarton Castle were incorporated as Sixth Rates into the unified British navy.

Glasgow (Scottish Royal Mary, built 1696 on the Thames), 24 guns, later 20. As built: 92ft 6in, 77ft 0in x 26ft 4in x 10ft 10in. 284 bm. Men: 115 (100 by AO 25.10.1712). Guns: UD 20 x 6pdrs; QD 4 x 4pdrs (the 4pdrs were removed by 8.1714). Transferred 5.8.1707. Commissioned 1707 under Cmdr (but with a captain’s commission in the Royal Scots Navy warranted by Queen Anne from 7.11.1705) James Hamilton, for the Nore. In 1.1708 under Cmdr Thomas Egerton, then 2.1708 under Cmdr Walter Massey (-6.1710), with Byng’s fleet in the Downs and North Sea; took privateer La Fidèle in the North Sea 1.5.1708. In 5.1712 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) Thomas Dennett (-11.1714); took privateer L’Amazone in the North Sea 30.5.1712; quarantine guard in the Downs 1713. Repair at Portsmouth (for £634.5.7 1/4d — hull only) 1714. In 2.1715 under Capt. William Lloyd (-11.1718), for the Channel; North Sea 1717; Baltic convoy 1718. Sold at Deptford (for £115) 20.8.1719. Dumbarton Castle (Scottish Dumbarton Castle; built 1696 on the Thames), 24 guns. As built: unknown. Men: 115. Guns: 24. Transferred 29.11.1707. Established 5.12.1707. Commissioned 28.11.1707 under Cmdr Matthew Campbell; taken by French 44-gun Le Jersey 26.4.1708 (while convoying ships to Waterford). GIBRALTAR GROUP. This series of eleven 20-gun ships were newbuilt in the Royal Dockyards in 1710–12. The Solebay was an early design and slightly differed from the others; the following ships being ‘built with one deck only, and a small, low forecastle’. The eleventh ship was not ordered until 1712 and completed a year later. Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in, 76ft 9in x 26ft 0in x 11ft 6in. 276 bm. (not Solebay) Men: 115. Guns: UD 20 x 6pdrs (7ft long, 19 cwt weapons); QD 4 x 6pdrs (6ft long, 12cwt weapons, removed by 1714). Solebay Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 95ft 10in, 80ft 10in x 25ft 2in x 10ft 8in. 272 30/94 bm. Ord: 29.7.1710. L: 21.8.1711. Commissioned 1712 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) William Owen (-1717); in

Irish Sea 1712; Newfoundland 1713–14; New York 1715–17. In 1718 under Capt. Richard Davis (died 2.8.1718), to Salé. In ?8.1718 under Capt. Thomas Davers (-1719), at Salé. Great Repair at Deptford (for £2,949.7.5 1/2d — hull only) 3–8.1720. In ?5.1721 under Capt. James Windham in the North Sea. In 3.1722 under Capt. Lord (Robert) Muskerry, for Newfoundland convoy; in 1723–24 under Capt. Francis Knighton, on same service. Surveyed 16.3.1726; converted at Deptford as a bomb vessel (for £1,070.12.0d, fitted to carry 3 mortars and 6 guns) 6.1726. Recommissioned 1726 under Capt. Thomas Durell, then under Jennings and Wager on the coast of Spain. In 1727 under Capt. Peter Warren, to Jamaica. In 1729 under Cmdr Israel Sparkes, for the Mediterranean, then 1730 Warren again, for New York; home to pay off 8.1732. Fitted at Woolwich (for £1,334.12.3d) 1–2.1733, then refitted at Plymouth 4–5.1733, for Newfoundland. In 1733 under Capt. Charles Fanshaw, for Newfoundland. Fitted as a fireship — of 8 guns and 45 men — at Woolwich (by AO 8.3.1734, for £1,589.7.9d) 2–8.1734. Fitted at Woolwich (?as 20-gun Sixth Rate again, for £ 1,560.1.5d) 5–6.1735. In ?5.1735 under Cmdr Thomas Cooper; guard ship at Portsmouth 1736– 38. Surveyed in 1738 and new foremast set. In 1738 under Cmdr Franklin Lushington, for the Mediterranean. Fitted as a hospital ship at Deptford (by AO 30.6.1740, for £640.5.7d) 6–8.1742, to lie at Tower Wharf. Sold (by AO 4.5.1748, for £113) 23.6.1748. Gibraltar Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 94ft 1in, 76ft 7in x 26ft 2 3/4in x 11ft 6in. 280 23/94 bm. Ord: 24.1.1711. (Registered 15.10.1711) L: 18.10.1711. Commissioned 1712 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) John Shorter (-1714), for Ireland (‘Owling’). In 1715–16 under Capt. Edward Falkingham, for convoy to Newfoundland. In 1717 under Capt. Beaumont Waldron (-1719), for the Channel. Refitted at Deptford (for £1,993.19.8d) 3– 7.1720. Surveyed 13.11.1724, and taken to pieces at Deptford 1.1725 to RB. Port Mahon Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 94ft 4 1/2in, 76ft 10in x 26ft 3 1/4in x 11ft 6in. 282 5/94 bm. Ord: 24.1.1711. (Registered 15.10.1711) L: 18.10.1711. Commissioned ?1712 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) William Haddock (-1715); for Baker’s squadron on the Portuguese coast; off Salé (Morocco) 1713; considerable repair at Portsmouth (for £524.0.4 1/4d) 10.1714–12.1715;

in North Sea 1715. In ?5.1716 under Capt. William Smith (-1720); in Baltic 1717–20; Great Repair at Deptford (for £1,181.11.11d) 12.1718– 3.1719. In ?1.1720 under Capt. James Luck. In ?9.1720 under Capt. Daniel Morris (-1726), for the Baltic again; to quarantine guard 1722; in the Channel 1724–25 (anti-smuggler operations). Refitted at Sheerness (for £1,408.6.10d) 9–11.1727. In ?11.1727 under Capt. Christopher Pocklington (-1731), on Ireland station; paid off 11.1731. In 1732 under Capt. Samuel Atkins (-1737), on Ireland station. In 6.1738 under Capt. Gilbert Wallis, in Home waters, then 10.1738 under Capt. John Forbes. BU at Plymouth (by AO 4.10.1739) 5.1740. Blandford Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] As built: 94ft 0in, 76ft 9in x 26ft 0in x 11ft 7in. 275 91/94 bm. Ord: 24.1.1711. (Registered 20.10.1711) L: 29.10.1711. Commissioned ?1712 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) Mungo Herdman (-1714), for the Channel; to the Baltic 1713, then the Mediterranean 1714. In 1715 under Capt. Alexander Geddes, then 1716 Capt. Charles Boyle, in the Baltic. Small Repair at Deptford (for £1,173.19.11d) 3–5.1716. In 1717 under Capt. Erasmus Phillips, for the Channel and North Sea; foundered with all hands in a storm in the Bay of Biscay 23.3.1719. Hind Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] As built: 94ft 0in, 76ft 9in x 26ft 0in x 11ft 7in. 275 91/94 bm. Ord: 24.1.1711. (Registered 21.12.1711) L: 31.10.1711. Commissioned ?1712 under Capt. George Fairly (dismissed by court martial 12.1714), for Ireland (‘owling’). In 12.1714 under Capt. Arthur Delgarno (-1717); sailed 5.1715 for the Mediterranean; operations against Sallee (Salé) pirates 1716–17. Small Repair at Portsmouth (for £1,014.11.8 1/2d) 6–7.1717. In 1718 under Capt. William Collier, in the Channel Islands; in 1720 under Capt. John Furzer; wrecked off Guernsey 7.12.1721 (24 drowned including Furzer). Seahorse Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 94ft 0in, 78ft 0in x 26ft 0in x 11ft 6in. 280 44/94 bm. Ord: 21.8.1711. L: 13.2.1712. C: 4.5.1712. First cost: £1,869.17.5 3/4d to built (& fitting, but hull only). Commissioned 2.1712 under Capt. James Dalzell (killed 14.9.1712 in action with privateer). Later under ?William Basille, then 1.1713 Capt. Hercules Baker. In 1713 under Capt. Charles Arundel, then 1715 Capt. Joseph Soanes, both in Leeward Islands. Small Repair at Deptford (for

£1,302.12.9d) 9–12.1716. In 1717 under Capt. Thomas Willyams, in the North Sea and Baltic. In ?10.1718 under Capt. William Martin; to ? Newfoundland 1719. In 1720 under Capt. Thomas Durell (-1724), in New England. Surveyed 20.3.1727, and BU at Deptford 1727 to RB. Rose Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] As built: 94ft 0in, 76ft 0in x 26ft 0in x 11ft 6in. 273 26/94 bm. Ord: 29.9.1711. L: 25.4.1712. C: 16.5.1712. Commissioned 1712 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) Tyrwit Cyley (-1716); in North Sea 1712, New England 1715–16 (‘owling’ 1713–17). Small Repair at ?Deptford (for £1,648.9.0d) 2–3.1718. In 1718 under Capt. Thomas Whitney (1721), for the Leeward Islands. Surveyed 1722 at Deptford, removed to Woolwich 10.11.1722 and BU there 19.12.1722 to rebuild.

The spar deck was obviously judged a failure and from 1710 Sixth Rates were once again built with an open waist. The superstructure was also reduced, with a smaller forecastle, cut down rails and galleries replaced by quarter-badges. This is the Admiralty draught of the Success of 1712. National Maritime Museum J8439.

Bideford Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 94ft 3in, 76ft 8in x 26ft 3in x 11ft 6in. 281 (exact) bm. Ord: 9.10.1711. L: 14.3.1712. C: 2.4.1712. Commissioned 1712 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) Robert Harward; ‘owling’ 1713; at Jamaica 1714–15. In ?6.1716 under Capt. William Rowley; off Salé 1717–18. Refit at Deptford (for £1,164.6.6 1/4d) 3–4.1719. Recommissioned ?3.1719 under Capt. Edward Gregory, for Vice-Adm. Sir James Mighell’s squadron off Vigo; in the Channel 1720, then Ireland 1721–23. Surveyed 20.3.1726, and docked at Deptford 8.2.1727

to BU for RB. Success Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey] As built: 94ft 6in, 73ft 4 1/2in x 26ft 6 1/2in x 11ft 10in. 274 89/94 bm. Ord: 9.10.1711. L: 30.4.1712. C: 3.7.1712. First cost: £2,093.16.1 3/4d to build. Commissioned 1712 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) John Briscoe (died 1714); to Virginia 1713. In ?2.1714 under Capt. Samuel Meads (-1716), at Virginia. Small Repair at Deptford (for £1,302.8.9 1/2d, hull only) 9– 12.1716. In ?6.1716 under Capt. George Clinton, then ?2.1720 Capt. Isaac Townsend, all in Ireland; refitted at Portsmouth (for £1,866.9.6 1/2d) 1–3.1724. Great Repair and fitted at Portsmouth (for £4,640.3.0d) 10.1727–7.1728. Recommissioned ?6.1728 under Capt. William Smith, for West Indies. In ?2.1729 under Capt. Richard Symonds, then ?5.1730 Capt. Thomas Smith, in the Channel; paid off 4.1732. Recommissioned 1732 under Capt. Ellis Brand, in the North Sea, then ?11.1732 Capt. John Towry, in the Channel; paid off 11.1733. Small Repair at Portsmouth (for £200.16.0d) 6.1735. Fitted as a fireship, with 8 guns, 6 swivels and 55 men, at Portsmouth (by AO 6.1739, for £2,552.14.0d) 6– 9.1739. Recommissioned 1739 under Cmdr James Peers; joined Vernon’s squadron 1.1740. In ?2.1741 under Cmdr (Capt. 4.1741) Daniel Hore; attack on Chagres 23.3.1741; in Cartagena operations 3– 4.1741. In ?2.1742 under Cmdr Thomas Hanway, for the Channel Islands. Sold at Plymouth (for £450) 22.7.1743. Greyhound Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] As built: 94ft 0in, 76ft 9in x 26ft 0in x 11ft 6in. 275 91/94 bm. Ord: 9.10.1711. L: 21.6.1712. C: 15.7.1712. Commissioned 1712 under Cmdr (Capt. 1.1713) Thomas Marwood (-1717); at Minorca 1713–14; Channel Islands 1715–17. In 1718 under Cmdr John Cundett; taken in St Jerome’s Bay (near Cape Spartel, Morocco) by five Spanish warships 5.9.1718; retaken 16.9.1719 and burnt. Lively Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Phillips] As built: 94ft 10in, 76ft 7in x 26ft 2in x 11ft 6in. 278 73/94 bm. Ord: 22.4.1712. L: 28.5.1713. C: 19.3.1715. Commissioned 1715 under Capt. St John Charlton (-1719), for west coast of Scotland and Irish waters. In 1720 under Capt. William Rowley (-1727), on same service; Small Repair at Plymouth (for £1,605.11.4 1/4d) completed 8.1723. Small Repair and fitted for sea at Plymouth (for

£559.19.8d) 5.1729. In 1.1729 under Capt. John Onley (court-martialled 3.12.1738), for the Bristol Channel; to Ireland 1732. In 7.1738 under Capt. Edward Legge, in the Bristol Channel; paid off 21.11.173 8 and BU at Portsmouth (by AO 30.11.1738) completed 12.1738. At the start of August 1714 the Royal Navy included twenty-four Sixth Rates, thirteen of 24 guns and eleven more recent of 20 guns; all were reported in good condition except for the Peregrine Galley, under repair at Woolwich, and the Dunwich and Valeur, which were still in sea service but needing a Great Repair. Of the other twenty-one, all were in service (‘in sea pay’) in April 1714 except the Aldborough and Lively, both lying in Ordinary. For full list see Appendix C. Initially under Lieutenants, the commanding officers of all these ships were raised to post rank by a General Order of 1.1.1713.

Sixth Rates with fewer than 20 guns Notwithstanding the growth in the number of large Sixth Rates with 20 guns or more, the numbers of Sixth Rates with fewer than 20 guns were maintained largely by putting into service prizes taken from the French over the next twenty years, but following the close of the War of Spanish Succession the remaining Sixth Rates with this few guns were disposed of, and after 1714 no future vessels would be Rated in the Royal Navy with fewer than 20 guns. Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1689–97). Note that in vessels named after their captor (e.g. Saint Albans’s Prize), the use of ‘’s’ was often omitted. Blade of Wheat (French ‘brûlot’ La Fleur de Blé, either built at Rochefort or in the Netherlands 1689), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions not known. 150 bm. Men: ... Guns: 10. Taken 1.11.1689 by Dover. Purchased 29.11.1689. No record of ever commissioning. Driven from moorings in storm and wrecked at Mill Bay (Plymouth Sound) 25.12.1689. Dragon Prize (French privateer Le Dragon-Volant of Dunkirk, originally Algerine Tinine), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions not known. 57 bm.

Men: 40. Guns: 8, + 2 x 1/2pdr patereroes (swivels). Taken 30.5.1689 by James Galley. Purchased 28.6.1689. Commissioned 1689 under Cmdr Frederick Weighman; wrecked at Kingsgate (Isle of Thanet) 12.1.1690. Julian Prize (ex-Foresight’s Prize) (French Le Julien), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in, 52ft 9in x 19ft 3in x 9ft 4in. 103 91/94 bm. Men: 80/65/65. (as bomb ketch, 40) Guns: 16/14 saker cutts. (as bomb ketch, 8, plus a mortar) Taken 16.4.1690 by Foresight. Purchased 30.4.1690. Commissioned 3.5.1690 under Capt. Robert Leonard, with the Fleet; later to Channel Islands. In 1692 under Capt. William Cross, at Guernsey. On 19.3.1693 under Capt. William Morgan, then on 10.6.1693 under Capt. John Kidwell and on 3.10.1693 under Capt. Thomas Butler. Converted to a bomb ketch 1694. Recommissioned ?3.3.1694 under Cmdr John Barter, for Berkeley’s squadron. Sold 3.5.1698 (for £131). Saint Martin [Prize] (French privateer Le Saint-Martin, built at St Malo 1690), 18, later 28 guns. Dimensions & tons: 78ft 6in, 63ft 0in x 23ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 177 (calc. 174 43/94) bm. Men: 200 as 28-gun ship. Guns: initially 18 x 6pdrs, but ungraded by AO of 11.7.1691 to 28 guns, with 10 x 8pdrs added (which must have vastly over-gunned such a small ship). Taken 13.3.1691 by Pembroke. Purchased 24.6.1691. Commissioned 10.7.1691 under Capt. John Evans; to the Irish Sea 1692. In 1693 under Robert Wynn. Sunk as a breakwater at Portsmouth 24.4.1695. Saint Albans’s Prize (French privateer La Juste-Royale), 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 85ft 0in, 74ft 0in x 25ft 10in x 12ft 2in. 262 64/94 bm. Men: 90. Guns: 14 sakers + 4 minions. Taken 29.8.1691 by Saint Albans. Purchased 9.10.1691. Commissioned 12.10.1691 under Capt. Christopher King, for the Yarmouth fishery protection. In late 1692 under Capt. Edward Poulton (died 22.12.1695), for Virginia and New England. On 23.12.1695 under Capt. Samuel Halbert (-1697). Sold (for £151) 24.5.1698. Germoon [Prize] (French Le Gramon), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: 68ft 0in, 60ft 0in x 18ft 0in x 7ft 6in. 103 38/94 bm. Men: 50/40. Guns: 6 minions, + 4 x 1/2pdr patereroes (swivels).

Taken 11.1691 by Chester. Commissioned 1692 under Cmdr Michael Wilkins (-1694), for the Channel. In 2.1694 under Cmdr William Jones (-1695), still in the Channel. In 1697–98 under Capt. Thomas Smith. Put up for sale in 1698, but instead sent under Cmdr William Gethings to the West Indies with Benbow’s squadron. In 1699 under Cmdr Philip Boys, still in West Indies; capsized after careening and sunk at Porto Bello (Jamaica) 4.7.1700. Goodwin [Prize] (French ...), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: 58ft 10in, 52ft 10in x 16ft 0in x 6ft 10in. 71 88/94 bm. Men: 35. Guns: 6. Taken 11.1691 by Goodwin. Commissioned 1692 by Cmdr Robert Audley. Later in 1692 under Cmdr Thomas Stepney, in the Channel. In 1694 under Capt. John Martin; forced ashore by a French privateer and wrecked near Dover 23.2.1695. Wild [Prize] (French privateer La Farouche), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: 51ft 3in keel x 16ft 0in x 7ft 1in. 69 74/94 bm. Men: 45/35/35. Guns: 12/8. Taken 5.5.1692 by Centurion in the Channel. Commissioned 1693 under Cmdr Thomas Smith, for Barbados; retaken by French 50-gun Le Diamant off Land’s End 18.6.1694. Precious Stone (or Portsmouth’s Prize) (French privateer L’Hyacinthe), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in, 78ft 0in x 27ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 302 43/94 bm. Men: 45. Guns: 12. Taken 11.1692 by Deptford and Portsmouth. No record of commissioning. Disposed of in 1698 (or earlier). Rupert’s Prize (French privateer La Thérèse of St Malo, built 1692), 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 70ft 0in x 22ft 0in x 8ft 8in. 180 20/94 bm. Men: 85/70/50. Guns: 16 sakers + 4 minions. Taken 11.12.1692 by Rupert off Start Point. Purchased 27.12.1692 Commissioned 23.1.1693 under Capt. John Lytcott (-1694), with the fleet; cruising in the North Sea 1694. On 8.12.1694 under Capt. Isaac Andrews, still in the North Sea. On 4.12.1697 under Capt. Richard Long (-1699). Laid up at Portsmouth by AO 8.5.1700. Sold there ‘by inch of candle’ to William Clark (for £121) 10.12.1700. Swallow’s Prize (French privateer La Vierge Sans-Macule), 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 68ft 0in, 54ft 0in x 20ft 4in x 13ft 2 1/2in. 119 (118

71/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 75/70/60. Guns: 16 sakers + 2 falconets. Taken 19.12.1692 by Swallow. Registered 10.1.1693. Commissioned 5.1693 under Capt. Thomas Hardy (-1695), for Guernsey- to protect t trade ‘from the depredations of the French privateers’. On 5.9.1695 under Capt. William Urry; retaken 12.2.1696 by a French privateer off Weymouth. Marianna [Prize] (French privateer La Marianne), 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 80ft 6in, 66ft 0in x 24ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 202 20/94 bm. Men: 85. Guns: 18. Taken 27.1.1693 by York and Dover. Commissioned 24.2.1693 as a fireship under Capt. Christopher Fogg. In 1694 under Capt. David Greenhill (-1695), for fishery protection in the North Sea. In 1696 under Capt. Henry Middleton, for Jersey. In 1697 under Capt. Nathaniel Grantham (-1698), at Jersey. Sold (for £340) 30.8.1698. Adventure Prize (French privateer L’Aventure of Morlaix), 2 guns. Dimensions & tons: 37ft 4in, 30ft 0in x 12ft 6in x 6ft 3in. 24 88/94 bm. [this tiny vessel was actually a hoy, but was classed as a Sixth Rate] Men: ... Guns: 2. Taken 23.2.1693 by Saudadoes. Purchased 3.6.1693. Converted to a pitch boat 1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. Joseph Welman (drowned 31.5.1696). Sold 1698. Jolly Prize (French privateer La Jolie, built at Bayonne 1692), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in, 56ft 0in x 19ft 6in x 9ft 0in. 113 25/94 bm. Men: 50. Guns: 10. Taken 6.1693 by Southampton at Lagos. Commissioned 1694 by Cmdr Joseph Welby, for the Irish coast. In 1695 under Cmdr George Ramsay, still on the Irish coast. In 1696–97 under Thomas Tomkins, in the Channel. In 1698 under Cmdr William Dampier, at Spithead. Sold (for £170) 25.11.1698.

Official draught by Philippe Cochois for an 18-gun frigate to carry 6pdrs, signed and dated Le Havre 1697. La Gracieuse, built at Le Havre by the same designer four years later, is very similar in dimensions and may have been built to the same draught. After capture, this latter ship served in the Royal Navy as Rochester’s Prize. Musée de la Marine, Paris.

Pearl Prize (French privateer La Suffisante of Dunkirk), 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 69ft 10in keel x 22ft 11in x 9ft 4in. 195 7/94 bm. Men: 65/60/50. Guns: 18/16, but these totals includes 6 x 1/2pdr patereroes (swivels). Taken 29.11.1693 by Pearl. Registered 6.1.1694. Commissioned 7.1.1693 under Capt. Francis Dove, for protection of fishery off Gt Yarmouth; capsized by a sudden squall of Goeree (Holland) 17.5.1694. Prince of Wales (French Le Prince de Galles), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in keel x 20ft 4in x 9ft 1in. 163 (138 by calc.) bm. Men: ... Guns: 14. Taken 1693 by York. No record of commissioning. Disposed of in 1698 (or earlier). Essex Prize (French privateer La Naïade, built Dunkirk), 16 guns. Dimensions & tons: 74ft 10in, 57ft ?6in x 22ft 3in x 9ft 9in. 152 bm.

Men: 75/70/60. Guns: 14 sakers + 4 falcons. Taken 25.4.1694 by Essex. Purchased 7.7.1694. Commissioned 18.7.1694 under Capt. George Clements. On 3.10.1696 under Capt. Clemson Cave. In 1697 under Capt. John Aldred (-1700); to Virginia 1698–1700. Laid up at Deptford by AO 27.3.1701. Sold there to James Clarke (by AO 8.1702, for £63) 1.10.1702. Portsmouth’s Prize (French privateer La Joyeuse of St Malo), 10 guns. (Note this vessel was sometime mis-identified in various sources as Joyful (a simple translation of her French name), but there was no such name in RN service.) Dimensions & tons: 68ft 0in, 57ft 0in x 18ft 9in x 7ft 2in. 106 55/94 bm. Men: 55. Guns: 10 minions. Taken 31.5.1694 by Portsmouth. Purchased 29.6.1694. Registered 29.7.1694. Commissioned 4.12.1694 under Cmdr Francis Hosier, for Ireland. In 1696 under Cmdr George Ramsay; retaken by a French squadron in the North Sea 29.9.1696. Saint Nicholas (French privateer ..., of Dunkirk). Dimensions & tons: 75ft 0in, 62ft 0in x 22ft 10in x 9ft 4in. 171 bm. Men: ... Guns: ... Taken 1697 or before by Saudadoes Prize. Not commissioned. Hulked at Plymouth before 1699. Not listed after 1698. Concord (French La Concorde, originally Dutch Eendracht, built Amsterdam 1676), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: 77ft 0in, 64ft 0in x 22ft 6in x 9ft 6in. 172 32/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: 14. Taken 27.1.1697. Purchased 3.1697. No record of commissioning. Gone by 1699.

It is not clear when the Royal Navy adopted the policy of taking the lines off prizes, but it was certainly common from the War of Spanish Succession onwards. This is the draught of the Advice Prize, a privateer built in St Malo in 1703. Judging by the quarter badge, the captain’s cabin is on the quarterdeck, rather than under it as was common naval practice. National Maritime Museum J6871.

ROYAL TRANSPORT. Designed by Peregrine Osborne, the Marquis of Carmarthen, this vessel was reputedly the fastest vessel in the Royal Navy, and from the model in the St Petersburg Museum (attributed to be of this vessel, although with only six pairs of gunports) she seems to have had an early form of schooner rig. She also served as a yacht. Royal Transport Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in, 75ft 0in x 23ft 6in x 7ft 9in. 220 29/94 bm. Men: 100. Guns (established 20.12.1695): 20 brass sakers, + 18 brass swivels. Ord: 13.6.1695. L: 11.12.1695 (but not named until 11.3.1696). Commissioned 11.12.1695 under Capt. William Ripley. On 14.5.1697 under Capt. Salmon Morrice (or Morris). By AO 14.3.1698, it was directed that she be ‘given to the Czar of Muscovy [Peter the Great] for his Navy’. Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1702–05). Rochester’s Prize (French La Gracieuse, built 10.1701–3.1702 at Le Havre. L: 16.1.1702. Philippe Cochois design), 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 87ft 0in, 73ft 0in x 22ft 9in x 9ft 11in. 200 91/94 bm. Men: 85/70/50. Guns: 16 x 6pdrs + 2 minions. Taken 18.5.1702 by Rochester. Registered 11.7.1702.

Commissioned 8.7.1702 under Cmdr Matthew Tate, for Shovell’s fleet; in North Sea 1703. On ?21.4.1704 under Cmdr Francis Vaughan, then 22.5.1705 under Cmdr Robert Dobson (-1711), still in the North Sea. Sold (for £141) 10.4.1712. Postillion Prize (French ‘barque longue’ Le Postillon, built 1691 and purchased 7.1701), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: 65ft 4in, 53ft 4in x 19ft 4in x 7ft 10in. 105 47/94 tons Men: 50/40/30. Guns: 10 saker cutts. Taken 29.6.1702 by Worcester. Registered 23.7.1702. Commissioned 1703 under Cmdr George Fane, for the Mediterranean. On ? 14.7.1704 under Josiah Martin, then 1706 under Cmdr John Sapsford, both for the North Sea. On ?18.3.1709 under Cmdr Thomas Dennett; bilged and sank in Ostend harbour 7.5.1709. Chatham’s Prize (French L’Envoi), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 53ft 4in, 44ft 0in x 16ft 8in x 6ft 7in. 65 1/94 bm. Men: 55. Guns: 6 x 3pdrs + 2 minions. Taken 7.3.1704 by Chatham. Registered 26.3.1704. Commissioned 25.4.1704 under Cmdr John Pepys (-1707), for the North Sea. Sold (by AO 6.11.1707, for £51) 8.1.1708. Nottingham’s Prize (French La Tour de Montfort), 4 guns. Dimensions & tons: 46ft 0in, 37ft 6in x 14ft 3in x 5ft 0in. 40 44/94 bm. Men: 55/34. Guns: 2 sakers, 2 falcons and 4 swivels. Taken 9.4.1704 by Nottingham. Registered 28.4.1704. Commissioned 1704 under Cmdr Francis Gregory (-1705), for the Thames Estuary. On ?6.2.1706 under Cmdr George Lumley Sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness by AO 31.7.1706. Advice Prize (French privateer Le Saint-Sulphice, built 1703 at St Malo), 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 82ft 0in, 63ft 0in x 24ft 6in x 10ft 7in. 200 (201 14.94 by calc.) bm. Men: 90. Guns: 18 x 4pdrs. Taken 20.5.1704 by Advice. Registered 19.6.1704. Commissioned 1704 under Cmdr Nathaniel Bostock; to Barbados 1705. In 1706 under Cmdr John Temple (-1711), at Barbados; to Newfoundland 1707; in North Sea 1708–11. Sold to John Evans (for £140) 10.4.1712. Worcester’s Prize (French La Catherine), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: 72ft 10in, 60ft 6in x 20ft 10 1/2in x 8ft 10in. 140 22/94

bm. Men: 75/60/40. Guns: 12 x 4pdrs, + 2 minions. Taken 21.1.1705 by Worcester. Registered 1.2.1705. Commissioned 1705 under Capt. Clemson Cave, for Byng’s squadron in the Channel; later in the Bristol Channel; took privateers La Marie 20.5.1707 and L’Heureuse 30.5.1707, both in the Channel; retaken 27.5.1708 (while defending convoy) by two French privateers off Land’s End. Taken again by a Dutch privateer 14.6.1708 and repurchased for the RN (by AO 14.6.1708). Recommissioned 7.1708 under Cmdr Finch Riddall; retaken again by a French privateer 6.10.1708 off Land’s End. Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1708–09). Seaford’s Prize (French La Marie-Anne), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: 62ft 7in, 50ft 11 1/4in x 17ft 10 1/2in x 7ft 4in. 86 53/94 bm. Men: 70/60/50. Guns: 12/10 x 3pdrs. Taken 17.4.1708 by Seaford. Registered 29.4.1708. Established 6.7.1708. Commissioned 4.1708 under Cmdr Thomas Sanders, for the Irish Sea. In 1711 under Cmdr Thomas Willshaw. In 6.1712 under Lieut. George Rawlings (temp.); taken by French 30-gun privateer off Islay 12.6.1712. Retaken 8.1712 but not recommissioned; sold (for £150) 13.10.1712. Speedwell Prize (French La Marie-Thérèse), 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 75ft 4in, 60ft 0in x 22ft 1in x 9ft 10 1/2in. 155 60/94 bm. Men: 100. Guns: 16 minions + 4 falcons. Taken 14.7.1708 by Speedwell. Registered 4.10.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Cmdr Christopher Parker (-1711) Sold (for £232) 11.9.1712. Shoreham Prize (French L’Espérance), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: 56ft 10 1/2in, 46h 7in x 17ft 1 3/4in x 9ft 0in. 72 79/94 bm. Men: 70. Guns: 12. Taken 19.5.1709 by Shoreham. Registered 2.6.1709. Commissioned 8.1709 under Cmdr Digby Dent; with the Fleet 1711, then in North Sea 1711. Sold (for £115) 11.9.1712. Hare (French privateer La Mignonne), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: 53ft 5in, 43ft 11in x 15ft 4 1/4in x 9ft 0in. 55 34/94 bm. Men: 50. Guns: 10 falcons.

Taken 20.6.1709 by Speedwell. Registered 8.9.1709. Commissioned 1710 under Cmdr James Milleson (-1712); with the Fleet 1710; quarantine ship at the Nore 1711. Sold (for £80) 1.7.1712. Plymouth Prize (French La Dryade, built 7–12.1702 at Le Havre. L: 21.10.1702. Philippe Cochois design), 16 guns. Dimensions & tons: 56ft 6in keel x 21ft 2in x 8ft 8in. 134 60/94 bm. Men: 90? Guns: 16 x 4pdrs. Taken 28.6.1709 by Plymouth. Registered 18.7.1709. Commissioned 8.1709 under Cmdr James Hanway; taken by French 30-gun privateer off Isles of Scilly 21.12.1709. Monck Prize (French privateer La Conquérante), 16 guns. Dimensions & tons: 59ft 4in keel x 20ft 9in x 9ft 11in. 135 80/94 bm. Men: 90. Guns: 16 x 4pdrs. Taken 24.7.1709 by Monck at Cape Morisco. Registered 9.9.1709. Commissioned 9.1709 under Cmdr Samuel Chadwick; with the Fleet 1710, then in the Channel 1711. Sold (for £205) 6.3.1712. Hind (French privateer La Diane), 16 guns. Dimensions & tons: 78ft 0in, 66ft 3in x 23ft 3in x 10ft 7in. 190 40/94 bm. Men: 90. Guns: 16 x 4pdrs. Taken 25.8.1709 by Medway. Registered 21.9.1709. Commissioned 9.1709 under Cmdr Robert Jennings, for North Sea and then Irish Sea; bilged and foundered in Poolbeg Harbour (Dublin) 29.11.1711. Discovery Dogger (French privateer La Duchesse dAumont of Calais), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions not known. 82 tons. Men: 80 (50 by AO 11.3.1712). Guns: 10 minions, + 6 x 1/2pdr patereroes (swivels). Taken 27.3.1711 by Canterbury. Registered 27.4.1711 (or 19.5.1711). Commissioned 1711 under Cmdr James Dalziel, for the Downs squadron. Later under Cmdr Francis Willis, in the Thames Approaches. Sold to John Daniell (for £137) 20.11.1712. Whiting (French privateer La Nymphe of Calais), 4 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 45 bm. Men: 30. Guns: 4, + 2 x 1/2pdr patereroes (swivels). Taken 9.5.1711 by Winchester. Purchased by AO 4.6.1711. No record of commissioning (not bought in?). Sold 10.4.1712.

PURCHASED VESSELS (1709). The purchase of seven small ships was approved on 27.5.1709 (following an AO on 20.5.1709 to survey, approve and fit them); this included the vessel still building by Wicker (the Lively), the four below, and two others not identified (Mary and Wish art). Diligence [Galley] (mercantile Queen Ann Galley, built by William Johnson), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: 57ft 1in keel x 22ft 4 1/2in x 10ft 2in. 152 1/94 bm. Men: 50. Guns: 10 minions + 2 falcons. Purchased 23.5.1709. Renamed 4.6.1709. Commissioned 1709 under Cmdr John Rose, for the North Sea; to Scotland 1711; took privateer La Sainte Jeanne off Newfoundland 28.1.1712. Sold to Sir John Lambert (for £455) 20.11.1712. Success (mercantile Swift Galley), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: 56ft 2 1/2in keel x 19ft 3in x 8ft 10in. 110 70/94 bm. Men: 50. Guns: 10 x 3pdrs. Purchased from Mr Windsor 1.6.1709. Commissioned 1709 under Cmdr Charles Boyle; captured by seven enemy privateers 13.9.1709, south of Land’s End. Retaken (by a Dutch privateer) 20.2.1710 and reinstated in British Navy. Recommissioned under Cmdr Robert Cremer; taken by two French 20-gun privateers off Lisbon 11.4.1710. Rose (mercantile Anthelope [Pink]), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: 62ft 2in keel x 21ft 5in x 9ft 7 1/2in. 151 63/94 bm. Men: 70. Guns: 12 minions + 2 falcons. Purchased from Mr Palmer 6.6.1709. Commissioned 1709 under Cmdr John Fletcher. In 1710 under Cmdr Clempson Cave; with the Fleet 1710, then in the Channel 1711. Sold (for £290) 6.3.1712. Cruizer (mercantile Unity Galley), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: 56ft 7 1/2in keel x 20ft 3in x 10ft 1in. 123 39/94 bm. Men: 60. Guns: 12 x 3pdrs. Purchased from Mr Winder 6.6.1709. Renamed 7.6.1709. Commissioned 1709 under Cmdr James Hubert. In 1710 under Cmdr J. St Leger, with the Main Fleet. In 1711 under Cmdr Ellis Brand, with the Dunkirk squadron. Sold to John Shirley (for £202) 20.11.1712. OTTER GROUP. Because they were three-masted vessels (i.e. ship-rigged),

these small vessels were classed as Sixth Rates, but their design, not to mention the typical sloop names some were given, indicate their firm placing in the sloop (i.e. trade protection) role. The first three were ordered in May 1709 with the stated purpose ‘to free the coasts from the enemies privateers, which are dayly lurking thereon’. Men: 70. Guns: 14 minions (4pdrs). Delight Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Richard Stacey to 8.1709, completed by Jacob Acworth] Dimensions & tons: 77ft 8in, 63ft 0in x 22ft 1in x 9ft 3in. 163 40/94 bm. Ord: 16.5.1709. L: 18.10.1709. Commissioned ?10.1710 under Cmdr Sir George Stewart (-1713), for the Channel. Sold to John Dagrave (for £371) 8.1.1713. Seahorse William Yeames, Ratcliffe (Limehouse). Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0 1/2in, 62ft 1in x 22ft 1 1/2in x 9ft 3in. 161 61/94 bm. Ord: 16.5.1709 (‘to launch next Spring’). L: 4.11.1709. Commissioned 1710 under Cmdr Humphry Blowers; with the Fleet 1710, then in the Channel 1711; wrecked in Dartmouth Harbour 29.11.1711. Otter Robert Smith, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 76ft 3 1/4in, 62ft 3in x 22ft 6in x 9ft 3in. 167 57/94 bm. Ord: 16.5.1709. L: 6.3.1710. Commissioned 1710 under Cmdr Thomas Dennett, off Dunkirk. In 1711 under Cmdr Thomas Whorwood, then 1712 Cmdr Robert Faulkner, for the North Sea. Sold to Samuel Eyres (for £392) 8.1.1713. Margate Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] Dimensions & tons: 77ft 2 1/2in, 63ft 0in x 22ft 0 1/4in x 9ft 3 1/2in. 162 75/94 bm. Ord: 23.7.1709. L: ?9.11.1709. Commissioned 1710 under Cmdr Edward Mansell, for the North Sea. Sold (for £573) 20.11.1712. Swan Edmund Dummer, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 78ft 4in, 63ft 6 1/2in x 21ft 10 3/4in x 10ft 0in. 152 3/94 bm. Ord: 1709. L: 17.9.1709. Commissioned 1710 under Cmdr Erasmus Phillips (-1712), for the North Sea; took privateer L’Union there 24.7.1711. Sold to James Fleming (for £353) 8.1.1712.

PURCHASED VESSELS (1709). The following three vessels were purchased while building; again, all were classed as Sixth Rates. Hind Edmund Dummer, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 78ft 4in, 63ft 5 1/2in x 21ft 10in x 9ft 113/4in. 160 85/94 bm. Men: 60. Guns: 12 x 4pdrs. Purchased 8.6.1709 (by AO 3.6.1709). L: 13.7.1709. Commissioned 1709 under Cmdr Robert Cremer; stranded and wrecked near Hurst Castle (Isle of Wight) 16.9.1709. Jolly William Johnson, Blackwall. Dimensions & tons: 61ft 10 1/2in keel x 22ft 7 1/4in x 10ft 1in. 168 15/94 bm. Men: 70. Guns: 10 x 4pdrs. Purchased 13.6.1709 (by AO 7.6.1709). L: 1709. Commissioned 1710 under Cmdr Arthur Field (-22.10.1711); Archangel convoy 1710; off North Foreland 1711; took privateer L’Intention 14.4.1711. On 25.2.1712 under Cmdr William Stevenson (-1713), for the Leeward Islands. Sold to George Cox (for £400) 29.7.1714. Lively John Wicker, Deptford. Dimensions & tons: 56ft 5in keel x 20ft 6in x 10ft 0in. 125 80/94 bm. Men: 60. Guns: 12 x 3pdrs. Purchased 7.7.1709 (by AO 27.5.1709). L: 6.1709. Commissioned 1710 under Cmdr Ezekiel Wright (-1712), for the North Sea. Sold to Alexander Mitchell (for £477) 20.10.1712. The last purpose-built Sixth Rate with fewer than 20 guns, the 10-gun Jolly, was sold on 29.7.1714 and all future Sixth Rates built for the British navy would have at least 20 carriage guns.

7 Unrated Vessels

B

efore 1714, the Rated ships of the Royal Navy were aided by a miscellany of unrated vessels. Those which served as auxiliary vessels (non-combatant) are covered at the close of this chapter, following separate sections for bomb vessels, for fireships, for storeships, for yachts and for the various types of unarmed craft often employed for harbour service. Those with a naval role — for patrol and escort purposes — are listed chronologically hereunder.

PATROL AND ESCORT VESSELS Until the emergence of the naval sloop in the early years of the Georgian period, the unrated vessels were contained within a variety of type designations, usually employing the description of the rig and/or hull design — ketch, pink, brigantine, flyboat, dogger, sloop, smack and advice boat. All these were eventually to be subsumed into the sloop category after 1714. Although the size and type of the guns carried by the unrated patrol and escort vessels was rarely specified, they may be assumed to have been small — usually minions (3pdrs) or even lesser guns, except where otherwise specified.

(B) Vessels acquired before 2 May 1660 Ex-ROYALIST PRIZES — PINKS (1644–45) Dove (Royalist Fortune), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 63/84 tons. Taken 1644. Added to Navy by Order 14.2.1645. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. William Hazard (-1647). In 1648 under Capt. Jacob Reynolds. ‘For disposal’ 1649, although she still appears on the Navy List of March 1652 (see Chapter 6).

Welcome (?Royalist ...), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 100/133 tons. Taken 1644 in the Irish Sea. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. John Green (-1647). Taken ‘by some ships of St Malo’ in late 1647. Weymouth (Royalist Cavendish), 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 19ft 0in x ... 120 (122 84/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 60/50. Guns: 18/12. Taken 7.1645 at Weymouth. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Capt. John Lockyer? In late 1645 under Capt, John Pearce (-1647); with Winter Guard 1646–47; with Western Guard 1647. In 1648 under Capt. John Bowen; with Warwick’s fleet in the Downs 9.1648. In 1650 under Capt. Gabriel Sanders (-1652); in Scottish waters 1650. In 1653 under Capt. Robert Wilkinson (-1658). On 24.6.1660 under Capt. Henry Land (died 4.4.1661), in the Downs. Sold 1662. Two further pinks were acquired in 1645, the Dainty (of 4 tons) and Trial; there is no subsequent record of them, other than that the Trial was commanded in 1646–47 by a Capt. Browne. SHALLOPS (1647–49). These vessels were in effect large open boats (undecked), procured from a variety of sources. For most of them there is no record of service. The first of these, the Falcon [shallop], was taken from Royalist forces in 1647 but is listed as a Sixth Rate (see Chapter 6). Eagle [shallop], 6 guns. In service 1648. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. J. Dadman (-1652). Not mentioned after 1652. Samuel [shallop], 4 guns. In service 1648. Not mentioned after 1652. Scout [shallop], 4 guns. In service 1648. Taken by the Royalists 1649, and not subsequently recorded. Fly [shallop], 2 guns. In service 1648. Not mentioned after 1652. Spy [shallop] In service 1649. Not mentioned after 1652.

POSSIBLE Ex-ROYALIST PRIZE (1648). Although not certain, this is probably the ketch Constant Dacre, owned by Lord Dacre and detained in the Downs 10.8.1648 as it was suspected that she was ‘bound for the Prince’s service’. The Earl of Warwick on reporting the detention noted that he was intending to keep her. Minion (origin uncertain — probably a ketch). Dimensions & tons: 28ft 0in keel x 12ft 4in x 4ft 9in. 22 61/94 bm. Draught 4ft 0in. Men: 4. Guns: 2. Acquired 1648. Fitted 6.1649 (warrant of 26.6.1649 for arms and gunners stores to be issued). Commissioned 1649 under Capt. James Henley. Employed as a yacht. Sold to Stephen Sartan ‘as useless’ 13.10.1669. SHALLOPS (1651–55) Horsleydown [shallop] (i) Built 1651 at Horseleydown (Southwark). Commissioned 1651 under Capt. William Gregory (-1652). Sold 1654. Deptford [shallop] Built 1652 at Deptford. No record of commissioning. Not mentioned after 1653. Horsleydown [shallop] (ii), 4 guns Acquired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. William Smithson. Sold 1656. Portsmouth [shallop], 4 guns, [also called French shallop] Acquired 1655 as a prize. Commissioned under Capt. Jeremiah Country; later under Capt. Francis Cranwell; taken by a Royalist privateer 8.1655 and carried into Brest.

The ancestor of the naval sloop was the shallop (English) or chaloupe (French) from which the term was clearly derived, but the relationship was probably more than just etymological. Originally little better than a large undecked boat, the shallop became more seaworthy as time went on. This French double chaloupe, or barque longue, from around the middle of the seventeenth century shows both oars and sails, the simple two-masted sail plan being known as the Biscay shallop rig. The same rig was used by the earliest English sloops. Musée de la Marine, Paris.

PURCHASED VESSEL (1654). Prototype ketch, which had been hired from Capt. John King by AO 30.10.1651 to work ‘among the sands’, under King’s command. To 1652 transferred ‘to guard the mackerel fishery’. From 1653 under Capt. James Odey, in the North Sea, until purchased outright from King. Nonsuch Robert Page, Wivenhoe. Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in, 37ft 0in keel x 15ft 6in x 7ft 0in. 47 26/94 bm. Draught 6ft 6in. Men: 35/24/12. Guns: 8/6. L: 1650. Purchased 13.7.1654. Commissioned 1655 under Cmdr Thomas Bowry (-1657). In 1657 under Cmdr Francis Cranwell (-1658). In 1658 under Cmdr Jonathan Waltham (-1660); taken by two Ostend privateers off Ostend 3.2.1659. Retaken 4.1659. On 20.12.1664 under Cmdr Amos Beare (-21.12.1664). On

22.12.1664 under Capt. Robert Crossman (died 26.10.1667); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron) 3.6.1665. Sold 11.1667 to Sir Francis Warren, then resold 3.1668 to Prince Rupert and others (for £290) for the first trading expedition to Hudson’s Bay 1668–69. CAPTURED PINKS (1653–55) Sparrow Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 12–16. Taken 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. John Wetwang (-1654). In 1655 under Capt. Edmund Curie (-1657). Sold 1659. Wren Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 10–12. Taken 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Drew (-1654). Later in 1654 under Capt. Matthew Browne (-1655). In 1656 under Capt. Richard Ducie. Sold 1657. Red Hart Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 6. Taken 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Thorpe, for South/East Coast collier escorting. Later in 1653 under Capt. Southerne. In 1654 under Capt. Samuel Sharland. Sold 1654. Adviser Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 8. Taken 1653. Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Thomas Sankey (-1655); taken by a French privateer 6.9.1655. Cat Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 8. Taken 1653. Commissioned 1654 under Capt. Capt. Richard Cowes (-1656). Later in 1656

under Capt. Richard Pittock; taken by a Dunkirk privateer 28.4.1656. Red Horse Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 10. Taken 1655. Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Edward Nixon (-1657). Sold 1658. A dozen ketches and pinks were built in the mid 1650s. Apart from two larger pinks specially designed (1656) for service on the coast of Virginia, there seems to have been no structural distinction between the two types, the difference being one of rig — ketches had a two-masted square main and lateen mizzen rig, whereas the pink carried a conventional three-masted ship rig. The reclassification of some vessels from one type to another indicates that the two were interchangeable in other respects. The smaller ketches saw active service, four being attached to the Fleet at the Battle of Lowestoft in 1665. EAGLET GROUP (1655 PROGRAMME). On 3 October 1655 the Council of State issued an Order to build four ‘Advice Boats’. A week later, Capt. Taylor and ‘Mr’ Pett submitted plans for the advice boats to be built ‘ketch fashion’, each to carry 6 or 8 guns. The Admiralty Committee suggested building one each at Chatham and Woolwich Dockyards, and two by contract. However, this was clearly not approved, as on 7 November the Committee confirmed that all four advice boats had been contracted out. Dimensions & tons (projected): 42ft keel x 16ft (= 57 18/94 bm). Men: 35. Guns: 8.

Detail from a drawing by the elder Van de Velde of the Battle of Lowestoft, 1665, showing two man-of-war ketches in the foreground (Eaglet, Roe and Hind were present). The main features of the ketch rig are apparent: a large mast stepped where the main would be in a three-masted ship, and a relatively small mizzen, the absence of a foremast being balanced by large headsails set on a long bowsprit. Less obvious is the characteristic hull shape, with a plain curving stem, a lot of sheer and a narrow ‘pink’ stern (when rerigged as ships, as they often were for foreign voyages, they were then known as pinks). The single-masted vessel further off is a royal or Admiralty yacht, performing much the same function in battle as the ketches. National Maritime Museum, detail from PY3901.

Eaglet Mr Higgins, Horsleydown (Bermondsey). Dimensions & tons: 40ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 7ft 0in. 54 44/94 bm. L: 1655. Commissioned 1655 under Cmdr John Bowrey. In mid 1656 under Capt. Philemon Pownoll. Later in 1656 under Cmdr Godfrey Reader (-1660). On 3.4.1660 under Cmdr Richard Swanley (-1.4.1662). On 7.11.1664 under Cmdr William Berry (-6.4.1665). On 21.4.1665 under Capt. Stephen Sertaine (-21.3.1668); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron) 3.6.1665. Leased 1668–69 to Prince Rupert and others for expedition to Hudson’s Bay. On 22.3.1669 under Cmdr Nicholas Hill (-2.7.1669), later on 13.10.1669 under Cmdr Jeffrey Pearse (-28.4.1672); to West Indies 1670–72. On 20.5.1672 under Capt. George Spilsby (-1.4.1674), in the North Sea. Sold 21.5.1674. Hawke Mr Cooper, Woolwich. Dimensions & tons: 42ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 7ft 0in. 57 18/94 bm. Draught 8ft 0in. L: 1655. Commissioned 1656 under Cmdr Andrew Ashford (-1660); took Royalist privateer Mary 11.1657; in the Downs at the Restoration of Charles II. Recommissioned on 24.6.1660 under Ashford (-6.5.1661); to the Mediterranean 1661. On 14.5.1661 under Cmdr William Blake (-13.12.1661), then 14.12.1661 under Cmdr John King (-26.1.1663). On 5.10.1664 under Cmdr Richard Earlesman (-5.10.1667). Sold 10.1667. Roe Robert Page, Wivenhoe. Dimensions & tons: 41ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 8ft 7in. 55 78/94 bm. L: 30.1.1656. Commissioned 1655 under Cmdr Jeremy Country (-1657), in the North Sea and on convoy duties. In 1657 under Cmdr Edward Grove, then 1658

under Cmdr Thomas Bowry (-1660); in the Downs at the Restoration of Charles II. In 1661 under Thomas Buckhill; ‘made a kitchen’. On 23.2.1665 under James Locke (-25.10.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron) 3.6.1665. In 1666 under Jacob Baker, later Thomas Langley. In 1667 under Nepthali Ball, then Robert South. In 10.1669 given away to Capt. Straughan, and wrecked in 1670. Hind Robert Page, Wivenhoe. Dimensions & tons: 41ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 8ft 7in. 55 78/94 bm. L: 11.2.1656. Commissioned 1656 under Cmdr Richard Countrey (-1660), in the North Sea; recommissioned on 24.6.1660 under Countrey (-31.5.1661). On 8.4.1663 under Cmdr John King (-4.12.1663); reappointed 21.12.1663 (-18.10.1664). On 19.10.1664 under Cmdr John Withers (-11.12.1667); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron) 3.6.1665; wrecked in the Isles of Scilly 11.12.1667.

The fluyt was a significant ingredient in the success of Dutch shipping in the seventeenth century, being capacious and easily handled by relatively small crews. They were not all as well armed as this example, which was an additional way of keeping down the complement. The extreme degree of tumblehome (the curving-in of the topsides) was supposedly a conscious attempt to reduce the breadth of the ship at the deck without

reducing real capacity. Much Dutch trade was with the Baltic and the tax that was levied on passing through the Sound was calculated on the dimensions of each ship, the breadth being taken at deck level, so fluyts had an advantage over similar-sized ships of conventional form. This drawing may be the work of Van de Velde the Elder; the stern of the ship carries the date 1642. Of smaller size were the flyboats (Dutch vlieboot), shallowdraught vessels intended for operations in estuarine waters and the sluggish Dutch rivers. National Maritime Museum, detail from PY1712.

Ex-ROYALIST PRIZE — KETCH (1656). This vessel was added as a fireship. Beaver (Royalist Beaver), of Brest), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Taken 1656. Commissioned 1656 under Capt. Richard Penhallow. BU 1658. BLACKAMOOR GROUP (1656 PROGRAMME). On 19 June 1656 the Admiralty ordered the building of two ketches of 80 tons each ‘for service on the coast of America’. These were classed as ‘pinks’ on completion, indicating a change of rig (three masts were generally preferred for distant voyages). Blackamoor Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Capt. John Taylor] Dimensions & tons: 47ft 0in keel x 19ft 0in x 8ft 6in. 90 1/4 bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 50/40/26. Guns: 14/12 comprising (1666) 6 demi-culverins and 8 sakers. L: 1656. Commissioned 1656 under Cmdr John Wilgress; at Jamaica 1656–59 (returned Deptford 7.1659). On 24.6.1660 under Cmdr Tobias Sackler (-18.10.1662), ‘on the mackerel fishery’. On 14.11.1664 under Capt. John Barton (-24.11.1667). Also reported 20.2.1665 under Richard Neale (died 19.12.1665). In North Sea 1665–67, convoying merchantmen. Converted to a fireship by AO 8.6.1667. On 15.6.1667 under Joseph Paine (-9.8.1667); took two Dutch merchantmen 7.1667. Sold ‘as useless’, 11.1667. Chestnut Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir John Tippetts] Dimensions & tons: 45ft 0in keel x 18ft 6in x 8ft 9in. 81 (87 36/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 8ft 4in. Men: 50/40/26. Guns: 8/8.

L: 8.1656. Commissioned 1656 under Cmdr Henry Clarke; at Jamaica 1656–60. In 1660 under Cmdr Robert Poory, still at Jamaica. On 21.1.1662 under Cmdr John Stephens (drowned 15.9.1665), for the East Indies; foundered off Swally Hole, Surat, 15.9.1665. CYGNET GROUP (1657 PROGRAMME). The Council of State issued orders on 31 March 1657 to the Dockyards to construct six small vessels, ‘to carry 4 guns and 30 men, not to draw more than 5ft of water when fully manned’. They were somewhat larger as built, with more men and guns, and deeper draught. Rigged as ketches (Swallow, Rose and Hart were recorded as pinks), one of each pair was classed as a Sixth Rate (indicated by an asterisk below) and the other left unrated, but for convenience all are listed below. Swallow Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Manley Callis] Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 14ft 6in x 7ft 6in. 55 86/94 bm. Draught 6ft 0in. Men: 50/35/25. Guns: 6 x 4pdrs. L: 1657. Commissioned 1657 under Capt. Richard Pittock (-1660); operations in the Sound 1659. Given to the Irish Packet service in 1661. Lilly* Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Manley Callis] Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 15ft 6in x 5ft 6in. 63 84/94 bm. Draught 6ft 6in. Men: 35/30/22. Guns: 6 x 4pdrs. L: 1657. Commissioned 1657 under Cmdr John Pearce (-1660). On 28.12.1664 under Capt. Amos Beare (-9.4.1666). On 16.3.1666 under Capt. Thomas Langley (-18.11.1666). Loaned 5.1667 to Messrs Page, Jennifer & Coult for use as a privateer, but loan retracted 6.1667 and Lilly was for disposal 30.9.1667. Sold ‘as useless’, 10.1667. Rose Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] Dimensions tons: 50ft 0in keel x 14ft 6in x 5ft 6in. 55 86/94 bm. Draught 6ft 0in. Men: 50/35/25. Guns: 6. L: 1657. No record of commissioning; in Ordinary in 1660. Given to the Irish Packet service in 1661.

Hart* Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] Dimensions tons: 50ft 0in keel x 14ft 6in x 5ft 6in. 55 86/94 bm. Draught 5ft 0in. Men: 35/30/25. Guns: 8/6. L: 1658. Commissioned 1657 under Cmdr Richard Streate (-1660). On 24.6.1660 under Richard Streat (died 6.5.1661). Sold as useless, 10.1683. Cygnet* Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Capt. John Taylor] Dimensions & tons: 45ft 0in keel x 15ft 6in x 5ft 6in. 57 1/2 bm. Draught 6ft 6in. Men: 50/35/22. Guns: 8. L: 1657. Commissioned 1657 under Cmdr Henry Landes (-1659). In 1660 under Cmdr John Beer. On 20.10.1661 under Capt. Edward Cotterell (-10.10.1662). On 24.4.1665 under Capt. Roger Jones (died 3.2.1666), then 26.2.1666 under Capt. William Houlding (-25.7.1666) and 4.8.1666 under Capt. Anthony Smith (-16.10.1667), all in the North Sea and the Channel. For disposal 30.9.1667. Parrot Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright presumably Capt. Taylor] Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 60 bm. Guns: 6. L: 1657. Commissioned 1657 under Cmdr Thomas Home; taken by two Spanish privateers in the Channel 2.7.1657.

(C) Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660 PURCHASED KETCHES (1661) Giles Dimensions & tons: 37ft 0in keel x 15ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 48 (47 26/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 6ft 6in. Men: 40/30/12. Guns: 2. Purchased 1661 (appraisal of 6.5.1661 valuing her at £228.9.0d). Commissioned 23.5.1661 under John King (-13.12.1661). On 6.5.1663 under Thomas Knevett (-9.10.1663). In 1665 under Stephen Certain. On

13.4.1665 under Thomas Locke (-13.11.1665); convoy to Tangier 1665. Sold 10.1667. Swallow Dimensions & tons: 40ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 8ft 0in. 54 (54 44/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 8ft 0in. Men: 40/15/12. Guns: 6. Purchased 1661 (appraisal of 6.5.1661 valuing her at £355.9.0d). Commissioned 18.5.1661 under Capt. Francis Sparrow (-8.12.1662); in the Mediterranean 1662. On 5.2.1664 under Capt. Robert Ensome (-16.8.1665); to Jamaica 1665. On 17.10.1665 under Capt. John Berry (-6.2.1666), then on 10.2.1666 under Capt. John Phenny (-17.8.1666), then on 19.8.1666 under Capt. Sir Richard Munden (-22.7.1667). On 28.4.1668 under Capt. Benjamin Symonds (-21.7.1668). Sold 5.1674. Ex-DUTCH PRIZES — FLYBOATS (1664–67). A large number of these capacious flat-bottomed Dutch vessels were captured from 1664 onwards. The design of this, the most common form of small seventeenth-century merchantman (the Dutch term was vlieboot, from which the English name was corrupted) was intended for operations in Dutch estuarine waters (vlies). These were shallow-draught vessels, rigged on two or three masts, with relatively little sail area for their size, which required minimal manning and resulted in lower operating costs. Crown Malago Dimensions & tons: 70ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 197 (196 91/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 8in. Men: 23/20/20. Guns: 6/6. Taken 1664. Commissioned 10.8.1666 under Capt. Richard Bradford (died 22.5.1667). Sunk as blockship at Woolwich 6.1667. Clearly then salved, as was given away to Thomas Warren in 8.1667. Blue Boar Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 180 (180 8/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 8in. Men: 14. Guns: 4. Taken 1665. Commissioned 12.7.1666 under Capt. John Hewett (-11.10.1666). Redelivered to the Prize Office, 1666.

Coppersmith Dimensions & tons: 77ft 0in keel x 22ft 3in x 10ft 0in. 203 (202 72/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 10/8. Taken 1665. No record of commissioning; used as a powder and ammunition store at Harwich. Sold as useless, 11.1667. Franekin Dimensions & tons: 72ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 11ft 4in. 221 (220 56/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 25/20/20. Guns: 8/8. Taken 1665. No record of commissioning. Given away to Capt. Fortescue and Capt. Millet, 10.1669. Freizland Dimensions & tons: 84ft 6in keel x 22ft 6in x 10ft 6in. 227 (227 51/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 10ft 0in. Men: 40/25/20. Guns: 8/8. Taken 1665. Commissioned 6.9.1665 under Richard Teate (died 27.6.1668). Lent to Royal African Company, 27.12.1670; given to them 10.1672. Good Hope Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 21ft 0in x 10ft 2in. 178 (178 26/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 10in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 6/4. Taken 1665. No record of commissioning. Sold as useless at Portsmouth, 12.1667. Hardereen Dimensions & tons: 65ft 0in keel x 20ft 0in x 10ft 9in. 138 (138 28/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 40/25/20. Guns: 4/4. Taken 1665. Commissioned 3.6.1665 under Capt. John Coudrey (-31.12.1666). On 17.5.1771 under Capt. John Kelsey (-29.2.1672). Converted to a fireship 1672. On 26.4.1672 under Capt. John Votier (-8.2.1673). On 27.2.1673 under Capt. Isaac Gilding (died 6.4.1674). Sold 10.1674. Horseman Dimensions & tons: 68ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 191 (192 32/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 10in.

Men: 30/24/20. Guns: 4/4. Taken 1665. Commissioned 5.5.1666 under Capt. William Younger (-7.5.1667). Sunk as a blockship off Woolwich in the Thames, 13.6.1667; raised 8.1667 and BU. Lamb (or Young Lambe?) Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 164 164 72/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 8in. Men: 16/12/12. Guns: 4/4. Taken 1665. Commissioned 26.5.1665 under Capt. William Younger (-6.7.1665). Given away to Mrs Anne Golding 3.6.1667 ‘as the King’s free gift’. Milkmaid (not to be confused with the fireship of the same name and date!) Dimensions & tons: 65ft 0in keel x 21ft 6in x 10ft 2in. 152 (159 77/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 8in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 4/4. Taken 1665. Received from the Prizes Commissioners 30.3.1666. Commissioned 8.3.1666 under Capt. Thomas Stollard (-22.4.1668). Given away to Capt. Francis Digby, 4.11.1667 (sid) ‘as the King’s free gift’. Patriarch Isaac Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 9ft 8in. 172 (172 46/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 4/4. Taken 1665. No record of commissioning. Returned to the Prize Office, 1666. Peter Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 8in. 180 8/94 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 18/14/13. Guns: 4/4. Taken 1665. No record of commissioning. Sold as useless, 5.1668. Prince William (Dutch Prins Willem) Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 253 23/94 bm. Draught 10ft 8in. Men: 17/13/13. Guns: 4/4. Taken 1665. Commissioned 17.12.1665 under Capt. John Totty; retaken by the Dutch in

the North Sea 17.2.1666. Sea Rider Dimensions & tons: 80ft 0in keel x 28ft 8in x 11ft 0in. 350 (349 65/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 13ft 0in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 8/6. Taken 1665. No record of commissioning. Sold as useless, 10.1668. Swan Dimensions & tons: 66ft 0in keel x 21ft 6in x 9ft 6in. 162 26/94 bm. Draught 10ft 4in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 6/4. Taken 1665. No record of commissioning. Returned to the Prize Office, 1666. Vantrump Dimensions & tons: 102ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 10ft 3in. 312 48/94 bm. Draught 13ft 0in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 8/6. Taken 1665. No record of commissioning. Sold as useless, 11.1667.

Hull details of a Dutch dogger, by the younger Van de Velde, drawn about 1665. The rigging is not included, but they were two-masted. Early versions seem to have been square rigged, but those depicted by the Van de Veldes tend to carry a fore-and-aft sail (either

sprit rigged or set from a long standing gaff) on the mainmast, while the mizzen was a relatively small lateen. National Maritime Museum, detail from PW6486.

Wild Boar Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 9ft 6in. 172 46/94 bm. Draught 9ft 4in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 6/4. Taken 1665. Commissioned 23.8.1666 under Capt. Joseph Harris (-11.3.1667), as a fireship. On 12.3.1667 under Capt. John Boone, as a fireship (-25.9.1667). Sold ‘as useless’ to Henry Nicholl (for £276.9.0d) 31.10.1667. Wood Merchant Dimensions & tons: 65ft 0in keel x 21ft 8in x 10ft 0in. 162 29/94 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 4/4. Taken 1665. Commissioned 26.5.1665 under Capt. George Roberts (-8.5.1667). On 25.2.1667 under Capt. John Cowdrey (-18.3.1667), as a fireship. On 10.6.1667 under Capt. Thomas Fowles (-4.12.1667). Sold 1667. Young Goblin Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 9ft 8in. 172 46/94 bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 6/4. Taken 1665. No record of commissioning. Returned to the Prize Office, 1666. Fortune (Not to be confused with the dogger Good Fortune — see below) Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 180 8/94 bm. Draught 10ft 8in. Men: 24/20/20. Guns: 4/4. Taken 1666. No record of commissioning. Sunk as a blockship off Woolwich in the Thames, 13.6.1667; raised 8.1667 and BU. White Rose Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 8in. 180 8/94 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 4/4.

Taken 1666. No record of commissioning. Returned to the Prize Office, 1667. Zealand Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in keel x 29ft 0in x 10ft 4in. 420 1/2 bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 8/6. Taken 1667. No record of commissioning. Sold ‘as useless’, 10.1668. Ex-DUTCH PRIZES — DOGGERS (1665–68). These Dutch fishing vessels, commonly used in the North Sea (and mainly on the ‘Dogger Bank’) for the herring industry, resembled ketches, with a main mast and mizzen mast. Five were captured from the Dutch during the Second Anglo-Dutch War (and a larger number in 1672 — see below) but swiftly disposed of following the end of hostilities. Dimensions & tons (standard): 45ft 0in keel x 17ft 6in x 8ft 6in. 73 28/94 bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 20/16/10 (except Casimir: 30/24/18). Guns: 6/4 (except Casimir. 6/6). Good Fortune Taken 1665. No record of commissioning. Sunk as a blockship off Mussell Bank in the Medway 11.6.1667, during the Raid on the Medway; remains sold 10.1667. Casimir (or Cassimore) Taken 1666. Commissioned 28.3.1667 under Capt. Jeremiah Johnson (-8.10.1667). Given away to Sir Laurens van Hemskirke, 1.1668. Johanna Taken 1666. Commissioned 4.4.1667 under Capt. Charles Farr (-23.1.1668). Given away to Sir Laurens van Hemskirke, 1.1668. John and Peter Taken 1666. No record of commission. Given away to Sir Laurens van Hemskirke, 4.1667. Romery Kirk Taken 1666.

No record of commission. Given away to Sir John Griffith, 1.1668. 1664–65 CONSTRUCTION KETCHES. Three ketches were ordered in 1664 to be built by contract, while another two were built in the Dockyards. The Deptford’s ten guns were sakers, and the other ketches’ armament was probably similar. Dimensions & tons (contract vessels): 50ft 0in keel x 17ft 6in x 9ft 0in. 79 (81 42/94 by calc.) bm. First cost (each contract vessel): £513.10.0d (79 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Colchester John Allin, Colchester. As built: 48ft 0in keel x 16ft 10in x 9ft 0in. 72 (72 32/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 7ft 6in. Men: 45/35/25. Guns: 6 sakers + 2 minions. L: 1664. Commissioned 20.5.1665 under Capt. Thomas Langley (-14.3.1666). In 1666 under Capt. William Martin, for attempt to find the North-West Passage 1667; taken by the French 24.3.1668, while bound for the North-West Passage to re-supply the Hudson’s Bay settlements. Roe Robert Page, Wivenhoe. As built: 50ft 0in keel x 18ft 6in x 8ft 6in. 91 2/94 bm. Draught 7ft 6in. Men: 45/35/25. Guns: 8. Ord: 16.1.1664 (contract). L: 1665. Commissioned 1666 under Capt. Robert Wood. On 26.11.1666 under Capt. Thomas Langley (-4.3.1667), then on 5.3.1667 under Capt. Napthali Ball (-18.10.1667). On 10.12.1668 under Capt. Thomas Fowles; wrecked off the Canary Islands in a storm 22.3.1670. Wivenhoe Robert Page, Wivenhoe. As built: 52ft 0in keel x 19ft 1in x 8ft 6in. 100 (100 68/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 7ft 6in. Men: 45/35/25. Guns: 8 as ketch, 6 as pink and as fireship. L: 1665. Commissioned 7.4.1665 under Capt. William Berry (-19.2.1666). On 22.2.1666 under Capt. Christopher Evelyn (-26.10.1668). Converted to a pink 1.1669. Recommissioned 26.4.1672 under Capt. Thomas Page (-4.2.1673). Converted to a fireship 1673. On 5.2.1673 under Capt. William Jaques (-2.4.1674); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron, Rear division) 11.8.1673. On 8.7.1674 under Capt. Henry Williams

(-31.5.1675), as guard ship at Portsmouth. On 3.6.1675 under Capt. Hugh Ridley (-19.9.1680), as a pink again. Sold ‘as useless’ 12.1683. Deptford Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] As built: 52ft 0in keel x 18ft 0in x 9ft 4in. 89 (89 58/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 4in. Men: 45/35/25. Guns: 10/8 as ketch. L: 1665. First cost: £581.15.0d (89 1/2 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 17.8.1665 under Capt. Mark Pearse (died 2.6.1667) or Thomas Marshall (records probably incorrect); action against Dutch convoy off Alderney 3.2.1667. In 1667 under Mark Paul (?), then 4.10.1668 under Capt. Thomas Hamilton (-3.10.1668). On 5.10.1668 under Capt. John Ashby (-25.6.1669), for Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 23.7.1670 under Capt. William Anguish (-24.1.1675), in the North Sea; to the Straits in 1674. On 25.1.1675 under Capt. Jonathan Waltham (-19.11.1675), in the North Sea again. On 10.9.1676 under Capt. George Tyete (-1.5.1678). On 28.5.1678 under Capt. James Aires (-25.6.1680); to the Leeward Islands 7.1679. On 23.7.1680 under Capt. Christopher Billop (-11.9.1682), in the Leeward Islands. On 18.11.1682 under Capt. Charles Carlisle (-2.12.1682). On 7.3.1683 under Capt. Andrew Mitchell (died 15.12.1683), for Tangier. On 17.12.1683 under Capt. John George (-22.3.1685), then 23.3.1685 under Capt. John Crofts (-1687). In 1688 under Thomas Berry (drowned 26.8.1689), for Virginia; capsized in a squall and sunk off Jamestown (Virginia) 26.8.1689, with 8 men drowned.

A detail from an engraving of the Mary Rose action in December 1669 showing the Roe ketch in close up. The ‘unbalanced’ look of the ketch rig is apparent, although substantial headsails helped them go to windward better than might be expected. Other regular features of the man-of-war ketch can be seen: the plain stem (without a head), high enough topsides to require gunports, and a substantial quarterdeck rising to a tall narrow stern. They do not appear to have developed much between the 1650s and the 1690s, when the last naval vessels of this hull form were built. The rig continued to be used in bomb vessels and sloops, but with very different hull designs. Beverley R. Robinson Collection, detail from BRR 51.7.77.

Portsmouth Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Tippetts] As built: 48ft 0in keel x 18ft 10in x 9ft 1in. 90 (90 52/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 8ft 6in. Men: 45/35/25. Guns: 10/8 as ketch, 6 as pink. L: 1665. Commissioned 13.9.1665 under Capt. Thomas Willoughby (killed 31.12.1667); sailed with Harman’s squadron for the West Indies in early 1667; at capture of Surinam 1667. On 1.1.1668 under Capt. John

Wyborne (-1.4.1672), with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. Converted to a pink on 26.6.1669. On 25.3.1672 under Capt. Thomas Bynning (-16.10.1673), in the North Sea on fishery protection service; taken off Great Yarmouth by a Dutch privateer 16.10.1673. 1666–67 CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME — SLOOPS Spy Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Dimensions & tons: 44ft 0in keel x 11ft 0in x 4ft 0in. 28 (28 30/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 30. Guns: 4. L: 1666. First cost: £182 to build (28 tons @ £6.10.0d per ton). Commissioned 27.3.1666 under Capt. Richard Ratford (-7.12.1666). On 27.2.1672 under Capt. John Withers (-6.2.1673). On 14.2.1673 under Capt. Peter Cooper (-1.4.1674). Sold 1683. Emsworth John Smith, Emsworth. Dimensions & tons: 40ft 0in keel x 13ft 7in x 4ft 9in. 39 24/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: 4. L: 1667. Commissioned 10.6.1667 under Capt. Walter Perry (died 24.1.1672). On 15.1.1672 under Capt. David Trotter (-9.6.1672), then on 10.6.1672 under Capt. Joseph Harris (-31.1.1673). On 6.2.1673 under Capt. Richard Countrey (-6.12.1673). On 12.7.1677 under Capt. Andrew Mitchell (-12.6.1678). On 29.6.1678 under Capt. Samuel Browne (or Broome) (-30.8.1678), then on 31.8.1678 under Capt. John Harris (-19.7.1679). Sold 1683.

A sloop of war, possibly the Spy or the Emsworth of 1666–7. If the identification is correct, the sloop is unusual in sporting a ship rig, most depictions of this era showing a simpler two-masted rig. Nevertheless, this shows that unrated craft were apt to be re-rigged on occasion, moving easily between the descriptions ‘ship’, ‘ketch’, ‘snow’, etc. The ship is about the right size and certainly has four guns, firing over the gunwales, with what appear to be oars or sweeps lashed outboard of the quarterdeck. British Museum.

Portsmouth Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir John Tippetts] Dimensions & tons: 40ft 0in keel x 14ft 0in x 7ft 0in. 43 (41 66/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 5ft 10in. Men: 28/24/18. Guns: 4. L: 1667. Commissioned 1.1.1668 under Capt. Richard Munden (-14.9.1668). On 8.3.1669 under Capt. William Bourke (-9.1.1670). On 15.9.1671 under Capt. Edward Pearse; taken by a Dutch privateer in the North Sea 26.7.1672. PURCHASED SMACKS (1667). William Commissioned 19.6.1667 under Capt. John Bowers (-28.9.1667).

John and James Commissioned 19.6.1667 under Capt. Robert Johns (-16.9.1667). Blessing Commissioned 23.1.1672 under Capt. Peter Edwards (-23.11.1672). PURCHASED KETCHES (1671–73) Quaker Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in keel x 17ft 8in x 9ft 2in. 89 61/94 bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 50/40/30. Guns: 10 sakers. Purchased 12.1671 and fitted at Portsmouth. Commissioned 3.1.1672 under Capt. William Flawes (-12.3.1675) for the Mediterranean. On 9.4.1675 under Capt. John Temple (-21.4.1675), then 22.4.1675 under Capt. Joseph Harris (-9.2.1676) at Tangier. On 14.2.1776 under Capt. Charles Atkins (died 28.11.1676), then on 29.11.1676 under Capt. Anthony Hastings (-16.2.1677) On 9.4.1777 under Capt. Richard Haddock (died 29.11.1678) for the West Indies and North America. On 4.12.1678 under Capt. Robert Salmon (-21.7.1679). On 1.1.1684 under Capt. Thomas Allin (-1688), for Virginia; home in 7.1688; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 1689 under Capt. Augustus Birtch, for fishery protection. In 1690 under Capt. Patrick Brisbane (-1691), for the West Indies. In 1693 under Capt. John Anderson, in the Downs. In 1694 under Capt. Robert Thompson, in the Bristol Channel. In 1695 under Capt. Henry Smith, in the Channel. Sold 20.5.1698. Hawk (no details of this ketch, which may be simply hired) Commissioned 23.4.1673 under Capt. John Lucas (-1.4.1674). Ex-DUTCH PRIZES — FLYBOATS (1672). All five were captured in 1672. At least three of these vessels (Fortune, Nassau and White Fox) were included among the Sixth Rates in the 1673 List, but effectively these were unrated craft. Fortune Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x ‘22ft 0in’ x 11ft 0in. 311 bm. Draught 10ft 10in. (Note that the quoted breadth does not correspond with the other dimensions and may be mis-recorded; from the stated tonnage the actual breadth should be 25ft 6in.)

Men: 25/20/20. Guns: 8/6. Commissioned 1672 under Capt. James Sherive. On 14.11.1672 under Capt. William Ricketts (-10.4.1674). Sold 10.1674. White Fox Dimensions & tons: 72ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 11ft 4in. 220 56/94 bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 25/20/20. Guns: 8/6. Employed on the Guinea station. Given away to Sir Thomas Allin, 5.1674. Nassau Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 8in. 180 8/94 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 4/4. No record of commissioning. Given to Col. Russell for repair of Newhaven 1674. Peace Dimensions & tons: 80ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 225 10/94 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 25/20/20. Guns: 8/8. No record of commissioning. Given to Col. Russell for repair of Newhaven 1674. Unity Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 9ft 8in. 172 46/94 bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 161/61/16. Guns: 4/4. No record of commissioning. Returned to her owners, who ‘came to inhabit in England’ in 12.1672. Ex-DUTCH PRIZES — DOGGERS (1672–74). A more numerous batch of these fishing vessels were acquired in 1672, and were again only retained for some two years. Dimensions & tons (standard for all vessels below): 45ft 0in keel x 17ft 6in x 8ft 6in. 73 28/94 bm. Group 1: Men: 30/24/18 (Deal, 16/12/8; George and Well, 36/28/24; Hard Bargain and Hart, 36/24/18). Guns: 8/6. Deal Taken 1672. Commissioned 13.2.1673 under Capt. John Fox (-3.10.1674). Sold 10.1674.

Dove Taken 1672. Commissioned 13.5.1673 under Capt. Abraham Hiatt (drowned 24.2.1674); wrecked at Bulmer (Northumberland) 24.2.1674. Dover Taken 1672. Commissioned 14.2.1673 under Capt. Richard Hudson (-19.3.1674). Given away to Thomas Butts, 1677. Fly Taken 1672. Under Master Edmund Whiteside; wrecked 26.9.1673. George Taken 1672. Commissioned 1673 under Capt. Solomon Leonard. Sold 5.1674. Hard Bargain Taken 1672. Commissioned 1.4.1673 under Capt. Thomas White; retaken by the Dutch in the North Sea 8.8.1673. Hart Taken 1672. Commissioned 27.3.1672 under Capt. John Norwood; retaken by the Dutch in the North Sea 25.7.1672?. Saint Peter Taken 1672. Commissioned 25.6.1672 under Capt. Thomas Thomson (-20.8.1673), then 22.8.1673 under Capt. William Cotton (-15.2.1674); retaken by the Dutch in the Channel 15.2.1674. Well Taken 1672. Commissioned 21.12.1672 under Capt. Peter Edwards (died 5.11.1673). On 10.11.1673 under Capt. Thomas Clerke (-4.8.1674). Sold 10.1674. William Taken 1672. Commissioned 24.12.1672 under Capt. William Smith (-15.12.1673). On 16.12.1673 under Capt. Joseph Perryman (died 21.4.1674). Sold 5.1674. Group 2: Men: 12/10/8. Guns: 6/4. Buck

Taken 1672. Commissioned 5.4.1673 under Capt. John Joy (-13.1.1674). On 13.1.1674 under Capt. William Watson (-7.4.1674). Sold 5.1674. Hare Taken 1672. Commissioned 25.3.1673 under Capt. John Weymys (-14.4.1674). Sold 5.1674. Hind Taken 1672. Commissioned 6.3.1673 under Capt. Thomas Marshall (-20.2.1674); retaken by the Dutch 20.2.1674. Lilly Taken 1672. Commissioned 21.2.1673 under Capt. Thomas Noden (-4.7.1673), then on 5.7.1673 under Capt. William Sherwin (-31.3.1674). Sold 5.1674. Messenger Taken 1672. Lent to Hudson’s Bay Adventurers 17.5.1672, and later wrecked. Peterman Taken 1672. Commissioned 14.3.1673 under Capt. Matthew Pratt (-14.11.1673); reappointed 17.12.1673 (-8.5.1674). Sold 5.1674. Roe Taken 1672. Commissioned 26.2.1673 under Capt. Joseph Symonds; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, where sunk in action. Rose Taken 1672. Commissioned 8.3.1673 under Capt. Ralph Wrenn; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, where sunk in action. [Saint] Jacob Taken 1672 by the Revenge, and fitted as a tender for her. Commissioned 9.5.1673 under Capt. John Beverley (died 30.3.1674). Sold 5.1674. Saint Katherine Taken 1672. Under Master John Wild; foundered during 1673.

Shellfish Taken 1672 by the Revenge, and fitted as a tender for her. No record of commissioning. Given away to Sir John Ernie, 3.1673. Tulip Taken 1672. Commissioned 8.3.1673 under Capt. Richard Earlesman (died 6.5.1673), then 7.5.1673 under Capt. Robert Holland (-7.5.1674). Sold 5.1674. Frog Taken 1673. Commissioned 19.10.1673 under Capt. John Grove (-30.3.1674). Sold 5.1674.

Two views of a French shallop, shown under sail and (in the distance) oars, emphasising the dual nature of the design. This kind of craft, including the simple two-masted rig, was the inspiration for the English sloops of the 1670s. Although dated to 1704, this engraving by Guéroult de Pas represents the practice of an earlier generation. The caption says that in naval service the type was used for carrying dispatches and for scouting. Musée de la Marine, Paris.

SLOOP CONSTRUCTION (1672–73). Seventeen ‘double shallops after the French manner’, of various sizes, were built in the Royal Dockyards in

1672–73, eight by Jonas Shish at Deptford, four by Anthony Deane at Portsmouth, three by Sir Phineas Pett II at Chatham and two by the Shipwright’s Assistant at Woolwich. Contemporary illustrations usually show them as two-masted, with square fore and main courses and a main or fore topsail. Lilly Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 14ft 6in x 5ft 6in. 58 bm. Draught 5ft 0in. Men: 23/18/12. Guns: 6. L: 1672. Foundered 31.3.1674. (avoid confusion with Lilly dogger!) Swallow Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 68 8/94 bm. Draught 5ft 0in. Men: 25/20/15. Guns: 2. L: 1672. Commissioned 1672 under Capt. Peter Cooper. ‘Cast away at sea’ 1673 (exact date unknown, but Cooper assumed captaincy of Spy on 14.2.1673, so must have been earlier). Tulip Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 43ft keel x 10ft 0in x 4ft 0in. 22 bm. Draught 4ft 0in. Men: 25/20/15. Guns: 2. L: 1672. Commissioned 3.7.1672 under Capt. John Young (died 16.9.1672). On 8.3.1673 under Capt. Richard Earlesman (drowned 6.5.1673); ‘Cast away at sea’ (details unknown) 6.5.1673. Dove Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 40ft 0in keel x 9ft 10in x 4ft 0in. 19 bm. Draught 4ft 0in. Men: 10. Guns: 4. L: 1672. Commissioned 3.7.1672 under Capt. Michael Mansfield (died 19.11.1672). Sold ‘as useless’ 12.1683. Whipster (or Whipstaff) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 58ft 0in keel x 14ft 6in x 5ft 0in. 64 bm. Draught 4ft 6in. Men: 10. Guns: 4. L: 1672. Commissioned 8.7.1672 under Capt. Thomas Mayo (-7.3.1673). Sold ‘as useless’ 12.1683.

Lizard Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 47ft 0in keel x 12ft 6in x 4ft 9in. 39 6/94 bm. Draught 5ft 0in. Men: 30/25/15. Guns: 4 x 3pdrs. L: 1673. Commissioned 21.1.1673 under Capt. John Nicholson; at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673; taken by a Dutch privateer off Berry Head 26.2.1674, losing 1 killed and 2 wounded. Dolphin Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in keel x 14ft 6in x 5ft 6in. 60 bm. Draught 5ft 0in. Men: 36/10/10. Guns: 2 x 3pdrs. L: 1673. Commissioned 12.6.1673 under Capt. William Orchard (-11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, when sunk in action. Vulture Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jonas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 68 bm. Draught 5ft 0in. Men: 10. Guns: 4 x 3pdrs. L: 1673. Commissioned 17.6.1673 under Capt. Robert Porteene (-2.4.1674). On 2.11.1674 under Capt. George Colt (died 31.8.1675). Sold by AO 5.1686. PREVENTION GROUP. Sloops, designed by Anthony Deane. Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 12ft 0in x 5ft 0in. 45 90/94 bm. Draught 4ft 6in. Men: 10 (Cutter 12/10). Guns: 4 x 3pdrs (Cutter only 2). Prevention Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane]

One of the most detailed representations of the naval sloop in the 1670s comes from this corner of a pen and wash painting of the First Battle of Schooneveld (28 May 1673) by Van de Velde the Elder. The two sloops in the foreground are very similar, with a plain stem, a row of oar ports along the broadside, with guns mounted under the quarterdeck, and a quarter badge right aft. The two-masted rig is also the same, with a fore course and topsail (the latter not set) and a single sail on the main; although the fidded main topmast is long enough for a topsail, there is no yard shown on either vessel. There are no headsails, although the ketch and the yacht in the distance both have jibs set. National Maritime Museum, detail from BHC0305.

Ord: 29.10.1672. L: 1672. Commissioned 28.5.1673 under Capt. Elias Clifford (-2.12.1673). On 30.1.1678 under Capt. Robert Arthur (-29.9.1679). Sold ‘as useless’, 12.1683.

Cutter Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Ord: 27.1.1673. L: 1673. Commissioned 14.5.1673 under Capt. Walter Powell (-6.8.1673), then on 7.8.1673 under Capt. John Harris (-26.9.1673); wrecked at Deal 21.9.1673 (abandoned 26.9.1673). Hunter Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Ord: 27.1.1673. L: 1673. Commissioned 25.9.1674 under Capt. Richard Dickenson (-7.9.1677). Sold as useless, 12.1683. Invention Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Anthony Deane] Dimensions & tons: 44ft 0in keel x 11ft 0in x 5ft 0in. 28 bm. Draught 4ft 0in. Ord: 27.1.1673. L: 1673. Commissioned 14.5.1673 under Capt. William Dixy (-12.9.1673), then on 13.9.1673 under Capt. Joseph Symmons (-7.11.1673). Sold ‘as useless’ 12.1683. CHATHAM GROUP. Sloops, designed by Sir Phineas Pett II. Dimensions & tons: 57ft 6in keel x 12ft 10in x 5ft 0in. 50 35/94 bm. Draught 4ft 0in. Men: 10. Guns: 4 x 3pdrs. Chatham Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett II] Ord: 27.1.1673. L: 1673. Commissioned 26.3.1673 under William Watson (-8.9.1673). On 16.7.1677 under William Tennant (died 10.2.1678); taken by slaves in attempt to stop them being carried to Cadiz, then deliberately wrecked 10.2.1678 at Tangier. Chatham Double Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett II] Ord: 27.1.1673. L: 1673. Commissioned 26.6.1673 under Joseph Perryman (-6.12.1674). On 16.7.1777 under John Martin (died 8.1.1679). On 9.1.1679 under Capt. Matthew Aylmer (-4.5.1679). On 5.5.1679 under Capt. Samuel Browne (or Broome) (-19.7.1579). On 28.2.1680 under Capt. Andrew Cotton (-30.6.1680). Sold ‘as useless’ 12.1683. Hound Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett II] Ord: 27.1.1673. L: 1673. Commissioned 23.4.1673 under Capt. Richard Wye (died 11.8.1673), then on 12.8.1673 under Capt. William Orchard (-6.12.1673). On 16.1.1678

under Capt. Andrew Cotton (-27.2.1680). Sold by AO 5.1686. BONETTA GROUP. Sloops, designed by Phineas Pett III, but their order specified building ‘by the Shipwright’s Assistant at Woolwich’. Bonetta Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett III] Dimensions & tons: 61ft 0in keel x 13ft 0in x 5ft 0in. 57 bm. Draught 4ft 6in. Men: 10. Guns: 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 27.1.1673. L: 1673. Commissioned 25.6.1673 under Capt. John Mackley (-18.9.1673). On 13.7.1677 under Capt. James Barbour (-12.6.1679), then on 14.6.1679 under Capt. Daniel Parsons (-24.8.1680). On 21.5.1681 under Barbour again (-1.9.1681). On 4.12.1682 under Capt. Bartholomew Sharpe (-7.4.1683), then on 8.4.1684 under Capt. Edward Stanley (-1686). Sold 12.1687. Woolwich Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett III] Dimensions & tons: 61ft 0in keel x 13ft 0in x 5ft 0in. 57 bm. Draught 4ft 6in. Men: 10. Guns: 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 27.1.1673. L: 1673. Commissioned 30.6.1673 under Capt. Alexander Smart (-10.9.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. On 11.9.1673 under Capt. Hugh Ridley (-21.4.1674). On 25.5.1674 under Capt. Henry Carverth (-2.10.1674). On 12.7.1677 under Capt. Mark Hartley (died 11.6.1678), then 13.6.1678 under Capt. Andrew Mitchell (-19.7.1679). wrecked in a hurricane at Barbados ‘8.11.1675’ (this is probably a mis-recording of 1678). Three French naval barques longues (all built by Hendrick at Dunkirk in 1672, 1673 and 1674 respectively), were seized by the English, Le Fine at Dover in 5.1675 and Le Pouponne and La Fidèle in June 1677; none was used and all were restored to the French in London in 7.1675 (Le Fine) and 10.1677 (later pair). EXPERIMENT. Charles II personally ordered a further vessel, the instruction noting ‘His Majesty acquaints the Navy Officers that young Lawrence, son of Mr Lawrence the shipwrights assistant at Chatham, [is] to build a small vessel in imitation of a brigantine, to be paid for out of the Privy Purse’.

Experiment Joseph Lawrence, Greenwich. Dimensions & tons: 3 5ft 0in keel x 11ft 6in x 6ft 4in. 24 58/94 bm. Draught 5ft 0in. Men: 10. Guns: 4. Ord: 22.3.1677. L: 7.1677 (named 25.7.1677). Commissioned 30.7.1677 under Capt. Andrew Cotton (-31.8.1677). Given away to Sir Thomas Allin 4.1680. Ex-ALGERINE PRIZE — FLYBOAT (1679) Spike Dimensions & tons: 98ft 0in keel x 24ft 10in x ... 321 44/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: ... Taken 1679. Intended to be sunk at Harwich, but instead exchanged for a ship of Sir William Warren’s, which was sunk in her place 1680. PURCHASED KETCH (1684) Kingfisher Dimensions & tons: 47ft 9in keel x 15ft 6in x 8ft 5 1/2in. 61 2/94 bm. Draught 7ft 3in. Men: 15. Guns: 4. Purchased 1684. Commissioned 11.4.1685 under Capt. John Votier (-16.7.1685), then on 17.7.1685 under Capt. Robert Robinson (-25.9.1688). On P30.10.1688 under Cmdr Robert Audley; taken 23.3.1690 in the Channel by the French. CAPTURED VESSEL (1685). The following — a dogger — was acquired from actions against the Duke of Monmouth’s forces. Lyme Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 14ft 2in x 7ft 0in. 53 35/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: ... Taken 20.6.1685 by Saudadoes. Converted to a ballast hoy for Portsmouth 1685.

The sloop Bonetta, as drawn (and identified as such) by Van de Velde the Younger about 1678. Allowing for the lower viewpoint and greater foreshortening, it is very similar to his father’s depiction of the sloops at Schooneveld, right down to the single gunport under the quarterdeck (there should be another gunport somewhere, probably right forward, where it cannot be seen clearly in any of these illustrations). Bonetta has a decorated taffrail above two oar ports in a flat transom stern, but it is not obvious from the rapidly sketched lines whether the artist is suggesting a mizzen mast. National Maritime Museum PY1865.

(D) Vessels acquired from 18 December 1688 HART (1690) GROUP. Eight 10-gun ketches (including at least one pink) were ordered in two batches during October 1690, to be built to identical contract specifications. The vulnerability of these small vessels to predation by French privateers is shown by their rapid rate of losses. Men: 50. Guns: 10. Hart (?pink) James Rolfe & William Castle, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 62ft 6in, 52ft 8in x 18ft 11 1/4in x 9ft 1in. 96 bm (by

calc, 100 44/94 bm). Ord: 20.10.1690. L: 23.3.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. David Condon; taken by two French 18-gun privateers Le Coëtquen and Le Saint-Aaron off St Ives 9.6.1692 (Condon killed). Roe John Hayden, Limehouse. Dimensions & tons: 62ft 2in, 48ft 8in x 18ft 10in x 9ft 0 1/2in. 91 77/94 bm. Ord: 20.10.1690. L: 8.4.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Cmdr John Tuckey (-1693), for the Channel. In 1694 under Cmdr Richard Cotton, then 1695–96 Cmdr Henry Wilde. In 1697 under Cmdr Robert Hawkins; stranded and bilged in the York River (Virginia) 30.8.1697. Harp John Frame, Scarborough. Dimensions & tons: Dimensions unknown. 94 bm. Ord: 20.10.1690. L: 24.4.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. John Ward; off Dunkirk 1691; on Impressments Service 1692; taken by two French privateers in the North Sea 17.6.1693, becoming French La Harpe. Scarborough John Frame, Scarborough. Dimensions & tons: Dimensions unknown. 94 bm. Ord: 20.10.1690. L: 2.5.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Cmd. Roger Bellwood (-1692), for the Channel. In 1693 under Capt. Thomas Taylor; taken by two French privateers — 20-gun Le Saint-Antoine and 18-gun La Marianne — in the Irish Sea 12.1.1693. Retaken 27.1.1694 by York and Dover, but not re-added to the Navy. Hind Edward Snelgrove, Wapping. Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in, 52ft 6in x 18ft 8 1/2in x 9ft 1in. 96 bm (by calc. 97 69/94 bm). Ord: 31.10.1690. L: 2.4.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Cmdr George Warren. In 10.1691 under Cmdr William Alston. In 1693 under Cmdr James Session, in the Channel. In 1694 under Cmdr Thomas Poulton (Hind now being described as a ‘pink’). In 1695 under Cmdr Thomas Smith, for Berkeley’s operations. In 1696 under Cmdr Walter Riddell; taken by two French privateers in the North Sea 15.1.1697. Talbot (pink) John Taylor, Rotherhithe.

Dimensions & tons: 62ft 0in, 51ft 2in x 18ft 9 1/4in x 9ft 2in. 94 bm (by calc. 95 84/94 bm). Ord: 31.10.1690. L: 6.4.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. Charles Staggins (mortally wounded 12.7.1691); taken 12.7.1691 by French squadron while escorting West India bound convoy; retaken 10.11.1693. On 14.2.1694 under Capt. Robert Holmes, for Ireland. Later under Cmdr Anthony Tollat; stranded and bilged on Glassam Sand off Wexford 15.10.1694. Eaglet Jonas Shish, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 62ft 2in, 52ft 0in x 18ft 10in x 9ft 0 1/2in. 95 bm (by calc 98 10/94 bm). Ord: 31.10.1690. L: 7.4.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Cmdr William Martin, for service off Mull. In 1692 under Cmdr David Greenhill; on Impressment Service 1692; taken by two French privateers — 40-gun Le Philippe and 30-gun Le Grenade — off the Isle of Aran on the Irish west coast 22.5.1693. Aldborough Henry Johnson, Aldborough. Dimensions & tons: ..., 52ft 9in x 18ft 10in x 9ft 1in. 99 49/94 bm. Ord: 31.10.1690. L: 6.5.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Cmdr Edward Chant, for the Channel; to New York in 1692 and 1693. In 1694 under Cmdr Vincent Cutter, off Dunkirk. In 1695 under Cmdr Richard Osborne (killed 17.8.1695). In ? 8.1695 under Cmdr Thomas Mitchell; lost in unexplained explosion off Brighton 9.2.1696 (21 killed). SHARK GROUP. Brigantines, used as despatch vessels and scouts. These were lightly framed craft, designed to row (with 24 oars each) as well as be sailed. Square-rigged on two masts, each with a topmast and topsails. Shark Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 57ft 10in, 48ft 0in x 15ft 1in x 5ft 2in. 58 8/94 bm. Men: 30. Guns: 6 x 3pdrs + 2 falconets or swivels. Ord: 21.1.1691. L: 20.4.1691. Commissioned 1692 under Cmdr Thomas Stepney. In 1693 under Cmdr Edward Durley; with Berkeley’s squadron 1694. In 1695–96 under Cmdr Edward Cole, still with Berkeley’s squadron. In 1697 under Cmdr William Jones, in the Thames Approaches. Sold to L. Towne (for £44) 25.11.1698.

Dispatch Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 63ft 3in, 52ft 6in x 16ft 7in x 6ft 2 1/4in. 76 79/94 bm. Ord: 13.1.1692. L: 10.5.1692. Commissioned 1692 under Cmdr Charles Cornwall. In 1693 under Cmdr James Peacock, for the Mediterranean; in Berkeley’s operations 1694. In 1696 under Cmdr William Jameson (-1697), in the Thames approaches. In 1699 under Cmdr John Smith, in the Irish Sea (‘owling’). In 1701 under Cmdr Nathaniel Symonds, with the Dunkirk squadron. In 1702 under Cmdr John Bennett (-1703), in the Channel. In 1704 under Cmdr Clempson Cave, in the North Sea. In 1705 under Cmdr Samuel Meade (-1706), then on 4.4.1707 under Cmdr Charles Vanbrugh (-1708), both in the Irish Sea. In 1709 under Cmdr Robert Faulkner (-1711), off the Isle of Wight; in the Thames Estuary 1711. Sold to Peter Ford (for £36) 10.4.1712. Discovery Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in, 52ft 0in x 16ft ?6in x 5ft 7 1/2in. 75 bm. Ord: 13.1.1692. L: 9.5.1692. Commissioned 1692 under Cmdr William Cleveland, for Dunkirk. In 1693 under Cmdr John Wooden. In 1694 under Cmdr Thomas Legge (-1697); with Berkeley’s squadron 1694–95; with the Fleet 1696–97. In 1699 under Cmdr Thomas Hughes, in the Irish Sea. In 1702 under Cmdr Walter Riddell, in the Channel. In 1703 under Cmdr Thomas Tomkins (-1704), in the Bristol Channel. BU 8.1705 at Portsmouth. Diligence (ex-Intelligence) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 63ft 3in, 53ft 0in x 16ft 9in x 6ft 2 3/4in. 79 9/94 bm. Men: 35. Guns: 6 minions; + 4 falconets. Ord: 19.12.1692. L: 23.3.1693. Commissioned 1693 under Cmdr William Cleveland (-2.1694), with the Fleet. In 1696 under Cmdr Thomas Lawrence, still with the Fleet. In 1699 under Cmdr George Ramsay, in the Irish Sea. In 1701 under Cmdr Samuel Martin, with the Dunkirk squadron. In 1702 under Cmdr John Warner, then 1705 Cmdr Nathaniel Hubbard, both in the North Sea; paid off 10.10.1708 at Deptford to be sold. Sold to John Evans (by AO 26.11.1708) 10.12.1708. Spy Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in, 52ft 0in x 16ft 10in x 5ft 7 1/2in. 78 35/94 bm. Ord: 19.12.1692. L: 15.4.1693.

Commissioned 1693 under Cmdr Cornelius Wilmot. On 7.7.1694 under Cmdr John Cranby, for the Mediterranean. On ?22.1.1697 under Cmdr Seth Jermy (-1700), for the Channel; to Salé 1700. In 1703 under Cmdr Peter Chamberlyn. In 1704 under Cmdr John Paul, in the North Sea. BU at Sheeness 2.1706 (by AO 4.2.1705 and NBW 5.2.1706). Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1692–96). The following were usually described as Advice Boats, although sometimes as sloops or even as Sixth Rates. The Brilliant seems to have been used for clandestine missions (espionage) off the French coast. Tartan Prize (French La Tartane), 4 guns. Dimensions & tons: 36ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 49 2/94 bm. Men: 20. Guns: 4 + 6 swivels. Taken 1692. Purchased by AO 26.5.1692 and registered 3.8.1692. Commissioned 1692 under Cmdr John Tankard; retaken by two French privateers in the Irish Sea 13.1.1693.

In the words of the original order, brigantines were conceived ‘to attend the fleet for towing off ships and cutting off fireships in battle’, but they quickly acquired other roles. For example, the first of them, Shark, led the boat attack on the stranded French ships at La Hougue — this much later (and highly romanticised) version of the battle rather exaggerates the amount of opposition put up by the defenders. Beverley R. Robinson Collection, detail from BRR 51.7.73.

Saint John (French ...), 4 guns. Dimensions & tons: 59ft 0in, 50ft 0in x 16ft 4in x 6ft 6in. 70 89/94 bm. Men: 30. Guns: 4 + 6 swivels. Taken 9.1695. Commissioned under Cmdr Thomas Williams, for the East Indies; took despatches to St. Helena for Hon. East India Company; retaken while returning to England by a French privateer south of Ireland 5.9.1696. Brilliant (French privateer Le Brillant), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 60 bm. Men: 30. Guns: 6. Taken 1696. Commissioned 4.3.1696 under Cmdr John Lowen. Sold 1698. Saint Joseph (French Le St Joseph, originally Portuguese São José taken 1692), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 8. Taken 7.1696. No record of commissioning. Sold 24.8.1699. ADVICE BOATS (1694 GROUP). Small, seaworthy, fast-sailing vessels, more effective than the slow brigantines for carrying dispatches to and from fleets and distant stations. The Navy Board initially recommended the Bridget Galley (Lord Danby’s tender) as a model but she proved too expensive to copy and a dockyard design was used instead. All four were ordered by AO 6.11.1693. Dimensions & tons: 53ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 71 (72 16/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 40. Guns: 4 x minions; + 6 patereroes (swivels). Fly Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] As built: 61ft 6in, 53ft 4in x 16ft 1in x 6ft 0in. 73 36/94 bm. Ord: 6.11.1693. L: 1694.

Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr Gabriel Millison, for Russell’s fleet. In 6.1695 under Cmdr Cornelius Willmore; capsized and sank with all hands off Toulon 22.8.1695. Mercury Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] As built: 61ft 6in, 53ft 4in x 16ft 1in x 6ft 0in. 73 36/94 bm. Ord: 6.11.1693. L: 1694. Commissioned 3. 1694 under Cmdr George Ramsay, for Berkeley’s squadron. In 1695 under Cmdr John Lapthorne. In 1697 under Lieut. Thomas Warren; taken by two Malouine privateers — 30-gun Le Comte de Frise and 12-gun Le Succès — off Ushant 19.6.1697. Messenger Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As built: 50ft 11in keel x 16ft 5in x 6ft 6in. 73 bm. Ord: 6.11.1693. L: 1694 (by AO 29.3.1694). Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr Robert Lloyd. In 1696 under Cmdr Charles Amerod. In 1697 under Cmdr Peter Goode; to America and West Indies; lost, presumed foundered in the Atlantic en route home from Virginia, 1701. Post Boy Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As built: (probably the same as Messenger) Ord: 6.11.1693. L: 1694 (by AO 29.3.1694). Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr Anthony Phipps, for service off Falmouth; taken by the French off Calais 1.10.1694, and became French privateer Le Facteur de Bristol. KETCHES AND PINKS (1693–94 GROUP). One vessel was ordered in 1693 and two more in 1694. The Paramour was found to be ‘very crank’ on completion and was subsequently girdled (by AO 23.7.1698). Paramour (pink) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in, 52ft 0in x 18ft 0in x 9ft 7in. 89 58/94 bm. Men: 50. Guns: 10. [1699: 20 men, 6 guns + 2 patereroes] Ord: ?1693. L: 4.4.1694. Commissioned 8.1698 under Dr Edmond Halley (who became Astronomer Royal); sailed 11.1698 for South Atlantic for scientific voyage to investigate magnetic influence; Halley received a RN commission as Capt. for a second voyage to the South Atlantic in 1699–1700; investigating variations in the Channel tides 1700–1701. Converted to a bomb ketch 1702. In 1702 under Cmdr Unton Deering, with Rooke’s

squadron (Shovell’s squadron in 10.1702). In ?3.1703 under Cmdr Robert Stephens, in the Mediterranean. Sold to Capt. John Constable (by AO 23.7.1706, for £122) 22.8.1706. Martin James Parker, Southampton Dimensions & tons: 52ft 7in keel x 19ft 0in x 8ft 4in. 99 80/94, bm. Ord: 2.7.1694. L: 24.12.1694. Commissioned 1695 under Cmdr John Cooper (-1696), for Berkeley’s squadron. In 1702 under Cmdr Thomas Warren; packet for West Indies; taken by two French privateers off Jersey 29.8.1702. Wren (pink) John Stigant, Redbridge. Dimensions & tons: 53ft 7in keel x 19ft 2in x 8ft 4in. 104 66/94 bm. Ord: 2.11.1694. L: 21.3.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Cmdr John Underdown, for Berkeley’s squadron; North Sea fishery protection 1696. In 8.1696 under Cmdr Thomas Dennett; taken by two French privateers — Le Portsmouth and La DemiLune — off Rye 18.3.1697; became French La Wren. ADVICE BOATS (1695 GROUP). Two slightly longer advice boats were ordered in late 1694, followed by a much smaller craft built to patrol the Solent and to carry communications to and from vessels at Spithead. Men: 40 (Scout Boat, only 6). Guns: 4 x minions; + 6 patereroes (swivels); Scout Boat 4 guns (by 1.1702 just 2 guns). Express Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] Dimensions & tons: 65ft 6in, 56ft 6in x 16ft 0in x 6ft 10in. 76 88/94 bm. Ord: 3.10.1694. L: 1695 (by AO 16.4.1695). Commissioned 1695 (fitting in 7.1695) under Cmdr Thomas Fleet. In 10.1695 under Cmdr Edward Windsor (-1701); to East Indies 1696; in the Channel and Irish Sea 1697–1701. In 1702 under Cmdr Thomas Legge; packet to West Indies 1702. In 1703 under Cmdr John Tomkin (-1712), in the Bristol Channel. Sold 1713. Post Boy Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] Dimensions & tons: 65ft 6in, 56ft 6in x 16ft 0in x 6ft 10in. 76 88/94 bm. Ord: 3.10.1694. L: 1695 (by AO 16.4.1695). Commissioned 1695 under Cmdr Wagdolen Baker; taken by French privateer Le Facteur de Bristol (ironically, this privateer was formerly the previous Post Boy — see above) off Plymouth 3.7.1695. Scout Boat Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant]

Dimensions & tons: 38ft 6in keel x 13ft 8in x 6ft 4in. 38 22/94 bm. Ord: 12.1.1695. L: 1695. No record of commissioning; based on Portsmouth Dyd. Sometimes classed as a yacht. Sold to Mr Robert ?Gadman (by AO 13.10.1702, for £73) 7.7.1703. BRIGANTINES (1695–96). A second batch of vessels designed and built in the Royal Dockyards. The Fly and Post Boy were classed as Sixth Rates. Swift Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in, 52ft 0in x 17ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 79 88/94 bm. Ord: 9.5.1695. L: 16.9.1695. Commissioned 1696 under Cmdr Edward Baker; with the Fleet in 7.1696; lost, presumed foundered with all hands in the Channel 16.8.1696. Fly Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Bagwell] Dimensions & tons: 61ft 6in, 52ft 0in x 16ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 70 76/94 bm. Men: 35. Guns: 6 x 3pdrs + 2 swivels. Ord: 9.5.1695. L: 11.2.1696. Commissioned 1696 under Cmdr Charles Laton (-1699), for the North Foreland. In 1702 under Cmdr John Trotter, in the Channel. In 1703–04 under Cmdr Robert Jackson, in the Channel, then to the North Sea. In 1705 under Cmdr John Sapsford, then 23.11.1706 Cmdr Josiah Roydhouse, 6.1708 Cmdr John Gray and 1710–11 Cmdr William Lloyd, all in the North Sea. Sold to John Wilkinson (for £31) 10.4.1712. Intelligence Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Lawrence] Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 16ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 75 28/94 bm. Men: 35. Guns: 6 x 3pdrs + 2 swivels. Ord: 9.5.1695. L: 11.2.1696. Commissioned 1696 under Cmdr George Camocke (-1697), for the Fleet. In 1698 under Cmdr John Clifton, in the Irish Sea; wrecked on the Isle of Man 3.3.1700. Post Boy Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 51ft 6in keel x 16ft 8 1/2in x 6ft 5in. 76 40/94 bm. Ord: 9.5.1695. L: 11.2.1696. Commissioned 1696 under Cmdr James Carlton, with the Channel fleet (-1697). In ?6.1699 under Cmdr Thomas Hudson, in the Irish Sea. In 1702 under Gilbert Frankland; taken by two French privateers off Beachy Head 1.6.1702.

ADVICE BOATS (1696 GROUP). Built by contract (unlike their predecessors), these larger vessels were built to an Admiralty specification requiring advice boats capable of ‘foreign voyages upon occasions’.

This model, originally in the Sergison collection, is something of a mystery. Always catalogued as a ‘brigantine’, it has two masts and is clearly designed for rowing, but it does not match the proportions of any known brigantine — even if assuming an odd scale would make one dimension fit. There is also evidence that these vessels had an apostis or outrigger like a Mediterranean galley, which the model lacks. On the other hand, all other ex-Sergison models are of ship types that he would have been familiar with while Clerk of the Acts between 1689 and 1719, which argues that it is a model of a real ship and not just a project. US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 2.

Men: 55. Guns: 10 x 3pdrs + 8 swivels. Eagle Joseph Fugar, Arundel. Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in, 62ft 5in x 21ft 1 1/4in x 8ft 6in. 152 70/94 bm. Ord: 11.2.1696. L: 14.11.1696.

Commissioned 1697 under Cmdr James Anderson, for the Channel. In 1698 under Cmdr Wagdolen Baker; voyage to Leeward Islands and return. In 1701 under Cmdr Nathaniel Bostock; to Maryland 1701–02; wrecked near Selsey on the Sussex coast 27.11.1703. Swift George Moore, Arundel. Dimensions & tons: 76ft 11in, 63ft 10in x 21ft 4in x 8ft 7 1/2in. 154 49/94 bm. Ord: 11.2.1696. L: 15.3.1697 (by AO 13.2.1697). Commissioned 1697 under Cmdr Nathaniel Bostock; wrecked off Port Comfort (Virginia) 24.1.1698. BONETTA GROUP. These lightly armed sloops were two-masted vessels, and fitted to row with 12 oars. Ordered 1.7.1699 by the Earl of Bridgewater’s Board to ‘sett up 8 new cruisers’, they were primarily intended to enforce the government ban on the export of wool. A contemporary sketch of the Bonetta shows a schooner rig, probably common to all eight. Dimensions & tons (as specified): 48ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 6ft 0in 65 34/94 bm. Men: 50/35. Guns: UD 2 x falconets (1 1/2pdrs) + 4 swivels. Bonetta Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Samuel Miller] As built: 58ft 2in, 48ft 0in x 16ft 1in x 6ft 1in. 66 4/94 bm. Ord: 1.7.1699. L: 1.9.1699. Commissioned 1699 under Cmdr George Camocke (-1702), for Irish Sea (‘owling’). In ?6.1702 under Capt. Thomas Smith (dismissed 1.9.1703), for the North Sea, then Cmdr John Barter and (?5.1705) Cmdr Charles Carter. In 10.1705 under Cmdr George Stidson, then 12.1707 Cmdr John Hare and 1709 Cmdr Charles Kendall (-1711), all still in North Sea. Sold to John Bevois (for £57) 10.4.1712. Shark Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Samuel Miller] As built: 58ft 2in, 48ft 0in x 16ft 1in x 6ft 1in. 66 4/94 bm. Ord: 1.7.1699. L: 5.9.1699. Commissioned 1699 under Cmdr James Carlton (-1701), for Ireland. In ? 7.1702 under Cmdr George Fisher; to Newfoundland 1702; taken 30.3.1703 by French 40-gun ship in the Channel; became French Le Requin (deleted 1709) Prohibition Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] As built: 48ft 4in keel x 16ft 4in x 6ft 1in. 68 55/94 bm. Ord: 1.7.1699. L: 5.9.1699.

Commissioned 1699 under Cmdr John Barter (-1702), for the Irish Sea; taken 14.8.1702 by French 18-gun privateer off Land’s End; became French La Prohibition (deleted 1707) Merlin Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer to 8.1699, completed by Robert Shortiss] As built: 59ft 2in, 48ft 10in x 16ft 0in x 6ft 2 1/2in. 66 46/94 bm. Ord: 1.7.1699. L: 30.9.1699. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. John Wooden (-1702), for the Irish Sea; to North Sea 1702. In 1703 under Cmdr John Martin, then 1704 Cmdr Thomas Miles, 1706 Cmdr William Clarke, 1707–08 Cmdr Toby Lisle, 1709–10 Cmdr George Warren, and 3.1711–12 Cmdr Timothy Splaine, all still in North Sea. Sold to John Wilkinson (for £130) 20.11.1712. Swallow Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer to 8.1699, completed by Robert Shortiss] As built: 59ft 2in, 48ft 10in x 16ft 0in x 6ft 2 1/2in. 66 46/94 bm. Ord: 1.7.1699. L: 30.9.1699. Commissioned 9.1699 under Cmdr Henry Turville (-1701). In 1702 under Capt. Henry Lawrence. In 1.1703 under Cmdr Peter Chamberlain; taken 31.3.1703. Later retaken, recommissioned under Lieut. Henry Cremer; taken by two French privateers off Goeree (Holland) 19.4.1703. Fox Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Shortiss to 8.1699, completed by William Lee] As built: 58ft 6in, 47ft 6in x 16ft 4in x 6ft 0in. 64 64/94 bm. Ord: 1.7.1699. L: 14.10.1699. Commissioned 1699 under Cmdr Henry Gore; wrecked in Castlehaven Bay on the west coast of Ireland 2.12.1699 (18 men drowned). Swift Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As built: 58ft 6in, 48ft 0in x 16ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 65 48/94 bm. Ord: 1.7.1699. L: 2.11.1699. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. Richard Brown (-1701), for the Irish Sea. In 1702 under Cmdr Robert Jackson, as packet for New England. Later in 1702 under Cmdr John Brookes; taken 18.8.1702 by French 18-gun privateer Le Duc de Bourgogne off Southern Ireland (Brookes killed). Wolf Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe] As built: 58ft 6in, 48ft 0in x 16ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 65 48/94 bm. Ord: 1.7.1699. L: 2.11.1699. Commissioned 1699 under Capt. John Mitchell (-1701), for the Irish Sea. In

1702 under Cmdr Wagdolen Baker; taken 24.6.1704 by a French 10-gun privateer off the Humber (Baker killed). Retaken by the Dutch 17.6.1708; returned to RN (salvage paid). Recommissioned under Cmdr James Milleson, for the Irish Sea; taken again 19.6.1708 by French 18gun privateer off Dublin. Retaken again by the Speedwell 21.6.1708. Taken a third time 6.10.1708 by the French off Land’s End, but retaken yet again 1708. Recommissioned 1708 under Cmdr Philip Vanbrugh, again for Irish Sea. In 1711 under Cmdr Nathaniel Taylor. Sold to John Bickford (for £135) 10.4.1712. Ex-PIRATE PRIZE (1700). Capt. William Kidd’s ship, probably a singlemasted vessel, was captured from him in April 1700 and operated as a sloop by the Navy in the Caribbean. San Antonio (Pirate San Antonio), 4 guns. Dimensions & tons: 55ft 0in, 43ft 6in x 17ft 2in x 7ft 4 1/2in. 67 5/94 bm. Men: 32/20/15. Guns: 4. Taken 4.1700. No record of service. Sunk as a foundation at Jamaica 4.8.1707. HOUND GROUP. A slight improvement on the eight sloops of the previous year, with double the number of falconets. Men: 50/35. Guns: UD 4 x falconets (1 1/2pdrs) + 4 peteraroes (swivels). Hound Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Samuel Miller] As built: 61ft 0in, 50ft 0in x 17ft 8in x 7ft 8in. 83 1/94 bm. Ord: ?1700. L: 3.9.1700 (by AO 19.7.1700). Commissioned 1701 under Cmdr Henry Gore (-1703), for the Irish Sea (‘owling’ 1701–02). In ?10.1703 under Cmdr Robert Studley, for the Isles of Scilly 1704. In 1706 under Cmdr Thomas Tomkins (-1713), for Isles of Scilly and Channel. Sold to Peter Humbley (for £307) 29.7.1714. Otter Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Samuel Miller] As built: 61ft 0in, 50ft 0in x 17ft 8in x 7ft 8in. 83 1/94 bm. Ord: ?1700. L: 3.8.1700 (by AO 19.7.1700). Commissioned 1701 under Capt. Isaac Andrews; off Dunkirk 1701, then to West Indies as packet 1702; taken by two French warships 28.7.1702 south-west of Ireland while en passage from West Indies (Andrews killed).

FERRET GROUP. A significant increase in size and firepower, these were the first sloops to be built to serve as effective warships. Edmund Dummer presented a model and draught of a vessel ‘to cruise on the coast of this Kingdom’, and ‘to row with oars’, and an AO of 7.3.1704 instructed the Navy Board to contract with him for two vessels to this design. The contract (at £7.10.0d per ton) was approved 5.4.1704 (both vessels being established by AO 19.9.1704), and a third was ordered from Woolwich Dockyard as a competitive design (by William Lee) ‘so that an experiment may be made of her sailing and qualifications’. Men: 80. Guns: UD 8 minions + 2 x 1 1/2pdr falconets (later 12 x 3pdrs). Ferret Edward Dummer, Blackwall. As built: 72ft 0in, 60ft 0 1/2in x 20ft 0 1/2in x 7ft 3in. 128 26/94 bm. Ord: 7.3.1704. L: 9.9.1704. Commissioned 18.12.1704 under Cmdr Nicholas Smith; taken by six French galley privateers 23.5.1706 off Gravelines. Weazle Edward Dummer, Blackwall. As built: 71ft 11in, 59ft 11 1/2in x 20ft 0 1/4in x 7ft 1 1/2in. 128 8/94 bm. Ord: 7.3.1704. L: 9.9.1704. Commissioned 15.11.1704 under Cmdr Francis Kestell, for the Channel fishery. In 1706 under Cmdr Charles Hardy, on same service. In 1707 under Cmdr James Gunman, for the Mediterranean. In 1708 under Cmdr Charles Poole. In 1709 under Cmdr Robert Seppings, then 1710 under Cmdr Thomas Howard and 1711–12 under Cmdr James Hanway, all in the North Sea. Sold 20.11.1712. Swift Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Lee] As built: 73ft 5in, 60ft 6in x 19ft 7in x 7ft 6in. 123 39/94 bm. Ord: 5.4.1704. L: 25.10.1704. Commissioned 1705 under Lieut. Joseph Winder, for Shovell’s fleet. In 1706 under Lieut. John Hagar, for the Mediterranean (and in winter 1706/07). In 1707 under Lieut. Charles Hardy (-1708), then 6.1709 Lieut. John Furzer, 3.1710–11 Lieut. George Fairley, and 1712 Lieut. John Hildersley, all in North Sea; during 1708–10 took eight privateers including La Joyeuse, Le Volant, Le Joli, Le Trompeur, Le St Pierre, La Victoire and La Puce. Small Repair at Deptford (for £625.19.1 3/4d) 6.1714–3.1715. In 1715 under Cmdr Digby Dent, for the Channel, then ? 10.1715 Cmdr William Smith. In 5.1716 under Cmdr Thomas Durell (-1718), for surveying off Newfoundland and in West Indies 1716; to

Jamaica 1717–18. Sold (for £90?) 20.8.1719.

By the beginning of the seventeenth century, the various small-craft categories were all subsumed into the designation ‘sloop’, although the designs themselves varied so much that their separate ancestry may have continued to influence the design requirements of individual classes. This is the original draught of the Ferret of 1711, a single-masted vessel known to have carried a fore and aft gaff rig that a modern sailor would probably recognise as a sloop (although to a pedant, more than one headsail would make it be a cutter). At much the same time the Navy was operating Sixth Rates of little greater tonnage which carried a three-masted square rig, and it was quickly decided that Ferret’s main sail was too big to be conveniently handled, so she was rerigged with two masts. She was flushdecked without a forecastle but with a quarterdeck platform aft, from where she was probably tiller-steered. National Maritime Museum J0218.

DRAKE. Designed by John Poulter. A peculiar brig-rigged vessel with guns on two decks. Men: 85. Guns: LD 8 x 3pdrs; UD 6 x 3pdrs (lighter guns). Drake Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Poulter] As built: 83ft 8in, 70ft 2 1/2in x 21ft 8 1/4in x 6ft 6in. 175 61/94 bm. Ord: 17.7.1705. L: 8.11.1705.

Commissioned 1706 under Lieut. Charles Carter (-1710); with Dover fishery 1706, then Mediterranean 1707; with Whitaker’s squadron in the Mediterranean winter 1708/09. In 1711–12 under Lieut. George Warren, in North Sea; took two French privateers - Le Royal Coulant on 13.5.1711 and L’Iouan on 13.7.1712. In 1715 under Capt. Christopher O’Brien, in the Baltic, then 1716–27 under Cmdr Joseph Lingen, at Leith in 1716 then to Irish waters. BU (by AO 27.7.1728) 1728 at Deptford to rebuild. JAMAICA GROUP. Ordered for service in the West Indies at the suggestion of Sir Charles Wager. The design by Joseph Allin was approved for the first pair on 2.8.1710. The draught of Ferret shows them to be flush-decked and single-masted on completion, with six pairs of UD gunports, interspersed with eight pairs of oarports. However, Ferret (and perhaps others) was subsequently refitted with a two-masted (schooner) rig. Dimensions & tons: 64ft 6in, 50ft 0in x 20ft 8in x 9ft 1in. 113 55/94 bm. Men: 100 in 1710 (40 by AO 1.8.1713, 60 by AO 1.11.1714). Guns: 10 x 3pdrs (8 replaced by 4pdrs) + 4 x 1/2pdr swivels. Jamaica Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 64ft 7in, 50ft 1in x 20ft 8in x 9ft 1in. 113 73/94 bm. Ord: 20.6.1709. (named 2.9.1710) L: 30.9.1710. (Registered 4.9.1710) Commissioned 1711 under Cmdr Edmund Hooke, for Jamaica. In 11.1711 under Cmdr Thomas Rochfort, at Jamaica. In 12.1712 under Cmdr Francis Knighton, still at Jamaica; run on the rocks off Grand Cayman Island and foundered 9.10.1715. Trial Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 64ft 6in, 50ft 5in x 20ft 8in x 9ft 1in. 114 51/94 bm. Ord: 20.6.1709. (named 2.9.1710) L: 30.9.1710. Commissioned 1711 under Cmdr Robert Cremer, for Jamaica. In 1712 under Cmdr Edward Falkingham, for Jamaica. In 2.1713 under Cmdr William Davies (-1715). Repaired at Deptford (for £554.14.2 1/2d-hull only) 8.1713; return to Jamaica 1715. In 1717 under Cmdr George Hitchcock, in the Leeward Islands. In 1718 under Cmdr Joseph Watts; home to pay off. BU 1719 for RB. Ferret Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 64ft 7in, 50ft 5in x 20ft 8in x 9ft 1in. 114 51/94 bm. Men: 80 (by AO 27.9.1710). Guns: 8 x 4pdrs; 2 x 3pdrs; 4 x 1/2pdr swivels.

Ord: 24.1.1711. L: 20.4.1711. Commissioned 7.1711 under Cmdr James Thornton (?or Thornlow), for Sheerness. Small Repair at Harwich 3–6.1712. In 1712 under Cmdr Samuel Chadwick (-1717); at Firth of Forth 1712, then owling 1713–14, and Scilly Isles 1715–16. In 1718 under Cmdr (Capt. 6.1718) John Yeo, for Gibraltar; taken by Spanish 50-gun Arminona (or possibly Hermione?) of Guevara’s squadron in Cadiz Bay 1.9.1718. Shark Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] As built: 64ft 10in, 50ft 0in x 20ft 8in x 9ft 1in. 113 55/94 bm. Men: 80 (by AO 27.9.1710). Guns: 8 x 4pdrs; 2 x 3pdrs; 4 x 1/2pdr swivels. Ord: 24.1.1711. L: 20.4.1711. Commissioned 1711 under Cmdr Francis Leigh (-1714), for Ireland; paid off 12.1714. In 1715 under Cmdr George Warren, with Byng’s squadron in the Channel. Small Repair at Deptford (for £512.6.11 3/4d) 12.1716– 6.1717. In 1.1718 under Cmdr George Pomeroy (-1722), in the Leeward Islands. Docked at Deptford 14.9.1722 to RB (by AO 9.10.1722). HAZARD GROUP. Ordered to the same specification as the Jamaica Group, but designed by Acworth. Dimensions & tons: 62ft 7in, 50ft 2in x 20ft 8in x 9ft 0in. 113 91;94bm. (quoted ‘as-built’ for both vessels) Hazard Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] Men: 80 (40 by AO 4.10.1712). Guns: 6 x 3pdrs. Ord: 24.1.1711. L: 19.4.1711 (and registered). Commissioned 1711 under Cmdr Tyrwit Cayley, for the North Sea. In 1712 under Cmdr Roger Green; ‘owling’ in 1713; wrecked (with all hands lost) in Massachusetts Bay 12.10.1714. Happy Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] Men: 80 (30 by AO 6.9.1714, 40 by AO 7.12.1712). Guns: 6 x 3pdrs. Ord: 24.1.1711. L: 19.4.1711. Commissioned 1711 under Cmdr William Haddock, for the Nore. In 1712 under Cmdr Robert Hopper; took privateer Les Deux Amis 30.5.1712. In 1715–17 under Cmdr Edward Gregory, for the Irish Sea and West coast of Scotland; Small Repair at Plymouth (for £470.0.3 3/4d) 6–7.1716. Repair at Deptford (for £1,003.19.6d) 3–5.1718; recommissioned 1718 under Cmdr Charles Chamberlayne (-1721); to Jamaica 1719–21. In 1722 under Cmdr Joseph Lawes, then 10.1722 Cmdr Charles Cotterel

(-1725, when transferred to rebuilt Happy). RB at Deptford 9–1724(-7– 1725).

BOMB VESSELS The idea of using large mortars at sea for high-trajectory bombardment originated with Bernard Renau d’Elicagaray, a Basque whose first purposebuilt vessels in 1681 had provided the French Navy with a broad-beamed and stable weapon platform. The Royal Navy responded in 1687 by constructing two new ketch-rigged vessels based on similar principles, and converting a third from the yacht Portsmouth; they were initially classed as Fifth Rates, but were derated by 1693. The early mortars, termed ‘cushee pieces’, were allegedly designed by Richard Leake, Master Gunner of England, whose son John Leake was the first to employ them in action for the Royal Navy (at Bantry Bay, aboard the Firedrake). The Navy carried Royal Artillery personnel on board to fire the mortars, a practice which was to last until 1804. SALAMANDER. Salamander Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 64ft 4in, 63ft 3in x 21ft 6in x 8ft 9in. 134 bm. Draught 9ft 1 1/4in. Men: 35. Guns: 10, comprising 8 minions and 2 falconettes. Mortars: 2 x 12 1/4in. Ord: 18.6.1687.L: late 1687. Commissioned ?1.10.1688 under Cmdr Thomas Crawley; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689. In 7.1689 under Capt. John Votier, with the Fleet. In 1690 under Cmdr William Marline, then in 1691 under Cmdr Thomas Pindar (-1694, except in 1693 when under Cmdr James Littleton; to the Mediterranean 1693; in Berkeley’s operations 1694. In 1696 under Cmdr Henry Gore, with the Fleet. In 1698 under Capt. John Kidwell; to the Mediterranean. In 10.1701 reported as ‘wants rebuilding’, and rebuilt at Woolwich 1703 (see below).

A plate from Charnock’s History of Marine Architecture thought to represent the Salamander and based on a now-lost draught. In ketches the mizzen mast was small compared to the main, and often fitted in a tabernacle on the quarterdeck, so the apparent absence of the mast and its fittings is not significant. In the first generation of bombs, the pair of mortars were fitted abreast ahead of the mainmast.

FIREDRAKE. Firedrake Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 85ft 2 1/2in, 66ft 0in x 24ft 1in x 9ft 10in. 203 58/94 bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 50, later 65. Guns: 12, comprising 8 minions and 4 falcons + 6 patereroes (swivels). Mortars: 2 x 12 1/4in. Ord: 4.12.1687.L: 23.6.1688. Commissioned 14.9.1688 under Cmdr John Leake; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688; at Battle of Bantry Bay 1.5.1689 (where ignited and severely burnt French 54-gun Le Diamant). On ?3.5.1689 under Cmdr James?

Votier; taken 12.11.1689 by a French squadron in the Channel and became French 22-gun ‘frégate légère’ Le Canard, renamed La Tempête 7.1690; hulked 1713 at Port Louis and sold to BU 6.1726. PORTSMOUTH. Originally built as a yacht in 1674 (see later in this chapter) and then used as a sloop, this vessel was converted to a bomb vessel in 1688. Re-rated as a sloop (of 16 guns) in 1689, but re-armed as a bomb ketch in 1694. Portsmouth Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 71ft 0in, 59ft 0in x 21ft 4in x 9ft 0in. 142 78/94 bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 50. Guns: 10, comprising 8 minions and 2 falcons. Mortars: 2 x 12 1/4in. Commissioned 1689 under Cmdr Robert Martin, as a sloop; off Margate 1689, in the Channel 1690, the North Sea 1691, and the Channel again 1692. In 1693 under Cmdr Charles Cornwall, off the Humber. In 1703 under Cmdr George Hawes; foundered at the Nore 27.11.1703 with all hands lost.

A draught (possibly a copy of the English original) of the Mortar of 1693 from the Danish archives. In an attempt to make bomb vessels more seaworthy and capable of more distant deployment, the new class introduced a full three-masted rig on a more traditional warshipstyle hull. The twin mortars were still abreast, which meant that elaborate arrangements had to be made to dismantle the fore mast rigging before the bombs could open fire. This was manifestly unsatisfactory, and for the next half-century bombs returned to the ketch rig. Rigsarkivet, Copenhagen.

In addition, a second vessel (the Helderenberg) was converted to act as a bomb tender, to accommodate the Royal Artillery personnel and to act as a depot ship for ammunition and supplies. By 1690 both Firedrake and Helderenberg had been lost, and instead the yacht Kitchen was converted in 1691 or soon after to a bomb vessel.

Purpose-built bombs were expensive and took time to build so when a strategy of attacking French channel ports was agreed by William Ill’s ministers early in 1694, the only method of obtaining the numbers envisaged was by purchasing merchant ships. Even then, the requirement for twelve suitable vessels could not be met, and those that were acquired generally carried only a single mortar and were not very effective. In terms of their material results, most of the attacks by the squadron under Lord Berkeley were little more than nuisance raids, but the bombardment of Dieppe — as celebrated in this print — did cause significant damage. The caption says the bomb vessels were ‘invented by Colonel Jacob Richards’, a reference to the traversing mortar introduced by this enterprising Ordnance officer. National Maritime Museum A7153.

KITCHEN. This former yacht of 1670 was fitted as a bomb vessel in the early 1690s under AO 1.7.1692. Dimensions & tons: 59ft 0in, 49ft 6in x 19ft 6in x 8ft 0in. 100 11/94 bm. Men: 30. Guns: 8. Commissioned 1692 or early 1693 under Lieut. John Redman, (-1694), for Berkeley’s squadron. In 1694? under Cmdr Thomas Hodgson. Sold 25.11.1698.

PURCHASED VESSEL (1692). This small vessel was fitted with a single mortar. Phoenix (mercantile ...), 8 guns Dimensions & tons: 55ft 0in, 44ft 10in x 19ft 2 1/2in x 8ft 7in. 87 93/94 bm. Men: 20. Guns: 8 x 2pdrs. Mortars: 1 x 12 1/4in. Purchased 1692 from Capt. Jennings. Fitting in 7.1692. Commissioned 1692 under Cmdr William Roe. In 1693 under Cmdr Richard Love, with Wheler’s squadron in the West Indies. On ?7.12.1694 under Cmdr Thomas Hughes; for Berkeley’s operations; with the Fleet in 1695. Sold (for £150) 3.5.1698. SERPENT (1693) GROUP. In service, the early bomb vessels proved deficient, so four improved vessels were ordered in 1693. These were large ship-rigged vessels, designed with input from Jean Fournier, a Huguenot refugee who had worked on French bomb vessels. Two were lost within a year later and the remaining two in 1703. Men: 65. Guns: 12 sakers + 6 patereroes (swivels). Mortars: 2. Firedrake Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 85ft 2 1/2in, 66ft 0in x 24ft 1in x 9ft 10in. 279 ?/94 bm. Ord: 25.1.1693. L: 6.1693. Commissioned 4.12.1694 under Capt. Charles Richards. Later in 1694 under Cmdr James Studley, for Berkeley’s squadron. In 1695 under Capt. Robert Holliman. In 1702 under Cmdr Samuel Martin, with Rooke’s fleet. On 14.9.1702 under Capt. Edward Rainey; foundered in a storm with all hands off Minorca 12.10.1703. Granado George Fowler, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 87ft 0in, 72ft 10in x 26ft 10in x ... 278 89/94 bm. Ord: 25.1.1693. L: 26.6.1693. Commissioned 22.5.1693 under Capt. George Breholt. On 1.9.1693 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw; at bombardment of Le Havre, hit by bombshell from coastal battery and blew up 16.7.1694. Serpent Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 86ft 0in, 69ft 9in x 26ft 6in x 9ft 9in. 260 46/94 bm. Ord: 26.1.1693. L: 24.6.1693. Commissioned 1693 under Cmdr Abraham Colfe; wrecked in Gibraltar Bay 12.2.1694 (15 men died). Mortar Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee]

Dimensions & tons: 86ft 0in, 69ft 9in x 26ft 6in x 9ft 9in. 260 46/94 bm. Ord: 26.1.1693. L: 25.6.1693. Commissioned 23.5.1693 under Capt. Henry Turvill. On 23.1.1694 under Capt. John Smith (-1696); to the Mediterranean 1695. On 6.3.1702 under Cmdr Stephen Martin, for Rooke’s fleet for expedition to Cadiz and Vigo. On 24.10.1702 under Capt. Charles Fotheby. On 21.1.1703 under Capt. Baymont Raymond; wrecked on the Dutch coast near Goeree 2.12.1703. PURCHASED VESSELS (1694). On 2.3.1694 the Admiralty asked the Board of Ordnance to locate twelve mercantile vessels suitable for conversion to bomb vessels. This was done, but only six were still available for fitting out at Deptford by 17.3.1694, including a newbuilt vessel (Star) purchased from its builders. A Sixth Rate former prize of 1690 (the Julian Prize, which was fitted out at Chatham) was added to make up the numbers (see Chapter 6). Two more was purchased in April 1694. Most (including the Julian Prize) were fitted with a single 13in mortar like the Phoenix (although those asterisked below may have carried two mortars). Truelove Dimensions & tons: 42ft 6in keel x 17ft 0in x 9ft 4in. 65 31.94 bm. Men: 18. Guns: 4 minions. Purchased (for £725) from John Gothwaite. First cost: £410.11.2d to convert + £200.17.11d fitting. Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr Thomas Fisher, for Berkeley’s squadron. Sold (for £173) 24.5.1698. Endeavour Dimensions & tons: 40ft 0in keel x 16ft 8in x 9ft 3in. 59 10/94 bm. Men: 18. Guns: 4 minions. Purchased (for £444.1.2d) from Richard Beach. First cost: £473.13.3d to convert + £273.11.0d fitting. Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr Jacob Wright, for Berkeley’s squadron. In 8.1694 under Capt. James Mighells. Sold 1695. Owner’s Adventure* Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 20ft 5in x 10ft 2in. 115 28/94 bm. Men: 25. Guns: 6 x 2pdrs. Purchased (for £942.8.0d) from Jonas Rich. First cost: £583.2.11d to convert + £244.16.8d fitting.

Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr Richard Brown (-1696), for Berkeley’s squadron. Sold (for £154) 3.5.1698. Angel Dimensions & tons: 55ft 0in keel x 21ft 3in x 11ft 0in. 132 10/94 bm. Men: 25. Guns: 6 minions. Purchased (for £1,050) from Nicholas Smith. First cost: £494.6.5 1/2d to convert + £254.11.8d fitting. Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr John Soule, for Berkeley’s squadron. Sold 1696 or 1697. Greyhound Dimensions & tons: 51ft 0in keel x 18ft 8in x 9ft 11in. 94 49/94 bm. Men: 20. Guns: 6 minions. Purchased (for £800) from Richard Lapthorne. First cost: £414.2.3d to convert + £198.18.4d fitting. Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr Thomas Mitchell, for Berkeley’s squadron. In 1695 under Cmdr Edmund Willey. Sold (for £93) 3.5.1698. Star* Dimensions & tons: 53ft 11in keel x 20ft 21 1/2in x 9ft 0in. 117 11/94, bm. Men: 25 (later 35). Guns: 8 (minions?). Purchased during or just after building (for £789 1/2) from Sir Henry Johnson, Blackwall. First cost: £449.5.6d to convert + £463.5.9d fitting. Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr Isaac Andrews, for Berkeley’s squadron. In 1696 under Cmdr Robert Dunbar, for the Fleet. In ?6.1698 under Lieut. William Jones; to the Mediterranean 1699. In 1703 under Cmdr Edmund Willey, in the Downs. In 1704 under Lieut. Henry Cremer (-16.1.1706); with Rooke’s fleet 1704, Shovell’s fleet in 1705 and Leake’s fleet in 1706. On ?16.3.1708 under Cmdr William Hewitt; in attack on St Valery 1708. In 1710 under Cmdr Thomas Rochfort; at Annapolis Royal 2.10.1710; later to Jamaica (due for relief). In 1712 under Cmdr Thomas Smart; wrecked off Inagua Island 29.5.1712 while en route home from Jamaica. Mary Anne Dimensions & tons: 44ft 6in keel x 18ft 8in x 10ft 4in. 82 24/94 bm. Men: 20. Guns: 4 minions. Purchased 4.1694 (for £850) from William Hall. First cost: £461.1.3 1/2d to convert + £233.0.5d fitting.

Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr Thomas Long, for Berkeley’s squadron. On 16.4.1695 under Cmdr Godfrey Lugcar. Sold (for £140) 13.5.1698. Society* Dimensions & tons: 52ft 6in keel x 19ft 1in x 9ft 3in. 101 65/94 bm. Men: 30. Guns: 8 x 2pdrs. Purchased 4.1694 (for £650) from James Bayley. First cost: £486.13.7d to convert + £275.12.7d fitting. Commissioned 1694 under Cmdr Edward Owen, for Berkeley’s squadron. In 1695 under Cmdr ? William Jennifer. Sold (for £114) 3.5.1698. SERPENT (1695) CLASS. This batch of ten were ordered in January 1695 to a common specification (the Basilisk was a slightly lengthened version). This time just one vessel was dockyard-built, the other nine being sourced by contract with Thames-side commercial builders. Unlike the 1693 quartet, this smaller class reverted to a ketch rig, and they also introduced a traversing mounting for the mortars, which were now located fore and aft along the centreline rather than side by side. One vessel (Dreadful) was lost within two months of being launched, another four were captured by the French, and the Carcass was sold in 1713; the four survivors in April 1714 were reportedly all in good condition, the Furnace and Basilisk being in commission (‘in sea pay’) and the Blast and Granado in Ordinary. (Design) Dimensions & tons: 65ft 0in, 50ft 6in x 23ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 142 9/94 bm. Men: 30. Guns: 4 x 2pdrs. Mortars: 2 x 12 1/2in. Serpent Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] As built: 65ft 6in, 49ft 8in x 23ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 139 71/94 bm. Ord: 9.1.1695. L: 5.4.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Cmdr Thomas Mitchell, for Berkeley’s operations. In 1696 under Cmdr Wagdolen Baker, at the Nore. In 1701 under Cmdr William Jones (-1702); to West Indies at end 1701. In 1703 under Cmdr John Williams; taken by a French 24-gun privateer in the Western Approaches 15.10.1703.

This French illustration is from the Mémoires d’Artillerie by Pierre Suriry de St Remy published in 1698. It is thought to represent the Thunder captured in 1696 and certainly conforms to the known features of the Serpent class. The main innovation is the traversing mounting introduced by Colonel Richards, which allowed two mortars to be fitted on the centreline and resulted in a smaller bomb vessel with the same firepower as the previous ship-rigged class.

Thunder Edward Snelgrove, Limehouse. As built: 65ft 6in, 50ft 6in x 23ft 5in x 10ft 0in. 147 23/94 bm. Ord: 9.1.1695. L: 13.4.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Cmdr Nathaniel Symonds; in bombardment of St Malo 5.7.1695; taken by two French privateers off the Dutch coast 6.4.1696. Furnace John & Richard Wells, Horsleydown (Bermondsey). As built: 65ft 6in, 50ft 6in x 23ft 2in x 10ft 0in. 144 21/94 bm. Ord: 9.1.1695. L: 18.4.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Cmdr ?John Helling (-1696), for Berkeley’s squadron. In 1702 under Cmdr John Martin. In 1705 under Cmdr William Faulkner, for Shovell’s fleet. In 1708 under Cmdr Edmund

Hooke (-1709); attack on St Valéry 1708; to Mediterranean 1709. In 1710 under Lieut. William Probyn, in the Mediterranean. Repaired at Deptford (for £982.2.8d) 1711–1713. In 1713 under Capt. Hercules Baker, for the Baltic. In 1714 under Capt. Walter Ross, then 1715 ? CmdrThomas Knightley, all in the Mediterranean. Small Repair at Woolwich (for £142.19.9 3/4d) 1716–19, then Repair at Deptford (for £1,579.18.3 1/4d) 1719. In 1720 under Cmdr Christopher Harris (-1721), for the Baltic. BU completed at Deptford 10.11.1725. Granado Robert & John Castle, Deptford. As built: 64ft 5in, 50ft 6in x 23ft 5 1/2in x 10ft 0in. 147 75/94 bm. Ord: 9.1.1695. L: 18.4.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Cmdr Thomas Long (-1696), for Berkeley’s squadron. In 1702 under Lieut. Christopher Elliott (-1703), for Rooke’s fleet. In 1706 under Lieut. Abraham Murcott (-1709); to Mediterranean 1707; at bombardment of Toulon 1707. In 1711 under Cmdr James Grainger, for St Lawrence expedition. Small Repair at Woolwich (for £326.12.2 1/2d) 1711–1714. BU at Woolwich from 9.5.1718. Carcass John Taylor, Cuckold’s Point, Rotherhithe. As built: 66ft 6in, 50ft 6in x 23ft 2in x 10ft 0in. 143 14/94 bm. Ord: 9.1.1695. L: 20.4.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Cmdr Salmon Morrice (-1696); in bombardment of St Malo 5.7.1695. On ?23.5.1700 under Cmdr John Martin, with Rooke’s fleet in the Baltic. In 1701 under Capt. George Walton, with Benbow’s squadron. In 1705 under Cmdr Coville Mayne (-1706), in the Mediterranean. On 16.3.1708 under Cmdr James Hemmington; in attack on St Valery. In 1709 under Cmdr Thomas Mabbot, for the Mediterranean. In 7.1710 under Cmdr, Arthur Basse (-1712), still in the Mediterranean. Sold to Peter Ford (for £122) 20.8.1713. Comet Sir Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 66ft 1 1/2in, 50ft 6in x 23ft 2in x 10ft 0in. 143 14/94 bm. Ord: 9.1.1695. L: 23.4.1695. Commissioned 1696 under Cmdr Peter Cade; to Newfoundland with Norris’s squadron. On ?16.2.1697 under Cmdr Robert Masterton, at Newfoundland. In 1702 under Cmdr Thomas Hughes. In 1705 under Cmdr Francis Piercy, with Shovell’s fleet. In 1706 under Cmdr Francis Gregory (-mortally wounded 10.10.1706); taken by three French privateers off Dunkirk 10.10.1706.

Basilisk William Redding, Wapping. As built: 72ft 2in, 57ft 4in x 23ft 2in x 10ft 2in. 163 63/94 bm. Ord: 9.1.1691. L: 4.5.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Cmdr Charles Laton, for Berkeley’s squadron. In ?3.1696 under Cmdr John Lowen. In 1702 under Cmdr George Ramsay, for Rooke’s fleet, then 1703 Cmdr John Jephcott; to the Mediterrranean 9.1703. In 1704 under Cmdr Humphry Blowers (-1708) in the Mediterranean; at bombardment of Toulon 1707. In 1711 under Lieut. Robert Harward, for St Lawrence expedition. Small Repair at Woolwich 1711–14, then under Capt. Walter Ross in 1713 to the Baltic. In 1714–15 under Cmdr Timothy Splaine, to the Mediterranean. Small Repair at Woolwich (for £389.6.7 1/2d) 1715. In ?3.1718 under Cmdr John Hubbard, for the Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. In ?02.1718 under Cmdr Thomas Waterhouse, still in the Mediterranean. Docked at Deptford 21.1.1729 to BU. Dreadful Mr Graves, Limehouse. As built: 66ft 10 1/2in, 50ft 6in x 23ft 6in x 10ft 1in. 147 23/94 bm. Ord: 9.1.1695. L: 6.5.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Cmdr John Carlton; in bombardment of St Malo 5.7.1695, during which hit by fire from shore battery and burnt to avoid capture. Blast Sir Henry Johnson, Blackwall. As built: 66ft 1 1/2in, 50ft 6in x 23ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 143 14/94 bm. Ord: 9.1.1695. L: 22.5.1695. Commissioned 1695 under Capt. William Carter, for Berkeley’s squadron. In 1696 under Capt. Edmund Willey, then 2.1697 Cmdr Stephen Martin; deployed to the West Indies (with forward mortar transferred to storeship Suffolk Haghoat for outward voyage, and both mortars removed for homewards voyage, during which the bomb was dismasted and finished the voyage under a jury rig). In 1702 under Lieut. (Cmdr 2.1703) William Jameson, for Newfoundland. In ?3.1706 under Cmdr Cales Wade (-1708); at bombardment of Ostend 1706, then in the Mediterranean 1707–8; at bombardment of Toulon 1707. In 1709 under Cmdr Matthew Elford, for Byng’s squadron. Small Repair at Woolwich (for £138.14.5d) 1711–14. Given a new main mast at Sheerness 1718. Recommissioned 1718 under Cmdr James Luck, for the Mediterranean; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. Converted to a pitch boat (under

AO 1.9.1721) at Port Mahon. BU (‘cast’) there 1724. Terror Robert Davis, Limehouse. As built: 65ft 8in, 50ft 6in x 23ft 6 1/2in x 10ft 2in. 148 82/94 bm. Ord: 9.1.1695. L: 11.1.1696. Commissioned 4.3. 1696 under Cmdr Thomas Lambert, for the Nore. In 1702 under Cmdr John Clifton, for Rooke’s fleet. In 1703 under Cmdr George Martin. In 1704 under Cmdr Isaac Cooke, for Shovell’s fleet; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga 13.8.1704; taken by the French while moored at Gibraltar 17.10.1704 and burnt. SALAMANDER. The original bomb vessel of 1687 was rebuilt in 1703 to the length of the 1695 Serpent Group (and presumably to a similar layout). Salamander Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Lee] Dimensions & tons: 66ft 0in, 51ft 4in x 21ft 2in x 8ft 8 1/2in. 122 31/94 bm. Men: 30. Guns: 4. Mortars: 2 x 13in. Commissioned ?8.1.1706 under Cmdr John Parr; at bombardment of Ostend. On 16.3.1708 under Cmdr Ralph Eaglesfeild (-1712); in attack on St Valéry 1708; to the Mediterranean 1709–12. Sold to John Roltey (for £220) 20.8.1713. A bomb vessesl named the Hare was listed in 1703–04, but there is no further information for this vessel.

FIRESHIPS The seventeenth century was the heyday of the fireship, with a major role in fleet actions that had steadily increased since their employment in 1588 by the English against the Spanish Armada in Calais Roads. Nevertheless the obvious limitation was in the cost of a vessel whose function was selfevidently a one-off operation. Consequently, the majority of fireships expended as such were either obsolete and worn-out warships whose life as battlefleet or cruising units was at an end, or purchased vessels (either acquired as prizes or ex-merchant ships) taken up specifically for the incendiary role. Only a small number of fireships were specifically built as such, and the majority of these spent most of their careers serving as small cruisers or in the convoy escort role; even fewer were finally expended in the

fireship role. The above three categories require separate treatment in this volume. The purpose-built fireships were — throughout the later Stuart era — coincident with the smaller Fifth Rates, and thus there have been dealt with under the 28-gun category in Chapter 5. Those converted from former warships (whether of the Rated or Unrated category) are primarily dealt with under their original rating, although a chronological listing of these vessels appears as a cross-reference at the end of this section. The remaining vessels, treated below, comprise those exmercantile or prize vessels acquired and categorised from the start as fireships. However, it should be stressed that many of these equally functioned in the convoy-and-cruising role for long periods before being fitted for their nominal role of expending in the incendiary task, and indeed many were never utilised in that task. Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1650–52). The following vessels, captured in 1650 and 1652 respectively, were added to the Commonwealth Navy and expended in 1652 and 1653. Charity (French La Charité), guns unknown. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Simon Orton; at Battle of Plymouth 16.8.1652, where expended in an attack on the Dutch fleet. Hunter (French sloop La Chasseur), 10 guns. Taken 4.9.1652 by Blake’s fleet off Dunkirk. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Edward Barrett. In 1653 under Capt. John Bowrey; at Battle of Scheveningen/Texel) 31.7.1653, where expended in an attack on the Dutch fleet. Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1652). The following five vessels, captured from the Dutch, were added to the Commonwealth Navy as fireships; no particulars were recorded, but the John Baptist was known to be a large ship of c. 400 tons. Each was established with 30 men. Two other fireships were mentioned in 1652 (George and Mousenest), but no further details exist. Fortune, 10 guns. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Humphrey Morris. Not recorded after 1653. Renown, 10 guns. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Nathaniel Mead (-1653). Later in 1653 under Capt. James Salmon. Sold 1654. John Baptist (Dutch Sint Jan Battista), 10 guns.

Taken 12.9.1652 from the Fishery Guard in the North Sea. No record of commissioning. Sold 1656. Wildman, 14 guns. Commissioned 1655 under Capt. Henry Fenn. In 1656 under Capt. Philemon Pownell. Sold 1657. [Golden] Falcon (not to be confused with the Falcon flyboat), 10–12 guns. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. William Tickle (or Tuttle) (-1655). Later in 1655 under Capt. John Gardener (-1658). Sold 1658.

The Anglo-Dutch wars were the heyday of fireship warfare. Fleets comprised large numbers of relatively ill-disciplined ships, often fighting in confused circumstances, with widespread damage inflicted to sails and rigging, which afforded fireship s better opportunities than the more rigid tactics of the eighteenth century This Dutch engraving shows the first major battle of these conflicts, off Plymouth in August 1652, where the fireship C harity was successfully deployed to drive off the Dutch who were threatening to capture the Bonaventure. Beverley R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.33

Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1665–67). The following twelve vessels, captured from the Dutch, were added to the Royal Navy as fireships. Golden Hand Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 24ft 6in x 12ft 0in. 287 33/94 bm.

Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 50/45/45. Guns: 6. Taken 1665. Commissioned 29.4.1669 under Capt. Martin Carslake (died 4.6.1670). On 5.6.1670 under Capt. Amos Beare (died 25.4.1672). On 6.6.1672 under Capt. John Heathcock (-26.4.1673). On 27.4.1673 under Capt. William Mather; foundered near Terschelling off the Dutch coast 7.8.1673. Hare Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in keel x 22ft 6in x 10ft 6in. 180 39/94 bm. Draught 10ft 8in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Taken 1665. Commissioned 30.6.1665 under Capt. John Ditty (-19.9.1665). On 21.9.1665 under Capt. George Liddell (20.2.1666). Burnt by accident at Harwich 20.2.1666 while in Ordinary. Spread Eagle Dimensions & tons: 74ft 8in keel x 24ft 8in x 12ft 6in. 240 (241 61/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 12ft 4in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Taken 1665. Commissioned 5.7.1665 under Capt. William Seale (-2.6.1666); in Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron) 1–2.1666, where expended unsuccessfully 2.6.1666. Land of Promise Dimensions & tons: 68ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 191 32/94 bm. Draught 10ft 8in. Men: 45/40/40. Guns: 6. Taken 1665. Commissioned 16.9.1665 under Capt. Charles Juxon (-23.5.1666). On 3.7.1666 under Capt.William Minturne; in St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron) 25.7.1666, when expended in service. Bull Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 19ft 6in x 9ft 0in. 121 33/94 bm. Draught 9ft 2in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 4. Taken 1666. Commissioned 29.8.1666 under Capt. Joseph Paine (-23.10.1666). On

5.4.1667 under Capt. Peter Bonomy (-23.9.1667). Sold 10.1674. Catt Dimensions & tons: 78ft 0in keel x 23ft 3in x 10ft 0in. 224 26/94 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 25/20/20. Guns: 4. Taken 1666. Commissioned 29.8.1666 under Capt. John Tanner (-30.10.1666). On 19.3.1667 under Capt. John Prideaux (-14.11.1667). Sold 5.1668. Fortune Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in keel x 28ft 0in x 12ft 6in. 392 (exact) bm. Draught 12ft 2in. Men: 70/50/50. Guns: 6/4. Taken 1666. Commissioned 15.2.1666 under Capt. William Lee; in St James’s Day Fight (White squadron) 25.7.1666, when expended in service. Saint Jacob Dimensions & tons: 65ft 0in keel x 22ft 6in x 11ft 0in. 175 3/94 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 4. Taken 1666. Commissioned 15.6.1666 under Capt. William Humble (-23.10.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron) 25.7.1666. On 19.3.1667 under Capt. William Flawes (-14.11.1667). Sold to Sir Edward Spragge 11.1667. Mary Prize (The existence of this vessel is suspect, and details conflict with the Sixth Rate Mary Prize (or possibly Little Mary) in Chapter 6.) Dimensions & tons: 55ft 0in keel x 19ft 4in x 9ft 9in. 109 33/94 bm. Draught 9ft 1in. Men: 25/20/20. Guns: 4. Taken 1666. Fate uncertain. Milkmaid Dimensions & tons: 68ft 0in keel x 21ft 0in x 9ft 8in. 159 48/94 bm. Draught 9ft 10in. Men: 22/18/18. Guns: 4. Taken 1666.

Commissioned 22.8.1666 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-23.10.1666). Delivered to Sir William Penn in exchange for the Sarah (see below) 2.1667. Saint Paul Dimensions & tons: 84ft 0in keel x 25ft 6in x 9ft 8in. 290 50/94 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 50/45/45. Guns: 4. Taken 1666. Commissioned 8.8.1666 under Capt. William Andrews (-14.9.1667). Sold ‘as useless’ 10.1667. ALSO 19.3.1667 under Capt. Daniel Stephens (-14.11.1667); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron) 25.7.1666. Camel Dimensions & tons: 62ft 0in keel x 19ft 10in x 9ft 2in. 130 (129 68/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 6/4. Taken 1667. Commissioned 10.6.1667 under Capt. William Maiden (died 23.7.1667); expended in action off Tilbury against Dutch fleet 23.7.1667. Ex-FRENCH PRIZE (1667). This prize is recorded as having been sold in December 1667; however the lists of commissioned officers still show her in service in 1673. Francis Dimensions & tons: 71ft 0in keel x 23ft 8in x 9ft 10in. 211 50/94 bm. Draught 10ft 0in. Men: 36/30/30. Guns: 4/2. Taken 1666. Commissioned 4.1667 under Capt. Jeremy Crawley (-7.2.1670). On 14.2.1670 under Capt. Stephen Sertaine (-7.10.1670). On 24.10.1670 under Capt. William Flawes (-25.10.1671). On 26.10.1671 under Capt. Charles Juxon (died 6.3.1672). On 18.3.1672 under Capt. Robert Fortescue (-10.3.1673); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron) 8.5.1672. Sold 1673 or later. PURCHASED VESSELS (1665–67) Providence Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 21ft 8in x 9ft 6in. 150 bm. Draught 9ft

8in. Men: 45/40/40. Guns: 6. Purchased 1665. Commissioned 16.4.1665 under Capt. Richard James (-15.10.1666). On 29.7.1665 under Capt. John Wood (-7.2.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron) 25.7.1666, when expended in action. Constant John Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in keel x 22ft 6in x 10ft 4in. 180 bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Purchased 1665. Commissioned 22.4.1665 under Capt. James Blake (-24.10.1665). On 24.8.1666 under Capt. John Kelsey (-11.6.1667); scuttled as a blockship off Mussell Bank in the Medway 11.6.1667. Abigail Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in keel x 20ft 8in x 9ft 9in. 143 bm. Draught 9ft 10in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 4. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 20.6.1666 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-25.7.1666, although recorded as 21.8.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron) 25.7.1666, when expended in action. Allepine Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 233 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 18.6.1666 under Capt. Andrew Ball (-2.9.1667); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron) 25.7.1666; wrecked off Ireland in a storm 2.9.1667. Blessing (i) Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in keel x 22ft 9in x 10ft 0in. 173 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 20/18/18. Guns: 4. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 18.6.1666 under Capt. William Maiden (-25.7.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron) 25.7.1666, when expended in action.

Charles Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in keel x 24ft 3in x 11ft 0in. 209 bm. Draught 11ft 2in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 15.6.1666 under Capt. John Johnson (-24.10.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron) 25.7.1666; re-appointed 19.3.1667 (-2.10.1667). Sold 11.1667. Joseph (i) Dimensions & tons: 55ft 0in keel x 18ft 6in x 9ft 6in. 101 bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 4. Purchased ‘1666’ (but possibly 1665). Commissioned 8.6.1665 under Capt. James Wathing or Watkins (22.11.1665). On 8.8.1666 under Capt. Christopher Batters (-18.12.1666). On 21.12.1666 under Capt. John Wyborne (-26.6.1667); at Battle of Martinique 25.6.1667, where expended against French fleet. Mary (i) Dimensions & tons: 55ft 0in keel x 19ft 6in x 9ft 6in. 111 bm. Draught 9ft 4in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 4. Purchased 1666. Sold ‘as useless’ 10.1667. Samuel Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in keel x 20ft 6in x 9ft 6in. 121 bm. Draught 11ft 2in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 4. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 13.6.1666 under Capt. William Seale (-16.8.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron) 25.7.1666; expended in attack on Dutch shipping at Westerschelling (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’), 9.8.1666. Richard Dimensions & tons: 62ft 0in keel x 24ft 6in x 11ft 0in. 198 bm. Draught 11ft 2in. Men: 44/36/36. Guns: 4. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 16.6.1666 under Capt. Henry Browne (-9.8.1666); at St

James’s Day Fight (White squadron) 25.7.1666; expended in attack on Dutch shipping at Westerschelling (‘Holmes’s Bonfire’), 9.8.1666. Virgin or Virgina Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 20ft 10in x 9ft 9in. 148 bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 4. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 16.6.1666 under Capt. William Howe (-court-martialled 4.11.1667, and executed 18.11.1667) in St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron) 25.7.1666; expended in action off Sheppey against Dutch fleet 26.7.1667. Prosperous Dimensions & tons: 62ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 206 bm. Draught 11ft 4in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 6. Purchased 1666 from Sir William Penn. Commissioned 1.7.1666 under Capt. John Coomes (died 17.5.1667). On 5.3.1667 under Capt. William Humble (-14.11.1667); at Battle of Martinique 25.6.1667. Sold in the West Indies 1667. Hopeful Adventure Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 165 (164 72/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 4in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 4. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 8.8.1666 under Capt. Abraham Goodhart (-10.10.1667). Sold 10.1667. (Note: a ship of the same name was operated by the Royalists in 1650 under Capt. Andrew Mitchell; there is no evidence that this was the same ship, but it seems possible.) Daniel Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in keel x 21ft 9in x 10ft 0in. 159 bm. Draught 10ft 0in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 13.8.1666 under Capt. John Gill (-25.10.1666). On 20.3.1667 under Capt. Henry Pattison (-14.10.1667). Sold ‘as useless’ 11.1667. Robert

Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 21ft 0in x 10ft 9in. 122 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 6. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 17.8.1666 under Capt. Daniel Stephens (-23.10.1666). On 26.3.1667 under Capt. John Elliott (-2.11.1667). Sold 11.1667. Malaga Merchant Dimensions & tons: 62ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 206 bm. Draught 12ft 4in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 4. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 24.8.1666 under Capt. William Seale (dismissed 18.2.1667 for cowardice in deserting the Saint Patrick — then court-martialled 27.2.1667 and shot 5.3.1667). On 19.2.1667 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-12.10.1667). Sold ‘as useless’ 11.1667. Unicorn Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 180 bm. Draught 11ft 9in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 29.8.1666 under Capt. John Wood (-20.9.1666). On 21.9.1666 under Capt. John Lycoris (-5.12.1666). On 1.4.1667 under Capt. Charles Greene (-11.6.1667); scuttled as a blockship off Mussell Bank in the Medway 11.6.1667. Barbados Merchant (This vessel had been hired in 1664 (see Chapter 8 for dimensions) and was purchased in 1666 for use as a fireship, but was finally scuttled as a blockship as shown below.) Men (established only): 44/38/38. Guns (established only): 8/6. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 1.9.1666 under Capt. Thomas Gurling (-4.12.1666). Recommissioned 1.4.1667, still under Gurling (-11.6.1667); scuttled as a blockship off Mussell Bank in the Medway 11.6.1667. Dolphin Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 20ft 6in x 9ft 6in. 143 bm. Draught 9ft 8in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 4.

Purchased 1666. Commissioned 1.9.1666 under Capt. Leonard Harris (-11.6.1667) scuttled as a blockship off Mussell Bank in the Medway 11.6.1667. John and Sarah Dimensions & tons: 59ft 0in keel x 20ft 6in x 10ft 0in. 132 bm. Draught 9ft 8in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 4. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 1.9.1666 (Register says 1.9.1667, clearly an error) under Capt. William Minterne (-11.6.1667); scuttled as a blockship off Mussell Bank in the Medway 11.6.1667. Sarah (exchanged for Milkmaid) Dimensions & tons: 58ft 0in keel x 17ft 0in x 8ft 0in. 89 bm. Draught 8ft 1in. Men: 18/14/14. Guns: 4. Purchased 1666. Commissioned 19.3.1667 under Capt. John Mingen (-2.11.1667). Sold ‘as useless’ 11.1667. Mary (ii) Dimensions & tons: 56ft 0in keel x 19ft 0in x 8ft 9in. 108 bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 4. Purchased 1667. Commissioned 1667 under Capt. John Swayne; expended in actions against the Dutch fleet 7.1667. Star Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in keel x 20ft 6in x 9ft 7in. 121 bm. Draught 9ft 8in. Men: 25/20/20. Guns: 4. Purchased 1667. Commissioned 12.6.1667 under Capt. Hugh Ridley (-23.7.1667); expended in action off Tilbury against Dutch fleet 23.7.1667. Saint Jacob Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 12ft 0in. 276 (275 70/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 4. Purchased 1667. Commissioned 13.6.1667 under Capt. George Colt (-26.7.1667); expended in

action off Sheppey against Dutch fleet 26.7.1667. Golden Heart Dimensions & tons: 57ft 0in keel x 19ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 109 42/94 Dm. Draught 8ft 9in. Men: 25/20/20. Guns: 4. Purchased 1667. Commissioned 14.6.1667 under Capt. Charles Juxon; expended in actions against the Dutch fleet 3.8.1667. Swan Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 7ft 10in. 71 (70 79/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 8ft 0in. Men: 14/12/12. Guns: 2. Purchased 1667. Commissioned 16.6.1667 under Capt. John Votier (-26.7.1667); expended in action off Sheppey against Dutch fleet 26.7.1667. Elizabeth and Mary Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: . . . Guns: . . . Purchased 1667. Commissioned 22.6.1667 under Capt. Henry Keeble (-26.7.1667); expended in action off Sheppey against Dutch fleet 26.7.1667. Owner’s Endeavour Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: . . . Guns: . . . Purchased 1667. Commissioned 22.6.1667 under Capt. John Ward (-26.7.1667); expended in action off Sheppey against Dutch fleet 26.7.1667. Albemarle Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 164 72/94 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Purchased 1667. Commissioned 30.6.1667 under Capt. John Shelley (-23.7.1667); expended in action off Tilbury against Dutch fleet 23.7.1667. In addition, a number of other vessels were acquired as fireships during this war or immediately afterwards, mainly in June 1667, of which no record

appears in Pepys’s Register of Ships, but their captains appear (with dates) in his Registers of Commissioned Officers as follows. In the case of the Blessing and Dolphin below, these captaincies occurred subsequent to the earlier fireships of these names being lost, so were presumably different vessels. The word ‘fireship’ was always appended to their names, thereby seeming to function as part of the name itself. Young Lion (or Little Lion) fireship Commissioned 19.3.1666 under Capt. Thomas Clapp (-13.9.1666). On 25.4.1668 under Capt. Daniel Stephens (-31.3.1671). Golden Sun fireship Commissioned 30.7.1666 under Capt. Theophilus Scott (-20.4.1667). On 14.6.1667 under Capt. Benjamin Holmes (-27.8.1667). Golden Falcon fireship Commissioned 12.6.1667 under Capt. Robert Newland (died 17.9.1667). John and Elizabeth fireship Commissioned 13.6.1667 under Capt. Anderson Gibbons (court-martialled 24.9.1667). Joseph (ii) fireship Commissioned 13.6.1667 under Capt. Richard Dickenson (-24.9.1667). Priscilla fireship Commissioned 13.6.1667 under Capt. William Wayman (died 12.9.1667). Anne Speedwell Commissioned 15.6.1667 under Capt. John Pulham (-24.9.1667). Blessing (ii) fireship Commissioned 15.6.1667 under Capt. Ralph Mayhew (-24.9.1667). Bonaventure fireship Commissioned 15.6.1667 under Capt. John Crawford (-14.8.1667). On 15.8.1667 under Capt. John Sumpter (-24.9.1667). Exeter fireship Commissioned 15.6.1667 under Capt. William Bonner (-18.9.1667). John fireship Commissioned 15.6.1667 under Capt. John Wood (-18.9.1667). On 3.8.1667 under Capt. Josias Hare (-5.9.1667). Success (or Little Success?) fireship Commissioned 15.6.1667 under Capt. George Tite (-13.9.1667). Warwell fireship

Commissioned 15.6.1667 under Capt. Mathias Bowry (-24.9.1667). William and Susan fireship Commissioned 15.6.1667 under Capt. Thomas Pearse (-18.9.1667). Dolphin (ii) fireship Commissioned 18.6.1667 under Capt. Charles Mansel (-10.10.1667). Gabriel fireship Commissioned 22.6.1667 under Capt. Richard Lestock (-24.9.1667). Tulip Commissioned 21.9.1667 under Capt. Thomas Eliott. Providence fireship Commissioned 2.4.1668 under Capt. Hugh Ridley (-21.10.1668). Lion (possibly the same as Young Lion above) fireship Commissioned 1.4.1671 under Capt. Daniel Stephens (-7.3.1672). 20.7.1672 under Capt. Edward Boswell (-30.4.1673). Ex-ALGERINE PRIZES (1670) Eagle (Algerine ...) Dimensions & tons: 56ft 0in keel x 13ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 50 (54 27/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 6ft 0in. Men: 14/12/12. Guns: 6. Taken 1670. Not commissioned. Under Lieut. Dominick Nugent, expended unsuccessfully in attack on Algerine shipping at Bugia Bay 3.5.1671. Rose (Algerine ...) Dimensions & tons: 65ft 6in keel x 18ft 0in x 7ft 6in. 112 (112 83/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 8ft 0in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 4. Taken 1670. Not commissioned. Under Master’s Mate Henry Williams, expended unsuccessfully in attack on Algerine shipping at Bugia Bay 3.5.1671. Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1672). Buss (or Firebuss) Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 17ft 0in x 8ft 0in. 79 88/94 bm. Draught 7ft 2in. Men: 14/12/12. Guns: 4. Taken 1672.

Commissioned 1672 under Lieut? John Mayne; at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron, Rear division) 11.8.1673. Sold 10.1684. Dartmouth Dimensions & tons: 57ft 0in keel x 20ft 6in x 9ft 8in. 127 39/94 bm. Draught 10ft 0in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 4. Taken 1672. Commissioned 26.3.1672 under Capt. John Burdick (-20.3.1674); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron, Rear division) 11.8.1673. Sold 5.1674. Olive Branch Prize Dimensions & tons: 65ft 6in keel x 24ft 0in x 11ft 6in. 199 14/94 bm. Draught 11ft 8in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Taken 1672. Commissioned 4.4.1672 under Capt. William Lee (drowned 10.8.1674); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron, Rear division) 11.8.1673; at Cadiz 7.1674; foundered in storm off Texel 10.8.1674. Hope [Prize] Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 18ft 2in x 8ft 6in. 91 26/94 bm. Draught 8ft 4in. Men: 16/12/12. Guns: 2. Taken 1672. Commissioned 16.5.1672 under Capt. John Martin (-3.4.1674); at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron, Rear division) 11.8.1673. Sold 5.1674. Orange Prize Dimensions & tons: 69ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 9in. 194 14/94 bm. Draught 10ft 0in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Taken 1672. Commissioned 6.6.1672 under Capt. Francis Turner (-4.6.1673); at 2nd Battle of Schooneveld 4.6.1673, where blown up by accident. PURCHASED VESSELS (1672). Twelve ships were ordered to be taken up from civilian service for use as fireships by AO 6.2.1672; all these were taken over by 19.2.1672. Another fourteen vessels were purchased later that year. Ann and Christopher Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 25ft 5in x 10ft 0in. 261 14/94 bm.

Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 40. Guns: 8. Purchased by 19.2.1672. Commissioned 20.2.1672 under Capt. William Humble (died 7.3.1673); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Rear division) 28.5.1672. On 11.3.1673 under Capt. Robert Fortescue (-31.5.1673). On 1.6.1673 under Capt. Richard Haddock (-5.8.1674); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673; at Cadiz 1674. On 1.10.1674 under Capt. John Votier (-14.10.1676), with Narbrough’s squadron in the Mediterranean. On 8.2.1678 under Capt. John Polea (died 13.10.1678), still in the Mediterranean. On 14.10.1678 under Capt. Thomas Draper (-8.7.1679). On 4.8.1682 under Capt. James Barber (-1685), as guard ship. Sold 1686 (or sunk as a breakwater at Portsmouth 1692). William and Jane Purchased by 19.2.1672. John’s Advice Purchased by 19.2.1672. Lewis Purchased by 19.2.1672. Bantum Dimensions & tons: 75ft 0in keel x 26ft 3in x 10ft 0in. 276 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Purchased 1672. Commissioned 14.2.1672 under Capt. Henry Pattison (killed 28.5.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron, Centre division) 28.5.1672, where sunk in action. Castle Dimensions & tons: 85ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 329 bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 45/40/40. Guns: 8. Purchased by 19.2.1672. Commissioned 22.2.1672 under Capt. Leonard Harris (-14.4.1672). On 17.4.1672 under Capt. Thomas Willshaw (-23.5.1673). On 28.5.1673 under Capt. John Summers (-23.3.1674). On 28.2.1678 under Capt. John Elliott (-15.11.1679). On 5.5.1679 under Capt. Matthew Aylmer (-10.3.1680). Sold 12.1683.

Katherine (i) Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in keel x 22ft 6in x 11ft 0in. 180 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Purchased by 19.2.1672. Commissioned 1672 under Capt. Thomas Andrews; at Battle of Solebay (Red squadron) 28.5.1672, where expended in service. Supply Dimensions & tons: 73ft 0in keel x 24ft 4in x 10ft 6in. 230 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Purchased by 19.2.1672. Commissioned 8.3.1672 under Capt. Henry Williams (-11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, where expended in service. Alice and Francis (i) Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 25ft 8in x 11ft 0in. 166 29/94 bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Purchased by 19.2.1672. Commissioned 20.2.1672 under Capt. Ezekiel (or George?) Yennis (killed 28.5.1672); at Battle of Solebay (Blue squadron) 28.5.1672, where expended in service. A second Alice and Francis was commissioned 16.6.1672 under Capt. William Pooley (-8.6.1673), but no other details are known.

Fireships were typically purchased ships, prizes or superannuated warships, so they looked much like any other vessel; and much of the visible paraphernalia of their trade, like the grapnels at the yardarms, were not fitted until shortly before they were sent into action. This made it difficult for scouting vessels to work out how many fireships an enemy fleet possessed and where they were deployed. However, one tell-tale feature that could not be disguised was the presence of a large sally-port aft, from which the crew made its escape. In this drawing by the elder Van de Velde, it can be seen under the after end of the main channel, cutting into the upper wale. This is a converted merchant ship, thought from the decorative scheme to be the George, a relatively large ship purchased in 1672. National Maritime Museum PY5020.

Anne and Judith Dimensions & tons: 76ft 6in keel x 25ft 6in x 11ft 4in. 264 bm. Draught 11ft 6in.

Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Purchased 1672. Commissioned ?4.1672 under Capt. Joseph Harris (-28.5.1672); at Battle of Solebay 28.5.1672, where expended in service. Eagle Dimensions & tons: 74ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 208 bm. Draught 10ft 2in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 6/4. Purchased 1672. Commissioned 26.7.1672 under Capt. Richard Kegwin (-17.4.1673); foundered en route to St Helena 17.4.1673. George Dimensions & tons: 86ft 0in keel x 29ft 4in x 12ft 0in. 393 bm. Draught 12ft 6in. Men: 45/40/40. Guns: 6. Purchased 1672. Commissioned 24.6.1672 under Capt. John Marshall (-13.11.1673). Sunk at Sheerness as a breakwater (‘fence to the graving place’) 10.1674. Hopewell Dimensions & tons: 70ft 0in keel x 25ft 6in x 11ft 0in. 242 bm. Draught 11ft 4in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Purchased by 19.2.1672. Commissioned 18.4.1672 under Capt. Ralph Wrenn (-17.11.1672). On 18.11.1672 under Capt. Henry Fitton (-11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, where expended in service. Katherine (ii) Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 12ft 6in. 294 bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Purchased 1672. Commissioned 9.2.1673 under Capt. John Votier (-28.5.1673); reappointed 16.6.1673 (-11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, where expended in service. [Saint] Lawrence Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 10ft 9in. 154 bm. Draught 10ft 6in.

Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 6. Purchased 1.6.1672. Commissioned 19.5.1673 under Capt. John Cooke (-11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron) 11.8.1673, where expended in service. Leopard Dimensions & tons: 68ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 10ft 9in. 220 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Purchased 1672. Commissioned 20.6.1672 under Capt. Mathias Bird (-11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron, Van division) 11.8.1673, where expended in service. Olive Branch Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 24ft 6in x 11ft 9in. 204 bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Purchased 1672. Sold 10.1674. Orange Tree Dimensions & tons: 68ft 0in keel x 21ft 0in x 9ft 8in. 159 bm. Draught 9ft 10in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 6. Purchased 1672. Commissioned 25.6.1672 under Capt. John Johnson (-10.5.1673). Burnt by accident 5.1673. Providence Dimensions & tons: 67ft 0in keel x 22ft 6in x 10ft 6in. 180 bm. Draught 10ft 8in. Men: 45/40/40. Guns: 6. Purchased 1672. Commissioned 1.5.1672 under Capt. William Andrews (-28.5.1673); at 1st Battle of Schooneveld 28.5.1673, where expended in service. Prudent Mary Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 12ft 6in. 295 (294 66/94 by calc.). Draught 12ft 10in. Men: 45/40/40. Guns: 6. Purchased 14.3.1672 (had been hired as a Fourth Rate in 1652 and in 1665 —

see Chapter 8). Commissioned 7.5.1673 under Capt. Christopher Billop (-11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, where expended in service.

The last major engagement of the fiercely fought Anglo-Dutch wars was off the Texel in August 1673, where fireship warfare reached its zenith with both sides deploying around fifty such craft between them. Eleven English fireships were expended to little effect; the Dutch used fewer but scored no real successes either, although their fireships could be credited with helping to thwart the planned amphibious landings by the Anglo-French forces. Beverley R Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.57.

Rachel Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 20ft 6in x 9ft 8in. 134 bm. Draught 10ft 0in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 6. Purchased by 19.2.1672. Commissioned 7.3.1673 under Capt. John Kelsey (-28.5.1673); at 1st Battle of Schooneveld 28.5.1673, where expended in service. Robert Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 20ft 6in x 9ft 6in. 112 bm. Draught 9ft 4in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 4. Purchased 1672.

Commissioned 4.4.1672 under Capt. Richard Collins (-8.11.1673). Sunk at Sheerness as a breakwater (‘fence to the graving place’) 1674. Samuel and Anne Dimensions & tons: 73ft 3in keel x 25ft 0in x 10ft 6in. 243 bm. Draught 10ft 9in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Purchased 1672. Commissioned under Capt. Richard Haddock (-28.5.1673); at 1st Battle of Schooneveld 28.5.1673, where expended in service. Success Dimensions & tons: 51ft 0in keel x 21ft 8in x 9ft 9in. 127 bm. Draught 9ft 8in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 6. Purchased 1672. Commissioned 7.3.1672 under Capt. Matthew Dawson (-3.9.1672). On 18.9.1672 under Capt. John Rice (-26.5.1673); stranded 17.2.1673; refloated 20.2.1673 but condemned 23.3.1673. Thomas and Edward Dimensions & tons: 72ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 11ft 4in. 221 bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Purchased by 19.2.1672. Commissioned 18.3.1672 under Capt. John Holmes (court-martialled 3.9.1672 for embezzlement); at Battle of Solebay 28.5.1672. On 4.9.1672 under Capt. Matthew Dawson (-3.4.1674); with Narbrough’s squadron to Tangier; at Battle of Texel (Red squadron, Rear division) 11.8.1673. Sold 5.1674. Thomas and George Dimensions & tons: 72ft 0in keel x 25ft 3in x 12ft 0in. 245 bm. Draught 11ft 9in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Purchased 17.3.1672. Commissioned 16.3.1672 under Capt. Theophilus Scott (died 5.10.1672); foundered 5.10.1672. (Note there was also a hired fireship Thomas and Frances in 1672–74-see Chapter 8.)

PURCHASED VESSELS (1673). Nine more merchant vessels were purchased in the early summer of 1673 for use as fireships; all took part in the Battle off Texel (although Marigold was lost a day before the action), when four were expended during the action. Marigold Dimensions & tons: 74ft 9in keel x 28ft 11in x 12ft 0in. 332 44/94 bm. Draught 12ft 2in. Men: 45/40/40. Guns: 4. Purchased 1673. Commissioned 1.4.1673 under Capt. John Royce (-10.8.1673); at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron, Van division) 11.8.1673; abandoned as unseaworthy and sunk off Texel 10.8.1673. Blessing Dimensions & tons: 57ft 0in keel x 19ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 109 42/94 bm. Draught 9ft 9in. Men: 16/14/14. Guns: 4. Purchased 1673. Commissioned 14.6.1673 under Capt. William Andrews (died 11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673, where expended in service. Friendship Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 23ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 080 8/94 bm. Draught 10ft 4in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 6/4. Purchased 1673. Commissioned 14.6.1673 under Capt. John Kelsey (died 11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, where expended in service. Pearl Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 10ft 9in. 162 18/94 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 6. Purchased 1673. Commissioned 16.6.1673 under Capt. William Booth (-11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, where expended in service. Society Dimensions & tons: 82ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 12ft 8in. 318 (317 91/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 45/40/40. Guns: 6.

Purchased 1673. Commissioned 16.6.1673 under Capt. Robert Washburne (-11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673, where expended in service. Hestor Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 19ft 6in x 9ft 0in. 101 12/94 bm. Draught 8ft 9in. Men: 20/16/16. Guns: 6. Purchased 1673. Commissioned 20.6.1673 under Capt. Richard Painter (-15.7.1673). On 17.7.1673 under Capt. Edward Harvey (-2.12.1673); at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron, Van division) 11.8.1673; blown up by accident at Sheerness 2.12.1673. Jason Dimensions & tons: 61ft 0in keel x 21ft 3in x 10ft 6in. 146 48/94 bm. Draught 10ft 8in. Men: 36/30/30. Guns: 4. Purchased 1673. Commissioned 23.6.1673 under Capt. Francis Turner (-30.5.1674) at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron, Van division) 11.8.1673. Sold 5.1674. Amity Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 25ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 252 62/94 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 6. Purchased 1673. Commissioned 23.6.1673 under Capt. William Pooley (-14.11.1673); at Battle of Texel (Red squadron, Van division) 11.8.1673 Sunk at Sheerness as a breakwater (‘fence to the graving place’) 11.1673. Benjamin Dimensions & tons: 57ft 0in keel x 20ft 9in x 9ft om. 130 51/94 bm. Draught 9ft 6in. Men: 24/20/20. Guns: 6. Purchased 1673. Commissioned 28.6.1673 under Capt. John Polea (-22.8.1673); at Battle of Texel (Blue squadron) 11.8.1673; taken by a Dutch 18-gun ‘caper’ (privateer) 22.8.1673. In late 1673 there was an intention to have ships specifically built to serve as

fireships; by AO 15.10.1673 it was ordered to contract with merchant shipwrights to construct twenty ships of 200 tons ‘for use as fireships’ (see start of 28-gun Fifth Rate section in Chapter 5 above). However, these did not materialise at this time; purpose-built fireships would not appear until 1689 (see Chapter 5). PURCHASED VESSELS (1678). Seven vessels purchased during 1678, of which five were put into commission in May of that year. Spanish Merchant (Spanish mercantile ...), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: ‘79ft 0in keel’ (possibly should read 69ft 0in) x 26ft o 3/4in x 10ft 2in. 250 (285 40/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 11ft 6in. Men: 40/36/36. Guns: 8/6. Commissioned 14.5.1678 under Capt. Matthew Dawson (-18.7.1679). On 2.8.1682 under Capt. Thomas Roome Coyle (-30.6.1685). Ordered to be sold 5.1686. Sampson (mercantile Sampson), 12 guns Dimensions & tons: 78ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in x 10ft 8in. 240 60/94 bm. Draught 12ft 0in. Men: 45/40/40. Guns: 12/8. Purchased 29.3.1678. Commissioned 17.5.1678 under Capt. John Maine. On 16.4.1680 under Capt. Peter Pickard (-21.12.1680). On 22.12.1680 under Capt. Benjamin Poole (-14.11.1681). Deleted 1689. Sarah (mercantile Sarah), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 20ft 6in x 9ft 2in. 143 6/94 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 25/20/20. Guns: 6/4. Commissioned 18.5.1678 under Capt. Edward Furlong (-8.7.1679). Ordered to be sold 5.1686. Providence (mercantile Providence), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 66ft 0in keel x 22ft 4in x 9ft 9in. 175 9/94 bm. Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 8/6. Commissioned 24.5.1678 under Capt. Thomas Draper (-7.10.1678). Ordered to be sold 5.1686. Thomas and Katherine (mercantile Thomas and Katherine), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 20ft 7in x 9ft 10in. 135 20/94 bm.

Draught 10ft 6in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 8/6. Commissioned 25.5.1678 under Capt. William East (-9.10.1678). On 29.7.1682 under Capt. Dominick Nugent (-8.8.1682). Ordered to be sold 5.1686. John and Alexander (mercantile John and Alexander), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 69ft 0in keel x 22ft 0in x 9ft 8in. 177 60/94 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 8. Commissioned 29.7.1682 under Capt. Lawrence Wright, then 7.9.1682 under Capt. Dominick Nugent (-31.3.1684). Ordered to be sold 5.1686. Peace (mercantile Peace), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 20ft 8in x 9ft 10in. 145 37/94 bm. Draught 10ft 8in. Men: 30/24/24. Guns: 8/6. Sold as unserviceable 12.1687. Ex-ALGERINE PRIZES (1680–81) Calabash (Algerine Calabash). Dimensions & tons: 78ft 0in keel x 25ft 2in x ... 262 (262 73/94 by calc.) bm. Men: unknown. Guns: unknown. Taken 17.4.1680 by Adventure and Hampshire in the Straits of Gibraltar. Commissioned 22.8.1680 under Capt. Peter Pickard (-24.12.1683); at capture of Golden Horse 9.4.1681. Sold as useless 12.1684. Golden Rose (Algerine ...) Dimensions & tons: 66ft 6in keel x 21ft 6in x 9ft 8in. 163 1/2 bm. Draught 11ft 0in. Men: 35/30/30. Guns: 6. Taken 1681. Sold as unserviceable 12.1687. PURCHASED VESSELS (1688) Charles Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 90 bm. Men: 20. Guns: 6. Purchased 8.1688. Commissioned 8.4.1689 under Capt. Thomas Dilkes. On 6.1.1693 under

Capt. Thomas Hardy. On 26.5.1694 under Capt. Thomas Cleasby. On 25.3.1695 under Capt. Edward Durley; expended in attack on St Malo 5.7.1695. Cygnet Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 100 bm. Men: 25. Guns: 8. Purchased 8.1688. Commissioned 1688 under Capt. John Shelley; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. In 3.1690 under Capt. Robert Wilmot; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690. On 17.2.1692 under Capt. William Jumper. In 1693 under Capt. Percy Kirke (died 22.5.1693), with Wheler’s squadron to the West Indies. In 5.1693 under Capt. John Perry; sent home as convoy escort; taken (with Diamond) 20.9.1693 by French privateers 40-gun Le Philippe and 30-gun La Grenade off Ireland; possibly became French Le Cygne Blanc (condemned 1700). Elizabeth and Sarah Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 100 bm. Men: 20. Guns: 6. Purchased 8.1688. Commissioned 9.9.1688 under Capt. Edward Dover, for Dartmouth’s fleet. In 1689 under Capt. William Kiggins, off Dunkirk. Sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness 1690. Roebuck Dimensions & tons: ‘64ft 0in keel’ (possibly should read 67ft 0in) x 19ft 6in x 9ft 2in. 136 (129 42/94 by calc. if keel of 64ft is correct) bm. Men: 16. Guns: 6. Purchased 8.1688. Commissioned 5.9.1688 under Capt. William Pooley. Renamed Old Roebuck in 1690. Sunk as a breakwater at Portsmouth (by AO 26.8.1692). Speedwell Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 127 bm. Men: 25. Guns: 8. Purchased 8.1688. Commissioned 5.9.1688 under Capt. Edward Poulson; with Dartmouth’s fleet in 10.1688. On 8.12.1688 under Capt. Thomas Robinson. On 4.4.1690 under Capt. John Mason; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. On 31.8.1690 under Capt. Thomas Symonds. Sunk as a

breakwater at Portsmouth (by AO 26.8.1692). Charles and Henry Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 120 bm. Draught 12ft. Men: 25. Guns: 6. Purchased 9.1688. Commissioned 1688 under Capt. John Harris. In 1689 under Capt. William Stone (drowned 29.11.1689); wrecked in the Cattewater (Plymouth Sound) 29.11.1689; remains BU 4.1690. Richard and John Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 160 bm. Men: 40. Guns: 10. Purchased 11.168 8 from Robert Drummond. Commissioned 22.12.1688 under Capt. Simon Foulks. Later in 1689 under Capt. Edward Poulson; to the West Indies 1690. Sunk as a breakwater at Harwich by AO 26.8.1692 (and NBW 30.8.1692). Supply Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 70 bm. Men: 25. Guns: 6. Purchased 11.1688. Commissioned 12.11.1688 under Capt. George Cross (died 21.5.1689). Converted to a hoy subsequently. Thomas and Elizabeth Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 184 bm. Men: 40. Guns: 10. Purchased 11.1688. Commissioned 1689 under Capt. Thomas Marshall; at Battle of Beachy Head (Blue squadron) 30.6.1690. In 1691 under Capt. Robert Partridge. In 1692 under Capt. Edward Littleton; at Battle of Barfleur 19–24.5.1692; expended in attack at La Hougue 24.5.1692.

A drawing by the younger Van de Velde of the Cadiz Merchant as a fireship (note the sally port just aft of the main channel). Taken up in 1689, the ship was one of four English fireships expended towards the end of the Battle of Barfleur on 19 May 1692, when isolated groups of French ships anchored and appeared to offer easy targets: not one, however, was successful. National Maritime Museum PW6984.

Cadiz Merchant Dimensions & tons: ‘83ft 6in keel’ (probably 93ft 6in actual) x 25ft 4in. 320 bm. Men: 45. Guns: 12. Purchased 12.1688. Commissioned 5.3.1689 under Capt. David Greenhill. On 17.2.1692 under Capt. Robert Wynn; at Battle of Barfleur 19.5.1692; expended in unsuccessful attack on French fleet 19.5.1692. Owner’s Love Dimensions & tons: 71ft 2in keel x 22ft 6in x 9ft 6in. 200 (191 60/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 40. Guns: 10. Purchased 12.1688 from John Watts.

Commissioned 2.4.1689 under Capt. Thomas Heath; at Battle of Beachy Head (Red squadron) 30.6.1690. On 17.2.1692 under Capt. John Perry; at Battle of Barfleur (Blue squadron) 19–24.5.1692; sailed with Wheler’s squadron to the West Indies. In 1693 under Capt. Francis Hilsley (died 2.5.1693), then on 24.5.1693 under Capt. Cooper Wade. On 18.9.1693 under Capt. William Carter. On 8.2.1694 under Capt. Robert Holliman. On 24.8.1694 under Capt. James Mighels, then 9.1694 under Capt. Edward Owen. On 11.2.1697 under Capt. John Aldred. In 1697 under Capt. Robert (or Thomas?) Lloyd, for ‘discovery’ (i.e. exploration) service; while re-supplying British outposts, bilged and crushed in ice in Hudson’s Bay 28.7.1697. Unity Dimensions & tons: 83ft 0in keel x 27ft 8in x ... 338 (337 88/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 25. Guns: 6. Purchased 1688. Commissioned 1688 under Capt. Francis Wyvell. Converted to a hoy 1690. Rebuilt at Portsmouth 1707 (see below). PURCHASED VESSELS (1689–90) Nathaniel Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 120 bm. Men: ... Guns: 4. Purchased 30.8.1689 at Liverpool. Commissioned 9.1689 under Capt. William Wright. Later on 19.11.1689 under Capt. William Kiggins; in the Irish Sea 1692. Sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness by AO 26.8.1692 (and NBW 13.9.1692). Olive Branch Dimensions & tons: unknown. Purchased 1690. Lost 1690. Hopewell Dimensions & tons: 157 bm. Men: ... Guns: 8. Purchased 11.8.1690 from the builder, Nicholas Barrett, Shoreham. Commissioned 19.8.1690 under Capt. Robert Wilmot. On 19.1.1691 under Capt. Edward Bibb. On 17.2.1692 under Capt. William Jumper; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19.5.1692; expended unsuccessfully

19.5.1692. Ex-FRENCH PRIZES (1689–93) Alexander (French mercantile? ...), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 150 bm. Men: 35. Guns: 6. Taken 5.1689 by Herbert’s fleet off the south of Ireland. Registered 21.5.1689. Commissioned 29.5.1689 under Capt. Thomas Jennings; burnt by accident at Spithead 21.6.1689. John [of Dublin] (French mercantile? ...), ?6 guns. Men: 35. Guns: 6. Taken 5.1689 by Herbert’s fleet off the south of Ireland. Registered 23.5.1689. Wrecked 13.1.1690. Note that a third prize taken by Herbert’s fleet at this time, L’Emmanuel, and registered with 50 men and 8 guns, was found unsuitable while fitting out at Portsmouth because ‘she lays too low in the water and the lower edges of the ports would be in the water’. Accordingly she was laid up instead and returned to the Prize Office 22.5.1690. Pelican Prize (French Le Pélican, former Royal Scots Navy Pelican captured by French 10.7.1689), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 200 bm. Men: 45. Guns: 8. (Re)taken 18.4.1690 in Dublin Bay by Shovell’s squadron (see Introduction to this volume). Registered 7.7.1690. Not commissioned. Sunk as a breakwater at Harwich 26.8.1692. Extravagant (French L’Extravagant, ex-La Visitation), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: 88ft 6in, 73ft 0in x 26ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 262 46/94 bm. Men: 45. Guns: 10. Taken 23.10.1691 by Saint Albans. Registered 13.1.1692. Commissioned 13.1.1692 under Capt. Fleetwood Ernes; at Battle of Barfleur (Red squadron) 19.5.1692, where burnt when set alight by a French shot. Saint Vincent (probably French privateer St Vincent of Bayonne), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 71ft 6in keel x 22ft 1 1in x 9ft 6in. 199 69/94 bm.

Men: 40. Guns: 8 minions. Taken 24.3.1692 by James Galley (if the above-mentioned privateer; but just possibly this was a French fireship taken during the fleet action of 22.5.1692). Registered 18.6.1692. Commissioned 24.6.1692 under Capt. Jedediah Barker. On 12.12.1693 under Capt. John Huntington. On 12.7.1697 under Capt. Mark Noble. Sold 3.5.1698. Ruzee Prize (French Le Rusé, ex-Le Soubreau built 1675 at Vlissingen, acquired by France 1689), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 135 bm. Men: 45. Guns: 6 minions. Taken 22.5.1692 by Adventure. Commissioned 7.6.1692 under Capt. Charles Wager. Burnt by accident 4.7.1692. Machine Prize (French two-decker privateer La Machine of St Malo), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: 109ft 0in, 92ft 0in x 28ft 3in x 10ft 6in. 390 51/94 bm. Men: 50. Guns: 8 sakers + 4 x 3pdrs. Taken 17.7.1692 by Centurion. Registered 15.9.1692. Commissioned 11.1.1693 under Capt. Leonard Crow. Sunk as a breakwater 9.7.1696. [Saint] Joseph [Prize] (French privateer Le Joseph of St Malo), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 99ft 0in, 74ft 6in x 26ft 6in x 11ft 3in. 278 27/94 bm. Men: 45. Guns: 8 minions. Taken 21.9.1692 by Rupert. Registered 8.11.1692. Commissioned 13.1.1693 under Capt. Robert Stapleton. Sold (for £92) 3.5.1698. Mermaid (French privateer La Sirène of St Malo), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 78ft 0in, 61ft 10in x 23ft 0in x 10ft 3in. 173 93/94 bm. Men: 45. Guns: 8 minions. Taken 12.10.1692 by Adventure. Registered 8.11.1692. Not commissioned. Burnt by accident at Plymouth 25.2.1693. Fortune Prize (French privateer La Fortune of Nantes), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 88ft 6in, 73ft 0in x 26ft 0in x 11ft 0in. 262 46/94 bm. Men: 45. Guns: 8 minions. Taken 31.10.1692 by Deptford. Registered 18.2.1693. Commissioned 3.3.1693 under Capt. Henry Lumley. On 28.4.1696 under

Capt. Robert Arris. Sold 24.5.1698. Crescent Prize (French privateer Le Croissant of St Malo), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 85ft 0in, 70ft 6in x 25ft 0in x 10ft 5in. 234 35/94 bm. Men: 45. Guns: 8. Taken 27.12.1690 by Dover. Not taken over until 1693, but given to Commissioner for Victualling. Converted to a fireship by AO 20.2.1693. Commissioned 22.3.1693 under Capt. John Vyoll. Sold 1698. PURCHASED ‘MACHINE VESSELS’ (1694–95). Somewhat different and generally smaller than the normal fireships, these former mercantile vessels were filled with explosives and acted as floating ‘mines’. A Dutch national, Willem Meesters, was appointed to the Ordnance Board in 1690 and proposed the use of a watertight metal box fitted with a clockwork mechanism which acted as a detonator for the explosives. Around this were packed barrels of gunpowder and various old pieces of scrap metal and ‘fireworks’. Some of his vessels were designed to explode with great violence, other to act as ‘smoke vessels’, producing thick clouds of blanketing smoke. In May 1692 Meesters was authorised to purchase vessels in which his ‘machine’ could be installed; he went to Holland and in late 1692 and early 1693 purchased the first seven such vessels, all former Dutch merchant vessels (original names mostly unknown). These all arrived at Portsmouth by September 1693 and were registered 28 April 1694, each being established with 10 men. Abram’s Offering Dimensions & tons: 55ft 0in, 43ft 6in x 16ft 7in x 9ft 0in. 62 88/94 bm. Commissioned 5.5.1694 under Cmdr Valentine Bowles. On 5.7.1694 under Cmdr Francis Hosier, then 26.8.1694 Cmdr Edward Cole; expended at Dunkirk 12.9.1694. Crowned Herring Dimensions & tons: 65ft 0in, 53ft 0in x 15ft 6in x 9ft 4in. 67 69/94 bm. Commissioned 8.5.1694 under Cmdr John Carleton; paid off 7.1694. Sunk at Portsmouth as a breakwater 24.4.1695.

One strategic goal of the bombardment of the French ports in the 1690s was the neutralisation of these highly active privateering bases. Most troublesome of all was Dunkirk, which was also uniquely difficult to attack because of the large area of flats and sandbars in front of its entrance, and a tide that retreated great distances at low water. This meant that the town was only in mortar range near the top of the tide, when attacking ships would be vulnerable to the defending fire of a powerful sea-fort called the Rysbank — it is numbered 1 (to the left of the dredged channel) on this slightly later plan of the town. It was to deal with this specific obstacle (and similar ones elsewhere) that the Machine Vessels were devised. Beverley R Robinson Collection, detail from BRR 51.7.38.

Masterland (Dutch mercantile Maesterlandt) Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 100 bm. Commissioned 8.5.1694 under Cmdr John Warner; paid off 7.1694. Sold 17.2.1696. Sea Horse

Dimensions & tons: 57ft 0in, 45ft 6in x 17ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 69 89/94 bm. Commissioned 12.5.1694 under Cmdr George Clements. On 10.7.1694 under Cmdr John Carleton, then 20.12.1694 Cmdr Edward Cole and 14.6.1695 Cmdr Edward Barker. Converted to dockyard waterboat at Sheerness by AO 12.9.1695. Sunk as a breakwater 12.10.1698. Young Lady Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in, 52ft 0in x 15ft 1in x 7ft 7in. 62 87/94 bm. Commissioned 19.5.1694 under Cmdr William Jennifer; paid off 8.1694. Sold 17.2.1696. Saint Nicholas Dimensions & tons: 70ft 6in, 57ft 0in x 18ft 10in x 10ft 7in. 107 50/94 bm. Commissioned 1.6.1694 under Cmdr Robert Dunbar; expended at Dieppe 12.7.1694. Trumpet Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 63 bm. Not commissioned. Sunk as a breakwater at Portsmouth 24.4.1695. A further seven much smaller English merchant smacks were purchased in June 1694 (all being registered 27.7.1694) and two others in August 1694 and March 1695.. The complement was typically four men. William and Mary Dimensions & tons: 24ft 0in keel x 13ft 6in x ... 23 25/94 bm. Purchased 6.1694 from Daniel Allin. Commissioned 8.1694 under Cmdr Thomas Robinson. On 12.7.169 5 under Cmdr Thomas Durdell; paid off 9.1695. Sold 17.2.1696. Hopewell Dimensions & tons: 25ft 0in keel x 11ft 10in x ... 18 68/94 bm. Purchased 6.1694 from John Lesson. Commissioned 20.12.1694 under Cmdr Thomas Smith. On 12.7.169 5 under Cmdr Thomas Durdell; paid off 9.1695. Sold 17.2.1696. Owner’s Goodwill (mercantile), 4 guns. Dimensions & tons: 38ft 10in, 30ft 0in x 12ft 6in x 6ft 7in. 24 88/94 bm. Men: 4. Guns: 4. Purchased 6.1694 from John Spencer. Commissioned 14.6.1695 under Cmdr George Cammock; paid off 9.1695. Deleted from original role and employed as a hoy at Sheerness by AO 16.2.1696; at Deptford 1699. Sold (for £15 1/2) to Thomas Stears

24.10.1706. Blessing Dimensions & tons: 25ft 0in keel x 11ft 10in x ... 18 68/94 bm. Purchased 6.1694 from John Hunt. Commissioned 8.7.1695 under Cmdr John Lester; paid off 9.1695. Sold 17.2.1696. Endeavour (i) Dimensions & tons: 33ft 10in, 23ft 8in x 12ft 0in x 5ft 9in. 18 12/94 bm. Purchased 6.1694 from John Brown. Commissioned 8.7.1695 under Cmdr John Pace; paid off 9.1695. Deleted from original role, employed as a hoy by 1696. Sold 17.2.1696. Mayflower (i) Dimensions & tons: 24ft 6in keel x 12ft 6in x ... 20 34/94 bm. Purchased 6.1694 from John Harding. Commissioned 8.7.1695 under Cmdr John Kendall; paid off 9.1695. Sold 17.2.1696. Endeavour (ii) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Purchased 6.1694 from John Jenkins. Commissioned 12.7.1695 under Cmdr George Dickenson; paid off 9.1695. Sold 17.2.1696. Grafton Dimensions & tons: 24ft 0in keel x 12ft 0in x ... 18 36/94 bm. Purchased 8.1694. Sold 17.2.1696 (no record of commission). John and Martha Dimensions & tons: 24ft 6in keel x 11ft 8in x ... 17 69/94 bm. Commissioned 11.7.169 5 under Cmdr William Sanders; paid off 9.1695. Sold (for £25) 25.11.1698. Additionally, four larger vessels were hired on 27 June 1695 and purchased in July, expressly for use in the raid on Dunkirk, where they were ineffectually expended on 1.8.1695. Ephraim Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 170 bm. Commissioned 6.7.1695 under Cmdr John Carleton; expended 1.8.1695 in unsuccessful attack on Dunkirk. Mayflower (ii) Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 109 bm.

Commissioned under Cmdr John Dixon; expended 1.8.1695 in unsuccessful attack on Dunkirk. Happy Return Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 84 bm. Commissioned 28.12.1694 (note this is prior to hiring date) under Cmdr John Thacker. On 14.6.169 5 under Cmdr Robert Isaac; expended 1.8.1695 in unsuccessful attack on Dunkirk.

A pink converted to a fireship, as drawn by Van de Velde the Younger. The vessel has many features of the naval ketches and pinks of the 1660s, and may represent the Wivenhoe which became a fireship in 1673. National Maritime Museum PX6268.

William and Elizabeth Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 46 bm. Commissioned 8.7.1695 under Cmdr William Carleton; expended 1.8.1695 in

unsuccessful attack on Dunkirk. The former merchant vessels Harman and Earl Galley were presented to the Royal Navy by the Government of Jamaica in 1702; their details are unknown. The former was sunk as unserviceable in 2.1705 and the latter was probably sold on 25.2.1706. CONVERSIONS FROM EXISTING WARSHIPS (1653–88) As mentioned earlier, this listing serves as a cross-reference to warships converted to fireships, listed chronologically by date of conversion. Service history and characteristics will be found in earlier chapters under the vessel’s original designation. Fox (Fifth Rate prize of 1651) — fireship 4.1653, burnt in service 7.1656. Vulture (Sixth Rate prize of 1656) — fireship 1659, sold 1663. Cornelian (Sixth Rate prize of 1655) — fireship 1659, deleted 1660. Harp (Sixth Rate purchase of 1656) — fireship 1663; sold 1671. Bramble (Sixth Rate prize of 1657) — fireship in 1665; burnt in service 6.1667. Dolphin (Fifth Rate prize of 1655, initially Wexford) — fireship in 1665, burnt in service 6.1665. Paul (Fifth Rate prize of 1652) — fireship 1665, burnt in service 6.1667. Fame (Fifth Rate prize of 1653) — fireship in 1665; burnt in service 6.1665. Greyhound (Fifth Rate prize of 1657) — fireship in 1665; burnt in service 6.1666. Bryer (Fifth Rate prize of 1651) — fireship in 1665; given away 10.1667. Fox (Sixth Rate prize of 1658) — fireship in 1666; burnt in service 8.1666. Hound (Fifth Rate prize of 1656) — fireship in 1666; burnt in service 6.1666. Little Unicorn (Fifth Rate prize of 1665) — fireship in 1666; burnt in service 6.1666. Lizard (Fifth Rate prize of 1653) — fireship in 1666; burnt in service 7.1666. Great Gift (Fourth Rate prize of 1652) — fireship in 1666; burnt in service 7.1666. Happy Entrance (Fifth Rate prize of 1658, initially Lichfield) — fireship in 1666; burnt in service 6.1666. Young Prince (Fourth Rate prize of 1665) — fireship in 1666; burnt in service 6.1666.

Wild Boar (flyboat prize of 1665) — fireship in 8.1666; sold 10.1667. Wood Merchant (flyboat prize of 1665) — fireship in 2.1667; sold 12.1667. Expedition (Fourth Rate of 1637) — fireship in 6.1667; sold 10.1667. Providence (Fourth Rate of 1637) — fireship in 6.1667; wrecked at Tangier 10.1668. Estridge (Fourth Rate prize of 1653) — fireship in 6.1667; sunk as a foundation 1679. Truelove (Sixth Rate prize of 1647) — fireship in 1668, sunk in action 8.1673. Orange Tree Prize 68–69 (Andrew Ball) Hardareene (flyboat prize of 1665) — fireship in 4.1672; sold 10.1674. Little Victory (Fifth Rate of 1665) — fireship in 1671; burnt in action at Bugia Bay 8.5.1671. Fountain (Fifth Rate prize of 1664) — fireship in 1672; blown up in action 5.1672. Old Francis (Sixth Rate prize of 1657, initially simply Francis) — fireship in 1672; sold 5.1674. Welcome (Fourth Rate prize of 1652) — fireship in 1667, then Fifth Rate 1671, fireship again 1672); burnt in action 4.6.1673. Wivenhoe (pink of 1665) — fireship in 1673 — sold ‘as useless’ 12.1683. Eagle (Fifth Rate of 1654, initially Selby) — fireship in 1674 — sunk as breakwater 1694. Holmes (Fifth Rate purchase of 1671) — fireship in 1677; sold ‘as useless’ 2.1682. Young Spragge (Sixth Rate purchase of 1673) — fireship in 1677, reverted to Sixth Rate in 1688. Dumbarton (Sixth Rate prize of 1685) — fireship in 6.1685; sold or BU 1691. Saint Paul (Fifth Rate prize of 1679) — fireship in 4.1688 — sold 1698. Half Moon (Sixth Rate prize of 1685) — fireship in 6.1688 — expended 1692. Rose (Sixth Rate prize of 1684) — fireship in 6.1688 — sold 1698. Sophia (Sixth Rate prize of 1685) — fireship in 6.1688 — became a hoy 1690. Dartmouth (Fifth Rate of 1655) — fireship in 8.1688, reverted to 32-gun Fifth Rate in 1689. Garland (Fifth Rate of 1654, initially Grantham) — fireship in 8.1688,

reverted to 38-gun Fifth Rate in 1689. Guernsey (Fifth Rate of 1654, initially Basing) — fireship in 8.1688, reverted to 30-gun Fifth Rate in 1689. Pearl (Fifth Rate of 1651) — fireship in 8.1688, reverted to 32-gun Fifth Rate in 1689. Richmond (Fifth Rate of 1656, initially Wakefield) — fireship in 8.1688, reverted to 28-gun Fifth Rate in 1689. Swan (Fifth Rate prize of 1673) — fireship in 8.1688, possibly reverted to 32-gun Fifth Rate in 1689. Mermaid (Fifth Rate of 1651) — fireship in 10.1688, rebuilt 1689 as Fifth Rate.

STORESHIPS While most of the Navy’s transport needs were met by hired vessels, the Navy after 1688 did purchase a few transports and storeships as support vessels, and in 1709 actually designed and built its first pair of storeships. A ‘victualler’ named the Blessing (clearly not the smack of that name operating in the same year) was commissioned 18.5.1672 under Capt. Edward Prestwick (-17.10.1672). No other details known, even as to whether she was purchased or hired. PURCHASED VESSELS (1692–94) Success (mercantile ...). Dimensions & tons: 102ft 0in, ?100ft 0in x 31ft 4 1/2in x 13ft 0in. 524 bm. Men: 90. Guns: ? Purchased 20.8.1692 from Aderman Page. No record of service. Hulked 1694. Sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness by AO 13.1.1707. Canterbury (mercantile Canterbury, built 1692 at Ipswich), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 96ft 0in, 82ft 6in x 28ft 11in x 11ft 0in. 366 88/94 bm. Men: 35. Guns: 8 sakers. Purchased 7.9.1692 from Henry Trigeny. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. Robert Leonard (died 13.4.1693); with Wheler’s squadron to West Indies 1.1693. On 31.5.1693 under Capt. Richard Athy, for voyage home. On 14.12.1693 under Capt. Thomas

Blake (drowned 27.11.1703); wrecked 26.11.1703 at Bristol during the ‘Great Gale’, with all crew lost; remains salved and sold 29.2.1704. Katherine (mercantile ..., built abroad), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: 97ft 0in, 87ft 6in x 25ft 1 1/2in x 11ft 6in. 293 76/94 bm. Men: 30 (80 by AO 10.7.1700). Guns: 6. Purchased 5.10.1692 from Capt. Nicholas Picket. Commissioned 14.11.1692 under Capt. John Constable. On 13.2.1694 under Capt. Robert Watkins (-1701). Sold to John Bates (‘by inch of candle’) 22.5.1701. Greenfish (built by Sheldon & Green, Ireland, 1690), 2 guns Dimensions & tons: 61ft 0in, 51ft 0in x 15ft 8in x 7ft 9in. 66 55/94 bm. Men: 8. Guns: 2. Purchased 5.1693. No record of service. Sold to Henry Harvill (for £18 at a ‘public sale’) 9.3.1705. Suffolk [Hagboat] (mercantile ...), between 6 and 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: 117ft 0in, 96ft 0in x 30ft 7in x 12ft 8in. 477 58/94 bm. Men: 45 (later 80). Guns: 8 (later 16 sakers). Purchased 7.1694 from Arthur Shallett. Commissioned 2.9.1695 under Capt. Charles Adamson. In 1696 under Cmdr Nicholas Dyer. On 26.11.1696 under Capt. Thomas Smith (-1698); with Norris’s squadron to Newfoundland. Fitted for sea as a hospital ship by AO 30.6.1701. In 1701 under Capt. Richard Hopkins (-1702). In 1703 under Capt. Robert Watkins (-1708); at Lisbon 1708. On 18.3.1709 under Capt. John Sapsford (-1712), with Byng’s fleet; to the Mediterranean 1712. Fitted as a hospital ship by AO 13.3.1713; in 1713 under Capt. Ellis Brand, to the Baltic. Sold to Thomas Coram (for £1,050) 15.12.1713. Josiah (mercantile Josiah), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: 139ft 9in, 108ft 0in x 34ft 0in x 16ft 10in. 664 8/94 bm. Men: 120. Guns: 30. Purchased 8.1694 from Capt. Jones. Commissioned 1696 under Capt. Charles Adamson. Hulked at Woolwich 9.1696. Sunk as a breakwater at Sheerness 26.8.1715. PURCHASED VESSEL (1699) Fortune (mercantile Canterbury, built 1692 at ?Ipswich), 8 guns.

Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: ... Purchased 1699 in North America. Commissioned 1699 under Cmdr Unton Deering; sent home from New England with a load of timber 1700, wrecked on Cornish coast 15.12.1700. Ex-FRENCH PRIZE (1705) Elephant (French flûte L’Elephent), built at Bayonne 1701–02. Antoine Tassy design), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: 102ft 6in, 86ft 7 1/2in x 26ft 5 1/4in x 11ft 10in. 322 5/94 bm. Men: 40 (5 added by AO 20.6.1706). Guns: 12 x 6pdrs. Taken 14.2.1705. Purchased 6.8.1705 (for £860) from the Commissioner for Prizes. Established 8.11.1705 as Fifth Rate. Commissioned 11.9.1705 under Capt. Robert Coleman. On 19.4.1706 under Capt. John Roberts, then 14.6.1708 under Capt. Josiah Roydhouse. Hulked 6.1709 at Port Mahon. No record of final disposal. FORTUNE CLASS. The first vessels specifically designed (by Allin) as naval transports. Men: 90. Guns: 24. Fortune Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] Dimensions & tons: 126ft 2 1/2in, 105ft 2 1/2in x 31ft 2in x 13ft 6in. 543 55/94 bm. L: 31.5.1709 (by AO 22.5.1709). Commissioned 27.5.1709 under Capt. Nathaniel Hubbard (-1711); in the Mediterranean 1711. Sold to Samuel Eyre (for £2,005) 26.11.1713. Success Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] Dimensions & tons: 126ft 2in, 105ft 7in x 31ft 2 1/2in x 13ft 6 1/2in. 546 92/94 bm. L: 10.9.1709 (by AO 2.9.1709). Commissioned 2.9.1709 under Capt. Tobias Lisle; to the Mediterranean 1710. In 1711 under Capt. George Ramsay; to the Mediterranean at end 1711. On 11.4.1713 under Capt. Christopher O’Brien (-1716), at Lisbon and Port Mahon. On 10.8.1716 under Capt. John Stevens. On 17.4.1718 under Capt. Francis Knighton (-1720); to the Mediterranean 1718–19; at Battle of Cape Passaro 11.8.1718. On 15.2.1727 under Capt. John

Trevor (-1728), with Wager’s fleet in the Straits. Fitted as a hulk for Deptford (for £164.10.1d) 11.1730–2.31. Hulk there (with 56 men) 1731–48. In 1748 it was intended (AO 27.9.1748) to transport her to Sheerness to be sunk as a breakwater, but instead she was sold (by AO 25.10.1748, for £175) 6.12.1748.

YACHTS The category of yacht was introduced in 1660; one omission from this section is therefore the ketch-rigged Minion of 1649, which will be found earlier in this chapter. But included below is the smack Royal Escape, which was employed by Charles II as a yacht from its acquisition in 1660. Curiously the Lenox below is omitted from Pepys’s Register of Ships and all other ship lists, but her captains are carefully listed (with dates of commanding her) in his List of Officers in Pay; she was owned by and named after the eldest of Charles II’s illegitimate sons, Charles Lennox, although he was not created Duke of Lennox until 1675. PURCHASED SMACK (1660). This was originally the collier Surprise, in which the later Charles II had escaped from Brighton to Fecamp, after his defeat at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. She had a single-masted half-sprit rig (the main mast having a long standing gaff without a boom). Royal Escape (mercantile smack Surprise, built c. 1651), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: 41ft 8in, 30ft 5in x 14ft 5in x 7ft 9in. 34 (33 59/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 7ft 0in. Men: 8. Guns: 4 (light weapons only). Purchased 1660 from Capt. Nicholas Tattersell. Commissioned 26.7.1672 under Capt. Augustus Birtch (-13.10.1674). Rebuilt at Deptford 1714. DONATED BY THE DUTCH (1660–61). These Dutch-built yachts were of shallow draught and had pivoting lee-boards to act as a keel. They were presented to Charles II as gifts of the City of Amsterdam Mary (built Amsterdam for Dutch East India Company) Dimensions & tons: 66ft 6in, 50ft 0in x 18ft 6in x 7ft 4in. 92 (91 2/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 7ft 0in.

Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6 x 3pdrs. Acquired 8.1660 as a gift on Charles’s coronation. First cost: £644 (92 tons @ £7 per ton). Commissioned 1660 under Capt. John de Gens. In 1661 under Capt. John Golding. On 1.1.1663 under Capt. Joseph Addersley (died 4.12.1665). On 30.12.1665 under Capt. James Sherland (died 26.12.1672). On 27.12.1672 under Capt. William Burstow (drowned 25.3.1675); wrecked 25.3.1675 on the Skerries (near Holyhead). Besan (Dutch Bezan), 4 guns. Dimensions & tons: 40ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 54 44/94 bm. Draught 5ft 6in. Men: 4. Guns: 4. Acquired 1661 (arrived 12.9.1661 in London). First cost: £540 (54 tons @ £10 per ton). Commissioned 1.1.1672 under Capt. William Wright (-24.1.1672). On 29.1.1672 under Capt. Richard Day (-14.9.1677). On 17.1.1678 under Capt. William Farmer (-25.7.1679); reappointed 16.8.1680 (-28.6.1681). BU at Deptford 12.1687. 1660 PROGRAMME. Two yachts were ordered in 1660 for the Duke of York and for Charles II respectively. Anne Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] Design Dimensions & tons: 51ft 0in keel x 18ft 0in x 7ft 9in. ‘91’ bm. As built: 52ft 0in keel x 19ft 0in x 7ft 0in. 100 (99 80/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 7ft 0in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6.

Royal yachts attending the fleet in 1672 (probably the visit by the King and Queen on 18 June). The yacht Cleveland, which brought King Charles, is shown broadside on with a man aloft just striking the royal standard as the King transfers into the barge alongside. Stern on is the yacht Katherine. Oil painting, probably by Van de Velde the Younger. National Maritime Museum, detail from BHC0299.

L: 18.4.1661. First cost: £637 (91 tons @ £7 per ton). Total £1,815.2.4d including fittings and decoration Commissioned 19.4.1661 under Capt. James Lambert (-3.10.1664). On 7.10.1664 under Capt. Robert Shepherd (-8.8.1666). On 14.8.1666 under Capt. William Fazeby (-19.4.1668). On 20.4.1668 under Shepherd again (died 14.2.1670). On 16.2.1670 under Capt. Christopher Gunman (-7.2.1672). On 28.2.1672 under Capt. William Burstow (-22.10.1672). On 23.10.1673 under Gunman again (-23.9.1677). On 24.10.1677 under

Capt. Walter Baynard (died 31.7.1679). In early 1680 under Capt. William Botham, then on 11.4.1680 under Capt. Paul Mercer (died 16.2.1681), with the Straits squadron. On 20.2.1681 briefly under Botham again (-22.2.1681), then 23.2.1681 under Capt. John Neville (-10.6.1681), for Tangier. On 11.6.1681 under Capt. George Aylmer (-5.2.1684), then on 7.2.1684 under Capt. Thomas Berry (-7.6.1684), still at Tangier. Ordered to be sold 5.1686. Katherine (i) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Commissioner Peter Pett] Dimensions & tons: 49ft 0in keel x 19ft 0in x 7ft 0in. 94 8/94 bm. Draught 7ft 0in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/8. Ord: 11.1660. L: 1661. First cost: £658 (94 tons @ £7 per ton). Commissioned 22.3.1661 under Capt. John de Gens (-19.3.1662). On 20.3.1662 under Capt. John Golding (-31.12.1663). On 21.4.1665 briefly under Capt. Phineas Pett (but not paid for this command). On 9.3.1666 under Capt. William Fazeby (-13.8.1666). On 18.8.1666 under Capt. Robert Wood (-10.11.1672). On 9.11.1672 under Capt. Thomas Lovell (-17.8.1673); taken by Dutch 24-gun Schiedam in the North Sea 17.8.1673; returned to England 11.1673 by Prince of Orange, but not readded to the RN. Charles Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] Dimensions & tons: 36ft 0in keel x 14ft 2in x 7ft 0in. 38 bm. Draught 6ft 0in. Men: 10. Guns: 6. L: 1662. First cost: £722.1.5d. Exchanged with the Ordnance Dept for the Tower smack 11.1668. James [or Jemmy] Commissioner Peter Pett, Lambeth. Dimensions & tons: 31ft 0in keel x 12ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 25 bm. Draught 3ft 6in. Men: 4. Guns: 4. L: 1662. Commissioned 11.10.1662 under Capt. Matthew Peterson (-26.9.1663). BU 1722. Henrietta Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Christopher Pett] Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 19ft 5in x 7ft 0in. 104 bm. Draught 7ft 0in.

Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. L: 9.1663. First cost: £686 (98 tons @ £7 per ton). Commissioned 23.10.1663 under Capt. Phineas Pett (-31.12.1663; reappointed 1.7.1664 (-24.2.1665). On 27.5.1665 under Capt. Thomas Crow (-20.12.1670). On 21.12.1670 under Capt. Thomas Guy (-13.1.1672). On 9.11.1672 under Guy again (1.4.1673). On 2.4.1673 under Capt. Ralph Frary (died 29.6.1673). On 4.7.1673 under Guy again (-11.8.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673, where sunk in action. Merlin Jonas Shish, Jamaica, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 53ft 0in keel x 19ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 109 bm. Draught 7ft 4in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. L: 1666. First cost: £686 (98 tons @ £7 per ton). Commissioned 1.5.1667 under Capt. John Clements (-9.7.1670). On 10.7.1671 under Capt. Thomas Crow (-20.12P.1671). On 21.9.1671(?) under Capt. Jacob Baker (-14.9.1677). On 15.9.1677 under Capt. Richard Day (died 25.9.1679). On 10.6.1681 Capt. Greenville Collins appointed; took post 8.7.1681 (-24.12.1681), for use as a survey ship ‘... to make a survey of the sea coasts of the kingdom by measuring all the sea coast with a chain and taking all the bearings of the headlands with their exact latitudes, the true plots of all harbours rivers, roads, bays, creeks, islands, soudings and the setting and flowing of tides, which will tend much to the security of navigation’; re-appointed 4.4.1682 for the same service; took post 14.5.1682 (-13.3.1683). On 14.3.1683 under Capt. Andrew Cotton (-2.4.1683). In 6.1692 under Capt. Thomas Acton (-1695 or later). Sold 1698.

As its name implies, the Kitchen was originally intended to accompany the royal yachting expeditions to provide the kind of lavish food expected by the Court. However, the yacht later found more bellicose employment as a bomb vessel during the less pleasure-seeking reign of William and Mary Pencil and wash drawing, possibly by Van de Velde the Younger. National Maritime Museum PY3929.

Monmouth William Castle, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 19ft 6in x 8ft 0in. 103 bm. Draught 7ft 3in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. L: 1666. First cost: £602 (86 tons @ £7 per ton). Commissioned 5.3.1666 under Capt. Nicholas Hill (-20.4.1668). On 21.4.1668 under Capt. William Fazeby (-31.12.1668); re-appointed 16.7.1670 (-2.7.1671). On 10.7.1671 under Capt. John Clements (-16.7.1672). On 10.11.1673 under Capt. Morgan Kempthorne (-27.9.1679). On 1.1.1682 under Capt. Andrew Cotton (-13.3.1683). On 14.3.1683 under Capt. Greenville Collins (-6.10.1684); re-appointed 1.4.1685 and again 25.4.1686. In 9.1689 under Capt. William Wright (-1695 or later). Sold 1698.

The yacht Navy of 1673: a contemporary model once owned by Charles Sergison, who would have been familiar with the prototype in its usual role as a conveyance for the Navy’s senior administrators during his early days as Clerk of the Acts. Only slightly less ornately decorated than the King’s own vessels, these official yachts were the executive jets of their day US Naval Academy Museum, HHR 4.

Navy (i) William Castle, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 48ft 0in keel x 16ft 3in x 7ft 0in. 67 39/94 bm. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. L: 1666. Rebuilt 1673 at Portsmouth (see below). Lenox (private yacht belonging to Charles Lennox, later to become the Duke

of Richmond and Lenox) Dimensions & tons: 45ft 0in keel x 16ft 6in x 9ft 0in. 64 bm. Draught 7ft 6in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. Taken into RN service (hired?) 6.1667. Purchased 1673 (by AO 9.4.1673). Commissioned 11.6.1667 under Capt. John Holmes (-24.5.1669), probably as hired vessel ‘taken up for service when the Dutch came’ (presumably during the raid on the Medway); refitted at Chatham 9.1668. Returned to her owner the Duke by AO 25.7.1669. On 4.3.1672 under Capt. Francis Rowlandson (-14.10.1672). Taken back into RN service in 3.1673 on the Duke’s death and renamed Richmond. Recommissioned 6.6.1673 under Capt. George Tite (-9.9.1676). On 9.5.1678 briefly under Capt. Charles Kirke (-17.5.1678). On 5.2.1680 under Capt. Robert Arthur (-13.7.1683). On 14.7.1683 under Capt. John Votier (-10.4.1685). Ordered to be sold of BU 4.1685. Kitchen William Castle, Rotherhithe. Dimensions & tons: 52ft 0in keel x 19ft 6in x 8ft 6in. 103 bm. Draught 8ft 0in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. L: 1670. Commissioned 26.5.1670 under Capt. Jacob Baker (-20.9.1671). On 25.1.1672 under Capt. William Wright (-16.4.1678). On 17.4.1678 under Capt. Anthony Crow (-1692). Ordered to be sold 5.1686, but instead converted to a bomb vessel in 1692–93 (see above). Queenborough Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 31ft 6in keel x 13ft 4in x 6ft 6in. 29 74/94 bm. Draught 5ft 10in. Men: 4. Guns: 4. L: 1671. No record of commissioning. Rebuilt 1701 (by AO 3.2.1701), but lengthened by 2ft (by AO 7.2.1701). Deleted 1718. Cleveland Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Anthony Deane] Dimensions & tons: 53ft 4in keel x 19ft 4in x 7ft 6in. 107 bm. Draught 7ft 6in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. L: 1671. Commissioned 3.7.1671 under Capt. William Fazeby (-8.10.1675). On 9.10.1675 under Capt. Edward Pinn (-12.7.1676). On 13.7.1676 under

Capt. William Davies (-17.3.1678). On 30.5.1678 under Capt. Peter Wooten (-21.6.1679). On 22.6.1679 under Davies again (-6.1.1681). On 14.4.1681 under Capt. John Clements (-6.9.1682). On 31.10.1682 under Capt. George Strodder (-3.8.1684). On 22.1.1685 under Capt. Henry Williams (-5.9.1688). In 5.1701 under Capt. Charles Desborough (-1705), then 5.1705 Capt. Richard Byron (-1716); paid off 26.1.1716 and sold later that year. Navy (ii) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Anthony Deane] RB from yacht of 1666. Dimensions & tons: 48ft 0in keel x 17ft 6in x 7ft 7in. 74 bm. Draught 7ft 1in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. L: 1673. Commissioned 3.4.1683 under Capt. Andrew Cotton (-6.1689). In 6.1689 under Capt. Phineas Pett, then 6.1693 Capt. Thomas Willshaw and 2.1694 Capt. William Moses; paid off 4.1698. Sold 14.4.1698. Isle of Wight (i) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Daniel Furzer] Dimensions & tons: 31ft 0in keel x 12ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 25 72/94 bm. Draught 6ft 0in. Men: 5. Guns: 4. Ord: 2.10.1672. L: 1673. Commissioned 25.8.1674 under Capt. William Bourke (-31.7.1679). In 7.1693 under Capt. James Dore (-paid off 1701). Deleted 1701. Deal Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 32ft 0in keel x 13ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 18 72/94 bm. Draught 5ft 8in. Men: 4. Guns: 4. L: 1673. Commissioned 4.2.1678 under Capt. Baltimore Mitchell (- 28.1.1679). On 29.1.1679 under Capt. Robert Smith (-31.7.1679). Ordered to be sold 5.1686. Portsmouth Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 57ft 0in keel x 20ft 6in x 7ft 4in. 133 (127 39/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 7ft 6in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. Ord: 15.9.1673. L: 1674. Commissioned 1.4.1674 under Capt. Thomas Guy (died 30.7.1674). On 31.7.1674 under Capt. Ralph Sanderson (-14.9.1676). On 15.9.1677

under Capt. Jacob Baker (died 16.4.1678). On 27.4.1678 under Capt. William Wright (-1685 or later). Converted to a bomb vessel 6.1688. Katherine (ii) Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett], schooner rigged. Dimensions & tons: 56ft 0in keel x 21ft 1in x 8ft 4in. 132 38/94 bm. Draught 7ft 9in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. Ord: 15.10.1673. L: 24.4.1674. Commissioned 26.7.1675 under Capt. Thomas Lovell (-11.5.1678). On 23.5.1678 under Capt. Richard Victualls or Vittles (-18.10.1678). On 19.10.1678 under Lovell again (died 27.12.1680). On 7.1.1680 under Capt. William Davies (-19.5.1688, being reappointed 23.10.1681, 1.4.1685 and 12.6.1687). On 14.12.1688 under Cmdr Gabriel Millison (-1704). In 1705 under Cmdr Batholomew Candler, with Shovell’s fleet. In 1706 under Capt. Henry Cremer (died 13.4.1707), in the Mediterranean with Byng’s squadron in winter 1706–07. In 1707 under Capt. Thomas Monck (-1711), in Home waters. In 1712 under Capt. Robert Robinson (-1714); in the Baltic 1713. Rebuilt 1720 at Deptford. Charles Sir Anthony Deane, Rotherhithe [built by private contract between Charles II and Deane]. Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in keel x 20ft 6in x 7ft 9in. 120 bm. Draught 7ft 8in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. L: 28.7.1675. [registered in Navy List by AO of 27.11.1675.] Commissioned 9.10.1675 under Capt. William Fazeby (-27.11.1678); wrecked on the Dutch coast near Brill 27.11.1678. However, also recorded 1.1.1677 under Capt. Ralph Sanderson (-14.9.1677). Charlotte Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett], ketch rigged. Dimensions & tons: 66ft 6in keel x 21ft 6in x 8ft 9in. 166 bm. Draught 7ft 6in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. L: 1677. Commissioned 15.9.1677 under Capt. Ralph Sanderson (-2.9.1682). On 7.9.1682 under Capt. John Clements (-1685 or later). In 3.1690 under Capt. John Robinson (-1693), then 3.1694 under Capt. Thomas Marks. For sale in 1710, but no purchaser emerged and so rebuilt by AO of 8.8.1710. Mary Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett], ketch rigged.

Dimensions & tons: 61ft 0in keel x 21ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 142 bm. Draught 7ft 10in. Also reported as: 66ft 4in keel x 21ft 6in x 8ft 9in. 163 bm. Draught 7ft 6in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. Ord: 9.11.1676. L: 1677. Commissioned 24.9.1677 under Capt. Christopher Gunman (-13.6.1682). On 19.6.1682 briefly under Capt. Laurence Wright (-22.6.1682), then 23.6.1682 under Gunman again (died 21.3.1685). On 29.4.1685 under Wright again (-6.3.1687). On 4.5.1688 under Capt. William Fazeby. In 1689 under Capt. Greenville Collins (-1693); attending the King on voyage to Holland 1693. In 1694 under Capt. John Guy (-1718!). On 18.4.1719 under Cmdr Sir Charles Molloy (-1742), but rebuilt at Deptford 1727. Henrietta Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Shish] Dimensions & tons: 65ft 0in keel x 21ft 8in x 8ft 3in. 162 bm. Draught 8ft 9in. Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6. Ord: 27.3.1679. L: 1679. Commissioned 23.12.1679 under Capt. William Fazeby (-1685 or later). In 3.1689 under Capt. William Saunderson (-1692), then 1692 under Capt. John Robinson. Sold 1721. Isabella Bezan Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 46ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x ... 52 bm. Men: ... Guns: ... Ord: 15.1.1680. L: 1681 (named 8.6.1681). No record of commissioning. Ordered to be sold to Sir Phineas Pett 4.1683. Fubbs Sir Phineas Pett, Greenwich; ketch rigged. Dimensions & tons: 73ft 6in, 63ft 0in x 21ft 0in x 9ft 6in. 148 bm. Draught 7ft 10in. Men: 30/30/30. Guns: 12/10. L: 1682. Commissioned 3.9.1682 under Capt. Ralph Sanderson (-1685 or later). In 3.1690 under Capt. John Guy (-1692), then 1692 under Capt. Thomas Rooke. Rebuilt at Woolwich 1701. Isabella (i) Sir Phineas Pett, Greenwich. Dimensions & tons: 60ft 0in keel x 18ft 11in x 8ft 11 1/2in. 114 bm. Draught 7ft 9in.

Men: 30/20/20. Guns: 8/6 x 3pdrs.. Ord: 23.12.1682. L: 1683. Commissioned 15.6.1683 under Capt. Thomas Coal (-1688, being reappointed to her 26.5.1685 and 1.5.1687). On 26.11.1688 under Capt. Sir William Saundersen. In 1689 under Capt. Benjamin Hoskins, then in 1691–94 under Capt. Baron Wild, and 1695–96 Capt. John Warner, at Jersey station. In 1697 under Capt. Peter Thompson, with the Fleet. In 1698–99 under Warner again, then 1700 Capt. Humphrey Sanders, both on Jersey station. Rebuilt at Deptford 1703 (see below). Soesdyke John Frame, Wapping. Dimensions & tons: 63ft 2in, 57ft 6in x 19ft 6in x 9ft 1 1/2in 116 28/94 bm. Men: 35/30/12. Guns: 8/6 (also 6 swivels). Purchased 24.3.1692 from the Earl of Monmouth while building. Commissioned 9.1693 under Capt. George Breholt. Rebuilt 1702. Sold 13.7.1713. Squirrel Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 47ft 0in, 36ft 0in x 14ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 37 50/94 bm. Men: 4. Guns: 4/2. Ord: 28.5.1694 (‘in the room of Jemmy’). L: 10.12.1694. No record of commissioning. Sold 8.7.1714. William and Mary Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 76ft 6in, 61ft 5 1/4in x 21ft 7in x 9ft 6in. 152 18/94 bm. Men: 40. Guns: 10. Ord: 13.2.1694. L: 9.1694. In late 1690s under Capt. William Saunderson. Underwent ‘Great Repair’ at Deptford Dyd 1764–65. Sold 14.9.1801. Scout Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] Dimensions & tons: 38ft 6in keel x 13ft 8in x 6ft 4in. 38 23/94 bm. Men: 4. Guns: 4/2. L: 1695. Sold 7.7.1703. Saint Loe Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] Dimensions & tons: 42ft 0in keel x 14ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 46 91/94 bm. Guns: 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 5.9.1699. L: 23.4.1700 (named by AO 6.4.1700). No record of commissioning. Sold (for £101, by AO 12.1.1716) 2.8.1716. Isle of Wight (ii) Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Elias Waffe]

Dimensions & tons: 46ft 8in, 36ft 9in x 14ft 0in x 6ft 10in. 38 31/94 bm. Guns: 4 x 3pdrs. Ord: 13.6.1701 (to RB from yacht of 1673). L: 1701. Commissioned 1701 under Capt. James Dore (-11.1707). Fitted with 8 x 3pdrs in 8.1709, recommissioned 9.1709 under Capt. John Wood and employed as a guard ship in the Solent. In 2.1711 under Capt. David Urry (-paid off 8.1712). Sold (for £113) 11.9.1712. Isabella (ii) Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] RB from yacht of 1683. Dimensions & tons: 63ft 4in, 52ft 3in x 19ft 5in x 9ft 1 3/4in. 104 73/94 bm. L: 1703. Commissioned 1705 under Cmdr PIsaac Cooke, for Shovell’s fleet. In 1706 under Capt. Finch Riddall; to the Mediterranean 1707. In 1708 under Capt. Robert Robinson (-1711), still in the Mediterranean in 1708. In 1712 under Capt. George Breholt (-1714); with Leake’s fleet in the Channel 1712. Sold 13.3.1716. Portsmouth Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Podd] Dimensions & tons: 52ft 10in, 42ft 10in x 17ft 0in x 8ft 6 1/2in. 65 79/94 bm. Guns: 6 x 2pdrs. Ord: 15.10.1702. L: 9.1.1703. No record of commissioning. Employed locally at Portsmouth by officers of the Dyd.

A later example of the official yacht, the Bolton of 1709 was used by the Governor of the Isle of Wight until 1763, when the vessel was extensively repaired (the model probably dates from this time). She was then was attached to the Academy at Portsmouth and employed in the training of young officers. She enjoyed a long life, not being broken up until 1817. National Maritime Museum F2931–1.

Drake Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell to 2.1705, completed by John Lock] Dimensions & tons: 34ft 9in keel x 16ft 6in x 8ft 11 1/2in. 50 27/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: 2. Ord: 13.10.1703? L: 29.5.1705. Used by the Commissioners of the Dyd. Under Master Joseph Downing until 9.9.1711. From 21.9.1711 under Master Stephen Farr. BU 1727. Bolton Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Podd] Dimensions & tons: 53ft 2in, 38ft 0in x 14ft 6in x 7ft 6in. 42 46/94 bm. Men: 12. Guns: 6 x 2pdrs. Ord: 8.10.1708. L: 19.7.1709. Commissioned 7.1709 under Capt. David Urry. In 2.1711 under Capt. John

Wood. BU 1817 at Portsmouth. Dublin Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] (ketch rig) Dimensions & tons: 73ft 2in, 59ft 8in x 21ft 7 1/2in x 9ft 6in. 148 39/94 bm. Men: 50/45. Guns: 12 x 3pdrs. Ord: 4.2.1708 (‘to attend on Ireland’). L: 13.8.1709. BU 10.1752 at Deptford. Irish Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Lock] (Rebuilt at request of Capt. Lawrence Wright, Commissioner at Kinsale; while supervised by Lock, the actual rebuilding was probably not carried out within the Dyd.) Dimensions & tons: unknown. c. 1710 (rebuilt from ‘the Irish lighter’ Transport, purchased 1706? From Thomas Chudleigh) No record of commissioning. Sold to John Wilkinson (for £110) 10.4.1712. Princess Charlotte Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] Dimensions & tons: 73ft 8in, 57ft 7 1/2in x 22ft 6 1/4in x 9ft 6in. 155 30/94 bm. As lengthened 1747: 79ft 6in, c. 65ft? x ... x ... 184 bm. As taken off in 1800: 80ft 9in, 65ft 2 1/2in x 23ft 1 1/4in x 10ft 10in. 185 10/94 bm. Men: 40/25. Guns: 8/6. Ord: 8.8.1710 (to rebuild from Charlotte of 1677). L: 10.3.1711. Rigged as a ketch 1737. Renamed Augusta 28.7.1761. Renamed Princess Augusta 1773 and reclassed as Sixth Rate. Sold 1818.

UNARMED AUXILIARIES A variety of small vessels were employed in servicing the fleet and in moving men and materials. The majority of these were described as ‘hoys’ (see Glossary) and most are recorded as unarmed except where otherwise mentioned below. The larger hulks were primarily to assist in careening and in the lifting and fixing in place of masts. ESSEX (hoy), 8 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 8.

Taken 1648 by Royalists. Surrendered to Parliamentarians 1.1649. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Richard Stayner, for the Thames. Sold c.1656. HULKS (1651–56). Among the Tudor vessels which lasted into the Stuart era was the careening hulk Eagle, a former merchantman (Eagle of Lubeck) purchased in 1592 which lasted nearly a century. Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 41ft 0in x 12ft 10in. 894 bm. Draught 19ft 0in. Purchased in 1592 (for £70). Beached at Chatham 1675 and sold there in 12.1683. The Fifth Rate Fellowship (of 1644) was converted to a hulk in 1651, and was sold in 1662. A number of Dutch prizes were relegated to serve as hulks during the First Anglo-Dutch War. These included the Fourth Rates Stork (a hulk in 1653, sold 1663), Estridge (a hulk in 1653, sunk at Portsmouth 1679) and Violet (a hulk at Woolwich from 1654 until BU in 1672); details of all three are in Chapter 4, as are those of the Elias (a hulk in 1653, sold 1684) which was never a Fourth Rate. A new purpose-built hulk, the Ann, was constructed in 1652–53 for Portsmouth. Two Spanish prizes taken in 1656 were converted to hulks in the following year. Gallion (Spanish Jesu Maria Joseph) Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 34ft 6in x 12ft 8in. 570 bm. Draught 14ft 0in. Taken 1656. Hulked 1657. Sunk as a foundation (for the graving-place) at Portsmouth in 8.1670. Elias (Spanish ...) Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 349 bm. Draught 12ft 8in. Taken 1656. Hulked 1657. Sold ‘as useless’ 8.1684. MARYGOLD (hoy) Marygold Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Tippetts). Dimensions & tons: 32ft 0in keel x 14ft 0in x 7ft 0in. 33 34/94 bm. Draught 7ft 0in. Men: 3. Guns: unarmed. Ord: 11.1.1653 ‘to build a new Hoy at Portsmouth to carry timber, ballast,

etc.’. No record of service. Probable disposal 1712. TOWLNG GALLEY. As the name implies, a small oar-propelled craft primarily for harbour use at Chatham. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Built 1659. Last mentioned 1664. HARWLCH (hoy). Harwich John Gressingham, Harwich. Dimensions & tons: 38ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 8ft 0in. 52 bm. Draught 8ft 0in. Men: 5. Guns: unarmed. L: 1660. Commissioned 8.5.1665 under Henry Ferrines (-18.6.1665). Sold 1680. HORSEBOATS (1665) Prosperous Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 68 bm. Draught 5ft 6in. L: 8.1665. Burnt by the Dutch at Chatham 6.1667. Unity Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Phineas Pett] Dimensions & tons: 50ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 68 bm. Draught 5ft 6in. L: 8.1665. Sold by AO 6.12.1712. HULKS (1664–68). During the 1660s three more Dutch prizes were converted into hulks — the Fourth Rate Rosebush (see Chapter 4) in 1664, the Third Rate Sloth any (see Chapter 3) in 1667 and the Fourth Rate Stathouse van Harlem (see Chapter 4) in 1669. The Rosebush (with 2 men as a hulk) was sold in 11.1668 and the Sloth any (7 men) in 1.1686. The Stathouse van Harlem was used as a breakwater from 1690. Ex-DUTCH PRIZES (1664–66) Galliot [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 44ft 0in keel x 14ft 6in x 7ft 4in. 49 bm. Draught 7ft 9in. Men: 12/10. Guns: 4. Taken 22.1.1664 at Goree. Given away to Capt. John Straughan 26.1.1668.

Mackler [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 57ft 0in keel x 18ft 6in x 9ft 6in. 104 bm. Draught 9ft 4in. Men: 9. Taken 1664. Given away to Capt. Richard Sadlington 8.1.1668. Black Posthorse [galliot] Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in keel x 18ft 8in x 9ft 0in. 100 bm. Draught 10ft 0in. Men: 9. Taken 1665. Given to Capt. Richard Sadlington 1670. Adam and Eve [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 55ft 0in keel x 15ft 8in x 7ft 6in. 72 bm. Draught 7ft 6in. Men: 7. Taken 1665. Sunk at Sheerness as a breakwater (‘a fence to the graving-place’) 5.1673. Black Dog [galliot] Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in keel x 15ft 6in x 7ft 2in. 69 bm. Draught 7ft 4in. Men: 8. Taken 1665. Sunk at Sheerness as a breakwater (‘a fence to the graving-place’) 5.1673. James [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 47ft 0in keel x 17ft 0in x 7ft 4in. 72 bm. Draught 7ft 0in. Men: 8. Taken 1665. Retaken 1673. Jeremiah [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 39ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 8ft 0in. 53 bm. Draught 8ft 0in. Men: 35 (when armed)/5. Guns: 4 Taken 1665. Commissioned 20.8.1665 under Capt. Ralph Frary (-31.12.1666). Given to Commissioner John Taylor 10.1667.

No Royal Dockyard made more use of hulks than Sheerness, where they formed breakwaters and quays, besides performing the more conventional duties of warehousing and accommodation. This contemporary painting of Sheerness in 1698 shows a line of them, of varying size and cut down to differing degrees, rather spoiling the view of the grandiose baroque gateway to the fort. British Museum.

Palm Tree [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 45ft 6in keel x 16ft 0in x 7ft 6in. 62 bm. Draught 7ft 4in. Men: 10/8. Taken 1665. Sold ‘as useless’ 12.1667. Young King [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 57ft 6in keel x 18ft 4in x 9ft 7in. 102 bm. Draught 9ft 2in. Men: 6. Taken 1665. Given to Commissioner Peter Pett 1666. Chatham [galliot] Dimensions & tons: 53ft 0in keel x 18ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 91 bm. Draught 9ft 8in. Men: 10/8. Taken 1666. Commissioned 19.6.1667 under William Houlding (-25.10.1667). Given

away to Lieut. Augustin Lawson 10.1667. John [galliot] Dimensions & tons: 47ft 0in keel x 18ft 0in x 7ft 8in. 81 bm. Draught 7ft 7in. Men: 12/10. Guns: 4 Taken 1666. Sold ‘as useless’ 12.1667. Hope [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 41ft 0in keel x 14ft 6in x 6ft 2in. 46 bm. Draught 7ft 0in. Men: 6. Guns: 4. Taken 1666. Retaken by the Dutch in the North Sea 6.1672. Maybolt [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 54ft 6in keel x 18ft 8in x 9ft 4in. 108 bm. Draught 9ft 0in. Men: 10/8. Taken 1666. Given to Samuel Pepys ‘towards satisfaction for disbursements’ 10.1667. PURCHASED GALLIOTS (1666–67) Fortune On 24.8.1666 under George Straughan (-22.1.1668). Hopewell On 19.6.1667 under William Jaques (-27.9.1667). PURCHASED HOYS (1667). Three hoys purchased during 1667 for service on the Medway; each was established with 5 men (and no guns) and was ‘returned to her owners with freight’ in January 1668. John [hoy] of Chatham Dimensions & tons: 39ft 0in keel x 16ft 0in x 8ft 0in. 53 bm. Draught 8ft 0in. Samuel of Chatham Dimensions & tons: 40ft 0in keel x 16ft 6in x 8ft 2in. 58 bm. Draught 8ft 4in. Samuel of Strood Dimensions & tons: 40ft 0in keel x 16ft 6in x 8ft 2in. 58 bm. Draught 8ft 4in. HULKS (1673–80). In 1673 three Dutch prizes were classed as hulks. These were ‘established’ with 4, 8 and 20 men respectively. Another Dutch vessel, the Third Rate Arms of Rotterdam (see Chapter 3) was converted to a hulk at

Chatham in 1675, with 7 men. Two mercantile vessels, America (20 men) and Gloucester; were purchased in 1678 and 1680, and a small pontoon was constructed at Tangier in 1679. Alphin (Dutch ...) Dimensions & tons: 120ft 0in keel x 33ft 6in x 12ft 0in. 716 31/94 bm. Draught 19ft 0in. Sold 10.1687. Arms of Horn (Dutch Wapen van Hoorn) Dimensions & tons: 106ft 0in keel x 30ft 3in x 12ft 0in. 515 88/94 bm. Draught 18ft 0in. At Sheerness, where sunk 1694 as a foundation. Europa (Dutch ...) Dimensions & tons: 113ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in x 10ft 4in. 406 30/94 bm. Draught 13ft 0in. Commissioned 20.5.1674 under Capt. William Betts; burnt at Malta on 9 April 1676, apparently by arson (some seamen later executed). America (purchased 1678) Dimensions & tons: 111ft 0in keel x 27ft 6in x 14ft 5in. 446 48/94 bm. Draught 15ft 8in. Commissioned 13.5.1678 under Capt. William Betts (died 8.7.1679). Sold by AO 5.1686. Pontoon [or Tangier-pontoon] (Algerine Puntoon, built 1677 by Sir Henry Shere, Tangier, from frames supplied by Mr Taylor, Rotherhithe) Dimensions & tons: 70ft 0in x 14ft 6in x 6ft 0in. 80 (78 26/94 by calc.) bm. Draught 4ft 0in. Purchased 1679. Deleted 12.11.1691. Gloucester (purchased 1680) Sunk at Tangier 12.1683. HULKS (1684–94). A prize taken from Salé corsairs in 1684, the Maria (or Crown Mary) of 120 bm was employed at Gibraltar; she was apparently sold there in 1684, but re-acquired in 1688 and not finally sold until 1690. The Second Rate French Ruby (see Chapter 3) and Fourth Rate Leopard (see Chapter 4) were converted to hulks for Portsmouth and Gibraltar respectively in 1686, each with 20 men, and the latter retaining 18 guns. In October 1687 the Second Rate Saint George (see Chapter 2) also became a hulk at

Sheerness. In 1689 two French prizes and another ship (purchased merchantman) were added were as hulks. A further hulk was specially built at Chatham in 1694. Dover Prize (French ...) Dimensions & tons: 105ft 0in, 86ft 0in x 26ft 10in x 12ft 0in. 329 35/94 bm. Taken 1689 by Dover. Used at Plymouth. Wrecked in Plymouth Sound in storm 25.12.1689. Magdalen Prize (French ...) Dimensions & tons: 75ft 0in keel x 26ft 9in x 11ft 0in. 285 43/94 bm. Taken 1689 by Montagu. Sold at Portsmouth 24.8.1690. Plymouth [hulk] Dimensions & tons: 121ft 0in, 105ft 0in x 31ft 9in x 13ft 0in. 563 13/94 bm. Purchased 19.5.1689 from Robert Castle. BU 1730 (by AO 29.12.1730). Chatham [hulk] Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 153ft 0in, 131ft 0in x 32ft 0in x 13ft 0in. 713 50/94 bm. L: 1694. Underwent Middling Repair at Chatham 10.1741. Underwent Great Repair at Chatham 3–11.1770. Taken to pieces there 10.1813. HOYS (1672–1714). The remaining dockyard craft seem to have been entirely of the hoy type (although some of them were not used simply within dockyards and harbours, but also as general transports), and they are listed below chronologically. Lighter [hoy] Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Sir John Tippetts] Dimensions & tons: 38ft 0in keel x 18ft 0in x 7ft 6in. 65 46/94 bm. Draught 6ft 6in. Men: 3. L: 1672. Sold to J. Wilkinson 25.6.1713. Transporter [hoy] (rigged as a brigantine) Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Shish] Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in, 56ft 0in x 17ft 7in x 7ft 5in. 92 bm. L: 1677. Disposal 1704. Nonsuch [hoy] Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright ‘Mr Lucas’]

Dimensions & tons: 53ft 8 3/4in keel x 18ft 10 1/2in x 8ft 4 3/4in. 101 77/94 bm. Men: 5. L: 1686. Sold 5.1.1714. Delight [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 55ft 6in, 47ft 6in x 18ft 5in x 8ft 6in. 84 49/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: 4. Purchased 1686 (for use at Portsmouth) Sold at Portsmouth to John Bevois (for £138) 5.1.1714. Sheerness [hoy] (rigged as a smack) Dimensions & tons: 33ft 6in keel x 14ft 6in x 6ft 9in. 37 43/94 bm. Purchased 1691 from Capt. ?Richard Vittles. Discarded c.1698. Supply Chatham Dyd. [M/Shipwright Robert Lee] Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in, 54ft 5in x 18ft 0in x 7ft 6in. 94 bm. L: 20.4.1691. To Sheerness 1701. Became Sheerness Waterboat c.1725. BU 1747. Unity II [hoy] Chatham Dyd. Dimensions & tons: 58ft 0in, 46ft 0in x 18ft 0n x 9ft 0n. 79 26/94 bm. L: 19.8.1693. Sold (for £128) 8.1.1713. Unity III [hoy] Chatham Dyd. Dimensions & tons: 59ft 6in, 46ft 6in x 18ft 0in x 7ft 0in. 80 bm. L: 1693. Sold 8.1.1713. Adventure Prize (French .. .) Dimensions & tons: 37ft 4in, 30 ft 0in x 12ft 6in x 6ft 3in. 25 bm. Taken 1693. Used as a pitch boat from 1695. Sold 1698. Forrester Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright William Stigant] Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 125 bm. Men: ... Guns: 2 x 3pdrs + 7 swivels. L: 2.11.1693. Wrecked off Port Isaac 26.8.1752. Sheerness Waterboat [hoy] Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in, 50ft 10 1/2in x 16ft 0in x 7ft 6in. 6y 26/94 bm.

Men: 5. Guns: 5. L: 1698. BU 1724. Deptford [hoy] Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 52ft 5in, 42ft ?7in x 16ft 0in x 6ft 8in. 58 bm. L: 3.1703. Transport at Deptford. Sold 6.1713. Lion [hoy] Dimensions & tons: 54ft 0in, 47ft 10 1/4in x 19ft 9 1/2in x 10ft 0in. 99 66/92. bm. Men: 7. Guns: 4. Purchased 26.2.1703 from Japhett Crook (for £400). At Chatham. Under Master Jacob Weyman; taken by a French 26-gun privateer 9.1.1708 off Beachy Head. Retaken 1709. Plymouth [hoy] Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Benjamin Rosewell] Dimensions & tons: 70ft 0in, 57ft ?3in x 19ft 0in x 10ft 0in. 110 bm. L: 1704. Transport at Plymouth. BU 1742. Saint Joseph (purchased 24.11.1704) Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 70 bm. Sold 4.1710. Transporter Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in, 51ft ?8in x 19ft 2in x 9ft 2in. 101 bm. RB 1704 of 1977 hoy. At Chatham. Sold 8.1.1713. Heyling (purchased 6.7.1705) Dimensions & tons: 61ft 0in, 49ft ?1in x 21ft 2in x 9ft 9in. 117 bm. At Portsmouth. Discarded 1729. Navy Transport Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Fisher Harding] Dimensions & tons: 63ft 11in, 51ft 3in x 19ft 10in x 9ft 0in. 107 20/94 bm. Men: 9. Guns: 2 x 3pdrs + 6 swivels. L: 1705. At Deptford. Rebuilt 1730. Woolwich Woolwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright probably Joseph Allin] Dimensions & tons: 48ft 6in, 37ft ?6in x 15ft 0in x 6ft 0in. 45 bm. Men: ... Guns: 4 guns. L: 17.10.1705.

Transport at Woolwich. Discarded 1726. Goodwill Sheerness Dyd. [M/Shipwright Jacob Acworth] Dimensions & tons: 51ft 6in, 39ft 0in x 18ft 10in x 6ft 6in. 73 54/94 bm. L: 1706. Lighter at Sheerness. Breakwater at Sheerness 1791. Runner Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] Dimensions & tons: 49ft 6in, 40ft 0in x 15ft 2in x 7ft 0in. 48 88/94 bm. L: 1706. Transport at Deptford. To Lisbon 1708. Sold 12.1713. Truelove Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] Dimensions & tons: 66ft 3in, 46ft ?8in x 17ft 6in x 9ft 0in. 76 bm. L: 22.11.1707. At Portsmouth Sold 27.10.1773. Unity Portsmouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright Thomas Podd] Dimensions & tons: 66ft 9in, 53ft 3 1/2in x 21ft 5in x 9ft 11in. 130 2/94 bm. Men: 7. Guns: 4 x 3pdrs + 4 swivels. L: 1707. At Portsmouth. Sold 27.10.1773. Endeavour Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Lock] Dimensions & tons: unknown. 211bm. L: 1708. At Plymouth as Transport. Sold 30.7.1713. Lion Deptford Dyd. [M/Shipwright Joseph Allin] Dimensions & tons: 63ft 11in, 50ft 9in x 20ft 0in x 9ft 0in. 107 92/94 bm. Men: ... Guns: 4 x 3pdrs + 4 swivels. L: 4.1709 (RB of 1702 hoy). At Deptford. Wrecked 1752. Harwich Harwich Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Poulter] Dimensions & tons: 40ft 0in keel x 15ft 7in x 7ft 6in. 56 bm. L: 10.8.1709. At Harwich. To Deptford 1713. Sold 18.11.1714. Mary Plymouth Dyd. [M/Shipwright John Hayward] Dimensions & tons: unknown. L: 1712. At Plymouth. To 1728. Transport ‘Chudley, Kinsale’ [this might by the former M/Shipwright Thomas Chudleigh]

Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 100 bm. Men: ... Guns: 2 guns L: 1713. Sold 1713.

8 Hired Vessels

T

hroughout its history, the sailing navy augmented its own strength in times of stress (i.e. wartime) by hiring or requisitioning privately owned (‘mercantile’) vessels. In general, these would retain their own merchant crews, with the existing ship’s master usually retained as a sailing master, but with a naval officer appointed to take command. As in later centuries, such vessels could at short notice greatly expand the Navy’s escort and patrol (or ‘Convoys and Cruising’) services. However, during much of the Stuart era (as under the Tudors) hired vessels additionally comprised a significant proportion of the battlefleet. As the geographical area in which naval operations were undertaken expanded, converted merchantmen were particularly useful for extended operations due to their large stowage capacity, so many were hired for use in expeditions to distant stations such as West Africa or the Caribbean. This proportion shrank as the seventeenth century progressed, and by the Third Anglo-Dutch War the rôle of private vessels was largely confined to convoys and cruising, although hired ships continued to fill this vital role until the end of the Napoleonic period. In the Navy’s expedition to Île de Ré in 1627 private ships comprised 90 out of the 100 vessels involved. Later in Charles I’s reign, the numbers reduced, such that hired vessels comprised a minority of those employed. Much of this chapter has been immeasurably helped by research kindly provided by David Hepper, with further assistance from others mentioned in the Acknowledgements page of this volume.

(B) Vessels hired from 24 March 1603 During the first half of the seventeenth century ships were usually hired for a specific purpose, such as an expedition, or to boost the numbers of ships available for the Summer or Winter Guards, the ships which cruised in home waters. The normal practice seems to have been to hire them for a set, limited, period such as six or eight months, although hiring for an unspecified

period, being paid by the month, also occurred. For the Summer Guard, ships were hired during February and March, to pay off during September and October. 1620 Merchant ships hired to take part in the expedition to Algiers 1620–21: Tons Guns Men Golden Phoenix 300 24 120 Samuel 300 22 120 Marygold 260 21 120 Zouche Phoenix 280 26 100 Barbary 200 18 120 Centurion 200 22 80 Primrose 180 18 100 Hercules 300 24 80 Neptune 280 21 120 Bonaventure 260 23 110 Restore 130 12 50 Marmaduke 100 12 50 1635–38 The Ship Money Fleet contained significant numbers of hired merchantmen. In 1635 there were 19 naval ships and 6 hired vessels; in 1636 there were 24 and 3 ; in 1637 there were 19 and 9; in 1638 there were 24 and 7; and in 1639 there were 28 and 11. 1637 Ships hired for the Summer Guard (March-September) Industry Mayflower Pleiades Prudence Richard and Mary Unicorn William

1638 Hired ships for the Summer Guard (March-September) Charles Dolphin Exchange Lewis Recovery Reformation William and Thomas Merchant ships hired for the Summer Guard continued to be a significant proportion of the fleet. In 1641, there were 15 naval vessesl and 10 hired vessesl; in 1642 there were 16 and 16; in 1643 there were 24 and 23; in 1644 there were 30 and 55; in 1645 there were 36 and 16; in 1646 there were 25 and 4. MERCHANT SHIPS HIRED DURING THE CIVIL WARS (1642–48) Note: there appear to have been several ships of the same name in service at the same time (Blessing, Hector). It is hoped that the list below is reasonably correct, but cannot be guaranteed. It should be noted that on the evidence of the names alone (i.e. Anne Piercy, Hopeful Luke) several of these may have been hired again later (see below), but details are lacking to confirm this. This list (and that for 1650–54 below) are substantially based upon the SNR Occasional Paper no. 8: List of English Naval Captains 1642–1660, edited by R. C. Anderson in 1964 (see Bibliography); see that publication for details of the various documentary sources upon which it is based. Abraham Hired 1643–46. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Crambe.

The English fleet at the Île de Ré in 1627: of this fleet, some 90 of the hundred vessels deployed were actually hired. Despite appearances, by this time there was a clear design division between the largest warships and merchantmen, but the latter still needed to be heavily armed for their own protection and their crews trained in handling shipboard guns, so the difference was not unbridgeable. National Maritime Museum PU5047.

Achilles (250 tons) Hired 1643–46. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Michael Shatten (reserve). Adventure (180 tons) Hired 1644–46. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Witch. A second Adventure was commissioned 1646 under Capt. Richard Wyard. Aleppo Merchant Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Millet (reserve).

Angel Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Thomas Perry (reserve). Anne Hired 1645. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. William Badiley (reserve). Anne and Elizabeth Hired 1645. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Robert Sparks; taken by ?Royalists 1645. Anne and Joyce (300 tons), 20 guns. Hired 1643–47. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Thomas Jonas (-1647) Anne Percy (or Anne Piercy) Hired 1645–47. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Thomas Smith (-1646). In 1647 under Capt. William Hancock. Ark (i) (150 tons), 14 guns. Hired 1644–46. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. John Lockyer (-1645). In 1646 under Capt. Robert Bramble. Ark (ii) Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Maylin (reserve). Beaver Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Edward Coyte. Benediction (120 tons), 8 guns. Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. George Tito. Benjamin Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. George Clarkson. Blessing (i) (350 tons), 26 guns. Hired 1643–44 and again in 1646–47. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Francis Ashmore (-1644). Recommissioned 1646 under Capt. Thomas Wenold or Wynold. Blessing (ii) (200 tons), 18 guns.

Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Thomas Shaftoe (-1644) Blessing (iii) 37 tons Hired 1643. No record of capt. Bonaventure (120 tons) Hired 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. George Swanley. Caesar (180 tons) Hired 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Joseph Jordan. Cat Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Turpin; taken by ?Royalists 1643. Charity (120 tons), 6 guns. Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Ralph Dansk. Charles Hired 1645–46. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. William Wildey (reserve). Civil Society Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. John Shaw (reserve). Concord Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Bullard (reserve). Confidence Hired 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Thomas Bartlett. Constant Good Hope (99 tons) Hired 1644. No record of capt. Content Hired 1647. No record of capt. Covenant (140 tons), 12 guns. Hired 1642–46.

Commissioned 1642 under Capt. John Lawson (-1646). Crescent Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Michael Phillips (reserve). Dainty Hired 1645. No record of capt. Defence Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Bostocke (reserve). Defiance Hired 1645–46. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. William Brooks. In 1646 under Capt. Richard (or John) Whitty. Delight Hired 1646 (but probably same ship as Merchants’ Delight). Discovery (144 tons) Hired 1642 & again 1646–47. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. John Brokhaven. Recommissioned 1645 under Capt. Thomas Plunkett (-1646). In 1647 under Capt. John Wills. This is probably the same as the ship of the same name purchased in 1651 (see Chapter 5). Dolphin (100 tons) Hired 1643 and 1646. No record of captain in 1643. (Re?)commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Wall (reserve). Dragon (260 tons), 6 guns. Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. James Peacock. Edward Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Thomas Day. Edward and Elizabeth (350 tons), 14 guns. Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Edward Leigh. Elizabeth Hired 1645–47.

Commissioned 1645 under Capt. John Bowman. In 1647 under Capt. John Durston (reserve). In 1649 under Capt. William Coppin. Elizabeth and Anne (88 tons), 12 guns. Hired 1643–44. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. William Coppin (-1644). Later in 1644 under Capt. John Coppin. Employment (i) (132 tons) Hired 1642–43 and again in 1646. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Thomas Ashley. Recommissioned 1646 under Ashley (reserve). Employment (ii) (440 tons), 30 guns. Hired 1644. No record of captain. Exchange (i) (89 tons) Hired 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Richard Lucas. Exchange (ii) (326 tons), 24 guns. Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. John Rochester. One of the above Exchanges was hired again in 1646, and commissioned under Capt. Thomas Cheyney. Exeter Merchant Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Edward Belitha. Fairchild (120 tons), 10 guns. Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. John Westfield. Falcon Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Harman (reserve). Fellowship (87 tons) Hired 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Thomas Coale. In 1643 in Royalist hands, under Capt. Barnaby Burley; taken by the Parliamentary forces in 1643 and added to the Navy under the same name (see Chapter 5). Four Sisters Hired 1647.

Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Roger Harman. Freeman Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Jacob Hyde (reserve). Friendship (366 tons), 24 guns. Hired 1643–44. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. John Blake. Probably the same vessel as the Royalist Friendship of 1652 (perhaps under Capt. William Ingram). George (i) (121 tons), 12 guns. Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. George Bowden. In 1645 became Royalist Saint George, still under Capt. Bowden (-1646). George (ii) Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. William White (reserve). George Bonaventure (242 tons) Hired 1643 and again 1645–47. No record of captain for 1643. (Re?)commissioned 1645 under Capt. John Crampe (-1646). Giles Hired 1646–47. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Henry Toope (reserve). Globe Hired 1645. No record of captain. Golden Angel (i) (105 tons) Hired 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Walker. Golden Angel (ii) (431 tons), 26 guns. Hired 1643. No record of captain. [Golden] Lion (450 tons), 30 guns. Hired 1643–44. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Lewis Dick. Good Hope (390 tons) Hired 1643. No record of captain.

Grace (84 tons). Hired 1644. No record of captain Green Dragon, 22 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Men: ... Guns: 22. Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Francis Green. In c.1645 in Royalist hands, under Capt. Richard Teale. Green Frigate Hired 1645–47. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Thomas Farmer (-1647). Greenfield Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Henry Powell. Harry Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Ellison. Harry Bonaventure Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. George Swanley. Hart Frigate, 16 guns Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Eustace Smith. Hector (i) (360 tons), 20 guns. Hired 1643 & 1645–46. Hector (ii) (300 tons), 22 guns. Hired 1644 & 1645–46. There is uncertainty about which of these two vessels was under which commander. One was commissioned 1643 under Capt. James Beddall (-1644), then later in 1644 under Capt. Thomas Beddall. In 1646 one or other was under Capt. Richard Fearnes (reserve), later in 1646 Capt. Henry Parkhurst, then 1647 Capt. Samuel Stanton (reserve). Hercules (i) (150 tons) Hired 1642. Hercules (ii) (468 tons), 26 guns Hired 1643.

One or other Hercules was commissioned under Capt. Lawrence Mayer (-1643). Honour (359 tons), 26 guns. Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Edmund Seaman (-1645). Hopeful Luke (355 tons) Men: ... Guns: 26. Hired 1642–43, and again in 1650–51 and 1653–54. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Robert Lee (-1643). Recommissioned 1650 under Capt. William Goodson (-1651). Recommissioned 1653 under Capt.Thomas Petty. Hopeful Mary (203 tons) Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Edmund Bason. Hopewell (220 tons) Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Thomas Seale or Capt. Francis Ceeley. Hunter Hired 1645. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Thomas Beddall. Isabel and Margaret (50 tons) Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Richard Brooke. James (i) (100 tons), 8 guns. Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Thomas Morgan. James (ii) Hired 1646–48. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Limberry (reserve). In 1647 under Capt. Edward Button (reserve). Jane and Elizabeth (130 tons), 8 guns. Hired 1643 No record of captain. Jeremy (274 tons), 22 guns. Hired 1644–46. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Augustine Bright. In 1646 under Capt. John Moore (-1647) (reserve in 1646).

Jocelyn (196 tons), 12 guns. Hired 1642–46. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Partridge. In 1643 under Capt. Stansby, then 1644 under Capt. Robert Clarke and later in 1646 under Capt. John Mootham. John (i) (30 tons) Hired 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. John Thomas. In 1643 possibly under Capt. Peters. John (ii) Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Thomas Flute (reserve). John and Barbara (283 tons), 20 guns. Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. John Barker. John and Mary Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Ambrose Chappell (reserve). John Adventure Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Eustace Smith (reserve). Jonas Hired 1649. Commissioned 1649 under Capt. Wiltshire. Katherine (220 tons) Hired 1643. No record of captain. Kentish [frigate] Hired 1645. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. John Mildmay (-1647). Leopard (362 tons), 22 guns. Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Thomas Clarke. In 1644 under Capt. John Gilson. Lewis (or Great Lewis) Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Barker (reserve).

Lion (360 tons) Hired 1644. No record of captain (possibly duplicate of Golden Lion above). Lioness Hired 1649. Commissioned 1649 under Capt. Benjamin Gosling. Lisbon Merchant Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Roger Garland (reserve). London (180 tons) Hired 1642, and again 1646–47. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. John Stevens. Recommissioned 1646, still under Stevens (-1647) (reserve). Lome (144 tons) Hired 1644. No record of captain. Loyalty Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. William Coppin. Lucy (160 tons), 12 guns. Hired 1644–46. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. John Wills. In 1645 under Capt. Elias Jordan. Later in 1645 under Capt. Elias Drew (-1646). Magdalen (200 tons) Hired 1644–47. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. John Hosier (-1653). Maidenhead (285 tons), 20 guns. Hired 1642–43. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. James Luton (-1643). Marigold (150 tons) Hired 1644. No record of captain. Martin (600 tons), 30 guns. Hired 1642–43. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. George Martin (-1643). Mary (i) (103 tons) Hired 1642.

Commissioned 1642 under Capt. William Capel. Mary (ii) (180 tons) Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Tracy Cater. Mary and Anne Hired 1645. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Peter Wappal. Mary Bonaventure (240 tons) Hired 1643. No record of captain. Mary Hope, 12 guns Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. William Burr. Matthew (80 tons) Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. James Morvell. Mayflower (i) (121 tons) Hired 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Peter Andrews. Later in 1642 under Capt. John Piggott (-1643). May flower (ii) (405 tons), 28 guns. Hired 1643–47. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Roger Phillips (-1646). Later in 1646 under Capt. Thomas Bell (-1647). Later in 1647 under Capt. John Cole. Merchant, 28 guns Hired 1647–50. Commissioned 1650 under Capt Nicholas Parke (or Packe); with Blake’s fleet off Lisbon 3.1650. Merchants’ Delight Hired 1645. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Thomas Welch. In 1646 under Capt. Thomas Leman. Messenger Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Benjamin Trenyman. Moorcock Hired 1646.

Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Robert Philpott. Newfoundland Merchant Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. William Pees (reserve) Nicholas Hired 1645. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Richard Bray (-1646). Paragon (150 tons) Hired 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Leonard Harris. Paramour (430 tons), 28 guns. Hired 1644 and again 1647. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Thomas Middleton. In 1647 again under Middleton (reserve) Pennington (235 tons) Hired 1642–43. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Elias Jordan. Peregrine (247 tons), 20 guns. Hired 1644 and 1647. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Peter Tatham. In 1647 under Capt. Benjamin Trenyman. Peter (270 tons), 20 guns. Hired 1642–43. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Peter Strong (-1643). Peter Bonaventure Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Peter Lunt. President Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Peter Whitty. Prosperous (435 tons), 28 guns. Hired 1642–45. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. William Driver (-1643). In 1644 under Capt. Nicholas Gettensby (-1645). Providence (i) (271 tons), 28 guns. Hired 1642–43. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. William Swanley (-1643).

Providence (ii) (180 tons), 16 guns. Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Roger Martin or Mostin (-1645). Later in 1645 under Capt. Samuel Chapell (-1645). Rainbow Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Elias Jordan (reserve). Rebecca (255 tons) Hired 1644–46. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. Stephen Rich (-1647). Recovery (360 tons), 11 guns. Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. John Norman. Roebuck Hired 1645. Commissioned 1645 under Capt. William Liston (-1647). Later in 1647 under Capt, Edward West. Ruth (400 tons), 24 guns. Hired 1642–43. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Robert Constable (-1643). Sampson (i) (600 tons) Hired 1642. Commissioned 1642 under Capt. Ashley. In 1643 under Capt. David Browne (-1644). Sampson (ii) Hired 1646–47 Commissioned 1646 under Capt. John Lyne (-1647). Samuel Hired 1646–47. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Edmund Seaman. Later in 1646 under Capt. Matthew Wood (-1647). Scipio (425 tons), 28 guns. Hired 1643 & 1646. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Thomas Evans. In 1646 under Evans again (reserve). Scout (120 tons) Hired 1644.

No record of captain. Seaflower (70 tons), 4 guns. Hired 1644–45. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. James Grand. Seahorse (77 tons) Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Joseph Ashmore. Sea Venture (38 tons) Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Gator Jailour. Society Hired 1646–47. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Nicholas Hurston (-1647) (-reserve). Speedwell (383 tons), 26 guns. Hired 1643. Commissioned 1643 under Capt. Benjamin Peters. Spy (96 tons) Hired 1644–45. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. John Bell. Swan (302 tons), 24 guns. Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt Thomas Grimes. Thomas (54 tons) Hired 1644. Commissioned 1644 under Capt. Randolph Harle. Thomas and Francis Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Elias Henderson (reserve). Thomas Bonaventure Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. George Hughes. Trade’s Increase Hired 1646–49. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Faulkner. In 1647 under Capt. William Ledgant (-1648). In 1649 under Capt. William Tatnell; captured and exchanged. Also re-hired in 1650–1652 (see below) Truelove

Hired 1646–47. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Jervis Coachman. Unicorn (143 tons) Hired 1642. No record of captain. William (i) (101 tons) Hired 1644. No record of captain. William (ii) (ketch) Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Leonard Bates. William and Daniel Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Thomas Clarke. William and John Hired 1646. Commissioned 1646 under Capt. Shadrach Blake (reserve). William and Sarah (50 tons) Hired 1644. No record of captain. William and Thomas Hired 1647. Commissioned 1647 under Capt. Thomas Porter. Xante Merchant (390 tons) Hired 1643. No record of captain. 1650 Hired ships for the Summer Guard — ‘List of the Captains to command the Parliament Ships for the next summers service’ (from House of Commons Journal, 2 March 1650) with number of men established. The Magdalen (75 men) Capt. John Hosier Exchange (80) Capt. Thomas Cheyney Fortune (80) Capt. John Purvis Adventure (90) Capt. Robert Wyard Hopeful Luke (126) Capt. William Goldson

Supply (70) Hercules (150) America (102) Lucy (64) Great Lewis (111) James (126) Providence (82) Rebecca (80) Unity (80) Crescent (98) Elizabeth (97) Merchant [Frigate] (98) Nicholas (92) Trade’s Increase (153) Peregrine (106)

Capt. Thomas Flute Capt. Zachary Browne Capt. William Haddock Capt. Elias Drew Capt. Barker Capt. Francis Allen Capt. Richard Hill Capt. Nathaniel Nesfield Capt. William Coppin Capt. John Wadsworth Capt. John Butler Capt. John Bourne Capt. Robert Hudson Capt. John Lawson Capt. Robert Dennis

1651 ‘A List of such ships as have been taken up, and employed for Convoys, by the Committee of the Navy, in pursuance of an Ordnance of Parliament, dated the One-and-thirtieth of October 1650’ (from House of Commons Journal, 29 May 1651). Note that the first three ships listed below (and the Nonsuch ketch nearer the end) are the ships owned by the state (i.e. Commonwealth Navy). Ship’s Name Captain Tons Men Guns Triumph Edward Hall 900 350 60 Lion John (or Jacob) Birkdell 700 260 46 Tiger James Peacock 400 150 34 Angel William Rande 450 100 38 Trade’s Increase William Jacob 509 140 48 Anthony Bonaventure Walter Hoxton 450 100 38 Hopeful Luke William Goodson 420 100 36 Exchange [of London] Thomas Cheyney 250 80 20 Fortune [of Yarmouth] John Purvis 222 80 20

Magdalen Adventure Fortune [of London] Crescent Anne and Joyce America Friendship [of London] Eagle [Frigate] Providence [of London] George Bonaventure Defence Seven Brothers Deborah Robert [Pink] Reformation Charles [of London] Richard and Benjamin Giles Mayflower Love [of London] Charles [of Bristol] Blessing [of Stroud] Merchant Adventure Nonsuch [ketch] John

John Hosier 194 80 Robert Wyard 257 90 Robert Coleman 200 80 Thomas Thorowgood 326 100 Thomas Jones 388 110 William Haddock 350 100 John Humphreys 120 60 James Cadman[a shallop, no statistics] George Swanley 275 80 John Crampe 239 65 Bennett 364 100 Laud (Henry Landes?) 300 90 Heyward 100 50 Redgate 60 40 Anthony Earning 444 110 Robert Knox 400 100 John(?) Sherwin 300 90 Henry Toope 300 90 John Woolters 100 50 William Rouse 200 80 Deane 400 110 Slade 100 50 Beck 240 70 John King 60 45 [no further details]

20 24 20 28 32 32 14 22 20 30 26 10 8 32 30 26 26 10 18 32 10 22 8

There are clear discrepancies between this list and that following, which I have not attempted to reconcile. Merchant ships hired 1650–54 This includes those ships that saw service during the First Dutch War. Acorn, 22 guns

Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652. No record of captain; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652. Adventure (i), 24 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 257 tons. (probably the same ship as commanded by Richard Wyard in 1646) Men: 90. Guns: 24. Hired 1650–1652. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Robert Wyard (-1653) Adventure (ii), 38 guns. 160 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 380 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Edward Greene; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653. In 1653 under Capt. Joseph Taylor (-1654). Agreement Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1650 (impressed at Lisbon). No record of captain. America, 32 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 350 tons. Hired 1650–51. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Richard Haddock (-1651). Angel Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 450 tons. Hired 1651–53. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. William Rande; at Battle of Portland 18– 20.2.165 3. Anne and Joyce, 34 guns. 119 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 388 tons. Hired 1650–54. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Thomas Jonas (-1652). In 1653 under Capt. William Pile (-1654); at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron, Van division) 2–3.6.1653. Returned off hire 1654. Anne Percy (or Piercey), 32 guns. 120 men.

Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1651–53. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Thomas Hare; at Battle of Portland 18– 20.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron, Centre division) 2– 3.6.1653. Anthony Bonaventure, 36 guns Dimensions & tons: 450 tons. Hired 1650–52. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Walter Hoxton (killed 30.11.1652); at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652, where captured by the Dutch 1652. Benjamin, 32 guns. 120 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 350 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Sparks (-1654) ; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Betty. 28 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1653. Commissioned under Capt. James Abelson; foundered in the North Sea 14.4.1653 (all crew rescued by Amity). Blessing, 10 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 100 tons. Hired 1651. No record of captain. Blossom, 30 guns, 110 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Nathaniel Cock; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Brazil Frigate, 30 guns. 120 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Thomas Heath (-1653); at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653. Chase, 22 guns

Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1651. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Benjamin Gunston; at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653. Charles [of Bristol], 30 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 341 tons. Hired 1651–53. No record of captain. Charles [of London], 33 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 400 tons. Hired 1651. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Knox; at Battle of Portland 18– 20.2.1653. Concord Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1653. No record of captain. Employed as a victualler and later as a store hulk at Harwich. Consent Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 280 tons. Hired 1653. No record of captain. Convert, 20 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 180 tons. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Richard Johnson. Crescent, 28 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 326 tons. Hired 1651–53. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Thomas Thorowgood (-1653); at Battle of the Gabbard 2.6.1653. Cullen, 26 guns (Fifth Rate) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652. Commissioned under Capt. Thomas Gilbert; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652; at Battle of Portland 18– 20.2.1653; captured by Ostend privateer Jésus-Marie-Joseph 18.5.1656

(with 2 killed and 8 wounded). Culpepper, 30 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 400 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Gibbs (-1653); at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652. Later under Capt. Thomas Cheyney; in Lawson’s squadron off the Dutch coast 27.8.1653. Deborah Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 100 tons. Hired 1651. No record of captain. Defence, 30 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 364 tons. Hired 1651. No record of captain. Dolphin Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 470 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Marvin. In 1654 under Capt. Daniel Morgan. Dragoneer, 32 guns, 110 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Edward Smith; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Rear division) 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. George Dennis. Eagle, 32 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1651 & 1653. No record of captain in 1651. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Anthony Young; at Battle of Portland 18–20.1653. Eastland Merchant, 32 guns, 110 mem. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired. 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. John Walters; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron, Centre division) 2–3.6.1653. Elizabeth (ketch)

Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Green. Elizabeth and Anne, 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Richard Langford (-1653); at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653. Elizabeth (ketch) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652. No record of captain. Employment Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 440 tons. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Thomas Elliott. Exchange (i), 30 guns. 100 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 250 tons. Hired 1650–51. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Henry Tedman; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron) 2– 3.6.1653. Exchange (ii), 32 guns. 120 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 350 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Jeffery Dare; at Battle of Portland 18– 20.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Exeter Merchant Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 340 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Sparks; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel). Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Mackay. [Golden] Fleece, 44 guns. 180 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 600 tons. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Nicholas Foster; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron) 2–3.6.1653.

Fortune (i), 20 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 200 tons. Hired 1651. No record of captain. Fortune (ii), 20 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 222 tons. Hired 1651. No record of captain. Four Sisters, 30 guns. 120 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 317 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Beck; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Friendship, 15 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 120 tons. Hired 1651. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Blake. George Bonaventure, 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 239 tons. Hired 1651–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Crampe (again, see 1645–46) (-1653). Giles, 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 281 tons. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Henry Toope (again, see 1645) (-1653); at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653.. Globe, 30 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Coleman; at Battle of the Gabbard 2–3.6.1653. Golden Dove, 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 251 tons. Men: ... Guns: 24. Hired 1650–52. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Henry Toope; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652.

[Great] Lewis, 34 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. William Elle (-1653). Hamburg Merchant, 34 guns, 110 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 350 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. William Jessel; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. William Pestell. Hannibal (i) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1650 (impressed at Lisbon). Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Peter Tatham (killed 1652), then Capt. Francis Barham. Hannibal (ii), 44 guns. 180 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. William Haddock (-1656); at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652; at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red Squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Harry Bonaventure Dimensions & tons: unknown. Re-hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Robert Swanley; the sole English ship left in the Mediterranean by summer 1653 — taken 9.7.1653 by Cornelis Tromp’s squadron at Trapani (Sicily) 9.7.1653 Hercules 34 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 480 tons. Hired 1650. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Zachary Browne (-1.12.1652); at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Dungeness 30.11.1652; captured by Tromp’s fleet 1.12.1652. Hopeful Luke, 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 420 tons. Hired 1650–51 and again 1653. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. William Goodson (-1651). Recommissioned 1653 under Capt. Thomas Petty.

Increase, 36 guns — see Trade’s Increase below Industry, 30 guns. 100 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 280 tons. Hired 1651 and again 1653. No record of 1651 Captain. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Benjamin Salmon; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Shadrach Blake (-1654). James (i), 24guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Hired 1653. No record of captain. James (ii) Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 347 tons. Hired 1652. No record of captain. John, 34 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 400 tons. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Cole (killed 1653). John and Abigail, 26 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 350 tons. Hired 1653. No record of captain. John and Elizabeth, 26 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Thomas Wright. In 1653 under Capt. Philip Marshall. John and Katherine Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 400 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Daniel Morgan. Later in 1653 under Capt. John Tarrant. John and Mary Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1650. No record of captain.

John Bonaventure, 28 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652–53. No record of captain. Jonathan, 30 guns, 110 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Robert Graves; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Joshua, 24 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 360 tons. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. William Goodgin. Katherine (i), 20 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 140 tons. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. William. Redgacke; at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653. Katherine (ii), 24 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 270 tons. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Jarvis Russell. King Ferdinando, 36 guns. 140 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Richard Paine; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Levant Merchant (Fifth Rate), 28 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Stephen Marsh; in Appleton’s squadron to the Mediterranean; at Battle of Leghorn 4.3.1653, where taken by the Dutch 38-gun Maagd van Enkhuizen. [Golden] Lion, 44 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired ?1652–53. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. John (or Jacob) Birkdell (-1651). In 1653

under Capt. Lewis Dick (-1654). [This entry may cover more than one ship of the same name.] Lioness Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652. No record of commissioning. Lisbon Merchant, 38 guns. 160 men. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Simon Bailey (-1653); at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron) 2–3.6.1653. London, 40 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 601 tons. Hired 1650. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Stevens (-1653); at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. Later in 1653 under Capt. Arnold Browne. Love, 18 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 200 tons. Hired 1650 -52. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. William Rouse. Loyalty, 34 guns. 150 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 440 tons. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Limberry; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Lucy, 20 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 164 tons. Hired 1650 & 1652. Commissioned 1650 under Capt. Elias Drew. Recommissioned 1653, still under Drew (-1654). Magdalen, 20 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 194 tons. Hired 1651–52. ReCommissioned 1651 under Capt. John Hosier. Maidenhead, 36 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652–53.

Commissioned 1652 under Capt. William Hancock. Later in 1652 under Capt. John Daniell (-1653). Malaga Merchant, 36 guns. 140 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 364 tons. Hired 1650–54. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Henry Collins; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Martha, 25 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Stephen Jay; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. Mayflower (i) Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Hired 1650 and again 1652–53. No record of captain. Mayflower (ii), 10 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 100 tons. Hired 1651. No record of captain. Merchant, 28 guns. 109 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 364 tons. Hired 1651. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Nicholas Parke. Merchant Adventure Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 210 tons. Hired 1653. No record of captain. Merchant [Frigate], 24 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 200 tons. Hired 1651. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Anthony Archer. Merchant’s Delight Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 480 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Clarke. Peregrine, 30 guns

Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 354 tons. Hired 1651 and again (now 32 guns) 1652–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Wood (killed 4.3.1653); in Appleton’s squadron to the Mediterranean; at Battle of Leghorn 4.3.1653, where taken by the Dutch. Phoenix, 34 guns. 120 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 330 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Henry Eden; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Primrose Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 80 tons Hired 1653. No record of captain. Prosperous (i) Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Hired 1650 (impressed at Lisbon) and again 1653. No record of captain. Prosperous (ii), 42 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 600 tons. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Barker (killed 18.2.1653); at Battle of Portland 18.2.1653 — taken by the Dutch (Barker killed) then retaken. Later in 1653 under Capt. Crisp (killed 31.7.1653); at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 29–31.7.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Jeffrey Dare. Providence, 24 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 275 tons. Hired 1651–52. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. George Swanley (-1653); at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653.

A nineteenth-century Dutch lithograph of the Battle of Leghorn in 1653. In this battle the hired ship Samson was set alight by a fireship and blew up, while the hired Peregrine and Levant Merchant were captured. Two Third Rates were also lost in this comprehensive defeat of Appleton’s squadron which lost the English control of the Mediterranean. Beverley R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.35.

Prudent Mary, 28 guns. 100 men. Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 12ft 6in. 295 (294 66/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 1652–53 (re-hired in 1665 [see below] and purchased for use as a fireship 1672). Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Benjamin Salmon; at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652. In 1653 under Capt. John Taylor; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Reason Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1650. No record of captain. Rebecca (ketch) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652.

No record of captain. Recovery, 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 500 tons. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Edmund Chapman. In 1653 under Capt. John Bamford; at Battle of Scheveningen (Texel) 29–31.7.1653. Reformation, 40 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 361 tons. Hired 1651–54. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Anthony Earning (-1653); at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653. Richard and Benjamin, 16 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 308 tons. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Captain John Sherwin. Richard and Martha, 46 guns. 180 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 500 tons. Hired 1652–54. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Eustace Smith (-1654); at Battle of the Kentish Knock 28.9.1652; at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Richard and Mary Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 240 tons. Hired 1652. No record of captain. Richard and William Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Wise. Robert (a pink), 8 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 60 tons. Hired 1652. No record of captain. Roebuck, 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 280 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Henry Fenn; at Battle of Portland 18–

20.2.1653. Ruth Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 415 tons. Men: ... Guns: 30 guns. Hired 1651–53. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Edmund Thompson (-1653); at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653. Samaritan 30 guns. 120 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 357 tons. Hired 1653 (possibly also earlier in 1650). Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Shadrach Blake; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Samson (Third Rate) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 180. Guns: 40 guns. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Edmund Seaman; in Appleton’s squadron to the Mediterranean; at Battle of Leghorn 4.3.1653, where set alight by Dutch fireship and blew up in action 1653 (only 42 survivors). Samuel (i), 26 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Hired 1653. No record of captain. Samuel (ii), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. W Swire (for one or other of the two Samuels). Samuel Talbot, 30 guns. 110 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Joseph Ames; at Battle of the Gabbard (Blue squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Sarah, 34 guns. 140 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1650. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Francis Steward; at Battle of the Gabbard

(White squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Seven Brethren (or Seven Brothers), 26 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Hired 1651–52. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Henry Landes (-1653) ; at Battle off Dover 19.5.1652. Society, 34 guns. 150 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Nicholas Lucas (-1654) ; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Success, 30 guns Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 240 tons. Hired 1650 & 1653. Commissioned 1651 under Capt. Edward Witheridge (-1652). Supply Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 120 tons. Hired 1653. No record of captain. Thomas and Lucy, 34 guns. 125 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Andrew Rand (-1654); at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (White squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Thomas and William, 36 guns. 140 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 444 tons. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Thomas Paulson. Later in 1652 under Capt. John Jefferson (-1653); at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653; at Battle of the Gabbard (Red squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Thomas Bonaventure, 28 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 333 tons. Hired 1653. No record of captain. Thomas Joyce Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1653.

No record of captain. [Trade’s] Increase Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 505 tons. Hired 1651–52. Recommissioned 1650 under Capt. William Jacob (-1651). Later in 1651 under Capt. Thomas Varvell (-1652) Unity (or Vanity) Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 240 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Alexander Farley. Unity of Hull Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 45 tons. Hired 1653. No record of captain. Victoria Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Thomas Rands. Victory Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 400 tons. Hired 1653. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. Nicholas Mitchell. William Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 700 tons Hired 1651. Commissioned 1653 under Capt. John Taylor (killed 1653); at Battle of the Gabbard on 3.6.1654 (only on second day). Later in 1653 under Capt. Robert Salmon. William and Elizabeth Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 280 tons. Hired 1649–54. No record of captain. William and John, 34 or 36 guns. 120 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652–53. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. Robert Philpott. In 1653 under Capt. Nathaniel Jesson; at Battle of Portland 18–20.2.1653; at Battle of the

Gabbard (Blue squadron) 2–3.6.1653. Later in 1653 under Capt. Holman. William and Thomas, 30 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1652–53, noted as for Mediterranean. Commissioned 1652 under Capt. John Godolphin (-1653).

(C) Vessels hired from 2 May 1660 John ketch (pink) — hired On 12.9.1660 under Capt. John Barton (-9.3? 1662). 1669 capt Porter, with Allin’s squadron in the Mediterranean. Wrenn pink On 8.4.1668 under Isaac White (-5.11.1668). Batchelor ketch — hired Commissioned 22.6.1667 under Capt. Jacob Sandford (-24.9.1667), as a fireship. On 2.4.1668 under Capt. Ralph Frary (-2.7.1668). Vine On 10.5.1666 under Capt. John Hutton (-30.10.1666). Isabella On 1.8.1666 under William Jones (-26.10.1667). Hired Fourth Rates of the Second Anglo-Dutch War (listed in order of date when each’s first RN captain was in pay). The first six of these were hired in August 1664 to join a squadron designed to escort the Africa Company’s trading fleet to West Africa, but this expedition was cancelled as war became imminent. Royal Exchange Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 500 bm (estimated). Men: 220. Guns: 46. Hired 8.1664. Commissioned 2.9.1664 under Capt. Giles Shelley (-14.12.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 12.1665, Dut renewed 6.1667. In 6.1667 under Capt. Anthony Langston (-6.1667). Hire ended before 19.7.1667.

Good Hope Dimensions & tons: 89ft 6in keel x 23ft 11in x ... 272 29/94 bm. Men: 130. Guns: 34. Hired 8.1664. Commissioned 4.9.1664 under Capt. Anthony Archer (died 20.5.1665); taken by the Dutch while escorting convoy from Hamburg 20.5.1665. East India Merchant Dimensions & tons: 96ft 10in keel x 29ft 8in x ... 453 30/94 bm. Men: 180. Guns: 44. Hired 8.1664. Commissioned 5.9.1664 under Capt. John Wilgresse (-12.12.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 12.1665, Dut re-hired 4.1666. On 11.5.1666 under Capt. William Treherne (died 4.11.1667). On 17.11.1667 under Capt. Ralph Sanderson (-31.3.1668). Hire ended 4.1668. John and Katherine Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 400 bm (estimated). Men: 150. Guns: 32. Hired 8.1664. Commissioned 9.9.1664 under Capt. John Aylett (-20.1.1665). On 21.1.1665 under Capt. John Whately (-11.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 18.7.1665 under Capt. Simon Sadd (-5.10.1665); in actions of 3.9.1665 and 9.9.1665. Hire ended 10.1665. Maryland (or Merryland) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 140. Guns: 40. Hired 8.1664. Commissioned 13.9.1664 under Capt. John Pointz (-20.1.1665). On 21.1.1665 under Capt. Abraham Ansley (-10.6.1665); paid off 22.6.1665. Recommissioned 10.7.1665 under Capt. William Davies (-11.12.1665) and re-armed 15.8.1665. Hired ended 12.1665, Dut renewed 5.1666. Recommissioned 25.6.1666 under Capt. Philip Ewers (-19.1.1666), as a hospital ship. Hire ended 12.1666. Barbados Merchant Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 23ft 6in x 10ft 6in. 223 1/4 bm. Draught 11ft 6in.

Men: 120. Guns: unknown. Hired 8.1664. Commissioned 15.9.1664 under Capt. John Heath (-2.11.1665); sailed 1.1665 for Guinea coast patrol, returning home 10.1665. Hire ended 12.1665. Purchased 1666 for use as a fireship (see Chapter 7), but instead scuttled as a blockship in the Medway n.6.1667. The next two vessels were hired as escorts for outgoing East Indiamen, sailing for St Helena in January 1665 and returning with five East Indiamen in August 1665. John and Margaret Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men 150. Guns: 40+. Hired 11.1664. Commissioned 10.11.1664 under Capt. George Chappell (-16.12.1665); sailed 1.1665 as convoy escort for East Indiamen to St Helena; returned home with trade 8.1665 via Ireland; in action of 9.9.1665. Hire ended 12.1665. William Dimensions & tons: unknown, (possibly the same as the William of 1653) Men: 130 (150 in 1667). Guns: 40 (fewer in 1667) Hired 11.1664. Commissioned 11.1664 under Capt. George Erwin (-1.1665), then 1.1665 under Capt. William Basse (-9.1665); sailed 1.1665 as convoy escort for East Indiamen to St Helena; returned home with trade 8.1665 via Ireland; in action of 9.9.1665. Hire ended 9.1665, but renewed 3.1667 at Barbadoes. Recommissioned 12.3.1667 under Capt. Morris Williams (-? 5.1667); in action off Nevis 10.5.1667. Hire ended 5.1667. Re-hired in 1669(?) under Capt. Robert Woerden 20.4–6.10.1669. Further merchantmen were hired for service in home waters — the first three in December 1664. As the Navy then contemplated the hire of another 20 vessels (in order to augment the strength of the fleet to a level of 130 ships), it appointed Capt. John Fortescue to investigate the available merchantmen and oversee the contracting. Fourteen of these were hired by the end of January 1665, and another four in March (these last being the King Ferdinando, Eagle, Madras and Prudent Mary). The list was completed in

May by the addition of the new Baltimore and Loyal Subject — the latter being awarded to Fortescue himself to command soon after her launch at Limehouse on 6 April. Meanwhile another merchantman — the George of Bristol — was also hired in March 1665 by Sir John Knight, the Navy’s representative in Bristol, and she was assigned the role of countering the increasing activities of Dutch privateers in the Bristol Channel. Another Bristol vessel — the Pearl — was hired by Knight for the same role in June. Bendish Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 400 bm (estimated). Men: 180. Guns: 42. Hired 12.1664. Commissioned 2.1.1665 under Capt. Robert Taylor (-4.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 13.6.1665 under Capt. Thomas Roome Coyle (-7.8.1665); at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 3.8.1665, losing 14 killed and 38 wounded. On 8.8.1665 under Capt. Abraham Houlditch (-1.12.1666). Hire ended 12.1665. Hambro’ [or Hamburg] Merchant Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 350 bm (estimated). Men: 170. Guns: 36. Hired 12.1664. Commissioned 3.1.1665 under Capt. James Cadman (killed 2.8.1665 while aboard Revenge); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. On 2.8.1665 under Lieut. (Capt. 2.9.1665) Roger Strickland (-11.12.1665); at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 3.8.1665. Hire ended 12.1665, but renewed 6.1667. Recommissioned 28.6.1667 under Capt. John Pearse (-14.9.1667). Hire ended 9.1667. Coast Frigate Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 bm (estimated). Men: 150. Guns: 34. Hired 12.1664. Commissioned 4.1.1665 under Capt. Thomas Lawson (killed 3.8.165); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 3.8.1665, losing 2 killed (including Lawson). On 9.8.1665 under Capt. William Treherne (-12.12.1665); in actions of 3.9.1665 and 9.9.1665. Hire ended 13.12.1665. Loyal Merchant Dimensions & tons: 99ft 0in keel x 33ft 10in. 603 (603 74/94 by calc.) bm.

Men: 210. Guns: 50. Hired 1.1665. Commissioned 3.2.1665 under Capt. Robert Sanders (-19.12.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 12.1665, but re-hired 4.1666. On 18.5.1666 under Capt. Philip Holland (died 19.12.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666. Hire ended 12.1666. Loyal George Dimensions & tons: 91ft 6in keel x 28ft 11in. 406 (406 91/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 190. Guns: 42. Hired 1.1665. Commissioned 7.2.1665 under Capt. John Earle (-1.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (White squadron, Van division) 1.6.1666, when surrounded and taken by the Dutch. Castle Frigate Dimensions & tons: 85ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in. 330 (329 56/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 160. Guns: 36 (10 culverins, 24 demi-culverins, 2 minions). Hired 1.1665. Purchased 1672 as a fireship, but sold 1683. Commissioned 11.2.1665 under Capt. Philip Euatt (-20.12.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 12.1665, but re-hired 4.1666. On 1.6.1666 under Capt. Henry Addy (-24.2.1668); ; to West Indies 1667; at Battle off Nevis 10.5.1667. Hire ended 2.1668. John and Thomas Dimensions & tons: 102ft 0in keel x 29ft 4in. 466 (466 78/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 200. Guns: 44/46/48. Hired 1.1665. Commissioned 11.2.1665 under Capt. Henry Dawes (-8.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Red squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 16 killed and 17 wounded. On 8.6.1666 under Capt. Levi Greene (-30.7.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 30.7.1666 under Capt. Henry Clarke (-1.9.1666). Off hire 9.1666, but rehired at Barbados 3.1667. Recommissioned 8.3.1667 under Capt. Samuel Randall (-7.1667); at Battle off Nevis 10.5.1667. Hire ended 7.1667. Satisfaction

Dimensions & tons: 78ft 0in keel x 29ft 7in. 363 (363 9/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 180. Guns: 46. Hired 1.1665. Commissioned 12.2.1665 under Capt. Richard May (-8.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 12.1665. Constant Katherine Dimensions & tons: 85ft 0in keel x 27ft 4in. 338 (337 74/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 180. Guns: 40. Hired 1.1665. Commissioned 13.2.1665 under Capt. Francis Sanders (-12.12.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 12.1665, but hired again 3.1667. Recommissioned 13.3.1667 under Capt. Thomas Collier (-7.1667); in Battle off Nevis 10.5.1667. Hire ended 9.1667. Exchange Dimensions & tons: 74ft 9in keel x 28ft 11in. 332 (332 44/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 170. Guns: 36. Hired 1.1665. Commissioned 18.2.1665 under Capt. Samuel Wentworth (-12.12.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 12.1665. George (i) [of London] Dimensions & tons: 93ft 0in keel x 30ft 9in. 467 (467 70/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 180. Guns: 40. Hired 1.1665. Commissioned 18.2.1665 under Capt. Robert Heytubb (died 28.9.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665; in actions in the North Sea on 3.9.1665 and 9.9.1665. Hire ended 10.1665, but rehired 4.1666. On 4.6.1666 under Cap. Ralph Lassells (-22.9.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666; in action of 31.8.1666. On 23.9.1666 under Capt. William Chant (-10.11.1666). Hire ended 11.1666. [Happy] Return Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 380 bm. Men: 190. Guns: 40 (comprising 12 culverins, 6 demi-culverins, 18 sakers and 4 minions). Hired 1.1665.

Commissioned 18.2.1665 under Capt. John Hubbard II (-9.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 13.6.1665 under Capt. Thomas Harwood (-21.12.1665). Hire ended 11.1666. Blackamoor (or Blackmore) Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 25ft 10in. 270 (269 73/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 170. Guns: 38. Hired 1.1665. Commissioned 20.2.1665 under Capt. Richard Neale (died 19.12.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 12.1665. Society Dimensions & tons: 82ft 0in keel x 27ft 6in. 330 (329 80/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 160. Guns: 36. Hired 1.1665. Commissioned 21.2.1665 under Capt. Ralph Lassells (-3.6.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 3.8.1665. Hire ended 8.1666, but rehired 6.1667. Recommissioned 25.6.1667 under Capt. Henry Miller (-13.9.1667). Hire ended 9.1667. John and Abigail Dimensions & tons: 79ft 0in keel x 29ft 2in. 356 (357 44/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 160. Guns: 40. Hired 1.1665. Commissioned 26.2.1665 under Capt. Joseph Sanders (-10.6.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. On 11.6.1665 under Capt. Henry Addy (-12.12.1665). Hire ended 12.1665, Golden Phoenix Dimensions & tons: 76ft 10in keel x 26ft 6in. 287 (exact) bm. Men: 160. Guns: 36. Hired 1.1665 (was a former Dutch East Indiaman). Commissioned 28.2.1665 under Capt. Samuel Dickenson (-20.12.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 12.1665. Katherine (not to be confused with the Constant Katherine) Dimensions & tons: 80ft 0in keel x 26ft 6in. 298 (298 78/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 160. Guns: 36. Hired 1.1665.

Commissioned 8.3.1665 under Capt. Thomas Elliott (-1.9.1666); at Battle of Lowestoft (White squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 1 killed. Hire ended 9.1666. King Ferdinando Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 300 tons. Men: 180. Guns: 36–42. Hired 3.1665. Commissioned 2.3.1665 under Capt. Francis Johnson (-28.8.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 10.1665. Eagle Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 220. Guns: 44. Hired 3.1665. Commissioned 9.3.1665 under Capt. Thomas Hendra (or Hindra) (died 4.12.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Red squadron, Rear division) 3.6.1665. Hire ended 12.1665. Madras (or Maderas) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 180. Guns: 42. Hired 3.1665. Commissioned 3.1665 under John Norbrook (-8.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Centre division) 3.6.1665. On 19.8.1665 under Capt. Thomas Smith (-26.12.1665); in actions in the North Sea on 3.9.1665 and 9.9.1665; in Winter Guard n.1665. Hire ended 12.1665. Prudent Mary Dimensions & tons: 76ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in x 12ft 6in. 295 (294 66/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 160. Guns: 36. Hired 3.1665. Commissioned 3.1665 under Capt. Thomas Haward (killed 2.8.1665); at Battle of Lowestoft (Blue squadron, Van division) 3.6.1665; at Battle of Vågen (Bergen) 2.8.1665, losing 7 killed (including Haward) and 13 wounded. Hire ended 12.1666. Purchased as a fireship in 1672 (see Chapter 7) George (ii) [of Bristol]

Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: 20. Hired 3.1665. Commissioned 14.3.1665 under Capt. William Davis (-22.1.1666); wrecked off Padstow 22.1.1666. William and Thomas Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: ... Guns: ... Hired 5.1665. Commissioned 27.4.1665 under Capt. Giles Bond (-15.9.1666). Baltimore Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 180. Guns: 42 (comprising 10 culverins, 10 demi-culverins, 18 sakers and 4 minions). Hired 5.1665. Commissioned 20.5.1665 under Capt. Charles Wilde (-6.7.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Rear division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 3 killed and 5 wounded. On 22.6.1666 under Capt. John Day (died 8.11.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666, losing 4 wounded; in action of 31.8.1666. On 1.7.1667 under Capt. John Hayward (-17.9.1667). Hire ended 9.1667. Loyal Subject Dimensions & tons: 100ft 0in keel x 32ft 3in. 561 (553 21/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 200. Guns: 56 (comprising 22 culverins, 18 demi-culverins, 6 x 6pdrs and 10 sakers). Hired 5.1665. Commissioned 24.5.1665 under Capt. John Fortescue (-15.9.1666); at Four Days’ Battle (Blue squadron, Van division) 1–4.6.1666, losing 34 killed and wounded, and so badly damaged that she was then released (unrepaired) on 15.9.1666. Re-hired 6.1667 and recommissioned 22.6.1667 under Capt. John Hart (-12.9.1667). Hire ended 9.166y. Pearl Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 140 (150 in 1667). Guns: 32 in 1665–66 (comprising 2 demi-culverins, 20 sakers, 6 minions and 4 falcons); 34 in 1667. Hired 6.1665. Commissioned 28.6.1665 under Capt. Walter Morgan (-22.2.1666). Hire

ended 2.1666, but hired again at Barbados in 3.1667. Recommissioned 8.3.1667 (still under Morgan (-7.1667); in Battle off Nevis 10.5.1667. Hire ended 7.1667. After a gap of ten months, eleven vessels were hired in April 1666. Of these the Castle Frigate, East India Merchant, George [of London] and Loyal Merchant had been previously hired in 1664–65, and are detailed above. None were ready in time for the Four Days Battle. Turkey Merchant Dimensions & tons: 94ft 0in keel x 29ft 2in. 424 (425 32/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 180. Guns: 48, comprising 22 culverins, 20 demi-culverins and 6 ‘small’. Hired 4.1666. Commissioned 16.4.1666 under Capt. Richard Partridge (-3.11.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 1.6.1672 under Partridge again (died 10.7.1772). On 27.4.1678 under Capt. Jonathan Waltham (-17.8.1678). Hire ended 11.1666. Coronation Dimensions & tons: 93ft 8in keel x 30ft 7in. 465 (466 1/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 190. Guns: 50. Hired 4.1666. Commissioned 4.5.1666 under Capt. Robert Sanders (-23.5.1666). On 24.5.1666 under Capt. Richard Smith (-17.7.1666). On 19.7.1666 under Capt. William Davies (-8.11.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Rear division) 25.7.1666, losing 7 dead, 16 wounded. On 12.11.1666 under Capt. John Berry (-6.3.1668); to West Indies 1667; at Battle of Nevis (as flagship) 10.5.1667. Hire ended 10.3.1668. London Merchant Dimensions & tons: 87ft 0in keel x 28ft 9in. 385 (382 1/2 by calc.) bm. Men: 180. Guns: 48. Hired 4.1666. Commissioned 17.5.1666 under Capt. Amos Beare (-11.6.1666). On 12.6.1666 under Capt. William Basse (-30.10.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666, losing 10 dead, 16 wounded. Hire ended 11.1666. Charles Merchant (ex-mercantile Royal Charles)

Dimensions & tons: 103ft 0in keel x 32ft 9in. 588 (587 59/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 220. Guns: 54. Hired 4.1666. Commissioned 24.5.1666 under Capt. Butler Barnes (-31.7.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Red squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666, losing 2 killed and 1 wounded. On 16.8.1666 under Capt. John North; taken by the Dutch fleet 1.9.1666 and then burnt. East Lndia London (ex-mercantile London) Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 400 tons. Men: 190. Guns: 46. Hired 4.1666. Commissioned 30.5.1666 under Capt. William Dale (died 11.6.1666). On 12.6.1666 under Capt. William Martin (killed 25.7.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (Blue squadron, Van division) 25.7.1666. On 26.7.1666 under Capt. William Holden (-6.11.1666). Hire ended 11.1666. Richard and Martha Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 200. Guns: 50. Hired 4.1666 (had also been a 1652–53 hiring) Commissioned 16.6.1666 under Capt. George Colt (-8.11.1666); at St James’s Day Fight (White squadron, Centre division) 25.7.1666, losing 10 killed and 32 wounded. Hire ended 11.1666. Albemarle Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 180. Guns: 48, comprising 20 culverins, 12 demi-culverins and 16 sakers (of which 6 were cutts). Hired 4.1666. Commissioned 17.5.1666 under Capt. Jonathan Hide (-6.1666). Hire ended 6.1666, without seeing any service, as her owner (hemp merchant Thomas Gould) had also been principal owner of the Loyal George above, lost to the Dutch during the Four Day’s Battle. During 1667, a further twelve ships were hired. Six were hired at Barbadoes in 3.1667, but four of these had previously been hired in 1664–65 and their details appear above — the Constant Katherine, John and Thomas, Pearl and William; the new hirings were the Companion and the Saint Peter. Another six were hired on the Thames in 6.1667 in a hasty move to counter the

expected Dutch assault on the port of London, but five of these had previously been hired in 1664–65 and appear above — the Baltimore, Hambro’ Merchant, Loyal Subject, Royal Exchange and Society; the only new hiring here was the Lewis. Companion Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 150. Guns: 30+. Hired 3.1667 at Barbados. Commissioned 8.3.1667 under Capt. John Thompson (-10.5.1667); probably sunk in Battle off Nevis 10.5.1667 (with 120 men lost). Saint Peter Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 150. Guns: 30+. Hired 3.1667 at Barbados. Commissioned 8.3.1667 under Capt. Caleb Caine (-7.1667); at Battle off Nevis 10.5.1667. Hire ended 7.1667. Lewis (or Lewes) (mercantile built 1657) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 150. Guns: 35, comprising 12 x 12pdrs, 16 demi-culverins, 4 sakers and 3 minions. Hired 6.1667. Commissioned 22.6.1667 under Capt. John Purdue (-16.9.1667). Hire ended 10.1667. Other vessels were hired primarily for non-combatant duties: Black Cock (a flyboat hired as a storeship) Dimensions & tons: 99ft 0in keel x 25ft 1in. 330 (331 30/94 by calc.) bm. Charles 32 guns (a flyboat hired as a mast carrier and storeship) Dimensions & tons: 85ft 4in keel x 24ft 4in. 269 (268 71/94 by calc.) bm. Constant John (hired as a water boat) Dimensions & tons: 69ft 3in keel x 25ft 3in. 234 (234 79/94 by calc.) bm. John (hired as a mast ship) Dimensions & tons: 77ft 0in keel x 25ft 9in. 273 (271 54/94 by calc.) bm. John and Elizabeth (a flyboat hired as a mast ship) Dimensions & tons: 81ft 6in keel x 22ft 5in. 218 (217 79/94 by calc.) bm.

Kingfisher (a flyboat hired as a mast carrier) Dimensions & tons: 88ft 0in keel x 24ft 0in. 269 (269 58/94 by calc.) bm. Lady Frigate (hired as a mast carrier) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Loyal Katherine (hired as a hospital ship 1664–65) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Mary (i) (a flyboat hired as a mast ship) Dimensions & tons: 82ft 6in keel x 23ft 11in. 251 (251 1/94 by calc.) bm. Mary (ii) (a flyboat hired as a victualler) Dimensions & tons: 85ft 0in keel x 23ft 11in. 259 (258 58/94 by calc.) bm. Saint Jacob (a flyboat hired as a mast ship) Dimensions & tons: 91ft 6in keel x 22ft 11in. 255 (255 56/94 by calc.) bm. Swallow 34 guns (hired 1665 as a water ship) Dimensions & tons: 74ft 4in keel x 26ft 3in. 268 (272 42/94 by calc.) bm. Ketches hired 1665 (one re-hired 1672), and classed as Sixth Rates Hopeful Margaret (ketch) Men: 50. Guns: 8. Commissioned 1.8.1665 under Capt. John Robinson (-20.11.1667). Recommissioned 2.11.1672 under Robinson again (-25.3.1674). [Hopeful?] Mary (ketch) Commissioned 1.8.1665 under Capt. Seth Thurston (-31.7.1665). Hired Fourth Rates of 1672 Augustine Men: 168. Guns: 48. Commissioned 1.6.1672 under Capt. James Wathing or Watkins (-7.1.1673). (Also shown as under Capt. Edward Cotterell, for Virginia, but with same dates.) On 7.10.1673 under Capt. James Watts (-29.3.1674). Barnaby Men: 184. Guns: 44. Commissioned 1.6.1672 under Capt. Thomas Gardiner (-5.11.1673), for Virginia. William and Thomas (not sure if the same ship as in 1666 — see above) Men: 208. Guns: 50. Commissioned 1.6.1672 under Capt. Thomas Pyle (died 21.10.1673).

Ketches(?) hired 1672, and often classed as Sixth Rates. These vessels’ details remain uncertain. They certainly appear as commissioned during the Third Anglo-Dutch War on the dates shown, but are probably hired vessels, and probably with a ketch rig (the ‘Fox sloop’ was variously described as a ‘yawl’ or ‘shallop’). Hatton (ketch) On 5.6.1671 under Capt. Isaac White (-13.6.1674), for Guernsey. Elizabeth (ketch) Men: 40. Guns: 8. Commissioned 6.10.1672 under Capt. Edward Robinson (-30.3.1674), for fishery protection. Essex (ketch) Men: 40. Guns: 4. Commissioned 6.10.1672 under Capt. Seth Thurston (-21.3.1674), for the North Sea. Fox (sloop) Commissioned 19.4.1673 under Capt. Morgan Phillips (-3.12.1673); at Battle of Texel 11.8.1673. [Also recorded under Capt. Charles Lloyd during 1673.]. Fireship hired 1672 Thomas and Francis Commissioned 3.6.1672 under Capt. George Gallop (died 20.10.1674). Hired ship (1678) Barnardiston Commissioned 29.4.1678 under Capt. Stephen Akerman (-2.9.1678). Hired ship (1685) True Dealing Commissioned 8.7.1685 under Capt. Stephen Akerman (-10.8.1685).

(D) Vessels hired from 18 December 1688 In this section vessels known or believed to have been hired by the Royal Navy are shown in alphabetical order of name, with whatsoever details are

quoted in the records. An attempt has been made to list commanding officers, but this is not comprehensive. Some of the data is certainly suspect. Adventure Gaily (formerly Capt. William Kidd’s vessel) (This ship had been specially designed by a consortium of rich but anonymous London backers, and specially commissioned for Kidd. A 34-gun ship as a privateer, she was fitted with a lower deck bank of oars.) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1696–1699. Africa (Fourth Rate), 46 guns. Dimensions & tons: 89ft 0in keel x 28ft 4in. 380 bm. Hired 21.3.1691 to 29.2.1696. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. Bartholomew Clements. In 1693 under Capt. John Knapp, in the North Sea and Channel. On 9.11.1694 under Capt. Robert Thompson; New England convoy 1695. Ann (ketch), 10 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 29.6.1689–3.8.1691. Ann Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 2.2.1690–24.5.1691. Antelope (i). Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 550 tons. Men: 70 (as hospital ship). Guns: 24. Hired 10.9.1688 to 18.1.1693 and again (as 24-gun hospital ship) 13.4.1703– 6.4.1720. Commissioned 1703 under Capt. Henry Hammond, for Rooke’s fleet; in the Mediterranean 1707–08; paid off by AO 9.11.1708. Antelope (ii). Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 16.2.1694–28.9.1695 and again 11.2.1702–21.11.1708. Archangel (Fourth Rate), 48 guns. Dimensions & tons: 89ft 0in keel x 28ft 7in. 387 (386 73/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 12.6.1689–28.4.1696. Commissioned 30.5.1689 under Capt. Jasper Hicks (-1692), for New York. In 1693 under Capt. John Hartnell for Virginia. In 1694 under Capt.

Christopher Fogg, off Dunkirk. On 15.4.1695 under Capt. Vincent Cutter, with Berkeley’s squadron. Baltimore (hospital ship) Dimensions & tons: 86ft 4in keel x 26ft 6in. 324 (322 46/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 13.2.1691–6.10.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. Joseph Turner. Basing Galley, 18 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 121 bm. Hired 22.10.1693. Commissioned under Capt. John Pointon; taken by two French privateers off the Sussex coast 5.7.1694 (Pointon killed and 15 wounded). Berkeley Castle, 46 guns. Dimensions & tons: 97ft 6in keel x 32ft 6in. 549 (547 74/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 9.5.1689–25.10.1695. Commissioned 1689 under Capt. William Tollemach, off Dunkirk. In 1690 under Capt. John Crofts, later under Capt. Thomas Gillam. In 1691 under Capt. Richard Kempthorne. In 1692 under Capt. Christopher Myngs, off Dunkirk. In 1694 under Capt. William Beames; Newfoundland convoy 1695; taken by the French 25.10.1695. Betty — (scout boat). Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired (possibly) in 1689 — no further details. Blackwell Hall (sloop), 4 guns, + 4 swivels, 12 men. Dimensions & tons: 87ft 3in keel x 14ft 2in (dubious!). 40 bm Hired 5.7.1699–5.9.1701. Commissioned 1699 under Cmdr J. Edmonds, for the Channel; paid off 1701. Bonaventure (Fifth Rate, later Fourth Rate), 36, later 50 guns. Dimensions & tons: 96ft 6in keel x 30ft 6in. 472 (477 46/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 15.7.1690–7.11.1698. Commissioned 19.2.1690 under Capt. James Davison. In 1695 under Capt. J. Redman. Bristow (or Bristol) (Fifth Rate or hospital ship), 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 532 bm. Hired 15.2.1692–11.10.1697. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. Thomas Halstead. Bridget Galley Dimensions & tons: unknown.

Hired 12.7.1693–28.8.1694. Commissioned 12.7.1693 under Capt. Horatio Townsend (-12.1693). Catherine (storeship) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired (possibly) 1691–1694. Cadiz Merchant Dimensions & tons: 63ft 0in keel x 25ft 4in. 285 (215 6/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 2.2.1690–30.5.1691. Charity (ketch, classed as Sixth Rate), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: 64ft 0in keel x 20ft 8in. 146 (145 37/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 4.6.1689–1692 (possibly fitted as a bomb vessel 1692). Coronation (Fourth Rate) 48 guns. Hired 9.5.1689–18.4.1696. Commissioned under Capt. Thomas Raines, off Dunkirk. In 1690 under Capt. Ralph Wrenn, for the West Indies. In 1694 under Capt. James Bennett, for Virginia; North Sea in 1695. Concord (hospital ship) Dimensions & tons: 84ft 0in keel x 28ft 1in. 353 (352 36/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 21.4.1690–6.12.1695. Delavall (Fifth Rate), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: 70ft 9in keel x 24ft 1in. 219 (218 25/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 3.8.1693–4.9.1694. Edward and Susan (hoy, classed as Sixth Rate), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 24.6.1689–28.10.1689. Enquiry (or Inquiry) sloop, 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Commissioned ?26.3.1691 under Lieut. Peter Knight (killed 13.10.1691); taken by the French in the Channel 13.10.1691. Europa (Fourth Rate), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 24.7.1690–1690. Commissioned 30.7.1690 under Capt. William Whetstone, for the Irish Sea; conveyance of victuallers to support the army in Ireland. Farmers Goodwill (Fourth Rate), 50 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 260. Guns: 50.

Hired (possibly) 1699. Friendly Society (Fifth Rate), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: 80ft 0in keel x 28ft 3in. 339 56/94 bm. Hired 15.3.1693–27.10.1695. Frog (dogger), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 4.6.1689–1689. George (Fourth Rate), 48 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 11.6.1689–29.1.1691. Hannibal (Fourth Rate), 48 guns. Dimensions & tons: 95ft 0in keel x 29ft 0in. 427 (424 91/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 12.7.1689–6.5.1691. Jerusalem (Sixth Rate). Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1689. Joseph Dimensions & tons: 85ft 6in keel x 25ft 6in. 319 (295 68/94 by calc!) bm. Hired 31.3.1694–15.4.1696. Levant (hoy, classed as Sixth Rate), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 40. Guns: 8. Hired 1689–1690 (for Irish waters) London Merchant (i), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: 85ft 6in keel x 29ft 7in. 398 (398 1/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 12.1.1689–7.2.1692. London Merchant (ii) (hospital ship) Dimensions & tons: 70ft 0in keel x 26ft 10in. 269 (268 9/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 4.3.1690–13.11.1696. Loyal Merchant, 50 guns. Dimensions & tons: 96ft 0in keel x 29ft 3in. 450 (436 83/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 50 in 1701. Guns: 24 in 1701. Hired 2.2.1689–10.8.1697 and again (as 20-gun storeship) 20.3.1701– 19.5.1703. Loyalty (Fifth Rate), 34 guns. Dimensions & tons: 83ft 6in keel x 27ft 7in. 337 (337 87/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 15.3.1694–2.3.1697.

Lucas Galley Dimensions & tons: 111ft 0in keel x 3 5ft 4in. 737 (737 10/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 25.10.1693–22.10.1693. Lumley Castle (Fourth Rate), 56 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 16.9.1692. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. George Meester; wrecked at Gibraltar in a gale 19.2.1694 (130 drowned). Mary (Sixth Rate), 12 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 105 bm. Hired 20.6.1689–18.3.1690. Commissioned 1689 under Capt. Abraham Wise; wrecked 18.3.1690 in Wicklow Bay. Modena (Fourth Rate), 60 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 350. Guns: 60–64. Hired 10.7.1690–1691. Commissioned 25.7.1690 under Capt. Humphrey Saunders. Muscovia Merchant (Fifth Rate/storeship), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 94ft 8in keel x 25ft 4in. 324 (323 15/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 45. Guns: 24. Hired (as Fifth Rate) 8.2.1693–8.1.1697 and again (as 20-gun storeship) 28.5.1702. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. Daniel Parsons (-1697); in the Mediterranean 1694. Recommissioned 1702, still under Parsons, for Rooke’s fleet; taken by French squadron (4 men-of-war and 3 privateers) in the North Sea 10.4.1703 while on convoy escort service. Oak Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 9.8.1694–29.10.1694. Owners Endeavour (Sixth Rate), 14 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1.5.1694–15.7.1696. Prince George (Fifth Rate), 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1693–95. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. ?Jedediah Barber

Prince of Orange (Fourth Rate), 40–46 guns. Dimensions & tons: 95ft 0in keel x 27ft 9in. 388 (389 12/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 2.2.1691–2.7.1697. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. Joseph Daniel, for convoys, etc. Princess Ann (i) (Fourth Rate or hospital ship), 48 guns. Dimensions & tons: 101ft 0in keel x 30ft 1in. 486 (486 19/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 25.5.1689–3.5.1699. Commissioned 1689 under Cmdr Richard Radford (discharged 1692), for the Dunkirk squadron; to the West Indies 1690–91. On 11.6.1692 under Capt. William Wakelin, with Rooke’s squadron and Smyrna fleet 1693; to the Mediterranean 1694, then with Shovell’s fleet in the Channel 1694–95; to Jamaica 1696. Rehired 1702 (see below) Prosperous (ketch, classed as Sixth Rate), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 40. Guns: 6. Hired 21.6.1689–23.10.1690. Commissioned 1689 under Cmdr John Pelton. Providence (hoy), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 21.6.1689–21.8.1690. Commissioned 1689 under Cmdr John Wood. Prudence, 42 guns. Dimensions & tons: 90ft 6in keel x 27ft 2in. 353 (355 23/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 28.9.1692–12.5.1696. Commissioned 19.8.1692 under Capt. Thomas Lyell, for escorting the coal trade in the North Sea. In 1695 under Capt. James Studley, for Newfoundland convoy. Rebeccah (Fifth Rate), 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: 78ft 4in keel x 23ft 9in. 227 (235 2/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 5.5.1691–22.10.1691. Richard and Martha, 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 4.6.1689–24.9.1689 Commissioned 6.1689 under Capt. Arthur Condose; wrecked on Lambay Island (N. Ireland) 24.9.1689. Saint Ann (Fifth Rate or hospital ship). Dimensions & tons: unknown.

Hired 1693–1703. Saint Anthony (Sixth Rate). Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1694. Saint John [Prize] (Advice boat), 6 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 28.10.1695. Commissioned under Cmdr Thomas Willyams; taken by a French privateer south of Ireland 5.9.1696. Saint Malo Merchant (Sixth Rate) 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 19.6.1689–23.10.1690. Saint Malo Prize (Fifth Rate) 36 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 18.2.1696–17.10.1696. Sampson (Fourth Rate), 50 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1689. Commissioned 17.6.1689 under Capt. Henry Robinson. Samuel and Henry (Fourth Rate), 44 guns. Dimensions & tons: 82ft 3in keel x 29ft 6in. 382 (380 69/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 19.6.1689–30.3.1696. Commisioned 17.6.1689 under Capt. Samuel John Venner. In 1690 under Capt. Thomas Dilkes, to Virginia. In 1692 under Capt. John Votier, to New England. In 1693 under Capt. Charles Wagner, to New England again. In 1694 under Capt. Henry Sanders, in the North Sea (-1695). Sapphire (Fifth Rate), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 24.7.1690–1690. Commissioned 30.7.1690 under Capt. John Price, for the Irish Sea; conveyance of victuallers to support the army in Ireland. Sceptre (Fourth Rate), 40 guns. Dimensions & tons: 90ft 0in keel x 27ft 9in. 369 (368 61/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 13.6.1689–18.5.1690. Commissioned 1689 under Capt. William Rogers, for Virginia.

One of Edward Barlow’s sketches from his Journal, this is the Sceptre which he commanded in 1697. She was an East Indiaman built by Sir Henry Johnson at Blackwall in 1682, and almost certainly the ship hired by the Navy in 1689–90. Note that like many merchantmen of the time, she has a half-battery aft on the lower deck.

Sea Adventure (hoy), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 19.6.1689–18.10.1690. Seventh (or Severn) hoy, 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1689–1690. Smyrna Factor (Fifth Rate), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: 85ft 2in keel x 28ft 0in. 355 (355 15/94 by calc.) bm. Men: 45 in 1702. Guns: 24.

Hired 12.7.1692–2.4.1696 and again (as 20-gun hospital ship) 10.2.1702– 14.6.1709. Commissioned 1692 under Capt. Edward Littleton, for convoy to the Straits. In 1694 under Capt. Samuel Vincent. Recommissioned 1702 under Capt. Jacob Saunders, for Rooke’s fleet; in the Mediterranean 1707–09. Smyrna Merchant (Fifth Rate), 34 guns Dimensions & tons: 87ft 0in keel x 26ft 5in. 322 (322 88/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 24.5.1689–2.10.1697. Commissioned 1689 under Capt. James Salmon. On 19.3.1690 under Capt. Thomas Harlow, for the Irish Sea. In 1691 under Capt. John Price, for the Irish Sea; conveyance of victuallers to support the army in Ireland. Society (hospital ship and Fifth Rate) 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 357 bm. Hired 27.4.1690–23.8.1697. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. Henry Collins. In 1696 under Capt. John Chapman (killed 23.8.1697); taken by two French warships off the Isles of Scilly 23.8.1697. Spencer (hospital ship or Fifth Rate) Dimensions & tons: 74ft 8in keel x 24ft 2in. 245 (232 by calc.) bm. Hired 23.2.1691–3.10.1691. Commissioned 1691 under Capt. Nicholas Goodridge. Success (i) (Fourth Rate), 48 guns. Dimensions & tons: 102ft 0in keel x 31ft 4in. 534 (532 62/94 by calc). Hired 4.6.1689–25.4.1692. Possibly re-hired as a hulk at Deptford 1694. Commissioned 1690 under Capt. William Wroth, for Dunkirk. On 7.2.1690 under Capt. Richard Kirby (-1692), for the West Indies. Possibly rehired as a hulk at Deptford 1694. Supply (Fifth Rate/‘armed ship’), 34 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 308 bm. Hired 1688–1690. Commissioned 1689 under Capt. William Harding, off Dunkirk; wrecked 11.1.1690 at Hoylake. Syam Dimensions & tons: 98ft 0in keel x 26ft 0in. 340 tons Men: 50 in 1702. Guns: 24 in 1702. Hired 27.1.1693–13.10.1697 and again (as 24-gun hospital ship) 10.2.1702– 24.12.1703.

Thomas and Daniel Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired (possibly) 1689 as scout boat. Three Brothers Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired (possibly) 1689 as scout boat. Tiger (Fifth Rate), 32 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 20.5.1695–24.7.1696. Unity (i) (ketch, classed as Sixth Rate), 8 guns Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 1689. Unity (ii) (Fifth Rate), 36 guns Dimensions & tons: 83ft 0in keel x 27ft 8in. 338 (337 88/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 11.8.1692–15.4.1696. Warrington (Fifth Rate), 30 guns. Dimensions & tons: 70ft 2in keel x 23ft 9in. 212 (210 49/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 10.8.1692. Commissioned 1693 under Capt. J. Case, for the North Sea; captured by the French 1.10.1693. Welcome (ketch, classed as Sixth Rate), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 45. Guns: 10. Hired 21.6.1689–23.10.1690. William and Mary Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired (possibly) 1689 as scout boat. William and Robert (dogger, classed as Sixth Rate), 10 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 22.6.1689–22.4.1690. William and Thomas (ketch, classed as Sixth Rate), 8 guns. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 26.6.1689–26.7.1690. Wolf, 48 guns. Dimensions & tons: 91ft 0in keel x 27ft 0in. 353 (352 81/94 by calc.) bm. Hired 10.7.1690–14.8.1693.

Vessels hired from 1701 A number of vessels hired during the 1690s (see above) were re-hired in 1702–03 — the Antelope (i), Princess Ann, Smyrna Factor and Syam as hospital ships and the Loyal Merchant and Muscovia Merchant as storeships. In addition, the following hirings were not (as far as can be determined) vessels hired previously. Amity (storeship/timber transport), 8 guns. 18 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 19.7.1703–8.10.1705 as timber tranport. Ann (storeship/timber transport), 12 guns. 30 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 14.12.1703–2.8.1704. Benjamin (storeship), 20 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 430 bm. Men: 50. Guns: 20. Hired 17.5.1701–1702. Bristol or Bristow (storeship/timber transport), 18 guns. 35 men. (As far as is known, this is not the same Bristol as in the 1690s.) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 20.12.1703–2.8.1704. Burchett (sloop), 6/8 guns, + 8 swivels. 50 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 41 or 50 bm. Hired 25.6.1708. Commissioned 1708 under Cmdr William Smith; taken by a French privateer off Calais 6.2.1709. Canada (hospital ship), 26 guns. 65 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 7.9.1711 (by AO 30.8.1711)-23.10.1711 (discharged by AO 15.10.1711). Delicia (hospital ship), 22 men. 65 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 7.6.1710–16.2.1713. Commissioned 1710 under Cmdr Thomas Black, for the Mediterranean. Delight [frigate] (storeship), 16 guns. 32 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 17.4.1702–4.12.1702 and again 18.10.1709–15.11.1712.

Discovery (storeship). Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 26.5.1711–20.9.1712. Dispatch (transport), 24 guns. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 254 bm. Hired 1711 in North America. Friendship (storeship/timber transport), 6 guns. 20 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 29.12.1702–2.8.1704. Hope (storeship), 6 guns. 17 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 3.2.1703–04. James and Mary (storeship/timber transport), 6 guns. 17 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 23.1.1703–2.8.1704. Jeffreys (hospital ship), 20 guns. 60–70 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. 513 bm. Hired 10.2.1702–24.9.1708. Commissioned 1702 under Cmdr William Cooper, for Rooke’s fleet. In 1703 under Cmdr Thomas Robinson; with Rooke’s fleet 1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Centre squadron) 13.8.1704; with Shovell’s fleet 1705; in the Mediterranean 1707; at Lisbon 1708; discharged by AO 30.8.1708. John and Susann (storeship/timber transport), 6 guns. 20 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 15.7.1703–20.2.1705. Leake (hospital ship) (The only vessel named to honour Sir John Leake — presumably it was thought to tempt Providence to name a warship Leake!) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 50 crew, + 14 medical team (comprising a surgeon, 4 mates, 8 assistants and a boy). Guns: unknown. Hired 12.7.1708–21.11.1711. Commissioned 1708 under Cmdr Thomas Parriwell, with Byng’s fleet; to the Mediterranean 1710–12. Martha (hospital ship) Dimensions & tons: unknown.

Men: 70 (+ 14 medical team — surgeon, mates and assistants). Increased 18.10.1707 by 8 (5 ‘helpers’ and 3 laundresses), then 5.12.1707 to 80 crew + 22 medical team, etc. Guns: ... Hired 27.9.1707–8.7.1710. Commissioned 1707 under Cmdr Charles Guy, for the Mediterranean. In 1710 under Cmdr Covill Mayne, still in the Mediterranean. Mary and Sarah (storeship), 4 guns. 13 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 15.12.1703–2.8.1704. Mathews (hospital ship), 24 guns. 60 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 446 bm. Hired 26.2.1705–7.10.1708. Commissioned 1705 under Cmdr Edward Mathews, for Shovell’s fleet. In 1706 under Cmdr Joseph Bomstead (-1708); in the Mediterranean 1707; at Lisbon 1708. Peace [flyboat] (storeship/timber transport), 6 guns. 16 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 4.2.1703–2.8.1704 (commanded by Capt. Woodes Rogers) Pembroke (hospital ship) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Men: 74 (60 crew, + 14 medical team comprising a surgeon, 4 mates, 8 assistants and a boy). Guns: unknown. Hired 23.3.1709–1713. Commissioned 1709 under Cmdr William Browne (-1712), for the Mediterranean. Phoenix (storeship), 6 guns. 28 men. Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 5.1.1704–2.8.1704. Princess Ann (see also 1689 hiring above) (hospital ship), 30 guns. 70–80 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 484 bm. Hired 7.2.1702–25.10.1706 (at 6.6d per ton per month). Commissioned 1702 under Cmdr Charles Guy, for Rooke’s fleet; with Shovell’s fleet 1704; at Battle of Vélez-Málaga (Van squadron) 13.8.1704; with Leake’s fleet 1706; paid off by AO 14.10.1706. Sarah and Betty (hospital ship), 20 guns. 45–60 men. Dimensions & tons: dimensions unknown. 370 bm. Hired 10.2.1702–8.10.1703.

Commissioned 1702 under Cmdr Joseph Smith, for Rooke’s fleet. Success (storeship) Dimensions & tons: unknown. Hired 10.7.1709–21.9.1717.

The Battle of Vélez-Málaga in 1704. The hired Princess Ann was present as a hospital ship. Beverley R. Robinson Collection BRR 51.7.85.

In addition to the foregoing storeships and hospital vessels, a large number of hoys, ketches, pinks and smacks (and a few other types) were hired as tenders to larger vessels between 1704 and 1711. These were not commissioned vessels. Details of the warships to which these tenders were attached are not given here, but can be found in the Admiralty Progress and Dimensions Book 1699–1715. As these 144 small vessels are all listed alphabetically below, no attempt has been made to include them in the Index to Hired Vessels. Adventure (i) (ketch), 4 guns. 60 bm, 8 men. Hired 1704–05. Adventure (ii) (ketch), 4 guns. 80/90 bm, 8 men. Hired 1704–05. Adventure (iii) (smack), 6 guns. 45/46 bm, 6 men. Hired 1704–06.

Amity (ii) (hoy), 4 guns. 55/60 bm, 8 men. Hired 1706–07. Ann or Anne (yacht), 4 guns. 65/70 bm, 8 men. Hired 1704–08. Ann (hoy), 4 guns. 60 bm, 8 men. Hired 1705. Ann (ketch), 4 guns. 70 bm, 8 men. Hired 1705. Ann and Francis (ketch), 4 guns. 51/70 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705–07 and 1711. Ann [of Sandwich] (smack), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1711. Benjamin (i) (ketch), 4 guns. 55 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. Benjamin (ii) (ketch), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. Bonaventure (hoy), 4 guns. 80 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705. Burchett (hoy), 2 guns. 40/48 bm. 6 men. Hired 1708 and 1711. Canterbury (hoy), 4 guns. 54 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. Cholmondy (pink), 4 guns. 90 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704. Churchill (smack), 2 guns. 38/40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705–09. Content (smack), 2 guns. 40 guns. 6 men. Hired 1705–06. Coronation or Coronacon (pink), 4 guns. 88/100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705–07. Daniel and Christopher (smack), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1706. Dorothy (pink). 8 men. Hired 1707–08. Elizabeth (i) (hoy), 2 guns. 45 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705. Elizabeth (ii) (pink), 4 guns. 100 bm. 8 men.

Hired 1708. Endeavour (i) (ketch), 4 guns. 103 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704. Endeavour (ii) (smack), 2 guns. 35 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–06. Endeavour (iii) (pink), 4 guns. 56/70 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705–07. Endeavour (iv) (ketch), 4 guns. 60 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. Fordwich (ketch), 4 guns. 90 bm. 4 men. Hired 1704. Fortune (i) (pink), 4 guns. 59 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706. Fortune (ii) (pink). 100 bm. Hired 1707. Francis and Lewis [or Francis and Lucy] (brigantine), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–06. Friends Adventure (i) (hoy), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706–06. Friends Adventure (ii) (ketch), 2 guns. 47 bm. 6 men. Hired 1711. Friends Goodwill (i) (pink), 4 guns. 60 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. Friends Goodwill (ii) (hoy), 4 guns. 60 bm. 8 men. Hired 1707. Friendship (i) (ketch), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–05. Friendship (ii) (hoy), 2 guns. 40/60 bm. 6 men. Hired 1706–08 and 1711. George (i) (hoy), 2 guns. 40/48 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705–08 and 1711. George (ii) (smack), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1706. George and Ann (smack), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–05. George and Mary (hoy), 2 guns. 40/70 bm. 8 men.

Hired 1704–06. Gloucester (yacht), 4 guns. 70 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–07. Goodwill (smack), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705, 1707–08 and 1711. Gravesend (yacht), 4 guns. 70 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–05. Henry and Jane (smack), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704. Taken by the French 22.9.1704 in the Western Approaches and burnt. Henry and Richard (hoy), 2 guns. 48 bm. 6 men. Hired 1711. Henry and Susan (smack), 2 guns. 36 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704. Holygoland (hoy), 4 guns. 100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–06. Hopewell (i) (ketch), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704. Hopewell (ii) (smack), 2 guns. 40/48 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704 and 1706. Hurley [or Hurly] (smack), 2 guns. 40/46 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–06. Jacob and John (hoy), 4 guns. 55 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704. Jane (ketch), 4 guns. 82/92 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706–08. Johanna (pink), 4 guns. 96 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. John (ketch), 4 guns. 70 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. John and Ann (i) (smack), 2 guns. 35 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705–06, 1708 and 1711. John and Ann (ii) (hoy), 2 guns. 46 bm. 6 men. Hired 1711. John and Bridget (yacht), 2 guns. 39/41 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–08 and 1711. John and Elizabeth (i) (smack), 2 guns. 36/40 bm. 6 men.

Hired 1705–06. John and Elizabeth (ii) (ketch), 2 guns. 52 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. John and Francis (hoy), 4 guns. 56 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. John and Jane (ship), 4 guns. 100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706–08. John and Joseph (hoy), 4 guns. 67 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. John and Mary (i) (ketch), 2 guns. 36 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705–06. John and Mary (ii) (pink), 4 guns. 100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. John and Mary (iii) (smack), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1706 and 1708. John and Mary (iv) (smack), 2 guns. 38 bm. 6 men. Hired 1707. John and Mary (v) (hoy), 4 guns. 64 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. John and Robert (hoy), 2 guns. 20 bm. 6 men. Hired 1707. John and Sarah (i) (hoy), 4 guns. 70 bm. 6 men. Hired 1706. John and Sarah (ii) (smack). Hired 1707–08. John and Susan (smack), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705–06. Jumper (hoy), 4 guns. 75 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. Lawrell [or Laurel] (ketch), 4 guns. 70 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–05. Leake (pink), 4 guns. 56/60 (or 80) bm. 8 men. Hired 1705–07. Lemon Flower (pink), 4 guns. 100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. Little Sarah (ship), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1708.

London (yacht), 4 guns. 70/75 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–06 and 1711. Lydall (pink), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. Maidstone (galley), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. Margate (pink), 4 guns, 76 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706. Mary (i) (sloop), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704 (burnt the same year) Mary (ii) (yacht), 4 guns. 70 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–05. Mary (iii) (pink), 4 guns. 100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. Mary (iv) (dogger), 4 guns. 8 men. Hired 1706. Mary (v) (hoy), 2 guns. 19 bm. 6 men. Hired 1706. Mary (vi) (yacht), 4 guns. 60 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706 and 1708. Mary (vii) (ketch), 4 guns. 60/65 km. 8 men. Hired 1707–08. Mary (viii) (pink), 4 guns. 61 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. Mayflower (pink), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705 and 1709–11. Mudd (pink), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–05. Owner’s Adventure (smack), 2 guns. 35/40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–05. Owners Goodwill (i) (hoy), 4 guns. 60 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706–08. Owners Goodwill (ii) (ship), 4 guns. 70 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706. Pelican (ketch), 4 guns. 100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706. Peter (hoy), 2 guns. 28 bm. 6 men.

Hired 1706. Plow (hoy), 2 guns. 48 bm. 6 men. Hired 1706. Postillion (sloop), 2 guns. 37 bm. 6 men. Hired 1709–11. Prosperous (i) (smack), 2 guns. 30 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–06. Prosperous (ii) (hoy), 2 guns. 49 bm. 6 men. Hired 1711. Prosperous (iii) (hoy), 4 guns. 62 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. Providence (pink), 4 guns. 80/85 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–06 and 1711. Richard and John (pink), 4 guns. 90 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704. Richard and Margate (ketch), 4 guns. 100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. Rochester (i) (ketch), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705. Rochester (ii) (ketch), 2 guns. 50 bm. 6 men. Hired 1706. Rochester (iii) (ketch). 60 bm. Hired 1707. Samuell (pink), 4 guns. 51 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704. Sandwich (pink), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. Sarah (i) (ketch), 4 guns. 90/100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–05. Sarah (ii) (pink), 4 guns. 96/100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–11. Seaflower (smack), 2 guns. 35/36 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–06. Society (pink), 4 guns. 59 bm. 8 men. Hired 1709–11. Southampton (i) (sloop), 2 guns. 47 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704.

Southampton (ii) (galley), 4 guns. 70 bm. 8 men. Hired 1708. Speedwell (hoy), 2 guns. 43 bm. 6 men. Hired 1706–07. Success (i) (smack), 2 guns. 36 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–08 and 1711. Success (ii) (pink), 4 guns. 100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. Supply (bark), 2 guns. 40/46 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705. Susanna (smack), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–07. Theophilus (pink), 4 guns. 70 bm. 8 men. Hired 1705. Thomas (ketch), 2 guns. 40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–05. Thomas and Elizabeth (pink), 4 guns. 103 bm. 8 men. Hired 1711. Thomas and Hester (smack), 2 guns. 35/38 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–06 and 1711. Thomas and Katherine (smack), 2 guns. 38/40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705 and 1707. Thomas and Mary (i) (hoy), 2 guns. 50 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705–08. Thomas and Mary (ii) (smack). Hired 1708. Three Brothers (smack), 2 guns. 35/38 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–06. Truelove (smack), 2 guns. 28/30 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–08. Two Brothers (dogger), 4 guns. 90 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706. Unity (i) (ketch), 4 guns. 70/80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–06. Unity (ii) (smack), 2 guns. 38 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704–06. Welcome (i) (smack), 2 guns. 37 bm. 6 men.

Hired 1704. Welcome (ii) (smack), 2 guns. 35 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704 and 1708. Welcome (iii) (smack), 2 guns. 37 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705–06 (this may be the same as Welcome (i). William and Ann (pink), 4 guns. 80 bm. 8 men. Hired 1704–06. William and Elizabeth (ketch), 4 guns. 100/102 bm. 8 men. Hired 1707 and 1711. William and James (hoy), 2 guns. 55 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705. William and Margate (smack), 2 guns. 35 bm. 6 men. Hired 1706. William and Mary (i) (smack), 2 guns. 38/45 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704, 1707–08 and 1711. William and Mary (ii) (hoy), 2 guns. 46/50 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705–06, 1708 and 1711. William and Mary (iii) (smack), 4 guns. 100 bm. 8 men. Hired 1706. Woolwich (i) (smack), 2 guns. 38 bm. 6 men. Hired 1704. Woolwich (ii) (smack), 2 guns. 35/40 bm. 6 men. Hired 1705–08 and 1711.

Appendices Appendix A — English naval vessels engaged in the action against the Armada 1588 These are listed below, each with their date of building (in parenthesis), their established men and guns, and their commander during the action, as well as their subsequent rebuilding (RB) or alternative fate by 1603: (A) THE MAIN FLEET Old style galleons Elizabeth 490 36 Sir Robert Southwell RB 1598 Jonas (1559) Triumph 500 38 Sir Martin Frobisher RB 1596 (1562) [White] Bear 490 31 Lord Edmund Sheffield RB 1599 (1564) Mary Rose 250 29 Edward Fenton RB 1589 (1556) Galleons (‘race-built’ or rebuilt to same standard) Ark [Royal] 430 38 Lord Howard of Effingham, RB 1608 Lord High Admiral Victory 430 39 Sir John Hawkyns, Rear- RB 1610 Admiral [Elizabeth] 250 35 George Clifford, Earl of BU 1610 Bonaventure Cumberland (unpaid) [Golden] Lion 250 35 Lord Thomas Howard BU 1609 Revenge* 250 32 Sir Francis Drake, Vice- Taken and Admiral sunk 1591 Nonpareil* 250 32 Thomas Fenner RB 1603 Hope* 250 30 Robert Crosse RB 1602

Dreadnought Swiftsure* Swallow Foresight Aid* Other vessels: Charles (pinnace) Moon (pinnace) Advice* (pinnace) Brygandine (ship)

190 180 160 150 120

27 27 16 25 14

Sir George Beeston Edward Fenner Richard Hawkyns Christopher Baker William Fenner

RB 1592 RB 1592 BU 1603 BU 1604 BU 1599

45

8

John Roberts

Sold 1616

40

8

Alexander Clifford

RB 1602

40

6

John Harris

Sold 1617

35

—

Thomas Scott

BU 1589

(B) THE NARROW SEAS SQUADRON Galleons (‘race-built’ or rebuilt to same standard) Rainbow 250 34 Lord Henry Seymour Vanguard 250 34 Sir William Wynter Antelope 170 25 Sir Henry Palmer Bull 100 16 Jeremy Turner Tiger 100 20 John Bostocke Other vessels: Tramontana 70 19 Luke Ward (bark) Scout (bark) 70 4 Henry Ashley Achates (ship) 60 8 Gregory Riggs Merlin 35 0 Walter Gower (pinnace) Sun (pinnace) 30 1 Richard Buckley (Master) Cygnet (pink) 20 1 John Sheriff (Master) (C) DETACHED ON OTHER DUTIES

RB 1602 RB 1599 RB 1618 BU 1589 BU 1605 BU 1618 BU 1604 BU 1604 BU 1601 BU 1603 BU 1603

Bonavolia (galley) 6 Sold 1599

250

—

George 24 (hoy) Ambrose BU Ward 1613

Spy (pinnace)

40

—

William Borough BU 1603

Richard Hodges (Master)

This table lists only the Queen’s Ships, and does not include the armed merchant ships (at least 84) which took an equal part in the action. Among those listed, the majority were with the Lord Admiral’s main fleet at Plymouth (including Drake’s squadron of which the six Queen’s Ships are asterisked above); the minority were with Lord Henry Seymour’s Narrow Seas Squadron off the Downs. Note that the number of guns listed only included cannon down to the size of minions; smaller pieces have not been counted in this table. The designation ‘BU’ includes ships that were condemned in the years stated, but where no firm date of actual demolition is available.

Appendix B — Construction costs for English Warships 1659–70 The following are the estimated costs of building or rebuilding ships of various classes in Royal Dockyards or by contract between 1659 and 1670 (as calculated by Anthony Deane in 1670), and storing them for sea service (excluding the charge of officers, men and their provisions). Note that the ordnance of First and Second Rates, and that of the yachts, was costed for brass guns, all other ships for iron guns.

Notes 1 Built by private contractors. 2 Most of the Fourth Rates are shown with a cost of guns at £972; the exceptions were the Leopard and Greenwich (£1,692 each as shown), Kent (£1,008), Assurance and Sapphire (£900 each), Adventure, Dragon and Constant Warwick (£792 each). 3 Actually built 1659, this date and details of the costings indicate that the Leopard was rebuilt or refitted in 1667 (not otherwise recorded).

4 Ascribed to Deane at Harwich, this entry indicates a rebuilding of the Truelove (a prize taken 1647 from the Royalists) that is not otherwise recorded. Source: Deane’s Doctrine of Naval Architecture, 1670. The total price is of the ship fully armed, rigged and stored except for victuals.

Appendix C — Lists of Ships in the Navy, as at various dates The composition of the navy inherited by James I in 1603 is set out in the Preamble to this volume. The composition at subsequent dates is contained in the various tables in this appendix. (A) 1625 The following list sets out the numbers of guns carried by each ship (excluding small anti-personnel guns such as fowlers and port-pieces, the totals of which appear in parenthesis in the same line) in 1625 taken from Pepys’s Miscellanies, vol. 7, p. 203. The (maximum) number of men is largely taken the same source for 1633 (p. 267), with adjustments made to it for earlier vessels. Date Men Guns First Rank [White] Bear (RB) Anne [Royal] (RB) Prince [Royal] Mer Honour (RB)

1599 1608 1610 1614

500 400 500 400

47 40 51 40

(+4) (+4) (+4) (+4)

Second Rank Warspite Assurance Nonsuch [Red] Lion [Dieu] Repulse

1596 1605 1605 1609 1610

250 250 250 250 300

38 34 34 34 36

(+4) (+4) (+4) (+4) (+4)

Defiance Vanguard (RB) Rainbow (RB) [Constant] Reformation Victory Swiftsure Saint Andrew Saint George Triumph

1613 1615 1617 1619 1620 1621 1622 1622 1623

280 280 270 280 300 300 300 300 350

36 36 36 38 38 38 38 38 38

(+4) (+4) (+4) (+4) (+4) (+4) (+4) (+4) (+4)

Third Rank Dreadnought (RB) Convertine Antelope (RB) [Happy] Entrance Garland Bonaventure

1614 1616* 1618 1619 1620 1621

200 200 180 200 200 200

28 30 30 28 28 30

(+4) (+4) (+4) (+4) (+4) (+4)

Fourth Rank Crane Adventure Answer (RB) Phoenix Mary Rose

1590 1594 1604 1613 1623

? 120 ? 100 120

22

(+4)

18 24

(+4) (+2)

Smaller (‘pinnaces’) Moon Seven Stars Desire Charles

1602 1615 1616 1623

? 14 2 12

(+4) (+2)

Note all 1st and 2nd Ranks included 2 cannon petro among their ordnance (except Warspite with 4).

*Launch date as Destiny (for Ralegh); actually bought 1620. (B) December 1653 In this table, the details are as printed in Charnock’s ‘List of all Ships, Frigates and other Vessels, belonging to the States-Navy, the 27th December 1653’. The tonnage and names of captains are omitted (see appropriate chapter for data) and the spelling of some names has been adjusted; I have added the date — the year of acquisition (launch, capture or purchase), with rebuildings shown separately and identified by (RB). Corrections to some of these dates have been made in the light of new data, and the suffix # indicates an early date in the year prior to Lady Day. Date Men Guns First Rates Triumph Sovereign Resolution (RB)

1623 1637 1641

350 700 550

64 104 88

Second Rates Victory Andrew George Rainbow (RB) Vanguard (RB) Paragon Unicorn James Speaker Fairfax Swiftsure (RB)

1620 1622 1622 1629 1631 1633 1634# 1634# 1650 1650 1653

300 360 350 300 300 260 300 360 300 300 400

58 58 64 58 58 54 56 66 54 56 64

Third Rates [Happy] Entrance Lion (RB)

1619 1640

200 220

44 50

Convertine Laurel Worcester Bristol Essex Marston Moor Torrington Plymouth Bridgewater

1650 1651 1651 1653 1654# 1654 1654# 1653 1654#

210 200 220 200 250 300 300 300 300

44 50 56 50 56 60 60 60 60

Fourth Rates Expedition Providence Hector Constant Warwick Satisfaction Adventure Assurance Nonsuch Dragon Elizabeth Phoenix Tiger Guinea Amity Portsmouth [Great] President Foresight Assistance Reserve Advice Pelican

1637# 1637# 1644 1646 1646 1646 1646 1646 1647 1647 1647 1647 1649 1650# 1650# 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650

140 140 100 140 100 160 160 140 160 150 150 170 160 150 170 180 180 180 180 180 180

32 33 28 32 29 40 40 38 39 40 44 40 30 36 42 44 42 40 44 42 42

Centurion

1650

180

50?

Marygold Success Discovery Sapphire Gillyflower [White] Raven Ruby Diamond Marmaduke Crow [Great] Gift Fortune Princess Maria Dolphin Prize Sophia Arms of Holland Heartsease Welcome Bear Tulip Sampson Kentish Black Raven [Golden] Cock [Great] Charity Little Charity Elias Westergate Mathias Half Moon

1650 1650 1651# 1651 1651 1652# 1652# 1652# 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1653# 1653# 1653# 1653# 1653 1653 1653 1653

100 160 180 140 120 140 180 180 160 140 130 100 170 120 160 150 150 200? 200 120 140 180 150 140 130 150 140 140 220 150

32 38 42 38 32 38 44 42 40 36 36 36 38 30 38 36 36 40 46 32 36 50 38 36 44 38 36 34 52 36

Rosebush Hampshire

1653 1653

Portland 1653 Newcastle 1653 Gainsborough 1653 Preston 1653 Maidstone 1653 Yarmouth 1653 Dover 1654# Taunton 1654# Winsby 1654# Note that those ships for which no number of guns given any Establishment of Guns at this date. Fifth Rates Tenth Whelp Greyhound Swan Cygnet Old Warwick Little President Weymouth (pink) Recovery Truelove Paradox Bryer Mayflower Mary Prize Pelican Prize Fox Primrose

1628 1636 1641 1643 1643 1646 1646 1647 1647 1649 1649 1649 1649 1650 1650 1651

120 180

28 40

180 42 160 40 180 — 180 — 180 — 180 — 180 — 180 46 180 — is shown had not been

60 90 80 80 120 80 80 90 30 60 90 130 120 120 90 90

20 20 22 22 32 26 16 24 12 14 26 34 37 36 22 26

Pearl Nightingale Mermaid Middleburg Paul Drake Merlin Martin Peter Waterhound Hound Falmouth Advantage Duchess Sparrow (pink) Plover Falcon Flyboat Convert Katherine

1651 1651 1651 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1652 1653 1652 1653

Sixth Rates Call Prize Henrietta (pinnace) Nicodemus Cardiff Deptford (shallop) Horsleydown (shallop) Hare (ketch) Red Hart (pink) Wren (pink) Note that the Cardiff is almost certainly Rates.

? 30 8 1634 25 7 1636 50 10 1652 130 36 1652 50 6 1652 50 6 1653 30 8 1653 60 6 1653 50 12 included by error among the Sixth

100 100 100 120 120 90 90 90 100 120 120 120 100 90 60 100 100 200 130

28 36 36 32 32 12 12 14 32 30 36 32 26 24 12 26 32 32 36

Fireships Renown John Baptist

1652 1652

30 30

10 10

Wildman Falcon

1652 1652

30 30

10 10

‘Victuallers’ (storeships) Adam and Eve Church Augustin Concord Sun Mary flyboat Hope King David

1652 1653 1653 unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown

30 ? ? 30 ? 40 30 ?

? ? ? ? ? 12 10 ?

Hulks Eagle Fellowship Stork Violet Estridge Ann

1592 1644 1652 1652 1653 1653

(at Chatham) (at Woolwich) (at Woolwich) (at Portsmouth)

(C) June 1660 In this table, the details are as printed in Pepys’s 1660 Register of Ships, except that the spelling of some names has been adjusted; the date is the year of acquisition (launch, capture or purchase), with rebuildings shown separately and identified by (RB). Corrections to some of these dates have been made in the light of new data, and the suffix # indicates an early date in the year prior to Lady Day. The asterisks (*) indicate a ship that had been raised by a Rate in June 1660. The numbers of Men and Guns are those established in 1660; these figures are as quoted in Pepys’s Register of Ships,

even though some errors are obvious. Date

Men

Guns

First Rates Resolution (RB) Naseby Richard * Sovereign (RB)

1641 1655 1658 1659

500 500 400 600

80 80 70 100

Second Rates Rainbow (RB) Victory Andrew George Triumph Vanguard Unicorn James Swiftsure * (RB) Dunbar London

1617 1620 1622 1622 1623 1630 1633 1633 1654 1656 1657

280 280 280 280 300 280 280 300 300 340 260

56 56 56 56 64 56 56 60 60 64 64

Third Rates Speaker Worcester Essex Plymouth Gloucester Torrington Bridgewater Langport Newbury

1650 1651 1654# 1653 1654# 1654# 1654# 1654# 1654

220 230 200 260 210 210 210 210 220

50 48 48 52 50 52 52 50 52

Lyme Marston Moor Tredagh Fairfax Lion (RB) Monck

1654 1654 1654 1653 1658 1659

220 210 210 220 180 210

52 52 50 52 48 52

Fourth Rates Expedition Providence * Marmaduke Constant Warwick Assurance Adventure Nonsuch Dragon Elizabeth Phoenix Tiger Guinea Convertine Amity Portsmouth President Foresight Assistance Reserve Advice Centurion Sapphire Bristol Ruby

1637 1637 1649 1646 1646 1646 1646 1647 1647 1647 1647 1649 1649 1649 1649 1649 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1651 1653 1652

100 100 no 115 115 120 120 130 130 130 130 100 140 100 130 130 140 140 140 140 150 130 160 140

30 30 32 32 32 34 34 38 38 38 38 30 40 30 38 38 40 40 40 40 40 38 44 40

Diamond Bear Welcome Elias Charity Mathias Indian Kent Hampshire Portland Gainsborough Preston Maidstone Taunton Jersey Dover Nantwich Newcastle Yarmouth Winsby Leopard Princess†

1652 1653# 1653 1653 1652 1653 1653 1652 1652 1652 1653 1653 1654# 1654# 1654 1654 1654 1653 1653 1654 1659# 1660

140 110 120 110 110 140 150 150 130 150 150 140 140 140 140 140 140 160 160 160 160 100

40 36 36 36 38 40 40 40 38 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 44 44 44 44 34

Fifth Rates Bryer Satisfaction Success Mermaid Nightingale Pearl Lizard Church

1649 1649 1650 1651 1651 1651 1652 1652

85 100 100 100 100 100 60 65

18 26 34 22 22 22 16 20

Augustine Convert

1652 1652

90 90

26 26

Half Moon [Great] Gift Sophia Paul Rosebush Westergate Wexford Fame Fagons Grantham Basing Selby Colchester Greyhound* Hound Pembroke Norwich Dartmouth Wakefield Oxford Cheriton Lichfield Hector Bradford Forester Sorlings Coventry

1652 1652 1652 1652 1653 1653 1653 1654# 1654 1654 1654 1654 1654 1655 1655 1655 1655 1655 1655 1655 1656 1657 1657# 1657 1657 1657 1658

90 85 85 85 90 85 75 85 105 100 100 100 100 85 50 100 100 100 100 95 90 90 85 100 100 100 90

26 26 26 22 24 26 14 20 22 22 22 22 24 20 16 22 22 20 22 22 20 20 20 24 22 22 20

Sixth Rates Henrietta (pinnace)

1634

25

6

Vulture Paradox

1648 1649

50 60

12 12

Truelove Cornelion Drake Martin Merlin Guift Mary [Prize] Wolf Fox Bramble Cygnet Francis Griffin Hunter Kinsale Lark Lily Hart Harp

1649 1652 1652 1653# 1653# 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1657 1657 1657 1657 1657 1657 1657 1658 1659

60 50 60 50 60 60 50 60 60 60 35 45 40 30 35 40 35 60 25

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 16 14 14 6 10 12 6 10 10 6 6 8

Ketches and Pinks Weymouth (pink) Nonsuch (ketch) Sparrow (pink) Eaglet (ketch) Hawk (ketch) Hind (ketch) Roe (ketch) Rose (pink)

1646 1650 1652 1655 1655 1655 1655 1655

60 35 50 35 35 35 35 35

14 8 12 8 8 6 8 6

Blackmore (pink) 1656 Chestnut (pink) 1656 Swallow (pink) 1657 † Not completed at this time; when built, she had preceding 4 ships.

40 12 40 10 35 6 the same details as the

(D) December 1677 In this table, the details are as printed in Pepys’s 1677 Establishment of Ships, except that the spelling of some names has been adjusted; the date is the year of acquisition (launch, capture or purchase), with rebuildings shown separately and identified by (RB). The numbers of Men and Guns are those established in 1677 as the maximum (war) level for each ship. Date Men Guns First Rates Royal Sovereign (RB) Charles Saint Michael London Saint Andrew Prince Royal Charles Royal James 1 newbuilding (Britannia) Second Rates Saint George Triumph Rainbow (RB) Unicorn Henry Royal Katherine Victory (RB) French Ruby

1660 1668 1669 1670 1670 1670 1673 1675

815 730 600 710 730 780 780 780 780

100 96 90 96 96 100 100 100 100

1622 1623 1629 1634 1656 1664 1666 1666

460 460 460 460 530 540 530 520

70 70 64 64 82 84 82 80

9 newbuilding

660

90

Third Rates Old James Mary Dunkirk York Plymouth Gloucester Dreadnought Henrietta Revenge Lion (RB) Monck Rupert Cambridge Warspite Monmouth Resolution Edgar Swiftsure Harwich Royal Oak Montagu Defiance 20 newbuilding

1634 1650 1651 1653 1653 1654 1654 1654 1654 1658 1660 1666 1666 1666 1667 1667 1668 1673 1674 1674 1675 1676 460

420 365 340 340 340 340 355 355 355 340 340 400 420 420 400 420 445 420 420 470 355 365 70

70 64 60 60 60 60 62 62 62 60 60 66 70 70 66 70 72 70 70 74 62 64

Fourth Rates Assurance Adventure Tiger Dragon

1646 1646 1647 1647

180 190 190 220

42 44 44 46

Portsmouth Foresight Assistance Reserve Advice Centurion Ruby Diamond Bristol Hampshire Portland Swallow Antelope Mary Rose Yarmouth Newcastle Happy Return Dover Crown Jersey Leopard Princess Bonaventure (RB) Constant Warwick (RB) Sweepstakes Falcon Greenwich Saint David Nonsuch Phoenix Stavoreen Oxford

1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1650 1652 1652 1653 1653 1653 1653 1653 1653 1653 1653 1654 1654 1654 1654 1659 1660 1664 1666 1666 1666 1666 1667 1668 1671 1672 1674

220 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 220 240 230 230 230 280 280 280 230 230 230 280 280 230 180 180 180 280 280 180 180 230 280

46 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 46 50 48 48 48 54 54 54 48 48 48 54 54 48 42 42 42 54 54 42 42 48 54

Woolwich

1675

280

54

Kingfisher James Galley Charles Galley

1676 1676 1676

220 200 220

46 30 32

Fifth Rates Pearl Mermaid Guernsey Garland Norwich Dartmouth Richmond Success Hunter Swan Rose Sapphire

1651 1651 1654 1654 1655 1655 1656 1658 1673 1673 1674 1675

130 135 130 130 130 135 125 135 130 135 125 135

30 32 30 30 30 32 28 32 30 32 28 32

Sixth Rates Drake Fanfan Roebuck Francis Greyhound Saudadoes (RB) Young Spragge Lark

1652 1666 1666 1666 1672 1673 1673 1675

75 30 75 75 75 75 50 85

16 4 16 16 16 16 10 18

Ketches Deptford Quaker

1665 1671

50 50

10 10

Fireships Eagle Wivenhoe Holmes Castle Ann and Christopher

1653 1665 1672 1672 1672

45 25 35 45 40

14 6 8 8 8

Sloops Prevention Invention Hunter Vulture Chatham Chatham Double Hound Bonetta

1672 1673 1673 1673 1673 1673 1673 1673

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

(E) August 1688 This list is based on SER/116. Besides the date of construction, it shows for each ship the numbers of Men (for Wartime service in Home waters/Wartime service Overseas /Peacetime service) and of Guns (for Wartime service/Peacetime service) as set out in the current Establishments. Date Men Guns First Rates Saint George Saint Michael London Saint Andrew [Royal] Prince Royal Charles

1668 1669 1670 1670 1670 1673

710/605/500 96/86 600/520/430 90/80 730/620/510 96/86 730/620/510 96/86 780/670/560 100/90 780/670/560 100/90

Royal James Britannia Royal Sovereign (RB)

1675 1682 1685

780/670/560 100/90 780/670/560 100/90 815/710/605 100/90

Second Rates Royal Katherine Victory (RB) Vanguard Windsor Castle Sandwich Duchess Albemarle Duke Ossory Neptune Coronation

1664 1666 1678 1678 1679 1679 1680 1682 1682 1683 1685

540/450/365 84/74 530/440/350 82/72 660/580/500 90/82 660/580/500 90/82 660/580/500 90/82 660/580/500 90/82 660/580/500 90/82 660/580/500 90/82 660/580/500 90/82 660/580/500 90/82 660/580/500 90/82

Third Rates Dunkirk York Plymouth Dreadnought Henrietta Lion Monck Rupert Cambridge Warspite Resolution Monmouth Edgar Swiftsure

1651 1653 1653 1654 1654 1658 1660 1666 1666 1666 1667 1667 1668 1673

340/270/210 60/52 340/270/210 60/52 340/270/210 60/52 355/280/215 62/54 355/280/215 62/54 340/270/210 60/52 340/270/210 60/52 400/320/255 66/58 420/345/270 70/60 420/345/270 70/60 420/345/270 70/60 400/320/255 66/58 445/370/290 72/62 420/345/270 70/60

Harwich Royal Oak

1674 1674

420/345/270 70/60 470/390/310 74/64

Montagu (RB) Defiance Lenox Hampton Court Anne Restoration Berwick Burford Eagle Expedition Grafton Pendennis Northumberland Captain Essex Kent Hope Elizabeth Stirling Castle Bredah Exeter Suffolk Mary (RB)

1675 1676 1678 1678 1678 1678 1679 1679 1679 1679 1679 1679 1679 1679 1679 1679 1679 1679 1679 1679 1680 1680 1688

355/280/215 62/54 400/320/255 64/56 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 460/380/300 70/62 365/280/215 62/54

Fourth Rates Adventure Assurance Dragon Portsmouth Foresight

1646 1646 1647 1649 1650

180/150/115 42/36 180/150/115 42/36 220/185/140 46/40 220/185/140 46/40 230/200/150 48/42

Reserve Advice

1650 1650

230/200/150 48/42 230/200/150 48/42

Centurion Diamond Bristol Portland Swallow Antelope Mary Rose Dover Crown Jersey Newcastle Happy Return Sweepstakes Falcon Constant Warwick (RB) Greenwich Saint David Nonsuch Phoenix Oxford Woolwich Kingfisher James Galley Charles Galley Tiger Prize Mordaunt Tiger (RB) Bonaventure (RB) Hampshire (RB)

1650 1652 1653 1653 1653 1653 1653 1654 1654 1654 1654 1654 1666 1666 1666 1666 1667 1668 1671 1674 1675 1676 1676 1676 1678 1682 1682 1683 1686

230/200/150 48/42 230/200/150 48/42 230/200/150 48/42 240/210/155 50/44 230/200/150 48/42 230/200/150 48/42 230/200/150 48/42 230/200/150 48/42 230/200/150 48/42 230/200/150 48/42 280/240/185 54/46 280/240/185 54/46 180/150/115 42/36 180/150/115 42/36 180/150/115 42/36 280/240/185 54/46 280/240/185 54/46 180/150/115 42/36 180/150/115 42/36 280/240/185 54/46 280/240/185 54/46 220/185/140 46/40 200/200/200 30/30 220/220/220 32/32 230/200/150 46/40 230/200/150 46/40 230/200/150 48/42 230/200/150 48/42 220/185/140 46/40

Assistance (RB) Ruby (RB) Saint Albans

1687 1687 1687

230/200/150 48/42 230/200/150 48/42 280/240/185 50/44

Deptford Sedgemoor Mary Galley

1687 1687 1687

280/240/185 50/44 280/240/185 50/44 200/200/200 34/34

Fifth Rates Rose Sapphire

1674 1675

125/105/80 28/26 135/115/90 32/28

Sixth Rates Drake Fanfan Saudadoes Greyhound Larke Dumbarton

1652 1666 1669 1672 1675 1685

75/65/45 30/25/18 75/65/45 75/65/45 85/70/55 80/70/55

16/14 4/4 16/14 16/14 18/16 20/18

Bomb Vessels Salamander Fire drake Portsmouth (converted 1688)

1687 1688 35/35/35

35/35/35 50/50/50 10/10

10/10 10/10

Fireships Eagle* Young Spragge* Sampson Saint Paul* Half Moon* Rose* Sophia*

1674 1677 1678 1688 1688 1688 1688

45 50/40/30 45/40/40 45/45/30 35/25/25 32 22

12 10 12 10 8 6 6

Dartmouth* Garland* Guernsey* Pearl*

1688 1688 1688 1688

Richmond* 1688 Swan* 1688 Mermaid* 1688 Charles 1688 Cygnet 1688 Elizabeth and Sarah 1688 Roebuck 1688 Speedwell 1688 Charles and Henry 1688 Richard and John 1688 Supply 1688 Thomas and Elizabeth 1688 Cadiz Merchant 1688 Owner’s Love 1688 Unity 1688 * converted from Fifth or Sixth Rate in year shown.

50 45 45 45

10 10 10 10

45 50 50 20 25 20 16 25 25 40 25 40 45 40 25

10 10 10 6 8 6 6 8 6 10 6 10 12 10 6

Ketches Deptford Quaker Kingfisher

1665 1671 1684

50/40/30 50/40/30 15

10/10 10/10 4

Smacks Royal Escape Little London Sheerness Shish Ton Engine

1662 1666 1666 1670 1671

10/10/8 2 2 2 2

— — — — —

Yachts Jemmy Merlin Monmouth

1662 1666 1666

4 20 20

4 8/6 8/6

Kitchen Queenborough Cleveland Navy Isle of Wight Katherine Charlotte Mary Henrietta Fubbs Isabella

1670 1671 1671 1673 1673 1674 1677 1677 1679 1682 1683

20 4 30/20/20 30/20/20 5 30/20/20 30/20/20 30/20/20 30/20/20 40/30/30 30/20/20

8/6 4 8/6 8/6 4 8/6 8/6 8/6 8/6 12/10 8/6

Hoys (all unarmed) Marigold Unity Horseboat Lighter Transporter Nonsuch Delight

1653 1665 1672 1677 1686 1686

5 4 3 3 ? ?

— — — — — —

Hulks (all unarmed) Saint George Leopard French Ruby Slothouse van Harlem Arms of Horn Arms of Rotterdam

1622 1658 1666 1667 1673 1673

2 20 4 4 8 7

— — — — — —

Pontoon Maria

1679 1686

3 ?

— —

(F) August 1714 This list is based on SER/116, amended by Dimensions Book B, and by R.C.Anderson’s Lists of Men of War. The men and guns shown are the highest (wartime) Establishments. The final column gives the condition of the vessel as at April 1714 (taken from SRO D(W) 1778/V/179), according to the following code: O In ordinary (i.e. paid off into reserve) G In good condition H Wants great repairs L Wants small repairs R Rebuilding / BU awaiting rebuilding S In sea pay (i.e. in commission) W Wants rebuilding Date Men Guns First Rates Britannia Royal William (RB) Queen (RB) Victory (RB) Royal Sovereign Royal Anne (RB) London (RB)

1682 1692 1693 1695 1701 1704 1706

780 780 780 780 850 780 780

100 100 100 100 no 100 100

O,W R R O,W O,G O,G O, L

Second Rates Sandwich (RB) Namur Barfleur Triumph Saint George (RB)

1679 1697 1697 1698 1701

680 680 680 680 680

96 96 96 96 96

R O,W R O, L O,G

Prince George (RB) Ramillies (RB) Union (RB) Marlborough (RB) Blenheim (RB) Vanguard (RB) Neptune (RB) Ossory (RB)

1701 1703 1704 1706 1709 1710 1710 1711

680 680 680 680 680 680 680 680

96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96

O,G O,G O,G O, L O,G O, L O, L O,G

Third Rates — 80-gun type Norfolk Torbay Lancaster Cambridge Newark Ranelagh Somerset Cornwall (RB) Chichester (RB) Boyne (RB) Humber (RB) Russell (RB) Devonshire Cumberland Dorsetshire (RB) Shrewsbury (RB)

1693 1693 1694 1695 1695 1697 1698 1705 1706 1708 1708 1709 1710 1710 1712 1713

500 500 500 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 520

80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

O,G O,G O,G R R O,G O,W O,H O,G O,G O,G O,G O,G O, L O, L O, L

Third Rates — 70-gun type Bredah Ipswich Bedford Burford (RB)

1692 1694 1698 1699

440 440 440 440

70 70 70 70

O,G O,G S,G O,G

Kent (RB) Suffolk (RB) Buckingham Berwick (RB) Essex (RB) Lenox (RB) Northumberland Stirling Castle Nassau Elizabeth Captain (RB) Yarmouth (RB) Grafton Hampton Court Orford (RB) Royal Oak (RB) Expedition (RB)

1699 1699 1699 1700 1700 1701 1705 1705 1706 1706 1708 1709 1709 1709 1713 1713 1714

440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440

70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70

O,G O,G O,G o,w O,G O,L S,H S,H O,G S,G S,G S,G O,L O,L O,G O,G O,G

Third Rates — 66/64-gun type Swiftsure (RB) Monmouth (RB) Warspite (RB) Rupert (RB) Defiance (RB)

1696 1700 1703 1703 1707

400 400 400 365 400

66 66 66 64 66

O,L O,H O,H O, L O,G

Fourth Rates — 64/60 — gun type Medway Canterbury Sunderland Windsor Kingston Exeter

1693 1693 1694 1695 1697 1697

365 365 365 365 365 365

64 64 64 64 64 64

O,H S,G O,G S,G O,H O,G

Montagu (RB) Monck (RB)

1698 1701

365 365

64 64

R S,G

Nottingham Mary Dunkirk (RB) August (ex-French Dreadnought (RB) York Plymouth Lion Superb (ex-French) Ripon

1703 1704 1704 1705 1706 1706 1708 1709 1710 1712

365 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 365

64 64 64 60 64 64 64 64 64 64

S,G S,H S,G O, L S,G S,H O,G O,G S,G S,W

Fourth Rates — 54 gun type Chatham Centurion Weymouth Portland Rochester Norwich Anglesea Lichfield Severn Burlington Guernsey Nonsuch Hampshire Dartmouth Winchester Salisbury Prize Jersey

1691 1691 1693 1693 1693 1693 1694 1695 1695 1695 1696 1696 1698 1698 1698 1698 1698

280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280

54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54

O,L S,G S,G O,H R O,H S.G S,H O,G R S,G O,H O,L R S,G S,H O,G

Tilbury Greenwich (RB) Southampton (RB)

1699 1699 1700

280 280 280

54 54 54

O,G S,G S,G

Deptford (RB) Woolwich (RB) Oxford (RB) Falkland (RB) Swallow Antelope Leopard Panther Reserve Newcastle Crown (RB) Saint Albans Colchester Salisbury Falmouth Ruby Chester Romney Pembroke Moor (ex-French) Warwick (RB) Bristol Bonaventure (RB) Ormonde Gloucester Advice Assistance (RB) Strafford

1700 1702 1702 1702 1703 1703 1703 1703 1704 1704 1704 1706 1707 1707 1708 1708 1708 1708 1710 1710 1711 1711 1711 1711 1711 1712 1713 1714

280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 320 280 280 280 280 280 280 250 280

54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 50 54

O,H S,G O,L O,G S,G S,G O,G R S,H S,G S,G O,G S,G S,G O,H S,G O,L S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G O, L S,G O, L S,G O,G new

Worcester (RB)

1714

280

54

new

Fourth Rates — 50/48-gun type Dover (RB) Tiger (RB)

1695 1703

250 230

50 48

S,G S,G

Fifth Rates — 42/40-gun type Hector Lark Folkestone Roebuck Sorlings Gosport Portsmouth Looe Ludlow Castle Hastings Pearl Mary Galley (RB) Sapphire Diamond Southsea Castle Enterprise Sweepstakes (ex-French) Royal Ann Galley Adventure Fowey Charles Galley (RB) Launceston Feversham Lynn

1703 1703 1703 1704 1706 1707 1707 1707 1707 1707 1708 1708 1708 1708 1708 1709 1709 1709 1709 1709 1710 1711 1712 bldg.

190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 190

42 42 42 40 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 40 42 42 42 42 42 42

S,H O, L S,G O, L S,G S,G O,G S,G S,G O,G O,G S,G S,G O,G S,G O,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G

Fifth Rates — 36/32-gun type Experiment Sheerness Shoreham Lyme

1689 1691 1694 1695

145 145 145 145

32 32 32 32

S,G S,G O,G O,H

Garland Rye Poole Lowestoffe Bridgewater Kinsale Tartar Milford (RB) Mermaid (RB) Winchelsea Bedford Galley (RB) Scarborough Dolphin (RB)

1696 1696 1696 1697 1698 1700 1702 1705 1707 1708 1709 1711 1711

155 145 145 145 155 155 145 155 155 155 145 145 155

36 32 32 32 36 36 32 36 36 36 32 32 36

O,L S,G O,L S,G O,L S,G Rep. S,G S,G O,G O,G S,G S,G

Fifth Rates — 28-gun type Speedwell (RB)

1702

125

28

S,G

Sixth Rates — 24/20-gun type Queenborough Dunwich Seaford Peregrine Galley Fox Valeur (ex-French) Aldhorough Deal Castle Flamhorough

1694 1695 1697 1700 1702 1705 1706 1706 1707

115 115 115 50 115 115 115 115 115

24 24 24 20 24 24 24 24 24

S,G S,H S,G Rep. S,G S,H O,G S,G S,G

Nightingale Glasgow (ex-Scottish) Squirrel Phoenix (RB) Solebay Gibraltar Port Mahon Biandford Hind Seahorse Bideford Rose Success Greyhound Lively

1707 1707 1707 1709 1711 1711 1711 1711 1711 1712 1712 1712 1712 1712 1713

115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115

24 20 24 24 24 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G O,G

Fireship Griffin (RB)

1702

45

8

O,G

Bomb vessels Basilisk Blast Furnace Granado

1695 1695 1695 1695

30 30 30 30

4 4 4 4

S,G O,G S,G O,G

Yachts Jemmy Queenborough Cleveland Katherine Mary Henrietta

1662 1671 1671 1674 1677 1679

4 4 30 30 30 30

4 4 8 8 8 8

O,L S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G

Fubbs William and Mary Saint Loe Isabella (RB) Portsmouth Drake Bolton Dublin Charlotte

1682 1694 1700 1703 1703 1705 1709 1709 1711

30 40 ? ? ? p p 45 40

12 12 2 8 2 2 6 12 8

S,G O,H O,L S,G O,L O,L S,G S,G S,G

Sloops Hound Swift Drake Jamaica Trial Ferret Shark Hazard Happy

1700 1704 1705 1710 1710 1711 1711 1711 1711

50 80 85 60 60 60 60 80 80

8 12 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

S,H O,L O,G S,G S,G S,G S,G S,G O,L

Hoys (13) Forester, Hay ling, Harwich, Lion, Mary, Navy [Transport], Plymouth [Transport], Supply, Sheerness [waterboat], Truelove, Old Truelove, Unity, Woolwich [Transport]

All O,G

Smack Royal Escape

1660

8

—

O,R

Storeship Success

1709

90

24

S,G

Hulks (8) Chatham, Plymouth

—

Josiah — Exeter, Saint George, Gloucester, Kingfisher, Thunderbolt’s Prize

Both O,H O,R All O,G

Appendix D — Dockyard Launchings 1603–1714 DEPTFORD Speedwell (RB of Swiftsure) Lion (RB of Golden Lion) Dreadnought (RB) Rainbow Happy Entrance Constant Reformation Victory Garland Swiftsure Bonaventure Saint Andrew Saint George Triumph Mary Rose Henrietta Maria James Swallow Nonsuch Assurance Tiger Assurance Fairfax President Assistance Foresight Diamond 48 Ruby 48

1607. 1609. 1613. 1617. 1619, 8 Nov. 1619. 1620. 1620. 1621. 1621. 1622. 1622. 1623. 1623. 1633, 31 Jan. 1634, 7 Feb. 1634, Dec. 1646. 1646. 1647. 1647. 1649. 1650, 9 Apr. 1650. 1650. 1651, 15 Mar. 1651, 15 Mar.

Kent 46 (not in the Dyd) Essex 60 Hampshire 46 Drake 16 Bridgwater 52 Cheriton 22 Dunbar 64 Oxford 26 Lilly 6 Swallow (pink) Leopard 54 Katherine (yacht) Deptford (ketch) Cambridge 70 Loyal London 96 Royal Charles 96 Saint George 96 London 96 Dove (sloop) Lilly (sloop) Swallow (sloop) Tulip (sloop) Whipster (brigantine) Bridget (smack) Saudadoes (RB) 16 Dolphin (sloop) Lizard (sloop) Vulture (sloop) Royal Oak (74) Deptford (ketch) Lenox 70 Hampton Court 70

1652, Nov. 1653, Apr. 1653, Apr. 1653 1653, Dec. 1656, 16 Apr. 1656, May 1656, Nov. 1657 1657 1659, Feb. 1661 1665 1666, May 1666, 10 Jun. 1668, 3 Mar. 1668 1670, 25 Jul. 1672 1672 1672 1672 1672 1672 1673 1673 1673 1673 1674, Aug. 1675 1678, 12 Apr. 1678, 10 Jul.

Duchess 90

1679, May

Stirling Castle 70 Tiger 46 Neptune 90 Saint Albans 50 Firedrake (bomb) 12 Pembroke 32 Dragon 48 Centurion 50 Shark (brigantine) 8 Despatch (brigantine) 6 Boyne 80 Fortune (fireship) 8 Diligence (brigantine) 6 Firedrake (bomb) 12 Torbay 80 Jersey 24 Paramour (pink) 10 Cambridge 80 Coventry 48 Postboy (brigantine) 6 Ranelagh 80 Barfleur 90 Deal Castle 24 South sea Castle 32 Revenge 70 Bonetta (sloop) 2 Shark (sloop) 2 Assistance (RB) 50 Southampton (RB) 48 Hound (sloop) 4

1679, 29 Jul. 1681 1683, 17 Apr. 1687, Jun. 1688, 23 Jun. 1690, 3 Mar. 1690, Mar. 1691, 6 Mar. 1691, 20 Apr. 1692, 10 May 1692, 21 May 1692 1693, 23 Mar. 1693, Jun. 1693, 16 Dec. 1694, 17 Jan. 1694, Apr. 1695, 21 Feb. 1695, 20 Apr. 1696 1697, 25 Jun. 1697, 10 Aug. 1697, 6 Nov. 1697, 6 Nov. 1699, 4 Apr. 1699, 1 Sept. 1699, 5 Sept. 1699 1700 1700

Trial (sloop) 4 Otter (sloop) 4

1700? 1701, Feb

Reserve (RB) 48 Oxford (RB) 56 Soesdyke (RB) (yacht) 8 Swallow 56 Deptford (hoy) Nottingham 64 Folkestone 42 Isabella (yacht) Lion (hoy) Reserve 56 Crown (RB) 56 Falcon 32 Transporter (RB) (hoy) Northumberland 70 Milford (RB) 32 Navy (transport) 2 Ruby (RB) 50 Restoration 70 Runner (hoy) Colchester 54 Portsmouth 42 Squirrel 24 Resolution 70 Ruby 54 Mary Galley (RB) 42 Romney 50 Lion (RB) (hoy) 4 Fortune (storeship) 24 Dublin (yacht) 10

1701 1702 1702 1703, 22 Feb. 1703, Mar. 1703, 10 Jun. 1703, 14 Oct. 1703 1703 1704, 18 Mar. 1704, 24 Jun. 1704, 2 Dec. 1704 1705, 29 Mar. 1705, ?Dec. 1705 1706, 18 Feb. 1706, 15 Aug. 1706 1707, 13 Feb. 1707, 1 Apr. 1707, 19 Dec. 1708, 15 Mar. 1708, 25 Mar. 1708, 6 Aug. 1708, 2 Dec. 1709, Apr. 1709, 31 May 1709, 13 Aug.

Success (storeship) 24 Margate 14 Charles Galley (RB) 40

1709, 10 Sept. 1709, Nov. 1710, 29 Aug.

Jamaica (sloop) 10 Trial (sloop) 10 Cumberland 80 Charlotte (yacht) 10 Bideford 20 Ferret (sloop) 10 Shark (sloop) 10 Prince (RB of Ossory) 90 Gloucester 54 Gibraltar 20 Port Mahon 20 Advice 54 Rippon 60 Shrewsbury (RB) 80 Royal Escape (RB) (smack) Worcester (RB) 54

1710, 30 Sept. 1710, 30 Sept. 1710, 27 Dec. 1711, 10 Mar. 1711, 14 Mar. 1711, 2 Apr. 1711, 20 Apr. 1711, 21 Jul. 1711, 4 Oct. 1711, 18 Oct. 1711, 18 Oct. 1712,8 Jul. 1712, 23 Aug. 1713, 12 Aug. 1714 1714, 31 Aug.

WOOLWICH Anne Royal (RB) Prince [Royal] Defiance (RB) Merhonour (RB) Convertine (RB) Rainbow (RB) Vanguard (RB) Charles Unicorn Leopard

1608, 29 Jun. 1610, 25 Sept. 1613, Dec. 1615, 6 Mar. 1616, 16 Dec. 1617 1631 1633, 30 Jan. 1634, 6 Feb. 1635, II Mar.

Greyhound Roebuck Sovereign of the Seas 102 Lion (RB) 42

1636, 28 Mar. 1636, 28 Mar. 1637, 14 Oct. 1640

Prince [Royal (RB) Adventure Phoenix Speaker 60 Worcester 60 Antelope 56 Swiftsure (RB) 60 Naseby 86 Pembroke 34 Hawk (ketch) Rose (pink) Richard 70 Hart 8 Anne (yacht) Charles (yacht) Henrietta (yacht) 8 Royal Katherine 76 Greenwich 54 Falcon 42/36 Saint Andrew 96 Bonetta (sloop) Woolwich (sloop) Deal (yacht) Portsmouth (yacht) Woolwich 54 Charles Galley 32 Charlotte (yacht)

1641, 14 Oct. 1646 1647 1650, Apr. 1651, ?Sept. 1652 1653, 28 Sept. 1655, 12 Apr. 1655, Sept. 1656 1656 1658, 26 May 1659 1661 1662 1663 1664, 26 Oct. 1666, 7 Jun. 1666 1670, 4 Oct. 1673 1673, 26 Aug. 1673 1674 1675, 26 Aug. 1676, 12 Sept. 1677

Windsor Castle 90 Captain 70 Grafton 70 Burford 70 Henrietta (yacht) 8

1678, 4 Mar. 1678 1679, 17 May 1679, Nov. 1679

Duke 90 Deptford 50 Mary (RB) Mermaid 32 Milford 32 Chester 48 Bredah 70 Discovery (brigantine) Queen (RB) 100 Portland 48 Charles Galley (RB) 36/32 Spy (brigantine) Scarborough 30/26 Defiance (RB) 64 Lincoln 48 Intelligence (brigantine) Namur 90 Bedford 70 Montagu (RB) 60 Advice (RB) 48 Bonaventure (RB) 48 Kingfisher 48 Prohibition (sloop) Monmouth (RB) 64 Deptford (RB) 48 Royal Sovereign 100

1680 1687 1688 1689 1689 1691 1692, 23 Apr. 1692 1693, Jan. 1693, 28 Mar. 1693 1693 1694, 15 Feb. 1695 1695, 19 Feb. 1695 1697, 28 Apr. 1698, 12 Sept. 1698 1698 1699 1699 1699 1700 1700 1701, 25 Jul.

Woolwich (RB) 50 Tartar 32 Garland 44 Salamander (RB) (bomb) Royal Anne (RB) 100 Devonshire (RB) 80

1702, Jan. 1702 1703, 28 Apr. 1703 1704, 25 Apr. 1704, Nov.

Swift (sloop) Resolution 70 Drake (sloop) Woolwich (transport) Chichester (RB) 80 Elizabeth 70 Defiance (RB) 60 Gosport 40 Flamborough 24 Squirrel 24 Falmouth 50 Sweepstakes 32 Blenheim (RB) 90 Royal Anne Galley 40 Delight 14 Devonshire 80 Ormonde 50 Blandford 20 Hind 20 Hazard (sloop) Happy (sloop) Greyhound 20 Royal Oak 70 Royal George (RB) 100 Cambridge (RB) 80

1704 1705, 31 Mar. 1705 1705 1706, 18 Apr. 1706, 14 Aug. 1707 1707 1707 1707 1708 1708 1709, 15 Apr. 1709 1709 1710, 12 Dec. 1711 1711 1711 1711 1711 1712 1713, 14 May 1715, 30 Sept. 1715, 17 Sept.

Panther (KB) 50 Dartmouth (RB) 50

1716, 26 Apr. 1716,7 Aug.

CHATHAM Answer (RB) 21 Phoenix 20 Vanguard (RB) 36 Henrietta (pinnace) 6 Maria (pinnace) 6 Rainbow (RB) 54 Vanguard (RB) 54 Lion 60 Prince Royal (RB) 100 Dragon 32 Merlin 14 Fairfax 52 Norwich 30 Blackmore (sloop) London (64) Cygnet (sloop) 8 Success 32 Parrot (sloop) 6 Lion (RB) 48 Sovereign (RB) 100 Unnamed (towing galley) 1 Bonaventure (RB) 48 Prince (RB) 92 Little Victory 20 Unity (horseboat) Prosperous (horseboat) Victory (RB) 82 Monmouth 66

1604 1613, 27 Feb. 1615 1623 1627 1629, ?Mar. 1631, 21 Apr. 1640 1641, 14 Oct. 1647 1652 1653, Sept. 1655 1656 1656, Jul. 1657 1657 1657 1658 1660, 26 Aug. 1659 1663 1663, 11 Sept. 1665 1665 1665 1666, Feb or Mar. 1667, Mar.

Prince 100 Queenborough (yacht) 4 Little London (smack) Chatham (sloop) 4 Chatham Double (sloop) 4 Hound (sloop) 4 Sheerness (smack) Katherine (yacht) 8 Montagu (RB) 62 Defiance 64 Mary (yacht) 8 Anne 70 Berwick 70 Pendennis 70 Isabella Bezan (yacht) Britannia 100 Royal Sovereign (RB) 100 Sedgemoor 50 Salamander (bomb) 10 Experiment 32 Dolphin (fireship) 8 Royal Oak (RB) 74 No. 1 (towing galley) N0.2 (towing galley) Supply (hoy) Chatham 48 Adventure (RB) 44 Royal William (RB) 100 Rochester 48 Sussex 80 Serpent (bomb) 12 Mortar (bomb) 12

1670 1671 1672 1673 1673 1673 1673 1673 1674 1675? 1677 1678, Nov. 1679, May 1679 1680 1682, 28 Jun. 1685 1687, May 1687 1689, 17 Dec. 1690, 29 Mar. 1690 1691 1691 1691, 20 Apr. 1691, 20 Apr. 1691, 20 Feb. 1692, 21 Apil 1693, 15 Mar. 1693, 11 Apr. 1693, 24 Jun. 1693, 25 Jun.

Unity (hoy) 4 Maidstone 24 Lizard 24 William and Mary (yacht) 10 Chatham (sheer hulk) Squirrel (yacht) 4 Chichester (RB) 80 Victory (RB) 100 Serpent (bomb) 4 Swift (brigantine) 4 Royal Transport 18 Flamborough 24 Lowestoffe 32 Triumph 90 Resolution (RB) 70 Somerset 80 Eagle (RB) 70 Expedition (RB) 70 Stirling Castle (RB) 70 Tilbury 48 Merlin (sloop) 2 Swallow (sloop) 2 Prince George (RB) 90 Northumberland (RB) 70 Falkland (RB) 48 Falmouth? (RB) 48 Nightingale 24 Albemarle (RB) 90 Mary 64 Fowey 32 Stirling Castle 70 London (RB) 100

1693, 19 Aug. 1693, Nov. 1694, 19 Mar. 1694, Apr. 1694, 9 Oct. 1694, 10 Dec. 1695, 6 Mar. 1695 1695, 5 May 1695, 16 Sept. 1695, 11 Dec. 1697, 10 Jul. 1697, 7 Aug. 1698, 2 Mar. 1698, 30 Apr. 1698, 31 May 1699 1699 1699 1699, 29 Sept. 1699, 30 Sept. 1699, 30 Sept. 1701, 3 Dec. 1702 1702 1702 1702, 16 Dec. 1704, Jan. 1704, 12 May 1705, 10 Mar. 1705, 21 Sept. 1706, 2 Jul.

Salisbury 54 Mermaid (RB) 24 Chester 54 Lion 60 Vanguard (RB) 90 Bonaventure 54 Rose 20 Sandwich (RB) 90 Newark (RB) 90

1707, 3 Jul. 1707, ?Aug. 1708, 18 Oct. 1709, 20 Jan. 1710, 2 Aug. 1711, 18 Sept. 1712, 25 Apr. 1715, 21 Apr. 1717, 29 Jul.

SHEERNESS Transporter (hoy) Sheerness 32 Medway 60 Queenborough 20 Rye 32 Lizard 20 Bridgewater 32 Unnamed (waterboat) Unnamed (waterboat) Fox (sloop) Peregrine Galley 20 Griffin (fireship) 28 Newcastle 54 Sorlings 40 Goodwill (lighter) Ludlow Castle 40 Adventure 40 Scarborough 32 Lynn 40 Deptford (lighter)

1677 1690, 6 Mar. 1693, 20 Sept. 1694, 22 Dec. 1696, 7 Jun. 1697, 29 Mar. 1698, 30 May 1698 1699 1699 1700, 21 Sept. 1702 1704, 24 Mar. 1706, 18 Feb. 1706 1707, 10 Apr. 1709, 16/17 Jun. 1711, 23 May 1715,8 Apr. 1716

HARWICH Rupert 64 Francis 16 Roebuck 16 Spy (sloop) Swan (smack) Fanfan (yacht) 4 Resolution 68

1666, 26 Jan. 1666 1666, 24 Jul. 1666 1666 1666, Jul. 1667, 6 Dec.

Swiftsure 66 1673, 8 Apr. Harwich 64 1674, 12 Apr. Sapphire 32 1675 Restoration 70 1678, 28 May. Sandwich 90 1679, May. Bredah 70 1679, 26 Sept. Albemarle 90 1689, 29 Oct. (Note that the three ships of 1673–75 were built by Anthony Deane as a private contractor.) PORTSMOUTH Portsmouth 38 Laurel 40 Martin 12 Sussex 46 Bristol 48 Marigold (hoy) 3 Lyme 52 Dartmouth 22 Wakefield 16 Chestnut (ketch) 8 Monck 52 Royal Oak 76 Portsmouth (ketch) 14

1650 1651 1652 1652 1653 1653 1654, 4 Sept. 1655, 22 Sept. 1656, Nov. 1656 1661, 7 Jan. 1664, 26 Dec. 1665

Constant Warwick (RB) 40 Portsmouth (sloop) 6 Nonsuch 42 Saint Michael 90 Saudadoes (sloop) 10 Cleveland (yacht) 8 Phoenix 42 Royal James 100

1666, 21 Jun. 1667 1668, 22 Dec. 1669, 30 Sept. 1669, 28 Oct. 1671 1671, 31 Mar. 1671, 31 Mar.

Greyhound 16 Prevention (sloop) 4 Unnamed (dockyard hoy) Cutter (ketch) 2 Hunter (sloop) 4 Invention (sloop) 4 Isle of Wight (yacht) 4 Navy (yacht) 8 Royal Charles 100 Royal James 100 Vanguard 90 Eagle 70 Expedition 70 Delight (dockyard hoy) Ossory 90 Bonaventure (RB) 48 Coronation 90 Nonsuch (hoy) 5 Portsmouth 32 Norwich 48 Russell 80 Weymouth 48 Forester (hoy) 7

1672 1672 1672 1673 1673 1673 1673 1673 1673, 10 Mar. 1675, 29 Jun. 1678, Nov. 1679, 31 Jan. 1679, 10 Sept. 1680 1682, 24 Aug. 1683 1685, 23 May 1686 1690, 13 May 1691, 16 Jul. 1692, 3 Jun. 1693, 8 Aug. 1693, 2 Nov.

Fly (advice boat) 6 Mercury (advice boat) 6 Newport 24 Scout (advice boat) 6 Lichfield 48 Shrewsbury 80 Dover (RB) 48 Express (advice boat) 6 Postboy (advice boat) 4

1694, Mar. 1694, 19 Mar. 1694, 7 Apr. 1694, 13 Jul. 1695, 4 Feb. 1695, 6 Feb. 1695 1695 1695, 14 Apr.

Fly (ketch) 4 Association 90 Exeter 60 Looe 32 Seaford 24 Nassau 80 Swift (sloop) 4 Wolf (Sloop) 2 Greenwich (RB) 50 Saint George (RB) 90 Isle of Wight (RB) (yacht) Edgar (RB) 70 Restoration (RB) 70 Royal Katherine (RB) 96 Portsmouth (yacht) 6 Squirrel 20 Elizabeth (RB) 70 Roebuck 42 Squirrel 20 Nassau 70 Hastings 44 Fruelove (hoy) unarmed

1696, 11 Feb. 1697, 1 Jan. 1697, 26 May 1697, 15 Oct. 1697, 15 Oct. 1699, 2 Aug. 1699, 31 Oct. 1699, 31 Oct. 1699 1701 1701 1702 1702 1703 1703 11 Jan. 1703, 14 Jun. 1704 1704, 5 Apr. 1704, 28 Oct. 1706, 9 Jan. 1707, 2 Oct. 1707, 22 Nov.

Unity (hoy) Captain (RB) 70 Sapphire 44 Bedford Galley (RB) 32 Bolton (yacht) 6 Fowey 44 Seahorse 20 Solebay 20 Launceston 42 Dolphin (RB) 20

1707 1708 1708, 3 Sept. 1709 1709, 19 Jul. 1709, 7 Dec. 1711, 13 Feb. 1711, 21 Apr. 1711, 10 Oct. 1711

Dorsetshire (RB) 80 Success 20 Dolphin (dockyard craft) Strafford 50 Expedition (RB) 70 Montagu (RB) 60

1712 1712, 30 Apr. 1713 1714, 18 Jul. 1714, 16 Aug. 1716, 26 Jul.

PLYMOUTH Postboy (advice boat) Messenger (advice boat) Anglesea Lyme Looe Germoon Prize (RB) Carlisle Saint Lo (yacht) Hamoaze (transport) Mary (smack) Rupert (RB) Plymouth (transport) Drake (yacht)

1694, 3 Apr. 1694, 3 Apr. 1694, 17 Apr. 1695, 20 Apr. 1696, 5 Aug. 1696 (summer) 1698, 16 May 1700, 23 Apr. 1702, 15 Aug. 1702 1703, Oct. 1704, 9 Jun. 1705, 29 May

York Plymouth Endeavour (transport) Enterprize Phoenix (fireship) (RB) Pembroke Irish (yacht) (RB) Bristol Mary (hoy) Feversham Lively Strafford

1706, 17 Apr. 1708, 25 May 1708, 18 Sept. 1709, 28 Apr. 1709, 28 May 1710, 18 May 1710 1711, 8 May 1712 1712, 22 Aug. 1713, 28 May 1714, 16 Jul.

KINSALE Kinsale 36

1700, 22 May

Master Shipwrights — to 1714 Phineas Pett was M/Shipwright at both Deptford and Woolwich (jointly) until 1647, when he was succeeded by his son Peter Pett. In turn Christopher Pett became M/Shipwright for both Dyds from Aug. 1652 until his death in March 1668. At Deptford, Manley Callis was Assistant M/Shipwright from 27 May 1653 until his own death in December 1657; Jonas Shish was then Assistant M/Shipwright there from 15 Dec. At Woolwich, Anthony Deane was Assistant M/Shipwright by 1660, retaining this post until he was appointed to Harwich in Oct. 1664. On 1 April 1668 Jonas Shish succeeded Christopher Pett as M/Shipwright, the last to hold this post for both Dyds simultaneously. DEPTFORD Christopher Pett* as at Jonas Shish John Shish* Fisher Harding* Joseph Allin

1660, 1 Jul. 1668, 1 Apr. 1675, 1 Jan. 1686, 30 Oct. 1705, 12 Nov.

WOOLWICH Christopher Pett* as at Jonas Shish Phineas Pett II Thomas Shish* Joseph Lawrence as at Samuel Miller William Lee Joseph Allin Richard Stacey Jacob Acworth

1660, 1 Jul. 1668, 1 Apr. 1675, Nov. 1678, Feb. 1686, 1 Jan. 1697, 8 Nov. 1700, 19 Dec. 1705, 12 Mar. 1705, 12 Nov. 1709, 23 Aug.

CHATHAM (from 1605 to 1638, there seems to have been two M/Shipwrights responsible for Chatham) Matthew Baker 1572 (-1613) Phineas Pett 1605 (-1629) Edward Stevens 1613 (-1626) Henry Goddard 1626, 16 Sept. Edward Boate 1629 (-1638) John Bright 1647, 17 Sept. Capt. John Taylor 1651 Phineas Pett 1660, ?17 Jul. Robert Lee* as at 1681, 1 Jul. Daniel Furzer 1698, 4 May Robert Shortiss* 1699, 11 Aug. Benjamin Rose well 1705, 1 Mar. SHEERNESS Jonas Shish as at John Shish Joseph Lawrence

1673, 1 Jan. 1675, 1 Jan. 1678, 11 Mar.

Uncertain (gap in records) Daniel Furzer as at Zachariah Modbury* William Bagwell Robert Shortiss William Lee William Bond* Joseph Allin Richard Stacey Jacob Ackworth John Poulter* Benjamin Wakefield (acting) John Naish

1685, 1 Oct. 1687, 1 Jul. 1692, 6 Aug. 1694, 24 Feb. 1695, 27 Jun. 1699, 15 Aug. 1700, 20 Dec. 1701, 28 Oct. 1705, 18 Apr. 1705, 12 Nov. 1709, 23 Aug. 1711, 11 Dec. 1712, 19 Jun.

HARWICH Robert Grassingham Anthony Deane as at Isaac Betts Robert Shortiss Thomas Podd Benjamin Rose well John Lock Jacob Acworth Fisher Harding John Poulter John Naish Paul Stigant

1653-Aug. 1659 1667, 1 Jan. 1677, 26 May (to end 1680) 1694, 13 Mar. 1695, 28 Jun. 1702, 1 Jan. 1702, 11 Sept. 1705, 31 Mar. 1705, 14 Nov. 1706, 1 Apr. 1709, 23 Aug. 1712, 19 Jun.

PORTSMOUTH Edward Boate John Tippetts Anthony Deane

1638, 30 Jan. 1650, 20 Apr. 1668, 24 Apr.

Daniel Furzer Isaac Betts William Stigant William Podd (acting) William Stigant (reinstated) William Bagwell* Uncertain (?post vacant) Elias Waffe Thomas Podd* Richard Stacey

1672, 28 Sept. 1680, 4 Oct. 1689, 1 Oct. 1692, 4 Oct. 1693, 1 Apr. 1695, 28 Jun. 1697, 23 Oct. 1698, 30 Mar. 1702, 23 Sept. 1709, 14 Aug.

PLYMOUTH Elias Waffe as at Thomas Podd Benjamin Rose well John Lock John Phillips*

1693, 1 Jan. 1698, 29 Mar. 1702, 1 Jul. 1705, 31 Mar. 1711, 10 Jul.

* indicates died while in the post. Note that many Master Shipwrights were moved during their careers from one Dockyard to another, and the recurrence of many family names, with differing generations replacing their fathers. I should like to thank the staff of the Caird Library (at the NMM) for supplying data on M/Shipwrights.