Braving the Elements: The 1967 Childcraft Annual
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FICTION-FACT
SUPPLEMENT TO CHILDCRAFT
THE HOW AND LIBRARY
WHY
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BRAVING
THE ELEMENTS The 1967 CHILDCRAFT Annual A
Fiction-Fact
Supplement
to
CHILDCRAFT-THE HOW AND WHY LIBRARY
FIELD ENTERPRISES EDUCATIONAL CORPORATION Chicago
London
Rome
Stockholm
Sydney
Toronto
Copyright
©
1967 by
Field Enterprises Educational Corporation
Merchandise Mart Plaza, Chicago. All rights
Printed
in
Illinois
Staff
60654
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
reserved.
the United States of America
William H. Nault. A.B..M.A.,Ed.D.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 65-25105
of
CHIUDCRAFT-THE HOW
AND WHY LIBRARY
gratefully
Barbara
McDonald,
J.
B.S.
Art Production Editor
Ann
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Acknowledgments The publishers
Art Production Section
George
Amsbary. A.M.
S.
Eriksen. M.A.
Edvi/ard Fitzgerald
Monson
Richard
acknowledge
the courtesy of the following publishers, agencies, and corporations. Full
illustration
acknowledgments for this volume appear on pages 284 and 285. Boys' Life: The Samaritan by Richard Harper and "Out There by A. R. Riefe reprinted by permission of the authors and Boys' Life, published by the Boy Scouts of America. California Institute of Technology: photograph page 256 from lult. Wilson and Palomar Obser-
EXECUTIVE ART DIRECTOR Gordon
Kwiatkowski
J.
Manufacturing Department
"
Philip B, Hall
"
Managing Richard
Executive Director
Editor
A. AtVi^ood, B.S.
vatories, copyright by the California Institute
Technology. E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc.: 'The Battle with the Deep Jungle" from the book Mocha the Djuka by Frances Fullerton Neilson, copyright 1943 by Frances Fullerton Neilson, reprinted by permission of E. P. Dutton & Co.. Inc. Harper & Row. Publishers. Incorporated: "Crossing the Creek" from Little Houses on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder, copyright 1935 by Laura Ingalls Wilder, courtesy Methuen & Co. Ltd.
Joseph LaCount Henry Koval. B.A.
of
Associate Art Directors
John Babrick.
Mary Hauge
Robert
Donald G.
Zeilstra
Research and Educational Services
Designer Ronald
A.
Director of Research
©
Columbus, Ohio: "Trapped by the Storm" by P. C. Degenhart, copyright I© 1964 Highlights for Children, Inc., Columbus, Ohio: "Deer Patrol" by Joe Ewing, copy1964 Highlights for Children, Inc, right Columbus, Ohio: "David and the Wolf" by 1963 HighKatherine Howard, copyright lights for Children, Inc.. Columbus, Ohio. Holberg, Mrs. Ruth Langland: "Gloucester Boy," copyright 1940 by Ruth Langland Holberg. Humpty Dumpty's Magazine: "The Weather Bunions" by Beth Kilreon, first appeared in Humpty Dumpty's Magazine. Lindquist, Willis: for permission to use "Yukon Trail," which appeared in the American Junior Red Cross News.
©
©
Company: "-And Error" from Banner in the Sky by James Ramsey Ullman. copyright 1954 by James Ramsey Ullman, published by J. B. Lippincott Company, reprinted by permission of the Harold Matson Company,
J.
Jo Ann McDonald, B.S. Editors
from American Red Cross News.
in L.S.
Head. Editorial Research
Robert M, Savage Senior Editor
Dorothy
A,
Durkin, A.B.
Michael P McGrath,
Eva-Maria
U.
Edward C. Schuiz, M.S. Chiel, Washington Research Bureau
MA,
Roberta Prichard
Weise
John Sternig, MA. Director of Educational Services
School and Library Consultants Martha Ogilvie,
Artists
David
N.
Peter
E,
Carothers
B. Lippincott
Inc.. "Brave Kate Shelley" from Clear the Track by Louis Wolfe, copyright 1962 by Louis Wolfe, published by J. B. Lippincott Company. Story Parade. Inc.: "The Birchbark Canoe" by Russell Gordon Carter, copyright 1953 by Story Parade, Inc., reprinted by permission; "Whitey and the Prairie Fire" by Glen Rounds, copyright 1954 by Story Parade, Inc., reprinted by permission. Time Inc.: photograph page 169 by David Lees courtesy Life Magazine, copyright by Time Inc. Totboom. Mrs. Wanda Neill: "Adventure on Ice"
H, Petchenik, M.B.A.
Kenneth
Stachowiak
Highlights lor Childrer): "From Up Above" by 1965 Highlights Maia Rodman, copyright for Children, Inc.,
B.A.
Long. B.A.
K.
Martin.
NOD
MLS,
Frances Timmons. M.S.
in L.S.
Margaret Winger. A.M.
Wylma Woolard,
B.S,
in L.S.
Assistant Artists
Educational Consultants
Hans W, Bobzien
Jean
C Antonio Cacfiapero
Ray
Fonner, M.A.
B. L,
Kelso. M.A.
Dorothy
Stoll
Leon Bishop Cartographic Art Coordinator
Carl
Tammlnen, MA.
Director of Editorial Services
Photographs Editors
C,
Donald Stebbing
Head. Field Studies
Richard Lulay, B.S.
Director
Lawrence Peterson, Ph,D. Dorothy Badger
Wilmer
A,
Brow/n
Joan Paro|Cic.
MEd
Head
Librarian
Clare Salter, A.B.
Head. Educational Research
Contents APART FROM
CIVILIZATION
6
From Up Above by Maia Rodman The Turning Point by Howard
I.
Levine
8
....
Fact Section
14
22
FIRE!
26
...
David and the Wolf by Katharine Howard
28
Whitey and The Prairie Fire by Glen Rounds
32
Fact Section
40
WATCHING THE WEATHER
46
The Weather Bunions by Beth
Kilreon
....
Fact Section
54
HUMANS AGAINST THE STORM Trapped by the Storm by
The Cyclone by
L.
P. C.
Degenhart
58
...
Baum
Frank
Deer
IN
72
THE WINTER
78
Ewing
80
Patrol by Joe
Fact Section
HUMANS Yukon
IN
84
THE FAR NORTH by
Trail
86
Willis Lindquist
88
Adventure on Ice by Wanda Neill Tolboom
...
Fact Section
HUMANS The
IN
THE "JUNGLE"
by Frances
i08
Deep Jungle
no
F. Neilson
Fact Section IN
118
A CURRENT
The Birchbark Canoe by
Russell
122
Gordon Carter
Crossing the Creek by Laura Ingalls Wilder
Fact Section
96
104
Battle with the
CAUGHT
60 66
Fact Section
PEOPLE
48
.
124 132 140
Contents, continued
HUMANS
IN
A FLOOD
146
Brave Kate Shelley by Louis Wolfe
When
the Sea
Came
to
143
Leiden
by Florence Laughlin
158
Fact Section
166
PEOPLE AT SEA
172
Gloucester Boy by Ruth Langland Holberg I
Won't Give Up by
A. D.
.
174
.
.
Lewis
132
Fact Section
188
LINKING LAND
AND SEA
Trouble at Sea by
194
Mea Undei-wood
196
The Mountain That Jumped by Florence Laughlin
202
Fact Section
208
BEATING THE WIND
212
The Ship That Belched Fire by Dorothy Washburn Let
Me
214
Help by Mildred Willard
222
Fact Section
228
OVER THE MOUNTAINS The Greatest Battle by Marcella Rawe — And Error by lames Ramsey Ullman Fact Section
HUMANS
IN
232 •
•
•
....
234 240
252
SPACE
256
The Samaritan by Richard Harper Out There by A. R. Riefe
258
Fact Section
280
Illustration
Index
Acknowledgments
274
284
285
BRAVING THE ELEMENTS Once, long ago, people thought the world and the universe
were made of just four These four things were
and air. and people
things: earth, water, fire,
called the "elements,"
believed that these four elements were the building blocks from which everything is made. Today, we know that everything in the universe
is
made up of more than 100 elements —
chemical elements. Water, for example, is not an element by itself, but combination of two elements — oxygen and hydrogen.
is
a
Air is a mixture of seven or eight elements. Earth is made up of dozens and dozens of chemical elements. Fire
is
heat and light that comes from a combination of
certain elements. So, the original four elements are not the building blocks at
all,
but a combination of many building blocks — or
chemical elements.
But sometimes, we still use the word "elements" in the that people used it long ago. When a doctor goes out in a blinding snowstorm to save someone's life, we say
same way
he's "braving the elements."
elements,"
we mean
protecting his
life
that
When we
someone
is
speak of "braving the
keeping
his
courage and
in the face of violent storms, floods, forest
extreme heat, mountains, jungle-like — any danger that involves the ancient elements — earth, water, fire, and air. That's what the title of this Childcraft Annual means. It is a collection of 25 of the best stories about braving the elements, plus (and this is unique) factual information about the "elements" that are braved by the story heroes. The facts give meaning and depth to the fiction; the fiction enriches and warms the facts. Here are excitement, adventure, history, and science. But, above all, here are many hours of pleasure and learning combined. We hope you enjoy Braving the Elements. fires,
extreme
cold,
rain forests, billowing seas
The Editors
v^ ^ mt^^
APART FROM CIVILIZATION If
you were to
civilization
or
live
apart from
-say on
somewhere deep
top of a mountain in
the wilderness —
you might not know or you might forget
what
is
who do It
known by other people live in civilization.
might even be
difficult to
know
the
difference between fact and fiction.
Bv Maia Rodman
From
Up Above The
little
even
boy was wiser than anybody —
his parents,
even the
king.
jLo the people who lived on top of the Mountain, the mountain they lived on top of was the very highest in the world. Each morning and practically every evening and most nights, the people could see nothing at all — or very little of anything.
**
The clouds would hide not only the
world below but their own country. Everyone would bump into everyone else. And all you could hear on the streets would be people saying to each other "Oh, excuse me!" or "I'm awfully sorry!" Sometimes, but only rarely, since the people of the
Story Section/ APART
from civilization
Mountain were quite polite, you'd hear a gruff voice saying, "Watch where you're going!" But when the clouds were not there, the people would look down from their Mountain into the valley below. No one ever went there, but everyone knew who lived in the valley. "Ants live in the valley, the children would repeat in "
school after their teachers.
"The whole world," the adults would The only place where people live
say, "is
ants.
is
inhabited by
right here
on top
of our Mountain.
"We're the only people
in the world,
"
the wise
men would
say.
For centuries and centuries the people of the Mountain believed that only ants lived in the valley below. Not one of them questioned this. That is, not one did until Nino.
Nino happened his birthday)
to
be exactlv seven years old (since it was said to his mother, "Mother, I don't
when he
believe that ants live in the valley.
His mother looked very surprised and said, "Hush, Nino, you mustn't say that." But Nino said to his father, "Father, I don't believe ants live in the valley."
And this
his father looked at him angrily and said, "Nino, if were not vour birthdav, vou'd get spanked for saying
that." It was the custom of the people of the Mountain to see the King on their birthdays. Nino went alone to the Mountain palace, which stood on the highest point of the Mountain. The King could see better and farther into the vallev than anyone else. When Nino came before the King, instead of saying the usual greeting "O King, this is my birthday, he said, "O King, "
I
don't believe ants live in the valley.
The King almost toppled from
jeweled throne, he was man and he could barely reach the floor with his gold slippers. But when Nino said that, the King jumped right down from the throne. "What have you said? he demanded. so surprised
by
this.
He was
his
a fat little
"
"I don't believe ants live in the valley,"
"They are
10
still
Nino
said.
ants!" the King, shouted.
^J.^.
r>"t. '," he said as he picked up a little pig and carried it, squealing and protesting, through the gate and into the house. He set the pig on the kitchen floor and ran back to
squealing and
the pen.
protesting.
snow.
carried
to the pigpen,
snow from the mounds under the
.
.
.
he picked up a
little
pig
carried
and
it,
There were eight little pigs. Could he run back and forth eight times? And what if his flashlight went out or if Mike wakened? But this was no time for such thoughts. He ran back to the pen. Then, as he reached it, he stopped. The wolf had come out of the shadow of the trees and was circling the pen. David turned to run back. Then he remembered the words of an old trapper he had once met. "Never be scared of a wolf, son. They're real cowardly. Stand up to em, and they'll drag their tails and go." With a yell, Da\id picked up a half-burned log of wood and threw it toward the wolf with all his might. W' ith a howl the wolf turned and slunk off^ through the trees. David ran into the pen, picked up another little pig, and hurried toward the house. The next moment his heart was filled with joy and relief for he saw the lights and heard the roar of the truck. His mother and dad were home! His father came toward him. David stepped into the light with the
little pig in his arms. "I'm proud of you, David," Father said as he went to the
house for his rifle. "You were a real man tonight." Da\id suddenly felt very tired. But he was happ\-, too — happier than he had ever been in all his life.
31
^^^jj^gjjjUS^:
Bv Glen Rounds
Whitey and the Prairie Fire The
fire
was spreading across
the prairie.
Once
it
reached the
high grass, nothing could save the ranch. Whitey was
all
alone,
but he had to do something.
w.
'hen Uncle Torwal left for town right after breakfast, Whitey thought some of going along with him. But finally he decided to stay home and fix a new cinch for his saddle instead.
"Sure you won't change your mind and come along?" Uncle Torwal asked as he finished saddling Black Eagle, the best quarter horse in the country. "Somebody might even
up a horse race." "No, sir, I reckon I'll stay here this time," Whitey answered. have a few little odd jobs to do."
stir
"I
"Well, take care of things, afternoon."
.
.
.
And Torwal rode
smoke started
I'll
be back sometime
this
the dancing black horse out
drifting in from the hills.
33
Story Section
/
fire!
through the gates. Uncle Toi-wal treated Whitey much the same as he would any rider that might have been working for him. And as far as Whitey could see, he did almost a man's share of the ranch work. Even so, he enjoyed staying alone on the ranch now and then, working around by himself as if maybe he really
owned
the place.
But now he
felt
uneasy when the
first
thin traces of
smoke
started drifting in from the hills toward Elk Creek. This time
and a prairie So far there was smoke was coming. It might be
of the year the whole country was tinder dry, fire
might burn
for miles
if it
got a good
start.
no way of telling how tar this from some big fire twenty miles away. All morning Whitey kept interrupting his work every little while to watch the smoke and wonder if it was getting thicker. After a while he lost interest in oiling his gear, and went to the house to fix himself some dinner. Instead of making a batch of biscuits as he'd been planning, with ham and gravy to go with them, he got a couple of cold flapjacks left from breakfast. Making a sandwich with a piece of cold bacon, he sat on the steps to eat. But somehow he didn't feel very hungry and fed most of it to the old cat that was rubbing around his boots. For a while after he'd eaten, the smoke didn't seem to thicken any more, and Whitey began to think that it wouldn't be long before Uncle Torwal came. But even so, he was restless and couldn't settle down to do any of the things he wanted to, so after a while he went down to the windmill and climbed to the top of the tower. From there he could see a long way in all directions. Looking ofi^ toward Elk Creek, he could see that the fire was somewhere not too far beyond the ridge. As he watched, a big fuzzy cloud of yellowish- white smoke began to boil high up into the sky. Apparently the fire had been burning slowly through short grass until it had reached a swale where higher grass or buckbrush had suddenly blazed up to make the big smoke cloud. A fire that size would soon make its own draft and begin moving faster. Looking in the other direction, Whitey wished Uncle Torwal would hurry back from town. But there was no sign of anything moving as far as he could see. Ordinarily there would have been ranchers coming from all directions
34
Whitey and the
to see
about a
fire
Prairie Fire
of that size. But today everybody in that
part of the county had gone to town.
Earher in the summer Whitey and Uncle Torwal had plowed fireguards around the ranch buildings and around the stackyards on the flats where all the winter's hay was stacked. But a fire with a fair wind behind it could easily jump the narrow plowed strips. It had been a dry year, and on all sides of the ranch the range was grazed off" short. But the big winter pasture running to the fence just this side of the ridge next
had grass almost knee high. If a fire once got into nothing could save either the ranch buildings or the
to the fire that,
stacks of winter hay.
So after a last look toward town Whitey saddled Old Spot and rode out to get a better look. From the top of the ridge he was able to see the fire itself The black path it had burned stretched half a mile wide, clear across the valley below him, and disappeared over the ridge beyond. Nearer by, the flames — in little creeping lines — were working their way slowly up the gullied slope toward him. It was much too big a fire for him to try to fight by himself And from the way it was heading, Whitey figured it might miss the big pasture entirely and burn itself harmlessly out on the bare, hardpan flats along the river behind him. However, there was always the chance that the wind might change, or one of the unpredictable updrafts might carry a burning brand off^ into the high grass. So after another look in all directions, Whitey turned and rode back to the ranch. At the windmill he quickly filled the water barrel that sat on the stoneboat by the tank. When he'd finished he threw some gunny sacks and pieces of old canvas
Old Spot grunted and complained at the weight of the
barrel dragging
behind him.
35
Story Section
/
fire!
into the barrel,
and fastened the rope from the stoneboat
to
the saddle horn, and started back for the ridge.
Old Spot grunted and complained at the weight of the him over the dusty ranchyard. But Whitey was in no humor to listen to him, and when they got onto the grass the going was easier. As they rode, Whitey anxiously watched the smoke. Sometimes it thinned out to an almost invisible thread, and then again it would suddenly billow up in great, fat clouds. At the pasture gate Whitey unhitched the rope from the water barrel and tied Old Spot to a gatepost. Taking one of the wet sacks with him, he hurried up to the ridge. Down the far slope there were a dozen brisk fires burning where brush in the rain-washed gullies had caught fire. But for now there was nothing for him to do except watch for sparks that might blow overhead. Between the place he stood and the pasture fence below there was a hundred yards or so of close-cropped grass, crisscrossed with deep-cut cattle trails. And on down the ridge it was only a quarter of a mile to the fence corner and the farther edge of the pasture. As he'd guessed, the main part of the fire was going to cross the ridge safely beyond that. But he would have to watch for tongues of fire that might work up the slope against the wind along the bottoms of the brushy gullies. If he could catch them while they were still in the short grass he might be able to beat them out with the wet sacks before they reached the high grass. As Whitey watched, a little whirlwind swept a shower of sparks this way and that, high overhead, finally dropping them close by where he stood. Hurrving with the wet sacks, he quickly beat out the smoldering spots. But from then on, as fast as he beat out one patch he'd see another somewhere barrel dragging behind
else.
The smoke was getting thicker so that his chest hurt when he breathed, and his eves smarted and watered. The sacks quickly dried and began to smolder in their turn, so he hurried to the barrel to get others. As he turned back he saw that a line of fire had broken out of the head of a gully and was creeping down the slope behind him. Dropping the sacks, he hauled one of the bigger pieces of canvas out of the water and started tving it to the end of the rope still fastened to the saddle horn. Excitement and
36
Whitey and the
.
.
.
Prairie Fire
Whitey finally
managed
made him clumsy, but he Now he mounted Spot, who was at the thickening smoke. Once
the smarting of his eyes
finally
made
rolling
his knot secure.
his eyes suspiciously
'"''"
to get
alongside one
^"^ "^ *^^ blaze.
in the
Whitey had to fight the old horse's head around to move him toward the burning line. Drumming with his heels and using his reins for a quirt, Whitey finally managed to get him alongside one end of the blaze. Turning then, he urged the horse to trot along the very edge of the burned ground so that the wet canvas was dragged over the burning grass. Turning again at the other end, Whitey managed to saddle,
fire once again before Spot refused go any farther. Whitey dismounted near the barrel, and after taking Spot's bridle off, turned him loose to go back
drag the canvas along the to
to the corrals.
Snatching a couple of wet sacks, he ran back to the
fire.
37
Story Section
/
fire!
The dragging canvas had not put out the blaze, but had broken it up into many httle individual fires that moved much more slowly than the solid line. The heat seemed to sear Whitey's face,
and now and again he had
to stop to beat
out sparks that settled on his clothes. But soon he'd put out of the little fires in the grass, and straightened up around him. Seeing no danger anywhere else, Whitey went to the barrel and for a while alternately dropped his arms in the water and splashed his face and head. When he'd rested a little he tied the handkerchief mask-fashion around his face and turned again to watch the fire. Here and there little flickering places showed where sparks had been missed. Working carefully, he went back and forth along the burned edges until he was sure the last one was entirely dead. By that time the smoke seemed to be thinning a little and he could see the wide path where the main fi-ont of the fire had burned over the ridge and gone on safely past the fence corner. As he stood there feeling too tired to move, a sudden gust of wind swept up over the ridge carrying a flaming tumbleweed. It was rolling and bouncing straight for the pasture fence and the high grass beyond — scattering small, blazing scraps behind it. Running and stumbling after it, Whitey swung at it with the wet sack, tiying to pin it to the ground. But it bounced this way and that, and each time he missed it by inches. Just when he thought he could go no farther the tumbleweed struck the fence and tangled for a minute in the barbed vdre. Before it dropped off", Whitey had wrapped it in the sack and was stamping out the sparks that were already starting to smolder
the
last
to look
inside the fence.
When the last one was out he leaned against the fence post with his eyes tight shut to ease their smarting. He was too move. Suddenly he heard a noise and opened his eyes to see Uncle Torwal getting off" Black Eagle close beside him. "How are you doing, boy? Are you all right?" "Yes, sir," Whitey said, straightening up. "I was just
tired to
resting a minute.
"Looks like we'd have been burned out for sure if you hadn't been here," Uncle Torwal said, looking around at the
38
Whitey and the
Praii.,
it'^i
"You've earned a ride on a good horse
." .
bunied streaks that came down so close to the fence. "It was close for a while, Whitey agreed. "But the main part of the fire went on by, so this was mostly set from sparks." "
They both
while with their backs to the water be sure there was no more danger from
sat for a
barrel, waiting to
sparks.
enough now," Torwal said up some of those blisters on your hands. You take my horse and I'll walk." Whitey looked suprised for a minute, for Black Eagle was Uncle Torwal's special horse and he never let anyone else ride him for any reason. "Well,
it
looks like
after a while. "Let's
go
"Go ahead, climb Whitey
it's
all
safe
home and
on,
hesitated. "You've
"
fix
Torwal repeated, noticing that earned a ride on a good horse, I
expect.
Whitey
forgot his tiredness
and
his blisters as
he
felt
the
springv lightness of the big horse under him, so different
from Old Spot's heavy lumbering gait. Pushing his hat a little to one side, he sat as tall as possible in the saddle, thinking maybe Uncle Torwal would let him get a horse like this before long.
39
L.
jection /
firei
Fire
-A
Helper
been one of man's most important helpers. Today, scientists can heat chemical compounds with fire from a Bunsen burner. Cooks can cook food with fire from a gas stove. And welders can cut through thick steel with fire from an acetylene torch. Strangely enough, fire can even help keep food and people cool when it is used in gas Fire has always
refrigerators
and
air
conditioners.
But some of the helpful uses of fire are the same today as they were long ago. For example, in the story David and the Wolf, fire helped David scare away a wolf. Early man also used fire to protect himself from wild animals. Here are
some
other ways that
fire
has helped people-
today and long ago. Fire
has helped people keep warm.
Fire has helped
people cook food.
Fact Section
Fire has helped
people make things.
Fire
has helped people to see.
Fire
has even given people power to move.
^^^
>.-;.•
/ firei
J
41
Fact Section
/ fire!
Fire In
— An Enemy
the story VJhitey
and
the
Whitey bravely fought the dangers of the prairie Prairie Fire,
fire. Fire,
was a
this time,
dangerous and destructive enemy We must always be careful when
we use
fire.
Fire
can burn fingers
Fire
can burn food
Fire
can burn homes
.
.
.
Fire
can burn forests
and
prairies
Fire
can even burn
.
.
.
.
.
cities
and towns
Fact Section
One
of the
Worst
/ firei
of All Fires
happened in Chicago about one hundred years ago on a Sunday evening in early autumn. Nobody is sure where or how It
the
fire started.
But many people believe it started in when her cow kicked over a lamp.
Mrs. O'Leary's barn,
spread quickly. At that time, the houses and in the city were made mostly of wood. There hadn't been much rain for the past few months, so the houses and buildings were dry. The flames soon raged out of control — from barns to houses to buildings.
The
fire
buildings
Many people thought that the fire would stop when it reached the Chicago River. But it didn't. Sparks and chunks of flame, carried by strong winds, jumped over the river. The fire grew. It roared and crackled and flamed, turning thousands and thousands of houses and buildings into heaps of ashes. The fire roared on all the next day and into the night. Monday night, the fire started to die out. A heavy rain shower, plus the hard work of firefighters, finally put out the fire completely. But the damage was done. Hundreds of people had died in the smoke and flames. Thousands and thousands of what once were office buildings and homes had now become rubble. In just a short time, fire — the enemy — had almost destroyed an entire city. The people of Chicago rebuilt their city with new and safer buildings and houses. But no one forgot The Great Chicago
Fire.
43
Fact Section
/ firei
Fire Fighting
Equipment
the story Whitey and the Prairie Fire, Whitey got an old horse to drag the wet gunny sacks over the prairie fire. That was all he had to fight the fire. Firemen have special trucks and equipment for their firefighting work. These are In
some A
of the trucks that they use.
SnorlM %i^.
tm
Trouble
at
Sea
Above him the machinery began to rumble smoothly again. The engineers had caught the cable in the water and joined it to the end on the drum. Morse drew an enormous breath. He lay back quietly. The was over.
crisis
Two
days passed. The weather stayed clear and calm. Morse sent a message to Ireland over the cable that had already been laid. His spirits were high. If the cable laying could go this well for two days, it might go well the rest of the
trip.
Late one afternoon, the ship came to a part of the ocean where the water became much deeper. Morse stood on the deck and watched the cable slide out into the deepening waters. strain If
The engineers stood nearby, looking
on the
for signs of
cable.
only the cable can go from the shallower water to the
He
stared at the
cable drums.
He
was horrified what he saw.
at
"
Story Section
/
linking land and sea
deeper water without breaking, Morse thought. The sun had set, and the sky was growing darker, when Morse heard the sharp cry, "Stop it! Stop it!" He stared at the cable drums. He was horrified at what he saw. The cable had not broken, but it had slipped ofF the drums and was slithering pell-mell into the water.
Men
rushed about
Morse grabbed an
in confusion.
engi-
neer's arm.
he gasped.
"Can't you stop
it?
"We'll try
the engineer replied. "We've got to get
to,"
"
ropes on that cable.
men bunched around the drums. They tied ropes runaway cable. Morse watched like a hawk. He wanted to put out his hands and twist the cable back on the drum. Perspiring men pulled and strained. Gradually the ropes began to work. The cable slowed. The ropes finally held the cable long enough for several men to push it back on the drum. Morse put his shaking hand over his eyes. He had imagined Frantic
to the
miles of cable sinking
.
.
.
sinking
.
.
.
sinking into the sea.
turned and stumbled to his room, too tired
to utter a
He
word.
Soon he was sound asleep. The sun was not yet above the horizon. The ship plowed along, rising and falling on the waves. There was a bad swell this morning. The nose of the ship pointed sk\'ward, then dropped toward the ocean. Each lift put a terrible strain on the cable. Each downward plunge relieved that strain.
Morse
slept peacefully, trying to recover his strength.
times disaster had threatened.
Now
Two
everything seemed to
be under control. Suddenly Morse awoke with a start. Something was wrong! The ship was pitching in the rough seas. The stern rose and fell, rose and fell. But that was all right. It had been doing that
all
What
along.
is it? Morse thought frantically. Something is wrong on deck. And then he knew. There was no sound from the cable. The rumbling had stopped. The cable must have broken again. But why wasn't any-
200
"
thing being done? Why was it so quiet on deck? The men should all be trying to catch the end of the cable as they had
done before. Morse listened. He couldn't hear any sailors running to their posts.
He
couldn't hear the engineers shouting
orders directing the men.
Morse jumped from his bed, dressed up the staii"way to the
hurriedly, and ran
he could. he reached the deck, he saw the ship's crew standing in small groups and talking in low whispers. Cyrus Field stood staring into the water with a look of disbelief and despair. Morse rushed toward the cable drum. He glanced down at it and then stepped back in horror. The cable had snapped! All the line they had been feeding into the sea had disappeared! "What happened?" Morse asked quietly, turning to Cyrus Field. "The cable broke when the ship hit a deck
as fast as
When
swell,"
drum
Field answered. "It slid off the
so quickly that the
a chance to catch
it
crew didn't have
again.
Morse could hardly believe his ears. "Over three hundred and fifty miles of cable are lost at the bottom of this ocean," he cried. "All our months of planning and work have been useless."
The words Morse uttered were those that
all
the
men on
The only thing to Ireland
and
the ship were thinking.
to
do now was
to
go back
try to recover the lost cable.
Then they could begin again. Morse turned to the captain
of the ship.
"Turn back for the coast of Ireland," he said. And then he added firmly, "We'll have to try again."
Wh^
»»•:
WJ
By Florence Laughlin
The Mountain That Jumped There was only one way the colonel could keep the sides of
the canal from caving
he knew he had
T
At
in,
to try
and
it.
Tatch out! Landslide!" this shout, a
hundred workmen ran
for safety just in time.
The
earth shook.
There was a great growling sound. Then tons of rock and earth tumbled into the ditch where the men had been digging. Tools, steam shovels, and dump cars were buried under the landslide. After the dust had settled the workmen stared at the great mound with dirt on their faces and tears in their eyes. "It is no use," said one worker sadly. "The canal will never be finished. This mountain will never stop jumping into
the ditch."
203
".
.
.
keep on digging until
this
canal
is
built
." .
.
Just then someone spotted a familiar yellow motor car speeding toward them. "Colonel Goethals is coming," he
shouted. In a few minutes the pile of dirt.
The
little
edge of the United States Army,
car stopped at the
colonel, an officer of the
got out and looked about him.
The foreman
of the
work crew came up
to the colonel.
took off his hat. "You see what has happened, "Six months'
What The
are
we
work has been wiped out
he
He
said.
in a single landslide.
going to do?"
colonel studied the great
shrugged
sir,"
mound
of dirt.
Then he
and grinned. "What are we going to do?" he repeated. "We are going to dig it out again — with our hands if we have to. We are going to keep on digging until this canal is built and filled his shoulders
with water."
204
The Mountain That Jumped
He
picked up a shovel and stuck
In a few minutes the
working
The
it
in the earth.
men were on
the job, stubbornly
again.
colonel got back in his car and drove awav.
given courage to the
was troubled by
workmen
as usual.
But
his
He had
own
heart
this latest disaster.
Supervising the building of the Panama Canal was the most important thing in Colonel Goethals' life. For six long years it had taken all his energy, night and dav. He had conquered many problems. Now the only things that stood in the way of opening the canal were these terrible landslides. To build a passage for ships across the land, it had been necessary to cut a mountain in two. The big ditch was nine miles long and very deep. Thousands of men and machines had toiled to dig this ditch. And alwavs, when the job was almost finished, a piece of the mountain would break loose and come tumbling down. The colonel had tried everything he could to stop the landslides. He knew how important it was for him to solve the problem. The whole world was waiting for the opening of the canal. The Congress of the United States was becoming impatient.
But when the landslides continued to come, all he could do was say in his determined way, "Dig it out again." One hot, steamy night, as he lay sleepless in his bed, a daring idea came to him. The next day he gave his plan to the other engineers.
"We
will
wait no longer," he said.
"We
will flood the
canal."
"But that is risky," one of the men said. "The water might weaken the sides of the mountain. The whole thing could
fall
into the canal."
"No," said the colonel firmly. "I think the water pressure will hold the sides back. This is the only way we will ever beat the landslides."
"But what about the mounds of earth that already block the passage?" one of the engineers asked.
"We
will
clean the canal out after
it
is
flooded," the
colonel answered.
The engineers began
to
put the colonel's plan into
eff'ect.
205
The Mountain That Jumped
They put back
tons of dynamite into the big dirt
Gamboa
dam that held Lake. October 10 would be the day for the
be opened. the great day arrived, families of the workmen who had helped build the canal stood on the banks to wait for the water to flood into the huge ditch. People came from all over the world ready to celebrate the opening of the canal to
When
new
canal.
Everyone was tense with excitement and the colonel's judgment be right? Would canal be held back by the pressure of the new masses of earth tumble clown to block First the colonel's yellow car pulled up.
suspense.
Would
the walls of the
water? Or would the passage?
The crowd began
to cheer. The colonel smiled and waved at the crowd as he walked over to the bank of the canal. Seconds later, two thousand miles away, the President of the United States pressed a button. Quickly an electrical impulse was relayed from cable station to cable station across the country and down to the dam at Gamboa Lake. Then the people gathering alongside the canal heard a low rumble and a series of dull booms. The dynamite charge
had been
set
off.
Suddenly
dirt
and water gushed high into
Water poured from the lake into the canal. Everyone watched in silence. This was the real test. Would the colonel's plan work? More and more water rushed into the canal. It flooded the huge ditch. The people watched to see if the sides of the canal would the
air.
hold firm.
They did. The colonel had been right. His plan had worked and a world dream had come true. The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans would now be joined by the Panama Canal. Everyone began
to cheer. Reporters
colonel to congratulate
him and take
But the colonel was quite busy.
rushed toward the
pictures for their papers.
Now
that his canal
work was
almost finished, he was working on another problem. While the crowd cheered wildly, the colonel waved the reporters away. Then he turned with a smile to the four-year-old son of a friend of his. He was ready to tell the boy about the plans for his next project — a toy boat!
207
Fact Section
/
linking land and sea
Links by Transportation the story The Mountain That Jumped, you read how Colonel Goethals helped build the Panama Canal. The work was finished was opened to join the in 1914, when the Panama Canal finally Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In
The Gatun Locks help ships pass through the Panama Canal
there were only two ways you could San Francisco. If you traveled over land, you had to fight Indians, wild animals, and bad weather. You had to cross mountains and rivers. And the trip took more than six months. If you traveled on the railroad, you could get
Before the canal was
get from
New York
built,
to
there faster. But you still had to be careful of Indians attacking the train, or of the train breaking down.
The other way to travel from New York to San Francisco was to sail around the called
tip of
South America,
Cape Horn. This route was
easier and safer, but the trip took
three months. After the Canal was finished, the
Panama
trip could be made in almost half that time. Today, if you sailed on the fastest passenger ship, the United States, the trip from New York to San Francisco through the Panama Canal would take about two and one-half weeks.
AMEHIW^-
Fact Section
/
linking land and sea
If you have to travel only a few miles across water, such as across a river, you can go through an underwater tunnel.
built for cars or trains. They are not The Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, under the New York about one and one-half miles long. One of the
Tunnels are usually very long.
harbor,
is
reasons why underwater tunnels are usually short is that they can be built only under shallow water. The pressure of deep water would crush the tunnels. And shallow water usually means short distances, such as under a river. 1964, France and England agreed to build a railway tunnel under the English Channel to connect the two countries. The channel tunnel, which some people call the "chunnell," will be 32 miles long, with 23 miles under water. The job of building the tunnel will be difficult because it will be the longest underwater tunnel in the world. It will cost hundreds of millions of dollars to build. The companies that are going to build the tunnel hope to have it done by 1974. Then, people will be able to travel by underground railway between England and France. They won't have to sail across the English Channel. In
Linking France and England by Railway Tunnel
English Channel
Length
of
Tunnel— 32 miles
Canals for ships and tunnels for cars and trains aren't the only way to link land and sea. You can fly in an airplane. In 1903, Orville Wright flew the first real airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Later, pilots flew longer distances, and each of them flew faster. Today, on the fastest jets, you can fly from New York to San Francisco in about five hours. And airplane companies are now building jets that will be able to fly this route in two hours.
209
1
Fact Section
/
linking land and sea
First
Links by Communications
The main character in the story Trouble at Sea, Samuel Morse, was the same man who developed the telegraph in 1844. The telegraph linked faraway places on land. But Morse believed that the telegraph could link the land and the sea. Morse and a businessman named Cyrus W. Field tried to lay a cable under the ocean in 1857. This first attempt, described in Trouble At Sea, failed because the cable broke. Morse quit the project. But in 1866, on the fifth attempt. Field finally had a cable laid under the Atlantic Ocean. The cable stretched from Newfoundland, Canada, to Ireland. By 1900, fourteen more telegraph cables had been laid under the Atlantic Ocean. But people still had to wait for a reply by telegram. Using a telephone was faster. You couldn't send telephone messages across the ocean through telegraph cables. So, people sent telephone messages across the ocean by changing the messages into radio signals and sending the signals. The first telephone messages were sent across the ocean in this way in 1927. But you needed a lot of equipment and it wasn't much faster than sending a telegram. The fastest way to send telephone messages across the ocean is over a telephone cable. The first transatlantic telephone cable was laid in 1956. Today, hundreds of cables carry messages across the oceans.
Fact Section
/
linking land and sea
Later Links still kept looking for new ways to link their country to other countries across the sea. And a new way happened when
People
launched
scientists
Echo until
Echo
I,
on August
space. The communications satellite, is supposed to stay in orbit
artificial satellites into
United States orbited the
first
12, 1960.
It
the year 2960.
I
called a "passive"
is
needs no special equipment to bounce radio signals back to earth. But it does need special equipment on earth to send strong signals that can be bounced back to earth.
satellite.
It
Early Bird
is
the
artificial satellite.
an "active"
commercial
first It
is
satellite.
called
It
needs
special equipment aboard that it bounces By bouncing
strengthens the signals
back
to earth.
signals, artificial satellites
make
it
possible to send telephone talks, TV programs, and photos,
anywhere
in
the world. Early Bird orbits the
once in about 24 hours-the same time that it takes the earth to spin once. earth
So, the satellite stays in one place over the
The picture shows ho.w every earth.
place on earth can be linked by a network of satellites that is
launched as high as Early Bird -22,300
miles straight up.
Telegraph cables, telephone cables, and communications satellites are three ways to link the land across the sea, and help people to talk or send messages to someone quickly who is far away.
m
f
r
^ 'iL
BEATING
THE WIND Men them
push
can't always rely on the wind to to places they
want
to go. But,
by
using machines such as steamboats or airships, they
can go places, no matter
how
is
the wind
blowing. In a sense,
they can beat the wind. The two stories in this
section
tell
about people
"beating the wind." After the stories,
you can read some interesting facts about the wind and about ships that have
helped
men go
places
in
spite of the wind.
"
By Dorothy Washburn
The Ship That Belched Fire Hardly anyone thought that such a boat would get very far — certainly not
all
the
way
to Albany.
I
t was almost sunrise on a sultry summer morning in New York City. The year was 1807. The pier on the Hudson River was deserted except for a guard who paced
length,
its
staring
uneasily
into
the
shadows.
A
strange-looking boat painted with the
name Clermont was anchored alongside the pier. The light from a swinging lantern shone
faintly
"Pssst!"
on the
Someone
boat's black engine. in the
shadows called
to the guard.
The guard whirled around. "Who goes there?" he shouted.
"Only me, the engineer. Mr. Fulton, still here?
"Hey, mister,
.
.
Is
the owner,
.Is the devil
you cook up that smoke?"
214
helping
^'"''^3r
"
Story Section
/
"
"
beating the wind
"No, he just left," the guard answered. "I've never seen anybody so anxious about a trip. Are you going aboard now?" "Yes," the engineer said. "It will be light in an hour and I have to get up a head of steam so we can shove oflFfast when
we get the "Do you
signal."
think this monster will work?" the guard asked,
pointing toward the boat.
"Oh, don't
works
it
know
if it
engineer answered. "But
right," the
all
will
I
average four miles an hour between here
owner won't be on the river. "Well if you ask me, we'll all be better off if it doesn't work. This ugly, smoking monster doesn't belong on the and Albany.
It
allowed to use
has to go that fast or the
it
river.
"Someday
you'll see a lot of
steamboats on the river," the
engineer replied.
"You wouldn't get world,
"
me on
one
for all the
money
in the
the guard said.
The engineer eased himself silently onto the deck and disappeared inside the boat. He knew it would be a hard job to get people to accept a steamboat. Few people knew enough about engines to trust this belching monster of a boat that threw sparks and flames into the air and moved without
being pushed or pulled.
When
the sun had risen, curious bystanders began to
Some laughed and others shook their heads over this strange boat. Many seemed undecided about whether to stay or run for their lives. gather on the piers and river banks.
All
morning the
boat's
crew piled dry
when
logs into the furnace.
stirred, and came smokestack with clouds of black smoke. The engineer urged the men to work faster. Somehow he had to keep the fire roaring all the way to Albany. He saw
Sparks leaped into the
air
the
fire
was
rolling out of the
that the pier was thick with smoke. The onlookers began to cough and choke, but they stayed, unable to tear themselves away from this feaifiil, unknown thing. By midmorning the first passengers began to arrive. "You're risking your lives," an elderly man yelled at them. "Mark my words, that is a dangerous thing you're going to
ride on.
"Where
216
is
that crazy
man who
built this boat?" a
younger
.
man
asked.
"Yes, I'd like to get a look at that fellow," another said.
"There he
is!
That's the owner,
"
a bystander called from
the pier.
"Hey, mister," someone shouted. "Is the devil helping you cook up that smoke?" There were jeers and loud laughter. The engineer was sorry for the slim, quiet man on deck. But the young man, Robert Fulton, seemed not to hear the laughter. This must be the greatest day in his life, the engineer thought. Fulton has
worked toward
this
day
for
many
years.
he be given the right to run steamboats on the rivers and lakes of New York State. This trial can either place the name of Robert Fulton among the famous men of history, or make him the laughingstock of the country. But Fulton does not show his worry. How can he speak so cheerfully to the captain and to all those guests? If
the boat can average four miles an hour on this
trip,
will
Just after noon, the engineer received the signal to start.
This was the great moment.
Would
the boat really
move?
once the deck shuddered and the paddlewheels turn. Slowly, as the water churned into a white froth, the black boat moved away from the pier. People on the river banks went into a frenzy of joy. "It works! It works!" they shouted as they flung their hats high into the air. A few feet — a few yards — the boat was gaining speed. Then
Almost began to
at
suddenly it sputtered and stopped. A low moan ran along the shore, followed by hooting and laughter.
What could have happened? The engineer noticed Fulton's white face and heard him say to the passengers, "Just a moment. I ask for your patience. Everything will be all right. There is no reason to worry." While the crowd on shore waited and the passengers stood in silence, the engineer and Fulton went below and searched for the trouble. In a few minutes they found a piece of machinery that was slighdy out of line. They and the boat began to move again.
fixed
it
quickly
Fulton returned to the deck, looking cheerfid. The engineer, following to check the steam pressure, saw that the passengers were smiling. But the hands of some of them
"// It
works!
works!"
they shouted
.
.
217
.
Story Section
/
beating the wind
shook
as
they clung to the
rails.
They must have been near
panic, he thought. "Turn! Turn!' the captain
shouted
The ugly boat clawed
.
It
\
way through
a cluster of lovely,
and sputtering,
it
.
was on
^'
its
graceful sailing ships. Smoking, steaming, its
way up the Hudson River toward Albany
passed sailboat after
Some
sailboat. Sailors
gaped
at last.
in surprise.
took their boats quickly into shore, afraid of this
horrible thing on the water.
Word
of the boat's
coming
have spread. Excited crowds gathered along the banks to watch as this strange monster passed. Fulton stood at the rail, gazing up-stream, his gold watch
seemed
to
^^'ir
^ 3
The Ship That Belched
in his
hand.
The engineer wanted
to
promise him that the
hoat would get there in time. But he didn't
make
Thev would
Fire
know
if
the\-
could
have to wait and see. The engineer sighed as he checked the engine for the hundredth time. Everything was still running smoothly. Night came and still the little boat chugged along. Some of the passengers went to bed. Others paced up and down on it
or not.
just
deck, too tense for sleep.
The next morning thev were still moving along. The boat had not faltered once during the long night. At one o'clock that afternoon, exacdy twenty-four hours after starting from New York, they arrived at Clermont, the riverside home of the owner's partner. Thev were to stay there until the next morning. This \isit was not to be counted in the race against time. Thev would not begin to count the hours again until they started for Albany the following day. All through the night a crew of workers fed the fire to keep the steam pressure high. By nine o'clock the next morning, the boat was loaded and ready to begin the second part of the
trip.
moved to midstream, a fast sailboat came toward it. It was headed straight for the steamboat! The captain blew the whisde, but the sailboat kept on coming. He blew the whistle again. Closer and closer the sailboat came. The passengers rushed eveiy which way on deck, screaming with panic. The engineer Suddenlv, as the boat
held his breath as he watched. There was nothing he could do. The sailboat did not turn away as it neared the steamboat. It
kept coming. "Turn! Turn!" the captain shouted as he blew the whisde.
But the sailboat came ahead fast. Then just as it was about to ram into the steamboat, the sailboat swoing to the right and went skimming by.
The crew of the sailboat jeered, "Teakettle! TEAKETTLE! Get off the river!" they shouted. The engineer saw Fulton close his eyes with relief as the sailboat passed. It had been a nairow escape! But the clumsy paddle wheels went on churning steadily, splashing water in the bright sunshine. And slowly the boat continued up the river.
Hour
after hour,
Fulton stood
at
the
rail
looking aliead,
219
The Ship That Belched
Fire
checking his watch. The engineer wanted to ask him if they were on time, but could not bring himself" to mention the subject.
Where is we e\er get
Albany,
anway?
the engineer wondered. Will
there?
He noticed that Fulton no longer seemed to care that they were passing sailboats, and no longer listened to the shouts and laughter of the sailors they passed. His face was flushed and damp. His white collar was wilted and grimv. Suddenl)' he stood straighter. Both he and the engineer stared at something ahead that looked like a steeple. The steamboat seemed to crawl toward it like a turtle through the mud. And then a beautiful sight burst upon them. It was the cit)' of Albany. This was the end of the journev! The passengers cheeied. But, had they made it at four miles an hour? What if they were behind time? What if they had failed? The engineer turned to one of the passengers. "Do you have the time, sir?" he asked. "It
is
exactly
five
o'clock,"
the
passenger
answered,
we made it in time?" answer. He turned to
glancing at his gold pocket watch. "Have
The engineer was the owner,
too surprised to
who was now
"Our ugly
smiling liappiK'.
made
the trip at five miles an hoped," Fulton said. "We have proved to the world that steamboat travel is fast enough." Tears came to his eyes. The engineer thought he knew what little
boat has
hour, even faster than
the
we had
owner was thinking. After all these years, and heartaches, Robert Fulton had won
failures
after all the at last!
221
Bv Mildred Willard
Let
Me
More than
anything, the boy wanted to be
Help
part of the dirigible race at the Fair.
But Ace Harrigan wouldn't
A he
boy couldn't take
balloons or from the
He pushed
his
let
him.
eyes from the giant dirigible
men who were
going to race in them
at
heavy body against the rope fence that held him and the watching crowd back from all the activity happening on the airfield. Suddenly, the rope broke the Fair.
his
and the boy tumbled onto the grassy field. A hand grabbed him. "Hey, you, out you go! Do you want to get yourself killed?" The voice was gruff, but the man who spoke had a grin on his face.
As soon
as the
admiration.
He
boy saw the man,
his heart
recognized the young
one of the daring
men who flew the He had built
loons, called dirigibles.
man
as
pounded with Ace Harrigan,
giant cigar-shaped bal-
the airship,
named
the
Flying Cloud, which would go up that afternoon. To the boy, the Flving Cloud was the best of all of the balloons on the '
field.
"Please
let
me
help you," the boy begged. "I came to the
223
Story Section
/
beating the wind
Fair just to see you and your airship. let
me
stay
I'll
do anything. Just
and help."
Ace Harrigan chuckled. He called to his partner, Jim Anders, "Here's a boy who says he'll do anything to help us. Shall we get him to argue with the wind and change the weather?"
They were teasing him, but the boy didn't care. He knew they were worried about the weather. He had been watching them all morning trying to read the sky and fix their airship to suit what they saw. Every change in air pressure, humidity, and temperature would have an effect on the way their ship would fly. And, with the way the wind was blowing, it would take lots of work just to lift the big balloon safely ofi" the ground. That flash in the hot summer sky could be a storm warning. The southwest winds had started working up a dust. The sun was dulling behind grey cloud wisps. If a storm were to hit their balloon,
it
could
come
crashing to earth.
And
that
would be the end of Harrigan and Anders and the Flying Cloud.
Ace Harrigan gave the boy a friendly pat on the back. "You can help us most by standing out of our way, beyond that rope fence. Getting this ship into the air today
is
going
good trick." The boy moved back behind the ropes. But he stood at the front of tiie crowd that had started to grow bigger. The boy could see the other airships, but .he was closest to the Flying Cloud. He felt as though it were his ship, too. All the balloonists were working now, because the start of the race had just been announced. They were crawling
to
be
a
busy bugs up and down their matchstick cabins. calling, "See the greatest airship race in the world! See the daredevil balloonists risk their lives to bring you the most thrilling event in the history of flying!" The boy felt all hot and cold as the fever of excitement grew about him. It was hard to make himself stand there, and do nothing but watch. He wanted to help get the ship off" the ground. He wanted to touch the giant balloon. He wanted to climb up into the seat nearest the motor where he
like
The barkers were
that Ace Harrigan would ride. Someday the boy, too, would build himself a great airship and launch it before
knew
crowds of excited people.
224
Ace Harrigan and Jim Anders had forgotten about the boy. They forgot everything but the wind, which was now bfowing much too hard for a smooth take-ofF. They tightened the ropes holding the cabin to the baUoon. They tested for gas foaks. They tried the motor. They fooked up at the sky and hoped
The huge balloon ripped, and the ship sagged back to earth.
good weather. There were the ancient weather rimes to give them hope. "Evening red and morning grey; two sure signs of one fine day." Last night there had been a flaming sunset. This afternoon should be perfect because this morning had been grey. But suddenly they were faced with what looked like a storm. Well, they had come through storms before. But
for
225
"
Story Section
/
beating the wind
somehow
this
time
it
meant more than any other
flight.
They
couldn't disappoint such a big crowd. Everyone was waiting to see
today,
them succeed. Harrigan knew that if anyone was killed it would take a long time before others would try
again.
The command was given to start the race. Each balloon had to take ofi^ in turn, and the race would begin once they were all in the air. Immediately, a balloon down field wobbled up and off the ground. It quivered and hesitated like a toy balloon. Its motor conked out with a clatter, and the wind blew the helpless ship into a tree. The huge balloon ripped, and the ship sagged back to earth. The men in the airship next to the Flying Cloud struggled to keep their motor going. Harrigan heard it sputter and spit. He began to worry about this sputtering ship more than about the strong wind. He had counted on this particular balloon to get off" the ground and out of his way before it was his turn for take-off. The motor spit again. Then it stopped. The big balloon was unable to rise even an inch off" the ground. A murmur of disappointment
The
control
came from the crowd.
man on
the ground ran up to Harrigan and
"Go ahead! It's your grounded ship. Be careful. shouted, Just a
minute sooner and
turn. You'll
have
to clear this
would have been easier. Now knew it was almost imposthe wind until it had gained a
it
the wind blew harder. Harrigan sible to steer a balloon in
good foi-ward speed. How could ship was blocking its path?
it
move foi-ward when another
Jim Anders loosened the tie ropes, and shoved out some sandbags used to hold the airship down. The great balloon only jerked and turned like a stubborn mule. Then, suddenly, following the wind's
command, the
ship
headed
straight
toward the grounded balloon and a sure collision. Harrigan looked around wildly for help. There was none. Anders was frozen to the rudder stick, trying in a last desperate effort to steer their bobbing balloon out of danger. All hope seemed gone. Harrigan searched the crowd frantically. Then he saw the bov who had wanted to stay on the airfield and help. The boy waited just bevond the ropes as he had been told to do.
226
Now
Harrigan saw the only way to save
the Flying Cloud from disaster.
down
He threw
the tow rope and screamed to the
Pull on the rope. Run Help us!" The bov grabbed the rope. He ran and pulled until all the breath inside him was
boy, "Take
this.
against the wind.
pulled out too. his strength.
He
kept pulling with
Then he no longer
all
the
felt
He looked up he was running free beneath the great bobbing ship. He let go of the rope. The balloon was safely out of danger and was rising skward like a graceful bird. balloon pulling against him.
and saw
that
Harrigan grinned with relief the ship, turning
wanted
to go.
it
They
He waved
Anders was steering
his thanks to the boy.
in the direction
they
lifted higher, floating
smoothly.
The boy was now just a speck in the middle of the airfield. He waved to the balloonists, then ran toward the mass of people watching, and disappeared into the crowd.
227
Fact Section
/
beating the wind
River Steamboats story The Ship That Belched Fire tells about the first steamboat. Robert Fulton's invention was a giant step forward in travel and shipping by water. No longer would men have to rely on the wind or on the power of their own hands and arms. Steamboats quickly became very important in the United States.
The
Around the time when Abraham Lincoln lived, steam-powered, paddlewheel river boats were churning up and down the mighty Mississippi River. These river steamboats could travel much faster than the flat boats or keelboats that had traveled the Mississippi before. In a single trip, they could pick up and deliver tons of cargo -much more cargo than the other boats could carry. What's more, it was hard for flat boats and keelboats to travel upstream. But, with steam power, the river steamboats could easily travel upstream as well as downstream.
The huge and powerful river steamboats stopped and docked at almost all the cities and towns along the Mississippi RiverNew Orleans, Natchez, Memphis, St. Louis, and Cairo, just to mention a few. The river steamboats helped the Mississippi become one of the most important shipping routes in the world.
228
Fact Section
/
beating the wind
But river steamboats weren't used just for shipping. They were used for traveling, too. And what wonderful travel it was! In those long-ago days, when someone traveled on a river steamboat
such as the Eclipse, the J.M.White, the Natciiez, or the Robert E.
Lee, he
was
living
the
life
of luxury.
Delicious dinners, desserts, and
drinks were served
in
the richly-
decorated dining rooms.
Some
dining rooms had as many as 24 men serving food to the
passengers. Dining rooms weren't the only beautiful places aboard the river steamboats. Bedrooms, lobbies,
and passageways were as
luxurious as those in the most expensive hotels of that time.
Many
times, river
steamboats would race each other up and down the river. Excited passengers would stand at the railing,
cheering the
captain and looking to see
where the
other boat was.
But too much speed could be dangerous for a river steamboat. Sometimes, the boilers on the boat would be given more pressure than they could stand, and they would explode. River steamboat explosions and fires killed thousands of people. After a while, railroads started taking more and more business away from the river steamboats. Trains could carry more cargo, could travel much faster, and could go to many more places than river steamboats could. River steamboats were used less and less. Today, there are just a few river steamboats on the Mississippi. And those few are used to show people what it was like to ride a river steamboat of long ago.
229
Fact Section
/
beating the wind
Out
in tiie
Wind
the story, Let Me Help, the wind is blowing so hard that Ace Harrigan's airship almost crashes because of it. The harder the wind blows, the more dangerous it can be. You can tell how hard the wind is blowing by using a chart that a weatherman calls the Beaufort Wind Scale. In
Beaufort
Fact Section
/
beating the wind
The difference between a passenger-carrying balloon and an airship such as the one that Ace Harrigan was flying is that a balloon has no engine or propellers, and it depends on the wind to carry it. But an airship has an engine and propellers that help the crew steer it in any direction-even into the wind. Airships used to be called dirigibles. The word dirigible comes from a Latin word that means to steer. Airplanes are airships.
So
much
faster
and safer than
airships aren't used very
much
anymore. Here are some pictures of airships of the past.
The first successful airship was powered by steam and traveled
at
about five miles per hour. It was flown more than 100 years ago by a French engineer, whose
name was
The only
Henri Gifford.
airship that ever flew
around the world was called the Graf Zeppelin. It took 21 days and 8 hours to make the trip.
During World War
II,
the United
States Navy used a special kind of airship, called a blimp, to escort ships that crossed the Atlantic
Ocean. Crewmen aboard
the blimps could locate nearby
enemy submarines, which were waiting to attack the ships.
Then members of the crew on the blimps would use depth charges and other weapons to fight off and scare away the submarines.
^art
13
OVER THE MOUNTAINS Why do some
people climb mountains?
Mountains are a challenge
to their skill
and endurance. And when no one has ever climbed a particular mountain, that
mountain becomes an ever greater challenge. But sometimes people climb
mountains only because they have to get to
The
what
lies
on
to —
the other side.
stories in this section
tell
about
two different reasons for climbing different mountains.
The
fact section
that follows the stories has information
about some mountains and the
who conquered them.
men
By Marcella Rawe
The
Greatest Battle
Could the army fight the
live to
enemy on
the other side
of the dangerous mountain?
w3ometimes in a war, a range of mountains can seem like one of the enemies. This was especially true one hundred and fifty years ago when most of South America was struggling for liberty.
When
Chile was fighting for freedom from Royalist Spain,
the Andes Mountains had to be crossed to win the war.
The
white-headed Aconcagua, nearly twenty-three thousand feet high, was the most fearsome of these mountains, with its fierce cold, deep avalanches, raging rivers, and great,
violent winds.
One man faced these mountains and said, "Somehow, I will win over you." This man was General Jose de San Martin, one of the great leaders for independence in South America. It was he who wanted to free his people from Spanish rule. "Soldiers,
234
swear
to die in
defense of this flag
." .
.
Story Section
/
over the mountains
The general needed a large army. He needed supplies and food for that army and he needed to find a way to get army supplies, guns, ammunition — everything across the Andes. seemed
It
to
General de San Martin that the mountains "No army has ever crossed
stood shoulder to shoulder, saying,
No army ever shall." Maps were made of the passes through general pointed them out to his officers. our heights.
"There are
them
five passes
the Andes, and the
through the mountains.
Some
of
are nearly thirteen thousand feet high and so narrow
that just a handful of the enemy could defend them. The easiest to get through are to the south, in the Peheunche Indian territory." "Will you use the south passes, sir?" asked one of the officers. "The troops will get mountain sickness on the in places
higher passes. They will die of cold. There is no grazing for the animals. The passes to the south seem best."
"The enemy also will expect us to use the south passes." The general watched his staff with his wise black eyes.
"They are
some
safer.
Some
of us will use the south passes. But
of us will go to the north."
Volunteers came daily to join the small army. There were mounted grenadiers trained by the general himself There were patriots who had fled fiom the Spanish in Chile. There were men from far-away countries, all wanting to join in this fight for freedom. They all had to ha\'e uniforms, food, and weapons. Aconcagua and the other mountains seemed to look down curiously on the furious activity. Farmers raised and dried food for the armv. A textile mill was set up, in which women wove and dyed cloth, while others cut and sewed it into uniforms. Boots and harnesses were made from cattle hides. Gunpowder came from the nitrate fields neaiby. Nothing was wasted. At last, evervthing was ready. Midsummer was here, the best time to cross the high mountains. Again, General de San
Martin brought out
his
maps.
"A small detachment will go through the south country over Planchon Pass. Another small detachment will go through the northernmost pass. The rest of the army, divided into three sections, will each use a separate pass
236
The Greatest
and meet on the other side. Now, let the RoyaHst army decide which pass to defend!" The pack mules were laden. Some even carried fire wood, for there was no fuel in the rocky canyons. The heavy guns were loaded on barrows. The soldiers were ready. Then the general's wife stepped forward and gave her husband a flag of blue and white, which she and the other ladies had embroidered. It was carried into the church to be blessed. Then the general, standing on the steps leading to the square, waved it three times and shouted to the quiet throng. "Soldiers, this flag, as
I
swear
L £
it."
swear
to die in
defense of
Battle
Furious ^ales
swept men and animals over the side.
Story Section
/
over the mountains
From
"We
the throats of his loyal troops swelled a great shout.
swear!"
But old Aconcagua, with
its
snowy head, seemed to frown No army had ever
down from among
the high mountains.
crossed the Andes.
How
could these
men
dare to try?
Up, up chmbed the slow columns of men, through narrow gorges, with straight cliffs above and swift-flowing glacial streams below. The general led the main body of troops
up Aconcagua. Day
after day, the
the mountaintop. At
first,
men
struggled towards
thorn brush and small herbs grew
on the rocky slopes. Farther up, there were icy crags and broken lava rock. Freezing cold crept over the camp at night. Even fires, carefully made of the wood brought on muleback, could not keep the cold back. Still, it was midsummer; and when the sun was high during the day, it shone down with its sweltering rays. Then, when the column of men had climbed two miles above sea level, they were struck by mountain sickness. Men and mules, unused to the thin air, dropped to the ground in horrible pain. Many died. A picked company of the most trusted men toiled through a shorter pass with the mules and cannons. The big guns
were now dismounted and slung from poles between mules. As the way grew steeper and more winding, the cannons had to be dragged on sledges of hide by the men. But the long, heavy muzzles gave trouble around the narrow bends in the trail. Soldiers then went aliead to lasso each muzzle and pull on it so that the guns would not topple into the
Many of the pack mules, sure-footed as when their burden brushed against a jutting
abyss below.
they
were,
rock
fell
Sometimes, the trail was so narrow that a man on horseback could not dismount. Now there were even greater dangers. Furious gales swept men and animals over the side. Avalanches of rock and mud came crashing down on the trail. The general had prepared for these difficulties. Small details of men always in the pass.
went
in front of the
main column of troops
loose rock or to build a
When
new
path
if
to clear
away the
the old one was gone.
the wind blew hard, the soldiers tied themselves
together with braided rawhide ropes.
Then came
238
the floods.
The sun was melting the
glaciers
The Greatest
on the peaks. There were sudden roaring torrents rolhng huge boulders down the channels, and filling the valleys with icy, muddy water. Sometimes, the army could use portable bridges when a flood hit. Sometimes, they had to wait hours or days for the water to recede.
One by one, the dangers of the mountains were overcome. Day by day, the thinning columns of soldiers pushed slowly on through the mountains until, one morning, the general looked down and saw the valleys of central Chile below him. He had won the battle of Aconcagua. The army had reached the top of the highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere. His men crowded around the general. Some wept, and some prayed. Then the heroic army prepared for the descent. There were other battles ahead, and hardships and heartaches, but the greatest battle had been won. It had taken three weeks to do it.
Battle
.
By lames Ramsey Ullman
—And By
Error
secretly trying to find another
way down
the mountain, what chance did the boy take with
and the Hves of two men?
his hfe
I
t
was
still
dark
when Franz woke him. As in make an early start,
climbing, they were to
all
mountain
so that they
could already be high on the peak by the best hours of the morning and back down to safety before the afternoon thaw.
Some
of the others in the loft
were
also stirring.
Some were
and then put on their outer clothing, laced up their boots and went out. The cold cut at them like a blade, and it was hard for Rudi to believe that they were in the selfsame place in which, twelve hours before, he had been panting and sweating. Skirting the little lake, they began the ascent of a ridge that rose from its farther end, and it was good to be moving and to feel the blood slowly coming to life in the body. Apparently they asleep.
still
They
ate a quick breakfast,
would be the only climbers on the Wunderhorn that there was no one ahead of them and no one behind.
.
240
.
.
they would be the only climbers on the
Wunderhorn
day, for
that
day
.
.
I
Jr-
y*
IV
/
|.^
14^
Story Section
/
over the mountains
no moon, but the stars gave enough and Franz did not bother to light his lantern. Nor did they need the rope yet, for the angle of ascent, though steady, was gentle. Franz went first. — Captain Winter second, with Rudi-as befitted a porter again last. And this morning he had no trouble at all in keeping up with them. For an hour their pace continued unbroken, while the stars paled and dawn showed in the east. The only sound between earth and sky was the clinking It
was
light for
still
night, with
them
to find the way,
of axes against the rock.
Then they
left
the ridge and
worked obliquely upward was not steep,
across a slope of frozen snow. But this, too,
and only once or twice was it necessary for Franz to pause and chop out footholds with his ax. In another half-hour they reached a second ridge: the main southern buttress of the Wunderhorn. Here the real climbing would begin, and they stopped and roped up. "All right, boy?" asked Winter, smiling. "All right, sir," Rudi grinned back. Up they went then. And up. They followed the ridge for a while, worked out onto a face, returned to the ridge. They followed a deep cleft, then a series of ledges, then what like a great curving staii-way of granite slabs. The going was steep now. The mountain walls rose almost ver-
seemed
But Rudi felt no dizziness, and everywhere he was able to find good holds for hands and feet. Now and then, at a particularly tricky stretch, Franz and Captain Winter stopped up above and stood braced with the rope while he came after them; but not once did he need to put his weight tically.
it, nor would he have slipped without it. For a long time the air had been gray with dawn-light. And now suddenly it was golden, as the sun came up over the eastern ranges. The glaciers and snowfields below seemed almost to leap up at them in a dazzling glare. The mica in the rock around then glittered like diamonds. Quickly the day grew warmer, and soon they paused to strip off their sweaters and stow them in their packs. Then up they went
on
again.
And
up.
And
up.
Franz and Captain Winter alternated in the lead; and this, Rudi knew, was the greatest compliment a guide could pay to his employer, for no professional would dream of allowing
242
an amateur to go
first,
unless he was
certain that that amateur was as capable himself. Watching from below, the boy noted the differences between them. His uncle climbed as he did everything as
else:
slowly, carefully, deliberately.
His
body inched over a bulge or around a cornice as if it were a moving part of the mountain itself The Englishman, on the big
other hand, was
and
grace.
He
all
quickness, lightness
took no chances;
all
his
movements were measured and sure. But he accomplished them with a dash and brilliance that made Rudi think of a fencer or jousting warrior, rather than of a
man
struggling
Now that he
with inanimate rock.
element on was easy to see why John Winter was ranked as one of the
was
a mountainside,
in his natural it
finest climbers in the world.
The two men led. Rudi followed. And he followed easily. Not once did he need the rope, not once did he delay them by slipping or fumbling; and now a great exhilaration filled him, as he realized that what they could do, he could do too. Indeed, there were times when he could have gone faster. There were times when, peering up, he was certain that he could see better routes and holds and stances than the ones they were using. But this, of course, he kept to himself It was enough to know that where they could go, he could go. Where anyone could go, he, Rudi Matt, could go too. They were climbing on the south side of the Wunderhorn. When they turned they could see the valley and the town
The mountain walls
rose almost vertically.
Story Section
/
over the mountains
below, and, all around, a high post of peaks. But one peak was missing. Tlie peak was missing. For an hour they climbed, and then another, but the great tower of the Citadel remained hidden behind the shoulder of the Wunderhorn. Then at last they reached the shoulder. They came out onto an almost level stretch beneath the mountain's summit cone, followed and there it was. it around to a point above the west face Finding a sunny ledge, they took off their packs, unroped and sat down to rest. Franz brought out cheese, sausage and a far
.
jug of
tea.
While they
ate
.
.
and drank they stared
silently at
the Citadel. As on every other time that he had ever looked at it, something that was half thrill and half shiver passed through Rudi's body. High though they were — at perhaps 11,000 feet on the Wunderhorn — the Citadel appeared still to soar as tar above them as it had from the valley. A monster of rock and ice, it seemed to blot out half the sky, rising in great sweeps and thrusts and jagged edges to the remote white crest that was its mighty summit. The other mountains, roundabout it, looked like foothills. It towered above them
among pygmies. Preeminent. The King. For a long time no one spoke. Captain Winter ate his lunch almost without noticing it, his eyes squinting out across the gulf of blue space. And now Rudi knew why the Englishman had wanted to see the Citadel from high up on the Wunderhorn, for much that was hidden from below was like a giant
now plain and clear before them in the brilliant sunlight. Not only the lower slopes were visible, but the upper as well: the whole intricate
maze
of ridges
and precipices,
clefts
and
towers and battlements that formed the vast eastern side of the mountain. Plainest of all, in sharp profile against the sky, was the great twisting spine of the southeast ridge, and along it Rudi's eyes now moved slowly upward. Perhaps
gullies,
way from the bottom they stopped and fixed on the dark out-thrust of rock known as the Fortress, which marked the highest point reached by his father and Sir Edward Stephenson, fifteen years before. Since then, no one had climbed even that far. And no one had ever climbed higher. a third of the
Captain Winter was studying the ridge too. Occasionally he moved a finger slowly through the air, as if tracing an imaginary route. Suddenly he spoke to Franz. "On your
244
"
"
'
-And Error
brother-in-law's attempt," he asked "
— did
he get
to the top
of the Fortress?
"No," said Franz. "Only to the base." "But he believed there was a way over
"Over, or around
it
it?"
— yes.
"What do you believe?" "I have no belief. I know nothing about the Citadel." Winter's eyes met the guide's. "Wouldn't you like know? he asked.
to
is
"No, my Captain, an evil mountain,
left
alone
now
I
would that.
A
not.
Franz looked away. "It mountain. It has been
"
killer
for fifteen years,
and
it is
best that
it
be
ice ax
used
"
and claw mountain
in
f'"''fc"»s
left
alone forever.
The Englishman relapsed
into
silence.
Again his eyes
squinted and his finger traced slow patterns in the air. Several times Rudi was on the point of speaking — giving his opinion, of pointing out this or that.
But each time he
stopped himself, because he did not want to seem foi-ward. And because he was afraid of what his uncle would say. Presently Winter took a pad and pencil from his pack and
began drawing detailed sketches of the Citadel. He worked on them for a long time and with great concentration. Franz, leaning back against a rock, seemed to be dozing. After a while Rudi grew restless and began exploring the shoulder of the Wunderhorn. It had been decided that they would not go to the summit. Winter had had what he wanted — an unobstructed high-up view of the southeast ridge of the Citadel — and he was not interested in laboring up to the top of a peak that had been climbed many times before. It was therefore not up but down he moved across the high shoulder: come up and now would soon be descending. Unless — an idea struck him — unless there was a better route. And suddenly he was convinced that there must be. While the others still rested, he would spy out a better, more direct way down from the shoulder, and that that
Rudi looked,
as
along the route they had
would be his contribution to the day's climbing. Edging along the rim of rocks, he peered down, searching. A few yards along, there was a possible starting-off place, but investigation quickly showed that it led nowhere. Beyond it, however, was a second break in the rim that
245
Story Section
/
over the mountains
really promised a route. It began with a deep cleft, or chimney, and down this Rudi lowered himself with ease. At the bottom was a broad ledge and beyond it, to the left,
a narrower, sloping ledge, leading diagonally downward to a jutting platform. What was directly beyond the platform
he could not see; but about ten yards farther on the whole side of the mountain angled out in a fine craggy ridge that would obviously be easy going the whole way down. Rudi grinned with satisfaction. The mountainside below the ledge and platform was steep -almost vertical; there was nothing but thin air for three thousand feet to the glacier below. But
mere steepness did not bother a real climber, so long as there were sound holds for hands and feet. He would cross over to the platform, see if there was a way from its far side to the ridge, and,
if so,
hurry back and
tell
the others of his
discovery.
from the broad ledge to the narrow one. The it was smooth, with no support for the need any, for the two- or three-inch not hands, but he did width of the ledge was enough for stance and balance. He took a careftil step - a second step - a third. One more would bring him to the jutting platform. But before he could take
He moved
granite wall above
it
there was a soft tremor beneath his
feet.
One moment,
his
footing was a seemingly solid band of mountain granite; in the next, it was a crumbling mass of loose fragments. With a violent leap he thrust himself clear, lunged forward and landed on the platform, and in the same instant, behind him,
the whole ledge on which he had been standing disintegrated and plunged in spinning fragments into space below.
For perhaps a ininute he stood motionless. Leaning in the rock, he struggled to control the rasp of his breathing and the pounding of his heart. Then, when he had half succeeded, he turned and took stock of his position. First he looked ahead, toward the ridge, and saw -nothing. The mountain wall beyond his platform was marble-smooth, without foot- or handholds of any kind, and no climber in the world could have crossed it. Then he looked back along the way he had come, and this was little better. Where the narrow ledge had been were now only a few crumbled edges of against
broken rock. looked
246
He
down — into
looked up -at a vertical space.
cliff-face.
He
.
How moved
long
a
time passed before he
again he did not know.
And then
was only a matter of inches, to the edge of the platform. Very slowly and cautiously he extended one foot until it rested on the crumbled rock where the ledge had been. He put part of his weight on it — a little more — and the foot slipped. A moment later he tried again. And slipped again. Suddenly something happened to him that had never happened before in his life. He was dizzy. The glacier far below him began to spin like a great white wheel. Sky and mountain spun, and a reeling, sickening darkness closed in on his body and brain. Back on the platform, he clung it
to the rock with last
all
his strength, until at
the darkness lightened, the spinning
slowed. He looked around again. His face was drawn, his lips white. "I must call for help," he thought. But he couldn't call. He had no breath left. And he was too ashamed. Then, in the next instant, he saw that there was no need to call. Captain Winter and his uncle were climbing down the cleft from the shoulder and in a moment were on the broad ledge beneath it,
looking across at him.
They did not have to ask questions. Their experienced eyes told them what had happened. "Stay where you are. Don't move," said Winter. And though he spoke still air, was as he had been at Rudi's side. Even while he spoke, Franz was uncoiling his rope; and now, for the next ten
quietly, his voice, in the
clear as
if
the whole ledge
plunged
in
.
.
.
disintegrated
«
and
spinning fragments
.
.
Q
Story Section
/
over the mountains
minutes, he and Winter took turns in trying to throw one to the boy. But it was no good. The curve of the mountainside was such that, each time, the rope missed the
end across
platform by a few feet, and on the fifth or sixth try Rudi all but lost his balance in reaching out for it. "All right," said Winter finally, "I'm coming over to you."
But Franz shook
head. "No," he said. "It
his
is
I
who
will go." "I
am
"He
lighter,"
is
my nephew,
sir
— not yours. And my responsibility."
and unslung his pack. Then he one end of the rope around his waist and handed the
Fi-anz laid
tied
the Englishman protested. "It will be
me."
safer for
down
his ice-ax
other to Winter.
"Wait -I
will try again. Uncle,"
Rudi
called. "I
am
lighter
than either of you."
But Franz paid no attention. Advancing to the rim of the studied the stretch ahead with grim face and narrowed eyes. "You will please hold me as best you can," he said to Winter. Then he started across. Winter realized there was no use in further argument. He searched for a projection of rock around which he could secure the rope, found none, and coiled it, instead, around his own body. It was at best, however, a poor support. If Franz had been directly below him it would have been all right; a slip could have been caught before it gained momentum. But the guide was not below. He was off to the side. And if he lost his hold his body would swing back unchecked, like a pendulum, and almost surely pull Winter
ledge, he
off the ledge. Still
there was no other way.
The Englishman braced
He put a foot on the put his weight on it. The fragments shifted a little, but held, and cautiously he brought his other foot foi-ward. His fingers groped over the smooth wall above
himself.
The guide moved
crumbled
rock, tested
forward.
it,
him, searching for the tiniest bump or crevice that would give him a hold. His progress was so slow that he scarcely seemed to be moving at all; yet presently he had taken a
Only two more were now needed first would be to the spot where Rudi had tried to stand and slipped.
second step, and a to
248
third.
bring him to the platform, but the
-And
Error
"Stay where you
Franz's boot nails scraped softly on the broken rock. There was no other sound. On either side of him Rudi and Winter stood as motionless as if they were part of the mountain,
and
for a long
moved
again.
loose gravel,
are.
Don't move,"
moment Franz was motionless too. Then he One foot moved. It inched slowly along the
probed
it,
dug
into
it;
and the other
foot
came
249
Story Section
/
over the mountains
For an instant Franz teetered above empty space, supported only by a half-inch of toe on the crumbling mountainside. Then he leaned forward — lunged — and was standing beside Rudi on the solid platform.
after.
.
.
.
if
he
lost his
hold his body
"By God, said Winter quietly from across the void. "That was climbing!" "
would swing back
.
.
.
like a
pendulum
250
.
.
.
— And
Error
But Franz was wasting no time on words. Pulling in the rope that trailed behind him, he made a loop near its middle and tied Rudi into it. "All right. Go on," he said. The boy started across. Twice he slipped on the loose rock, but, with the rope held taut on either side of him, he did not
fall,
and
in less
than a minute he was beside Winter on
Then Franz, now alone on the platform, untied the rope from his own waist and secured it around a the broad ledge.
knob of rock. Winter pulled in his end; again the rope was drawn taut; and, using it as a sort of handrail, Franz came quickly and easily across. "So," he said. "That is done." There was of course no way of pulling in the length of rope that was tied to the knob. Cutting it loose with his knife, Franz fastened himself to the new, shortened end and picked up his ax and pack. Once — only once — he glanced at Rudi, but his dark bearded face was expressionless. They descended almost in silence. Occasionally Winter a comment or suggestion about the route, but Franz merely grunted his replies; and to Rudi he did not speak at all. The boy was now tied onto the middle of the rope, with the Englishman ahead of him and his uncle behind. The latter scarcely let him climb at all, but simply lowered him down the mountain, as he would have done with a novice tourist. The guides of Kurtal had a contemptuous phrase for
made
it
— "Like
a bundle of firewood."
Later, on the easy ridge above the hut, Winter walked beside him and put a hand on his shoulder. "Don't worry it, son," he said gently. Rudi couldn't answer. "All of us make mistakes. Look
about
at
me, yesterday -walking
straight into a crevasse."
The hand was warm,
the words were kind; but Rudi
scarcely felt or heard them. All he could hear was the slow, measured rhythm of his uncle's tread. All he could feel was the cold grimness in his uncle's face. Clearer than words, that face told
him
its
message: that
mountain porter, would
also
be
his
this, his first trial as last.
A wave
a
of hope-
And of bitter shame. For his, he well knew, had been the worst of all sins that a mountaineer can commit. He had made others risk their lives to save his.
lessness engulfed him.
251
Fact Section
/
over the mountains
Three South American Leaders Along with Jose de San Martin, the main character in the story The Greatest Battle, another South American leader crossed the Andes. His name was Bernardo O'Higgins. Why was a man with the Irish name of O'Higgins fighting for Chile's freedom? Bernardo O'Higgins was born in Chile, where his mother had been born of Spanish parents. Bernardo's father, Ambrosio O'Higgins, was born in Ireland. After making his fortune in Peru, Ambrosio went to Chile, where he became a statesman. Bernardo O'Higgins
Bernardo was a teenager
some
in
1791,
of the
colonies
in
when
Spanish South
America began fighting for their
freedom, in 1810, the people of Chile declared their independence from Spain.
In
1814,
Spanish troops in Peru descended on Chile and returned the country to Spanish rule. Then, Bernardo left his defeated country and went to Argentina, where he
joined San Marti'n.
252
Fact Section
/
over the mountains
Jose de San Martin
The Greatest Battle says that it took San Martin a "long time" to get ready to cross the Andes from Argentina to Chile. Actually, it
was three
years.
San Martin,
O'Higgins, and the army crossed Aconcagua in 1817. They took the Spaniards by surprise on the other side of the mountain. And in 1818, they defeated the Spanish army in Chile. For the next five years,
Bernardo O'Higgins ruled the country of his birth. He became
known
as the George Washington
of Chile.
San Martin helped O'Higgins win freedom for Chile, he set out to win freedom for Peru. Many of the people of Peru did not mind being ruled by Spain. Nevertheless, San Martin declared Peru a free After
country.
He became Protector
of
Peru, even though Spain continued to control most of the country.
Then San Martin met another famous South American leaderSimon Bolivar, known as The Liberator and the George Washington of South America. San Martin returned to Argentina, and Bolivar became the ruler of Peru. Bolivar and his forces won
many
battles that helped bring
freedom to many other South American countries.
Simon
Bolfvar
253
Fact Section
/
over the mountains
Mountains and IVIountaineers The Greatest Battle tells a story of brave men who climbed and crossed mountains because of war. But some mountaineers struggle up mountains just because the mountains are there and because they want to be the first to conquer heights that no man has ever reached before. In
the
-And
book Banner
in
the Sky, from which you read the chapter
Error, Rudi Matt
wants
to
do what
his father, a
mountain
guide, froze to death trying to help someone else do. He wants mountain to climb one of the highest mountains of the many
ranges of the Alps. The Alps, the largest system of mountains such as in Europe, are an attraction to visitors in countries France,
Italy,
Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and Yugoslavia.
in Banner in the Sky came out of the author's imagination. But he drew on facts to create fiction. The location of the story is the Swiss Alps-specifically, the Pennine Alps, one of the many mountain ranges of the Alps.
The characters and places
part of the mountain called "the Citadel inspired by the third highest mountain peak
The
"
in
the story was the Alps-the
in
Matterhorn. The Matterhorn rises 14,685 feet on the border of Switzerland and Italy. The second highest mountain peak in the Alps is also in the Pennine Alps. It is the Dufourspitze of Monte Rosa, 15,200 feet high, also on the Swiss-Italian border. The highest mountain peak of all Alpine mountains is Mont Blanc, also in the Pennine Alps, in southern France.
Mont Blanc
is
15,781 feet above sea level.
Captain John Winter, in Banner in the Sky, is a character patterned after a famous mountaineer, Edward Whymper, the first man to climb the Matterhorn. Whymper and six men climbed the Matterhorn in 1865. As they were
coming down from the mountain, four men plunged to their deaths. Whymper and two guides survived. But the greatest challenge to mountaineers is Mount Everest of the Himalaya that lies
between the countries of India and Tibet. It is the highest mountain in the world. Mount Everest remained unconquered until 1953,
when
Sir
Edmund
Hillary of
New
Zealand and his guide, Tenzing Norgay of Nepal, reached the 29,028-foot peak.
254
Fact Section
/
over the mountains
Hannibal and the Alps
Long before San Martin and O'Higgins crossed the Andes- in hundreds of years before either of these men were born —
fact,
another great general, Hannibal of ancient Carthage, crossed the Alps-with 37 elephants. In those days, using elephants in wars was as common as using tanks in wars today. A group of soldiers could ride on the back of one elephant. Hannibal was living in Spain and wanted to fight the Romans in Italy. So, he led his army, including the elephants, over two mountain ranges-the Pyrennes between Spain and France, and the Alps between France and Italy. The crossing of the Alps in
much for most of the elephants. They went on anyway and won some battles against the Romans. But eventually, the Romans won the war. When they demanded that Hannibal surrender, he poisoned himself. Thirty years later, the Romans burned the city of Carthage and named the surrounding area Africa. Today, the ruins of Carthage lie close to the city of Tunis, in Tunisia. winter proved to be too died, but Hannibal
255
HUMANS Man made space
SPACE
his first trip into outer
in April of
1961. Since that time
many
the world has seen
accomplishments
The two
IN
in
successful
space.
stories in this section are
mal Maiile>, Shostal (") 148-157: Daxid Cunningham 158-165: David Cunningham 166-167: (Icfl) losef Muench (*); (right, top) J. Allan Cash, Rapho-Guillumette (*), (right, center
168-169:
HUMANS AGAINST THE STORM Bonini Siculan D;n, Siculan II,
Iv
170-171:
and bottom) Wide World (*) and lop right) Pictorial Parade
(/(/>
(left)
Wide World
(*);
© Time
(right)
(*),
(ng/i(,
Inc. (*)
world book
C:aitogi-ai)liic Staff (')
Dan
Part 10
{lr|l)l^.i^numdP^r\mim.{nghl)Ton„HhU),r, Knnsm by John S. Curry, courtesy ol the Hackley Art Gallery, Muskegon, Mich. (*) 74-75: (left) Bob Taylor (*); (right) Charles Scott, Chicago Dnihj News 76-77; wiiRLD
Part 5
(right,
Staff
144-145:
bottom) David Lees, Life
58-59 60-65 66-71 72-73
(*),
bottom) World Health Organization (*) 142-143: (left, top) George N. Garrison, Black Star(*), (left, bottom) Niagara Falls Chamber of Commerce (*); (right) WORLD BOOK Cartographic
(*)
46-47; Ewii.K Kiainin (*) 48-53: Dan Siculan 54-55: RaNinond Perlman 56-57: (left, lop) Ravmond Perlman, (left, bnltom) P. F. Bollenback Co. (*); (right) CHILDCRAFT
photos by
THE "JUNGLE"
122-123: Rav Atkeson (*) 124-131: Dan Siculan 132-139: David Cunningham 140-141: (left) Wide World (*); (right, top) South Da-
(*)
44-45; Chicago Fire Department
IN
108-109: jcin Frank, DPI (*) 110-117: David Cunningham 118-119: (left, top to bottom) Alfred Van Sprang, Black Star (*); (right) Severin, Three Lions (*) 120-121: (left) Fritz Henle, Photo Researchers (*); (right) art by Raymond Perlman, photos by (right, top) Carswell, Pix from Publix (*); {right cenlcr) H, Armstrong Roberts (*)
kota
FIRE!
Part 2
THE FAR NORTH
Let-
Part 7 Part
IN
86-87: Russ Kinne, Photo Rese;irchers (*) 88-95: Dan Siculan 96-103: Dan Siculan 104-105: WORLD BOOK Cartographic Staff 106-107: Raymond Perlman
hook Cartographic
PEOPLE
IN
StiiflF
THE WINTER I'liolo
78-79; M.iiiini II. l.e\>. 80-83: David Cuiiiiingiiani 84-85: (left, top) Mainichi
Hesear( liers
Shimbun
lom) Sankei Shimbnn
(*);
(*),
(*)
(left,
(right, Inp)
hoi-
Great
PEOPLE AT SEA
172-173; Fritz lleiile, Pholo Researchers (*) 174-181; D.ivid Cuiiiiinghani 182-187; Daxid CunninKham 188-189: (left, lop) Plinioth Plantation (*); (/, bultom) Marine Model C^ompany, Inc. (*); (right, top) The Mariners Museum, Newport News, Va. (*), (right, bottom) WORLD book Cartographic Staff 190-191: U. S. Coast Guard (*) 192-193: (/,/•/. left to right) Monm Towing (*), Charles H, Helinkv, Pholo Researchers (*); irighl) R.ulloTinU's Hlllton (*)
LINKING LAND
Part 11 194-195 196-201 202-207 208-209
WORLD BOOK
hdltiiin)
iiinht) :
(/(/() Init)
Dun
stitution,
of Defense
(*), {Icjl.
Cartographic
Part 13
(*),
(•),
Deutsches Department
{•)
OVER THE MOUNTAINS
Staff,
232-233: < iiiux hai ph.. I.. 234-239: Da\ id Cuniiingluini 240-251 David Cunningham 252-253: Pan American Union (*) 254-255: (left, top) Culver (*), (left, bolloni) woKLD BOOK Science Service (*); (right) Ridpath's
Joe Rogers
]
WORLD BOOK Cartographic Staff; (lit'/ir NASA (*), {rit:hl. Juilloill) CH1LDCR\K
:
l
staff art
Hi.^torii
of the World
(*)
BEATING THE WIND
Part 12
Part 14
212-213: Shost.cl 214-221: Dan Siculan 222-227: David Cunningham 228-229: ilcft and top rinht) Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis (*); (right, bottom) Steamboat Race Between the Robert E. Lee and the NateJiez by an unknown artist, Missouri (
)
256-257:
:
{left)
U.
T:
Raymond Perlman; (right, top to bottom National Air Museum, Smithsonian In-
I
S.
HUMANS
IN
SPACE
Wilson and Palomar Observatories California Institute of Technology (*)
.\It.
258-273: Dan Sicilian 274-279: David Cunningham 280-281: (left) Boeing, courtesy S;)«rc World Magazine (*); (right) Ravmond Perlman 282-283: (left, top and bottom) NASA (*), (left, center) North American Aviation (*); (right) Boeing, courtesy Space World Magazine (*)
Historical Society, St. Louis (*)
230-231
Washington, D.C.
Museum, Munich, Germany
Stelibins
Panama Canal Company
tup)
[left,
210-211
AND SEA
IlII.DrRAFT pliDto by lula Lulan
.
Index Active
satellite,
Adventure on
Asteroid, 281
211
Ice. stor\
,
96-103
in,
Bridges, James, 24 Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, 209
Austrian Alps, 254
moisture, 57, 74
Badlands, South Dakota, 141 Bagnios, 76 Balloon, travel by, 231
molecules, 54
Bank:
Air:
humidity, 72
120
Bridger, James, 24
119
tornado, 76
76 Nile River, 143 rain forest in, 119
hurricane
Brazil,
Australia:
rain forest,
Africa:
Bryce Canyon National Park, 145 Bunions, weather forecasting with, 54 Buoy, 191
movement, 72
river,
Cable, transariaiitic, 210
pressure, 54-57, 72
sea,
Canada: Eskimos, 106 Niagara Falls, 142 Canal, Panama, 208 Canyon, fonnation of, 144 Carter, Russell Gordon, The Birchbark Canoe, 124-131 Carthage, 255 Cell in human body, 54
temperature, 54-55, 57, 72, 74 weight, 54 Airplane, 209 Airship, travel by, 230-231
Barometer, 56 Buttle with the
Deep Jiinsle,
T/ie, story,
110-117
Baum, Frank
L., Tlie
Cyclone,
66-71
Alaska:
Bay, 140
Eskimos, 106 gold rush, 104-105
Bay of Bengal, cyclone Beaufort
Alps, 254-255
Amazon
143 189
firefighting,
45
America, See United States American Goose Fish, 192 -And Error, story, 240-251
Andes Mountains, 252-253 Anemometer, 57 Arctic, clothes for, 107 Arroyo, formation of, 141
76
Bering strait, 106 Big Dipper, 22 Birchbark Canoe, The, stor>', 124-131 Blimp, travel b> 231 Boat, kinds of, 228-229 Boiler, steamboat, 229 ,
Bolivar, Simon, 253
rain forest, 119
Book Bow,
sn.ow storm, 84
Bow and
Asia:
in,
Scale, 230
Bell, steering by, 191
River, 120
Ambulance,
Wind
restoring,
169
ship, 192
arrow, 107
Central America:
house, 120 hurricane, 76 rain forest, 119 Channel, English, 209
Chart, 57
steering by, 191
Chicago Fire, 43 Chile, independence "Chunnell," 209
of,
Clear the Track, story, Cliff, formation of, 145
252-253
148-157
285
arctic,
Gloucester, Massachusetts, 190 Gloucester Boy, story, 174-181
building, 209
Clothes:
currents, 193
107
swimming, 193 Equipment:
Communication, means
space station, 283 Eskimos, 106-107 Europe, snow storm in, 84 Ewing, Joe, Deer Patrol. 80-83
of,
210-211
Communication of,
satellite,
kinds
211
firefighting,
44-45
spaceship, 282
Computer, 282 Constellation, Big Dipper, 22
Cooking with
fire,
40
Copernicus, 22-23 Cordonazos, 76
Crash truck, firefighting, 44 Creek, formation of, 140 Crossing the Creek, story, 132-139 Current, English Channel, 193 Cyclone: protection from, 73 tropical, 76 Cyclone, The, story, 66-71 Cyclone cellar, 73
Deck, ship, 192 Deer Patrol, story, 80-83 Deerskin stockings, 107 Degenhart, P. C, Trapped hy the Storm, 60-65 Delta, formation of, 143 Desert, 119 Diesel, Rudolf, 189
Diesel engine, development of, 189 Dining room, steamboat, 229
Dirigible, 231
Dory, 188 Dragger, 1 88 Dufourspitze, Monte Rosa, 254 Dunnage, 192 Dutch Guiana, 118
Earthquake, 170 East Indies, 119 Echo /, 211 Eclipse, steamboat, 229 Ederle, Gertrude, 193 Elephant, travel by, 255 England, English Channel, 209 English Channel:
286
234-239 Greenland, Eskimos of,
in,
106
141
Fiction, definition of, 280
Field, Cyrus W., 210
Fiord, 145 Fire:
damage, 43 danger, 42 uses, 40 Firefighting equipment, 44-45
American Goose, 192 Fishing, Arctic, 107 Fishing boat, kinds of, 188 Flat boat, 228 of,
Hail, causes of, 72
Hannibal, 255 Harper, Richard, The Samaritan. 258-273
Harpoon, 107 Hatch, ship, 192 Heat from fire, 40
Edmund, 254 Himalaya Mountains, 254 Holberg, Ruth Langland,
Hillary, Sir
Fireman, 44-45 Fish,
171
backed-up river water, 167 dam break, 167 earthquake, 170 rain, 166 snow, 167 wind, 170 Flood damage, 168 Flood in Italy, 168 Florence, Italy, flood in, 168-169 Foghorn, 190 Forecasting, weather, 54, 56 Forecasde, ship, 192 Foremast, ship, 192 Forest, rain, 119
Gloucester Boy, 174-181
Hook and
ladder, firefighting, 45
Hoskin, William, 193 House, rain forest, 120
Howard, Katherine, David and the
Wolf
28-31
Human
body, cell in, 54 Humidity, air, 72 Hunting, Arctic, 107 Hiuricane, 76 Hut, 120
Ice,
melting
171
of,
Indian, Arctic, 106
Indian Ocean, cyclone in, 76 Island, formation of, 144 Italy:
Alps, 254-255
France:
flood in, 168-169
Alps, 254-255
English Channel, 209 Pennine, 255 From Up Above, story, 8-13 Frontiersman, 24 Fulton, Robert, 228
Early Bird, 211 Earth, 22-23, 281
Greatest Battle. The, story,
Gully, formation
Fathom, 192
Flood, causes
David and the Wolf, story, 28-31 Dawson, town of, 105
rush, 104-105 Gorge, formation of, 141 Graf Zeppelin, airship, 231 Graph, 57 Gravity, principles of, 23 Great Chicago Fire, 43
Gold
sea, 192 Cloud, formation of, 55, 72 Cold, clothes for, 107 Cold front, 54, 72
Funnel, tornado, 74-75 Fur clothes, 107
Galileo, 23
Won't Give Vp!.
/
stor\-,
182-187
Jaguar, 121
Japan;
snow storm
84
in,
typhoon in, 76 Jet, 209 ;. M. White, steamboat, 229 "Jungle," 119
Galley, ship, 192
Gas flames, 40 Georges Bank, 189
German
Alps, 254
Gifl^ord,
Henri, 231
Kansas, tornado
in, 75,
76
Keelboat, 228 Kilreon, Beth,
The Weather
Bunions, 48-53
Hawk, North Carolina, 209 Klondike Gold Rush, story of, 104-105 Kitty
Korea, tsphoon
283 144
of,
Laughlin, Florence;
the Sea Came Leiden, 158-165
When
Help, stors
Howard
,
I.,
to
222-227 Tlie
Turning
Point, 14-21
Lewis, A. D., 182-187
/
Won't Give Up!,
Light, steering by, 191
Lighthouse, 190 Light List, 191
United
Lindquist, Willis, Yukon Trail,
88-95 of river, 143
States, 231
of,
54-55
Rain forest, 119 Rain gauge, 57 Rainstorm, causes
of,
Rapids, formation
of,
The Battle with the Deep Jungle, 110-117 Newton, Isaac, 23 New York Niagara Falls, 142 Niagara Falls, 142 Nile River, 143
Reef, 145
North America, snow storm in, 84 North Carolina, Kitty Hawk, 209 Norway, fiords of, 145
Rifle,
107
Rills,
formation
72 142
Rawe, Marcella, The Greatest Battle, 234-239
Restoring books, 169 Restoring paintings, 168 Riefe, A. R.,
Out There,
274-279 of,
141
River, 140
O'Higgins, Bernardo, 252-253
flooding
Oilskin, 192
Nile, 143
Oklahoma, tornado in, 76 Ontario, Canada, Niagara 142
Falls,
Orbit, planet, 281
Machete, 119 Map, 57 Marshall Islands, t>^hoon
229
Raincoat, oilskin, 192
Nautieal Almanae, 191 Natehez, steamboat, 229 \av\'.
(jI,
Rain, 140-141, 166
Amazon, 120
Lightship, 191
Lower course
Railroad, develoi^ment
Xeilson, Frances Fullerton,
The Mountiiiu That JtimiiccL 202-207
Me
Radiosondes, 57
143 Movement, air, 72 river,
causes
Lake, oxbow, fonnation
Levine,
Everest, 254
Mouth,
76
in,
Laborator>', space station,
Let
Mount
Oregon bail, 24 Our Lady of Good Voyage, in,
Massachusetts; fishing boats, 188
76
church, 190
Out There,
Oxbow
Matterhoni, 254 Mercup.' in barometer, 56
Meteor, 281
Mexico, hurricane in, 76 Middle course of river, 143 Mining company, Yukon, 105 Mississippi River travel, 228-229 Moisture, air, 55, 57, 74
Paintings, restoring
144
of,
Passive satellite, 211
Pennine Alps, 254 Peru, independence of, 253 Philippines, t\phoon in, 76 Planet, 22-23,281,283 Plant, rain forest, 119
Plow, snow-, 85 Pluto, trip to, 281
Mont Blanc, 254 Moon, 281
Power from
Pool, 140 fire,
air,
41
54-57, 72
Protection using
fire,
Above, 8-13 Rounds, Glen, Whiteij and the Prairie Fire, 32-39
Salmon hooks, 107
Parrot, 121
Pressure,
path of, 143 Riverbed, 143 River boat, 228-229 Robert E. Lee, steamboat, 229 Robinson, Andrew, 188 Rock cliff, formation of, 145
168
Panama Canal, 208
Molecules, air, 54 Monkey, 221
Morse, Samuel, 210 Motion, principles of, 23 Mountain; climbing, 252-254 Dufourspitze, 254 Matterhorn, 254 Mont Blanc, 254 Mount Everest, 254 Mountain ranges, 254-255 Mountain That jumped. The. storv, 202-207
166-167
Rodman, Maia, From Up 274-279
story,
lake, fonnation of,
Gloucester, 190
Mast, ship, 192
of,
40
Psychrometer, 57 Ptolemy, Claudius, 22-23 Pyrenees, 255 Python, 121
Radar, tracking, 282
Radio beacon, 191 Radio signal, communication bv, 210-211
Samaritan, The, stor\, 258-273 San Martin, Jose de, 252-253 Schooner, 188 Science fiction, 280 Scout, 24 Sea clothes, 192 Sealskin boots, 107 Sea muck, fish, 192 Searchlight wagon, firefighting, 45 Shallop, 188 Ship: kinds, 188
192 United States. 208
parts,
Shipping route, Mississippi River, 228 Ship That Belehed Fire, The, stor\, 214-221 Shoal, 189 Siberia, Eskimos in, 106 Sky, 22-23
287
Sleet, causes of,
Smoke
development
72
ejector, firefightiug,
Snorkel truck, firefightiug,
44 44
of,
72
clearing
away
melting
of,
Snow Snow Snow
oi,
85
air,
space
Park, 145
melter, 85
Texas, tornado
in,
76
Thatcher's Island, 190
Solar, definition of, 281
Thicket, 119
Solar system, 281
Thunderstorm, 76 Tidal wave, 170
Speed Star,
steering by, 191 Star formation, Big Dipper, 22
formation, 74
Weight,
West
station, spaceship,
Tracking 282 Transoceanic communication, 210-211 Trapped by the Storm, story,
dangers, 104-105 kinds, 208-209, 228-231, 281,
Trawler, 189
Steam engine, airship, 231
Trawling, 188-189 Tributary, river, 143
for,
cause, 55 kinds, 72-76 scale,
Storm
230
cellar,
73
Stream, 140
Tropical cyclone, 76
animals in, 120 Trouble at Sea, story, 196-201 Tunnel, underwater, 209 Turning Point, The, story, 14-21
Submarine, detection of, 231 Sun, 22-23, 281 Surinam, South America, 118 Swimming, English Channel,
Typhoon, 76
193 Swiss Alps, 254
Underwater tunnel, 209 Underwood, Mea, Trouble
76
Telegraph:
288
Came
to Leiden.
158-165
Whistle, steering by, 191
White water, 145 Whiley and the Prairie
Fire.
32-39
Whymper, Edward, 254 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, Crossing the Creek, 132-139
Me
Help,
WiUy-icilly. 76 Winch, ship, 192 Wind, 57, 170 causes of, 72 chart for, 230 speed of, 230 tornado, 74
Winter, clothes for, 107 Wolfe, Louis, Clear the Track.
148-157
in,
II,
231
Wright, Orville, 209
at
Yugoslavian Alps, 254
Yukon gold
strike, story of,
104-105
United States: hurricane
the Sea
story,
World War
Ullman, James Ramsey, -And Error, 240-251
Sea, 196-201 Tciinu.s,
54
222-227
Tropical rain forest, 119
Storm:
When
air,
Willard, Mildred, Let
Steamboat, 228-229 Steering at sea, aids 190-191
56-57
Indies, hurricane in, 76
story,
282
Statue, 190
for,
Weatherman, 54, 230 equipment of, 56-57 Weather vane, 57 Webb, Captain Matthew, 193
Travel:
22
72
forecasting, 54, 56
instruments
60-65
of light, 281
144
48-53
Weather
description, 75
protection, 73
front, 54,
of,
Washburn, Dorothy, The Sliip That Belched Fire, 214-221 Waterfall, formation of, 142 Weather Bunions, The, story,
Tolboom, Wanda Neill, Adventure on Ice, 96-103 Tornado, 76 cause, 74
funnel, 74
Spanish colonies, Chile and Peru, 252
Warm
Tide and Current, table, 191 Tiber, 121
equipment in, 282 Space station, equipment
formation
N'alley,
Thennometer, 57
Spaceship, 281, 282
283
of state,
Upper course of river, 143 Utah, Bryce Canyon National
282
Terrace, conservation, 141
Spain, Pyrenees, 255
name
United States, ship, 208
knife, 107
South America: Brazil, 120 Cape Horn, 208 Chile, 252 Peru, 253 rain forest, 119 Surinam, 118 South Dakota, Badlands, 141 Space, travel in, 283
74-77
Kansas
as
107 suit,
231
in,
See also by
54-55, 57, 72, 74
Arctic,
167
goggles, 107
of,
storms
Telephone cable, 210
Snowplow, kinds of, 85 Snow storm damage, 84
in,
Navy
210
Telescope, 23 Temperature:
Snow: causes
of,
laying of cable, 210
76
Yukon
Trail, story,
88-95
:%A X K::^-
%
X.
Ji-^.^ "^"S'*?^,-