Bordesley Abbey II: Second report on excavations at Bordesley Abbey, Redditch, Hereford - Worcestershire 9780860542001, 9781407317212

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Plates
Preface
Introduction
1. The Excavation of the Presbytery, Crossing and Eastern Choir
2. The Northern Rooms of the East Cloister Range — The Armarium and Vestiarium
3. The Finds
4. An Architectural Study of the Church
Bibliography
Plates

Citation preview

Bordesley Ab hey II Second report on excavations at Bordesley Abbey, Redditch, Hereford - Worcestershire S. M. Hirst, D. A. Walsh and S. M. Wright with I. Burrow, I. McCaig, P. A. Rahtz and L.Watts edited by S. M. Hirst and S. M. Wright

BAR British Series 111 1983

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D • R • Walker, M.A •

B.A.R.

111, 198J: 'Bordesley Abbey II'

© The Individual Aut hors, 1983

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542001 paperback ISBN 9781407317212 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542001 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

• . • •• •-

• ,,

!

e r n "

1 '

e .11 9 , 1 1 ' I 1 I 1 JM H P

1h i # 1 l I *

e

r n e l ,

_ 1 4 1

i l j I itH H P

-

B ordesley A bbey c hurch f rom t he S E,

r econstructed a s

i n p eriod 1 ,

c .

1 150

A bstract

T his o f

i s

t he

f or

i ts

t he t hat

w here

d iffers

i t

t he

r eport

R edditch,

e xcavations

a nd

d eep

a pproximately

f rom

c ombines

o n

W orcestershire.

w ell—preserved

c hurch

r eport o f

s econd

B ordesley,

i ts

a rchitecture

o f

t he

o n

t he

C istercian

s ite

i s

s tratification,

l m

o f

p redecessor

a r eport

a t T he

f loor

e xcavated

a nd

w ith

e astern

e specially

l evels

( Rahtz

e xcavations

a n

a bbey

r emarkable

s urvived.

H irst

1 976)

e xtensive

p ortion

o f

t he

i n T he i n

s tudy c hurch

( including t he p reviously p ublished s outh t ransept). T he

e xcavation

o f

t he

p resbytery,

i s d iscussed i n s ection 1 , t hat o f c loister r ange i n s ection 2 a nd t he

c rossing

s eries o f c . 1 50 d ecorated f loor t iles) 4 i s t he a rchitectural s tudy o f t he c hurch. O f t inuing o f t he a nd

p arts

p articular i nterest s truggle w ith t he o f

r esponse

t he t o

s tructure t hese

s urviving m asonry.

a nd

e astern

c hoir

t he n orthern r ooms o f t he e ast f inds ( including a n i llustrated i n

s ection

3 .

S ection

i s t he e vidence f or t he m onks' c on— t errain, t he s ubsidence a nd c ollapse ( notably

e vents

a s

p arts

o f

t he

c rossing)

r evealed

i n

t he

s tratification

a nd

Contents

L IST O F F IGURES

.

L IST O F T ABLES

.

vii

L IST O F P LATES

P REFACE b y P .A.

x i

R ahtz

I NTRODUCTION b y S .M. H irst, L ist o f a bbreviations .

1 :

S .M.

H irst

1 .1

I ntroduction

1 .2

T he

a nd S .M.

P reservation

c ircumstances

p eriodisation a nd

s tratigraphic

i n

d rift,

M A-MD

( glacial

1 .3b 1 .3c

P eriod P eriod

1 1

M C/MD M E-MG

( builders' ( builders'

1 .3d

P eriod

1

M H

1 .3e

P eriod 2

M Ja,

1 .3f

P eriod

M J

1 .3g

P eriod 3 A

2

( floor M Jb

.

M J1

M J1-MJ2a

1 .3j

P eriod 3 C

M J2a,

1 .3k

a nd n ew f loor) P eriod 3 D M J2 P eriod 3 C-4B

l evel)

M J2

M J2-MP

( flooding o f

1 .3n

P eriod 4 B

M M

( make-up

1 .3o

P eriod 4 B

M P

( dirt

1 .3p

P eriod 4 C

M R-MT

P eriod 4 C 5

1 .3s

P eriod 5 -6

1 .3t

P eriod 6

M U M V

t o

s outh t ransept)

3 A N W c rossing p ier)

( builders'

a ctivity,

t o

f loor

t he r aise

f loor

l evel)

. .

M V-MX

i n 5 4

t ransept)

5 4

f loor

l evel)

5 5 .

a ctivity a nd m ake-up) .

( intermediate,

( post-Dissolution

.

5 5

.

5 7

.

5 7 5 9

a bandonment s tone

.

5 0 5 4

.

l evel)

( builders'

( floor

s outh

4 6 4 9

m ake-up

. .

( Dissolution d estruction)

M W-MZ

e xcavations)

3 9 4 3

.

MK

P eriod

3 5 3 8

.

e ntrance

.

P eriod 4 A

1 .3r

a nd m ake-up)

( continued u se o f M J2

.

1 .3m

1 .3q

2 9

. . . . ( reconstruction o f N E p ier)

p resbytery)

2 9 2 9 3 2

.

( collapse o f

M J2b,

1 0

.

.

.

( narrowing o f

P eriod 3 B

d eposits)

a ctivity a nd m ake-up)

l evel)

( floor

P eriod 3 B

l evel)

r obbing,

5 9

a nd 5 9

b urials

S patial

.

. a lluvial

.

M J1

1 .3h

9 1 0

a ctivity) . l evels, s poil

l evel)

( floor

9

t he p resbytery a nd c rossing/

( builders'

1 .3i

1 .4a

e xcavation

.

P eriod 0

T he

a nd m ethods o f

s tratification

s equence

c hoir

1 .4

7 .

.

1 .3a

1 .31

. .

A cknowledgements; S ummary o f

5 6

C ROSSING A ND E ASTERN C HOIR

.

1 .2b

T he

W right

W right

e xcavation

1 .2a

1 .3

W alsh a nd S .M.

T HE E XCAVATION O F T HE P RESBYTERY, b y

1 .2c

D .A.

6 0

d istribution a nd c hronology

i i

6 0

1 .4b

T he

1 .4c

C offins a nd o ther g rave

1 .4d 1 .5

s keletons,

t heir c ondition,

G rave m arkers

s ex a nd p osition

s tructures

.

.

.

1 .6 C onclusion . . . T able I : C rossing/choir ( 0/P) s ynthesis t able T able I I: P resbytery ( N) s ynthesis t able

. .

7 1 7 4 9 2

2 :

T HE N ORTHERN R OOMS O F T HE E AST C LOISTER R ANGE T HE A RMARIUM A ND V ESTIARIUM

S ummary

2 .2

I ntroduction

. .

A cknowledgements;

.

.

.

.

.

R elationship t o t he s outh t ransept T he e xcavated s equence .

2 .3b 2 .3c

T he T he

s equence s equence

1 03 1 04

c ircumstances a nd m ethods

T he f irst b uilding p hases M A-ME) . .

2 .4a 2 .4b 2 .4c

1 00

.

2 .3a

2 .4

•

B urrow

2 .1

2 .2b 2 .3

•

6 7

I II:

2 .2a

.

.

T able

b y I .

d ata

( period

o f

e xcavation

s equence 1 ,

i n r ooms G a nd J i n a rea K

D iscussion

1 140-1150: .

G ,J,K .

1 09

. .

1 11 1 15

.

.

2 .4d

P eriods

2 -3

( G,J,K ? M H,

2 .4e

P eriods

4 -5

( G,J,K M N-MV)

2 .4f

T he

2 .4g

F uture w ork

f unction o f

T able

I V:

3 :

T HE F INDS

M I-MM)

.

.

r ooms G a nd J

.

.

A reas G ,J,K s ynthesis

W atts

a nd P .A.

1 04 1 04 1 09

I ntroduction . . . . A nalogies f rom o ther C istercian h ouses P eriod 1 ( G,J,K M B-MG, ? M H) .

b y L .

U h 6 7

B eauchamp p atronage o f B ordesley A bbey

B urial

6 2 .

t able

.

1 16

. . .

1 16 1 18 1 19

.

1 19

.

1 21

.

1 21

.

1 22

.

1 23

R ahtz

3 .1

I ntroduction a nd a cknowledgements

.

1 29

3 .2 3 .3

F lints M ortar

. .

1 29 1 30

( FL) b y P .A.R. ( MOR)

3 .3a

I ntroduction b y P .A.R.

3 .3b

A nalysis o f ( PL)

s ome

.

' mortars'

3 .4

P laster

3 .5

P aint

3 .6

B aked c lay

( BC)

b y P .A.R.

3 .7

F ired c lay

( FC)

b y P .A.R.

b y P .A.R.

( PA)

3 .8

B rick

3 .9

C lay p ipes

3 .10

R oof

b y P .A.R.

E vans a nd L .

B iek

a nd L .W.

( CP)

.

3 .11

P lain f loor

D ecorated f loor

3 .12a

I ntroduction

3 .12b

T he

3 .12c

A n ote o n t he

.

.

.

1 37

b y P .A.R.

.

1 37

.

b y P .A.R.

( DFT,

.

a nd S .M.

R DT)

.

1 37 b y L .W.

a nd P .A.R.

.

i n t he p resbytery, H irst

.

3 .13

P ottery

G lass v essels

b y P .A.R.

3 .15

D ecorated w indow g lass a nd D . W alsh

( GLV)

.

.

.

b y P .A.R. ( GLW)

. b y L .W. .

i v

1 39 1 39

c rossing a nd c hoir

f loor-pattern r econstructions b y P .A.R.

3 .14

1 36 1 37

( RT)

( PFT)

t iles

t iled f loors

( P)

1 36 .

b y P .A.R.

t iles

1 35 1 36

t iles a nd f ittings

3 .12

1 30 1 30

b y P .A.R.

( BR)

b y L .W.

b y J .

w ith D .

1 57 1 67

.

1 69

.

1 71

O 'Connor .

1 73

3 .16

C opper a lloy

3 .17

I ron

( IR)

( CA)

b y P .A.R.

1 83

3 .17a

A rea

I I

3 .17b

A rea

I V - N ,O,P b y L .W.

G ,J,K b y P .A.R.

O ther m etals ( OM) b y P .A.R. C oins a nd j etton ( CO) b y N .

3 .20

S lag

3 .21

O rganic T .

b y G .

( ORG)

1 83 1 83

3 .18 3 .19

( SL)

1 75

.

1 87 1 89

M ayhew

M cDonnell

b y P .A.R.

1 89

w ith A .

H all,

H .

K enward a nd

O 'Connor

1 91

3 .22

W orked b one

( WB)

3 .23

T he h uman b ones

b y P .A.R. ( HB)

1 94

b y R .

E verton

1 95

3 .23a

S ex

1 95

3 .23b 3 .23c

A ge S tature

1 95 1 95

3 .23d 3 .23e

G eneral p athology T rauma

1 95 1 97

3 .23f

D evelopmental

1 97

3 .23g

T eeth

3 .23h

H ypodontia

3 .23i 3 .24

1 98 1 98

C onclusion B ooks, b ook f ittings a nd w riting b y L .W. B .

4 :

v ariations

B arker-Benfield a nd D .

2 00 w ith

P earsall

2 00

A N A RCHITECTURAL S TUDY O F T HE C HURCH b y D .A.

W alsh

4 .1

I ntroduction a nd a cknowledgements

4 .2

T he

e arly C istercian b ackground

B ordesley A bbey

.

f or

t he p eriod

.

4 .2a

I ntroduction

4 .2b

T he e arly d evelopment

4 .2c

T he B ernardine p lan

o f

2 07

1 p lan o f .

2 08

.

2 08

t he B ernardine p lan o n t he

C ontinent 4 .3

2 09 i n E ngland

2 12

T he p eriod 1 p lan o f B ordesley A bbey

4 .3a

I ntroduction

.

.

4 .3b

T he p resbytery

.

.

4 .3c

T he

s outh

4 .3d

T he

c rossing,

4 .4

.

2 22 .

2 22 .

2 25 2 25

transept

e astern c hoir a nd a isles

T he p eriod 1 c hurch

2 27

.

2 29

4 .4a

F oundations

2 29

4 .4b

S uperstructure - i ntroduction

2 31

4 .4c

T he p resbytery

4 .4d

T he

4 .4e

T he c rossing a nd e astern p ortion o f

s outh

s uperstructure 4 .4f 4 .5

T he

s uperstructure

t ransept

d ate o f

2 31

s uperstructure

.

t he p eriod

t he c hoir, 2 44

1 c hurch

2 46

.

2 47

T he p eriod 2 c hurch

2 47

I ntroduction

4 .5b 4 .5c

T he e ntrance t o t he s outh a isle T he a rcade b locking .

4 .6 4 .7

2 40

.

4 .5a

4 .5d

.

T he

e ast b ay o f

t he p resbytery

T he p eriod 3 A c hurch T he p eriod 3 B c hurch

.

4 .8

T he

.

4 .9

P eriod 3 D a nd

p eriod 3 C c hurch

4 .10

E x s itu c arved

4 .11

C onclusion

4 .12

S tone

t able

l ater p hases s tone

f rom t he

t ransept

2 49 2 51 2 51 2 53 2 56 2 60 2 62 2 63 2 73

( ST)

.

.

2 75

4 .13

M asons'

4 .14

N otes

m arks

( MM)

2 83 2 86

B IBLIOGRAPHY

2 89

T HE

2 99

P LATES

v i

L IST O F F IGURES

F rontispiece - B ordesley A bbey c hurch r econstructed a s

f rom t he

i n p eriod

1 ,

S E,

c .

1 150

1

P lan o f

2

M asonry - n orth s ide o f p resbytery

e xcavated a reas

1 1

2

3

M asonry - s outh s ide o f p resbytery

1 2

4

M asonry - e astern c hoir

5

P resbytery - n orth e xterior

6

P resbytery - n orth

i nterior e levation E 24B

1 5

i nterior e levation E 23A

1 6

1 3 e levation E 22 a nd N -S

s ection

t hrough w all

1 4

7

P resbytery - s outh

8

P resbytery - k ey t o

9

P resbytery - e ast

1 0

E astern c hoir - n orth

1 1

E astern c hoir - k ey

1 2

E astern c hoir - s outh

1 3

C rossing p iers - N E p ier,

e ast

1 4

- S E p ier, C rossing p iers - N W p ier,

e ast a nd w est e levations e ast a nd w est e levations

1 5

S l3B-C - s ection W -E t hrough e astern c hoir a nd c rossing

2 4

1 6

S l3C-D - s ection W -E t hrough p resbytery

2 5

1 7

S 14 - s ection N -S a cross e ntrance

t hrough c rossing a nd S ll t o n orth t ransept

1 8

S 15 - s ection S -N

t hrough c hoir b etween e asternmost p iers

1 9

C rossing/choir - P er.

s outh

i nterior e levation E 23A

e xterior

1 7

e levation E 25

1 8

i nterior e levation E 24A

t o n orth

1 9

i nterior e levation E 24A

2 0

i nterior e levation E 23B

- S W p ier,

2 1

a nd w est e levations

e ast

a nd w est

2 2

e levations

2 3

. - s ection W -E

2 6

o f n ave a rcade

2 7 1 b uilders'

2 0

P resbytery - P er.

2 1

C rossing/choir - P er.

1 b uilders' 1 f loor

2 b uilders'

C rossing/choir - P er.

P resbytery - P er. 1 f eatures, p er. 3 C b uilders .

2 4

C rossing/choir - P eriod 3 A

2 5

C rossing/choir - P er.

3 B,

p er.

2 6

C rossing/choir - P er.

3 C

f loor,

2 7

P resbytery - P er.

2 8

C rossing/choir - P er. 4 C b uilders

3 3 3 7

2 2

p er.

3 1

f eatures

2 3

3 C-4B

f eatures

f eatures

p er.

2 -3B

a nd

f loor

f loor

4 1

l evel, 4 2 4 5

3 C b uilders

f loor,

p er. p er.

4 B b uilders,

4 7

3 D a nd 4 A f eatures

5 1

4 C a nd 6 f eatures p er.

4 B

5 3

f loor,

.

5 6

2 9 3 0

C rossing/choir - P er. 4 C f loor, p er. 5 a nd p er. 6 P lan o f g raves i n c rossing/choir a nd p resbytery

3 1

S tone

c offin I V P 32

6 3

3 2

S tone

c offin N 3

6 5

3 3 3 4

W ooden c offin I V 0 23b P M - G ,J,K m aster p lan a nd S 6 - E -W s ection o f G ,J

3 5

E 15 - s outh e levation o f

3 6

E 19 - e ast e levation o f I I F 6; E 18 - w est e levation o f E 16 - s outh e levation o f G ,J,K; E 20 - w est e levation o f

3 7

P 1

3 8

P 2 - G ,J,K p eriods

I I

F 14;

E 21

i n p resbytery

- e ast

s outh

e levation o f

2 -4;

S 7

S 10 - N -S s ection a cross 3 9

t ransept

- G ,J,K p eriod 1 ; E 17 - w est e levation o f d oorway I F 10

S ll

- E -W p rofiles

T ypology o f

5 8 6 1

o f

- N -S s ill

s lots

t he n orthern p art

C istercian m onasteries

6 6 1 06

( exterior); I I

F 6

I I F 14

1 08

e levation o f G ;

E 14 - w est 1 10

s ection a cross G ; G l;

S 8 - N -S

s ection a cross

i n G ;

S 9 - N -S

s ection a cross K

o f

t he

i n E ngland,

v ii

1 07

J ; 1 13

e ast c loister r ange a t W ales a nd F rance

1 17

4 0

C leeve A bbey, S omerset - e arly i n t he s acristy w est w all

4 1

S ummary o f

4 2

B ordesley A bbey

4 3

P lain

4 4

W oodward's

i llustrations

o f D FT

4 5

W oodward's

i llustrations

o f

4 6

W oodward's

i llustrations

4 7 4 8

W oodward's W oodward's

4 9 5 0

s ize

t he

s tructural

1 3th-century w all

1 20

d evelopment o f

' mortars'

r ecesses

a reas G ,J,K

- r epresentative a ggregate

1 20 g rain

d istributions f loor

1 31

t ile a nd b rick,

s elected

1 38

1 -16

1 40

i llustrations i llustrations

D FT 2 1-36 o f D FT 3 7-43 o f D 4-49 FT 4 o f D FT 5 0-56

1 43 1 44

W oodward's

i llustrations

o f D FT 5 7-62

1 45

W oodward's

i llustrations

o f

1 46

5 1

W oodward's

i llustrations

o f

5 2

D ecorated

5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7

1 42

D FT 6 3-69 0-74 D FT 7

1

1 47 1 50

t iles:

2

1 51

t iles: t iles:

3 4

1 52

t iles:

5

1 54

f loor

t iles:

D ecorated

f loor

D ecorated D ecorated

f loor f loor

D ecorated

f loor

A :

R elief

d ecorated t iles

B :

D ecorated

C :

G raph t o

D :

R elationship o f f loor

1 41

f loor

1 53 .

1 55

t iles - r ange

s how d iameters

o f

t hickness

o f

c haracteristic p rofiles

5 0 d ecorated

f loor t iles

t o d iameter o f

.

1 55

5 0 d ecorated

t iles

1 55

5 8

A p ro

5 9

R econstruction o f

f loor p attern - p eriod 3 C

6 0

R econstruction o f

f loor p attern - p eriod 4 C

6 1

W oodward's

6 2

T iled

6 3

T iled

6 4

P ottery

1 70

6 5 6 6

G lass v essels G LW, w indow g lass

1 72

6 7

C opper a lloy

1 :

B ooks

6 8

C opper a lloy

2 :

M iscellaneous

1 78

6 9

C opper a lloy 3 :

M iscellaneous

1 80

7 0

C opper a lloy 4 :

W ire

1 82

7 1

I ron

1 :

A rea

I I

7 2

I ron 2 :

A rea

I V

7 3 7 4

O ther m etals. W orked b one

7 5

O rganic

1 88 1 92

7 6

R econstructions i llustrating p ossible l ocation o f ( a) b ook f ittings a nd b inding s trap a nd ( b) c lasp

2 05

P l.

f orma

1 55

f loor

t iles

i llustration o f p eriod 4 C

f loor

i n N E c rossing a s

1 56 1 61 1 65

t iled f loor

i n c rossing

r ecorded i n W oodward

i n c hapel 1 866,

P l.

D i n s outh

t ransept a s

1 68 r ecorded b y

I a nd n ow c lassified b y P FT a nd D FT

1 74

1 84 1 86

( N,O,P)

1 88

l ead

7 8 7 9

P lans

8 0

S trata F lorida P lans o f e astern p arts o f

8 1

a nd R ufford P lan o f e astern p arts

8 2

m easurements P lan o f e astern p arts

e astern p arts o f

r egularised w ith

B ordesley, B uildwas,

o f

B oxley a nd

A bbey D ore,

M erevale

B ordesley A bbey w ith m etric 2 26

o f

B ordesley A bbey

l engths

i n

8 4

i n p eriod 1 A xonometric r econstruction o f c .

2 17

2 21

B ordesley A bbey,

1 ,

K irkstall,

2 15

2 19

8 3

i n p eriod

1 68

1 76

a nd w riting

f W averley, T intern I a nd V auclair I P lans o P lans o f e astern p arts o f F ountains, L outh P ark a nd N ewminster o f

1 66

1 866,

I I a nd n ow c lassified b y P FT a nd D FT f loor

W oodward

7 7

f or d ecorated

i n p eriod

1 2 28

2 9.5cm f eet

p lan o f p resbytery a nd e astern c hoir 2 30 e astern p arts

o f

B ordesley A bbey 2 32

1 150 v iii

8 5

A xonometric r econstruction o f

8 6

o f B ordesley A bbey i n p eriod 1 , c . 1 150 P lans o f t he e astern p arts o f s ome C ontinental

8 7

P lans

8 8

B ordesley A bbey,

8 9

i n p eriod 2 A xonometric r econstruction o f

9 0

B ordesley A bbey,

9 1

B ordesley A bbey, p lan o f p resbytery a nd e astern c hoir i n p eriod 3 B, c . 1 300

2 57

9 2

I nterior e levation o f s outh s ide o f B ordesley A bbey p resbytery a nd c rossing r econstructed a s i n p eriod 3 B

2 59

9 3

B ordesley A bbey,

9 4

i n p eriods 3 C, 3 D a nd 4 B S tone 1 : P eriod 1 a rchitectural

9 5

S tone

2 :

1 3th—century a rchitectural

9 6

S tone

3 :

P eriod 3 s outh—west c rossing p ier

9 7 9 8

S tone 4 : V aulting r ib s pringer a nd r oof b oss S tone 5 a: 1 4th—century a rchitectural f ragments

2 68 2 70

S tone

5 b:

2 70

S tone

6 :

T racery

2 71

1 00 S tone

7 :

S tone

2 72

c hurches o f

A bbey

1 01 M asons'

e astern p arts 2 35 C istercian

s howing p resbytery b ay a rrangements

C istercian

t ransept

p lan o f

i n p eriod

i n p eriod 3 A,

9 9

e xterior v iew o f

2 ,

c .

c hapel

2 37

p iers

2 43

p resbytery a nd e astern c hoir 2 48 e astern p arts o f

B ordesley

1 200

2 50

p lan o f p resbytery a nd e astern c hoir c .

1 260-80

2 54

p lan o f p resbytery a nd e astern c hoir f ragments

1 5th—century a rchitectural o bjects

m arks

f ragments

f ragments

2 61 2 64 2 66 2 67

2 84

i x

L IST O F T ABLES

I I

C rossing/choir P resbytery ( N)

( 0/P) s ynthesis s ynthesis t able

t able

7 4 9 2

I II

B urial

I V

A reas G ,J,K s ynthesis

d ata

V

O ccurrence o f

V I

c hoir ( areas N ,O,P), s eriated b y m aster l ayer a nd p eriod O ccurrence o f D FT i n p resbytery, c rossing a nd e astern

V II

F loor

V III

A ge,

I X X

D ental c onditions . C omparison o f d ental c onditions:

c hoir

1 00 P FT

t able

i n p resbytery,

( areas N ,O,P),

1 23 c rossing a nd e astern

s eriated b y m aster

t iles a ssociated w ith p eriod 3 C

l ayer a nd p eriod

f loor

1 63

s tature

S t H elen—on—the—Walls,

1 60

( MJ2)

i n c rossing a nd e astern c hoir s ex a nd

1 58

1 96

Y ork

1 99 B ordesley A bbey a nd 1 99

L IST O F P LATES

I a l b

C rossing f rom s outh s howing p eriod 1 N -S ? t imber P resbytery f rom N W s howing p eriod 1 p ebble r aft

I I

S E c rossing p ier

l ila

P eriod

1 ?h oof

nib

P eriod

1 f loor

a t I Va

f rom n orth a nd/or

l evel

f oot p rints

i n S E c orner o f p resbytery

i n c rossing w ith

j unction w ith p resbytery,

E xterior o f n orth w all

o f

P eriod 2 e mplacement

s outh e nd o f

s ill

f rom NW

p resbytery

p eriod 2 w idening w ith c ore a nd w all f ace I Vb

s lots

f rom N E,

s howing

f acing o ver p eriod

f or N W t imber-based c hoir

1

s tall,

f rom e ast V a

P eriod 2 has

V b

S outh

f loor

e mplacements V Ia

i n p resbytery,

s ide o f c rossing/choir

C ollapsed

f rom N W

f rom w est

s howing p eriod 3 A

f or S E a nd S W t imber-based c hoir

s talls

s ection o f p eriod 3 A N W c rossing p ier e mbedded

i n s ub-floor

l evels w ith

s ubsoil

e xtruded u p a round

i t,

f rom S W V Ib

C ollapsed

V ila

P eriod 3 C N W c rossing p ier a nd

s ection o f

V IIb

C rossing/choir

V illa N orth e nd o f

f rom S W a t

r obbing

i n c lay a t b ase V IIIb G rave P 27 o ver 1 Xa

f oundation,

l evel

o f

r eplaced

i n c offin i n c rossing,

P eriod 4 B a nd 4 C p hases

w all,

f loor

? d rain 0 25

s howing d isarticulated b ones

f loor

C upboard r ecesses

t iled

s howing g roove

T ile b edding m arking d ouble g rave 0 23/013 a t

l evel

f rom N E

f rom s outh

o f p eriod 3 C

s lot 0 24 f rom n orth,

s econdary b urial

e xposed a t X a

o f

i n c hoir

p eriod 4 B d irt I Xb

3 A N W p ier c ompletely e xposed,

o f

l evel

o f

f rom N W

s tone-based s outh c hoir s tall

p eriod 4 B d irt

i n a rea G i n

f loor,

s outh f ace o f

f rom NW s outh

t ransept

f rom S W

X b

P eriod 2 c row 's

X Ia X Ib

P eriod 3 B n arrowing o f s outh t ransept e ntrance, f rom s outh R oof b oss S T 9 0 i ncorporated i n p eriod 4 C p hase o f

f oot

c hamfer

N W s tone-based c hoir

s tall

x i

s top

99 9

P r ef a ce

b y P .A.

R ahtz

T his i s t he s econd m onograph t o b e g enerated b y t he B ordesley A bbey Excavations. When we b egan work i n t he v alley i n 1 969, we d id n ot a ppreciate p articular

t he c omplexity o f s uch s ites ( and e specially o f t his example), n or t he v olume o f d ata which e ven s hort

e xcavations

would y ield .

was

p ublished

i n

d etail;

O ur f irst monograph ( Rahtz a nd H irst B ritish A rchaeological

R eports

1 976)

g enerously

g ave u s ample s pace, i ncluding a s eparate wallet o f d rawings, a nd even t hree c olour p lates. I t was t he f irst ( and a s i t t ranspired t he l ast) BAR v olume t o b e p roduced i n t he a rchaeologicallya ppropriate l andscape f ormat - a n e xperiment t hey w ould n ot w ish t o r epeat! T hat f irst r eport d ealt with t he s outh t ransept o f t he a bbey c hurch , a nd o ther m inor e xcavations e lsewhere i n t he v alley . The work was p ublished i n c onsiderable d etail, a nd t here was s ome c riticism i n t raditional q uarters f or d evoting t he g reater p art o f a s ubstantial monograph t o o ne t ransept o f a n a bbey c hurch, r ather t han t he more c ustomary s ingle a rticle d evoted t o ( at l east) t he

e ntire

c laustral

c omplex .

T he o bject

w as h owever

t o

s how

j ust

what d etail c ould b e r ecovered f rom a s ite, w ith r easonable s tandards o f m odern excavation . T his was e specially r elevant b ecause, b efore e xcavation , B ordesley A bbey e xisted wholly b eneath t he g round, a nd d id n ot t herefore f igure i n t raditional monastic a rchitectural w ritings . A s a r esult o f t he f irst r eport, B ordesley has b ecome s omething o f a model i n s howing n ot o nly what e vidence c an b e r ecovered f rom a b adly r obbed s ite, b ut a lso h ow much may h ave b een l ost i n t he a rchitecturally-oriented e xcavations o f m ost o f o ur g reat s tanding a bbeys . I n t he e arly y ears, we were f eeling o ur way methodologically; t he f irst r eport was a n ot wholly s atisfactory a ttempt t o e stablish a method a nd a lso a t entative hypothesis which c ould b e t ested b y f urther e xcavation .

T he p hasing s equence d efined i n

1 976 m ade i t i n

s ome w ays e asier t o d ig f urther a reas - w e w ere a ble t o p redict t he s equence o f s tratification, and t herefore t o excavate more i ntelligently a nd e fficiently . The work was e xtended i n t he 1 970s i nto t he n orthern r ooms o f t he e ast c loister r ange u nder t he d irection o f I an B urrow , who n ow r eports o n t hat a rea ( section 2 ) . T he m ain e ffort h as h owever b een i n t he examination o f t he e astern p ortion o f t he c hoir, t he c rossing , a nd t he p resbytery . T hese a re t he p rincipal s ubjects o f t his v olume ( sections 1 a nd 4 ). N otable among t he a rchaeological d iscoveries i s t he e vidence o f a m ajor c ollapse o f t he NW c rossing p ier i n t he e arly f ourteenth c entury ( Pl. V I), which i llustrates g raphically

t he

unstable

c onditions

o f

t he

g round o n which

t he

c hurch was b uilt . T he e astern e xterior has a lso b een d ug, t ogether with p art o f t he main e astern c emetery a nd t he e ast c loister w alk ; t he r esults o f t hese a re h owever r eserved f or a f uture v olume . T he work d escribed i n t his monograph was under my g eneral d irection, b ut d ue t o

1

F ig.

2

1

i ncreasing c ommitments r esultant u pon my a cademic t ransfer f rom B irmingham t o Y ork , t he d irection h as n ow p assed g radually i nto t he h ands o f a y ounger g eneration o f a rchaeologists, f or t he p reparation o f i n t he c hurch . B y

1 980

t here

t his

were

r eport,

p roblems

a nd a re a bout

n ow

w ho a re r esponsible d irecting

c onserving

t he

t he

w ork

e xcavated

r emains, a nd w ork t emporarily c eased o n t he c hurch t o a llow t hese t o b e r esolved . O ur p rincipal r esources w ere s witched t o a nother a rea o f t he v alley, t he I ndustrial S ite. T he p otential o f t his f or t he s tudy o f monastic t echnology a nd e conomy h ad a lready b een s hown i n e arlier small-scale work ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 19) a nd i n 1 9801 982 G renville A still ( University o f R eading) h as o pened 5 00 s quare metres t here; h e h as u ncovered t he f oundations o f t he w ater-mill a nd i ts wheelpit; t he r esults a re o f e xceptional i nterest ( notably i n o rganic s urvival) a nd e xceptionally d ifficult; t hey t oo w ill b e t he t opic o f s eparate p ublication . E xcavation o f t he c hurch was r esumed u nder t he d irection o f S ue H irst a nd S ue W right i n 1 982 , s o n ow t wo m ajor p arts o f t he a bbey c omplex a re b eing e xplored s imultaneously . N ot o nly h ave t he excavation a nd r ecording t echniques a s r eflected i n t his v olume improved s ince 1 976, b ut a c rucially important a dvance has b een made b y D avid Walsh i n h is e fforts t o r econstruct

t heoretically,

i n a ll i ts

p hases,

t he a rchitecture o f

a

c hurch which n o l onger s urvives, b y r eference t o t he a rchaeological e vidence; t his i ncludes a s triking a nalysis o f t he manner i n which t he c hurch was p lanned i n t he t welfth c entury . T he f irst r esults o f h is work, n ow d isplayed i n f ull i n s ection 4 , h ave a roused t he g reatest i nterest o n b oth s ides o f t he A tlantic , a s a n ew d imension i n

t he

c ollaboration

o f

a rchaeologists

with

a n

a rchitectural

h istorian. A s I am n ow n o l onger a n a ctive d irector o f t he p roject, i t i s e asier f or me t o express my a dmiration f or t he work t hat t he e ditors, S ue H irst a nd S ue Wright, h ave p ut i nto p roducing t his monograph o nly two a nd a h alf y ears a fter

t he

c ompletion o f

t he

e xcavations r eported o n a nd w ithin t he l imited f inancial r esources a nd t ime available t o t hem. I t a lso f alls t o me t o express o ur t hanks t o many p eople a nd i nstitutions who h ave c ontributed t o t he p roject i n c ash o r i n k ind, a nd t o t his p ublication . The R edditch B orough C ouncil a nd R edditch D evelopment C orporation h ave b oth g iven g enerous

f inancial h elp a nd

s ervices;

a nd

t heir

r espective

o fficers

h ave g iven much o f t heir t ime i n g iving u s b oth h elp a nd warm h ospitality . T he B ritish A cademy a nd t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries h ave m ade g enerous g rants t owards b oth t he e xcavation a nd t he p ostexcavation work l eading t o t his monograph . The Universities o f B irmingham, Y ork , R eading, a nd R ochester ( New Y ork) h ave s upported t he p roject f inancially a nd a cademically . We a re g rateful t o t he m any s tudents f rom t hese u niversities who, i n r eceiving t raining o n t he e xcavation , h ave p articipated a t a ll l evels o f t he w ork . T here h ave b een m any v olunteers a s well, b oth o f E ngland, among whom w e may s ingle o ut p art i n every s eason, a nd i s n ow ( 1983) s till a ble t o d o a h ard d ay 's w ork i n m ud

l ocal a nd f rom o ther p arts J oan T anner , who h as t aken i n h er e ighth d ecade, b ut a nd r ain ; S teve a nd V erna

Wass, v olunteers a nd t hen s upervisors f or o ver t en y ears; a nd Z ita B errington , who h as b een r esponsible f or k eeping u s w ell f ed . S tan a nd J o W right h ave g iven u s g enerous h ospitality . We would l ike t o t hank a ll t he c ontributors

t o

t his

r eport,

e specially L orna Watts, who h as b een i n c harge o f f inds f or t he p ast s even y ears, a nd l ain McCaig, who h as p rovided u s with a ccurate s urvey,

many

s timulating

s tructural r emains

i deas,

a nd

excellent

i n p lan a nd e levation .

3

d rawings

o f

t he

T he e ditors w ould l ike t o

t hank G renville A still a nd M ichael E dwards,

w ithout w hose s upport -

moral, d omestic a nd i n c hildcare - t his r eport c ould n ot p ossibly h ave b een f inished i n t he t ime a vailable . We h ope t hat t he r eport w ill g enerate t he s ame w ide i nterest a s the f irst, and we a re g rateful t o t he e ditors o f British A rchaeological R eports f or s upporting u s a gain, a nd f or p roducing o ur s econd m onograph w ith t heir c ustomary s peed a nd e fficiency . The f inds a nd a rchive will b e d eposited i n t he Worcestershire C ounty Museum, H artlebury C astle, u ntil s uitable l ocal a ccommodation c an b e f ound . A s election o f f inds a nd o ther i llustrative m aterial w ill b e o ne o f t he e xhibits i n t he n ew F orge M ill Museum d ue t o o pen i n 1 983. P hilip R ahtz, U niversity o f Y ork, J anuary

4

1 983.

I n t rodu c t ion b y S .M . H irst, D .A . W alsh a nd S .M . W right

T his s econd r eport o n e xcavations a t B ordesley A bbey p rovides a f airly c omprehensive p ublication o f t he e xcavated e astern p ortion o f t he c hurch a nd b rings t ogether t he r esults o f c o-operation b etween a rchaeologists a nd a rchitectural a nd a rt h istorians . T he r eport i s s imilar i n s tructure t o t he f irst, e xcept t hat t he d etailed t ables, g iving c ontexts i n n umerical o rder, h ave b een omitted. T hat i nformation w ill b e m ade a vailable i n a rchive f orm . T he s tructural a nd s tratigraphic s equence i s o nce more p ublished i n t he f orm o f s ynthesis t ables ( Tables I , I I a nd I V), which d emonstrate t he b asis o f t he a ccompanying t exts a nd p eriodised p lans . T he f inds a re p ublished i n t he s ame c ategories a s b efore , w ith e special a ttention b eing g iven t o a rchitectural f ragments, b ook f ittings, t iled f loors, h uman b iology a nd a p reliminary s urvey o f t he p otential o f m ortar a nalysis . E xcavation o f t he p resbytery , c rossing a nd c hoir w as c ompleted o nly i n 1 980 a nd t he p rompt p ublication o f r esults a nd a rchitectural s ynthesis h as r esulted i n a r eport w hich d eals f ar m ore e xtensively with c ertain a spects t han o thers. T he h istorical b ackground, t he t iles a nd t he o ther s mall f inds w ould a ll m erit l engthy , i ndividual t reatments, w hile t he a rt-historical s tudy o f t he b uildings m ight e asily o ccupy a s eparate v olume . T he s easonal n ature o f t he w ork , l imited f inance a nd t he u nusually l arge b ody o f d ata f rom t he e xcavations b oth p ast a nd c urrent d o p resent p roblems . W e c onsider t hat a m ulti-volume s tudy b ased o n t he p rogressive p ublication o f e xcavations w ithin t he p recinct h as d efinite a dvantages . I t a llows t he n ewly u ncovered p arts o f t he c hurch t o r each p ublication w ithin a f ew y ears, a nd a c ombined s tudy o f a rchitecture a nd a rchaeology t o b e i ncluded i n e ach v olume, t ogether w ith a c ritical r eview o f e arlier w ork . R esearch i n s pecialist a reas, s uch a s t ile a nd w indow g lass, m eanwhile c an c ontinue . A lthough t his s econd r eport i s f irmly b ased o n o ur e arlier w ork , we a re c onscious t hat, i n a ssessing t his n ew d ata, s ome o f t he i nterpretations, b oth s tructural a nd s tratigraphic p ut f orward i n R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, h ave b een modified, b ut c onsider t hat t he c hanging h ypothesis i s an ecessary a nd d esirable a spect o f s uch a c ontinuing r esearch p rogramme. I t was w ith t his i n m ind t hat i n 1 982 we c hose t o e xtend o ur e xcavations westwards d own t he c hoir, r ather t han t o c ommence t he e xcavation o f t he n orth t ransept . T he n ew e xcavation , t aking i n t he western p ortion o f t he c hoir, t he r etrochoir a nd t he r ood s creen ( the o nly p art o f t he w estern p ortion o f t he c hurch w ith i ntact s tratification a nd n ot i ncluded i n e arlier excavations), p rovides t he b est o pportunity t o c heck t he s tratigraphic i nterpretations p ut f orward h ere, e specially t he v ery c omplex s equence o f c hoir s talls a nd f loors i n t he c hoir . E ach s eason 's e xcavation h as c aused u s t o r econsider o ur t echniques, s trategy a nd i nterpretation, while t he e xperience o f p ublication i s e qually i nstructive . O ur k nowledge o f p articular

5

a reas

and

buildings

a nd

o f

t he

monastic

c umulative a nd c onstantly b eing r e-assessed . t his v olume t o t he n ext i n o ur s eries .

c omplex a s W e

l ook

a whole

f orward

i s

f rom

L IST O F A BBREVIATIONS

T he f ollowing a bbreviations a re mostly u sed i n s ection 3 , T ables.

o r i n t he

P

P lan

w .

w ide,

S E

S ection E levation

b . h .

b road, b readth h igh, h eight

p er. U /S

p eriod u nstratified

s q. t h.

s quare t hick,

e st.

e stimated

d .

d eep,

l g. s m. r ect.

l arge s mall r ectangular

g l. g r. y .

g laze g reen y ellow

i rreg.

i rregular s urviving

b r. w h.

b rown w hite

SUr V.

f r.,

f rs.

w idth

t hickness d epth

f ragment(s)

d k.

d ark

s h., s hs. d ia. c ircum.

s herd(s) d iameter c ircumference

l t. b t.

l ight b right s andstone

1 .

l ong,

S. S.

l ength

6

T he e x c av a t ion o ft h ep r e sby t e ry ,c r o s s in g a nd e a s te rn c ho i r b y S .M . H irst a nd S .M . W right

1 .1

I NTRODUCTION

T he c ompletion o f t he e xcavation o f t he e astern p art o f B ordesley A bbey c hurch h as c onfirmed and extended t he s tructural and s tratigraphic s equences w orked o ut f or t he s outh t ransept ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976) . I n a ddition i t h as u nderlined t he p roblems c reated b y t he s ite c hosen f or t he c hurch a nd t he c onventual b uildings, a c hoice s everely r estricted b y t he n ature o f t he l and a t t hQ monks' d isposal. T he C istercians '

e arly

p reference

f or

s ecluded

p articular t hose i n s mall, e nclosed v alleys, u ndoubtedly p rospective f ounders t o o ffer e ndowments c onsisting m arginal l and ( Donkin 1 978 , 3 1) . T here i s n o i ndication l and f ormed p art o f B ordesley A bbey 's l ands a t i ts

s ites,

i n

e ncouraged mainly o f t hat w aste f oundation

h owever ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 6-18; P rice 1 971, 4 8). B ordesley 's i nitial e ndowment c omprised t he d emesne o f B idford ( including t wo m ills b ut e xcluding t he p art h eld b y v illeins) a nd t otam t erram d e B ordesleia ( Price 1 971, 4 6-7). T he l atter may n ot h ave b een a s ettlement s ite: t he p lacename i s n ow t hought t o m ean n ot ' Bord 's c learing ' ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 6), b ut ' clearing o f b oards o r p lanks' ( pers. c omm. M . G elling). O n t he o ther h and, a t l east s ome o f t he l and was b eing e xploited ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 22). A t f irst i nspection t he g eneral s ituation o f B ordesleia i n t he A rrow v alley must h ave s eemed a greeable e nough - a small, r elatively s ecluded v alley w ith a n ample w ater s upply , w ith p lentiful w oodland t o s et a gainst t he a reas o f s crub a nd p ossible marsh ( Donkin 1 978, 1 03-106 ; R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 1 6 , 1 9) . W hether w e t ake t he B ordesley p recinct a t i ts m aximum e xtent o r a s t he smaller a rea s uggested a s t he f irst s tage o f a t wo-stage p recinct, t here was, h owever, o nly o ne p ossible s ite f or a l arge m onastic c omplex ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 3 3-35 a nd F igs. 4 2-43) . T he monastic c omplex a s s ubsequently d efined b y t he p recinct b oundary l ay i n t he f lood p lain o f t he A rrow w ith t he e xception o f a s pur o f h igher g round west o f t he c onfluence o f t he r iver A rrow a nd a s maller s tream ( the ' Red D itch ') t o t he s outh . T he o nly r easonably l arge a rea o f f airly l evel a nd r elatively h igh ( above t he 2 85ft, c . 8 6m , c ontour) g round l ay b etween t he c onfluence a nd t he f oot o f t his s pur. W ithin t he l imitations o f t his s ite t he l ocation o f t he c hurch was f ar f rom i deal, s ince i t h ad t o b e b uilt o n s loping g round a t t he f oot o f t he s pur w ith i ts e ast e nd ( which r equired a f loor l evel h igher t han t hat i n t he w estern p art o f t he c hurch) a t t he l ower e nd o f t he s lope . T he monks might h ave c onsidered r eorienting t he c hurch a nd t he e ntire c omplex ( as was d one a t R ievaulx where t he c hurch was b uilt p arallel with t he b reak i n s lope a nd s o o riented more n orth-south t han e ast-west, P eers 1 967, 4 ), b ut a t B ordesley

7

s uch a n a rrangement would h ave p laced t he c laustral r anges i n t he l ow-lying v alley b ottom , u nless t hey c hanged t he c loister 's p osition s o t hat i t w as o n t he n orth s ide o f t he c hurch . T here i s n ow e vidence f or s ubsidence a nd c ollapse o f p arts o f t he c hurch f rom t he e nd o f t he t welfth c entury a t l east u ntil t he f ourteenth c entury , a nd f looding s ubsequently, b ut t hese p roblems w ere a pparently n ot s evere e nough t o c ause t he m onks t o s eek a n ew s ite. Thirty, i .e. more t han a t hird, o f t he s eventy f ive C istercian c ommunities i n E ngland a nd W ales d id c hange t heir s ite a t l east o nce, u sually i n s earch o f a more h ospitable e nvironment, s ometimes r emoving o nly a s hort d istance, s ometimes many m iles. S uch m ovements m ight t ake p lace a fter o nly a f ew y ears - a s i n t he c ase o f O tley d eserted a fter t hree y ears b ecause i t was ' low a nd u nhealthy ' - o r e ven a fter a s l ong a s ac entury a nd more - a s w hen t he m onks o f S tanlow m oved b ecause o f p ersistent f looding ( Donkin 1 978, 3 1-6) . T he m onks o f B ordesley , h owever , d id n ot m igrate . I t m ay h ave b een t hat f ull r ealisation o f t he p roblems o f t he s ite c ame o nly s lowly a nd t hat r esiting w as n ot a v iable o ption b y t he f ourteenth c entury when t hey h ad b een e stablished f or n early t wo h undred y ears . T hus a t B ordesley we h ave a c ommunity f ounded d uring t he m ain e xpansion o f E nglish h ouses b etween 128 a nd 152 w hich r emained o n i ts o riginal s ite a nd a ffords a n otable e xample o f c ontinuous o ccupation o ver f our h undred y ears . P ossibly t he m ost r emarkable f eature o f B ordesley i s t he d epth a nd c omplexity o f t he s tratification . T he v alue o f t his h as b een f urther e mphasised s ince o ur f irst r eport ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976 ) b y t he p ublication o f o ther r ecent m onastic e xcavations, i n p articular D enny A bbey ( Benedictine , K nights T emplar , F ranciscan n uns: C hristie a nd C oad 1 980) a nd t he A ustin F riars, L eicester ( Mellor a nd P earce 1 981), n either o f which h ad a nything c omparable . Waverley was r eported t o h ave a s imilar d epth o f f loor l evels b ut t his was e xcavated a t t he t urn o f t he c entury a nd t hus l ittle i nformation w as r ecorded . T here ' the o riginal f loor l evel w as s ome s ix f eet b eneath t he p resent t urf . t he l ater f loors b eing f ound o nly s ome e ighteen i nches b eneath t he s urface , while t hose o f t he c hurch w ere o nly j ust b elow t he t urf ' . T his s ite w as o ne s ubjected t o f requent f loods : i n 1 201 t he Waverley b uildings w ere i nundated; i n 1 233 ' a t errible t empest, r aging b eyond measure most v ehemently, d estroying a nd o verturning s tone b ridges, walls, a nd ways, r ushing impetuously t hrough t he c loister a nd a ll t he o ffices, a nd r ising e ven a s f ar a s t he n ew monastery , r ose i n m any p laces t o a h eight o f e ight f eet '; i n 1 265 a f lood ' forced i tself i nto a ll t he o ffices o f t he a bbey s ituated i n t he l ower p laces.- a nd s everal d ays were o ccupied i n c leaning t he h ouses ' ( Brakspear 1 905, 6 -8) . B rakspear a ssumed t hat t he i ncrease i n Waverley 's f loor l evels was p rompted b y a r ise i n t he g round l evel d ue t o s ilting o f t he v alley with g ravel c aused p rincipally b y t he f loods . H owever, s ilting , m ismanagement o r p oor maintenance o f t he w ater s ystem, a r ising water t able, a nd b ad d rainage c ould a ll h ave c ontributed t o make t he r aising o f f loor l evels e ssential . T he g ood p reservation o f t he medieval s tratification a t B ordesley i s d ue t o t he a pparently f airly r apid d ismantling o f m uch o f t he masonry f ollowing t he D issolution , t he a bandonment o f t he s ite a nd i ts s urvival n ot a s a s tanding m onument b ut a s o ne d enoted o nly b y e arthworks. T he r emarkable s equence o f s tratified l evels i s, h owever, y et a nother r esult o f t he i nherent u nsuitability o f t he s ite ( which w as a pparent t o s ome d egree b y c . 1 200) a nd t he m easures t aken b y t he monks t o c ope with t he c onsequences. T heir r esponse

8

was t o u nderpin a nd b uttress masonry a nd r aise f loor l evels t o c ombat s ubsidence, c ollapses a nd f looding , e ven t hough t his m eant t hat b y t he s ixteenth c entury s ome o f t he p ier b ases were 6 0-70cm b elow t he f loor l evel . T he B ordesley s tratification t hus r eflects t he m onks ' c ontinui ng s truggle w ith t he n atural t errain . B ut i t d oes m ore t han t his, r ecording a nd e lucidating b uilding work, t he maintenance o f t he s tructure, i ts f loors a nd f urniture a nd t he s tandards o f t hat maintenance/repair w ork, a nd s o may p resent i n m icrocosm t he c hanging f ortunes o f t he a bbey t hrough t ime . F or i t c ould b e a rgued t hat a vailable f unds a nd l abour w ould b e d evoted f irst a nd f oremost t o t he c hurch , t he h ub o f t he monastic r eligious l ife, a nd i n p articular t o i ts e astern p ortion - t he c hurch c ould t hen b e v iewed a s a b arometer o f t he a bbey 's e conomic f ortunes . E qually , h owever , t he c hurch 's c ondition may r eflect t he c hanging c haracter o f t he o rder a s, f or e xample, t he r elaxation o f i nitial a sceticism, s een p ossibly i n t he e laboration o f t he c hurch i n p eriods 2 a nd 3 , o r t he s ecularisation o f r eligious i deals a nd a c onsequent d ecline i n a nd r elative n eglect o f t he p hysical f ocus o f t hose i deals, t he c hurch .

1 .2

T HE E XCAVATION

1 .2a A cknowledgements; c ircumstances a nd m ethods o f e xcavation T he e xcavation o f t he e astern e nd o f t he c hurch t ook p lace d uring e ight t hree-week-long e xcavation s easons f rom 1 972 t o 1 980 . T he w ork w as u nder t he d irection o f P hilip R ahtz a nd S usan H irst, w hile i n t he y ears 1 975-6 S teven B asset s upervised t he e xcavation . T he f ollowing w ere a ssistants i n r ecording a nd/or p lanning : D r G renville A still , B ill B rown , R oma H aigh , R egina H aldon , R obert H ebditch , t he l ate R osalind P rice , C arole S impson , S teve W ass, V erna W ass, S usan W right, a nd D r S usan W right . T he p ublication d rawings a re b y S usan H irst with a ssistance f rom D r G renville A still a nd J ohn B ateman . S ite p hotography ( including P ls. I -XI h ere) was b y P hilip R ahtz t hroughout t he p eriod o f e xcavation . T he a rea r eported o n h ere i s b ounded i n t he west b y t he e asternmost p iers o f t he a rcade a nd t he west e dge o f T . R owley 's 1 968 e xcavation t rench a nd i n t he e ast b y t he e astern wall o f t he p resbytery . T he e xcavation o f t hat a rea o f t he e ast e xterior i mmediately a djoining t he s outh t ransept, p resbytery a nd s outhern p art o f t he n orth t ransept i s c omplete b ut i s n ot r eported o n h ere e xcept where i nformation h as a d irect b earing o n t he t he p resbytery . T he e xcavation o f t he s outh t ransept i n o ur f irst r eport ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976), b ut t he t he a djoining p arts o f t he s outh a isle a nd n ave was

d iscussion o f w as p ublished e xcavation o f o nly b egun i n

1 982, w hile t he n orth t ransept r emains u nexcavated . T he e xcavation m ethods w ere t hose e mployed i n t he s outh t ransept a nd t he r ecording m ethod u sed w as t hat o utlined i n H irst 1 976 , a ll l ayers a nd f eatures b eing g iven n umbers i n s ingle s equences p refixed b y t he l etter a llocated t o t hat p art o f t he a rea, i .e . t he l etter N f or t he p resbytery , 0 f or t he c rossing a nd P f or t he e astern p art o f t he a rchitectural n ave o r c hoir . T he masonry s tructures f or t he whole a rea were n umbered i n o ne s eries p refixed I V F , t he o nly e xceptions b eing walls a lready n umbered i n t he s outh t ransept . P lanning was i nitially d one f rom a s eries o f a rbitrary f ixed p oints b ut t his s ystem w as r eplaced b y a n e xtensive g rid which w as s et o ut

9

b y l ain M cCaig i n 1 979 a nd u sed t hereafter . R esponsibility f or t he p lanning o f t he w alls a nd t he d rawing o f e levations w as, f rom 1 979 o n , a ssumed b y l ain M cCaig , w hose s kill a nd e xperience i n s urveying a nd a rchitectural d raughtsmanship h ave b een i nvaluable a nd a re w ell d emonstrated h ere i n F igs. 1 -14, 8 3, 8 8, 9 0-91, 9 3. T he e xcavators b enefitted t hroughout t his p eriod o f excavation f rom t he c ollaboration o f P rofessor D . W alsh , whose s tudy a nd r econstructions o f t he a rchitectural r emains u ncovered d uring t his t ime a nd i n t he p revious e xcavation o f t he s outh t ransept w ill b e f ound i n s ection 4 b elow .

1 .2b P reservation T he p reservation o f t he s tructure a nd t he s tratification was v ery v ariable a nd i s w ell d emonstrated i n s ection S 13, F igs . 1 5 , 1 6 . T he masonry a t t he west e nd o f t he e xcavated a rea a nd i n t he c rossing was r elatively well p reserved e specially o n t he n orth s ide w here t here w ere s ections o f w alls u p t o 2 m h igh . T he s tratification w as a lso l argely i ntact. T he e ast e nd o f t he c hurch, h owever, was e xtensively r obbed ( only o ne f acing s tone o n t he e ast wall a nd a f ew c ourses o f t he n orth w all s urvived), a pparently b y P lymouth i n t he e ighteenth c entury . T his q uarrying a ctivity a lso d estroyed t he s tratification i n t he e ast e nd o f t he c hurch d own t o t he e arliest l evels. H appily, t he f inding o f b odies i n t he western p art o f t he p resbytery l ed t o P lymouth f orbidding f urther d igging ( recorded 1 826 b y P rattington , s ee P rice 1 971, 2 ) a nd s aved , i n t he w est e nd o f t he p resbytery a t l east, t he f ourteenth-century a nd e arlier l evels. W oodward 's e xcavations i n t he n ineteenth c entury ( Woodward 1 866) d id e xtensive d amage i n t he a rea o f t he N E c rossing p ier a nd a lso r emoved t he o nly i ntact a rea o f t iled f loor i n t his p art o f t he c hurch. More r ecently R owley 's e xcavation t rench, which e xposed t he n ight s tair i n t he s outh t ransept a nd r an t hrough t he c hoir a nd i nto t he n orth a isle, d estroyed t he l atest f loor l evels i n t his a rea . T he masonry e xposed b y R owley ( and s ince b ackfilled) i s s hown o n F ig . 1 . A t t he e ast e nd a n arrow t rench a long t he i nside o f t he s outh w all o f t he p resbytery r emoved t he s tratification a gainst t he wall d own t o t he p eriod 1 b uilders' l evels a nd was a n u nfortunate r esult o f l ack o f c ommunication b etween t he e xcavators a nd t hose r esponsible f or c onsolidation w ork i n t he l ate 1 960s . T his i s n ot t he o nly o ccasion when t he n eeds o f a rchaeology a nd c onsolidation w ork h ave b een a t o dds . T he p roblem r emains a s t o h ow t o e xcavate s imultaneously o n b oth s ides o f e very w all u ncovered w ithout e ither b eing f aced w ith a n i mpossibly l arge e xcavation o r, a lternatively , d igging p art o nly o f a n i nterior s pace w hose s tratification s hould i deally b e e xcavated a s a s ingle u nit .

1 .2c S ummary o f p eriodisation a nd s tratification T he p eriodisation o f t he e xcavated r emains i s b ased o n t hat p ublished f or t he s outh t ransept ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 5 8) a lthough i t h as h ad t o b e e xtended t o e ncompass t he more c omplex e vidence f rom t he c entral p art o f t he c hurch . S imilarly t he master l ayer s ystem w orked o ut i n t he s outh t ransept i s u sed i n t he a nalysis o f t he s tratification h ere. T his s ection f orms a c ommentary o n t he d etailed r esults o f t he e xcavation which a re e xpressed i n m ore d etail i n t he s ynthesis t ables, T ables I -II ; t he p eriodised p lans,

1 0

0 140

C N 1

20 /40

NORTH TRANSEPT

BORDESLEY ABBEY

I V F20

I V F2 1

L .

2 0130

M

1 2

BORDESL EY

ABBEY

MASONRY - E ASTERN C HO IR 1 0 n e i errne-e-

1

2

3m _- -3

NORTH A ISLE

NORTH T RANSEPT

F 3c

C . )

[ ' V

0

EASTERN

CHO IR (P )

F 90

SOUTH A ISL E I .Mc C . 18 3

F ig.

4

I I C 2 3 -

1 4

1 5

F20 p er3D p ier b ase

I V F 2 NORTH EAST CROSS ING P IER p er 1 , 3D

BORDESLEY ABBEY

18m

B E LOW S ITE D ATUM

1 .8 m B E LO W S ITE D AT OM

P . -

1 6

C O

1 7

1 8

1 9

a o

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7

F igs. 1 9-29; t he masonry p lans, F igs. 2 -4; t he s ections, F igs. 1 51 8; a nd t he e levations, F igs. 5 -14 . T he main f eatures o f e ach p eriod a re a s f ollows. T he d ating d escribed, where i t i s b ased o n a rchitectural c riteria, w ill b e d iscussed b y D avid W alsh , s ection 4 . P eriod 0 p re-c . 1 140

P re-monastic f eatures . ( MA-MC/MD)

P eriod 1 140s-1150s

P eriod 1 b uilding work a nd a ssociated levels ( preceded by possible

b uilders' wooden

s tructure). ' Dirt' f loor with r eeds in c rossing/choir, has s labs i n p resbytery; t imber c hoir s tall s upports . ( MC/MD MH) P eriod 2 c . 1 200

B locking o f e astern b ays o f a rcade, t imber c hoir s tall s upports e xtending n ow o ver m ost o f c rossing ; r ebuilding o f b uttresses a t S E a nd N E c orners o f c hurch a nd r econstruction a nd w idening o f e xterior o f north wall o f p resbytery. T iled f loor i n c rossing/choir; h as f loor r elaid a t h igher l evel t han i n p eriod 1 i n p resbytery .

( MJa ,

M Jb ,

NJ )

P eriod 3 A c . 1 260/1280

R ebuilding o f e astern r esponds o f N W a nd S W c rossing p iers; n ew t iled f loor i n c rossing/choir, t iles p ossibly l aid o n has f loor i n p resbytery . ( MJ1)

P eriod 3 B c . 1 300

N arrowing o f e ntrance t o s outh t ransept, p receded b y a bandonment a nd b ackfilling o f t imber-based c hoir s talls, r eplacement o f S W a nd N W s talls b y e arliest p hase o f s tone-based s talls w est o f t he c rossing , a nd e xtension o f t iled f loor o ver e mplacements . ( MJ1) C ollapse o f 3 A N W c rossing p ier . ( MJ1-MJ2a)

P eriod 3 C C . 1 330

R ebuilding o f NW c rossing p ier a nd a ddition o f m atchi ng n orthern r espond o n S W p ier . N ew t iled f loor l aid d own i n c rossing/choir a nd i n p resbytery ; c hoir s talls a s i n 3 B . ( MJ2a , M J2b , MJ2)

P eriod 3 D c . 1 400

R econstruction o f N E p ier.

( MJ2)

F looding o f s outh t ransept . P eriod 4 A ? 1 5th c entury

( MK )

R aising o f f loor l evel i n c rossing/choir and P eriod 4 B r e p l a c em e n t o f t i l e d f l o o r o f 3 C w ith a ' dirt ' f loor . ? 1 5th c entury S tone c hoir s tall s upports h eightened b y a ddition o f as econd c ourse o f masonry . 3 C ( tiled) . ( MM-MP) P eriod 4 C ? l ater 1 5th c entury

P resbytery f loor a s i n

F loor l evel r aised y et a gain a nd n ew t iled f loor l aid d own i n c rossing/choir a nd a lso ( though n o e vidence s urvives) i n p resbytery . S tone c hoir s tall s upports h eightened a gain .

( MR-MU)

P eriod 5 1 538+

D issolution d estruction l evels a nd f irst c ollapse .

P eriod 6

A bandonment a nd p ost-medieval d isturbances ( Plymouth ,

( MV)

2 8

1 6th-20th

W oodward,

R utland ,

R owley) .

( MW-MZ)

c enturies

1 .3

T HE S TRATIGRAPHIC S EQUENCE

1 .3a P eriod 0

I N T HE P RESBYTERY A ND C ROSSING/CHOIR

MA-MD ( glacial d rift,

a lluvial d eposits)

T he g lacial d eposits o n t he s ite ( MA) were s een t o ag reater d epth i n p laces i n t his a rea t han i n t he s outh t ransept, p articularly i n t he c onstruction h ole a round t he NW c rossing p ier . H ere 2 0-30cm o f y ellow c lay a nd p ebbles ( seen i n s outh t ransept, MA) o verlay a s imilar amount o f r ed c lay a nd p ebbles, which i n t urn o verlay t he marl. Whereas i n t he main a rea o f t he s outh t ransept a l ayer o f s andy c lay ( MC) with p an l ayers o n a nd w ithin i t ( MD), was c learly d istinguished f rom a n u nderlying l evel MB, a d arker ' indigo ' c lay w ith s ome p ebbles, i n t his a rea n o MB w as f ound where t he e xcavation r eached t his l evel, t he p an l ayers o n MC w ere l ess i n e vidence t han i n t he s outh t ransept ( MB + MC average 3 0cm d eep), a nd t he t otal d epth o f MC w as l ess ( average 2 0cm) . I n R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976 M C was i nterpreted a s a buried s oil a bove t he a lluvial l evel MB. I t n ow s eems most l ikely t hat b oth o f

t hese a re a lluvial

d eposits a nd

t hat

t he a bsence o f a ny b uried s oil i s t o b e e xplained b y t he v ery l ikely h ypothesis t hat t he t urf a nd t opsoil were s tripped f rom t he s ite b efore b uilding w ork b egan . O n t he n orth s ide o f t he c rossing t here were a reas o f M C/MD which c ontained c onsiderable o rganic m aterial . Samples have b een i dentified a s i ncluding a p ossible g rass i mpression

( ORG 6 1),

s uggesting, t ime b efore

a nd

( ORG 6 2)

c harred w ood,

n uts

a nd

s ome

s eeds

p ossibly, t he e xistence o f d eciduous w oodland a t s ome t he b uilding o f t he c hurch . T he c harred w ood s uggests

h uman a ctivity b efore t he d eposition o f t his a lluvial l evel, a s d o f lints ( FL 2 9-31 i n MC/MD), a lso f ound i n p eriod 1 ( FL 2 7, MG). T his

p rovides

f urther

e vidence ( see R ahtz a nd H irst

p rehistoric a ctivity i n

t he

a rtefacts o n t he s ite s uggest a ccess t o R oman m aterial .

1 .3b P eriod

1

M C/MD ( builders'

g eneral

a rea,

a nd

1 976,

1 39-40) o f

o ccasional

p ossible R oman o ccupation o r a t

a ctivity)

( Figs.

1 9,

R oman l east

2 0)

T here i s s till n o c lear e vidence o f h ow t he b uilders p repared t he g round s urface , b ut i t s eems p ossible t hat t he t urf a nd t opsoil w ere s tripped f rom t he s ite b efore b uilding work b egan ( see a bove , 1 .3a) . T he p rofile o f t he s urface o f MC , a s s hown o n t he e ast-west s ection S 13 ( Figs . 1 5, 1 6), d emonstrates t he u nsuitability o f t he s ite f or a c hurch , s ince t he g round r ises s ome 7 0cm f rom e ast t o w est . T here was, h owever, n o o ther p ossible s ite f or t he c onventual b uildings ( see a bove, 1 .1) a nd t he monks h ad t o t ry t o make t he b est o f i t. T he f oundation t renches f or t he c hurch f orm t he m ain e vidence o f p rimary a ctivity o n MC b ut t here a re a n umber o f f eatures a lso c ut i nto MC which c annot b e d irectly l inked t o t he work o f b uilding t he s tone c hurch a nd m ight

t herefore p redate i t .

T hese f eatures a re c ut

i nto MC a nd a re o nly s ealed b y ME ( redeposited MC) o r MF ( earliest b uilders'

l evels)

where

t his

i s

t he

p rimary

d eposit.

O f

t hese

f eatures t he m ost s ubstantial a re t hree n orth-south s lots i n t he c rossing a rea ( two t o t he west, 0 176, 0 175, o ne t o t he e ast, 0 195; s ee P l.

I a).

O ne p ossible i nterpretation o f t hese i s a s d rainage

2 9

g ullies : 0 195 would d rain t o t he s outh ( a d rop o f 1 2em f rom n orth t o s outh), 0 176 c ould p ossibly d o l ikewise ( 7cm d rop n orth t o s outh ), a nd s o m ight 0 175 ( 5cm d rop) . T wo f urther n orth-south s lots ( 0187, 0 177) a re s hallow a nd h ave n o c onsistent s lope; 0 177 w as v ery i rregular with d eeper p arts a t i ntervals s uggesting i t c ould h ave h eld u pright p osts. O n t he o ther h and, g iven t he f lat b ottoms a nd o ften v ertical s ides o f t hese s lots we might r eject t heir i nterpretation a s d rainage g ullies i n f avour h orizontal t imbers, whose n orth-south a lignment s uggest t hat t hey were r elated t o t he s tone T heir s ize a nd s hape m ake i t u nlikely t hat t hey

o f o ne a s s lots f or m akes i t t empting t o c hurch i n s ome way . w ere a ssociated w ith

s caffolding ( and i n a ny c ase t hey h ad b een b ackfilled b efore i t i s l ikely t hat s caffolding w ould b e n eeded) . T hey a re a lso u nlikely t o b e f or t he t imbers o f ( or s upporting) a t emporary w all o r s creen t o i solate a c ompleted e ast e nd f rom a w est e nd u nder c onstruction : t he s tratification s uggests t hat t he b uilding w ork e ast o f t he e astern c rossing p iers m ay h ave b een m ore a dvanced t han t hat i n t he c hoir , b ut t here i s n o e vidence o f a ny a ctual d isjunction b etween t he b uilding o f t hese t wo a reas ( see b elow, MF, 1 .3c). A re s ome, o r a ll, o f t hese f eatures s lots which c ontained t he t imbers o f a s tructure , p erhaps a w ooden c hurch o r o ther t emporary b uilding? I f, a s s uggested b y Walsh b elow, 4 .4f, t he p eriod 1 b uilding w ork i n t he c hurch b elongs t o t he l ater 1 140s a nd 150s, a ny w ooden c hurch would h ave h ad a r elatively b rief l ife, a lthough i t i s p ossible t hat t he a rrival o f t he monks t o t ake p ossession o f t he p roperty c losely f ollowed o n t he f irst d onatio t o t he a bbey o f c . 1 138 ( see R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 6-18 ; P rice 1 971, 3 6-54) . T he o nly p ottery f rom t his p rimary b uilding a ctivity was a s ingle s herd o f u nglazed s andy ware ( type ? A 2) f rom s lot 0 187; t he s ubsequent b uilders ' l evels a nd d ebris/make-up ( ME-MG ) p roduced o nly a f ew m ore u nglazed s andy s herds ( sh . ?A l, 2 s hs. A 2, 3 s hs. ? A 2, 2 s hs. ? A ) a nd o ne r esidual R oman s herd ( Ti) . H owever , t imbers f ound i n e arly g raves i n t he e xterior a rea t o t he e ast m ay b e f rom s uch t emporary s tructures a nd o ne o f t hese h as a f elling d ate o f 1 150+ 9 ( pers. c omm . M .G .L. B aillie; t o b e p ublished i n al ater r eport) — , which i s p otentially c ompatible w ith t he l ikely d ating f or a p re-stone c hurch . A lthough d ocumentary e vidence w ould s uggest s uch t emporary wooden s tructures were c ommon a t C istercian houses, t he a rchaeological e vidence i s a t p resent s canty a nd i s r eviewed i n B utler 1 982 ( 90-91) . T here were a lso t wo s ets o f l ess s ubstantial f eatures i n t he c rossing : a s eries o f p ost h oles o r p ossible p ost h oles, p erhaps f or s caffolding , a nd s ome s mall h oles, p ossibly p eg o r s take h oles . I t s hould b e n oted t hat t hese f eatures n eed n ot a ll b e c ontemporary s ince t wo o f t he p ost h oles ( 0193, 0 178) c ut t he s lots 0 195 a nd 0 177 . T he r elationship o f t hese f eatures t o t he f oundation t renches o f t he c hurch i s u ncertain ; t he u pcast f rom t he t renches ( ME) d oes s eal s ome o f t hem , b ut t here i s n o w ay o f t elling i f t his w as f irst p iled u p a long t he e dges o f t he t renches a nd o nly l ater l evelled o ut, o r s pread o ut o ver t he w hole a rea i mmediately . T he b ottoms o f t he f oundation t renches c ould o nly b e r eached i n a f ew p laces w ithout u ndermining t he w alls b ut i t w as c lear t hat, a s i n t he s outh t ransept, t hey a ll c ontained s everal l ayers o f w aterw orn, medium t o l arge p ebbles b elow t he b ases o f t he walls. T he l evel o f t he b ases o f t he w alls v aries r emarkably l ittle i n t he a rea e xcavated . A ll b ut a f ew a re within 1 5cm o f e ach o ther a nd t he g reatest d ifference i s 3 5cm b etween t he e astern p ier o f t he n orth a rcade ( the h igher) a nd t he e ast wall o f t he p resbytery . I n t he s outh t ransept t he l evels f all w ithin t he s ame n arrow r ange e xcept

3 0

3 1

f or t he e astern w all o f t he c hapels where t he b ase o f t he w all i s c . 1 5cm l ower t han t he e ast w all o f t he p resbytery . T he l evels o f t he f oundations r elative t o t he p repared g round s urface, h owever , v ary much more b ecause o f t he n atural s lope a nd t hus while t he l owest o ffset c ourse o f t he e ast wall h as i ts b ase v ery s lightly ( c. 2 cm) a bove t he s urface o f t he p repared g round s urface, t hat o f f or e xample t he e astern p ier o f t he s outh a rcade h as i ts b ase c . 5 0cm b elow t he p repared g round s urface . I t m ay b e t hat t he w rong l ogic w as u sed h ere - i n g etting t he f oundation c ourses m ore o r l ess l evel a ll r ound t he c hurch t he m onks l eft t he e ast e nd o f t he c hurch w ith f oundations n ot s unk f ar e nough b elow t he g round s urface t o d erive much s upport t herefrom, a nd t hus e xacerbated t he p roblems o f b uilding t he p resbytery a t t he d ownslope e nd o f t he s ite . T hus w ith s hallow f oundations a nd a m assive m ake-up l ayer o n t he i nside o f t he p resbytery ( see b elow), c ombined w ith a n e xterior g round l evel m ore t han a m etre l ower t han t he i nterior f loor l evel , i t i s s mall w onder t hat, w ithin c . 6 0 y ears o f t he b eginning o f t he b uilding w orks , t he e ast e nd h ad t o b e g reatly m odified . A p uzzling f eature a t t his f oundation l evel i s t he c ontinuation o f t he f oundation t rench , c omplete w ith p ebbles ( N145) ( see F igs . 2 a nd 3 a nd P l . I b), d ug f or t he e ast walls o f t he t ransepts a cross t he p resbytery . N o w all w as e ver b uilt o n i t a nd i t was a pparently s ealed f airly s oon a fter i t was d ug b y t he material f rom t he f oundation t renches ( ME) ( see F ig. 1 6). T he p ossible p ractical a nd/or s ymbolic s ignificance o f t his f eature i s d iscussed b elow b y W alsh ( 4 .4a) . I n t he p resbytery, a lthough l ittle r emains o f t he walls, what s urvives i nternally i s o f p eriod 1 . I n t he c rossing t he o nly p ier w hich s urvives s ubstantially i n i ts o riginal f orm i s t he S E p ier ( I F 4a, s ee P l. I I) whose n orth f ace, l ike i ts s outh f ace, s eems t o h ave r emained u naltered e xcept f or t he s haft a nd s haft b ase o n t he N E c orner . T he l owest c ourses o f t he N E p ier ( IV F 2c) a lso s urvive . I n c ontrast t he N W p ier was c ompletely, a nd t he SW p ier a lmost c ompletely, r ebuilt s ubsequently . T he s urviving p eriod 1 w ork o f t he S W p ier ( I F lc) i s c ompletely e ncased b y l ater w ork . T he f irst p iers o f t he a rcades, a lthough p artly c oncealed b y t he l ater b locking walls, s urvive i n t heir p eriod 1 f orm ( IV F 9 s outh, I V F 5 n orth). T he S W a nd N W c rossing p iers w ere l inked t o t he f irst p iers o f, r espectively , t he s outh a nd n orth a rcades b y s leeper w alls ( IV F 9a, I V F 5a), a s ingle c ourse h igh . A s imilar s leeper wall ( 0183), o f which o nly t he f oundations s urvived, c onnected t he N E a nd NW c rossing p iers a cross t he e ntrance t o t he n orth t ransept .

1 .3c P eriod 1 M E-MG ( builders '

l evels,

s poil a nd m ake-up) ( Figs .

1 9 , 2 0)

T he e arliest o f t hese b uilders' l evels ( ME) c onsisted o f t he m aterial d ug o ut o f t he f oundation t renches, s pread o ver m ost o f t he a rea a nd r oughly l evelled . T races o f f ern ( possibly b racken ) a nd ? g rass ( ORG 5 3,

1 02) f ound o n . t he s urface o f t his material a t t he

b ase o f t he o verlying s preads o f l ime-based material ( as i n t he s outh t ransept) may i ndicate t hat v egetation was s trewn o n t he s urface o f ME t o make a b etter working s urface . A lternatively, b racken a nd g rass f or e xample m ay h ave b een l aid d own t o f orm a f irm b ase f or t he l ime-based l ayers above i f t hese are s een a s d eliberately l aid working s urfaces o r f loors ( see e .g . L ittle Moreton O ld H all where s traw was p ut d own a s t he b ase o f ac ement f loor: S tanley 1 979, 8 , P l. ) . H owever s uch material would a lso

3 2

, . , . . . , i \ Ii 1L 4 . ' ' % .

, z

, ?' 6 z 4 , e ' i f n

0

r l

2

( 2 ) Z 1

BAA PRESBYTERY

b u i lders ' f eatures

I

3 3

i\I

h ave h ad t o b e l aid o n t he s urface o f t he f loor i f i t were t o b e walked o n b efore s everal weeks o r more o f ' drying-out' t ime h ad e lapsed ( see 3 .3b) . T hese s preads o f l ime-based m aterial ( MF) w ere f airly e xtensive i n b oth p resbytery a nd c rossing ; t hey w ere o f v arying c olours , s ome i ncluding s and a nd p ebbles, s ome p urer l imey m aterial ( NOR 7 4, 7 7, 8 1, s ee 3 .3b). These l ayers, s ome d irectly o n ME, o thers i nterleaved with b uilders' d ebris a nd m ake-up, were a lso f ound e xtensively i n t he s outh t ransept . I t was s uggested t here ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 6 3) t hat t hey m ight h ave b een d eliberately l aid s ealing l ayers t o p revent r ising d amp, e tc.; i t i s p erhaps most l ikely t hat t he v ery e xtensive s preads w ere w orking s urfaces, while t he l ess e xtensive s preads w ere m ortar m ixing a reas o r i n o ther c ases t he b ases o f d umps o f l ime . L ime b urning a nd t he p reparation o f mortar i n p eriod 1 l eft f urther t races i n t he f orm o f f ragments o f l ime-kiln e dge o r l ining ( BC 2 , 3 , 5 -7), l imestone a nd s lag ( SL 4 3, 5 0) . T he b uilders ' d ebris, t he main c onstituent o f M F i n t he w estern p art o f t he e xcavation, was o f two s orts: s preads o f p ebbles, s and a nd l ime, i .e. t he i ngredients o f mortar, a nd d eposits o f g reen s andstone f ragments a nd c hippings i mplying s ome s tone d ressing o n s ite. I n t he p resbytery t hese s preads o n ME were l ess e xtensive b ecause a t a n e arly s tage i n t he b uilding p rocess t he l evel was r aised w ith m ake-up ( see b elow) . S ome b uilders ' f eatures, h owever , w ere d etected i n t he s urface o f ME . A s hallow g ully r ound t he i nside e dge o f t he w alls i n t he p resbytery ( N140) i s i nterpreted a s h aving b een w orn b y t he f eet o f w orkmen b uilding t he l ower p arts o f t he walls, while t he c onfiguration o f p atches o f l ime, i mpressed i nto b uilders ' t read i n t he S E c orner o f t he p resbytery, s uggests f oot a nd/or h oof p rints ( N139) ( Pl . l ila) . T hus i n t he p resbytery t here were t wo d istinct l evels o f b uilding a ctivity ( MF) s eparated b y ac onsiderable l ayer ( c. 5 0cm d eep) o f make-up. T his s uggests t hat t he p resbytery walls w ere b uilt u p t o a t l east a m inimum o f 6 0cm h igh a nd t hen t wo s uccessive d umps o f r ed c lay were b rought i n t o r aise t he l evel, b eginning a t t he e ast e nd a nd t ailing o ff t o t he w est . T he r eason f or m aking-up t he f loor l evel a t t his e arly s tage i n t he b uilding a ctivity may h ave b een t o b ring t he c lay i n o ver t he w alls while t hese w ere s till l ow e nough , r ather t han t hrough t he d oorways a s w ould h ave h ad t o b e d one l ater. C onsiderable e ffort must h ave b een i nvolved i n t he l aying d own o f s uch a l arge q uantity o f p lastic c lay i ncluding c ompressing t he c lay t o m ake i t c ompact a nd l evel . T his must h ave b een d one b y r amming i t , a s mall a rea a t a t ime . T he d eposition o f t his m ake-up w as f ollowed b y f urther b uilders ' s preads a nd a s eries o f o ften m assive p ost h oles n ot o nly a round t he e dges o f t he p resbytery b ut a lso i n t he c entre i n a l ine r unning e ast-west . T hese w ere p resumably s caffolding h oles r elated t o t he b uilding o f t he e ast e nd a nd i t m ay b e t hat t he much m ore s ystematic e vidence f or s caffolding h ere ( especially t he r ow o f p ost h oles d own t he c entre) p rovides e vidence f or t he c onstruction o f a s tone v ault t o t he p resbytery ( which i s f avoured b y W alsh i n h is r econstruction o f p eriod 1 , s ee 4 .4c), i n c ontrast t o a t imber r oof o ver t he c rossing a nd n ave . T he e vidence f or s caffolding h oles a nd r elated f eatures i n t he c rossing/choir w as m ore p iecemeal , a nd t he f eatures w ere a pparently d ug f rom d ifferent l evels: s ome p ossibly c ut t hrough MC ( natural , ? a lluvial), s ome t hrough ME ( redeposited MC o r MA ) a nd y et o thers t hrough MF, p ossible t o

t he b uilders' d ebris. H owever, i t i s n ot r eally a ttach much s ignificance t o t his i n t erms o f a

3 4

c hronological s equence s ince t he f eatures w ere n ot a lways r eliably s ealed b y o ne o r o ther l evel. We c an d iscern, o n t he o ther h and, a s ignificant s patial p attern i n t he major p ost h oles which c ould h ave c ontained s caffolding p osts . Two m ain g roups e merge: t he t hree a t e ach s ide o f t he c rossing west o f t he c hancel a rch, o f which t he s outhernmost p air match a s imilar p air o n t he s outh s ide o f t he S E p ier i n t he s outh t ransept, a nd t he g roup o f s ubstantial p ost h oles n ext t o t he f irst p iers o f t he a rcade . T here w ere a lso s maller p ost h oles i n p laces a long t he s outh s ide ( north s ide d estroyed ? ) a nd i n t he middle o f t he c hoir, a nd o ne i n t he middle o f e ach o f t he t ransept e ntrances.

I t

i s p ossible t hat s ome o f t he s hort s lots

c ontemporary w ith t hese s caffolding h oles may h ave h eld h orizontal t imber b races f or s caffolding ( 0153, 0 156, 0 157, 0 161) . T he l atest o f t hese p eriod 1 b uilders ' l evels ( MG) w as s lightly d ifferent i n c haracter i n t hat i t a ppeared t o b e m ade u p o f m aterial d eliberately l aid d own a s a make-up, r ather t han t he h aphazard a nd ? f ortuitous d umps o f MF, a nd i t e xtended o ver t he p resbytery a s w ell a s t he c rossing/choir.

Much o f t his material c onsisted o f mixed

g reenish s andy m aterial ( probably d erived f rom t he g reen s andstone) a nd c lay . I t s eems p ossible t hat t his material h ad b een s hovelled u p f rom t he main s tone d ressing s ite ( the c layey s ubsoil b eing s hovelled u p w ith i t) wherever t hat m ight h ave b een ( presumably n ot f ar f rom t he c hurch).

O ther material, e .g. small a reas o f g ravel,

may h ave b een material n ot u sed u p i n t he b uilding p rocess, while y et o thers h ad a more s pecific o rigin . T he l ayer o f o olite c hippings ( P73) i n t he NW p art o f t he c rossing/choir m ay h ave c ome f rom s tone u sed i n t he c loister s ince o olite i s o nly k nown t o h ave b een u sed i n t he c loister i n p eriod 1 ( see Walsh 1 979; a nd 4 .4f). This would s uggest t hat t he p eriod 1 c loister w as b eing b uilt s imultaneously w ith t he

c hurch ,

i .e .

t he c loister a rcades

m ust

h ave

b een b uilt b efore t he f irst f loor w as l aid i n t he c rossing/choir . A f ew f ragments o f r ed s andstone ( MF, MG), i ncluding a moulding, s uggest t his s tone w as e mployed i n p eriod 1 e ither a t ah igher l evel t han t he s urviving e xcavated masonry o r e lsewhere, p erhaps a s a rchitectural o rnamentation o r r ubble n ot a shlar . T he p rincipal b uilding s tone i n p eriod 1 i n t he p resbytery, s outh t ransept was g reen s andstone. ( MG) w ere v arious s lags f rom h earths, ( SL 3 6, 4 4, ( SL 4 1).

1 .3d P eriod

c rossing/choir a nd

A lso i ncluded i n t he make-up p erhaps s uggesting s mithing

4 5, 4 8), a nd a p ossible f ragment o f b ell-casting metal

1M H ( floor

l evel)

( Figs.

2 1,

2 3)

O ver t he whole o f t he a rea o f t he c rossing/choir i t was e ssentially t he s urface o f t he make-up ( MG) which f ormed t he f loor, a s was p robably t he c ase i n t he s outh t ransept ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 6 4) . T he e vidence f or t his c onsisted o f t hin l ayers o f d ark b rown h umic s andy s oil w ith o rganic f lecks . O n t he s outh s ide r eed i mpressions ( ORG 4 7) were f ound within o ne ( 0105b) o f a s eries o f t hese t hin d irt l evels s uggesting r eeds ( and p ossibly o ther v egetation) were l aid o n t he f loor s urfaces. T he c hange i n l evel f rom t he c rossing u p t o t he p resbytery was marked b y a c omposite s tone s ill ( 097 , s ee P l. I IIb) a nd b anked u p a gainst t he west s ide o f t his s ill were a s eries o f d irt l ayers ( i .e . f loor l evels) w ith s ome l imey m aterial i nterleaved with t hin l ayers o f mixed c lay, s and a nd s tone f ragments, t he t races o f d ebris, p ossibly u pcast f rom c ontemporary d isturbances . T hese l ayers o f l imey material m ay i ndicate t hat t he d irt f loor was

i n f act

f ormed i n t he m anner s uggested b y B iek b elow

3 5

( 3 .3b),

i .e .

t hat

a t hin ,

r ather d ry

a nd t hen r eeds s trewn o n t his,

l ime-based s creed w as

l aid d own

t he s creed h olding t he r eeds

i n p lace

and t he r eeds p roviding a d ry s urface t o walk o n while t he s creed d ried. T he t hin s creed would i tself s oon w ear away. T his d ebris i ncluded ( 0128a) t hree f ragments o f ' developed S tamford t ype ' w are ( pot t ype E ; c . 1 150-c . 1 250 , K ilmurry 1 980 , 1 30-134; h ere s ealed b y p eriod 2 l evels, c . 1 200, s ee b elow, 1 .3e), a t ype which f irst o ccurred i n t he s outh t ransept i n t he b urnt d estruction l evel o f t he p eriod 1 B t imber n ight s tair ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 6 6) . I n t he p resbytery t he f loor s eems t o h ave b een markedly d ifferent. H ere o n t he s urface o f t he make-up ( MG) were f ound t he r emnants o f what a ppears t o h ave b een a p aved h as f loor, t hat i s f ragments o f h as a nd i n s ome p laces mere f lakes ( N51, N 79, n ot o n p lan) .

T he f loor w ould n ot h ave b een m ade u p o f

t hese f ragments b ut

r ather t hey w ere u sed e ither t o make a l evel s urface f or a f loor o f has s labs which was l ater r obbed, o r t hey a re t he s mashed r emains o f a r obbed has f loor . ( The has s labs w ere l ifted a nd r e-used i n p eriod 2 .) A t t he e ast e nd a s pread o f r ed a nd g reen s andstone r ubble ( N43), which i ncluded s ome has f ragments, w as l aid d irectly o n MG, t hus i ncreasing t he h eight s till f urther h ere. T here w as a m ore c oherent a rea i n t he m iddle o f t his w here t he r ubble w as m ore c losely p acked a nd t he r est m ay b e s pread a bout f rom t his . T his i s i nterpreted a s t he f oundation f or an a ltar b uilt i n p eriod 1 ; t his l evel was n ot s ealed b ut i t i s most l ikely t o b e p eriod 1 . T he f oundation c ould h ave r emained u nchanged i n l ater p eriods while t he s uperstructure was a ltered. The a rea o f t he a ltar f oundation was s eparated f rom t he r est o f t he p resbytery b y a n orth-south s lot ( N53) whose profile i n s ection was s imilar t o that o f t he c onstruction s lot ( 0139) f or t he s tone s ill b etween t he p resbytery a nd c rossing, t hat i s as harp v ertical e dge o n t he west s ide a nd a s loping e dge o n t he e ast, s uggesting t hat t his e astern s lot may a lso h ave

c ontained a s tone

i t h ad g one

o ut

s ill .

H owever,

t his

f eature

o f u se a nd b een b ackfilled a nd

w as

n ot

s ealed;

s ubsequently h ad

p robably b een t runcated b y t he a ctivities o f s tone r obbers. would h ave b een f ar t oo l ow f or t he p eriod 3 C a nd l ater f loors,

I t a nd

t he l evel o f t he b ase o f t he s lot a nd t he a bsence o f f inds i n t he f ill s uggests i t s hould b e r egarded a s p eriod 1 r ather t han 2 -3B. Within t he s lot t here were a n umber o f s take a nd p ost h oles a t t he n orth e nd a nd i n t he middle ( destroyed a t t he s outh e nd p erhaps) i ndicating t he e xistence o f u pright p osts a nd s o s uggesting a r ail o r s creen o n t he s ame l ine a s, a nd a ssociated with, a c omposite s ill, c reating a d ivision where t he f loor l evel r ose f or t he a ltar . Immediately t o t he west o f t he s outh e nd o f t his s lot w as a n i mperfectly p reserved s et-back a rea ( IV F 25) i n t he s outh wall w hich i s i nterpreted a s a s edilia ( see b elow, 4 .4c) a nd i s a pparently o f p eriod 1 . T here i s n o s urviving e vidence o f a c ontemporary p iscina - n either o f t he t wo s urviving p iscina d rains would a ppear t o b e a s e arly a s p eriod 1 . I n t he c hoir t here i s s ome e vidence f or p eriod 1 t imber c hoir s talls a lthough t he extensive c onstruction s lots f or t he p eriod 2 s talls make i t d ifficult t o b e c ertain . I t s eems t hat a t e ach s ide o f t he c hoir t here was a s eries o f a s m any a s f our s hort n orth-south t imber s lots which would h ave h eld h orizontal t imbers ( P66, P 72, P 71, 0 203, n orth; P 52, P 55, P 56, P 70, 0 202, s outh). T he b estp reserved s lot ( P70) c ontained a d ark s oil m ark i n t he b ottom w here a t imber m ay h ave r otted i n s itu ; t his s uggested a m inimum s ize f or t he t imbers o f c . 1 .20m l ong b y 1 6cm w ide . S uch t imbers c ould h ave a cted a s j oists s upporting a b ox-like s uperstructure o f f loor a nd s tall a bove . T here m ay a lso h ave b een s ome e ast-west t imbers, f or

3 6

=Z 3

N5t imber s lots

3 P 70a o rgan ic 'wood r es idues

t h c ho ir s ta i r

_ o n

3 7

-

-

e xample

b etween a nd

j oining

t wo

s lots

( P70 ,

P 52)

o n t he

s outh s ide

( P51), b ut l ater c hoir s talls h ad d estroyed much o f t he a rea . e asternmost

s lots

w ere n ot

T he

w ell p reserved b ut s uggest t hat t he e ast

e nds o f t he s talls w ere a pproximately i n l ine w ith t he e ast f aces o f t he p eriod 1 NW a nd SW c rossing p iers. ( The d iscussion o f t he s uccessive p hases o f c hoir s talls f rom p eriod 1 o nwards r eport t otally s upersedes t he a ccount g iven i n Walsh 1 982 .) S ome e vidence f ound

i n

t he

f or

v irtual

t he

r oofing m aterial u sed

a bsence

o f

f ired

c lay

i n

p eriod

t iles

i n t his 1 c an

b e

f rom p eriod

1

l evels t hroughout t he c hurch a nd t he p resence o f s ome h as r oof t ile i n t hese l evels. I n p articular a n umber o f t he l atter were f ound s ealed b elow t he p eriod 2 extension t o t he n orth f ace o f t he n orth wall o f t he p resbytery. L ias was a lso u sed f or s ome f looring i n p eriod 1 ( see a bove). F ired c lay t iles a re u nlikely t hen t o h ave b een u sed o n t he o riginal c hurch r oof ( but s ee b elow, 1 .3e). A f ew small f ragments o f

p ossible

f loor

t iles

w ere

f ound

i n p eriod

1 c ontexts,

b ut

t here

a re n o p eriod 1 t iled f loors i n a ny p art o f t he c hurch s o f ar i nvestigated and a n i nterpretation o f t hese small p ieces a s o ther t ypes o f f ired c lay s eems more p robable ( below, 3 .7, 3 .12b). T his i s o f p articular i mportance g iven t he d efinite p resence o f f ragments o f f ired c lay i n t he p eriod 1 mortars ( below, 3 .3b). T he s ource o f t hese f ragments must have b een b rick/tile/pottery o f s ome k ind, p erhaps R oman ( above, 1 .3a ; b elow , 3 .13) . T he windows a re n ot l ikely t o h ave b een g lazed i n p eriod 1 ; o n o ther C istercian s ites where m id-twelfth-century w indow m ouldings d o exist, n o o riginal g lass s eating h as b een f ound ( pers. c omm . D . Walsh). N o g lass h as b een f ound a t B ordesley t hat c an b e d ated a s e arly a s p eriod 1 . T he o nly e vidence i ndicating a ctivity w ithin p eriod 1 c omprised t wo p ossible p ost h oles ( 0132, 0 133) w ithin a s eries o f d irt l ayers i nterleaved with d ebris a t t he e ntrance t o t he n orth t ransept, whereas i n t he s outh t ransept a s light r aising o f t he f loor l evel a ccompanied t he s econdary ( period 1 B) b uilding o f a t imber n ight s tair.

1 .3e P eriod

2

M Ja,

M Jb ( builders '

a ctivity a nd m ake-up)

P eriod 2 was d efined i n t he s outh t ransept a s

( Figs .

2 2,

2 3)

t he r eplacement

i n

s tone o f t he p eriod I B t imber n ight s tair which was d estroyed b y f ire. A t t he s ame t ime t he e ntrance t o t he s outh a isle f rom t he s outh t ransept was r ebuilt a nd t he f irst n orth a nd s outh a rcades west o f t he c rossing were b locked ( IV F 8, I V F 10). The c ontemporaneity o f t hese b locking walls w ith t he r ebuilding o f t he n ight s tair a nd e ntrance t o t he s outh a isle was c onfirmed b y t he w all o n t he n orth s ide which s urvived t o a much g reater h eight t han t hat o n t he s outh s ide,

a nd o n whose n orth f ace ( exposed i n

1 967

e xcavations a nd t he t emporary b ackfilling r emoved i n 1 975 and r eplaced w ith m ore s olid m aterial) w as a b ench/sedilia b uilt i nto t he w all ( not p ublished h ere, b ut s ee F ig . 1 ) which i ncorporated t he s ame c row 's f oot c hamfer s tops w hich d istinguish t he p eriod 2 w ork i n t he s outh t ransept a nd d ate i t t o c . 1 200 ( see P l. K b). The i nterior masonry may h ave b een l ime-washed a nd f alse j ointing a dded i n t his p eriod, o r i n p eriod 3 A ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 05), a nd t he d ribbles

o f

l imewash o n

t he

n orth

f ace o f

t he b locking wall

o n

t he

s outh s ide ( see E 23B, F ig . 6 ) s uggest t hat, h aving o nce b een b uilt, t he r oughly d ressed a shlar o f t he b lockings was h idden i n t he c hoir b y t he b acks o f t he c hoir s talls. T here were s ome c ontemporary

3 8

b uilders' f eatures c rossing/choir.

i n

S everal f ired c lay p eriod 2 make-up a nd

t he

f orm o f

a f ew p ost h oles

i n

t he

r oofing t ile f ragments o ccurred i n b oth f loor l evels ( MJb, MJ, e specially R T

t he 3 ),

s uggesting t hey w ere i n c ommon u se o n t he s ite b y c .

( MJa)

1 200 ( cf .

D rury

1 981, 1 30-131; a nd f or r oof t iles f rom l ater t welfth-century c ontexts, i .e. p ost c . 1 170, f rom L ondon, s ee A rmitage, P earce a nd V ince 1 981) . ( Curved a nd p egged f ired c lay r oof t iles w ere f ound i n t he s outh t ransept i n c ontexts o f p eriod 1 B: R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 76-180). The c hurch was a pparently g lazed f or t he f irst t ime i n p eriod

2 :

a lthough g lass was f irst f ound o nly i n p eriod 3 A,

l ate

t welfth- t o t hirteenth-century d ecorated w indow g lass w as f ound i n l ater c ontexts ( see 3 .15) . T here i s e vidence f or c onsiderable a lterations t o t he p resbytery i n p eriod 2 , i ndication o f

b ut t hese were a ll external. T his was t he f irst t he p roblems r esulting f rom t he e ast e nd h aving b een

b uilt a t t he b ottom o f

t he

s lope .

Massive

c lasping b uttresses w ere

b uilt a t b oth c orners o f t he p resbytery, f ounded o n s ubstantial p ebble a nd s tone r afts, while o n t he n orth s ide t he e xternal f ace o f t he p resbytery w all was d ismantled d own t o a f ew c ourses h igh a nd r ebuilt i n a w ider f orm o n a p ebble a nd s tone r aft ( see F igs. 2 , 5 and P l. I Va). T he t reatment o f t he s tone s uggests t hat t his work was c arried o ut a t 4 .5a). I nternally

t he s ame t ime a s t he o ther p eriod 2 work ( see t here were s ome p ost h oles i n t he p resbytery

which may r epresent b uilders' a ctivity o f t his d ate o r l ater ( i.e. t hey were n ot s ealed) . A s i n t he s outh t ransept t his p eriod 2 b uilding a ctivity was f ollowed b y t he r aising o f t he f loor l evel. T he make-up ( MJb) i n t he

c rossing/choir

c onsisted

o f

s ome

b uilders '

d ebris

s pread a bout ,

i ncluding i n p laces c rushed r ed s andstone which may h ave d erived d irectly f rom t he b uilding work, f or t he main b uilding s tone i n p eriod 2 was r ed s andstone ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 04-5; b elow, 4 .5a) . l evel

T his w as o verlain b y a t hin l ayer o f r ed c lay u sed t o m ake a s urface o n which t he n ew f loor c ould b e l aid. I n t he

p resbytery, c lay l oam .

h owever, t he m ake-up c onsisted o f a h omogeneous b rown A p ossible s lot ( 0115) a nd p ost h ole ( 0116) o n t he s outh

s ide o f t he c rossing s uggest s ome building a ctivity p rior t o t he l aying o f t he f loor . A c ut ( 0109) a long t he s outh s ide o f t he N E p ier m ay h ave b een m ade t o c heck t he p ier 's f oundations ( MJb o r MJ), f ollowing t he w ork o n t he n orth p resbytery w all .

1 .3f P eriod 2 M J

( floor

l evel)

( Figs.

2 2,

2 3)

I n t he c rossing/choir t he f loor h ad e vidently b een o f t iles o n a l ime-based b edding . This b edding d id n ot s urvive e verywhere a nd t ile impressions, d iagonal t o t he c hurch a xis, c ould o nly b e i dentified i n a small a rea i n t he c entre b etween t he western c rossing p iers; t his was b ecause t he b edding f or t he s ucceeding p eriod 3 A f loor was l aid d irectly o n t op. T he t ile impressions s uggest t iles c ertainly l arger t han t hose u sed i n l ater p eriods, a nd t hey may h ave b een a s l arge and p robably o f t he s ame t ype a s t he p lain, y ellow o r g reen g lazed, s quare t iles ( PFT 2 N) u sed i n t he s outh

t ransept

i n

p eriod

2 a lthough

t he

f ew

t ile

i mpressions

f ound

were s lightly s maller ( 18cm c ompared t o P FT 2 N 2 2cm s quare) ( see 3 .12b). S everal t ypes o f p lain t ile i n t he 1 8cm s quare r ange h ave b een f ound i n t he e xcavations b ut t here i s n o i ndication a s t o which were u sed. T he p resence o f p lain t iled f loors a t t his e arly d ate ( c.

1 200) i s o f p articular i nterest s ince a v irtual h iatus

3 9

i n t he

p roduction a nd

u se

twelfth c entury, c entury,

w ith

o f

t ile

p avements

h as

b een s uggested

and until t he s econd q uarter o f

t he

e xception

o f

a p lain

t he

i n t he

t hirteenth

t riangular g lazed

t ile

f rom

p re-1163 l evels a t C anterbury ( Drury 1 981, 1 29, 1 40 f n. 1 3). T his c onclusion m ay i n p art b e d ue t o l ack o f e vidence, p lain f loor t iles b eing d ifficult t o d ate o ther t han s tratigraphically . I n t he p resbytery t he f loor c ontinued t o b e o f s tone, p resumably t he has s labs o f t he p eriod 1 f loor r elaid a t t he n ew h igher l evel . T his

h as

f loor

s urvived a t

t he west e nd ( Pl.

V a).

T he

j unction

b etween t he c rossing a nd t he p resbytery was marked b y a s tep s ubsequently a t l east p artly r obbed. T he p eriod 2 f loor i n t he c rossing was c . 4 cm ( rather l ess a llowing f or t he t hickness o f t he t iles o n t he b edding) b elow t he t op o f t he p eriod 1 s tep a nd t he f loor i n t he p resbytery c . 1 0cm h igher t han t hat s tep. I t i s p roposed t herefore t hat t he p eriod 2 s ill b etween c rossing a nd p resbytery was m ade u p o f t he p eriod 1 s tep , h eightened, f or e xample b y t he a ddition o f a t iled t op ( e.g. o f L -shaped t iles a s u sed i n t he s outh t ransept s outh d oorway a nd c hapel D : R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 6 9, 8 5, 1 85) . T ile f ragments a t t he b ack , e ast e dge o f t he p eriod 1 e mplacement ( 0139) may r einforce t he s uggestion o f t he s ill 's r e-use i n p eriod 2 , a nd t here was c ertainly n ot s ufficient d ifference i n t he h eight o f t he p eriod 2 f loors f or t wo s teps . E ither t he p eriod 2 s ill t op was much w ider t han t he p eriod 1 s tone s tep ( 097) o r t he has f loor c ame f urther t o t he w est t han i ndicated b y t he s urviving f ragments a nd w as t rimmed b ack i n p eriod 3 A ( see b elow, 1 .3 0 . T he p rincipal f eatures o f p eriod 2 i n t he c rossing/choir a re t he n ewly

b uilt

c hoir

s talls

which ,

a lthough i n t he

s ame g eneral a reas

a s t he p eriod 1 s talls, e xtended much f urther t o t he e ast t o w ithin c . l m o f t he western f aces o f t he e astern c rossing p iers, l eaving v ery n arrow e ntrances t o t he t ransepts a nd o ccupying much o f t he c rossing . T he p eriod 2 c hoir s tall e mplacements o n e ither s ide o f t he c hoir were i n two p arts ( P62, P l. I Vb, 0 93, n orth; P 46, 0 89, s outh).

T he b est

p reserved o f

t he c ompletely e xcavated e astern

s talls ( 089 t o t he S E) measured 6 .50m b y 1 .10m and e ach s lot h ad a f lat b ottom w ith a s hallowly s loping b ack e dge whereas t he f ront o r o utside e dge, i .e. t hat n earest t he c entre o f t he c hoir, s loped s hallowly d own f rom a v ertical e dge where t he f loor b utted u p a gainst

i t .

I n t he c ase o f

t he S E s lot o rganic material i n t he b ase

s uggested a n e ast-west h orizontal

t imber

i n

t he m iddle o f

t he s lot,

with r ub l ge p acked a gainst i ts b ack ( south) e dge - a t imber which s upported f loor b oards a nd t hese w ould a lso h ave r ested o n a s light l edge a t t he f ront, b utting u p t o a nd f lush with t he t iled f loor. O n t he s outh s ide two p ost h oles ( P53, P 57) which a ppear t o h ave b een

conte mporary

may

have

h eld

uprights

s upporting

t he

s uperstructure . O n b oth s ides t here would h ave b een e nough r oom f or t wo r ows o f s talls, t he b ack p resumably b eing t he h igher r ow. I n t he S E s tall t he mortar l ayer ( 0117) which l ay s outh o f t he s outh s ide o f t he emplacement c ould p rovide e vidence t hat i n p eriod 2 a nd/or i n p eriod 3 A t here n ever was a b ack r ow o f s talls h ere i n t he c rossing,

o nly

a s ingle

r ow,

a nd

b y

a nalogy

t hat

t he

N E

s tall

c onsisted o f o nly o ne r ow. T he e ntrance t o t he s tall a ppears t o h ave b een i n t he m iddle o f e ach p air o f emplacements where t he f loor was w orn a nd t he n orth s ide h ad b een made u p w ith f ragments o f f ired c lay r oofing t ile ( P69, P 67, F ig . 2 2). A n o ak b ench e nd ( ORG 4 6, F ig . 7 5), p reserved t hrough i ts r e-use i n ap eriod 3 A c onstruction h ole,

i s p resumed t o b e f rom t he p eriod

T he

s lot

t he s outh f ound

( 025)

t ransept

which h ad b een

f ound

( Hirst a nd R ahtz

2 s talls . r unning n orth-south

1 976,

6 8-9 a nd

F ig.

t hrough 4 6)

was

t o c ontinue a cross t he w est s ide o f t he c rossing with t he s ame

40

: i ,

§

( ' 2 .

1 5 . os r , , — 1 ,7— ,— , ; -r ---n r Z- 77- 77 T

4 a —

CROSS ING/CHO IR

P er 2 b u i lders ' f eatures a nd

I

4 1

%t t iw t

-

g z 2 c ) c 9 , -

°

-

PRESBYTERY

-

z' 0 1 , 1 7 / / / / / ' a 2*

4 2

g reen c lay a t

t he b ase w ith t he i mpression o f a r ectangular s ection

g roove i n i ts s urface ( see P l. V illa). I n t he c rossing t he c onstruction s lot i s s ealed b y MJ1 ( period 3 A) b ut i t w as c ertainly s ealed b y t he M J p eriod 2 f loor i n t he s outh t ransept a nd t he p eriod 2 f loor s urvives o nly p oorly i n t he c rossing . I n t he s outh t ransept t his s lot w as i nterpreted a s f or a s creen o r r ail b ut t he p urpose o f s uch a n e xtensive p artition i s n ot o bvious: i n t he c rossing i t w as c . h alf a metre o r s o f rom t he e ast e nds o f t he c hoir s talls b ut i t would h ave b een j ust p ossible t o p ass b oth b etween i t a nd t he c hoir s talls a nd, g oing f rom t he s outh t ransept i nto t he p resbytery , e ast o f i t . H owever , t here w as n o i ndication i n t he p eriod 2 -3 f loors o f any b reak o r change i n p attern on t his l ine i n e ither t he c rossing/choir o r s outh t ransept . I t s eems u nlikely t herefore t hat t he s lot s upported a ny a bove f loor s tructure, a nd i t i s s uggested ( by L . B utler a nd P .A . R ahtz) t hat t he v ertical e lement - o f wood b edded i n c lay - s upported, a nd may h ave b een i ntegral with, a wooden c hannel c arrying a water p ipe, p resumably o f l ead.

S uch a

d rain o r c onduit c ould h ave r un f rom t he n orth t ransept, p erhaps b eyond, t aking s urface w ater o r p ossibly w ater f rom n atural s prings o r

u nderground

s treams

i n

t his

a rea

( cf .

b elow

p eriod

3 B,

c ollapse

o f NW c rossing p ier) a cross t he c rossing a nd t he s outh t ransept t o t he e xterior . T he r elative l evels o f t he s lot i n t he c rossing a nd s outh t ransept s eem t o c oncur with i ts i nterpretation a s a d rain o r c onduit t aking water f rom n orth t o s outh . Where measured on S 13 ( Fig. 1 5), s lightly n orth o f t he c entre o f 0 , t he b ase o f t he s lot a nd t he s urface o f t he g reen c lay , whichever w as m easured, w ere b oth c . 2 0cm h igher t han t he s ame p oints measured i n t he s outh t ransept e ither

o pposite

c hapel

C ( S3)

o r

f urther

s outh o n S i

( Rahtz

a nd

Hirst 1 976). There i s however a v ery s light r ise o n t his s outhernmost l ength o f t he s lot a s s hown i n S i ( c. 4 cm) b ut t his c ould p robably b e e xplained b y d istortion f rom t he s lot b eing c ut b y l ater f eatures . T his c onduit o r d rain m ay h ave c onnected w ith t he t wo-phase d rains c ut t hrough t he masonry b elow t he s ill o f t he s outh d oorway o f t he s outh t ransept which t hen r an o ut t hrough a reas G a nd J( see R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 6 9; b elow, 2 .3b). I n t he p resbytery a p iscina d rain ( N68, N 71), s ituated a gainst t he s outh wall i mmediately w est o f

t he n arrowing o f

t he

p resbytery ,

i s a lso p ossibly o f p eriod 2 s ince i ts c onstruction h ole c ut t he p eriod 2 make-up, b ut i t was n ot s ealed ( and t herefore c ould b e l ater). I t l ay d irectly i n f ront o f t he s edilia ( IV F 25) b ut t he p iscina s edilia .

s uperstructure would n ot n ecessarily h ave b locked t he T he d rain c onsisted o f g reen s andstone s labs l ying o n s and

a nd g ravel a t t he b ase o f a c onstruction h ole . A f ew o ther f eatures d escribed u nder p eriod 3 A-3B b elow m ight a lso b e o f p eriod 2 .

1 .3g P eriod 3 A M J1

( floor l evel)

( Figs.

2 3,

2 4)

P eriod 3 A was f irst d efined i n t he s outh t ransept w here i t w as s een t hat t he e ast f ace o f t he SW c rossing p ier h ad b een r ebuilt a nd i t w as t hought t hat t his h ad b een d one f rom t he c hoir s ide ( there b eing n o a ssociated s tratigraphy) a nd a ccompanied s ome r econstruction work i n t he c hoir . T he a rchitectural d ating f or t his m asonry i s c . 1 2608 0. T he c ollapsed masonry ( see b elow, 1 .3i, 4 .6) o f t he NW p ier i s e vidence

f or

t he m atching

r econstruction o f

t he e ast f ace o f t he NW

p ier a nd e xamination o f t he f oundations o f t he s ucceeding p eriod p ier s uggested t hat t he t rouble which l ater l ed t o t he c ollapse t his

p ier

h ad a lready

b egun

i n

t he

4 3

t hirteenth

c entury,

f or

3 C o f t he

l owest

p art o f t he v ery d eep f oundations ( IV F 3c) a ppeared t o b e

p eriod 3 A o n t he g rounds o f a c hange i n mortar a t t he v ery b ottom ( see F igs. 1 0, 1 1). Moreover, t he f alse j ointing o n t he c ollapsed s ection o f NW p ier was a t an a ngle o f s ome 5 -10 d egrees t o t he h orizontal c ourses. T his s uggests e ither t hat t he p ier was n ot l evel when c onstructed o r t hat i t s ubsided a fter i t was b uilt a nd w as t hen p ainted t o d isguise t he t ilt o f t he a shlar c ourses . I n t he b ottom

o f

t he

c onstruction

h ole

( 086c)

was

a l arge

p iece

o f

p reserved t imber, a pparently a b ench e nd ( ORG 4 6, F ig . 7 5) f rom t he p eriod 2 c hoir s talls - p erhaps u sed b y a b uilder t o s tand o n i n t he b ottom o f t he h ole ( which w ould v ery l ikely h ave b een waterlogged) while w orking o n t he f oundations - , t ogether w ith t he e arliest ( but extremely d ecayed) f ragments o f window g lass r ecovered f rom t his a rea. A p ost h ole ( MJ1, f ill o f 0 111) p roduced t he f irst p iece o f l ead

c ame . I n t he c rossing/choir a n ew l ime-based b edding ( MJ1) was l aid d irectly o n t he p revious o ne, t he t iles o f t he p eriod 2 f loor h aving a pparently b een r emoved. T his 3 A t iled f loor was c omposed o f s maller t iles t han t he p eriod 2 f loor a nd i ncluded d ecorated t iles . T ile

i mpressions,

d iagonal

t o

t he

c hurch a xis,

a nd s ome

t iles

f rom

t he l atest p hase o f t his f loor w ere f ound ( discussed b elow , 3 .12b) . T he p eriod 2 s ill b etween t he c rossing a nd t he p resbytery c ould n ot h ave c ontinued i n u se i n p eriod 3 A-3B f or t he n ew MJ1 f loor i n t he c rossing a ppears t o have s ealed t he p eriod 1 s tone s ill ( 097) ( see S 13, F ig. 1 5) a nd w e must a ssume t hat t he p roposed p eriod 2 h eightening

o f

t his

h ad

b een

r emoved.

I t

i s

a ssumed

f rom

t he

s loping c ut ( N36) a long t he west e dge o f t he p resbytery, which s urvived o nly i n t he s outhern p art o f t he p resbytery, t hat a n ew s tep was made i n p eriod 3 A a nd a ll t hat r emains i s t he c ut ( N36) made t o r ob t his s ill i n p eriod 3 C . T he c hoir s talls were r econstructed ( see P l . V b) u sing t he s ame emplacements a s i n p eriod 2 but r ebuilding was o bviously t otal b ecause t he h orizontal e ast-west t imbers, i nstead o f b eing i n t he middle o f t he s lots, were n ow a long t he b ottom o f t he f ront, o r o utside, s lope with t iles, c lay a nd r ubble c losely p acked a gainst t hem s uggesting n arrower t imbers p ossibly t han i n p eriod 2 . A ssociated p ost h oles c ut t hrough t he r ubble p acking ( 089b) were f ound a long t he s outh e dge o f t he S E c hoir s tall emplacement, p ossibly f or u prights. T he e ast e nd o f t he N E c hoir s tall was m arked b y t iles ( 093b) v ertically o n e dge w ithin t he emplacement a nd a l ine o f s tones ( 045) immediately t o t he e ast o f i t, while a t t he e ast e nd o f t he S E s tall a l arge s andstone b lock ( 0114) may h ave p erformed a s imilar f unction . A t t he NW c orner o f t he S E s tall a t ile p laced v ertically o n e dge a gainst

t he e dge o f

t he f loor a nd

f lush with t he f loor s uggested t he f loor b oards o f t he s talls may h ave b utted u p a gainst a r ow o f s uch t iles r ather t han t he e dge o f t he f loor i tself. A g rave ( 080) may p ossibly h ave b een d ug i n t he middle o f t he c rossing a t t his t ime ( cut t hrough MJ1) b ut d ue t o s ubsequent g rave r obbing/digging was n o m ore t han h alf o f a g raves haped h ole. I n t he p resbytery a n umber o f f eatures a re a ssociated w ith t he MJ/MJ1 f loor a nd c annot b e d ated c loser t han p eriod 2 -period 3 A/3B . O verlying t he has f loor i n a f ew p laces w ere p atches o f l ime-based material with a f ew p ossible ( but n ot a bsolutely c ertain) t ile i mpressions. T hese may b e i nterpreted a s e ither l evelling u p d ips i n t he has f loor o r t he r emains o f b edding f or a s econdary f loor o f t iles l aid s traight o n t he h as. T here was n o e vidence a s t o whether t his was d one i n p eriod 2 o r 3 A/3B, a lthough i t i s more l ikely t o b e p eriod 3 , when t he s outh t ransept, c hoir and c rossing

4 4

4 5

a ll h ad d ecorated t iled f loors . A s econd p iscina d rain ( N34) was p resbytery s outh wall,

west

o f

t he

c onstructed u p a gainst

p ossibly e arlier

t he

( see a bove,

p eriod 2 ) p iscina . T he c onstruction o f t his r esembled t hat o f i ts n eighbour, w ith r ed s andstone b locks l ying o n s and a nd g ravel f or d rainage a t t he b ase, with t he u pper p art o f t he s tructure a pparently b edded o n g ravel ( ? a gain f or d rainage) over t he b ase b locks . S ome e vidence o f t he p osition o f t he s uperstructure o f t he p iscina i s g iven b y a n arrow b and o f o range mortar ( N28) o n t he s urface o f t he h as f loor r ound t he e dge o f t he c onstruction h ole f or t he p iscina d rain, p resumably t he mortar s etting f or t he s tructure.

1 .3h P eriod 3 B

MJ1

( narrowing

o f

e ntrance

t o

s outh

t ransept)

( Figs .

2 3,

2 5) T he n ext a lteration t o t he c rossing/choir would a ppear t o b e t he r emoval o f t he t imber c hoir s talls p rior t o t he r emodelling o f t he s outh t ransept e ntrance . When t he t imbers h ad b een r obbed, a ll f our o f t he c hoir s tall emplacements a nd t heir a ssociated p ost h oles w ere p lugged with r ed c lay and i n t he western s talls a lso s ealed b y a l evelling l ayer ( P41 s outh, P 42a n orth). A b urial ( 054) was a lso p robably i nserted a t t his t ime. A p iece o f o olitic l imestone ( ST 1 63, F ig. 1 00), d ated b y i ts d ecoration t o t he f ourteenth c entury, f rom t he f ill o f t he c ut made t o r ob t his c offin i n p eriod 3 C, may b e

f rom

t he

c offin

l id;

t he

c offin

h ad

n o

b ase

o nly

s ides,

c omprising r ed s andstone a shlar b locks . T he f loor MJ1 was e xtended o ver t he a rea o f t he e mplacements a s s hown b y t he s urvival o f f loor t iles i n s itu ( see 3 .12b). T here i s n o e vidence i n t he c ase o f t he NW a nd S W c hoir s talls t hat t here w as e ver a f loor ( of a ny d ate) l aid i n t he a rea i mmediately i n f ront o f t he p eriod 2 b locking walls ( IV F 8,

I V F 10) a nd i ndeed t he r oughly

d ressed, l ower p ortions o f t hese walls were c learly n ever i ntended t o b e e xposed ( see a bove p eriod 2 ) . T he most l ikely i nterpretation i s t hat t he t imber-based c hoir s talls i n t he c rossing/choir were c ompletely a bandoned a nd t hat o nly t he SW a nd NW s talls were r eplaced, t his t ime b y t he e arliest p hase o f t he s tone-based c hoir s talls which were a p ermanent f eature

t hereafter.

c ontinued

o f

t o

t he

w est

b eyond

t he

l imits

T hese s talls

t he e xcavation b ut

t hey

c learly r epresent a r eduction i n b oth t he w idth a nd e astwards e xtent o f

t he

c hoir

s talls

c ompared

t o

t heir

p eriod

3 A

a ll-timber

p redecessors. A s f ound t he s tone-based c hoir s talls were c learly a ssociated with t he p eriod 3 C f loor, b ut t here i s s ome e vidence f or a p re-3C p hase. F irstly t he s ingle c ourses o f l arge r e-used b locks which f ormed t he o uter e dge o f t he s talls w ere s et i n r eddish m ortar ( IV F ilm, I V F l2c, g ), while t hose s tones w hich l ie t o t he e ast o ver t he a rea o f t he c onstruction h oles a nd p linths o f t he p eriod 3 C p iers were n ot s et i n mortar ( IV F llmm, I V F l2cc). I n b oth s talls t here a re a lso i nternal

f eatures which b elong

t o a p rimary p hase .

O n

t he

s outh s ide t wo p airs o f s andstone b locks ( IV F lln, q ) s et i n t he t op o f t he l evelling l ayer o ver t he b ackfilled t imber c hoir s tall e mplacements

m ay h ave s upported a n orth-south t imber;

t hese p redate

p eriod 3 C s ince o ne ( q) a t l east i s s ealed b y a l evel a ssociated with t he c onstruction o f t he 3 C p ier. O n t he n orth s ide two s lots ( P12,

P 13) g ive f urther e vidence o f a p hase p receding 3 C

n orthern e nd o f

P 13

i s

i n

l ine

with a v oid

f oundation b elow

t he

r efacing o f

t he

4 6

i n t hat

t he

i n t he r ough masonry

b locking wall

( IV

F 8a),

i .e .

a

4 7

n orth-south t imber j oist w as s upported i n t he n ew w all f oundation . T his r efacing c learly p recedes t he 3 C NW p ier ( see E 24A , F igs. 1 0, 1 1) s ince t he b utt j ointing o f t he masonry i s q uite c lear, t he 3 C w ork s tanding s lightly p roud o f t he e arlier w ork . Y et t here i s n o e vidence t hat t he r efacing w as c ontemporary w ith t he 3 A r ebuilding o f t he e ast f aces o f t he SW a nd NW c rossing p iers, s ince t he a ssociated c onstruction h ole a t i ts b ase ( P26) c uts P 42a, t he l ayer u sed t o l evel u p o ver t he a bandoned 3 A c hoir s tall . I t s eems l ikely t herefore

t hat

t he

a bandonment

o f

t he

t imber

c hoir

s talls

i s

i mmediately s ucceeded b y t he f irst p hase o f t he s tone-based c hoir s talls a nd t he r efacing o f t he b locking o f t he f irst n orth a rcade west o f t he c rossing. F our s caffolding h oles ( P23, P 24, P 25, P 64) i n t his a rea m ay h ave b een a ssociated w ith t his r efacing; p ossible s caffolding h oles ( P49, P 50) o n t he s outh s ide, h owever, may s uggest t hat b uilding a ctivity was m ore e xtensive t han t his . T he p recise e astwards e xtent o f t he 3 B s talls i s u ncertain . T he unmortared s tones which f ormed t he b ases o f t he e ast e nds o f t he c hoir s talls i n p eriod 3 C m ay h ave b een t here i n 3 B a nd s imply t aken u p d uring t he b uilding o f t he 3 C p iers a nd r eplaced . Walsh s uggests t hat t he s talls may h ave e xtended, o r w ere i ntended t o e xtend , e ast o f t he SW a nd NW c rossing p iers a nd t hat t his s ituation was r eflected o n t he s outh s ide i n t he a symmetrical n arrowing o f t he s outh t ransept e ntrance ( see 4 .7) . H owever , t he c utting b ack o f t he w est f aces o f t he n orthern a nd s outhern r esponds o f r espectively t he S W a nd N W p iers ( see E 23B , E 24A , F igs. 1 2, 1 0 , 1 1) i mmediately a fter t heir c onstruction s uggests

t he b uilders

w ere

t rying

t o a ccommodate

a s tall s uperstructure o f a s pecific l ength, a nd t hus p robably a n a lready existing s tructure, i n o ther ,words the 3 B s tall s uperstructure . I t i s p ossible, h owever, t hat t he 3 B c hoir s talls were i n p arts ( like t hose i n p eriod 2 -3A) a nd, i f s o, t here c ould h ave b een a s eparate s tall e ast o f t he S W p ier, a nd p erhaps a lso t he NW p ier , b ut t his would h ave b een r ather s mall . T he a bandonment o f t he t imber-based c hoir s talls c ertainly p receded t he c onstruction o f t he r emodelled e ntrance t o t he s outh t ransept. T he c lay ( 041 o n S 14, F ig. 1 7) u sed t o l evel u p t he a rea d isturbed b y t he f oundation t rench f or t his s eals t he b ackfilling o f t he c hoir s talls, b ut i t i s n ot c lear b y h ow l ong . I t would b e l ogical

f or

movement,

t his a lteration o f

t he

c hoir

s talls

t hereby f reeing s pace i n t he c rossing ,

a nd

t heir

w estward

t o b e f ollowed v ery

c losely b y, a nd b e b roadly c ontemporary with, t his n ext major b uilding w ork i n t he c rossing , t hat i s t he n arrowing o f t he e ntrance t o t he s outh g rounds t o c .

t ransept f rom 5 .2m t o 1 .7m, d ated o n a rchitectural 1 300, p eriod 3 B . I ndeed t he r emoval o f t he 2 -3A c hoir

s talls f rom t his a rea was a n e ssential p reliminary o r o ne would h ave walked t hrough t he 3 B s outh t ransept e ntrance v irtually i nto t he b ack o f t he S E s tall . T he e vidence f or t he e xtension o f t he 3 A f loor ( MJ1) o ver t he c hoir s talls s urvives i n p laces a s a reas o f t iles s till i n s itu ( Fig. 2 5), b ut t here i s n o i ndication o f i t i n t he 3 B e ntrance, o nly a t hin d irty t rampled l ayer ( see L 23 o n T able 2 , a nd o n S i, F ig. 4 9, R ahtz and H irst 1 976). H owever, v ery l ittle i ndeed o f t he MJ1 f loor s urvives a t a ll i n t he c rossing a rea and we must a ssume t hat t he 3 B f loor - whatever t his c onsisted o f - was d estroyed i n 3 C d uring t he b uilding w ork w hich f ollowed t he c ollapse o f

t he NW p ier .

T he p eriod 3 A c rossing/presbytery s ill c ontinued i n

u se i n 3 B ( see a bove, 1 .3g) . T he p roblem r emains, h owever, work ( see 4 .7).

o f what w as

t he p urpose o f

t he 3 B

T he i nfilling a nd n arrowing o f t he s outh t ransept

e ntrance would h ave s trengthened t he s outh c rossing a rch a nd t he f ine c raftsmanship i ndicates i t was n ot c onceived a s t emporary , b ut

4 8

i ts f unction was not s imply s tructural. The only d irect c ommunication b etween t he t wo a reas n ow was t hrough a s mall g ate o r a s creen with a g ate i n i t ( evidenced b y t he s lot a nd s quare p ost h oles, s ee R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 6 9); t he r enewed t ransept f loor w as l aid u p t o t his p oint ( L23, S i, a s a bove) a nd l ater i n p eriod 3 C t he n ew c rossing f loor MJ2 was l aid u p t o t he o ther s ide o f t his g ate . E vidence f or a lterations t o t he e xterior wall o f t he c hurch c ould b e c ontemporary with t his p hase o r l ater ( up t o 4 B) . T he p ilaster s trips o n t he e xterior f ace o f t he e ast p resbytery wall w ere r emoved, p robably i n t he f ourteenth c entury : t he c ontexts c ut b y

t he

a ssociated

c onstruction

t rench

( M14,

n ot

p ublished h ere

b ut

s hown o n S 13, F ig. 1 6) p roduced p ottery which a ppeared t o b e t welfth- to t hirteenth-century i n d ate, but a lso p roduced a f ourteenth- o r f ifteenth-century s haft b ase ( ST 1 60, I V M 15); t he p ost-construction l evels e arlier, r esidual, p ottery .

1 .3i P eriod 3 B

MJ1-MJ2a

p roduced

( collapse

' Cistercian

t ype'

o f 3 A N W c rossing p ier) ( Fig .

ware

a nd

2 5)

T he major p roblem i n p eriods 3 A-3C i s a t what p oint t he p eriod 3 A N W p ier c ollapsed . I f t he c ollapse o ccurred b efore t he 3 B n arrowing o f t he s outh t ransept e ntrance, d ated o n g rounds o f a rchitectural s tyle t o c . 1 300, t hen t he 3 B work c ould b e i nterpreted a s i n p art a n i nitial r esponse, i solating t he s outh t ransept f rom a d evastated c rossing a rea, w hich w as f ollowed b y r epair i n p eriod 3 C , c . 1 330 o n a rchitectural g rounds . I f t he 3 B work i n t he t ransept e ntrance i s l ater t han t he c ollapse, t his would l eave a s ubstantial t ime g ap b etween t he t wo b uilding p hases ( from 3 B c . 1 300 t o 3 C c . 1 330) . I f t he a ctual r econstruction o f t he n orth a nd west s ides o f t he c rossing was d elayed f or s ome y ears, i t m ight h ave b een while f unds a nd l abour were f ound, o r i t may h ave p roceeded s lowly, a gain p erhaps t hrough l ack o f r esources. H owever t he c ollapse would u ndoubtedly h ave p ut t he c rossing o ut o f a ction f or l iturgical p urposes, a nd p ossibly t he n orth t ransept t oo. I t t herefore s eems more l ikely t hat t he c ollapse h appened a fter t he 3 B work a nd t hat t he a bbey c oncentrated i ts r esources o n r epairing t his c ritical a rea a s q uickly a s p ossible . T his h ypothesis i s s trengthened b y t he r eu se o f s tone f rom t he p eriod 3 A work ( ST 1 69) i n 3 C ( IV F 3a), whereas n o 3 A f ragments were f ound i n t he p eriod 3 B w ork ( and s ee 4 .8, 4 .12). Evidence f or t his c ollapse was f ound when t he p eriod 3 C f loor w as r emoved . T he whole a rea a round t he b ase o f t he N W p ier a nd t he e ntrance t o t he n orth t ransept p roved t o b e e xtensively d isturbed . T o t he S E o f t he p ier was f ound a l arge p iece o f masonry . O n e xcavation t his w as f ound t o b e p arts o f f ive c ourses o f t he e astern r espond o f t he p eriod 3 A NW p ier s till a rticulated ( 099/2). T he masonry h ad n ot b een b uried i n a h ole b elow t he f loor l evel b ut h ad c learly f allen o n t o t he M J1 f loor a nd e mbedded i tself t o a d epth o f j ust o ver a metre i n t he l evels b eneath ( 099), t he l owest p art a ctually b eing embedded i n t he c lay a nd p ebble s ubsoil ( MA). T he i mpact o f t he masonry h ad c aused t he c layey s ubsoil ( MC) t o b e e xtruded u pwards a round t he S E a nd N E s ides o f t he masonry w ith t he r esult

t hat

t he s ubsoil w as

f ound a t a much h igher l evel t han n ormal

- t he s ort o f e ffect which c an b e a chieved o n a s maller s cale w hen a s tone f alls o n t o mud. T his s uggests t hat MC w as p erhaps i n a f airly w et, s oft s tate - n ot s urprising a s s ome s uch i nstability i n t he s ubsoil i n t his a rea i s n eeded t o a ccount f or t he c ollapse. O ther i ndications o f i rregularities i n t he s ubsoil h ere w ere f ound

4 9

when t he v ery d eep a nd l arge c onstruction h ole f or t he 3 C r ebuilding o f t he NW p ier w as e xcavated .

T he s ubsoil s trata h ere a ll s eemed t o

b e d ipping u nder t he p ier a s i f t here w ere s ome a ncient s tream b ed o r s pring i n t he v icinity . ( See a lso t he ? d rain 0 25 , a bove, p eriod 2 , 1 .3f .) I t was c lear t hat s ome a ttempt t o r emove t he masonry h ad b een made. O n t he s outh s ide o f 0 99 a v oid, p artly f illed with o rganic m aterial w ith s ome d irt a nd m ortar, w as f ound . When e mptied t his was s een t o b e t he impression o f a s quared b aulk o f t imber s loping d own t owards t he b ase o f 0 99 a t a n a ngle o f c . 4 5 d egrees t o t he j ointing p lanes o f t he masonry 0 99/2, i .e . a t a g reater a ngle t o t he h orizontal ( c. 6 5 d egrees) t han 0 99/2. A p iece o f o ak with a w edge-shaped e nd ( 0168 , O RG 5 9a) was f ound i n s itu a t t he b ottom o f 0 99 i n t he s ubsoil ( MA) b elow 0 99/2. T he t imber h ad c learly b een d riven i nto t he g round b eside t he f allen p ier i n t he h ope t hat i t c ould b e u sed t o l ever o ut t he masonry. When t his f ailed t he b uilders were c ontent t o l eave t he masonry b elow t he l evel o f t he s ucceeding p eriod 3 C f loor. O n t he n orth s ide o f 0 99 b eneath t he masonry was f ound a p iece o f o ak ( 099/3, O RG 7 1, F ig . 7 5) w ith a p eg h ole a nd a dzed e dges, p erhaps s ome w ooden f itting c aught u p i n t he c ollapse. E vidence o f

f urther masonry

f alling w as f ound t o t he e ast where

a p atch o f f loor t iles s urvived ( 072) b ecause t hey h ad b een c rushed i nto t he l ayer b elow b y s omething ( presumably more m asonry) f alling o n

t hem . S uch a c ollapse h ad c learly t hreatened t o o ccur b efore, i n t he s econd h alf o f t he t hirteenth c entury, when t he NW p ier was r einforced i nsufficient

and r ebuilt, but t he measures t aken t hen t o a vert d isaster i n t he l ong t erm ( see 4 .6) .

1 .3j P eriod 3 C MJ2a, MJ2b, MJ2 f loor) ( Figs. 2 5, 2 6, 2 7) T he r econstruction o f r elatively unaffected.

( builders' a ctivity,

were

make-up a nd n ew

t he c rossing c ould h ave l eft T he t imber s uperstructure o f

t he t he

c hoir c hoir

s talls would have had t o be moved while the 3 C p iers were c onstructed, b ut t he s tone f oundations o f t he c hoir s talls n eeded o nly t o b e p artly d ismantled and t hen o nly f or a s hort t ime.

T he

3 A-3B t iles w ere r emoved, p ossibly f or r e-use i n t he p eriod 3 C f loor ( see 3 .12b). T he west and n orth c rossing a rches, h owever, would h ave b een c onsiderably a ffected a nd o ne must s uggest t hat t he c rossing a nd p ossibly p arts o f t he n orth t ransept, a t l east o n t he n orth s ide, w ere p artially d ismantled w ith a reas o f m asonry p ropped u p a nd e ven p erhaps a t emporary r oof . T he o ffices c ould s till h ave b een s ung i n t he c hoir a nd t he n ave.

S ome s creening o f

t he c hoir

f rom t he c rossing might h ave b een n ecessary a lthough t here was n o e vidence f or t his . The c ourse o f t he r econstruction a s r evealed by t he a rchaeological e vidence was a s f ollows . ( 086), i ncorporating t he s maller 3 A h ole, t he NW

p ier a nd

t he

f oundation

r ebuilt

A l arge c onstruction h ole w as d ug a round t he b ase o f

e xcept

f or

t he

l owest

p art,

p robably e xtending t he p eriod 3 A f oundations t o west a nd e ast s o t hat t here was a massive s tepped p linth o n which t o b uild t he n ew p ier ( IV F 3b,a). A s lab f oundation was i nserted a gainst t he n orth f ace o f t he SW p ier and a v ery l arge, d ouble p ost h ole o n t he e ast s ide o f t his f ace t ogether with two more p ost h oles n orth o f t he f ace p robably h eld p osts f or t imber s caffolding f or t he a ddition o f a n orth r espond ( I F lh) t o match t hat o n t he n ew NW c rossing p ier . T he a rchitectural d ating f or t his work i s c . 1 330 . T he west s ides

5 0

5 1

o f

t he n orth a nd

s outh r esponds

( respectively) o f

t he

SW

a nd NW

p iers w ere c ut b ack t o a ccommodate t he e ast e nds o f t he c hoir s talls which w ere l aid o ver t he p linths ( see a bove, 1 .3h) . J ust w est o f t he c rossing/presbytery s ill t wo v ery l arge p ost holes s uggest s ome a ttention was b eing g iven t o, f or e xample, p erhaps t he c hancel a rch . T here was a lso c onsiderable r obbing i n t he c rossing a rea - o f t he s leeper w all ( 0183) a cross t he e ntrance t o t he n orth t ransept ( ? m ade r edundant b y t he r ebuilding o f t he N W p ier),

o f g raves, o ne a pparently c ompletely ( 080), a nd i n t he c ase

o f t he o ther ( 054) a pparently j ust t he s tone c offin l id, a nd ( N36) o f t he p eriod 3 A-3B ( MJI) c rossing/presbytery s ill. t o

A fter t he b uilding w ork w as c ompleted b uilders ' d ebris w as u sed l evel u p d epressions i n t he c rossing/choir a nd a f airly t hin

make-up l evel was i ntroduced ( MJ2b). I n t he p resbytery, i n c ontrast, a s ubstantial r ed c lay make-up was b rought i n, t hereby c onsiderably r aising t he l evel a t t he e ast e nd . B uilders ' a ctivity i ncluded a f ew p ost h oles, p erhaps s caffolding h oles, d ug t hrough t he m ake-up i n t he c rossing/choir a nd p resbytery , i n s ome c ases i n t he p resbytery i ntermediate b etween t wo d umps o f make-up . T he whole p rocess e vidently t ook a c onsiderable t ime ; p atches o f o rganic d irt ( 047, MJ2b) a nd, a t t he west e nd o f t he c hoir, o f f loor t iles, i ncluding f ragments, l aid h aphazardly ( P39a, MJ2a, s ee 3 .12b) a re e vidence o f t emporary r ough f loors p receding t he f inal d umps o f m ake-up. A t t he

w est

( P32) w as d ug ,

e nd o f

t he c hoir a g rave f or a r ed s andstone c offin

whereas o f t he g raves d ug i n t he

p resbytery o ne

( N35)

c ontained a wooden c offin a nd a s econd ( N14) p ossibly a wooden c over, r esting o n a l edge, f lush w ith t he f loor. A t hird a nd f ar more unusual g rave,

i n a c entral p osition i n t he p resbytery,

may

a lso h ave b een d ug a t t his t ime. T his c onsisted o f a n a pparently b rick-lined g rave o r t omb ( NI9), p ossibly e xtending a bove t he f loor l evel a s a c hest t omb, c ontaining a c offin made f rom p robably imported wood. F urther d iscussion o f t his will b e f ound i n 1 .4-5 b elow . The n orth-south s lot ( 025) was c ut b y t he 3 B f oundations a nd c learly i t t hen c ould n o l onger h ave f unctioned T herefore a c ut made i n t he c rossing i n p eriod 3 C s ection o f

t he

s lot

w as

p robably t o r emove,

r ather

a s a d rain . i n t he s outh

t han

l ength o f n ow r edundant t imber a nd/or p ipe . A t t he j unction o f t he c rossing a nd p resbytery t he

r eplace ,

a

c onstruction

t renches ( 021, 0 33) f or a d ouble s tep w ere d ug; t he s teps, which d o n ot s urvive, b ut were p robably o f s tone, may h ave b een l aid i mmediately, p robably o n a m ortar b edding ( 021a, 0 14b) a nd t he n orth s ide o f t he e ast f ace o f t he S E p ier c ut b ack ( N39) f or t he s ill t o f it

f lush with t he p ier .

A h ole ( N8) c ut i n t he n orth f ace o f t he

S E p ier may h ave b een f or f ixing a s creen o r r ail, a nd t here may a lso h ave b een a r ail o r g ate a cross t he e ntrance t o t he n orth t ransept ( 08), b ut f eatures i n t he masonry a re impossible t o d ate p recisely a nd N 39 a nd N 8 may b e p eriod 4 B r ather t han 3 C, while 0 8 m ay b elong t o p eriod 4 C . T he r econstruction

a fter

t he

g reat

c ollapse

b eing

f inally

c omplete, a l ime-based b edding f or a t iled f loor w as l aid d own o ver t he whole o f t he c rossing/choir a nd p resbytery . A fter t he f loor , o r a t l east t he s creed h ad b een l aid, s ingle b locks o f s tone ( IV F lij,o; I V F 1 2j, h ) were p laced o utside t he c hoir s talls t o f orm s teps a t t he e ast e nds a nd i n f ront o f t he s talls. T he f loor c onsisted o f s mall p lain a nd d ecorated f loor t iles, l aid i n p anels d iagonally t o t he axis o f t he c hurch b ut w ith n arrow e ast-west p anels o f t iles l aid a t r ight a ngles t o t he c hurch a xis ( see

5 2

5 3

d iscussion b elow, 3 .12b) a nd p ossibly i ncluded t iles o riginally l aid d own i n p eriod 3 A . S ubsequently t here was l ittle a ctivity i n t he c rossing/choir, o ther t han s ome p atching o f t he t iled f loor t o t he w est, a nd d ust a nd p laster a ccumulated u nder t he c hoir s talls .

1 .3k P eriod 3 D M J2

( reconstruction o f N E p ier)

( Figs.

2 6,

9 3)

A t s ome t ime i n t he l ife o f t he MJ2 f loor t he N E c rossing p ier w as r econstructed w ith a massive n ew p olygonal b ase ( IV F 2), p erhaps b ecause i t n ow l ooked u nsafe i n c omparison w ith t he r econstructed N W p ier . T he t iled f loor MJ2 was p atched a round i t. W alsh h as s uggested t hat t his 3 D work may b e c ontemporary w ith t he r ebuilt n ave p iers e xcavated i n 1 982 a nd t he r ebuilt c loister which h e h as d ated t o c . 1 400 ( see 4 .9) . T his s uggests t hat 3 D, t hough o nly r epresented h ere b y o ne p ier b ase, was i n f act a major b uilding p hase, a nd t he l atest l arge-scale r ebuilding p rogramme y et i dentified. A lso a t s ome p oint i n t he l ife o f t he MJ2 f loor t he r emaining t imbers/pipe f rom s lot 0 25 were r emoved ( 024) a nd t he f loor l aid o nly r oughly b ack o ver w ith t he r esult t hat d irt a ccumulated o n t op o f t he r epair .

1 .31 P eriod 3 C-4B ( Fig. 2 7)

MJ2-MP ( continued u se o f MJ2 f loor i n p resbytery)

I n t he p resbytery t he 3 C t iled f loor h ad a m uch l onger l ife t han i n t he c rossing, c ontinuing i n u se u ntil t he e nd o f p eriod 4 B . T he f eatures a ssociated w ith i ts u se t herefore c annot b e c losely d ated . T hese c onsisted o f p atchings o f t he t iled f loor where g rave f ills a nd t he f loor h ad s ubsided o r t he f loor h ad b een d isturbed . T hree e ast-west l ines o f o range ( N23, N 17a , b ) a nd a r ectangular a rea n ear t he s outh wall o f c ream ( N18a), l ime-based material i n t he f loor s creed a re i nterpreted a s t he s ettings f or s tructures b ut t hese m ay h ave b een o nly t emporary . A n ew g rave, b ut t his t ime f or a c hild ( N13), was d ug c ausing more p atchings o f t he f loor a s i t t oo s ubsided. T he p iscina d rain ( N34) b uilt a gainst t he s outh p resbytery w all s ome t ime i n p eriods 2 -3B m ay h ave c ontinued i n u se i n 3 C a nd l ater , p ossibly e ven u ntil t he e nd o f p eriod 4 C ( MU) .

1 .3m P eriod 4 A M K ( flooding o f t he s outh t ransept)

( Fig.

2 6)

T he r easons f or t he a bandonment o f t he p eriod 3 C f loor i n t he c rossing/choir a re n ot t o b e f ound i n t hat a rea b ut i n t he s outh t ransept w here t he c ontemporary f loor w as b roken u p a nd d estroyed a pparently b y f looding ( see R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 7 0-72) a nd t he t ransept s eems t o h ave u ndergone a p eriod o f n eglect when d irt w as s wept i nto i t f rom t he c rossing t hrough t he n arrow d oorway a nd a llowed t o a ccumulate o ver t he n ow d isused t imber s lot b etween t he p iers . A t s ome p oint i t must h ave b een d ecided t hat t he o nly w ay t o o vercome t he p roblems i n t he s outh t ransept w as t o r aise t he f loor l evels t here a nd s o n ecessarily i n t he c rossing/choir ( and ? i n t he n orth t ransept t oo). B efore t his was d one, t wo b urials were i nserted i n t he a rea b etween t he western c rossing p iers, o ne i n a w ooden c offin ( P28), t he o ther ( P27) r e-using t he s tone c offin o f a n e arlier b urial .

5 4

1 .3n P eriod 4 B MM ( make-up t o r aise f loor l evel)

( Figs.

1 5,

2 8)

Make-up a nd b uilders' d ebris were t hen u sed t o r aise t he l evel i n t he c rossing/choir b y s ome 2 0-26cm t o n early t hat i n t he p resbytery a nd b uilders ' a ctivity i s i ndicated n ot o nly b y t he d ebris b ut a lso b y s ome p ost a nd s take h oles, a nd s lots ( 018, 0 19) p resumed t o b e f or s caffolding . A s pread o f l imey m aterial i n t he w estern p art o f t he c hoir m ay b e f rom b uilding w ork o r d eliberately s pread a bout a s a s urface .

1 .3o P eriod 4 B M P ( dirt f loor l evel)

( Fig.

2 8)

MM/MP h as a lready b een d escribed a s ' the l ow e bb o f t he f ortunes o f t he A bbey C hurch ' ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 7 2) . T he b ase m ouldings o f t he s outh t ransept e ntrance w ere b uried b y MM/MP . T he f loor i n t he c hoir, c rossing a nd s outh t ransept w as o f d irt a nd t he s urface m ay h ave b een t reated s imilarly t o t hat i n p eriod 1 w ith r eeds s trewn u pon i t. T he p ottery f rom MM a ppeared t o b e a pproximately t hirteenth- t o f ourteenth-century i n d ate a nd s o i s o f l ittle h elp i n l ocating t his p hase more p recisely, b ut i f t he d ating o f p eriod 3 D t o c . 1 400 i s c orrect ( see a bove), t hen we must a ssume a f ifteenth-century o r l ater d ate f or t his p hase . A dditional e vidence i n s upport o f a f ifteenth-century d ate c omes f rom a rea K ( see 2 .4e , 2 .31). N ew c hoir s talls were b uilt. T he f oundations c onsisted o f a s econd c ourse o f r e-used b locks a dded t o t he p eriod 3 C f oundations a nd s hort s tub walls a t i ntervals a gainst t he b locking walls t o s upport j oists. I n a ddition i n t he s outh c hoir s tall, a s lot ( IV F llf, g ) a long t he s outh s ide m ay h ave b een a n e mplacement f or e astw est t imbers s upporting t he s tall 's s uperstructure ( ? r eplaced o r n ew) a nd m ortar t races ( IV F llk) o utside t he n orth w all o f t he s tall s uggest a s tep u p i n a s imilar p osition t o t hat o f t he p eriod 3 C s tall . A t t he j unction o f t he c rossing a nd p resbytery a n ew s ill ( 014) was c onstructed which u tilised and widened t he upper c onstruction s lot o f t he p revious p eriod 3 C s ill; t he p ossible r emains o f mortar b edding h ere may s uggest t hat t he s ill was o f s tone r ather t han t imber . A lthough t his s ill marked t he d ivision b etween t he p resbytery a nd c rossing, t here was n o d ifference i n l evel b etween t he n ew d irt f loor MP i n t he c rossing a nd t he p eriod 3 C t iled f loor i n t he p resbytery which c ontinued i n u se i n p eriod 4 B ( see a bove, 1 .31). G raves 0 23 a nd t hen 0 13, t he f ormer w ith a w ooden c offin , w ere a pparently d ug i n t he m iddle o f t he c rossing j ust t o t he w est o f t he p resbytery s tep a t t he b eginning o f t his p hase a nd w ere c overed w ith a s ingle t iled a rea ( 013a) . ( Some o f t he c ontemporary g raves i n t he d irt f loor i n t he s outh t ransept were l ikewise marked with t iles: R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 7 3 .) While t he d irt f loor w as f orming i n t he c rossing/choir , d irt w as a ccumulating i n t he s ub-floor s paces b elow t he c hoir s talls. I n t he ' dirt ' b elow t he s outh c hoir s tall ( IV P l9b) w as a r emarkable c ollection o f s mall m etal o bjects w hich h ad p resumably s lipped t hrough t he c racks b etween t he f loorboards o f t he t imber s tall - p ins a nd p oints p robably f rom t he m onks ' c lothing ( CA 9 7, 9 8), a p en n ib ( CA 9 5), a l ead s tylus ( OM 3 0) a nd two p ossible b ook c lasps ( CA 9 6, I R 9 3). O ne a lteration t o t he p resbytery c ertainly o f p eriod 4 B ( for p ossible 4 B f eatures s ee a bove, 1 .31) was a d oorway ( III F 20) c ut t hrough t he n orth wall c onnecting t he p resbytery with t he n orthernmost s ide-chapel i n t he s outh t ransept, t his c hapel b ecoming

5 5

CO

• H

5 6

s omething

o f

a n

a nteroom,

a lthough

t here

i s

whether i ts a ltar w as r emoved ( Rahtz a nd H irst

1 .3p P eriod 4 C MR-MT ( builders'

n o

e vidence

1 976 ,

a ctivity a nd m ake-up)

a s

t o

7 7) .

( Figs.

1 5,

2 8)

T he r easons f or t he a bandonment o f t he 4 B f loor ( MP) a re n ot c lear but

t here

b efore

t he

i s

s ome

e vidence

m ake-up w as

o f

l aid .

b uilding

W hen

a ctivity o n i ts

t he M P d irt

f loor

s urface

w as e xcavated

i t was f ound i n t he c rossing t hat d irt h ad b een p ressed i nto t he s urface b elow i n n arrow l inear d epressions ( 011f), s ometimes c rissc rossing. I t i s s uggested t hat t hese c ould h ave b een made b y a l oaded wheelbarrow , c arrying f or e xample s tone , u sed b y b uilders a t t he e nd o f p eriod 4 B/beginning o f p eriod 4 C . T here i s n o s urviving e vidence

f or

t his

b uilding

work

i n

t he

c rossing/choir

a rea

o r

p resbytery , n or i s i t c lear why i t w as n ecessary t o r aise t he f loor l evel y et a gain ( this t ime b y h alf a m etre) u nless i t was b ecause o f t he t hreat o f m ore f looding . P rior t o t he d eposition o f t he make-up t he p eriod 4 B t iled g rave s etting i n t he c rossing ( 013a) w as r obbed o f i ts t iles, a nd b uilders', a nd a lso s ome d omestic, d ebris was d umped

a s

make-up

i n

t he

a rea

o f

t he

r obbed

s ill

b etween

t he

c rossing a nd t he p resbytery . I ntermediate d irt l evels i n t he makeu p ( MR-MS) i n t he s outh t ransept s uggest t hat, whatever t he a ctivity was t hat was g oing o n, i t t ook s ome c onsiderable t ime. T here was o ne p ossible s uch d irt l evel a t t he c rossing/presbytery j unction ( 011a) . A f inal m ake-up ( MT) was l aid o verall i n t he c rossing/choir b ut

t his

d id

n ot

s urvive

i n

t he

p resbytery,

where

t he

h ighest

s urviving medieval l evel was a small amount o f MR/MS a t t he west e nd . P ottery f rom MR-MS a nd MT i ncluded s herds o f ' Cistercian t ype ' w are ( M2), g iving a t erminus p ost c L uem f or t he m ake-up t o t he l atest f loor i n t he c hurch ( MU) o f t he l ater f ifteenth c entury ( c. 1 470) ( Moorhouse 1 979, 5 4, 5 9). ( MR-MS a lso i ncluded t he f irst s herds o f ' Tudor G reen t ype '

w are,

0 1,

I .3q P eriod 4 C M U ( floor l evel)

f rom

( Figs.

t his

2 7,

a rea .)

2 9)

I n t he c rossing/choir t here was a n ew t iled f loor, l aid i n p anels v ery s imilar t o t hose o f t he p eriod 3 C f loor a nd p ossibly r e-using t iles f rom t hat f loor, a nd o n a l ime-based b edding. T his i s t he f loor s een a nd d escribed b y W oodward i n t he a rea o f t he N E p ier ( for d iscussion s ee b elow , 3 .12b). T he e quivalent f loor d id n ot s urvive i n t he p resbytery a nd t here were o nly t races o f a d estroyed s ill ( 04)

b etween

c rossing

a nd

p resbytery.

S imilarly

t here

was

a n

impression o f a t imber o r s tone s ill ( 06) a t t he n orth e dge o f t he MU f loor a t t he e ntrance t o t he n orth t ransept ( and s ee 0 8 a bove, 1 .3j) . T he o nly s urviving f eature i n t he p resbytery which m ay b e o f t his d ate i s t he g rave w ith g reen s andstone c offin ( N3) o n t he n orth s ide f ound b y W oodward a t s uch a h eight t hat i t c an o nly h ave b een b elow t he h ighest f loor ( MU) . ( Woodward c onjectured i nappropriately t hat t he s tone c offin was t hat o f G uy B eauchamp, e arl o f Warwick, t he ' Black D og o f A rden ': R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 2 1, 4 0, 4 8, a nd F ig. 1 0;

W oodward 1 866, 9 5; a nd b elow, 1 .5 .) The l evel o f t he s tone c hoir s tall f oundations a nd o f t he i nternal s tub walls was a gain h eightened a nd t he s uperstructure e ither r econstructed o r s imply r eplaced . M ouldings r e-used i n t hese f oundations

i ncluded a f ine r oof b oss o f c .

1 300 ( ST 9 0,

F ig. 9 7).

E vidence s urvives f or a n external s tep f rom t he c hoir i nto b oth s talls, a nd i n t he c ase o f t he s outh s tall t he p revious s tep i n t he

5 7

0 " ‘ C s 1

t o H r a .

5 8

s ame p osition h ad c learly b een merely r ebuilt. s mall

f inds,

D irt a nd s undry

i ncluding p ieces o f l ightish b lue g lass ( GLW 3 9) ,

p ins

a nd p oints ( CA 7 9, 8 0, 9 3), a ccumulated i n t he s ub-floor s paces o f t he c hoir s talls. F ragments o f c usped t racery ( Fig. 9 9) a nd f ifteenth-century w indow g lass ( GLW 2 3, F ig . 6 6) i n t he t op o f t his d irt l evel i n t he n orth s tall a re f rom t he d estruction, n ot c onstruction, o f a window, g iven t hat t he c hoir s tall c ould n o l onger h ave b een i n u se , a nd a re p art o f t he D issolution d estruction d ebris f rom t he c lerestorey ( see e .g. G LW 4 9, p er . 5 , F ig . 6 6, a nd b elow, 3 .15, 4 .10). T here was n o a rchaeological e vidence i n t he c rossing, a nd t here c ould n ot h ave b een a ny s urviving i n t he p resbytery, f or t he t wo p airs o f c hoir s talls s ketched i n o n Woodward 's 1 866 p lan, i .e . o ne s et i n t he c rossing a nd t he o ther i n t he w estern h alf o f t he p resbytery ( see R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 3 9) .

1 .3r P eriod 5 M V ( Dissolution d estruction)

( Figs.

2 7,

2 9)

D ebris which i s p resumed t o d erive f rom t he d emolition which f ollowed v ery c losely o n t he a bbey 's D issolution i n 1 538 ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 2 2-3) s urvived i n t he c rossing/choir, t ogether with e vidence f or t he r obbing o f t he n orth c hoir s tall .

1 .3s P eriod 5 -6 M V-MX ( intermediate, a bandonment l evel)

( Figs.

2 7,

2 9)

S oil ( MV-MW) a ccumulating o ver t he c ollapsed m aterial ( MV) a t t he west e nd o f t he c rossing/choir i s e vidence o f a p eriod o f a bandonment p rior t o f urther d estruction , s uggesting t hat p art o f t he s hell o f t he b uilding m ay h ave s urvived f or s ome t ime a fter t he i nitial s tripping a nd d emolition i n 1 538 .

1 .3t P eriod 6 MW-MZ ( post-Dissolution s tone r obbing, a nd e xcavations) ( Figs. 2 7, 2 9) A t t he e ast e nd r obbing o f t he r emaining f acing s tones o n t he i nterior o f t he p resbytery walls a nd a lso p robably o f t he a ltar s urround , a nd o f a ll l evels a bove M P i n m ost o f t he p resbytery w ould s eem l argely t o d ate f rom t he e arly e ighteenth c entury when L ord P lymouth owned t he s ite ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 3 8). T he s keleton r eburied with i ts h ead t o t he west i n ar ough g rave ( N2) may h ave b een d isturbed b y P lymouth 's m en w hen r obbing t he b rick-lif ted g rave ( N19) i n t he c entre o f t he p resbytery . I t was a fter b odies were f ound t hat P lymouth o rdered t he d igging t o c ease . Woodward ( MX) e xcavating i n t he l ater n ineteenth c entury i n s earch o f t he f oundation s tone e xcavated i nside a nd o utside t he N E p ier ( N4) ( destroying m uch o f i t), a nd i n t he c rossing/choir t o t he s outh a nd w est o f t he p ier e xposed a nd a pparently r emoved a n i ntact a rea o f t he MU t iled f loor ( R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 3 8-42; Woodward 1 866, 1 01) . T he t rench d ug b y R owley i n t he l ate 1 960s ( MY) ( see R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 4 4) r an n orth f rom t he n ight s tair a cross t he c hoir a nd c rossing a rea i nto t he n orth a isle; i n t he c rossing/choir t his t rench r emoved i n i ts w estern p art a ll l evels d own t o p eriod 4 B a nd i n i ts e astern p art e xposed t he s urface o f t he p eriod 3 C f loor . A n arrow t rench ( N31) d ug a long t he i nside o f t he n orth w all o f t he p resbytery i n t he l ate 1 960s w as d one b y w orkmen r esponsible f or c onsolidation o f masonry a nd was d ue t o a m isunderstanding b etween

5 9

t hose

1 .4

r esponsible

f or

c onsolidation a nd t he e xcavators .

T HE B URIALS

1 .4a S patial d istribution a nd c hronology

( Fig.

3 0)

T he b urials i n t he p resbytery a nd c rossing/choir a rea a re f airly s parse a nd c onsist o f f our g roups o f t wo o r t hree b urials a long t he c entral

e ast-west

a xis

o f

t he

c hurch .

T en

c ertain

g raves

( and

o ne

p ossible) were e xcavated a nd t he r emains o f a m aximum o f f ourteen i ndividuals r ecovered, a lthough o nly e ight b urials s urvived i n s itu ( Fig. 3 0). T able I II .

T he d ata p ertaining t o t hese b urials i s s ummarised i n

I n t he s outh t ransept a ll b urials ( with o ne e xception) w ere p eriods 3 and 4 ( R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 11-117) a nd t he s ame

o f i s

t rue i n t he p resbytery a nd c rossing/choir . T he e arliest b urials a re o f p eriod 3 A-3B, l ate t hirteenth-century. T hese a re 0 54 a nd t he p ossible ( but e ntirely r obbed) g rave 0 80, b oth s ituated i n t he middle o f t he c rossing. 0 80 i s p art o f a g rave-shaped f eature a pparently d ug i n p eriod 3 A o r 3 B, and t hen, i f i t was a g rave, e ntirely r obbed b efore t he f inal make-up f or t he p eriod 3 C f loor l evel was d eposited . T he i ntact g rave 0 54 w ith i ts c omposite s tone c offin w as d ug a pparently i n p eriod 3 B, b ut a s hallow r obbing c ut i n t he p eriod 3 C b uilding p hase was p robably t o r emove a c offin l id . T he o nly o ther e vidence f or a l id was f loor t iles mortared t o t he u pper s urface o f t he f oot o f t he c offin a pparently t o l evel u p f or a l id.

I t i s j ust p ossible t hat t he a ctual d igging o f t he g rave was

a lso p eriod 3 C, s ince t he mortar u sed o n o ne o f t he t iles o n t he c offin ( MOR 6 3) h as b een i dentified a s o f t he s ame g roup a s t he mortar u sed i n t he f oundations o f t he p eriod 3 C SW c rossing p ier ( MOR 9 2, s ee 3 .3b). T his would mean, h owever, t hat t he c offin l id was b oth p ut i n p lace a nd r emoved ( possibly b ecause i t h ad b een d amaged) d uring t he p eriod 3 C b uilding p hase ( MJ2a-b).

F ragments

( perhaps t oo s mall t o b e w orth r etrieving) o f a c offin l id ( ST 1 63 , F ig . 1 00) w ere f ound i n t he b ackfill o f t he ? r obbing h ole ( 043) . O ther p ossible e vidence o f b urial b efore p eriod 3 C was l oose b ones ( HB 3 6) i n t he f ill o f a p eriod 3 C g rave ( N35), a lthough t hese n eed n ot n ecessarily h ave c ome f rom a b urial i n t his a rea . T hree ( or p ossibly f our) b urials w ere t hen d ug d uring t he p eriod 3 C b uilding work . I n t he c hoir g rave P 27 was d ug a nd a monolithic s tone c offin i nserted . T he b urial H B 3 1, h owever , w as l ater r emoved a nd p ut b ack i n a d isarticulated f orm i n t he t op o f t he c offin o ver a l ater b urial ( HB 3 4) ( see P l. V IIIb). I n t he p resbytery two g raves w ere d ug t hrough t he p eriod 3 C m ake-up a nd t hen s ealed b y t he 3 C f loor . G rave N 35, w ith t races o f a w ooden c offin a nd a rticulated s keleton HB 3 5, was s ealed b y t he v ery l atest 3 C make-up l ayer a nd s o s lightly e arlier t han t he o verlapping ( at i ts h ighest l evels) g rave N 14 ( HB 2 7) t o t he e ast . t he n orth o f t hese two, N 19,

T he d ate o f t he g rave i mmediately t o i s n ot c ertain, s ince a ll i ts u pper

l evels were r obbed o ut i n t he e ighteenth c entury a nd i t c ould b e p eriod 3 C o r l ater. H owever, t he v ery r egular s quared e dge t o t he 3 C f loor r ound t he western e nd o f t his g rave ( Fig. 2 7) a nd t he o ffc entre p osition o f t he o ther two g raves ( as i f r especting s ome c entral f eature) s uggest t hat t his g rave a lso b elonged t o t he 3 C b uilding p hase . T he u nusual c haracter a nd p ossible s uperstructure o f

t his g rave w ill b e d iscussed b elow .

6 0

6 1

A f ourth g rave ( N13) a pparently b elongs t o a p hase a fter t he i nitial l aying d own o f t he 3 C f loor i n t he p resbytery a nd d uring i ts u se, i .e. p eriod 3 C-4B i n t he p resbytery . T his i s t he o nly c hild 's g rave f ound i n t his a rea, a b aby o f c . s ix months i n a n important c entral p osition j ust i nside t he p resbytery. S ubsidence o f t his g rave a nd o f N 35 l ed t o t he MJ2 f loor h aving t o b e p atched o ver t hem s everal t imes ( Fig . 2 7) . Two b urials i n t he c hoir w ere o f p eriod 4 A i n t hat t hey c ut t hrough t he 3 C f loor a nd were s ealed b y t he make-up f or t he 4 B f loor . T he f irst t o b e i nserted w as t he s econdary b urial ( HB 3 4) i n t he c offin i n g rave P 32. A c ut P 27 s erved t o r emove t he p rimary burial which was t hen p ut back i n t he t op o f the c offin. S ubsequently a s econd ( but s tratigraphically c ontemporary) b urial P 28 ( HB 2 9) was i nserted a longside a nd t o t he s outh o f H B 3 4 . I n p eriod 4 B, a fter t he m ake-up ( MM) w as d eposited, t wo f urther g raves were d ug i n t he c rossing, f irst 0 23, t hat o f a n e lderly f emale ( the o nly o ne i n t his a rea) a nd v ery s hortly a fter ( since i t i s

s ealed b y

t he MP f loor) 0 13,

t hat o f a male o f 4 0+ .

T his may

h ave b een t he b urial o f a married c ouple ( for e xamples o f t his p ractice s ee Wood 1 955, 1 30-131, a nd b elow, 1 .5) a s t he t wo g raves w ere m arked i n t he M P f loor l evel b y o ne l arge r ectangular a rea o f t iling , t he b edding f or which s urvived r ound ( Fig. 2 8). P otentially

t he

l atest

g rave

i n

t his

t he e dges o f t he g rave a rea

was

t hat

which

c ontained t he s tone c offin N 3 u p a gainst t he n orth p resbytery w all . I n t his w ere f ound a j umble o f b ones o f t wo i ndividuals ( HB 2 6a a nd b ), p resumably e xhumed a nd t hen r eplaced b y W oodward ( Woodward 1 866 , 9 5) . T he l evel o f t he s tone c offin , a bove t he 3 C-4B f loor, s uggests i t must p ost-date t hat f loor and b e c ontemporary with, o r immediately

h ave

p receded,

t he

p eriod

4 C

f loor,

which

d id

n ot

s urvive i n t he p resbytery . S tratigraphically t he v ery l atest b urial w as s ome b ones f ound i n a d isturbance i n t he P lymouth b ackfill ( N2, H B 2 5). These a re p robably t he ' bodies' f ound b y P lymouth 's men which l ed t o t he e nd o f t he s tone r obbing ( Price 1 971, 2 ). T hey may well have c ome f rom g rave N 19 which was t otally r emoved b y t he s tone r obbers, a nd h ave b een r eburied a t t he e nd o f P lymouth 's a ctivities. They were t he b ones o f a n a dult male o f 5 0+, i n a r ough g rave with t he s kull t o t he w est o f

1 .4b T he

t he

s keletons,

T able

o ther b ones .

t heir c ondition ,

s ex a nd p osition ( Fig . 3 0 ,

I II)

The c ondition o f t he b one was q uite g ood, i n g eneral b etter t han s ome o f t he r ather d eeper g raves i n t he s outh t ransept a nd i n t he e ast e xterior. A f ull r eport o n t he b ones w ill b e f ound i n 3 .23 b elow .

I t w ill b e s een

t hat ,of t he t welve where e nough r emained t o

b e s ure, t en were a dult males, o ne an a dult f emale and o ne a b aby . T his o verwhelming p reponderance o f a dult m ales - i n p art t he r esult o f a p reference b y f emale p atrons f or b urial i n nunneries ? m irrors t he s ituation i n t he s outh t ransept where n ineteen o ut o f 2 6 w ere a dult males w ith n o c ertain f emales a nd t hree j uveniles . I n

o nly

s even

b urials

w ere

t he

s keletons

s till

a rticulated

a nd

o f t hese a ll were e xtended a nd s upine, a nd t he p osition o f t he s kull was a lways c entral ( the p redominant p ositions a mong s outh t ransept b urials) . I n a ll c ases t he a rms w ere c rossed, t hree o n t he p elvis, o ne t o t he waist a nd t he o ther t hree with t he l eft and r ight a rms a symmetrical;

t his

a gain

c oncurs

6 2

w ith

t he p redominant

p ositions o f

F ig.

6 3

3 1

a rms

i n t he s outh t ransept .

Medieval d isturbance o f b urials i s r elatively s light a nd c onfined t o t he r e-use o f o ne c offin ( grave P 32), t he r emoval o f a l id f rom 0 54 a nd p ossibly o f ab rass f rom N 14, a nd t he d isturbance o f b ones i n t wo w ooden c offins ( probably b y r odents), e xtensively i n 0 23 ( HB 3 2) a nd t o a minor d egree i n P 28 ( HB 2 9).

1 .4c C offins a nd o ther g rave s tructures ( Figs. 3 1-33) T hree s tone c offins, t wo m onolithic a nd o ne c omposite, w ere f ound i n t his a rea ( as a gainst o ne i n t he s outh t ransept), p erhaps r eflecting t he i mportance o f t his p art o f t he c hurch . D etails o f t he monolithic c offins, P 32 i n r ed s andstone a nd N 3 i n a g reenish s andstone, a re g iven i n F igs. 3 1, 3 2 . T he c omposite c offin c omprised r ed s andstone a shlar b locks w ith t heir r ough f aces t o t he o utside. I t was n ot a t rue c offin i n h aving n o b ase. F loor t iles mortared t o t he f oot e nd o f t he c offin s uggest l evelling u p f or a l id a nd f ragments o f a l imestone c offin l id ( ST 1 63, F ig. 1 00) may b e p art o f t he l id u sed o n t his s tructure . O nly t hree g raves h ad n o e vidence a t a ll o f a c offin , w hile t he o ther f our h ad e vidence o f w ooden c offins . N o l arge p ieces o f w ood s urvived i ntact b ut t he b est p reserved w as t hat i n 0 23 . T he c offin s urvived a s what a ppeared t o b e b lack c rumbly d ecayed wood , a lthough i n t he s ample a nalysed ( ORG 4 0) n o wood w as f ound . I t was h owever p ossible t o r ecord t he t hree-dimensional o utline o f t he c offin w ith c . 2 9 n ails i n s itu ( IR 9 9) a nd t his i s r eproduced i n F ig . 3 3. I t will b e s een f rom t his t hat t he c offin appeared t o b e made f rom p lanks o f wood s imilar t o t he two p reserved c offins f ound i n t he s outh t ransept ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 1 56-7, F ig . 4 1) e xcept t hat i n t his c ase t he s ides a nd b ase were a ttached b y n ailing t hrough t he b ase i nto t he s ide b oards, while i n t he o ther t wo t he s ide b oards o verlapped t he b ase a nd t he n ails p assed t hrough t he s ide b oards i nto t he b ase . I t may b e r elevant t hat t he s outh t ransept c offins w ere o f p eriod 3 , while 0 23 w as o f p eriod 4 B . T races o f a c offin i n g rave N 35 w ere m uch l ess s ubstantial a nd consisted o f a s oil mark o nly, d emonstrating t he p lan and a pproximate t hickness o f t he s ides o f a w ooden c offin ( Fig . 3 0) . I n t his c ase n o n ails were f ound, s uggesting p erhaps a p egged c onstruction . I n g rave P 28 n o s oil m ark w as p reserved b ut 3 5 c offin n ails a nd o ther f ragments ( IR 9 6) s howed t he f ormer p osition o f a wooden c offin ( Fig . 3 0). T he f ourth g rave was N 19, t he r obbed g rave . T races o f w ood c offin a nd t his wood s oft wood, p ossibly imported. T he r ather

a t t he b ottom o f t his a lso s uggested a w ooden ( ORG 3 6, s ee 3 .21) h as b een i dentified a s a s ilver f ir a nd v ery l ikely t o h ave b een r egular r ectangular g rave was c onsiderably

l arger t han t he c offin a nd s everal p ieces o f ? b rick ( PFT 3 F, s ee R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 84) a nd a reas o f b uff mortar f ound o n t he b ottom o f t he g rave s uggest t he e xtra s pace a nd r egularity may b e a ccounted f or b y t he f ormer p resence o f a b rick s tructure w ithin t he g rave, p erhaps e xtending u pwards t o f orm a c hest t omb a bove t he f loor l evel . I t w as t his g rave w hich w as r obbed b y P lymouth 's m en i n t he e ighteenth c entury a nd r emnants o f a p ossible s uperstructure m ay c onceivably h ave b een t he o rigin o f t he s tory o f a ' lion c overed with g old ' (R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 3 8); a nd a s d iscussed a bove t he b ones f ound r eburied i n t he P lymouth b ackfill ( HB 2 5) may h ave b een f ound i n t his g rave . T he p otentially e xceptionally e laborate n ature o f t his g rave with i ts imported wood c offin a nd ? c hest t omb s uggests a n i mportant a nd w ealthy o ccupant a nd a p ossible c andidate

6 4

6 5

B ORDESLEY A BBEY P lan

I .

N o r th e l eva t ion

S ou th e l eva t ion

E as t e l eva t ion

W es t e l evat ion

P

Hi t

WOODEN C OFF IN

I aqq I RON NA ILS

I V 023b

0

F .

6 6

3 3

1 0

l t CM

I I

1 00

1

f or

t his

i s

d iscussed

i n

1 .5 b elow .

The d epths o f t he g raves v aried average o f c . 6 0cm, s lightly l ower

f rom t han

9 6cm t o 3 8cm w ith a n t he a verage o f t hose

m easured i n t he s outh t ransept ( average 7 6cm, m aximum 1 16cm, 4 0cm).

m inimum

1 .4d G rave m arkers T here was l ittle s urviving e vidence o f g raves b eing m arked a t f loor l evel e xcept i n t hree c ases . T he p ossible c hest t omb w hich m ay h ave existed i n t he c entre o f t he p resbytery h as b een d iscussed a bove. T he most c learly m arked g rave w as t he f ifteenth-century d ouble g rave i n t he crossing w ith i ts r ectangular t iled t op a t t he l evel o f t he s urrounding MP d irt f loor ( Fig . 2 8) . T his w as d irectly p aralleled i n t he s outh t ransept b y t wo s ingle g raves i n t he middle o f t he t ransept, e ach g rave b eing marked b y a r ectangular a rea o f f loor t iles s urrounded b y t he MP d irt f loor ( Rahtz and H irst 1 976, 1 13). T hese t hree g raves a re a ll more o r l ess o n t he s ame n orth-south a xis i n c entral p ositions a nd must h ave b een i mportant b urials i n t heir t ime. T he

t hird g rave p ossibly m arked a t g round l evel w as g rave N 14 i n

t he p resbytery. T his h ad a f lat l edge d own e ach s ide c ut i nto t he r ed c lay m ake-up ( MJ2b) b elow . O n t he s outh s ide, where i t w as b est p reserved, t he l edge was c . 2 0cm w ide . A l ayer o f l ight b rown s and c . 5 -6cm d eep was f ound o n t he l edge a nd i t i s s uggested t hat t his f ormed t he b edding f or a w ooden g rave I t i s s uggested t hat t his s tructure b edding s till s ealed t he l edge a t a ll s eems impossible t hat, f or e xample,

c over s upported o n was o f wood s ince f our c orners ( Fig. a s tone s lab c ould

t he l edge . MJ2 f loor 2 7) a nd i t h ave b een

r emoved l eaving t he b edding i ntact; a w ooden s tructure o n t he o ther h and c ould h ave d ecayed i n s itu l eaving l ittle o r n o t race . I t may b e t hat a memorial b rass was f ixed t o t he wood a nd t he t ile f loor b rought u p t o t he e dge o f t his. A t t he e nd o f t he l ife o f t he f loor ( period 4 C b uilding p hase), t he b rass would h ave b een r emoved a nd the grave partly subsided as the wood decayed ( see r obbing/subsidence

1 .5

h ole

o n

F ig .

2 7) .

B EAUCHAMP P ATRONAGE O F B ORDESLEY A BBEY

T he e xceptionally e laborate c haracter o f g rave N 19 c ompared w ith t he o ther

g raves

s o f ar e xcavated s uggests a n i mportant a nd wealthy

o ccupant, p robably a l ay b enefactor. A ll i n a ll t his g rave i s t he b est c andidate s o f ar r ecovered f or t he b urial-place o f G uy B eauchamp, e arl o f Warwick, who i s s aid t o h ave l eft h is b ody i n 1 315 f or b urial i n B ordesley Abbey ( see b elow). O ne might e xpect s uch a b urial t o o ccupy a c entral a nd p rominent p osition i n t he e astern

p art

o f

t he

c hurch

r ather

t han

t o

t he

west

o r

i n

t he

t ransept. G iven t he d ate o f B eauchamp 's d eath, p robably s hortly b efore t he c ollapse o f t he NW p ier i n p eriod 3 B , h is b ody c ould h ave b een t emporarily i nterred e lsewhere while t he c rossing a rea was r econstructed a nd t hen, i n p eriod 3 C, p laced i n i ts ' permanent ' g rave . B ones f ound i n a r ough g rave i n t he P lymouth b ackfill w ere p robably r eburied b y P lymouth 's men a nd may well h ave c ome f rom g rave N 19 when i t w as r obbed ( see a bove, 1 .4a). T hese were t he b ones o f a n a dult m ale o f 5 0+ , a n a ge e stimate n ot i ncompatible w ith

6 7

t he a ge a t d eath o f G uy B eauchamp o f a t l east mid o r l ate 4 0s ( see b elow). A s h as b een s hown a bove ( 1.3q), t he s tone c offin t hought b y W oodward t o h ave p ossibly c ontained t he b ones o f G uy B eauchamp , t he ' Black

D og

o f

A rden ',

i s

i n

f act

f ar

t oo

l ate

i n

d ate

- l ater

f ifteenth- o r e arly s ixteenth-century - t o h ave d one s o ( Woodward 1 866, 9 4-97, 1 04). I t was Woodward with h is t ales o f t he m ysterious, n ight-time a ppearances o f a b lack d og ( Woodward 1 866, 9 7, i llustrated o n 9 5 a nd t his i llustration r eproduced i n R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 4 9 F ig. 1 0) who c reated a l ocal l egend o f t he h aunting o f B ordesley b y t he ' Black D og '. A f ull d iscussion o f t he a bbey 's p atrons w ith p articular r egard t o b urials, b oth within t he c hurch a nd o utside i n t he monastic c emetery, will b e i ncluded with t he p ublication o f t he c emetery . M eanwhile s ome p reliminary r emarks a re i ncluded h ere r egarding t he B eauchamp c onnection w ith B ordesley a nd, i n p articular, G uy's p atronage. T he B eauchamps h ad b een h ereditary s heriffs o f Worcestershire s ince N orman t imes b ut e arls o f W arwick o nly s ince 1 268 when W illiam M auduit e arl o f W arwick d ied w ithout i ssue . T hus W illiam B eauchamp , a s t he s on a nd h eir o f I sabel Mauduit, t he h eiress t hrough h er m other o f t he t welfth-century B eaumont e arls o f W arwick , b ecame t he f irst B eauchamp e arl o f Warwick ( McFarlane 1 973, 1 87-188) . I t h ad b een Waleran d e B eaumont, c ount o f Meulan ( and e arl o f Worcester f rom 1 138), w ho h ad made t he e arliest g ifts t o B ordesley , p robably i n 1 138. A lthough Waleran h ad r enounced h is c laim a s f ounder o f B ordesley t o M atilda ( see R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 6-18), i t i s h e w ho i s n ow c ustomarily r egarded a s t he f ounder o f B ordesley A bbey ( e .g . H ill 1 968, 3 4). T he B eaumont f amily h ad b een g reat p atrons o f t he C istercians

d uring

t he

a narchy

o f

t he

r eign

o f

K ing

S tephen :

W aleran 's t win b rother R obert e arl o f L eicester f ounded G arendon B ordesley 's m otherhouse - a nd R obert e arl o f W arwick , c ousin o f t he e arl o f L eicester, w as a b enefactor t o G arendon ( Hill 1 968 , 3 3-34) . B ordesley 's o riginal e ndowment was a dded t o s ubsequently i n t he t welfth c entury b y g rants

f rom,

a mong o thers,

t he e arls

o f

Warwick

( Price 1 971, 5 5-57), while D ugdale r ecords t hat William d e B eauchamp, h ereditary s heriff o f Worcestershire i n t he t ime o f S tephen a nd H enry I I a nd a n a dherent o f Matilda, ( together w ith S tephen d e B eauchamp) o f B ordsley, 2 25). T he

' gave

t he

l ordship o f O smaresley

t o

which M aud t he Empress h ad F ounded ' ( Dugdale

B eauchamps '

a ctions

o ver a c entury

t hey f elt t hey h ad i nherited a long with c onnection with t he h ouse a t B ordesley.

l ater m ight

t he

A bbey

1 675-6 ,

s uggest

I ,

t hat

t he e arldom a f urther William B eauchamp o f

E lmley , W orcestershire, t he h usband o f I sabel Mauduit, w as h imself a b enefactor o f B ordesley, g iving t he a bbey ' certain l ands i n B ivinton ' Warwickshire ( Dugdale 1 675-6, I , 2 27). H e l eft i n h is t estament o f 1 268 n umerous b equests t o r eligious h ouses; t hese w ere mostly i n W orcester a nd G loucester, b ut B ordesley d id a ppear t owards t he e nd o f h is w ill among a g roup o f h ouses t o w hich l egacies w ere t o b e made, t hat i s ' the c onvents o f Worcester, E vesham, P ershore, B ordesl ( Bordesley), H ales ( Halesowen), G reat Malvern, t he F riars Minor o f G loucester, W inchecumb, H ales, T eukesbury, A lencestr ' ( Alcester)% B eauchamp o rdered h is b ody t o b e b uried i n t he c hurch o f t he F riars h eir W illiam,

Minor o f Worcester ( Bund 1 902, I , 7 -9). H is s on a nd t he f irst B eauchamp e arl, a lso d irected t hat h e s hould

b e b uried i n t he F riars Worcester a bstract

i n t he c hoir . o f

h is

will

Minor, c ommonly c alled t he G reyfriars a t T here i s n o mention o f B ordesley i n t he

made

b y

D ugdale

6 8

( 1675-6,

I ,

2 29;

a nd

s ee

N icolas 1 826, I , 5 2), a lthough h e c learly h ad h ad s ome c onnection w ith t he a bbey ( Calendar P atent R olls 1 272-81, 7 8) . O n W illiam 's d eath i n 1 298 , h is s on a nd h eir G uy w as 2 6 y ears o f a ge a ccording t o D ugdale ( 1675-6, I , 2 29), a ged b etween 2 3 a nd 2 7 ( and 3 0+ i n 1 301) a ccording t o o ther s ources ( Cokayne 1 959, 3 70). G uy B eauchamp, t he s econd e arl o f t he f amily, s erved a bly i n t he S cottish war f or E dward I , b ut was a n o pponent o f E dward I I, a n O rdainer , a nd t he f riend a nd a lly o f T homas o f L ancaster ( Maddicott 1 970, 3 19 a nd passim; McFarlane 1 973, 1 89). H e i s p robably most r enowned, h owever, f or h is i nvolvement i n t he e xecution o f P iers G aveston. I t was G uy who s ingled o ut B ordesley f or s pecial p atronage, c hoosing i t f or h is b urial p lace . ' And n ow, a fter a ll t hese t urmoils; d rawing n ear t he e nd o f t his t ransitory l ife , i n t he p rime o f h is d ays ( being a bout f orty-four y ears o f a ge) h e b estowed o n t he Monks o f B ordsley, f or t he g ood e state o f h imself, a nd f or t he h ealth o f h is F ather a nd M others S ouls ; a s a lso f or t he S ouls o f h is A ncestors a nd S uccessors, t he A dvowson o f t he C hurch o f W ickwane i n G loucestershire . H ow f ar f arther h e was a b enefactor t o t hat Monastry I c annot s ay; b ut ' tis v ery l ike, t hat h e g ave s omewhat m ore ; f or i t a ppears t hat t hese Monks b y t heir p ublique I nstrument , i n f ull c hapter, g ranted t o h im a nd h is h eirs, b y t he a ttribute o f D ilecto & S peciali a mico ; t heir b eloved a nd s ingular f riend , p ower t o p resent t wo M onks s uccessively i n t heir C ovent; w ho s hould d aily s ing Mass, i n t he C hurch o f t hat Monastry, f or t he h ealth o f h is S oul; a s a lso f or t he S ouls o f E arl William h is F ather, Maud h is mother a nd t heir A ncestors f or e ver '( Dugdale 1 675-6, I , 2 30). I n h is t estament d ated a t W arwick , J uly 1 315 ' he b equeathed h is B ody t o s epulture i n t hat A bbey o f B ordsley; b ut w illed, t hat h is F uneral R ites s hould b e p erformed without a ny g reat p omp — . And d eparting t his l ife a t h is s aid C astle o f W arwick , u pon t he Twelfth o f A ugust , n ext f ollowing , ( by p oyson , a s s ome t hought) w as b uried i n t he A bbey o f B ordsley b efore mentioned ' ( Dugdale 1 675-6, I , 2 30). D ugdale 's c onfident a ssertion t hat G uy was a ctually b uried a t B ordesley i s b ased o n J ohn R ous's r oll written a t t he e nd o f t he f ifteenth c entury: ' Gwydo b eauchamp t he wittyst l ord c allid o f E ngland . . T his E on ld ied a t Warrewik t he x ii d ay o f A ugust t he y er o f y owr l ord m c cc x v a nd i s b uried a t b ordysley ' ( Ross 1 980, ' The R ows R ol 4 6 '. O n t he d ate o f G uy 's d eath s ee P hillips 1 972, 9 2 f n . 1 ) . G uy B eauchamp with h is t reachery r eminded T .F. T out ' of t he c ultivated a ristocratic r uffians o f t he R enascence ' ( McFarlane 1 973 , 2 34). A ccording t o J . C onway D avies, ' Warwick w as d escribed a s t hat m ost s tern k night o f E dward I I , a nd t here w as a c ertain e lement o f b rutality a nd f erocity a bout h im t hough h e w as n oted f or h is w isdom , a nd was a d iscreet a nd l earned man — . ( he) h ad t he o ne merit o f c onsistency ( Davies 1 918, 1 14). A ccording t o t he c hroniclers, h owever, E arl G uy was ' vir s apiens e t p robus ', ' homo d iscretus e t b ene l iteratus, p er q uer n t otum r egnum A nglie s apientia p refulgebat% O ne c hronicler l amented ' Sed c omes Warewyke s i i n v ivis f uisset, (f uisset) t ot a p atria p ro e o: c onsilio e ius ( et) i ngenio o rdinationes p rodierunt , e t c eteri c omites e o a udito multa f ecerunt; i n p rudentia e t c onsilio n on h abuit s imilem ' ( McFarlane 1 973, 2 34) . G uy t hen was w ise a nd l earned - a nd c ertainly l iterate . A g ift o f 2 7 v olumes t o B ordesley A bbey b y ' Guy d e B eauchamp ' ( see b elow, 3 .24) was f or l ong t hought t o h ave b een made b y G uy B eauchamp, g randson o f G uy t he s econd e arl a nd e ldest s on a nd h eir a pparent o f T homas B eauchamp t he t hird e arl, w ho d ied i n 1 360 w ithout m ale h eirs while h is f ather w as s till a live ( Ker R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 2 1; f or G uy 's

6 9

1 941, 7 ; M cFarlane 1 973 , 2 35; t estament o f 1 359, L ambeth

P alace L ibrary ,

R eg .

I slip ,

f ol .

1 60 ,

a bstracted i n N icolas

1 826 ,

I ,

6 3-4). When l isting t hese b ooks M . B laess ( 1958, a nd f ollowed b y K er 1 964, 1 1) a rgued t hat t he d onor w as G uy B eauchamp, who d ied i n 1 315, o n two g rounds: f irst ( and s ic), t hat t his G uy B eauchamp 's g randson was n ot c alled G uy b ut T homas ( as w as h is s on t oo); s econd , t hat t he u se o f t he p hrase ' Escrites a u B ordesleye p remer l our d e May, l e A n d u R egne l e R oy E dward t rentime q uart ' s uggests t he t hirty-fourth y ear o f t he r eign o f t he f irst K ing E dward r ather t han a nno 3 4 E dward I II ( i.e. 1 306 - 1 305 i n B laess 1 958, 5 12 - , n ot 1 360) . T he u se o f t he t itle ' Guy d e B eauchamp E arl o f Warwick ' w ould a lso s upport B laess 's v iew, i t b eing n ot a pplicable t o S ir G uy who d ied i n 1 360 . T he m ost c onvincing a rgument , h owever , i n f avour o f G uy, s econd e arl o f Warwick, a nd a gainst h is g randson i s a much s impler o ne t han B laess 's , n amely t hat t he g randson i s r ecorded a s h aving d ied i n F rance o n 2 8 A pril, 3 4 E dward I II, when t he g ift i s d ated M ay 1 ( Cokayne 1 959 , 3 75; C alendar I nquisitions P ost M ortem , x , n o . 5 90). T he r ecord o f t his g ift, h owever, s urvives o nly ( as f ar a s i s k nown) i n a s eventeenth-century t ranscript i n L ambeth P alace L ibrary ( Ms. L ambeth 5 77, C ollectio I nstrumentorum e t Monumentorum C od . Wharton, 1 8) i n t he h and o f W illiam S ancroft ( and n ot o f h is p rotegee H enry Wharton , p ers. c omm. M . B arber, a nd c ontra B laess 1 958, 5 11, a lthough i ncluded with t ranscripts b y Wharton). W e s hould t herefore b e wary o f p lacing t oo much r eliance o n t wo p hrases, i n p articular o n t he d ate. N onetheless, g iven o n t he o ne h and S ir G uy 's o mission o f B ordesley f rom h is w ill o f 1 359 - w here h e d oes h owever d escribe t he c hurch o f N eketon , N orfolk2 a s o f h is p atronage ( Lambeth P alace L ibrary, R eg . I slip, f ol . 1 60 r )- a nd o n t he o ther h and t he e xtensive k nown p atronage o f G uy t he s econd e arl ( see a bove), t he i dentification o f t he l atter a s ' donor ' d oes s eem more l ikely t o b e t he r ight o ne ( contra R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 2 1) . T he 2 7 v olumes which c onstituted t his g ift - a s lightly o ldfashioned c ollection e ven i n 1 315 - a re c ommented u pon b y D . P earsall b elow ( 3.24). S ucceeding g enerations o f t he B eauchamps, h owever, c ontinued t he f amily t radition , b egun b y T homas B eauchamp t he t hird e arl, o f f avouring t he C ollegiate C hurch o f S t M ary 's, Warwick, a s t heir b urial p lace . T homas, w ho d ied i n 1 369 , d irected t hat h is e xecutors s hould ' new b uild t he q uire ' a t W arwick a nd t hat ' masses b e s ung a nd a lms d istributed f or t he h ealth o f m y s oul , e specially a t B ordesley , W orcester a nd W arwick ' ( Nicolas 1 826, I , 7 9 ; L ambeth P alace L ibrary , R eg . W hittlesey , f ol . 1 10) . H is w ife 's w ill o f t he s ame y ear , 1 369 , m akes n o m ention o f B ordesley ( abstracts i n D ugdale 1 675-6, I , 2 33, a nd N icolas 1 826, I , 7 8) . H is s on a nd h eir T homas f inished t he c hoir a t Warwick, ' newly b uilt f rom t he g round t he whole b ody o f t hat c hurch ', a nd was b uried t here with h is wife; b ut t here i s n o mention o f B ordesley among h is ' pious w orks ' ( Dugdale 1 675-6, I , 2 37). I sabel c ountess o f Warwick, who d ied i n 1 439, d irected t hat s he was t o b e b uried i n T ewkesbury A bbey ' yn s uch p lace a s Ih aue a ssynged ' a nd i n a v ery e laborate t omb ( Furnivall 1 882, 1 16-119; a bstracted i n N icolas 1 826, I , 2 39-240). H er h usband R ichard e arl o f Warwick, d ied 1 439, h owever, o rdered t hat h is b ody was t o b e b uried i n t he c hapel a djoining t he C ollegiate C hurch o f o ur L ady a t Warwick when r e-edified a nd w ished f or h is o bit t o b e k ept a nd m asses s ung f or h im i n T ewkesbury A bbey ( abstract i n N icolas 1 826 , I ,

2 31-233;

p roved C anterbury ,

s ee M cFarlane

1 973 ,

1 88 f n .) .

T he main f ocus o f p atronage b y E arl G uy 's s uccessors t hen e vidently l ay e lsewhere t han B ordesley . T he S evern b asin t o t he w est a nd s outh o f B ordesley w as s till i n t he t hirteenth c entury t he

7 0

a rea o f E ngland r ichest i n g reat m onasteries - f or e xample t he b lack m onks a t W orcester , T ewkesbury , P ershore, E vesham, G loucester , t he white monks a t H ailes ( Knowles 1 948, 3 13-316). T he n ew o rders o f f riars i ncreased c ompetition f or p atronage f rom t he t hirteenth c entury a nd f ounders c ame b y t he e nd o f t he m iddle a ges ' to p refer t he c hantry t o t he monastery a s l ess c ostly t o e ndow a nd more e xplicitly d evoted t o i ntercessory p rayer f or t he d ead ' ( Knowles 1 953, 2 87). T he s ingling o ut o f B ordesley b y G uy B eauchamp may a lready i n 1 315 h ave b een s omething i n t he n ature o f a l ate f lourish i n t he p atronage o f a C istercian h ouse with l ittle, a s f ar a s i s k nown, b y way o f d istinguishing c haracteristics o ther t han i ts l ongstanding c onnections w ith b oth t he B eaumont a nd B eauchamp f amilies.

1 .6

C ONCLUSION

T he e xcavation o f t he p resbytery, c rossing a nd e astern p ortion o f t he c hoir h as d emonstrated e ven more f orcefully t han t he s outh t ransept d id t he v alue o f t he, p ossibly u nique, s equence a t B ordesley . T he s eries o f s tratified l evels d escribed i n t he p receding p ages i s o f importance n ot o nly f or t he h istory o f t his p articular b uilding a nd m onastic c ommunity , b ut a lso f or m onastic a rchaeology i n g eneral . A t t he b eginning o f t he c ommunity 's l ife i t s eems t hat t he t ransfer f rom t emporary wooden b uildings t o p ermanent s tone s tructures c ould , i n t he c ase o f t he c hurch ( and t he c loister), h ave b een a chieved f airly r apidly , p robably b y t he l ater 1 140s o r e arly 1 150s . T emporary w ooden a ccommodation m ay h ave b een i n u se l onger e lsewhere i n t he c laustral g roup . I n t he s outh t ransept t he p eriod 1n ight s tair w as s econdary t o t he i nitial u se o f t he t ransept, s uggesting t hat t he d orter r ange was o nly c ompleted a t a l ater s tage. T hat must, h owever, h ave b een well within t he n ext h alfc entury a s b y c . 1 200 t his t imber n ight s tair h ad b een b urnt d own a nd r eplaced b y t he p eriod 2 s tone s taircase . T he p resent e xcavation h as s hown p eriod 2 ( c. 1 200) t o b e a w ider r ebuilding p rogramme t han e vidence f rom t he s outh t ransept s uggested . I t e ntailed n ot o nly t he r ebuilding o f t he n ight s tair , m odification o f t he e ntrance t o t he s outh a isle a nd b locking o f t he f irst b ays o f t he n ave a rcades e ast o f t he c rossing ( associated w ith r ebuilding o f t he c hoir s talls a nd t heir e xtension f urther i nto t he c rossing), b ut a lso t he f irst e vidence o f s ettlement, i ndeed s ubsidence , o f t he b uilding . T his w as d emonstrated b y t he n eed f or massive b uttressing a t t he e ast e nd o f t he c hurch a nd widening o f t he n orth p resbytery wall. T he a ccompanying r enewal o f f loors r esulted i n t he p resbytery has s lab f loor b eing r elaid a t a h igher l evel, while t he f irst ( plain) t iled f loors were l aid i n t he s outh t ransept a nd c rossing/choir , r eplacing t he s imple r eed-strewn d irt f loors o f p eriod 1 . T he a reas o f t he c hurch e xcavated s o f ar g ive l ittle e vidence o f f urther a ctivity i n t he f irst h alf o f t he t hirteenth c entury b ut e x s itu f ragments o f c arved s tone s uggest t hat b uilding w ork s omewhere i n t he v icinity w as b eing c arried o ut a t t his p eriod ( see 4 .11) . B y t he s econd h alf o f t he t hirteenth c entury ( period 3 A) t he i nterior o f t he c hurch p resented a v ery d ifferent a ppearance f rom t he a usterity o f t he t welfth c entury . T he w alls w ere l ime-washed w ith f alse j ointing i n r ed; t here w ere d ecorated t iled f loors i n t he

7 1

s outh

t ransept,

i n

t he

c rossing/choir

and

p ossibly

i n

t he

p resbytery, a nd d ecorated g lass i n t he w indows. S tructural a lterations a t t his t ime a gain a ppear t o h ave b een i n r esponse t o s ubsidence, i n t his c ase o f t he NW c rossing p ier , r ebuilt c . 1 260-80 with n ew and v ery d eep f oundations, t he s uperstructure o f t he SW c rossing p ier b eing a ltered t o match. T his measure f ailed t o d o m ore t han p ostpone t he c ollapse o f t he NW p ier, a nd t hese p roblems may

h ave

b een

c ompounded

b y

a ttempts

t o

r aise

a t ower

a s

was

f ashionable f rom t he s econd h alf o f t he t welfth c entury o nwards ( see 4 .6, 4 .11, and p ers. c omm. D . Walsh). T he p urpose o f t ransept ( period 3 B ,

t he n arrowing o f t he e ntrance t o t he s outh c . 1 300) i s o bscure a nd p aradoxically i t s eems

t o h ave c oincided w ith a w estwards c ontraction o f t he c hoir s talls which, p robably f rom c . 1 300, a nd c ertainly f rom c . 1 330, n ever a gain e xtended o ver t he c rossing , s uggesting e ither a r eduction i n t he n umber o f c hoir monks o r, c onceivably, i n t he amount o f s pace t hey w ere a llotted i n t he c hoir s talls . E qually i t may b e t hat t he p osition o f t he p ulpitum was a ltered i n p eriod 3 , s o t hat t he c hoir extended

f urther

t o

t he

west.

T he

c urrent

e xcavations

o f

t he

western c hoir a nd n ave w ill p rovide t he a nswer h ere . A s urge o f n ew b uilding i n many c athedrals a nd a bbeys b eginning c . 1 250 a nd s ustained u ntil t he e arly y ears o f t he f ourteenth c entury h as b een n oted b y M orris, b ut t hereafter t he g eneral p icture was o ne o f a v ery l ow l evel o f major b uilding p rojects, w ith a p articularly s harp d ecline i n t he mid-fourteenth c entury ( Morris 1 979, 1 79, 1 99-220 a nd p assim) . T he p revious p rosperity e njoyed b y d emesne f armers s uch a s B ordesley h ad g iven w ay t o r ecession b y t he t ime o f t he c ollapse o f t he NW c rossing p ier a t B ordesley b etween c . 1 300 a nd c . 1 330 ( probably s hortly b efore c . 1 330). I ncreasingly a dverse e conomic t rends were c ompounded b y a s hortage o f l ay b rothers. I n 1 332 t he a bbey c ommunity o f s ixty c omprised t hirty f our monks ( including t he a bbot), o ne n ovice, s eventeen s erving men , b ut o nly e ight l ay b rothers. T he h ouse was t hen s aid t o b e c . £ 50 i n d ebt; expenses t otalled c . £ 257 b ut o nly 7 3s. was f or b uilding ( Bodleian L ibrary, O xford, and H irst 1 976, 1 9-21).

D odsworth M s . 7 6, f ol . 9 4 ; a nd L ack o f f unds a nd/or l abour

s ee R ahtz may h ave

exacerbated t he a bbey 's p roblems i n d ealing e ffectively with t he c hurch 's s tructural d ifficulties, o r v ice v ersa, t he c ollapse may h ave

c ompounded

t he a bbey 's

p roblems,

c oming a t a v ery b ad t ime

e conomically. T he r estoration o f t he d evastated c rossing a rea c . l aying o f n ew t iled f loors t hroughout t he e astern

1 330 a nd t he p art o f t he

c hurch , h owever, d oes s eem t o h ave marked t he b eginning o f a p eriod o f c omparative s tability, p erhaps e nforced b y r elative ' poverty '. I ndeed i n 1 380-81 t here w ere o nly f ourteen m onks a nd o ne l ay b rother ( Price 1 971, 3 ). T here i s l ittle e vidence f or c hange i n t he a reas e xcavated u ntil t he e nd o f t he f ourteenth c entury . I t i s s uggested h ere t hat t he p eriod 3 D r ebuilding o f t he N E c rossing p ier ( from t he c ontemporary

f loor

l evel

u pwards)

may

b e

c ontemporary

w ith a much

more e xtensive b uilding p rogramme c arried o ut c . 1 400, p rincipally ( on p resent e vidence) i n t he c loister a nd n ave. S uch a major b uilding p roject may a ppear s urprising i n v iew o f t he e conomic t roubles o f l arge l andowners s uch a s B ordesley, b ut a s mall u pturn i n major, e cclesiastical b uilding p rojects i s d iscernable i n t he l ater f ourteenth a nd e arly f ifteenth c enturies ( Morris 1 979, F ig. 7 ).

1 79

R educed i ncomes d id n ot p revent n ew w ork b eing c arried

o ut, f or i nstance t hat a t C hrist C hurch , C anterbury , b etween c . 1 400 and 1 435 o n t he c hapter h ouse, p ulpitum, SW t ower, s outh t ransept v ault

a nd

c loisters,

t hough t hat h ouse 's

7 2

i ncome

f ell

b y

n early h alf

d uring t he p eriod ( Morris 1 979, 2 24). P rior Chillenden o f C anterbury was t he d riving f orce b ehind r ebuilding t he n ave t here and the initiative o f an i ndividual abbot c ould have b een r esponsible f or t he p rogramme a t B ordesley , p erhaps e ven s timulated b y

a g enerous p atron . The f ifteenth c entury, h owever,

f ortunes

o f

t he

a bbey

with

t he

s aw a f urther r eversal i n t he

f looding

o f

t he

s outh

t ransept

( period 4 A ) which w as a nswered b y r aising t he f loor l evel t here a nd s o , n ecessarily , i n t he c rossing/choir . T he c ause o f t he i nundation may

have

l ain

i n

t he

f ailure

o f

t he

monks

t o

maintain

t heir

e laborate s ystem o f d rainage a nd w ater c ontrol, p erhaps b ecause o f l ack o f m anpower f rom t he f ourteenth c entury o nwards ( the s ingle l ay b rother o f 1 380-81?) . T he o nly t iled f loor t o s urvive t his d isaster w as t hat i n t he p resbytery , n ow much p atched; e lsewhere t here w ere d irt f loors a gain a nd t he g eneral a ppearance o f t he c hurch was c ertainly

n ot

w hat

i t

h ad b een i n t he

t hirteenth c entury ,

w ith

t he

b ases o f t he p iers n ow b uried b elow t he made-up f loor l evels. I ndeed t he f inal f loor l evel i n t he c rossing ( period 4 C) was a f ull m etre h igher t han t he p eriod 1 f loor . I n t he main b ody o f t he c hurch a l ate r evival

i n s tandards,

w itnessed b y n ew t iled f loors i n t he l ater f ifteenth o r s ixteenth c entury, i n c hoir , c rossing a nd p resbytery , may h ave b een a chieved a t t he e xpense o f o ther a reas. T he two s outherly c hapels i n t he s outh t ransept w ere b locked o ff, a s w ere t he n orthern r ooms o f t he e ast c loister r ange b y t he b locking, f irst, o f t hese r ooms w ith t he s outh t ransept a nd , t hen , i nto t he c loister ( 2 .1, 2 .3b) . F urther p hysical r evealed e lsewhere i n f uture e xcavations .

7 3

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2 .1

B urrow

S UMMARY

T he e xcavation o f t he a rea b etween t he s outh t ransept a nd t he c hapter h ouse p rovided t he f irst c omparison b etween t he e ast r ange o f c onventual b uildings a nd t he c hurch i tself a nd s tudied t he c rucial j unction b etween t hem . I t c an b e s hown t hat t he i nitial b uilding p rogramme was f or a t ime d elayed i n t his a rea . When t he e ast r ange was e ventually c onstructed i ts b uilders modified t he o riginal i ntention , a bandoning t he e xisting f oundations o f t he e ast wall o f t he r ange i n f avour o f a n ew l ine 3m t o t he west. T he w estern wall w as c rudely b utted o n t o t he s tub wall r unning s outh f rom t he p eriod 1 s outh t ransept wall. T he workmanship o f t hese s econdary w alls i s markedly i nferior t o t hat o f t he m ain c hurch a nd t here was c learly s ome f actor p reventing t he c onstruction o f a c ompletely u niform m onastic e stablishment i n p eriod 1 . T he a rea h ad a c omplex h istory . F or a s hort t ime i t a ppears t o h ave h ad n o e ast w all, a nd t herefore f unctioned a s a s lype , a lthough i t a lso g ave a ccess f rom t he c loister i nto t he s outh t ransept . T his p hase w as c learly o nly t emporary f or c upboard r ecesses w ere c ut i n t he s outh f ace o f t he s outh t ransept wall a nd t he w all f ace i tself s tepped b ack 3 0-40cm . A t imber p artition m ay h ave b een e rected t o d ivide t he a rea i nto a n e astern a nd w estern h alf a t t his s tage . D uring p eriod 2 i t b ecame n ecessary o n t wo o ccasions t o c onstruct d rains f rom t he s outh t ransept d oor i nto t he c loister a nd e ast e xterior. T hese d rains were a pparently i neffective, a nd t he f loor l evels w ere e ventually r aised a s i n t he s outh t ransept ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 6 9-74) . C ontemporary w ith t he d rains i n t he w estern r oom w ere t imber p artitions, p erhaps p resses o r c arrels i ndicating t he r oom 's u se a s a n a rmarium o r b ookstore. T he whole a rea was s ealed w ith c lay , n ew s ills were l aid a t t he c loister a nd s outh t ransept d oorways a nd t he c upboards w ere b locked u p . B uttresses w ere b uilt o n t he s outh t ransept s outh wall a nd a t i ts S E a ngle. A mortar s etting was l aid a gainst t he e ast wall o f t he e astern r oom, a ssociated with d irt f loors i n b oth r ooms. I n p eriod 4 B , major s tructural p roblems a pparently c ontinued t o a ffect t he a rea . A massive, c rude, N -S wall b locked t he s outh t ransept d oor, c reating a western r oom i solated f rom t he s outh t ransept, while t he r oom e ast o f t he wall may h ave f allen o ut o f u se. T his m assive w all a ppears t o c ontinue s outhwards d own t he l ength o f t he e ast r ange . A f inal f loor l evel i ndicates u se o f t he w estern r oom b efore i t was s ealed o ff b y t he b locking o f t he d oorway f rom t he c loister. T he s pecific f unction o f t his c omplex w as n ot r eadily a pparent f rom t he e xcavated d ata a nd c omparison w ith o ther C istercian h ouses i ndicates t hat a v ariety o f u ses was p ossible f or t his p art o f t he c loister e ven i n t he t welfth c entury . A t B ordesley a d ual e arly

1 03

f unction s uggested a s t hat o f s acristy ( vestiarium) a nd b ookstore ( armarium), s eems t o h ave b een s ubsequently modified, p erhaps b y c onversion i nto a c hapel i n p eriod 3 a nd p erhaps f inally a s a l ittle f requented s torage a rea , e ventually w alled u p .

2 .2 I NTRODUCTION

2 .2a

A cknowledgements; c ircumstances a nd m ethods o f e xcavation T he o verburden i n t his a rea was r emoved b y T revor R owley a nd r ecording o f t he l atest l evels i n t he 1 971 s eason was b y C olin F light. Ka nd t he u pper l evels o f J were e xcavated b y Owen H ilton a nd t he e xcavation o f G a nd J was t hen t aken o ver b y I an B urrow. T he a uthor i s g rateful t o C athe B urrow f or a ssisting i n t he f inal p reparation o f t his r eport . D uring t he i nitial w ork o n t he s outh t ransept a rea i n 1 970 p arts o f t he e astern r ange i ncluding t he c hapter h ouse, p art o f t he e ast c loister walk a nd t he a rea d iscussed h ere were c leared o f t he u ppermost d efined s tratigraphic l evel, p ost-Dissolution d estruction r ubble MV ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 7 4 a nd T able 1 ). I t i s p ossible t hat t his i nitial c learance i nadvertently r emoved a f inal f loor l evel ( G ,J ,K M P) . T his c an b e p ostulated f rom s tructural e vidence ( see b elow), b ut s eems u nlikely . A t t his s tage t hree a reas w ere d efined, d esignated G , J a nd K f rom w est t o e ast . A rea K i s n o m ore t han a r e-entrant b etween t he s outh w all o f t he s outh t ransept a nd t he n orth w all o f t he a s y et u nexcavated c hapter h ouse, o pen t o t he e ast a nd d elimited o n t he w est b y t he w all I I F 14 f orming t he e ast e nd o f r oom J ( PM, F ig . 3 4). R ooms G a nd J were s eparated b y a massive N -S wall ( II F 6), t he n orthward c ontinuation o f w hich b locked t he s outh d oorway o f t he s outh t ransept ( I F 10) . R oom G h ad a ccess t o t he e ast c loister w alk v ia a d oorway ( II F 9) . T he r ooms w ere e xcavated i n s eparate s easons f rom 1 971 t o 1 975 . R ecording t echniques a nd e xcavation m ethods w ere t he s ame a s t hose u sed i n t he s outh t ransept. B ecause o f t he s elf-contained s tratigraphy o f t his a rea, a nd t he d ifficulty o f r elating t his t o t he s outh t ransept s equence, a m aster l ayer s ystem u nique t o G ,J ,K w as d eveloped a nd i s t hat r eferred t o i n t his s ection o f t he r eport . F or t he r elationship o f t his s ystem t o t hat i n t he c hurch s ee T able I V . T he p eriodisation u sed, h owever, i s t hat d eveloped f or t he s outh t ransept a nd f urther r efined i n t his monograph . S outh t ransept m aster l ayers, w here u sed , a re q uoted t hus : MP . A m ain E -W s ection ( S6, F ig. 3 4) was s upplemented b y N -S s ections a cross e ach o f t he r ooms ( S7-S9) a nd a n a dditional s ection u nder t he d oor s ill I I F 9 ( S10) ( Fig . 3 8). A ll wall e levations were d rawn ( E14-E21) ( Figs. 3 5-37) .

2 .2b R elationship t o t he s outh t ransept s equence I n o rder t o u nderstand t he d evelopment o f t he e ast c loister r ange i n r elation t o t he c hurch i t i s c learly v ital t o e stablish r eliable s tratigraphic l inks b etween t hem. S uch l inks c an b e d educed a t t hree l ocations: i n t he s outh t ransept d oorway ( I F 10); i n t he d oorway f rom G i nto t he c loister ( II F 9); a nd i n t he a rea o f t he S E c orner b uttress o f t he s outh t ransept i n K( III F 13). T hese l inks a re n ot w holly s ecure, a nd e xcavations i n t he e ast c loister a lley,

1 04

i n p articular, s hould p roduce f irmer d ata . A c onsistent m odel c an h owever b e e rected u sing t he s tratigraphic d ata a nd t he two s equences c an b e c orrelated . The most r eliable o f t he t hree l inks i s t hat o f t he s outh t ransept d oorway , w ith i ts s equence o f t wo b locked d rains ( I F 155, I F 156 MJ), s ubsequent t iled s ill ( I F lOb MJ), d irt f loor ( I F lOc MJ) a nd l ater b locking ( I F ll MM-MP) . T his s equence w as r eplicated i n G , t he f loor o ver t he d rains ( II F 10, J 8 MM) l apping o ver t he r eplaced d oor s ill G 1 a nd b eing c ut b y t he c onstruction o f t he massive N -S wall I I F 6 which was p robably c ontemporary w ith t he s outh t ransept b locking . T his l ink , i f c orrectly d educed, r enders p ossible t he f ollowing e quations: S outh t ransept

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A bove MM i n G ,J ,K w as a m ake-up l ayer MN , s imilar i n c omposition t o MM i n t he s outh t ransept, s ucceeded b y ad irt f loor MO . MO r an o ut under t he b locking o f t he c loister d oorway I I F9a. S tratigraphically , t his f loor c ould b e t he e quivalent o f MP i n t he s outh t ransept and c loister, a d eduction s upported by t he c haracteristics o f b oth MO a nd MP t o c ontinue w ithout b reaks a t t hresholds i nto s eparate p arts o f t he b uilding ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 7 2) . T he f ollowing f urther l inks a re t herefore c onfirmed : S outh t ransept

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T he f inal l ink i s l ess s ecure, a nd r elates t o t he s tructural a lterations t o t he s outh f ace o f t he s outh wall o f t he s outh t ransept. D uring t he e xcavation o f J , i t was f ound t hat t he f oundation o f t he p ilaster b uttress 1 1 F 15 ( J13) w as b uilt o ver t he s urface o f ML, t he c lay l ayer s ealing t he d rains a nd immediately p rior t o t he l aying o f t he d irt f loor MM ( E15). T his s hould p lace t he b uttress i n o r a fter s outh t ransept m aster l ayer MJ b ut b efore MM-MP . T his b uttress i s s tylistically i dentical t o b uttress I II F 8 o n t he e ast w all o f t he s outh t ransept, which i s i tself d ated s imilarly o n o ther g rounds ( Rahtz and H irst 1 976, 9 8). U nfortunately t he p recise r elationship b etween I II F 8 a nd t he c orner b uttress I II F 13 c annot b e e stablished ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 9 8) b ut t he a ssumption t hat t hey a re o f t he s ame g eneral p eriod i s f ollowed h ere a nd i s n ot c ontradicted b y t he s tratification . T his a ssists i n r elating t he l ess d istinct e xterior s tratification i n K t o t he r est o f t he s ite .

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e l eva t ion o f L IF6

1 08

BORDESLEY

ABBEY

2 .3 T HE EXCAVATED S EQUENCE

2 .3a The

f irst

b uilding p hases

T he e arliest t hrough

t he

f eature n atural

( period

n oted

i n

c lay a nd

1 ,

1 140-1150

t he a rea

was

:G ,J,K MA-ME)

a p it

r unning b eneath

o r d itch ( G39)

t he s outh wall

( II

c ut F 7) .

I t c learly p osed a p roblem t o t he b uilders who f illed i t with r ubble to stabilise t he wall f oundation ( P1, E 16, F igs. 3 7, 3 6). Immediately s ubsequent

t o

t his

was a s hallow h ollow ( J39) which may

b e r elated t o s ome o f t he i nitial c onstruction work a ssociated w ith a t rampled c lay l ayer ( MB; S 6, S 8, F igs. 3 4, 3 8). F rom t his l evel t he f oundation t renches f or t he p eriod 1 church were c ut.

A s p art

o f the s ame building p rogramme i ntegral s tub walls were b egun, running s outh f rom t he SW and S E angles o f t he t ransept ( K8, G 18; E 17,

F ig.

3 7).

I n both c ases t he c obble f oundation extended s ome

d istance s outhwards a lthough a ctual maximum o f I .5m ( P1, F ig. 3 7). At

t his

s tage

t here

was

walling was

a r eassessment

o nly

o f

t he

r un o ut

f or a

d esign o f

t he

p rojected east r ange, and an i nterval o f unknown, but p robably s hort, d uration o ccurred b efore a ny b uilding was c ommenced t o t he s outh ( cf. Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 6 6). During t his i nterval a l arge s tone u pright w ith t wo s upporting s tones ( J37) was e rected i n what was t o b ecome t he N E c orner o f r oom J ( P1, F ig. 3 7). This was v ery f irmly s et and may p erhaps have b een a s caffolding o r s hear-leg s ocket. I t was a ssociated with a t hin l ayer o f g reen s andstone chippings ( J33) which p receded e ast walls . C onstruction

o f

t hese

walls

t he c onstruction o f t he s outh and n ow

b egan ,

u sing

r ectangular

g reen

s andstone b locks t o f ace a r ubble c ore b onded with g inger mortar d ifferent f rom t he b uff material t ypical o f t he p eriod c hurch

( Rahtz

a nd H irst

a shlar

c ourses

o f

E 15, E 16, F igs. t he

west

e nd t he

1 976,

1 03).

T here

was

1w ork i n t he

n o a ttempt

t o

c reate

u niform h eight a s h ad b een d one o n t he c hurch ( cf. 3 5,

3 6) and workmanship was g enerally p oorer.

t he d ecision 1 .5m

was

i ntended

t aken

n arrow

o riginal

t he

N -S wall b y s ome

f rom

wall

( II F 18/G17) was b onded awkwardly t o t he o riginal s tub wall a nd F ig. 3 7).

t he

t o

2 5cm

a d oor s ill l aid ( E17,

b y

A t

c onstruction .

T he

n ew

I t was n ot p ossible t o a scertain

i f the o riginal i ntention had b een t o l ocate t he d oorway a t t his p oint, but t his was p robably t he c ase and c ould b e c onfirmed b y e xcavation

o f

t he

c loister .

Radical c hanges were s imultaneously made t o t he e xisting walls . The s outh f ace o f t he t ransept a nd c hapel walls ( I F 9, I F 9a, I II F l) were c ut b ack a bove t he s econd c ourse t o an ew f ace 4 0-50cm t o t he north ( III F la/J28; E 15,Fig. 3 5). This must have c aused s tructural p roblems h igher u p b ut t here t his

r emodelling w as c arried,

i s n o i ndication o f h ow h igh

t hough p resumably

t o t he c eiling o f t he g round f loor . h orizontal t imbers were c onstructed

i t

r eached

a t

l east

Two r ecesses w ith r ebates f or i n t he wall a t i ts western e nd

( II F 4, I I F 5, P l. X a) a nd s hort-lived s lots were cut i nto t he o ffset masonry s urface ( G22, G 23). D ebris f rom t his e pisode was c oncentrated i n G ( MD), a nd f illed G 22 . Immediately a fter t his, p ebbles w ere

s et

i n

a m assive

s hallow

t rench, o ver 3m wide, r unning s outhwards f rom t he s outh t ransept d oorway, t hough i ts c entre l ine was o ffset s ome 4 0cm f rom t he a xis o f t he d oorway . U nderstanding o f t his f eature, a nd a ny o thers t hat may have e xisted h ere p rior t o p eriod 4 B, a re l imited b y t he l ater c onstruction o f wall I I F 6. I t i s p ossible t hat t he p ebbles were i ntended a s a f oundation f or a c ross wall, but whatever i ts

1 09

2

1 1 1 1 1

1

1F3

1

C i a

: C : ) 2 232(4 ( 2 19 1 )° 9 ,

77Yf r l

2 : /36,1L L

BORDESLEY A BBEY

N 33/111 3 t3

1 10 • H

p rojected f unction t his t rench w as q uickly a bandoned , a nd i ts u pper p art f illed w ith g inger mortar ( G28 , J 31), a bove t he b asal l ayer o f p ebbles ( 56, F ig . 3 4). A t t his s tage t he G ,J ,K a rea w as t echnically a s lype o r p assage , a s t he e ast wall ( II F 14) h ad n ot y et b een b uilt. I n J t he f illedi n t rench w as s ealed w ith a t hin l ayer o f h ard s mooth p inkish m ortar ( ME), e xtending e astwards a nd u nder t he l ater e ast wall ( S6, F ig . 3 4). T he e ast wall ( II F 14) was b uilt o n t op o f t his s ome 3 m west o f t he s tub wall ( K8) a nd c arried o ver t he c ut-away ( III F la/J28) t o b ond w ith a n ew f acing t o t he s outh t ransept s outh wall ( III F ib; P l, E 15, E 21, F igs 3 7, 3 5, 3 6). T he o riginal f ace was c ut b ack b y d ifferent amounts e ach s ide o f t he e ast wall ( II F 14) a nd t his s uggests t hat, w hile I I F 14 i s c ertainly s econdary , s tructurally a nd s tratigraphically , t o t he o ther p eriod 1 w alling , t he i ntention w as a lways t o h ave a n e ast w all h ere a nd n ot t o u se t he a rea p ermanently a s a s lype . T he a rea o f Ga nd J t hus d efined was a r ectangular s pace 9 m b y 3 .5m w ith a ccess n orthwards t o t he c hurch a nd w estwards t o t he c loister . I ts f enestration i s u ncertain b ut w ithout l arge w indows i n t he w est a nd e ast w alls i t w ould h ave b een e xtremely g loomy . I t may a t t his s tage h ave b een s ub-divided b y aN -S wall west o f t he s outh t ransept d oorway, b ut t his i s o nly a n i nference f rom t he s light d ifferences i n t he s ubsequent s tratigraphic s uccession i n t he t wo r ooms . T he l ack o f a ny w all c olumns o r p ilasters s uggests t hat t he r oofing was a s imple b arrel v ault o r t imber s tructure. A fter t he c onstruction o f t he e ast wall t he s equence i n a rea K d iffered f rom t hat i n G a nd J a nd w ill b e t reated s eparately .

2 .3b T he s equence i n r ooms G a nd J W ith t he e ast w all b uilt t he r ooms w ere r eady f or u se . R oom J w as l evelled u p with c lay a nd s andstone ( MF) a nd a l ime-based s creed, t otally worn away i n p laces, was d eposited ( MG; P 1, S 6, F igs. 3 7, 3 4). T his s urface w as c learly i n u se f or s ome t ime b ut t he l evel i n J was e ventually r aised b y s ome 2 5cm ( less i n G ) w ith a mixed d irty c lay and s andstone d eposit ( MH), with t rodden s urfaces a nd l aminations i n i t ( S6, S 7, S 8, F igs. 3 4, 3 8). I n Jt his d eposit was p artly c overed b y p atches o f mortar ( J5a), p erhaps a nother f loor l evel o r mortar m ixing s urfaces. I n t he N E p art o f Jan umber o f f ired c lay r oof t iles ( RT 3 K) were l aid, p erhaps a s a t emporary h ard s tanding, o n t he s urface o f t his l ayer p rior t o t he d eposit o f a r ed s andstone l ayer ( J4 M 1), r epresenting b uilding a ctivity a ssociated w ith p eriod 2 work i n t he s outh t ransept. I n t he S E c orner o f J was a d eposit o f c harcoal 1 0cm d eep ( J17) o n J 5a . S ubsequently t he r oom w as t hen c overed w ith a l ayer o f c rushed r ed s andstone ( P1, F ig . 3 7), p robably d ebris f rom t he p eriod 2 work i n t he c hurch u sed a s make-up h ere a nd i n t he c hurch ( MJb, s ee a bove, 1 .3e). T his l ayer was n ot p resent i n G . B oth G a nd J w ere t hen f loored with a l ayer o f c lean t enaceous r ed c lay ( MJ) w hich i ncluded a f ragment o f p urbeck m arble p ossibly u sed f or g rinding p aints ( ST 9 4, F ig . 1 00). T his l ayer was c arefully p acked d own a round a ll t he w alls a nd c overed t he o riginal d oor s ill a t t he w estern e nd o f r oom G(E17, F ig . 3 7). I n G t hree s imilar a ssociations o f f eatures were n ow c onstructed: e ach c onsisted o f a l arge f lat r ed s andstone b lock ( G6, G 8 , G 10) s et i nto t he r ed c lay with t heir n orth s ides 7 0em f rom t he s outh wall . . R unning n orthwards f rom e ach was a n e ccentric V -profile s lot ( G5,

1 11

G 7, G 9; S 11, F ig . 3 8), e ach with a s hallow c ircular p ost h ole o r s etting n ear i ts s outhern e nd. N one o f t he s lots e xcept p ossibly t he c entral o ne s eems t o h ave c ontinued a s f ar a s t he n orth w all o f G , b ut d isturbance b y l ater d rains m ay h ave d estroyed t he e vidence . T he e ffect o f t hese s lots i s t o d ivide t he r oom i nto s egments a bout l m w ide a nd t his may g ive a c lue t o t he p osition o f t he p ostulated d ivision b etween G a nd J a t t his t ime, p erhaps c . 5 0cm west o f t he w estern j amb o f t he s outh t ransept d oorway . T he s lots c learly r epresent s ome wooden s tructure w ith b oth a h orizontal a nd a v ertical c omponent. T he v ertical c omponent p resumably e ntailed s ome c onsiderable d ownward t hrust o n t o t he p ad s tones, a lthough t his d oes n ot e xplain t he p ost h oles immediately n orth o f t hese . T he h orizontal s lots m ay h ave b een i ntended s imply a s f loor j oists o r f or s ome d ividing f eature r ising a n u nknown h eight f rom f loor l evel. I t s eems u nlikely, h owever, t hat t he western s lot a t a ny r ate c an h ave b een a t a ny h eight a s i t w ould h ave p artially b locked t he d oorway t o t he c loister . T hese f eatures a re c onsidered f urther b elow . Whatever t heir f unction t hey were f illed i n a nd c overed b y v arious t hin s catters o f m aterial ( MK ) . D uring t he l aying d own o f t hese l evels t wo m assive t renches ( G14/G16=I F 155, J 10=I F 156) w ere d ug t hrough t he t wo r ooms f rom t he s outh t ransept d oorway t o e merge t hrough t he e ast wall o f 2 a nd c utting t hrough t he p eriod 1 d oor s ill a nd wall c ore a t t he west s ide o f G(E17, E 20, E 21, F igs. 3 7, 3 6). T here a re many p roblems a ssociated w ith t hese f eatures. T hey a re c ertainly r elated t o f eatures n oted i n t he s outh t ransept ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 6 9) a nd a pparently i ntended t o a id d rainage i n p eriods 2 -3 ( P2 , F ig . 3 8) . T he a bandonment o f t hese d rains m ay w ell h ave c ontributed t o t he f looding , e vidence o f which w as d iscovered i n t he c hurch i n p eriod 4 A ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 7 0-72) . I t i s n ot c lear, h owever, i f t he d rains e ver f unctioned v ery e fficiently . T hey c ould n ot h ave o perated s imultaneously a s t he l ine o f J 10 c rosses t hat o f G 14/G16 i n t he s outh t ransept d oorway . T his, c ombined w ith t he e vidence t hat b oth f eatures were r ecut a t l east o nce, s uggests t hat t he d rainage p roblems i n t he c hurch were n ot o vercome b y t hese m eans . T he e xact w orkings o f t he s ystem a re u nclear a lso . T he e astern a nd more i nformative o f t he t wo, J 10 ( =I F 156 i n s outh t ransept), s eems t o h ave b een c ut d own t o a l evel a t w hich w ater c ould e scape u nder t he e ast wall ( II F 14; S 6, E20, F igs. 3 4, 3 6). The c onstruction o f t he d rain i nvolved l ining i ts s ides w ith r e-used p eriod 1 a shlar b locks ( J12), s everal w ith r ebates, a nd L -shaped f loor t iles ( PFT 4 C). T he b ase o f t he d rain was f illed w ith c lay m ixed w ith b ands o f s ilt a nd g inger mortar . T his was a pparently u nsatisfactory a s t he d rain was r ecut a t ah igher l evel a nd l ined w ith c lay ( J10b) i nto w hich f ired c lay r idge t iles ( RT 1 B , 1 C) w ere p laced , c oncave s ide u ppermost . Whether t hese w ere i ntended t o a ct a s ac onduit b y t hemselves o r a cted a s as upport t o a s ubsequently r obbed l ead p ipe i s n ot c lear . A h ole w as m ade i n t he e ast w all a nd l ined w ith c lay . T his a nd t he e arlier p ractice o f a llowing w ater t o s eep b eneath t he walls c aused c onsiderable i nstability a nd e ventually n ecessitated s ome r ebuilding i n p eriod 3 o r l ater ( E20 , E 21,

F ig. 3 6). T he d evelopment o f a lthough h ere a lso t here n o i ndication t hat t ile c ases t he d rop i n l evel

t he d rain r unning t hrough G i s l ess c lear, i s s ome e vidence f or t wo p hases . T here w as h ad b een u sed i n t his c ase h owever . I n b oth f rom t he s outh t ransept t o t he e nds o f t he

r ooms w as o nly a bout 2 0cm - a g radient o f a bout

1 12

1i n 3 5 .

i‚ e l 7/

" ,

A BBEY

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BORDESLEY

_

N-S s ec t ion a c ross J

' 2 , 1 2

0

-

c o ( r )

c o

I t i s d ifficult t o e nvisage h ow t hese d rains would h ave b een a ble t o f unction a nd f or t he r ooms t o h ave b een i n u se a t t he s ame t ime .

T he e xcavated d ata o nly s upplies i nformation o n t he d isuse o f

t hese f eatures, which h ad c learly b een d isturbed when t hey w ere f inally a bandoned . I n p articular i t i s n ot p ossible t o s tate h ow , i f a t a ll, t hese d eep t renches w ere f loored o ver . A ll t he r elevant f loor l evels w ere e ither c ut b y t he d rains o r s ealed t hem w hen t hey w ere o ut o f u se . O ne p ossible h ypothesis i s t hat t he d rains w ere v ery t emporary e xpedients d esigned t o d eal w ith e xceptional p roblems . T hey w ould t hus h ave b een d ug o ut a nd l eft o pen t o c arry away water a nd t hen b ackfilled, o nly, a s i t h appened, t o b e n eeded a gain . T he d ifference i n d ate i mplied b y t he c rossing o f t he l ines o f t he t wo s ets o f d rains i n t he d oorway c an p erhaps b e l inked t o t he p resence o f r idge t iles i n J 10 a nd t heir a bsence i n G 14/G16 . I s G 14/G16 t he e arlier o f t he t wo a ttempts a t d rainage a nd i ts t iles s alvaged a nd r e-used i n J 10? Whatever t he p recise r elationship, t his p hase o f a ctivity o ccurs a t t he s ame s tratigraphic h orizon i n t he t wo r ooms a nd must h ave b een f airly b rief . P rior t o t he r obbing a nd b ackfilling o f t he l atest p hase o f t he d rains o f J a s pread o f c oarse y ellow mortar ( J9) was l aid o n MK a gainst t he s outh w all . A n L -shaped i mpression w as l eft b y a s tone o r t imber f eature o n i ts u pper s urface, b ut n o s pecific f unction f or t he f eature i s a pparent ( P2, S 8, F ig. 3 8) . T he f inal a bandonment o f t he d rains w as m arked b y t he d eposit o f a nother l ayer o f r ed c lay i n b oth r ooms ( ML; S 6, S 7, S 8, F igs. 3 4, 3 8) . T his l ayer r an o ver t he o ffset o n t he n orth s ide o f b oth r ooms ( E15 , P 2 , F igs . 3 5, 3 8), a nd p rior t o i ts d eposition t he r ecesses i n t he n orth wall o f G were b locked u p ( II F 4a, I I F 5a). N ew s ills w ere l aid i n b oth d oorways: I F lOb ( of L -shaped t iles) i n t he s outh t ransept d oorway ,and G 1 ( incorporating a w hole f loor t ile P FT 3 A ) i n t he o pening t oward t he c loister . T he l atter s ill was e specially w orn a nd h ad s ubsided i nto t he f ill o f t he d rain b eneath , i ndicating t hat G a t l east was s till much u sed ( E17, F ig . 3 7). I mmediately s ubsequent t o t he d eposition o f ML i n J a f oundation w as l aid t o s upport a p ilaster b uttress a nd a ssociated r efacing o n t he s outh w all o f t he s outh t ransept ( II F 15 , I I F 16 , J 13; E 15, F ig . 3 5) . A s s ome o f t his w ork c ould n ot h ave b een c arried o ut while t he e ast w all o f J ( II F 14) w as s till s tanding , i t i s p resumed t hat t his m ust h ave b een p artly d emolished a t t his t ime . Jm ay h ave b een o pen t o t he e ast f rom t his t ime, b ut I I F 14 i s t oo r uined f or a ny c ertainty o n t his p oint ( E20, E 21, F ig. 3 6) . O n t op o f ML d eveloped a d ark ' velvety ' f loor l evel ( MM), p robably o f p eriod 3 a nd e quivalent t o t he d irt f loor i n t he s outh t ransept d oorway ( I F lOc, R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, T able 3 , a nd s ee d iscussion a bove, 2 .2b). T his l ayer was n ot i dentified with a ny c ertainty i n J , a gain e mphasising t he s omewhat d ifferent h istory o f t he t wo r ooms ( S6, S 7, S 8, F igs. 3 4, 3 8). A gainst t he e ast wall o f J a nd r oughly e quidistant f rom t he n orth a nd s outh w alls w as s et a 5 -10cm t hick b edding o f m ortar c ontaining g reen s andstone b locks a nd f ired c lay f loor t ile f ragments ( J6) . B etween t his a nd t he w all w as a n arrow s lot c ontaining c harcoal . T here was n o i ndication t hat a nything h ad b een s et i nto o r o n t o t his s etting, b ut i t may b e c ompared w ith t he a ltar s ettings i n s ide c hapels C a nd D ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 7 9, 8 6). F ollowing t he a ccumulation o f t his f loor t he e ntry i nto t he s outh t ransept w as b locked , a nd t he b locking c ontinued s outhwards a s a m assive p oorly b uilt N -S w all I I F 6 w ith f oundations l m d eep a nd 2 m w ide ( S6, F ig . 3 4). T his d ivided G a nd J a nd i ncorporated a n umber o f a rchitectural f ragments, n otably S T 1 28, a q uadruple

1 14

c olumn b ase o f p eriod

1 ,

p erhaps

f rom t he c loister ( Walsh 1 979 ,

4 3;

F ig . 9 4) . S ome 2 5cm a bove t he l evel o f MM t he w all w as n arrowed t o l m a nd f aced w ith a shlar . T he f oundation t rench a nd f loors o f G a nd J w ere t hen f illed w ith a m ixed d eposit o f s andstone , c lay , m ortar a nd t ile ( MN ), i ts u pper p arts s omewhat m ore c ompact i n G ( S6 , S 10 , F igs. 3 4, 3 8). T hese l evels were u neven a nd d isturbed, p robably a ccounting f or t he s ingle ' Cistercian t ype ' w are s herd ( M1) f rom J l, f rom which c ontext a lso c ame t he c arpenter 's h ammer ( IR 2 8) . I n t he s outh t ransept t he b locking o f t he d oorway a nd a ssociated e vents a re p laced i n p eriod 4 B ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 1 00) . O n t his make-up a ccumulated t he f inal i dentified d irt f loor ( MO). T his was p resent i n b oth G a nd J ( II F 9b i n G , I I F 12 i n J ) a lthough t hat i n Jh ad a s omewhat h igher h umic c ontent which m ay b e a f urther p ointer t o t his a rea b eing o pen t o t he e ast a t t his t ime . T here i s n o i ndication i n t he s urviving masonry o f a ny c onnection b etween t he t wo r ooms t hrough w all I I F 6 . A t what a ppears t o b e t he b eginning o f p eriod 4 C, f inal s tructural a ctivity, a pparently u nassociated w ith a ny f loor s urfaces, i nvolved t he b locking o f t he d oorway i nto t he c loister ( II F 9a) a nd t he c utting b ack a nd r efacing o f t he p eriod 1 walls n orth o f t he d oorway ( II F 2) a nd a s hort s ection o f t he n orth w all w est o f t he n ow-redundant c upboards ( II F 3; S 6, E 17, P 2, E 15, F igs. 3 4, 3 7, 3 8 , 3 5) . T his b locking r an o ver t he d irt f loor ( MO) which s eems t o h ave c ontinued i nto t he c loister ( and i s e quated t here w ith s outh t ransept MP o f p eriod 4 B) . I n t he c loister i tself a f inal f loor l evel ( south t ransept MU, p eriod 4 C) was i dentified a bove t his ( not p ublished h ere) b ut n o d efinite e vidence f or a n e quivalent w as f ound i n G . I t i s p ossible t hat a f inal f loor l evel ( MP?) was r emoved d uring t he e arly s tages o f c learance o f t his a rea i n 1 970. T his would b e a nticipated i n v iew o f t he o ther a lterations a pparently o f t his p hase, b ut i t w as n ot o bserved d uring t he c areful i nitial c learance . I t t herefore s eems p robable t hat t he m asonry I I F 9a c ompletely b locked o ff a ccess t o G , a lthough i t i s p ossible t hat i t w as m erely a n ew h igher l evel d oor s ill , a s t he s urviving masonry e nables b oth i nterpretations t o b e p ut f orward . T he n ew masonry o f I I F 2 a nd I I F 3 may a lso p oint t o a n i ntention t o c ontinue t o u se t he r oom, b ut o n b alance a bandonment o f t his p art o f t he c laustral b uildings s eems most p robable i n p eriod 4 C . T his l atest a ctivity was c overed b y d estruction l evels, p eriod 5 ( MV) .

2 .3c T he s equence i n a rea K A fter t he c onstruction o f t he e ast w all o f J ( II F 14), t he s equence o f e vents i n K w as d ifferent f rom t hat i n G a nd J a nd s tratigraphic h orizons w ere n ot s o a pparent . T he a rea w as e xamined a s p art o f t he e ast e xterior e xcavation p rior t o t hat o f Ga nd J , a nd t he d ata i s d eficient. The c onstruction o f t he d rains i n Ga nd J i s r eflected i n Kb y t he l aying o ut o f t wo l ines o f s tones d efining a n arrow s lot s ome 7 .5cm w ide r unning a pproximately W-E a cross K f rom t he b ase o f t he e ast wall I I F I4 ( P2, S 9, E 21, F igs. 3 8, 3 6) . T his f eature may h ave b een i ntended f or a l ead water p ipe a nd i s c ontemporary w ith t he f irst p hase o f d rain J 10 . T his w as a bandoned w hen t he s econd p hase o f t he d rain J 10 was i nserted t hrough t he e ast wall ( II F 14) a t a h igher l evel, a nd t he s tone s etting was c overed b y a l ayer o f g ravelly s oil ( K5), which i s s tratigraphically e quivalent t o MK i n G a nd J ( S6, S 9, F igs. 3 4,

3 8).

115

T he r elationship o f t he d ouble-chamfered r ed s andstone w alling o n t he s outh s ide o f K ( II F 17) t o t he s tratification i s wholly u ncertain a s i t w as n ot r ecorded i n t he e xcavation . S tylistically i t i s o f p eriod 2 a nd t herefore p robably p re-dates K 5, e quating p erhaps w ith M I i n G a nd J . S ubsequent t o t he a bandonment o f b oth p hases o f t he d rain a nd a fter 1 344, a c lasping b uttress was a dded t o t he S E c orner o f t he t ransept . T his r ebuilding w as n ecessitated b y s tructural w eakness ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 9 8) a nd m ay b e c ontemporary w ith t he p ilaster b uttress I I F 15 ( see a bove, 2 .2b; E 15, F ig . 3 5). I t c ould b e a rgued t hat t he r ubble c oncentration K 4 w ithin t he l ayer K 3 which u nderlies t he b uttress i s r elated t o t he r ebuilding o f I I F 14 ( the e ast wall o f J ). T his r ebuilding was, i t i s s uggested, n ecessitated b y t he r efacing a ssociated with t he p ilaster b uttress which s hould t herefore b e e arlier t han I II F 13. T he e vidence i s h owever n ot c onclusive i n e ither d irection , a lthough t he t erminus p ost o vem f or I II F 13 would p lace i t i n p eriod 4 B o r l ater, r ather t han t he l ate p eriod 3 d ate s uggested f or t he p ilaster b uttress by t he s tratigraphic a rguments ( but s ee 1 .10 . A fter t his, a r ubble a nd s oil d eposit K 2, with s ome c ompacted t rodden s urfaces a nd i ncluding t hree s herds o f ' Tudor G reen ' ware ( 01) w as l aid d own . T his m aterial w ould i ndicate a d ate a fter 1 400 f or t he l ayer ( Moorhouse 1 979, 5 4, 5 9) , w hich a lso c ontained a n i ron s tylus ( IR 2 1) a nd a window b ar ( IR 1 6). I mmediately a bove t his, a nd p rior t o t he d estruction l evels MV, was a c ompact h umic l ayer K l, p ossibly t o b e e quated w ith t he l atest f loor l evels i n G a nd J , b ut which c ould h ave c ontinued t o d evelop u ntil t he D issolution .

2 .4 D ISCUSSION

2 .4a I ntroduction While t he o verall l ayout a nd d isposition o f t he e lements o f t he C istercian p lan a re well u nderstood, c onsiderable v ariation was c learly p ermitted i n d etail e ven i n t he t welfth c entury . T he c hanging f ortunes o f i ndividual h ouses i n s ubsequent c enturies c ould p erpetuate a nd i ncrease s uch v ariation . T he m inor e lements o f t he p lan , s uch a s t hose u nder d iscussion h ere , w ere c learly s ubject t o much more a lteration, r elocation o r c onversion t han were major s tructures s uch a s t he r efectory , c hapter h ouse o r c loister . T he p roblem o f t he f unction o f t hese c hambers i n a ny p articular i nstance h as t herefore t o b e a pproached f rom a n umber o f d irections . T he d ocumentary s ources f or C istercian m onasticism p rovide a b ody o f d ata which a ssists i n n arrowing t he r ange o f p ossible f unctions. L inking t his e vidence t o t he s tructural r emains r equires a s econd s tage o f i nterpretation o nly a ttempted o n a l arge s cale b y A ubert ( 1947) f or t he F rench monasteries. A ubert 's work was b ased o n a v ery d etailed s tudy o f t he d ocuments a nd o f s urviving s tructures, a nd h is i nterpretations a re g enerally f ollowed i n d escriptions o f E nglish h ouses . A gainst t his g eneral b ackground may b e s et t he s pecific s ite e vidence . While t he B ordesley e vidence i s s ufficiently d eficient i n r elation t o t he f orm o f t he u pper p ortions o f walls, d oorways, w indows, a nd r oofing, t he h orizontal s tratigraphy h as p roduced a r ange o f i nformation n ot p reviously a vailable. T his d ata will t herefore b e c rucial i n t he s pecific i dentification p roblems a t

1 16

1 C H A P T E R H O U S E A D J O I N I N G4 A C E S F R O M W E S T 8 N O R T H , P A R T I T I O N S B E T W E N A 8 V T R N S P T b 1 7 , 1 7 , ) : 7 2 A C E S F R O M W E S T N O R T H & E A S 3 A C E S F R O M W E S T 8 N O R T H T U N D I V I D E D C H A M B E R V 6 S E P A R A T E A C E S T O A 8 V A 5 A S 4 , C H A P E L T O E A S T FURNESS

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t he f unction o f e lements i n a m edieval m onastic c omplex c an t o s ome e xtent b e more r eadily a ssessed i n r elation t o t hese r ooms t han where t he f unction i s n ot i n d oubt .

2 .4b A nalogies f rom o ther C istercian h ouses

( Fig.

3 9)

S trict c omparison w ith o ther s ites, h owever, i s o ften d ifficult. E lsewhere c onclusions a re n ormally d rawn f rom s tructural d etail o nly , w ith n o s upporting d ata f rom h orizontal s tratigraphy . W hile t he m ajor d isposition o f t he s tructure , a nd m ajor a lterations t o i t, m ay t herefore b e e vident, m any d etails o bserved a t B ordesley a re s o f ar w ithout a nalogy . A n umber o f c ommon f eatures a re o f c ourse i dentifiable. T he l ocation o f t he c hambers a t t he n orthern e nd o f t he e ast c loister r ange i mmediately s uggests a f unction l inked t o t he l iturgical a nd i nternal l ife o f t he c ommunity, r ather t han t o i ts e conomic o r c haritable f unctions. I t i s u nlikely t o b e a n a rea f requented b y l ay b rothers o r v isiting l aity , a nd w ould p robably b e t he p rovince o f o ne o r b oth o f t he c hief l iturgical o fficials, t he p recentor a nd t he s acristan . T he d isposition o f d oorways i s p robably t he m ost c rucial e lement i n f unctional i nterpretation . D oorways a re f ound i n v arious c ombinations i n w est , n orth , e ast a nd e xceptionally ( e .g . F ountains) s outh w alls . A ccess v ia a s mall d oorway f rom t he c loister c learly i mplies t hat t he f unction i s n ot wholly l iturgical . T he u se o f t he n orth a lley o f t he c loister f or s tudy a nd f or t he r eading o f c ollation i mplies a r eady a ccess t o b ooks while c upboards a re f requently f ound o n t he west e xterior wall o f t he s outh t ransept e ven where t here i s a c hamber o pening o ff t he c loister a lley . C onversely, a ccess i n t o t he s outh t ransept must h int a t l iturgical u sage o f s ome k ind. I t c annot r eadily b e s een a s a n i mportant p rocessional o r c eremonial e ntrance a nd a ppears d esigned f or o ccasional a nd p ractical r ather t han s trictly l iturgical u se . A n e astern d oorway , l eading o utside t he m ain c laustral c omplex t owards t he a reas n ormally o ccupied b y t he i nfirmary , f ishponds, a nd g ardens, implies a u sage which i s i nfrequent, l ess r egulated a nd h aving l ess t o d o w ith l iturgical a ctivity . I n t he l ight o f t hese g eneral c omments a t ypology o f F rench a nd E nglish a rrangements c an b e d rawn u p o n t he b asis o f t he d isposition o f d oorways a rrangements

a nd i nternal d ivisions ( Fig . 3 9). I n g eneral t he s hown a re t hose o f t he t welfth o r t hirteenth c entury ,

b ut c omments m ade e arlier a bout d ating a nd s tructural d evelopment s hould b e k ept i n m ind . B ordesley f alls i nto t he m ost n umerous c ategory , h ere t ype 4 , i n which t he a rea i s s ubdivided b y a p artition, s ometimes marked b y r ebates o r p ilasters ( Tintern , F ontenay) b ut m ore c ommonly i nferred f rom o ther e vidence . T ype 5 , w ith a n a dded c hapel t o t he e ast , a nd t ype 6 , where t here i s a pparently n o c onnection t hrough a masonry p artition d ividing t he a rea , a re c losely r elated a nd i t i s p ossible t hat B ordesley f itted i nto t hese t ypes a t d ifferent p eriods . A ccess t o t he e ast i s u ncommon a nd a ppears i n o riginal a rrangements o nly a t B yland . E lsewhere ( Roche, F ountains) t his a rrangement i s t he r esult o f l ater a lterations, b ut e ven i n t hese c ases t he p assage w as t erminated b y a d oor a t i ts e astern e nd . O nly a t F urness d oes a s lype w ithout n orthern a ccess a ppear t o h ave b een p lanned o riginally a nd, a s a t B ordesley, t his s cheme was s oon

118

r eplaced. I n a s mall n umber o f c ases t here i s a ccess t o t he n orth o nly ( Senanque , V alcroissant , V illelogue , C leeve) . I n t hirteenth-century a rrangements a t C leeve t here i s e xceptionally a s econd c hamber t o t he s outh b etween t he c hurch a nd t he c hapter h ouse , w ith a ccess t o t he c loister o nly . A s econd e lement i n t he l ayout o f t he c hambers i s t he p rovision o f w all c upboards, f ound a t B ordesley ( Pl . X a) a nd c ommon e lsewhere . Twinned r ebated c upboard r ecesses s imilar t o t hose a t B ordesley o ccur a t s everal C istercian h ouses, t he w ell-preserved e xamples a t C leeve b eing s hown o n F ig . 4 0 . T hey a re h owever a c ommon d evice n ot c onfined t o a ny p articular p art o f t he monastery , b eing f ound i n k itchens ( Hales), p assages ( Cleeve), a s well a s t he a reas u nder c onsideration h ere . T he s tratification i n r ooms G a nd J a t B ordesley c an n ow b e c onsidered i n r elation t o t hese g eneral p oints. O f p articular r elevance i s t he e vidence f or t he t reatment o f f loor s urfaces, e specially i n r elation t o t hose o f t he s outh t ransept, t he a ddition o f c ertain s tructural f eatures, a nd t he c haracter o f t he a rtefactual material r ecovered f rom t he f loor l evels. T hese a spects c an b e c onsidered c hronologically i n r elation t o t he main s tructural s equence s ummarised i n F ig . 4 1 .

2 .4c P eriod T he

1( G,J,K M B-MG,

e arliest,

?M H)

a nd s ubsequently m odified,

s tructural s tage i ndicates

a n i ntention t o c reate a n a rea b etween c hurch a nd c hapter h ouse w ith a ccess f rom t he c hurch a nd c loister a nd b riefly p ossibly f rom t he e ast ( Fig . 4 1,a). T he s hort-lived s lype p hase a ppears f rom t he s tart t o h ave b een o nly a n i nterim measure a nd t he p ebble s etting ( Fig . 4 1,b) may i ndicate a n i ntention t o s ubdivide t he a rea t o c reate a t ype 6 a rrangement . A s f inally c onstructed , t he a rea w as p rovided with c upboards and a l ime-based s creed ( MG). A c ontemporary l evel o f t his k ind h as a lso b een f ound i n c hapel D ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 6 4).

2 .4d P eriods 2 -3 ( G,J,K ? M H, M I-MM) I n t his p hase t here i s c learly a f unctional d ivision b etween t he t wo a reas, m arked b y t he c onstruction o f t he N -S s lots i n G ( Fig . 4 1,d) . F loor s urfaces w ere c omplex l aminations o f p ebbles, c lay , a nd m ortar a t a t ime w hen f loor t iles w ere i n u se i n t he c hurch . B oth r ooms must h ave b een g loomy a nd i n n eed o f a rtificial l ight, a lthough t here m ay h ave b een a l arge w indow i n t he e ast w all o f

J .

G i n p articular c an h ave b een u sed f or l ittle o ther t han

s torage. A n umber o f c opper a lloy a rtefacts were f ound i n c ontexts o f t his p hase ( see b elow, 3 .16). O f p articular i nterest a re t he p olygonal t runcated c ones ( CA 6 5, C A 6 6) s uggested a s b ook s tuds. C A 5 7 a nd C A 6 8 a re a lso p ossibly b ook f ittings . Many o f t hese i tems c ame f rom t rodden s urfaces i n r oom G . T he s courge f ragments ( CA 7 5), t he b ronze f errule ( CA 7 4) a nd t he c hain ( CA 5 9), p ossibly f rom a s et o f s cales, c ome f rom J , a s d oes a l ead s tylus ( OM 1 6). T his e vidence h ints a t a f unctional d ivision s upported b y o ther d ata. T owards t he e nd o f t his p hase t here w as c onsiderable d isruption ( Fig. 4 1,e). T he d rains c ut t hrough t he a rea o f t he s lots i n Ga nd

1 19

C L EEVE ABBEY , SOMERSET Ear ly 1 3 th-century wa l l r ecesses i n t he s acr isty w es t wa l l

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t he cupboards were b locked. A mortar s etting a t t he e ast e nd o f J s eems v ery l ikely t o b e f or a n a ltar a nd i t i s p ossible t hat t here was no p artition a t t his s tage. T he p rovision o f a ltars i n t his p osition i s n ot u nknown ( Fig.

3 9,

s een a s a l iturgical d evelopment e xpedient.

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4 -5

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a fter t o

1 344

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a nd f inally a bandonment ( Figs . 4 1,f, 4 1,g) . F loors r emained o f p oor q uality, b ut t he d ecline i n f looring i n t he s outh t ransept meant t hat t he c ontrast b etween t he t wo a reas w as l ess m arked . F ew f inds g ive

a ny

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o f

t he

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most

d eposits a re m ake-up m aterial b rought f rom e lsewhere . T he l atest make-up l evel i n K ( K2), a scribed h ere t o p eriod 4 B , p roduced t hree s herds o f ' Tudor G reen t ype ' w are, s uggesting a d ate o f p ost c . 1 400 f or t his p hase. W all I I F 6 ( period 4 B) i ncluded with t he r e-used t welfth-century s tone f ragments a n e arly f ifteenth-century p iece,

S T

1 29. R oom b locked,

J was s ealed o ff, t he d oorway t o t he s outh t ransept a nd t he e ast wall may a lready h ave b een p artially

d emolished. G r emained i n u se f or s ome t ime a nd was v isited f requently t o j udge b y wear o n t he s ill a nd t he d evelopment o f a d irt f loor c ontiguous with t he f loor i n t he c loister. F inally, G t oo w as b locked o ff .

2 .4f T he f unction o f r ooms G a nd J Aubert ( 1947,

I ,

3 9-51) i dentifies t hese r ooms with t he a rmarium

( book s tore) a nd v estiarium ( vestry a nd s acristy) mentioned i n C istercian d ocuments. T he a rmarium was u nder t he c ontrol o f t he p recentor a nd b ooks f rom t his c hamber were u sed i n t he c hapter h ouse, i nfirmary a nd i n t he c loister, b eing c arefully r eplaced a fter u se. Aubert d ocuments s everal c ases o f t he c onversion i nto t omb r ecesses o f r ooms i n as imilar l ocation t o t hat o f Ga t B ordesley . H e a lso n otes a t rend t owards p urpose-built l ibraries,

e ither b y

extending t he a rmarium e astward, o r b y r emoval e lsewhere i n t he c omplex . T his i s p resumably a r eflection o f a g rowth i n t he n umber o f b ooks i n monastic l ibraries a nd o f a n eed t o c onsult t hem i n t he r oom i n w hich t hey w ere k ept . T here i s l ittle e vidence r elating t o t he t otal s ize o f t he B ordesley l ibrary ( see b elow, 3 .24) b ut t he a bbey may h ave e xperienced p roblems i n s torage, p erhaps b rought t o a h ead

b y t he f looding i n p eriod 4 A . There s eems l ittle r eason

t o

question

t he

c onventional

i nterpretation o f t hese r ooms a s t he a rmarium a nd v estiarium o f B ordesley A bbey . T he g eneral l ayout o f t he r ooms f its w ell i nto t he g eneral C istercian p attern . T he i nternal e vidence f rom t he e xcavation p oints t o a f unctional d ivision b etween t he e astern a nd western p arts o f t he a rea, a nd t his i s s upported b y a rtefactual e vidence p ointing t o t he p resence o f b ooks i n r oom G . O nly i n t he c hoir s talls ( see b elow, 3 .24) h ave b ook f ittings b een f ound i n s imilar c oncentrations d uring t he c urrent e xcavations . T he p robable a ltar s etting i n J emphasises t his a rea's l ink with t he c hurch b uilding. T he d ecline a pparent a t t he e nd o f t he m iddle a ges i s p robably t o b e e xplained i n t erms o f a t ransfer o f t he t wo f unctions

121

t o

o ther

p arts

o f

t he

monastic

c omplex .

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v estiarium,

i n

p articular, s hould b e s ought w ithin t he c hurch b uilding i tself i n p eriod 4 , a nd m ight p erhaps h ave b een l ocated i n c hapel B , where a d oorway w as c ut t hrough i nto t he p resbytery i n p eriod 4 B ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 9 9).

2 .4g F uture w ork T he e xcavation o f t his a rea h as n aturally r aised a n umber o f p oints f or f uture work i n t he c loister a rea . I n p articular o ne may i solate: (0 t he c hange o f p lan r evealed i n t he l ayout o f t he e ast r ange a nd t he c hronological g ap b etween t he o riginal p lan a nd t hat f inally e xecuted ; ( ii) t he n ature o f t he p eriod 4 a lterations o f t he e ast r ange a s a whole; a nd ( iii) t he n ature a nd s tructure o f t he d rains

i n t he c loister a lley a nd g arth .

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1 27

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3 T he

F ind s b y L . W atts a nd P .A.

3 .1

R ahtz

I NTRODUCTION A ND A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T he f inds a re d iscussed h ere i n t heir material g roup a s s erially n umbered i n t he r ecording , a nd i t i s t he material p refix l etter o r l etters a nd s erial numbers which a re u sed i n t he r eport. A more g eneral d iscussion o f ' Books, b ook f ittings a nd writing ' c oncludes t he

f inds

s ection .

T he

s tone

( ST)

a nd

masons'

marks

( MM)

a re

d iscussed b y D . Walsh b elow i n s ection 4 ( 4.12, 4 .13). A r eport o n t he a nimal b one b y R . E verton w ill b e i ncluded i n a l ater m onograph . We would l ike t o t hank t he f ollowing f or t heir h elp with t he f inds r eport: D avid Walsh, E llen Walsh, L inda F rancis a nd P eter Ewence f or d rawing t he f inds;

J ohn E vans,

N E L ondon P olytechnic ,

a nd

L eo B iek , A ncient M onuments L aboratory, f or t heir m ortar a nalysis; D avid O 'Connor, U niversity o f Manchester, f or h is c omments o n t he window g lass; D r L awrence B utler, University o f L eeds, a nd J ohn C herry, B ritish Museum, f or t he c omments o n t he c opper a lloy , a nd t o t he f ormer a lso f or c omments o n b ooks a nd b ook f ittings; D r N icholas M ayhew, A shmolean Museum, O xford , f or i dentifying t he c oins; G erry M cDonnell, U niversity o f A ston , f or h is c omments o n t he s lag ; A lan Hall, and Harry Kenward and T erry O 'Connor, Environmental A rchaeology Unit, Y ork, f or t heir i dentification o f o rganic material; D r B ob E verton f or h is r eport o n t he h uman b one; D r B ruce B arker-Benfield, B odleian L ibrary, Oxford, a nd P rofessor D erek P earsall, U niversity o f Y ork , f or t heir c omments o n b ooks a nd b ook f ittings.

3 .2

F LINTS

( FL)

b y P .A.R.

A l ist o f f lints f ound i n e arlier s easons was p ublished i n t he f irst monograph ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 39-140) a nd worked a nd u nworked f lints c ontinue t o b e f ound i n s mall n umbers i n a ll a reas e xcavated , b oth i n t he a lluvial l evel o n t he s urface o f which t he t welfthc entury b uilding w ork b egan a nd i n t he s ucceeding m edieval a nd o ther l evels. c ollated

A ll, i ncluding t hose f rom t he I ndustrial S ite, will b e i n a l ater monograph when t heir s ignificance i n l ocal a nd

r egional

c ontexts

c an b e

p roperly e valuated .

1 29

3 .3 M ORTAR ( MOR)

3 .3a I ntroduction

b y P .A .R .

N inety-six m ortar s amples h ave b een t aken u p t o t he e nd o f

t he

1 981

s eason . Empirical d escriptions h ave b een m ade b y c olour, t exture a nd c onstituents, a nd t hese h ave p roved u seful g uides t o m aking t entative a ssociations b etween f eatures a nd s tructures. I n t he e vent, h owever , t he m ajor p hasing o f t he m onument h as b een a chieved b y t he s tudy o f s tructural a nd s tratigraphic r elationships, a nd t he e vidence o f t he m ortars h as n ot b een c rucial t o t he a rgument . T he s tudy o f mortars p er s e, a nd i n t his c ase t hose o f a C istercian a bbey o ver a p eriod o f f our c enturies, i s n evertheless a n i mportant o ne , n ot l east i n w hat i t m ay c ontribute t o t he s tudy o f m edieval t echnology a nd o f t he p roblems e ncountered b y t he B ordesley b uilders. A nalyses a re i n p rogress a nd t he f irst r esults w ill b e f ound b elow .

3 .3b

A nalysis o f s ome ' mortars '

b y

J . E vans

a nd L . B iek

Ap ilot s tudy was c arried o ut o n 2 5 s amples, r epresenting a bout a quarter o f t he available material a nd s elected b y t he a rchaeologists, i n o rder t o a ssess t he p otential o f s uch work f or t his s ite . E ach s ample was s ubjected t o c lose e xamination b oth b efore a nd ( the a ggregate) a fter t reatment w ith h ydrochloric a cid t o r emove t he l ime-based f raction i n t he u sual way ( e.g . B iek 1 963, 2 32-236). Wherever p ossible, t he m eans o f d uplicate r esults were c ompared o n t he b asis o f ( a) a ggregate g rain s ize d istributions a nd ( b) e stimated m ix p roportions ( by v olume) . N o c hemical a nalysis w as d one b ut t he b ehaviour o f a ll t he material o n a cid t reatment i ndicated t hat n o s ignificant a mounts o f a luminium o r s ulphate w ere p resent, a nd i t i s c oncluded t hat n o g ypsum p laster o r h ydraulic m ortar w as i nvolved . S amples M OR 6 3 , 7 9, 8 6 a nd 8 9 w ere d egenerate . T he o thers w ere i n g ood c ondition a nd n ot f riable a lthough s ome l eaching o f c alcium s alts h ad o ccurred i n M OR 8 7 a nd 9 2 . O n d rying m ost o f t he s amples s howed c olours r anging f rom o ff-white t o p ale b rown b ut MOR 7 6, 7 8 , 8 1, 8 2 a nd 9 6 h ad a d istinct p ink c olouration . A ll s amples c ontained c halk i nclusions r anging f rom a pproximately 1 t o 5 mm i n d iameter . I n n o c ase d id t hese e xceed 8 % o f t he o bservable a ggregate a nd t hey w ere m ost p robably t he r esult o f i ncomplete l ime b urning. T he s amples c an b e g rouped a ccording t o b oth ( a) - F ig . 4 2 - a nd ( b) - b elow , which u nusually c oincide h ere i ndicating a f air d egree o f c onsistency w ithin , a nd d istinction b etween , t he s everal p hases a nd t ypes o f a ctivity . G ROUP

M OR N UMBERS

A

7 4,

7 7,

7 9,

A (i)

1 8 7 5, 6 3, 7 8,

8 2, 9 2 8 0,

8 6

7 6, 8 3,

8 8, 9 5

8 9

9 0,

P OSSIBLE M IX G RAVEL : S AND : L IME 8 1,

8 4,

8 5,

8 7,

9 6 1 :

9 1,

9 3,

9 4 1 :

1 30

3 .5

:1

4 7 3 6

: : : :

2 0 .3

:1 : 1

1 1 1 1

6 0

-

- GROUP A ( MOR 8 5 ) G ROUP C ( MOR 6 3 )

5 0.

4 0

1 0

0 5 .60

F ig.

4 2

4.0 0

2 .00 1 . 00 0 .50 0 .25 0 . 1 1 S IEVE MESH S IZE ( i n mm)

B ordesley A bbey g rain s ize

' mortars'

d istributions

1 31

0 .07

< 0 -07

— r epresentative a ggregate

I n g eneral

t erms,

a ll

t he

p eriod

1 material f alls i nto g roups A

a nd B , t he p eriod 2 s amples a re b oth g roup E , and g roups C a nd D c ontain a ll t he p eriod 3 material i rrespective o f s ub-period ( letters), s uggesting t his d ivision m ay b e l ess d eep t han i t would s eem. The ( as y et) unphased s ample MOR 7 8 a lso b elongs h ere b ut c annot b e f irmly l inked w ith t he o ther s amples i n g roup D , a ny m ore t han t hey c an b e f ully c ompared w ith t heir ' contemporary ' g roup C , b ecause o f t heir d ifferences i n f unction - c offin j oint, f oundations a nd r epair. S pecifically, i n o ne c ase, t he b edding mortar t aken f rom t he b ack o f a d ecorated f loor t ile u sed t o l evel u p t he t op o f a c offin i n t he c rossing ( NOR 6 3, p eriod 3 B) c ompares with t he mortar u sed i n e xtending t he f oundations o f t he SW c rossing p ier i n p eriod 3 C ( MOR 9 2) - b ut b oth d iffer more f rom a ll t he o ther p eriod 3 material, i ncluding t he 3 B f oundation mortar o f t he s ame ( SW c rossing) p ier, t han t hey d o f rom t he p eriod 1 s amples. Examination o f t he a ggregates s howed t hat t he c oarse m aterial c onsisted mainly o f q uartzite p ebbles w ith o ccasional f lint f ragments ( MOR 9 4 a nd 9 6) a nd f ired c lay ( tile/brick) f ragments ( MOR 8 4, 8 5, 8 7, a nd 9 4). A p iece o f c oal was o bserved i n MOR 8 4 a nd ( coal) a sh i n MOR 1 8, 6 3, 7 4, 7 6, 7 7, 7 9, 8 4, a nd 9 5 . The f ine material ( less t han 1 .0mm) i n a ll c ases c onsisted o f r ounded t o s ub-rounded q uartz, s ome i ron s tained, with t he o ccasional p iece o f ?b rick ( MOR 7 8, 8 1, 8 2, 8 4, 8 5, 8 7, 9 3, a nd 9 6) a nd c harcoal ( MOR 8 0, 9 2, 9 3 a nd 9 4). MOR 8 0 c ontained a l arge n umber o f f ine wood f ragments which w ere p robably d erived f rom w ood s awing i n t he v icinity o f t he m ixing p rocess, o r, l ess l ikely , f rom t he u se o f wooden i mplements . MOR 7 6-78, 8 1, 8 2 a nd 9 6 a ll h ad p ink f inest material ( i.e. l ess t han 0 .075mm) m ixed with t he u sual b uff s and

f inest

f raction .

T his

c ould h ave

b een a n a ccidental

i nclusion

o f t ile/brick d ust a s t he s amples a re s pread a cross s everal g roups . T he p resence o f c oal and a sh i n MOR 8 4 a nd o f a sh i n MOR 7 4, 7 7 a nd 7 9 s uggests t hat t he l ime k ilns u sed f or t he g roup A b uilding p hase ( period 1 ) were c oal b urning. O n t he o ther h and t he p resence o f c harcoal but n o a sh i n t he g roup D s amples s uggests a c harcoal b urning k iln p rocess.

H owever t he p resence o f b oth c harcoal a nd a sh

i n g roup C i ndicates t hat s uch c onclusions must b e c onsidered a s t entative. Only two s amples ( group F ) c ould r epresent ' pure ' l ime - n ow c arbonated, t hen p utty : MOR 8 3, a l ump f ound i n a p ost h ole ; a nd M OR 9 5, l ime pressed into ' hoofprints' i n t he S E c orner o f t he p resbytery .

Many o f t he o ther s amples d escribed i n t he f ield a s

' builders' l evels o r s preads' would o riginally a lso s imilarly ' pure'; but c ircumstances o f activity

h ave b een then and

s ubsequently a ll c ombine t o make f irm i nterpretation impossible . A ll t he ' spreads' n ow have the s ame c haracteristics a s t he ' mortars ' - a nd c ertainly o ne m ight s uggest t hat t he mortar f or t he e asternmost p ier o f t he o riginal n ave s outh a rcade ( MOR 8 6) was mixed i n t he c rossing ( NOR 8 2) - b ut exactly h ow f ar i ntentional mixing g ot in each o ther c ase r emains uncertain, a s does, u ltimately, t he i ntrinsic v alue o f a ll ' builders ' l evels '. A n e xtension o f t his p articular a spect o f t he e nquiry r aises t he i nteresting a nd more g eneral p roblem o f t he n ature o f s o-called ' mortar f loors ' .

W e s uggest

t hat

t his

m isleading d escription s hould

b e a bandoned b ecause i t c auses c onfusion . ' Mortar ' a s g enerally u nderstood i s a f unctional t erm implying t he c ohesion o f masonry i n a wall . A n ormal l ime mortar c ould n ot f unction i n t he s ame way o n a f loor,

unlike

a

c ement

s creed.

1 32

I ntentional

' mortar

f loors'

t herefore would b e e ither o ld m ortars b roken u p, c rushed a nd t rodden i n - o r r elatively t hin a nd ' dry ' s preads o f f resh l ime-based s creed i ntended t o t ake, a nd h old i n p lace, s ome o ther m aterial which c ould b e walked o n without c ausing t he s creed t o move t oo much f or t he r elatively l ong t ime i t would n eed t o s et. C learly s ome s uch i ntention may well h ave b een b ehind t he o verall s pread i n t he c rossing ( MOR 7 4, 7 7, 8 1) a nd e lsewhere a t l east once i n p eriod 1 , but t here s eems t o b e n o l evel c arrying e vidence

o f

a ny

s urface

material,

e xcept

f or

i mpressions

o f

p lants

( fern a nd ? g rass - O RG 5 3) . I n a ny c ase t his w as n ever m eant t o b e a p ermanent f loor l evel s ince i t was r aised b y c .20cm o f make-up e vidently a fter t he w alls h ad b een b uilt a nd b efore t he f irst f loor ( MH) was l aid ( 1.3c). S ince n o t iled f loor e arlier t han p eriod 2 was f ound, t he r are b ut d efinite p resence o f c oarse p articles o f r ed-and-grey f ired c lay n oted i n t he p eriod 1 mortars i s s ignificant. A lthough e ven t he l argest ( c . l mm a cross) a re t oo small f or a dequate c omparison w ith s uitable t ype s pecimens o f

t ile,

p ottery o r b rick o n t he s ite,

t here

c an b e n o d oubt t hat t hey a re f ragments o f o ne o r t he o ther . T heir o ccurrence a t t he h eart o f s ome l arge ( c. 3 cm c ube) l umps o f c oherent m ortar p recludes a ccidental c ontamination . W e t hus n eed t o a ccept t hat t here was s ome f orm o f b rick/tile/pottery d ebris a ccessible e nough i n p eriod 1 . D espite t he s mall n umber o f s amples t he m ethod h as s hown i tself t o b e u seful and t he r esults o f t he c omplete analysis would b e expected t o y ield a f irmer b asis f or more d etailed a nd r efined c omparisons a nd i nferences . T he mortar s amples a nalysed a re l isted b elow.

MOR C ONTEXT N O . N O .

C ONTEXT D ESCRIPTION

MASTER LAYER

1 8

I V 0 22a

B edding f or t iled f loor

6 3

I V 0 54/2 O n t ile u sed t o l evel u p

P ERIOD

M J2

3 C

M J1

3 B

MORTAR GROUPS A A i B C D E F A i

c offin f or l id 7 4

I V0155/1 B uilders'

l evel;

s pread

M F

1

A

M F

1

M F

1

M F

1

A

M C-

1

A

o f l ime-based material over most o f c rossing/ c hoir 7 5

I V 0 163

A rea o f v ery h ard p ebbly m ortar i n d ip i n s urface o f

7 6

s ubsoil

I VN130/1 B uilders'

l evel;

s preads

l ime a nd m ortar i n w est e nd o f p resbytery 7 7

I V0155/2 A s M OR 7 4,

s econd s ample

7 8

I V M 92/1 M ortar f rom j oint o f c omposite s tone c offin ( not y et p ublished)

7 9

I V 0 183a W hite ? lime p utty a bove p ebble f oundation,

? for

133

M D

b edding s leeper w all 8 0

I V F 17

R ough f oundation f or N E

M J2

3 D

c rossing p ier 8 1

I V 0 155a P ink m ortar s pread, s ame l evel, b ut d ifferent c haracter, a s M OR 7 4, 7 7

M F

1

8 2

I V 0 108

M F

1

L ump o f m ortar f rom

M C-

1

b uilders'

M D

B uilders' l evel; l ayer r eddish b rown p ebbly

A

m ortar o n n orth s ide o f c rossing 8 3

8 4

I V 0 181

I V F 4

p ost h ole

W est w all o f n orth t rans ept w ith e ntrance t o n orth a isle ( not y et

? 1

A

p ublished) 8 5

I V 0 199b O ffset f oundation r aft f or S E c rossing p ier

8 6

I V F 9

M C-

1

A

M D

E asternmost p ier o f

1

s outh n ave a rcade t op s urviving p art o f c ore 8 7

I V F 14

N orth w all o f p resbytery,

1

A

t op s urviving c ore 8 8

I V F 8

8 9

I V F 10

B locking w all ( in f irst n orth a rcade w est o f c rossing)

M JA

2

B locking w all

M JA

2

( in f irst

s outh a rcade w est o f c rossing) 9 0

I V 0 99/2 C ollapsed s ection o f 3 A

3 A

N W p ier e mbedded i n s ubsoil 9 1

I F ig

F oundation o f 3 B S W c rossing

3 B

p ier 9 2

I F lh

F oundation o f 3 C S W c rossing

3 C

p ier 9 3

I V F 3a

N W c rossing p ier,

r ubble c ore

3 C

9 4

I V F 17

A s M OR 8 0

9 5

I V N 139

L ime p ressed i nto s eries f oot o r h oof p rints i n S E c orner o f p resbytery

M F

1

9 6

I V N 142

S pread o f

M F

1

3 D

t hick h ard-packed

1 34

A

m ortar a t e ast e nd p resbytery

3 .4 P LASTER ( PL)

b y P .A.R. a nd L .W .

S ome d etails o f p laster w ere g iven i n t he f irst m onograph ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 68-169, P L 1 -2, 4 , 6 -12) a nd f urther m entions o f w all r endering a re i ncluded i n t hat s tone r eport ( ibid ., 1 58-167) . S ixteen f urther e xamples a re l isted b elow , s howing t he t reatment o f w alls a nd c haracter o f t he m aterial u sed i n o ther c ontexts . ( None i s i llustrated .) S uch d ata w ill e ventually p ermit, i t i s h oped , a s urvey o f t he e ntire d ecorative s cheme o f t he c hurch t hroughout i ts u se . N o s cientific a nalysis h as b een c arried o ut o n t his m aterial; w ork o n t he c olours w ill b e i ncluded w ith t hat o n p aints ( see b elow , 3 .5). P L 3

2f rs. p .p.; t hick h ard white b ase w ith f ine i nclusions i ncluding c harcoal; 3 c oats o f p aint v isible, v iz, c ream b elow p ale y ellow b elow o rangey b rown ; m ax . 3 2mm t h . V ery d istinctive , ? f rom f reestanding s tructure e .g . s hrine ( IV 0 /N1, p er . 6 ).

P L 5

F r.

p .p .,

r ed

l ine

5 mm

w .

o n c ream b ackground .

F alse

j ointing ( IV P 7, p er . 4 C). P L 1 3

S ample f allen p laster ( and d ust), i ncluding f r . w ith m ortar b acking . P aint : r oughly f inished p ale c ream b elow b uff; f rs, w ith s everal c oats f iner p ale c ream b elow b uff ; 3f rs. w ith l inear d ecoration i n b rown a nd b rownish r ed, f alse j ointing ( IV P 7a , p er .3C) .

P L 1 4

F r . c reamy s tucco o n mortar b acking, max . 6 mm t h . ( IV P 9, p er . 4 C) .

P L 1 5

F lat f r . p .p ., b rought t o s mooth s urface o n which m in . 2 t hick c oats p ale c ream p aint; p ossible b atten i mpressions o n b ack; max . 1 8mm t h . ?F rom l ath a nd p laster s tructure e .g . s creen ( IV 0 11a, p er. 4 C) .

P L 1 6

I rregular l ump p laster w ith f lat f ace p ainted p ale c ream ; max . 2 0mm t h . ( IV F l2g, p er. 3 B).

P L 1 7

8f rs. p .p ., p ale c ream p aint b rought t o v arious d egrees s moothness; m ax . 5 -17mm t h . ( IV P 29a , p er . 4 B) .

P L 1 8

9 f rs.

f ine h ard

p .p .,

min .

2 c oats

c ream a nd y ellowy

c ream; b ack f lat b ut n o i ndication b attens; max . 5 mm t h . F rom p ost-abandonment f ill o f N 34, ? f rom s tone p iscina s tructure ( IV N 34a; N 34 p er. 2 -3B, ? 3 C-4C) . P L 1 9

P L 2 1

2f rs. c ream p .p., 1 with l inear i mpressions ? o f b attens ( IV N 10a ,

p er. 3 C) .

F r.

h ard

v ery

p .p .,

min .

2 c oats

white

a nd

o ff-white

( brush m arks v isible o n l atter); ? b atten impression , c . 3 0mm w ., o n b ack; 7 -11mm t h . ? F rom l ath a nd p laster

1 35

s tructure ( IV N 33, p er. 6 ). P L 2 2

F r.

s tucco

p ainted

c reamy-buff;

b eing a gainst s omething; 3 B). P L 2 3

1 e dge

r idged

1 7mm t h . ( IV 0 41,

s urface,

c .

4mm

t h.,

c ream a nd y ellowy c ream .

p er .

F r.

t races

2 c oats

p aint,

B ack f lat

( IV 0 41,

p er .

p ale

3 B) .

v ery h ard white s tucco with f ine i nclusions o n r ed

s .s.; r ough s urface, t races b uff p aint; max . N 33, p er. 6 ). P L 2 8

f rom

F r. p .p . which h as b een r eplastered a nd p ainted. L ower s urface , c . 9 mm t h" p robably j ust b rought t o s mooth f ace; upper

P L 2 4

max .

5 f rs.

p laster,

7 -23mm

t h .,

v arying

1 2mm t h . ( IV

s urface

f inishes,

c ream t o b uff p aint. 2 have ' finished ' e dges which h ave r ested a gainst s omething. B acks g ently c urved e xcept 1 f r . h as wattle impression, c . 1 2mm d ia. ( IV N80, p er. 1 ) .

3 .5 P AINT ( PA)

b y P .A.R.

S amples o f p aint w ere k ept f rom I V 0 99/2 ( PA 2 a ,

b ,

white a nd

r ed) ,

where t hey were i n s itu o n t he c ollapsed s ection o f t he p eriod 3 A N W c rossing p ier; and f rom I V 0 74a, p er. 3 C ( PA 3 , o ff-white with b rown-yellow s uperimposed). T hese were s ubmitted t o t he D elta L aboratories, R ochester ( New Y ork), whose r eport i s awaited. F urther s amples a re c urrently b eing s ubmitted t o o ther l aboratories .

3 .6 B AKED C LAY ( BC)

b y P .A.R.

B C 2 , 3 , 5 , 6a nd 7 ( IV P 75, 0 135, 0 136c, N 127b, and 0 192a, a ll p er. 1 ) a re o f c oarse, l aminated, f laky c lay, b urnt r eddish t o v arious t emperatures. B C 5h as p atches o f l ime e ncrusted i n i ts s urface, and i t i s s uggested t hat a ll a re f rom t he c lay l ining o r f ired ( natural) c lay s ide o f a l ime-kiln p roducing l ime f or b uilding mortars .

( None

i s

i llustrated .)

3 .7 F IRED C LAY ( FC)

b y P .A.R.

B rick ( BR), r oof t iles a nd f ittings ( RT), p lain ( PFT) and d ecorated f loor ( DFT) a nd r elief-decorated t iles ( RDT) r equire a c omprehensive s tudy ; t his i t i s h oped w ill b e p art o f a l ater monograph , a lthough s ome a re d escribed i n t he s ection o n f loors b elow . C lay p ipes ( CP) a re a lso d iscussed b elow. P ieces o f f ired c lay o ther t han t hese w ere i ndividually n umbered w here t hey were o f e special n ote o r i n s ignificant c ontexts. F rom t he p eriod 1 l evels c ame s everal p ieces o f h ard-fired c lay ; o ne ( FC 3 0,

I V 0 97,

r ough s andy f abric,

p er.

1 ) was t he c orner o f a b rick o r e dge i n a

p ossibly f rom a P FT t ype 3 o r 4 .

1 36

F C 7( IV P 20 ,

p er.

4 C)

l ooks

l ike t he c orner o f a s hallow ( c.

1 7mm) f ired-clay

t ray, b ut t here a re g laze p atches o n t he exterior, a nd i t i s more l ikely t o b e t he c orner o f a f loor t ile s plit away f rom t he r est ( part o f a waster) . FC 2 0 and 2 1 ( IV 0 42a,

p er. 3 C) s howed well-defined d og p rints

o n r oof t ile f ragments ( RT 3 G, 3 ). i s p art o f a c omplex k iln a rch o r c urved s urfaces i n s everal p lanes .

3 .8 B RICK ( BR)

( Fig.

4 3)

b y

B R l A ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , t ype s eries a re a s f ollows . BR 2 A

1 12 x 1 50+mm,

B R 3 A

2 65 x 1 25mm ,

3 .9 C LAY P IPES

F inally F C 6 ( IV 0 10a, p er. 4 C) p erforated f loor w ith s mooth a nd N one o f t hese i s i llustrated .

1 72) i s i llustrated;

4 5mm t h . 7 5mm t h.

( IV M 15a,

( IV 0 99/1,

a dditions

t o

p er.

3 8).

b y P .A.R.

c lay p ipes,

c entury d isturbances,

p resumably a ssociated

w ith t he

e ighteenth-

w ere f ound i n p eriod 6 c ontexts a s f ollows .

C P 2 , I V N 15a, 2 s tem f rs.; C P3, 4 , 7 , I V N 24, 4 s tem f rs.; I V N 24a, most o f b owl a nd s tem; and C P 8 , I V N 49, 2 s tem f rs.

3 .10 R OOF T ILES A ND F ITTINGS

P ossible 1 976 , a reas

3 .11

t his

c ontext n ot p ublished h ere) .

( CP)

F ragments o f

P .A.R.

a dditions

t o

( RT)

t ype s eries

( Rahtz a nd H irst

1 72-180) c onsist o f R T 3 , p redominantly s mall f ragments n ot p ublished h ere, which a re l eft t o a l ater r eport .

( Fig.

5 ,

b y P .A .R .

t he p ublished R T

P LAIN F LOOR T ILES ( PFT)

C P

4 3)

f rom

b y P .A.R.

The main s eries was d etailed i n R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976 ( 174,

1 81-5).

A dditions t o t his s eries i n s ubsequent y ears a re l isted b elow , a nd a d iagram ( Fig. 4 3) s hows t he s izes f or q uick r eference. F ig. 4 3 s hows two examples ( PFT 2 F/K , 2 X) with g rooves c ut f or s ubsequent s plitting i nto s maller modules, a nd e xamples o f P FT 3 D a nd 4 A . Further t iles with f oot o r h oof p rints 1 976, F ig. 3 3) h ave b een f ound i n a rea I V

( see R ahtz a nd H irst : N 14a a nd N 15a ( the

l atter o f ?d og; t here was a lso a r oof t ile with a h oof p rint f rom t his

c ontext),

a nd I V 0 16 ( ?

d og) .

( None

i s

i llustrated .)

P FT 1 S quare t ile, d ark g reen t o b lack g laze, 1 06mm s q ., t h . ( V X 1 a nd X 2, c ontexts not p ublished h ere).

1 37

1 6-19mm

I n c is ion f o r s p l i t t ing

PFT 2X i n c is ion f o r s p l i t t ing PFT 2 F /K

B ORDESLEY

BR 1 A

P LA IN

F LOOR

BR ICK

F ig.

4 3

1 38

ABBEY

T I LE

s e lec ted

P FT 2 AA

S quare t ile 2 7mm t h . ( IV S quare t ile g laze, 1 10 x

B B C C

c f. P FT 2 V, y ellow-green g laze, 9 5 x 9 8mm, P l6a) . a s P FT 2 V, b ut s teeper b evel, d ark g reen 1 08mm, 3 0mm t h . ( IV 0 41, 0 48).

T riangular t ile, p ale c ream s lip, n o g laze; s ides 1 06mm , d iagonal 1 39mm, 3 1-34mm t h . ( V 2 c, c ontext n ot p ublished h ere).

P FT 3 S quare t ile,

g reen g laze,

1 51 x 1 46mm,

3 7mm t h . ( IV M8,

c ontext n ot p ublished h ere) . R oughly s quare t ile, g reen g laze, 1 52 x 1 40mm, ( IV M8 , c ontext n ot p ublished h ere) .

3 7mm t h .

R oughly s quare t ile, p itted g reen g laze, 1 44 x 1 35mm, 3 5mm t h . ( IV M 8 , c ontext n ot p ublished h ere) . ? S quare t ile, o live/light g reen g laze, t races t reacly b rown, 1 78 x 1 10+mm e xtant, 6 5mm t h . ( IV M17/1, c ontext n ot p ublished h ere) . ? S quare t ile, g reen/treacly b rown g laze, 2 80 x 1 50+mm extant, 3 8mm t h . ( IV P 46d) .

3 .12

D ECORATED F LOOR T ILES ( DFT,

3 .12aIntroduction ( Figs. A b rief

n ote

R DT)

b y L .W . a nd P .A .R .

4 4-58)

o nly

was

i ncluded

i n

R ahtz

a nd

H irst

1 976

( 170),

d rawing a ttention t o t he t iles i llustrated b y W oodward ( 1866) , t iles f rom t he s ite i n t he R utland C ollection a t t he B ritish Museum ( now p ublished i n E ames 1 980) a nd t o s ubject b y E rica D avies ( Davies ( 1975,

9 7-100).

t he p reliminary d issertation o n t he 1 973), a nd a b rief m ention b y W ight

T here was a lso a d iscussion b y H irst o n t he t iled

and o ther f loors o f t he s outh t ransept ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 1 11). Woodward

( 1866,

P ls.

I V-XI,

r eproduced h ere

n umbered i ndividual d esigns, d ividing t hem b earings, i nscriptions a nd g rotesques.

a s

F igs.

1 08-

4 4-51)

i nto p lates o f a rmorial A part f rom t hese 7 4

i ndividual d esigns, h e i llustrated a f urther e leven i n i llustrations o f p avements t hat h e f ound i n s itu ( his P ls. I a nd I I; t he f ormer r eproduced i n R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976, P l. X IX , a nd n ow i n R edditch p arish c hurch, s ee Wight 1 975, 9 7-100; f or t he l atter s ee o ur F ig . 6 1) . T hese i llustrate s emi-mosaic p atterns, u sing b oth d ecorated a nd p lain t iles i n g roups . B oth a re n ow r eproduced d iagrammatically ( Figs.

6 2

a nd

6 3),

s howing

t he

d istributions

o f

D FT

a nd

P FT

a s

d efined h ere b y u s . Woodward was mainly i nterested i n t he t iles f rom a n a rtistic p oint o f v iew which i s r eflected i n h is s tandards o f r ecording . N o s cales a re g iven, e ither f or f loors o r f or i ndividual t iles; t he d esign i s i dealised , a nd h e d oes n ot d istinguish b etween i ndividual t iles a nd f our-tile s ets . When D avies wrote h er p rimarily a rt-historical s urvey o f t he t iles s he d id n ot h ave a ccess t o t he c hurch p eriodisation w orked o ut i n s ubsequent y ears, b ut had r ecourse t o e xternal p arallels f or i ndividual d esigns f rom f ive c ounties, ' schools'

s uch a s M alvern .

1 39

which e nabled h er t o i dentify

e r a iu t i f U i l t $ f t r u nb i nt h e ( X C i l ü nn o n s o fe o r b r 5 I r p ,A b b e e . M / 1 4 . 1

W

t nrp

2

v e j

Lig e beara i ! = a

f l an t ag lutj CO.N .ALL

9

Gn i z bw arb

1 Ir

7

1 ) e c ruet . .0)

Ea . ,.

(iv l i rjEar t tmtr

G ar t r ' Ca n

1 2

J

G o .

W AA .

J

L i w

GiB t o

r

G u i F ig.

4 4

W oodward's

i llustrations

1 40

f e t latrrnnt i n g

1 6

1 5

1 4

1 3

3r 7 5

8

1 0

7 1 it w achamp VI A L 0,

Gr i er anuroL

6

5

C o e

3

o f

D FT

1 -16

j

e n c aus t i t sr 0 1 . 1 r5 f o un b i nt i g Q . , x r a t l a t i e i t s o f4 te r s ir A b h tr nK % Z . 61 . 1 7

1 8

2 1

2 2

2 5

2 6

2 9

3

1 9

2 0

„ e f e

2 4 -

2 3

2 8

2 7

3 0

3 1

3 2

3 4

3 5

3 6

0 10 F ig.

4 5

W oodward's

i llustrations

1 41

o f D FT 2 1-36

f i t ran5 t i r T i l e5 f t r a nb i nt h e e x t-z u muu r iu o fe p r b e s i e nA b bm 1 8 . 6 ,1 4 . 3 7

3 8

4 0

3 9

4 3

4 1

C ve 4 : 1 et l i 9 F ig.

4 2

00000 00000

4 6

W oodward's

i llustrations

142

o f D FT 3 7-43

e l i c auqw

f a un b i nt h r e x t ima tu ne o fI f t o r b is lm A l */ 1 8 64 . 4 .4

4 5

4 6

4 7

4 9

4 8

F ig.

4 7

W oodward's

i llustrations

1 43

o f

D FT 4 4-49

hcan s tu U i l t s r o ue i nt h e e x ca te t i o n z o ff o r b e s i r nA b br e M• 1 4 5 1

5 2

5 3

5 5 5 6

F ig.

4 8

W oodward's

i llustretions

144

o f D FT

5 0-56

e n c aus tu s Ur

f o un b n it i p ' ( f 3 x c a r i a t i on 5 o f Ce r . s i r p.A h hn i 1 8 64

5 7

5 8

5 9

6 0

6 2

6 1

F ig.

4 9

W oodward's

i llustrations

1 45

o f

O FT

5 7-62

Q h ua t i ,i c U i l t$ f owb

nt h e e x r a ban e re

o feo r be 5 1q ;er e. I6 4 .

G 3

6 4

6

6 5

6 8

6 7

jk .

I r J r( ) e .

e r ° , F ig.

6 9

5 0

W oodward's

i llustrations

1 46

o f

D FT 6 3-69

( e n c a u s t i ci l lü ef o u r t b t r tt 4 r e x r a t a t imu o f e r te l t e, A b b r e1 464 . 7 0

7 1

7 4

F ig.

5 1

W oodward's

i llustrations

1 47

> e r 4 o f

D FT

7 0-74

T he s trategy o f t he c urrent e xcavations a t B ordesley h as b een d iscussed i n b oth R ahtz a nd H irst a nd i n t he p resent v olume . W ithin t his, t iles a re o nly o ne c lass o f a rtefacts a nd a rtefacts a r elatively m inor a spect o f t he t otal s tudy . N evertheless, B ordesley o ffers u nique o pportunities f or t he s tudy o f t iles o ver f our c enturies b ecause o f t he w ell-preserved , d eep s tratification a nd i ts i nterrelationship w ith t he a rchitectural s equence . T he t iles h ave a n i mportant r ole a s f unctional e lements w ithin t he b uilding, n otably i n t he f loors d iscussed b elow, b ut a lso i n s ettings f or a ltars a nd g raves, a nd a re o f w ider s ignificance i n t erms o f p roduction , t echnology a nd d istribution i n r elation t o t he e conomy o f t he a bbey . S ince 1 976 a ll t he k nown t iles h ave b een d rawn a nd a re p ublished h ere i n F igs. 5 2-56, t he n umerical o rder b eing t hat i n which t hey were d efined . A f urther s mall g roup o f d ecorated t iles a re p ublished i n F ig . 5 7A ; t hese a re t he r elief d ecorated t iles ( RDT 1 4 ) which i n s ome c ases may h ave b een u sed o n v ertical, r ather t han h orizontal s urfaces . T he 1 982 e xcavation p roduced s everal n ew t ypes o f R DT . T he p ublished s eries c overs m ost o f t he s ources m entioned a bove i ncluding a r epublication o f t he W oodward s eries, b oth h is i dealised d rawings ( Figs . 4 4-51) a nd d rawings o f a ctual t iles f ound i n r ecent excavations ( our numbers 1 -74), t iles i n the W orcestershire C ounty Museum a t H artlebury , a nd t hose f rom c urrent e xcavations u p t o a nd i ncluding 1 981 . ( Many n ew e xamples w ere f ound i n 1 982.) T he B ordesley t iles i n t he R utland C ollection ( Eames 1 980, p assim) a re n ot c overed. T hese t iles r epresent 3 1 d esigns, o nly s even o f which h ave n o p arallels amongst t he D FT s eries p ublished h ere .

A c oncordance o f o ur D FT n umbers w ith t he B ordesley

t iles i n t he R utland C ollection i s a ppended w ith t he d ating g iven b y E ames . W here t here i s a ? b y t he D FT n umber t his s ignifies t hat t he d esigns a re c losely r elated b ut c annot h ave b een p roduced b y t he s ame s tamp . B A D FT n o .

B M c atalogue n o .

B M d esign n o .

B M d ating

1 8 1 9 2 3a 2 3b 2 4b 2 8a 3 0 3 1 4 0 4 1 4 5

1 529-31 1 617-18 1 574-5 1 580 1 564-7 1 584-5 1 598-1600 1 588-93 1 576-9 1 581 1 601-6

2 347 2 179 2 408 2 559 2 564 1 961 2 556 2 459 2 754 2 525 2 763

? 1 4th C . ? 1 4th C . 1 3th/14th 1 5th-16th 1 5th-16th ? 1 4th C . ? 1 4th C . 1 3th-14th 1 3th/14th 1 3th-14th 1 3th/14th

4 6a 4 6b ? 53 ? 53a 5 5a ? 73*

1 323-5 1 310-5 1 620 1 619 1 456-9 1 595-6

1 083 1 050 1 890 1 889 1 328 3 036

1 3th/14th 1 3th/14th ? 1 4th C . 1 4th-15th 1 4th C . 1 3th/14th

7 3b 7 8

1 597 1 614

3 031 2 066

1 3th/14th C . 1 3th C .

? 83 ? 105 13 1 18

1 615-6 1 523 1 568-71 1 583 1 384

2 761 2 594 2 563 1 844 175

? 1 5th C . ? 1 3th C . ? 1 4th C . 1 4th-15th C . ? 1 4th C .

1 48

C . C . C .

C . C . C . C . C . C . C . C .

1 572-3

2 000

1 3th/14th C .

1 582 1 586-7 1 607-11 1 612-3 2 113

1 828 2 415 2 598 1 978 1 294

1 5th-I6th 1 5th-16th 1 3th/14th ? 1 4th C . 1 3th/14th

C . C . C . C .

* BM d esign 3 036 i s r elated t o o ur D FT 7 3 , b ut t he l atter i s c losest t o B M d esign 3 032 ( cat . n o . 4 157-9 , n ot f rom B ordesley) . B A R DT n o. ? 3 T hese B ordesley

1 309 t iles

i n

t he

1 290 R utland

C ollection a re a ll

1 3th C . t hought

b y

E ames t o h ave c ome f rom t he w est m idlands r egion a nd i t m ay b e t hat t his g rowing c ollection o f l argely s tratified t iles f rom t he s ite c ould p rovide t he b asis f or a n ew s tudy o f w est m idland f loor t iles . P arallels f or many o ther t iles f rom t he B ordesley s eries c an b e f ound i n E ames 1 980 a mongst t iles f rom o ther s ites, b ut i t h as n ot y et b een p ossible t o m ake a t horough s earch f or t hese . T he D FT s eries p ublished h ere i s o f t ile p atterns; t he o ther t hree a ttributes o f s tyle, d imension a nd f abric/technique h ave n ot y et b een r elated t o p attern . F ig. 5 8 r epresents a b asis o n which a ll t hese a spects c ould b e c ombined . T his p ro f orma i s d esigned a s a m eans o f c lassifying d ecorated f loor t iles o n t he b asis o f f abric , d imensions a nd d esign t o w hich a rt-historical c omments a bout s tyle may b e a dded . F rom t his, t he i nteraction a nd r elative d ominance o f t hese c riteria s hould b ecome a pparent. I f n ot, t his d ata c ould p rovide t he b asis f or multivariate a nalysis . F abric g roupings s hould b e d efined s eparately , o n t he b asis o f i nclusions, h ardness, f eel, f racture, s orting, r ounding, s urface t reatment a nd , i deally , p etrology ( Peacock 1 977 , 2 9) . T his s hould a lso b e d one o n s tandard f orms, which s hould i nclude d etails o f o ther s ites w here t he f abric o ccurs i n d ecorated f loor t iles a nd t he k iln s ite i f k nown . K ey t ypes s hould a lso b e d efined s eparately a nd a s eries b uilt u p, which c an t hen b e f ed i nto t he main d ecorated f loor t ile p ro f orma . I t m ay b e p ossible t o u se F ig . 5 8 t o c lassify many t iles s haring i dentical f abric, s ize and p attern c haracteristics . T here a re, h owever , s o m any p otential v ariations, i n d etails o f s coring f or e xample, t hat i t i s e nvisaged t hat f ew t iles will a ctually b e r ecorded o n e ach f orm. T his p ro f orma h as n ot y et b een u sed a t B ordesley A bbey a nd i t i s e xpected t hat u sage w ould r efine b oth i ts c ontent a nd l ayout . A p reliminary s tudy o f t he d imensions h as b een c arried o ut. F ifty r elatively c omplete , s quare , d ecorated t iles w ere m easured b y t aking o ne a rbitrary d imension i n p lan a nd o ne i n t hickness. F ig . 5 7C i s a g raph w hich s hows t he d iameters . W hile t here i s c learly a ' preferred r ange ' o f s ize f or ' standard ' u se, w ith ' large ' o r ' small ' o nes f or s pecial p urposes, t here i s a n otable a bsence o f p lateaux which m ight b e e xpected f rom t iles m ade i n s tandard s izes . F loor l ayout i n s traight o r d iagonal l ines w as c learly a ccomplished b y n oting v ariations w ithin i ndividual t iles a nd t he j udicious u se o f v ariable m ortar j oints; t he m edieval f loors m ust h ave l ooked v ery d ifferent f rom t heir r egular V ictorian i mitation c ounterparts . A ny i dealised r econstruction o f a f loor s uch a s t hat a ttempted i n F igs . 5 9 a nd 6 0 i s r ather m isleading ( see d iscussion o f t hese b elow) . T he o ther d iagram, F ig . 5 7D, o f d iameter p lotted a gainst t hickness, t ells a s imilar s tory; 2 0% o f t he f ifty t iles l ay e qually e ither

1 49

6b

30

7 0

1 2

1

1 0

1 8

1 4

1 9

1 2a r-

27 a

2 3b

2 4b

27a

2 7 BORDESLEY

A BBEY

DECORATED F LOOR T I LES: 1 OFT s er ies p a ra l le l t o W oodward 1 866 s er ies 129 1 0

2 8a

C M

2 9

F ig.

1 50

5 2

0

1 0

B ORDES LEY ABBEY

DECORATED F LOOR

T I LES

OFT s er ies p ara l le l t o W oodward 1 866 s er ies 1 0

5 8c ;

6 2

F ig.

5 3

151

C M

2 3 0-62

6 8

7 1e

7 0

7 2 7 30

7 3b

7 3e

7 3f

OFT

s er ies p ara l le l t o W oodward

1 866 s er ies

73c

6 2-73

7 5b

7 )c

7 5d 8 0

OFT s er ies 1 969-8 1 n os 7 5 -80

7 7 B ORDESLEY ABBEY

DECORATED

F LOOR

T I LES

3 F ig.

i1 0

1 0 C M

5 4

152

* @

B ORDESLEY ABBEY

DECORATED

F LOOR

DFT s e r ies 1 969 -8 1 1 0

4

n os 8 1 104 1 0

C M

F ig.

T I LES

5 5

1 53

r b ` o m ie l

a te '

1 33 B ORDESLEY

ABBEY

DECORATED F LOOR T I LES OFT s er ies 1 969- 8 1 n os 1 05 1 4 2

1 30

5

1 0

F ig.

5 6

154

A

2 5 mm t h ick b eve l led

2

1

2 4 mm t h ick b eve l led

2 Z . mm t h ick b e ve l led

s t ipp led REL IEF

a reas

3 r ecessed

DECORATED

1 -2 mr n

T I L ES

RDT s er ies 1 -4

C M

O FT

D FT 4 0

D FT 4 6b

4 B ORDESLEY

3 0mm t h ick s t ra igh t e dge

A BBEY

1 0

D FT 8 1

4 5

D eco ra ted f l oor t i l es - r ange o f c harac te r is t ic

p ro f i l es

D FT 2

D FT 2 9

1 5 0

t h ickness i n mm

1 4 0 5

1 30 1 20

I

r ange

1 0 9 41 34 1 0 3

--—

9 0 8 0 7 0

1 00 D i ame te r o f

6 0 n o 1 0

G raph

R e la t ionsh ip o f t h ickness t o d i am e t e r o f 5 0 d eco ra ted f l oo r t i l es

o f t i l es 2 0

t o s how

1 50

t i les

3 0

d i amete rs

4 0

5 0

1 0%

o f 5 0 d eco ra ted f l oo r t i l es

F ig.

5 7

1 55

1 3 -20 mm

8 0%

2 0-30 mm

1 0%

.t wo 3 1-34 mm

1 S lide N o:

N e2 N o:

0 :

1 56 v ery w orn

D EPTH O F R ELIEF

s lip o ver i mpression,

( e.g.

t wo-colour m osaic t iles,

I

8

t i l e Ezo i3

T :

r o f orma f or d ecorated

p lain g lazed r d ecorated t iles)

o ther

s ketch:

l acking s and

O ther:

B order t iles:

d esigns: D esigns c omplete o n a s ingle t ile:

C ircular r epeating

d esigns:

R ectilinear r epeat

G eometric d esigns:

D ATING:

A NY O THER C OMMENTS:

'A RT-HISTORICAL

O THER S ITES W HERE D ESIGN O CCURRS:

G ENERAL C OMMENTS O N T HE D ESIGN:

o rigin

d escription o f

I NFORMATION:

A RT-HISTORICAL

.

T YPE O F D ECORATIVE S CHEME O F W HICH A P ART

( e.g.

s tamp o n s lip)

q uality T HICKNESS O F I NLAY

c olour & d escription

T ECHNIQUE O F D ECORATION

t hickness

G LAZE

I S S TAMP C ENTRALLY P LACED?

u nworn

w o rn

w aster

S TATE O F W EAR

l ocation:

o ther:

M ANUFACTURE s ub-standard

t iles:

N AIL H OLES I N S URFACE n umber:

f or 2 x 1 5

S CORED T O M AKE S MALLER T ILES

d escription

t ype

( mm)

s anded k nife-trimmed d imensions

o ther

B ASE F INISH

K EYS n umber

o ther m ould-finished b ut

m oulded

m oulded & s lightly t rimmed

E DGE F INISH k nife c ut

E DGE P ROFILE ( description)

P late N o:

F ig N o:

D FT D ESIGN N O n S TAMP N O O FT T YPE N UMBER ( =fabric n o . s ize c lassification)

.

4 0 .

2 . t ; . T . ' 2 . 0 0

' II

CO

s ide o f

a p referred

( 80%)

r ange o f

t hickness o f

2 0-30mm,

which m ust

r epresent t he v ariation i n d epth o f t he ' standard ' mortar s etting. Again t he p urposes.

t hicker a nd t hinner o nes a re p resumably f or B oth t hese analyses n eed f urther r esearch,

s pecial n otably

d iachronically i n r elation t o t he a bbey 's p eriodisation . I n c ontrast, s eriation o f t he p lain f loor t iles ( Table V ) s uggests s ize i s a v alid m eans o f c lassification i n t his c ase . T he p rincipal v alue o f r eproducing t he p attern s eries h ere i s a s a p reliminary s urvey f or t ile s pecialists a nd a s a r eference c ollection f or t he r ecording o f b oth l oose a nd i n s itu t iles f rom t he

c urrent

e xcavation .

D avies '

a rt-historical

s urvey h as

n ot

b een

e xtended, n or h ave a ny o f t he p roblems o f p roduction w orkshops a nd d istribution . T he p urely a rchaeological p roblems o f t he o ccurrence o f i ndividual D FT w ithin t he s tratification o f t he c hurch a nd i n i ts f loors a re d iscussed b elow; s eriation ( Table V I) d emonstrates s ome r elative s equences a nd d ating o f t he p attern s eries i ndependently o f a ny a rt-historical c riteria . T he v alue o f t his w ill i ncrease a s i t i s e xtended t o c over l arger a reas o f t he c hurch . I t a lso s uggests t hat p attern i s a v alid c riterion o n which t o c lassify d ecorated f loor t iles.

3 .12b T he

t iled

b y L .W . and

f loors i n t he p resbytery, c rossing a nd c hoir S .M . H irst

I n t he p resent e xcavations o f t he c hurch t iled f loors were a gain r ecognised f rom p eriod 2 ( cf . R ahtz a nd H irst 1 976 , 1 08) . T here a re a f ew s mall f ragments o f p ossible f loor t iles f rom P ERIOD 1 c ontexts ( see T able V ) b ut b ecause t here a re n o t iled f loors i n p eriod 1 f or any part o f t he church yet i nvestigated, t he a lternative i nterpretation o f t hese s mall p ieces a s o ther t ypes o f f ired c lay i s s trengthened. T he e arliest

t iled

f loor i n a rea 0 ,P,N i s

t he c hoir/crossing

f loor o f P ERIOD 2 . F ragmentary t ile i mpressions s et d iagonally t o t he axis o f t he c hurch, s urvived o n p atches o f i ntact l ime-based b edding ( Fig . 2 2) . T he i mpressions w ere 1 8cm s quare, b ut n o a ctual t iles s urvived. P FT 2 a nd P FT ? 3 o ccur i n o ther p eriod 2 c ontexts ( see T able V ) a nd t hese impressions c ould b elong

t o e ither

t ype

( see

e .g. P FT 2 J, 2 K , 2 P, 3 B, 3 C). T he g lazes o f t hese t iles a re b right y ellow a nd s poradic g lossy b rown , v ery w orn b ottle g reen a nd b right o live with s pots o f a pple g reen . T hese f ew d etails o f p eriod 2 t iles i n t his p art o f t he c hurch d o n ot p ermit a r econstruction o f l ayout o r c olour s cheme . T here

a re

n o

f ragments

o f

d ecorated

f loor

t ile

i n p eriod

2

c ontexts - t he o nly p ossible o nes a re i n c ontexts o f p eriod 2 -3 ( 025b a nd 0 117) a nd i t s eems most l ikely t hat t hese f inds were d eposited i n p eriod 3 . B oth p lain a nd d ecorated f loor t iles o ccur i n P ERIOD 3 A when t here was a n ew t iled f loor i n t he c hoir/crossing ( MJ1) a nd p ossibly a lso i n t he p resbytery ( see 1 .3g).

B oth t ile i mpressions a nd a lso

s ome a ctual t iles f rom t he l atest p hases o f t he MJ1 f loor i n 0 ,P were f ound. T he b edding was a c oarse, g ranular o range l ime-based material w ith p robable p atchings i n white; t he t ile i mpressions w ere again s et d iagonally t o t he c hurch a xis. T en D FT t ypes were a ssociated w ith t his f loor ( Table V I) a nd o f t hese s ix were f rom f our-tile g roups w ith t he o ther f our s ingletons . F our o f t he t iles a re o nes p aralleled b y B ordesley t iles i n t he R utland C ollection a nd a s lightly e arlier d ate ( 1260-80) c an b e s uggested t han t he d ate g iven b y E ames, i .e. D FT 4 0 , 4 5 , 7 3b - t hirteenth/fourteenth c entury

1 57

TABLE V

O CCURRENCE O F P FT ( AREAS N ,O,P),

I N P RESBYTERY,

C ROSSING AND EASTERN C HOIR

S ERIATED B Y MASTER L AYER A ND P ERIOD

P ERIOD 1

1

2

3 A

3 B

3 C

3 C

3 C

? 3D 4 A

4 8

4 B

3 C- 4 C 4 B

4 C

4 C

5

6

6

6

M J 2 a

M J 2 b

M J2 M J2 M K

M M

M P

M J2 M R- M T MP M S

M U

M V

M W

M X

M Z

M ASTER L AYER P FT

M G

M H

M J

M J1 M J1

3 C

X

3 B

X

2 U

X

3 D

X

3 F

X

-

3 E

X

-

2 X

X

2 Z

X

2 L

X

X

-

-

1 J

X

2 AA

X

-

1 H

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

X

-

-

-

X

-

4 G

?

-

-

-

-

1 G

X

-

-

-

-

X .

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

X

2 K

X

2 J

X

1 E

X

1 D

X

1 C

X

X

-

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

X

X

-

_

_

_

-

7

-

-

-

I F

X

X

-

-

2 D

X

2 V

X

-

_

_

2 W

X

-

-

_

_

_

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

? 2B/2T

X

-

1 B

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4

X X

2 C 2 BB

X

1

X

2 N

X

2 A

X

2 E I A

X

-

X

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

X

X

X

-

2 T

X

X

3 L

X

-

2 G

X

-

2 F

X

X

X

2 B

X

X

X

3

?

2

X

? RT/PFT

X

? BR/PFT 3 /4 ? FT

-

X

-

2 Y

P FTfrs .

X

-

-

-

X -

-

X -

X -

X

X

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

X

-

-

X

-

X

-

-

X

-

X

X

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

M G

M H

M J

M J1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

M J1 M J

M J

M J2 M J2 M K

2 a

2 b

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

X -

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

M M

M P

M J2 M R- M T

_

-

-

X

-

-

_

_

-

_

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

_

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

MP M S

1 58

X

_

-

X

X

-

X

X

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

X X

X

-

X X

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

X

X

X'

-

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

2 1

3 A

-

-

X

-

-

X

_

_

X

_

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

M U

M V

M W

M X

_ -

M Z

and D FT

1 8 - ? f ourteenth c entury.

P lain f loor t iles were a lso

f ound a ssociated with t his f loor s uggesting t he c ombined u se o f p lain a nd d ecorated t iles. T he p lain f loor t iles a re m ainly P FT 2 , i n s quare, r ectangular a nd t riangular s hapes. A w ide r ange o f s hades a nd c ombinations o f b rown , y ellow a nd g reen o ccur, s uggesting t hat c ontrol o f g laze w as i nexact ( see T able V ) . T his f loor o f d iagonally l aid t iles was e xtended i n P ERIOD 3 B ( c . 1 300) o ver t he a rea o f t he f ormer t imber c hoir s talls ( Fig . 2 5) . S everal small a reas o f t iles r emained i n s itu f rom t his e xtension a nd d emonstrate t he c ombined u se o f p lain a nd d ecorated f loor t iles . T he D FT ( Table V I) i ncluded 2 8 d ifferent p atterns a t l east s ix o f which h ad a lready o ccurred i n t he 3 A p hase o f t his f loor. T he n ew d esigns c omprised a f urther t en f our-tile s ets - w ith t hree o f t he f our-tile s et D FT 6 3 i n s itu ( P45 , F ig . 2 5) - t ogether w ith t welve n ew s ingle t iles, t en o f which b ore h eraldic s hields. I t i s p ossible t hat t iles f ound i n p eriod 3 C b uilders ' l evels ( MJ2a) a lso d erive f rom t his f loor ( Table V I) . T he p lain f loor t iles w ere a gain P FT 2 , a s f ound i n t he 3 A f loor. B efore t he major n ew f loor o f p eriod 3 C, t here a re i ndications o f a t emporary f loor i n t he c hoir o f p lain f loor t iles o f P FT 2 B a nd 2 F ( MJ2a), p erhaps i n u se d uring t he f inal r ebuilding o f t he SW a nd NW c rossing p iers. T hese h ad o ccurred i n e arlier c ontexts ( Table V I) a nd a re t herefore p robably r e-used h ere . Extensive impressions s urvived o f t he n ew P ERIOD 3 C ( c. 1 330) t iled f loor ( MJ2), which was l aid t hroughout t he c rossing/choir a nd a t l east t he w estern p art o f t he p resbytery . T hese f orm t he l argest a rea o f t ile i mpressions y et f ound a t B ordesley ( see P l . V IIh) . I n t he c rossing/choir t hey w ere p reserved i n a b uff/white l ime-based b edding, o ver r eddish o range s and. S ome t iles a lso r emained i n s itu . T he l ayout o f t he f loor d iffered f rom t hat o f p eriod 3 A . I t c onsisted o f d iagonally l aid t iles d ivided i nto z ones b y n arrow b ands o f t iles l aid p arallel t o t he a xis o f t he c hurch ( Fig . 2 6). A c entral p athway o f d iagonally-laid t iles w as f lanked b y t wo n arrow s traight b ands, w ith t wo f urther d iagonal p anels, l ess w ide t han t he c entral o ne, i n t he a rea t o t he e ast o f t he c hoir s talls, w ith p arallel-laid p anels a cross t he e ntrances t o b oth t ransepts . D uring excavation, o nce i t was a pparent t hat t he f loor was d ivided i nto p anels, r ecording was d one within t hese, a s l isted i n T able V II. F ig. 2 6 p resents t he evidence f or t his f loor a s f ound i n t he c rossing/choir , while F ig . 5 9 r econstructs t he d amaged p arts o f t he p anels a nd i dentifies t he t iles w hich w ere i n s itu . ( See d iscussion o f

t his

a nd a nother

r econstruction

i n

s ection 3 .12c b elow .)

F rom F ig. 5 9 i t i s e stimated t hat t his a rea o f f loor c ontained s ome h ave

7 300 t iles o f w hich j ust o ver 4 00 t iles o r f ragments o f t iles b een i dentified, i .e. c . 5 %; o nly c . 0 .35% o f t he t otal

r emained i n s itu. Moreover i t i s p ossible t hat n ot a ll t he t iles were d erived f rom t he p anels t hey w ere f ound w ith ( see b elow) . S uch f igures make i t c lear t hat t he o verall

d ecorative

t here

i s i nsufficient d ata t o r econstruct

p attern m ade

u p f rom

t hese

i ndividual

t iles .

S ome g eneral c omments c an n evertheless b e made o n t he d esigns a nd o n t he i ndividual p anels . T he d ecorated f loor t iles a ssociated w ith t his f loor ( Table V II) c omprise 2 8 d ifferent d esigns, s ix o f which h ad o ccurred i n e arlier l evels

i n

t he

c rossing/choir .

A ll

b ut

f ive

w ere

e ither

c ontinuous

d esigns ( DFT 2 1, 2 3a, 2 4h, 2 9, 3 0, 4 1, 1 13, 2 2, 2 3), f our-tile g roups ( DFT 5 3 , 5 8, 6 0 , 8 3, 8 9 , 2 4, 1 21) o r s ixteen-tile g roups ( DFT 7 1a, 7 1c, 8 4 , 8 8 , 8 8b , 8 8c) . T he most f requent m otifs w ere s tylised f oliage, p etalled f lowers a nd r osettes. I n t he c ase o f t he f oura nd s ixteen-tile g roups t he d esigns a re o ften b ounded b y o rnamented

159

T ABLE V I

O CCURRENCE O F D FT ( AREAS N ,O,P),

I N P RESBYTERY,CROSSING A ND EASTERN C HOIR

S ERIATED B Y MASTER LAYER A ND P ERIOD

D FT x x x

x

x • x -

x

_

x x

-

-

-

-

-

x

• x

x x x x x x

-

• x

x

x • x

x

• ? ? x x x x x x x ? x

x x x x -

-

x

x

x

-

x

• x

-

x

7 x

• x x

x

x

x x

x

x

-

x x x x

-

-

x x

_

x x x x x x x

_

•

x

-

x

-

x

-

-

-

-

-

-

x

-

x

-

x

-

x

-

X

x

x x

x

x

x -

-

x

-

-•-

x x

-

-

x

x x

x

-

-

x

-

-

-

-

x x

-

x

_ _ -

-

x

-

-

x x . o r P FT?

7 * x 7 x x

x x x

-

x x x x

-

x

x x x x x x

-

-

-

-

x x

-

x

-

x -

a _

x

-

x

x

-

x

-

-

-

_

-

1 9 1 31 6 3

x

-

-

-

' x x x

4 6a 8 1 7 3c

x

1 32 1 0

x

X

-

X

x

-

x

-

x

x

x

-

x

-

-

x x

x x

-

-

x

x

-

x

x

-

-

-

-

-

-

a x

x

x

x x

_

_

a

_

-

_

_

_

a

_

-

_

_

_

-

-

-

x x -

? x

-

-

x

-

x

-

-

x .

-

x

x

-

M ASTER L AYER

M Ja M J

M J1 M JI

M J- M J M J1 2 a

N J 2 b

M J2 M J2 M E

M M

M P

M J2 M R- M T MP M S

M U

M V

M W

M X

H Z

P ERIOD

2

3 A

2 3 B

3 C

3 C

4 8

4 B

3 C- 4 0 4 8

4 C

5

6

6

6

2

3 1 3

3 C

? 3D 4 A

1 60

8 8a 5 3a 4 3 5 1 3 7 1 23 8 7 4 5e 3 2 7 1 5 8a 1 22 1 08 8 5 8 4a 5 7a 4 9 3 5 3 4 3 1 2 7 2 5 2 3b 9 3 8 4b 5 9 3 3 1 24 8 8 3 0a 8 8c ha 8 4 1 21 13 9 6 8 8b 8 3 h ic 6 0 5 8 5 5 4 1 3 1a 3 0 2 4b 2 3a 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 27 2 6 4 4 6 6a

8 9 7 3d 6 7 3b 1 4 7 5a

x

x

a

-

7 x

x

x x

x

x x

-

x x -

x

x a a

x -

x

a

,

-

x x

x

?

x x x x x x x x x

x

x

a

1 2a 1 8a 1 25 6 3b 3 1b 9 8

7 3 7 5 7 3f

a -

8 14 12 11 10 1 09 2 8a 4 66

4 0

1 33 6 6 1 30 3 a 2 a 1 6 3c 5 3 7 5c 7 3a 5 0 2 9 2 7a 1 8 4 6c 4 5c 1 42 4 5a 4 5 4 0a 4 0 D FT f r. ? PFT/DFT f r.

1 61

c ircles,

o r i n o ne c ase a s quare ( DFT 5 8).

i nclude o ne with f ishes ( both t iles f ound d esigns ( DFT 2 1, c ross

( DFT

3 0

i s

The ' circular' d esigns

( DFT 7 5a) a nd a nother

w ith g riffons

( DFT

5 3)

i n e arlier c ontexts). T here a re s everal r epeating 2 2, 2 4b, 3 0, 4 1, 1 13) b ased o n t he S t A ndrew's a lso

r elated

t o

t hese)

while

two

o thers

h ave

d esigns b ased o n a G reek c ross ( DFT 3 1, 9 6). A f ew p atterns s tand apart f rom t hese - D FT 8 3, p art o f a q uatrefoil design, h as a c rescent moon a nd a s un i nside a c ircle

i n t he

o uter

c orner;

D FT

1 8

and 1 9 a re i n a much s impler s tyle t han t he o ther t iles h aving a marigold a nd a f leur d e l ys r espectively w ithin a l ozenge - t hey a re b oth t iles which o ccur i n e arlier c ontexts ( Table VI). The o nly n arrow r ectangular b order t iles f ound w ere a ll D FT 5 5 . T riangular e dge t iles i nclude d ecorated t iles ( DFT 3 0a, 7 1c f or example) a s well

a s

p lain

t iles.

The D FT which s urvive most f requently f rom t his f loor c an b e s een i n T able VII. I t i s worth n oting t hat f our ( DFT 2 4b, 3 0, 4 1, 1 13) o f t he e ight most f requently o ccurring d esigns are r epeating p atterns b ased o n c rosses

with s imple f oliage a nd

f leur

d e

l ys,

while o f t hese D FT 4 1 a nd 1 13 o ccur i n m ore ( six o f t he n ine) p anels t han any o ther D FT. All f our o f t hese t iles a re amongst the B ordesley t iles i n t he Rutland C ollection .

Eames's d ating o f DFT

3 0 , 4 1 a nd 1 13 i s c onsistent with a f ourteenth-century d ate f or t he l aying d own o f t he f loor, b ut h er d ating o f D FT 2 4b, o f f ifteenth t o s ixteenth c entury , s uggests a t ype u sed i n l ater p atching, b ut t his i s n ot i nconsistent with t he l ong p eriod d uring which t his f loor i s t hought t o have b een i n u se ( see c ommon

t ile

d esigns,

D FT

5 3,

8 3

1 .3j-l).

O f

t he o ther f our most

a nd 8 9 a re p arts o f

f our-tile s ets,

while D FT 5 5 i s t he border t ile p robably l aid i n t he r ectangular impressions i n p anels ( d) and ( dd). O f t he l atter DFT 5 3 a nd 8 3 would p robably b e d ated b y E ames t o t he f ourteenth c entury, D FT 5 5. The

p lain

f loor

t iles

( Table

VII)

a re

mostly

P FT

a s w ould

1 C a nd

1 D,

s quare a nd t riangular t iles, f rom t iles 1 13mm s quare, which match t he t ile impressions. Those s urviving were p redominantly g reen, with a v ery f ew y ellow, i ncluding t he s quare t ile i n s itu o n p anel ( bb). Table VII p resents t he d ata f or l oose and i n s itu t iles, p lain a nd d ecorated, t he

t wo

p anel

o utermost

b y p anel .

p anels

T he

( Fig .

5 9),

c omments

b elow will

moving i nwards

t o

b egin f rom

t he c entre o f

t he f loor . T he i n s itu t iles o n t he n orthernmost p anel ( a) i ncluded two a djacent D FT 4 1, a r epeating d esign, and two adjacent p lain g reen f loor t iles s uggesting a lternating g roups o f d ecorated and p lain f loor t iles s omething l ike ( though,

a t

l east b y

t he e nd o f

t he

l ife o f t his f loor, l ess r egularly p laced t han) t he corresponding p anel

i n

t he

p eriod

4 C

c rossing

f loor

( Fig .

6 0) .

T he

c omplementary

p anel on t he s outh s ide ( aa) had n o i n s itu t iles and a t l east one o f t he l oose t iles may n ot d erive f rom t here s ince i t i s t he r ectangular b order t ile D FT 5 5, f or which o nly p anels ( d) and ( dd) h ave

s uitable s ize impressions . The d iagonally l aid p anels

( b)

a nd

( bb)

a lso

c ontained

b oth

p lain and d ecorated t iles, but with o nly t hree i n s itu o n ( b), g reen P FT 1 C and one D FT 3 0, a nd o ne y ellow P FT 1 C o n ( bb). t iles were r ecovered f rom p anel ( c), t he n orthern o f two p anels

two No a t

t he west end o f t he a rea which f lank a nd a ppear t o mark o ut t he p osition o f t he c hoir s talls, while ( cc) p roduced o nly p lain f loor t iles - t hree g reen a nd t wo y ellow . o f p lain f loor t iles o nly ,

b ut

T hese p anels t hen may h ave b een

t he e vidence i s

s light .

O n t he n arrow

p anels ( d) and ( dd) t he impressions s uggest r ectangular t iles f lanked b y s quare o nes . D FT 5 5 - o f which t here was o ne i n s itu on

1 62

I . + 0 t o

,

1 24 F RS

F . r . s .

0,

.0

,

i.

s t )

e. . ‘

0

C

In

c I n

e

r . ,

fn en

. . . N

N

rn

In

e .,

CO In N

.7 en

0, 0 . . .

1 21

. . . .

. . . .

1 13

. ,

7 5a 8 3 8 4 8 8 8 8b 8 8c 8 9 9 6

e.

e.

—

( . .•

-

. . . . ,

4

0 1.

. I

v.

e n

* e n

v o

N

e .

. .. .

V .

. .,

1. .

C

..

e .

. o .

.

•e

c r

e . . , . -,

c o .

In

2 4b 2 9 3 0 3 0a 3 1a 4 1

C " . • „ .. .. . . . . .„ N en c s •

. . I i „

.. . . . . . . . . . ,

*

N

. .

,

. / o

e n

. . i ,

c o

. . .

. .

. . 1 .. 7 "- ^

e . 1

C

MI

N

. ..

N

N

„---. . . .--, 4 (

en

. .

N

N

i s

r4

r . , ,

ri

. . N

c

.

, . . . . . .. . . . . , e v * .

I n

2 2

. + , . « ,

1 9 2 1

. .

r n

. .

. ,

e . .

en

. "

4 , . .

. ,

. .

N i . . N J

1 8

D ECORATED

, C )

.

... I

2 3 2 3a

T ILES F LOOR

in

-

5 3 5 5

5 8 6 0 7 1a

7 1c

e•

, ,

e

• . o

. c p

. c o o V :,

N N

N N

n

0

CO N

In

• 1 77 . . 4

1 -N

C) N

2 J

C' .

.

1 , .

e

i . c e . . 7

L s-,

. ,

I o r , . ,

CZ

r • • ,

I .

c c o .

op

. . -

1 ‘

s c ,

r • ,

c

N

N

H e s t i ( N I ..

r s 4 ..

I D

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r. . .

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o t s c .

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> . .

* c e N i n

l i

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a .* e s . J .

$ .

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tt

öt

i * . L N -

, •

ev t .

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c . c

,

1 4 3 Z < 1 2 ,

i dentification u ncertain

,

CO in

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1 ?

H e rt

c p cx

$ , e n

e .

. . L e 1 . . . •

r n I n

r

1 A

P LAIN F LOOR T ILES Z •

in n e e l

e.

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C :: . . C a .

e n

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. , c t

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6 1 . . . .,

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1 63

N

. _ . ,

L . :

q ualifications

L .

( d) - a re t he o nly t iles s urviving f rom t his f loor which f it t he r ectangular i mpressions, while t he s quare t iles f rom t hese p anels i nclude b oth p lain ( a t otal o f 4 4 g reen) a nd d ecorated ( 38 t iles i ncluding t hirteen d ifferent d esigns). T he c entral p anel ( e) a lso p roduced t iles i ncluding s eventeen d ifferent d esigns, mostly d uplicating t he d esigns f ound i n ( d) a nd ( dd) a nd, s ince t here a re r elatively f ar f ewer t iles i n ( d) a nd ( ad),

i t may b e t hat s ome o f

t hose f ound t here d erived f rom p anel ( e). T he l atter, l ike m ost o ther p anels, c ontained b oth p lain ( green) a nd d ecorated t iles . Much t hen r emains u ncertain a bout t he d ecorative s cheme o f t his f loor . A ll p anels a ppear t o h ave c ontained b oth p lain a nd d ecorated t iles, e xcept p ossibly ( c) a nd ( cc) which may h ave c ontained o nly p lain t iles.

T hroughout t he p lain f loor t iles were mainly g reen .

T iles with r epeating p atterns were f ound i n a ll p anels w ith d ecorated t iles, b ut h ow t hese w ere a rranged a nd h ow t hey r elated t o e ach o ther r emains u nknown . T he a rrangement r ecorded b y W oodward f or t he p eriod 4 C f loor o f t iles o f t his t ype .

s hows

o ne

p ossible

w ay o f a rranging g roups

T able V I s hows t hat s ome o f t he d ecorated f loor t ile d esigns u sed i n t he p eriod 3 C MJ2 f loor h ad o ccurred p reviously i n t his p art o f t he c hurch. O f t he 2 3 b asic d esigns ( subsuming v ariants) a ssociated with this f loor, 2 6% ( six t ypes) had b een u sed p reviously . Moreover t hese i nclude D FT 1 8 , 1 9, 5 3 a nd 8 9 w hich a re among t he most f requent s urvivors f rom t his f loor . T his s uggests r e-use

o f

t iles

s tored

f rom

t he p receding MJ1

( period

3 A-3B) f loor .

T he p lain f loor t iles P FT 1 C a nd 1 D, h owever, a re n ew t o t his p eriod. I t s hould b e n oted t hat s ince t here i s n o t iled f loor i n t he c rossing/choir b etween t he e nd o f p eriod 3 a nd p eriod 4 C a nd o nly a v ery l imited u se o f t iles a s a s etting o ver t he two g raves 0 13 a nd 0 23 ( see b elow), most o r a ll o f t he t iles f ound i n t he i ntervening l evels ( MK-MT) m ay b e r esidual a nd d erive f rom p eriod 3 f loors . T he MJ2 f loor i n t he p resbytery h ad a l onger l ife t han t hat in t he c rossing/choir, s ince i t c ontinued i n u se t hroughout p eriod 4 B . N o t iles s urvived i n s itu f rom t his f loor a nd w ere a ll p arallel t o t he a xis o f t he c hurch . were

i nterrupted

b y

t hree

E -W

i nterpreted a s t he s ettings s ide, a r ectangular s etting

p arallel

t he t ile i mpressions T he t ile i mpressions

n arrow

l ines

which

a re

f or ? s tructures, a nd, o n t he s outh a gainst t he s outh wall a gain f or a

s tructure, i n t his c ase s omething m ore e xtensive ( see F ig . 2 7) . T he t iles f ound i n t he a ssociated b uilding/destruction l ayers i n N mainly o verlap with t hose o f t he MJ2 f loor i n t he c rossing/choir, b ut t he p lain t iles a re m ore v aried ( Tables V a nd V I) . T he P ERIOD 4 B f loor was a ' dirt' f loor i n t he c rossing/choir e xcept i n a n a rea i mmediately w est o f t he c hancel s tep i n t he m iddle o f t he c rossing where t races o f a r ectangular a rea o f l ime-based b edding w ith t ile i mpressions w ere f ound ( see F ig . 2 8) . T his m arked t he a rea o f two g raves ( 013 a nd 0 23) a nd c an b e c ompared w ith s imilar

c ontemporary

t ransept ( Rahtz p oorly p reserved

t iled

s ettings

o ver

g raves

i n

t he

s outh

a nd H irst 1 976, 1 09). T he t ile impressions a re a nd r ather i rregular a s f ound b ut t heir s ize ( 11-

1 3cm s quare) i s s imilar t o t hat o f t he m ajority o f d ecorated t iles. Enough impressions o f t he MU, P ERIOD 4 C f loor i n t he c rossing r emained ( Fig . 2 9) t o r econstruct i ts o verall l ayout ( Fig. 6 0). I t was a gain d ivided i nto p anels, w alk . b ut a re

s ymmetrically f lanking a c entral

T he p anels d o n ot o verlap e xactly w ith t hose o f t he MJ2 f loor c lose e nough

t o

s uggest

a s imilar

d iscussion o f t his b elow, 3 .12c) . f loor b ut Woodward e xcavated,

l ayout

was

i ntended

( see

V ery f ew t iles s urvived f rom t his d rew ( Fig. 6 1), and r emoved a

1 64

RECONSTRUCT ION OF F LOOR P ATTERN P er iod 4 C

B ORDESLEY ABBEY

N ORTH NW P IE

•

‚

T RANSEPT

5T IPP LED AREA S WDOD I N ;ARD 1 866 P LATE

t imber s i l l

_ v . .

"

m mo sam m i l l mo ini niin ag n N Oi W I r ire v e" . w • ev e s v ev e es .y es * e e . . . • •• • ••

'

•

'\

• •

• • •

.

e • 46

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•

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• i

, el .

•

t i e i o i t r i d l i t h i m i a x . me t o t • •• • i l e d it tli t i t o ll eti n

P RE SB YTE R Y

a rea

t o

w es t d es troyed b y 1 968 -70 e xcava t ion

. . . . . . e 4 • . .. . . > t u d iO te t ee0 t a i ihv in W 4 f e i t t i ejog te . 1 . 1 . 1 1 e i t i o s t i. 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 . E

;

e . •4 c 4 >•. i t \ e ; • ..

•

•

• • ••

•• •

4 ee ,

•

a ke t e t

•

c ont inues 4 0cm t o meet d i r t SOUTH T RANSEPT 2

METRES

F ig.

6 0

1 65

f l oo r o f

S E

3

P IER

4

5

V

.D M . \ , .x i •xx L •.E 3 r3 E3L . \ xE Z EM EK I E : 1 1 . . •.x1 3 E 3 E3 L 3L E 3g 1g 1AU E3r 46 1 ,E 3 I ME EDGM IL •x t : ZIU M E3r 1 13 1 3 1 ,3 13t iü l f3 t .

: 5 1 8 628 °r 7 9 8 S S E I S S b . * ru mor d z,- --4 ). -§ a t inumo . x . . 1 2 1 3 . " 12 13 13 13

\, r ;

•xü '

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•t : I > 4 AL MIL ' M O IL 1 : 3 E Z I E3 E3L ‘ W . 4 13 1 : 3 12 E 3 1 S E EN 3 F 3 E3C l i . . . , . /4 F 3 EK3 E3 E3 1 2 1 i . . 'x1 2 E3 C 3 E 2 1 13 ;2L . -i t . 9" . 0 3 1 22 [ 3a r am 1 3 U I A g I C ILU E 2 1 1 2 1 2 .X 0C I F I J C IL .*E 3 . 1 13 1 : 1 F3 E1 . A C i t : 30 1 3 13 2 1 1 2 1r rF 30 1 : 100 12 M E Z EDD E3 1 3 13 i3 / •. r 3 12E 3C 3 13r E 3C IENK K IF '"ME W = Dar / ' 1 : 3 12r F 3 E3 r

/

AL It it

y J : iE r r

e

_ Aut le

1 2 e-

-

t 2 , 0

16h

s urviving p ortion o f i t i n h is e xcavations ( Woodward 1 866, 1 01, 1 05) . I t s eems v ery u nlikely t hat s o r egular a f loor s ection w ould h ave s urvived i n i solation a nd w e must a ssume t hat W oodward e ither omitted s tray t iles o n t he p eriphery o f t he i ntact a rea o r t hat h e e xtrapolated t hat d rawn .

o utwards f rom a s maller, m ore i rregular s ection t han O nly o ne t ile was f ound i n s itu b eyond t he a rea

e xcavated b y W oodward a nd i t m ay t he N E p ier h ad p rotected t his o therwise r obbed . T his

b e t hat c ollapsed m asonry a round a rea o f t he f loor, which was

r ectangular f loor s ection l ay o n t he west s ide o f t he N E

c rossing p ier a nd i s a nalysed i n F ig. 6 2, which d emonstrates t he c omplex s quare a nd c ruciform p atterns o f p lain a nd d ecorated f loor t iles i n t his p art o f t he f loor . A l] . t he d ecorated t iles e xcept D FT 1 25 h ad o ccurred p reviously ( Table V I) a nd most i n t he MJ2 f loor, a gain s uggesting a r e-use o f

t iles,

w hich must h ave b een

l ifted a nd

t hen s tored d uring t he l ife o f t he p eriod 4 B d irt f loor . T he p lain f loor t iles o f t his f loor may b e P FT 1 - a P FT 1 D r emained i n s itu a gainst t he S E c rossing p ier; t his c ould j ust b e f illing i n a c orner ,

b ut P FT

1t iles d o o ccur

i n t hese

l evels

( see T able V ) .

T able V I s hows h ow f ew n ew d ecorated f loor t ile d esigns o ccur a fter p eriod 4 B - t hose o f p eriod 6 r epresent p revious excavators d isturbing e arlier c ontexts - a nd a s s tated a bove i t s eems l ikely t hat t hose f ound i n 4 B a re d erived f rom e arlier l evels . T he m ajor p urchase o f f loor t iles was c ertainly i n p eriod 3 ( c. 1 260-80 a nd i nto t he f ifteenth c entury) a nd i t i s c onceivable t hat i n f act v ery f ew, i f a ny, n ew t iles were p urchased a fter p eriod 3 D ( ? l ate f ourteenth o r e arly f ifteenth c entury i n i ts i nception) .

3 .12c A n ote

o n

t he f loor-pattern r econstructions

b y P .A .R .

I n p eriods 3 C a nd 4 C s ufficient t ile i mpressions s urvived t o a ttempt r econstruction o f

t he

a rrangement

o f

t he

f loors

a s a w hole .

T hese

were a chieved b y t he s etting o ut o f a s eries o f p anels o f s quare, r ectangular o r t riangular p lain o r d ecorated f loor t iles . T he f inal r esult was a p attern o f a reas, wide a nd n arrow, a ll a ligned o n t he e ast-west a xis o f t he c hurch . p urely d ecorative, t here c ould

While s uch a n a rrangement might b e b e l iturgical s ignificance i n t erms

o f a rea a ctivity, z ones o f l inear movement s uch a s p rocessional ways, o r even movement c ontrol. I n e ither c ase, t he p attern was i ntentional, a nd must h ave b een d rawn o ut, e ven i f r oughly, b efore t he work o f l aying t he t iles b egan, o r i ndeed t he s tringing o ut o f t he p anels i n t he f loor b edding . I t i s s uch a m ental t emplate t hat t hese r econstructions ( Figs . 5 9 a nd 6 0) a ttempt t o r ecover . T he p atterns c an n ever h ave b een a s r egular a s t hose d rawn . T he v ariation i n

t ile

s ize h as a lready b een d iscussed a bove,

o ther p roblems a rose b ecause o f n on-alignments o rientations o f t he a rchitectural f rame f or t he

3 .12a ,

a nd

o r d ifferent f loors. T he

r egularity o f t he r econstructions c ould o nly b e a chieved b y mass p roduction a nd c ontrolled f iring, a s exemplified i n V ictorian ' encaustic ' t ile f loors . T o t his e xtent t herefore t he d rawings a re misleading, a nd a ll t hey c an b e u sed f or i s t o s how t he p rincipal p anel a rrangements a nd t he o rientation a nd a pproximate s ize o f t he t iles w ithin t hem . I n r econstructing t he p attern f rom t ile i mpressions, t here a re f urther p roblems . N ot a ll t he t ile i mpressions a re o riginal. S ome a re

c learly

t he

s outh p anel o f

r obbed

o ut

r eplacement ? p ipe

a reas

p eriod 4 C, s lot

o r

r epairs

o r

t rench

t he

i n

1 67

( e .g .

t he

r elaying o f

t he

N E

p art

o f

m isalignment t iles

o ver

t he

p eriod

i n t he 3 C

T ILED F LOOR I N NE C ROSS ING a s r ecorded i n Woodward 1 866 P l I a nd n ow c l ass if ied b y P FT a nd D FT F LOOR MU P er iod 4C

6 2

F ig.

BORDESLEY

ABBEY

T I LED F LOOR I N C HAPEL D i n S T RANSEPT a s r ecorded b y Woodward 1 865 P l I ( rep roduced a s R ah tz a nd H i rst 1 976

P I

X IX)

a nd n ow c lass if ied b y P FT a nd D FT = -F LOOR MJ: P ER IOD 2 -3

B l e i lal la ls in i le in lo l ln II II II IT ir m ia 9 ,1 20. 11 , 11 44 2 , 11 " , ; 7 _ . . . . ._ 4t i le

'

r ounde l s --

- _. :

PFT 48

0

OFT . 7 8

. , I' G O , L \ y e

r , s ,, Y

OFT 1 5

1 „ : k : I A s i . s , . l ' A = =m a i i i ; I N 1W 1 '' A mm 1 1 22 1 1 3 1 a . mi zm im i numm om.m , ! ! ! al e7" 1 1 •f, N .r

m o m Ma i n if l ; ; ; :1 3 1 M t / =-. -

• •

OFT 1 7

I,

„1 " ,,

' a

4

' Il ' i i I I I

/,

0 r -

, ; :

OFT 1 6

,, ,

DFT 1 05

‚ , " ,/ ,

4t i le r ounde ls

''/// 4,

W V 2 " ' « ' ,4 4 /

'

1

4 " •

/i '

4 , j r 4

. ,. . ,. . „ „ . • . ,, %:: _ s 4 2 Z. ,z ,• % . _

,: , ,,, ;. •,. / ..5 ' .: " . . ,

. . \‘ ‘ . • %

.

, , ,Z ,

\

,• i i o

,

\

0 4

' .›. . p ,,

I I

1I

I

OFT

6 3

'

21 7 0

i

, , ,.

1, Ii,

1 ,, I' II i I, II I

DFT 6

:

I i '1 I I

;

I

O F T

, , , ,! : :

. N ‘ ,,.40 i 1 i i , r

OFT 1 4

I

1.

, ,,, , , ,• e

t i le r ounde ls

F ig.

%

\\ .v s . , . Z. Z .

4

\\ \ \ ,0 _ , . . \ \ 07 4

\% :% ' •

„i 1

r

•%l i e• .e / % \‹ , . ,, . ;A,,\• . • • e z ,,, A

II

OFT 7 5d

. 1. .

4I I

, , , ,,, ,4 "

N

7 /

0 ,

.• ' ,

OFT 8 6

OFT 7 7

4t i l e r oun de ls

LW 1 9 82

1 5

f loor);

d oubtless

t here w as

i n b oth t he o riginal w ork ,and i n r epairs

a nd r eplacements, e xtensive u se o f b its o f i rregularly s haped t o f ill u p a wkward c orners w here r egular t iles w ould n ot f it .

t ile

A ny a ttempt t herefore t o r econstruct a r egular l ayout i s b ound t o b e ( and c ertainly i s i n t hese c ases) a n u neasy a nd u nsatisfactory c ompromise b etween t he r econstruction o f a n i deal i n m edieval m inds, and t he f itting o f t his i nto t he l ast t races o f s uch f loors r ecovered i n e xcavation . T hey a re d rawings o f f loors t hat n ever w ere. T he r econstructions p roceed f rom t he s traight a xial E -W l ines e vident f rom t he i mpressions . I deally e ach s traight l ine s hould b e b ordered b y t he s traight e dge o f a s quare,

r ectangular o r t riangular

t ile , o f r egular s ize w ithin t he p referred r ange ( see a bove) . T his c ould h ave b een a chieved g eometrically within t he a rchitectural f rame, a llowing f or b otching a t t he e dges . B ut t o a ccommodate s uch a r egular p attern b y i ncorporating t ile i mpressions w as i mpossible ; a nd t he impossibility u nderlines t he i rregular n ature o f t he m edieval f loor i n r elation t o i ts i deal . I t h as b een d one w ith s ome s uccess i n p eriod 3 C ( Fig . 5 9), p erhaps b ecause t hat f loor was i n f act more r egular. B ut a ttempts f or p eriod 4 C ( Fig . 6 0) were u nsuccessful, a nd t his f loor r econstruction u ses t oo m any a wkward s hapes; h ere t he a dditional i dealisation o f t he p arts o f t he f loor d rawn b y W oodward ( Fig . 6 1) h as h ad t o b e u neasily a ccommodated a s well a s t he c lear misalignments i n t he t ile i mpressions. I n b oth c ases l arge a reas o f missing f loor, n ot r ecovered b y e arlier e xcavations, h ave h ad t o b e ' filled i n '. I n p eriod 3 C t here w ere i n t his p art o f t he c hurch n ine p anels . A l arge c entral d iagonal-tiled a rea extends t hrough t he l ength o f t he c hurch t o t he p resbytery s tep , b ordered b y t wo n arrow ' paths ' o f s quare a nd r ectangular t iles; b eyond t hese, t o n orth a nd s outh, o ther s quare o r d iagonal p anels extend t o c hoir s tall e dges o r t ransept o penings . I n p eriod 4 C o nly t he e astern p art has b een r econstructed. A gain t here i s a c entral E -W p anel b ordered b y t hree n arrow p aths, and p anels b eyond e xtending t o t he s outh a nd n orth t ransept o penings, w ith a n e xtra d ivision i n t he l atter . T he b road s imilarity b etwen t he t wo f loor p atterns i s s triking , t he more s o i nasmuch a s t he o ne was n ot a d irect r elaying o f t he o ther a t a h igher l evel : t here w as a d irt f loor ( period 4 B) b etween . T his s uggests t he p ossibility t hat t here was a s tandard a rrangement b roadly a ppropriate t o t he c hoir a nd c rossing a reas, known a nd r emembered p ossibility

i n

t he

w as

e ven

interval c onsidered

between a t

o ne

t hese

s tage

two

t hat

f loors.

t he

3 C

The

f loor h ad

b een t aken u p, s tored a nd r elaid; b ut t his h ypothesis c ould n ot h e s ustained, o f

t ile

e ven t hough a t B ordesley t here was c learly massive r e-use

i n p eriods

l ater

t han

t hose

o f

i ts

o riginal

u se

( above,

3 .12b).

3 .13 P OTTERY ( P)

( Fig.

6 4)

b y P .A.R.

A p ottery t ype-fabric s eries w as e stablished i n e arlier y ears a nd i s described

i n

Rahtz

s ubsequently b een a dded B 6

and t he

H irst

1 976,

1 87-190.

To

t his

have

f ollowing .

H ard, s andy, s lightly micaceous, r eddish i nner s urface a nd margin , g rey o uter m argin , w ith e xterior p ale g reen g laze, w ith

1 69

B ORDESLEY ABBEY

A I K 2 F ABR IC

02 3a

/ -0 107 /1

F ABR IC

D 4

F ABR IC

R 1

T i

-

POTTERY

0

1 0

F ig.

6 4

170

CM

y ellowish o r b rownish p atches; t ype s herd ( BAA 7 6 I V 0 39, p er . 3 C) d ecorated with b ands o f h orizontal i ncised l ines ( not R 1

i llustr.). C oarse r ed , g rey c ore a nd i nner ( type s herd BAA 7 5 I V 0 23a,

m argin ; h eavily g rit-tempered p er. 4 B); ? Roman amphora

( illustr.). S i

T i

H ard-fired c reamy b uff w ith g lossy t reacly b rown a nd y ellow g laze ( type s herd B AA 7 5 I V M 6, c ontext n ot p ublished h ere); ? p ost-medieval ( not i llustr .) . Wheel-made, v ery h ard, v ery h ighly f ired, u nglazed, d ull p inkish s mooth f abric; t ype s herd h as c avetto r im ( BAA 7 9 I V 0 107/1, p er . 1 ); R oman ( illustr .). T he a mount o f p ottery f rom t he c hurch a rea h as n ot

s urprisingly

b een small . S ince t he I ndustrial S ite e xcavation was r esumed i n 1 980, much l arger q uantities ( particularly o f t hirteenth- a nd f ourteenth-century d ate) h ave b een e xcavated t here, i ncluding s ome n ew f abrics . T his n ew m aterial i s b eing c lassified w ith r eference t o a m ore d eveloped t ype s eries w hich i s i ndependent o f t hat u sed i n t he c hurch e xcavations, b ut w ill b e c orrelated with i t. I n t his r eport t he p ottery i s r eferred t o wholly b y r eference t o t he p ublished s eries. T he p ottery f rom t he c hurch a rea i s o f l ittle h elp a s r egards d ating ( other m ethods, n otably a rchitectural , b eing m ore v aluable) , w ith t he e xception o f s ome b rown-glazed s herds ( fabric M 2, l oosely ' Cistercian ') s ealed i n c ontexts b elow MU ( the l atest f loor). T he c urrent c onventional d ating f or t hese c onfirms t he o therwise l argely e mpirical v iew t hat t his f inal f loor w as o f t he l ater f ifteenth o r e arly s ixteenth c entury . T he p ottery f rom a rea I I s imilarly d oes n ot h elp w ith t he d ating o f t hose c ontexts w ith t he e xception o f t he s herds o f ' Tudor G reen ' t ype ( 01), p resent c onventional d ating f or which i s c . p ost 1 400, f rom I I K 2 ( per. 4 B). A n a lmost c omplete j ug f ound i n t he s ame l evel ( II K 2, t ype D 4) i s i llustrated, t ogether w ith t he t wo R oman r ims f rom t he c hurch .

3 .14 G LASS V ESSELS ( GLV)

( Fig.

6 5)

b y P .A .R .

A f ew f ragments o f b ottles a nd o ther v essels w ere f ound i n a reas

I I

a nd I V . T hey a re m ostly t he b asal ' kicks ' o f b ottles, w hich s eem t o h ave s urvived b etter t han t he b ody a nd r im s herds; i t i s p ossible, h owever, t hat t hey were u sed f or s ome s econdary p urpose a s small ' vessels ', a nd a re t hus f ound s eparately f rom t he r est o f t he b ottles d ispersed e lsewhere . Much o f t he g lass ( GLV 2 I I K 3, p er . ? 3; G LV 4 I I K 4, p er ? 3 ; G LV 5 I I J 2, p er . ?3 ; G LV 6 I V 0 10a, p er. 4 C ; a ll i llustrated) i s p artially d evitrified, w ith t hick o paque s urfaces a nd v ery f ragile; i t a ppears t o h ave b een p ale g reen o riginally where t he c ore c an b e o bserved . G LV 1 ( II K 2, p er . 4 B-4C, i llustrated) i s, h owever , y ellow a nd c lear, w ith o nly s ome i rridescence . G LV 1 0 ( IV l b , i llustrated ) i s a v ery p ale g reen w ith n o d iscolouration a nd i s p ost-medieval ( per . 6 ), p ossibly d erived f rom P lymouth 's e ighteenthc entury d isturbances . A ll a re b lown g lass, G LV 1 e xhibiting a c lear p ontil s car, e xcept f or G LV 1 0 which i s c ast i n a mould, s howing t he i mpression o f t he m ould s eam .

1 71

t he n eck

B ORDESLEY ABBEY

11, 1//e• •• •

I .

• • ,, ,\

G LV 1 0

G LV 1

G LV 5

G LV

— . ..

.„ .

, . .

'7 •— • -

• •

7 7 _ 1;4.

•• • ••

G LV 2

G LASS

v-^

5

C M

V ESSELS

OW 1 9 82

F ig.

6 5

172

3 .15 D ECORATED

W INDOW

G LASS ( GLW)

( Fig .

6 6)

b y L .W .

w ith D .

O 'Connor

a nd D . T he s mall q uantity o f w indow g lass f ound i n a reas N ,

0 a nd

W alsh

P s hould

b e c onsidered a s p art o f t he g eneral g lazing s cheme o f t he c hurch . This i s more f ully r epresented i n t he excavations o f t he a rea outside t he e ast window o f t he c hurch ( M) a nd t he c loister, a nd i t i s h oped, t herefore, t o p ublish a ll t he g lass i n d etail a t a l ater d ate. T he p resent n otes a re i ntended t o i ndicate i ts g eneral c haracter a nd a re b ased o n i nformation f rom D avid O 'Connor. T he d rawings a re b y E llen Walsh who h as b een l argely r esponsible f or r ecording t he g lass . T he e arliest w ell-preserved w indow g lass f rom I V N , 0 , P i s o f p eriod 3 C ( GLW 5 5, I V 0 43a; G LW 5 3, I V 0 39; n ot i llustrated). N either p iece i s p ainted . T he v ast m ajority o f t he g lass s o f ar e xcavated i s v ery s imilar i n d ecorative d etail. I t i s n ow mostly o paque, b ut was p robably o riginally t ranslucent white g lass, w ith a g reenish t inge . I t w as p ainted with r eddish b rown, i ron o xide, p aint, which would h ave a ppeared b lack when t he g lass w as i n p lace . F ig . 6 5 i llustrates i ts g eometric a nd f oliage d esigns. G LW 4 4.3,.21,.28 ( IV 0 10b, p er. 4 C) and G LW 4 8 ( IV 0 11a, p er . 4 C) h ave v ery c haracteristic h atched b ackgrounds t o, f or example, f oliage ( all i llustrated). G LW 4 0 .8 ( IV P l9b, p er . 4 B) a lso i ncludes a s imple t refoil; G LW 4 0.7 ( IV P l9b, p er. 4 B) i s p robably p art o f t he s ame d esign a s 4 0.8; G LW 3 3 ( IV N 7, p er . 6 ) i s a p etalled f lower, p erhaps f rom a r oundel; G LW 4 4.4 ( IV 0 10b, p er. 4 C) i s p robably p art o f a more n aturalistic f oliage d esign ( all i llustrated). G LW 5 0 ( IV P 28a, p er . 4 A) i s a n a rcaded motif,

G LW 5 2.7 ( IV P 21,

p er. 4 C) a c orner p iece,

a nd G LW

4 4.8 ( IV 0 10b, p er . 4 C) a b eaded p attern f rom a b order; G LW 3 8 ( IV P 20, p er. 4 C) a nd G LW 4 4.23 ( IV 0 10b, p er. 4 C) a re a lso p atterns t ypical o f g risaille g lass ( all i llustrated) . I n G LW 3 7.7 ( IV N 15a , p er. 6 ), 4 4 .6 ( IV 0 10b, p er. 4 C) a nd 4 7.2 ( IV 0 11e, p er. 4 C) t he d esigns h ave b een s cratched o ut o f t he p aint ( all i llustrated). D .

O 'Connor

t his

s uggests a l ate

g lass

s ince

i t

i s

t welfth- t o

u sually

t hirteenth-century

a ssociated

with

d ate

E arly

f or

E nglish

a rchitecture. T here a re a f ew p ieces o f l ater g lass, d istinguished b y b oth t he u se o f c olour a nd t he d ecorative d etail. T he y ellow s taining o f G LW 4 0 .3 ( IV P l9b, p er . 4 B, n ot i llustrated) s hould b e l ater t han c . 1 310 .

GLW 3 9 ( IV P 19, p er. 4 C, n ot i llustrated) i ncludes p ieces o f

l ightish b lue g lass. GLW 2 3 ( IV P 7, p er. 4 C) a nd G LW 2 5 ( IV 1 , p er . 6 ) b oth s tand o ut f rom t he r est . G LW 2 3 .1, 2 3 .15 ( both i llustrated) a nd G LW 4 9 .12 ( IV P l, p er . 5 , i llustrated) a re a rchitectural m otifs ( see b elow) . g roup. G LW

D .O 'Connor s uggests a f ifteenth-century d ate f or t his 2 5 ( illustrated) may b e p art o f a f igural s cene o r

animal

a n

f rom

f igural

s cenes

p eriod. D avid 4 9 a s

h eraldic would

W alsh c omments

f ollows .

' GLW

d evice

n ot

b e

o n

2 3.15

a nd

i t

e xpected

a lso

h as

b ack

u ntil

t he

l ater

t he a rchitectural motifs i s

o ne

o f

a s eries

o f

p anels; G LW 4 9.12 i s p ossibly t he d ecorated p innacle. T he most important p iece, h owever,

p ainting; medieval

o f G LW

2 3 a nd

t refoil-headed

s ide p anel o f a i s G LW 2 3.1 - a n

a rchitectural motif with o penwork a nd p art o f a g abled r oof, a gainst a s caled b ackground. T his p iece was i n a s ide f oil o f a window w ith c usped t racery ( note s ize a nd b eginning o f c usp a t e ach end).

T he

d iameter

o f

G LW

2 3.1

1 73

f its

t he

f oil

d iameter

o f

t he

BORDESLEY ABBEY

4 4 .4

3 3

. . .• •

5 0

5 2 -7

4 4 .8

4 4 .2 3

4 4 .6 4 72

3 7 .7

1 0

CMS

. • • • • • • • • • •

g rozed e dges

G LW W INDO W

2 3 .1

E .W .

G LASS

F ig.

6 6

174

t racery f ound i n t he a rea o f t he s outh c hoir s tall ( ST 1 04, I V P 1) which i s p robably f rom t he c lerestorey a nd i s r elated i n s tyle t o t he r ebuilt c loister o f c . 1 400 ( Walsh 1 979). O ther f ragments o f t he s ame

t ype o f c usped t racery w ere f ound

i n

t he a rea o f

t he

s outh

c hoir s tall ( ST 1 03, I V P 1), t ogether w ith G LW 4 9, a nd a lso i n t he n orth c hoir s tall a rea ( ST 1 05 , I V P 6) a longside G LW 2 3 i tself ( see F ig.

9 9 S TONE 6 ). '

T here i s p robable e vidence o f t wo t ypes o f g lass w orking . T here a re e dge p ieces f rom c ylinder-blown g lass, e specially a mong G LW 4 4 ( IV 0 10b, p er. 4 C).

T hese may b e u nused o ffcuts, a ssociated with a

g lazing c ampaign o r with r epair work, a s may h e G LW 5 7 ( IV 0 10a, p er . 4 C, n ot i llustrated) a p robable ' bull 's e ye ' f rom c rown o r s pun g lass. T he t hree p ieces o f window g lass f rom a rea I I - G LW 5 ( II 2 , p er. 5 ), G LW 9 ( II U /S) ( Rahtz a nd H irst 1 976, 2 10 a nd F ig . 4 0, p reviously

w rongly

a scribed),

a nd

G LW

1 7

( II

2 ,

p er.

5 ,

n ot

i llustrated) a re s imilar t o t he g risaille g lass f rom t he c hurch, b ut, a s t hey a re f rom d isturbed, p ost-medieval d estruction l evels, t hey c annot s uggest what g lazing, o f t he monastic b uildings .

3 .16 C OPPER A LLOY ( CA)

( Figs.

i f a ny ,

w as employed i n

6 7-70)

t his

p art

b y P .A.R.

This s ection i ncludes c omments b y L awrence B utler ( L .B .) a nd J ohn C herry ( J.C.); a ll d imensions a re i n mm. C A 1 -6, 8 , 2 4-25, 2 7, 3 03 7,

4 3-55 were p ublished i n R ahtz a nd H irst

p ossible C A 7

b ook f ittings

5 -petal

1 976,

a re d iscussed f urther b elow,

f lower

c ut

f rom

s heet,

2 00-204.

with c entral h ole.

d ecoration/book f itting ( Fig. 6 7); d ia. 2 0, h ole 3 ( III 2 , c ontext n ot p ublished h ere) . C A 9

R ectangular

p late

e dges t urned o ver. t h . C A 1 0

( III

1 04,

w ith

n ail

h oles

a nd

c ontext n ot

0 .5

6 7);

? B elt

t h.,

1 C A n ail

? B ook f itting ( Fig.

The

3 .24 .

d ia.

i n s itu;

6 2 x 3 5 x 0 .5

p ublished h ere) .

6 -petal f lower c ut f rom s heet,

with c entral h ole;

2r ivets

f or a ttachment. ? B ook f itting; o r f rom d ress o r b elt ( Fig . 6 7); d ia. 2 7, 0 .5 t h ., d ia .hole 7 ( III F 202, c ontext n ot p ublished h ere) . CA

1

ole a nd p unched 8 -petal f lower c ut f rom s heet, w ith c entral h aterial . D ress h oles f or s titching t o l eather o r o ther s oft m o rnament ( L .B., p er. 4 B-4C).

C A 1 2

S trip o f

s heet

x 1 ( III F 202, C A 1 3

C A 1 4

( Fig .

c urled o ver a t c ontext n ot

6 9);

d ia.

3 0,

0 .5

t h .

o ne e nd ( not i llusZ :r .);

( II

L ump

with

2 s quared

K 2,

6 4 x 1 6

p ublished h ere) .

H alf s ection o f t ubing. ? P ole b inding ( not i llustr.); 1 4 ( III F 202, a s a bove).

( Fig. 6 8); C A 1 5

J .C.)

e dges.

3 0 x 2 5 x 1 2 ( II K 2,

? F r. p er.

o f

c auldron f oot

5 6 x

( J.C.)

4 B-4C).

Wire t hat h as b een c oiled r ound r ectangular o bject 3 t imes

1 75

BORDESLEY ABBEY

ea rivets CA 10

�enamel? e