Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi [2 ed.] 1408157365, 9781408157367

Table of contents :
Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Species Accounts and Plates
Maps
Conservation, Citizen Science and Local Knowledge
Additional Reading
Species Accounts and Plates
Vagrants
Appendix 1: Endemic bird species in East Africa
Appendix 2: Threatened bird species in East Africa
Appendix 3: Important Bird Areas in East Africa
Index
Quick Index to the Main Groups of Birds

Citation preview

Birds of

EAST AFRICA

Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda Burundi

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Dedicated to

Jane, Jay & Amory Clare, Jack & Holly

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HELM FIELD GUIDES

Birds of

EAST AFRICA

Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda Burundi

Second Edition

Terry Stevenson and John Fanshawe

Illustrated by John Gale and Brian Small

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HELM Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK BLOOMSBURY, HELM and the Helm logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2020 This electronic edition published in 2020 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Copyright © Terry Stevenson and John Fanshawe, 2020 Illustrations © Brian Small and John Gale, 2020 The authors have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The authors and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data has been applied for. ISBN: PB: 978-1-4081-5736-7 HB: 978-1-4729-8431-9 ePub: 978-1-4729-7330-6 ePDF: 978-1-4729-8662-7 Design by Julie Dando

To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters.

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CONTENTS

Plate Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 INTRODUCTION 11 11 Landscapes 11 Seasonality 13 Sites 14 Species SPECIES ACCOUNTS AND PLATES 16 17 Abbreviations 17 Bird topography MAPS 19 CONSERVATION, CITIZEN SCIENCE AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE 19 ADDITIONAL READING 20 21 SPECIES ACCOUNTS AND PLATES Ostriches STRUTHIONIDAE 1 22 Albatrosses DIOMEDEIDAE 2 24 Petrels and shearwaters PROCELLARIIDAE 2–3 24–26 Southern Storm-petrels OCEANITIDAE 4 28 Northern Storm-petrels HYDROBATIDAE 4 28 Boobies SULIDAE 5 30 Tropicbirds PHAETHONTIDAE 6 32 Frigatebirds FREGATIDAE 6 32 Pelicans PELECANIDAE 7 34 Grebes PODICIPEDIDAE 7 34 Cormorants PHALACROCORACIDAE 8 36 Darters ANHINGIDAE 8 36 Finfoots HELIORNITHIDAE 8 36 Bitterns, herons and egrets ARDEIDAE 9–12 38–44 Hamerkop SCOPIDAE 13 46 Storks CICONIIDAE 13–15 46–50 Shoebill BALAENICIPITIDAE 15 50 Ibises and spoonbills THRESKIORNITHIDAE 16–17 52–54 Flamingos PHOENICOPTERIDAE 17 54 Ducks and geese ANATIDAE 18–23 56–66 Secretarybird SAGITTARIIDAE 24 68 Osprey PANDIONIDAE 25 70 Hawks, vultures, buzzards and eagles ACCIPITRIDAE 24–40, 42 68–100, 104 Falcons FALCONIDAE 41–45 102–110 46 112 Guineafowl NUMIDIDAE Stone Partridge and allies ODONTOPHORIDAE 47, 50 114, 120 47–51 114–122 Quails and francolins PHASIANIDAE Buttonquails and quail-plover TURNICIDAE 51 122

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Rails, crakes and gallinules RALLIDAE Jacanas JACANIDAE Cranes GRUIDAE Bustards OTIDIDAE Stilts and avocets RECURVIROSTRIDAE Crab-plover DROMADIDAE Oystercatchers HAEMATOPODIDAE Painted-snipes ROSTRATULIDAE Thick-knees BURHINIDAE Coursers and pratincoles GLAREOLIDAE Egyptian-plover PLUVIANIDAE Plovers and lapwings CHARADRIIDAE Sandpipers and allies SCOLOPACIDAE Skuas STERCORARIIDAE Gulls, terns and skimmers LARIDAE Sandgrouse PTEROCLIDA Pigeons and doves COLUMBIDAE Parrots and lovebirds PSITTACIDAE Turacos and go-away-birds MUSOPHAGIDAE Cuckoos, coucals and yellowbills CUCULIDAE Barn owls TYTONIDAE Typical Owls STRIGIDAE Nightjars CAPRIMULGIDAE Swifts APODIDAE Mousebirds COLIIDAE Trogons TROGONIDAE Kingfishers ALCEDINIDAE Bee-eaters MEROPIDAE Rollers CORACIIDAE Woodhoopoes and scimitarbills PHOENICULIDAE Hoopoes UPUPIDAE Hornbills and ground-hornbills BUCEROTIDAE African barbets and tinkerbirds LYBIIDAE Honeyguides INDICATORIDAE Woodpeckers, wrynecks and piculets PICIDAE African Broadbills CALYPTOMENIDAE Typical Broadbills EURYLAIMIDAE Pittas PITTIDAE Larks ALAUDIDAE Swallows and martins HIRUNDINIDAE Wagtails, pipits and longclaws MOTACILLIDAE Cuckooshrikes CAMPEPHAGIDAE Nicators NICATORIDAE Bulbuls and greenbuls PYCNONOTIDAE

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52–55 124–130 55 130 56 132 57–58 134–136 59 138 59 138 59 138 59 138 60 140 61–62 142–144 62 144 63–67 146–154 67–73 154–166 74 168 75–81 170–182 82 184 83–87 186–194 88–90 196–200 91–93 202–206 94–98 208–216 99 218 99–102 218–224 103–106 226–232 107–109 234–238 110 240 110 240 111–113 242–246 114–117 248–254 117–118 254–256 119–120 258–260 120 260 121–125 262–270 126–131 272–282 132–134 284–288 134–138 288–296 139 298 139 298 139 298 140–144 300–308 145–148 310–316 149–153 318–326 154–155 328–330 155 330 156–163 332–346

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Old World robins MUSCICAPIDAE 164–168 348–356 Thrushes TURDIDAE 169–172 358–364 Old World chats MUSCICAPIDAE 172–178 364–376 Spot-throat and allies MODULATRICIDAE 171 362 Reed warblers and allies ACROCEPHALIDAE 179–181, 183 378–382, 386 Grasshopper warblers and allies LOCUSTELLIDAE 181–182, 191 382–384, 402 Old World warblers SYLVIIDAE 184, 191, 216 388, 402, 452 Leaf warblers PHYLLOSCOPIDAE 185–186 390–392 Bush warblers and allies SCOTOCERCIDAE 186, 215, 220 392, 450, 460 Crombecs and allies MACROSPHENIDAE 187–188, 191 394–396, 402 Cisticolas and allies CISTICOLIDAE 189–204 398–428 Hyliotas HYLIOTIDAE 190 400 Old World flycatchers MUSCICAPIDAE 205–209, 213 430–438, 446 Batises and wattle-eyes PLATYSTEIRIDAE 210–212 440–444 Shrike-flycatchers VANGIDAE 211 442 Monarch-flycatchers MONARCHIDAE 213–214 446–448 Fairy-flycatchers and allies STENOSTIRIDAE 214–215 448–450 Ground babblers PELLORNEIDAE 216 452 Babblers and allies LEIOTRICHIDAE 217–218 454–456 Tits PARIDAE 219–220 458–460 Spotted creepers SITTIDAE 220 460 Penduline-tits REMIZIDAE 221 462 White-eyes ZOSTEROPIDAE 221–222 462–464 Sunbirds NECTARINIIDAE 223–233 466–486 Shrikes LANIIDAE 234–236, 243 488–492, 506 Bushshrikes and allies MALACONOTIDAE 237–242 494–504 243 506 Helmetshrikes VANGIDAE Drongos DICRURIDAE 244 508 Crows and allies CORVIDAE 244–245 508–510 Orioles ORIOLIDAE 246–247 512–514 Oxpeckers BUPHAGIDAE 247 514 Starlings STURNIDAE 248–253 516–526 Old World sparrows PASSERIDAE 254–255 528–530 Weavers and allies PLOCEIDAE 254, 256–271 528, 532–562 Waxbills and allies ESTRILDIDAE 272–282 564–584 Whydahs and indigobirds VIDUIDAE 283–284 586–588 Canaries, seedeaters and allies FRINGILLIDAE 266, 285–288 552, 590–596 Buntings EMBERIZIDAE 288–289 596–598

601 VAGRANTS Appendix 1: Endemic bird species in East Africa Appendix 2: Threatened bird species in East Africa Appendix 3: Important Bird Areas in East Africa

605 609 612

617 INDEX QUICK INDEX TO THE MAIN GROUPS OF BIRDS 640

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Numerous people have contributed to this book. We would like to start with two. The late Phoebe Snetsinger had, at the time of her death, seen more species of birds in the world than any other person. Her spirit and commitment to global birding was an inspiration to all who knew her. David Ngala’s passion for the forest beside which he was born, Arabuko-Sokoke, means future generations of birders are more likely to be able to enjoy unique birds like Sokoke Pipit and Sokoke Scops-Owl. The artists who have provided the plates for this field guide, John Gale and Brian Small, have worked extraordinarily hard to ensure that they are accurate; we owe them an immeasurable debt of gratitude. We must give a special mention to our friend, Brian Finch, who in the latter stages of the first edition came on board and worked tirelessly on our voice sections. Special thanks are also due to our patient colleagues: Rose Ann Rowlett, Richard Webster, John Coons and all of the team at Field Guides Inc.; Elizabeth Allen, Gary Allport, Julius Arinaitwe, Mark Balman, Leon Bennun, Stu Butchart, Dave Capper, Nigel Collar, Richard Grimmett, Frank Hawkins, Kiragu Mwangi, Paul Kariuki Ndanganga, Mike Rands, Sue Shutes, Martin Sneary, Alison Stattersfield, David Thomas, Hazell Thompson, and all the team at BirdLife International and the Cambridge Conservation Initiative; Paul Matiku, Paul Gacheru, Solomon Mwangi, Oliver Nasirwa, Peter Njoroge, Shriti Rajani, Edward Waiyaki, and all the staff and volunteers at Nature Kenya and in the National Museums of Kenya; Anthony Kuria of the Tropical Biology Association; Alex Mwalimu, Wellington Kombe, Francis Charo, and all the members of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Guides Association; Robert Pryˆs-Jones, Mark Adams and Peter Colston at the Natural History Museum, Tring; Colin Jackson, Sidney Shema, and others at Kenya Bird Map; Marshall Iliff and James Bradley at eBird; and Denis Lepage, creator and co-ordinator of Avibase. Many, many others have also provided advice, support and encouragement at various stages, and we apologise for anyone inadvertently missed from this list: Barbie Allen, Ken Arber, Norman Arlott, Graeme Backhurst, the late Liz Baker, Neil Baker, Keith Barnes, Mark Beaman, Simon Blyth, the late Markus Borner, Nik Borrow, Rob Brett, Paul Buckley, the late Margaret Carswell, Clide Carter, Gail & Doug Cheeseman, Ntoyinkima Claver, Gary Claydon, Callan Cohen, Norbert Cordeiro, the late Miles Coverdale, John Croxall, Harvey Croze and Cristina Boelcke, Tim Dee, Bob Dowsett, Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire, David Fisher, Lincoln Fishpool, Jon Fjeldså, the late Pat & Mona Frere, the late Robin Fuggles-Couchman, the late Alec Forbes-Watson, Fay Gale, Paul Gale, Yves Gaugris, Martin Gebauer, Nathan & Cecilia Gichuki, Deborah Goodhart, the late Roy Gregory, the late Jenny Horne, Nigel Hunter, Hussein adan Isack, Colin Jackson, Sam Kanyamibwa, Martin Kelsey, Adam Scott Kennedy, Guy Kirwan, the late Jeannie Knocker, Margaret Kullander, Leo Kunkel, Lala Kunkel, Mike Langman, Chris Lear, Adrian Lewis, David Macdonald, Duncan Macdonald, Clair Mathews, Duncan McCrae, the late Roland McVicker, Alia Moller, David Moyer, Catherine Ngarachu, Fleur Ng’weno, the late Jimmy Onslow, Craig Packer, Robert Payne, the late David Pearson, Derek Pomeroy, Tony Potterton, Richard Porter, Anne Pusey, Richard Ranft, Jake Reynolds, Dave Richards, Andy Roberts, Jamie Roberts, Ann & Ian Robertson, Iain Robertson, the late Alan Root, Jonathan Roussow, Jonathan Scott, Lester Short, the late Barbara Simpson, Ian Sinclair, Janet Small, the late Chum van Someren, Claire Spottiswoode, the late Bob Sternsjedt, Neil Stronach, Chris Thouless, Don Turner, Herbert Tushabe, Lucy Vigne, John Wheeler, Tom Whiley, Liz Wily, Jean Pierre Vande weghe, Gael Vande weghe, Washington Wachira, the late Martin Woodcock, and Dale Zimmerman. At T. & A. D. Poyser, publishers of the first editon of this guide, tremendous back-up was provided by a team that included Sam Fallon, Sutapas Bhattacharya and our former editor Andrew Richford. Andy commissioned the first edition and provided unwavering support throughout. For the second edition, our publisher, Jim Martin, and his editorial team at Bloomsbury including Jenny Campbell, have provided core support in bringing the book to fruition. Our friend, Nigel Redman has made a major contribution to proofing this edition, and we owe an immense debt of gratitude to our designer, Julie Dando, whose work on field guides is simply brilliant. Finally, this book is still dedicated to our long-suffering families, particularly to our partners, Jane Roberts and Clare FitzGibbon, and to our parents, Marjorie and the late Bill Stevenson, and the late Peter and Clemency Fanshawe.

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N

E T H I O P I A S U D A N

Lokichokio

Nimule

sw

Gulu Mahagi

Moroto

R.

L. KYOGA

Hoima

Moyale

Mt. KULAL

Marsabit

Lira Soroti

Atura

L. ALBERT

Bugoma

a

Dawa R.

Rhamu Garolola Mandera

Huri Hills LAKE TURKANA

S O M A L I A

Kitgum Lodwar Labwor Hills A

Arua

DR CONGO

Kidepo

K L.OPETA

E

N

Y

A

Wajir

Kerio

Mt. ELGON

Kitale

U G A N D A

L. BARINGO Garba Tula Eldoret Kipkabus L. BOGORIA Isiolo Kakamega Nanyuki L. GEORGE Entebbe Kisumu L. NAKURU Mt. KENYA L. EDWARD L. ELMENTEITA Sotik Garissa Kigezi L. NAIVASHA Embu Mbarara Kisii Kieni LAKE VICTORIA Maramagambo Mau Narok Kabale Limuru Thika Muhavura Bukoba Kitui Nairobi Kisenyi Byumba Athi Musoma Machakos Magaidu L. KIVU Kibuye L. MAGADI Garsen Kadjiado Kigali Loliondo Nguruman Kibwezi Lamu L. NATRON RWANDA Witu Seronera Mwanza Bukavu Ngulia Biharamulo Ngozi Mt. KILIMANJARO Galana R. Geita Wundanyi Arusha Voi Malindi Bujumbura Taveta Moshi L. EYASI L. MANYARA Watamu BURUNDI Shinyanga L. JIPE Kahama Kilifi Kibondo Kwale Mombasa Nzega Wembere Ukunda Kasulu Singida Vanga Amani Kigoma Tabora Kondoa Tanga Pemba Is. Uvinza

Jinja

Mubende Kampala

a R.

Tan

T

A

N

Z

A

Itigi

N

I

Manyoni

LAKE Mt. KUNGWE TANGANYIKA Mtakuja Kipili Kitungulu L. RUKWA Tatanda Kasanga Chunya Mbeya Tukuyu Tunduma

Zanzibar Is.

Bagamoyo

Dar es Salaam

Morogoro

R ha

ua

.R

Gt

Sumbawanga

Pangani

Sadani

.

M A L A W I

ZAMBIA

Handeni

Dodoma

Kitunda

DR CONGO

A

Kisiju Rufiji R.

Iringa

Ifakara

Luhoto

R.

Utete

b

om

Kil

ero

Njombe

du

tan

Ma

Liwale

R.

Mafia Is. Mohoro Kilwa Kivinje

Rondo

Manda Songea Tunduru

Mchinja Lindi Mtwara

Masasi Rovuma R.

LAKE MALAWI

M O Z A M B I Q U E

Figure 1. Political map of East Africa

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INTRODUCTION The five East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi harbour some of the continent’s most spectacular landscapes and wildlife, and this guide aims to share our enthusiasm for birding in the region. Flick through the plates and it is quickly obvious why – East Africa possesses a stunning avifauna. In this second edition of Birds of East Africa, we continue to try to use our experience to package the information people need for bird identification in a layout that welds text, maps and plates together in a comprehensive, compact book. We hope we have achieved a reasonable compromise.

LANDSCAPES Throughout the region, East Africa’s extraordinary biodiversity is inextricably linked to its diverse and complex landscapes. Habitats range from coastal beaches, reefs and creeks, through deserts, arid and semiarid country, a great range of bush, grassland and woodland, lowland to montane forests (some ancient, some very young in evolutionary terms), and extensive freshwater and alkaline lake systems (see Habitats map, Fig. 2). The eastern and western arms of the Rift Valley cut through the region from north to south. Climate radically influences these habitats, from arid deserts in the north-east to moist western lowland forests, and rainfall patterns, including localised storms, can radically influence local movements of resident and migratory birds. Altitude also plays a major role in bird distributions, ranging from sea level to the peak of Kilimanjaro at 5,825m (see Topography map, Fig. 3). Many species are characteristic of particular habitats or biomes: Scarlet-tufted Sunbird, for example, is restricted to alpine moorland at 3,000–4,500m, and East Coast Akalat to coastal forests. East Africa also contains important centres of endemism like the Albertine Rift (running along the extreme west of the region), the Taita Hills in Kenya, the Serengeti Plains, the Eastern Arc Mountains, and Pemba Island in Tanzania, and all of the region’s coastal forests. Such areas harbour species with extremely restricted world ranges which are often the quarry of keen birders, and these are listed in Appendix 1. A political map of East Africa identifies cities and towns, major lakes, rivers, etc. (see Political map, Fig 1) and, together with the Important Bird Area maps (Appendix 3), pinpoints locations identified in the text.

SEASONALITY Unlike the temperate Palearctic where seasons, like spring and winter, are reasonably distinct, East Africa’s tropical climate is often more difficult to predict. Dry and wet season patterns vary a great deal across the region and between years. As a result, resident and migrant bird distributions are strongly influenced by equatorial seasons. Over much of Kenya and southern Uganda, rains fall from March to May, with a second peak from October to December. In southern and western Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi, the main rainy season lasts from October to April or May. Nonetheless, complex local patterns occur, and are often influenced by topography, proximity to the coast or Lake Victoria, etc. Essentially, bird activity, especially in more arid areas, is strongly influenced by the presence or absence of rain. Many species nest during and shortly after the rains, when their food is often most abundant, although others (e.g. sandgrouse) prefer the dry season. Passage and visiting migrant species from both the Palearctic (like Western Yellow Wagtail) and southern Africa (like Black Cuckooshrike) are a regular feature of East African birding. Timings of their arrivals and departures are, where known, outlined in the species accounts, but these birds and many residents also move in response to local weather, often reacting with astonishing speed to rain and its consequences (such as the emergence of winged termites). During prolonged dry seasons, natural or lit fires also attract birds (like beeeaters) to feast on insects driven ahead of the flames. Within the dry and wet season framework outlined, the best advice about the links between weather patterns and bird activity is to always expect the unexpected.

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Altimontane vegetation

Halophytic vegetation

Bushland and thicket Bushland and thicket mosaics Edaphic grassland mosaics Forest

Herbaceous swamp and aquatic vegetation Mangrove Secondary wooded grassland Semi-desert vegetation

Forest transitions and mosaics Grassland

Woodland Woodland mosaics and transitions

Figure 2. Habitats of East Africa (modified after White 1983).

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Elevation key over 3,000m 2,000–3,000m 1,000–2,000m 0–1,000m

Figure 3. Topography of East Africa (modified from US Geological Survey data).

SITES Although birds dominate the landscape virtually everywhere in East Africa, a rapidly changing environment means that some sites are particularly important. Such places range from the world’s greatest protected areas (like Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park), to smaller and highly fragmented sites, like Kakamega Forest in western Kenya, and unprotected, vulnerable and small areas like the Mukurweini Valleys of Nyeri District in central Kenya (a stronghold for the endemic Hinde’s Babbler). These are often oases of natural habitat in a landscape that is otherwise being rapidly and radically altered. Since the early 1990s, conservationists in the region have been identifying these Important Bird Areas (IBAs), using criteria developed collectively by the BirdLife International Partnership. To date 193 have been

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identified (see Appendix 3). These sites are recognised for their populations of birds that are endemic, threatened, or restricted to particular biomes (like the ‘Afrotropical highlands’), or because they represent sites where exceptionally large numbers of birds congregate. All are assessed against global thresholds using an over-arching philosophy that seeks to recognise and protect a site network worldwide that can ensure the conservation of all bird species. Moreover, IBAs form the foundation for a global network of Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and harbour a phenomenal variety of other fauna and flora. Any birding safari to East Africa inevitably visits many of these sites – be it Lake Nakuru National Park in Kenya to see the massed flocks of Lesser Flamingos, or Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park in Uganda to try and track down that gem, Grauer’s Broadbill. One of the joys of birding this region is the diversity of species and habitats that forces birders to visit a wide range of areas. Along with the IUCN, and many other Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), BirdLife has formed a partnership to identify and champion KBAs (including IBAs), and to ensure they are recognised and accounted for in policy mechanisms such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Details of networks of people who monitor these sites appear in the conservation section. Please find time to interact with the communities who live in and around these places, and who depend on them, be they guides or wardens, farmers, shopkeepers or schoolchildren, and to share some of your sense of discovery.

SPECIES This second edition covers 1,448 species, which represents around 70% of the birds that have been recorded in sub-Saharan Africa. This includes families, like guineafowl, turacos, woodhoopoes, mousebirds and bushshrikes, and species, like Secretarybird and Hamerkop (that are also unique representatives of their families), which occur only in the Afrotropics. Recent taxonomic changes include the creation of three new families: Modulatricidae, Nicatoridae, Hyliotidae. Although our knowledge is steadily increasing, there is still an enormous amount to learn about East Africa’s birds. New species and races are still being described: Udzungwa Forest-partridge, not only a new bird but also a new genus to science, was found in the montane forests of south-central Tanzania in 1991. New species in this edition include range extensions, taxa now considered specifically distinct, and additional scarce and vagrant species. In our first edition, the taxonomy and nomenclature were largely based on the East African list that was published in 1980 (Britton, P. L. 1980, Birds of East Africa, East Africa Natural History Society). Since then, the growth in birding and citizen science worldwide has seen the emergence of four major global lists: the IOC World Bird List, the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, the eBird/Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (in collaboration with Cornell University), and the HBW (Handbook of the Birds of the World) and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist. All of these lists are compared online by the comprehensive and regularly updated resource, Avibase. While taking close account of the first edition and the three other global lists, we have chosen to base the majority of this revised Birds of East Africa on the HBW/BirdLife taxonomy and nomenclature. Throughout, we have provided alternative common names, as well as explaining any scientific name changes in notes. Although this means that a number of changes in common names have occurred, we hope that it actually represents a move towards wider stability in names, both in East Africa and worldwide. If hyphens and capitalisation are excluded, there is agreement on 85% of the common names in the HBW/BirdLife, IOC and eBird/Clements lists. For the birding community, working together to agree and stabilise taxonomy is crucial for citizen science and conservation. For each species a common name is given, for example White-headed Barbet, and a scientific one that has two parts: the genus, in this case Lybius, followed by the species, here leucocephalus. Throughout the species accounts, we have described known races (also known as subspecies). In our treatment in this

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edition, White-headed Barbet has four subspecies: Lybius leucocephalus leucocephalus (or the nominate race, because the same name is used for both the species and race), and three additional races, senex, albicauda and lynesi. However, the distinctive race senex is treated as a species by HBW/BirdLife, and named Brownand-white Barbet L. senex. In about 75 such cases, we have bracketed and emboldened any common name in the text if it is likely to represent a good species, but still remains under debate, e.g. (Brown-and-white Barbet). Highlighting these names means that they are clearly identified as taxa that should be recorded and are treated as distinct species by some authorities. Another example is Crested Guineafowl, where one species is now often treated as three. The account for this species highlights the names that would be used if the change is accepted: Western Crested Guineafowl, Eastern Crested Guineafowl and Southern Crested Guineafowl. A third example is the north-eastern race of Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudata lorti (Lilac-throated Roller). Where necessary, notes at the end of the species accounts or in the text provide explanations for these changes. In East Africa, numerous races occur and, in the species accounts, we have mentioned and described the vast majority of over 2,000 taxa that are recognised by HBW/BirdLife and other authorities. That some well-marked races with small ranges might be better ranked as species is not just an academic issue. A species’ conservation prospects are strongly influenced by these decisions. The rangerestricted and critically threatened birds of the Taita Hills in Kenya (Taita Thrush, Taita Apalis and Taita White-eye) have all been treated as races and, as such, would not have received the protection their status warrants. Every four years, the BirdLife network formally reviews threatened birds worldwide and, currently, 71 species that occur in East Africa are listed as being at some real risk of extinction (within a global total of 1,186 species). Updated information is always available via BirdLife International’s Datazone. Following IUCN criteria, four categories of threat are recognised: Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), and Near Threatened (NT). All 71 CR, EN and VU species are also coded in the species accounts and, together with 48 Near Threatened (NT) species, are listed in Appendix 2. Those too poorly known to be assessed may be listed as Data Deficient (DD), while those considered secure are treated as Least Concern (LC). Information generated by birders are crucial to assessing status. In East Africa, seven species are currently considered Critically Endangered, meaning they face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. In the first edition, we listed just two species, Taita Thrush and Long-billed Forest-Warbler, and one race, Taita Apalis, and these remain at risk, but the striking change in the intervening period has been the precipitous decline in vulture populations, meaning that four species, White-headed, White-backed, Rüppell’s and Hooded Vultures, are also now listed as Critically Endangered. Furthermore, Lappet-faced and Egyptian Vultures are treated as Endangered. A perfect storm of habitat change, poisoning and other factors have led to this crisis.

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SPECIES ACCOUNTS AND PLATES The bulk of the book is made up of 289 plates opposite the species accounts and maps. In developing the book, we worked closely with the artists to design the plate layouts. Using field notes, museum specimens and a wide range of still and video reference material, John Gale and Brian Small have taken immense care to ensure that the paintings are as accurate as possible. We have tried to show every species recorded in the region in all of its major plumages, taking account of sex, age, race and geographic variation. Illustrations are of adults unless labelled otherwise. If more than one race is illustrated, the racial identity of the birds is labelled on the plate. Plates are arranged around similar-looking species, with commoner birds usually at the top, and many plates include a short introduction outlining the main features of the different groups. Species might be linked to a key habitat, like dry-country plovers, or to a part of the region, like western greenbuls, and in some cases the introduction refers to more than one plate (e.g. large forest hornbills). Notoriously complex groups like the greenbuls have introductions outlining particular identification issues in more detail. Design constraints have necessitated that a few species appear ‘out of place’. Each species account commences with a section describing how to identify the bird in the field. We usually start with the adult male, then adult female, and immature and juvenile plumages. In this edition, we have also made a major effort to restructure the accounts to include all of the races that occur, often comparing them to the most widespread or ‘typical’ race, and explaining in the text (sometimes in brackets), their distributions. If a species is monotypic (i.e. there are no races), or if only one race occurs in East Africa, this is also explained. If the nominate race occurs, e.g. in Green Barbet Cryptolybia olivacea which has four races (olivacea or the nominate, howelli, woodwardi, and rungweensis), we usually describe the nominate first, and then the other races. For most Palearctic species, the account starts with non-breeding plumage, which is that most frequently encountered in East Africa. Birds in flight are also described where relevant. Key identification features are italicised. Line drawings on the following pages show the terms used to describe the parts of perched and flying birds. In the SH (Status and Habitat) section, we describe how the birds are usually encountered, as pairs, flocks, etc., outline the principal habitats and, where appropriate, give the approximate altitudinal range in metres. For non-resident birds, a period in months is given, e.g. Nov–Mar (November to March) to indicate when the species is most likely to be seen. Distributions are frequently summarised using country abbreviations (e.g. SWKe to NTz). As well as mapping distributions (see below) we often refer to certain place names. The majority of these can be found on the political map (Figure 1). Particular habits or behaviours are noted if they aid identification. For many skulking birds, voice is a vital clue to identity (and presence), and for all species a description of the main calls and songs is given in the Voice section. Describing bird calls and songs in a confined space is fraught with problems, and in most cases learning vocalisations is only achieved by listening to birds in the field and/or to recordings. The app version of this field guide (available on the App Store or Google Play) provides recordings of most species. Wherever possible, these accounts include transliterations: Eastern Nicator, for example, is described as extremely vocal, invariably from dense cover, with a loud song that starts hesitantly with a yu-ik-wit-wer-trrr and bubbles into a jumbled cho-chou-choou-chueeee. Such descriptions are subjective, but we hope to convey a sense of the sound of the songs and calls. Where relevant, a Note at the end of a species account provides former taxonomic names, alternative taxonomic treatments or possible future changes. Finally, the majority of well-known or widely used alternative English names are given in parentheses [Alt.] at the end of the species accounts.

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ABBREVIATIONS EA = East Africa Ke = Kenya Tz = Tanzania Ug = Uganda Rw = Rwanda Bu = Burundi

NP = National Park GR = Game Reserve  = Male  = Female ad = adult sub-ad = sub-adult imm = immature juv = juvenile br = breeding non-br = non-breeding

N = north S = south E = east W = west C = central

BIRD TOPOGRAPHY

primaries secondaries primary coverts greater coverts

p1

mantle

median coverts p10

back

lesser coverts

uppertail-coverts

marginal coverts

undertail-coverts

rump

axillaries

scapulars carpal joint

lesser underwing-coverts greater underwing-coverts greater under primary coverts mantle scapulars back tertials

side of breast greater coverts median coverts lesser coverts tibia tarsus

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crown

ear-coverts nape

lores

mantle median coverts

chin

greater coverts

throat

secondaries primaries

scapulars

primary projection

breast alula

tail

flank vent

belly

undertail-coverts

median crown stripe lateral crown stripe supercilium eye stripe moustachial stripe nostril

sub-moustachial stripe malar stripe

cere

iris

supraloral spot lores

eye wattle

upper mandible

eye-ring

orbital ring

lower mandible

ear-coverts

rictal bristles

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MAPS Knowledge of bird distributions in East Africa varies significantly from country to country, but is increasingly well known. Excellent atlases have been published on the birds of Kenya (Lewis & Pomeroy 1989), Uganda (Carswell et al. 2005) and Rwanda (Vande weghe & Vande weghe 2011). In addition, online atlases, not least the long-running Tanzania Bird Atlas (Baker & Baker 1985–2020), and the results of citizen science, including Kenya Bird Map and eBird, are constantly improving the information available. For the maps in this edition, we have moved from single-colour interpretations of range, to the widely used colour codes of green, yellow and blue, to provide more detailed information on the distributions of resident and migrant birds (see example map and key). In addition, the base map outlines now include major rivers and highland areas above 2,000m are shaded in grey. With the thumbnail scale of our maps, however, it remains true that the presence or absence of key species in Burundi and Rwanda is obviously closely linked to forests and wetlands that are usually well defined and surrounded by intensively managed farmland. Species ranges vary from tiny well-defined areas, like those of the Taita endemics, confined to forest remnants in the Taita Hills of south-east Kenya, to the entire region, like that of the widespread and common Cattle Egret. For many migrant species, like Isabelline Wheatear and African Pitta, we have shown the limits of their range, not every recorded site. A tired and hungry migrating Common Greenshank, for example, may alight on virtually any ephemeral pool in the region. For vagrants, we have used one or more crosses to mark the locations of records (up to a maximum of 10 records). A few tiny isolated ranges that do not show up well on the small-scale maps are indicated with an arrow, and in a small number of cases, we have used question marks to highlight areas where a species’ distribution is unresolved.

Key to maps Resident and breeding Intra-African migrant, breeding Non-breeding visitor, main range (Palearctic or intra-African migrant, or non-breeding range of seabirds) Both resident and a breeding visitor Both resident and a visitor from outside the region Location of vagrant or isolated record Uncertain record or range

CONSERVATION, CITIZEN SCIENCE AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE As in most parts of the world, birding and bird conservation activity is growing apace in East Africa, with a determined and articulate lobby keen to ensure that the bird species covered in this book will have a secure future. This includes ornithologists, conservationists, naturalist guides, protected areas staff, teachers and students, community members, and many others who work in, live close to, or visit sites (like IBAs and KBAs) that are vital for birds and all of nature, as well as the landscape mosaics throughout the region. Good information on the status of birds aids conservation, and the last 20 years has seen a rapid growth in contributions from citizen scientists. When we published the first edition, the vast majority of data were

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gathered on paper and shared via analog publications. This remains a crucial source, of course, but records are increasingly gathered on mobile devices, and the widespread use of online citizen science portals, like eBird, has revolutionised the collection and distribution of data. Regionally, platforms like the Kenya Bird Map and Tanzania Bird Atlas provide forums where records can be contributed. If you are birding in the region, please make time to share your data. Records of unusual or threatened species are valuable, of course, but all data contribute to our knowledge of the status of species, many of which are under siege due to habitat loss and climate change. Throughout the region, there are NGOs actively promoting bird conservation, and many of them, like Nature Kenya, Nature Uganda and Nature Tanzania (as well as similar groups in Rwanda and Burundi), are National Partners in the bird conservation network, BirdLife International. The African Bird Club provides another excellent focus for birders and conservationists. Note that we have opted not to give web addresses in this edition, both because they sometimes change, and because internet search engines allow them to be found easily. Within East Africa, the names, history and stories of many bird species are deeply embedded in the region’s diverse vernacular languages and dialects. More than 230 are spoken, and provide a rich source of knowledge that is becoming an increasing focus of study and deliberation by the research and conservation community.

ADDITIONAL READING East Africa is well supplied with relevant books on birds and bird conservation. The region’s species were comprehensively tackled in The Birds of Africa, an eight-volume series initiated by Academic Press (Brown et al. 1982, Fry et al. 1988, 2000, Fry & Keith 2004, Keith et al. 1992, Urban et al. 1986, 1997), and illustrated by Martin Woodcock. The final volume, published by Christopher Helm, covered the Malagasy Region (Safford & Hawkins 2014) and was illustrated by the artists for the present book, John Gale and Brian Small. Several regional guides have been published including Dale Zimmerman, Don Turner and David Pearson’s excellent Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania (1996 and 1999), Collins Illustrated Checklist (van Perlo 1995), and John Williams’s often revised Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa, illustrated by Norman Arlott. Comprehensive atlases include those for Kenya (Lewis & Pomeroy 1989) Uganda (Carswell et al. 2005) and Rwanda (Vande weghe & Vande weghe 2011). A comprehensive new photographic guide to the region by Adam Scott Kennedy and Brian Finch is scheduled for 2021 (from Princeton WILDGuides). BirdLife’s Important Bird Areas programme has seen national guides published for Kenya (Bennun & Njoroge 1999), Uganda (Byahuranga et al. 2001) and Tanzania (Baker & Baker 2002), and all of Africa’s IBAs were catalogued in the continent-wide directory, Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands (Fishpool & Evans 2001). Directories to IBAs are planning tools for concerted conservation action, but also serve as informal guides on where to watch birds. More specific examples of this genre include two excellent and well-illustrated site guides, Where to Watch Birds in Uganda (Roussow & Sacchi 1998) and Where to Watch Birds in Kenya (Ngarachu 2016). Information on IBAs and on birding sites is increasingly available online including via BirdLife’s Datazone pages. A regional journal, Scopus, is also published twice a year, and hosted by Nature Kenya. The African Bird Club produces an excellent biannual bulletin, and magazines such as SWARA and Kenya Birding, are also published regularly in the region.

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SPECIES ACCOUNTS AND PLATES

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PLATE 1: OSTRICHES OSTRICHES Endemic to Africa, ostriches are huge flightless birds with massive legs and two large forward-pointing toes. Their wings are mainly used for fanning, dusting and in spectacular dancing displays. Ostriches walk at an average speed of 4kph, but can sprint at speeds of up to 60kph, and act as early warning of predators to a range of plains game. They often dust bathe.

Common Ostrich Struthio camelus

Height 2.2m, 90"

Two basically similar races occur: in both, adult males have blackish body feathering, white wings and tail (often stained with local soil colour), and pink neck and legs (brighter in breeding birds); eyes brown. Northern nominate race (extreme NEUg to NWKe) has small white collar at base of neck, which is lacking in more widespread race massaicus. Nominate adult female largely brown; massaicus grey-brown. Both races have dull pinkish-brown or brown legs. Immature male like adult female but gains black feathers in second year. Immature female like adult female. Chick has striped buff and black head and neck, and mottled back. SH Race massaicus is sometimes common, as singles, small groups and occasionally much larger flocks, in drier grassland, bushed and wooded grassland, mainly below 2,000m. Nominate race is an uncommon bird of the far north. Ostriches have a complex breeding system with one major and 5–6 minor hens laying an average total of 25 eggs in the same nest (which the major hen incubates by day, and the male at night). Chicks hatch after about 6 weeks and leave nest four days later. They join other youngsters to form crèches that can number more than 100 birds. Ostriches mature at 3–4 years, but males are unlikely to achieve mating status until 6–7. Eggs are eaten by the tool-using Egyptian Vulture (which uses stones to break them open), and other predators like hyaenas. Voice Generally silent, but has a repertoire of roars, booms and hisses when breeding. Male well known for booming call, which is a little like a distant lion’s roar, a deep vibrant three- or four-note hooo booo hoooomph hooo (audible over 1km). Female utters a subdued contact twoo.

Somali Ostrich Struthio molybdophanes

Height 2.2m, 90"

Adult male similar to Common Ostrich, but has blacker plumage and blue-grey neck and legs. In breeding plumage blue parts are brighter, but bill and front of legs are bright pink; eyes pale grey-brown. Adult female darker brown than widespread adult female massaicus, and similar to nominate Common but always has blue-grey eyes. Immature browner than adult female, otherwise as Common Ostrich. Chick similar but plainer. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs, less often groups, are widespread but rarely common in semi-arid and arid grassland, bush and woodland in N and NEKe. Less social than Common, more often encountered alone or in pairs, and regularly in much denser bush habitat. Introduced Somali Ostrich hybridised with resident Common Ostrich in Nairobi NP in 1970s, but natural range overlap is limited. Voice Similar to Common. VU

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

imm 

chicks

Common Ostrich 



massaicus

Somali Ostrich

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PLATE 2: GIANT PETRELS, ALBATROSSES AND PRIONS GIANT PETRELS Large heavy-bodied petrels which are virtually the size of a small albatross. Flight is stiff-winged, only gliding over short distances. The two species are hard to identify, with all-dark immatures gradually becoming white on the face; identification depends on the colour of the bill tip. Although giant petrels have been seen in our area, the species has not been determined. Either could occur as a vagrant from the Southern Ocean.

Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus

87cm, 35"; WS 195cm, 78"

Two distinct colour morphs: adult of commoner dark morph is grey-brown with whitish face; immatures are all dark. At all ages can by identified by heavy, pale horn bill with greenish tip. Rare white morph (unknown in Northern Giant Petrel) is all white with random small black spots; it has not been reported in EA. Monotypic. SH Possibly occurs as a vagrant along the EA coast. Voice Silent unless squabbling over food.

Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli

87cm, 35"; WS 195cm, 78"

Extremely similar to dark morph Southern Giant Petrel at all ages. At close range shows heavy, pale horn bill with dark reddish-brown tip. No white morph. Monotypic. SH Possibly occurs as a vagrant along the EA coast. Voice Silent unless squabbling over food. ALBATROSSES Spectacular seabirds from the Southern Ocean, with long narrow wings, short tails and legendary gliding flight. Width of black underwing margins key to identification, but also note head and bill colours. Sexes alike, but immatures have greyer heads and bills.

Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta

98cm, 39"; WS 255cm, 102"

Adult has narrow black margin to white underwing and black ‘thumb-print’ where leading edge of wing joins body. At close range note dark eyebrow, pale grey cheeks and yellowish-grey bill with yellow tip. Immature has grey head and grey bill with black tip; underwing pattern as adult. Race unknown, but both nominate and steadi are common in southern African waters. SH Vagrant off the EA coast, mainly reported by fishermen, but perhaps annual in very small numbers. Voice Silent when not breeding; at times gives a low nasal squark. Note Formerly in the genus Diomedea. [Alt. White-capped Albatross]

Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris

90cm, 35"; WS 230cm, 90"

Slightly smaller than Shy Albatross, adult has broad black margins to underwing. Dark eyebrow and yellow bill with reddish tip distinctive but only visible at close range. Immature has variable grey head and neck sides, and all-dark underwing which whitens centrally with age. Monotypic. SH Vagrant to coastal waters with several unsubstantiated records due to similarity with other albatross species. Two accepted records for Ke; off Mombasa, Jun 1955 and Mtwapa, Oct 1998. Voice Calls when squabbling over food, a goose-like honking laugh. Note Formerly in the genus Diomedea. PRIONS Delicate blue-grey seabirds from the Southern Ocean, with a black line forming an ‘M’ pattern across wings and back. Buoyant flight, with fast wingbeats and short glides. Difficult to separate but face, upperparts and tail patterns help. Sexes alike, immatures similar to adults.

Antarctic Prion Pachyptila desolata

27cm, 10.5"; WS 61cm, 24"

Blue-grey above with well-marked quite broad ‘M’ pattern and fairly broad black tip to tail. At close range note white supercilium and dark line through eye. White below with dusky grey patch on sides of breast. Monotypic. SH Vagrant to EA, occasional sightings at sea appear to be this species, also known from beach-cast birds: two specimens at Watamu, Ke, Aug 1988. Voice Silent at sea.

Slender-billed Prion Pachyptila belcheri

26cm, 10"; WS 56cm, 22"

Very similar to Antarctic Prion, but paler with less distinct ‘M’ on back and wings, and slightly less black on tail tip. At close range shows larger white supercilium and lores, giving white-faced look, smudges at sides of breast smaller, and bill thinner. Monotypic. SH Vagrant: one found dead at Watamu, Ke, Aug 1984. Voice Silent at sea.

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Southern Giant Petrel Northern

Shy Albatross

Southern

ad

imm

Antarctic Prion Black-browed Albatross

ad

imm

Slender-billed Prion

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PLATE 3: SHEARWATERS AND PETRELS SHEARWATERS AND PETRELS A varied group of blackish or black-and-white seabirds. At close range most are easily identified, but can be difficult at long range, and can also be confused with noddies (Plate 80). With experience, some can be identified by flight characteristics. Sexes and immature plumages alike in all species. See also vagrant Sooty Shearwater on p. 601.

Tropical Shearwater Puffinus bailloni

31cm, 12"; WS 69cm, 27"

Small, rather thickset shearwater with sooty-black or blackish-brown upperparts and white underparts; dark cap reaches just below eye. In flight, shows largely white underwing (with variable brownish markings), white axillaries and white undertail-coverts. Birds in EA are the nominate race (as described), but nicolae (dark upperparts extend onto neck sides and a darker vent) could occur. SH Lone birds or small flocks of the nominate race are uncommon but regular offshore throughout year in Ke, but only vagrant in Tz. An exceptional record at Limuru, Ke, 550km inland, in Oct 1963. Rapid fluttering flight interspersed by short glides characteristic, and feeding birds may rest on sea surface with slightly raised wings before diving and swimming underwater. Voice Silent at sea. Note Very similar Persian Shearwater P. persicus could also occur in the region. It is dark brown above with smudgy grey-brown on sides of breast and flanks. Underwing has duskier axillaries and secondary-coverts than Tropical and darker undertail-coverts. Both Tropical and Persian Shearwaters were previously considered races of Audubon’s Shearwater P. lherminieri.

Wedge-tailed Shearwater Ardenna pacifica

46cm, 18"; WS 98cm, 39"

Fairly large all-dark brown shearwater with rather broad secondaries, and wedge-shaped tail which looks long and pointed in flight. Bill all dark grey; legs pale, but hard to see. Wings wellbowed and held forward and slightly above the body. Flaps up slowly (but not usually very high), then glides back towards water, speeding up as wind strengthens, and often progressing in low arc before rising on wind and gliding down again. SH Singles and small groups of race chlororhyncha are very uncommon visitors to Ke coastal waters, perhaps from Seychelles; most records Aug–Feb. Voice Silent at sea. Note Sight records of very similar Flesh-footed Shearwater A. carneipes off Ke require confirmation. It differs in being slightly longer-winged and shorter-tailed, with dark-tipped pale bill and pinkish feet. Previously in the genus Puffinus.

Jouanin’s Petrel Bulweria fallax

31cm, 12"; WS 79cm, 31"

Slender all-dark petrel with narrow wings and long wedge-shaped tail. Significantly smaller than Wedge-tailed Shearwater with shorter, heavy-looking bill, and (in worn individuals) pale bar on upperwing-coverts. Also has very different flight, sweeping over sea in series of wide arcs, climbing perhaps 15m above waves, wings held forward and slightly bowed. Monotypic. SH Vagrant to coastal Ke from NW Indian Ocean, with three Dec records. Voice Silent at sea.

Cape Petrel Daption capense

39cm, 15.5"; WS 85cm, 34"

Uniquely marked black-and-white petrel. Black upperparts broken by white patches in wings, and by a chequered back and uppertail. Below, white with black wing margins and tail-band. Flight distinctive, interspersing rapid shallow flaps with longer stiff-winged glides. SH The nominate race is vagrant to coastal Ke from the Southern Ocean, with one record in Sep 1974. Voice Silent unless feeding. [Alt. Pintado Petrel]

White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis

58cm, 23"; WS 140cm, 55"

Very large, broad-winged, wedge-tailed, blackish-brown petrel, with creamy bill and usually a white chin (hard to see). Large size and broad wings impart powerful feel, with slow steady wheeling flight interspersed by long glides; in windy conditions may glide high. Monotypic. SH Vagrant to coastal Ke from the Southern Ocean, with one record in Sep 1990. Voice Silent at sea, but squabbles noisily over food.

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Tropical Shearwater

Wedge-tailed Shearwater

Jouanin’s Petrel

White-chinned Petrel Cape Petrel

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PLATE 4: STORM-PETRELS STORM-PETRELS Diminutive seabirds with characteristic flight patterns. Small size and usually a white rump offer little confusion with other groups, but separating storm-petrels to species level can be difficult. Note flight and feeding patterns, as well as distribution of white in plumage, and shape and length of wing, tail and legs. Sexes alike; immatures similar to adults.

Wilson’s Storm-petrel Oceanites oceanicus

18cm, 7"; WS 41cm, 16"

Smallest storm-petrel in region, with square-cut or slightly rounded tail beyond which feet just protrude. Upperwing has paler band across coverts; extensive white rump crescent wraps round onto lower flanks. Legs long and foot-webbing yellow (but rarely visible). Rather weak flight is distinct, being dipping and swallow-like, with rapid wingbeats and occasional short glides; sometimes pauses to feed, pattering sea surface with its feet. Race unknown, but nominate and exasperatus could occur. SH Annual visitor in small numbers from the Southern Ocean, occurring off Ke coast Apr–Dec, lack of records from Tz probably due to small number of observers. Voice Silent at sea.

Leach’s Storm-petrel Hydrobates leucorhous

21cm, 8"; WS 46cm, 18"

Larger than Wilson’s Storm-petrel with longer, more pointed wings and forked tail (only seen when spread), white rump with greyish centre (rarely visible). Upperwing shows more distinct pale band on secondary-coverts. Dark legs and feet do not protrude beyond tail tip in flight. Stronger and more buoyant flight than Wilson’s, with deeper wingbeats; moves erratically with regular changes of direction and ‘dancing’ jerky movements. SH Presumed nominate race is vagrant to Ke waters (three sight records and one beached corpse) in Oct–Apr. Voice Silent at sea. Note Formerly in the genus Oceanodroma.

Matsudaira’s Storm-petrel Hydrobates matsudairae

26cm, 10"; WS 56cm, 22"

Only all-dark storm-petrel in region, wings with distinct pale band across upperwing-coverts; at close range white shafts to bases of outer primaries. Also has deeply forked tail (but often difficult to see). Flight generally rather slow, with flaps and short glides giving tired impression, but occasionally makes surprise dashes, twists and turns. Dips to sea surface to feed, raising wings in a ‘V’. Monotypic. SH Possible vagrant to Ke from the W Pacific (two disputed sight records, Jul and Aug 1981). Voice Silent at sea. Note Formerly in the genus Oceanodroma. VU

Black-bellied Storm-petrel Fregetta tropica

20cm, 8"; WS 46cm, 18"

Distinctive if seen well, with all-black head and upperparts, except white rump; breast to belly and underwings strikingly white, belly bisected by narrow black line (sometimes surprisingly hard to see). In flight, looks heavy-bodied, swerves and zigzags low over the ocean, may splash breast first into water, breaking free on long legs and pattering over surface. Monotypic. SH Vagrant to Ke waters from the Southern Ocean (two beached records, both Jun, 1994 and 1998). Voice Silent at sea.

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Wilson’s Storm-petrel

Leach’s Storm-petrel

Matsudaira’s Storm-petrel

Black-bellied Storm-petrel

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PLATE 5: BOOBIES AND GANNETS BOOBIES AND GANNETS Striking seabirds with long wings, wedge-shaped tails and long pointed bills. Extent of black, brown and white in wings and tail aids identification. Transition from immature to adult plumage over 3–4 years. Sexes alike, but females are slightly larger than males. Graceful slow flapping and gliding flight, often high over the sea. They make spectacular vertical or angled plunge-dives to capture prey.

Masked Booby Sula dactylatra

92cm, 36"; WS 152cm, 60"

Adult has white head and body contrasting with all-black flight feathers and black tail, yellowish bill, small bare black face patch, and pale grey legs. No yellow wash on head. Immature similar to Brown Booby with brown head, throat and upperparts, but has whitish collar at base of hindneck, and brown at base of neck does not meet brown on leading edge of wings. With age begins to show white mottling on back and wing-coverts. In flight, immature shows more white on underwing than other boobies. Race in region is melanops. SH Most regular in vicinity of Latham Island, south-east of Zanzibar, Tz, where known to breed (occasionally in large numbers). Elsewhere off coast of Ke and Tz, usually encountered as singles. Voice On breeding grounds birds give a nasal barking.

Brown Booby Sula leucogaster

74cm, 29"; WS 142cm, 56"

Adult has upperparts, neck and throat dark chocolate-brown, clearly demarcated on upper breast, rest of underparts clean white; bill pale yellowish. Separated from similar immature Masked Booby by lack of white collar on hindneck, and less clearly defined white on underwing. Immature like adult, but has dull brown feathering below and grey bill. Never shows white spotting above like subadult Masked. At all ages brown of lower neck joins brown at leading edge of wing. Appears paler on wing and smaller and more slender than Masked, with comparatively longer tail. SH Singles of race plotus are very rare visitors off Ke and possibly Tz coast in Aug–Feb. Voice Perched birds maintain an abrupt rather rapid nasal barking.

Red-footed Booby Sula sula

74cm, 29"; WS 142cm, 56"

Graceful booby; adults very variable, with white, brown and intermediate morphs. Typical whitemorph adult resembles adult Masked Booby but is smaller, with narrower black trailing edge to secondaries, white tail and red feet and legs (hard to see at distance). Crown may have slight yellowish wash; bill blue-grey. In flight from below, wing shows black trailing edge and diagnostic black carpal patch contrasting with white underwing-coverts. Brown morph entirely dull brown with red feet. Intermediates vary, from white head, body and tail with brown back and wings, to mostly brown with white belly, rump and tail. All adults have pale blue-grey bill and red feet. Immature largely dull brown with paler brown underparts and all-brown underwing, or has poorly defined rather dirty brown underwing-coverts; bill brownish. Race in region is rubripes. SH Rare vagrant off coastal Ke in Aug–Mar, and one record for Tz, Dec 1993. Voice Silent at sea.

Cape Gannet Morus capensis

94cm, 38"; WS 180cm, 71"

Adult similar to Masked Booby but has narrower black trailing edge to secondaries, and at close quarters a blue-grey bill and yellow wash to crown and nape. Immature varies from wholly dark brown finely speckled white (first-year), gradually gaining white on body and wing-coverts, and attaining adult plumage over four years. Monotypic. SH Singles are rare visitors from South Africa, with several old records off Tz coast (south of Zanzibar) in Jul–Sep. Voice Silent at sea.

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Masked Bobby

ad imm imm

Brown Booby

ad imm ad

Cape Gannet ad brown morph

ad white morph imm

Red-footed Booby

ad

imm

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PLATE 6: TROPICBIRDS AND FRIGATEBIRDS TROPICBIRDS Spectacular, graceful, mainly white seabirds resembling large terns with very long tail-streamers. Often seen 15–30m above sea, combining fluttery flight with circling and soaring glides, before hovering and plunge-diving to capture food from sea surface. Sexes similar, but immatures lack tail-streamers. Best identified by amount of black in wings, and bill and tail colours.

Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda

81cm, 32"; WS 100cm, 40"

Large and rather broad-winged, mainly white tropicbird. At close range shows red bill, black smudge through eye, long bright-red central tail-streamers and blackish shafts to outer primaries. Red tail can be surprisingly hard to see against bright blue sky. Immature similar to immature White-tailed Tropicbird, but lacks heavy black patches in primaries and tail-streamers; bill initially blackish, then yellow, finally red. SH The nominate race is occasionally recorded off Ke coast by deep-sea fishing enthusiasts. Voice Silent at sea.

White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus

81cm, 32"; WS 94cm, 37"

Adult has long black diagonal bar across wing-coverts, black bases to outer primaries, long white tail-streamers and yellow bill; at close range note small black mask. Immature has black patch in outer primaries, and variable black barring from crown to rump and on upperwing-coverts; lacks long tail-streamers and has black-tipped yellowish bill. SH Singles of the nominate race are uncommon Sep–Mar, usually far offshore, especially off SKe coast. Vagrant to Tz. Voice Silent at sea. FRIGATEBIRDS Large aerial seabirds with long narrow wings, deeply forked tails and hooked bills. Soar and glide effortlessly, often chasing other birds to steal food. Males easily identified by white markings (or lack of) on underparts. All have a scarlet throat sac that is inflated in courtship display, but is otherwise hard to see. Female and immature plumages difficult to identify; note pattern of white on underparts and underwing. Immatures distinguishable, but vary considerably through 4–6 years of subadult plumages. Females slightly larger than males. See also vagrant Christmas Frigatebird on p. 601.

Great Frigatebird Fregata minor

100cm, 39"; WS 230cm, 91"

Adult male looks all black at sea. Adult female has grey throat; white on breast does not extend onto axillaries. Immature has tawny or white head separated from white belly by blackish breastband. As immature ages all white is lost in male and breast-band becomes mottled black and white, with less white on belly in female. In flight white of underparts never extends onto axillaries as in Lesser Frigatebird (can be hard to judge at distance). SH Singles (probably race aldabrensis) occur Aug–Dec, but often far offshore and hard to identify with certainty. Voice Silent at sea. [Alt. Greater Frigatebird]

Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel

81cm, 32"; WS 193cm, 76"

Adult male entirely black with two small white ‘spurs’ extending from flanks to axillaries. Adult female has black throat and extensive white on breast extending as collar on neck and onto axillaries. White spurs usually taper to weak point, (parallel-sided in vagrant Christmas Frigatebird – see p. 601). Immature has russet or whitish head, white breast with or without dark breast-band, and white axillaries. Axillaries are important distinguishing feature at all ages, but hard to evaluate accurately at distance. SH Race iredalei is a rare visitor with just four accepted Ke records (all in Malindi-Kilifi region) and two at Dar es Salaam, Tz, in Oct 1974 and May 1982. Voice Silent at sea.

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PLATE 7: PELICANS AND GREBES PELICANS Well-known, distinctive bulky birds easily identified at rest and in flight. Separated from each other by size, colour and behaviour. Soar and glide easily, often in large skeins, and regularly circle at great height. Fishing technique is unique, gracefully plunging their bills into water from a swimming position to catch prey.

Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus 140–180cm, 55–70"; WS 250–300cm, 100–120" Adult is massive black-and-white pelican with yellow bill pouch. Breeding adult has pinkish hue (tinged yellow on breast) and short ragged crest; male has purplish facial skin, female orangeyellow. Bill yellow with pink tip and both sexes acquire orange knob where bill meets forehead. Duller non-breeding adult has greyish bill and pinkish facial skin. Immature grey-brown with dull bare parts. Juvenile much darker and browner. In flight, extensive black flight feathers contrast with white coverts above and below. Monotypic. SH Singles to large flocks are widespread on a wide range of fresh, alkaline and coastal salt waters, with concentrations on Great Rift Valley lakes. Common and gregarious, often fishing together in large flocks. Voice Mostly silent, but on breeding grounds gives continuous cacophony of low growls.

Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens 135–150cm, 54–60"; WS 215–240cm, 84–96" Adult is smaller and duller than Great White Pelican with overall grey appearance and usually pink bill pouch. Small pointed crest gives head peaked look. Breeding adult develops yellow pouch and brighter pink-and-yellow facial skin. Immature like dull adult, with grey-brown head and back, and paler underparts. In flight, wings mostly grey with darker flight feathers, never strongly contrasting black and white as in Great White. Pink back may be visible in flight, but variable and may be absent. Monotypic. SH Singles, pairs and small flocks are widespread and common on a range of fresh, alkaline and coastal waters. Much more solitary than Great White and exploits smaller lakes and ponds. Voice Usually silent, but in treetop colonies the birds maintain a constant guttural croaking. GREBES Low-slung aquatic diving birds with sharp bills and distinct silhouettes. Virtually never seen away from water. Sexes alike.

Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis

28cm, 11"

Small, buoyant, short-necked grebe with short bill, rounded head and rather square tail. Breeding adult has chestnut sides to face and neck, and swollen creamy gape-spot. Non-breeding adult has face and neck duller buffy-brown and smaller gape-spot. Immature has greyish-white face and throat, and may show stripes on neck. In flight, secondaries and primary-bases largely whitish. Race in EA is capensis. SH Pairs, family groups and large concentrations are widespread and common on a wide range of fresh and alkaline waters, from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Call a loud and far-carrying giggling bray. Juveniles maintain a persistent piping.

Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis

33cm, 13"

Larger than Little Grebe, with rather bigger head and slightly upturned bill. Breeding adult dark, with golden tufts behind red eyes and mottled rufous flanks. In African race gurneyi, non-breeding adult does not assume the black-and-white non-breeding plumage of nominate, but loses tufts and is duller in worn plumage. Immature similar to non-breeding adult but browner with buff flanks. At close range, red eyes diagnostic. SH Rather local above 1,500m on Great Rift Valley lakes in Ke and NTz, but may gather in sizeable non-breeding flocks on larger lower altitude soda lakes. Voice Usually silent, but breeding birds give loud repeated whistles. [Alt. Eared Grebe]

Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus

56cm, 22"

Large, long-necked slender grebe. Breeding adult has black crest and reddish-and-black ruff around face. Non-breeding adult is similar, but crest and ruff smaller and paler (African race infuscatus lacks drab non-breeding plumage of Eurasian birds). Immature has black-and-white stripes on head and neck. SH Singles and pairs, less often groups, are scarce and declining on higher alkaline and freshwater lakes at 1,500–3,000m. Voice Breeding birds give a goose-like descending growl and nasal bugling.

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PLATE 8: CORMORANTS, DARTER AND FINFOOT CORMORANTS Black or black-and-white waterbirds with slightly hooked bills. Easily identified by size and plumage. Sexes similar, but male slightly larger than female. Often stand to dry wings after swimming and diving.

Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo

100cm, 40"

Breeding adult is glossed dark greenish-black with white throat and neck, and white thigh patches (majority), a white chin (some western birds) or all black (rarely). Non-breeding adult is duller black with no flank patch. Immature is dark brown above with off-white underparts. Appears longnecked, short-tailed and heavy in flight. SH Singles to large flocks are common on larger freshwater and alkaline lakes in Great Rift Valley, preferring more open shores, but disperse in small numbers elsewhere, including to coast. Voice Silent away from colonies where birds maintain low reverberant growling. Note Birds in EA are the race lucidus, which is sometimes treated as a species, White-breasted Cormorant P. lucidus.

Long-tailed Cormorant Microcarbo africanus

53cm, 21"

Much smaller than Great Cormorant with shorter neck and bill, and proportionately longer tail. Breeding adult black (glossed green) with short crest, red eyes, and silvery black-edged wingcoverts and scapulars affording a scaly appearance. Non-breeding adult lacks crest and is dull brown-black with white chin, dirty white throat and dull off-white underparts. Immature similar to non-breeding adult, but duller brown above and whiter below. EA birds are the nominate race. SH Singles, small groups and flocks are common on wider range of waters than Great Cormorant, often dispersing to temporary floods, and preferring waterside vegetation and trees as perches. Voice Breeding birds give a strange, variable high musical barking. Note Formerly in the genus Phalacrocorax. [Alt. Reed Cormorant] DARTER Similar to cormorants, but more slender and smaller-headed, with dagger-like bill. Commonly soars and glides, unlike cormorants which continually flap. Often called snakebirds on account of swimming with just their slender necks visible above the water.

African Darter Anhinga rufa

79cm, 31"

Large cormorant-like bird with long thin neck, pointed bill and large tail. Adult male has dark rufous foreneck and thin white line from below eye down sides of neck. Otherwise blackish above with fine white streaks on wing-coverts and elongated scapulars. Adult female browner above with less distinct neck-stripe. Immature much paler brown, lacks neck-stripe, and is whitish-buff below. Flies and often soars showing distinctive cross-like silhouette. EA birds are the nominate race. SH Singles, pairs and, less often, groups are rather shy, on a wide range of still or slow-moving fresh, alkaline and coastal waters, usually with extensive fringing vegetation. Voice Calls a series of staccato gradually descending nasal barks. FINFOOT Superficially like cormorants and darter, but is reclusive and has a bright red bill. Swims low, moving head back and forth, and may partially submerge and slip quietly into dense cover if detected.

African Finfoot Podica senegalensis

66cm, 26"

Large blackish-and-brown waterbird, with bright red bill and legs. Male darker with blackish head and brighter bill than female, obvious thin white line from eye down side of neck, and more conspicuous white-spangled back. Female duller with browner head, whitish eye-ring and throat. Immature like female, but duller and less spotted. Three similar races occur and differ mainly in density of spotting on back: nominate (Ug to WTz), somereni (CKe to NETz) and petersii (SWTz). SH Singles and pairs are uncommon, secretive and easily overlooked on permanent rivers, streams and pools with overhanging vegetation. Voice Rarely heard call is series of sharp cracks, similar to African Darter but sharper.

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PLATE 9: BITTERNS AND NIGHT-HERONS BITTERNS Short-legged herons with comparatively thick necks that are often held upright in a ‘freeze’ position. If seen well identification should not be difficult.

Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii

30cm, 12"

Adult is small dark slate-grey bittern, strikingly striped black on buff-white below, with turquoiseblue or greenish lores and orange-yellow legs. Sexes alike. Immature has tawny-fringed back and wings, warm buff underparts and pale legs. Monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are widespread but uncommon at well-vegetated permanent and seasonal waters, including tiny pools to which they may disperse after rains. Those in Apr–Nov may be intra-African migrants from the south, but movements are poorly known. Voice Breeding male gives rhythmical repeated kwark-akwark kwark kwark kwark, the last three notes louder.

Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus

38cm, 15"

Distinctive small bittern with conspicuous cream upperwing patch. Two similar races occur: adult male payesii has rich chestnut face and neck; slightly larger nominate has face and neck buffy. In both races, adult female is browner above with some streaking below. Immature like female but more heavily streaked below. All show pale upperwing-coverts in flight. SH Singles and small groups can be locally common at permanent or seasonal water with dense vegetation, including on coast. Resident payesii occasionally breeds inland, while nominate is visitor from the Palearctic in Oct–May. Voice Calls short rrah when flushed, and breeding male gives low long barks at about 2-second intervals. [Alt. Common Little Bittern]

Eurasian Bittern Botaurus stellaris

75cm, 30"

Adult of the nominate race is a well-camouflaged, large, thick-necked bittern streaked or vermiculated throughout with brown and buff; cap and well-marked moustachial stripes blackishbrown. Race capensis slightly smaller and darker above. Sexes alike. Immature less boldly marked than adult with browner crown. SH Extremely scarce: race capensis has been recorded in permanent swamps and marshes of Lake Rukwa area in SWTz; while the vagrant nominate race was recorded at Lake Baringo, Ke, in Dec 1994, Kibimba Rice Scheme, EUg, Nov 2002, and Amboseli NP, Ke, Nov 2016. Voice Breeding birds give a far-carrying deep foghorn-like boom, each preceded by a soft short bugled mm-oom. Silent outside breeding season. [Alt. Great Bittern] NIGHT-HERONS Big-headed, hunched, stocky crepuscular or nocturnal herons (hence name). Flight silhouette is stump-necked and broad-winged. Both roost during day, often in trees close to water.

Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax

61cm, 24"

Adult has black crown and back contrasting with dove-grey wings, whitish face and underparts. Immature is brown and buff with extensive white spots on back and wing-coverts, and wellstreaked underparts. SH Small and sometimes large groups are widespread and can be locally common on permanent water and rivers, generally with fringing vegetation for roosting. All are the nominate race, with some probably of Palearctic origin. Voice Distinct and far-carrying kwuk or kwark when disturbed and in flight.

White-backed Night-Heron Calherodius leuconotus

56cm, 22"

Slightly smaller than Black-crowned Night-Heron. Breeding adult has black head with huge reddish eyes, prominent white eye-ring, pale yellow lores and rich rufous neck to upper breast. Wings and back blackish-brown with patch of white plumes on back only easily seen in flight. Non-breeding adult has yellow eyes. Immature very similar to immature Black-crowned, but smaller with blackish crown, pale lores and large brown eyes. Usually considered monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are uncommon and secretive residents along secluded rivers and mangrove creeks, where probably overlooked. Crepuscular and nocturnal, roosting in dense waterside vegetation during day. Voice Calls a quick coarse kerr-kerr-kerr-kerr and persistent low gurgled growls. Note Formerly in the genus Gorsachius.

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PLATE 10: SMALLER HERONS SMALLER HERONS Varied group of smaller, short-legged herons which, with the exception of Ardeola, are all easily identified. Sexes alike; immatures generally similar to non-breeding adults.

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis

56cm, 22"

Breeding adult is white with buff-orange wash on head, back and breast, short bright orange or yellow bill and lores, and short yellow legs (flushed orange in courtship). Non-breeding adult all white, with paler yellow bill and yellowish-green legs. Immature similar to non-breeding adult, but can have darker legs. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Classic game-hugging heron; small to large flocks are very common and widespread, often with plains game or domestic stock, preferring damper grasslands and cultivation. Flocks often fly in disorderly lines on rapid direct wingbeats, especially to roost. Voice Breeding and roosting birds maintain constant, variable and musical barking. A short bark when disturbed. Note Sometimes considered a separate species from Asian birds and known as Western Cattle Egret.

Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides

46cm, 18"

Small hunched heron, brownish-buff and cryptic at rest, but reveals bright white wings and tail in flight. Breeding adult rather plain buff above and below, with some dark streaking on head and dark-tipped blue-grey bill. Non-breeding adult darker brown above (but not as dark as Madagascar Pond-Heron), with brown streaking on buff underparts and pale greenish-yellow base to bill. Immature like non-breeding adult but more heavily streaked below. Usually considered monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are widespread and common on a range of well-vegetated wetlands, from coastal mangroves to small highland freshwater pools. Voice Disturbed birds utter harsh skwok, while breeding birds maintain a constant musical barking and growling.

Madagascar Pond-Heron Ardeola idae

48cm, 19"

Non-breeding adult very similar to non-breeding adult Squacco Heron, but much darker above (lacking warm buff tones), with broader blacker streaking below (contrasting with white lower belly) and slightly heavier bill. Breeding plumage (rarely seen in EA) is pure white with black-tipped blue bill and orange-red legs. Monotypic. SH Singles are fairly regular non-breeding visitors to coastal and inland waters in May–Oct (less often Apr–Nov). Invariably flies into trees if flushed. Voice Call krrrrk is more rattling and reverberant than Squacco Heron. [Alt. Madagascar Squacco Heron, Malagasy Pond Heron] EN

Striated Heron Butorides striata

40cm, 16"

Small, short and typically crouching heron. Adult is dark grey above with blue-green sheen, black crown (erected when alarmed) and greyish below with some rufous streaks. Legs yellow (orange when breeding). Immature much browner-grey above, with paler crown, pale tips to wing-coverts, broad brown and buff-brown streaks below, and duller legs. Typically makes short flights low over water on distinctly jerky wingbeats. EA birds are race atricapilla. SH Singles are rather secretive but widespread and common at inland and coastal waters. Voice Flying birds give loud, highpitched pinched musical bark, singly, or given in series where it drops in tone. [Alt. Green-backed Heron, Green Heron]

Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris

46cm, 18"

Adult male is small, rather thickset charcoal-grey heron with rufous-chestnut wing patches, belly and tail; bill yellow with dark tip, legs yellow. At rest, rufous-chestnut plumage can be hard to see, but is obvious in flight. Adult female duller grey, with whitish streak on throat. Immature much browner, with buffy streaks above and some white streaking below. Monotypic. SH Singles and small flocks are secretive residents of abundant cover at temporary and permanent freshwater swamps at scattered localities. Voice Usually silent even when flushed, but breeding birds utter a rasping kraak or caw.

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PLATE 11: EGRETS EGRETS A confusing group: Little, Dimorphic and Western Reef Egrets have pale and dark morphs and are hard to identify (and sometimes considered conspecific). Intermediate and Great Egrets and Black Heron are more easily identified. Breeding adults have head, back and breast plumes that are lacking in non-breeding birds. Note size and shape of bill, colour of lores, legs and feet (bare parts often more brightly coloured when breeding but are variable). Also consider habits and range. Sexes alike, immatures resemble non-breeding adults.

Little Egret Egretta garzetta

64cm, 25"

Medium-sized, elegant white egret with a slender black bill, black legs and bright yellow feet. Lores usually blue-grey, but may turn yellowish or orange in breeding birds. Rare dark morph is all slate-grey with a white chin and throat, and best separated from dark morph Dimorphic Egret by black legs and clear-cut yellow feet. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles to small groups are common and widespread in fresh and alkaline wetlands throughout region, including the coast. Voice Call rather crow-like, a deep throaty growl rrraaahhhh.

Dimorphic Egret Egretta dimorpha

64cm, 25"

Very similar to Little Egret with both dark and white morphs. Dark birds are mostly dark grey with a white chin and throat, and a variable white patch near bend of wing (obvious in flight). Yellow of feet often extends slightly up front of black legs (feet more sharply defined in Little). Lores usually grey, but can be yellow, turning bright pinkish-red in breeding birds, as do the feet. White morph is like Little, but may show some dark streaking. Immature paler grey, splotchy grey and white, or uniform white. Monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are found along the EA coast where it is locally common; dark morph birds are more numerous at breeding colonies on Pemba and Kisite. At Lake Victoria, Ug, white morph birds are more common, and occasionally breed there. Voice Call is a short low bark rah, rather than the long growl of Little Egret (but breeding birds sound similar). Note Sometimes considered conspecific with Western Reef Egret.

Western Reef Egret Egretta gularis

66cm, 26"

Both white and dark morphs differ from Little and Dimorphic Egrets in having slightly decurved yellowish-brown bill. Yellow of feet colour extends halfway up dark green legs. Lores yellow. Dark morph very dark grey with white throat and variable amount of white in wing-coverts. Immature variably grey, grey and white, or all white. Birds in EA are race schistacea. SH Uncommon but regular at Lake Turkana, Ke, rare elsewhere including Ke coast and south to Bagamoyo, Tz. Voice Not reliably reported due to past confusion with Dimorphic Egret. [Alt. Western Reef Heron]

Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca

51cm, 20"

Smaller than dark morphs of other egrets and entirely plain slaty-black with short ragged crest, black bill and black legs with orange-yellow feet. Immature slightly paler blackish-brown and lacks head plumes. Monotypic. SH Singles and small flocks are generally uncommon but widespread, preferring marshy lake fringes, but also on open tidal flats. In unique umbrella feeding action, birds throw their wings forward, creating a canopy over the water. Voice Breeding birds give long gargling growl, otherwise usually silent. [Alt. Black Egret]

Yellow-billed Egret Ardea brachyrhyncha

69cm, 27"

Similar to Great White Egret, but smaller, with shorter yellow bill and gape line that stops below eye. Neck shorter than Great White and less kinked, legs and feet blackish-brown (but can be yellowish in breeding birds). Lores usually yellow, but green when breeding. Monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are widespread but not numerous, favouring marshy grassland and lake fringes. Voice A quiet egret but disturbed birds sometimes give a series of low crow-like short growls. Note Previously considered conspecific with Asian Intermediate Egret A. intermedia. Formerly in the genus Mesophoyx.

Great White Egret Ardea alba

92cm, 36"

Largest white heron, with long neck (often held kinked) and dark gape line that extends well behind eye. Long dagger-like bill is yellow in non-breeding and black in breeding birds, while lores change from yellow to green. Immature very similar to adult, but has duller black-tipped yellow bill. Race in region is melanorhynchos. SH Singles and groups are widespread and common in wide range of wetlands throughout EA. Voice In flight, commonly gives repeated drawn-out wooden descending growl. Note Formerly in the genus Casmerodius. [Alt. Great Egret]

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PLATE 12: LARGE HERONS LARGE HERONS Classic long-necked, long-legged, large herons. Widespread in wetlands (but Black-headed Heron is frequently also seen in open grasslands). All are easily identified. Sexes alike. They have loud throaty calls when disturbed, but are otherwise largely silent. Flight is powerful and leisurely, with necks retracted onto shoulders. See also vagrant Humblot’s Heron on p. 601.

Goliath Heron Ardea goliath

152cm, 60"

Massive heron, grey above with heavy spear-like bill, warm chestnut head and hindneck, white foreneck streaked black, and dark chestnut belly. Immature similar to adult but rather paler grey above with rufous fringes, and paler below with dark streaking; belly washed tawny. In laboured flight, adult shows uniform grey upperwing and rich chestnut underwing-coverts that contrast with grey flight feathers. Immature has less well-defined and mottled underwing. Monotypic. SH World’s largest heron: singles (rarely small groups) are widespread, but never common at major lakes, swamps and large coastal estuaries. Voice Disturbed birds give a loud and descending, musical barked krrw krowkrowkrowkrowkrow kroww.

Purple Heron Ardea purpurea

84cm, 33"

Slender, elegant and slim-necked heron, dark blue-grey above, with slender yellowish bill, black crown and striking rich chestnut-rufous face and neck with black stripes either side; flanks chestnut and belly black. Can be confused with Goliath Heron, but is darker, far smaller and palerbilled with two-toned upperwing. Immature similar, but duller and brownish above with ochre feather edgings; underparts buffy with some streaking on foreneck. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Single birds are solitary residents in well-vegetated swamps and at lake edges where they tend to feed in cover. Uncommon in open, although often seen flying to communal roosts in evenings. Voice Generally silent, flight call is similar to Grey Heron, but sounds more cross and pinched.

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea

100cm, 38"

A predominantly grey, black and white heron. Adult is pale grey above with thick black eyestripe extending into a wispy plume, with white face and foreneck streaked black, and grey-white underparts. In flight, underwings appear uniform dark grey. Immature darker and plainer than adult, with overall dingy grey plumage; lacks well-defined black eyestripe of adult, but crown often dark grey. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles are rather widespread and reasonably common residents and winter visitors at a wide range of habitats from coast (including open shores) to alkaline and freshwater lakes (including temporary wetlands). Voice Disturbed and flying birds give loud, sudden, nasal kraahnk, either singly or in series.

Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala

92cm, 36"

Adult similar to Grey Heron, but black head and hindneck contrast markedly with white throat and foreneck. Immature dingy grey above including crown and hindneck, not contrasting strongly with white foreneck as in adult. In flight, all show strong contrast between white underwingcoverts and black flight feathers. Monotypic. SH Singles or small flocks are widespread and common residents in wide range of wetlands from coastal lagoons to inland lakes and rivers. Notable, however, for preferring drier habitats including cultivation and grassland, often far from water. Voice Breeding birds maintain a constant sound of barks and snaps. In flight, call similar to Grey, but lower-pitched, shorter and less nasal.

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PLATE 13: HAMERKOP AND WHITE STORKS HAMERKOP Extraordinary species in monotypic family restricted to Africa, Madagascar and SW Arabian Peninsula. Easily identified by unique shape. In rather buoyant flight, often soars and may suggest a small eagle. Pairs build several vast nests in trees which they often share with or lose to species like Grey Kestrel, Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl and Egyptian Goose. Often confiding and unafraid of people. Considered magical or birds of ill omen, but only occasionally persecuted. Hamerkop is derived from the Afrikaans name for hammer-head.

Hamerkop Scopus umbretta

56cm, 22"

Medium-sized dull-brown waterbird with long crest and flattened bill giving a hammer-headed appearance. Sexes and immature similar, but male may be slightly larger. In distinctive buoyant flight appears largely brown with tawny bases to flight feathers. Can look rather raptor-like when soaring, but long-billed silhouette prevents confusion. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles, pairs and sometimes flocks are common and widespread beside a wide range of waters from tiny temporary roadside pools to the largest Rift Valley lakes. Often nomadic in drier country, responding to local rains. Voice Loud distinctive trilling incorporating dominant yip pruurr notes, often with several birds calling together. Also a sharp far-carrying kyip in flight. WHITE STORKS Mainly white storks with black flight feathers, easily identified by bill colour, habitat and behaviour. White Stork is the classic stork nesting on buildings in Europe; it winters in grasslands throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Yellow-billed Stork is a wetland bird, resident in Africa, but wanders far from its breeding grounds.

White Stork Ciconia ciconia

122cm, 48"

Large white stork with black flight feathers, a white tail, red bill and red legs (which are often spattered with droppings and may appear partially white). Small black line through dark eye visible at close range. Sexes alike. Immature has darker-tipped red bill, duller legs and brownish flight feathers: some are tinged greyish. Flying birds appear white with long black-and-white wings and white tail. Birds visiting EA are the nominate race. SH Singles to gatherings of many thousands are widespread and common in winter and on passage, preferring moist grasslands usually above 1,600m. Large-scale passage occurs east and west of Lake Victoria, especially on northbound migration in Feb–May; flocks regularly soar on thermals. Less common in EKe and ETz, but also widely nomadic in response to rains, burning and outbreaks of army worms and locusts. Often associates with other species, like Abdim’s Stork. Voice Usually silent on wintering grounds, except occasional bill clattering.

Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis

108cm, 42"

Large white stork with a red face, slightly decurved yellow bill and pinkish legs. Adult has pink blush to back and wing-coverts, brighter in breeding birds. Neck often stained brown from muddy water. In flight appears white with black flight feathers and black tail. Immature greyish-brown, with darker flight feathers, a dirty brownish-yellow bill and brown legs. Monotypic. SH Singles or groups are widespread and common on larger and permanent fresh and alkaline wetlands throughout EA. Also visits temporary waters, but rarely stays long. Feeds on fish by standing or walking slowly in water, bill open and partially submerged. Like other storks, regularly soars on thermals. Voice Breeding birds give squarks and squeals, and also clatter their bills.

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PLATE 14: BLACK STORKS BLACK STORKS Similar-looking black storks are easily identified at close range, but for distant birds note colour of neck, back and belly. Sexes alike or virtually so.

Black Stork Ciconia nigra

102cm, 40"

Large black stork glossed purple-green with just lower breast to vent white; long bill, facial skin, eye-ring and legs all bright red. Sexes alike but female slightly smaller. Immature duller brownblack with yellow-green bill tipped orange, and greenish legs. In flight white belly extends onto underwing (like Abdim’s Stork), but is entirely black above including rump. Monotypic. SH Singles, pairs and rarely small groups are rather uncommon Palearctic migrants in Oct–Apr. Much more solitary than other migrant storks, they prefer habitats fringing lakes and pools, and are rarely seen far from fresh water. Birds in SWTz may be visitors from southern Africa. Voice Mainly silent in region, but occasionally utters hisses and bill clatters.

Abdim’s Stork Ciconia abdimii

81cm, 32"

Medium-sized black stork glossed purple-green, with lower back to rump and lower breast to vent white. Rather small greenish-grey bill, with powder-blue facial skin, red lores and eye-ring, and greenish-grey legs (with reddish ‘knee’ joint). All bare parts brighter when breeding. Sexes alike but female slightly smaller. Immature similar but blackish-brown, lacking gloss; bill and legs duller. In flight appears quite small and short-winged, and mainly black with white belly extending as wedge onto underwing; white rump from above. Monotypic. SH Nomadic and gregarious with tens of thousands gathering to follow recent rains, burns and insect emergences. Prefers open grassland, but visits a wide range of habitats including agricultural land in search of food gluts. Leaves breeding grounds in northern tropics and is present in EA from Oct to May (moving south Oct–Nov and north Mar–May), very rarely breeding in small numbers. Voice Usually silent in region.

African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus

81cm, 32"

Medium-sized shaggy all-black stork with purple-green gloss and diagnostic greyish, open bill (gap near tip visible at close quarters). Sexes alike. Immature duller, with some white speckling on hindneck, and straighter shorter bill. In flight, all black from above and below with a strange pterodactyl-like silhouette. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles to large groups are widespread and locally common in wetlands below 1,500m including freshwater swamps and lakes, inundated grassland and coastal saltwater creeks and lagoons. Specialised diet of snails and bivalves. Voice Breeding birds give a loud braying, otherwise usually silent.

Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus

86cm, 34"

Distinctive black stork with glossy purple-blue and green sheen, striking white woolly neck and head with blue-black crown, red-eyes, black bill with a reddish tip, and grey-black legs. Sexes alike. Immature duller above, with slightly blacker crown, dark eyes and dull pinkish legs. In flight, white head and neck obvious, but also has long white undertail-coverts which obscure black tail from below. EA birds are race microscelis. SH Singly or in pairs on coastal waters, including lagoons, open shores and salt-works, but wanders widely and may occur throughout the region in marshes, swampy hollows and grasslands. Voice Breeding birds maintain a rhythmical growling and bill clattering, otherwise silent. Note Some authorities split the nominate race as Asian Woollynecked Stork or Asian Woollyneck. [Alt. African Woollyneck]

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PLATE 15: GIANT STORKS AND SHOEBILL GIANT STORKS Highly distinctive and characterful storks that should not be confused with any other species. Saddle-billed Stork is a solitary bird of large swamps and river valleys, while Marabou is a fearless, widespread, successful, flocking scavenger.

Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis

145cm, 57"

Very large black-and-white stork with a very long tricoloured bill (red and black with yellow saddle and two small pendulous yellow or red wattles) and very long grey legs with pink ‘knees’ and feet. Male has dark eyes, while slightly smaller female has yellow eyes. In flight massive wings are mostly white with black coverts. Immature largely dingy grey-brown with some white patches on back, blackish bill without saddle, and duller legs. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are uncommon to locally common in suitable permanent freshwater swamps and wetlands, sometimes in the midst of dry country; usually below 1,500m but may occur as high as 3,000m. Hunts while slowly walking through flooded vegetation where it captures fish and frogs, often tossing food into air before swallowing it. Voice Usually silent, but breeding birds give descending squealing wheezes. [Alt. Saddlebill]

Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumenifer

152cm, 60"

Huge stork with grey back and wings and white underparts. Naked head and neck pink or reddish showing scabby black spots at close range, and downy white neck ruff. Birds have two inflatable air sacs: a bright red one at base of hindneck and a pinkish pendulous balloon, which varies in size and hangs below the neck. Bill massive and horn-coloured. Legs dark grey but often appear white when splattered with excrement. Sexes alike but female slightly smaller. Breeding adult has pale greyish wings, white-edged wing-coverts and fluffier undertail. Non-breeding adult darker grey. Immature duller than adult with brownish not grey wings. Massive in flight, soaring on broad wings with neck retracted, but will make short flights with neck extended. Monotypic. SH Singles to gatherings of hundreds are common and widespread in range of habitats, from city rubbish dumps to lakeshores, and also at predator kills. Voice Silent away from nest, but breeding birds give a wide range of bleating, grunting and squealing noises, as well as bill clattering. Note Previously known as L. crumeniferus. [Alt. Marabou] SHOEBILL Extraordinary looking scarce and atypical stork-like bird (which may be distantly related to herons, Hamerkop or pelicans), it is the sole member of the Balaenicipitidae, a monotypic African family. Nowhere common, it prefers remote, secluded and extensive permanent swamps. Walks on floating vegetation or stands silently watching for prey. Usually flies slowly and low with neck retracted, but will soar to great heights, and occasionally wanders.

Shoebill Balaeniceps rex

124cm, 49"

Giant stork-like grey bird with a massive, fat, hooked bill. Adult has slightly erect crest, pale grey eyes, mottled horn-coloured bill and grey legs. Sexes alike but female slightly smaller. Immature has brown feather fringes. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are confined to interior of permanent and undisturbed swamps. While small numbers are widespread in Ug and Rw, only real EA stronghold is remote Moyowosi–Kigozi wetland complex of WTz. It has not been seen in Bu, but one record in Ke, a wandering bird recorded at three sites between Sep 1994 and mid-1995. Voice Breeding birds make a hollow reverberating hammering sound, donkey-like brays and pig-like squeals. Otherwise silent away from nest. VU

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PLATE 16: IBISES IBISES Medium-sized to large terrestrial and wetland birds with long decurved bills. Most are dull or dark brown with a green (or purple and green) sheen on the wings, and best identified by head shape, calls and range. Sacred Ibis is unique in being black and white. Most have loud diagnostic calls, often given in morning or evening flights to and from roosts. Sexes similar; immatures mainly dull versions of adults.

African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus

80cm, 32"

Largely white ibis with bare black head and neck, long black bill and black legs. Breeding adult grows black plumes from scapulars and inner secondaries, and bare skin on underwing turns bright red. Immature like adult, but rather dull with some white feathers on neck. Monotoypic. SH Singles, small groups and larger flocks are widespread and common in many habitats, including cultivated land, often near fresh or saltwater from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Breeding birds give high squealing yelps and short barks, otherwise silent away from nest. [Alt. Sacred Ibis]

Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash

75cm, 30"

Stocky dark ibis with greenish-purple glossed wings, and short legs. Bill heavy and down-curved with red culmen (which can brighten in breeding adult); buff-white malar stripe visible at close range. Immature duller than adult without red on bill or gloss on wings. In flight appears dark, broad-winged and short-tailed; legs do not project beyond tail. Race brevirostris is widespread, while longer-billed nilotica occurs in west. SH Pairs and small flocks are common and widespread in grasslands, marshy areas and damp forest edges, as well as gardens and cultivation, mainly in highlands, but from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Characteristically very noisy and most often heard at dawn and dusk, calling a varied bugled and onomatopoeic haa haa ha-aaa with the last notes downslurred.

Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus

65cm, 26"

Similar to Hadada Ibis, but far slimmer and more elegant with slender bill and neck, and long legs; always appears dark at distance. Breeding adult largely rich dark chestnut with well-glossed greenish-purple back, wings and tail (close views reveal two cobalt-blue lines on face). Nonbreeding adult has head and neck speckled greyish-white. Immature duller brown. In rather rapid flight wings look narrow and feet extend well beyond tail. Monotypic. SH Singles, pairs and small groups are common and widespread, but often rather skittish, in wetlands of all types including lakes, rivers and coastal lagoons. Many birds probably originate from outside region, possibly including the Palearctic. Voice Usually silent, but flying parties commonly utter a nasal quack-like growling ehhk ehhk ehhk…

Olive Ibis Bostrychia olivacea

74cm, 29"

Dark olive-green ibis with long bushy crest, short and only slightly decurved red bill, and dull reddish legs; wings glossed bronze, green and rose. Immature duller than adult with shorter crest. Usually seen in flight at dawn or dusk when appears all dark. Birds in EA are race akeleyorum. SH Singles, pairs and occasionally small flocks are uncommon, retiring and rarely seen (despite loud calls) in remote forest at 2,000–3,700m on Mt Kenya and the Aberdares, Ke, and Mt Kilimanjaro, NTz. They occur at 160–1,100m in the East Usambara Mts, NETz, and at 700m in Semliki Forest, WUg. Voice Call a loud goose-like nasal downslurred bugling aHHnk ahnk… in flight. [Alt. African Green Ibis]

Spot-breasted Ibis Bostrychia rara

60cm, 24"

Smaller than Olive Ibis, with similar crested head and only slightly decurved red bill. Spotted neck and underparts hard to see in the field. Immature duller than adult. Monotypic. SH Pairs are dense forest-dwellers, known in our area only at 700m in Semliki Forest, WUg. Voice Flight call mainly a rhythmical high-toned double bugling intermingled with single notes a-a-hahn a-hahn a-hahn a-hahn…, the second note of each pair a couple of tones higher.

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PLATE 17: SPOONBILLS AND FLAMINGOS SPOONBILLS Largely white birds with unique spatulate spoon-like bills. Reasonably easily identified by bill, leg and other bare parts colours. Elegant feeders that walk in the shallows and scythe the water with their bills.

African Spoonbill Platalea alba

91cm, 36"

Adult all white with an extensive bare red face, blue-grey pink-edged bill, pale blue eyes and bright pink-red legs. Sexes similar. Immature lacks red face, has dusky-yellow bill, dark eyes, darktipped primaries, and blackish legs and feet. In flight adult shows all-white plumage, spoon-shaped bill and long red legs; immature has dark tips to primaries. Monotypic. SH Singles, pairs and small groups are common in a wide range of freshwater and alkaline wetlands, including coastal lagoons, from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Noisy at nest, giving a crane-like bugling, which is similar but softer when feeding or resting.

Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia

89cm, 35"

Very similar to African Spoonbill, but adult has a black bill with yellow spot near tip, black legs (not red), very small area of yellow (not red) facial skin, and feathering (not bare skin) on forecrown between red eyes. In breeding plumage (rare in EA) adult has a yellowish crest and wash to centre of breast. Sexes alike. Immature similar to adult, but has black-tipped wings, dull pinkish-grey bill and dark legs. Races include Palearctic nominate, and possibly smaller archeri from the Red Sea area. SH Very rare visitor to wetlands in Ke and Ug. Voice Silent in region. FLAMINGOS Tall pink wading birds that mass in thousands (even millions) on the Great Rift Valley lakes; easily identified by size, plumage and bill colour. Specialist bills filter food from lake water and bottom ooze. Greater Flamingo eats a wide variety of tiny aquatic animals, while Lesser Flamingo almost always feeds on blue-green algae. Regularly swim and upend, and fly with their necks extended.

Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor

90cm, 36"

Smaller than Greater Flamingo with blackish-red bill appearing all dark at distance. Adult has wing-coverts blotched bright pinkish-red and flight feathers black (hidden at rest). Legs red. Sexes alike but slightly smaller female is often paler (breeding plumage brighter in both sexes). Immature grey-brown, thereafter becomes white and attains pink adult plumage after two years; bill uniform blackish-grey. Monotypic. SH Gregarious, often with huge flocks congregating at alkaline lakes in the Great Rift Valley. Regularly makes local movements to and from main breeding grounds at Lake Natron, NTz. Uncommon elsewhere, including on coast. Associates freely with Greater Flamingo, but specialist algal diet confines birds to alkaline lakes (where they often feed at night). Voice Very noisy hubbub, constantly uttering a muffled goose-like babble with occasional highpitched whistles. At night flying birds keep contact with a soft goose-like honking.

Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus

140cm, 55"

Much larger than Lesser Flamingo (but occasional small individuals can be similar); big bent bill is pink with a black tip. Adult appears largely pale pink or white at distance with line of bright coralpink on folded wing. Legs also bright coral-pink. Sexes similar but female slightly smaller. Immature grey-brown, only attaining adult plumage in second year; bill two-toned (pale grey with black tip). In flight adult reveals brilliant coral wing-coverts and black flight feathers, contrasting with paler body. Lesser has dark almost concolorous bill at all ages. Monotypic. SH Singles to flocks of thousands occur mainly on mud-fringed alkaline lakes and coastal lagoons, less often on fresh water. Exploits a greater range of habitats than Lesser Flamingo, and benefits more from artificial lakes, dams and sewage settlement ponds. Voice Flocks maintain a constant low angry goose-like growling. Note Formerly considered conspecific with American Flamingo P. ruber.

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PLATE 18: WATERFOWL I GEESE AND ALLIES Easily distinguished by size and plumage. Most often seen around or on freshwater wetlands, but not restricted to them and also frequent in marshy grasslands.

Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca

 73cm, 29"

Bulky brown goose with rich, dark rufous-brown back, and distinctive rich brown eye-patches and breast-spot. Sexes similar but female usually slightly smaller. In flight, shows large white oval wing-patches. Immature dusky-brown, lacking eye-patches and breast-spot. Monotypic. SH Pairs, family groups and flocks are common and widespread beside a wide range of wetlands including fresh, alkaline and coastal waters below 3,000m. Swims with a high posture and upends; frequently grazes on shores. Voice On the ground, male gives agitated, nasal, rather highpitched honking, while female accompanies mate with low muffled growls. In flight, this can be accelerated as the birds become excited.

Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis

 100cm, 39"

Adult male is massive long-necked goose with bare warty red face, and iridescent patchy blackand-white plumage, which shows green reflections in good light. Female quite similar but smaller and lacks red knob on forecrown. In slow and laboured flight, shows long white bar on leading edge of wing. Immature similar to female, but duller and browner. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs, family groups and flocks are widespread around inland freshwater wetlands and flooded grasslands to 3,000m. Local at coast near larger rivers. Voice Male flight call is a repeated variably rapid double wheezy note, almost a hiccup.

Knob-billed Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos

 76cm, 30"

Adult male is a bulky, boldly marked, black-and-white duck with large knob (or comb) on top of bill (smaller in non-breeding birds). In good light, back has green-and-purple iridescence. Female much smaller, lacks knob on bill, and head is more speckled with black than male. In flight all-dark wings contrast with whiter underparts. Immature like female but duller and washed dingy brown. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small flocks are common and widespread on freshwater wetlands from sea level to 3,000m; wanders extensively and occasionally breeds. Voice Male quite vocal, either on ground or more usually in flight, when gives a soft burry bark. Note Some authorities consider it conspecific with South American Comb Duck S. sylvicola. [Alt. African Comb Duck] PYGMY-GOOSE A misleadingly named, very small colourful duck which is reasonably widespread, but rather elusive. Birds often hide in dense floating vegetation, particularly among water-lilies.

African Pygmy-goose Nettapus auritus

31cm, 12"

Breeding male easily distinguished from all other ducks by small size, green-and-white head, yellow bill, dark green back and mostly chestnut underparts. Non-breeding or eclipse male, female and immature are more subdued, with grey-brown face smudges, crown and hindneck. In fast and direct flight it is only duck showing combination of white face, secondary patches and belly. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small groups are widespread but rather local and shy, preferring quiet well-vegetated waters, invariably with abundant water-lilies, from sea level to 2,000m; wanders widely and occasionally breeds. Voice A variety of rather irritated whistles and clucks, and an occasional explosive tak.

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PLATE 19: WATERFOWL II WHISTLING-DUCKS Long-necked, long-legged ducks, giving an about-to-spring-into-the-air impression which is distinctive even at distance. Well named as they frequently attract attention with loud far-carrying whistles. Sexes similar.

White-faced Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna viduata

48cm, 19"

Adult is a white-faced dark duck with chestnut neck and breast (face often soiled dirty brown by muddy waters). In flight appears largely dark (except white face), with limited body to wing contrast. Immature duller with variable brownish face. Monotypic. SH Common and gregarious with small to large flocks gathering beside a wide range of waters throughout region. Local movements occur, but many birds are resident. Voice Calls frequently, often whole flock in unison, with a whistled wi wi-wi-yu, the last three notes descending and slurred.

Fulvous Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna bicolor

51cm, 20"

Adult is a cinnamon-brown duck with dark brown back and wings. Dark line on hindneck and white flank stripes obvious at close range. In flight, shows conspicuous buff-white rump crescent and strong contrast between body and wings. Immature duller and lacks white flank streaks. Monotypic. SH Small to large flocks are found in a wide range of wetlands including shallow inundated grassland, rice fields and coastal areas, mainly below 1,500m. Local movements occur and many birds are non-breeding visitors from southern Africa. Voice Call a repeated well-spaced explosive double whistle wi-whiu with second part higher. CHESTNUT DUCKS Two distinctive unrelated resident ducks with chestnut, blue and black drakes: Maccoa Duck occurs on open water and is the only stifftail in the region; Hartlaub’s Duck is a large forest-dwelling species.

Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa

51cm, 20"

Breeding male is attractive chestnut stifftail with a black head and bright blue bill. Eclipse male, female and immature are duller brown with a white line below eye, broad dark cheek stripe and a whitish throat. Silhouette distinctive if tail is cocked. Only rarely flies to escape disturbance, preferring to dive or submerge. Monotypic. SH Pairs or family groups are rather local, mainly on highland and Great Rift Valley lakes. Larger numbers may gather on soda lakes, notably in Arusha NP, NTz. Voice Generally quiet, but breeding male gives a low slurred snore that lasts about 3 seconds, gradually falling then rising again, and repeated at 5–7-second intervals. VU

Hartlaub’s Duck Pteronetta hartlaubii

58cm, 23"

Breeding male is a striking, rather large dark chestnut duck with blackish head, pale blue shoulders and obvious white patch on forehead (which varies and may extend to entire crown and sides of face). Adult female duller and lacks white on head. Immature duller still and may appear mottled at close range. All have dark grey bill with pale band near tip. Monotypic. SH Pairs, less often small flocks, are uncommon on well-vegetated and secluded forest pools and rivers in Semliki Forest, WUg, and Nyungwe Forest, SWRw. Voice On the ground, agitated birds give low growled quacking, but in flight utter soft whistles, intermingled with quacking.

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PLATE 20: WATERFOWL III White-backed Duck Thalassornis leuconotus

41cm, 16"

Large-headed brown duck that swims very low in the water. Close views reveal vertical white spot between base of bill and eye, contrasting strongly with dark face and tawny-brown neck; back and flanks tiger-striped rufous-brown and blackish. Sexes alike. Immature duller with less pronounced face spot. In flight, appears dark and short-tailed with white back (a feature which, despite name, is not visible at rest). Disturbed birds prefer to submerge and swim away partially hidden. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs, family parties (and rarely flocks) are local and unobtrusive on well-vegetated freshwater wetlands of all sizes, from the coast to 3,000m. Voice Generally silent, but male calls loud, piercing and explosive double whistle, swit-sweet. RESIDENT DABBLING DUCKS A mixed group of waterfowl which move locally but are mainly resident dabbling ducks; all easily identified if seen well (see also Yellow-billed Duck on Plate 21).

Red-billed Teal Anas erythrorhyncha

48cm, 19"

Only red-billed duck with dark crown and nape contrasting clearly with pale cheeks and foreneck. Rest of plumage largely brown above with pale feather edges producing a scaly effect. Underparts paler and also scaly. Sexes alike. Immature similar to adult, but bill rather pinker. In flight, shows striking creamy-white secondaries contrasting with otherwise dark upperwing. Monotypic. SH Pairs, family parties and large flocks are common and widespread on shallow freshwater lakes, marshes and pools. Less common on alkaline waters, and rare at coast away from major estuaries. Voice Male gives rising, nasal drawn-out yuuuw, while female responds with a harsh quacking. [Alt. Red-billed Duck]

Hottentot Teal Spatula hottentota

36cm, 14"

Small neat duck with a dark cap and pale cheeks (similar to Red-billed Teal), but easily separated by size, pale blue sides to bill and neck smudge. Female duller with less clear-cut head and neck pattern. Immature even duller than female. In flight, dark upperwing with green speculum and white trailing edge to secondaries (much less white than in Red-billed). Monotypic. SH Pairs, family parties and small flocks are widespread and common on fresh and alkaline waters of all sizes from sea level to 3,000m, but rare at the coast. Prefers areas with fringing vegetation, and often dabbles near water’s edge. Voice Call similar to Common Moorhen, a nasal series kekekeke… given rapidly. Note Formerly in the genus Anas.

Cape Teal Anas capensis

48cm, 19"

Elegant mottled pale grey duck with pink bill. Closer views reveal finely speckled head and more boldly mottled underparts. Sexes similar. Immature duller and less clearly spotted. In flight, shows two white bars on secondaries separated by a broad dark green bar. Monotypic. SH Pairs, family groups and occasionally flocks are typical of shallower Great Rift Valley soda lakes, more rarely on nearby freshwater. Voice Male gives a short whistle followed by longer upslurred one, also a low growling quack. In flight, utters strong but burry quack.

African Black Duck Anas sparsa

56cm, 22"

Large blackish duck with variable bold white spots on back and rump, and pale pink-and-blackish bill. Sexes similar. Immature much duller with limited or no spotting above. In flight, upperwing shows blue-green speculum narrowly bordered black and white. Birds in EA are race leucostigma. SH Singles, pairs and family parties are shy residents of well-wooded streams and fast-flowing rivers (less often ponds), in highlands to 4,250m, but may wander to lower levels, especially in NETz. Voice A harsh, low-pitched, clipped quacking.

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PLATE 21: WATERFOWL IV Yellow-billed Duck Anas undulata

59cm, 23"

Large dark duck with a bright yellow bill (visible even at long range). Closer views reveal blackish stripe on top of bill, and mostly pale-fringed and scalloped upperparts (except dark brownish-grey head). Sexes alike. Immature similar but has broader buff feather edges. In flight, widespread nominate race has dark upperwing with green speculum (narrowly edged black and white). In far north, race ruppelli is darker overall with a blue speculum. SH Pairs, family parties or flocks are common on a wide range of wetlands mainly above 1,600m, but often wanders (and occasionally occurs at coast). Voice Varied mallard-like quacks, some with a trumpeting quality. MIGRANT DABBLING DUCKS Large numbers of Palearctic waterfowl winter in the region (mainly Oct–Apr), especially on the Great Rift Valley and highland lakes. All can be identified reasonably easily on water or in flight by combination of plumage and silhouette. Note many migrant male ducks wear a dull eclipse plumage, acquired before arriving in EA, and remaining in eclipse until at least Dec when they begin to acquire their familiar breeding plumages. Four more species are on Plate 22. Cape Shoveler is a vagrant from southern Africa.

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

60cm, 23.5"

Breeding male is distinctive, with a yellow bill, glossy green head, narrow white neck-band and purplish-brown breast. Female largely brown with darker brown mottling and streaks, usually darker on crown and through eye; bill dull orange with blackish smudge on upper mandible. Eclipse male like female but has all-yellow bill and rufous-brown breast. In flight both sexes have a blue speculum conspicuously bordered white. Birds in EA are presumed to be the nominate race. SH Palearctic vagrant: birds shot near Marsabit, Ke, in 1928–29, and nine seen there in Nov–Dec 2002. Voice Male call is a soft low raspy raehb and female gives a series of harsh loud quacks.

Northern Pintail Anas acuta

 66cm, 26";  51cm, 20"

Elegant, small-billed, slender-necked duck with a pointed tail. Breeding male has dark chocolate head, offset by a fine white neck-stripe, throat and breast, and very long central tail feathers. Female is all mottled brown with paler plainer head (and shorter pointed tail). Eclipse male similar to female, but has greyer upperwing. Immature like female. In flight, shows slender neck and pointed tail. Male has dark green speculum narrowly bordered rufous and white; female has browner speculum with white trailing edge. Monotypic. SH Flocks are common in Nov–Apr, mainly on highland freshwater wetlands in W and CKe above 1,400m, but also wanders to a wide range of other waters. Voice Silent in EA.

Northern Shoveler Spatula clypeata

51cm, 20"

Breeding male is a distinctive green-headed, chestnut-and-white duck with a long spade-like bill. Female entirely mottled pale and dark brown with an orange-sided bill. Eclipse male similar to female, but darker with more mottled breast and rufous-toned flanks. Immature similar to female but duller. In flight, male has obvious big-billed, rather front-heavy silhouette, as well as large pale blue shoulder patches and broad green speculum with white front edge. Female has paler shoulders. Monotypic. SH Small to large flocks are very common Palearctic passage migrants and winter visitors to a wide range of fresh and alkaline lakes, mainly in Oct–Apr, with concentrations on Great Rift Valley and highland lakes above 1,500m. Less common elsewhere. Voice Silent in region. Note Formerly in the genus Anas.

Cape Shoveler Spatula smithii

53cm, 21"

Both sexes very similar to female Northern Shoveler, with typical shoveler shape and mottled, streaked and speckled brown appearance; male has paler head and yellow eyes, female has dark eyes. Best identified from Northern Shoveler by plain blackish-grey bill (orange-sided in female Northern) and cinnamon-brown outer tail (white in Northern). In flight, extremely similar to Northern Shoveler with pale blue-grey wing patches (paler on female). Monotypic. SH Vagrant: one east of Arusha, NTz, Oct 1997. Voice Probably silent in region. Note Formerly in the genus Anas.

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Yellow-billed Duck

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PLATE 22: WATERFOWL V Common Teal Anas crecca

38cm, 15"

Breeding male has bottle-green (cream-rimmed) mask set in rich chestnut head, with horizontal white line on grey body, and yellowish undertail-coverts bordered black. Female like female Garganey, but has slightly shorter dark bill with orangey base, less distinct face pattern and short pale bar below sides of tail. Eclipse male and immature very like female but slightly darker. Rises easily straight from water into flight, revealing green speculum with white borders similar to Garganey, but more uniform brown-grey upperwing (including shoulder). Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and small groups are uncommon winter visitors to shallow and secluded freshwater wetlands in highlands of Ke, with smaller numbers in Ug, and stragglers elsewhere. Voice Silent in region. [Alt. Eurasian Teal, Green-winged Teal]

Garganey Spatula querquedula

41cm, 16"

Small neat duck; breeding male has broad bright white stripe that curves from above eye to lower nape, otherwise mainly mottled brown with silver-grey flanks. Female extremely similar to female Common Teal, but has slightly longer all-grey bill with more contrasting face pattern (including paler loral spot) and no pale bar below sides of tail. Eclipse male like female but retains adult male wing pattern. Immature similar to female. In flight, male has pale grey shoulders and green speculum bordered white, while female has more uniform grey-brown wing and browner speculum (also edged white). Monotypic. SH Small groups to large flocks are widespread and common Palearctic visitors in Oct–Apr on pools, lakes and other wetlands, to 3,000m (particularly at higher altitudes, but also near coast). Voice Usually silent in EA, but prior to departure male may give a harsh rattling display call hrrrroorrrr, which sounds like a stick being run rapidly along a fence. Note Formerly in the genus Anas.

Eurasian Wigeon Mareca penelope

51cm, 20"

Breeding male has rounded rich chestnut head with broad buffy-cream forehead, and neat blacktipped blue-grey bill; otherwise grey with pinkish breast and black vent. Female mottled brown, tinged silver or rufous, with plainer browner head. Eclipse male like female but has more rufous tone. Immature like female. In flight, male has white forewing patch and green speculum edged black; female has duller wing with speculum edged white; both sexes have white belly. Monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are irregular visitors to highland freshwater lakes above 1,600m in Nov–Feb, mainly to Ke, infrequently elsewhere. Voice Silent in region. Note Formerly in the genus Anas.

Gadwall Mareca strepera

56cm, 22"

Breeding male is a subtle dusky-grey duck with mottled breast, finely vermiculated flanks, and black vent and lower rump. Female much browner, with dark eye-line and yellow-orange sides to bill. Eclipse male like female but retains breeding male wing pattern. Immature like female. In flight, both sexes show a white speculum, with additional black and rufous patches in male. SH The nominate race is a rare vagrant to freshwater lakes in Ke. Voice Silent in region. Note Formerly in the genus Anas.

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PLATE 23: WATERFOWL VI MIGRANT DIVING DUCKS A group of diving ducks with longish bills, steep foreheads and white wingbars. Distinctive breeding males easily identified, but other plumages require careful observation of face pattern and vent colour. All dive for food, exploiting deeper water than other ducks. Southern Pochard is both resident and an intra-African migrant, while the others are uncommon or rare Palearctic visitors.

Southern Pochard Netta erythrophthalma

51cm, 20"

Large dark diving duck; male is blackish-brown with paler chestnut-brown flanks, red eyes and a blue-grey bill (no eclipse plumage). Female more uniform drab brown, but with well-defined face pattern (white patch at base of bill and crescent behind eye) and white vent (blackish in male). Immature like female but has less white on face. In flight, both sexes show clear white bar across all flight feathers. Birds in EA are race brunnea. SH Small to large flocks are common on alkaline and freshwater Rift Valley lakes and elsewhere to 3,000m. Although small numbers breed, most are visitors from southern Africa, present mainly Oct–Mar. Voice Usually silent, but breeding male gives loud low churring prrrrr and an explosive wheeze.

Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca

41cm, 16"

Breeding male often appears very dark with white vent, but at close range shows ferruginous (rust-coloured) head, breast and flanks, and white eyes. Female duller and browner than male with dark eyes. Eclipse male like female, but pale-eyed. Immature like female but even duller brown. In flight, both sexes have a broad white wingbar, well-defined white belly and clear white vent. Monotypic. SH Singles are very scarce Palearctic visitors to highland lakes in CKe in Nov–Mar (vagrant to WUg). Voice Silent in region.

Common Pochard Aythya ferina

48cm, 19"

Distinctive breeding male is silver-grey with a chestnut-red head and neck, and black breast and rear end; black bill has broad pale grey-blue band. Eclipse male duller than breeding male with browner head, breast and rear. Female has brown head with a diffuse pale loral patch, contrasting slightly with greyer-tinged back and flanks; dark bill with narrower pale band near tip. Immature like female but has plainer face and dark bill. In flight, both sexes show largely pale grey upperwing. Monotypic. SH Stragglers are Palearctic vagrants, with scattered records in Dec–Mar. Voice Silent in region. VU

Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula

46cm, 18"

Breeding male is a strikingly handsome duck; black with bright white flanks, drooping black crest and yellow eyes. Eclipse male duller, with dingy grey-brown flanks and a reduced crest. Female dull dark-brown, with short tuft on rear crown (not a crest), a pale belly and yellow eyes; bill grey with a dark tip, and most show variable amount of white at base of bill. Immature similar to female but has brown eyes. In flight, both sexes show extensive white wingbar, white or pale belly and dark vent. Monotypic. SH Singles and small flocks are uncommon annual visitors in Nov–Mar to lakes in Ke, SWUg and NTz. Voice Silent in region.

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Ferruginous Duck  

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PLATE 24: KITES AND SECRETARYBIRD KITES The two forms of Black Kite are fairly large, long-winged, fork-tailed, brown birds of prey, the resident birds often being very common, especially in towns and cities. The two grey-and-white kites are smaller and more elegant.

Black Kite Milvus migrans

55cm, 22"; WS 135cm, 54"

Fairly large brown raptor with angled wings and long slightly forked tail. Three races occur (sometimes considered two distinct species). Races parasitus and aegyptius (Yellow-billed Kite) are largely brown with variable darker streaking above, and indistinct barring on underside of wings and tail (tail bars more distinct in aegyptius); both have yellow bills. Immatures more streaked below with black bills. Adult of the nominate race (Black Kite) has paler greyer crown and black bill. Immature may show dark mask around eyes and more streaked underparts. Rare examples of Black Kites with bold white patches in bases of outer primaries are presumed to be nominate × lineatus hybrids. In graceful and wheeling flight reveals shallowly forked tail which it frequently twists and turns. Some birds, particularly nominate, show pale bar on upperwing-coverts. SH Singles to large groups are seasonally very common from sea level to above 3,000m. Inhabits towns, villages and open country with trees, often near water. Race parasitus is both an intra-African migrant and breeding resident, aegyptius mainly occurs Jul–Mar; nominate race Sep–Apr. Voice Vocal and fairly musical two-part call starts with a rising whistle and breaks into a downslurred trilling wiyrrrrrrrrrrw. Also a whistled rising tiew…te te te ti with an explosive opening note.

Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus

33cm, 13"; WS 83cm, 33"

Elegant whitish hawk with grey back and wings, contrasting black shoulders and a short white tail. In flight from below, primaries mostly blackish. Sexes alike. Immature browner with heavily scaled back and wings, and buff wash on breast. Flight buoyant, often beating into wind with head down; soars on raised wings and regularly hovers. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles, pairs and occasionally small groups are locally common in a wide range of moister open bushed and wooded grasslands, from sea level to 3,000m. Responds rapidly to local insect and rodent plagues. Voice Usually an explosive, harsh w-eeyah, repeated after brief pauses. [Alt. Black-shouldered Kite]

Scissor-tailed Kite Chelictinia riocourii

35cm, 14"; WS 70cm, 28"

Rather elegant tern-like raptor. Adult grey above, pure white below, with long deeply forked tail, and usually a small black bar on underside of carpal joint (invisible at rest and sometimes absent). Sexes alike. Immature washed brown above, with buff edges to coverts and back, and much shorter tail. Superbly graceful in flight, riding winds with spread tail, wheeling and hovering. Monotypic. SH Highly social intra-African migrant from north, mostly in Mar–Oct, but records in all months. Prefers semi-arid and arid bushed and wooded country in NKe and NUg, but also disperses south to the Great Rift Valley, and rarely to northern coastal Ke. Voice Breeding pairs give an almost tern-like keek keek… which breaks into a rapid rising and rattling series. [Alt. African Swallow-tailed Kite] SECRETARYBIRD Endemic to Africa, Secretarybird is an extraordinary long-legged raptor, adapted to a specialist terrestrial predatory lifestyle. Walks through grassland hunting prey like snakes, which are stamped to death with hardened pads on the small scaled feet. Name may be derived from long pen-like quills on the nape, or from the Arabic saqr-et-tair meaning hunter-bird.

Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius

150cm, 59"; WS 200cm, 80"

Unmistakable, large striding grey-and-black bird with bare orange-red face, heavy eagle-like bill, long plumes on nape, long legs with black feathering, and long narrow central tail feathers. Sexes alike. Immature similar but browner with duller facial skin. If disturbed will often run rather than fly; flight rather laboured, although soars easily presenting a very distinctive silhouette. Monotypic. SH Singles, pairs, and pairs with young are locally common in open bushed and wooded grasslands from near sea level to 3,000m. Voice At nest pairs make long low burping growls. VU

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PLATE 25: FISH-EATING RAPTORS FISH-EATING RAPTORS Three large pied raptors usually associated with water: African Fish-Eagle and Osprey are spectacular fishing birds; Palm-nut Vulture (sometimes called Vulturine Fish-Eagle) is often seen scavenging on the seashore, but is also strongly associated with oil palms (particularly in the west). Adults are easy to distinguish, but take care with immatures.

African Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer

68cm, 27"; WS 190cm, 76"

Adult is a striking eagle with gleaming white head, breast and tail, chestnut shoulders and underparts, and mostly black back and wings. Sexes alike but female larger than male. Immature scruffy, largely dark brown with dark cap and whitish face, variable dark streaking on nape, throat and breast, and white patches at bases of primaries on underwing; whitish tail broadly tipped black. Subadult acquires whiter head and white underwing-coverts, attaining full adult plumage in fifth year. In flight, appears broad-winged and short-tailed, flapping with shallow beats and soaring on flat wings. Monotypic. SH Pairs and pairs with young are locally common (but in decline) at a wide range of fresh, alkaline and salt waters, from sea level to 3,000m. Can be locally common on lakes of both rift valleys and at Lake Victoria. Sometimes aggressive, chasing Ospreys and herons to steal their prey. Will also kill other birds and occasionally feeds on carrion. Voice Very vocal; a familiar waterside sound. Most calls are attractive yodels weee……..wu wu wu with the last three notes accelerating and falling. Pairs also duet: one calls wi and other immediately replies oo. Also a low nasal ahnk-ank-ank-ank.

Palm-nut Vulture Gypohierax angolensis

60cm, 24"; WS 180cm, 70"

Adult is a boldly marked black-and-white raptor with large black patches in wings (secondaries and primary tips) and white-tipped black tail. When perched has rather hunched appearance, with long bill and large area of bare pinkish skin around eyes. Sexes alike but female slightly larger than male. Immature scruffy and all brown, except dull yellowish-green orbital skin, and whitish greater coverts on underwing. Subadult acquires more white, including primary patches on both upperwing and underwing. In flight has round-winged, short-tailed silhouette, with unique bold black-and-white wing pattern visible at great distance. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are resident and locally common from WUg to SWTz in the west, and in the east throughout the coastal belt and inland along major rivers up to 1,400m. Voice A downslurred wheezy screaming whistle.

Osprey Pandion haliaetus

58"cm, 23"; WS 148cm, 59"

Slender brown-and-white raptor with uniquely shaped, narrow, angled wings. Dark brown above and pearly white below, with rather small flat head, mainly white crown and broad black band through yellow eye. Sexes alike but female often has fuller breast-band. Immature has less well-defined head pattern, with some narrow dark streaking on crown and pale fringes to back and wings. In flight appears mainly white below with striking long angled wings, and distinctive black carpal patches, primary tips and dark edges to underwing-coverts. Often hovers with dangling legs and plunges into water after fish. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles are regular visitors and passage migrants to a wide range of freshwater lakes and rivers, as well as saltwater creeks, shores and estuaries, Aug–Apr (but mainly Oct–Mar). Some present year-round. Voice Silent in region. Note Sometimes considered specifically distinct from Eastern Osprey P. cristatus. [Alt. Western Osprey]

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PLATE 26: SOLITARY VULTURES SOLITARY VULTURES Three vultures which are usually solitary or found in pairs, although Hooded has adapted to feeding in villages and towns. All are attracted to carcasses. Adults are distinctive, but care should be taken when identifying immatures. Since the year 2000 there has been a serious decline in the numbers of most species of vultures.

Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus

60cm, 24"; WS 158cm, 62"

Adult is a conspicuous, medium-sized, white or buffy-yellow and white vulture, with black flight feathers, a bare orange-yellow face (surrounded by long lax feathers that form a shaggy halo), and slender bill with black tip. Sexes similar but female slightly larger. Immature brown and similar to immature Hooded, but may show some yellow on face and has longer feathers on nape. In flight, adult has obvious black-and-white plumage; immature is all brown. All have rather long straight wings and a wedge-shaped tail. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Solitary birds, pairs and family groups are widespread but increasingly uncommon, in arid, semi-arid and bush country from near sea level to 3,000m: rarely far from nesting cliffs. Attends kills, but feeds after more numerous larger vultures. Specialist tool-user, breaking open ostrich eggs by repeatedly dropping stones onto them. Voice Breeding birds give high-pitched rattling trills and scratchy wheezes. EN

Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus

60cm, 24"; WS 163cm, 65"

Size similar to Egyptian Vulture, but adult all brown with naked pink head and some sparse whitish-grey down on hindneck. Slender bill also pinkish-brown, and both bill and head may brighten if bird becomes excited. Sexes alike. Immature darker, with grey facial skin and dark brown down on head. In flight, easily identified from immature Egyptian by more square-ended tail. Usually considered monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are local and uncommon in a range of habitats including arid country, grassland, cultivation and coastal areas, from sea level to 3,000m. More gregarious than Egyptian and (in west) occurs in villages and towns, where visits rubbish dumps. Tree-nester, so not confined to rocky cliffs. Voice Gives high-pitched complaining peei-u peei-u peei-u peei-u… and various scratchy squeals. CR

White-headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis

75cm, 30"; WS 213cm, 84"

Attractive large blackish vulture with a colourful angular head, white crop and white belly. At close quarters adult has rather peaked, triangular-shaped head, with thick white down on crown, bare pink facial skin and red bill with pale blue cere. Immature duller, with brownish top to head and all-dark underparts. In flight, broad-winged adult has conspicuous white belly and legs, extending as narrow white line on rear of underwing-coverts; female also has large white patches in secondaries. Immature in flight is all dark with narrow white line at rear edge of underwingcoverts. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are the most solitary and least common of the large vultures, but widespread at low densities in semi-arid open country and wooded grassland between sea level and 3,000m. Regularly attends kills, but unable to compete with larger species. Voice Squeals and chitters when squabbling at a carcass, but not as vocal as other vultures. CR BEARDED VULTURE Striking huge vulture of remote areas and rocky cliffs. Alternative name of Lammergeier derived from German (meaning Lamb Vulture). Unlikely to be confused with any other species; in distant views may recall immature Egyptian Vulture but much bigger.

Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus

108cm, 43"; WS 253cm, 100"

Massive, very long-winged black-and-orange vulture with a distinctive diamond-shaped tail. Face appears whitish at distance, but close-up reveals black lores and beard which hangs below base of bill; underparts invariably stained russet (by iron oxide during dust bathing). Sexes alike. Immature entirely dark brown, becoming paler on face and underparts with age. Flight silhouette distinct from all except Egyptian Vulture. Race in EA is meridionalis. SH Singles and pairs occur at low densities in high mountain areas and at volcanic craters, but wanderers (usually immatures) may appear unexpectedly elsewhere. Requires precipitous cliffs for breeding, but birds range considerable distances to scavenge at kills and take all sorts of carrion. Bones are broken by dropping them from great heights onto rocky outcrops. Voice Quite silent, but at nest gives long downslurred wheezy and rather burry whistle. [Alt. Lammergeier]

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PLATE 27: LARGE PLAINS VULTURES LARGE PLAINS VULTURES Classic African vultures commonly seen together at carcasses (often with the species on Plate 26). All three are easily distinguished on the ground, but immature, subadult and sometimes adult White-backed and Rüppell’s Vultures may be difficult to separate in flight. Both make long-distance movements in search of food. See also vagrant Griffon Vulture on p. 601.

White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus

83cm, 33"; WS 210cm, 84"

Adult only likely to be confused with Rüppell’s Vulture, but on ground is easily separated by entirely blackish bill, darker brown eyes, and essentially rather uniform body and wings (which lighten considerably with age); white back usually concealed. Sexes alike. Immature dark at first, with narrow pale streaking on back and wings (never scalloped), extensive down on neck, and dull brownish ruff. Birds gradually lighten, acquiring adult plumage (with white back) in six years. In flight, adult shows tapering white lower back and rump from above, all-white underwingcoverts from below. Underwing of immature has long thin white crescent just inside leading edge and is thus identical to immature Rüppell’s. Monotypic. SH Small to large groups; widespread but now declining in open grassland and woodland from sea level to 3,000m. Usually associated with plains game, and generally outnumbers Rüppell’s Vulture. Voice Often silent, but makes an expressive range of hisses, cackles and wheezy rattles at kills. CR

Rüppell’s Vulture Gyps rueppelli

90cm, 36"; WS 238cm, 95"

At close range adult easily told from White-backed by yellowish-horn bill, yellowish eyes, and whitish edges to back feathers and wing-coverts giving heavily scaled appearance. Longer- and thicker-necked, slightly more heavy-billed, and a little larger than White-backed, giving heavier appearance when seen together. Sexes alike. Immature very similar to immature White-backed with blackish bill, dark eyes, rather plain back and wings, and variable pale streaking below. At kills can be separated by slightly larger, heavier appearance. Adult plumage gained over about 6 years, with scaling, pale bill and yellowish eyes all acquired gradually. In flight from below, adult has thin white crescent near leading edge of wing, and may have parallel concentric bars on underwingcovert fringes (often hard to see). Mottled belly and pale bill tip may be visible at distance. Immature dark below, with single white line on underwing, and not safely separated from immature Whitebacked. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Groups were widespread, gregarious and often common at kills, but are now in decline. Colonies breed on cliffs and rocky outcrops, although birds forage far from nest sites. Voice Largely silent, but more vocal than White-backed at kills, uttering an extraordinarily varied range of loud screaming hisses, groans, grunts and low guttural rattles. [Alt. Rüppell’s Griffon Vulture] CR

Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus

103cm, 41"; WS 265cm, 106"

Thickset squarish head, enormous bill and broad often spread wings give this species a massive brooding presence at kills. Adult largely blackish-brown with extensive whitish streaking on breast and shaggy white ‘leggings’. Head and neck bare and pink (may flush brightly) with fleshy lappets on sides of face. Sexes similar. Immature darker, almost black, with duller facial skin and black ‘leggings’ becoming whiter over six years. In flight looks huge and broad-winged; adult has conspicuous narrow white crescent on underwing and white ‘leggings’. Immature entirely dark below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and pairs are reasonably widespread but uncommon residents of open grassland and woodland with plains game, from sea level to 3,000m. Densities generally lower than other large vultures, and it is rare to see more than four or five together at kills, although small groups occasionally gather. Voice Quiet, but unusual calls include low growling churr and a series of various metallic spitted notes. EN

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PLATE 28: SNAKE-EAGLES SNAKE-EAGLES Six medium-sized eagles with large rounded heads, striking yellow eyes, bare legs and (when perched) a rather upright stance. Sexes similar, but immatures often differ, and gain adult plumage over about three years. Underwing, tail patterns and range aid identification. All feed on snakes and other reptiles, and some intermittently hover when searching for prey.

Black-chested Snake-Eagle Circaetus pectoralis

65cm, 26"; WS 170cm, 68"

Adult is blackish-brown above, on head, throat and upper breast, otherwise plain white below. Immature dark brownish above (with some pale fringes) and paler rufous below. In flight, adult alldark above and on upper breast, contrasting with white belly and underwing, which shows narrow black bars on flight feathers; undertail has three black bands. Immature brown above and mainly rufous below, with rufous underwing-coverts and indistinctly barred flight feathers, becoming paler and more blotchy with age. Adult Martial Eagle superficially similar but much larger with dark underwing. Monotypic. SH Singles are largely resident, widespread and sometimes common in bushed and wooded grassland, from sea level to 3,400m; sometimes hovers. Voice Usually quiet but gives a piercing whistled downslurred peeeu…, a monotone peee…, and a loud pee pee pee pee…

Short-toed Snake-Eagle Circaetus gallicus

65cm, 26"; WS 175cm, 70"

Adult is medium brown above, but very variable below; typically upper breast is brown, rest of underparts white with some crescent-shaped barring. Paler birds may be almost all white below, usually with a few brown breast streaks. Tail has three or four narrow dark bars. Immature similar. In flight, adult can be all white below or has fine bars on underwing with contrasting brown breast (never black and white like Black-chested Snake-Eagle). Monotypic. SH Very uncommon visitor from the Palearctic, Oct–Mar. Voice Silent in region.

Beaudouin’s Snake-Eagle Circaetus beaudouini

63cm, 25"; WS 160cm, 64"

Adult is darker above than Short-toed with narrow crescentic barring from breast to vent; shorter wings fall short of tail tip. Immature has underparts and underwing-coverts rufous-brown (can resemble Brown Snake-Eagle). In flight, adult more finely barred below than most Short-toed, with darker breast and uniform white underwing-coverts; adult Black-chested lacks barring on underparts. Monotypic. SH Presumed visitor from the northern tropics, breeding in WKe in 2012. Voice Silent outside breeding season. VU

Brown Snake-Eagle Circaetus cinereus

73cm, 29"; WS 170cm, 68"

Large-headed, dark brown eagle, with conspicuous yellow eyes and pale legs. Immature similar, but may be paler. In flight appears all dark above, except narrow bars on tail. From below, silver-white greater coverts and flight feathers contrast strongly with brown body and other underwingcoverts. Tail has three pale bars above and below, and narrow pale tip. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are widespread at low densities in bush and woodland, from sea level to 2,000m. Voice Calls a drawn-out wheeze and high-pitched metallic kwink.

Western Banded Snake-Eagle Circaetus cinerascens

53cm, 21"; WS 125cm, 50"

Adult is grey or grey-brown above with extensive brown from throat to belly, barring restricted to lower belly and lower flanks, and a single broad white tail-band. Immature much paler and browner with whitish lightly streaked head; dirty white below with variable brown bars and smudges. In flight from above, broad white tail-band conspicuous at all ages. From below, adult has dark chin to belly, mainly white underwing-coverts and single broad whitish band on tail. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are rather uncommon residents in riverine forest, woodland and forest edge, from Ug to NTz, and extending east to CKe, at 400–2,000m. Voice Commonly calls in display over territory, a far-carrying nasal ayaaah ka-haaa with the first note rising and last note falling. [Alt. Banded Snake-Eagle]

Southern Banded Snake-Eagle Circaetus fasciolatus 55cm, 22"; WS 123cm, 49" Adult is similar to Western Banded Snake-Eagle, but barring on underparts extends from breast to vent; tail rather longer with four dark and three pale bands. Immature similar to immature Western Banded, but often more marked below and has different tail pattern. In flight, adult has more extensive barring on underparts and underwing-coverts than other snake-eagles. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are shy but widespread at low densities in coastal forest, and lowland forest near the coast (to 1,500m in NETz), as well as along major river systems inland. Voice Very vocal: far-carrying call as birds display high above forest canopy (also given from perch), a nasal woop ta’ta’ta’taaa, with first note rising and leisurely, last notes rapid, and final note falling. Also loud clanging kyan kyan kyan kyan… sometimes given at end of display. [Alt. Fasciated Snake-Eagle]

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PLATE 29: HARRIERS HARRIERS Elegant raptors of open country; all are similar in shape and character, with long tails and wings held in a shallow V. Adult female and immature Montagu’s and Pallid Harriers are particularly difficult to tell apart. In all cases, note the head, rump and wing patterns. With experience, subtle differences in flight action aid identification, even at long range.

African Marsh Harrier Circus ranivorus

45cm, 18"; WS 113cm, 45"

Adult is mostly dark brown above and paler brown below with dark streaking (some are washed rufous on rump, flanks and legs). Extent of pale areas on face and throat varies individually. Immature similar but darker, with cream-buff nape and throat (not crown), and pale breast-band (again extent varies). In flight, overall slender and dark (without white rump). Adult brown above with whitish leading edge to wing, boldly barred underwing and narrowly barred tail. Immature in flight darker still, but has buff-white leading edge to wing, pale patches on nape and throat, and often a whitish breast-band. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are rather local and often uncommon over marshes and swamps, including seasonal wetlands, from the coast to 3,000m. Voice Vocal on breeding grounds where they give a rough upslurred weeey, at intervals of about 4–6 seconds.

Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus

48cm, 19"; WS 128cm, 51"

Heaviest-looking harrier; adult male is dark brown, grey and black, with pale cream crown, nape and throat, variable dark streaking on upper breast, and rufous-brown lower breast to vent. Adult female largely dark brown, with leading edge of wings and head creamy (face variably brown and some show a cream patch on breast). Immature similar, but crown and throat buffier, and cream in wing reduced or absent. In flight, appears sedate, larger and broader-winged than other harriers. Adult male brown, grey and black above, with grey tail, underwings silvery-grey with black tips, and lower body rufous-brown. Adult female rich brown with cream cap, forewing and shoulders, and plain tail. Rare dark-morph adult male blackish with grey tail and white bases to flight feathers on underwing; adult female lacks cream on forewing, but has white bases to primaries on underside. Birds visiting EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and small groups are reasonably common and widespread Palearctic visitors to lakes and marshes, flooded grassland and cultivation in Sep–Apr. Voice Silent in region. [Alt. Eurasian Marsh Harrier]

Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus

43cm, 17"; WS 112cm, 45"

Adult male has smoky-grey upperparts, head and upper breast, with whiter belly, chestnut flank streaking and short black bar on closed wing. Adult female dark brown above, streaked brown on buff-white below. Close views of face reveal thin stripe through eye and dark ear-coverts, not prominently edged by a whitish collar. Immature has similar face pattern, but is uniform bright rufous below. In flight, slightly heavier and more sedate than Pallid Harrier. Adult male also appears darker grey, with thin black bar on secondaries, larger black wingtips, and chestnut-streaked flanks and underwing-coverts. On underwing, adult female has two broad pale bars across secondaries, dark-tipped primaries and rufous barring on coverts. Female and immature have white rump. Monotypic. SH Singles to small groups are fairly common Palearctic passage migrants and winter visitors to grasslands, especially in the highlands, in Oct–Apr. Voice Silent in region.

Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus

45cm, 18"; WS 110cm, 44"

Very similar to Montagu’s Harrier, but has slighter build with longer tail that projects beyond wingtips at rest. Adult male is ethereal pale grey above and very white below, with no black bar on closed wing. Adult female differs from female Montagu’s by thicker black line through eye and whitish collar around ear-coverts. Immature similar to immature Montagu’s except more distinctive face pattern. In buoyant, lithe flight, adult male is uniform ghostly grey with less black on wingtips (forming narrow wedge), and no secondary bar or chestnut streaking. Adult female has darker secondaries and paler primaries (especially towards tips) than female Montagu’s. Adult female and immature both have white rump. Monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are fairly common Palearctic passage migrants and winter visitors to grasslands in Oct–Apr. Voice Silent in region.

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PLATE 30: CHANTING-GOSHAWKS AND LIZARD BUZZARD CHANTING-GOSHAWKS AND LIZARD BUZZARD Four quite similar grey raptors with a rather upright and bold stance. Adult chanting-goshawks are easily told apart by bare parts and rump colour, but immatures can be much more difficult – consider range. Gabar Goshawk and Lizard Buzzard are smaller and should not be confused if seen well.

Eastern Chanting-goshawk Melierax poliopterus

55cm, 23"; WS 110cm, 43"

Medium-sized grey raptor, barred grey and white from breast to vent. Generally paler than Dark Chanting-goshawk (but not always so), and best identified by yellow cere, long orange-red legs, and white rump; undertail-coverts usually whiter than Dark Chanting. Female similar but larger than male. Immature brown above with pale (not dark) eyes, whitish supercilium, and mainly white rump (some show narrow barring at sides). Breast brown with variable darker streaking; barred brown and white from lower breast to vent. Cere grey, legs dull yellowish. In characterful stiffwinged, direct flight, adult appears grey above, with black outer primaries and an obvious narrow white rump. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs perch prominently and are widespread and common in arid and semi-arid bush, dry grassland and woodland, from sea level to 2,000m. Voice Calls a loud piercing pee..peepeepeepeepeepeeepeepeep which slowly rises in tone, a rather mewing peeyuh, and a rhythmical weeu wi-wu-wu-wu-wu with the first note rising and last notes falling and accelerating like a bouncing ball.

Dark Chanting-goshawk Melierax metabates

50cm, 20"; WS 100cm, 39"

Similar to Eastern Chanting-goshawk, but usually slightly darker grey, with grey-and-white barred rump and undertail-coverts, and orange-red cere and legs. Female similar, but larger than male. Immature very similar to immature Eastern Chanting, but some birds less heavily streaked on breast; best separated by fine grey barring on white rump. The nominate race (widespread) as described, race mechowi (WUg and STz) has darker and brighter red cere. SH Singles and pairs are common residents of similar but moister habitats than Eastern Chanting, occurring to 3,000m. Like Eastern Chanting, typically flies low with stiff beats interspersed with glides, swooping up onto exposed perches. Voice Quite vocal, with a gull-like downslurred peeeyuh and repeated wheepee-pee-pee…

Gabar Goshawk Micronisus gabar

36cm, 14"; WS 60cm, 24"

Superficially resembles a small chanting-goshawk. Typical adult is grey above with bold white rump; head to upper breast also grey, mid-breast to belly barred grey and white, cere and legs orange-red, and eyes dark. Reasonably common dark-morph adult is mostly black (when perched), with no white rump, and grey-and-black barred tail. Female similar, but larger than male. Immature largely dull brown above, with white rump, pale throat and breast streaked warm brown, and midbreast to belly banded warm brown. Cere, eyes and legs pale yellowish. Dashing, rather accipiterlike flight on short rounded wings; typical adult has striking narrow white rump and heavily barred underwing and tail. Dark morph is black above and below with silvery-white bars on underwing and tail. Race in EA is aequatorius. SH Singles are widespread and common residents of bush and woodland from sea level to 2,000m, often in drier country. Voice Common call is a rising wi-we-we (rather like Diederik Cuckoo), while in longer series the last note is repeated: wi-we-we wiwiwiwiwiwiwi… Note Formerly in the genus Melierax.

Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus

36cm, 14"; WS 80cm, 31"

Small, upright, rather stocky and sluggish raptor. Grey above and on breast with vertical black stripe on centre of white throat, and mid-breast to belly well barred dark grey and white. Cere and legs red; eyes dark. Sexes alike, but female larger. Immature slightly browner version of adult with duller cere and less distinct throat stripe. Compact and neat on the wing, flying low with shallow beats before swooping up onto perch. From above has mainly grey upperparts contrasting strongly with white rump and blackish tail with a single thin white bar and tip. From below appears barred, but underwing-coverts quite plain, with barring mainly confined to body and flight feathers. In EA the nominate race is widespread; slighly larger race meridionalis occurs in STz. SH Pairs are common and widespread residents of bush, woodland, cultivation and gardens, from sea level to 3,000m, but patchily distributed away from coast. Often on posts or wires, where it can be both unobtrusive and confiding. Voice Very vocal, shouting a loud distinctive wioo…wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu wu… with first note rising, then falling and rest slightly lower and on same pitch.

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PLATE 31: OPEN-COUNTRY SPARROWHAWKS OPEN-COUNTRY SPARROWHAWKS Four similar sparrowhawks of open country. All are built for dashing manoeuvrable flight. Shikra is a common and widespread resident, Ovambo is rare, and the others are vagrants. Best identified by head, cheek and throat patterns, as well as underwing and eye colour; none has obvious white rump. Adults similar, but females are larger than males.

Shikra Accipiter badius

30cm, 12"; WS 58cm, 23"

Small classic sparrowhawk: grey above (sometimes with a few white spots on back), with grey cheeks and largely plain grey central tail feathers (can be dark-tipped in female). Lightly barred pinkish or light rufous-brown below, except whitish throat and vent. Male has bright red eyes, female bright orange; cere and legs yellow. Immature dark brown above, whitish below with a rufous-brown central throat stripe, heavily streaked breast, and barred lower breast and flanks. Eyes and bare parts pale yellow. In flight at distance, adult may appear very pale with black wingtips, similar to Levant Sparrowhawk, but wings slightly more rounded and more extensively barred below. Tail mostly uniform above but barred below. Race sphenurus is widespread; slightly paler and smaller polyzonoides occurs in STz. Gabar Goshawk has more rounded wings and white rump. SH Singles and pairs are common residents in a wide range of woodland and edge habitats from sea level to 3,000m, including towns, gardens and cultivation. Voice Various (sometimes woodpecker-like) calls are shrill and querulous; either a single upslurred k-wi or a chittered kwikwikwikwikwi.

Ovambo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis

35cm, 14"; WS 88cm, 27"

Graceful, slightly small-headed sparrowhawk with two distinct colour morphs. Normal grey birds are all grey above, often with a few white marks on rump, and barred tail with white streaks on central feather shafts. Below finely barred grey or grey-brown from throat to belly. Eyes dark winered, cere and legs yellowish to red. Rare dark morph is dull black above except for white streaks on tail shafts; in flight, black underwing-coverts contrast with pale bars on flight feathers and tail. At close range both morphs have exceptionally long middle toes. Immature rather variable, but all show white streaks on tail shafts. Typical immature dark brown above with white supercilium, dark mask on whitish face, plain rusty breast and pale underparts with broad dark bands, or chestnut-brown below with streaked breast and barred belly and flanks; some are whiter on crown and underparts. Eyes brown, cere orange-yellow and legs deep yellow. Monotypic. SH Singles are very scarce in riverine and open woodland, with scattered records suggesting birds may wander. Voice Calls: 7–12 rapidly delivered notes, a wader-like kweh-kwehkwehkweh… with a nasal upslur.

Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus

33cm, 13"; WS 65cm, 26"

Adult male is slate-grey above (sometimes with a slight white supercilium), with buff-orange sides to face, and barred rusty-orange underparts. Adult female often much larger, grey-brown above with more prominent supercilium contrasting with dark cap, and barred dark brown below. Eyes, cere and legs yellow. Immature like adult female, but browner-grey above, and dark barring below much more mottled and broken. In compact dashing flight, adult male is dark grey above with barred rusty-orange body and leading edge to underwing; longish tail has four or five bars above and below. Adult female has looser flight, is grey-brown above and well barred below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Very scarce Palearctic visitor to Ke in Nov–Feb, with scattered records typically from wooded country; vagrant to Tz. Voice Silent in region.

Levant Sparrowhawk Accipiter brevipes

33cm, 13"; WS 65cm, 26"

Adult male similar to Shikra, with grey cheeks and plain upperside to central tail feathers. Best separated by slightly darker upperparts, dark red eyes (not bright red) and richer chestnut barring below. In flight, wings more pointed and whiter below with blacker tips. Slightly larger adult female browner above and in flight, shows more barring on underwing-coverts. Immature browner above than female, with dark stripe on throat and heavily spotted underparts. Monotypic. SH Vagrant from the Palearctic to woodland and bush, with a few scattered records of singles, all in Nov–Apr. Exceptional was a flock of over 600 in Masai Mara Game Reserve, Feb 2014. Voice Silent in region.

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PLATE 32: WOODLAND AND FOREST SPARROWHAWKS WOODLAND AND FOREST SPARROWHAWKS Seven sparrowhawks of woodland and forest (including Little, Red-thighed and Black Sparrowhawks on Plate 33). Their secretive nature, similar plumages and (in some) different races and morphs make identification difficult. Size (beware females are usually larger), markings on the underparts and tails, and range aid identification.

African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro

46cm, 18"; WS 75cm, 30"

Commonest large accipiter in region with highly variable plumage. Typical adult male is very dark grey above with whitish throat and finely barred rufous-and-white underparts, tail indistinctly barred black and dark grey above (occasionally with small white spots), greyish and lightly barred below. Larger adult female is dark brown above and more heavily barred black-brown on white below. Dark morph birds all blackish with dark grey bands in tail and contrasting flight feathers on underwing. All adults have eyes and feet yellowish (immatures are dark-eyed). Typical immature is dark brown above with rufous fringes, whitish supercilium, heavy spots on breast and barred flanks (often has pale nape and some have dark mesial stripe). In flight, typical adult male is dark above, with rufous-barred body and wing-coverts. Adult female more heavily barred on body and underwing. Immature also heavily marked, but with spots not bars. Race sparsimfasciatus is widespread; smaller pembaensis (endemic to Pemba Island, Tz) is pale grey above and rufous or pinkish-brown below. SH Singles common in a wide range of forest types, woodland and gardens, from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Call is a sharp snappy chutt like a smacking of lips, often in high aerial circling display.

Red-chested Goshawk Accipiter toussenelii

46cm, 18"; WS 75cm, 30"

Adult is grey above with three white bars on uppertail; below, grey throat contrasts with mostly plain rufous breast and flanks (some show rufous barring on upper breast). In flight, adult shows rufous barring on underwing-coverts, varying in intensity and extent. Immature is dark brown above and mostly white below with a few dark spots. Birds in EA are race canescens. SH Uncommon in Semliki Forest, WUg. Voice Calls a series of sharp notes kwit, kwit. Note Formerly considered conspecific with African Goshawk.

Chestnut-flanked Sparrowhawk Accipiter castanilius 36cm, 14"; WS 60cm, 24" Adult is dark grey or blackish above with three bold white bars on black tail. White throat (sometimes barred grey) grades into centre of chestnut-and-white barred breast; sides of breast, flanks and thighs plain chestnut, vent white. Eyes, cere and legs yellow. Immature brown-black above with whitish supercilium and (in some) variable white spots on nape. Below whitish with dark teardrop spots on breast, becoming bars on flanks and thighs. Eyes brown, cere and legs yellow. Flying adult very similar to Red-chested Goshawk, with dark upperparts and three white bars on tail, but differs in being smaller, with chestnut and white bars on central breast. Monotypic. SH In EA known only from Semliki Forest, WUg. Voice Unknown. [Alt. Chestnut-flanked Goshawk]

Rufous-breasted Sparrowhawk Accipiter rufiventris

40cm, 16"; WS 70 cm, 28"

Adult is dark slate-grey above with a dark grey-and-black barred tail. Throat buffy, cheeks to belly uniform rich rufous; vent white. Eyes, cere and legs yellow. Immature dark brown above with pale supercilium and some rufous feather edges, breast and flanks streaked and barred rufous, plain rufous on thighs. In flight, adult shows striking contrast between dark slate upperparts and plain rufous body and underwing-coverts. Immature has streaked and barred rufous underparts. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles are widespread residents in highland forest, forest edge and mature gardens, at 1,200–3,000m. Often hunts in open country. Voice Call is a loud downslurred kiu-kiu-kiu-kiu…

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PLATE 33: WOODLAND SPARROWHAWKS AND CUCKOO-HAWK Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus

28cm, 11"; WS 45cm, 18"

Very small woodland sparrowhawk. Adult is slate-grey above with white rump and white spots on black tail. Grey head and cheeks contrast with white throat, rest of underparts white with fine brown barring, and variable rufous wash on sides of breast and flanks. Eyes orange-yellow, cere and legs yellow. Immature brown above, with some white on rump and white tail spots; extensive dark brown spots on breast, variably becoming bars on flanks. Strikingly small, compact and agile on the wing. From above, adult has white rump and two white spots in centre of very black tail. From below, barring on body and wings contrasts by pale rufous underwing-coverts. Immature differs from immature Red-thighed Sparrowhawk by white spots in centre of uppertail and more extensive spotting on underparts. Nominate race is widespread, while paler tropicalis occurs in coastal lowlands. SH Singles and pairs usually local and uncommon, but also rather secretive residents of forest, dense woodland and woodland edge, as well as gardens and plantations, from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Call of 8–10 rather full-sounding and hurried tiu-tiu-tiu-tiu… notes, low-pitched for size of bird.

Red-thighed Sparrowhawk Accipiter erythropus

28cm, 11"; WS 40cm, 16"

Small forest sparrowhawk. Adult is black above with white spots on scapulars, narrow white rump and white spots in outer tail. Chestnut sides of breast and thighs contrast with white throat; central breast plain grey, chestnut, or chestnut-banded. Eyes orange-red, cere and legs orangeyellow. Immature dark brown above with rufous fringes and white supercilium; white with dark spotting on breast and light chestnut-barred flanks. Eyes pale orange, cere and legs yellow. In flight, adult blackish above with narrow white rump and white spots in tail. Chestnut barring on underparts extends to underwing-coverts. Immature shows indication of white rump, spots on breast and chestnut bars on flanks. Birds in WUg are race zenkeri. SH Singles are secretive dense forest-dwellers, known in EA only from Semliki Forest, WUg, at 700–900m. Voice Call is a shrill reedy kew-kew-kew… similar to Little Sparrowhawk. [Alt. Red-legged Sparrowhawk]

Black Sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus

58cm, 23"; WS 95cm, 37"

Very large black-and-white sparrowhawk. Adult charcoal-black above and white below, with conspicuous heavy black barring from sides of breast to flanks. Rare dark morph is all black with white throat and has contrasting barred flight feathers on underwing. Eyes red to brown, cere and legs yellow. Immature browner above, and heavily streaked blackish-brown below on either white or rich rufous-brown. Flying birds show huge but typical accipiter shape. Adult black above with faint greyer bars in tail; largely white below with black flank patches, and barred flight feathers and tail. Immature dark brown above, with dark streaking on white or rufous underparts and either whitish or rufous underwing-coverts (immature African Goshawk is spotted and smaller). Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles are widespread and sometimes common in wide range of forest, woodland and woodland edge, including stands of exotic trees and wellwooded towns, from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Call is a single loud rising then falling buzzard-like slur seeeuur and a repeated sharp keek-keek-keek-… [Alt. Great Sparrowhawk, Black Goshawk]

African Cuckoo-Hawk Aviceda cuculoides

40cm, 16"; WS 88cm, 35"

Odd, short-crested, weak-billed, slender raptor, with long wings reaching almost to tail tip at rest. Adult male dark grey-brown above, with grey head, throat and upper breast, small rufous patch on nape, and bold, broad, rufous barring on white mid-breast to belly. Large eyes are red-brown or yellow; cere and legs yellow. Sexes similar, but female warm brown above with paler barring below. Immature dark brown above with buff fringes and distinct white supercilium; white below with variable dark spotting. Eyes grey-brown, cere and legs pale yellow. In flight, looks long-winged and rather cuckoo-like. Adult dark above with pale bands on tail and barred rufous below and on underwing-coverts. Immature has variable spotting on body, and blackand-white underwing-coverts. Birds in EA are race verreauxii. SH Singles and pairs are uncommon in forest edge, woodland and wooded bushland from sea level to 3,000m. Status uncertain, but a regular non-breeding visitor to Ke coast in May–Nov. Voice Call is a slowly repeated downslurred squealed peeuu; also duets, one bird gives a series of rising downslurred whistles, pek-t-wioo k-twioo k-t-wioo… and other answers with a rapid rising pipipipipipi.

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PLATE 34: ATYPICAL HAWKS AND BUZZARDS African Harrier-Hawk Polyboroides typus

66cm, 26"; WS 160cm, 63"

Large floppy-winged grey raptor with rather small slim head and bare yellow facial skin (turns red if excited). Adult grey above, with long lax nape feathers and single broad white band on black tail. Head and upper breast also grey, but rest of underparts densely barred black on white; long yellow legs (tibio-tarsal joint can bend backwards). Female slightly larger. Immature very variable, from dark to pale brown above, with pale feather edges, and dark to light brown below, either mottled or plain. Facial skin grey-green. In flight, wings and tail appear broad and long. Adult grey with black band on trailing edge of wing, black wingtips and white-banded black tail. Immature has barred flight and tail feathers, and brown underwing-coverts contrasting with pale primary bases. Best feature overall is slow, measured flight. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and pairs are widespread but local residents of forest edge, riverine woodland, well-wooded grassland and cultivation, from sea level to 3,000m. Regularly steals young from cavity nests like those of swifts and weavers, using long flexible legs to probe for and grab nestlings. Voice Call is a high-pitched upslurred whistle with accent on second half, piiiii‘iii. Also a monotonous piiii on a single pitch. [Alt. Gymnogene]

European Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus

60cm, 24"; WS 135cm, 53"

Highly variable plumage can cause considerable confusion. Adult typically grey-brown above with obvious yellow eyes; all morphs have distinctive tail with broad band near tip and two narrow ones near base. Underparts often heavily barred, but can also be lightly barred, all white, rufous or blackish. Immature even more confusing, as in addition to varied morphs has four or five tail bars, and dark eyes. In flight has slow deep wingbeats, but soars with wings held flat, and glides with wings slightly lowered. Adult in flight is like small-headed, long-tailed buzzard, with dark carpal patches, blackish trailing edge to wing and distinctive barred tail. Immature has more barring on underwing and shorter more barred tail, but protruding head and flight action useful with experience. Monotypic. SH Uncommon but regular Palearctic migrant, with records across EA, mainly Oct–Apr (also Jun–Aug). Voice Silent in region. Note See also vagrant Oriental Honeybuzzard on p. 601.

Grasshopper Buzzard Butastur rufipennis

44cm, 17"; WS 102cm, 40"

Perched adult looks largely grey-brown above and pale rufous with narrow black streaking below. At close range shows white throat bisected by black mesial stripe and yellow eyes, cere and legs. Sexes alike. Immature browner above, with pale chestnut-brown head and underparts, and brownish or white throat bordered by dark stripes. In low buoyant gliding flight, reveals unmistakable rufous patches on upperwings. From below, pale chestnut body contrasts with dark-tipped whitish underwing. Monotypic. SH Singles are non-breeding visitors from northern tropics to open dry bush country, and bushed and wooded grassland, Oct–Apr. Groups may gather near bush fires, perching in open, and dropping to forage for insects on the ground. Voice Generally silent in region, but may occasionally give a loud ki-ki-ki-ki-kee.

Long-tailed Hawk Urotriorchis macrourus

73cm, 29"; WS 90cm, 35"

Extraordinary, large, long-tailed hawk. Adult male dark grey above with a white rump and very long boldly marked tail; mainly rich chestnut below, with pale grey throat; eyes, cere and legs yellow. Female slightly larger. Immature dark brown above, with blackish and rufous bands in wings and tail; underparts white, with variable dark spots on breast and flanks. In flight, longtailed silhouette unique; adult appears blackish above with white rump and bars in tail; chestnut body and underwing-coverts contrast with barred flight feathers from below. Immature has whitish underwing-coverts. Monotypic. SH In EA known only at 700–900m in Semliki Forest, WUg, where it is a scarce and shy occupant of the canopy. Voice A long high-pitched scream weeeee-ah from the treetops.

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PLATE 35: TYPICAL BUZZARDS TYPICAL BUZZARDS Medium-sized true buzzards with broad wings and short or mid-length tails. Variation in plumage (of most) can cause confusion, but underparts markings, wing pattern and tail colour aid identification. Additionally, some are migrants, so consider time of year. Eurasian and Long-legged are from the Palearctic, Red-necked from the northern tropics, Augur and Mountain are resident. Sexes similar, but females slightly larger.

Augur Buzzard Buteo augur

60cm, 24"; WS 150cm, 59"

Stocky, red-tailed buzzard with two distinct colour morphs. Pale morph adult black above with chequered panel on flight feathers, and white below with brick-red tail. Dark morph adult similar but entirely blackish below. Pale immature brown above, with heavy streaking on throat, and narrowly dark-barred brown or dull rufous tail, while dark immature is darker overall including underparts. In flight, characteristic silhouette with broad wings, bulging secondaries and short tail. Pale birds have white body and underwing, with black wingtips and trailing edge. Dark birds have contrasting black body and underwing-coverts. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are fairly common residents of open country, rocky outcrops and cultivation, at 400–4,600m, generally above 1,500m. May be confiding and perches on roadside poles and trees. Dark birds are particularly associated with highland areas. Voice Call is a repeated barking k’wenk k’wenk k’wenk k’wenk…, usually in flight.

Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus

45cm, 18"; WS 108cm, 43"

Small, well-marked buzzard. Adult brown above, with narrow bars on tail and broader dark band near tip; underparts heavily blotched dark brown on white; thighs and vent barred. Sexes alike, but some individual variation. Immature softer brown above, buff-tinged below with lighter blotching. In flight, heavily spotted body and underwing-coverts contrast with flight feathers, thus very similar to some morphs of Eurasian Buzzard, but never shows warm rufous tones or rufous tail. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are moderately common in and above montane forest at 2,000–3,800m. Voice Noisy pairs indulge in display flights, giving a short descending peeu repeated by both birds.

Eurasian Buzzard Buteo buteo

50cm, 20"; WS 120cm, 47"

Race vulpinus (Steppe Buzzard) is a highly variable small buzzard with grey-brown, rufous and dark morphs. Typical birds are brown or warm brown, with some barring below, and usually a pale band on lower breast. In flight, typical adult has brown or rufous underwing-coverts, dark-smudged or thin comma-like carpal patches, and pale flight feathers with black tips and trailing edge; tail grey-brown or rufous (often finely barred and may show dark subterminal band). Immature has less distinct trailing edge to wings. Scarce dark morph is blackish-brown on body and underwing-coverts. SH Singles to large flocks are common passage migrants and winter visitors in Sep–Apr, but mainly on passage in Sep–Nov and Feb–Mar. Occurs in wide range of open, bushed and wooded habitats. Voice Silent in region. [Alt. Common Buzzard, Steppe Buzzard]

Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus

65cm, 26"; WS 160cm, 24"

Large, long-winged buzzard with variable pale, rufous and dark morphs. Typical birds have pale cream head and breast grading to dark rufous belly, and plain orange-white tail. In flight from above, adult has contrasting white primary bases, rufous or pale wing-coverts, and plain pale orange tail; from below, note rufous body and underwing-coverts (darker on belly), large black carpal patches and black trailing edge to wings. Soars with wings raised in shallow V and sometimes hovers when hunting. Rufous and rare dark morphs, and all immatures, are very similar to corresponding morphs of Eurasian Buzzard; best separated by larger size, longer wings and larger black carpal patches. SH Nominate race is an uncommon migrant from the Palearctic, with scattered records mainly in NUg and Ke, Nov–Apr. Voice Silent in region.

Red-necked Buzzard Buteo auguralis

50cm, 20"; WS 95cm, 37"

Adult has reddish-brown sides to head and nape, and rufous tail with a black subterminal band. Variable below, but usually has white throat, dark breast-band, and variable black spots over rest of white underparts. Immature is boldly fringed rufous above, with greyer tail, paler underparts and less distinct or no breast-band. Monotypic. SH Irregular visitor to NWUg in Dec–Mar. Voice A loud, mewing, peee-ah, rather like Eurasian Buzzard.

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PLATE 36: LARGE BROWN EAGLES I LARGE BROWN EAGLES Six similar large brown eagles (three on Plate 37) with long broad wings, broad rounded tails (mostly), and feathered legs. Most adults are rather plain; immatures can have distinctive wing patterns. Overall shape and silhouette also aid identification. Females slightly larger than males. Tawny Eagle is the most common and widespread; familiarity with it, from immature to adult, and its range of browns – from buff to dark – form a good basis for comparison with less well-known birds. Four are migrants from the Palearctic.

Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax

74cm, 29"; WS 185cm, 73"

Overall colour varies from dark to very pale brown or creamy-buff, some are vaguely streaky and present a rather scruffy appearance, and a few show random rufous blotches. Flight feathers and (plain-looking) tail always darker. At close range has short gape, only extending to below middle of eye. Eyes yellowish-brown in adult, dark in immature. Perched immature has two very narrow bars (pale fringes) on closed wing. In soaring flight wings held flat, and tail broad and rounded. Adult has browner or paler wing-coverts, contrasting with flight feathers on both wing surfaces (never as plain and dark as adult Steppe Eagle). Immature from above has narrow bands on coverts and on trailing edge of wing, small whitish flash on inner primaries, and pale buffy rump crescent. From below shows narrow white trailing edge; pale line between coverts and flight feathers is obscure. The nominate race is widespread, while larger and darker belisarius occurs across the north. SH Singles, pairs and small groups are the most frequently encountered large brown eagle. Occurs throughout region, including all game parks, and often feeds on roadkills. Voice Vocal, especially near nest and when scavenging at kills. Calls consist of deep barks and growls, and a series of quite varied rrooh, kwo, kwow and uh-uh notes. VU

Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis

75cm, 30"; WS 190cm, 75"

Adult is slightly larger and darker than Tawny Eagle, often with a buff nape patch and, at close range, gape extends back to rear edge of dark eye; tail can show even-spaced barring. Immature paler with two conspicuous bars on closed wing. In flight, silhouette similar to Tawny, with flat wings and broad rounded tail. Adult often looks all dark, but closer birds may show small flashes on primary bases in upperwing, small pale back spot, and barred flight feathers with dark trailing edge to underwing. Paler immature has white band on upperwing-coverts, broad white trailing edge, small whitish flash in inner primaries, and white rump crescent. From below, shows a very conspicuous broad white band on centre of wing and broad white trailing edge. SH Race orientalis is a common passage migrant and visitor from the Palearctic, in Oct–Apr. Can occur in flocks on migration, but more frequently seen alone, or in small groups in open country, including game parks, farmland and grassland. Voice Occasionally gives a deep growl or bark, which is lower-pitched than Tawny. EN

Wahlberg’s Eagle Hieraaetus wahlbergi

61cm, 24"; WS 140cm, 55"

Smaller than other brown eagles with small pointed crest on back of head. In flight, dark morph (common) differs from similar plain brown eagles in having longish narrow, square-ended tail (often held closed); wings long, straight and flat. Rare intermediate and pale morphs occur, with buffy or white underparts and underwing-coverts; white birds also have black flight feathers. Immature like adult. Could be confused with either pale or dark morph Booted Eagles, but upperparts always lack pale rump and band on upperwing-coverts of that species. Monotypic. SH Common throughout region in a wide variety of open country, but most numerous in Aug–Apr when migrants also present. Many come from the northern tropics, but birds from southern Africa are also probably involved. Voice Breeding birds give a long series of sharp chittering chitchitchit notes, sometimes rising in pitch, and a loud whistled downslurred seeeeeee… in display. Note Formerly in the genus Aquila.

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PLATE 37: LARGE BROWN EAGLES II Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina

66cm, 26"; WS 168cm, 66"

Adult is medium-sized brown eagle with darker wings and tail; close perched birds show narrow feathering on lower legs (and round nostrils, distinctive of spotted eagles). Immature darker than adult, with white spots on wings (those on coverts often worn away) and usually a small golden or white nape patch. In gliding and soaring flight, wings arch slightly downwards. Compared to Greater Spotted Eagle adult has head, body and wing-coverts paler than flight feathers on both wing surfaces, small white flash in primaries on upperwing, often two pale commas at carpal joint on underwing, and variable white crescent on rump. Immature from above has white rump crescent and usually a white spot on back; white wing flash is often strong on inner primaries. Below, wingcoverts may be paler than flight feathers or almost as dark; whitish tips to wing-coverts and trailing edge quickly wear off. Monotypic. SH Regular visitor and passage migrant from the Palearctic in Oct–Apr. Migrating flocks recorded in WUg and CKe, but generally only occurs singly, or in small groups, often near lakes in high country. Voice Silent in region. Note Formerly in the genus Aquila.

Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga

70cm, 28"; WS 175cm, 69"

Adult is dark and plain-looking; close perched birds show narrow feathering on lower legs, and round nostrils (like Lesser Spotted). Immature also dark, with prominent white spots on wings, often including (but not always) large white spots on coverts. Like Lesser Spotted Eagle glides with wings arched slightly downwards, but looks broader-winged and shorter-tailed. In flight, adult looks all dark above, the coverts not contrasting strongly with flight feathers, and just a hint of pale in primaries; rump crescent indistinct, but some may show white. Below, wing-coverts similar to or darker than flight feathers, usually with a single whitish comma at carpal joint. Immature dark above with white rump crescent and may show distinctive heavy spotting on wing-coverts. Below, underwing-coverts darker than flight feathers. A rare pale morph, often referred to as ‘fulvescens’, could occur; it is most like a pale Tawny Eagle, but differs in having narrow feathering on lower legs, round nostrils, broader wings and a shorter tail. Monotypic. SH Scarce visitor from the Palearctic with scattered records in Ke in Oct–Feb, one record from Murchison Falls NP, Ug, in Dec 2009, and two records in Tz (one of a bird tracked over the country by satellite). Status in Ug uncertain. Voice Silent in region. Note Formerly in the genus Aquila. VU

Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca

84cm, 33"; WS 210cm, 83"

Largest Aquila. Adult is very dark with extensive pale golden nape and white shoulders. Immature is like large pale-morph Tawny Eagle, but with numerous dark streaks on body and large pale spots on wing-coverts. In flight, adult looks massive, with white shoulders and greyish tail broadly tipped black; underwing-coverts darker than flight feathers. Immature has pale-streaked body and wing-coverts strongly contrasting with blackish flight feathers, conspicuous pale wedge in inner primaries, and creamy-buff rump. Soars on flat wings with tail held slightly closed, appearing longish and square-ended. Monotypic. SH Uncommon Palearctic visitor in Nov–Mar, with virtually all records from Ke. Voice Silent in region. VU

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PLATE 38: HAWK-EAGLES HAWK-EAGLES Varied group of medium-sized eagles. Several are similar, with black-and-white adults and brown-and-tawny immatures. Best identified by colour and markings on the underparts and underwings, although habitat and range should also be taken into account. All have feathered legs, and females are slightly larger than males.

African Hawk-Eagle Aquila spilogaster

68cm, 27"; WS 160cm, 63"

Black-and-white open-country eagle with streaked underparts. Close views of adult reveal black and grey bands in secondaries and tail, and if perched upright shows long white feathered legs. Immature dark brown above including sides of face, and rufous below with narrow streaking on breast. In flight, tail looks rather long and wings are pinched-in at base. From above adult has large white patches in primaries, and black and grey bars in secondaries and tail; below, body and wingcoverts streaked black, flight feathers mostly white with narrow black tips and trailing edge, and tail broadly tipped black. Immature similar to immature Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle, but richer rufous below; may show indication of white patches at primary bases. Monotypic. SH Pairs fairly common and widespread in open woodland, bush and semi-arid country, from near sea level to about 1,500m (rarely wandering to 3,000m). Voice Loud, punctuated and repeated upslurs or downslurs, kwee kwee kwee… often ending on a lower note. Note Formerly in the genus Hieraaetus.

Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus

51cm, 20"; WS 135cm, 54"

Variable eagle, with two distinct morphs, plus intermediates and rufous variant of dark birds. Typical pale morph has brownish head, streaked upperparts, often a pale band on wing-coverts, and white underparts with narrow dark streaking. Dark morph has darker head and all-brown underparts. More easily identified in flight, when both morphs show broad buffy band on upperwing-coverts, buffy scapulars and pale crescent on rump. From below, pale morph has largely white body and wing-coverts (some lightly streaked), contrasting with black flight feathers and greyish tail. Dark morph quite uniform brown below, except for paler tail and slightly paler inner primaries (rufous birds have body and leading edge of underwing-coverts rufous-brown). Both morphs usually show white spot at base of leading edge of each wing – so-called ‘landing lights’. Immature pale morph has pale rufous wash to underparts. Monotypic. SH Reasonably common Palearctic migrant in a variety of open-country habitats, Oct–Apr. Voice Silent in region.

Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle Hieraaetus ayresii

56cm, 22"; WS 120cm, 47"

A black-and-white forest eagle with variably spotted underparts. Close views of adult reveal short crest on rear crown (male also usually has white forehead and narrow white supercilium), and sometimes all-white head, black-and-grey barred tail, and heavily spotted feathering on legs. Immature brown above with extensive pale fringes, and tawny-buff on forecrown, sides of face and underparts. In flight, adult differs from adult African Hawk-Eagle in all-dark upperwing, and from below in spotted (not streaked) underparts and well-barred flight feathers. Some show white spot at base of leading edge of wing. Immature has pale tawny-buff underparts and underwing-coverts, and extensively barred flight feathers. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs rather local and uncommon in forest and riverine woodland from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Breeding birds give loud squealed notes that rise and then fall, weeyah weeyah weeyah…

Cassin’s Hawk-Eagle Aquila africana

61cm, 24"; WS 120cm, 47"

Black-and-white forest eagle with mostly white underparts, black-and-grey barred tail, and some black spotting on legs. Immature has rather rufous head and pale-fringed dark brown back and wing-coverts; below variably washed pale rufous with blackish spotting. In flight from above adult looks largely black, but from below, heavily marked black flanks and underwing-coverts contrast strongly with mostly white underparts. Immature has body and underwing-coverts paler tawny than similar species, with variable dark spotting. Monotypic. SH In EA, mostly restricted to forests of W and SUg, Rw and Bu, where it is locally common at 1,500–2,500m. It does wander, however, as shown by singles at Mt Elgon (1926) and Kakamega, Ke (2018), and several additional records (since 2006) include an immature at Imenti Forest, Mt Kenya. The only sightings in Tz are from the Udzungwa Mts, where it is presumed to be rare. Voice A repeated two-part high-pitched kiuu-wi. Note Formerly in the genus Spizaetus.

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PLATE 39: ATYPICAL EAGLES ATYPICAL EAGLES Three atypical eagles, all of which are in monotypic genera; two, Bateleur and Long-crested Eagle, are open-country specialists, and one, Congo Serpent Eagle, is a rare denizen of deep forest.

Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus

70cm, 28"; WS 180cm, 71"

Stocky, cowl-headed and short-tailed eagle. Adult is largely black with extensive bright red facial skin and cere, grey wing-coverts, and very short chestnut tail (hidden by wings at rest); legs bright red-orange. Most have chestnut back, but minority are creamy-white or pale brown (more common in arid areas). Perched adult male has all-black flight feathers; slightly larger adult female has pale grey panel on closed wing. Immature is dark brown with variable paler brown areas on head and underparts, dull blue-grey or greenish facial skin and cere, and pale legs. Change from immature to full adult plumage takes 6–7 years. Flight direct and ‘sailing’ with a few flaps (after take-off) and tilting action of a tightrope walker. From below, both sexes have black-and-white underwing, but adult male shows broad black trailing edge (all flight feathers except outer primaries), and adult female a narrow black trailing edge. Orange-red legs project beyond chestnut tail. Immature has similar silhouette, but is brown and may have slightly longer tail. Immature male has broader dark trailing edge to wing than immature female, presaging adult pattern. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs, more rarely small groups, are widespread and often common in a wide variety of open grassland, bushland and woodland, including arid and semi-arid country, from sea level to 3,000m. Individuals range over large areas, seeking out carcasses, and often patrol over roads for kills. May make local seasonal movements. Voice Quite vocal, a loud explosive yaaaow often followed by sound of beating wings. Also a high-pitched squealed and slightly downslurred wee weeye weeye weeye…

Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis

58cm, 23"; WS 130cm, 51"

Striking small blackish eagle with long lax crest and bright yellow eyes. At rest, adult appears largely black with pale feathered legs (whiter in male, browner or brown and white in female); long crest often waves in wind. Female slightly larger than male. Immature browner, with shorter crest and dull brown eyes. In rather stiff-winged flight, shows large white patches in primaries (above and below). Underwing boldly barred black and grey across secondaries; tail has three pale bands. From superficially similar but massive Verreaux’s Eagle by smaller size, straight wings, dark rump, and barred tail. Immature very similar to adult in flight, but dark brown and white, not black and white. Monotypic. SH Singles are widespread and locally common residents of moister wooded country, from sea level to 3,000m, including forest edge, and settled areas with fields and isolated trees. Often perches on roadside poles and trees, swooping to pounce on rodents. Voice Call is a single downslurred wiiyuu in flight, and repeated frequently at the nest.

Congo Serpent-Eagle Dryotriorchis spectabilis

51cm, 20"; WS 96cm, 38"

Small eagle which at first glance may suggest an Accipiter. Adult largely brown above with variable grey-brown sides to head; at close range has dark barring on flight feathers and tail. Underparts white, with a dark throat streak and variable dark bars on flanks. Eyes yellow in male, brown in female; legs yellow. Immature browner above than adult with mottled white feathering on nape and mantle, heavy blackish bars on wings, and variable dark spotting on underparts. SH In EA, race batesi is known from sight records in Semliki Forest, WUg, where it is undoubtedly uncommon. Voice Reported as a cat-like miaowing and a repeated low nasal cow-cow-cow.

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PLATE 40: LARGE EAGLES LARGE EAGLES Three spectacular large eagles which are usually found alone or in pairs.

Verreaux’s Eagle Aquila verreauxii

83cm, 33"; WS 200cm, 79"

Massive black eagle with white back and rump extending as white V around upper back; bright yellow eye-ring, cere and feet. Sexes similar but female larger. Immature has buff-cream crown and nape, and variable blackish-brown back and wings with much pale fringing, especially on wing-coverts; face, neck and breast blackish, browner on belly with large dark streaks and spots; acquires adult plumage over four years. In leisurely gliding and soaring flight (rarely flapping) has distinctive broad wings pinched-in markedly towards body. From above, black adult has bright white back and rump, and prominent white patches at base of primaries; from below, all black except for white primary patches (and yellow feet). Immature dark with white primary patches and distinctive wing shape. Long-crested Eagle is similar but smaller, lacks white back and rump, and from below has barred secondaries and tail. Monotypic. SH Pairs are local and rather uncommon residents in a wide range of rocky and mountainous country at 900–3,500m, often in drier areas, near inaccessible cliff-nesting sites and in association with their main prey, Rock Hyrax Procavia capensis. Voice Displaying birds give a far-carrying, loud upslurred and high-pitched scream, iiy‘iii, interspersed by low barks, auw auw auw…

Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus

81cm, 32"; WS 240cm, 95"

Very large, powerful eagle; adult has dark grey-brown upperparts, throat and upper breast clearly separated from pure white underparts, variably peppered with black spots. Small pointed crest on rear crown. Eyes yellow; cere and feet grey. Immature pale-fringed grey-brown above, and white below including leg feathers. Attains adult plumage over 5–6 years. In flight, adult has dark underwing and blackish throat clearly separated from white body (spots hard to see at distance). Immature has white body and underwing-coverts which contrast with dark flight feathers. Similar but much smaller Black-chested Snake-Eagle has white underwing with black bands. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are widespread and occasionally common in a wide range of bush, wooded grassland and semi-arid habitats, from sea level to 3,500m. May occasionally range over woodland and forested areas. Voice Breeding birds give a rising series of loud kiu kiu kiu kiu notes, and rasping barks enk enk enk… VU

Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus

84cm, 33"; WS 180cm, 71"

Massive, heavily marked eagle with rough crest. Adult is blackish-brown above, with brown head and throat, heavily barred and blotched rufous, black and white below; feathered legs boldly marked black and white; cere, eyes and feet yellow. Immature white-headed except for darktipped crest, with heavily scaled grey-brown back and wings; largely white below (with variable pale buff-orange wash on upper breast), and bold blackish spots on legs. In flight, appears massive, broad-winged and quite long-tailed. Adult dark above, with grey bands on wings and tail, and heavily barred below, with chestnut underwing-coverts, broad black trailing edge to wing and strongly barred undertail. Immature has pale rufous underwing-coverts, more prominently barred flight feathers and largely white body. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are rather uncommon and local residents of dense forest and woodland, including riverine and isolated patches, from sea level to 3,500m. Voice Unique, loud and far-carrying call is a familiar sound of forests. Pairs or singles engage in aerial tumbling displays (often in middle of day) while giving loud ringing calls that rise and fall in waves, phewee-phewee-phewee-phewee-phewee… (frequently given by mimicking robin-chats!). [Alt. African Crowned Eagle]

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PLATE 41: BROWN KESTRELS BROWN KESTRELS Kestrels are slim attractive falcons of open country which, though lacking the spectacular flight of some falcons, are still adept at riding the wind, and frequently hover. These four species are predominantly brown, although some have grey heads. Back, tail and underwing markings aid identification. Females are slightly larger than males.

Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus

33cm, 13"; WS 70cm, 28"

Four races occur: in resident rufescens adult male has grey head, rufous upperparts well-spotted black, lightly barred blue-grey tail with broad black subterminal band, and strongly rufouswashed underparts streaked black. Adult female is largely brown, with a pale face, more obvious moustachial stripes, black-spotted and barred rufous-brown upperparts, and rufous underparts streaked blackish. Immature is like adult female. Nominate Palearctic wintering race is similar, but much paler. Coastal race archeri is smaller and brighter rufous with heavier barring above. Immature has browner head and tail. Race rupicolus (often considered specifically distinct as Rock Kestrel) is only brown kestrel in which both sexes have grey head and grey tail, broadly tipped black in male, barred black and grey in female. In all races, eyes dark, cere and legs yellow, and claws black. In flight, adult resembles Lesser Kestrel but lacks blue-grey in upperwing and underwing is usually more heavily marked. SH Singles and pairs of race rufescens are rather uncommon residents, often in rocky areas, from sea level to 4,300m; the nominate race is a common and widespread winter visitor, often in flocks, in open-country, Oct–early May; archeri is known from coastal NEKe; and rupicolus only from around Songea, STz. Voice Race rufescens gives a penetrating ki-ki-ki-ki… often followed by a burry squeal, and rupicolus a high-pitched tink…tink…tink… and wavering kreee. Nominate birds are silent in the region.

Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni

33cm, 13"; WS 70cm, 28"

Very similar to Common Kestrel, but adult male has paler blue-grey head, plain chestnut back, blue-grey greater coverts, and warm chestnut-buff underparts with discrete dark spots. Perched adult female and immature are reliably separated from nominate adult female Common only by white (not black) claws. In flight, both sexes show rather wedge-shaped tail, with slightly protruding central tail feathers and, from below, paler silver-grey underwing with limited speckling; from above, adult male has blue-grey bar on greater coverts. Monotypic. SH Small groups to large flocks are widespread and locally common Palearctic migrants and winter visitors to open bushed and wooded grassland, as well as fields and pastures, Oct–early May, but commoner on northern passage. Voice Usually silent in EA, but may give a sharp chatter at roosts.

Greater Kestrel Falco rupicoloides

36cm, 14"; WS 80cm, 31"

Rather thickset warm brown kestrel, with dark-streaked head and breast, heavily barred back, wings and flanks, and grey tail broadly barred black. Adult has creamy-white eyes and yellow cere and legs. Immature similar but more rufous, with brown and black barred tail, streaked underparts and brown eyes. In slightly heavy flight, obvious grey and black barred rump and tail from above, and largely white underwing contrasting with warm brown underparts and barred undertail. Two races occur: arthuri in NTz and CKe, and paler fieldi in NKe. SH Singles and pairs rather uncommon in semi-arid country with scattered trees, and in dry bushed grassland below 1,800m. Voice Calls loud squeals and barking notes, unlike Common Kestrel.

Fox Kestrel Falco alopex

38cm, 16"; WS 85cm, 33"

Large, bright chestnut kestrel with long, rather tapering tail. Adult all chestnut-red, finely streaked black above and below. Eyes brownish-yellow; eye-ring, cere and legs yellow. Immature similar but has more heavily barred tail and blue-grey eye-ring. In flight appears long-winged with long, slightly graduated tail. From above, strikingly rich chestnut with black flight feathers, but from below chestnut body contrasts with paler chestnut underwing-coverts and silvery-white flight feathers. Monotypic. SH Pairs are uncommon and local residents of arid and semi-arid cliffs and rocky country in NEUg and NWKe, occasionally wandering south as far as Arusha, NTz. Voice Breeding birds give a high-pitched rasping screech kreee-kreee-kree, similar to Common Kestrel.

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PLATE 42: GREY KESTRELS, PYGMY-FALCON AND BAT HAWK GREY KESTRELS Two similar grey kestrels separated by plumage and range (but also consider Sooty Falcon, Plate 43). Sexes alike.

Grey Kestrel Falco ardosiaceus

33cm, 13"; WS 70cm, 28"

All-grey kestrel with yellow skin around eyes, yellow cere and legs; eyes dark brown. Appears all slate-grey at distance, but close views reveal fine black streaking, particularly on head and breast. Wingtips do not reach tail tip at rest (longer in Sooty Falcon). Female slightly larger than male. Immature similar to adult but tinged brownish. Eye-ring and cere bluish-green in juvenile, but quickly turn yellow. Often flies rather slowly on stiff wings, but flight can be dashing, and sometimes hovers. May appear all grey in flight, but in good light primaries look blacker, and may show slightly barred flight feathers and tail from below. Similar Sooty Falcon (scarce passage migrant) has uniform longer, slimmer, more pointed wings, which extend beyond the tail tip at rest. Monotypic. SH Pairs are rather uncommon residents of bushed and wooded grassland, mainly in north and west below 1,800m, but has wandered to coastal NETz. Breeds in Hamerkop nests. Voice Calls a harsh burry downslurred scream and a muffled keek-keek-keeek.

Dickinson’s Kestrel Falco dickinsoni

31cm, 12"; WS 68cm, 27"

A grey kestrel with distinctive pale grey head and rump, and strongly barred pale grey and black tail; yellow eye-ring, cere and legs conspicuous at close range; eyes dark brown. Immature similar but more brownish-grey, with less contrasting head and rump, variable barring on flanks, and bluegreen cere. Flies on stiff wings with shallow beats, and occasionally hovers. From above, pale grey rump and banded tail obvious, and from below has more distinctly barred flight feathers and tail than Grey Kestrel. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are locally common residents of lowland open wooded country mainly in south and east, often associated with palms, and like to hunt from tall bare trees. Has wandered to S and CKe in Jun–Aug. Voice Screams and burry squeals are more like Common than Grey Kestrel. PYGMY-FALCON A diminutive unique-looking falcon of dry bush country

African Pygmy-Falcon Polihierax semitorquatus

20cm, 8"; WS 38cm, 15"

Attractive tiny raptor with white face and underparts. Adult male is pale grey above with blacker wings and short, rather conspicuous black and white barred tail; eye-ring, cere and legs reddishpink, eyes brown. Adult female similar but has chestnut-brown back. Immature duller than adult, with buff wash on breast and variable dark grey-brown streaks. Birds have direct, undulating and rapid flight, revealing bright white rump, white-spotted black wings, and barred tail. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family groups are common residents of semi-arid bush and dry acacia grassland, from near sea level to 1,800m. Often seen conspicuously perched atop small bushes. Breeds in Whiteheaded Buffalo-Weaver nests. Voice Breeding birds give a discordant rather loud screaming squeal, recalling a woodpecker. [Alt. Pygmy Falcon] BAT HAWK Falcon-like in flight; the sole member of the genus Macheiramphus.

Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus

45cm, 18"; WS 105cm, 42"

Atypical, crepuscular, large falcon-like raptor with slightly crested head, long narrow pointed wings, and long tail. Wings almost reach tail tip at rest. Adult mostly sooty-black with white throat bisected by thin black line (but variably also has white on nape, breast and vent). At close range, white lines above and below large yellow eyes; cere and legs grey. Immature similar but has much more white on throat and lower belly. Flight appears languid and easy, but dashing when hunting. Adult appears all black at distance, but immature often shows some white below. Birds in EA are race anderssoni. SH Singles are rather uncommon residents of forest edge, woodland, cliffs, urban areas and offshore islands, from sea level to 2,000m. Birds emerge alongside bat prey at dusk, but occasionally kill small birds and may be active during the day. Voice Breeding birds give a slow piercing wii wii wii wii…

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PLATE 43: MEDIUM-SIZED FALCONS I MEDIUM-SIZED FALCONS Dark, dashing falcons with rather long sickle-shaped wings, although Red-footed and Amur also adopt leisurely kestrel-like hunting behaviour (including hovering). Taita Falcon should also be considered in this group (Plate 44). Head and underwing markings aid identification. Migrant species often associate with storm fronts and may gather to feed at termite emergences. In most, females are slightly larger than males.

African Hobby Falco cuvierii

31cm, 12"; WS 70cm, 28"

Small neat falcon; adult is dark grey-black above and rufous-chestnut below with fine blackish breast streaking at close range. Note that some adults have a small chestnut nape patch and whitish cheeks and throat, and are very similar to Taita Falcon. Immature similar but duller and browner above, with paler throat and more heavily streaked underparts; some lack rufous on underparts. In flight, appears dashing, slender and rather short-tailed. Adult has rufous underparts extending onto underwing-coverts; flight feathers and tail paler buffy-rufous with much barring. Immature similar but more heavily streaked below. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are uncommon residents and local wanderers of forest edge and woodland, typically in highlands in west, but lower in ETz, overall from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Breeding birds give screaming, shrill ki ki ki ki… and a burry kree kree kree…

Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo

36cm, 14"; WS 84cm, 33"

Adult is dark grey above and whitish below, heavily streaked black; leg feathering and vent chestnut. Neat face pattern with white cheeks curving round ear-coverts like an inverted comma. Immature similar but browner above with buff fringes, and mostly buff below with heavy dark streaking. Agile in flight, like a giant swift, with long slender wings and can appear all dark at distance with white throat. Closer birds show heavily streaked underparts, densely barred underwing and chestnut vent. Immature paler and lacks distinct vent colour of adult. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles or small groups are common passage migrants and winter visitors from the Palearctic, late Sep–May. Voice Silent in region.

Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae

42cm, 17"; WS 104cm, 41"

Medium-large, long-winged, long-tailed falcon with two distinct colour morphs. Pale morph is all dark above with hobby-like face pattern (but more rounded cheek patch), and breast to vent strongly washed rufous and streaked black. Dark morph looks all brownish-black. Immature dark above with pale fringing, heavily blotched and streaked on buff below. Flight varies from relaxed with elastic wingbeats to agile and dashing when hunting. Long wings and tail always apparent. Both morphs have distinctive blackish underwing-coverts. Immature from immature Eurasian Hobby by longer wings and tail, and pale bases to flight feathers. Monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are uncommon but regular passage migrants in east, some wintering in STz. Can occur over any habitat on passage, southbound in Oct–Nov and north from Mar to early May. Voice Silent in region.

Sooty Falcon Falco concolor

37cm, 14"; WS 90cm, 36"

Slim all-grey falcon with long wings reaching to or beyond tail tip (much shorter in similar Grey Kestrel). Adult has yellow eye-ring, cere and feet. Immature dark grey above (pale-fringed), with hobby-like face pattern, creamy-buff below with variable blackish streaking; eye-ring and cere pale bluish. Adult in flight looks very long-winged (sometimes with slightly protruding central tail feathers) and often appears all dark grey, but outer wing and tip of tail darker in good light. Immature differs from similar immature falcons in having dark band near tip of undertail. Monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are uncommon but regular passage migrants from North Africa and the Middle East, Oct–Dec (on passage to wintering grounds in Madagascar and southern Africa) and less often Feb–May (returning north). Voice Silent in region. VU

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PLATE 44: MEDIUM-SIZED FALCONS II Amur Falcon Falco amurensis

30cm, 12"; WS 71cm, 30"

Perched adult male appears slate-grey with chestnut vent and leg feathers; eye-ring, cere and legs orange-red. Adult female grey above with black barring, white forehead, cheeks and throat; rest of underparts whitish-buff with black streaks and barring, and plain buff vent. Immature similar to adult female, but paler above with brown fringes and streaked dark below on white (without barring). In flight, adult male has striking white underwing-coverts contrasting with dark flight feathers, and chestnut vent. Adult female also has largely white underwing-coverts, but flight feathers and tail barred black from below. Immature has darker crown and whiter underparts than immature Red-footed Falcon. Second-year male has mixed immature/adult plumage like Redfooted Falcon, but with white underwing-coverts. Monotypic. SH Singles, small groups and less often large flocks occur on passage from the Eastern Palearctic, moving south through SEKe, E and STz in Nov–Dec, and returning north on a broader front (but rare in the west) Mar to early May. Exceptional was a flock of 25,000 migrating south over Ngulia, Tsavo West, in Nov 2011. Some overwinter in STz, often with other migrant falcons, like Lesser Kestrels. Voice Mainly silent in region but roosting birds maintain burry squeals.

Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus

30cm, 12"; WS 71cm, 30"

Perched adult male is almost identical to perched adult male Amur Falcon. Adult female has blackish mask, white cheeks and throat, and orange-buff crown, nape and underparts; grey back, wings and tail barred blackish. In immature, dark mask contrasts with whiter face; underparts buffy streaked blackish. In flight from above, adult male is dark grey with silvery-grey flight feathers, below has black underwing-coverts and chestnut vent. Adult female is orange-buff below and on underwing-coverts, contrasting with heavily barred flight feathers. Immature usually more buff below than immature Amur Falcon. Second-year male shows mixture of immature and adult plumage. Monotypic. SH Rare migrant from the Palearctic, passing mainly west of EA in Oct–May. Voice Silent in region.

Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera

33cm, 13"; WS 63cm, 25"

Adult is distinctive if seen well; only falcon with rich rufous crown and nape, and black and white barred underparts. Close views reveal dark brown moustachial stripe, black barring on upperparts and rufous band on upper breast. Immature dull on crown and browner above, with buffy or pale rufous underparts, narrowly streaked on breast, with heavier blackish barring on flanks and belly. Flight fast and dashing. From above, adult has rufous crown, dark outer wing and black subterminal tail-band; from below, pale throat and chest contrast with well-barred body and wings. Immature has pale rufous body and underwing-coverts largely barred, not streaked as in other medium-sized falcons. Birds in EA are race ruficollis. SH Singles and pairs are widespread but rather local, from sea level to 1,250m, showing a marked preference for palm country, especially Borassus. Voice Breeding birds call a burry downslur and more barking kikikiki… Note Some authorities consider African birds specifically distinct as F. ruficollis from Asian F. chicquera (Red-headed Falcon).

Taita Falcon Falco fasciinucha

30cm, 12"; WS 68cm, 28"

Adult is dark slate above with rufous nape patches divided by a blackish line. Below, white throat contrasts with rest of rich rufous underparts. Immature browner above with pale fringes and streaked below. Often flies on stiff wings, but also makes spectacular diving stoops; looks short-tailed and pale-rumped in flight. From below, adult has mainly rich rufous underparts and underwing-coverts. Immature has evenly barred underwing. Similar African Hobby lacks white throat and cheeks. Monotypic. SH A very uncommon resident, usually found on tall cliffs at scattered localities, but occasionally wanders to nearby open woodland. Voice Breeding birds give a low-pitched slightly slurred krieer-krieer-krieer. VU

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PLATE 45: LARGE FALCONS LARGE FALCONS Four falcons that represent a confusing group of large powerful raptors, which often soar but chase prey with diving stoops or in fast low flight. Best identified by head, body and underwing markings. Females are larger than males.

Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus

46cm, 18"; WS 105cm, 41"

Adult has rufous crown and nape, relatively narrow moustachial stripes, grey upperparts (variably mottled) and barred tail. Mostly plain buff or pinkish-buff below, with lightly spotted flanks on widespread nominate race, or heavier streaks and bars in NUg and NKe race abyssinicus. Immature much browner above with pale brown crown, buffy below with heavy dark streaking; some have rather white crown and look like rare Saker Falcon, but latter usually has darker leg feathers; also, all-barred tail distinctive compared to most Sakers, but some Lanners have plain central tail. In flight, wings narrower than Saker but have similar rather blunt tips. From below, adult has quite plain underwing and lightly marked underparts. Immature very heavily streaked below and on underwing-coverts. SH By far the commonest large falcon in the region, in semi-arid bush, open rocky hill country, the vicinity of cliffs, and woodland, from near sea level to 3,200m. Voice Breeding birds give a deep harsh kak-kak-kak… and utter loud quivering squeals and barks.

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus

44cm, 17"; WS 105cm, 42"

Adult has black crown, nape and broad moustache. Resident race minor is dark grey above with extensive black and white barring below, while slightly larger Palearctic migrant race calidus is paler above and less barred below. Immature minor is dark grey-brown above, buffy below, with streaked breast, becoming more blotched and barred on flanks and vent. Immature calidus is paler brown above (including crown) and buff below with narrow dark streaking. In flight appears compact and broad-chested, wings broad at base and pointed at tips; tail rather short. Adult has very black-and-white head, and barred underparts. Immature has underwing-coverts and flight feathers evenly dark-barred, not contrasting. SH Resident minor is uncommon throughout EA, usually in the vicinity of cliffs or tall buildings, while calidus occurs in the east, including coastal sites, in Oct–Apr. Voice Race minor gives a loud slow and deliberate series of barked gull-like downslurs, kew-kew-kew…. Migrant calidus is silent in region.

Barbary Falcon Falco (peregrinus) pelegrinoides

40cm, 16"; WS 92cm, 36"

Suggests a Peregrine × Lanner hybrid, but compact shape is much more like Peregrine in flight. Close views reveal rufous hindcrown and nape (with two dark smudges) and slightly narrower moustachial stripes than Peregrine. Paler above than Peregrine and buffier below, with a few small spots on breast and fine bars on flanks and leg feathers. Immature has paler nape patch, browner upperparts, and darker crown than Lanner. Underparts less boldly streaked than Lanner or Peregrine. In flight, adult often shows dark ‘comma’ on greater underwing-coverts. Immature separated from immature Lanner by evenly barred underwing. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Rarely recorded, presumed migrant from North Africa to NKe, in Nov–Feb. However, reports of adults and immatures together, and sightings in June, could indicate a small breeding population. Voice Calls similar to Peregrine but higher pitched. Note Some authorities consider Barbary Falcon conspecific with Peregrine.

Saker Falcon Falco cherrug

55cm, 22"; WS 130cm, 51"

Very large brown-and-white falcon with whitish crown (very narrowly streaked black). Underparts white, variably streaked brown (but usually broadly); leg feathers heavily blotched brown. Can be almost identical to some (pale-crowned) immature Lanner Falcons, but with close views Saker lacks dark band on forecrown and has less well-defined face pattern; Lanner also usually has paler leg feathers; Saker has spots in outer tail and incomplete bars on upperside of central tail, which appears plain (all barred on adult Lanner). In flight, long wings are broad-based and show whitish bases to flight feathers from below. SH The nominate race is a vagrant from the Palearctic with about a dozen records, mainly in the Great Rift Valley, Oct–Apr. Voice Silent in region. EN

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PLATE 46: GUINEAFOWL GUINEAFOWL Endemic to Africa, guineafowl are distinctive spotted gamebirds of forest and bush. All are highly gregarious, foraging, chasing and dust bathing together. They respond to danger with loud far-carrying rattling and trilling calls. Sexes are alike.

Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris

61cm, 24"

Adult is easily identified by upright bony casque on top of head. Races vary mainly in the shape and colour of casque and gape wattles. Nominate (Ug and NKe) has variable-sized casque and rounded blue gape wattles. Race somaliensis (NEKe) has pointed blue wattles with red tips, and a prominent tuft of bristles at bill base. Race reichenowi (CKe to CTz) has long casque and pointed red wattles. Race mitratus (WTz, coastal Ke and ETz) has blue wattles with red tips like somaliensis, but lacks long facial bristles. Race marungensis (SWTz) has a squat broad-based orange-yellow casque. Immature duller than adult with smaller casque and wattles; juvenile spotted and barred rufous, buff and black. SH Family groups to large flocks are widespread and sometimes very common in grassland, bush country, woodland and cultivation, from sea level to 2,200m. Voice Calls a trumpeted loud rattling kruh-kruh-kruh-krahhhhh krr krr krr…, and a piped squeaky pi-pi’oo, the first two notes identical, the last falling.

Vulturine Guineafowl Acryllium vulturinum

71cm, 28"

Tall, elegant guineafowl with a long pointed tail, bare blue-grey head and neck with bristly russet hind-cap, and a bright cobalt-blue breast covered by long lanceolate black-and-white feathers. Immature largely dull grey-brown with rufous-and-buff mottling. Monotypic. SH Small groups to large flocks are locally common in arid and semi-arid bush country and grassland, from sea level to 1,900m. Voice Rattled call is faster and higher-pitched than Helmeted Guineafowl, a piped wi-yiwi-yi-wi-yi-wii, the yi notes being slightly higher creating a seesaw effect; also gives a downslurred growl.

Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani

54cm, 21"

A shaggy-crested forest guineafowl which is spotted with pale blue. Three races occur, all of which may be distinct species: verreauxi (Western Crested Guineafowl) has brown eyes, red skin on throat and a plain black collar on upper breast. It occurs from Ug to the Rift Valley, Ke, and south to the Serengeti, NTz. Nominate (Eastern Crested Guineafowl) has bright red skin around red eyes and on throat, and entirely spotted underparts; it occurs in EKe and NTz (including the coastal lowlands) and south to the Udzungwa Mts, Tz. In the coastal lowlands of SETz, barbata, a race of the southern African G. edouardi (Southern Crested Guineafowl) occurs; it has no red skin around the eyes or on the throat, and a plain black collar. Immatures are much duller with extensive rusty, buff and black bars, spots and mottling. SH Family groups and flocks are widespread and sometimes locally common in forest and dense thickets from near sea level to 3,000m. Voice Calls of different races are not well documented, but typically they make a very harsh rhythmical clucking with descending churrs, a crack followed by a distinct rapid piping krk pu-pu-pu-pu-pu, and drawn-out nasal unmusical growls. Note Eastern Crested Guineafowl was formerly known as Kenya Crested Guineafowl.

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PLATE 47: FOREST FRANCOLINS AND PARTRIDGES FOREST FRANCOLINS AND PARTRIDGES Forest francolins are rather dark gamebirds typical of western and highland forests; often shy and difficult to observe, but draw attention with loud calls (especially in morning and evening) when they appear at forest edge or on trails. All formerly in the genus Francolinus, but Nahan’s is now believed to be related to Stone Partridge (Plate 50). The forest-partridge is endemic to Tanzania. All Pternistes francolins are now known as spurfowl.

Scaly Spurfowl Pternistis squamatus

31cm, 12"

Medium-sized olive-brown francolin with variable pale buff-brown feather edges giving scaly effect; bill red, legs red or orange-red. Male can have one or two spurs. Four similar races are now considered to represent clinal variation. Generally eastern birds are darker overall than those west of the Great Rift Valley (and may appear almost plain brown if seen briefly). Immature has duller bill than adult, warmer rufous-brown flecked black above and lightly barred black and white below. SH Pairs and small groups are widespread and locally common in forest, bamboo and secondary growth at 800–3,000m. Voice Crescendo call begins with soft, rising and grating churrs that get louder k-rrrk k-rrrrk… and end in a set of hysterical, screaming and rasping kereeeek kereeeek kereeeek.

Forest Francolin Peliperdix lathami

20cm, 8"

Striking small dark forest francolin. Adult male is distinct with pale grey sides to face, rich chestnut-brown upperparts and black underparts heavily marked with white heart-shaped spots. Adult female largely brown, with warm-rufous cheeks and brown underparts with small buff and white spots. Both sexes have blackish bill and yellow legs. Immature similar to female but streaked blackish above, with pale throat and brown underparts speckled white and black. Birds in EA are race schubotzi. SH Singles, pairs and small groups are very shy and uncommon in primary forests of W and SUg, and NWTz (Minziro Forest), at 700–1,400m. Voice Repeated hollow and burry krr-krou krr-krou… the second note falling and fading. [Alt. Latham’s Francolin]

Nahan’s Partridge Ptilopachus nahani

20cm, 8"

Similar to Forest Francolin but darker blackish-brown above with red skin around eyes, black and white-streaked underparts; bill and legs red. Sexes alike. Immature darker than adult with greyish legs. Monotypic. SH Occurs in small groups, and walks around with cocked tail like Stone Partridge. In EA, appears to be restricted to 1,000–1,400m in Budongo, Bugoma and Mabira Forests of W and SUg. Voice Call a rising-falling wave similar to Stone Partridge, but unlike other francolins. Coveys erupt into a series of rapid growls, which break into long complex whistles that grow louder then cease abruptly. [Alt. Nahan’s Francolin] VU

Udzungwa Forest-partridge Xenoperdix udzungwensis

28cm, 11"

The nominate race is a forest-dwelling partridge-like bird with a dark crown, rufous sides to head and throat, red bill, olive-brown upperparts (variably barred rufous and black) and blackish-spotted underparts; legs yellow. Race obscuratus is plainer below. Sexes similar. SH Endemic. Discovered in 1991 at Ndundulu and Nyumbanitu in West Udzungwa Mts where it is locally common in montane forest at 1,350–1,900m. Race obscuratus is known from Mafwemiro Forest, Rubeho Mts. Voice Reported to be a series of subdued high-pitched peeping notes and a whistled song; contact call a quiet cluck. Note Some authorities consider race obscuratus to be a separate species, Rubeho Forest-partridge. EN

Handsome Spurfowl Pternistis nobilis

Male 46cm, 18"

Similar to Jackson’s Francolin but has red skin around eyes, more grey feathering on neck, and totally different range. Scaly Francolin is smaller, duller brown and lacks red around eyes. Sexes similar but female smaller and slightly duller than male. Immature like adult but duller, with dark grey and tawny barred upperparts. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small groups inhabit dense forest and bamboo thickets at 2,150–2,500m, in WUg, Rw and Bu. Voice Loud and musical for a francolin, a rising repeated kor-kik‘ik followed by a scratchy descending kikek kikeyk kikoik kikoyk.

Jackson’s Spurfowl Pternistis jacksoni

Male 46cm, 18"

Very large rufous-brown francolin with whitish throat; underparts bright chestnut, each feather fringed whitish; bill and legs red. Sexes similar but female smaller than male. Immature duller than adult, with some dark barring on upperparts and from lower breast to vent. Monotypic. SH Virtually endemic to Ke where pairs are locally common in moorland, bamboo and forest edge at 2,300–3,500m. Most numerous on Mt Kenya and the Aberdares, less common in Cherangani Mts and Mau Plateau, rare on Mt Elgon (including one Ug record). Voice Call is a loud, rasping and slowly delivered kirr-kee-kik.

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PLATE 48: RED-WINGED FRANCOLINS RED-WINGED FRANCOLINS Apart from the closely related Ring-necked Francolin, all show extensive rufous in wings in flight, and were formerly in the genus Francolinus. Careful attention to head, neck and breast markings, plus distribution and habitat, aid identification. Sexes alike in all except Ring-necked. Immatures duller than adults. All occur as pairs or in small coveys.

Elgon Francolin Scleroptila elgonensis

38cm, 15"

Larger than Shelley’s Francolin with basically similar face pattern but line behind eyes and throat buffy-orange or pale buff (not white); underparts warmer rufous-buff with small black spots on upper breast, less extensive chestnut streaking and without strong barring on belly. Monotypic. SH Local and uncommon in moorland on Mt Kenya, the Aberdares and Mau Narok in Ke, but rather more common on Mt Elgon in Ke and Ug, at 2,300–4,000m. Voice Call virtually identical to Shelley’s Francolin. Note Formerly considered conspecific with Moorland Francolin S. psilolaema of Ethiopia.

Shelley’s Francolin Scleroptila shelleyi

33cm, 13"

Adult has narrow black-edged (or speckled) white line from eyes down sides of neck; underparts pale buffy-white with blotchy chestnut streaks, belly barred black and white. Three races occur: nominate (SWUg to STz), similar uluensis (CKe to NTz) and darker macarthuri in Chyulu Hills, Ke. SH Locally common in grassland and wooded grassland at 700–3,000m, mainly from CKe to NTz, but with scattered records further south, and in SWUg, Rw and Bu. Usually shy, so perhaps overlooked. Voice Call is a repeated short and unhurried tirich-chi-che’e which rises and falls.

Orange River Francolin Scleroptila gutturalis

33cm, 13"

Similar to Shelley’s Francolin, but lacks white line behind eye; underparts richer buff, without obvious barring on belly. Birds in EA are race lorti (formerly archeri) and are sometimes treated as a species (Archer’s Francolin). SH Poorly known and presumed to be scarce in grassland and wooded grassland at Kidepo and Mt Moroto in NUg and on the Huri Hills and Mt Kulal in NKe. Voice Call similar to Shelley’s Francolin, but a more urgent and higher-pitched ki-keet ki-kit. Note Formerly known as Francolinus levaillantoides.

Red-winged Francolin Scleroptila levaillantii

38cm, 15"

More rufous on sides of face and neck than similar francolins, with rufous-orange supercilium extending broadly down sides of neck, rufous band on throat and black and white barred collar extending around upper breast and hindneck; breast largely rufous with buff streaking. Birds in EA are race kikuyuensis. SH Open woodland, grassland, scrub and cultivation at 600–3,000m. In WUg, Rw and Bu it is locally common, but uncommon further east due to habitat loss, while its status in STz is unclear. Voice Calls like Shelley’s Francolin, a sharp kik-kik-kik-kik-kik…, then a short rapidly delivered and repeated kik-ker-ri-ku…

Ring-necked Francolin Scleroptila streptophora

33cm, 13"

Similar to several other francolins, with rufous-chestnut sides to face and neck; best identified by long white supercilium, white throat, and broad black-and-white collar on upper breast and hindneck. Sexes similar but female has darker crown and more barring above and below. Monotypic. SH Very shy and local in NUg, Rw, Bu and NWTz, where it inhabits open woodland and grass-covered rocky hillsides at 600–1,800m. Now extremely scarce in WKe. Voice Call a high anxious kerr kikeerp kikirup…

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Shelley’s Francolin nominate

Elgon Francolin

Red-winged Francolin Orange River Francolin

 

Ring-necked Francolin

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PLATE 49: OPEN-COUNTRY FRANCOLINS I OPEN-COUNTRY FRANCOLINS A mixed group that mainly inhabits bushed grasslands, all of them formerly in the genus Francolinus. All Pternistes francolins are now known as spurfowl. See also Plate 50.

Coqui Francolin Peliperdix coqui

27cm, 10"

Small well-marked francolin. Three races occur: nominate adult male has chestnut-rufous head and neck and entirely black and white barred underparts. Males of similar races maharao and hubbardi have barring on underparts confined to breast and flanks; belly plain buff. Nominate adult female has buffy-chestnut head, throat and breast, black lines above and behind eyes and around throat; flanks and belly barred. Female hubbardi has darker crown, greyish breast and plain belly, female maharao is similar but has finer barring. Immatures similar to females but paler. SH Pairs and family parties are widespread and often common in wooded and bushed grassland from sea level to 2,200m. Nominate is particularly associated with open Brachystegia woodland from SWUg to STz, and locally in coastal Ke; race maharao is found from NKe to NETz, and hubbardi is in CKe to NTz. Voice Two different calls heard mainly at dawn and dusk, an onomatopoeic and repeated seesawing co-kee co-kee co-kee…, which is delivered leisurely and increases in volume, and a growled burry ke-ke-ke-kekeke kuh that falls away gradually. Note Some authorities place this in the genus Campocolinus.

Black-fronted Spurfowl Pternistis atrifrons

46cm, 18"

Large red-billed francolin with black forehead and short black supercilium, largely dull brown above with pale feather shafts and fringes, and little or no chestnut on nape or back; underparts largely buffy with darker speckling on upper breast. Sexes similar but legs spurred in male. Monotypic. SH A single bird on a rocky hillside near Moyale, NKe, in Jun 1975 is the only record. Voice A harsh kek-kek-kek-kerak, often in duet. Note Formerly considered conspecific with Chestnut-naped Spurfowl P. castaneicollis of Ethiopia. EN

Hildebrandt’s Spurfowl Pternistis hildebrandti

41cm, 16"

Typical adult male is dark brown above, heavily spotted black and white below; bill dark with orange-yellow base; legs orange-red. Smaller adult female has similar upperparts but underparts rufous-buff, often with darker speckling at sides of upper breast. Immature similar to adult female but more heavily marked with bars and streaks above and below. Three races (may be clinal), with males differing in density of black spotting below: widespread nominate (NKe, EKe and Tz), altumi (WKe to Rift Valley, Ke) and johnstoni (STz). SH Pairs or small groups are locally common at 1,000–2,500m, in varied habitats such as thick bush country, grassy areas on rocky hillsides, acacia woodland and edges of montane heath. Voice Call is a wooden crescendo of rapid notes tunk-unkunkunk, the first one loudest. May continue for long periods, breaking into an insane bout of screaming, often given in duet.

Clapperton’s Spurfowl Pternistis clappertoni

41cm, 16"

Similar to Hildebrandt’s Spurfowl but has bare red skin around eyes, white throat and red-based blackish bill. Sexes alike but adult female smaller. Immature like female but duller. Birds in EA are race gedgii. SH Pairs and family parties are common and widespread in bushed grassland in Kidepo NP and south towards Mt Elgon in NEUg. Voice Call is a loud grating kerak… repeated 4–6 times.

Heuglin’s Spurfowl Pternistis icterorhynchus

36cm, 14"

Very streaky, mottled and scalloped brown francolin with dark brown crown, long pale supercilium, yellowish-brown skin behind eyes and yellowish base to lower mandible. Sexes alike but female may be smaller. Immature like female but more heavily barred above. Monotypic. SH Pairs are locally common in grassland, bushed grassland and cultivation, at 500–1,400m in Ug. Voice Calls include harsh grating rasps, growls and churrs.

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Coqui Francolin Black-fronted Spurfowl

 





nominate

hubbardi

Hildebrandt’s Spurfowl 







Clapperton’s Spurfowl Heuglin’s Spurfowl

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PLATE 50: STONE PARTRIDGE AND OPEN-COUNTRY FRANCOLINS II Stone Partridge Ptilopachus petrosus

28cm, 11"

A dark bantam-like bird which frequently cocks its tail. At close quarters it has a slightly scaly head, faint barring on the flanks and red facial skin. Sexes similar but female may be paler on the breast. Immature similar to adult but rather more barred. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs and small groups are rarely common, on rocky hillsides at 600–2,300m. If disturbed they usually run over rocks to cover. Voice Well-orchestrated duet, rising and falling like a whistled wave, oo-wirr’oo-wirr’oo-wirr…, while other birds utter soft trilled churr. OPEN-COUNTRY FRANCOLINS Crested Francolin and the larger Pternistis species were all formerly in the genus­ Francolinus. Bare-throated species are easily identified by colour of naked throats. Females are smaller than males and lack leg spurs.

Crested Francolin Dendroperdix sephaena

30cm, 12"

Small brown francolin with long white supercilium and white streaking on upperparts, often cocks tail and raises crown feathers when agitated or alarmed (does not look crested if relaxed). Widespread race grantii has small bold dark brown spots on breast, while spilogaster (NKe) and rovuma (EKe and ETz) are streakier below. Females and immatures slightly more barred above. In flight, mostly black tail is conspicuous. SH Pairs and family groups are widespread and often common in a wide range of bush country, wooded grasslands and thickets, from sea level to 2,100m. Voice Calls are monotonous, repeated and very rapid short rising squeals followed by descending scratchy notes, kik-kera’ra kik-kera’ra kik-kera’r.

Yellow-necked Spurfowl Pternistis leucoscepus

 40cm, 16"

Large francolin with distinctive bare yellow throat, red-orange skin around eyes and red-based blackish bill. Brown upperparts have narrow buff streaking, underparts more heavily streaked brown and white. Immature similar but generally greyer, with narrow black barring above and paler yellow throat. In flight, shows large pale patch in primaries. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family parties are common residents in drier bushland, bushed and wooded grassland and cultivation, from sea level to 2,400m. Often rather tame, dust bathing and searching for food in the open and along tracks. Voice Call is a loud grating series of up to seven descending scratchy upslurred notes that fade away: k-wirrrk…k-wirrrrrrk… k’wirrrrrrkk’wirrrrrrkk’wirrrrrrk. [Alt. Yellow-necked Francolin]

Grey-breasted Spurfowl Pternistis rufopictus

 40cm, 16"

Large francolin with bare pinkish-red or orange throat, orangey or reddish skin around eyes and red base to bill; white malar stripes; legs dark brown. Underparts largely greyish with narrow black streaking, boldly streaked chestnut, black and white on flanks. Immature similar but has duller bare parts and more barring above and below. In flight, shows pale primary patches. Monotypic. SH Endemic to NTz, especially Mwanza to Serengeti area where pairs and family groups are locally common in acacia country, bushed grassland and riverine woodland. Occasionally hybridises with Yellow-necked Spurfowl. Voice Call is similar to Yellow-necked but slightly more hurried. [Alt. Grey-breasted Francolin]

Red-necked Spurfowl Pternistis afer

 38cm, 15"

Dark francolin with skin around eyes, bill, throat and legs all red. Four races occur in two distinct groups: from WUg and Rw east to WKe and south to SWTz race cranchii is brown above and rather plain grey-brown below with some chestnut streaks on flanks and belly; in NWTz and Bu harterti is similar but rufous streaking is darker; in the other more eastern group, races are more boldly streaked black and white below, with coastal Ke race leucoparaeus having some white to sides of face, and in C and ETz melanogaster has a blacker face. Intergrades occur in several areas. Immatures are duller, with dark (not red) bills. In flight, appears all dark above, lacking pale primary patches of similar spurfowls. SH Pairs and family groups are widespread but local and often shy, in bushed and wooded grassland, thickets and cultivation, from sea level to 1,500m. Voice Often gives a harsh rhythmical ker-ker-kek… or ker-kek-kek… and a rapid kekekekek becoming more urgent, and accelerating into a descending series of whistled upslurs that fade away. [Alt. Rednecked Francolin]

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Crested Francolin 

Stone Partridge



grantii

Yellow-necked Spurfowl  

Grey-breasted Spurfowl

 cranchii



leucoparaeus

Red-necked Spurfowl

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PLATE 51: QUAILS, BUTTONQUAILS AND QUAIL-PLOVER QUAILS Small rotund grassland birds, rarely seen unless flushed, when they tend to fly low and straight before dropping to cover and hiding. Most often encountered singly or in pairs, although Harlequin Quail may occur in large numbers on migration.

Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei

18cm, 7"

Adult male is a dark brown quail with bold black-and-white face pattern and long white supercilium; underparts rich rufous and black, with black streaking extending to flanks. Adult female and immature are very similar to Common Quail but generally darker and less streaked on the flanks. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Common and widespread in grassland and cultivation from sea level to 3,000m, often appearing in large numbers during rains and some birds breeding. Voice Call is a sharp but rather quiet, rhythmical and insect-like swit-wit-wit wit-wit-wit wit-wit…

Common Quail Coturnix coturnix

19cm, 7.5"

Very difficult to identify from female Harlequin Quail, particularly as usually only seen in flight. In resident race africana (formerly erlangeri) adult male has distinctive dark chestnut face, but female differs from female Harlequin in being paler overall with heavier streaking on flanks. Both sexes of the nominate Palearctic race are also similar and paler than Harlequin, especially on cheeks. Adult male may show small black throat patch. SH Sometimes common in moist grassland and cultivation at 1,200–3,000m, but down to 600m in Ug. Small numbers of the nominate race reach northern EA in Nov–Apr. Voice Male call is a three-part, soft but far-carrying twi twi’wit, twi twi’wit, twi twi’wit… which female answers with a soft nasal nrah.

African Blue Quail Synoicus adansonii

14cm, 5.5"

Adult male is a small dark quail without a white supercilium; black-and-white throat contrasts with dark slate-blue body plumage and rufous wing patches. Adult female is generally dark brown with much mottling, paler throat and strongly barred underparts. Appears very small and dark in flight. Monotypic. SH Widespread, scarce and erratic migrant, occasionally recorded during rains in wet grassland from sea level to 1,800m. Voice Calls include a trisyllabic whistled piping kew kew yew, descending in half-tones, the first note slightly louder, and sometimes a soft ki-rik-ik when flushed. Note Formerly called Blue Quail Coturnix adansonii. BUTTONQUAILS AND QUAIL-PLOVER Tiny secretive quail-like birds, usually only seen when flushed (and hard to flush a second time). Small size and whirring flight identify them as buttonquails, rump colour separates species. Males are responsible for incubation and rearing the young. Quail-plover is rarely seen and little known, but very distinctive.

Common Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus

14cm, 5.5"

If seen well, adult has pale eyes, very scaly upperparts, rufous-orange wash on breast, and black spots on sides of breast and flanks. Adult female is brighter than male. Immature like male but more spotted on breast. In flight, pale upperwing-coverts contrast with darker flight feathers; rump and tail barred brown. Birds in EA are race lepurana. SH Locally common resident and wanderer to dry and moist grassland, and rough cultivation, from sea level to 2,000m. Usually seen as singles and pairs, but can be more numerous during influxes. Voice Female call is a soft resonant foghorn-like bugle that increases in volume: whoooooooooo. [Alt. Small Buttonquail]

Black-rumped Buttonquail Turnix nanus

14cm, 5.5"

Very similar to Common Buttonquail, but often more rufous on sides of head (especially female) and spots can extend across entire breast. Immature duller than male, with dark barring on breast and flanks. Best identified in flight when black rump and tail are obvious. Monotypic. SH Locally common in wet grassland at 1,200–1,800m in WUg, but always shy and hard to see. Now very rare in WKe. Voice Female gives a repeated soft but far-carrying ooooo… (once per second) that increases slightly in volume and then fades; very similar to Namaqua Dove.

Quail-plover Ortyxelos meiffrenii

13cm, 5"

Very small strange bird that may suggest a tiny courser or even a lark. Perched birds are well camouflaged, but has unique bold black-and-white wing pattern in flight. Female is brighter than male, and immature paler. Monotypic. SH Local and uncommon in semi-arid grassland, and perhaps partially migratory. Disturbed birds run, freeze or may rock forwards in a slow walk. Voice Reported to give a soft low whistle, but silent when flushed.

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

Harlequin Quail



African Blue Quail

ad nominate



 africana



Common Quail



Quail-plover Common Buttonquail





Black-rumped Buttonquail

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PLATE 52: FLUFFTAILS FLUFFTAILS Tiny secretive rails that are extremely difficult to see. Usually, in fact often only, located by call. All males have chestnut on the head, but colour of tail and presence of spots or streaks on the body and wings aid identification. Females are even harder to observe and identify, and are described below.

White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra

17cm, 6.5"

Adult male has head, upper back, breast and tail bright chestnut-red, rest of plumage black peppered with white spots. Adult female has head and breast like male but body and wings barred blackish-brown and rufous-buff; tail barred blackish. Immature like adult but duller and browner. Birds in EA are race centralis. SH Pairs are locally common residents of swampy areas in forest, along streams in thickets and in dense overgrown cultivation, at 700–2,000m. Voice Throughout year, gives a ventriloquial pooh-pooh-pooh-pooh… varying in speed and volume. Excited birds call a rapid piercing keekeekeek.

Buff-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura elegans

17cm, 6.5"

Adult male has bright chestnut-red head and breast, blackish-brown back and wings heavily spotted buff, and rufous and black banded tail. Adult female is brown above, spangled pale buff and black, largely dingy olive-brown below with whitish throat and extensive darker brown and buff barring. Immature like adult female but plainer and duller. In Ug, Rw and Bu race reichenovi has larger spots above than elegans (elsewhere). SH Rather uncommon resident of forest, bamboo and dense thickets (not necessarily near water), mainly in highlands below 2,600m. Also an erratic wanderer, turning up in unexpected places, like city gardens. Voice Commonly heard after rain and sometimes throughout night; its distinctive foghorn note grows in volume and is a far-carrying mmm oooooooooo. Each call lasts about 3 seconds and is given about every 10 seconds.

Red-chested Flufftail Sarothrura rufa

17cm, 6.5"

Adult male of the nominate race (CKe to Tz) has deep chestnut-red head, upper back and breast; rest of plumage black with narrow white streaks, and small white spots on black tail. Adult female dark brown above, spotted or lightly barred buff, brown below scaled and barred buff, with whitish throat and belly. Immature similar to adult female but plainer and darker. Male of race elizabethae (Ug to WKe) has longer white streaks above, and no spots; female more scaly. SH Common but secretive resident of bogs, swamps and marshes from sea level to 2,700m. Voice Calls all year, a long series of accelerating e-wump… notes, also a nasal upslurred wiiwiiwiiwii…

Streaky-breasted Flufftail Sarothrura boehmi

17cm, 6.5"

Adult male similar to Red-chested Flufftail above, but largely white below heavily streaked black. Adult female very dark above, with fine buff streaks and fringes; underparts largely scaly with whitish throat. Immature blackish with whitish throat and belly. Monotypic. SH Poorly known, presumed intra-African migrant to seasonally flooded grasslands, mainly recorded in EA during Apr–Jul. Voice Call is a muffled series of identical whooo notes, given about every two seconds. Also more rapid and nasal woo, e-woo or goo calls, sometimes with a rising then falling effect.

Striped Flufftail Sarothrura affinis

16cm, 6"

Adult male is most like Streaky-breasted Flufftail but tail chestnut (not black). Adult female is dark brown above, mottled and fringed buff; below buffy-white spotted and barred brown; tail barred dull rufous and black. Birds in EA are race antonii. SH Rarely recorded presumed resident of montane grassland and moorland, mainly above 3,000m in Ke, but down to 1,500m in STz. Voice Repeatedly gives a muffled drawn-out wooooo that increases in volume, and an excitable machine-gun-like rattle.

Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens

16cm, 6"

Adult male has chestnut restricted to top and sides of head, white throat, and black and white streaked breast to vent; tail black with small white spots. Adult female largely dingy blackishbrown finely speckled, streaked and barred white; paler throat and belly. Immature blackish with whitish throat. SH Rare and little known, the nominate race was collected at Ugalla, WTz in 1883, and reported from Rw in the mid-1980s. It is thought to favour rank vegetation and grassy marshes. Voice Call is a long series of increasingly loud but muffled poohpoohpoohpooh notes that rise very slightly in tone. Also a longer drawn-out single pooooh.

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 

White-spotted Flufftail nominate



Buff-spotted Flufftail   nominate

Red-chested Flufftail

 

Streaky-breasted Flufftail

 

Striped Flufftail  

Chestnut-headed Flufftail

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

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PLATE 53: CRAKES AND RAILS I CRAKES AND RAILS A varied but mostly secretive group of terrestrial birds of moist grasslands, rank vegetation, temporary and permanent swamps. Invariably brief views hinder identification. With similar species, look for bill and leg colours, extent of spots and streaks above, and barring (if any) on the flanks.

African Crake Crex egregia

23cm, 9"

Adult is similar to several other crakes with mottled brown upperparts, grey face and breast, and black and white barred flanks and belly. Best identified by yellow-green or grey bill with pinkish-red base, narrow white supercilium and no white streaks or spots above. Sexes similar. Immature duller, with fainter supercilium and brown bill, brownish face and throat, and less distinct barring on flanks. Monotypic. SH Shy and local intra-African migrant to marsh and swamp edges, rank and wet grass, from sea level to 2,000m, breeding in STz during Oct–May, rarely elsewhere. Voice Calls a dry krik-krik-krik-krik…, and a quiet francolin-like chi-co with the second note lower and rather querulous.

Corncrake Crex crex

27cm, 10.5"

Larger than African Crake and overall much more buffy-brown, with pale pinkish-brown bill, broad grey supercilium, greyish throat and breast, and rest of underparts pale buffy-brown, barred russet on flanks. If flushed has obvious warm rufous wings (brightest on coverts). Sexes similar but female may show less grey on foreneck. Immature duller and less heavily patterned. Monotypic. SH Singles or small groups are seldom-recorded and uncommon Palearctic passage migrants to dry and wet grasslands in Oct–Dec and Mar–May, from sea level to 3,000m (rarely). Voice Silent in Africa. [Alt. Corn Crake]

Spotted Crake Porzana porzana

23cm, 9"

Small dark brown crake with extensive white spots and flecks above and below, barred flanks and plain buff undertail-coverts. Adult male has grey face and throat well spotted with white and short thick yellow-green bill with red base. Female has less grey on face and throat. Immature browner including sides of face and breast. Monotypic. SH Very scarce Palearctic visitor and passage migrant to swamps, marshes and wet grassland, with scattered records mainly in Oct– May. Voice Silent in region.

Baillon’s Crake Zapornia pusilla

18cm, 7"

Very small brown-and-grey crake; adult male is best identified from Little Crake by plain greenish bill, slightly heavier white streaks, rings and squiggles on back and wing-coverts, and more strongly barred flanks; also shorter primaries. Adult female similar but paler on throat and breast. Immature buff-brown below, with a pale throat and buff-brown flank barring. Birds in EA are race intermedia (formerly obscura). SH Uncommon resident in marshes and dense lakeside vegetation; known to wander locally and probably joined by Palearctic migrants in Nov–Apr. Voice Calls a frequent very sharp tik, various rasping noises, a loud wooden rattling, and other notes with a laughing quality. Note Formerly in the genus Porzana.

Little Crake Zapornia parva

19cm, 7.5"

Very similar to Baillon’s Crake, but adult has red base to pale green bill. Adult male is duller above than Baillon’s with fewer solid white streaks, almost uniform brown wing-coverts, longer primaries and less distinct barring confined to lower flanks, vent and undertail-coverts. Adult female is buff-brown below with whiter throat and breast. Immature like female, but whiter below, more spotted above and has more extensively barred flanks. Monotypic. SH Vagrant from the Palearctic; the only accepted record involved several birds at Butiaba, WUg, Dec 1901. Voice Silent in region. Note Formerly in the genus Porzana.

Striped Crake Amaurornis marginalis

20cm, 8"

Small brown crake with narrow white streaks on back and wings, greenish bill and legs, and cinnamon undertail-coverts contrasting with whitish belly. Adult male is rufous-brown on sides of head and on breast; adult female has head, breast and flanks grey. Immature has plain dark brown back and wings, rufous-brown sides to head and breast, and whitish throat, belly and undertailcoverts. Monotypic. SH Scarce intra-African migrant in small numbers to marshes and seasonal pools in May–Nov, occasionally breeding during rains. Voice Calls a rarely heard rapid dry rattle (lasting about 10 seconds) and various low growling notes. Note Formerly in the genus Aenigmatolimnas.

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imm

ad

Corncrake

ad

African Crake

imm

Spotted Crake 



Baillon’s Crake 



 imm



Striped Crake

Little Crake 

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PLATE 54: CRAKES AND RAILS II AND GALLINULES Black Crake Zapornia flavirostra

20cm, 8"

Small and distinctive black crake with yellow-green bill and red eyes and legs. Sexes alike. Immature browner above and greyer below with whitish throat and duller bill and legs. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small groups are widespread and often common on virtually any lake or small pool with fringing and floating vegetation, from sea level to 3,000m. Often walks in open at any time of day. Voice Call is a frequently heard and noisy duet: one bird makes a complex and musical bubbling, while the other responds with low growls. Note Formerly in the genus Amaurornis.

Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio

46cm, 18"

Enormous purplish-blue and green rallid with white undertail-coverts, heavy red bill and frontal shield, thick red legs and long toes. Sexes alike. Immature duller grey-blue, especially pale on belly, with browner, not green, back and inner wing; bill, frontal shield and legs duller. Birds in EA are race madagascariensis. SH Pairs and small groups are widespread, but rarely common, in larger marshes and swamps from sea level to 3,000m. Generally shy and retiring, but feeds in open if not disturbed. Voice Loud and varied repertoire, comprising strong trumpeting and bugling calls. Note Various forms worldwide are sometimes considered separate species, with birds in tropical Africa known as African Swamphen P. madagascariensis.

Allen’s Gallinule Porphyrio alleni

26cm, 10"

Similar to Purple Swamphen, but much smaller with red bill and greenish-blue frontal shield. Sexes similar. Immature largely brown with buff fringes to back and wings, whiter throat and belly, and rich buff undertail-coverts. In good light, blue-green centres to some wing-coverts and flight feathers. Bill dark with red base, legs dull olive or red-brown. Monotypic. SH Widespread but generally scarce, although in years of good rains large influxes may occur. Well-vegetated swamps, marshes and lakes from sea level to 1,900m. Voice Vocal, giving a loud clucking kuk kuk kuk… and nasal moans.

African Rail Rallus caerulescens

28cm, 11"

Dark brown-and-grey rail with long red bill, red legs and black and white barred flanks. Only rail in EA with a long bill. Sexes alike. Immature similar but browner on head and breast, with diffuse bars on flanks and duller bill and legs. Monotypic. SH Widespread, but generally uncommon resident and wanderer to a wide range of swamps and marshes from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Call is a forced series of squeals that break into a long trilled and descending pipipipipipipipi….pi pi pi, the last notes slower and downslurred. Note Formerly known as African Water Rail.

Nkulengu Rail Himantornis haematopus

43cm, 17"

A large dark brown forest rail, with heavy blue-grey bill, variable blue-grey skin around eyes and red legs. Adult variable, but typically has some grey-brown on crown and nape, scaly fringes to upperparts and whitish throat. Sexes alike. Immature generally plainer and warmer brown, with variable whitish patches on throat and belly. Monotypic. SH In EA, known only from Semliki Forest, WUg, where resident in small numbers. Voice Calls pre-dawn and after dusk, a repeated rhythmical growling ooo a-aa-a that sounds like a dancing conga-line passing through the forest.

Grey-throated Rail Canirallus oculeus

30cm, 12"

Adult is a dark olivaceous-brown and chestnut forest rail with grey face and throat, buff and brown barred flanks; bill dark with greenish lower mandible, legs brown. If flushed shows extensive white spotting in flight feathers. Sexes alike. Immature similar but face and throat brownish. Monotypic. SH In EA, known only from Semliki Forest, WUg, where it is presumably resident in small numbers. Voice A loud snore, soft coos, and short chunk notes.

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Black Crake

ad

Purple Swamphen

imm

imm

imm

ad ad

Allen’s Gallinule

imm imm

African Rail

ad

ad

Nkulengu Rail ad

Grey-throated Rail

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PLATE 55: COOTS, MOORHENS AND JACANAS COOTS AND MOORHENS Bulky-bodied, small-headed, black rallids which are widespread and familiar. Colours of bill and head shield easily identify adults, but care needed with immature plumages. Sexes are alike.

Red-knobbed Coot Fulica cristata

44cm, 17"

Very dark grey-black rallid with striking white bill and frontal shield. Breeding adult has two swollen red knobs above frontal shield, but hard to see at distance, and quickly reduced and darker post-breeding. Immature lacks frontal shield and is more brownish-grey above, with paler grey underparts and variable white on face and throat. Monotypic. SH Small flocks are common on lakes and pools across EA (but rare near the coast). Non-breeding flocks of hundreds gather on freshwater lakes in the Great Rift Valley and nearby highlands. Voice Varied single calls include a nasal krrk, a reverberating iuenk, and a deeper ernh, also an occasional metallic chinking.

Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus

36cm, 14"

Blackish rallid with yellow-tipped red bill and rounded red frontal shield; mantle and wings browner, white stripes on flanks and white undertail-coverts (with black central stripe). Legs yellow-green with red garter above the ‘knee’. Immature generally dull brown above with dark olive bill and no frontal shield, paler below with whitish throat and buffy flank stripes; legs dull greenish. Birds in EA are race meridionalis. SH Singles, pairs and family groups are commonest above 1,200m, but smaller numbers occur in scattered pockets throughout much of EA, including the coast. Prefers well-vegetated freshwater wetlands, and frequently swims in open. Voice Highly vocal and quarrelsome. Calls nasal, loud and explosive, either single notes or rattled series.

Lesser Moorhen Gallinula angulata

27cm, 10.5"

Smaller than Common Moorhen with mostly yellow bill (red only on culmen) and small pointed red frontal shield; legs greenish-yellow, without red garter. Immature dull brown above with paler underparts and yellowish bill (immature Common has dark bill). Monotypic. SH Uncommon local resident and intra-African migrant, with numbers increasing during Apr–Aug. Much shyer than Common Moorhen, keeping to cover of well-vegetated wetlands and seasonal pools, occasionally breeding. Voice Calls similar to Common Moorhen, but more bubbly and querulous. JACANAS Also known as lily-trotters, jacanas are striking, long-legged, long-toed waterbirds which walk and feed on floating vegetation, especially water-lilies. Adults are easily identified, but beware confusion between Lesser Jacana and half-grown immature African Jacana.

Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis

17cm, 6.5"

Very small jacana that looks brown above and white below at distance. Close birds show rufous crown and nape (some black on forecrown), white supercilium, narrow rufous eyestripe, and golden-yellow and rufous patches at sides of breast. Sexes alike. In flight, conspicuous white trailing edge to most of wing, and rufous rump and tail. Immature paler and duller than adult with black rump. Monotypic. SH Widespread, but generally scarce and local, with scattered records at vegetated lakes and pools across EA. Voice Calls: a simple series of hwoo-hwoo-hwoo-hwoohwoo… notes and rattling chitters that rise and fall in tone.

African Jacana Actophilornis africanus

31cm, 12"

Adult is striking chestnut-and-white waterbird, with powder-blue bill and frontal shield, black hindneck and dark chestnut lower breast to vent. Sexes similar but female slightly larger than male. In rather weak flight, wings chestnut and black. Immature paler and duller brown above, with white supercilium and small greyish frontal shield (hard to see); underparts mostly white, washed yellowish at sides of breast. Monotypic. SH Widespread and locally common resident at freshwater ponds and lakes with good surface cover, from sea level to 3,000m. African Jacanas are polyandrous, with males responsible for nest building, incubation and raising young. Voice Noisy, giving a series of rapidly repeated rattling notes, shrill squeals and aggressive trills.

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PLATE 56: CRANES CRANES Attractive, tall birds of wetlands and moist agricultural land, all easily identified if seen well. Crowned Cranes are separated by overall colour and face pattern, Wattled, Common and Demoiselle Cranes by head and neck patterns, and size. Sexes very similar, but females are slightly smaller. Immatures tend to be duller than adults. Resident cranes all perform elaborate courtship dances. See also vagrant Demoiselle Crane on p. 602.

Grey Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum

112cm, 44"

Adult is largely grey with dark chestnut, black and white wings, a bristly golden crown, and white cheeks edged above with red. Flight looks hunched and laboured with lowered neck and bowed wings revealing extensive white on upperwing contrasting with black-and-chestnut flight feathers. Immature smaller than adult with shorter crest, rufous or pale rufous head and neck, and rufousfringed body plumage. Birds in EA are race gibbericeps. SH Pairs, family groups and larger flocks are widespread and common in a wide range of wetter habitats, including swamps, inundated grassland and moister agricultural areas, from sea level to 3,000m. Ranges well away from wetter areas to feed, especially in wheat fields. Voice Call a loud atmospheric bugling ooh-eyannh or oh-wang. EN

Black Crowned Crane Balearica pavonina

100cm, 39"

Adult is similar to Grey Crowned Crane, but blacker with mostly pink-red cheek patch edged above with white. Immature has reduced crest and extensive brown edges to back feathers, darker than similar immature Grey Crowned. Flight similar to Grey Crowned but blacker body obvious even at distance. Birds in EA are race ceciliae. SH Singles, pairs and occasionally small flocks are very uncommon and only occur in extreme NUg and NKe. Voice Calls similar to Grey Crowned, but perhaps deeper-toned. VU

Wattled Crane Bugeranus carunculatus

120cm, 47"

Very large stately grey crane with dark cap, bare red face and feathered white wattles; gleaming white neck visible even at great distance. Rest of plumage black and grey, with long inner secondaries drooping over tail. In flight, white neck contrasts with dark wings and body. Immature duller and rather browner, with pale (not dark grey) crown, duller face and smaller wattles. Monotypic. SH Pairs, family groups and occasionally larger flocks are resident at permanent swamps, rivers and wet grasslands in Moyowosi-Kigozi wetland complex, WTz, and Usangu Flats, SWTz. One at Kibimba Rice Scheme, EUg, May 2009, is only other EA record. Voice A high-pitched burry bugling. VU

Common Crane Grus grus

115cm, 46"

A grey crane with scruffy bustle-tailed appearance caused by elongated and dishevelled inner secondaries. Adult mainly grey, with neat black face and upper neck, narrow red band on crown, and broad white stripe behind eyes; back and wing-coverts have variable brown smudges. In flight, grey wing-coverts contrast with black flight feathers. Sexes similar. Immature has variable pale buff on head and upper neck. SH Vagrant from the Palearctic, the nominate race has been recorded near Eldoret, WKe, Oct 1999 (immature) and Naivasha, Dec 2008–Feb 2009 (two adults). Voice Migrating birds call krro or karr.

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Black Crowned Crane

Grey Crowned Crane

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PLATE 57: LARGE BUSTARDS LARGE BUSTARDS Stately birds which prefer to walk purposefully, only taking to the wing if disturbed. Some males have spectacular balloon displays visible over long distances, and are larger than females. All are easily identified if seen well.

Denham’s Bustard Neotis denhami

 117cm, 46"

Adult male is large with extensive triangular chestnut-rufous patch on hindneck, black and white striped crown and face, pale grey neck, extensive black-and-white wing-coverts, and white belly. Adult female is smaller, with brown centre to crown, and slightly paler rufous hindneck. Immature similar to female. Birds in NUg are the nominate race; elsewhere jacksoni has darker rufous hindneck. SH Occurs at low densities in open and lightly bushed or wooded grassland at 600–3,000m in much of west, and is seasonal in some areas (like the Serengeti). Displaying male inflates white throat and chest hugely and expands chestnut nape, either striding with tail raised or standing tall with tail lowered. Voice Usually silent, but breeding male gives low resonant booms; also a barked kaa-kaa in alarm.

Heuglin’s Bustard Neotis heuglinii

 88cm, 35"

Large black-faced bustard; adult male has black crown, mask and chin, blue-grey neck, and chestnut band on lower breast separated from white belly by narrow black line. Adult female is smaller, more subdued, face striped (not black). Immature like female. In flight, narrow white wedge in primaries. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are uncommon in arid and semi-desert country, including desert edge, in N and NEKe, although they will wander far to the south, including to Tsavo East NP. Voice Not known.

Kori Bustard Ardeotis kori

 128cm, 50"

Largest bustard; crested head, black patches at base of neck and extensive black-and-white pattern at bend of closed wing distinctive. Sexes similar but adult female smaller and more lightly built. Immature like a less clearly marked female. Birds in EA are race struthiunculus. In Huri Hills, NKe, distinctive birds with rufous face and neck have been noted. SH Singles and small groups are widespread and locally common in open grassland at 700–2,000m from NEUg to NTz. Still common in strongholds like Amboseli, SKe, and the Serengeti, NTz, but elsewhere numbers are declining due to habitat change and human disturbance. Prefers to walk, but will occasionally fly and adult male is heaviest flying bird in Afrotropical region. Displaying male inflates throat ruff and chest, lowers wings, and lifts tail to reveal mass of soft white undertail-coverts. Voice Male gives a low resonant voomp at intervals of up to 10 seconds and both sexes may utter harsh craark if disturbed.

Arabian Bustard Ardeotis arabs

 91cm, 36"

Smaller, more elegant version of Kori Bustard, with white-chequered wing-covert pattern (not black and white). Sexes similar, but adult female smaller. Immature similar to female but duller with less distinct wing spots. Birds in EA are race butleri. SH Occurs in very small numbers immediately north-west and north-east of Lake Turkana, NKe. Voice Rasping or honking croaked pah pah when displaying.

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PLATE 58: SMALLER BUSTARDS SMALLER BUSTARDS Males are easily identified by plumage and call, while females and similar immatures present more of a challenge. Most call and perform aerial displays which are strikingly different from the ground-based displays of larger bustards. Three species, Buff-crested, Black-bellied and Hartlaub’s, were formerly in the genus Eupodotis.

Buff-crested Bustard Lophotis gindiana

53cm, 21"

Small, relatively short-legged bustard; adult male has warm buff-brown back with darker brown spots and bars, pale rufous crown and cheeks, black throat line and belly. Rufous-buff crest only visible in display. Adult female similar, but crown mottled and buff neck well barred, with black confined to belly. Immature like female. From above in flight, well-patterned flight feathers and small white wedge on wing-coverts. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are common in arid and semi-arid bushland to 1,800m from NEUg through EKe to NETz. Adult male has rocket display, flying up and tumbling down on closed wings, to stall and land at last minute. Voice Loud, shrill and piercing calls may lead to an aerial display in which male gives an accelerating kri-kri-kri, slowing towards end.

White-bellied Bustard Eupodotis senegalensis

61cm, 24"

Adult male has a rather plain brown back and wings, blue-grey neck, black-and-white face pattern with pinkish-red base to bill, and white belly. Adult female similar, but browner and more washed-out, with blue-grey confined to hindneck. Immature browner, lacking blue-grey tones. Race canicollis occurs from NEUg to NETz; slightly darker erlangeri in SWKe to CTz. SH Pairs and family groups are common in wide range of open grasslands below 2,000m, usually with bush or tree cover. Adult male has subdued display, walking near female, with raised crown feathers, craning his neck, and puffing-up his throat. Voice A loud and far-carrying, rather goose-like cackling duet: males gives ah-nghaa-nghaa, female replies eh-e-e-er.

Black-bellied Bustard Lissotis melanogaster

63cm, 25"

Adult male is a medium-sized black-bellied bustard. Very similar to Hartlaub’s Bustard but less black on face, greyer-brown cheeks, slender brown-backed neck, brown-and-buff rump and tail barred dark brown. Adult female separated from very similar Hartlaub’s by finely vermiculated brown neck (looks plain at distance). Immature like adult female. In flight, adult male is black below with large white patch in primaries and black trailing edge to secondaries on upperwing. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and pairs are widespread and common in wetter open, bushed and wooded grassland to 2,500m. In display flight, male climbs with exaggerated wingbeats and glides to ground. Voice Displaying male starts with intake of breath, makes a loud nasal upslur (followed by pause of up to 10 seconds), before a short low growl and an explosive pop.

Hartlaub’s Bustard Lissotis hartlaubii

71cm, 28"

Adult male is more thickset and crisply marked than Black-bellied Bustard. Identified by white ‘thumb print’ on ear-coverts contrasting with blacker face, silver-grey hindneck, black rump, and faintly barred dark brown tail. Adult female separated from extremely similar female Black-bellied by rather darker tones, cream line on foreneck, and speckled brown hindneck (not vermiculated). Immature like female. In flight, adult male has blackish rump and tail and only inner secondaries have black trailing edge. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family parties are not uncommon in bushed grassland, in drier areas to 1,600m in NEUg, and disjunctly from NKe to CTz. Voice Displaying male utters quiet click, then a slightly louder pop (not unlike a cork being pulled), followed by a quiet deep drawn-out moaning boooooom.

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PLATE 59: LARGE BLACK-AND-WHITE SHOREBIRDS AND PAINTED-SNIPE STILTS AND AVOCETS Two boldly marked large black-and-white shorebirds easily identified by plumage, bill shape and leg colour.

Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus

38cm, 15"

Tall elegant black-and-white shorebird with thin bill and very long pinkish-red legs. In adult, crown and hindneck vary from pure white, to white with variable amounts of dark grey. Female differs from male in browner back. Immature duller with pale fringes to brownish back and wings. In flight, stiff black wings contrast with white body, and long trailing pink legs. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Common at a wide range of waters, including alkaline and freshwater lakes, flooded fields and coastal lagoons. Numbers increase in Aug–Apr, presumably involving Palearctic migrants. Voice Sharp distinct, pinking call, e.g. kek-kek-kek… or kik-kik-kik-…

Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta

43cm, 17"

Distinct black-and-white shorebird with slender upcurved black bill, black cap and hindneck, and long blue-grey legs. Sexes similar, but male has longer bill. Immature has browner markings with some grey-brown mottling on back and wings. In stiff-winged flight, distinctive black-andwhite pattern, and long trailing legs. Monotypic. SH Local but widespread on range of alkaline and freshwater wetlands, especially alkaline lakes in the Great Rift Valley of Ke and NTz. Uncommon in Ug, Rw and Bu. Distinctive feeding action, walking in shallow water and sweeping bill from side to side. Voice Quite vocal, a metallic sharp ink-ink-ink… CRAB-PLOVER Unique Crab-plover is the only member of the family Dromadidae. Easily identified, it is extraordinary in its breeding habits; it lays a single white egg at the end of a tunnel almost 2m long.

Crab-plover Dromas ardeola

41cm, 16"

Rather large-headed black-and-white shorebird with heavy black bill and blue-grey legs. Sexes alike. Immature has some dark streaking on crown and mantle, and wings washed grey. Flight rather slow and heavy. Monotypic. SH Singles and flocks present year-round on coastal flats, but mainly Aug–Apr at regular sites, notably Lamu and Mida Creek, Ke, and Dar es Salaam, Tz. Feeds plover-like, with a stalk, short run, stop and stab. Voice Noisy, giving a musical and mournful kerrui or kirruerk, either single notes or in long series. [Alt. Crab Plover] OYSTERCATCHERS Highly distinctive, rather uncommon pied coastal shorebird.

Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus

43cm, 17"

Thickset black-and-white shorebird with bright orange-red bill and pinkish-orange legs. Sexes similar. Non-breeding adult has white bar on throat. Immature dirtier than non-breeding adult with brown-tinged upperparts; bill and legs less bright. In flight, bold white wingbar and bright orangered bill very distinctive. Birds in EA are race longipes. SH Singles and small groups are uncommon annual visitors to coasts of Ke and Tz; rare inland, occasionally to Ug. Voice Gives an occasional high-pitched piping. PAINTED-SNIPE A somewhat crepuscular dumpy snipe-like bird, which often hides in dense vegetation by day. Polyandrous, with duller male responsible for nest building, incubation and raising young.

Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis

24cm, 9.5"

Unmistakable if seen well, with long slightly drooping bill, rotund tail-less appearance, and pronounced stripe around and behind eye. Noticeable pale saddle-like ring separates fore and hind body. Male much duller than female, but has more conspicuous buff-gold spots on wingcoverts; lacks rich chestnut head, neck and upper breast. Immature similar to male, but paler and less spotted. Flies weakly on rounded wings, often with dangling legs. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs wander erratically to margins of well-vegetated fresh and alkaline waters, including near coast. Voice Female has long call during rains, commencing with a series of dove-like slurred oo-o notes, rising then falling in tone, followed by a series of hiccup-like notes.

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PLATE 60: THICK-KNEES THICK-KNEES Also known as stone curlews or dikkops, easily identified as a group by well-camouflaged brown plumage, large yellow eyes and long thickly-jointed yellowish legs (hence name). Mainly nocturnal, they seek shade and stand hunched and inactive for most of day, ‘freezing’ or squatting if disturbed. Identification of streaked species can be difficult: note markings on wing-coverts, extent of yellow on bill, plus habitat and range. Sexes and immatures all very similar. Their loud far-carrying calls are often heard at night.

Spotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis

43cm, 17"

Only spotted thick-knee, with bold black spots over most of upperparts and wings, no bar on wing-coverts. Ground colour varies from bright warm tawny in race maculosus across NUg and NKe, to buff-brown in the nominate race further south. In flight, shows limited white in upperwing. SH Pairs or family groups are widespread at low density, but can be locally numerous. Dry open, bushed and wooded grassland from near sea level to 2,000m, and regularly seen on dirt roads at night. Voice Call a long series of identical notes (not rising and falling) that break into a punctuated series: pipipipipi…..pi pi pi pi pi pi pi pi…

Water Thick-knee Burhinus vermiculatus

41cm, 16"

Typical thick-knee with streaked brown-grey plumage; closed wing usually has broad grey panel bordered above by narrow white bar and single thicker blackish bar (white bar sandwiched between two black bars in Eurasian Thick-knee). At close range shows fine vermiculations to upperparts (not present on other thick-knees). Bill has small dull yellowish-green patches at base and a black culmen; eyes and legs often more greenish-yellow than similar species. Some have narrow white bar indistinct or even lacking, but separated from Senegal Thick-knee by greener bill and legs. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs and small groups are widespread and locally common near water of all types, including lakes, river sandbanks, coastal creeks and lagoons, and offshore islands. Voice Call is a long rising then falling series of shrill notes; unlike Senegal, they are unhurried and slur together, wi-wi-wi-wi-wi-wi-wi-wi-wi… wii wii wii.

Senegal Thick-knee Burhinus senegalensis

38cm, 15"

Very similar to Water Thick-knee but broad grey wing panel bordered above by black bar (no narrow white band). Bill similar to Water Thick-knee with black culmen ridge, but slightly longer and heavier, with more extensive and often brighter yellow patches near base; eyes and legs usually brighter yellow. Monotypic. SH Singles, pairs and small groups are associated with water, mainly to the north and west of Water Thick-knee. In recent years appears to be extending its range south. Voice Calls similar to Water Thick-knee, but all notes shriller, distinctly separate and hurried (not slurred together), pi-pi-pi-pi-pi-pi-pi-pi-pi with no slower terminal notes.

Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus oedicnemus

43cm, 17"

Most similar to Water Thick-knee, but narrow white wingbar bordered both above and below with black bars. Senegal Thick-knee lacks white bar on wing-coverts. Bill comparatively small with extensive yellow base, including basal half of culmen. SH The nominate race is probably an annual visitor from the Palearctic, mainly to NUg and NKe (more exceptionally SKe) in Oct–Mar. Occurs in open country including grassland and recently burnt areas. Vagrant to NTz. Voice Silent in region. [Alt. Stone-curlew]

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Spotted Thick-knee

maculosus

Water Thick-knee

Senegal Thick-knee

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PLATE 61: COURSERS COURSERS Delicate, subdued birds of open country. All are crepuscular to some extent, but vary from near-diurnal Temminck’s to near-nocturnal Bronze-winged. All have upright stance, especially when alarmed, and prefer to run to cover rather than fly. They often exploit burnt areas. Reasonably easily identified by head, breast and underwing markings. Sexes similar; immatures have pale fringes to wing-coverts and back.

Temminck’s Courser Cursorius temminckii

21cm, 8"

Slightly smaller than similar species, with rufous cap. Lower breast dull rufous with a blackish smudge in centre of belly (can be hard to see). Pale lores, dark eyestripe and whitish supercilium give neat ‘capped’ head pattern. Easily flushed into rather jerky flight, revealing dark underwing with no white trailing edge. Two very similar races occur: nominate (Ke) and ruvanensis (Ug to Tz). SH Pairs and small groups are widespread and fairly common in a wide range of drier open bushed and occasionally wooded grassland, mainly from sea level to 2,000m but wanders to 3,000m. Voice Strange, repeated, rather mournful and nasal peeu notes, some with a reverberating quality.

Somali Courser Cursorius somalensis

22cm, 8.5"

Larger, longer-legged and paler than Temminck’s Courser, with white lower belly. Whitish supercilium and black eyestripe join to form clear ‘V’ on back of head; cap is sandy on forecrown and blue-grey on hindcrown. In flight, underwing black on outer half and pale sandy on inner wing with white trailing edge. Birds in EA are race littoralis. SH Pairs and small groups can be locally common in arid and semi-arid desert, grassland and scrub, mainly below 1,500m. Voice Scratchy descending slurred pyau and a muffled pip, often given by several birds in unison.

Cream-coloured Courser Cursorius cursor

24cm, 9.5"

Very similar to Somali Courser but slightly larger and more sandy-buff with proportionately shorter legs and longer wings. In flight, entirely black underwing (except white-tipped secondaries) contrasting with sandy body. SH The nominate race is a rare visitor from the Palearctic, with a few records from the east shore of Lake Turkana, NKe, in Jan–Feb 1987. Voice May call quett or kritt when disturbed.

Double-banded Courser Smutsornis africanus

24cm, 9.5"

Distinctive, with heavily scaled upperparts and two clear narrow black breast-bands. In flight, rufous band on secondaries and inner primaries. EA birds are race gracilis. SH Pairs and small groups are local, but may be common in semi-arid open and bushed habitat, often in bare and stony areas, below 1,800m. Voice Rapid shrill trill that rises and falls (rather like a Water Thick-knee) and continues with sharp often paired keek-eek notes. Note Formerly in the genus Rhinoptilus. [Alt. Two-banded Courser]

Bronze-winged Courser Rhinoptilus chalcopterus

28cm, 11"

Largest courser which may suggest Crowned Lapwing, but with bold face pattern around large dark eyes, two breast-bands (upper wide, lower narrow) and dull purple-red legs. Violet tips to primaries rarely visible in the field. In flight, broad white band on underwing, with creamy coverts and black primaries and trailing edge. Monotypic. SH Pairs are widespread but local, uncommon and nocturnal, in bushed and wooded country below 2,200m, especially in miombo. Wanders widely, but exact status as intra-African migrant is poorly known. Voice Mournful rather thickknee-like call starts with a downslur, then three notes that slur into each other, w’yo yor wee waah, the middle note higher. [Alt. Violet-tipped Courser]

Three-banded Courser Rhinoptilus cinctus

27cm, 10.5"

Cryptic beautiful courser, with unique pattern of black, white and chestnut bands above and below a broad mottled brown breast-band. In flight, underwing largely white with black tips to outer primaries. Three very similar races occur, and vary only in colour of feather-edges on upperparts: nominate (NEUg to NETz), balsaci (NEKe) and emini (SWKe to CTz). SH Singles and pairs may be common in semi-arid bush and wooded country, including miombo, from near sea level to 2,200m. Voice Spectacular call starts with a sharp keek-keek then breaks into an accelerating rising and falling wave of sharp kik notes. [Alt. Heuglin’s Courser]

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Somali Courser

Temminck’s Courser

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PLATE 62: PRATINCOLES AND EGYPTIAN-PLOVER PRATINCOLES Graceful and rather tern-like on the wing, but squat and short-legged on the ground. Best identified by throat and underwing markings, but also consider range. Sexes alike.

Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola

26cm, 10"

Breeding adult has pale buff throat surrounded by narrow black line (streaks in non-breeding birds). At rest, wingtips and tail are roughly the same length. In flight, white rump, deeply forked tail, and dark underwing with chestnut-red underwing-coverts. Secondaries have very narrow white tips (beware these may wear off). Immature heavily mottled above, with less well-defined throat and shorter tail. Race fuelleborni is widespread; smaller race erlangeri in coastal Ke. SH Widespread and locally common on flat, sparsely vegetated land around lakes, rivers and at the coast, to 1,800m. Voice Utters a wide range of sharp, creaky, high-pitched and rather tern-like krik and keek calls.

Madagascar Pratincole Glareola ocularis

25cm, 10"

Stocky dark pratincole with white streak below and behind eye, pale chestnut patch on belly and short tail. Immature duller and lacks white eye streak. In flight, short, shallow-forked tail, orangechestnut underwing-coverts and clear white belly. Monotypic. SH Non-breeding migrant from Madagascar which flocks in large numbers Apr–Oct on coasts of NTz and Ke, notably near Malindi. Very rare inland. Voice Calls a short sharp twik twik twik, and a whinnying rising and falling series of kik notes. VU

Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni

25cm, 10"

Very similar to Collared Pratincole, but has black underwing-coverts, no white trailing edge to wing, shallower, shorter forked tail and, at rest, wings extend well beyond tail tip. Overall darker than Collared with more extensive black loral patch, and less red at base of bill (not reaching nostrils). Immature also dark, with ill-defined throat patch and black underwing-coverts. Monotypic. SH Visitor from the Palearctic Oct–Apr, but only frequent in the west (WUg, Rw, Bu), where large numbers may appear on passage, especially in Mar–Apr. Voice Calls are very similar to Collared Pratincole, but with a more bubbling quality.

Rock Pratincole Glareola nuchalis

19cm, 7.5"

Small and dark with neat white stripe from behind eyes and across hindneck; legs bright red. In flight, dark underwing shows white central line. Immature is buff-fringed above and lacks collar on hindneck. EA birds are the nominate race. SH Pairs or small parties are locally common on rocks in fast-flowing rivers, and on rocky islets in Lake Victoria. Although mainly a bird of the west, it occurs in Selous Game Reserve, SETz and on the Tana River, EKe. Voice Calls a rapid sharp series of tern-like kik-kik-kik… notes, and a softer kip-kip.

Grey Pratincole Glareola cinerea

19cm, 7.5"

Small, beautiful grey-and-white pratincole with buff-chestnut wash to hindneck and breast. In flight, striking black, white and grey wing pattern. Monotypic. SH Vagrant from west-central Africa with a single at Rusizi NP, Bu, in Oct 1991, and 3–4 at Queen Elizabeth NP, Ug, in Nov 2011. Voice Call is an accelerating series zi-zi-zi…

EGYPTIAN-PLOVER Recently placed in its own family, Pluvianidae.

Egyptian-plover Pluvianus aegyptius

21cm, 8"

Chunky, attractive and striking shorebird, largely black and white and blue-grey above, with bold head markings, black-and-white breast-band, and variable wash of orange-buff to underparts. Sexes similar; immature duller with brown mottling on wing-coverts. In flight, striking whiteand-grey wings, with diagonal black band and tips. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small groups are restricted to sandbanks along the Aswa River in NUg, with vagrants at Murchison Falls, WUg, and Lake Turkana, NKe. Sedentary, but responds to water level changes with local movements. Voice Noisy, calling a loud cherk cherk… or chee-chee-chee… in flight. [Alt. Egyptian Plover]

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PLATE 63: WETLAND LAPWINGS WETLAND LAPWINGS Wetter country lapwings (also known as plovers) are all easily identified if seen well. Noisy and conspicuous (calling both day and night), they are often seen in aggressive territorial encounters. Sexes alike. Immatures have similar basic pattern to adults, but are often browner, with less clear-cut markings and pale-fringed upperparts (only described below if markedly different).

Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus

31cm, 12"

Striking black, white and grey lapwing, with white skull cap set off against black face and breast. Immature browner and dark-capped with pale-fringed upperparts. In flight, upperwing black and grey without white wingbar. Monotypic. SH Pairs, families and small parties are widespread, common and largely resident around most highland fresh and alkaline waters in Ke and Tz. Wanders to some extent to lower altitudes, and once as a vagrant in Bu. Voice Noisy: calls sound like metal hitting an anvil, tink-tink-tink, accelerating and given at differing speeds denoting levels of excitement.

Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus

28cm, 11"

Black, white and brown lapwing, with white cheeks and sides of neck contrasting with black crown, throat and breast. Bill and legs black. Name derives from curved carpal spur which is very hard to see. In flight, white bar on upperwing-coverts. Monotypic. SH Common and widespread on shorter turf beside fresh and alkaline waters, particularly in WUg and NKe, becoming progressively less numerous in Rw, Bu and on SKe coast; generally uncommon in Tz. Voice Call piercing keek notes that become scratchy as the bird gets more excited.

Long-toed Lapwing Vanellus crassirostris

31cm, 12"

Large upright lapwing with white face and foreneck contrasting clearly with black nape and breastband; bill pinkish with black tip, legs red. In flight, large white shoulders contrast strongly with black flight feathers. The nominate race is widespread in Ug, WTz, and Ke; race leucopterus with much more white in wing occurs in STz. SH Locally common below 2,200m on permanent waters with extensive floating vegetation, notably in the west, but non-breeding birds wander widely in response to flooding, including to the coast. Voice Noisy, with call that is metallic and spitted, starting slowly then speeding up, almost sounding like a rattle: kik kik kik kik-kik-kik kikikikikik…

Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus

34cm, 13.5"

Large brown lapwing with black-tipped yellow bill and bright yellow legs, pinstripe streaks on throat and neck, small white forehead patch, and prominent yellow wattles at sides of bill. In flight, white bar across upperwing-coverts, similar to Spur-winged. Two races occur: brown-bellied nominate in NUg, and black-bellied lateralis elsewhere. Immature has smaller wattles and brown forecrown. SH Pairs and small groups are widespread but not numerous in damp grasslands and marsh edges at 250–2,200m. More easterly and lower-altitude birds are wanderers. Voice Call is a pinched, non-metallic kip-kip-kip…, repeated for long periods. [Alt. African Wattled Lapwing]

White-crowned Lapwing Vanellus albiceps

32cm, 12.5"

Spectacular long-spurred, grey-headed lapwing with white crown stripe and long dangling yellow wattles at sides of bill. In flight, from above, largely white wings with black diagonal bar and tips. Immature has brown crown-stripe. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small parties are locally common along permanent rivers with sandbars in C and STz, with occasional records from NWUg, NTz and Rw. Voice Very noisy, with sharp ki notes commencing singly and accelerating into long metallic trills, ki-ki-ki…kreechy-kreechy-kreechy… [Alt. White-headed Lapwing]

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PLATE 64: DRIER-COUNTRY LAPWINGS DRIER-COUNTRY LAPWINGS Lapwings (also known as plovers) associated with drier country and grasslands. Best identified by head, breast and wing markings. Sexes alike; immatures are generally duller with some paler fringes on upperparts.

Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus

31cm, 12"

Smart head pattern with black cap and white crown-ring visible at long distance; ring accentuates flat head and steep forehead. Alert and upright, with yellow eyes and bright red legs. Immature similar, but head pattern less well defined, upperparts fringed buff, eyes, bill and legs dull. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs, small parties and flocks are common residents (and local wanderers) in a wide range of drier grasslands, including bushed and wooded areas, from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Noisy and aggressive, calls consist of scratchy upslurs kir, kiree, kree either singly or in series.

Black-headed Lapwing Vanellus tectus

26cm, 10"

Attractive spike-crested lapwing, with a white chin, forecrown and nape patch. In frontal view shows narrow black ‘tie’ from throat to breast. Bill red with black tip; small loral wattles and legs also red. In flight, extensive white on primary and greater coverts. Two races occur: nominate (NUg to NWKe), and latifrons (EKe) which has larger patch on forecrown. SH Pairs and small parties are resident and often approachable and tame in semi-arid and arid open and bushed plains from near sea level to 1,800m. Largely crepuscular or nocturnal, often standing in shade during day. Voice Quite vocal, more so in flight: call is a burry, muffled and tinny series that develops into a loud rattle kreek-kreek…krkrkrkrkrkrkr…

Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus

30cm, 12"

Palearctic lapwing with long curving crest, dark green upperparts, broad black breast-band and white belly. Breeding adult has black face, non-breeder shows paler face and narrow buff fringes to upperparts. Immature duller, with more heavily scalloped upperparts and shorter crest. In flight, very broad wings, appearing all dark above and black and white below. Monotypic. SH Vagrant with only one record, at Sabaki River estuary, Ke, from Jan 1995 to early 1996. Voice Flight and alarm call is a strange high-pitched downslurred wee’yu or pee-wit, given singly.

Black-winged Lapwing Vanellus melanopterus

27cm, 10.5"

Very similar to Senegal Lapwing, but more thickset and shorter-legged; hard to separate at distance. At close range typically shows slightly broader white forehead and wider black breast-band, but these are not consistent. Reddish eye-ring is good field mark at close quarters. In flight, upperwing has diagonal white bar across all coverts and black trailing edge to secondaries. EA birds are race minor. SH Flocks may be common above 1,300m, especially in higher-altitude grasslands and cultivation from CKe to NTz. Non-breeding birds occasionally wander to lower altitudes. Voice Call is a harsh, strident and staccato upslurred ki-ki-ki-ki-krrrrrri.

Senegal Lapwing Vanellus lugubris

26cm, 10"

Slightly smaller, slenderer and longer-legged than Black-winged Lapwing, often with clearcut smaller white patch on forecrown; black breast-band usually narrower, yellowish eye-ring indistinct. In flight, shows white trailing edge to secondaries. Monotypic. SH Pairs, small groups and flocks may be common below 1,800m (rare to 3,000m) preferring moist grassland, including on coasts. Wanders widely in response to rains, often exploiting burnt areas. Voice Call is a fluty and attractive tyu-u or tyu repeated singly, never in series.

Brown-chested Lapwing Vanellus superciliosus

23cm, 9"

Attractive and distinctive adult has rufous-brown forehead, black crown and yellow loral wattles; sides of face to breast grey, bordered below by a broad chestnut band. Immature much duller, with brownish-capped appearance, variable brown wash on lower breast, and no loral wattles. Monotypic. SH Singles and small flocks are intra-African migrants from West Africa, occurring in the western part of EA during Jul–Dec, often on burnt areas or lakeshores (vagrant to CKe and SETz). Voice Call is a pinched scratchy series, kreek-kreek-kreek-kreek, rather similar to Black-winged Lapwing.

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PLATE 65: SMALL RESIDENT PLOVERS SMALL RESIDENT PLOVERS These plovers are mainly resident in East Africa, although Forbes’s occurs as an intra-African migrant from the west. The three smaller species run whirringly fast, almost floating over the ground. All can be confiding and may allow close approach; they are best identified by head and breast markings.

Kittlitz’s Plover Charadrius pecuarius

15cm, 6"

Breeding adult is a slightly long-legged buff-breasted plover with black stripe extending across the forecrown, through eyes and meeting on hindneck. Non-breeding adult is muted, and may lose black head stripes and breast colour. Immature like non-breeding adult, but buffier on face and hindneck collar; upperparts buff-fringed, and some show dark breast patches. In flight, adult has limited white wingbar and toes project beyond tail. Monotypic. SH Locally common and widespread resident on short grass and muddy fringes to a wide range of inland waters below 2,300m. Also temporary pools and coastal saltpans. Voice Calls rather variable, most commonly heard is a loud, harsh downslurred trill trit-tri-rit-rit.

White-fronted Plover Charadrius marginatus

17cm, 6.5"

Similar to Kittlitz’s Plover, but generally paler, with bright white forecrown giving a peak-headed look. Breeding adult has blackish frontal bar and eyestripe and short white supercilium; breast and hindneck often with tawny-buff wash (sometimes restricted to patches at sides of breast). Non-breeding adult (especially female) may lack black head markings. Immature lacks any black on head, has buff-fringed upperparts and is whiter below. Tail projects beyond wingtips at rest, and toes do not extend beyond longish tail in flight. Kentish Plover is more compact and browner with darker patches at sides of breast. Birds in EA are race mechowi. SH Pairs and loose groups are common at the coast, extending inland along major rivers, and at lower density on some inland lakes, particularly those with sandy shorelines. Makes localised non-breeding movements. Voice Calls a low confiding chut, as well as a loud dry, churred trill in flight.

Chestnut-banded Plover Charadrius pallidus

14cm, 5.5"

Small grey-brown and white plover with narrow chestnut breast-band. Adult male has black bar above white forehead and short black eyestripe. Adult female similar but lacks black head markings. Immature has broken (or complete) narrow grey breast-band and lacks all black and chestnut. Birds in EA are race venustus. SH Pairs and small groups are rather local residents on the fringes of alkaline lakes in the Great Rift Valley south from Turkana in NKe, to Dodoma in CTz, including Lakes Magadi and Natron, with wanderers elsewhere. Voice Call is a sharp pii in flight, and breeding birds give a complex series of strange trilled nasal notes.

Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris

18cm, 7"

Misleadingly named plover, with only two black breast-bands (separated by third white band), and broad white forehead and supercilium; sides of face grey with obvious red eye-ring and pale eyes; bill red with black tip, legs orange-red. Sexes alike. Immature more weakly marked with pale-fringed upperparts and duller legs. Flies with irregular stiff wingbeats on longish dark wings, revealing a thin white wingbar and white trailing edge to secondaries. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs are common and widespread beside wide range of fresh and alkaline waters from sea level to 3,000m, often on soft muddy margins with some cover. Voice In flight utters a rising phiuu-eet, and displaying birds give a long rising and falling series of rapidly spitted notes that slow down and become gravelly in quality. Note Some authors treat tricollaris as specifically distinct from the Madagascar race bifrontatus. [Alt. African Three-banded Plover]

Forbes’s Plover Charadrius forbesi

19cm, 7.5"

Very similar to Three-banded Plover, but slightly larger, with a dark brown forehead and browner sides to face. Sexes alike. Immature similar to adult but has buff-fringed upperparts. In flight, dark wings look uniform except for narrow white tips to the secondaries. Monotypic. SH Scarce nonbreeding visitor to WUg, Rw, Bu and WTz, Apr–Oct, often in drier areas than Three-banded Plover including burnt grassland. Voice Calls smoother and less metallic than Three-banded.

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PLATE 66: MIGRANT PLOVERS I MIGRANT PLOVERS These plovers visit East Africa from their northern breeding grounds, mainly in Oct–Apr, but a few are present all year. All are easily identified in breeding plumage, but need care otherwise: note head, breast and wing markings.

Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula

19cm, 7.5"

Non-breeding adult is brown above, with single blackish breast-band and dull white forehead; bill dark, legs dull orange. Breeding adult crisper, with jet black breast-band, bright white forehead, brighter orange bill base (with black tip) and orange legs. Immature like dull non-breeding adult with reduced or broken breast-band. In flight, shows prominent white wingbar. Birds in EA are race tundrae. SH Common winter visitor and passage migrant mainly to the coast and major lakes in Sep–May, a few remain year-round. Voice Call is a sad rising then falling pweoo, usually in flight.

Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius

17cm, 6.5"

Very similar to Common Ringed Plover, but smaller and slimmer with dark bill, narrow yellow eyering and pale pinkish or yellowish legs proportionately longer than Common Ringed. Breeding adult has dark forecrown stripe separated from brown crown by narrow white band. Immature duller with broken breast-band and less distinct eye-ring. In flight, wing entirely dark (without white bar). Birds in EA are race curonicus. SH Not uncommon, but fairly solitary visitor to fringes of mainly inland waters in Ke, much less often on the coast, and scarce in NTz, Ug, Rw and Bu. Prefers grassland near lakeshores; rare outside Oct–Apr. Voice Call is a short downslurred peeu in flight, not rising and falling as in Common Ringed Plover.

Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus

16cm, 6"

Small plover with dark patches at sides of breast and blackish legs. Non-breeding adult similar to White-fronted Plover, but has whiter hindneck and underparts, and wings extend slightly beyond tail. Breeding male has black frontal bar, eyestripe and chest patches, and may show rufous wash on nape (variable). Breeding female as non-breeding adult, immature slightly buffier. In flight, narrow white wingbar and white outer tail. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Annual at Lake Turkana, Ke, Oct–Apr, but very scarce elsewhere. Voice Calls a soft tu-it and rolling prrr. In flight may give a scratchy upslur bipip.

Lesser Sandplover Charadrius mongolus

19cm, 7.5"

Non-breeding adult is very similar to Greater Sandplover, but smaller, more slender, with a rounder head, shorter bill and shorter blacker legs. Shows neat compact outline, lacking ranginess of Greater. Breeding adult has mostly black forecrown and eye-patch, and broad chestnut breastband. Immature like non-breeding adult but slightly washed buff on head. In flight, toes hardly show beyond tail tip. Birds in EA are race pamirensis. SH Flocks are very common visitors and passage migrants on the coast Sep–Apr, with some throughout the year. Much less common but still regular inland. Voice Flight call is a hard, short dry trill on one note trreet. [Alt. Lesser Sand Plover]

Greater Sandplover Charadrius leschenaultii

23cm, 9"

Non-breeding adult is distinguished from very similar Lesser Sandplover by larger size, more angular head, longer heavier bill and longer grey-green legs. Breeding adult has white forecrown and usually narrower more clear-cut chestnut breast-band. In flight toes project well beyond tail. Two similar races occur: the commoner and heavier-billed scythicus, and less regularly the smaller-billed nominate. SH Very common passage migrant and winter visitor on the coast in Sep–Apr, with some remaining all year; generally uncommon inland, apart from at Lake Turkana, NKe. Vagrant in Ug, Rw and Bu. Voice Flight call is extremely similar to Lesser Sandplover, but may be slightly softer and more rolling. [Alt. Greater Sand Plover]

Caspian Plover Charadrius asiaticus

21cm, 8"

A fine-billed, rather elegant plover. Non-breeding adult has broad white supercilium, white lores and broad grey-brown breast-band. Breeding male has a white-faced look, with smart chestnut breast-band narrowly bordered black below. Breeding female similar to non-breeding adult; immature has buff-fringed upperparts and more mottled breast-band. Wingtips extend beyond tail at rest. Monotypic. SH Common Palearctic winter visitor, Aug–May, on short grasslands in WUg to CKe and NTz (particularly in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem), and less often on the coast. Invariably in flocks, and usually runs courser-like when disturbed. Voice Call is a repeated dry chip or tchup in flight.

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PLATE 67: MIGRANT PLOVERS II AND SANDPIPERS I MIGRANT PLOVERS AND SANDPIPERS These two larger plovers visit East Africa from their northern breeding grounds, as do the sandpipers on this page. Phalaropes are atypical sandpipers found on fresh or salt water.

Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola

31cm, 12"

Large, stocky, heavy-billed plover; non-breeding adult is silvery grey-brown above and greymottled below, with broad but weak supercilium, and often a dusky face or eye-patch. Breeding adult is black from face to belly, and brightly spangled silver, grey and black above. Sexes alike. Immature like non-breeding adult, but with slightly stronger buffy-yellow wash. In flight, shows black axillaries, white rump and obvious wingbar are diagnostic. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Very common passage and winter visitor to the coast, mainly Sep–May, but some oversummer. Much less common inland, and rare in Ug, Rw and Bu. Voice Very vocal, atmospheric and mournful slurred whistle that rises and falls, pee-yu-eeee. [Alt. Black-bellied Plover]

Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva

26cm, 10"

Slimmer and smaller than Grey Plover: non-breeding adult always shows some golden-yellow above, a stronger buff-yellow supercilium, and mottled dusky grey-yellow underparts. Breeding adult spangled black and gold above, with black face to belly. Sexes alike. Immature similar to non-breeding adult, but has stronger buffy-yellow wash. In flight, grey underwing and axillaries diagnostic, along with mottled golden (not white) rump and indistinct wingbar; feet extend beyond tail tip. Monotypic. SH Uncommon (but regular) visitor to the coast, especially the Tana River delta and nearby grassy areas in Ke. Less common to CKe and vagrant to Ug and Bu. Voice In flight, gives a loud, shrill and spaced tu-whi’yu.

Ruff Calidris pugnax

 30cm, 12",  23cm, 9"

Highly variable, small-headed, short-billed, scaly-backed shorebird; adult has bright orange legs and some show pink base to bill. Usual non-breeding male and female are brown or grey-brown, scaly above, with lightly mottled head to breast. Female is smaller. Some males are extensively white on head, back and underparts. Breeding male gains exotic ruffs after leaving Africa. Immature is boldly scaled above with bright buffy fringes. In rather powerful long-winged flight, narrow white wingbar and white oval patches at sides of tail. Monotypic. SH Very common Palearctic winter visitor and passage migrant to fresh and alkaline waters (especially with muddy fringes) in Aug–May. A few stay year-round. Voice Unlike most shorebirds, Ruffs are almost totally silent. Note Formerly in the genus Philomachus.

Buff-breasted Sandpiper Calidris subruficollis

20cm, 8"

Like a small immature Ruff with a short bill, small head and boldly scalloped upperparts; differs in having more uniform buff face and underparts, conspicuous dark-eyed look and yellow legs. In flight, no white in upperwing or tail, underwing mostly white with dark comma on primary-coverts. Monotypic. SH Rare Nearctic vagrant recorded at Lake Turkana, Ke, Dec 1973, and Rusizi NP, Bu, Mar 1992. Voice Quiet for a wader, but flushed birds may give a low chwup or prreet. Note Formerly in the genus Tryngites.

Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus

18cm, 7"

Small-headed, slender-necked swimming shorebird with needle-thin black bill. Non-breeding adult grey above and white below with black smudge behind eye. Breeding female has dark grey face, upperparts and breast, with white chin, rufous sides to neck and buffy stripes on back. Breeding male similar but duller. Monotypic. SH Reasonably common along Ke coast in Oct–Apr, especially areas with floating seaweed. Irregular inland. Often feeds by swimming in circles and pecking at water surface. Voice In flight utters a low, churred trill of four identical notes trrt-trrt-trrt-trrt.

Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius

20cm, 8"

Non-breeding adult is very similar to Red-necked Phalarope but larger, with heavier broader bill, and paler, plainer mantle. Breeding female has black-tipped yellow bill, black cap, white cheeks and brick-red underparts. Breeding male similar but duller. Monotypic. SH Vagrant to Rift Valley lakes in Ke (five records) and Bu (one) mainly Feb–Apr; exceptional was a single in Serengeti NP, Tz, Jun 2014. Voice Rarely calls a simple chit in flight. [Alt. Grey Phalarope]

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PLATE 68: SANDPIPERS II SANDPIPERS A varied group of shorebirds ranging from the smaller Calidris sandpipers on Plates 70–71 to the large godwits and curlews on Plate 72, and including Ruff and the phalaropes (on Plate 67). The medium-sized sandpipers on this plate are closely related to the larger Tringa sandpipers on Plate 69, and the group also includes the snipes on Plate 73. Most are visitors from the Palearctic, mainly in Sep–May, but small numbers remain throughout the year. Many moult into their breeding plumages towards the end of their stay in East Africa.

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos

20cm, 8"

Short-legged rather plain brown-and-white sandpiper with obvious horizontal stance; white underparts peak to form white wedge at shoulder, and tail is noticeably longer than wingtips. Non-breeding adult has whitish throat and centre of breast. Legs variably greenish to yellowisholive. Breeding adult has some black streaking above and a fuller breast-band. Immature has buffbarred wing-coverts. Flight diagnostic with shallow beats and glides on bowed wings, showing clear white bar. Monotypic. SH Very common winter visitor and passage migrant to lakes, rivers and the coast in Jul–May, with a few throughout the year. Ever-bobbing tail is a good identification feature even at long distance. Voice Noisy, calling a piercing series of rapidly delivered virtually identical notes which run together, pipipipipipipipipipipi…, as well as a plaintive long siiuuu. Note See also vagrant Spotted Sandpiper on p. 602.

Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola

20cm, 8"

Similar to Green Sandpiper, but more graceful and browner above with longer white supercilium, spotted back and slightly longer yellowish legs. Breeding adult is more mottled above, with streaked neck and sides to breast which grade gradually into white underparts. Immature warmer brown above with buff speckles. In flight, shows squarish white rump and pale underwing; feet extend well beyond tail tip. Monotypic. SH Very common passage migrant and winter visitor to a wide range of inland waters in Jul–May (only inshore at coast). Some present year-round. Voice Noisy, a loud and piercing chiff-iff-iff or chi-chi-chi-chi-chi… on one tone. Flushed birds call for long periods often in towering flight.

Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus

23cm, 9"

Dumpier and much darker than Wood Sandpiper with finer-spotted upperparts (non-breeding adult appears almost plain above), supercilium confined to in front of eye and eye-ring more obvious. Dark mottling on breast always ends in clear-cut line. Legs grey-green. Breeding adult similar but head and breast has stronger streaking. In flight blackish wings and underwing contrast strongly with brilliant white rump and underparts; toes only just project beyond tail tip. Monotypic. SH Singles are common on passage and in winter between late Jul and Apr. Commonest inland on freshwater wetlands, from extensive marshy lakeshores to temporary pools, even on roadside puddles; inshore at coast. Shyer than Wood Sandpiper, bursting into erratic zigzagging flight when flushed. Voice Noisy, giving a distinctive rather brazen tiu-yiu-yiu-yiu…

Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus

25cm, 10"

Striking and unusual with long orange-based upswept bill and short orange legs. Non-breeding adult is mainly grey-brown above and white below. Breeding adult is greyer with blackish scapular lines and brighter legs. In flight, wings reveal broad white trailing edge to secondaries. Monotypic. SH Common passage migrant and winter visitor to the coast, rarely inland, in Aug–Apr, with a few year-round. Feeding birds rush around rapidly, often switching direction. Voice Flight call is a rapid rather dry monotone tu-yer’yer.

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PLATE 69: SANDPIPERS III TRINGA SANDPIPERS Four larger sandpipers that are best identified by bill structure, leg colour and markings on rump and wings in flight.

Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia

32cm, 13"

Large grey-brown and white sandpiper with long, slightly upturned bill tapering from heavy base, and long greenish or grey-green legs. Non-breeding adult has crown and sides of neck lightly streaked grey, rest of underparts white. Breeding adult more heavily streaked on head, neck and breast, with white-fringed blackish and grey scapulars giving rather spangled appearance. Immature browner above with buff feather edges. In flight, dark wings contrast with long white wedge on back, and toes just project from tail tip. Monotypic. SH Common on a wide range of both inland and coastal waters, mainly Sep–Apr, but some present in all months. Alarms easily, towering up and calling when flushed. Voice Call is a memorable loud, ringing and clear downslurred tiu variously repeated 2–6 times, often tiu-tiu-tiu.

Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis

25cm, 10"

Smaller, slimmer and altogether more delicate than Common Greenshank, with fine straight bill and proportionately longer legs. Non-breeding adult is grey-brown above, with light streaking from crown to sides of breast; face, supercilium and underparts white, legs greenish-yellow. Breeding adult is streaked black on head and neck, with some black spotting on back and flanks; legs brighter yellow. Immature browner above, with pale feather edges. In flight, shows contrast between dark wings and paler body, with long white wedge on back and toes extending well beyond tail tip. Monotypic. SH Common inland on a wide range of waters, from large Great Rift Valley lakes to small pools, mainly in Aug–Apr, but some are present throughout the year. At the coast more confined to river estuaries and brackish pools. Often feeds very actively, pecking at water surface and rushing about. Voice Noisy, calling a squealed, unmusical sharp patternless kiu kiu kiu…… which lacks the ringing quality of Common Greenshank.

Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus

32cm, 13"

Tall attractive wader with long legs and long straight bill with striking red base. Non-breeding adult is mostly grey above and whitish below with prominent supercilium, notably white in front of eye, and red legs. Breeding adult is largely black, with fine white spotting above, variably showing white bars below as plumage changes; legs blackish. Immature similar to non-breeding adult, but finely spotted and rather browner above, lightly barred brown-grey below. In powerful rising flight, shows dark upperwing, white wedge on back and trailing red feet. Monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are regular visitors to a wide range of inland waters in Sep–May, but very uncommon at the coast. Alert and shy, with a distinctly tall character, often feeding in small groups, swimming and upending. Voice Call is a diagnostic questioning and rising double tch’wit.

Common Redshank Tringa totanus

28cm, 11"

Smaller and slightly dumpier than Spotted Redshank with browner upperparts, shorter bill (with more extensive red at base) and striking orange-red legs. Non-breeding adult has short white supercilium and grey-brown head and breast. Breeding adult is extensively mottled, streaked and barred with brown. Immature similar to non-breeding adult but streakier below with paler yelloworange legs. In rather jerky flight, broad white trailing edge to most of wing and white wedge up back; red feet partially exposed beyond tail tip. Birds in EA are race ussuriensis. SH Uncommon but regular in very small numbers to the coast, especially Mida Creek, Ke, in Oct–Mar. Rare inland but with records in most months. Voice Call is a loud ringing teu-uu-uu all on the same note.

158

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Common Greenshank

br

non-br

br

Marsh Sandpiper non-br

Spotted Redshank br

non-br

br

non-br

Common Redshank

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PLATE 70: SANDPIPERS IV STINTS AND SMALLER SANDPIPERS Several similar-looking sandpipers (including species on Plate 71). Some are very small (known as peeps in North America). Best identified by careful attention to markings on head, upperparts, rump and tail, and by leg colour (but beware of mud on legs). See also vagrant White-rumped Sandpiper and Great Knot on p. 602.

Little Stint Calidris minuta

15cm, 6"

Non-breeding adult is grey above with dark feather shafts, pale below with mottled greyish breast patches (which may form a band), bill and legs black. Breeding adult has much rufous on head and upperparts (may extend onto sides of breast, but throat always white), creamy-buff stripes at sides of mantle (forming a V), and chestnut and buff feather edges with blackish centres giving a strong scaly effect. Immature also mottled above with black and rufous, stripes on back, whiter forecrown and supercilium. In flight, shows narrow white wingbar, white sides to rump and grey outer tail. Monotypic. SH Very common Palearctic migrant and winter visitor, occurring in flocks on a wide variety of fresh and alkaline waters inland, as well as on the coast, in Aug–May. Voice Call is a dry chit, either singly or running into a trill.

Temminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii

15cm, 6"

Non-breeding adult is similar to Little Stint, but plainer grey-brown above, with fairly clear-cut grey-brown breast and shorter yellow-green legs (resembles mini Common Sandpiper). Breeding adult has some rufous-fringed black-centred feathers on back and scapulars. Immature has scaly buff-fringed wing-coverts. At take-off and landing may show white outer tail, but hard to see in typical towering flight. Monotypic. SH Palearctic winter visitor in Aug–May; occurs singly or in small loose associations, especially at freshwater lakes and pools with muddy fringes and some cover. Rare in NTz. Voice Call is a series of four or five rather high dry notes, given so rapidly as to form an insect-like trill tititit.

Broad-billed Sandpiper Calidris falcinellus

17cm, 6.5"

Non-breeding adult suggests a large stint with longish broad-based bill, drooping at tip. Grey upperparts show darker shaft-streaks, with some faint streaking on breast. Diagnostic double or forked supercilium varies, may be less obvious on non-breeding birds. Breeding adult is dark above with golden-buff and white fringes, prominent V on mantle, white below with strong black arrowshaped markings on breast and flanks. Immature similar but brighter. In flight, dark leading edge to wing and narrow white wingbar. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Generally uncommon Palearctic migrant to coastal mudflats in Aug–Apr, with small flocks annual at the Sabaki River mouth, Ke. Rare inland. Voice Not very vocal; calls in flight a dry chut chut…. that can run into a brittle churr. Note Formerly in the genus Limicola.

Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta

15cm, 6"

Scaly upperparts may suggest Little Stint, but often more upright, with longer neck, dark forecrown, longer yellow-brown legs and a very long middle toe (hard to see). Prominent whitish supercilium highlights capped effect. Non-breeding adult grey-brown above with dark feather centres. Breeding adult has broad rufous fringes above. In flight looks very similar to Little, but toes project slightly beyond tail tip (flight action often more erratic and may tower). Monotypic. SH Eastern Palearctic vagrant mainly to marshy fringes of Great Rift Valley lakes in Ke, Nov–May. Voice Flight call is a deep trill, much deeper than Temminck’s Stint.

Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis

15cm, 6"

Non-breeding adult is virtually identical to Little Stint, but may have a slightly broader-based bill, shorter legs, and longer wings and tail. Breeding adult, however, is very distinctive with bright rufous head, throat and upper breast (without streaks), bordered below with short black streaks. Monotypic. SH Eastern Palearctic vagrant to coastal and inland Ke, with three records, May–Aug. Voice Call is a slow fairly deep chit chit, similar to but stronger and slower than Little Stint.

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br

non-br

Little Stint

ad moulting

br

non-br

Temminck’s Stint

br

Broad-billed Sandpiper

non-br

br non-br

Long-toed Stint

br

ad moulting

Red-necked Stint

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PLATE 71: SANDPIPERS V Sanderling Calidris alba

21cm, 8"

Small sandpiper which may be confused with Little Stint and Broad-billed Sandpiper but lacks hind toe (hard to see). Non-breeding adult is usually pale grey above and very white below, often with a black smudge at bend of folded wing; bill and legs black. Breeding adult (rare in EA) is spangled black, silver and chestnut above with rufous head and breast. Immature mottled silvery and black above with buff wash at sides of breast. In flight, shows much black in wing with strong white wingbar; centre of tail black. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Very common passage and winter visitor to coast, with a few inland, in Aug–May. Small numbers oversummer. Hyperactive, constantly running and foraging at water’s edge. Voice Flying and feeding birds call a rhythmical sharp twik twik twik…

Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea

22cm, 8.5"

Slender, medium-sized sandpiper with long, evenly decurved bill. Non-breeding adult has distinct white supercilium, and is grey-brown above variably extending onto upper breast. Breeding adult gains chestnut head and underparts in Mar–May, many showing mottled intermediate plumage. Immature more like non-breeding adult, but browner above with pale feather fringes, and buffy wash on sides of breast. In flight clearly shows white rump and wingbar. Monotypic. SH Flocks are widespread winter visitors and passage migrants in Aug–May, very common at the coast and inland, with some oversummering. Voice Very noisy in flight, when gives a frequent cheerful trilled chrrut…

Dunlin Calidris alpina

21cm, 8"

Non-breeding adult is similar to Curlew Sandpiper, but slightly smaller and dumpier, with shorter legs, darker breast and decurved bill curving only towards tip. Breeding adult is largely black and rufous above, with streaked breast and black belly patch. Immature more streaky and gingerybrown above than non-breeding adult, with streaks on breast extending onto flanks as small black spots. In flight, shows black centre to rump and tail, and white wingbar. EA birds are presumed to be the nominate race. SH Vagrant, with only five records, Oct–Apr. Voice Flight call is a dry trilled kreeet or kreeee that falls in tone at the end.

Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos

23cm, 9"

Medium-sized sandpiper: at all ages has short slightly decurved bill, scaly brown upperparts and well-defined band of dark streaks on breast; no other small shorebird has such a clear-cut breastband. Legs and feet dull yellowish. If alarmed looks long-necked with upright stance suggesting Ruff. In flight, also Ruff-like, with black centre tail and white ovals on sides of rump. Monotypic. SH Holarctic vagrant with widely scattered records in Sep–May. Voice Calls a harsh, low scraping and dry trilled krrt in flight.

Red Knot Calidris canutus

25cm, 10"

Thickset sandpiper with rather short, straight bill, and short neck and legs. Non-breeding adult is largely grey and faintly scaled above with prominent pale supercilium, whitish below streaked grey on breast and flanks; legs grey-green. Breeding adult is mottled black, chestnut and grey above and bright chestnut below; bill and legs black. In flight, shows narrow white wingbar and pale grey rump. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Palearctic vagrant with five records from coastal Ke and Tz. Voice Call is a regularly spaced, paired upslurred nasal kiu-kiu.

Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres

23cm, 9"

Stout, short-billed shorebird with short orange legs. Non-breeding adult is dark brown and black above, with dark breast-band contrasting with white throat and belly. Breeding adult is a striking mix of black, white and chestnut. Immature like non-breeding adult, but pale feather edges above and duller legs. In flight, shows obvious bold triangular pattern of white bars on wings, back and tail. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Very common passage migrant and winter visitor to the coast in Aug–Apr, with a small number oversummering; regular but much less numerous inland. Rare in Rw and Bu. Voice Flight call is a hurried tuk’a’tuk, and also gives a low throaty and musical churred trill.

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Sanderling

br

non-br

non-br

br

Curlew Sandpiper ad moulting

br non-br

Dunlin non-br

Pectoral Sandpiper

non-br br

Red Knot

br non-br

Ruddy Turnstone

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PLATE 72: GODWITS AND CURLEWS GODWITS Two species of large Palearctic migrant shorebirds, identified by size and shape of bill, head, wing and tail markings, and by distinctive calls.

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa

37–42cm, 15–17"

Tall elegant wader with a striking long straight bill (extensive pink at base) and very long legs. Nonbreeding adult has uniform fairly dark grey-brown back, head, neck and breast, gradually fading to white belly. Breeding male has rust-red from sides of face to breast, black and white barred lower breast and a white belly. Breeding female variable, usually with less rufous. In flight, shows broad white wingbar, white rump and wide black tail bar; long legs and toes trail markedly. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Small and large flocks are sometimes common on larger lakes and wetlands, especially in the Great Rift Valley in Aug–Apr, with some oversummering. Seemingly more common than formerly, but still very uncommon in Rw, Bu and at the coast. Voice In flight, birds call wika-wika-wik.

Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica

33–41cm, 13–16"

Similar to Black-tailed Godwit, but with noticeably shorter upper leg and shorter slightly upcurved bill (which also has a striking pink base in non-breeding birds). Non-breeding adult has pale grey-brown mottled and streaked upperparts, throat and sides of breast, and more extensive white underparts. Breeding male has mostly dark bill and deep chestnut-red head, neck and underparts. Breeding female and immature rather like non-breeding adult, but with variable buff wash to neck and breast. In flight, shows plain upperwing, white rump extending as wedge onto back and narrowly barred tail, beyond which feet barely project. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Small numbers occur regularly on passage and in winter, mainly on the coast in Aug–Apr; very uncommon inland. Voice Flight call is a nasal kweek-eek. CURLEWS Two large Palearctic shorebirds with very long decurved bills. Best identified by size and shape of bill, head pattern and calls.

Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus

37–45cm, 15–18"

Smaller than Eurasian Curlew with comparatively short bill that decurves suddenly towards tip, and boldly striped head with prominent pale central crown-stripe. Sexes and immature are all similar. In rather fast-winged flight, shows white wedge extending from base of tail to centre of back. Birds in EA are the nominate race, but distinctive race alboaxillaris (Steppe Whimbrel) with wings extending beyond tail tip and mostly white axillaries and underwing-coverts is probably overlooked. SH Very common visitor to the coast, including estuaries, mudflats and tidally exposed coral reefs, mainly Aug–Apr, but many oversummer. Scarce inland, mainly to large Great Rift Valley lakes. Voice Very noisy, both on the ground and in flight. Distinctive tittering 7–12-note whistle is a characteristic sound of the coast bi’bi’bi’bi’bi’bi… Also an attractive curlew-like bubbling of rising and falling slurs.

Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata

48–57cm, 19–23"

Much larger and generally warmer brown than Whimbrel, with much longer more evenly decurved bill, and no head-stripes. Considerable range in size of both body and bill length, from larger female to smaller male. In flight, shows similar white wedge on back as Whimbrel, but wingbeats slower, stronger and more even. Races in EA unclear as change from western European nominate to eastern Asian orientalis is clinal. Certainly, paler coastal birds with very long bills, whiter axillaries and underwing-coverts are orientalis, while a few darker birds are probably the nominate race. SH Generally rather uncommon visitor and passage migrant mainly to the coast in Aug–Apr, with occasional birds oversummering. Most frequent at larger estuaries and creeks, uncommon on larger lakes inland, and rare in the west. Voice Flight call is a distinctive and very loud cour-lii, and a bubbling call is also occasionally heard.

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Black-tailed Godwit

br  non-br

br  non-br

Bar-tailed Godwit

nominate

Whimbrel

nominate

Eurasian Curlew

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PLATE 73: SNIPES SNIPES Well-camouflaged, long-billed cryptic birds of marshes and swamps. Because of their often skulking behaviour, all five can be hard to see well. Back, underwing and tail patterns, as well as behaviour, habitat and calls aid identification. Sexes and immature plumages are all similar.

Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago

27cm, 10.5"

Classic snipe, with long bill, striking buff-yellow and black-brown striped head and back, brown and buff-striped breast, darkly barred flanks and white belly. In towering and twisting flight, reveals white trailing edge to secondaries and broad rufous tips to tail feathers with limited white at sides. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Common winter visitor and passage migrant from the Palearctic, in large marshes and swamps, smaller ponds and seasonally flooded grasslands south to CTz, mainly below 2,000m, late Sep–early May. Voice Call is a harsh schhp with an upslur at the end, less dry than other snipes.

African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis

30cm, 12"

Similar to Common Snipe, but longer-billed, much darker above, with more contrast between dark breast and white belly. Flushed birds tower less than Common, often flying closer to the ground revealing darker, more rounded wings (with white trailing edge to secondaries), whiter belly and much more white in outer tail. Birds in EA are race aequatorialis. SH Reasonably common and widespread but local resident in highland and montane wetlands at 1,700–4,000m, although non-breeders may wander to lower altitudes. Voice Call is similar to Common Snipe, but harsher and drier, and longer than Pintail Snipe. When breeding, gives aerial drumming display like Common Snipe, but lower-pitched (latter does not breed in region).

Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura

25cm, 10"

Very similar to Common Snipe, but has slightly shorter bill, more bulging supercilium in front of eye, finer loral line, and shorter tail barely projecting beyond folded wings. If preening, unique pin-like outer tail feathers may be noticeable. In flight, rather pale wing-coverts contrasting with darker flight feathers, no obvious white trailing edge to secondaries and a well-barred dark underwing. Birds take off more leisurely than Common, towering and zigzagging less. Monotypic. SH Vagrant from Asia with three records from Ke wetlands, Oct–Jan. Voice Call is a short harsh schht similar to but drier than Common Snipe. [Alt. Pin-tailed Snipe]

Great Snipe Gallinago media

28cm, 11"

Plumper, darker and shorter-billed than Common Snipe, with rows of white spots on wing-coverts, and more strongly barred flanks and belly (other snipes have unbarred white bellies). Immature has less obvious wing-covert spots. Appears heavy and rather pot-bellied in flight, flushing at close range and usually flying low and direct over short distance before dropping back into cover. Upperwing shows white bars across coverts and very limited white trailing edge to secondaries; underwing and belly are dark and closely barred; white outer tail diagnostic but often hard to see. Monotypic. SH Widespread but generally uncommon Palearctic migrant to flooded grasslands, swamps and marshes, mainly late Sep–Dec and Apr–May. Voice When flushed calls a low etch, followed by a deep and distinct crork crork…

Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus

19cm, 7.5"

Small dark snipe with a short bill, broad buff supercilium which splits above eye, no central crown-stripe, and golden lines on dark, green-glossed back. Flanks streaked not barred. Hard to flush, rising quietly from near feet, and only flying short distance before dropping to cover; appears short-billed in flight, with narrow wings and wedge-shaped dark tail. Tends to bob up and down when feeding. Monotypic. SH Scarce and occasional (perhaps overlooked) Palearctic visitor to marshes and wetlands, Oct–Mar; vagrant to NTz. Voice Silent away from breeding grounds.

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Common Snipe

African Snipe

Pintail Snipe

Great Snipe

Jack Snipe

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PLATE 74: JAEGERS AND SKUAS JAEGERS AND SKUAS Fierce, gull-like seabirds which regularly steal food (often from gulls and terns) by forcing them to regurgitate or drop items. All are difficult to identify, with light and dark morphs and intermediates. Careful note should be made of overall shape and proportions, shape and length of tail-streamers (if present), and the extent of white in the primaries. Smaller jaegers are often also called skuas. All are very uncommon in EA; Stercorarius visit from the Arctic and Catharacta from the Southern Ocean.

Arctic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus

41cm, 16" (breeding tail 8cm, 3")

Neat, rather elegant and slighter than Pomarine Jaeger, but heavier-bodied than Long-tailed. In both morphs breeding adult has elongated, pointed central tail feathers and prominent white wing flashes. Pale morph also has dark cap and pale underparts, and may have breast-band. Dark morph entirely dark grey-brown (with white wing flashes). Intermediates also occur. Non-breeding adult may lack tail-streamers and show barring on back and uppertail-coverts. Immature (also with light and dark morphs) has variable barring above and below, and on underwing-coverts. With experience can be identified by proportions, and if seen well shows short pointed projections to central tail. Juvenile is usually warmer brown than other juvenile jaegers, with pale rufous feather edges. Flight very falcon-like, chasing other seabirds on rapid wingbeats. Monotypic. SH Rare visitor with few records, mainly at Lake Turkana and the Ke coast, Sep–Apr. One reported Rusizi NP, Bu. Voice Silent in region. [Alt. Parasitic Jaeger, Arctic Skua]

Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus 38cm, 15" (breeding tail 24cm, 9.5") More delicate than other skuas, with comparatively slender wings, and on breeding adult very long tail-streamers. Pale morph has neat black cap, contrasting with largely white underparts; in change to non-breeding plumage gains dark throat and barred undertail-coverts. Lacks extensive white wing flashes, and from above shows grey-brown back and wing-coverts contrasting with darker primaries and trailing edge. Non-breeding adult has barring on rump and underparts (sometimes extensive), and a shorter tail. Rare dark morph not recorded in EA. Immature variable (like other immature jaegers), but often grey-toned, with strongly barred undertail-coverts and rather blunt projections to central tail. Flight more tern-like than other jaegers. Race in EA uncertain. SH Vagrant with just four records: one, Lake Turkana, Ke, Aug 1961, three in the Pemba Channel, Tz, Feb 1997, one at Lake Ndutu, Tz, May 2007, and an immature near Katwe, WUg, Dec 2014. Voice Silent in region. [Alt. Long-tailed Skua]

Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus

46cm, 18" (breeding tail 9cm, 3.5")

Bulky and deep-chested with heavier bill than Parasitic Jaeger. Breeding adult has long spatulate central tail feathers (may be worn or lost) and prominent white wing flashes. Commoner pale morph usually (but not always) has dark breast-band and barred flanks and undertail. Dark morph all blackish-brown, except for white wing flashes. Immature barred and as variable as Arctic, but looks bulkier; tail square-ended or with slight blunt projections. Non-breeding adult is like immature, but has plain dark underwing-coverts. Flight steadier, heavier and slower than Parasitic Jaeger. Monotypic. SH Uncommon visitor, mainly to Lake Turkana and the coast, Oct–Mar. Voice Silent in region. [Alt. Pomarine Skua]

Brown Skua Catharacta antarctica

63cm, 25"

A large, bulky, powerful brown skua with thick bill, broad wings and comparatively short broad tail. Extensive white wing flashes in flight. Adult is uniformly dark brown with fine pale streaks on hindneck and upper mantle. Immature like adult but has bicoloured bill, smaller white wing flashes and paler legs. Birds in EA presumed to be race lonnbergi which is numerous in South African waters. SH At least five sightings reported off Ke coast, and a single was seen very well near Kilifi, Ke, Dec 1990. An injured bird on Fanjove Island in Sep–Oct 2013 is the only record for Tz. Voice Silent in region. Note Sometimes placed in the genus Stercorarius. [Alt. Subantarctic Skua]

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Arctic Jaeger pale morph br

dark morph br

imm

Long-tailed Jaeger non-br imm pale morph br

dark morph br

imm

Pomarine Jaeger

pale morph br

Brown Skua

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PLATE 75: SMALLER GULLS SMALLER GULLS One resident and two Palearctic migrant gulls which are easily identified in breeding plumage, but are otherwise more difficult. Note head and eye colour and, in flight, wing markings. Sexes alike. Plumage changes from immature to adult in around two years. Some authorities place these three gulls in the genus Chroicocephalus. See also vagrant Mew and Franklin’s Gulls on p. 602.

Grey-headed Gull Larus cirrocephalus

41cm, 16"

Breeding adult is a neat grey-headed gull, with pale yellow eyes surrounded by a pink-red orbital ring, thickish dark red bill, and red legs. At close range pale grey hood shows darker grey edge, and underparts may have pale pink wash. Non-breeding adult has much paler, poorly defined hood, or whitish head with smudge behind eye. First-year similar to first-year Black-headed Gull, with smudges on crown and behind dark eyes, and narrow black tail-band, but slightly larger, with more black in primaries and darker underwing. Bill pinkish with dark tip; legs dirty orangebrown. In flight, upperwing of adult has black outer primaries (with two white spots); dark-grey underwing. Birds in EA are race poiocephalus. SH Flocks are common and widespread on both fresh and alkaline waters inland. Wanders widely, but very rare at the coast. Voice Call is a loud rasping downslurred graarr, typical of smaller gulls. [Alt. Grey-hooded Gull]

Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus

38cm, 15"

Slightly more slender and smaller than Grey-headed Gull, with dark brown eyes at all ages. Breeding adult has neat dark brown hood and partial white eye-ring, dark red bill and red legs. Non-breeding adult has white head with dark spot behind eye, and paler red bill with dark tip. In flight from above, adult shows conspicuous white leading edge to outer wing; from below, darker inner primaries contrast with mostly light grey underwing. First-year is very similar to first-year Slender-billed Gull, but latter has longer bill and slender-necked appearance. Differs from first-year Grey-headed in having more white in primaries and paler underwing. First-year in flight separated from first-year Grey-headed by more white in primaries and paler underwing. Monotypic. SH Sometimes common Palearctic winter visitor to a wide range of waters, particularly inland, Oct–Apr, with a few oversummering. Voice A shrill but low-pitched raspy downslurred kreeeeaa.

Slender-billed Gull Larus genei

40cm, 16"

Most similar to Black-headed Gull, but has long-necked look, with gently sloping forehead and long bill. Breeding adult has pure white head and may have pink-washed underparts; bill varies from dark blood-red, to paler orange-red; legs bright red. Eyes appear small and are usually pale yellowish-white (but dark in very young birds) with narrow reddish orbital ring. Non-breeding adult may have light grey smudge behind eye. First-year has paler yellowish-brown bill and legs. In flight, best separated from similar plumages of Black-headed by overall shape, especially long-billed, long-necked look. Monotypic. SH Scarce Palearctic migrant to major lakes along the Great Rift Valley, particularly Turkana and Nakuru, in Oct–Mar. Rare at Lake Victoria, in both Ug and Tz, and at the coast. Voice Gives a deep throaty rraaaa.

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1st-year

Grey-headed Gull

br 1st-year

br

non-br

1st-year

non-br non-br

br

Black-headed Gull

br

br non-br

1st-year

br

br

Slender-billed Gull

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PLATE 76: LARGE WHITE-HEADED GULLS WHITE-HEADED GULLS The taxonomy of the Palearctic-breeding Lesser Black-backed and Heuglin’s Gulls is highly complex, contentious and liable to change, with some authorities considering them conspecific. A vagrant from southern Africa, Kelp Gull’s taxonomy is also in flux and African birds may be given species status as Cape Gull L. vetula. See also Caspian Gull on p. 603. All moult through a range of plumages from immature to adult in just over three years; very brown and dark-tailed in first-year, greyer or blacker above in second-year, tail mostly white and wingtips gaining adult pattern in third-year, followed by adult plumage (non-breeding and breeding) thereafter. All have black bills in first-year, becoming yellow with a red spot as adults; leg colour varies and is described below. Familiarity with the common Lesser Black-backed Gull forms a good basis for comparison, note overall size and shape, wing markings, and back and leg colour.

Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus

56cm, 22"

Slightly smaller and slimmer than other black-backed gulls, and perched birds often have drawnout attenuated look. Breeding adult of common nominate race is black-backed with white head, fairly slender yellow bill with red spot and yellowish legs. Non-breeding adult is very similar (including white head). Immature passes through age groups as described in introduction above, but note legs are pinkish until second year. Best identified from similar-aged large gulls by smaller, more slender appearance. In flight, appears slimmer-winged than others, adult showing small white tips to primaries and single white spot on outermost feather. A single old record of the grey-backed race graellsii from Lake Turkana, Ke, in Nov 1958. SH Common Palearctic visitor in Oct–Apr, with a few present throughout the year. Most numerous at larger lakes and the coast. Voice Usually silent in EA, but occasionally gives a penetrating keow. Note Some authorities use the name Baltic Gull for the nominate race.

Heuglin’s Gull Larus (fuscus) heuglini

63cm, 25"

Large, bulky, dark-backed gull which some authorities consider to be a race of Lesser Black-backed Gull. Immature and adult plumages very similar to Lesser Black-backed, but Heuglin’s always looks bigger, especially if seen together, and also slightly larger-billed. Situation further confused by presence of two forms, heuglini and ‘taimyrensis’. Breeding adult heuglini is dark grey above with white head (non-breeder has head streaked grey), bill yellow with red spot (or yellow with red spot and narrow blackish band in subadult), eyes pale yellow, and yellow legs. Immature has pinkish legs. Adult ‘taimyrensis’ has paler grey back, more streaking on head in non-breeding plumage and either yellow or pinkish legs. SH Both heuglini and ‘taimyrensis’ are common (heuglini more so) Palearctic winter visitors especially around the Sabaki River mouth and NKe coast, in Oct–Mar. Appears to have become commoner in recent years, with reports from Lakes Turkana and Victoria, and some oversummer. Voice Usually silent in region, but occasional calls are slightly deeper than Lesser Black-backed Gull.

Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus

65cm, 26"

Breeding adult is a large black-backed gull, with a thick yellow bill and red spot, dark eyes and olive-yellow legs. Perched birds look bulkier than Lesser Black-backed, with wings extending just beyond tail tip (longer on Lesser Black-backed). Heuglin’s has greyer back and slimmer bill. Nonbreeding adult similar but may lose red bill spot. Immature similar to Lesser Black-backed and Heuglin’s but has thicker black bill and greyer legs. SH Only record was a single adult of the race vetula at Malindi, Ke, in Jan 1984. Voice A loud kwe-ah…. Note Some authorities split vetula as Cape Gull L. vetula.

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Lesser Black-backed Gull

ad 1st-year

2nd-year

ad nominate

1st-year 1st-year ad ad

heuglini

ad 2nd-year

Heuglin’s Gull

‘taimyrensis’

1st-year

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Kelp Gull

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PLATE 77: LARGER DARK-HOODED GULLS LARGER DARK-HOODED GULLS Sooty and White-eyed are both similar, and identification (especially of immatures) requires careful attention to size, shape and colour of bills. They attain adult plumage in just over two years. The massive Pallas’s Gull is distinctive in all plumages, changing from immature to adult in four years. Some authorities place these three gulls in the genus Ichthyaetus.

Sooty Gull Larus hemprichii

47cm, 18.5"

Breeding adult is dark brownish-grey above and on the breast, with sooty-brown head and white hindcollar; breast to vent white. At close range, white mark above eye (a second faint mark below eye may also be present); greenish-yellow bill with narrow black band and red tip, legs yellowish. Non-breeding adult has generally less well-defined markings and duller bill and legs. First-year is paler, plainer and browner above with pale fringes to wing-coverts, and no white hindcollar; bill pale grey with black tip; legs dull grey-green. In rather slow and laboured flight, adult appears dark above with white trailing edge to wing; dark head and breast contrast strongly with white underparts and tail. Immature has similar (but duller) pattern, with broad black tail-band. Monotypic. SH Flocks are common on the coast, with small numbers breeding on offshore islands in NEKe, but most numerous as non-breeding visitor Oct–May, although many are present yearround. Voice Singles are rather quiet but flocks are very noisy, with all members calling a nasal downslurred weeooo…weeooo…, creating a loud chorus.

White-eyed Gull Larus leucophthalmus

43cm, 17"

Breeding adult is similar to Sooty Gull, but slightly smaller and more slender with black head, white crescents above and below eye, and long, slender, slightly drooping red bill with black tip. Paler grey upperparts and breast, and yellow legs. Non-breeding adult is similar but duller with some pale flecking on head. First-year similar to first-year Sooty, but darker and browner (lacking extensive pale fringes to wing-coverts); slender bill is all dark (bill of Sooty looks two-toned at all ages). In light and buoyant flight, basic pattern is similar to Sooty at all corresponding ages, but wings appear narrower and more pointed. Monotypic. SH Vagrant from Red Sea although exact status is unclear. Reported from the NKe coast in the 1950s and 1960s, with substantiated records from Lake Turkana, Ke, in Feb and Dec 1985, and at Lutembe Bay, Ug, Nov 2002. Voice Similar to Sooty Gull but less harsh.

Pallas’s Gull Larus ichthyaetus

66cm, 26"

Breeding adult is a spectacular massive gull with a black hood and large yellow bill with black and red bands near tip; white crescents above and below eye visible at close range. In nonbreeding plumage hood reduced to dark smudges around and behind eye. First-year differs from other first-year large gulls (like Heuglin’s) by dark smudge behind eye, dark-tipped pale bill, white underparts and clear-cut black tail-band. In flight, adult appears very large and pale, with black on wings restricted to primary tips. First-year differs from other large gulls in region by grey panel on wing-coverts and solid black tail-band. Monotypic. SH Scarce but almost annual Palearctic visitor to Ke coast and Lake Turkana, south to Lake Nakuru, mainly Dec–Apr. Vagrant to Ug and Bu. Voice Usually silent in region, but may give an occasional yelp. [Alt. Great Black-headed Gull]

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1st-year br

br

Sooty Gull

1st-year

br 1st-year

br

White-eyed Gull

non-br

br

non-br

1st-year

Pallas’s Gull

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PLATE 78: LARGER TERNS LARGER TERNS These large or fairly large terns are mainly non-breeding visitors to the coast (except Gull-billed). All are grey above and white below, with black caps in breeding plumage. All can be identified by size and bill colour. Sexes alike. All were formerly in the genus Sterna.

Lesser Crested Tern Thalasseus bengalensis

39cm, 15.5"

Smaller and slimmer than Greater Crested Tern with straight rich orange-yellow bill. Breeding adult has black cap from bill to nape and forming a short crest. Non-breeding adult has white forecrown with black confined to above and behind eye, and on nape. First-year has duller bill and dark outer flight feathers. Flight lighter, more dipping and buoyant than Greater Crested, with slightly darker outer primaries (noticeably darker in first-year) and uniform pale-grey back, rump and central tail. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Very common non-breeding tern at coast in Nov–Apr, with some present throughout the year. Occurs singly, or in small to large flocks, both offshore and in creeks and estuaries, and occasionally further inland along larger rivers. Vagrant to Great Rift Valley lakes, including in Rw and Bu. Voice Quite noisy, with feeding parties maintaining a high descending krreek.

Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii

49cm, 19"

Larger than Lesser Crested Tern, with heavier pale yellow bill, decurved at tip. Breeding adult has crested black cap separated from bill by narrow white forehead. Non-breeding adult has black confined to behind eye and around nape. Two races occur: velox is distinctly darker grey above with paler grey rump and tail; thalassinus is similar to Lesser Crested but obviously larger, with longer paler bill. First-year has speckled blackish-brown crown, grey-brown back and wings with much pale fringing, and dark carpal bar. Flight is more forceful and shallower than Lesser Crested. SH Race velox occurs along Ke coast throughout the year, but is most numerous Nov–Jun, particularly north of Mombasa. Race thalassinus breeds in large numbers on Latham and other islands off Tz coast, but non-breeders are widespread. Voice Call is a low slightly descending scraping rasps krrekk or krreerrk. [Alt. Swift Tern]

Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia

54cm, 21"

Largest tern with a massive red bill tipped black. Breeding adult has short-crested black cap, pale grey back and wings, and rather short forked tail. Non-breeding adult has white-streaked forecrown. First-year similar to non-breeding adult but has duller orange bill. Flight strong and steady, showing distinct blackish tips to underwing in all plumages. Monotypic. SH Singles and small groups of non-breeders are regular along Ke coast in Jul–Apr, especially at the Sabaki River mouth, becoming progressively rarer south into Tz. Seasonally common at Lake Turkana, but rare elsewhere inland, and vagrant to lakes in Ug, Rw and Bu. Voice Calls a variable high-pitched sqeeweeweoo and harsh krre-ahk.

Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica

38cm, 15"

Solid medium-sized tern, with short heavy gull-like black bill, pale grey back, wings and rump, short shallow-forked tail, and longish dark legs. Breeding adult has neat glossy black cap and no crest; non-breeding adult has black smudge just behind eye. First-year is like non-breeding adult with some brown scaling on wing-coverts. In buoyant lithe flight, wings often reveal narrow dark trailing edge to primaries. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and flocks are common Palearctic winter visitors mainly Jul–Apr, but some oversummer. Occurs around major inland lakes and at the coast, and also often over open grasslands (like the Serengeti). Does not plunge-dive, but swoops to pick food from surface. Voice Call is a loud raspy crr-aarp with emphasis on the second syllable. [Alt. Common Gull-billed Tern]

Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis

41cm, 16"

Similar proportions to Lesser Crested Tern with pale grey upperparts and a long slender black bill with yellow tip (latter hard to see at distance); rump white, tail has shallow fork. Breeding adult has black cap with short crest and well-marked bill; black confined to nape and behind eye in nonbreeding adult. First-year has virtually all-dark bill, some brownish fringes on wing-coverts, and darker tail. Flight powerful and deep, showing variable darker grey wedge in primaries. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and small groups are uncommon but annual Palearctic visitors to NKe coast and Dar es Salaam, Tz, mainly Aug–Apr; vagrant inland. Voice Call is a high-pitched scratchy, slightly wavering kirrireek.

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Lesser Crested Tern

1st-year non-br

br

Greater Crested Tern non-br non-br br

1st-year

velox thalassinus

non-br

br non-br

Caspian Tern 1st-year

non-br non-br

br

Gull-billed Tern

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Sandwich Tern

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PLATE 79: STERNA AND LITTLE TERNS STERNA TERNS Medium-sized sea terns that are difficult to identify except in full breeding plumage (see also vagrant Arctic and Black-naped Terns on p. 603). Particular attention should be paid to the shape and colour of the bill, distribution of black and grey in the wings, and to rump colour. Sexes alike.

Common Tern Sterna hirundo

35cm, 14"

Classic ‘swallow’ tern. Breeding adult has black cap and pale grey upperparts contrasting with whiter rump and tail, latter having elongated but not very long outermost feathers; underparts washed pale grey. Bill usually black in EA, but may be red with a black tip. Non-breeding adult has white forecrown, less contrast between back and rump, and blackish bar on lesser wing-coverts. First-year similar but may show a few brown fringes above, darker primaries and dark bar across secondaries. In flight, breeding adult has mostly white underwing with dark grey trailing edge to primaries, dark wedge on upper primaries, and medium-length forked tail. Non-breeding adult has paler rump than very similar White-cheeked Tern. Race uncertain, but both nominate race and shorter-billed tibetana probably occur. SH Flocks are very common along coast in Aug–Apr, with some recorded all year round. Rare inland: vagrant to Ug and Bu. Voice Call is a descending skreeoo with emphasis on the first syllable.

White-cheeked Tern Sterna repressa

35cm, 14"

Breeding adult is dark grey above and below with black cap and obvious contrasting white cheeks; back, wings and forked tail uniform dark grey, bill red with black tip (like Common Tern). Non-breeding adult is very similar to non-breeding Common Tern, with white forehead and underparts, and dark carpal bar, but rump and tail always greyer than Common, and more grey on underwing. First-year like non-breeding adult but with paler silvery-grey primaries. Monotypic. SH Breeds on islands off NKe coast, but typically marine and uncommon inshore, except at Sabaki River mouth; scarce in NTz. Voice Gives a harsh kee-errr, similar to Common Tern.

Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii

38cm, 15"

Breeding adult is similar to Common Tern but appears much whiter with very long tail-streamers and long slender bill which varies from bright red to black, or a mixture of both; underparts may be washed pink. Non-breeding adult and first-year have less distinct carpal bar and longer bill than similar Common Tern. In flight narrow dark leading edge on primaries from above, but underwing is always very white. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Locally common resident breeding on islands in NKe, less common and somewhat more erratic further south. Voice Call is a distinctive, scratchy almost wader-like kirurit. LITTLE TERNS Two tiny terns, flying with rapid wingbeats and much hovering before diving to catch fish; both were formerly in the genus Sterna.

Saunders’s Tern Sternula saundersi

23cm, 9"

Breeding adult has white forehead patch that does not extend behind eye, and three or four black outer primaries appearing as slightly larger dark wedge than on Little Tern. Black-tipped yellow bill is similar to Little, but legs are brownish or olive. In the field, non-breeding adult and immature cannot be separated from Little Tern. Monotypic. SH Very common along Ke coast in Oct–Apr but some throughout the year; less numerous further south. One collected inland at Lake Turkana, Ke. Voice Call is a frequent plik plik…, not obviously different from Little Tern.

Little Tern Sternula albifrons

23cm, 9"

Very similar to Saunders’s Tern but breeding adult has white forehead patch that extends just behind eye, with only two or three black outer primaries, and brighter orange-yellow legs. Other plumages cannot be distinguished in the field. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Status uncertain, but singles to small flocks reported on the Great Rift Valley lakes, especially Lake Turkana, and occasionally at the coast. Voice Very similar to Saunders’s Tern.

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Common Tern br

non-br

non-br

non-br br

White-cheeked Tern non-br non-br

Roseate Tern br

br

br

non-br non-br

non-br br

br

Saunders’s Tern

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Little Tern

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PLATE 80: SEA TERNS, NODDIES AND SKIMMER SEA TERNS Two dark-backed, fork-tailed sea terns which can be difficult to identify at distance. Note extent of white on forecrown, nape and back contrast, and overall colour of upperparts. Sexes alike, but immature plumage is quite different. Both were formerly in the genus Sterna.

Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus

35cm, 14"

Smaller than Sooty Tern, with dark grey-brown upperparts, a narrow white forehead and, at close range, thin white supercilium which invariably extends behind eye. Dark crown contrasts with paler back, and often a paler grey hindneck. In buoyant flight, underwing may show less contrast than Sooty, with grey-white coverts grading into dark wingtip. First-year has greyish forecrown, pale fringes to back and wing-coverts, and mostly white underparts with grey wash to flanks. Birds in EA are race antarcticus. SH Singles and flocks occur offshore along the entire coast, with breeding on NKe coastal islands in Jul–Sep. Voice Noisy on breeding grounds where birds give an almost gull-like barking.

Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus

43cm, 17"

Larger than Bridled Tern with uniform sooty-black upperparts, no paler hindneck or contrast between crown and back. Brilliant white forehead does not extend behind eye. In flight, underwing is white and black, coverts contrasting clearly with wingtip. First-year is largely dark brown flecked with white above, and an off-white belly. Birds in EA are race nubilosus. SH Singles to very large flocks (many hundreds) are usually encountered well offshore, often feeding over fish shoals. Breeds on islands off NKe coast, Jul–Sep, and off Tz mainly in Nov. Voice Breeding birds give a strange three-part wavering waa-a-aa, the entire colony making a considerable din! NODDIES All-brown pelagic terns with pale caps, well-angled wings and broad slightly forked tails (when spread). If seen together should not present identification problems, but lone birds are more difficult; note extent of pale cap, bill size and any contrasting pale areas on the upperwing. Sexes and immature plumages are similar.

Lesser Noddy Anous tenuirostris

33cm, 13"

Darker, smaller and more elegant than Brown Noddy, with thinner bill and silver-grey cap which grades into pale lores. In flight, appears very dark brown-black without contrast on upperwing. Looks narrow-winged, with more rapid wingbeats and lighter feel than Brown. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Formerly considered rare, but may have been confused with Brown Noddy, and now seen regularly offshore. Voice Silent in region.

Brown Noddy Anous stolidus

41cm, 16"

Larger, browner and altogether heavier than Lesser Noddy, with pale cap clearly demarcated from blackish lores, and thicker bill. In flight, upperwing looks two-toned, with paler brown band contrasting with darker brown coverts and flight feathers. Birds in EA are race pileatus. SH Quite common throughout the year, with hundreds breeding near Lamu, NKe, and on Latham Island, Tz, in Jun–Oct. Usually feeds well offshore. Voice Breeding birds give a rather unmusical rasp. [Alt. Common Noddy]

SKIMMER Black-and-white tern-like bird, with graceful, elastic, measured flight. Feeds in calm water, skimming surface with its long flexible, thin lower mandible partially submerged, and snapping up small prey with remarkable accuracy.

African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris

41cm, 16"

Attractive long-winged, short-tailed tern-like bird most noted for its laterally compressed red bill (with pale tip), lower mandible longer than upper. Breeding adult is all black-brown above and white below. Non-breeding adult is duller with greyish-brown collar on hindneck. Immature paler brown above, with shorter blackish bill and dull yellow legs. Monotypic. SH Singles to small flocks occur sporadically throughout, but are only regular on the Great Rift Valley lakes, especially at Lake Turkana where many hundreds may gather and occasionally breed. Smaller numbers are resident on larger rivers in STz. Voice Often silent, but groups give a high-pitched quavering contact, kreek kreek kreek.

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1st-year

Bridled Tern

1st-year

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Sooty Tern

ad 1st-year

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Brown Noddy Lesser Noddy non-br

br br

African Skimmer

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PLATE 81: MARSH TERNS MARSH TERNS Three closely related, small, slight terns which are mainly found over inland lakes and marshes. All are easily identified in breeding plumage, but much more difficult in variable non-breeding and immature plumages. Key features to note are extent of black on crown, rump and tail colour, presence of a shoulder ‘peg’, and, at close range, bill size. Sexes alike. Whitewinged Tern vastly outnumbers the others throughout the region.

White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus

23cm, 9"

Breeding adult is a stunning, boldly patterned tern with black head, body and underwing-coverts contrasting strongly with mainly white wings, rump, tail and vent. Non-breeding adult varies, but is largely grey and white with some blackish markings on hindcrown and behind eyes. Rump and tail whitish contrasting with pale grey back and wings; primaries may show darker grey wedge, and some distinctive black feathering on underwing-coverts, but do not show small black ‘peg’ mark at sides of breast. Shorter-billed than either Whiskered or Black Terns. Immature similar to non-breeding adult, but may have slightly more extensive dark cap and darker grey-brown back. Flight looks light and bouncy. Monotypic. SH Very common passage migrant and winter visitor to inland lakes and dams in Aug–May, although a good number oversummer. Highly gregarious and may occur in flocks of many hundreds, especially on larger Great Rift Valley lakes. Much rarer at the coast, apart from on freshwater wetlands just inland. Voice Feeding parties utter short plik plik… calls. [Alt. White-winged Black Tern]

Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida

26cm, 10"

Slightly larger and stronger-billed than White-winged and Black Terns. Breeding adult has black cap, white sides to face and dark grey underparts. Non-breeding adult has black patch behind eye and fine black streaking on rear crown (suggesting Sterna tern); rump, tail and back uniform pale grey. Beware confusing Sterna-like birds which lose grey underparts before moulting black cap. Immature similar to immature White-winged, but back is more boldly spangled brown and buff and rump is grey not white. Flight action stronger and steadier than White-winged Tern. In EA, race delalandii is a widespread resident, while slightly paler Palearctic nominate race has a larger white cheek and may be a visitor in Oct–Mar. White-cheeked Tern is similar but larger with a deeply forked tail, and is exclusively coastal. SH Common but not numerous on a wide range of fresh and alkaline waters inland, although breeding confined to only a few undisturbed areas in CKe and NTz. Voice Vocal, giving unpleasant low rasps and churrs, unlike most terns.

Black Tern Chlidonias niger

23cm, 9"

Breeding adult has largely black head and underparts, with grey wings and whitish underwingcoverts (black in White-winged Tern), uniform grey back, rump and tail. Non-breeding adult is similar to non-breeding White-winged, but has more extensive solid black on crown and diagnostic dark ‘peg’ at sides of breast; rump, tail and back uniform grey. Rather longer-billed and shorterlegged than White-winged. Immature best identified from other similar immature marsh terns by dark breast-side patches. Flight action light and buoyant. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Rare visitor from Palearctic, with most records from lakes in the Albertine and Great Rift Valleys. Perhaps overlooked amongst large marsh tern flocks which occur at these lakes. A single at Maziwe Island in Mar 2009 is the only record for Tz. Voice Generally silent in region, but in flight may call k’eek, k’eek.

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non-br br non-br

White-winged Tern

non-br br

br

nominate

delalandii non-br

Whiskered Tern

br

non-br

br

non-br

Black Tern

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PLATE 82: SANDGROUSE SANDGROUSE Well-camouflaged, rather dove-like ground-dwelling birds of dry country. Most active in early morning and evening when large flocks congregate at waterholes. Head and underpart markings aid identification. Immatures generally resemble females but have narrower barring.

Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles exustus

 33cm, 13"

Adult male has yellow-buff head, neck and breast, dark chestnut belly (may look black at distance) and long pointed tail. Adult female is largely mottled and streaked except for yellowish-buff sides to head and throat, and broad buffy breast-band. In flight, shows dark underwing and belly and pointed tail. Birds in EA are race olivascens. SH Pairs and flocks are often common in dry open country and dry bushed grassland below 1,700m. Frequently flocks with Black-faced Sandgrouse. Voice Flight call vaguely resembles gobbling turkeys, a mixed set of musical pops and gurgles etchup-ga-googooliga…

Black-faced Sandgrouse Pterocles decoratus

23cm, 9"

Adult male has neat face pattern with vertical black stripe from forecrown to throat, and narrow black and white stripes curving above and behind eye. Underparts have narrow black breastband above broader white band. Adult female is almost entirely barred, mottled and streaked except plain yellowish-buff lower face and breast-band. In flight grey-buff underwing contrasts with dark belly. Three races occur, varying mainly in general tone: ellenbecki in north and loveridgei in SWKe to CTz are paler than nominate birds in SKe and NTz. SH Pairs and small flocks are common in areas of dry open and bushed grassland from near sea level to 1,600m. Gathers at waterholes in early morning and late afternoon. Voice Flight call is an explosive wop’dela wiiiii, the last note being a fading whistle.

Lichtenstein’s Sandgrouse Pterocles lichtensteinii

28cm, 11"

Rather stout sandgrouse with extensive barring above and below. Adult male has black and white bands on forecrown, small white mark behind eye, and broad buff-brown breast-band traversed by two narrow black bands (one central, one below). Adult female is entirely barred with narrow blackish lines. In flight looks bulky, the pale inner wing contrasting with darker flight feathers. Race in EA is sukensis. SH Pairs and small flocks are rather uncommon in the arid north, preferring stony and sparsely bushed country below 1,800m. Drinks before dawn or just after dusk. Voice Flight call is a high-pitched whistled and bubbling wicky-wi-wheo-wickiwicki-weeo… and also a low churr.

Four-banded Sandgrouse Pterocles quadricinctus

28cm, 11"

Adult male is similar to Lichtenstein’s Sandgrouse with black and white bands on forecrown, best identified by bands of chestnut, white and black across breast, and plain buff-brown neck and upper breast. Adult female is extensively barred, except face, throat and upper breast which are plain rich buffy-brown. In flight, shows pale underwing. Monotypic. SH Pairs and flocks are rather uncommon residents and wanderers across the north-west, inhabiting open and bushed grasslands below 2,000m. Drinks before dawn and after dusk. Voice Flight call is a repeated piercing rhythmic whistle wi-ti-wi’wrreee with the last note tremulous.

Yellow-throated Sandgrouse Pterocles gutturalis

31cm, 12"

Large bulky sandgrouse. Adult male has pale yellow face and throat encircled by black band. Rest of upperparts rather plain grey-brown, with some dark spotting on scapulars and broad rufous fringes to wing-coverts; belly dark chestnut. Adult female is heavily mottled black, brown and buff, with paler yellowish face and throat, and dark chestnut belly. In flight, looks large and heavy with dark underwing and belly. Birds in EA are race saturatior. SH Pairs, small groups and occasionally larger flocks are locally common residents and wanderers on open short grassland and highland plains at 800–2,000m. Drinks in mid-morning. Voice Flight call is a strange musical cawing ah-oo-op-oo-ah-er-aap…

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Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse

Black-faced Sandgrouse

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

 

Lichtenstein’s Sandgrouse





Four-banded Sandgrouse 







Yellow-throated Sandgrouse

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PLATE 83: GREEN-PIGEONS AND BRONZE-NAPED PIGEONS GREEN-PIGEONS Green-plumaged, tree-dwelling pigeons which, with their cryptic plumage, can be very hard to see. Often first located by their yapping rather un-pigeon-like calls. Pointed-winged appearance and fast, direct flight can suggest parrots. Sexes alike.

African Green-Pigeon Treron calvus

27cm, 10.5"

A rather stout pigeon with eight races in EA. Basic adult plumage has green or yellow-green head, neck and breast, purple shoulder patch, and yellow belly with dark centres to undertailcoverts; tail grey or green. Six widespread races as described, while distinctive races granti (ETz) and delalandii (SETz) sometimes considered specifically distinct (Grey-breasted Green-Pigeon), and have mostly grey head, neck and underparts, with granti having a brighter yellow belly. Immatures of all races duller than adults and lack purple shoulder patch. SH Common in a wide range of woodland, forest edge, open country and cultivation at fruiting trees, from sea level to 2,200m. Voice Very complex and un-pigeon-like call usually begins with a series of rising crackling notes, and continues with varied whinnying sounds and lower musical growls. Often several birds call together.

Bruce’s Green-Pigeon Treron waalia

28cm, 11"

Differs from African Green-Pigeon in greyish head, neck and upper breast sharply separated from striking yellow lower breast and belly; large purple shoulder patch and chestnut central undertail. In flight clearly shows yellow breast and belly. Duller immature lacks purple patch on wing. Monotypic. SH Small flocks are local in wooded river valleys and semi-arid grassland, where it typically occurs in fruiting fig trees. Voice Similar to African Green-Pigeon, but notes crisper and more crackling, with an insane churring and laughing quality.

Pemba Green-Pigeon Treron pembaensis

25cm, 10"

Dull green pigeon with entirely grey head, neck and underparts, large purple shoulder patch and boldly scalloped yellow, chestnut and grey vent and undertail-coverts. Immature duller and lacks shoulder patch. Monotypic. SH Endemic to Pemba Island off NTz coast where flocks are not uncommon and frequently occur in fruiting trees. Voice Similar to African Green-Pigeon, but tends to sound slightly softer and less grating. VU

BRONZE-NAPED PIGEONS Very dark arboreal pigeons of forested areas. Difficult to locate when high in canopy, but draw attention to themselves with their frequent calls.

Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon Columba delegorguei

27cm, 10.5"

Adult male appears all dark slate-grey with striking white half-collar on lower nape. If seen well shows iridescent green, purplish-pink and bronze sheen to hindneck. Adult female duller, lacks white collar, and is washed rufous-bronze on crown and nape. Immature similar to female, but darker brown above and dark rufous below. In all plumages bill dark with whitish tip. Race in EA is sharpei. SH Pairs and flocks are locally common in highland forest mainly above 1,500m, with birds occasionally wandering to coastal forests. Voice Quite a complex call oo-oo-oo oo-oo-oo-oo-oo-ooah’ah’ah after three seesawing introductory notes, a descending series of oos followed by a more rapid series of deeper notes with a peculiar effect like a voice breaking. [Alt. Delegorgue’s Pigeon]

Western Bronze-naped Pigeon Columba iriditorques

27cm, 10.5"

Similar to Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon, but adult male has greyer head, red base to upper mandible, broad ginger-bronze (not white) half-collar and bright chestnut (not grey) undertailcoverts. Adult female similar to female Eastern Bronze-naped, but mainly rufous below, with chestnut belly and undertail. Immature similar to female but duller. In flight appears very dark with broad buff corners to tail. Monotypic. SH In EA, restricted to forest at 700–1,500m in far WUg. Voice Call is like final part of Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon, but rather slower with the last deeper notes fading.

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African Green-Pigeon delalandii

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Bruce’s Green-Pigeon

Pemba Green-Pigeon





Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon

 

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Western Bronze-naped Pigeon

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PLATE 84: LARGE PIGEONS COLUMBA PIGEONS Large pigeons with a small-headed but large-bodied appearance. Flight is swift and direct, and birds often take to the air with loud wing-claps. Sexes similar (except White-naped); immatures are like dull versions of adults.

Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea

34cm, 13.5"

Robust grey and maroon-brown pigeon with conspicuous white spots on wing-coverts, bare red skin around eyes, and pink-and-white striated neck. In flight reveals distinct pale grey rump and broad black tip to tail. Immature is duller grey-brown with greyish eye-patch, broad brownish band around neck and plain grey-brown wings. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Widespread and common at 500–3,000m, in open country with cliffs and in many towns. Voice Two main calls; a throaty woopor…woooo, the first note rising then falling and last note falling and fading. Also a monotonous woo-woo-woo-woo… given for long periods.

Afep Pigeon Columba unicincta

33cm, 13"

Large, rather pale grey pigeon with contrasting darker wings, pinkish breast, and white belly and undertail-coverts. In flight appears pale and reveals striking broad greyish-white band on tail. Immature is darker above and brownish below. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small flocks are not uncommon in forest and dense remnant forest patches at 1,100–1,600m. Most likely to be detected by call or in flight over canopy. Voice Call is a monotonous and deep throaty oorrrooo-oorrrooo…; the middle part is tremulous.

African Olive Pigeon Columba arquatrix

38cm, 15"

Very large, dark grey pigeon with bright yellow bill, eye-ring and feet. Conspicuously spotted white on wing-coverts and breast. Pale grey nape (sometimes very pale) may suggest Whitenaped Pigeon, but latter has plain dark wings and a yellow-tipped dark bill. Female slightly duller and immature rather browner. In flight, simply appears very dark and bulky with yellow bill and feet. Monotypic. SH Flocks are common in highland forest and woodland, as well as in adjacent country with isolated fruiting trees, mainly above 1,500m (but down to 700m in WUg). Voice A deep vibrating churr is followed by a sequence of rising oo notes. [Alt. Rameron Pigeon]

White-naped Pigeon Columba albinucha

34cm, 13.5"

Slightly smaller than similar African Olive Pigeon; male has well-defined white hindcrown, yellowtipped dark bill, red-brown legs and all-dark wings. Female is similar but hindcrown soft grey. In flight, appears largely dark and has paler grey corners to outer tail. Immature duller brown above than adult with greyer nape. Monotypic. SH In EA known only from forests in WUg at 700–1,800m, but may overlap and feed with African Olive Pigeon. Voice Call is a deep quavering and deliberate tuu-uu followed by 3–4 tuu-tu-tu notes which decrease in volume.

Rock Dove Columba livia

33cm, 13"

In EA, occurs as a highly variable introduced urban pigeon (Feral Pigeon); plumage ranges from grey with pale wings, glossed purple neck and two black wingbars, to patchy brown and white, all white, or sooty black. No wild Rock Doves occur in region. SH Flocks are widespread in cities, towns and larger villages throughout the region, nesting on buildings. Voice Bubbling rising and falling churr, interspersed by wing-clapping. [Alt. Feral Pigeon]

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Afep Pigeon

African Olive Pigeon

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White-naped Pigeon

Rock Dove

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PLATE 85: WOOD-DOVES AND NAMAQUA DOVE WOOD-DOVES Small, delicate grey-brown doves, with banded rumps, rufous wing patches, and iridescent spots on their wings. Characterised by attractive long cooing songs, which die away (and can be hard to distinguish). Sexes alike (except in Tambourine). Immatures have much duller wing spots and lightly barred upperparts.

Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove Turtur chalcospilos

20cm, 8"

Typical wood-dove, grey-brown above, paler below with pinkish breast, and iridescent green spots on wings. Bill varies from blackish to dull dark red with black tip. Flaps noisily into flight, showing warm rufous panel in wing, two bold black bars on lower back and broad terminal tailband. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are widespread and common in dry bush, scrub, woodland and cultivated land from sea level to about 2,100m. Voice Long slow call of muffled poo notes lasting up to 10 seconds: first two or three are hesitant upslurs, then three seesawing notes, and a long slow series of 15 descending poo notes which accelerate as they fade.

Blue-spotted Wood-Dove Turtur afer

20cm, 8"

Very similar to Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove, but rather darker brown above and warmer buff below, with dark blue wing spots (can appear blackish) and purplish-red bill with yellow tip. In flight, overall tone is browner than Emerald-spotted. Monotypic. SH Common, generally in moister habitats than Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove including forest edge, woodland, gardens and secondary growth, from sea level to around 2,000m. Voice Similar to Emerald-spotted, but final notes are all on one pitch, not descending.

Black-billed Wood-Dove Turtur abyssinicus

20cm, 8"

Slightly paler and cleaner-looking than other wood-doves, with black bill and dark blue wing spots. Similar in flight to others, but appears greyer and colder-toned. Monotypic. SH Locally common in the north-west, occurring in a wide range of habitats, from woodland to dry scrub, including cultivation. Voice Similar to Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove, but slightly higher-pitched and often repeats three faster rhythmic notes among the descending poos.

Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria

22cm, 8.5"

Adult male is rich dark rufous-brown above with a brilliant white face and underparts, and blueblack wing spots (very hard to see). Adult female is duller with whitish sides to face, mostly grey underparts, and white central belly. Immature similar to female but has duller head pattern, finely barred back, no wing spots and is brownish below. In flight, male appears dark brown above with rufous in wings and white below. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are widespread and common in a wide range of forest, dense woodland and thickets, as well as gardens in wetter areas, from sea level to 2,500m. Voice Similar to Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove, but typically lacks slurred notes of introduction and all of the final poo notes are on same pitch not descending. NAMAQUA DOVE Only member of the genus Oena, a small long-tailed dove of arid and semi-arid county.

Namaqua Dove Oena capensis

25cm, 10"

Delicate, small dove with a long graduated tail. Adult male is black on face and upper breast with yellow-tipped purplish bill, two black bands on lower back and dark purple-black spots on wings. Adult female has pale buff-grey or whitish face and dark grey bill. Immature similar to female, but back and wing-coverts are spotted and edged pale rufous, grey, black and white. Flight is swift and direct, revealing rufous wings and long slender tail. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Widespread and common in drier bush and cultivated areas from sea level to 2,000m, rarely to 3,000m, but wanders widely. Voice Call is a plaintive descending oooo given about every two seconds.

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Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove

Emerald-spotted

Black-billed

Blue-spotted

Blue-spotted Wood-Dove

Black-billed Wood-Dove

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Tambourine Dove

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Namaqua Dove

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PLATE 86: RING-NECKED DOVES RING-NECKED DOVES Grey-brown and pinkish-grey medium-sized doves with black half-collars on their hindnecks. Best identified by eye colour and voice. All have distinctive songs and calls on alighting, and spend considerable time feeding on the ground. Sexes are alike. Immatures similar (unless described) with buffy fringes above.

Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola

25cm, 10"

Most common and widespread ring-necked dove. Basic appearance is brownish-grey (or grey) with small but prominent black eyes (obvious even at distance). Two races occur: widespread tropica is generally brownish-grey, while somalica in N and EKe and NETz is a cooler grey. SH Pairs and flocks are widespread and may be very common at forest edge, in open woodland, dry bush and cultivation, mainly from sea level to 2,200m, less often to 3,000m. Voice A three-note oo-oorrooo repeated fairly rapidly (saying ‘ring-necked-dove’ or ‘work-harder’ over and over), as well as other coos and growling calls, and a nasal crooning err-waaaa on alighting. [Alt. Cape Turtle Dove]

Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata

32cm, 12.5"

Larger and darker than Ring-necked Dove with dark red eyes surrounded by a small diamondshaped area of dull maroon skin. Steep pale grey forehead contrasts with otherwise mainly plain brown upperparts and dark pinkish underparts. In flight rather dark and uniform above with broad grey band on tip of tail (lacking white). Immature has brown eyes, rufous-fringed upperparts and rather obscure hindcollar. Monotypic. SH Lone birds and pairs, less often flocks, are widespread and common in moist forest, woodland and gardens from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Call varies slightly, but typically a very rhythmical oo-oo-oo-oo-oo-oo (sounds like ‘I-am-a-red-eyed-dove!’) with the third and fifth notes lower. Also various other growling calls, and a single or double moaning uu-raaow on alighting.

Mourning Collared Dove Streptopelia decipiens

29cm, 11.5"

A grey-brown ringed-necked dove with whitish or pale yellow eyes and narrow pink eye-ring. Three races occur and vary in overall tone: western logonensis is browner above and wine-pink below, central perspicillata is grey-brown above and pale pink below, and rather bleached eastern elegans is grey above and whitish below. Browner immature has dull brown eyes. SH Pairs and flocks are widespread and sometimes abundant in arid and semi-arid bush and wooded country, typically including acacias, from sea level to 1,500m. Voice Most distinctive call is a cheerful descending rolling churr rrrrrrrooooooo, and an oo-rrrrrrrr on landing with last note very tremulous and throaty. [Alt. African Mourning Dove]

Vinaceous Dove Streptopelia vinacea

25cm, 10"

Extremely similar to Ring-necked Dove (race tropica) with which it overlaps in NWUg. Usually has pale pinkish (not grey) forehead, and is variably washed pink below, but only safely separated by call. Monotypic. SH Pairs and flocks are locally common in dry wooded and bushed grassland, and old cultivation, below 2,000m in NWUg, occasionally wandering further afield. Voice Call is a rapid monotonous four-note oo-oo-o’oo, with the third note higher and all the notes clear, lacking the tremulous quality of Ring-necked. Also a three-note oo’o-oo with a lower third note.

White-winged Collared Dove Streptopelia reichenowi

25cm, 10"

Grey-toned ring-necked dove with a brownish back; pale yellowish eyes surrounded by white eye-ring obvious at close range. In flight, shows distinctive white bar on upperwing-coverts; less obvious at rest. Female is like male but slightly browner below. Monotypic. SH In EA restricted to extreme NEKe, where it is common in riverine woodland, palm stands and adjacent scrub along the Dawa River at about 250m. Voice Call is a monotonous rising and rolling churr rrrooke’rrrooke’rrrooke’… sometimes followed by a long series of descending short oo notes that may rise to form the rolling call again. [Alt. African White-winged Dove]

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Ring-necked Dove

tropica

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Red-eyed Dove

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Mourning Collared Dove

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White-winged Collared Dove

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PLATE 87: LAUGHING, TURTLE AND LEMON DOVES LAUGHING AND TURTLE DOVES Three doves with rufous scalloping on the upperparts or wings. Laughing Dove has a mottled breast; the turtle doves have characteristic dark neck smudges. None has a black hindcollar. Sexes similar; immatures duller than adults.

Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis

23cm, 9"

Fairly small, slender pinkish dove, pale rufous above with pink and black mottling on upper breast and steel-blue wing-coverts (no black collar or neck smudge). Female slightly paler below. Appears slender in flight, revealing blue band on wings and white corners to tail. Immature significantly duller and plain below (lacks black breast mottling). Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH One of East Africa’s commonest and most widespread doves. Pairs and flocks are numerous in a wide range of habitats, usually below 2,000m, occasionally to 3,000m, including gardens, villages and towns. Voice Call is a strange and laughing 5–6-note refrain, oo-oo-oo-oo-oo, with fourth note highest and fifth lowest. Note Formerly in the genus Streptopelia.

Dusky Turtle Dove Streptopelia lugens

30cm, 12"

Very dark grey dove with slightly paler grey face and distinct black patch on side of neck. Broad rich rufous edges to some wing-coverts and tertials give scaly effect. In flight, appears very dark with dull grey corners to tail. Immature paler with more extensive rufous feather edges. Monotypic. SH Singles, pairs and flocks are widespread and sometimes common in the highlands at 1,800–3,200m, including forest edge, wooded areas, farmland and gardens. Birds wander widely, sometimes to lower altitudes. Voice Call is a very deep gargling and scraping oo-oo orrrrr-orrrrrr with all notes descending.

European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur

28cm, 11"

Much paler and slightly smaller than Dusky Turtle Dove with distinctive black-and-white patch on side of neck, broad and extensive rufous edges to wing-coverts and blue-grey edge to closed wing. In flight suggests Laughing Dove, but cleaner, brighter and longer-winged. Race uncertain, but in Ethiopia, nominate, paler arenicola, and rufescens with broader rufous edges to wing-coverts all occur. SH Vagrant from Palearctic with scattered records, mainly in dry bush country in the north. Voice Usually silent in EA, but may occasionally give a repeated purring prrrrrr prrrrrr prrrrrr. LEMON DOVE A shy and inconspicuous ground-dwelling dove of dense cover.

Lemon Dove Aplopelia larvata

24cm, 9.5"

Plump brown dove with greyish-white face and cinnamon-brown underparts. If seen well, shows green and purple sheen to nape and back, and small lemon yellow patch on side of neck. Sexes alike. Immature similar, but duller below with some rufous fringes to breast feathers. Two similar races occur: widespread nominate (as descibed), and jacksoni (WUg to WTz) with darker upperparts and a greyer breast. SH Singles and pairs are shy and uncommon (except locally), often walking on ground in shade of forest undergrowth and exploding into noisy flight when disturbed. Mainly in areas of dense highland forest at 1,800–3,000m. Voice Calls with very low notes, either a pulsating poopoopoopoopoo… or a slow rising moan ooooo. Note Sometimes placed in the genus Columba.

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Dusky Turtle Dove

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nominate

European Turtle Dove

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Lemon Dove nominate

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PLATE 88: WOODLAND PARROTS WOODLAND PARROTS Medium-sized, mainly brown-and-green parrots, best identified by presence or absence of yellow on head, colour of underwing-coverts and belly. Also note ranges which barely overlap. Sexes alike (except African Orange-bellied Parrot). Immatures like dull adults. All attract attention with their loud calls, but are often hard to find in leafy canopy.

Meyer’s Parrot Poicephalus meyeri

23cm, 9"

Adult is mainly grey-brown on head and upperparts with a green (or bluish-green) rump and lower breast to vent, bright yellow band on forecrown, shoulders and underwing-coverts. Close views reveal all-dark bill and brown-red eyes. In flight clearly shows yellow underwing-coverts. Immature duller than adult and lacks yellow crown and thighs. Two races occur: saturatus (as described) is widespread, while in CTz race matschiei has blue-green breast and rump. SH Pairs and small parties are widespread and sometimes common in woodland, bushland, scrub and cultivation below 2,200m. Voice Similar to Brown-headed Parrot, but screeches are less metallic and interspersed with slurred chattering. [Alt. Brown Parrot]

Brown-headed Parrot Poicephalus cryptoxanthus

24cm, 9.5"

Adult is mainly green (brighter on rump and lower breast to vent) with greyish-brown head; yellow confined to underwing-coverts (absent from crown, shoulders and thighs). At close range shows blackish upper and cream lower mandible, and pale yellow eyes. In flight, note bright yellow underwing-coverts and green rump. Immature duller. Birds in EA are race tanganyikae. SH Pairs and small groups are rather local, but may be common residents in a wide range of well-wooded and baobab country throughout coastal Ke and ETz. Voice Makes a variety of loud, high-pitched and strangely metallic calls.

African Orange-bellied Parrot Poicephalus rufiventris

25cm, 10"

Adult male is rather striking with broad bright orange band on breast, grey-brown head and blue-green rump and vent. In flight, adult male shows orange underwing-coverts. Adult female is very similar to immature Meyer’s Parrot, but lacks yellow on shoulder and has brown (not yellow) underwing-coverts. At close quarters note black bill and deep orange-red eyes. Immature is slightly paler than adult female. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs and small groups are locally common in a wide range of semi-arid and arid bushed and wooded grasslands below 1,200m, often in areas with baobab trees. Voice Intermingles quiet chattering with rather muffled screeches. [Alt. Red-bellied Parrot]

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Brown-headed Parrot

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African Orange-bellied Parrot

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PLATE 89: LARGER PARROTS LARGER PARROTS Three large parrots mainly found in forest, but Brown-necked Parrot also occurs in miombo woodland. All have far-carrying calls made frequently during long flights over the forest canopy. Usually seen in small groups, but may gather at fruiting trees, and often follow regular paths to roosting and feeding areas. Rose-ringed Parakeet is distinct in the region by having a long and pointed tail.

Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus

30cm, 12"

Large, broad-winged grey parrot with short, square-ended scarlet-red tail (which can be surprisingly difficult to see except in good light). At close range shows creamy-yellow eyes, whitish sides to face and scaly, paler dove-grey fringes to head and neck. Sexes alike. In flight, looks mainly grey with darker blackish primaries and red tail. Immature similar to adult but has darker tail and grey eyes. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs or small parties are locally common in suitable forest at 700–2,300m in Ug, but now very scarce elsewhere in EA. Voice In flight and perched, gives a great variety of loud slurs and raucous notes, some of them explosive. EN

Red-fronted Parrot Poicephalus gulielmi

28cm, 11"

Large green parrot with a red forecrown, shoulders and thighs. At close range shows pale upper and dark lower mandible, and reddish-orange eyes. Sexes similar. In flight, appears largely green with dark flight feathers and bright red forecrown. Immature much duller with buff-brown forecrown, shoulders and thighs. Birds in EA are race massaicus. SH Pairs and sometimes large flocks are common in highland forest (particularly Podocarpus and juniper) at 1,800–3,250m in W and CKe and NTz. Voice Call is a shrill but not usually piercing warbling and chattering.

Brown-necked Parrot Poicephalus robustus

33cm, 13"

Robust green parrot with silvery-grey head and massive pale bill. Adult male has striking red carpal joints and thighs; female similar but has red on forecrown. Immature similar to female, but lacks red at bend of wing and on thighs. In flight grey head distinctive (but hard to see against bright sky), overall green plumage with red forecrown (on female and immature) and carpal joints could lead to confusion with Red-fronted Parrot (but ranges do not overlap). Birds in EA are race suahelicus. SH Pairs to small flocks are uncommon in two different habitats, highland forest in the extreme north-west of its range, and a variety of woodland, including miombo, further south. Voice North-western birds give a variety of screeched and rather unpleasant notes; elsewhere make a loud double ringing creeee-creeee with shrill squeaks.

Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri

 41cm, 16";  33cm, 13"

All emerald-green parrot with diagnostic long graduated tail. Adult male has black throat and rose-pink collar narrowly bordered above with blue. Adult female and immature are largely bright green. In flight, long pointed tail and blackish flight feathers contrasting with bright yellow-green underwing-coverts. SH In EA the nominate race is restricted to woodland and wooded grassland in Kidepo NP, NEUg, where it is uncommon. Escaped cagebirds, probably of Asian origin, are sometimes seen around cities like Nairobi and Mombasa, Ke (and formerly on Zanzibar, Tz). Voice Call is a variety of metallic churrs and chatters.

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PLATE 90: LOVEBIRDS LOVEBIRDS Small bright green parrots (name is a consequence of regular mutual preening) with distinctive head or rump markings. Much smaller than other parrots and often seen feeding on the ground, or in cultivation, sometimes in large flocks. All are rather sedentary within their natural ranges, but Fischer’s and Yellow-collared (both virtually endemic to Tz) occur as introduced birds elsewhere, where they commonly hybridise.

Fischer’s Lovebird Agapornis fischeri

15cm, 6"

Bright green with orange-red face, red bill, white eye-ring and yellow collar extending around hindneck and across breast; uppertail-coverts azure-blue. Sexes alike; immature duller. In flight looks bright green with orange-red face and blue rump. Introduced birds in Kenya frequently interbreed with Yellow-collared and show characteristics of both species. Monotypic. SH Endemic to NWTz, Rw and Bu; pairs and flocks can be common in wooded grassland at 1,100–2,000m in NTz, including the Serengeti, occasionally west to Rw and Bu. Escaped birds, around several towns in Kenya (including Nairobi, Naivasha, Kisumu and Mombasa), hybridise with Yellow-collared and are expanding their range. Voice Utters chattering squeaks, lacking any shrill notes (unlike hybrids).

Yellow-collared Lovebird Agapornis personatus

15cm, 6"

Red bill, white eye-ring and blue uppertail-coverts similar to Fischer’s Lovebird, but head mostly dark brown, contrasting with broad rich yellow collar. Sexes similar; immature duller. In flight, appears much darker-headed than Fischer’s. Monotypic. SH Endemic to Tz; pairs and flocks sometimes common in woodland and wooded grassland in NCTz at 1,100–1,800m to the east of Fischer’s (overlaps in some areas). Introduced birds in Ke now hybridise with Fischer’s and are common there (see above). Voice Calls are similar to Fischer’s Lovebird, but more shrill and squeaky.

Lilian’s Lovebird Agapornis lilianae

15cm, 6"

Adult is similar to several other lovebirds, with red bill and white eye-ring; orange-red face blends into yellow head, green (not blue) uppertail-coverts distinctive. In flight appears uniform green with orange-red face. Sexes similar; immature duller with dusky marks on head and darker bill. Monotypic. SH In EA pairs and flocks just reach extreme STz in mopane and acacia woodland. Voice Very similar to Fischer’s Lovebird, giving high-pitched squeaks and chitters. [Alt. Nyasa Lovebird]

Black-collared Lovebird Agapornis swindernianus

15cm, 6"

Striking bright green lovebird with diagnostic black hindcollar and dark blue rump. At close range shows yellow eyes and narrow red eye-ring. In flight appears all green with dark green underwing and dark blue rump. Sexes similar; immature duller and lacks collar. Birds in EA are race emini. SH Pairs and flocks are very uncommon in dense lowland forest and second growth in WUg (particularly at Semliki) at 700–1,200m. Voice Gives a variety of screeches and twitters, and a shrill rattling in flight.

Red-headed Lovebird Agapornis pullarius

13cm, 5"

Vivid green lovebird with pale blue rump; adult male has cherry-red face and black underwingcoverts; adult female is similar, but face is more orange and underwing green. In flight, clearly reveals bright red or orange face and dark underwing. Immature similar to adult female, but face is all greenish. Birds in EA are race ugandae. SH Pairs and small flocks are sometimes common in a wide range of secondary forests, wooded grassland, more open moist bush and cultivation at 900–2,000m in the west. Voice Calls different from all other lovebirds, a rapid-fire high-pitched metallic chinking tink tinktink tink tink…

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PLATE 91: TURACOS I LARGE BLUE TURACOS Turacos are an endemic African family, Musophagidae. Great Blue and Ross’s are larger than the ‘green’ turacos and have predominently blue plumage. Like other turacos they inhabit forest and woodland and are most frequently seen in the canopy, running and jumping along large branches before gliding to nearby trees. Sexes alike.

Great Blue Turaco Corythaeola cristata

75cm, 30"

Enormous, spectacular blue turaco; adult has red-tipped yellow bill and ragged black crest. Colourful, but rather muted blue from head to upper breast, upperparts and wings; lower breast greenish-yellow, belly to vent chestnut; long tail has yellowish-green side panels and broad black band near tip. Immature is duller with smaller crest. Great Blue does not have the red wing patches shown by other turacos. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small parties are locally common in good forest, relict forest patches, secondary growth and well-treed farmland nearby, at 700–2,500m. Voice Far-carrying hollow wooden rattle of rapid gonk-gonk-gonk-gonk- notes, which may continue for long periods, building to an excited crescendo with several individuals joining in. Also a loud rolling prrru call.

Ross’s Turaco Musophaga rossae

54cm, 21"

Deep blue turaco with bulbous bright yellow bill, yellow eye-patch, and brilliant crimson crest and outer wing. Immature duller with blackish bill and small dull frontal shield. In slow buoyant flight, reveals extensive crimson on wings. Monotypic. SH Singles, pairs and small groups are widespread and locally common in riverine forest, forest edge, woodland and mature gardens at 700–2,300m. Voice Often duets with a series of musical growls that slowly rise in tone to climax in a rolling bubbling for up to 15 seconds, which then descends before ending abruptly. GREEN TURACOS Eight mainly bottle-green and dark blue turacos which reveal scarlet wing patches in flight (five are on Plate 92). Colour and pattern of head markings aid identification. Sexes similar and immatures are like subdued adults. In wooded and forested areas, they run and bound through the canopy, often with their tails raised, before swooping to nearby trees. Their raucous calls are characteristic sounds of many forests.

Purple-crested Turaco Gallirex porphyreolophus

46cm, 18"

Fairly dark turaco with rounded, glossy, dark purple crown, bright green forecrown and sides to face, and red eye-ring. Overall dark appearance due to much blue on back, wings and tail. Birds in EA are race chlorochlamys. SH Widespread and locally common, although often at low density, in a variety of riverine forest, woodland, thickets and moist bush, from near sea level to 1,800m. Now absent from much of its former range in EKe. Voice Call is a rising series of staccato and then grating kok-kok-kok- notes, before a pause and then a faster descending set of kok notes which may end in a musical purr. Note Formerly in the genus Tauraco.

Rwenzori Turaco Gallirex johnstoni

46cm, 18"

Superb painted turaco with glossy green-blue rounded crest, yellow and red skin around eye, blue-black chin and throat, and maroon nape. Otherwise blue-green above and paler green below, with a rosy-orange blush on breast. Two races occur: nominate in the Rwenzori Mts, WUg, and kivuensis (lacks yellow-red eye-patch) in SWUg, Rw and Bu. SH Endemic to Albertine Rift, with pairs and small groups locally common in montane forest in WUg, Rw and Bu at 2,200–3,600m. Voice Calls an odd descending series of high-pitched chipping notes (more like a squirrel than a turaco) and low growling kok notes. Note Formerly in the genus Tauraco. [Alt. Ruwenzori Turaco]

White-crested Turaco Tauraco leucolophus

40cm, 16"

Distinctive green turaco with white crested head, black forecrown, yellow bill and red eye-ring. Body largely bottle green with purple-blue wash to back, wings and tail. Monotypic SH Singles and pairs are locally common in woodland (especially well-wooded valleys), thickets and bushed country at 1,000–2,200m. Voice Call starts with a single long laughing upslur and, after a short pause, continues with a rapid sequence of gruff khow notes that slur into each other.

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Great Blue Turaco

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Rwenzori Turaco White-crested Turaco

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PLATE 92: TURACOS II Hartlaub’s Turaco Tauraco hartlaubi

43cm, 17"

Dark-crowned turaco with short, rounded blue-back crest, white oval loral spot, red eye-ring and white line below eye; bill dark red. Wings and tail rather dark violet-blue. Monotypic. SH Endemic to EA; widespread and sometimes common, singles and pairs occur in a range of highland forests from massive blocks like Mt Kenya and Mt Kilimanjaro, to more isolated patches like the Taita Hills, Ke, as well as well-wooded country and gardens, at 1,600–3,000m. Voice Calls with loud, but gruff and muffled khaw notes, the first few quiet, rapid and ascending, then a set of 3–4 slower identical notes.

Black-billed Turaco Tauraco schuettii

40cm, 16"

Mainly green turaco with peaked crest edged white, bill appears all black in the field. White lines above and below red-ringed eyes. Wings dark green, tail often darker blue-green. Birds in EA are race emini. SH Singles and pairs are shy and hard to see, occupying dense forest canopy, at 700–2,800m. Although now rare in WKe, it can be common in the far west, including Rw and Bu. Voice Calls a harsh roaring series of rrrerr notes, the first few slow and rising, then a long faster set of up to 15, slightly descending.

Livingstone’s Turaco Tauraco livingstonii

40cm, 16"

Largely green turaco, with peaked white-tipped crest and bright red bill. White lines above and below red-ringed eyes. Wings green and tail dark green-blue. Two similar races occur: typically greener cabanisi (STz lowlands) and reichenowi with a deeper blue tail (STz highlands). A disjunct population in NWTz and EBu is not racially assigned. SH Pairs and singles are reasonably common in mature woodland and riverine forest in much of STz. Voice Call is a sequence of gruff notes, first few slow and rising, then a faster slightly descending series of about 8 notes.

Schalow’s Turaco Tauraco schalowi

40cm, 16"

Similar to Livingstone’s, but has very long, white-tipped, floppy forward-pointing crest; also has bright red bill and white lines above and below red-ringed eyes. Wings green washed blue and tail glossed purple-black. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are common in forest and riverine woodland in SWKe and NTz, with a separate population in W and SWTz. Voice Call is a slightly descending series of growls preceded by an introductory growl and a short pause rrow… rrow- rrow-rrowrrow-rrow.

Fischer’s Turaco Tauraco fischeri

40cm, 16"

Attractive green turaco with peaked crest edged dull red and thinly fringed white (red on crest extends to nape); red bill and white lines above and below red-ringed eyes. Two races occur: nominate has blue-green wings and tail, and zanzibaricus (Zanzibar) has wings and tail violet-blue. SH Singles and pairs are locally common in dense coastal forest, woodland and remnant forest patches mainly in lowlands, but up to 1,500m in Usambara Mts, NETz. Voice Call is similar to Schalow’s Turaco, but burrier; rising notes commence slowly and progress as a rapid series of up to 12 identical notes.

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Hartlaub’s Turaco

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Black-billed Turaco

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Livingstone’s Turaco

Schalow’s Turaco

cabanisi

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nominate

Fischer’s Turaco

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PLATE 93: GO-AWAY-BIRDS AND PLANTAIN-EATER GO-AWAY-BIRDS AND PLAINTAIN-EATER Large grey-and-white relatives of turacos which inhabit open woodland and bush country. Sexes similar and immatures like subdued adults. All often perch exposed in the canopy of trees, and some utter loud onomatopoeic calls (hence ‘go-away-bird’).

White-bellied Go-away-bird Criniferoides leucogaster

50cm, 20"

Large slender grey-and-white go-away-bird with tall grey crest. Grey upperparts, throat and breast are sharply separated from white lower breast to vent; long tail is grey, black and white. Sexes largely alike, but bill black in adult male and green in adult female. Immature duller than adult with plainer wings. In floppy undulating flight reveals white bars in wings and broad white band in tail. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family groups are common, widespread and often confiding in arid and semi-arid wooded and bush country to 2,200m. Voice Calls a repeated waah, a more rapid hollow wop-wop-wop… and occasionally a drawn-out ga-warr. Note Formerly in the genus Corythaixoides.

Bare-faced Go-away-bird Corythaixoides personatus

48cm, 19"

Distinctive bare-faced go-away-bird, largely grey-brown with contrasting white neck and breast. Two races occur, which are sometimes considered separate species: widespread leopoldi (Blackfaced Go-away-bird) is black-faced with a green breast patch, while in extreme NKe the nominate race (Brown-faced Go-away-bird) has browner face and larger green breast patch. Sexes alike, but immature has duller face, brownish crest and lacks green on breast. SH Pairs and small groups are locally common in open woodland, bush and cultivation, preferring wetter country west of White-bellied Go-away-bird, mainly below 1,400m, but occasionally to 2,200m. Voice Usual call is a rather surprised corrr!, and less frequently heard is a loud, insane cackling duet.

Grey Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor

50cm, 20"

Entirely dark ash-grey go-away-bird with a tall crest and long plain grey tail. Immature is paler grey-brown with shorter crest. Appears all grey in flight. Race in EA is molybdophanes. SH Pairs and groups are locally common in bushed grassland and woodland, including miombo, in S and SETz. Voice Call is a wonderful drawn-out gu’way (go-away); also a loud, harsh, pinched and interrogatory descending wherrrrrrrrr.

Eastern Plantain-eater Crinifer zonurus

50cm, 20"

Thickset grey-brown turaco with ashy head and shaggy white-tipped crest; conspicuous greenish-yellow or yellow bill. In rather ragged flight, reveals white bar in primaries and bold grey, black and white tail pattern. Immature like adult. Monotypic. SH Pairs and groups are sometimes common in a wide range of wooded and bushed grassland, cultivation and gardens, at 700– 1,800m. Voice Calls with loud, querulous and nasal notes which build up into a maniacal laughter. [Alt. Eastern Grey Plantain-eater]

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White-bellied Go-away-bird

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leopoldi

Bare-faced Go-away-bird

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Grey Go-away-bird

Eastern Plantain-eater

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PLATE 94: CRESTED CUCKOOS AND THICK-BILLED CUCKOO CRESTED CUCKOOS AND THICK-BILLED CUCKOO Large, long-tailed, long-winged, crested (except Thick-billed) cuckoos with loud, stirring calls. All are at least partially migratory, mainly within the Afrotropics, but their movements are poorly known. Sexes alike. Some have pale and dark morphs. All are brood parasites: Great Spotted on starlings and crows; Levaillant’s on babblers (notably Arrow-marked); Jacobin on bulbuls and babblers, and Thick-billed on helmetshrikes.

Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius

38cm, 15"

Largest crested cuckoo. Adult has shaggy pale grey crest, dark grey-brown upperparts with bold white spotting on wings, whitish underparts with buff-orange throat, and long, dark, graduated white-tipped tail. Strikingly different immature has black crown and cheeks, and chestnut primary patch in flight. Monotypic. SH Widespread and sometimes common passage migrant to woodland, bushed and wooded grassland, and cultivation from sea level to 3,000m throughout the region, mainly Oct–Mar, with a notable passage through NTz, Jan–Mar. Some present throughout the year with scattered local breeding records. Voice Migrants are silent, but breeding birds give a loud woodpecker-like rattling chhhtrtrtrtrrr-titititititit.

Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus

33cm, 13"

Similar to but smaller and shorter-tailed than Levaillant’s Cuckoo. Two races occur: widespread pica is black above and entirely white below (or hair-streaked) with a white wing patch and white-tipped tail. Light morph of southern race serratus is similar, but washed pale grey and finely streaked below. Dark morph serratus is jet-black (including tail ) except for white wing patch (dark morph Levaillant’s is larger with white tips to tail). Immature is brownish-black above and washed buff below. SH Sometimes common in bush, wooded grassland, scrub and cultivation from sea level to 3,000m, often in the rains. Breeds sporadically across the region. Migrations not well known, but race pica can be common moving south Nov–Jan and less common returning north in Mar–Apr. Southern serratus is uncommon Apr–Sep. Voice Migrants are silent, but breeding birds give squealed double and single notes, kwir’kik kwir’kik…kwir…kwir… Note Formerly known as Black-and-white Cuckoo Oxylophus jacobinus. [Alt. Pied Cuckoo]

Levaillant’s Cuckoo Clamator levaillantii

40cm, 16"

Large, crested black-and-white cuckoo with two distinct morphs: widespread light morph is black (glossed green) above and white below with heavy black streaking on throat and breast. Coastal dark morph is entirely black except for white patch at base of primaries and tips to tail. In flight, white wing patches and tail spots are conspicuous on both forms. Immature is dark brownish above, with throat and underparts washed buff. Monotypic. SH Sometimes common intra-African migrant to moist woodland, bush and forest edge from sea level to 2,100m, shunning drier areas. Appears to be associated with the rains, not simply calendar months: from SETz to Ug birds occur Oct–Jun, and in WKe in May–Sep, with the black morph being mainly present in NETz and coastal Ke in Mar–Nov. Breeds sporadically throughout EA. Voice Call comprises loud single-spaced squealed and rattled notes: ttttttttttt kweer kweer kweer tttttttt tttttt… Note Formerly in the genus Oxylophus.

Thick-billed Cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti

36cm, 14"

Large accipiter-like cuckoo; adult is uniform slate-grey above and pure white below with darkbanded tail. At close range shows yellow eye-ring and base to bill. Sexes alike. Immature has variable dark brown and white scaling on head, and bold white spotting on wings and upperparts. Birds in EA are race validus. SH Uncommon resident and wanderer in woodland and forest canopy, notably miombo, from sea level to 1,200m. Parasitic on Retz’s and possibly Chestnut-fronted Helmetshrikes. Performs fluttering display over canopy while calling loudly. Voice Call is a rising series of paired high-pitched wirr-wi… wirr-wi… wirr-wi notes, which may break into an excited shrill babbling.

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Great Spotted Cuckoo

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Jacobin Cuckoo ad dark morph

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Thick-billed Cuckoo

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PLATE 95: GREY CUCKOOS GREY CUCKOOS Very similar-looking grey and barred cuckoos; all are hard to identify. Females of Common and Lesser also have a rufous ‘hepatic’ morph. Careful note should be taken of size, tail pattern, extent of yellow on the bill, barring and rufous colours, and calls. In dashing flight, they often resemble small raptors and may flush other birds. Three are long-distance migrants, while one, African, is a partial intra-African migrant.

African Cuckoo Cuculus gularis

33cm, 13"

Large grey cuckoo: adult male is grey above and on throat and breast, and thinly barred black and white below. From Common Cuckoo by more yellow-orange on bill (usually almost all basal half) and by complete white bars on two outertail feathers (usually very hard to see). Adult female is slightly browner above, with paler barred breast often with buff wash; very similar to adult female Common Cuckoo. Immature is barred throughout including rump. Monotypic. SH Widespread and rather uncommon intra-African migrant to drier woodland, wooded and bushed grassland from sea level to 3,000m. Movements unclear, but records in all months in some areas, often during the rains, and birds may be overlooked when silent. Parasitises Fork-tailed Drongo. Voice Call is a quiet repeated pooh-pooh which is very similar to African Hoopoe, but slightly slower.

Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus

33cm, 13"

Extremely similar to African Cuckoo but adult male has yellow-orange confined to base of bill and outer tail feathers spotted not barred (very hard to see). Adult female has two distinct colour morphs: either grey-brown (normal) or rufous (uncommon); both are barred below with strong rufous wash to sides of breast. Immature occurs in grey, brown and rufous morphs, all strongly barred like African, but rump plain (not barred). Two similar races occur: nominate as described, while subtelephonus is smaller and duller, with a paler throat, and more lighty barred underparts. SH Widespread and common Palearctic migrant to forest edge, woodland, wooded and bushed grassland on southward passage in Oct–Dec, and more common moving north in Mar–Apr (when it can be very common on the coast). Voice Usually silent in EA, but may call cuc-koo… in Mar–Apr.

Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus

28cm, 11"

Smaller and slightly more distinctly marked than larger grey cuckoos, but extremely similar to Madagascar Cuckoo. Adult male is grey above, on throat and breast, and well-barred black on white below, usually including undertail-coverts. Adult female has two distinct colour morphs: grey-brown with buff tinge to breast and flanks, or bright brick-red. Immature either grey-brown barred white and buff above, or much more rufous (hepatic morph). Monotypic. SH Migrates from South Asia, occurring Nov–Apr in forest edge, woodland and bush on coasts of Ke and Tz (less commonly further inland). Sometimes common moving north in Mar–Apr. Voice Usually silent in region, but flushed birds may utter a loud staccato rattle. Note Formerly known as Asian Lesser Cuckoo.

Madagascar Cuckoo Cuculus rochii

28cm, 11"

Extremely similar to Lesser Cuckoo but usually has less barring on undertail-coverts, and occurs at different time of year (except Apr). Adult male is slightly darker grey above, with a paler grey head, marginally longer wings and tail, and slightly narrower bars below. Adult female is like male (no rufous morph). Immature is browner and darker above with pale feather fringes, well barred with dark brown below. Monotypic. SH Uncommon migrant from Madagascar, occurring in dense habitats including forest edge and thickets in Apr–Sep. Voice Silent in region. [Alt. Madagascar Lesser Cuckoo, Madagascan Cuckoo]

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African Cuckoo

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Common Cuckoo

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PLATE 96: DARK AND LONG-TAILED CUCKOOS DARK CUCKOOS Two confusing cuckoos with grey or black upperparts and (in some plumages) rufous on the upper breast. Black Cuckoo mainly parasitises bush-shrikes, and Red-chested parasitises a variety of bulbuls, wagtails, scrub-robins and robin-chats.

Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius

30cm, 12"

Adult male is dark grey above (sometimes paler on head), with grey throat, broad rufous band on breast, and black and white bands from upper breast to belly. Adult female is similar but has whitish-buff throat. Immature is charcoal-black above (with scaly pale fringes in fresh birds), with black throat and black and white bars below. Monotypic. SH Common and widespread resident in forest edge, woodland and gardens, from sea level to 3,000m, wandering widely in rains, but also occurs as an intra-African migrant from the south to SETz in Oct–Apr. Voice Call is a familiar seasonal sound, usually three half-tone descending whistles, fwi-fwi-few (often rendered ‘it-willrain!’); also a rising bubbling call, often partly in duet.

Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus

30cm, 12"

Variable dark cuckoo: most birds are often entirely black (blue-black in good light), but may show some pale barring below, especially on vent. Birds in the west commonly black above and rather dingy black and buff below, strongly washed rufous across breast and throat (formerly considered a race, gabonensis). Similar Red-chested Cuckoo has plain grey or whitish-buff throat. Sexes alike, immature duller. Monotypic. SH Common and widespread intra-African migrant to forest edge, woodland, wooded grassland and thickets, from sea level to 2,000m. Voice Usual call is a threenote rising whistle, first two notes identical, third an upslur commencing a half-tone higher, for for-fier, sometimes leading into a cheerful rising bubbling call. LONG-TAILED CUCKOOS Three very similar-looking and elusive forest cuckoos with long graduated tails. All are extremely difficult to see and are best identified by call. Believed to parasitise akalats, illadopsises and ant-thrushes. Sexes alike.

Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx montanus

33cm, 13"

Dark olive-brown and well barred rufous-buff above, whitish below and sharply barred black, with narrower denser barring on throat. Extent of buff on throat and vent varies. Immature similar, but more rufous fringes above and densely barred throat. SH In the west, darker nominate race is resident and locally common in montane forest to 2,800m. In CKe and ETz patulus inhabits montane and lower forest and woodland, and is present seasonally at the coast in Jun–Sep. Calls from canopy throughout the day, but forages at all levels. Voice Long sequence of slowly accelerating slurred and wheezy weeeyu weeeyu weeeyu… notes, then a more clipped wee-we’yu, weewe’yu…, often ending with a fast wit-wit-wu wit-wit-wu (recalling Red-chested Cuckoo).

Olive Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx olivinus

33cm, 13"

Plain olive-brown above (often with slight bronze gloss), well barred blackish-brown below with buffy vent. Immature is barred rufous above. Monotypic. SH Common resident in forest at 900– 1,800m in WUg, usually high in the canopy where it calls at dawn and dusk. Voice Far-carrying series of whistled feee-uu, feee-uu, feee-uu… notes (slowly rising in quarter-tones); less often a lazy descending fi-fio-fiau, fi-fio-fiau…

Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx mechowi

33cm, 13"

Very similar to Olive Long-tailed Cuckoo, but sootier dark grey above, with slightly broader darker barring below, and warm orange-buff wash to lower flanks and vent. Immature is barred rufous above. Monotypic. SH Common resident in lowland forest at 900–1,600m in W and SWUg, and NWTz, where it calls all day and chiefly inhabits the mid-canopy and undergrowth. Voice Call is a repeated three-note whistle, similar to Red-chested but higher-pitched and all notes identical, fwi-fwi-fwi. Also a slow descending whistle that rises and falls, fwo-fwo-fwo or fwi-fwo-fwo-fwo… given in a long series of about 25 notes.

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Red-chested Cuckoo 

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Black Cuckoo

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Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo nominate

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Olive Long-tailed Cuckoo

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Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo

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PLATE 97: SHINING CUCKOOS AND YELLOWBILLS SHINING CUCKOOS Small cuckoos with distinctive partially iridescent male plumages, but confusing barred females and immatures. Extent of green and brown in plumage and outer tail colour aid identification. Males are extrovert and vocal; females secretive. Diederik largely parasitises weavers; Klaas’s warblers and sunbirds; and African Emerald robins and smaller thrushes; the hosts of Yellow-throated are unknown.

Diederik Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius

19cm, 7.5"

Adult male is metallic bronze-green above, with bold green-and-white face pattern, obvious red eye and white spots on wing-coverts. White below with barred flanks, and white spots in outer tail. In flight has entirely barred underwing. Adult female is brown and green above, with russet throat and upper breast, and densely barred flanks; eyes dull brown. Immature has two colour morphs: commonest is like adult female, but with rufous barring on upperparts and heavily streaked throat; rarer form is largely rufous above and below. Both have bright red bills. Monotypic. SH Common resident and partial migrant in a wide range of bushed and wooded grassland, and cultivation, from sea level to 2,200m, often appearing during rains. Voice Memorable onomatopoeic dee-dee-deedee-derik…, which can be clear, but is often wildly accelerated and slurred. [Alt. Dideric Cuckoo]

Klaas’s Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas

18cm, 7"

Adult male is iridescent bright green above, with uniform wings, small white bar behind dark eye, snow-white below with dark green patches on sides of breast. Adult female is bronze-green above with fine russet barring below; eyes pale brown. In flight, adult male has white underwingcoverts and largely white outer tail; female and immature also show white outer tail. Immature is similar to adult female, but more heavily barred above and below, with subdued bar behind eye and dark bill. Monotypic. SH Common and widespread resident in moister and often denser habitats than Diederik Cuckoo, including woodland, forest edge, bush and gardens, from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Call is a repeated high-pitched slurred whistle, fwiii-fi, fwiii-fi…

African Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus

23cm, 9"

Adult male is a stunningly gaudy emerald-green and yellow cuckoo. Adult female is barred rufous and green above, and green and white below, and never has white flash behind eye of Klaas’s. Immature is like adult female. Monotypic. SH Solitary, but widespread and common resident of moist forest, dense woodland and thickets, from sea level to 2,000m. Males call from high canopy and are hard to see despite bright colours. Voice Very distinctive set of four whistles, whi’twau wor-wee (often translated as ‘hel-lo geor-gie’), with first two notes descending, a short pause, then two accentuated rising slurs.

Yellow-throated Cuckoo Chrysococcyx flavigularis

18cm, 7"

Adult male is a rather dark bronzy cuckoo with bright yellow stripe from throat to upper breast, and noticeable pale eyes. In flight has obvious white outer tail feathers. Adult female is similar, but lacks yellow throat and is finely barred below. Immature duller, thinly barred tawny above. Monotypic. SH Solitary and uncommon resident of thick primary forest or dense secondary stands at 700–1,200m in Semliki and Maramagambo forests in WUg. Voice A series of high-pitched, first slightly rising then descending, wispy whistles, fi-fi-fifififififi. YELLOWBILLS The skulking yellowbills were formerly considered conspecific.

Chattering Yellowbill Ceuthmochares aereus

33cm, 13"

Strange, long-tailed grey cuckoo with bright yellow bill, blue skin around red eyes, and a dark slaty-blue sheen on back, wings and tail. Sexes alike; immature duller with brownish throat, pale horn bill and brown eyes. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Dense thickets, forest patches and edges at 700–2,000m in the west. Voice Call is a series of paired clicking notes that starts slowly and accelerates into a rapid series of descending tic notes, terminating in a long rattle, tic-tic, tictic, tic-tic, tictictictic tictrrrrrrrrr. [Alt. Blue Malkoha]

Whistling Yellowbill Ceuthmochares australis

33cm, 13"

Similar to Chattering Yellowbill, but has a green sheen to back, wings and tail. Sexes alike; immature duller with brownish throat, pale horn bill and brown eyes. Monotypic. SH Mainly a migrant from the south to dense thickets, forest patches and edges, in coastal lowlands, less often inland, in May–Sep. Voice Calls a sequence of accelerating tic notes Chattering Yellowbill, as well as a loud shrill wailing k’weeeap k’weeeap k’weeeap k’weeeap… [Alt. Green Malkoha]

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Diederik Cuckoo

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Whistling Yellowbill

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PLATE 98: COUCALS COUCALS Cumbersome non-parasitic cuckoos, easily identified as a group, but difficult to separate as species. All are bulky with short rufous or chestnut wings, long tails, red eyes (except Black), weak flight and loud bubbling calls (alternative name of water-bottle-birds). Note range, size, head and tail colour. Sexes alike, but immatures vary.

White-browed Coucal Centropus superciliosus

41cm, 16"

Three races and two distinct forms occur: paler-crowned nominate and brighter loandae share a long white supercilium, with fine pale streaking extending onto rufous-brown back; pale below, streaked and barred darker. Immature similar, but supercilium, streaking on upperparts and entire underparts suffused with buff. Race fasciipygialis (sometimes treated as a separate species, Burchell’s Coucal) has a blue-black crown and nape, rufous back and wings; immature similar to other races. SH Pairs are widespread and common in rank vegetation, thickets, bushed and wooded grassland, often near water, from sea level to 2,300m, with nominate (NEUg and Ke), loandae (Ug, Rw, Bu, SWKe and Tz) and fasciipygialis (S and SETz, including Mafia Island). Voice The typical ‘water-bottle’ series of descending hollow notes is more hurried than other coucals; also has a variety of harsh kak notes.

Blue-headed Coucal Centropus monachus

46cm, 18"

Large, robust coucal with glossy blue-black crown extending over nape (may look black in field), off-white to buff below, with long black tail slightly glossed green. Immature is like adult, but has dull black faintly streaked crown, barred primaries, buffy underparts and black-brown tail. In the west, race fischeri is widespread; slightly brighter nominate race occupies WKe and CKe highlands. SH Resident and locally common close to water in marshes, papyrus swamps and other densely vegetated wet areas at 700–2,000m, rarely to 2,700m. Also occurs in highland undergrowth in CKe. Voice Call is a typical coucal descending series, lower and slower than White-browed.

Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis

41cm, 16"

Very similar to White-browed Coucal race fasciipygialis, but rump and tail are plain black (not barred). Immature like immature White-browed, but has browner crown, only faint buff supercilium, and buffy (not grey-white) underparts. Blue-headed and Coppery-tailed Coucals are much larger. The nominate race is widespread; race flecki (with slightly blue-black crown) occurs in C and STz. SH Common and widespread resident of drier habitats, like forest clearings, thickets and bushed grassland (being the least water-dependent coucal). Voice Call varies locally, but typical descending sequence follows an initial two-note introduction, ending on a higher series of identical notes.

Coppery-tailed Coucal Centropus cupreicaudus

50cm, 20"

Large coucal; black crown and nape have slight purple sheen, and long loose blackish-brown tail is glossed copper (hard to see in field). Immature similar, but crown duller, back olive (not reddishbrown), with some barring on primaries. Most are the nominate race, but darker songweensis occurs at Lake Malawi, STz. SH Pairs are localised residents in dense reed and papyrus swamps, as well as rank grass and thickets near water. Voice A deep, reverberant and pulsating typical large coucal call, with notes given more rapidly than similar Blue-headed Coucal.

Black-throated Coucal Centropus leucogaster

53m, 21"

Very large coucal with distinctive black head, neck and breast, lower breast buffy-white, more cinnamon on flanks and vent; wings chestnut, rump and tail variably barred black. Immature similar but duller than adult. SH In EA, race neumanni is a shy resident of dense undergrowth in Semliki Valley, WUg. Voice Call is a series of very deep typical coucal notes which descend or rise and slow towards the end.

Black Coucal Centropus grillii

38cm, 15"

Smallest coucal; breeding adult is highly distinctive being all black with chestnut wings. Nonbreeding adult is heavily streaked buff and brown on head and upper back, barred rufous and black on wings and tail, and mottled brown and buff below. Immature is like non-breeding adult but has more extensive barring on crown (resembles White-browed but smaller and always lacks white brow). Monotypic. SH Generally uncommon and local in swamps, river valleys and flooded grassland from sea level to 2,700m. Mainly in the west and coastal lowlands, although wanders widely during the rains. Voice Call is a regular, rather hollow-sounding kuk-uk kuk-uk kuk-uk…, the notes identical and rhythmic, and a subdued typical descending coucal series.

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White-browed Coucal imm

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Blue-headed Coucal nominate fischeri

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Coppery-tailed Coucal

Senegal Coucal

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nominate ad ad

nominate

Black-throated Coucal

non-br br

Black Coucal

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PLATE 99: BARN OWLS AND MEDIUM-SIZED OWLS BARN OWLS Distinctive species with heart-shaped faces in the family Tytonidae.

Barn Owl Tyto alba

35cm, 14"

Ghostly owl patterned golden-buff and pale grey above (finely speckled black and white), with small dark eyes set in a pale heart-shaped facial disc, and white to creamy-buff underparts. In buoyant flight, appears largely pale golden-buff and white. Birds in EA are race affinis. SH Pairs are uncommon but widespread residents from sea level to 3,000m, often near settlements, and in buildings, old wells and Hamerkop nests; tends to be absent from forest and arid country. Voice Calls frequently, although bird is usually unseen, a high-pitched screamed chrirrrr given singly or in series. Note Some authorities treat the Asian and American populations as separate species, renaming this form as Western Barn Owl. [Alt. Common Barn Owl]

African Grass Owl Tyto capensis

38cm, 15"

Similar to Barn Owl, but has much darker brown back and wings, which contrast with paler buff underparts. In flight, dark brown above with a small buff patch at base of primaries (much smaller than in Marsh Owl). Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs are uncommon and very local residents of highland grassland and moorland, mainly at 1,500–3,200m. Rarely seen in daylight unless flushed. Voice Usual call is a harsh, but short raspy scream, kreee, also gives various dry rasps and chitters near the nest. MEDIUM-SIZED OWLS A mixed group of owls identified by a combination of plumage, habitat and calls. Sexes are alike, but females may be larger than males. Immatures tend to be similar to, but a little darker than, adults.

Marsh Owl Asio capensis

35cm, 14"

Warm uniform brown above and on breast, and buff-brown below, with penetrating dark eyes set in a paler facial disc. Short ear-tufts sometimes visible at rest. In flight, resembles African Grass Owl but shows obviously larger rich buff patch at base of primaries. Vagrant Short-eared Owl is paler with yellow eyes. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and sometimes small groups are not uncommon in grassland, as well as moorland and marshes below 3,000m. Often active just before dusk and flushes easily in daylight. Voice Unusual call is a rising rasp krrrik or a series of rasps.

Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus

38cm, 15"

Extensively streaked and mottled owl with rounded head and yellow eyes. Ear-tufts rarely visible. In buoyant flight looks long-winged and flies with distinctive ‘slow motion’ wingbeats interspersed with frequent glides; can look very similar to Marsh Owl, but appears more patterned above and has yellow (not dark) eyes. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Palearctic vagrant with a few scattered records in Ke and NTz. Voice Silent in region.

African Long-eared Owl Asio abyssinicus

43cm, 17"

Heavily mottled and streaked dark brown owl, with fierce orange-yellow eyes and conspicuous long ear-tufts. SH Race graueri is an extremely scarce resident of giant heath and montane forest in the Rwenzori Mts, SWUg, and at 3,350m on Mt Kenya, Ke. Voice Call is a deep drawn-out whowoohm or single inquisitive who repeated after several seconds. Female has a similar, softer call. [Alt. Abyssinian Owl]

African Wood Owl Strix woodfordii

34cm, 13.5"

Attractive round-headed owl without ear-tufts; lightly barred facial disc with dark brown eyes, underparts heavily barred rufous-brown and white. Three rather similar races occur: brighter nuchalis in the west, darker nigricantior in Ke and NTz, and nominate in SWTz. SH Pairs are common in a wide range of forest and forest edge habitats, woodland, and mature gardens, from sea level to 2,700m. Voice Male gives a rhythmic oo-hoo-oohu-hu-hu-hu, female often replies with identical series at a lower tone. Male also gives a long rising and then falling slurred oo-ooooooo.

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African Grass Owl

Barn Owl

African Long-eared Owl

Marsh Owl

Short-eared Owl

African Wood Owl nigricantior

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PLATE 100: WHITE-FACED OWLS AND SCOPS-OWLS WHITE-FACED OWLS Formerly considered conspecific and known as White-faced Scops-Owl Otus leucotis, these two small owls are best identified on range and voice.

Northern White-faced Owl Ptilopsis leucotis

26cm, 10"

Larger, paler and greyer than scops-owls with eyes that can quickly change from yellow to red, and white face mask with black borders. Monotypic. SH Pairs are local and rarely common residents in a variety of dry bush country (particularly acacia) up to 1,700m. Voice Call is a hollow dove-like kuk-koo’ooh with the last note descending, although birds in EUg make a simple descending pooor.

Southern White-faced Owl Ptilopsis granti

26cm, 10"

Almost identical to Northern White-faced Owl, but usually darker and greyer. Monotypic. SH Pairs are local and generally uncommon residents from sea level to 1,700m, preferring dry woodland and bushed and wooded grassland. Voice Call is a reverberating wu-wu-wu-wu-wu-wu-wu woo!, the last note explosive.

SCOPS-OWLS Small owls with ear-tufts (though often lowered and hard to see). Cryptic plumage and habit of often roosting close to tree trunks makes them very hard to locate and when disturbed they may respond by raising their ears-tufts and adopting a thin elongated posture. Sexes and immatures are similar.

African Scops-Owl Otus senegalensis

17cm, 6.5"

Well camouflaged scops-owl entirely streaked and mottled grey-brown, but some are lightly washed warmer brown or pale rufous. Bright yellow eyes are set in narrowly black-edged grey facial disc, and underparts boldly marked, giving marbled effect. The nominate race is widespread, paler nivosus occurs in EKe. SH Pairs are common and widespread in dry bush and woodland, including large trees along river courses, from sea level to 2,000m. Voice Calls for long periods, a musical krrrou or krruuup, given at regular intervals of 4–8 seconds. Eastern birds tend to sound more reverberating than western populations.

Eurasian Scops-Owl Otus scops

18cm, 7"

Very slightly larger than African Scops-Owl with a longer primary projection and often a little browner and plainer. Most are the nominate race, but there are specimens of pulchellus (more spotted mantle) and turanicus (slightly paler). SH Singles are scarce Palearctic migrants, but almost certainly overlooked in wooded habitats and forest edge, Nov–Apr. Scattered records are mostly in Ke and Ug, and one from Pare Mts, NTz. Voice Usually silent in region, but in Palearctic calls a repeated single hoo or peu.

Sokoke Scops-Owl Otus ireneae

15cm, 6"

Tiny scops-owl with pale grey, grey-brown and bright rufous morphs. All are lightly speckled black and white above, and vermiculated and speckled black and white below. Monotypic. SH Endemic to coastal forest in Ke and NETz. Pairs are best known from red soil Cynometra forest of ArabukoSokoke Forest, Ke, but also occurs further north in Dakatcha Woodlands, and at low densities up to 400m in foothills of the East Usambara Mts, NETz. Voice Noisy, giving a hollow rather high-pitched and ventriloquial hooh at about 2-second intervals for long periods without pause. EN

Pemba Scops-Owl Otus pembaensis

20cm, 8"

Medium-sized scops-owl which varies from pale rufous-brown (with some light streaking on head and faint barring below) to bright rich russet (with virtually no markings). Monotypic. SH Endemic to Pemba Island. Pairs are reasonably common in forest, woodland and plantations on Pemba, off the NTz coast. Voice Male calls a monosyllabic hu at irregular intervals, female replies with a similar but lower-pitched call. VU

S

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Northern White-faced Owl Southern White-faced Owl

nominate nominate

Eurasian Scops-Owl

African Scops-Owl

grey-brown morph

Pemba Scops-Owl rufous morph

Sokoke Scops-Owl

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PLATE 101: EAGLE-OWLS EAGLE-OWLS A striking group of large, heavily built owls. Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl is distinct, but the other four are all similar; general colour, range and calls aid identification. Sexes similar, but females may be larger. Immatures resemble adults unless described.

Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl Bubo lacteus

 66cm, 26"

Massive, finely barred pale grey-brown eagle-owl with paler face broadly edged black and dark brown eyes with pink eyelids (clearly visible when eyes are closed). Smallish ear-tufts often laid flat and inconspicuous. Immature often browner with narrower black border to face and shorter ear-tufts. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family groups are common in wooded grassland and woodland, including riverine acacia groves, from sea level to 3,000m, but mainly below 2,000m. Widespread, but only locally common in N and NEKe, W and SETz. Voice Very deep grunted huh-huh, huhhu, huh, which is far-carrying but often absent-mindedly halting. Immature call is a loud piercing scream that rises then falls and fades.

Spotted Eagle-Owl Bubo africanus

 48cm, 19"

Variable dull brown or grey-brown eagle-owl with narrow black-rimmed facial disc, spotted brown, buff and cream above, lightly barred below with slightly darker rather misshapen blotches on upper breast. Ear-tufts often prominent. Three races occur, which may be two distinct species (range separated by dotted line on map): north of the equator cinerescens (Greyish Eagle-Owl) is generally greyer brown with dark brown eyes; south of the equator widespread nominate and in interior EKe tanae (both Spotted Eagle-Owl) are browner and yellow-eyed; tanae is paler than the nominate race. SH Pairs are widespread and sometimes common from sea level to 2,200m in a wide variety of bush and wooded country, including miombo. Voice Call is an emphasised ooh, followed by a pause and then a lower and quieter oh, like an echo. Note Some recent authorities treat Greyish and Spotted Eagle-Owls as separate species, but yellow- and dark-eyed birds are known to interbreed at Baringo, NKe.

Cape Eagle-Owl Bubo capensis

 61cm, 24"

Large, boldly marked eagle-owl, blotched buff and dark brown above, heavily marked dark brown and orange-buff on breast, and distinctly barred on belly. Intense orange eyes set in grey-brown mask with narrow black edges; ear-tufts pronounced. Birds in EA are race mackinderi (Mackinder’s Eagle-Owl). SH Pairs are uncommon above 2,400m (sometimes as low as 1,800m), in rocky moorland and montane country mainly in W and CKe, and at scattered sites in Tz. Voice Call is a repeated deep hooting oooo…oo ooyuoo ooo.

Fraser’s Eagle-Owl Bubo poensis

 48cm, 19"

Medium-sized, rufous-backed eagle-owl, extensively barred dark brown and black above and below, with variable dark brown splotches on upper breast-sides; large ear-tufts and black-edged reddish-brown facial disc; eyes dark brown. Two races occur, which are often considered distinct species: nominate (Fraser’s Eagle-Owl) as described, while vosseleri (Usambara Eagle-Owl) has slightly heavier blotches on sides of breast. SH The nominate race is a poorly known resident of Bwindi-Impenetrable and Semliki Forests, WUg and Nyungwe Forest, Rw, at 700–2,150m. Race vosseleri is a rare resident at 200–1,500m in the Usambara and Uluguru Mts, NETz. Voice Strange high-pitched rather bugled yor-wah or iyor-wah with first note downslurred, second upslurred and shorter; also a rather dove-like, high-pitched ho-ro-roo all slurred together, with the middle part rising and then falling, and a low muffled bubbling rumble, grrrrooooo.

Akun Eagle-Owl Bubo leucostictus

 46cm, 18"

Medium-sized forest eagle-owl with pale yellow eyes set in a dark-framed facial disc, with a white speckled V from bill to ear-tuft tips, plain rufous-brown upper breast, whitish mid-breast to vent vermiculated and heavily blotched dark brown; strongly barred undertail. Monotypic. SH In EA, known only from Semliki Forest, WUg; a single in Sep 2014. Voice Call is a plaintive weeeeaahhh, and a deep rolling tok tok ok-ok okok…

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Verreaux’s Eagle-Owl

Spotted Eagle-Owl cinerescens

nominate

nominate

Fraser’s Eagle-Owl Cape Eagle-Owl

vosseleri

Akun Eagle-Owl

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PLATE 102: OWLETS AND FISHING-OWL OWLETS Small round-headed owls which are streaked, spotted or barred below with longish tails; none have ear tufts. Several, particularly Pearl-spotted Owlet, are partially diurnal, and often mobbed by small birds. Sexes alike and immatures resemble adults, but are less well marked.

Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum

19cm, 7.5"

Brown above with small white spots on crown and back, larger white spots on scapulars (forming a white line), two dark eye spots (false eyes) on nape, and intimidating yellow eyes. Underparts variably streaked and spotted rufous-brown with broad streaking extending to lower flanks. Birds in EA are race diurnum. SH Singles and pairs are widespread and very common in bushed and wooded grasslands, preferring drier areas with acacias, mainly below 2,200m (sometimes to 3,200m). Voice Call starts with a long series of short piped fwoo-fwoo-fwoo… notes that gradually rise in pitch and volume and, after a pause, a shorter sequence of whistled downslurs fweeufweeu-fweeu… often given in a seesawing duet.

African Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense

22cm, 8.5"

Two similar races occur with brown heads, barred backs, and well-barred and spotted underparts, but differ in head pattern: scheffleri (EKe and ETz) has crown spotted with white dots; ngamiense (C and STz) has crown barred whitish. SH Singles and pairs of scheffleri are local and uncommon in coastal forest and woodland, while ngamiense is widespread and common in interior woodlands. Voice Long series commences with regular identical piped downslurs then, after a pause, a set of peculiar vibrato downslurs that seesaw towards the end.

Chestnut Owlet Glaucidium castaneum

22cm, 8.5"

Very similar to Albertine Owlet, but differs in slightly longer tail with 10–11 pale bars. Monotypic. SH In EA, collected in Semliki Forest, WUg, in Dec 1968, and one seen there in Jan 2011. Voice Call is described as a long series of whistles, kyurr-kyurr-kyurr, which accelerates towards the end. Note Formerly treated as a race of African Barred Owlet.

Albertine Owlet Glaucidium albertinum

21cm, 8"

Very similar to Chestnut Owlet, but proportionately shorter tail with 6–8 pale bars. Monotypic. SH Endemic to Albertine Rift; rare and poorly known forest owlet from Nyungwe Forest, Rw, at around 2,000m. Voice Reported to be similar to African Barred Owlet. VU

Red-chested Owlet Glaucidium tephronotum

21cm, 8"

Rather plain owlet with a greyish head, dark reddish-brown back and wings, rufous-washed chest and flanks (with variable dark spots), and boldly white-spotted tail. Two races occur: medje in WUg is darker above and more spotted below than more eastern elgonense. SH Pairs are uncommon residents of forests in WUg above 700m, but more confined to highland forest in W and possibly CKe at 1,500–2,350m. Voice Gives a piped series of 3–6 identical phoo-phoo-phoo… notes, and a regular high-pitched and descending slurred feeeeeeo.

Pel’s Fishing-Owl Scotopelia peli

61cm, 24"

Huge orange owl which is unlikely to be confused with any other bird. Bright orange-rufous above with dark barring. Slightly paler below, with variable dark spots and bars (usually more concentrated on flanks). Sexes similar but female is larger. Immature much paler orange-rufous, and juvenile leaves nest with much white on head and underparts. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are uncommon beside well-wooded slow-flowing larger rivers, as well as lakes and mangroves from sea level to 1,700m. Occurrence scattered, but ranges from Murchison Falls NP, WUg, to Ruvubu NP in Bu, from the Maasai Mara Game Reserve, SWKe to the Tana River in EKe, and on major rivers in STz, like those in Selous Game Reserve. Voice Common call is a deep booming oom… oom… oom… at 4–5 second intervals; also an eerie downslurred scream.

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African Barred Owlet

ngamiense

Pearl-spotted Owlet

Albertine Owlet Chestnut Owlet

elgonense

Pel’s Fishing-Owl Red-chested Owlet

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PLATE 103: NIGHTJARS I Many African nightjars are notoriously difficult to identify; not only do the species look alike, several also have different colour morphs, and obviously they are most frequently encountered at night. Many are best separated by call, although the amount of white in the wings and tail, range and habitat all help identification. Many also have white throat marks, but these are variable. Most females have a similar wing and tail pattern to males, but the pale areas are buff rather than white. Immatures resemble adults. By day, nightjars are inactive and perfectly camouflaged, hiding in the shade along branches, or in leaf litter on the ground. NIGHTJARS WITH WHITE SIDES TO TAIL Four species with outer tail feathers all white or with white outer webs (buff in females). Two of these species have elongated central tail feathers.

Square-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus fossii

23cm, 9"

Typical Caprimulgus nightjar; mainly differs from Slender-tailed and Long-tailed in square-ended tail. Males of all three have white spots on primaries (4–5 feathers in Square-tailed), white bar on lesser wing-coverts, narrow white outer tail, and white tips to secondaries forming a white bar along trailing edge of wing. Female has buff wing spots and outer tail. Two races occur: welwitschii occurs from WUg and SKe to STz (as described), while paler, greyer southern African griseoplurus is reported as an intra-African migrant to Ug and SKe in Jun–Sep. SH Common and widespread in bushed grassland, clearings in woodland, and open cultivated areas, from sea level to 1,800m. Voice Song is a long low continuous churring, typically about 20 notes per second, although often changes speed and pitch. Also gives a whoop or several a-whoop calls in flight. [Alt. Mozambique Nightjar]

Slender-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus clarus

 28cm, 11"

Similar to Square-tailed Nightjar, with white spots on primaries (6–7 feathers), white bar on lesser wing-coverts, narrow white outer tail, and white tips to secondaries forming a white bar along trailing edge of wing. Both sexes have elongated central tail feathers but these may wear or break, and are often hard to see on the female. Female has wing spots and outer tail buff. Monotypic. SH Common and widespread in dry bush country, coastal scrub and fallow cultivation, often near water, from sea level to 2,000m. Voice Song is a slow steady kwoikwoikwoikwoi… (like a pulsating generator); a rapid kwip-kwip or kwip-kwip-kwip is given in flight.

Long-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus climacurus

 43cm, 17"

Similar to Square-tailed and Slender-tailed Nightjars, with white spots on primaries (5 feathers), white bar on lesser wing-coverts, narrow white outer tail, and white tips to secondaries forming a white bar along trailing edge of wing. Both sexes have very long central tail feathers (up to 34cm, 13” in male), but moulting birds have shorter tails and are very similar to Slender-tailed. Female has buff wing spots and outer tail. Southern birds often washed rufous. Birds in EA are race sclateri. SH Seasonally common in range, preferring bushed grasslands and semi-arid country, and breeds in NUg during Mar–Jul. Voice Song is a very fast and constant, almost reeling, churr of 40 plus notes per second (much faster than other churring nightjars), also a nasal chyaw flight call.

Swamp Nightjar Caprimulgus natalensis

23cm, 9"

Quite similar to Square-tailed Nightjar, but male has broad white outer tail and lacks white bar on lesser wing-coverts and trailing edge of wing. Looks short-tailed in flight when male also shows white spots in primaries (4–5 feathers). Female has buff wing spots and outer tail. With good views, both sexes show dark cheeks and buff collar but overall coloration is yellowish-brown. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Locally common with a preference for wet grassland and marshy areas at 600–2,200m. Voice Song is a repeated simple and monotonous chok-chok-chok…, and a melodious laughing whip hululululu in flight.

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Square-tailed Nightjar 

welwitschii

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Slender-tailed Nightjar 

Long-tailed Nightjar  

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Swamp Nightjar

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PLATE 104: NIGHTJARS II MONTANE NIGHTJARS Three very closely related nightjars that have been variously treated as a single species (Montane Nightjar) or as three species. We treat all the taxa separately. Each occupies a different highland area. Males of all have extensive white outer tails, tawny-buff or rufous hindnecks, and quavering whistled songs. Best identified from each other by range, amount of white in the outer tail, and voice.

Montane Nightjar Caprimulgus poliocephalus

23cm, 9"

Rather dark nightjar with a rufous collar. Male has white spots on primaries (4 feathers) and almost all-white outer tail. Female has buffy wing spots and less white in outer tail. Monotypic. SH Common and widespread in highlands, usually in vicinity of forest, but also in nearby farmland and well-wooded urban areas, mainly at 1,500–3,000m. Voice A nasal ank-ank-ank often precedes a haunting high-pitched and whistled piiiyu-pirrrrr (first note is a falling then rising upslur, the last slightly falling and tremulous). Higher-pitched than Fiery-necked Nightjar. [Alt. Abyssinian Nightjar]

Rwenzori Nightjar Caprimulgus ruwenzorii

23cm, 9"

Very similar to Montane Nightjar but white on outer tail of male only extends roughly halfway up from tip (not all white). Female has buffy wing spots and less white in outer tail. In areas of overlap with Swamp Nightjar, Rwenzori occurs mainly in more forested higher altitudes, and has less white in outer tail. Monotypic. SH Common in highland areas of the west, usually near forest, but also ranges into nearby open areas, at 1,800–2,800m. Voice Whistled call is similar to Montane Nightjar, but a is higher-pitched and less musical p’iiiii-pwiiiirr (first note barely rising, the last only slightly falling and less tremulous).

Usambara Nightjar Caprimulgus guttifer

23cm, 9"

Very similar to Rwenzori Nightjar but male has richer rufous collar, whereas white in outer tail is similar, extending roughly halfway from tip. Female has buffy wing spots and even less white in outer tail. Monotypic. SH Occurs in two widely disjunct areas, the Usambara Mts, NETz, and highlands north of Lake Malawi, STz. Locally common around highland forest at 1,000–2,500m. Voice Very like Rwenzori Nightjar, a high-pitched whistled pwii-pwirrrr (first note only slightly upslurred, the last almost monotone and slightly tremulous). NIGHTJARS WITH WHITE TAIL CORNERS A large group of nightjars with white on the outer tail restricted to the distal half or less (also includes species on Plates 105 and 106). Vocalisations, range, and precise amount of white on tail aid identification.

Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis

24cm, 9.5"

In flight, male shows white spots on primaries (4 feathers) and large white tail corners (approximately one third). Rich rufous ear-coverts and hindcollar may be visible in daylight. Female has smaller wing spots and tail corners, sometimes washed buffish. In STz, a rufous morph with variable amount of cinnamon-rufous on head, back, tail and underparts occurs. Birds in EA are race shelleyi. SH Common and widespread in forest and woodland (especially miombo) throughout the south and in coastal Ke, from sea level to 1,300m. Voice Song is a slow woi- woi- woi-… preceding a dramatic whistled t’woy-wirrrrrr (the first note a falling then slightly rising upslur, the last very tremulous).

Black-shouldered Nightjar Caprimulgus nigriscapularis

24cm, 9.5"

Very similar to Fiery-necked Nightjar (and sometimes considered conspecific). Differs in slightly smaller white spots on wings, blackish-brown lesser wing-coverts (only visible in daylight), and in voice and range. Female has wing and tail spots smaller and often tinged buff. Monotypic. SH Locally common in the west, inhabiting forest edge, woodland along streams and abandoned cultivation, at 700–1,450m. Voice Similar to Fiery-necked, but song is preceded by a monotonous rapid kwoip-kwoip-kwoip-… which then breaks into a whistled choy-chrrrrrr (first note a rising slur, second on the same tone).

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Rwenzori Nightjar

Montane Nightjar

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Usambara Nightjar

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Fiery-necked Nightjar

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Black-shouldered Nightjar

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PLATE 105: NIGHTJARS III Sombre Nightjar Caprimulgus fraenatus

24cm, 9.5"

Similar to Fiery-necked Nightjar with rufous hindneck, white spots on primaries (3–4 feathers) and fairly large white tail corners. Differs in being generally darker, including ear-coverts, with boldly marked black and buff scapulars, larger creamy-buff spots on wing-coverts, and a very different voice. Female has spots on wings and tail smaller and washed brownish. Monotypic. SH Locally common resident and migrant, most often found in grassland and on rocky slopes, but always with some cover. Mainly at mid-altitudes, but range extends from near sea level to 3,200m. Voice Song is a long series of deep hollow-sounding churrs, lacking any rising or falling inflection, and often commencing with a pair of hurried hiccup-like notes, kwi-kuk kwi-kuk. Note Formerly known as Dusky Nightjar.

Nubian Nightjar Caprimulgus nubicus

23cm, 9"

Variable colour morphs complicate identification of this species even more than usual. Typical male is similar to Sombre Nightjar but paler, lacks boldly marked scapulars, and has slightly smaller white tail corners. In daylight often appears paler grey-brown, but in flight shows more rufous in wings and some have greyer central tail. Female has buffy and slightly smaller wing and tail spots. Rufous morph is washed rufous with deeper rufous wing spots; brown morph is darker brown, including central tail. Birds in EA are race torridus. SH Occurs in dry bush and semi-desert in north and east at 600–1,250m. Exact status uncertain, but has occurred throughout the year, with most records in Nov–Mar. Voice Call not recorded in region, but elsewhere gives a barking and paired wow-wow very similar to Freckled Nightjar (but less musical and more rushed).

Plain Nightjar Caprimulgus inornatus

23cm, 9"

A rather plain-looking nightjar with grey-brown, brown, and rufous morphs. All males have white spots on primaries (4 feathers), large white corners to tail, and no white on throat (may show small black spots on crown and scapulars like Star-spotted Nightjar). Females have buffy-brown wing spots and no white in tail. Monotypic. SH Mainly a seasonally common non-breeding migrant, Oct–Apr. Others (possibly breeding birds) occur in the far north in May–Aug. Recorded from a wide variety of bush country and grassland, from sea level to 1,800m. Voice Mostly silent in EA, but gives a chuck call when flushed; breeding birds call with a long mechanical churr similar to but higher-pitched than Sombre Nightjar.

Star-spotted Nightjar Caprimulgus stellatus

23cm, 9"

Very similar to Plain Nightjar, with similar plain overall appearance. Colour morphs include brown, grey-brown, rufous, and buff. Best identified from Plain by voice and smaller white corners to tail in both sexes. Day-roosting birds show white patches either side of throat (all brown on Plain) and very small black spots on crown and scapulars. Birds in EA are race simplex. SH Locally common up north, particularly in areas with lava and nearby sandy scrub, mainly at 350–1,000m, rarely wandering higher. Voice Song is a steady yelping pweu, pweu, pweu…

Donaldson Smith’s Nightjar Caprimulgus donaldsoni

19cm, 7.5"

Small, boldly patterned nightjar with grey-brown and rufous morphs. In flight, shows white spots on primaries (4 feathers), and small white corners to tail in both sexes (slightly tinged buff on female). In daylight often shows large white throat patch and broad creamy-buff fringes to scapulars. Monotypic. SH Locally common in dry bush country from sea level to 1,250m. Voice Song is a monotonous, whistled and rather tremulous t-weer-tweeu (first note a rising upslur, last notes descending).

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Sombre Nightjar

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Nubian Nightjar ad

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Plain Nightjar Star-spotted Nightjar

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Donaldson Smith’s Nightjar

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PLATE 106: NIGHTJARS IV European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus

27cm, 10.5"

Large migratory nightjar. In flight male shows white spots on primaries (3–4 feathers) and white tail corners. Four races occur, varying mainly in overall tone, but always difficult to judge in the dark: nominate is grey-brown, meridionalis slightly smaller, unwini paler grey-brown and plumipes cinnamon-buff. In daylight, all show narrow black streaks on the crown, blackish-mottled shoulders and a pale bar on the lesser wing-coverts; lacks rufous hindneck of many nightjars. Females lack white or buff in wings and tail. SH Common Palearctic winter visitor and passage migrant in a wide range of more open habitats during Oct–Apr, from sea level to 2,000m; tends to roost on branches during the day. Voice Usually silent in EA, but occasionally calls quoik when flushed. [Alt. Eurasian Nightjar]

Freckled Nightjar Caprimulgus tristigma

27cm, 10.5"

Large, dark grey-brown nightjar, mottled all over with fine greyish or buffy speckles. May show whitish throat markings. No rufous hindneck. In flight male shows white spots on primaries (4 feathers) and small white tail corners. Female has white wing spots but tail is barred dark brown on brown (no pale corners). Northern birds are the nominate race, while colder-toned granosus occurs in STz. SH Locally common on rocky hills and escarpments at 600–2,000m. Voice Paired musical and whiplashed kow-wow…kow-wow… notes, often interspersed with irregular nasal upslurs, wup-wup-wup…

Bates’s Nightjar Caprimulgus batesi

29cm, 11.5"

Large, dark, forest nightjar. In flight, male shows white on primaries (2–3 feathers) and small white corners to tail. If seen well shows paler greyish-brown crown. Female lacks white on wings and tail. Monotypic. SH Very rare in EA, where known only from forest in Semliki Valley, WUg, at 700m. Voice Calls while perched upright on branches, a repeated kwup kwup, recalling Freckled Nightjar. This may speed up into a rather muffled barking kwup kwupkwupkwupkwupkwupkwupkwupkwup.

SPECTACULAR NIGHTJARS Extraordinary nightjars in which males acquire dramatic wing projections in breeding plumage. Both were formerly placed in the genus Macrodipteryx.

Standard-winged Nightjar Caprimulgus longipennis

20cm, 8"

Breeding male is unique and spectacular with two large flags at ends of long wires (elongated shaft of second primary). In flight looks like a nightjar being chased by two smaller birds. Nonbreeding male and female are more like typical female nightjars, but lack white wing spots or tail corners. In good light rufous hindneck and strongly barred blackish and rufous flight feathers and tail distinguish it from all except larger female Pennant-winged. Monotypic. SH Locally common within breeding range in NWUg, mainly Sep–Apr, but scarce elsewhere. Inhabits bushed grassland and marshy lakeshores at 600–1,400m. Voice Calls with a very high-pitched and rapid insect-like titititititit…

Pennant-winged Nightjar Caprimulgus vexillarius

28cm, 11"

Breeding male is unmistakable with broad white flash right across wing and long white wingstreamers (elongated second primary). Non-breeding male loses long pennants, but is still distinctive with broad white flash and black tips to wings. Female has rufous hindneck, and strongly barred blackish and rufous flight feathers and tail (no white); similar to non-breeding male and female Standard-winged Nightjar but larger. Monotypic. SH Breeds in STz (Aug–Mar) then migrates north where it may be locally common (particularly in west). Prefers bushland and bushed grassland at 1,000–2,800m, but may wander to near sea level. Voice Breeding birds utter a rapid insect-like chitchitchitchit… which is similar to but slower than Standard-winged Nightjar.

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European Nightjar 

  nominate ad

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Freckled Nightjar 

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 br 

Bates’s Nightjar

br 



Standard-winged Nightjar

non-br  / 

non-br  / 

Pennant-winged Nightjar

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PLATE 107: WHITE-RUMPED SWIFTS AND LARGE SWIFTS WHITE-RUMPED SWIFTS Three similar white-rumped black swifts which mainly differ in tail shape. Sexes and immatures are similar.

Little Swift Apus affinis

14cm, 5.5"

Small swift with rectangular white rump patch (extending onto lower flanks), square-ended tail and white throat patch. Seems stocky in flight, with fairly broad wings, interspersing rather fluttery wingbeats with short glides. Birds in EA include the nominate race, and aerobates with darker wings and tail. SH Small to large flocks are common and widespread from the coast to 3,000m. Often seen in small screaming parties. Nests under bridges, in villages and towns, as well as in natural sites like cliffs and gorges. Widespread away from dry NEKe, but local and uncommon in W, C and STz. Voice A very noisy swift which frequently gives musical twittering downslurs.

Horus Swift Apus horus

15cm, 6"

Stocky dark swift with shallow-forked tail, broad white band on rump (wrapping around flanks like Little Swift) and large white throat (may extend to upper breast). In flight appears shorter-tailed than White-rumped Swift, and spread tail may seem only slightly notched. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs and small flocks are mainly intra-African migrants, present in EA during Mar–Sep, and breeding in unused holes in bee-eater colonies in the highlands at 1600–2,000m, occasionally to 3,000m. Wanderers may occur almost anywhere, but confusion with similar species means precise extent of range and seasonality are unclear. Voice Low-pitched, burry and downslurred screams have a unique nasal and pinched quality.

White-rumped Swift Apus caffer

15cm, 6"

Slender and slightly longer-bodied than Little Swift, with forked tail and narrow crescent-shaped white rump (which hardly wraps onto lower flanks); throat clearly white. In fluid flight, looks slimwinged with pointed tail that only appears forked if spread (often while banking). Monotypic. SH More solitary than Little Swift, but pairs and small flocks are common from sea level to 3,000m in villages and towns, as well as near rocky cliffs and gorges. Nests in crevices and often in old mud nests built by swallows. Widespread at low densities away from arid NEKe, and largely absent from W and CTz. Voice Breeding birds give rapid short burry and buzzy rattled churrs; lower-pitched than most other swifts. LARGE SWIFTS Outsized swifts with broad wings and thickset bodies, and deep powerful flight (noisy at close quarters). Size of single Mottled Swifts can be hard to judge, and both species wander far from nest sites. Sexes and immatures are very similar. Both species were formerly in the genus Apus.

Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba

22cm, 8.5"

Distinctively patterned huge swift: uniform brown above and largely white below with welldefined brown breast-band. Powerful in flight with deep wingbeats. Three races occur: the northern nominate is seasonal in Ug, darker africanus is a widespread resident, and darkest race maximus occurs in WUg, Rw and Bu. SH Singles or small groups are fairly uncommon away from their highland nesting sites, but are widespread and often associate with other swifts. Palearctic breeding birds occur in Ug (Sep–Apr) and may wander elsewhere (but patterns poorly known). Voice At breeding colonies gives a twittering trill and a soft trilled scream.

Mottled Swift Tachymarptis aequatorialis

21cm, 8"

Very large grey-brown swift with mottled underparts (only visible at close range and in good light) and small dingy white throat. When close, striking and impressive with long wings and rather pointed forked tail. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Single birds to large flocks are common in the highlands to 3,000m, but birds wander widely, often feeding over wetlands. Voice Around breeding colonies gives dry twittering trills, almost always screamed in excited aerial chases.

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Little Swift nominate

White-rumped Swift

Horus Swift

Mottled Swift

africanus

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Alpine Swift

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PLATE 108: PLAIN SWIFTS PLAIN SWIFTS Similarly-sized largely plain blackish or dark brown swifts that present serious identification problems. Subtle plumage differences are often confounded by light conditions and some, especially lone birds, cannot be identified with confidence. Mixed-species flocks that permit comparisons help. Try to watch swifts against a dark background and avoid strong back-lighting. Particular attention is needed to confirm the presence or absence of contrast in the upperwing and underwing, extent of white on throat and forehead, location and season. All species have short, well-forked tails. Sexes and immatures are similar.

African Swift Apus barbatus

18cm, 7"

Dark blackish swift with slightly paler blackish-brown patch on inner upperwing (secondaries and greater coverts) that contrasts with darker body and rest of wing. Always has a dark forehead, with variable white or whitish-grey throat. Birds in EA are race roehli. SH Small parties and flocks are sometimes common (often with other swifts) in the highlands from WUg to Bu, from NEUg through Ke to NETz, and in SWTz, at 1,000–2,400m (but may wander to other areas). Voice Near breeding sites gives an excited rasping trill without any musical quality. [Alt. African Black Swift]

Nyanza Swift Apus niansae

17cm, 6.5"

Widespread nominate race is dark brown and similar to African Swift, but in good light is always obviously brown (not black). Contrasting paler inner wing patch on flight feathers from above (slightly more extensive than in African), and also visible from below; often appears translucent. Forehead dark brown, with variable but usually poorly defined whitish throat. Race somalicus is paler grey-brown with a well-defined white throat and is occasionally recorded in NKe. SH Small (sometimes large) flocks are locally common, often in drier country, breeding in rocky cliffs below 2,800m from NEUg through W and CKe to NTz (abundant at roosts in Hell’s Gate NP, Ke). Occasionally wanders. Voice In flight gives short dry and rasping trilled downslurs and highpitched twittering notes.

Common Swift Apus apus

18cm, 7"

Nominate race is an entirely sooty black-brown swift, lacking the contrast in wings of African and Nyanza Swifts, with small but prominent white throat patch. Forehead dark (paler in immature). Eastern race pekinensis is paler sooty-brown, with a slightly larger, brighter throat patch. SH Common Palearctic migrant occurring in small to sometimes huge flocks, often ahead of weather fronts. Main passage is Sep–Dec (south) and Mar–Apr (north), but also occurs Aug–Apr in areas with abundant insect prey, often over wet grassland. Race pekinensis has been recorded in Ug and Ke; its status is unclear but it can be common in coastal lowlands in Nov–Dec. Voice Usually silent in EA, but may give harsh high-pitched screams. [Alt. Eurasian Swift]

Pallid Swift Apus pallidus

18cm, 7"

All-brown swift with prominent white throat, pale forehead and dark eye-patch. Hindneck and rump slightly paler than mantle, giving saddle effect (upperparts uniform in somalicus race of Nyanza). Upperwing has paler secondaries contrasting with darker outer primaries and mantle (Common Swift has wing more uniform). From below, pale inner wing feathers also contrast with darker wingtip; good views may reveal pale scaling on body. SH A specimen of race brehmorum from Moroto, NEUg, but recent sight records in Ke suggest it may be overlooked. Voice A downslurred scream.

Forbes-Watson’s Swift Apus berliozi

18cm, 7"

A sooty-brown swift with a prominent white throat, either a white or dark forecrown, and faint scaly underparts (only visible at very close range). Dark-headed birds may be indistinguishable from pekinensis race of Common Swift (except by call). Individuals with a whitish forecrown are similar to immature nominate Common, but latter is overall blacker at all ages. Best identified from Black and Nyanza Swifts by more uniform mantle and upperwing. Birds in EA are the race bensoni. SH Small to large flocks visit coastal Ke and NTz from breeding sites in NE Africa in Oct–May (often over forests like Arabuko-Sokoke and the Shimba Hills, Ke). Voice In flight gives musical trilled downslurs.

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Nyanza Swift

African Swift

nominate

nominate

pekinensis

Common Swift somalicus

Pallid Swift

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Forbes-Watson’s Swift

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PLATE 109: SLIM SWIFTS AND SPINETAILS SLIM SWIFTS Two slender swifts (in different genera) which are relatively easy to identify from all other swifts and from each other. Note slender pointed tail and rather uniform plumage. Sexes alike. Immatures similar to adults but have a slightly shorter tail.

Scarce Swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus

17cm, 6.5"

Slender blackish-brown swift with slightly paler throat (but often looks very black against bright sky). Rather long tail often held closed and appears narrow and pointed, only showing deep fork if spread. Two races occur: slightly paler and browner chapini (WUg, Rw and Bu), and blacker nominate (elsewhere). SH Flocks are widespread over highland forest and grassland, usually above 2,000m, but wander as low as 1,000m. Patchy distribution is centred on montane blocks where they are often seen ahead of gathering storms. Voice Does not scream like other dark swifts, but flocks chitter like spinetails during aerial chases and near breeding colonies.

African Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus

18cm, 7"

Very slim, uniform mouse-brown swift, with long scimitar wings and long, very deeply forked tail. Highly characteristic flickering flight, with tail invariably held closed and needle-like. Two races occur: western myochrous is lightly glossed green on wings and tail, while eastern laemostigma is slightly paler. SH More solitary than other swifts, but pairs and small flocks are common and widespread from sea level to 1,400m (less often to 2,000m), invariably associated with palm trees. Voice Breeding birds give thin high-pitched twittering and rattled trills. SPINETAILS Atypical swifts with broad wings and short tails; usually in pairs or small groups. Extent of white in plumage, range and habitat aid identification. Sexes and immatures similar.

Böhm’s Spinetail Neafrapus boehmi

10cm, 4"

Extremely short-tailed spinetail, with broad black wings (narrowing close to body), extensive white belly and narrow white rump contrasting with blackish-brown throat and upper flanks. Flight appears ‘uncertain’, fluttery and bat-like, with much slow wheeling and chasing, often low over canopy. Two races occur: pale-throated sheppardi in the lowlands of EKe and Tz, and the darker-throated nominate in WTz. SH Pairs and small groups are local and uncommon in forest and woodland (including miombo), throughout coastal lowlands of Ke and inland on major rivers, but much more widespread in Tz. Voice Distinctive musical twittering. [Alt. Bat-like Spinetail]

Mottled Spinetail Telacanthura ussheri

14cm, 5.5"

Closely recalls Little Swift, but white rump extends as narrow whitish band across lower belly (can be hard to see). Indistinct mottling on throat and breast also obscure in the field. Flight swiftlike, without fluttering of other spinetails. Two races occur: blacker sharpei in W and SUg, and stictilaema elsewhere. SH Pairs and small groups are rather uncommon and local residents over forests in W and SUg, but more widespread over woodland, open forest and edges from CKe south into Tz (often near baobabs). Voice Gives a variety of rhythmic chitters and squeaks in flight.

Cassin’s Spinetail Neafrapus cassini

15cm, 6"

Large tail-less spinetail with blackish-brown upperparts and narrow white rump; throat and upper breast grey-brown contrasting with white breast to undertail-coverts (very finely streaked brown). Flight is powerful, wheeling and circling above canopy. Monotypic. SH In EA, known only from Budongo and Mabira Forests, Ug. Voice Rasping tuneless chitters and crackles heard in flight.

Sabine’s Spinetail Rhaphidura sabini

11cm, 4.5"

Small spinetail with extensive white lower back and rump (elongated uppertail-coverts cover dark tail), and black throat contrasting strongly with clean white mid-breast to undertail-coverts. Typical wheeling spinetail flight over canopy. Monotypic. SH Locally common over mature forest at 700–2,000m in W and SUg (formerly also in WKe). Voice A variety of metallic chinks and chitters in flight.

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Scarce Swift nominate

African Palm Swift laemostigma

Mottled Spinetail nominate

Böhm’s Spinetail

Cassin’s Spinetail

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stictilaema

Sabine’s Spinetail

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PLATE 110: MOUSEBIRDS AND TROGONS MOUSEBIRDS Endemic to Africa. Social, crested and long-tailed, mousebirds scramble through bushes and trees using both their feet and bills (somewhat like arboreal mice). All call regularly to maintain contact. Colius have rather weak and floppy flight, while Urocolius fly strongly, fast and direct. Sexes alike; immatures duller than adults.

Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus

33cm, 13"

Adult is a scruffy, long-tailed, buff and brown bird with a brown crest, whitish cheeks, blackish patch around eye and fine dark barring on throat and breast. Bill is black above and pink below. Similar immature has shorter crest and paler duller bill. Nine similar and intergrading races occur, varying mainly in being lighter or darker brown, and presence or absence of barring on throat. SH Small flocks are widespread and common in a variety of moister bush from thickets to forest edge, including gardens, from sea level to 2,600m. Voice Scratchy and unpleasant raspy churrs given when perched and in flight.

White-headed Mousebird Colius leucocephalus

31cm, 12"

Adult has a white crest and face, obvious small blackish mask, finely barred throat, hindneck and mantle, and grey-brown tail. Bill is pale with a dark tip. Immature has duller crest and less pronounced barring. Two races occur: turneri in NKe is darker with stronger barring than the nominate in SEKe and NETz. SH Flocks are rather uncommon in arid and semi-arid bush from sea level to 1,400m. Voice Calls rapid, spitted metallic notes titititititititit…

Blue-naped Mousebird Urocolius macrourus

35cm, 14"

Slender, thin-tailed, crested adult is mainly grey-brown with a red mask, black-tipped red bill and blue nape patch. Immature is duller, with less distinct blue nape, greenish facial skin and pale bill. Four races occur and mainly differ in overall grey or grey-brown appearance. SH Flocks are widespread and common in arid and semi-arid bushland, woodland and sparsely bushed grassland from sea level to 1,900m. Voice Calls a single loud and rather mournful piiiyew and softer short nasal slurred notes, which are rather shorebird-like in quality.

Red-faced Mousebird Urocolius indicus

35cm, 14"

Adult is very similar to Blue-naped Mousebird with same bare red facial patch and black-tipped red bill: differs in having buff forecrown, and no blue on nape. Duller immature has shorter crest, greenish facial skin and pale bill. Two races occur: darker mossambicus in SWTz; paler pallidus in coastal SETz. SH Small flocks are common but often shy in bush country and coastal scrub. Voice Mournful slurred notes given by all members of group, also a short rapid series of shorter notes, rather wader-like. TROGONS Spectacular long-tailed birds which, despite bold plumage, can be elusive and hard to see. Both species make short silent undulating flights, but are unobtrusive and sit still for long periods, often high in canopy. Undertail pattern and calls diagnostic.

Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina

30cm, 12"

Adult male is vivid green above with green throat and upper breast, red belly, and blue-green tail with white outer tail feathers (tail looks all white from below). Adult female is duller and has cinnamon-brown (not green) forecrown, throat and breast. Immature is like adult female but has white tips to wing-coverts. Three races occur: nominate male as described (widespread), bluerbreasted brachyurum (WUg) and bronze-breasted coastal littorale (EKe to ETz). SH Singles and pairs are widespread and reasonably common residents in forest and richer woodland from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Call is a pulsating, repeated and crooned krooo-krrrou with strong accent on the second note. Each long series commences with short purred notes and increases in volume.

Bar-tailed Trogon Apaloderma vittatum

28cm, 11"

Adult male is similar to Narina Trogon, but rather darker with blue band on breast. From behind has narrowly barred black-and-white tail edges, and from below tail is entirely barred. Adult female has dull brown head and breast. Immature similar to adult female, but has pale-tipped wingcoverts. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are uncommon in highland forest at 900–2,600m (usually at higher altitudes than Narina Trogon where their ranges overlap). Voice Call is a series of up to a dozen identical upslurred or downslurred reedy notes, fweu-fweu-fweu…, with pauses between each set, and also a single far-carrying yaow from high in the canopy.

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White-headed Mousebird ad ad

Blue-naped Mousebird

turneri

ad

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Speckled Mousebird

mossambicus

Red-faced Mousebird

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Narina Trogon

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 

nominate

Bar-tailed Trogon

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PLATE 111: KINGFISHERS I KINGFISHERS Stocky, dagger-billed, colourful birds. Despite the family name, only a few species catch fish, and many are not dependent on water, inhabiting bush country, woodland and forest. Displays and calls make some conspicuous, but forest birds are shy and cryptic despite their bright colours. See also Plates 112–113.

Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis

25cm, 10"

Large characterful black-and-white crested kingfisher. Adult male has two complete breast-bands; adult female has one broken band. Immature similar to adult female but has brown fringing to face and throat, and duller breast-band. Uniquely, fishes from hovering flight, thereby exploiting open water. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Highly social; singles and groups are widespread and common residents beside all types of water, from sea level to 2,300m, including coastal shallows. Voice Calls an explosive and rather tern-like chit-chit, which often breaks into a metallic, musical and rhythmic chittering with many birds joining in excitedly.

Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti

17cm, 6.5"

Small, dumpy, rather drab kingfisher with dark eyestripe, whitish or buffy throat and collar, and variably streaked crown, lower breast and flanks. Bill black with red lower mandible. Sexes similar, although male has black band on underwing (seen when flashes open wings in display) and greyer crown than female. In rapid direct flight shows a turquoise-blue back, rump and tail. Immature has dull reddish bill, is less streaked and can be darkly scaled below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and pairs are common and widespread from sea level to 2,300m in a wide range of bushed and wooded grassland, often far from water. Voice Regularly repeated call is an emphatic isolated first note followed by a descending series of trills: fi-frrrrrrr… fi-frrrrrrr… fi-frrrrrr…

Grey-headed Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala

21cm, 8"

Adult of widespread nominate race has a pale grey head and breast, black upper back and bright blue lower back, wings and tail, with a red bill and chestnut belly. Sexes similar, immature duller with dusky barring on head and breast, very pale chestnut belly, and dark-tipped red bill. In Rw south to STz (and migrating east Apr–Sep) race pallidiventris has a greyer head and back, and paler chestnut belly; semicaerulea (visiting from SW Arabia, Aug–Mar) has a browner crown and deep chestnut belly; coastal hyacinthina has violet-tinged wings and tail. SH Singles and pairs are common and widespread in a wide range of woodland, bush and cultivation, from sea level to 2,200m, often near water. Voice Song is a rising, falling, then rising wave of notes that become very strident: ti-ti-ti-tittit-tit-tiu-tiu-tiu-ti-tit-tit-tit… Call is a series of identical sharp tchk, tchk, tchk… notes.

Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris

21cm, 8"

Similar to Grey-headed Kingfisher but lacks chestnut belly. In EKe and interior Tz race prentissgrayi has faintly streaked brownish crown, a pale collar and pale buff belly, with buff-chestnut wash confined to flanks; bill bright red. Sexes differ: male has black back; female dark brown. Coastal race orientalis has a plainer crown (with no obvious collar) and plain buff flanks. Darker-billed immature has browner crown and light barring on breast. In flight, shows warm rufous-chestnut underwing. SH Pairs are fairly common in bushed and wooded habitats mainly in the east from sea level to 1,800m, often away from water, with some local movements. Voice Call is a monotonous repeated and whistled sequence of four descending notes with emphasis on the first, and next three gradually fading: wi-ti-ti-tu.

Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima

43cm, 17"

Spectacular massive kingfisher, blackish above with fine white speckles and bars. Adult male has broad chestnut breast-band; adult female has chestnut from breast to vent. In flight underwingcoverts are white on male, chestnut on female. Immature resembles adult, but chestnut bands are speckled and broken. Two races occur: nominate is widespread, while in WTz gigantea has plainer upperparts. SH Singles or pairs are shy and local, but widespread on highland lakes, rivers and streams, mainly at 1,500–2,700m, though also wanders widely, including to deeper coastal creeks. Voice Loud, far-carrying raucous laugh followed by single notes, kiau-kiau-kee-ee-ee-eeee-ee- kiau-kiau-kiau-kiau… often given in flight.

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Pied Kingfisher

imm







Striped Kingfisher

imm

Brown-hooded Kingfisher

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Grey-headed Kingfisher imm nominate





Giant Kingfisher

orientalis



nominate

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PLATE 112: KINGFISHERS II WOODLAND AND FOREST KINGFISHERS A varied group of woodland and forest kingfishers (including Striped, Grey-headed and Brown-hooded on Plate 111). Often found well away from water; they feed on insects, lizards and occasionally small birds. All have loud trilling calls and striking displays. Sexes are similar, immatures tend to be duller than adults and often scaled on the breast. Half-collared is related to the species on Plate 113.

Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis

22cm, 8.5"

Rather thickset kingfisher: adult nominate race is dove-grey, black and bright blue with a striking red-and-black bill, and no blue on breast. Migrant southern race cyanoleuca has grey head washed blue, and black extends slightly behind eye. Immature similar to adult, but has buff wash on head, lightly scaled breast and flanks, and dark bill. SH Singles and pairs are widespread and common in a range of wooded and bushed grassland, cultivation and gardens, mainly from sea level to 1,500m (but up to 3,000m). Race cyanoleuca breeds in STz and migrates north (Apr–Sep). Voice Song is a descending rattled series that starts with an explosive note, followed by a short pause, chit chtchtchtchttitititchrrrrrrr. Birds also call with a repeated musical rattled upslur.

Mangrove Kingfisher Halcyon senegaloides

23cm, 9"

Very similar to Woodland Kingfisher, but has slightly darker grey head and bright all-red bill. Immature duller than adult with buff-brown wash on head, breast and flanks, and dark bill. In flight, reveals a black carpal crescent on underwing. Monotypic. SH Locally common resident of coastal areas in a wide range of habitats from bush to forest, mangroves and gardens. Voice Song similar in structure to Woodland, but after isolated introductory chink the series is much slower and more emphatic: chink trrt trrt trrt trrt trrt trrt trrt trt trtt trtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt.

Blue-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon malimbica

25cm, 10"

Larger than similar Woodland Kingfisher, with blacker wings and blue breast-band (which contrasts with white throat and belly), and blue hindcrown and neck; bill red and black. Immature duller with buff underparts and dark red-brown bill. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs and singles are reasonably common in forest and dense riverine woodland at 700–1,800m in the west. Voice Song is a loud whistled series of rising then falling notes, which usually finishes on same tone as opening note: fih fi fi fi fififififififi fi fi fi.

Chocolate-backed Kingfisher Halcyon badia

21cm, 8"

Spectacular forest kingfisher: dark chocolate above and white below, with bright blue wing panel, rump and tail, and bright red bill. Sexes alike. Immature duller with blackish red-tipped bill and brownish-grey scaling on upper breast and flanks. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs are local and uncommon in the midstorey and high canopy of dense forest at 700–1,400m in WUg. Voice Song is a distinctive loud series from high in the canopy, wi-wi-wi-wi-wi-wi-wi-wiu-wiu-wiuwiu-wiu-wiu-wu-wu-wu, first rising then falling in downslurs towards the end, and finally fading away as single notes. Very musical and mournful with long breaks between each series.

Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata

18cm, 7"

Black-billed short-tailed kingfisher. Blue-green above and pale rufous-orange below with white throat and spot on side of neck; dark blue patches at sides of breast diagnostic. Immature is similar but paler below with dark scaling on breast and dark legs. Shining Blue Kingfisher is larger and darker. Immature Malachite is also dark-billed, but smaller and lacks blue breast patches. Birds in EA are race tephria. SH Singles and pairs are shy and uncommon on well-wooded streams, rivers and lakes, mainly in STz, but also in other widely scattered localities. Voice In flight or while perched, call is a simple single or repeated metallic chink.

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Mangrove Kingfisher

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Woodland Kingfisher

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PLATE 113: KINGFISHERS III BLUE AND RUFOUS KINGFISHERS Small kingfishers, all essentially dark blue and rufous with white throats and neck spots (see also Half-collared Kingfisher on Plate 112). Head pattern, bill and underparts colour, habitat and range, all aid identification. Sexes are alike; immatures are duller with black bills, some scaling on the breast, and darker legs. Malachite and White-bellied Kingfishers were formerly in the genus Alcedo.

Malachite Kingfisher Corythornis cristatus

12cm, 5"

Adult is blue above, rufous below with slightly shaggy blue-green and black-barred crown extending down to eye, and bright red bill. Immature similar, with shorter black bill, brownishrufous underparts and whitish belly. Race in EA is cyanostigma. SH Pairs and singles are common and widespread throughout most of EA from sea level to 3,000m, occurring beside all types of water with fringing vegetation. Some local movements appear to occur, but are not well known. Voice Call is a short sharp rather unmusical chht, which may run on into a dry chitter.

African Pygmy Kingfisher Ispidina picta

11cm, 4.5"

Similar to Malachite Kingfisher but slightly smaller. Adult nominate race and darker ferrugina have small dark blue crown-stripe not extending down to eye, orange cheeks with purplish-pink wash on ear-coverts, and white neck spot. Immature like adult but duller, with darker face, breast scaling and shorter blackish bill. Southern race natalensis has paler belly and small blue patch above white neck spot. SH Three races occur: nominate is widespread in Ug, Ke, and NETz. often far from water, in forest and denser thickets in bushed and wooded grassland, and woodland, usually below 1,500m (less often to 2,000m), ferrugina in forests in far west, and migrant natalensis breeds in C and STz in Sep–Apr, before moving north to forests in Ug and CKe, and to dense coastal thickets in Ke. Voice Calls a high-pitched tsi-tsi… and a squeaky chittering.

African Dwarf Kingfisher Ispidina lecontei

10cm, 4"

Africa’s smallest kingfisher. Very similar to African Pygmy Kingfisher, but adult has all-rufous crown and black forehead, and paler belly. Immature duller with blackish crown, shorter blackand-reddish bill, and dark scaling on ear-coverts and breast. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and pairs inhabit lowland forest at 700–1,400m in W and SUg, preferring to keep low in gloom of undergrowth. Voice Call is a high-pitched whistled sisiseu sisiseu sisisi… quite unlike other small kingfishers.

White-bellied Kingfisher Corythornis leucogaster

12cm, 5"

Adult is ultramarine-blue above (with greenish-blue sheen to crown in some lights), chestnutorange flanks, white blaze from throat to undertail, and red bill. Immature has blue spotting on upperparts and black bill. Race in EA is leopoldi. SH Pairs and singles are rather shy and uncommon in dense forest and around forest pools in W and SUg at 700–1,200m, and in Minziro Forest, NWTz. Voice Sharp flight call is similar to Malachite.

Shining-blue Kingfisher Alcedo quadribrachys

17cm, 6.5"

Beautiful kingfisher of forest rivers. Dark blue cap and wings contrast with electric blue back and rich chestnut underparts with dark blue breast smudges; bill long and black. Duller immature has shorter black bill and dark scaling on breast. In EA race is guentheri. SH Singles and pairs are shy inhabitants of rivers and streams in forest at 700–1,200m, rarely to 1,800m, mainly in the west, and very rare in extreme WKe. Voice Usually call is a single and not particularly sharp tint, which may be repeated.

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PLATE 114: BEE-EATERS I GREEN AND CINNAMON BEE-EATERS A group of largely green and cinnamon bee-eaters usually encountered in pairs or small groups in open country (except forest-based Cinnamon-chested, and including three species on Plate 115). Colour of underparts, face pattern and tail shape aid identification, along with limited range overlap. Sexes similar and immatures resemble adults but are duller. Perch fairly upright with slowly wagging tails and leave perches to sally after insects, snapping them up with an audible click. Often associate with bush fires and termite emergences.

Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus

15cm, 6"

Small neat bee-eater. Adult is green above with rufous panels in wing and uppertail, yellow throat, well-defined black gorget, and dull cinnamon-rufous underparts. Three races occur: meridionalis (widespread) has short, narrow blue stripe just above mask and blue top edge to gorget; ocularis (NUg) is paler below; cyanostictus (Ke) has longer blue superciliary stripes joining over bill, and thin purplish-blue top edge to gorget. Immature duller and paler than adult, washed variably pale green below. Larger Cinnamon-chested Bee-eater is a much richer and darker bird of forests. SH Pairs or family groups are common in bushed and wooded grassland, and more open woodland, from sea level to 2,200m. Voice Call is a sharp high-pitched tsip tsip…; when excited these break into a long metallic sequence interspersed with some quite musical nasal skirls.

Cinnamon-chested Bee-eater Merops oreobates

22cm, 8.5"

Similar to Little Bee-eater but much larger. Darker green above and deeper rufous-cinnamon below (with variable white edge to rear of yellow cheek). Little or no blue above mask. Immature is paler, lacks black gorget and is variably washed green below. In flight, tail appears longer, broader and largely green from above, with broad black tip. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small groups are common in highland forest, forest edge and gardens at 1,800–2,300m, generally perching high in canopy. Voice Calls from excited birds are a very varied mix of metallic chinks, slurs and trills, often rather cheerful in quality.

Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus

18cm, 7"

Very like Little Bee-eater but slightly larger. Three races occur (none with a particularly blue breast). Typical adult has a white wedge on the cheek separating yellow throat from black mask. Race loringi (Ug to WKe) has a small blue eyebrow and dark purplish-blue gorget; nominate (Rw and Bu) is similar but lacks blue eyebrow; and bangweoloensis (SWTz) lacks blue eyebrow and has blacker gorget. Immature lacks gorget, is duller green below, and has less defined white cheek. SH Pairs and small groups occupy reedbeds and damp areas fringing lakes and swamps at about 600–1,800m. Voice Call is a short dry and deep throaty trill suggestive of a small plover.

Böhm’s Bee-eater Merops boehmi

23cm, 9"

Slender distinctive bee-eater. Adult has chestnut-rufous crown and lighter orange-rufous throat plus long black-tipped tail-streamers. Immature is similar but has yellowish throat fading into green breast and very short elongated central tail feathers. Monotypic. SH Pairs or small groups are uncommon and local in dense bush, woodland and forest edge, preferring vicinity of rivers and streams at 200–1,400m in Tz. Voice Call is a long attractive ramble of sharp high-pitched metallic notes that rise and fall.

African Green Bee-eater Merops viridissimus

24cm, 9.5"

Adult is a slender, very bright green, streamer-tailed bee-eater, with a narrow black mask and very narrow black gorget. Immature is similar, but paler, lacking gorget and tail-streamers. Birds in Ug are the nominate race. SH Singles and small groups are rare visitors to sparsely wooded dry country in NUg during Aug–Sep (also recorded in May). Voice Call is an uninteresting ramble of scratchy metallic notes with little variation. Note Recently given specific status by some authorities; formerly known as Little Green Bee-eater M. orientalis. [Alt. Green Bee-eater]

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PLATE 115: BEE-EATERS II White-throated Bee-eater Merops albicollis

28cm, 11"

Adult is a pale blue-green bee-eater with striking black-and-white head pattern, tawny nape and long central tail feathers. Sexes similar, but male has slightly longer tail-streamers. Immature is similar to adult, but has yellow wash over throat, is duller with many buff-edged feathers, and lacks tail-streamers. Monotypic. SH Common intra-African migrant from southern Sahara (rarely breeds in NUg and Ke). Highly gregarious and vocal flocks disperse to woodland, bush and grassland, as well as more open forest and gardens, mainly Aug–Apr, from sea level to 2,000m (less often 3,000m). Voice Call is a rather harsh and throaty chep, which often breaks into musical slurs with several birds taking part in an excitable wader-like chorus.

Somali Bee-eater Merops revoilii

17cm, 6.5"

Washed-out, slightly unkempt bee-eater. Adult is pale blue-green above, with white throat and pale apricot underparts. Immature is duller version of adult. In flight, reveals silvery-blue rump and undertail-coverts. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are shy, solitary and sedentary residents below 1,000m in arid and semi-arid bushland in EKe (away from coast). Voice Rarely heard call is a long ramble of musical and excitable but rather mournful chits and whistled slurs.

Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Merops hirundineus

22cm, 8.5"

Elegant blue-green bee-eater. Adult has a yellow throat, narrow blue gorget and long deeply forked blue tail. Two races occur: heuglini (NUg) has a blue forecrown and supercilium, which is lacking in more southerly furcatus (STz). Sexes similar, but female is paler with thinner gorget and shallower forked tail. Immature also similar, but has whitish throat, no gorget and even less forked tail. SH Pairs and small groups occur in drier bushed and wooded grassland below 1,500m. In STz most common in Apr–Sep but can occur in any month, while in Ug most are migrants from the north, occasionally staying to breed. Vagrant to CRw, Jul 1984 and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Ke, May 2000. Voice Sweet musical slurs and trills with a rather wader-like quality, given randomly for long periods. FOREST BEE-EATERS Shy and confiding, dark, forest-dependent bee-eaters which launch foraging flights from perches at all levels, but usually high in canopy. Typical stance is upright with gently but constantly wagging tails.

Blue-headed Bee-eater Merops muelleri

19cm, 7.5"

Adult is largely dark blue with black-rimmed scarlet throat, paler blue forehead, and rufousbrown back and wings. Sexes alike, but immature is much plainer, duller blue-green below and lacks scarlet throat. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are uncommon residents in Kakamega and South Nandi Forests in WKe. Voice Call is a repeated simple swir-swi swi starting with a raspy slur and interspersed by metallic tink notes, resulting in a medley punctuated with short pauses.

Black Bee-eater Merops gularis

20cm, 8"

Adult is stunning scarlet-throated, black-and-turquoise bee-eater with brilliant turquoiseblue streaks on lower breast; wings and back are black. Sexes similar, immature duller without scarlet throat. Birds in EA are race australis. SH Solitary birds, pairs and sometimes small flocks are resident in primary and riverine forest, including clearings, in WUg. Voice Calls are sharp, highpitched and often paired, with short first note siit sit s’sit…p’sit p’sit seet…, the whole sequence sounding quite random.

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PLATE 116: BEE-EATERS III LARGE MIGRANT BEE-EATERS Three elegant long-winged migrants with confident loose wheeling flight. Blue-cheeked and Olive Bee-eaters differ mainly in head-colour, while European is unmistakable if seen well. Sexes similar and immatures duller.

European Bee-eater Merops apiaster

28cm, 11"

Striking chestnut and golden bee-eater with yellow throat and pale blue underparts. In fresh plumage, adult male has broad golden sides to chestnut back; non-breeding male and female are much duller and greener above. At rest or in flight, adult shows projecting central tail feathers (slightly shorter in female), which are absent in young birds. Immature is greenish above, with brown-washed crown, dull green sides to back, pale yellow throat and blue underparts. Monotypic. SH Small to large flocks on passage are harbingers of Palearctic migration even in Jul, but main southbound movement is Sep–Nov, with a more sporadic northbound passage Mar–May. Prefers open country from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Far-carrying, loud and attractive calls are very fluid and deep throaty trills and churrs, prrutt, prrutt prrutt, often with many birds calling together.

Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus

30cm, 12"

Slender, vivid emerald-green bee-eater. Adult has green crown, blue borders to mask, and yellow chin grading into orange-brown throat. Female has shorter tail-streamers. Immature is duller with less blue around eye and no tail-streamers. Shows obvious cinnamon underwing in banking flight (like Olive Bee-eater). Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Small parties are regular throughout EA in Oct–Apr, preferring bushed and wooded grassland below 1,500m, often near water. Voice Call is an attractive fluid trill, preepp, preepp, preepp, which is repeated for long periods with slight changes in tone.

Olive Bee-eater Merops superciliosus

30cm, 12"

Overall slightly duller than similar Blue-cheeked Bee-eater, with smoky olive-brown cap, white borders to mask, and dull brick-red throat. Female has shorter tail-streamers. Immature is much duller than adult and lacks bold head pattern. Very similar to immature Blue-cheeked, but less green with more uniform throat. In flight, shows plain cinnamon underwing like Blue-cheeked. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Small flocks are non-breeding visitors from the south, mainly in Apr–Sep, below 1,500m (but up to 2,300m) in bushed and wooded country, often near water. Occasionally breeds in coastal lowlands, and some may be present year-round. Voice Very like Blue-cheeked Bee-eater, but slightly higher-pitched and less fluid. [Alt. Madagascar Bee-eater] RED-THROATED BEE-EATERS Two closely related, attractive, resident, highly social and colonial bee-eaters, identified by head pattern and range. Sexes alike.

White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides

23cm, 9"

Colourful rather upright-perching bee-eater. Adult is mostly green above with white forecrown, black mask, and red throat bordered above with white; underparts warm buff-cinnamon with deep cobalt-blue vent. Immature is similar but more subdued, with orange-yellow (not red) throat. Monotypic. SH Flocks are widespread and sometimes common (notably in Rift Valley and STz), associating with open water and rivers in bushed and wooded country to 2,000m. Voice Calls a distinct rather nasal and muffled gaaar, and a variety of other pinched slurred notes which may rise and fall.

Red-throated Bee-eater Merops bulocki

23cm, 9"

Similar to White-fronted Bee-eater, but adult has entirely red throat and blue-green forecrown. Immature is duller with red-orange throat and green stripe below mask. Birds in EA are race frenatus. SH Flocks are locally common in bushed and wooded grassland, near lakes and rivers, below 1,000m, mainly in WUg, but vagrant recorded near Fort Ikoma, NTz in Aug 2016. Voice Calls a variety of short musical yaps, churls and trills, all usually higher-pitched than White-fronted.

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PLATE 117: BEE-EATERS IV AND BROAD-BILLED ROLLERS CARMINE BEE-EATERS Spectacular, large, long-tailed, carmine-red and turquoise-blue bee-eaters easily separated by throat colour. Intra-African migrants which move south (Northern) and north (Southern) towards the equator after breeding. Both species have powerful wheeling flight. Sexes similar.

Northern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicus

38cm, 15"

Adult bright carmine above, with turquoise-blue rump, lower belly and vent, well-defined greenblue crown and throat, and long central tail feathers. Immature is much duller with strong olivebrown wash, mottled head and throat, and short tail-streamers. Monotypic. SH Singles and flocks are regular visitors to bushed and wooded grassland, as well as cultivation, in N and EKe, NUg and ETz in Sep–Apr, usually below 1,200m. Sometimes very common in coastal districts and a few linger throughout the year. Occasionally breeds in extreme NKe. Voice Song is an unattractive series of loud skirls, chitters and complaining notes, lacking the sweetness or variation of smaller bee-eaters.

Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides

38cm, 15"

Very similar to Northern Carmine Bee-eater, but throat is brilliant carmine, and green-blue restricted to crown. Immature is much duller and browner, lacking blue on throat; tail-streamers short. Monotypic. SH Small to large flocks are regular visitors to bushed and wooded grassland in WTz as far north as Lake Victoria and Akagera NP, Rw, exceptionally north to Murchison Falls NP, WUg, in Mar–Aug. Vagrant to Ke at Lake Kanyaboli, Jun 1972, and Kedong Valley, Jul 1977. Often associates with bush fires and plains game. Voice Calls are similar to Northern Carmine but more musical and varied. BROAD-BILLED ROLLERS Compact bright chestnut rollers (which appear dark at distance) with broad bright yellow bills. Acrobatic, agile and slender in flight, often appearing rather falcon-like. Always choose to perch conspicuously at the top of tall trees. Sexes alike.

Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus

28cm, 11"

Adult is a bright chestnut roller (variably washed lilac below) with broad yellow bill. Immature is much duller brown above with dusky-yellow bill and pale blue underparts. In flight, shows strong contrast between chestnut back and deep azure-blue outer wing and tail. In Ug and WKe, race afer is widespread, brighter suahelicus elsewhere. SH Singles, pairs or small groups are sometimes common residents and intra-African migrants in bushed and wooded grassland, woodland and forest edge, from sea level to 2,200m. Mainly occurs in Tz Oct–Apr, but throughout the year elsewhere. Voice Call is a deep and raspy single ahk or wak, and a uh-uh-uh-uhuhuhuhuh in rapid sequence.

Blue-throated Roller Eurystomus gularis

25cm, 10"

Very similar to Broad-billed Roller, but slightly smaller with blue throat patch and rufous (not blue) vent. Immature is duller and browner with dusky bill and pale blue underparts. In flight, may appear darker and less contrasting than Broad-billed. Birds in EA are race neglectus. SH Singles and pairs are local and often rather uncommon in forest and dense woodland below 1,800m. Voice Call is a nasal trumpeted squeak, repeated slowly or excitedly, and a tern-like laughing which may be given in chorus.

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PLATE 118: ROLLERS ROLLERS Striking colourful rollers best identified by presence or absence of lilac on throat, and by tail shape and length. Bold and confiding, they drop onto prey on the ground from prominent perches such as roadside poles. All have raucous calls and perform rolling display flights. Sexes alike.

Racket-tailed Roller Coracias spatulatus

38cm, 15"

Adult male is a distinctive blue roller with chestnut back and wing-coverts, and long elongated outertail feathers terminate in small spatulate rackets. Immature duller with pinkish throat and breast streaked white, brown (not blue) wing-coverts and no tail rackets. Proposed race ‘weigalli’ is now thought to be either an immature or hybrid with Lilac-breasted Roller. Monotypic. SH Pairs and occasionally small groups are uncommon in miombo woodland in C and STz. Shy and less inclined to perch in open than other rollers. A remarkable record involved a single at Masai Mara Game Reserve, Ke, in Aug 2011. Voice More musical than other EA rollers, breeding birds give a complex series of accelerated downslurs with a rather raptor-like quality. [Alt. Racquet-tailed Roller]

Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudatus

38cm, 15"

Strikingly colourful roller. Nominate race has lilac throat and breast, olive-chestnut back, dark blue wing-coverts and deep blue underparts. Outer tail-streamers are slender and straight. Race lorti (Lilac-throated Roller) differs in having a small lilac throat patch. Immature is much duller than adult with olive-brown tinge to back, and no tail-streamers. SH Pairs are widespread and common residents in open bush country, wooded grassland, woodland and cultivation, from sea level to 2,000m (less often 3,000m). Race lorti is largely confined to NEKe, but wanders occasionally to NTz. Voice Displaying birds give loud dry rasps breaking into a long series that develops into a harsh rattle. Calls of race lorti similar but possibly more nasal.

Abyssinian Roller Coracias abyssinicus

41cm, 16"

Slender vivid blue roller with rufous-brown back and very long outer tail-streamers (except in worn plumage). Appears bluer than other species, like a slim long-tailed European Roller. Immature duller than adult, with olive-brown tinge to back and square tail without streamers. Monotypic. SH Singles and less often small groups are common local residents and less common wanderers in semi-arid bush and woodland across NUg and NKe below 1,000m. One in Serengeti NP in Feb 2005 is only Tz record. Voice Calls are very harsh and unpleasant variable loud rasps.

European Roller Coracias garrulus

31cm, 12"

Robust, thickset roller with blue head, chestnut-brown back, blue underparts and rather short square-cut tail (without streamers). On arrival in Oct, non-breeding adults and first-year birds are very pale with washed-out greenish-blue heads and underparts, and muddy brown backs. Prior to departure in Apr, adults are striking blue, with bright chestnut backs, and purplish-blue wingcoverts and rumps. Nominate race (as described) is widespread; paler semenowi also occurs. SH Common Palearctic winter visitor and passage migrant, usually singly (but also moving together in loose associations) in Oct–Apr, typically in bushed and wooded grassland below 1,500m. Voice Usually silent in region, but may utter a deep croak. [Alt. Eurasian Roller]

Purple Roller Coracias naevius

35cm,14"

Big-headed thickset roller which lacks blue underparts of other species. Adult has rufous crown with broad white supercilium and rufous-purple underparts streaked white. In flight, dark purple-blue flight feathers contrast sharply with rufous wing-coverts and greenish back. Immature similar, but duller and greener above and below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles and pairs are local and never numerous, often associated with rocky areas and large trees in drier wooded and bushed grassland to 2,000m (sometimes to 3,000m). Erratic and occasional influxes of non-residents occur. Voice Call is a loud, harsh and throaty ouw, and in display flight a strident ak-ak-ak-aka-aka-aka-aka…kiau-kiau-kiau… [Alt. Rufous-crowned Roller]

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PLATE 119: WOODHOOPOES AND SCIMITARBILLS WOODHOOPOES AND SCIMITARBILLS Endemic to Africa, woodhoopoes are a similar group of clumsy-looking, glossy, long-tailed social birds, best identified by careful attention to exact colour of head, back and bill, as well as range and habitat. The taxonomy is in flux, and it is possible that the first three taxa represent a single variable woodhoopoe species. Sexes similar, but males are slightly larger than females, with longer, more decurved bills. The similar looking and closely related scimitarbills (Forest Scimitarbill below and three more species on Plate 120) are smaller, much less social (usually found alone or in pairs) and lack the bubbling calls of woodhoopoes.

Green Woodhoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus

37cm, 14.5"

Adult is a large red-billed iridescent bird with a white spot and bar in the wing, and long graduated white-tipped tail. Two races occur: widespread marwitzi is relatively easy to identify with a green head and back (although wings may shine violet and blue), while northern niloticus is generally more violet-blue and very similar to Violet Woodhoopoe, but will always show some green on head (if watched for several minutes). Immature is dull blackish, with brownish throat patch, straighter, shorter black bill, and dark legs. SH Extended family groups are common and widespread in a wide range of wooded and forested habitats from sea level to 2,800m, with race niloticus in NWKe south to Lake Bogoria. Voice Nasal bubbling and maniacal cackling in noisy group displays (calls perhaps indistinguishable from Violet and Black-billed Woodhoopoes).

Violet Woodhoopoe Phoeniculus damarensis

37cm, 14.5"

Adult is very similar to Green Woodhoopoe race niloticus, but head, nape and back shine violetblue, with green restricted to throat. Immature is duller with brown-buff streaking on throat and shorter black bill. In EA, race granti is sometimes considered distinct from the nominate race of SW Africa, and treated as Grant’s Woodhoopoe P. granti. SH Family groups are local and uncommon in semi-arid and arid bush and woodland, often associated with rivers and doum palms. Voice Probably indistinguishable from Green Woodhoopoe.

Black-billed Woodhoopoe Phoeniculus somaliensis

37cm, 14.5"

Very similar to Green Woodhoopoe, but has more violet and blue gloss, and black bill (sometimes with limited red at base, occasionally mostly red). Immature is duller with some buff on throat, shorter black bill and black legs. Birds in NEKe are the nominate race, while neglectus with a greener crown and nape may occur at Lake Turkana, NKe. SH Family groups are fairly common in NEKe, where they occupy semi-arid bushed and wooded areas, often in larger acacias and riverine woodland. Voice Probably not distinguishable from Green Woodhoopoe.

White-headed Woodhoopoe Phoeniculus bollei

35cm, 14"

Adult has variable amount of white on head, red bill, and blue-green glossed wings and tail without white spots. Immature has black bill and often a small amount or no white on head. Red bill and legs separate them from white-headed form of Forest Scimitarbill. Birds in EA are race jacksoni. SH Family groups are common and widespread in forest at 900–3,000m in the west (but mainly restricted to highland forest above 2,000m in Ke and extreme NTz). Voice Similar to Green Woodhoopoe, but notes are fuller, less nasal and more of a rattle.

Forest Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus castaneiceps

25cm, 10"

Adult is similar to woodhoopoes, but smaller, lacks white in wings and tail, and has a dark grey bill with creamy-yellow sides. Male head colour is variable, being brown, white or glossy dark green. Female is always brown-headed. Immature is duller than adult with dark brown head. Birds in EA are race brunniceps. SH Singles and family groups are rather uncommon in forest at 1,200–2,300m in WUg east to Mt Elgon, Rw (Nyungwe) and in NWTz (Minziro), but now extirpated from extreme WKe. Voice Birds maintain contact using a very high-pitched sii-sii-sii call, made while foraging and in flight. Note Formerly known as Forest Wood-hoopoe Phoeniculus castaneiceps.

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PLATE 120: SCIMITARBILLS AND HOOPOES SCIMITARBILLS Like small slim woodhoopoes (see also Forest Scimitarbill on Plate 119), scimitarbills can be identified by bill colour, the presence or absence of white in the wings and tail, and range. Females are slightly duller than males, and often washed brown on the throat and breast.

Abyssinian Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus minor

24cm, 9.5"

Small and neat scimitarbill; adult has a sharply decurved bright orange-red bill and black glossed blue-purple plumage. Two races occur: widespread cabanisi is entirely blue-purple, lacking white in wings and tail; nominate in NEKe is similar but has a white wingbar. Immature is similar, but all brownish below with dull brownish-red bill. SH Pairs are locally common but widespread in drier bushed and wooded grassland to 1,400m (less often 2,000m), including acacia scrub, preferring more arid and open areas than Common Scimitarbill. Voice Usual call is a hollow rattle of identical notes, terminating on a single or double lower note, k-k—k-k-k-k-k-k-k-kiow, and a kreekreekreekree… given as a piercing burry scream.

Common Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus cyanomelas

30cm, 12"

Larger than Abyssinian Scimitarbill with a strongly decurved black bill, white bar across primaries and white tips to tail (may show a little white on primary-coverts). Often looks blackish but in good light shows violet-blue sheen. Immature is similar, but has shorter, straighter bill and less violet gloss. Race in EA is schalowi. SH Pairs are fairly common and widespread in bush, woodland and riverine forest, from sea level to 2,400m. Voice Usual call is a loud repeated downslurred sequence, quee-quee-quee-kirr-kirr-quee…, also a hollow wooden rattle and a high-pitched sisisisisisi while foraging.

Black Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus aterrimus

27cm, 10.5"

Similar to Common Scimitarbill, but in our area race emini is black (lightly glossed blue), with shorter less decurved black bill (sometimes with creamy sides), a white band on primaries, variable small white bar in primary-coverts, and less graduated tail with white tips. Immature is similar to adult but duller. SH Pairs are uncommon below 2,000m in woodland and bushland in N and NWUg only. Voice Call is a far-carrying fluty but mournful kwee-kwee-kwee… in a descending sequence with a muffled short last note. HOOPOES Bizarre, crested rufous-cinnamon, black and white birds. Often seen in butterfly-like flight, or on the ground where they dig for food with slightly decurved bills. Name derives from calls. The taxa are often considered conspecific.

African Hoopoe Upupa africana

28cm, 11"

Adult is most easily identified from Eurasian Hoopoe in flight when it reveals all-black primaries, but also differs in being darker and more richly rufous-cinnamon, and having plain black tips to crest (not black and white, or black and buff of Eurasian). Sexes very similar. Immature also similar to adult, but darker and rather browner. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are common residents, and local wanderers, in a wide range of bushed and wooded grassland, and more open woodland from sea level to 2,200m, including gardens and cultivation. On the ground, crest is usually closed but fanned up when alarmed or excited. Voice Double pooh-pooh is given at about 3-second intervals (very similar to African Cuckoo).

Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops

28cm, 11"

Three races occur: all are quite similar to African Hoopoe, but have bold white band across primaries and a narrow band of white (nominate) or pale buff (waibeli and senegalensis) below black tips of crest. Races differ in overall tones of head, back and underparts: waibeli is darkest, senegalensis intermediate and nominate palest. Immature is duller than adult. SH Race waibeli is resident in extreme NWKe, but migrates south as far as Entebbe, Ug, and Nairobi, Ke; senegalensis is resident in extreme NKe; and nominate is an uncommon visitor from the Palearctic, south into drier areas of NUg and NKe, and rarely NETz, in Oct–Mar. Voice Calls perhaps indistinguishable from African Hoopoe.

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Abyssinian Scimitarbill ad imm

cabanisi

Black Scimitarbill

imm

ad

ad

Common Scimitarbill

Common imm

African

senegalensis

nominate

African Hoopoe Eurasian Hoopoe

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PLATE 121: HORNBILLS I Hornbills are noisy and characterful birds of many habitats, from semi-arid bush to lowland forest. Most are black and white, varying in size from diminutive dwarf to giant casqued hornbills. Unique breeding behaviour involves the female being encased within a cavity and fed by her mate while she incubates the eggs and rears the young. DRY BUSH HORNBILLS Smaller hornbills that are widespread and characteristic birds of the African bush. Genus name Tockus is derived from the atmospheric tok tok calls made by some. Colour of bill and wing markings aid identification.

Eastern Yellow-billed Hornbill Tockus flavirostris

51cm, 20"

Typical bush hornbill easily identified by combination of banana-yellow bill and white-spotted wing-coverts. Adult male has slightly larger bill with thicker casque than female, and rich rosepink rather than bare black throat patches. Immature has smaller dusky-yellow bill and is less clearly marked. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family groups are widespread at low density in semi-arid bush country and drier wooded grassland mainly below 1,400m. Form associations with groups of Dwarf Mongoose, acting as lookouts for birds of prey, and benefiting from the insects flushed. Voice Regularly calls a gently rising and falling series of very low-pitched and throaty rasping krukkruk-krukrukrukruk-krakrakrark-kerkrukrukruk… notes.

Red-billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus

45cm, 18"

Similar to Jackson’s Hornbill, but has a slender more decurved red bill (without creamy tip) and whiter face and neck. Adult male has slightly heavier bill than female, often with blacker base to lower mandible. Immature is duller, with buff spots on wing-coverts and smaller dull red bill. Two distinctive races occur which are sometimes considered to be separate species: widespread nominate (Northern Red-billed Hornbill) has pink orbital skin around brown eyes; ruahae in CTz (Tanzanian Red-billed Hornbill) (south of the dotted line on map) has a bold black mask around pale yellow eyes. SH Pairs, family parties and sometimes larger flocks are common and widespread residents in dry bush and woodland up to 1,400m, less often 2,000m. Voice Call is a rather urgent rising and falling series of nasal kankankankankankank-kik-hahaha-kik-hahaha… notes, higherpitched than other similar hornbills.

Von der Decken’s Hornbill Tockus deckeni

48cm, 19"

Striking pied hornbill; similar to Jackson’s Hornbill but has unspotted black wing-coverts. Adult male has large red-orange bill with well-defined creamy-yellow tip; adult female has all-black bill. Immature resembles female but has duller blackish-brown bill and indistinct white spotting on wing-coverts. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family parties are widespread and common in dry bushed and wooded grassland from sea level to 1,700m. Voice Call is a long series of low-pitched kuk-kukkukukukukukukuk-kuk… notes all on the same tone.

Jackson’s Hornbill Tockus jacksoni

48cm, 19"

Similar to Von der Decken’s Hornbill but has boldly spotted wing-coverts. Adult male also has red bill with smaller less defined creamy tip; adult female has all-black bill. Immature is duller than adult. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family groups are common in semi-arid and arid country in NWKe and NEUg at 350–2,000m (where it replaces Von der Decken’s). Voice Call is a long sequence of low rasping krukrukrukrukruk… notes all on much the same tone.

Hemprich’s Hornbill Lophoceros hemprichii

59cm, 23"

Relatively large, rather scruffy hornbill, which is blackish above with pale fringes to wings and dusky-red bill (brighter lower mandible in male, dusky-based in female). Immature similar to female. In buoyant undulating flight, appears dark above and mostly white below, with white stripes near edge of outer tail. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family groups are local in dry bush and woodland with rocky outcrops and cliffs at 950–1,300m in NEUg and NKe. Birds wander, but depend on rock crevices in cliffs and gorges for nesting. Voice Call is a dramatic long series of loud whistled kek-kek-kek… notes that starts slowly, then accelerates into a frantic piping pip-pip-pip-pipip… ipipipipipi… before fading away. Note Formerly in the genus Tockus.

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



Eastern Yellow-billed Hornbill

nominate





Red-billed Hornbill



ruahae

  nominate





Von der Decken’s Hornbill 

 

Jackson’s Hornbill

Hemprich’s Hornbill

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PLATE 122: HORNBILLS II WOODLAND HORNBILLS Largely woodland species with loud piping calls, and dramatic courtship displays in which they rock on perches, point their bills skywards and flick open their wings. Primarily arboreal, but agile and will drop to the ground to feed. All of the species on this plate were formerly in the genus Tockus (along with Hemprich’s on Plate 121).

African Grey Hornbill Lophoceros nasutus

51cm, 20"

Dull grey-brown hornbill with pale fringes to wings and long pale supercilium extending down side of grey-brown neck to nape. In the nominate race, adult male has dark bill with slender flat casque and striking creamy-white wedge at base; adult male of smaller race epirhinus has casque ending in slim raised tube. In both races, adult females lack casques, and have purplish-red bill tip and larger creamy-white wedge. Immature similar to adult, but duller with buff feather edges and smaller blackish bill. In undulating flight, reveals white corners to long grey-brown tail. SH Pairs and groups are widespread and common residents in woodland, bushed and wooded grassland, from sea level to 1,700m. The nominate race in most of Ug and Ke, while epirhinus is widespread from SUg through Tz into SEKe. Voice Call is a sharp pi pi pi… that accelerates and develops into a descending rather sad piping pipipipipipi pieu pieu. In flight, also often gives a single far-carrying pieu.

Pale-billed Hornbill Lophoceros pallidirostris

51cm, 20"

Very similar to African Grey Hornbill, but has pale creamy-yellow bill with orangey tip. Adult male has slightly longer casque than female. Immature resembles adult, but is duller with smaller duskier bill. Similar buoyant flight to African Grey. Birds in EA are race neumanni. SH Pairs and family groups are local (almost endemic) to miombo woodland below 1,200m in C and STz, rarely further N. Voice Call is very similar to African Grey Hornbill, but piping whistles are slightly deeper and fuller.

Crowned Hornbill Lophoceros alboterminatus

55cm, 21.5"

Slender dark hornbill with bright red bill and long black tail with white corners. Western birds (formerly race geloensis) from Ug to CKe and NTz are darker-backed than eastern ones (former race suahelicus) in EKe and most of Tz; now considered monotypic. Despite name, no obvious crown, but white streaks behind eyes create dark-capped effect. Adult male is slightly larger than female with heavier casque. Immature similar to female, but duller with dull yellowish bill. In rather floppy undulating flight, shows obvious white tips to outer tail. SH Pairs and family groups are quite widespread and common in woodland and forest edges from the coast to 3,000m. Voice Call is a very sharp high-pitched kip-kip-kip and a long piercing refrain that rises and falls, kwi-kwi-kwikwikwi, and is more musical than Congo Pied Hornbill.

Congo Pied Hornbill Lophoceros fasciatus

55cm, 21.5"

Similar to Crowned Hornbill, but markedly pied with pale yellow bill tipped reddish-black. Adult male has slightly larger casque than female. Immature similar to female with plain yellow bill. Flight swooping and buoyant revealing white stripes near edge of outer tail. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small groups are common in W and SUg, at 700–1,200m, in primary and secondary forest, where they are often encountered slowly working through the forest canopy, but also visit isolated fruiting trees. Voice Call is a high-pitched squealed series of kwi-kwi-kwi-kwikwikwikwikwi-kwikwi… that accelerates in the middle. Note Formerly known as African Pied Hornbill, but now considered specifically distinct from the West African population.

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nominate imm



African Grey Hornbill





epirhinus





imm

Pale-billed Hornbill



imm



Crowned Hornbill

‘suahelicus’

ad

 

ad

Congo Pied Hornbill

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PLATE 123: HORNBILLS III WESTERN FOREST HORNBILLS A mixed group of forest-dependent hornbills. All are easily identified: two are very small, another is extremely long-tailed, and Piping is the smallest of the Bycanistes hornbills (see Plate 124). Along with Congo Pied Hornbill (on Plate 122) all of these species are restricted to the west in our area.

Eastern Piping Hornbill Bycanistes sharpii

61cm, 24"

Adult male is glossy black above with black throat and upper breast, rest of underparts white. Bill creamy-white with dusky patch in centre. Adult female is slightly smaller with paler bill and greenish eye-ring (black in male). Immature duller with darker bill and no casque. In flight, shows white secondaries and small white primary tips, and black tail with mainly white sides. Race in EA is duboisi. SH Pairs and small groups are sometimes common in primary forest, often associated with fruiting trees, in Semliki and Budongo in extreme WUg. Voice Nasal trumpeted notes given slowly but then accelerate into a laugh: ah-ah-ah-ah-hahahahahaha-ah-ah… Note Formerly known as Piping Hornbill B. fistulator, but now considered specifically distinct from the West African population.

Dwarf Hornbill Lophoceros camurus

36cm, 14"

A very small rufous-brown and white hornbill with a red bill. Close views reveal broad white scaling on wing-coverts, white breast to vent and dark brown tail with white corners. Adult female is a little smaller than adult male with black-tipped bill. Both have pale yellow eyes. Immature similar to adult, but has grey eyes and duller orangey bill. Monotypic. SH Small groups are sometimes common in primary forest at 700m in Semliki Forest, WUg, and less common in secondary forest. Fairly inconspicuous, but birds are often seen in mixed-species flocks or associating with ant swarms. Voice A rising and falling fluty and mournful series of downslurs: we-we-we-we-we-weeoweeo-weeow-weeow. Note Formerly in the genus Tockus. [Alt. Red-billed Dwarf Hornbill]

Eastern Little Hornbill Horizocerus granti

36cm, 14"

A very small black-and-grey hornbill with a dark bill and obvious broad white supercilium; tail black with all but central feathers tipped white. Adult male has black bill with dark red tip; adult female has all-black bill. Immature resembles adult female. Monotypic. SH Singles, pairs or small family groups are uncommon at 700m in Semliki Forest, WUg. Prefers the canopy, often perching still for long periods scanning for prey. Voice Clucks followed by a short pause and then two rising piping squeals: kukukukuk kwi-kor kwi-kor. Note Formerly known as Black Dwarf Hornbill H. hartlaubi, but now considered specifically distinct from the West African population. Previously in the genus Tockus.

Eastern Long-tailed Hornbill Horizocerus cassini

71cm, 28"

Highly distinctive hornbill with a rounded white crest and very long graduated white-tipped tail (like a giant woodhoopoe). Adult male has small casqued black bill (sometimes with indistinct pale patch at base); adult female is similar but slightly smaller. Immature similar to female, but bill dingy green. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family groups are scarce in primary forest at 700m in Semliki Forest, WUg. Despite long tail, graceful on the wing weaving through forest midstorey with ease. Voice Call starts with a nasal trumpet that rises in tone and ends in a explosive high-pitched bark, errrrrrrrrr-yow, which may then be repeated at a higher pitch finishing with various warped squeals. Note Formerly known as White-crested Hornbill H. albocristatus, but now considered specifically distinct from the West African population. Previously in the genus Tropicranus.

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



Eastern Piping Hornbill

 

Dwarf Hornbill

 

Eastern Little Hornbill

 

Eastern Long-tailed Hornbill

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PLATE 124: HORNBILLS IV LARGE FOREST HORNBILLS Large, exuberant forest hornbills (includes Eastern Piping Hornbill on Plate 123 and Blackcasqued Hornbill on Plate 125). All are black and white with large casques, but can be identified by the extent of white in plumage, and by range. They often roost and sunbathe together, sometimes in mixed-species flocks. Despite their size, they are agile in flight, twisting and turning through the canopy. Calls are raucous and far-carrying, but they also utter soft clucks, bleats and grunts when feeding.

Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator

60cm, 24"

Mainly glossy black above, with black throat and upper breast clearly separated from white lower breast and belly. Adult male has heavier bill and longer casque than adult female. Both sexes have bright pink eye-ring. Immature similar to female with insignificant casque. In flight, shows narrow white trailing edge to most of wing. Monotypic. SH Groups are common in forest, woodland and mature gardens from the coast up to 1,650m (rarely to 2,200m), and often flock with Silverycheeked Hornbills. Voice A loud far-carrying, distressed braying (recalls a crying baby), naaaynaaaaaay-naaaaay-naaaay, which often weakens and dies away as if the bird has lost interest in calling.

Silvery-cheeked Hornbill Bycanistes brevis

70cm, 28"

Larger than Trumpeter Hornbill with white below confined to lower belly and vent. Face and earcoverts tipped silvery in adult, but hard to see at distance. Adult male has massive bill and pale cream casque, which may extend beyond bill tip, and blue-grey eye-ring; adult female has casque confined to basal half of bill, and pinkish eye-ring. Immature is duller with smaller bill and brownish face. In flight, shows entirely black upperwing and white carpal patch in underwing. Monotypic. SH Family parties are widespread and locally common in highland forest, woodland and mature gardens from sea level to 2,600m. Voice Strident and loud goat-like braying wa-wa-wa-wa-wa and a longer rising and falling aah-aaaah-aaaah-aaah-aah-ah which lacks the pathetic crying edge and die-away effect of Trumpeter Hornbill.

Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill Bycanistes subcylindricus

70cm, 28"

Similar size to Silvery-cheeked Hornbill but has more extensive white in wings. Adult male has a shorter bicoloured casque (blackish at front and pale behind); adult female has a smaller darker casque. Both sexes have a pinkish-grey eye-ring, brighter pinkish-red in female when breeding. Duller immature has smaller blackish bill lacking casque. In flight reveals broad white band at back of wing (most primaries and secondaries), and a black tail with white corners. Birds in EA are race subquadratus. SH Groups may be common in mature woodland and forests including riverine areas, and in cultivated land with large trees at 700–2,600m in most of Ug, Rw and Bu, as well as WKe and NWTz. Voice Spectacular and musical bugled waah or waaaah develops into a cacophonous din when birds call together. [Alt. Grey-cheeked Hornbill]

White-thighed Hornbill Bycanistes albotibialis

71cm, 28"

Adult male has large cream casque and yellowish bare skin around eyes, white belly and thighs (not unique!), and all-white tail with black central band. Adult female is similar, but has smaller bill and casque. Immature duller than adult with no casque. In flight broad white band along back of wing (like Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill) but all-white tail with black central band distinctive. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small groups are rather local in primary forest at 900–1,400m in extreme WUg. Voice Call is a very dry and rasping long sequence of identical upslurs, rrah-rrah-rrah…, which sometimes accelerates. Note Formerly considered conspecific with West African Browncheeked Hornbill B. cylindricus.

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Trumpeter Hornbill









Silvery-cheeked Hornbill





Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill

 

White-thighed Hornbill

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PLATE 125: HORNBILLS V AND GROUND-HORNBILLS Black-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna atrata

80cm, 31"

Stonking forest hornbill which is all black with white tips to tail. Adult male has large bill and very large blackish casque, rough feathering on back of head, blue-black orbital-ring and wattles (which dangle in flight). Adult female is similar but smaller, with reduced casque and rusty-brown head. Immature is like female, but has darker brown head, paler casque-less bill and lacks wattles. Flight is direct and strong, revealing all-black plumage (except white tail tips); wings make loud whooshing sound. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small family groups are not uncommon in the canopy of dense primary forest in the Semliki lowlands of WUg at 700m. Voice A very loud high-toned musical barking sequence which concludes with a rising and falling kwaa-a-wah audible over long distances. [Alt. Black-casqued Wattled Hornbill] GROUND-HORNBILLS Atypical pedestrian hornbills (sometimes placed in their own family, Bucorvidae). Adapted to grounddwelling, they are some of Africa’s most engaging birds. They live in close-knit co-operative family groups and do not seal their nests. Ground-Hornbills walk large distances to feed, only taking to trees in defence, and to roost or breed. They enjoy a catholic diet from termites to hares (even young eaglets from nests!), and indulge in a wide range of social chasing, preening and sunbathing.

Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri

102cm, 40"

Huge shaggy-looking black bird with bright red eye and throat wattles, long heavy decurved bill and stout black legs. Adult male has eye and throat wattles all red, and bill has small casque at base of upper mandible; adult female is similar, but has patch of violet-blue in centre of throat; both sexes have pale yellow eyes. Immature duller and brown-tinged, with smaller bill, and rather yellowishbrown bare facial skin and throat patches. Birds prefer to slope off when disturbed, but in flight they reveal striking white primaries, which are hard to see in folded wing. Monotypic. SH Small groups are widespread, but often local, in moister bushed and wooded grassland to 3,000m, from CKe south into Tz, Rw and Bu. In many areas now uncommon due to human disturbance, accidental poisoning and lack of nest sites. Voice Often calls at dawn when the air is cool and still, and calls can carry over long distances; a very deep reverberant booming gump-rump-rumrumrump. VU

Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus

110cm, 43"

Very similar to Southern Ground-Hornbill but adult male has longer bill topped with an open-ended casque, pale yellowish patch at base of upper mandible, blue skin around eyes, and blue-and-red throat wattle. Slightly smaller adult female has reduced casque and entirely blue eye and throat wattles. Immature is brownish-black, with poorly formed casque and smaller greyish wattles. In flight, shows striking white primary feathers. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family groups are local and uncommon in much drier semi-arid bush and woodland than Southern Ground-Hornbill; occurring up to 2,500m in NUg and NWKe (as far south as Lake Baringo). Voice Similar deep and reverberant quality to Southern Ground-Hornbill, a rather more bouncy w’rump-rah-rah-rah given at well-spaced intervals. [Alt. Northern Ground-Hornbill] VU

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Black-casqued Hornbill   

imm



Southern Ground-Hornbill

 





Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill



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PLATE 126: FOREST TINKERBIRDS FOREST TINKERBIRDS Five closely related tinkerbirds; all are dark above and paler below, with yellow bars and feather edges in wings (except one atypical species: Speckled). All can be identified by a combination of head pattern and rump colour. They also make repetitive tink-tink calls from which the group name is derived. Sexes alike.

Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus bilineatus

10cm, 4"

Adult has black head with two white stripes above and below eyes, yellow rump, two short bright yellow wingbars and yellow wing edges; throat white in all races (pale yellow in Yellow-throated Tinkerbird). Immature is like adult but duller with pale base to bill. Five races occur in two distinct groups: birds with lemon rumps (Lemon-rumped Tinkerbird) are leucolaimus (mid-altitude Ug and WKe) and mfumbiri (highlands of SWUg, WRw, WBu and WTz); races with golden rumps (Goldenrumped Tinkerbird) are jacksoni (highlands of Rw, Bu, NWTz, EUg and CKe), fischeri (coastal Ke and NETz) and nominate (SETz). SH Singles and pairs are widespread and common in forest, dense woodland, thickets and gardens from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Highland birds call a long series of random three or four note sets of metallic ponk-ponk-ponk-ponk; western races are similar, but higher-pitched and faster. Coastal race fischeri is very different: an introductory note is followed by a very rapid series of more than 20 ponk notes, almost trilled.

Yellow-throated Tinkerbird Pogoniulus subsulphureus

10cm, 4"

Very similar to Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird, but head-stripes and throat pale yellow, contrasting slightly with pale greyish underparts. Yellow wingbars and feather edgings are slightly less well defined than Yellow-rumped. Immature similar to adult but duller, with scaly back and paler yellow throat. Race in EA is flavimentum. SH Singles and pairs may be locally common in forest, notably at edges and in clearings, in W and SUg at 700–2,100m. Voice Similar to Yellow-rumped, but calls are faster and higher-pitched.

Red-rumped Tinkerbird Pogoniulus atroflavus

13cm, 5"

Only tinkerbird with a bright red rump. Glossed black above and strongly washed yellow below, with yellow stripes on sides of head. Immature similar to adult but has duller red rump, greyer underparts and paler bill. Monotypic. SH Scarce resident of Semliki Forest, WUg, at 700m. Voice Slow hollowsounding ponk-ponk… given in long series, and a rapid musical purrrrrt… when excited.

Western Green Tinkerbird Pogoniulus coryphaea

9cm, 3.5"

Small distinctive tinkerbird: black above with golden-yellow stripe from crown to rump; pale moustachial stripe and grey-olive underparts. Immature duller than adult with pale base to bill. Birds in EA are race hildamariae. SH Singles and pairs are uncommon in highland forest at 1,550– 2,500m in SWUg, Rw and Bu. Often close to streams and much more rarely in secondary forest and woodland. Voice Common call is a series of rapidly delivered five-note dry chips repeated for long periods, and a musical downslurred trill similar to Eastern Green Tinkerbird. [Alt. Western Tinkerbird]

Speckled Tinkerbird Pogoniulus scolopaceus

13cm, 5"

Atypical dull olive tinkerbird with pale eyes; dark olive above with pale feather scaling, whitish throat, and pale olive below with much dusky mottling and streaking. Immature similar to adult but has pale yellow base to lower mandible, and some barring on throat. Birds in EA are race flavisquamatus. SH Singles and pairs are often common in forest, forest edge and clearings with large trees, at 700–1,800m from WUg to Mt Elgon, and formerly also in WKe. Voice Calls monotonously, a quail-like nasal three- or four-note chititit… more than once per second.

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Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird ad

imm

ad jacksoni

ad leucolaimus fischeri

Yellow-throated Tinkerbird

imm

imm

ad ad

Red-rumped Tinkerbird

ad ad

Western Green Tinkerbird

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Speckled Tinkerbird

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PLATE 127: GREEN TINKERBIRDS AND DULLER BARBETS GREEN TINKERBIRDS Two similar olive-green tinkerbirds that are largely allopatric.

Moustached Green Tinkerbird Pogoniulus leucomystax

9cm, 3.5"

Dull olive-green plumage with yellow wingbars and rump, and pale base to dark-tipped bill are all very similar to Eastern Green Tinkerbird, but has obvious pale greyish moustachial stripe. Immature is slightly yellower below. Usually considered monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are common in highland forest at 1,400–3,000m in CKe to STz (ranging down to 900m in the Usambara Mts, NETz, where it overlaps with Eastern Green Tinkerbird). Voice Call is a rapid series of dry chipping notes, tipipipipip…, varying in speed and tempo, some calls high-pitched and metallic. [Alt. Moustached Tinkerbird]

Eastern Green Tinkerbird Pogoniulus simplex

9cm, 3.5"

Small dull olive-green tinkerbird with yellow wingbars and rump, pinkish base to black-tipped bill; no moustachial stripe. Immature similar to adult but has more extensive pale base to bill. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are rather uncommon, mainly in coastal forest and woodland, but up to 900m (in Usambara Mts, NETz). Voice Usual call is a rapid tinny trill often followed by similar trills that drop in tone, and a fast musical poo-poo-poo-poo-poo-poo-poo of up to seven identical bell-like notes, similar to the coastal race of Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird but even more rapid. [Alt. Green Tinkerbird] DULLER BARBETS A varied group of dull green or dark brown barbets of woodland and forest which can be identified on colour and head pattern. Sexes are alike.

Green Barbet Cryptolybia olivacea

15cm, 6"

Stocky upright dull olive barbet. Immature is similar to adult but duller. Four races occur: nominate (coastal Ke and NETz) is dull olive-green above, and dull olive or yellowish olive-green below, howelli (SC Tz) has blacker crown, woodwardi (SETz) has yellowish ear-coverts, and rungweensis (STz) is greyer below. SH Singles and pairs may be common in forest and woodland in coastal Ke, but are more widespread in Tz up to 1,800m. Voice Call is a sad repeated kwop-kwop-kwop-kwop-… often during heat of the day (like the distant sound of an axe within a wood). Note Formerly in the genus Stactolaema.

Whyte’s Barbet Stactolaema whytii

17cm, 6.5"

Dark dusky-brown barbet with yellow forehead (two races), white line under eye and white wing patch, plus variable pale scaling on belly and flanks. Immature is duller than adult. Three races occur: stresemanni (Ufipa Plateau, SWTz) has most yellow on crown and yellow under eye, terminata (Iringa, STz) has blue-black throat, and nominate (Songea, STz) has black crown. SH Small groups are local and rather uncommon in miombo woodland in SW and STz below 1,700m. Voice Call is a pooh-pooh-pooh-… in a slightly descending series similar to Red-fronted Barbet but more wheezy. Also a sharp, pinched and repeated kweech.

White-eared Barbet Stactolaema leucotis

17cm, 6.5"

Dark barbet with bold white stripe behind eye, and variable white to brown rump and belly. Two races occur: kilimensis (CKe to NETz) has a white stripe behind the eye and largely white rump; leucogrammica (highlands of CTz), sometimes considered a distinct species (White-lined Barbet), has a swollen stripe that almost encircles the eye and a brown rump. Immatures are similar, but have less defined face patterns, and pale bases to bills. SH Pairs are common but patchily distributed in forest and forest edge from sea level to 2,000m. Voice Call is a loud kwi-kwi-kwi-…, either singly or in a rapid series.

Grey-headed Barbet Gymnobucco cinereiceps

18cm, 7"

Distinctive grey-headed brown barbet with pale creamy eyes and erect yellowish-brown bristle-tufts at base of bill. Immature similar, but more uniform with reduced bristles, pale yellow skin around dark eyes and pale yellow base to bill. Monotypic. SH Singles and groups are often common and widespread in forest, woodland and forest edge at 900–2,100m in the west. Often perch high in dead trees. Voice Noisy, calling a frequent very pinched downslurred nasal kweee. Note Now considered specifically distinct from West African population. Formerly known as Greythroated Barbet G. bonapartei.

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PLATE 128: BUSH TINKERBIRDS AND BARBETS BUSH TINKERBIRDS AND BARBETS A similar-looking group of bush and woodland barbets with boldly striped heads and blackish upperparts spotted or streaked yellow. They are best identified by the presence or absence of red on the forecrown and markings on the underparts. The smaller tinkerbirds have different coloured forecrowns. Sexes similar.

Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus

10cm, 4"

Similar to Red-fronted Tinkerbird, but has yellow-orange forecrown spot, and in widespread nominate race much stronger yellow wash on underparts. In STz race extoni has more goldenorange forecrown and greyer underparts. Immature similar to adult but lacks yellow forecrown spot. SH Singles and pairs are widespread and locally common in moister habitats than Redfronted including forest edge, riverine woodland, thickets and mature gardens, from sea level to 1,500m. Voice Some calls are doubtfully distinguishable from Red-fronted Tinkerbird, but possibly faster and lower-pitched. Also utters a very fast trill when excited.

Red-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus pusillus

10cm, 4"

Small confiding tinkerbird with red forecrown spot and short black malar stripe; much smaller than rather similar Red-fronted Barbet. Streaked whitish on black above, with yellowish rump and buffy-yellow underparts. Immature similar but lacks red forehead spot. Birds in EA are race affinis. SH Singles and pairs are common and widespread in dry bush and woodland from sea level to 2,200m. Voice Common call is a fairly rapid continuous series of metallic ponk-ponk-ponk… notes; also gives a repeated double po-ponk, and a fast rather nasal trill when excited.

Red-fronted Barbet Tricholaema diademata

17cm, 6.5"

Stocky, robust barbet with long yellow-white supercilium and red forecrown spot. Two races occur: north of equator (NEUg to NKe) the nominate is creamy-white below with few spots on lower flanks, south of equator (CKe to CTz) massaica has heavier spotting on breast, belly and flanks. Immature is duller with just a little red and a paler bill. SH Widespread in dry bush and woodland at 600–2,100m. Voice Wide vocabulary; usual calls are a rapid descending and hollow pooh-pooh-pooh-pooh, and a slow, nasal and pinched wah wah wah…

Miombo Pied Barbet Tricholaema frontata

17cm, 6.5"

Very similar to Red-fronted Barbet (but ranges do not overlap); differs in browner eye-patch, with dark scaly sides to throat, brownish-grey bill, and more spotting on yellow-washed breast. Immature similar, but lacks forecrown spot. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs are local to miombo woodland in SWTz. Voice Call is a long series of hollow pooh notes, falling terminally, somewhat like a wood-dove.

Spot-flanked Barbet Tricholaema lachrymosa

14cm, 5.5"

Adult has broad black bib tapering onto central breast and pale yellow-orange eyes (darker in female). Two races occur: nominate (NUg to EKe and NCTz) has boldly spotted buff-white flanks; radcliffei (WUg and Rw to CKe, and N and SCTz) has smaller round flank spots. Immature is greyer above with brown eyes. SH Widespread and sometimes common in wooded and bushed grassland, as well as riverine forest below 2,000m. Prefers rather moister habitat to similar Black-throated Barbet. Voice Call is a long series of sharp kwek notes, commencing slowly and accelerating with a strange whiplash effect. Also a series of nasal weh weh weh…. and poop-poop…. notes similar to Red-fronted Barbet.

Black-throated Barbet Tricholaema melanocephala

14cm, 5.5"

Widespread race stigmatothorax has a boldly striped head and long blackish-brown bib which tapers to a sharp point in centre of whitish belly, and no spots on flanks. In the Wembere area of NTz, distinctive race flavibuccalis has yellow head-stripes and a short bib terminating midbreast. Immature is duller with pale bill. SH Singles and pairs inhabit semi-arid bush and thornscrub country from near the coast to 1,500m. Voice Call is a throaty hiau-hiau-hiau…, sometimes breaking into descending musical churrs and often in duet.

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PLATE 129: WOODLAND AND FOREST BARBETS I WOODLAND AND FOREST BARBETS A varied group of medium-sized and large barbets found mainly in woodland and forest, several have extensive black in the plumage and red on the head, one is boldly patterned black and white, and some, including Eastern Yellow-billed Barbet (on Plate 131), have yellow bellies. Sexes alike.

Yellow-spotted Barbet Buccanodon duchaillui

17cm, 6.5"

Adult is a boldly marked blue-black forest barbet, extensively spotted and barred yellow, with a scarlet forecrown patch, and long curving yellow line from eye to hindneck. Immature similar, but less well marked, lacks red forecrown and black bill has pale base. Monotypic. SH Singles and small groups are common residents of western forests, being very active in the canopy and around fruiting trees, often in mixed-species flocks, at 1,150–2,400m. Voice Typically gives a low purred snoring trill delivered from high in the canopy, prrrrrrrrrrr…, also a hooting boo-boo-boo.

Hairy-breasted Barbet Tricholaema hirsuta

18cm, 7"

Adult has a black head with two white stripes on each side, suggesting a giant tinkerbird. Greenish-yellow below with black streaks, becoming heavily spotted from mid-breast to vent (close views reveal long separated hair-like breast feathers). Immature similar, but more barred on flanks. Birds in EA are race ansorgii. SH Singles and pairs are locally common in forest, riverine forest and woodland at 700–1,800m in S and WUg, NWTz, and WKe (Kakamega only). Voice Calls with repeated low hollow identical-paced notes, pooh pooh pooh…

White-faced Barbet Pogonornis macclounii

19cm, 7.5"

Bold black-and-white barbet with a red forecrown, distinct white ‘V’ on back and apricot-pink flush on belly. Bill large and pinkish or cream-coloured. Immature like adult, but browner and lacks red forecrown. Monotypic. SH Uncommon residents of riverine forest, forest edge and thickets, often near termite mounds, in Bu and WTz. Voice Short rasping calls which resemble, but are more rapid and rhythmical than, those of Broad-billed Roller. Note Now considered specifically distinct from Brown-faced Barbet P. minor of Gabon and Angola, and formerly known in EA as Black-backed Barbet Lybius minor.

Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus

19cm, 7.5"

Colourful barbet: in two similar races red head and breast are separated from yellow belly by black breast-band. Race pumilio (SERw, Bu and WTz) has more orange-red head and breast than irroratus (EKe to CTz). Immature has black face with variable red-brown flecks, and is yellowishwhite below with pale base to bill (black in adult). In SETz, distinctive race zombae has black head (with variable white speckles) and small white patch behind eye; pale buff-yellow below. SH Pairs are local in a range of woodland and forest edge, as well as gardens, from sea level to 1,600m. Voice Calls start with growled churrs and develop into a characterful bounding twi-popopop twipopopop… (first note of each series is higher, last note rapid and identical, the whole effect being like a rolling wave).

Brown-breasted Barbet Pogonornis melanopterus

19cm, 7.5"

Large eastern barbet with a red head (streaked black on nape), broad brown breast-band, white mid-breast to vent, and pale bill. Immature similar, but has much less red in the face, a grey-brown breast and darker bill. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs may be common in woodland and forest edge, as well as gardens and abandoned farms, along the coastal strip and inland, from sea level to 1,700m. Voice Call is a repeated nasal and very pinched wek. Note Formerly in the genus Lybius.

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PLATE 130: WOODLAND AND FOREST BARBETS II White-headed Barbet Lybius leucocephalus

19cm, 7.5"

Handsome blackish-brown and white barbet with heavy black bill. Four races occur, which may be two distinct species; all have white heads and rumps, and three are dark below. If considered specifically distinct, the nominate race (Ug, NWTz and WKe), albicauda (SWKe to SEKe and south to NW and NTz) and lynesi (CTz) remain as White-headed Barbet. Nominate has extensive white fringes to wing-coverts, blackish lower breast to vent with fine white streaks and black tail; albicauda (SKe and NTz) is similar, but has white tail; lynesi (CTz) is also similar, but tail is dark at base and white at tip. In CKe highlands and Chyulu Hills, SEKe (east of the dotted line on map), distinctive race senex (Brown-and-white Barbet) is all white except for very dark brown mantle and wings. All immatures have brown-mottled head and brown tail, but otherwise resembles dull adult. Some races interbreed in areas of overlap. SH Social; pairs and family parties are common and widespread in bushed and wooded grassland, as well as gardens, often near fruiting fig trees, from sea level to 2,200m. Voice Impressive range of loud growling, harsh gurgling and sharp very babbler-like chattering calls, often with exaggerated displays of bowing and gaping.

Black-billed Barbet Lybius guifsobalito

17cm, 6.5"

Adult has bright red face, throat and upper breast, and black bill; similar Red-faced Barbet has less red on face and paler bill. Flight feathers edged pale yellow, upperwing-coverts edged whitish. Immature duller with brownish-black head and variable red mottling on face and throat. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small parties are widespread at low densities in drier bush and woodland over most of Ug to extreme WKe at 600–2,000m. Voice Call is a mechanical rolling ki-twop ki-twop ki-twop…, first note of each series higher.

Red-faced Barbet Lybius rubrifacies

17cm, 6.5"

Similar to Black-billed Barbet, but has paler bill, red confined to face and plain black wingcoverts. Immature similar to adult, but duller with black-and-red mottled face. Monotypic. SH Endemic to EA. Pairs and small parties are widespread but local in woodland, wooded grassland and cultivation with mature trees at 1,200–1,500m. Restricted to a small area of SWUg, Rw, Bu and NWTz (where there is no overlap with Black-billed). Voice Call is very similar to closely related Black-billed Barbet.

Double-toothed Barbet Pogonornis bidentatus

23cm, 9"

Impressive ivory-billed barbet, black above (with white centre to back) and bright red below with white crescent patches on lower flanks; creamy-white eyes are ringed by bare yellow skin; double notch on either side of upper mandible. Female is similar to male, but has a few black streaks on the red flanks. Immature duller, showing much less red below and greyish orbital ring around brown eyes. Birds in EA are race aequatorialis. SH Pairs and family groups are widespread and common in a range of woodland, wooded grassland, gardens and cultivation with scattered fig trees at 900–2,300m. Voice Loud song is a nightjar-like churring, but much raspier, and the call is a dry frog-like rasp erk or kerk. Note Formerly in the genus Lybius.

Black-breasted Barbet Pogonornis rolleti

28cm, 11"

Spectacular, huge black barbet with a massive ivory bill, white patches on lower back and flanks, and bright red lower breast and belly. Differs from similar Double-toothed Barbet in larger size, all-black head and breast, and larger white flank patches. Eyes brown surrounded by blue-grey orbital skin. Female similar to male, but white flank patches are finely speckled black. Immature browner with duller orange-red belly. Monotypic. SH Pairs and family groups are widespread and uncommon in riverine woodland, drier wooded grassland and cultivation with scattered fig trees across NUg, at 900–1,200m. Voice Utters a sequence of repeated low rasping notes. Note Formerly in the genus Lybius.

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PLATE 131: GROUND BARBETS AND YELLOW-BILLED BARBET GROUND BARBETS Colourful, largely ground-dwelling barbets with narrow tails, and brightly patterned black, yellow, white and red plumage. All have rather mechanical songs, and some duet. Easily identified by head and breast patterns. Sexes are similar.

D’Arnaud’s Barbet Trachyphonus darnaudii

18cm, 7"

Speckled and spotted barbet with an orange vent. Three races occur, which may be two distinct species; all adults have pinkish bills, pale yellowish-orange tones to head, broken black breastbands and orange-red vents. If considered specifically distinct the nominate race (NUg to NKe) and boehmi (EKe to NETz) remain D’Arnaud’s Barbet; nominate has crown speckled black, and a variable but small black bib; boehmi similar, but crown black. In CTz (south of the dotted line on map) the form emini (Emin’s Barbet), has a black cap and large black bib. Immatures similar, but duller than adults. SH Pairs and family groups are widespread and common in semi-arid bushed and wooded grassland from sea level to 2,000m. They are frequently seen on the ground near termite hills, or in rather weak low flight. Voice Song is a mechanical duet accompanied by cocked and frantically waving tails; it comprises two rising and two falling notes repeated for long periods: kee-ta-ti-tootle kee-ta-ti-tootle…

Usambiro Barbet Trachyphonus usambiro

19cm, 7.5"

Very similar to D’Arnaud’s Barbet (and may be treated as conspecific) but a little larger with a darker grey bill, greenish suffusion to head, and heavier blackish spotted breast-band. Immature similar to adult, but rather duller. Monotypic. SH EA endemic. Pairs and family groups are widespread and common in bushed and wooded grassland of SWKe and NTz (centred on MaraSerengeti ecosystem) at 1,100–2,100m. Voice Displays like D’Arnaud’s Barbet but one bird gives a short rising series of clicks, while the other accompanies with a croaking wi-tuk.

Red-and-yellow Barbet Trachyphonus erythrocephalus

23cm, 9"

Stunning black, red and yellow barbet, with white-spotted upperparts, bright red bill and striking white comma on ear-coverts surrounded by red. Three races occur: adult male versicolor (NEUg to NKe) has red confined around white comma, no black throat-stripe, and mostly yellow breast; nominate race (SKe to NETz) has a black crown and throat-stripe, mostly red face and red-orange breast; shelleyi (NEKe) is much paler yellow below. Females in all races have yellow or red crown speckled black. Immature similar to adult, but duller. SH Pairs and family parties are widespread and locally common in dry bush and woodland with termite mounds below 2,100m. Voice Performs spectacular loud rolling duets, with a musical and reverberating series of three descending notes repeated endlessly as a wave: teedle-kwau teedle-kwau teedle-kwau…

Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii

23cm, 9"

Adult has red-speckled yellow face, small but conspicuous black crest, and black breast-band speckled white. Female is similar to male but slightly duller. Immature similar to adult, but browner above with smaller crest. Birds in EA are race suahelicus. SH Pairs and family groups are rather local and seldom common in bush and woodland, including miombo, from sea level to 1,300m. May be found in thickets near termite mounds. Voice Call is a long rather high-pitched musical rattle, trrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr…

Eastern Yellow-billed Barbet Trachylaemus purpuratus

25cm, 10"

Striking long-tailed forest barbet with a yellow bill and large patch of bare yellow skin around eyes; rest of upperparts blue-black, breast very dark maroon (often looks blackish in the field), lower breast to vent largely yellow, spotted yellow on black towards vent. Sexes alike. Immature duller without maroon on breast and more extensive yellow belly and vent. Birds in EA are race elgonensis. SH Singles and pairs are common and widespread in primary and secondary forest, including clearings, at 700–2,800m. Voice Call is a monotonous series of identical musical hollow poop poop poop notes given at about 1 per second, less often a paired cu-coop. Note Now considered specifically distinct from West African populations; formerly known as Yellow-billed Barbet.

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PLATE 132: LARGER HONEYGUIDES Honeyguides are solitary dull-plumaged birds with conspicuous white outer tails. Most fall into two distinct groups: large or medium-sized with stout, rather swollen bills (genus Indicator); and small, active and rather warbler-like with slender bills (genus Prodotiscus). Sexes alike, unless otherwise described. All are brood parasites. Indicator lay their eggs in the nests of hole-nesting species like bee-eaters, barbets and woodpeckers, while Prodotiscus parasitise species with globular nests, e.g. cisticolas, white-eyes and sunbirds. All Indicator species feed on both bees’ wax and insects. LARGER HONEYGUIDES With reasonable views the four large species are easily identified. All are usually solitary and rather sluggish.

Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator

19cm, 7.5"

Adult male has pale pinkish bill, black throat and white ear patch. Rest of plumage dull brown with small yellowish shoulders (usually concealed); in worn plumage may show small whitish area on rump. White outer tail noticeable in undulating flight or when landing. Female is mostly dull brown above, with paler and greyer underparts and grey-brown bill. Immature is more olivebrown above than adult, with creamy-yellow throat and breast and small white area on lower rump. Monotypic. SH Common and widespread in riverine and open woodland, bush country, and farmland with scattered large trees, from sea level to 3,000m. Perches upright in canopy, calling repeatedly, often from well-established song posts. Known to lead people to bees’ nests. Voice Call is a far-carrying repeated and explosive wi-chew wi-chew wi-chew…, first note high, second lower, and also a rather complaining nasal chattering (which is used to attract honey hunters).

Scaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus

19cm, 7.5"

Mostly dull olive-green above with browner wash to head; forecrown, throat and breast are mixed dark grey and white giving scaly or mottled appearance. Mid-breast to vent is plainer dirty white, sometimes tinged yellowish. Immature similar but greener on upperparts and more heavily marked below. Monotypic. SH Locally common but never numerous in a wide variety of habitats including forest, woodland, thickets and bush country from sea level to 3,350m. Rather shy and presence often first noted by hearing distinctive call. Voice Call is a long rather purred and rising trill trrrreeeeeeeeeeeee, and also gives a complaining tew-tew-tew…

Spotted Honeyguide Indicator maculatus

19cm, 7.5"

Mostly plain olive-green above including forecrown, brighter on back and wings. Throat yellowishwhite narrowly streaked grey, breast olive with distinctive creamy spots extending to flanks, less distinct and more streaky on lower breast and belly. Immature similar but has small greenish speckles on forecrown and more extensive spots and streaks below. SH In EA race stictithorax is known only from the Semliki Valley, WUg, where it is rare in the forest interior at 700–900m. Voice Extremely similar to Scaly-throated Honeyguide, a rising trilled whistle that may end with a mournful downslur.

Lyre-tailed Honeyguide Melichneutes robustus

19cm, 7.5"

Strange-tailed honeyguide; adult has olive-brown upperparts, pale yellowish-buff underparts and unique lyre-shaped tail. Immature much darker than adult but has similar distinctive tail. Monotypic. SH In EA known only from the Semliki Valley, WUg, at 700m where it is probably a very rare resident. Makes amazing display flights high over canopy and invariably out of sight, when air passing through the stiff tail produces a loud and accelerating farr-ah, farr-ah, farr-ah, perhaps repeated 30 times. Voice Utters a slow chattering and an occasional prrr… in flight.

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PLATE 133: SMALLER STUBBY-BILLED HONEYGUIDES STUBBY-BILLED HONEYGUIDES Six medium or small, very similar-looking and confusing grey and olive honeyguides with short stout bills. Presence or lack of loral spots, malar stripes, and the exact colour of underparts aid identification. The variable flank streaking on several species does not help identify them in the field.

Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor

14cm, 5.5"

Classic common honeyguide: widespread race teitensis is medium-sized, with a grey head and underparts, and indistinctly streaked olive-green back and wings. Adult has medium grey underparts, small pale loral spot and dark grey malar stripe. Immature has uniform grey head, lacking both loral spot and malar stripe, and riggenbachi (WUg to Bu) is brighter above and slightly darker below. SH Rather active, common and widespread, in forest edge, open woodland, bush country and trees in cultivated areas, from sea level to 3,000m; usually avoids forest interior. Voice Song starts with a short downslur and then, after a brief pause, continues as a series of dry chips, about 2 per second, tew chet-chet-chet-chet-chet-chet…, and also utters a nasal chittering.

Thick-billed Honeyguide Indicator conirostris

14cm, 5.5"

Very similar to Lesser Honeyguide, but head and underparts darker grey, back streaking usually more distinct; loral spot and malar stripe very faint or absent. Immature similar, but greener above with some streaking on throat. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Rather local and uncommon in forest interior at 700–2,300m. Voice Call is very similar to Lesser Honeyguide, but appears to lack introductory note, at least sometimes, and the series is a drier more strident chit-chit-chit… Note Sometimes considered conspecific with Lesser Honeyguide.

Willcocks’s Honeyguide Indicator willcocksi

13cm, 5"

Very similar to several other honeyguides, but smaller than Lesser and larger than Dwarf. It lacks both loral spot and malar stripe (similar-sized Least has distinct loral spot and malar stripe). Best feature is a broad band of darker olive-grey on breast. Immature is washed greenish both above and on breast. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH In EA it is an uncommon forest bird restricted to WUg and Rw at 1,200–1,800m. Voice Call is a wheezy series of repeated upslurs, h’whi’t-h’whi’th’whi-t…

Pallid Honeyguide Indicator meliphilus

13cm, 5"

Slightly smaller than Lesser Honeyguide with pale grey underparts, plainer back and smaller bill. Head pale grey accentuating small dark eyes, giving a beady-eyed look. White loral spot present (but often hard to see), no dark malar stripe. Immature is more yellowish-green above and slightly darker below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Unobtrusive and uncommon, inhabiting woodland and clearings within forest from sea level to 2,000m. Voice Call is a rising series of lispy upslurred notes starting with fwo and continuing fwee-tk fwee-tk fwee-tk…

Least Honeyguide Indicator exilis

13cm, 5"

A small dark honeyguide with distinct whitish loral spot and dark malar stripe. Underparts greyolive with quite heavy streaking on flanks. Immature similar but darker and often lacks loral spot and malar stripe. Race in EA is pachyrhynchus. SH A restless and uncommon species of the forest interior at 700–2,300m. Voice Call is very similar to Lesser Honeyguide, but lacks introductory note, and is a slower and fuller chiet-chiet-chiet…

Dwarf Honeyguide Indicator pumilio

10cm, 4"

A very small dark honeyguide with small white loral spot (usually not visible in the field) and no malar stripe. In good light may show narrow streaking on breast. Immature duller above and greyer below. Monotypic. SH A little-known bird of forest and forest edge, virtually endemic to high country and mountains around the Albertine Rift, at 1,500–2,400m. Voice Call is a repeated whistled downslur seeu-seeu-seeu-…

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Lesser Honeyguide Thick-billed Honeyguide ad ad

teitensis

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Willcocks’s Honeyguide

Pallid Honeyguide

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Least Honeyguide

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Dwarf Honeyguide

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PLATE 134: SLIM-BILLED HONEYGUIDES AND PICULET HONEYBIRDS Honeybirds are honeyguides with slender bills and more active warbler-like behaviour. All frequently spread their tails, both in display and while foraging as they glean leaves for insects. Best identified by back colour and tail pattern; white erectile feathers on the sides of their rumps are usually concealed. Zenker’s Honeyguide is included here due to its slender bill.

Brown-backed Honeybird Prodotiscus regulus

12cm, 5"

Brown and white honeybird with dull brown head, back and wings; tail of adult has black centre and terminal band. Breast brownish-grey, throat and belly paler dirty white. Immature similar, but slightly paler above and washed yellowish below, with all-white outer tail. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Local and uncommon in open woodland and bush country from sea level to 2,000m. Voice Call is a long very dry rattle. [Alt. Wahlberg’s Honeybird]

Green-backed Honeybird Prodotiscus zambesiae

11cm, 4.5"

Differs from Brown-backed Honeybird by olive-green back and wings (not brown). Outer tail plain white on adult, underparts greyish with paler belly. Immature similar, but paler and more buffy below, sometimes with small dark tips to outer tail. Two races occur: ellenbecki (Ke and NTz) is darker than nominate (SWTz). SH Rather local at forest edge and in mixed woodland, from near sea level to 1,850m. Often joins mixed-species flocks. Voice Displaying birds fly low over treetops calling with a chittering high-pitched rattle and nasal zhwink. [Alt. Eastern Honeybird]

Cassin’s Honeybird Prodotiscus insignis

11cm, 4.5"

Similar to Green-backed Honeybird but brighter above and darker olive-grey on breast. Immature is like adult but duller above. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Local and rather uncommon in western forests at 700–2,200m. Voice Calls are reported to include a chatter and a weak whi-hi-hi or ski-a.

Zenker’s Honeyguide Melignomon zenkeri

14cm, 5.5"

Medium-sized dull, rather sluggish honeyguide with olive-brown back, yellowish-green wing edgings and fairly slender bill (recalling small greenbul or cuckoo); underparts yellowish-olive or yellowish-brown. White outer tail usually only visible in flight, but most of undertail is greyishwhite if seen from below; legs dirty yellowish. Immature brighter and more olive-green above, greyer below. Monotypic. SH Rare in EA, where known only from Ug, in Semliki NP at 700m, and Kibale NP at 1,500m. Voice A long series of loud similar chips at about 2 per second, much like a softer and muffled Thick-billed Honeyguide, but the notes accelerate, are more whistled and drop in tone to fade at the end. PICULET Small, almost crombec-like woodpecker. Unique in the region, it should not be mistaken for any other species.

African Piculet Verreauxia africana

8cm, 3"

Unmistakable if seen well: a tiny green and grey bird with a tail-less appearance. Adult male has bright red forecrown, red orbital ring and narrow white lines above and below earcoverts. Female lacks red forecrown. Immature similar to female, but has rufous on throat and belly. Monotypic. SH In EA restricted to the Semliki Valley, WUg, where reasonably common in forest and secondary growth at 700m. Voice Call is a high-pitched tinkling trill like breaking glass. Note Formerly in the genus Sasia.

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Brown-backed Honeybird

Green-backed Honeybird

imm

imm ad

ellenbecki ad

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Cassin’s Honeybird

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



Zenker’s Honeyguide African Piculet

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PLATE 135: WRYNECKS AND FOREST WOODPECKERS WRYNECKS Curious cryptically patterned woodpeckers, although their appearance and behaviour is quite different, often suggesting a large warbler or thrush at first glance. They are frequently seen on the ground where they feed on ants, but fly into trees if disturbed. Sexes are alike.

Red-throated Wryneck Jynx ruficollis

19 cm, 7.5"

Adult of widespread nominate race has upperparts all finely mottled, barred and speckled brown, grey and black, with a series of darker spots forming a streak on nape and back. Throat and upper breast rufous, rest of underparts buffy, with fine brown streaks and bars and rufous wash to vent. Immature is darker than adult with more barred upperparts; rufous on throat and breast less extensive and finely barred. In NWUg race pulchricollis is more rufous above. SH Widespread, but only locally common resident in open woodland, remnant forest edges and cultivated areas with scattered trees, at 600–3,000m. Voice Calls include a raptor-like, piercing cor-quee-quee-queequee-quee and a chittering when excited. [Alt. Rufous-necked Wryneck]

Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla

18 cm, 7"

Similar to Red-throated Wryneck being mottled, barred and speckled grey-brown with a blackish stripe down nape and back, but has dark streak through eye and no rufous on throat and breast. SH In EA, the nominate race is a scarce Palearctic visitor to open woodland and bush country in Oct–Apr. One at Arusha NP in Jan 2010 is the only Tz record. Voice Silent in region.

FOREST WOODPECKERS Three woodpeckers found only in forest. All have plain green or olive backs and barred or spotted underparts.

Fine-banded Woodpecker Campethera taeniolaema

19 cm, 7.5"

Two similar races occur: nominate (WUg south to WTz) is plain olive-green above with a red cap; sides of face and throat grey with fine dark barring, rest of underparts yellowish-green entirely barred dark olive. Adult female is similar but crown black with white speckles. Immature duller above and more heavily barred below. Race hausbergi (Ke to NTz) is more yellowish overall with narrower darker bars below. SH Singles and pairs are locally common in montane forest at 1,600–3,000m. Frequently seen in mixed-species flocks. Voice A remarkably silent species, but infrequently gives a loud kweek-kweek-kweek… Note Formerly considered conspecific with Tullberg’s Woodpecker C. tullbergi.

Buff-spotted Woodpecker Campethera nivosa

15cm, 6"

Small woodpecker with a small bill. Adult male is olive-green above with an olive-brown cap and red restricted to nape; sides of face and throat pale yellow or greyish with fine dark streaks; rest of underparts dark olive, spotted on breast and barred on flanks with pale yellow. Adult female similar, but cap entirely dark olive-brown. Immature similar to female. SH In EA, singles and pairs of race herberti are locally common in forest and thick secondary growth below 1,800m. Often joins mixed-species flocks, particularly in lower levels of tangled vines and undergrowth. Voice Usual call is a well-spaced weeeoooooo rising towards the end, but also gives a burry downslurred pheeu.

Brown-eared Woodpecker Campethera caroli

19 cm, 7.5"

Adult male is dark bronzy-olive green above, with brown crown, red hindcrown and conspicuous large chestnut-brown ear-patch; underparts are entirely spotted pale buffy-yellow on olive. Adult female similar, but crown all brown. Immature similar to female but greener above, with paler spots on underparts and some barring on belly. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Singles or pairs are locally common in forest and older secondary growth at 700–1,800m. Joins mixed-species flocks and usually feeds in middle and higher levels. Voice Call is an upslurred and descending weeeeeeeyu with a slight ascent in the middle.

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Eurasian Wryneck Red-throated Wryneck

ad nominate

ad nominate

Buff-spotted Woodpecker 





nominate

Fine-banded Woodpecker 





Brown-eared Woodpecker

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PLATE 136: WOODLAND WOODPECKERS WOODLAND WOODPECKERS A group of seven very similar woodland and bush country woodpeckers which are hard to identify; range and careful attention to face markings should aid identification. Males all have a red cap and females a black forecrown peppered white (with red confined to the hindcrown). All have golden-yellow tail shafts. Immatures tend to be similar to females but darker and more boldly marked.

Nubian Woodpecker Campethera nubica

20cm, 8"

Common bush and woodland woodpecker, barred above and boldly spotted below. Adult male has red cap and malar stripe similar to several other species; ear-coverts narrowly streaked black and white, and throat white. Adult female has similar streaked ear-coverts and white throat but red is restricted to hindcrown and malar stripe is black speckled with white. Immature can be rather streaky on breast. Widespread nominate race is darker and has larger spots below than pallida in coastal Ke; intergrades occur in Tsavo, Ke. SH Common and widespread in dry bush, acacia and wooded grasslands from sea level to 2,300m. Voice Call is a long series of repeated hardly varying metallic tinkh-tinkh-tinkh-tinkh-tinkh… notes, which speed up and slow down with levels of excitement and are frequently given in duet.

Bennett’s Woodpecker Campethera bennettii

20cm, 8"

Adult male is similar to Nubian Woodpecker but ear-coverts and throat are white. Adult female has ear-coverts and throat chocolate-brown. Both sexes are barred above and spotted below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH In EA rather local and uncommon, and restricted to open woodland and miombo from ERw to SWTz. Voice Call is a loud rather wader-like and musical trill.

Reichenow’s Woodpecker Campethera scriptoricauda

20cm, 8"

Adult male has ear-coverts streaked black and white like Nubian, but throat finely speckled black. Adult female is like female Nubian but has speckled throat. Both sexes have yellowish base to lower mandible. Monotypic. SH Locally common in miombo and other open woodland throughout much of ETz. Voice Call is a musical trill, similar to Bennett’s. [Alt. Speckle-throated Woodpecker]

Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni

20cm, 8"

Golden tail is not distinctive. Both sexes differ from all preceding woodpeckers by streaked underparts (not spotted) and black throat with white speckles. Immature has variable barring on flanks and belly. Four races differ mainly in colour of upperparts; olive-brown in nominate (WUg south through WTz), greener in chrysura (WUg lowlands), olive-green in kavirondensis (ERw to SWKe and CTz) and yellowish-green in suahelica (CKe to STz inland). SH Locally common in forest, riverine woodland and dense thickets below 2,000m. Voice Call is a rising and falling slurred tch’waaye, the first note harsh and grating, and the rest nasal and complaining.

Little Spotted Woodpecker Campethera cailliautii

17cm, 6.5"

A small green-backed woodpecker with spotted underparts. Three races occur: nyansae (SWUg to SWKe and south to SWTz) has fine short streaks above and barred flanks; nominate (coastal Ke and NETz) is spotted above and below; and loveridgei (E and SETz) is similar, but more barred above. Male has red crown and nape; female similar but with white-spotted black crown. SH Locally common but patchily distributed in forest and woodland from sea level to 2,100m. Voice Call is an irregular, rather lazy upslurred ke-wiu or kiu-week. Note Formerly considered conspecfic with Little Green Woodpecker, and called Green-backed Woodpecker.

Little Green Woodpecker Campethera maculosa

17cm, 6.5"

Small green-backed woodpecker with entirely barred underparts. Male has red crown and nape; female similar but has white-spotted black crown. SH Race permista is uncommon in forests of SWUg. Voice Call is a series of six or so piercing high-pitched upslurred ke-wii notes. Note Formerly considered conspecfic with Little Spotted Woodpecker, and called Green-backed Woodpecker.

Mombasa Woodpecker Campethera mombassica

20cm, 8"

Very similar to Golden-tailed Woodpecker with streaked underparts; both sexes differ in whiter throat and very lightly speckled upperparts (may appear plain in the field). Monotypic. SH Locally common in forest and woodland in coastal Ke and inland along the Tana River, and in NETz to the Usambara Mts. Voice Call is a rising and burry dry trill: whirrrrrr-whirrrrrr-whirrrrrr-whirrrrrr.

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



  nominate

Nubian Woodpecker

Bennett’s Woodpecker

  



nominate

Golden-tailed Woodpecker

Reichenow’s Woodpecker   

 



Mombasa Woodpecker

nominate

Little Spotted Woodpecker

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Little Green Woodpecker

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PLATE 137: SMALL WOODPECKERS SMALL WOODPECKERS A mixed group of small woodpeckers (including Little Spotted and Little Green on Plate 136). They inhabit a varied range of habitats, from forest to dry bush. All are reasonably easily identified if seen well. Immatures of both sexes have a small amount of red on the crown, usually more on males.

Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens

14cm, 5.5"

Small woodpecker with lightly streaked sides to face, well-streaked underparts and spotted wings. Five races occur: adult male always has a mostly red crown, narrow black malar stripe, golden-yellow tail-shafts and well-streaked underparts; female similar, but crown blackish-brown. Four races have distinctly barred backs: hemprichii (NEUg to EKe) has a dark brown back with pale bars and white wing spots; massaicus (EUg to CKe and NTz lowlands) is similar but wing spots yellowish; hartlaubii (SEKe and most of Tz) is more olive-brown above with yellowish wing spots and yellowish underparts; centralis (WTz) is similar but browner above, and more yellow below. Distinctive race lepidus (Ug, Rw and Bu east to CKe highlands) has plainer olive-brown back (dark barring only visible at close range). Several races intergrade in contact zones. SH Most common and widespread woodpecker, in forest edge and clearings, open woodland, dry bush and cultivation, from sea level to 3,000m. Race lepidus prefers more forested habitats. Voice Call is a very crosssounding series of dry high-pitched and tuneless rattled churrs that change slightly in pitch.

Brown-backed Woodpecker Dendropicos obsoletus

14cm, 5.5"

Similar to Cardinal Woodpecker but ear-coverts dark brown encircled by white and tail brown with small white spots (no golden tail-shafts). Adult male has red restricted to hindcrown; adult female has crown and nape entirely brown. Three distinct races occur: nominate (in Ug) is brown above and faintly streaked below; ingens (NEUg, CKe and NTz) is darker above and more streaked below; and crateri (Crater Highlands, Tz) is blackish-brown above and heavily streaked below. SH Singles and pairs are local and rather uncommon in a variety of woodland, forest edge and cultivated areas with large scattered trees, from sea level to 3,100m. Voice Usual call is a rattled musical chreetchee-chree-chee or variants; also a series of upslurred squeals, rather like a small raptor. Note Formerly in the genus Picoides.

Elliot’s Woodpecker Dendropicos elliotii

18cm, 7"

Only woodpecker in region with uniform dark olive back, wings and tail, and well-streaked yellowish underparts. Adult male has rather plain sides to face, buffy and black forecrown, and red hindcrown and nape; female similar but crown and nape all black. Monotypic. SH Rather uncommon resident in highland forest up to 2,300m in WUg, Rw and Bu; old isolated records from Mt Elgon, EUg. Voice Call is a cross-sounding, rattled, rising and falling buzzy churr, and also gives a nasal complaining weeeyu.

Speckle-breasted Woodpecker Dendropicos poecilolaemus

14cm, 5.5"

Differs from Cardinal Woodpecker in whiter face and plainer pale yellow underparts with fine black speckling on breast. Adult male has red hindcrown and nape; female similar but crown and nape blackish-brown. In fresh plumage both sexes show small area of red on rump, but this quickly wears off; tail has golden-yellow shafts. Monotypic. SH Locally common in open woodland, at forest edge and along wooded streams in farmland, at 700–2,100m. Voice Calls a hurried series of harsh metallic churrs, chrrr’chrrr’chrrr… and a repeated ch-rit. [Alt. Uganda Spotted Woodpecker]

Gabon Woodpecker Dendropicos gabonensis

14cm, 5.5"

Small dark woodpecker with plain olive-green back, wings and tail, narrowly streaked sides to face, and yellowish underparts heavily streaked, spotted and barred blackish. Adult male has red hindcrown and nape; adult female has entire crown dark brown. SH In EA, the nominate race is known from Semliki Forest, WUg, where it is probably very uncommon. Voice Calls include a musical trilled rattle and a harsh trree-trree-trree.

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hemprichii

 



Cardinal Woodpecker lepidus



 



Elliot’s Woodpecker nominate

Brown-backed Woodpecker 





Speckle-breasted Woodpecker

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

Gabon Woodpecker

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PLATE 138: STRIPE-FACED AND GREY WOODPECKERS STRIPE-FACED WOODPECKERS Three forest or woodland woodpeckers with distinctive strong face patterns.

Bearded Woodpecker Dendropicos namaquus

23cm, 9"

Large woodpecker with a bold black-and-white face pattern, finely barred dark olive back and wings, and narrowly barred, or broken barred and spotted, underparts. Adult male has black forecrown (with tiny white speckles) and red hindcrown; adult female is similar but lacks red on hindcrown. Immature has red speckles on crown in both sexes. Two races occur: in race schoensis (NWUg, NEUg, and NKe) black face-stripes join, and underparts are more grey-brown with variable bars and spots. In more southerly nominate race, face-stripes are separated and underparts more tightly barred. Races intergrade around the equator. SH Widespread, but rather local in variety of woodland and bush country with large trees, from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Call is a long descending series of yelps kree-kree-kree-kreekreekree… that accelerates towards the end.

Stierling’s Woodpecker Dendropicos stierlingi

17cm, 6.5"

Differs from Bearded Woodpecker in much smaller size, plain dark olive-brown back, wings and tail, and whitish underparts distinctly cross-barred and streaked brown. Adult male has brown forecrown, red crown and nape; adult female has crown entirely blackish-brown. Immature has red speckles on crown in both sexes. Monotypic. SH Very local and poorly known in miombo woodland across STz. Voice Call is a low wavering rattle.

Yellow-crested Woodpecker Dendropicos xantholophus

23cm, 9"

Large dark woodpecker with bold black-and-white face pattern, virtually plain dark olive back, wings and tail, and olive-brown underparts well spotted with pale yellowish-buff (becoming barred on lower flanks and vent). Adult male has small area of yellow on hindcrown (often hard to see); adult female has entirely blackish crown and nape. Immature has yellow on crown in both sexes. Monotypic. SH Locally common in good forest and dense secondary growth at 700– 2,150m. Voice Calls an excited kwikwikwi… and a repeated, slurred and burry descending kree. [Alt. Golden-crowned Woodpecker] GREY WOODPECKERS Plain olive-green and grey woodpeckers with varying amounts of red on the head, rump and belly.

African Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos goertae

19cm, 7.5"

Plain olive-green and grey woodpecker with a red rump. Adult male has red crown, small orange or yellowish patch on belly and faint barring on flanks. Adult female similar but lacks red on head. Immature duller than adult, without orange or yellow on belly. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Common in a wide range of woodland, forest edge, bush country and farmland with trees, mainly to the west of Eastern Grey Woodpecker, and north of Eastern Grey where they meet in CKe. Voice Common call is a descending series of squealed kwikwikwi… notes, but also gives an upslurred musical and churred trrree’t’ri’tree. Note Formerly considered conspecfic with Eastern Grey Woodpecker. [Alt. Grey Woodpecker]

Eastern Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos spodocephalus

19cm, 7.5"

Very similar to African Grey Woodpecker but slightly more golden-green above, with large red patch on belly. SH In EA, race rhodeogaster occurs in a variety of woodland and cultivated areas with trees in the highlands of W and CKe to NTz. Voice Similar to African Grey Woodpecker. Note Formerly considered to be a race of African Grey Woodpecker. [Alt. Grey-headed Woodpecker, Mountain Grey Woodpecker]

Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus

18cm, 7"

Similar to African Grey and Eastern Grey Woodpeckers but darker overall with largely olive underparts (not grey); adult male has red crown and rump. Two races occur: ruwenzori (WUg south to STz) has a golden-olive breast and variable amount of red on belly, and kilimensis (N and NETz) has a duller breast and lacks red belly. Females similar, but lack red on crown. Immatures have variable red on crown in both sexes, and greyer underparts. SH Locally common in montane forest at 900–3,700m, where it prefers higher altitudes and forest interior, and frequently joins mixedspecies flocks. Voice Commonly calls with a repeated upslurred krrrrreee, while other calls are similar to African Grey and Eastern Grey Woodpeckers, but burrier and less piercing.

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Stierling’s Woodpecker

Bearded Woodpecker

 nominate

 











Yellow-crested Woodpecker African Grey Woodpecker







 kilimensis

ruwenzori

Olive Woodpecker Eastern Grey Woodpecker

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PLATE 139: BROADBILLS AND PITTAS BROADBILLS Small thickset birds with flat wide bills, inhabiting forest interior. During a tight circular display flight, African and Rufous-sided Broadbills (in the family Calyptomenidae), make a remarkable mechanical sound with their wings (produced by the air moving through their stiff primaries). Immatures are like adults, but duller. Grauer’s Broadbill remains in the family Eurylaimidae.

African Broadbill Smithornis capensis

13cm, 5"

Small and chunky with a black or dark grey crown, brown upperparts (some races streaked blackish); whitish or buffy underparts streaked black (either heavily or lightly); all have white back (obvious in display, but difficult to see when perched). Five similar races occur: those with heavily streaked underparts include meinertzhageni (Ug, Rw, Bu to WKe), albigularis (W, S and CTz) and suahelicus (coastal Ke and ETz). Lightly streaked races are medianus (C to SEKe and N to NETz) and cryptoleucus (STz). SH Widespread, but very shy, local and solitary in good forest from sea level to 2,150m. Sits upright and motionless for long periods, but then flies fast and direct, and is difficult to relocate. Voice Calls a quiet mewing huiii, huiii, but more frequently heard is a loud far-carrying, mechanical and vibrating br-er-errrrrrrr, slightly falling then rising, before falling to fade.

Rufous-sided Broadbill Smithornis rufolateralis

11cm, 4.5"

Similar to African Broadbill, but black cap extends well below eye and over ear-coverts; bright rufous patches on sides of breast; white back usually concealed except in display flight. Female similar but cap is dark grey. Birds in EA are race budongoensis. SH Restricted to interior of forests in WUg at 700–1,300m. Voice Call is a mewing huiii similar to African Broadbill but sometimes followed by a long drawn-out wheeeee. In display wings create higher-pitched sound than African Broadbill, without the rising and falling effect.

Grauer’s Broadbill Pseudocalyptomena graueri

11cm, 4.5"

Beautiful leaf-green broadbill with pale blue throat, upper breast and vent; crown buffy with small dark streaks. Immature duller with green vent. Monotypic. SH Endemic to montane forest along the Albertine Rift. In EA known only from Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest, SWUg, at about 2,200m. where it is very uncommon. Groups of 2–4 occur in the upper levels of forest undergrowth and in the lower canopy. May join mixed-species flocks, moving along branches and gleaning insects. Voice Call is a high-pitched hissing rhythmical series, sii-sii-sii-siiiii, the last note falling slightly then rising, given perched or while feeding in a group as a contact call. [Alt. African Green Broadbill] VU PITTAS Ground-dwelling colourful birds with strong straight bills, long legs and short tails. Breeding birds call and display in the canopy, but otherwise are usually found in leaf litter on the forest floor. Despite their bright colours can be very hard to see. Flight is fast and direct. Sexes alike.

African Pitta Pitta angolensis

18cm, 7"

Very attractive and distinctive with a boldly marked head, green back, blue shoulders and red belly. In flight, shows white patch at base of primaries, and bright blue shoulders and rump. Best identified from Green-breasted Pitta by tawny-buff breast. Immature duller than adult with buffy-pink vent. Birds in EA are race longipennis. SH Extremely shy; often on the ground within dense cover and stands motionless for long periods. Breeds in SETz Dec–Apr, elsewhere migratory occurring in small numbers north to WUg and coastal Ke, May–Sep. Voice Call is a loud far-carrying and explosive quoip (given from a lateral branch in mid-canopy and coinciding with a jump). Notes are identical and spaced every few seconds. On migration makes a low croaking sound.

Green-breasted Pitta Pitta reichenowi

18cm, 7"

Very similar to African Pitta, but breast green, whitish throat bordered below with black. Immature duller and darker than adult with olive-brown breast. Monotypic. SH A very uncommon resident of forest interiors in W and SUg at 1,100–1,400m. Voice Calls from a horizontal branch in the forest midstorey, a short repeated p-brrup usually accompanied with a bob or small jump. Unknown until recently, the call is quite different from African Pitta.

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 display flight



Rufous-sided Broadbill



 

medianus

African Broadbill

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imm

Grauer’s Broadbill

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African Pitta Green-breasted Pitta

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PLATE 140: LARKS I LARKS A difficult group to identify without comparative experience of the commoner species; further complicated by racial variation and the existence of different colour morphs in some species. Pay careful attention to presence or lack of rufous in wings, colour of outer tail, face pattern and habitat. Sexes alike. Immatures similar to adults unless otherwise described.

Rufous-naped Lark Mirafra africana

17cm, 7"

Quite large, stocky and short-tailed, with obvious pale supercilium, conspicuous rufous wings in flight, and non-contrasting buffy outer tail; crown feathers often raised giving shaggy-headed appearance. In EA most of the seven races have little or no rufous on nape: athi (CKe to NTz) as described above is typical of most forms; harteri (SEKe) is overall more rufous; tropicalis (WUg south through WTz) is intermediate between athi and tropicalis; ruwenzoria (SWUg) is greyer above; transvaalensis (E and STz) is generally paler, with some rufous on nape; distinctive races nigrescens (Njombe, STz) and nyika (Mbeya, STz) are darker reddish-brown above (with black scaling) and finer bills, breast streaking on nigrescens extends to flanks. SH The most common and widespread lark, in grasslands with or without bush cover, and open farmland, at 1,000–3,000m. Sings from prominent perches including bushes, termite hills and fence posts. Voice Normal song is sii-sueeeee with middle part falling and last part gently rising to fade. Many local variations based on this, also a monotonous piping. Often the most characteristic wet-season call of upland grasslands.

Red-winged Lark Mirafra hypermetra

23cm, 9"

The nominate race is similar to Rufous-naped Lark but larger with a longer tail, black spots at sides of breast usually form two small blackish patches (may be invisible on worn birds or immatures). Long heavy bill, rufous wings (particularly noticable in flight), buffy supercilium, slight shaggy appearance to crown and brown tail are all generally similar to Rufous-naped. Race kidepoensis (NEUg) is smaller and more rufous above. SH Occurs mainly N and E of Rufous-naped, from near sea level to 1,350m preferring drier areas with more bush cover. Often perches and sings from tops of small bushes. Voice Very fluty, rather chat-like song, with short varied phrases repeated monotonously. Usually given from a perch, but also in heavy laboured flight.

Angola Lark Mirafra angolensis

17cm, 6.5"

Similar to dark and rufous forms of Rufous-naped Lark, but has more finely streaked breast, less rufous in wings and conspicuous buff-white outer tail (obvious in flight). SH In EA race marungensis is known only from near Mumba, SWTz. Voice Unmistakable loud, mournful rising and falling series of burry notes. Usually from ground, but has a distinctive display flight climbing to about 20m and then gliding down.

Flappet Lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea

14cm, 5.5"

Fairly small lark; generally brown (or rufous-brown) both above and below, with buffy-rufous outer tail; breast spotting varies from rufous to blackish. Three races occur: kawirondensis (WUg to WKe and NTz) is generally dark with heavy blackish streaking above; torrida (NUg to NKe and S to CTz) is more rufous; fischeri (coastal Ke and Tz) is either earth-brown or warm rufous above with less bold markings. SH Often first encountered in display flight when it makes loud far-carrying prrrrrrrr-rrrp sound with its wings. On the ground rather shy, often crouching and keeping near cover. Inhabits grassland with or without scattered trees and bushes, from sea level to 1,800m. Voice Rarely heard song from top of bush is a loud, piercing, serin-like rising and falling si-uu-si-si-uu.

Sun Lark Galerida modesta

15cm, 6"

Rather dark above with buffy-white supercilium, and often slightly raised crown feathers; dull rufous on wings visible in flight; white throat contrasts with pale brown underparts and heavily streaked breast. Similar Flappet Lark never raises crest and is browner below with indistinct breast streaking. SH In EA the race bucolica is restricted to bare ground and short grass in extreme NWUg where pairs or small flocks are very uncommon. Voice Song is similar to Foxy Lark, but more rapid with fuller notes, and less scratchy. When flushed, calls chit-chit.

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tropicalis

nigrescens

Rufous-naped Lark

athi

nominate

Red-winged Lark

Angola Lark

kawirondensis

fischeri

Flappet Lark

Sun Lark

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PLATE 141: LARKS II Somali Short-toed Lark Alaudala somalica

14cm, 5.5"

Smallish, size similar to Singing Bush and Flappet Larks. Two races occur (sometimes considered species): athensis (Athi Short-toed Lark) from SKe to NTz is grey-brown above with heavy blackish streaks and buffy fringes; pale supercilium and eye-ring and a pale pinkish bill are distinctive at close range. Wings lack rufous patches, tail dark with buffy-white edges. Breast to vent washed pale brown, with short heavy dark streaks on breast, throat whitish. Race megaensis (Somali Short-toed Lark) in NKe (within dotted line on map) is similar, but general tone more sandy-buff. Flappet is much browner below, while Singing Bush has an obvious white outer tail and rufous wing patches. SH Occurs in flocks on open ground with short grass cover at 1,200–1,850m. Generally uncommon away from Athi Plains, Ke, and Arusha area, NTz. Voice Sings in high display flight a series of fast, complex, rising and falling notes incorporating mimicry, vaguely like a smoother version of an Acrocephalus warbler. Flushed birds call trrrit. Note Formerly in the genus Calendrella.

White-tailed Lark Mirafra albicauda

13cm, 5"

Very similar to Melodious Lark but more lightly streaked across upper breast, less contrasting throat, and less bright rufous in wings. Singing Bush Lark is also very similar but upperparts of White-tailed are more heavily streaked blackish giving much darker impression; rufous wing patches and white outer tail obvious in flight. Monotypic. SH Generally uncommon in grassland with or without open woodland at 600–2,000m; particularly attracted to black cotton soil. Voice Song given in flight or from bush tops is a scratchy short-spaced repeated series trrrp trrrp trrrp trrrp followed by a descending sweeter treet treet treet treet, teet t-t-t-t-t.

Melodious Lark Mirafra cheniana

13cm, 5"

Very similar to White-tailed Lark but with dense black spotting across upper breast contrasting with whiter throat (especially when singing). Also shows more boldly patterned upperparts, and in flight brighter rufous wing patches. White outer tail is obvious in Melodious, White-tailed and Singing Bush Larks. Presently considered monotypic. SH Generally uncommon in grassland with or without open woodland at 600–2,000m; particularly attracted to black cotton soil. Voice Flight songs vary from a complex rambling of harsh and sweet notes which include much mimicry, often given for long periods in cruising flight. Also calls from bush tops or termite hills a chattering ch-ch-ch-ch-ch. Note Since 2020 birds that appear to be Melodious Larks (song similar to those in southern Africa) have been found to be resident in the Maasai Mara, Ke, and Serengeti, Tz. Previously these were overlooked or considered to be an undescribed form of White-tailed Lark.

Foxy Lark Calendulauda alopex

16cm, 6"

Medium-sized lark with heavily streaked upperparts, bold white supercilium and rufous wing patches (most obvious in flight); underparts whitish with short blackish streaks on upper breast. Variable colour morphs include paler birds (particularly in northern arid areas), more rufous on red soils, and darker in the highlands. Birds in EA are race intercedens. SH Lone birds and pairs are common at 500–1,800m, in semi-arid and bush country with or without some grass cover. Voice Scratchy serin-like song is usually a short and hurried series given from a bush top or in flight. Note Formerly considered conspecific with southern African Fawn-coloured Lark Calendulauda (Mirafra) africanoides.

Singing Bush Lark Mirafra cantillans

13cm, 5"

Fairly small grey-brown lark with dark streaking; buffy supercilium accentuates dark ear-coverts; bill dark above, pinkish below. Underparts buffy with small streaks on sides of breast; throat white. In distinctive hesitant flight (shared with White-tailed and Friedmann’s Larks) shows rufous wing patches and obvious pure white outer tail feathers. Birds in EA are race marginata. SH Locally common in bush country with sparse grass cover from sea level to 1,800m. Also appears in flocks in seasonal grasslands during the rains. Flies up and then dives into cover when flushed. Voice Sings in high circling flight or from bushes, a continuous rather monotonous series of repeated notes, preceded by slower slightly lower notes. Note Some authorities consider this species to be a race of Horsfield’s Bushlark M. javanica.

Friedmann’s Lark Mirafra pulpa

13cm, 5"

Very similar to Singing Bush Lark, but overall tones are more rufous and bill is slightly larger; best identified by voice and puffy white-throated appearance when calling. Monotypic. SH Little known; most records occur during the rains in the Tsavo region of Ke, where it may breed. Likes open bush country with short grass cover at 600–900m. Voice Calls from tops of bushes and in flight, a rising and falling reedy whistled whooyu, repeated at about 2-second intervals.

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Somali Short-toed Lark athensis

megaensis

Melodious Lark

White-tailed Lark

dark morph

Foxy Lark

rufous morph

Friedmann’s Lark

Singing Bush Lark

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PLATE 142: LARKS III Pink-breasted Lark Calendulauda poecilosterna

16cm, 6"

Slim appearance and bill give rather pipit-like impression. Upperparts lightly mottled grey-brown with greyer crown; sides of face, throat and breast mottled pinkish-brown, like no other lark or pipit. No white in tail or rufous in wings. Monotypic. SH Common in bush country with little ground cover at 150–1,800m, where frequently perches on tops of bushes with a horizontal stance. Voice Monotonous descending hissed song is given from small trees (similar to song of overlapping Ashy Cisticola). Also calls an occasional single squeaked tseet from the ground. Note Formerly in the genus Mirafra.

Gillett’s Lark Mirafra gilletti

17cm, 6.5"

Similar to Foxy Lark with long whitish supercilium, but differs in paler rufous crown and earcoverts, greyish rump, rufous-brown streaking on breast (usually blackish on Foxy) and no rufous wing patches. SH In Ke the nominate race is known from birds collected near the Somali border in 1901 and a record west of Mandera in Sep 2000. Prefers open arid bush country on sandy or stony soils. Voice Usual song from a low shrub or in flight is a monotonous, rapid sii-sii-sii-seeu-seu, the first three notes identical, latter two lower, falling and ending rather abruptly. It is soft, lacking the scratchiness of Foxy Lark.

Crested Lark Galerida cristata

17cm, 6.5"

Sandy grey-brown lark with a long pointed crest, often raised or blown up by wind, but not always immediately obvious. Underparts very pale sandy with dark brown streaks on breast. Birds in EA are race somaliensis. Very similar Thekla’s Lark is darker above with heavier short spots on breast. Sides of tail and underwing-coverts pinkish-cinnamon (noticeable in flight). SH Common in range, particularly in sandy desert with sparse cover at 400–900m. Usually in pairs, but more may gather at waterholes. Voice Long rambling song, usually from the ground or low perch, consists of many randomly introduced rather scratchy notes.

Thekla’s Lark Galerida theklae

17cm, 6.5"

Very similar to Crested Lark but bill and crest slightly shorter, and darker above with shorter heavier spots on breast. Underwing-coverts greyish or pinkish-grey. Combination of dark-toned upperparts and breast spotting accentuates whiteness of throat. Birds in EA are race huriensis. SH Occurs in pairs and loose flocks in rockier areas than Crested Lark. Very common in lava deserts east of Lake Turkana, Ke, at 400–1,300m. Voice Sings from rocky ground, a short series of sweet notes recalling a bunting. More complex series including mimicry in flight.

Collared Lark Mirafra collaris

15cm, 6"

An attractive and distinctive lark, mostly bright cinnamon-rufous above, with a lightly streaked black-and-white hindneck. Black band across base of neck separates white throat from rufous mottling on upper breast. In flight rufous upperparts and wing-coverts contrast strongly with white-tipped blackish flight feathers and tail. Immature is more scaly above, blackish breastband indistinct. Monotypic. SH Common within a very limited range on red sandy soil with Acacia turnbulliana trees, at 100–1,350m. Voice Song comprises a few introductory notes followed by a loud drawn-out plaintive rising whistle, often given from a bush top with the crown slightly raised; also sings in flight.

Williams’s Lark Mirafra williamsi

14cm, 5.5"

Similar to Singing Bush and White-tailed Larks but less heavily streaked above. Two colour morphs occur: both are comparatively plain above (except for crown streaking) and have long pale superciliary stripes. Dark morph is blackish-brown above with dark pectoral patches, and dark chestnut and black mottling and streaking on breast and flanks; rufous morph is rufous-brown above, with rufous-brown pectoral patches and sparse dark rufous-brown streaks on breast. In rather strong and direct flight both show rufous wing patches and white outer tail feathers. Bill is pale greyish, or pinkish above and white below. Monotypic. SH Endemic; known only from the Dida-Galgalu desert area and between Isiolo and Garba Tula, Ke. It inhabits rocky lava desert with short grass cover at 600–1,350m. Voice Song is thin and rather scratchy, with random loud sharper notes towards the end.

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Pink-breasted Lark Gillett’s Lark

Thekla’s Lark

Crested Lark

Williams’s Lark

dark morph

Collared Lark

rufous morph

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PLATE 143: LARKS IV Red-capped Lark Calandrella cinerea

15cm, 6"

Distinctive lark with bright rufous cap (sometimes raised) and rufous patches on sides of breast; bold white supercilium and unstreaked whitish underparts. When flushed, shows very dark tail with narrow white sides. Two races occur: western and southern saturatior as described, williamsi in CKe highlands is greyer and more streaked above. Immature is very different, with dark blackishbrown upperparts finely spotted white on crown, white fringes to mantle and blackish-brown spots on sides of breast. SH Widespread and common but patchily distributed, sometimes gathering in large flocks on short grasslands at 950–3,000m. Voice In circular flight utters a continuous rhythmical and monotonous song based on one note. Single liquid chirrup given when flushed.

Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla

14cm, 5.5"

Rare vagrant from the Palearctic. Best identified by pale overall colour with small pale yellowishhorn bill, and dark tail with white on outermost feathers; also has creamy-buff supercilium, and small light streaks at sides of upper breast, sometimes forming a distinctive small dark patch. Races uncertain; possibly both nominate and race longipennis occur. SH In EA known from just five records: four in Kenya, at Athi River, Nov 1899, Ukunda, Dec 1964, Naro Moru, Nov 2003, and Watamu, Nov 2009; and in Tz, a single at Lake Eyasi in Feb 2016. Voice Song not heard in region. Call a dry chirrup.

Short-tailed Lark Spizocorys fremantlii

14cm, 5.5"

Boldly marked, rather long-billed, short-tailed lark, with a distinctive black crescent below eye and vertical bar on cheek. Prominent streaking on breast often shows as dark patches at sides of neck. In flight, short square tail has white outer feathers. Race megaensis (NKe) as described above; delamerei (SKe and NTz) is greyer and also has an uncommon rufous morph. SH Resident and erratic wanderer usually in small flocks on dry soils with short grass, and on burnt grassland, at 1,000–1,700m. Voice Distinctive song is an attractive jumble of rising and falling notes with minorkey intrusions. From the ground, calls a variety of chips and explosive downslurs. Note Formerly in the genus Pseudalaemon.

Spike-heeled Lark Chersomanes albofasciata

11cm, 4.5"

Distinctive lark with pale-fringed dark brown upperparts giving a scaly appearance; bill long and decurved, throat white contrasting with pale rufous underparts (variably streaked on breast and brighter rufous in female). In EA, small, isolated, endemic race beesleyi (Beesley’s Lark) is sometimes considered specifically distinct. In flight, shows a distinctive white band across tip of short tail. SH Known in EA only from white soils in semi-arid country about 45km north of Arusha, Tz. Pairs or small groups stand upright and feed on bare ground at 1,350–1,550m. Voice Un-lark-like calls more likely to be confused with a shorebird.

Dusky Lark Pinarocorys nigricans

20cm, 8"

Uniform dark blackish-brown above without rufous on rump, tail or flanks. In range could possibly be confused with Groundscraper Thrush (see Plate 172). Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Mainly found in small flocks in miombo woodland, but also on burnt and open grassland with some trees. Birds forage on the ground and frequently flick their wings. Voice Usually silent in region, but a repeated monotonous scree-scree-scree-… recorded elsewhere.

Rufous-rumped Lark Pinarocorys erythropygia

20cm, 8"

Large dark brown lark with bold face pattern and heavily spotted underparts. Distinguished from similar Dusky Lark by rufous rump and sides to tail; flanks and vent washed russet. Monotypic. SH In EA uncommon and largely a migrant from the north-west favouring burnt grassland and open woodland. Voice Song and calls are long, mournful, whistled downslurs with occasional intrusive scratchy burrs.

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Red-capped Lark imm

saturatior

Greater Short-toed Lark ad

delamerei

megaensis

Short-tailed Lark

Spike-heeled Lark

Rufous-rumped Lark Dusky Lark

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PLATE 144: LARKS V MASKED LARK Atypical near-endemic lark with distinctive black-and-white face pattern.

Masked Lark Spizocorys personata

15cm, 6"

Distinctive lark with grey-brown upperparts, a striking black face mask and a stout pale pinkish or horn-coloured bill. Underparts unstreaked with small whitish throat grading into greyish breast and rufous belly. Tail dark brown with buff outer feathers. Sexes alike. Three races occur: yavelloensis (NKe) is greyer above, mcchesneyi (Marsabit, NKe) is browner above, and intensa (CKe) more richly coloured below. SH Common within restricted range, inhabiting black lava desert with sparse grass cover, at 400–1,600m. Voice Various calls described in flight and on ground include a rolling tew-tew-tutew-tew and a high-pitched treeeeeeee. SPARROW-LARKS Small chunky sparrow-like larks with heavy conical bills, usually found in flocks. Sexually dimorphic: males are boldly marked on head and underparts; females and immatures are much drabber.

Fischer’s Sparrow-Lark Eremopterix leucopareia

11cm, 4.5"

Adult male has blackish-brown facial markings adjoining paler brown (or chestnut-brown) crown and nape; no white on crown. Facial pattern extends as stripe from chin to vent, sides of breast and flanks buffy-white. Back and wings dull grey-brown, and no white on tail. Adult female has medium-brown upperparts, with pale rufous-brown sides to neck and a dark blackish-brown stripe on the belly. Immature is like dull female with more mottled upperparts; small dark mark on belly hard to see. Monotypic. SH Common and widespread up to 2,000m in dry grassland, on airstrips and in semi-arid areas. Mainly found to the west of other sparrow-larks. Voice Usual call from perched or flying bird is a double, quite explosive tsi-sit, the song being an embellishment of these notes and rather sparrow-like.

Chestnut-headed Sparrow-Lark Eremopterix signatus

11cm, 4.5"

Adult male of the nominate race similar to Fischer’s Sparrow-Lark, but cleaner looking; black or dark chestnut facial markings encircle white patch on crown. Cheek patch very white. Facial pattern extends as black vertical stripe from chin to vent (broader than Fischer’s); sides of breast and flanks white. Back and wings pale grey-brown, narrow white tail edges. Adult female has brown crown, pale rufous superciliary and buffy-white cheeks. Immature is like poorly marked female with dull broad streaking on breast. Race harrisoni in north-west of range is greyer above. SH Common in a variety of arid and semi-arid habitats including lava rock and sandy desert, open stony areas with some bush cover, and short dry grassland from sea level to 1,500m. Voice Call consists of spaced piping notes, some similar to Lesser Striped Swallow. Song is a series of repeated and rising mournful notes.

Chestnut-backed Sparrow-Lark Eremopterix leucotis

12cm, 5"

Adult male is distinctive with a rich chestnut back and wings, bold black-and-white head pattern and mostly black underparts (with white vent). White on ear-coverts and nape, but not on crown. Whitish lower rump and outer tail in flight. Adult female is duller with variable (but usually extensive) black mottling on head and underparts, and chestnut wing-coverts. Immature is like pale female, but may show distinctive chestnut patch on wing-coverts. Birds in EA are race madaraszi. SH Rather local in range and subject to erratic wandering. Can occur in large numbers, particularly on black soils and recently burnt grassland, between sea level and 1,800m. Voice Song is more complex than that of other sparrow-larks, a mournful series of slurs and chips delivered in flight and from the ground.

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Fischer’s Sparrow-Lark Masked Lark



ad



yavelloensis

Chestnut-headed Sparrow-Lark 



nominate



East Africa plates 129-182.indd 309

Chestnut-backed Sparrow-Lark 

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PLATE 145: MARTINS AND SWALLOWS Martins and swallows are highly aerial birds that prefer open areas and often occur together in mixed-species flocks. Most martins are brown and white with short, only slightly forked tails. Swallows of the genus Hirundo (Plates 147–148) are mostly blue-black above with deeply forked tails, Cecropis (Plate 146) are similar but with red rumps. Sexes alike; immatures similar to adults, but duller with pale-fringed upperparts and shorter tails. Some species migrate in large numbers. Male saw-wings (Plate 148) have broad-based deeply forked tails, shorter on females and immatures. MARTINS Brown and white martins if seen well are all easily identified by markings on head, underparts and tail. Immatures are similar to adults but with slightly scaly upperparts. House Martin is a highly distinctive Palearctic migrant.

Rock Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula

12cm, 4.5"

Brown martin showing slightly contrasting rufous throat if seen well. In flight, fanned tail has small white spot near end of each feather. Birds in EA are race rufigula (formerly fusciventris). SH Common and widespread, in pairs and small loose flocks wherever there are cliffs, but also breeds on buildings in towns. Most numerous in highlands above 1,500m, but occasionally occurs down to sea level. Voice Gives short monotonous phrases, each terminating in a buzzy churr. Note A complex and unresolved taxonomic situation with some authorities treating this form as a species, Red-throated Rock Martin P. rufigula. Formerly in the genus Hirundo.

Sand Martin Riparia riparia

12cm, 4.5"

Plain brown above, white below with a brown breast-band, uniform brown underwing and slightly forked tail. Similar Banded Martin is much larger with white underwing-coverts. SH Nominate race is a common Palearctic visitor from Sep to early May between sea level and 1,800m. Sometimes appears in flocks of thousands, which travel fast and direct on migration. Voice Series of churrs on different notes resulting in a formless song that is twittering and rather lark-like in quality. [Alt. Bank Swallow, Collared Sand Martin]

African Plain Martin Riparia paludicola

12cm, 4.5"

Entire upperparts, throat and breast are brown; belly white. Widespread race ducis is darker and has less white on the belly than the nominate in STz. SH Common and widespread, and often occurs in large flocks over water in the highlands, but is not restricted to specific altitudes. Voice Call is a harsh rasping churr from a perch and in flight. [Alt. Brown-throated Martin, Plain Martin]

Banded Martin Neophedina cincta

15cm, 6"

Similar to Sand Martin but much larger, with a short white stripe in front of eye, white underwingcoverts and square-ended tail. Widespread race suahelica as described, less common erlangeri in NEUg, NKe and EKe has centre of breast-band extending towards belly. SH Singles or small flocks occur over grassland from sea level to 2,500m. Flight is low and slow with frequent glides. Voice Musical notes given in descending series, with a twangy, nasal, rather lark-like quality. Calls in flight, but song is usually delivered from top of low vegetation. Note Formerly in the genus Riparia.

Mascarene Martin Phedina borbonica

14cm, 5.5"

Brown above, with whitish underparts extensively streaked brown; flanks grey-brown. In flight, shows darker underwing-coverts, but breast streaking can be difficult to see against bright sky. SH Race madagascariensis is a very rare visitor from Madagascar to coastal Ke and Tz in Jun–Aug. Voice Call is a double nasal buzz.

Northern House Martin Delichon urbicum

14cm, 5.5"

Rather stocky blue-black martin with white rump and underparts; tail forked, but not elongated like some pale-rumped swallows. Immature is duller and browner with grey-tinged underparts and rump. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Common Palearctic visitor in Sep–Apr. Voice In flight gives a pleasant, short, buzzy chirp, often with many calling simultaneously. [Alt. Common House Martin]

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Rock Martin

ducis

Sand Martin

African Plain Martin

erlangeri

Banded Martin

Mascarene Martin

Northern House Martin

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PLATE 146: SWALLOWS WITH RUFOUS RUMPS SWALLOWS WITH RUFOUS RUMPS Colour of ear-coverts, underwing-coverts and underparts aid identification. Sexes similar, but females may have shorter outer tail-streamers. Immatures are even shorter-tailed, with duller (sometimes brownish) upperparts and paler underparts. All were formerly in the genus Hirundo. See also vagrant South African Swallow on p. 603.

Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica

18cm, 7"

Blue-black cap extends to (or almost to) eyes and variably on nape; ear-coverts rufous. Underparts and underwing-coverts pale rufous with contrasting black undertail-coverts and dark tail without white spots. At least two races occur: emini (widespread) has plain rufous underparts and a strongly coloured rump; northern migrant race rufula (rare) is smaller, with a paler rufous supercilium and nape, paler underparts with light streaking on breast, and a bicoloured pale buff and rufous rump. In NWUg, sight records of domicella with whiter underparts and underwing-coverts require confirmation. SH Race emini is common and widespread in range, albeit more numerous above 1,000m. Voice Flight call consists of a pinched, nasal and rather trumpeted zwink-zwink. Song is a quiet rambling of soft nasal squeaks, each phrase ending in a louder schwee-eenk. Note Some authorities consider the race domicella to be a separate species, West African Swallow.

Mosque Swallow Cecropis senegalensis

21cm, 8"

Larger and bulkier than Red-rumped Swallow, but has similar blue-black cap down to eye and rufous ear-coverts. Pale throat contrasts with richer rufous breast and rufous (not black) undertail-coverts. Easily identified in flight by white underwing-coverts contrasting with blackish flight feathers. Race monteiri (Tz and EKe) has white spots on tail, while saturatior (elsewhere) has an all-dark tail; intergrades occur. SH Pairs or small loose flocks are widespread from sea level to 2,600m, occurring in all but the most arid areas. Voice Song is loud and rambling, given either perched or in flight. Notes are drawn-out nasal slurs, very similar in quality to Grey-backed Fiscal.

Rufous-chested Swallow Cecropis semirufa

19cm, 7.5"

Blue-black cap extends below eye and over ear-coverts; chin to undertail-coverts and underwing-coverts rufous. Adult in fresh plumage has very long tail-streamers giving a slim elegant appearance. Birds in EA are race gordoni. SH Singles and pairs are generally uncommon, in wooded grasslands and cultivated areas at 700–1,700m in the west. Voice Song is a hurried nasal jumble, ending with a high-pitched drawn-out descending seeeeuuu. Can be given frequently, usually from the vicinity of a termite mound, but also in flight. [Alt. Red-breasted Swallow]

Lesser Striped Swallow Cecropis abyssinica

17cm, 6.5"

Strongly marked, richly coloured swallow with an extensive bright rufous head and rump, and heavy black streaking on white underparts. In flight, shows pale buffy underwing-coverts and heavily streaked underparts. Birds in EA are race unitatis. SH Pairs and small groups are widespread and common from sea level to 2,200m, occurring in a wide range of habitats except very arid country. Voice Cheerful ramble of rising and falling nasal chips and twitters, terminating in a louder and deliberate, well-spaced series of descending nasal notes. Usually given from a perch, but will sing in flight.

Greater Striped Swallow Cecropis cucullata

18cm, 7"

Much paler and less well marked than Lesser Striped Swallow; underparts buffy (not white) with indistinct streaking only visible at close range. May recall Red-rumped Swallow, but lacks black undertail-coverts. Monotypic. SH An intra-African migrant from the south which is rare in EA, and only recorded from S and CTz. Voice Song is unlikely to be heard in our area, but calls resemble those of Red-rumped Swallow.

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Red-rumped Swallow

emini

saturatior

Mosque Swallow

monteiri

Rufous-chested Swallow

Lesser Striped Swallow

Greater Striped Swallow

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PLATE 147: BLUE AND WHITE SWALLOWS BLUE AND WHITE SWALLOWS Chestnut head and throat markings, and the presence or absence of breast-bands aid identification.

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica

9cm, 7.5"

Adult has blue-black upperparts and breast-band, chestnut forecrown and throat, and white or buffish underparts (grey in Angola Swallow). Tail is deeply forked with white spots on shorter central feathers. Immature variable, duller and browner above, with less chestnut on head and throat, and shorter tail. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Very common Palearctic visitor in Aug–Apr, throughout from sea level to 3,000m. Sometimes migrates and roosts in huge flocks. A few birds stay year-round. Voice Usually fairly silent in the region, but song delivered in flight or perched is a continuous rambling and cheerful twitter, with a finch-like quality.

Angola Swallow Hirundo angolensis

15cm, 6"

Very similar to Barn Swallow but upperparts brighter blue, breast-band narrow and incomplete in centre, rest of underparts grey; tail short and forked with obvious large white spots. Monotypic. SH Common mainly west of the Great Rift Valley, but also locally in ETz. Occurs in villages and a wide variety of open country at about 700–2,600m, often nesting under bridges. Voice Song given from a perch consists of loud squeaky, rather unpleasant notes. Flight calls have the same squeaky quality.

Ethiopian Swallow Hirundo aethiopica

13cm, 5"

Similar to Barn Swallow with chestnut forecrown, but throat is buff in widespread nominate race, or white in coastal amadoni; narrow blackish breast-band is incomplete. In good light looks blue above and very white below. Forked tail has large white spots and is shorter than adult Barn Swallow. SH Although found in a wide variety of open country, it is only common along Ke coast, occurring elsewhere in scattered pockets to 1,900m. Voice Most calls are nasal and harsh, but infrequently heard song given in flight consists of many sweet cadences and trills.

Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii

18cm, 7"

Adult is shiny blue above, very white below, with a neat chestnut cap; small dark breast and flank patches visible at close range. In good plumage white spotted tail has long very thin wires, but hard to see at any distance and sometimes broken. Immature has dull brown crown and no tail wires. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH A fast-flying common and widespread swallow, usually in pairs and often near water, from sea level to 2,400m. Voice Rather quiet, the song is a subdued twittering similar to Barn Swallow, but of shorter duration.

White-throated Swallow Hirundo albigularis

17cm, 6.5"

Similar to Ethiopian Swallow with chestnut forecrown and white throat, but has a well-defined complete breast-band. Larger and stockier than Ethiopian, with proportions more like Barn Swallow; strongly forked white-spotted tail lacks long outermost feathers. Monotypic. SH Vagrant from southern Africa. First recorded at Lake Jipe, NETz, in Jul 1957, with six at Usangu Flats, STz, in Sep 1997. Voice Call consists of harsh, sharp, twittering notes.

Pearl-breasted Swallow Hirundo dimidiata

14cm, 5.5"

Like dull Wire-tailed Swallow without chestnut on crown or long tail wires. Underparts including underwing-coverts are white; tail forked, but without white spots or long outer streamers. SH In EA race marwitzi is very uncommon, with the few records all from SWTz. Voice Most notes are harsh, unattractive and nasal.

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Barn Swallow imm

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Angola Swallow

ad nominate

Ethiopian Swallow

imm

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Wire-tailed Swallow

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White-throated Swallow

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Pearl-breasted Swallow

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PLATE 148: SAW-WINGS, BLUE SWALLOWS AND PSEUDHIRUNDO SAW-WINGS Black or black-and-white swallows with a variable dark green gloss that is difficult to see in the field. Males have a broad-based deeply forked tail; shorter in females and immatures. Rather sedentary, often flying repeatedly around trees or small clearings.

Black Saw-wing Psalidoprocne pristoptera

15cm, 6"

Four races occur: typical adult male is black (with a slight green gloss) and a broad-based deeply forked tail; female and immature duller with less deeply forked tail. Adult of race ruwenzori (WUg to NWTz) is shorter-tailed than widespread massaica (Ke to NETz) while holomelas (coastal Ke and Tz) is smaller overall. If seen well, all show silvery grey-brown underwing-coverts. Adult of distinctive race orientalis (Eastern Saw-wing) (south of dotted line on map) has pure white underwingcoverts; immature is duller, browner and shorter-tailed with greyish underwing-coverts. SH Pairs and small flocks are common, mainly in highlands, but range from sea level to 3,500m (sea level to 1,800m for orientalis). Often in clearings in forest or over riverine woodland, and regularly perches on treetops. Voice Frequently utters seemingly random soft nasal squeaks, weeu, see, in flight and when perched. Note Eastern Saw-wing was previously considered to be a distinct species.

White-headed Saw-wing Psalidoprocne albiceps

14cm, 5.5"

Adult male is very distinctive with pure white head and narrow black eyestripe. Adult female has dark ashy grey-brown head and whiter throat. Immature is dull dark brown with slightly paler throat (hard to see in field). Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Common at 700–2,400m, in a wider variety of habitats than other saw-wings, including forest clearings, open woodland, bushed grassland and cultivation. Voice Similar to Black Saw-wing but is more hissing and breaks into a quiet chatter. Calls less frequently than most swallows, but will do so, especially during aerial chases. BLUE SWALLOWS Two distinctive, glossy dark blue swallows.

Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea

23cm, 9"

Adult is glossy dark blue, sometimes showing a few white streaks on flanks, outer tail feathers very long and narrow (can be hard to see in field). Adult female has shorter outer tail-streamers. Immature is dull blackish with random dark blue patches and shorter tail, resembling large blackish martin. Monotypic. SH Breeds in high grasslands of STz (and further south) in Sep–Apr, migrating north to Ug and extreme WKe in May–Sep, where it is uncommon and often at lower altitudes. Occurs over wet grassland, rank cultivation and swamp edges. Voice Perched and flight calls are harsh and obtrusive, but also utters a pleasant subdued twittering. [Alt. Montane Blue Swallow] VU

White-throated Blue Swallow Hirundo nigrita

14cm, 5.5"

Adult is all glossy dark blue with white bar on throat, slightly forked tail shows white spots when spread. Sexes alike. Immature duller and browner. Monotypic. SH In EA known only from Semliki River in WUg, where it perches on partially submerged rocks and overhanging branches within primary forest. Voice Generally quiet, but utters single sharp notes in flight and occasional musical twitters. [Alt. White-bibbed Swallow]

PSEUDHIRUNDO A single species of grey-rumped swallow unique to the genus.

Grey-rumped Swallow Pseudhirundo griseopyga

15cm, 6"

Slim swallow with pale grey rump and grey-brown crown; underparts white. Sexes alike. Immature is duller with browner rump and shorter tail. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Commonly seen in flocks, but rather local at 900–2,200m over open grassland and burnt areas. Uniquely breeds in rodent burrows. Voice Calls are harsh and burry, more like a Sand Martin than other swallows; flocks utter low churrs while feeding.

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Black Saw-wing

imm

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orientalis massaica

imm

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



imm

imm

White-headed Saw-wing  

Blue Swallow  

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White-throated Blue Swallow

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Grey-rumped Swallow

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PLATE 149: WAGTAILS WAGTAILS Slim birds with long tails and legs, often seen walking on the ground constantly bobbing their tails. The three Palearctic migrants begin arriving during Sep–Oct. They are mostly drab non-breeding and first-year birds, but breeding adult males are seen from Feb until they migrate north again, mainly in Mar–May.

African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp

20cm, 8"

Only very black-and-white wagtail in region; adult is without grey or brown in plumage, and has comparatively broad breast-band. Immature is brownish-grey above. All ages are separated from Cape and White Wagtails by extensive white wing patches. Birds in EA are race vidua. SH Most common and widespread resident wagtail, from sea level to 3,000m along riverbanks, lakeshores, in cultivated areas and forest glades, as well as towns. Voice Sweet calls are frequently paired notes, which become an attractive complex and warbled song.

White Wagtail Motacilla alba

19cm, 7.5"

Non-breeding male has crown, nape and breast-band black, giving white-faced appearance, even more obvious in breeding plumage when throat is also black. Non-breeding female and firstwinter rather dingy: crown to rump grey, face washed pale olivaceous, and dark narrow breastband, rather similar to immature Cape Wagtail, but greyer above (not brown). Breeding female is similar to breeding male but not quite as clean-looking, with some grey on crown. SH Singles or small groups of the nominate race are scarce Palearctic migrants in Nov–Mar, mainly around the northern lakes and on isolated pools from sea level to 1,600m. Voice Does not sing in region, but often calls with an urgent dry paired chh-tit in flight or on the ground.

Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara

19cm, 7.5"

Elegant and proportionately longer-tailed than other wagtails. Adult is largely clear grey above and white below with neat narrow black breast-band. Immature is similar, but washed brown above, with indistinct breast-band. Birds in EA are race torrentium. SH Pairs are widespread residents along rocky fast-flowing rivers and at forest edges; although commonest in the highlands, they may occur down to 500m. Voice Very vocal. Simple song is usually three notes siiiii seee-uu (first rising, then last notes falling to fade). Alarm and contact calls are a strange metallic explosive chit, which can break into complex whistles and descending trills with a buzzing quality.

Cape Wagtail Motacilla capensis

20cm, 8"

Adult is olive-brown above without obvious white panel in wing (although may show pale feather edges); creamy-buff underparts and narrow dark breast-band. Immature has buffy fringes to wingcoverts; washed yellowish-buff on underparts. Birds in EA are race wellsi. SH Pairs are resident but rather local near lakes and ponds at 900–3,000m. Voice Calls with an upslurred interrogatory siuweeee and chweet-chweet mainly in flight, but may also mix these calls into a simple song.

Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea

20cm, 8"

Slim, graceful wagtail with long tail. Non-breeding plumage varies but typified by grey upperparts with yellow rump, variable yellow underparts (may be restricted to vent), whitish throat and no breast-band. Breeding male has yellow underparts and black throat. Female has white throat and yellow breast to vent. SH The nominate race is a Palearctic migrant that mainly occurs in small numbers along highland streams from late Sep to Mar, but ranges down to sea level on passage. Voice Call is a loud, harsh and explosive ti-titt. Infrequently heard song is the call interspersed with a loud siiii.

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African Pied Wagtail ad imm

non-br 

br 

non-br 

White Wagtail ad imm

Mountain Wagtail

imm ad

Cape Wagtail

non-br / 

br 

Grey Wagtail

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PLATE 150: YELLOW WAGTAILS AND GOLDEN PIPIT Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava

19cm, 7.5"

On arrival in East Africa the plumage of Western Yellow Wagtails is highly varied and for many birds racial separation is impossible. Typical individuals are brownish above with variable yellow below, often strongest on belly and flanks. Adult males have most extensive yellow below, but note their distinctive head patterns. Females and first-year birds have olive-brown or plain brown upperparts and usually show some yellow on belly, but may have all-white underparts. From January males (and some females) acquire distinctive head patterns and become greener above and all yellow below (except for whitish throat on females). Six races and one named intergrade occur; males are described below: M. f. feldegg has completely black top of head. [Alt. Black-headed Wagtail] M. f. thunbergi has dark grey crown blending into blackish face. [Alt. Grey-headed Wagtail] M. f. flava has blue-grey crown and darker cheeks separated by distinct white supercilium. [Alt. Blue-headed Wagtail] M. f. beema has pale grey crown and darker cheeks separated by distinct white supercilium. [Alt. Sykes’s Wagtail] M. f. lutea has head mostly yellow, variably washed green on crown and ear-coverts. [Alt. Yellow-headed Wagtail] M. f. leucocephala has almost entirely white head. [Alt. White-headed Wagtail] M. f. ‘superciliaris’ has black head (like feldegg) with white supercilium (like flava); hybrid. Since hybrids are not uncommon, some individuals are impossible to assign racially. Differs from larger Grey Wagtail in all plumages by never having a grey mantle. SH Very common Palearctic migrant in Sep–May, with several different races often occurring together, sometimes in flocks of thousands. Birds favour lakeshores, swampy land, short grassland and open cultivation, frequently associating with cattle and plains game, from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Very vocal: call in flight and on the ground is a rising sweeep, softer than other wagtails in the region. The race feldegg sounds considerably harsher. Note Formerly known as Yellow Wagtail. GOLDEN PIPIT Golden Pipit resembles some of the longclaws (see Plate 151), but is particularly distinctive in flight when the male suddenly reveals striking bright yellow wings.

Golden Pipit Tmetothylacus tenellus

16cm, 6"

Adult male in breeding plumage is streaked and mottled dark brown, olive-yellow and buff above, and brilliant yellow with a neat black breast-band below. In flight, bright yellow wings with black tips and bright yellow outer tail are distinctive. Adult female is more like a typical pipit, but has dull yellow edges to primaries and outer tail, and is mainly plain buff below with pale yellow restricted to belly; underwing-coverts pale yellow. Non-breeding male resembles female but tinged brighter yellow. Immature is browner and even more pipit-like with streaked breast, but may show yellowish wing edgings. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small groups are sometimes common in bushed and wooded grassland in dry country from sea level to 1,800m. Local movements occur, often in response to rains. Voice Usually silent, but can be very vocal after rains when the complex whistled song has a weaver-like quality.

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 ‘superciliaris’

Western Yellow Wagtail

thunbergi

  leucocephala





feldegg



lutea

beema



juv/1st-winter feldegg

 flava



flava flava

Golden Pipit 



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PLATE 151: LONGCLAWS LONGCLAWS Ground-dwelling birds which are streaked brown above, with variable amounts of yellow, orange or red below, and a black band or streaking across the breast. All have distinctive jerky flight of stiff wingbeats alternating with glides.

Yellow-throated Longclaw Macronyx croceus

22cm, 9"

Adult is boldly marked blackish-brown above with buff fringes giving a heavily mottled appearance. Supercilium and underparts bright yellow with a broad black breast-band and short black streaks on sides of breast (breast-band may be less extensive on female). In gliding flight shows conspicuous white corners to tail. Immature is paler and browner with buffy throat and breast, and variable short blackish streaks on breast; pale yellow is restricted to flanks and belly. Two races occur: western nominate as described; tertius (coastal Ke, E and STz) is slightly smaller and brighter. SH Most common and widespread longclaw in grassland, open bush country and cultivated areas from sea level to 2,300m. Feeds on the ground, but frequently perches on tops of bushes and fence posts. Voice Quite a varied repertoire, commonest calls consist of a whistled drawn-out seeueeeee, or a rapid wi-pi-pi-pi-pi-pi usually given in laboured flight.

Fülleborn’s Longclaw Macronyx fuelleborni

22cm, 9"

Very similar to Yellow-throated Longclaw but lacks black streaking on sides of breast; flanks and vent more buffy-brownish. In flight, slightly less white on corners of tail. Immature is buff-brown below with an indistinct brownish breast-band (lacks streaking of immature Yellow-throated). Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Locally common in highlands of S and SWTz, where it frequents grassland and fringes of marshy areas at 1,900–2,600m. Voice Call is a short mournful descending peeu, and song an energetic warble, tu-wii-ti-choo wee-ti-choo.

Sharpe’s Longclaw Macronyx sharpei

17cm, 6.5"

Smallest longclaw; adult male is very boldly marked above with yellow underparts and black streaks on breast and flanks (no solid black breast-band). Adult female is similar but slightly duller. In flight, shows white along outer tail feathers (not just corners). Immature is paler than adult and largely buff below with variable brown breast streaking; pale yellow from lower breast to vent. Monotypic. SH Endemic to montane grasslands from Mt Elgon to Mt Kenya at 1,850– 3,400m. Generally uncommon, and prefers grazed open grassland and short moist tussock grass. Voice Usually silent, but has a varied repertoire. In flight, sings a rhythmical warble and a wi-wiwi-wi-wi-wi-… accelerating in tempo as the bird descends earthwards. Sometimes gives a harsh repeated pipit-like sit. EN

Pangani Longclaw Macronyx aurantiigula

20cm, 8"

Adult is similar to Yellow-throated Longclaw, but throat usually orange or orange-yellow bordered by narrow black necklace (but note that female and older immature may have yellow throats). Centre of breast to belly yellow with extensive black streaking extending to tawnybuff flanks. Immature has ill-defined breast-band and mainly buff underparts with some yellow on breast. Monotypic. SH Locally common in generally dry bushed grasslands to the east from sea level to 1,800m. Voice Not so vocal; call is a varied drawn out and whistled siuuweeeee rising then falling and rising to fade.

Rosy-throated Longclaw Macronyx ameliae

20cm, 8"

Slender longclaw very boldly scalloped above with blackish and creamy-buff. Adult male is unmistakable with bright rosy-red throat and black breast-band; central breast to belly with variable amount of rosy-red. Female similar but rosy underparts much paler. In distinctive fluttery flight, slender tail shows white edges (not just corners). Immature is boldly marked above like adult, but buffy-brown below with blackish streaks on breast (very pipit-like); red confined to centre of belly (difficult to see). Two races occur: wintoni (CKe to NTz) as described; altanus (SWTz) is slightly more heavily streaked above and on sides of breast. SH Locally common in open damp grassland at 600–2,200m. Shyer than other longclaws, often running on ground within cover. Voice Song varies slightly from place to place, but most commonly heard phrase is su-su-su-su-su-su-su-su-suseeeeeeeee, with the last note higher. [Alt. Rosy-breasted Longclaw]

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imm

Yellow-throated Longclaw nominate

Fülleborn’s Longclaw

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imm

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Pangani Longclaw Sharpe’s Longclaw

imm



Rosy-throated Longclaw

 wintoni

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PLATE 152: PIPITS I PIPITS A difficult group of slim brown birds with slender bills and longish tails. The specific status of some ‘races’ is unclear, and future work may show several additional species are involved. Density of streaking on mantle and breast, presence or lack of white in the tail, habitat and calls all aid identification.

African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus

17cm, 6.5"

The commonest grassland pipit throughout most of range. Six races occur: widespread lacuum (SEUg, WKe south to CTz) is mid-brown above with darker streaks on crown and mantle, a strong facial pattern with obvious buffy supercilium, and dark malar stripe. Lower mandible is yellowish, legs pinkish with long hindclaw. Buffy-white below with short dark streaks on breast; flanks usually plain. In flight, extensive white in outer tail. Race annae (SEKe to NETz) is slightly paler and greyer; lichenya (WUg south to WTz) is darker and more heavily streaked above, richer buff below; winterbottomi (STz) is whiter on throat and belly; spurium (SETz) is greyer above. In SUg and NWTz distinctive race latistriatus (Jackson’s Pipit) is much darker than other forms with blackish-brown upperparts, and rich cinnamon underparts contrasting with whitish throat; blackish streaks on breast and flanks. Lower mandible and legs pinkish. SH Very common in open country from sea level to 3,400m, except desert areas, although it occurs in coastal dunes. Voice Varies regionally: typical song is a repeated trrlit-trrlit-trrlit, flight call a repeated trit. Race latistriatus sings a rapid-fire tit-it-it-it-it-it-it followed by a sweeter trit-rit-rit-rit-rit and ending in a similar, but longer descending series. Flight call chrit. [Alt. Grassland Pipit]

Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis

18cm, 7"

Widespread race hararensis is a large-billed, long-tailed, comparatively uniform pipit (plainer and darker in worn plumage) with a whitish throat, buffy underparts and light streaking on the breast. In flight, tail shows buffy-white outer tail feathers. From Nairobi to Chyulu Hills, Ke, chyuluensis (Nairobi Pipit) has all-buff outer tail, and distinctive habit of flying into trees and walking on branches when flushed (like Woodland Pipit). Race dewittei (SWUg, Rw and Bu) is similar to hararensis, but slightly smaller and darker. SH Lone birds or pairs are widespread but never numerous in rocky country and along escarpments. Voice Song is a lazy series of four notes repeated randomly chrit…swit…chweep chreer…, and flight call is a muffled trrit-tip.

Woodland Pipit Anthus nyassae

18cm, 7"

Very similar to Long-billed Pipit, but overall richer warmer brown with heavier streaking above and below; buffy flanks and slightly whiter outer tail. SH The nominate race occurs in miombo woodland in W and SWTz. When flushed flies into trees and walks along branches. Voice Similar to Long-billed Pipit but higher-pitched. Note Formerly considered a race of Long-billed Pipit. [Alt. Wood Pipit]

Malindi Pipit Anthus melindae

16cm, 6"

Similar to African Pipit, but streaking on underparts bolder and more extensive especially on flanks; obvious yellow base to lower mandible and rich orange-yellow legs. In flight, shows white outer tail. SH The nominate race is restricted to coastal grassland and saltpans mainly north of Malindi, Ke. Voice Song is a rapidly delivered continuous series that is softer than other large pipits; flight call shreep.

Striped Pipit Anthus lineiventris

18cm, 7"

Boldly marked pipit with long buffy-white supercilium; streaks on underparts dark and long, extending well onto flanks and belly. Green-tinged primary edges distinctive (but not always easy to see). In flight, shows striking white outer tail feathers. Birds in EA are race stygium. SH Pairs and single birds inhabit rocky hills with open woodland and cultivation below 2,000m. Feeds on the ground but flies to small trees and bushes if disturbed. Voice Most attractive pipit song with rapid varied and sweet bunting-like descending notes that can carry a considerable distance.

Bush Pipit Anthus caffer

13cm, 5"

Small, rather plain-faced pipit with an indistinct supercilium and no malar stripe. Warm brown above with darker streaking, and whitish below, finely streaked dark brown on breast and flanks; white outer tail. Tree Pipit is larger with dark malar stripe and heavier streaking below. SH Race blayneyi is local and uncommon in bushed and wooded grassland from near sea level to 2,200m. Feeds on the ground and often flies into trees when disturbed. Voice Quiet for a pipit, but song is a nasal and monotonous wii-zhweep given from top of a small bush, the effect being rather seesawlike. [Alt. Bushveld Pipit]

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lacuum latistriatus

African Pipit

hararensis

Long-billed Pipit

Woodland Pipit

Malindi Pipit

Bush Pipit

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Striped Pipit

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PLATE 153: PIPITS II Plain-backed Pipit Anthus leucophrys

17cm, 6.5"

Much plainer than African Pipit with unstreaked or only lightly marked back; pale buffy or cinnamonbuff below with indistinct streaks on breast; malar stripe indistinct, lower mandible yellowish-pink (pink on Buffy Pipit). In flight, tail looks uniform dark brown with buff edges. Three races occur: zenkeri (Ug to Bu, NWTz, and WKe) is quite dark above and deep buff below; bohndorffi (SWTz) is paler, especially on underparts; and goodsoni (CKe to NTz) is paler and sandier, and sometimes considered a race of Buffy Pipit. SH Locally common in short grassland with or without trees at 700–2,200m. Voice A rather monotonous song like Long-billed Pipit, but notes scratchier and less distinct.

Buffy Pipit Anthus vaalensis

17cm, 6.5"

Extremely similar to Plain-backed Pipit, but EA race chobiensis is slightly more cinnamon where ranges overlap. Best identified by pink base to lower mandible (yellowish-pink in Plain-backed). SH Occurs in dry grasslands in SWTz at 1,000–2,500m. Voice Song is very sparrow-like; an unvarying series of monotonous dry chirps.

Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris

17cm, 6.5"

Adult is pale, slim and rather plain-looking except for pale-fringed blackish median coverts which form a band on the wing. Upperparts uniform sandy-brown, almost unstreaked, underparts plain, or with a few streaks on sides of breast. Outer tail white. Immature is streaked above and on breast. Short hindclaw is a subtle but useful distinction from African Pipit in all plumages. Monotypic. SH Very uncommon Palearctic migrant recorded in short grass and at lakeshores. Rather wagtaillike running around and frequently bobbing tail. Voice Calls in flight and on ground seeep, softer than other large pipits, and a chirpy tsuc.

Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus

15cm, 6"

Heavily streaked above and below including rump and flanks; outer tail white. Adult has brick-red face, supercilium and upper breast, but extent and intensity varies; this plumage can be seen in all months. First-winter and some females lack red and are best distinguished from Tree Pipit by whiter underparts with heavier black streaking, and whitish stripes on darker mantle. Monotypic. SH Common Palearctic passage migrant and visitor to marshy grassland and lakeshores in Oct–Apr, from sea level to 3,300m. Voice In flight, invariably gives a single high-pitched sharp zeeez.

Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis

15cm, 6"

Olive-brown and heavily streaked above with a plain rump, buff supercilium and narrow dark malar stripe. Warm buff on breast and flanks (but whiter on belly) with long dark streaks on breast (less distinct on flanks). White on outer tail feathers. Non-breeding Red-throated Pipit is darker above and whiter below with heavier streaking. SH The nominate race is a common Palearctic visitor and passage migrant Oct–May, mainly at 700–3,000m, favouring a wide variety of open wooded areas. Voice Commonly gives a distinctive nasal eeez.

Short-tailed Pipit Anthus brachyurus

12cm, 5"

Small and very dark above with an indistinct supercilium; heavily and extensively streaked below. In the field looks very small and very dark with a short white-edged tail. Birds in EA are race leggei. SH Solitary or in loose flocks on burnt or short grassland at 1,000–2,000m. Difficult to observe, runs on the ground and stays close to cover. Voice Aerial song in STz has a slurred burry quality, similar to Rufous-chested Swallow. Flight call a soft tip-tiptiptiptiptip, given immediately before plunging into cover.

Sokoke Pipit Anthus sokokensis

12cm, 5"

Small richly marked forest pipit; boldly streaked above with warm buff and blackish-brown and often prominent whitish wingbars; below white with bold black streaks on breast; outer tail edged white. Monotypic. SH Endemic to largely undisturbed coastal forests in Ke and Tz. Shy and very difficult to see while feeding in leaf litter, but flies into trees if disturbed. Voice Calls from ground or tree, a strong repeated high-pitched and rising tseeeee. Song given in a high undulating aerial display above the canopy is a repeated seueeeee falling then rising to fade. EN

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Plain-backed Pipit

zenkeri goodsoni

Tawny Pipit

Buffy Pipit

br

Tree Pipit Red-throated Pipit

non-br

Sokoke Pipit Short-tailed Pipit

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PLATE 154: CAMPEPHAGA CUCKOOSHRIKES CAMPEPHAGA CUCKOOSHRIKES Found alone, in pairs, or as members of mixed-species flocks, cuckooshrikes are mediumsized rather quiet birds which tend to maintain a horizontal posture as they move slowly through cover. Male Campephaga cuckooshrikes are blue-black with orange-yellow gapes, and could be confused with several other species such as drongos or black flycatchers (but those species sit upright). Black boubous lack the blue-black gloss and have heavy bushshrike bills. Females are distinctively marked in yellow, grey, white and black.

Black Cuckooshrike Campephaga flava

20cm, 8"

Adult male is wholly glossy blue-black with a small orange-yellow gape; some have yellow shoulder patches. Adult female is olive-brown above with blackish barring and obviously yellowedged wings and tail. White below washed yellow on sides of breast and extensively barred with small black crescents; much yellow on undertail. Immature is similar to female but has very heavy barring. Monotypic, but occasionally hybridises with Red-shouldered Cuckooshrike. SH Widespread and common in woodlands, forest edge and scrub, from sea level to 3,000m. Numbers increase greatly in Apr–Sep when birds from the southern tropics arrive. Voice Rather quiet unless breeding: commonest call is a repeated insect-like trill lasting about 2 seconds; a louder descending shree-shree-shree is heard less frequently.

Red-shouldered Cuckooshrike Campephaga phoenicea

20cm, 8"

Adult male is glossy blue-black with brilliant red shoulders (occasionally orange-yellow). Adult female is very similar to female Black Cuckooshrike, but more grey-brown above, with mostly black undertail (except yellow tips). Immature is like female, but more densely barred and spotted below. Monotypic, but occasionally hybridises with Black Cuckooshrike. SH Locally common in the west in forest edge, open woodland and overgrown cultivation mainly below 1,500m. Voice Quiet, only occasionally giving a high-pitched sibilant hiss, or soft tit-tit-tit-tit-tit…

Purple-throated Cuckooshrike Campephaga quiscalina

20cm, 8"

Adult male is very similar to Black Cuckooshrike, but slightly stockier with smaller orange-yellow gape. In good light purple throat and breast contrast with otherwise glossy blue-black plumage. Adult female has a greyish head contrasting with quite uniform olive-green upperparts and dull green wings. Bright yellow below, with variable but usually indistinct dusky bars to breast; throat whitish. Immature is like female but has brownish head and heavier barring above and below. Widespread race martini as described, male of scarce muenzneri (ETz) has a steel-blue throat. SH Rather uncommon in mid-levels and upper canopy of highland forest and forest edge at 1,700– 2,500m. Voice Calls varied, but based on a short sharp downslurred siu, given in series or repeated emphatically.

Petit’s Cuckooshrike Campephaga petiti

20cm, 8"

Adult male is similar to Black Cuckooshrike but has large and conspicuous orange-yellow gape wattles. Adult female is similar to female Purple-throated Cuckooshrike but brighter yellow on rump with black barring; blackish wings have bright yellow edgings. Underparts bright yellow with variable black barring especially on breast. Immature similar to female, but can be virtually unbarred above and more heavily barred on breast. Monotypic. SH Locally common in the west, inhabiting mid-levels and canopy of good forest at 1,400–1,800m. Voice Song is a strong, rhythmical whistled series, sisisi-seeuu, the first notes identical, the last note falling in tone.

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Black Cuckooshrike





black morph



yellow-shouldered morph

Red-shouldered Cuckooshrike 





Purple-throated Cuckooshrike



 martini



muenzneri



Petit’s Cuckooshrike

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PLATE 155: GREY CUCKOOSHRIKES AND NICATORS GREY CUCKOOSHRIKES Behaviour similar to Campephaga cuckooshrikes (see Plate 154) but these two cuckooshrikes are grey, or grey and white, and the sexes are more alike. Both were formerly placed in the genus Coracina.

Grey Cuckooshrike Ceblepyris caesius

22cm, 8.5"

Adult male is almost uniform medium-grey (wings slightly darker), with blackish lores and chin, conspicuous large dark eyes and whitish eye-ring. Adult female is similar but lacks dark lores and chin. Immature is finely barred greyish-brown and white, with a darker tail. Birds in EA are race purus. SH Widespread and common in canopy of highland forest, typically above 1,500m. Also montane and hill forests nearer the coast where it is occasionally recorded to near sea level. Voice Contact call is a high-pitched hissing; song is a high-pitched and complex jumble of twitters and squeaks.

White-breasted Cuckooshrike Ceblepyris pectoralis

25cm, 10"

Distinctive grey and white cuckooshrike. Adult male is grey above with darker wings and tail, throat to upper breast grey with rest of underparts snowy white. Adult female is similar but all white below, or has pale grey wash on breast. Immature is finely barred grey, brown and white above, with variable dark spotting on white underparts. Monotypic. SH An uncommon resident of miombo and other woodland from sea level to 1,700m. Voice Usual call is a high-pitched upslurred burry swit; song is a rather rhythmical mixture of similar burry upslurs and downslurs interspersed with chattering. NICATORS Fairly large olive-green birds with large shrike-like bills and loud bubbling songs. In the past they have been placed with both greenbuls and bushshrikes, but are now in their own family Nicatoridae. Solitary unless breeding, they are shy birds of forest interior, active but slow, skulking within cover. Their vibrant songs and harsh contact calls are heard throughout the day. Sexes and immatures look similar, but males are slightly larger than females.

Eastern Nicator Nicator gularis

23cm, 9"

Adult is olive-green above with obvious creamy-yellow spots on wing-coverts and secondaries; underparts are pale grey-brown to whitish with a yellowish vent. Monotypic. SH Common but very difficult to see, inhabiting forest, patches of woodland and other dense cover in the east, from sea level to 1,900m. Voice Very vocal, invariably from dense cover, with a loud song that starts hesitantly with yu-ik-wit-wer-trrr and bubbles into a jumbled cho-chou-choou-chueeee. Call is a repeated sharp tuk. [Alt. Yellow-spotted Nicator]

Western Nicator Nicator chloris

23cm, 9"

Very similar to Eastern Nicator and best identified by range and some vocalisations. Monotypic. SH Similar habits to Eastern Nicator, but restricted to the west where it is a bird of good forest and older secondary growth, at about 700–1,850m. Voice Frequently gives a loud raptor-like quekquek-quek-…, while other vocalisations are similar to Eastern Nicator but slightly more muffled.

Yellow-throated Nicator Nicator vireo

17cm, 6.5"

Smaller than other nicators with obvious yellow throat and supraloral stripe. Monotypic. SH In EA restricted to forest in the Semliki Valley, Ug, at 700–900m, where it is extremely shy. Voice Call is a distinctive whistled and very rhythmical fwee fwee-fwee-fwee-fwee-wee-wee-we-weep (third and fourth notes higher-pitched, and final one upslurred).

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Grey Cuckooshrike imm





imm

White-breasted Cuckooshrike

 

Western Nicator Eastern Nicator

Yellow-throated Nicator

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PLATE 156: BULBULS AND GREENBULS I BULBULS, GREENBULS AND BROWNBULS With only a few exceptions, an extremely difficult group to identify. Plate 156 introduces some of the more common and widespread species. Plates 157–162 are arranged purely to aid field identification. Species restricted to geographical areas may be displayed together despite representing different genera. They may be arranged on the basis of plumage similarities or behaviour. Consider the characteristics of different genera, preference for any particular forest level, range and voice. Carefully check for small eye-rings, precise colour of head, breast, flanks and tail (and beware yellow early morning light). Sexes alike or very similar. Immatures are only described if noticeably different from adults. PYCNONOTUS BULBULS Includes Common Bulbul, one of East Africa’s most abundant and widespread birds; it will soon become familiar. EURILLAS GREENBULS Formerly in the genus Andropadus they are mostly dull plumaged with short or midlength bills. Usually solitary or in pairs (unless at fruiting trees) they prefer the midstorey and canopy of forests (see also Plate 160). STELGIDILLAS A bicoloured greenbul of the upper canopy. ANDROPADUS Sole member remaining in this genus, if seen well shows distinctive white eyes.

Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus

18cm, 7"

Slim brownish bird with a blackish head (may show slight crest), brown breast, pale belly and bright yellow vent. Three races occur: tricolor (Dark-capped Bulbul) (Ug to SWTz and CKe) has head and breast plain dark blackish-brown; similar layardi (SKe to ETz and SETz) has a blacker crown and face contrasting with browner back and breast; dodsoni (Dodson’s Bulbul) (N and EKe to NETz) has variably distinct white ear mark and pale feather edgings to neck and breast. Races may hybridise in contact zones. SH Extremely common and widespread in virtually all habitats throughout the region from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Sings a fairly slow deliberate set of descending notes, accelerating as birds become excited. Also varied chatters given at all times. Note Some authorities consider race dodsoni as a distinct species.

Yellow-whiskered Greenbul Eurillas latirostris

18cm, 7"

Dull olive-green with distinctive bright yellow whiskers at sides of throat (sometimes flattened and appearing yellow-throated); lower breast and belly yellow (not always obvious in field); reddishbrown tail. Immature is all dull olive-brown (similar to Little Greenbul) but bill has orange-yellow base and legs are bright orange-yellow. Widespread nominate race described above, possible race australis (Ufipa Plateau, SWTz) is paler and has a different voice. SH Very common within range, in highland forest, forest strips and wooded gardens at 700–3,000m. Voice Calls and sings throughout day, a dull ramble of chirrup, chup and chop notes, with an occasional burst of higherpitched chattering; australis is reported to call zik zik zik… Note Formerly in the genus Andropadus.

Little Greenbul Eurillas virens

17cm, 6.5"

Small totally dull olive greenbul with short rather stout dark bill, dull yellowish-brown legs and reddish-brown tail. Immature is like adult but washed brown above; legs dull yellowish-brown. Three races occur: nominate (Ug to Bu and WKe) as described, zombensis (SEKe to STz) is generally brighter and paler; and zanzibarica (Zanzibar Island) is less yellow below. SH Patchily distributed, but common in range from sea level to 1,800m (mainly below 1,500m). Prefers thick secondary growth and forest edge where it is very noisy, but solitary and shy. Voice Persistent songster throughout day, and most musical of the genus, call notes being sweet and pure. After identical introductory chup notes, the song is a fast run of numerous bubbling notes, ending in a complex flourish of chatters and whistles. Note Formerly in the genus Andropadus.

Slender-billed Greenbul Stelgidillas gracilirostris

18cm, 7"

Distinctive slim greenbul with plain olive upperparts and pale grey underparts; bill is comparatively slender. Two races occur: nominate (Ug to WKe) is olive-brown above; percivali (CKe) has olive-green upperparts. SH Common in forest and forest edge canopy, often in fruiting trees, at 700–2,500m. Voice Noisy; commonest call is an upslur followed by a more tremulous downslurred sweeyu. The rarely heard song is a subdued and varied chattering. Note Formerly in the genus Andropadus.

Sombre Greenbul Andropadus importunus

18cm, 7"

Rather plain olive-brown greenbul with obvious creamy-white eyes. Two races occur: widespread insularis is yellowish-olive below (with brownish wash to throat and flanks); hypoxanthus (SETz) is greener above and yellower below. Immature similar, but has dark eyes and small yellowish eye-ring. SH Very common throughout coastal region, and rather less common in CKe highlands to 2,000m. Voice Calls throughout day from bush tops or telephone wires, a fast rising and falling series of cheerful notes with quality of Common Bulbul. [Alt. Zanzibar Sombre Greenbul]

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Common Bulbul

Yellow-whiskered Greenbul

ad

imm tricolor

dodsoni

nominate

Little Greenbul nominate

insularis

Sombre Greenbul nominate

Slender-billed Greenbul

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PLATE 157: BULBULS AND GREENBULS II ARIZELOCICHLA GREENBULS Formerly in the genus Andropadus, these greenbuls are largely olive-green and grey; several have distinct blackish head markings and restricted ranges (see also Plate 158). The four Mountain Greenbul species were formerly considered conspecific, and known as Mountain Greenbul Andropadus nigriceps.

Eastern Mountain Greenbul Arizelocichla nigriceps

18cm, 7"

A grey-headed greenbul with a small broken eye-ring, fine whitish lines on ear-coverts, olivegreen upperparts and variable grey or yellowish-green underparts. Three races occur: distinctive kikuyuensis (Olive-breasted Mountain Greenbul) in WUg, Rw, Bu and CKe has plain grey head and throat, and yellow-green underparts; nominate (SKe to NTz) has blackish crown and mostly grey underparts; usambarae (NETz) has black superciliary stripes and mostly grey underparts. SH Common in highland forest and nearby secondary growth, at 1,350–3,300m. Voice Song is a deep throaty delivery of clear notes, most phrases rising, some with cat-like calls. Calls include a grating churr. Race nigriceps also gives a repeated nasal ewat-ekeek.

Uluguru Mountain Greenbul Arizelocichla neumanni

19cm, 7.5"

Similar to the nominate race of Eastern Mountain Greenbul but lacks broken eye-ring and fine lines on ear-coverts; also slightly larger with different voice. Monotypic. SH Endemic to highland forest in Uluguru Mts, Tz. Voice Song is a repeated chip-chap-chip-chuck-chweeo and similar refrains with slight variations. [Alt. Uluguru Greenbul]

Black-browed Mountain Greenbul Arizelocichla fusciceps

18cm, 7"

Similar to the nominate race of Eastern Mountain Greenbul including small broken eye-ring, but slightly larger and duller, with greyer crown, no fine white streaks on ear-coverts, and mottled pale yellowish-olive undertail-coverts. Monotypic. SH Common in highland forest around Mt Rungwe and Poroto Mts, STz. Voice Song is a repeated 3–4-note phrase ending in a louder higher note. [Alt. Black-browed Greenbul]

Yellow-throated Mountain Greenbul Arizelocichla chlorigula

18cm, 7"

Distinctive greenbul with yellow or greenish-yellow throat and vent. Otherwise similar to several other species of the group, with dark grey head, green upperparts and mostly grey underparts. Monotypic. SH Endemic to forest, secondary growth and edges of cultivation in E to STz. Voice A throaty repeated cha-cha-ch‘weet or cha-cha-weet, the last note loud and rising. [Alt. Yellow-throated Greenbul]

Stripe-faced Greenbul Arizelocichla striifacies

19cm, 7.5"

Fairly large greenbul, olive-green above and olive-yellow below (bright in sunlight) with whitestreaked dark ear-coverts and usually pale eyes. Two races occur: nominate (SEKe to Udzungwa Mts, Tz) as described; olivaceiceps (Mt Rungwe area, STz), which is sometimes considered to be a separate species (Olive-headed Greenbul), is duller, darker above and greener below with brownish eyes. Immature duller with little streaking on sides of face. SH Common in a variety of forest types at 150–1,850m, but mainly in highlands. Most frequent in midstorey and canopy. Voice Song has same deep throaty quality of Eastern Mountain Greenbul, but with a slow and deliberate delivery that varies locally. Common call is a rapid monotonous wikawikawikawika…..wik! Note Formerly considered conspecific with extralimital Stripe-cheeked Greenbul A. milanjensis. [Alt. Olive-headed Greenbul]

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nominate kikuyuensis

Eastern Mountain Greenbul

usambarae

Black-browed Mountain Greenbul

Uluguru Mountain Greenbul

Stripe-faced Greenbul

olivaceiceps

Yellow-throated Mountain Greenbul nominate

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PLATE 158: BULBULS AND GREENBULS III ARIZELOCICHLA GREENBULS Formerly in the genus Andropadus, these greenbuls are largely olive-green and grey (see also Plate 157). PHYLLASTREPHUS GREENBULS A large group of slim-looking slender-billed greenbuls mostly found in undergrowth or mid-levels of forest interior. Many are brown above with red-brown tails (see also Plates 159–161, 163). CHLOROCICHLA GREENBULS Rather bulky, strong-billed, noisy greenbuls, which prefer forest edge, secondary growth and overgrown cultivation (see also Plates 161–162).

Kakamega Greenbul Arizelocichla kakamegae

17cm, 6.5"

Grey crown and nape contrast with olive-green upperparts and yellowish-olive underparts; eyering dull whitish. Two races occur: nominate (from SWUg to Kigoma, WTz, and WKe) as described; kungwensis (Kungwe-Mahari Mts, WTz) has darker grey crown, pale grey throat and greener underparts. Distinctive foraging behaviour includes slowly moving along mossy tree trunks and branches probing for insects. SH Singles and pairs are local but not uncommon in the midstorey of forest interiors at about 1,000–2,300m. Voice Virtually silent (no song has been recorded). Note Formerly in the genus Andropadus and considered conspecific with Shelley’s Greenbul.

Shelley’s Greenbul Arizelocichla masukuensis

17cm, 6.5"

Dull olive greenbul with narrow broken whitish eye-ring and no obvious contrast between crown and nape with rest of upperparts; underparts paler dull olive with slightly contrasting grey-olive throat. Eyes red-brown, legs blue-grey or dull greenish. Two races occur: nominate (Mt Rungwe, SWTz) as described; roehli (NE to STz) is similar but has greyer sides to head, and paler greyer throat. Race roehli does not forage on tree trunks. SH Singles and pairs are fairly common in forest interior (mainly in highlands) at 500–2,300m. Voice Call is a diagnostic high upslurred qui-qui-quiqui…, similar to a slowed-down version of Red-throated Wryneck. Note Formerly in the genus Andropadus and considered conspecific with Kakamega Greenbul.

Grey-olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus cerviniventris

17cm, 6.5"

Typical Phyllastrephus with mainly dull brown plumage and reddish-brown tail; buff-white throat contrasts slightly with greyish-olive breast and flanks and pale tawny-brown vent; pinkish-horn lower mandible and pale pinkish legs and feet are best identification features. Eyes yellowishwhite or orange-brown. Best identified from Fischer’s and Cabanis’s Greenbuls and Terrestrial Brownbul by pale pink legs and feet (not dark). Monotypic. SH Pairs or small flocks are generally uncommon in undergrowth and dense tangles in remnant forest patches, ground-water forest, and along streams below 1,700m. Frequently flicks wings and tail. Voice Song is a short sequence of rising then falling notes, followed by a longer series of nasal upslurs which sometimes breaks into a chatter. Vocally distinct locally, but the pattern and the nasal quality are always recognisable.

Fischer’s Greenbul Phyllastrephus fischeri

18cm, 7"

Plain olive-brown above with an inconspicuous broken eye-ring, creamy-white eyes and dull reddish tail; very white throat contrasts with olive-brown breast and flanks. Monotypic. SH Small flocks are common in forest undergrowth and thick bush in the coastal lowlands and up to 600m in East Usambara Mts, NETz. Shy and difficult to observe, but presence announced by frequent noisy contact calls. Voice Foraging groups utter a constant deep, throaty, descending and chattering cheee-cha-cha-cha-cha-cha that accelerates and fades.

Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris

22cm 8.5"

Quite thickset large greenbul of the south and east. Two races occur: centralis (Ke and ETz) is dark olive above with a darker olive-brown head and ruffled crown (often raised as shaggy crest), obvious white crescent above red-brown eye, yellow underparts, paler on throat; occidentalis (W and STz) is more olive-green above, brighter yellow below with variable paler throat and brownish wash on breast. SH Singles and pairs are common in all types of thick cover, from sea level to 2,100m (on Mt Kilimanjaro, NTz). Voice Basic song is five slow, rather halting, nasal notes, eh… eh…uh…eeh…eh (first two and final note identical, third lower, fourth higher than first), often initiated with rather angry slurred churr calls.

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Kakamega Greenbul Shelley’s Greenbul

roehli nominate

Grey-olive Greenbul

Fischer’s Greenbul

centralis

Yellow-bellied Greenbul

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PLATE 159: BULBULS AND GREENBULS IV PHYLLASTREPHUS GREENBULS A large group of slim-looking slender-billed greenbuls mostly found in undergrowth or mid-levels of forest interior. Many are brown above with red-brown tails (see also Plates 158, 160, 161, 163).

Northern Brownbul Phyllastrephus strepitans

17cm, 6.5"

Very similar to Terrestrial Brownbul, but slightly smaller and slimmer; more russet above, with a russet-brown rump and tail; buffy-white throat contrasts slightly with rest of greyish-brown underparts. Eyes brown or reddish-brown; Fischer’s Greenbul has pale eyes. Monotypic. SH Small flocks are common in thicker cover within semi-arid areas in the north and east, and also in coastal lowlands from near sea level to about 1,000m. Voice Parties maintain a continuous rather nasal and pinched chatter from mid-canopy (recalling larger babblers).

Terrestrial Brownbul Phyllastrephus terrestris

19cm, 7.5"

Very similar to Fisher’s Greenbul but has wine-red (not creamy-white) eyes and is less olive above (if seen well). From slightly smaller Northern Brownbul by more earth-brown upperparts without russet overtones on rump and tail; white throat contrasts more with greyish-brown breast and flanks. Birds in EA are race suahelicus. SH Small flocks are rather uncommon in undergrowth of coastal forest, along wooded streams, in thickets and dense bush. Voice Delivers a babbler-like chattering from near the ground: which is lower-pitched than Northern Brownbul and lacks harsh laughing quality of Fischer’s Greenbul.

Lowland Tiny Greenbul Phyllastrephus debilis

13cm, 5"

Small warbler-like greenbul with grey crown, greenish back and wings, and whitish underparts with variable yellowish streaks. Race rabai (coastal Ke and lowland ETz, has mostly grey head contrasting with greenish back, wings and tail; pale greyish-white below with whiter throat and variable yellow streaking on belly. Bill grey, eyes variable but usually creamy-white or yellowish, darker on immature. Nominate (SETz) is similar, but underparts whiter and yellow on belly paler (hard to see in field). Immature has olive-green wash to crown. SH Pairs and small flocks are local and uncommon in undergrowth and mid-canopy of coastal forest and woodland from sea level to 450m in Shimba Hills Ke, and up to 300m in East Usambara Mts, Tz. Often joins mixed-species flocks. Voice A remarkably loud low-pitched nasal and rhythmical song, including a bubbling trill and urgent na’na’na’ nya-na… Note Formerly considered conspecific with Montane Tiny Greenbul. [Alt. Tiny Greenbul]

Montane Tiny Greenbul Phyllastrephus albigula

13cm, 5"

Very similar to Lowland Tiny Greenbul but has an olive-green crown and nape, darker upperparts, and greyer underparts, including throat; very little yellow on lower belly. Bill blackish, eyes yellowish-orange. Monotypic. SH Endemic to the Nguru and West and East Usambara Mts, NETz, where generally uncommon at 300–1,500m. Voice Song is poorly known, but scold is a high-pitched rattle; contact call chrrrrr. Note Formerly considered conspecific with Lowland Tiny Greenbul. [Alt. Usambara Greenbul]

Yellow-streaked Greenbul Phyllastrephus flavostriatus

20cm, 8"

Long-billed slender greenbul with whitish underparts variably streaked pale yellow (often hard to see). Habitually moves around in mid-canopy flicking one wing after the other. Five races differ mainly in crown, back and wing colour: olivaceogriseus (WUg to Bu) has clear grey crown and hindneck, grey back and scapulars (variably washed greenish) and green wings; kungwensis (Kungwe-Mahari Mts, WTz) has a darker grey crown, greener back and greenish-rufous wingcoverts; tenuirostris (NE and SETz) has an olive-grey crown and nape, and brownish-olive wings; uzungwensis (Udzungwa Mts, ETz) is like tenuirostris, but yellow belly streaking more conspicuous; and distinctive race alfredi (Sharpe’s Greenbul) is all olive-brown above, including crown and nape; wing-coverts warm rufous-brown, tail warm-brown with greenish-brown edges. Below whitish on throat and belly, with brownish wash to sides of breast, flanks and vent. SH Singles or small flocks are patchily distributed in forest from sea level to 2,400m (mainly in highlands); often occurs in mixed-species flocks. In EA alfredi is restricted to the Ufipa Plateau, SWTz where it is locally common Voice Song commences with a series of chips followed by a slow delivery of louder descending notes. Alarm is a rapid bubbling chatter. Note Race tenuirostris was formerly in Ke but not seen since 1938.

338

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Northern Brownbul

Terrestrial Brownbul

rabai

Lowland Tiny Greenbul

Montane Tiny Greenbul

tenuirostris

alfredi

Yellow-streaked Greenbul

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PLATE 160: WESTERN GREENBULS I PHYLLASTREPHUS GREENBULS A large group of slim-looking slender-billed greenbuls mostly found in undergrowth or midlevels of forest interior. Many are brown above with red-brown tails (see also Plates 158, 159, 161, 163). EURILLAS GREENBULS Formerly in the genus Andropadus they are mostly dull plumaged with short or mid-length bills. Usually solitary or in pairs (unless at fruiting trees) they prefer the midstorey and canopy of forests (see also Plate 156).

Cabanis’s Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi

19cm, 7.5"

A slim, slender-billed greenbul with greenish-olive or olive-brown upperparts and a creamy-yellow, or creamy-white, throat. Three races occur: westerly sucosus (Ug, Rw, Bu, NWTz and WKe) is greenish-olive above with a rufous-brown tail; pale-yellow throat and belly contrast with darker olive breast and flanks; nominate (W and SWTz) is similar, but paler yellow on throat and belly. In Ke east of Great Rift Valley, and N, E and STz distinctive race placidus (Placid Greenbul) is dull olive-brown above with a warm russet-brown tail; creamy-white throat contrasts with greyish-olive breast and flanks. Differs from rather similar Grey-olive Greenbul by blue-grey legs and feet (not pale pinkish). SH Noisy small flocks occur in a variety of dense undergrowth, mainly in highland forests, but down to 600m in NETz. Voice Song starts as low-pitched chatter and breaks into a higher seesawing wii-werr…, a second bird accompanying with regularly spaced growls. Race placidus is similar but grating. Note Some authorities split the two western races as Cabanis’s Greenbul P. cabanisi, and the eastern race as Placid Greenbul P. placidus.

Little Grey Greenbul Eurillas gracilis

15cm, 6"

Small greenbul. Extremely similar to Ansorge’s Greenbul with greyish-olive head, small narrow white eye-ring, olive back and wings, and slightly russet-brown tail; underparts greyish with yellowish belly and gingery flanks. Birds in EA are race ugandae. SH Singly and in pairs in primary and secondary forest at 700–1,700m with a preference for the mid-canopy and forest edge. Locally common in Ug and uncommon in Kakamega Forest, WKe. Voice Some confusion between this species and Ansorge’s Greenbul. Now believed to be a lively 4–6-note wheet-wu-wheet-wu-wheet rising at end. Note Formerly in the genus Andropadus. [Alt. Grey Greenbul]

Ansorge’s Greenbul Eurillas ansorgei

15cm, 6"

Extremely similar to Little Grey Greenbul, including small white eye-ring and gingerish belly and flanks; best identified by olive-grey (not yellow) belly. Two races occur: nominate (SWUg) as described; kavirondensis (WKe) slightly browner above and greyer below. SH In EA known only from the Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest SWUg, and Kakamega Forest, WKe, where singles and pairs are common but unobtrusive. Likes to forage in mid-levels and on open branches in lower canopy. Voice A three-note querulous wee-wer-weet (middle note slightly lower than others) and a harsh rapid trill ritittitititititit. Note Formerly in the genus Andropadus.

Toro Olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus hypochloris

18cm, 7"

Similar to several other greenbuls with olive upperparts and dull reddish-brown tail; paler olivegrey-green below with slightly browner flanks and yellowish belly (hard to see in field). Slender bill separates from similar Eurillas greenbuls. Sympatric Cabanis’s Greenbul has creamy-yellowish throat and darker olive breast. Monotypic. SH Pairs and small parties are shy and uncommon, keeping to undergrowth and mid-strata tangled vines within primary forest at 700–1,800m. Voice Song starts with descending, often paired burry notes, followed by loud descending shreeeshreee-shreee-shreee-shreee, like a scold in response to the first notes.

Plain Greenbul Eurillas curvirostris

18cm, 7"

Drab and nondescript with small greyish-white eye-ring, reddish-brown tail and yellowish belly all similar to several other greenbuls; short bill eliminates Phyllastrephus species. Best identified by grey throat contrasting slightly with darker olive head and breast. Similar Little Greenbul has plain olive underparts. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Locally common in undergrowth, lower mid-levels and at fruiting shrubs in primary and secondary forest at 700–2,300m. Voice Call is a three-note wit-woo-werrrr, the last slightly falling and tremulous. Note Formerly in the genus Andropadus. [Alt. Cameroon Sombre Greenbul]

340

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Cabanis’s Greenbul placidus

sucosus

Little Grey Greenbul

nominate

Ansorge’s Greenbul

Toro Olive Greenbul Plain Greenbul

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PLATE 161: WESTERN GREENBULS II PHYLLASTREPHUS GREENBULS A large group of slim-looking slender-billed greenbuls mostly found in undergrowth or midlevels of forest interior. Many are brown above with red-brown tails (see also Plates 158–160, 163). CHLOROCICHLA GREENBULS Rather bulky, strong-billed, noisy greenbuls, which prefer forest edge, secondary growth and overgrown cultivation (see also Plates 158 and 162). PYRRHURUS GREENBUL Sole member of the genus, a large pale greenbul which frequently fans its rusty tail.

Icterine Greenbul Phyllastrephus icterinus

17cm, 6.5"

Very similar to Xavier’s Greenbul with green upperparts, yellow underparts and a reddish-brown tail; bill weaker than Xavier’s. Male Icterine is larger than female, but male Icterine and female Xavier’s overlap in size. With experience large male Xavier’s, or small female Icterine can be separated using size, but otherwise only safely identified by voice. Monotypic. SH Noisy flocks of 3–8 birds are locally common in undergrowth of primary forest at 700–1,250m, often with mixedspecies flocks. Voice Calls of this and Xavier’s Greenbul have often been confused. Icterine makes a harsh churring similar to many species of tits.

Xavier’s Greenbul Phyllastrephus xavieri

18cm, 7"

Very similar to Icterine Greenbul, but male is larger and stronger-billed. See comments under Icterine. Monotypic. SH More widespread than Icterine, but only locally common at 700–1,500m. Also occurs in pairs and small groups with mixed-species flocks, but usually in tangled vines and creepers in the midstorey. Voice Often confused with Icterine Greenbul, but makes a long agitated series of low, nasal aahnk-aahnk notes or a rising series of aaahnk-a-aah… sounds.

Simple Greenbul Chlorocichla simplex

21cm, 8"

Large, rather thickset, typical Chlorocichla greenbul. Plain dark brown above with obvious white crescent over eye. Very white throat contrasts with pale grey-brown breast and flanks. Pale cinnamon underwing-coverts in flight. Monotypic. SH Very rare in Ug where only recorded from Semliki (700m) and Malabigambo (1,200m) in forest edge, scrubby grassland and overgrown farmland. Voice Call is a low, scratchy and rather rapid series of notes, similar to Pale-throated Greenbul, but lacks all of the latter’s exuberance.

Sassi’s Olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus lorenzi

15cm, 6"

Small greenbul, olive-brown above with a variable blackish crown (either solid black or mottled) and rufous-brown nape patch (varies in size). Underparts olive-yellow washed greenish on breast and flanks; tail reddish-brown. Monotypic. SH The only record is of a single at 700m in Semliki Forest, WUg, in Jun 1967. Voice Unknown.

Leaf-love Pyrrhurus scandens

22cm, 8.5"

Large attractive pale bulbul with pale greyish head, olive back and wings, and conspicuous russet tail which is frequently fanned. White throat grades into buffy breast, lower flanks and vent pale cinnamon. Birds in EA are race orientalis. SH Small noisy flocks occur in forest, isolated clumps of woodland and thickets at 700–1,200m. Often near water, forages at all levels and frequently joins mixed-species flocks. Voice Typically duets, with one bird giving a low but loud chuck-achonk, and the other a higher series of sweeter slurred notes. Note Sometimes placed in the genus Phyllastrephus. [Alt. Red-tailed Leaflove]

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Icterine Greenbul

Xavier’s Greenbul

Simple Greenbul

Sassi’s Olive Greenbul

Leaf-love

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PLATE 162: WESTERN GREENBULS III CHLOROCICHLA GREENBULS Rather bulky, strong-billed, noisy greenbuls inhabiting forest (see also Plates 158 and 161). BLEDA BRISTLEBILLS Stocky undergrowth species with rather stout bills and yellow underparts. CRINIGER GREENBULS Two extremely similar greenbuls of the midstorey forest interior; both show distinctive fluffy white throats.

Joyful Greenbul Chlorocichla laetissima

22cm, 8.5"

Large greenbul, bright yellowish olive-green above and largely yellow below, variably washed greenish on sides of breast and flanks. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Locally common within a patchy range, occurring in noisy active flocks moving through the midstorey and lower canopy of primary and secondary forest at 1,400–2,300m. Voice Very vocal with a striking and memorable song: proclaims a cheerful and explosive fwit-fwit-fwit… before a rapid and exuberant sequence that ends in a set of squeaky wi-wi-wi-wi-wi-wi-wi… notes.

Red-tailed Bristlebill Bleda syndactylus

22cm, 8.5"

Dark olive above, with patch of pale blue-grey skin above eye; tail plain red-brown, often obvious in flight. Below mainly yellow, with yellow throat contrasting with more olive breast. Immature russet-brown above with yellowish-green skin around eye; variably washed rufous on sides of breast and flanks. Birds in EA are race woosnami. SH Locally common but shy in dense forest undergrowth at 700–2,150m. Usually seen alone or in pairs foraging along quiet trails at dawn and dusk; often attends ant swarms. Voice Vocal throughout day, song typically involves long, low tremulous whistles run together, either descending or ascending. Alarm is a loud rapid and continuous tip-tip-tip-tip.

Yellow-eyed Bristlebill Bleda ugandae

22cm, 8.5"

Almost entirely olive-green above with yellowish lores and pale yellow eyes; broad bright yellow tips to outer tail conspicuous in flight. Underparts bright yellow, washed green on sides of breast and flanks. Immature dark rusty-brown and slightly paler below. Monotypic. SH Uncommon away from Semliki and Mabira Forests in W and SEUg, at 700–1,300m. Secretive, keeping to undergrowth and thick tangled vines in primary forest. Voice Song is very loud, typically a slow tak-tak-tak… then a series of whistled notes that descend and become burry. Alarm is a loud continuous churring. Note Formerly considered conspecific with extralimital Green-tailed Bristlebill B. eximius, and some authorities consider Yellow-eyed and Yellow-lored Bristlebills B. notatus conspecific.

Red-tailed Greenbul Criniger calurus

21cm, 8"

Distinctive, attractive greenbul with olive upperparts, darker olive head and rufous uppertail. Conspicuous white throat often puffed-out contrasting strongly with dark head, olive-green upper breast and yellow belly. Immature has rufous fringes to wing-coverts. Birds in EA are race emini. SH Locally common in forest undergrowth and midstorey, often in mixed-species flocks, at 700– 1,500m. Voice A loud song consisting of a short burry series of three or four notes, typically rising then falling. Call is a double upslurred cher-wee cher-weee.

Eastern Bearded Greenbul Criniger chloronotus

22cm, 8.5"

Very similar to Red-tailed Greenbul, but a little larger with slightly greyer head, larger bill and brighter rufous tail. Has similar puffed-out white throat, but breast washed greyish-brown (not olive-green), and yellow belly duller. Monotypic. SH In EA very rare and only recorded once in Semliki Forest, WUg, at 700m. Voice Call is a loud reedy two-note whistle fwee-fweeee (the second longer note five tones higher than the first).

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Joyful Greenbul

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Red-tailed Bristlebill

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Yellow-eyed Bristlebill

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Red-tailed Greenbul

Eastern Bearded Greenbul

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PLATE 163: WESTERN GREENBULS IV PHYLLASTREPHUS GREENBULS A large group of slim-looking slender-billed greenbuls mostly found in undergrowth or mid-levels of forest interior. Many are brown above with red-brown tails (see also Plates 158–161). ATIMASTILLAS AND THESCELOCICHLA GREENBULS Two rather large greenbuls which occur in noisy flocks at forest edge and in secondary growth. BAEOPOGON A canopy species which looks remarkably similar to a large slender-billed honeyguide. IXONOTUS A distinctive, slender, flocking species of forest canopy.

White-throated Greenbul Phyllastrephus albigularis

17cm, 6.5"

Typical Phyllastrephus greenbul with grey-brown head, olive back and wings, and reddish-brown tail. White throat contrasts with olive-green or olive-grey breast; lower breast yellowish becoming stronger on belly. In areas of range overlap with similar Cabanis’s Greenbul best identified by white throat (not creamy-yellow). Monotypic. SH Small groups are common and often join mixed-species flocks in undergrowth and lower to mid-levels of primary and secondary forest, at 900–1,850m. Voice Very noisy, giving an ascending harsh shree-shree… ending in a series of identical nasal notes, and a very harsh chattering and churring.

Pale-throated Greenbul Atimastillas flavigula

22cm, 8.5"

Large, dull and olive-grey-brown above with contrasting pale creamy-yellow throat. Eyes vary from dark to dull yellowish, or pale greyish. Often looks rather dishevelled. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs and small groups are common and noisy in a variety of thick undergrowth including along wooded streams, thickets and overgrown cultivation, at 900–2,300m. Voice Varies locally, but typically sings a rather excitable babbler-like chattering, commonly made in flight. Note Formerly considered conspecific with West African Yellow-throated Greenbul (or Yellowthroated Leaflove) Chlorocichla flavicollis, but now regarded as specifically distinct and both forms placed in the genus Atimastillas.

Swamp Palm Bulbul Thescelocichla leucopleura

23cm, 9"

Large bulbul with dark olive-brown upperparts, grey and white streaked ear-coverts, and conspicuous broad white tips to outer tail feathers. Whitish underparts variably streaked grey on throat and upper breast; pale creamy-yellow lower breast to vent. Monotypic. SH Noisy flocks inhabit swampy areas in forest, forest edge and cultivation, especially with oil palms. Fairly common at 700m around Semliki Forest, WUg. Voice Calls similar to Leaf-love, but unbroken, a cheerful low babbling which rises and falls. [Alt. Swamp Greenbul]

Honeyguide Greenbul Baeopogon indicator

19cm, 7.5"

Adult male resembles a large honeyguide with a slender bill and white eyes. Female and immature are similar, but dark-eyed. In flight conspicuous white outer tail feathers. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Single birds are not uncommon in the canopy of good forest at 700–2,000m, but are difficult to locate unless calling or seen in flight. Voice Call is a mournful, descending whistled wi-yu-t’widdly-t’wi-yu from high in the canopy, often followed by a long rising querulous pweeeeeee.

Spotted Greenbul Ixonotus guttatus

17cm, 6.5"

Distinctive rather slim greenbul, dark olive-brown above with large white spots on wings and rump; central tail blackish, outer tail pure white. Underparts white, with creamy wash to belly and flanks. Monotypic. SH Small chattering flocks are very active in the canopy and forest edge at 900–1,250m. Voice Calls persistently (and often in flight) a smooth rhythmical chittering of spitted notes.

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White-throated Greenbul

Pale-throated Greenbul

Swamp Palm Bulbul

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Honeyguide Greenbul

Spotted Greenbul

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PLATE 164: SMALL ROBINS AND AKALATS I ROBINS AND AKALATS Small, shy chats of dense forest undergrowth which often forage along trails at dawn and dusk. Difficult to observe in the gloomy forest interior, but some similar species can be identified using a combination of voice, range and altitude. Sexes alike.

White-starred Robin Pogonocichla stellata

15cm, 6"

Seven very similar races, varying slightly in size and tone: typical adult has a slate-blue head, greenish back and bright yellow underparts; tail yellow with black central feathers and terminal band. White spot in front of eye and on breast are often concealed. Only race elgonensis (Mt Elgon, Ug and Ke) differs markedly in having an almost plain black tail. Immature is olive-green above, dull yellow below, tail pattern as adult but duller. Juvenile is dark olive above with pale spotting, underparts yellow with bold scaly black markings. SH Common but rather shy, in undergrowth of highland forest and bamboo usually above 1,600m, but down to 300m in ETz. Voice Varies racially and often mimics, but strong song is typically six rising then falling whistles (more frequently heard subsong is similar but muffled). Call is a seesaw piping pi-pi pi-pi…

Swynnerton’s Robin Swynnertonia swynnertoni

13cm, 5"

Similar to White-starred Robin, but has prominent white breast bar edged black and plain dark grey tail. Generally colours of upperparts are more muted than White-starred Robin, and never shows white supraloral spot. Breast yellow grading to white on belly. Female slightly paler and duller. Juvenile browner above than female with buff spotting, paler below with light brown scaling on breast. SH Rare in forest undergrowth with ample leaf litter. In EA race rodgersi is restricted to Udzungwa Mts, ETz, at 1,000–1,700m. Those at 200–550m in the East Usambara Mts, NETz, may be an undescribed race. Voice Usual song is a four-note refrain, the first two descending, then a brief pause followed by two repeated lower notes: peee-eeee……pur pur. VU

Equatorial Akalat Sheppardia aequatorialis

13cm, 5"

Upperparts olive-brown with slightly more rufous tail; lores and around eye greyish, but difficult to see in dull light of forest undergrowth. Underparts rufous-orange with white belly. Juvenile dark brown above with pale rufous spotting, mottled black and tawny below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Not uncommon, but a shy resident of undergrowth and mid-levels in highland forest at 1,600–2,500m. Voice Quiet for a forest chat, song is rather like the repeated call of African Scops-Owl, a burry prrru-prrru on the same note.

Lowland Akalat Sheppardia cyornithopsis

13cm, 5"

Extremely similar to Equatorial Akalat, but flanks browner (not rufous-orange) and slightly more white on belly. Best identified by range and altitude. Birds in EA are race lopezi. SH Very local in forest at 700–1,200m, replacing Equatorial Akalat in Semliki and Malabigambo in SWUg, and at Minziro in NWTz. Voice Insufficiently known, but reported as a repeated whee whiu and slightly tremulous churr and chee notes.

Forest Robin Stiphrornis erythrothorax

11cm, 4.5"

Like a very bright Equatorial Akalat with an obvious white spot in front of eye and blackish cheeks. Dark olive-brown above, throat and breast bright orange-yellow, lower breast to vent pale yellow. Juvenile spotted with rufous above, dull rufous and grey-brown below with pale throat and belly. Birds in EA are race xanthogaster. SH Solitary or in pairs, in primary forest undergrowth at 700–1,800m in the west, including more recent records from Minziro, NWTz. One old record from 2,500m at Kipkabus, WKe. Voice Persistent loud songster with local variation; song of obvious repeated scratchy thrush-like phrases (a faster version could be mistaken for Grey Longbill). Note Some authorities consider this form specifically distinct as Yellow-breasted Forest Robin S. xanthogaster.

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White-starred Robin

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Swynnerton’s Robin

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Equatorial Akalat

Lowland Akalat juv

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Forest Robin

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PLATE 165: AKALATS II East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningi

12cm, 5"

Olive-brown above with blue-grey supercilium and wing-coverts; throat, breast and flanks orange-yellow, belly and vent white. Displaying bird may show a white supraloral spot. Juvenile is olive-brown above with pale spots, underparts buff-brown with darker brown scalloping on breast. Two races occur: sokokensis (coastal Ke and Tz below 300m) as described; alticola (Nguu Mts, ETz, above 1,150m) has very little white on belly. SH Very local and shy akalat of dense forest undergrowth. Voice Seasonally vocal. Song can be strong or muffled and difficult to pinpoint. After a few piping notes, gives a variable liquid rising and falling werwiderly-widerly…, with all of the notes running into each other and often repeated for long periods.

Sharpe’s Akalat Sheppardia sharpei

12cm, 5"

Similar to East Coast Akalat but duller; olive-brown wings uniform with upperparts, throat, breast and flanks buffy-orange. Two races occur: usambarae (Usambara and Nguru Mts, NETz) has a short pale grey supercilium; nominate (Uluguru Mts to STz) has a whiter supercilium. Juvenile is dark brown above with buffy spotting, pale warm buff below with black scalloping on breast. SH Shy and secretive in undergrowth of highland forest and bamboo at 600–2,600m. Voice Song is a repeated slightly varying and simple, ti-tu-ti’wi-tu-tu (similar to Uganda Woodland Warbler).

Usambara Akalat Sheppardia montana

14cm, 5.5"

Dull olive-brown above, with short rusty stripe and whitish spot in front of eye (concealed unless the bird is excited). Underparts olive-grey, with paler throat and whitish belly. Juvenile is dark above with buffy spotting, heavily mottled dark brown and pale buff below. Monotypic. SH Endemic to the West Usambara Mts, Tz, where it is uncommon in forest undergrowth at 1,600–2,300m. Voice A continuous rising and falling series of lispy notes, frequently with a very harsh chahh interspersed. Call and alarm is a similar chah, usually given in a rhythmical rising series. EN

Bocage’s Akalat Sheppardia bocagei

15cm, 6"

Resembles a small robin-chat, but lack of white supercilium and plain tail suggests otherwise. Upperparts generally tawny-brown with extensive orange underparts and whitish belly. Three races occur: kungwensis (Mt Kungwe, WTz) has an olive-grey crown and narrow black line under eye; ilyai (highlands east of Mt Kungwe) is similar, but lacks black eyeline; chapini (lowlands of SWTz) also lacks black eyeline and has a more olive crown. Juvenile is dark above with rufous spots, heavily mottled rufous-buff and black below. SH Highland races inhabit forest understorey and bamboo at 1,800–2,400m; race chapini is known from near Kitungulu, SWTz, where it occupies miombo and riverine woodland at 1,400m. Voice A loud and emphatic rising and falling chatlike song with short phrases; rather forced and not very musical. Note Some authorities treat kungwensis as a race of Short-tailed Akalat S. poensis.

Iringa Akalat Sheppardia lowei

14cm, 5.5"

Dingy brown above with short dull yellowish-olive stripe from base of bill to top of eye (can be concealed). Underparts mostly pale olive-brown with yellowish-buff throat and whitish belly. Monotypic. SH Endemic to highland forests from the Udzungwa Mts south to the Iringa Highlands and Livingstone Mts, Tz, where it inhabits undergrowth with a preference for drier forest at 1,350– 2,500m. Voice Song is a slowly rising and falling series of simple loud piping notes and downslurs, often interspersed with snatches of Spot-throat imitations. Sings from vines 5–6m above ground. VU

Rubeho Akalat Sheppardia aurantiithorax

14cm, 5.5"

Tawny-olive crown and nape contrast with darker upperparts, may show yellowish and white loral spot; throat to upper breast and vent orange, washed tawny-olive on breast and flanks, lower breast and belly creamy. Poorly known juvenile has buffy orange spots on upperparts. Monotypic. SH Endemic to the Rubeho and Ukaguru Mts, Tz, where it inhabits the understorey at 1,800– 2,200m. Little known and only described to science in 2004. Voice Reported as repeated dry nasal rattles. EN

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East Coast Akalat Sharpe’s Akalat

juv juv sokokensis

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Usambara Akalat

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Bocage’s Akalat

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kungwensis

Rubeho Akalat

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PLATE 166: ALETHES ALETHES Medium-sized forest chats which are generally brown above and pale grey or white below. All inhabit dense undergrowth, but feed on quiet trails at dawn and dusk, or after rain. Shy and usually solitary, they are fond of following ant swarms and small groups sometimes forage together. Sexes alike.

Brown-chested Alethe Chamaetylas poliocephala

15cm, 6"

Five very similar races occur: adults have blackish, dark brown or grey-brown heads contrasting slightly with dark chestnut-brown or dull brown backs and wings. Dull white supercilium can be obscure but usually obvious in front view. Underparts dingy-white, whiter on throat and variably washed grey-brown on breast and flanks. Juveniles are dark brown above with orange spotting, buff and grey below with black fringes to breast. SH Common and widespread in forest at 700– 2,800m, but more typically at higher altitudes. Voice Quiet for an alethe, song is an infrequently heard series of whistled downslurs. Utters harsh notes at ant swarms and a nasal alarm similar to Grey-chested Illadopsis. Note Formerly in the genus Alethe.

White-chested Alethe Chamaetylas fuelleborni

20cm, 8"

Larger than Brown-chested Alethe with brighter chestnut-brown mantle, rump and tail, very dark sides to face and no supercilium. Underparts white, with strong grey-brown wash to sides of breast and flanks. Juvenile is dark brown above with some pale orange spots, mottled grey, buff and orange below with extensive dark scaly fringes. Monotypic. SH Not uncommon within restricted range, but exceptionally shy and hard to see. Inhabits lower levels of mature highland forest at 900–2,600m. Voice Call is a loud lazy piping at dawn and dusk. Slightly variable song is usually a repeated rising series of three very burry notes, wer-ter-wii followed by a pause, then a rising weii wer-ee. Note Formerly in the genus Alethe.

Red-throated Alethe Chamaetylas poliophrys

15cm, 6"

Distinctive, with blackish head, long broad grey supercilium extending to nape and brick-red throat. Rest of upperparts chestnut-brown; underparts dull greyish-white. Juvenile is very dark above and on breast, with many rufous spots and streaks. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Endemic to highland forests along the Albertine Rift at 1,500–3,000m. Voice A noisy, monotonous songster. Most calls are repeated piping notes, or rising and falling slurs, apparently delivered randomly. Note Formerly in the genus Alethe.

Fire-crested Alethe Alethe castanea

18cm, 7"

Upperparts mainly chestnut-brown with blackish tail; top of crown often appears plain brown, but can raise orange crown-stripe (especially in alarm). Sides of face grey, underparts whitish, washed grey on sides of breast and flanks. Juvenile is dark brown with orange spots above, white and orange below, with dark scaly fringes. Birds in EA are race woosnami. SH Common in mature forest and nearby secondary growth at 700–1,500m. Feeds mainly on the ground, but calls from tangled vines in midstorey. Voice Song is a complex rather subdued delivery of chatters and squeaks. Commonly heard call is a loud repeated, but rather hesistant foo feeeu with second note downslurred. Note Of the four alethes traditionally thought to occur in EA, recent studies have retained only this species (and its West African sister species, White-tailed Alethe A. diademata) in the genus Alethe. They were also previously thought to be conspecific.

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Brown-chested Alethe White-chested Alethe juv juv

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Fire-crested Alethe

Red-throated Alethe

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PLATE 167: ROBIN-CHATS I ROBIN-CHATS Small or medium-sized chats, mostly with orange underparts, white superciliary stripes and a dark centre to rufous tail. Sexes alike; spotted and scaly juvenile plumage is quickly lost and not often seen in the field. All are usually solitary or in pairs. Fabulous songsters with much variation and mimicry.

Cape Robin-Chat Dessonornis caffra

17cm, 6.5"

Paler than most other robin-chats with orange throat and breast contrasting with grey flanks and belly. Grey crown, white supercilium and blackish face (not as boldly marked as most robin-chats). Juvenile is brown above with buffy spots, pale brown below with dark scaling. Widespread race iolaema as described, kivuensis (SWUg to SBu) is brighter below. SH Common in a wide variety of habitats including moorland, forest edge, cultivation and gardens at 1,600–3,400m (occasionally as low as 500m in Tz). Voice A very thrush-like songster, with short varied phrases repeated after brief pauses. Note Formerly in the genus Cossypha.

White-browed Robin-Chat Cossypha heuglini

20cm, 8"

Boldly marked and entirely bright rufous-orange below. Crown and sides of face black with a long white supercilium. Tail rufous-orange, usually with olive-brown central feathers. Juvenile heavily spotted, with less pronounced supercilium and rufous-brown underparts with dark scaling. Two races occur: nominate (widespread) as described, and similar but slightly smaller intermedia (coastal Ke and Tz). SH Most widespread robin-chat in the region, common in many habitats from sea level to 2,200m, but avoids forest interior and desert-like country. White-browed prefers lower altitudes and more open habitats than Rüppell’s Robin-Chat. Voice Song variable, but is usually a simple refrain of repeated high notes, followed by lower notes, with each sequence increasing in volume and becoming more rapid and urgent. Alarm call is a loud but wooden takata-kata-kata.

Rüppell’s Robin-Chat Cossypha semirufa

18cm, 7"

Very similar to White-browed Robin-Chat, but tail rufous-orange with blackish central tail feathers. Juvenile similar to juvenile White-browed. Two races occur: intercedens is widespread, and smaller nominate (with more olive upperparts) occurs at Moyale and Marsabit, NKe. SH Much more of a highland forest bird than White-browed Robin-Chat, but also occurs in overgrown gardens, at 1,400–2,300m. Voice A most accomplished songster. Basic song is a musical warbled, thrush-like refrain given either continuously or in short bursts. Often mimics birds, other small animals and human whistles in its neighbourhood. Sings continuously from cover, particularly before dawn and at dusk, and often repeats a monotonous rrri-pru-ru.

Blue-shouldered Robin-Chat Cossypha cyanocampter

15cm, 6"

Smaller than White-browed Robin-Chat with blacker wings, small bright steel-blue shoulder patches and paler yellow-orange underparts. Tail rufous with a black centre. Juvenile resembles other juvenile robin-chats, but immature quickly gains blue shoulder patch. Birds in EA are race bartteloti. SH Generally uncommmon in thick forest undergrowth at 700–2,000m, where it is very shy and difficult to observe. Voice A most accomplished mimic incorporating human whistles and the sounds of many other forest inhabitants in its song. Picks up refrains very quickly, but lacks the sweetness of Rüppell’s Robin-Chat and tends to ramble.

Snowy-crowned Robin-Chat Cossypha niveicapilla

22cm, 8.5"

Large robin-chat with white stripe over crown (can be difficult to see); large black patches on sides of head and rufous collar often more obvious. Mantle and wings slaty; central tail black. Juvenile similar to other juvenile robin-chats but larger. Monotypic. SH Not uncommon, but shy in forest, remnant woodland and thickets at 900–2,400m. Voice Usually heard at dusk, the rapidly delivered strong and varied song has a fluty quality. Birds incorporate much mimicry, but most of the song is their own. Common call is a repeated mournful piping fweeeeo…

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White-browed Robin-Chat

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nominate

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Rüppell’s Robin-Chat

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Snowy-crowned Robin-Chat

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PLATE 168: ROBIN-CHATS II Red-capped Robin-Chat Cossypha natalensis

17cm, 6.5"

Only robin-chat with a rufous-orange head (sometimes browner on crown); if seen well beady black eyes are conspicuous. Mantle and wings blue-grey, tail rufous with black centre. Juvenile is mottled black and rufous above, paler below with dark scaling. Birds in EA are race intensa. SH A shy but common bird of forest undergrowth and thickets from sea level to 2,200m. Resident and intra-African migrant populations (from the southern tropics) occur, but movements poorly understood. Numerous in the west and coastal regions from May to Nov, while smaller numbers of residents occur in scattered locations throughout the region. Voice An accomplished mimic, bouts of singing can last many minutes. Quality is drunken or lazy compared to other robin-chats, notes are slurred and not very pure. Commonest call is a monotonous, distinct and endlessly repeated preeep-prooop.

Grey-winged Robin-Chat Cossypha polioptera

15cm, 6"

Small robin-chat with a dark grey crown, white supercilium (finely streaked black) and narrow black eyeline. Wings olive-brown with blue-grey shoulders; tail plain rufous-brown; underparts rufousorange with whitish belly. Juvenile is brown above with rufous spots, short rufous supercilium, blue-grey patch on wing-coverts, and plain pale rufous underparts. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Rather local in forest undergrowth and thickets along streams at 1,100–2,150m. Often on the ground in leaf litter, being shy and difficult to observe. Voice Some local variation and mimicry; songs can be slow sweet refrains or rapid high-pitched and regular musical phrases. Note Juvenile plumage and plain tail suggest this species may be an akalat, and then known as Grey-winged Akalat Sheppardia polioptera, but voice (including mimicry) is much more robin-chat like.

Archer’s Robin-Chat Dessonornis archeri

15cm, 6"

Rather dull robin-chat; mostly orange-brown with a narrow white supercilium and small dark face. Orange-rufous head and underparts contrast with browner wings, and rufous tail. Juvenile similar to adult, but darkly mottled olive-brown below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Endemic to mountains along the Albertine Rift at 1,600–4,000m where it is common in forest undergrowth and nearby thickly vegetated streamsides. Voice A strongly delivered rising and falling song, in which individual notes are difficult to distinguish, but the overall feel is uniquely tinny and metallic. Note Formerly in the genus Cossypha. [Alt. Archer’s Ground Robin]

Olive-flanked Robin-Chat Dessonornis anomalus

15cm, 6"

Dark robin-chat with a distinctive white forecrown, supercilium and throat. Underparts vary from blackish to dark grey with rufous flanks. Three races occur and are sometimes considered to be two species: mbuluensis (Mbulu Robin-Chat) (Mbulu Highlands, NTz) is blackest; grotei (E and STz) has grey breast grading to white belly, and both these races have rufous tails with black central feathers; in STz macclounii (west of grotei) has underparts similar to grotei, but tail more uniform red-brown. Races grotei and macclounii are sometimes treated as a separate species, Rustyflanked Robin-Chat. Juvenile is very dark brown above with some pale speckling, and extensively scaled below. SH Uncommon in and around highland forest and along nearby wooded streams at 1,500–2,600m, usually in undergrowth but sings from tops of small trees. Voice Song varies geographically: it suggests Cape Robin-Chat but is louder with more deliberate short phrases. Note Formerly in the genus Cossypha. [Alt. Olive-flanked Ground Robin]

White-bellied Robin-Chat Cossyphicula roberti

13cm, 5"

Small and superficially resembles an akalat, but black centre to rufous tail immediately suggests a robin-chat. In EA, race rufescentior is plain olive-brown above with a narrow pale line above the lores; underparts rufous-orange with only small white belly patch. Juvenile is streaked and spotted black and rufous above, scaly black on pale rufous below. SH Not uncommon, but difficult to observe in dense undergrowth, particularly along streams in montane forest at 1,600–2,000m. Voice A formless, high-pitched rising and falling song that is rather muffled, though similar to the stronger refrains of Forest Robin.

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Red-capped Robin-Chat juv ad

Grey-winged Robin-Chat

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juv

juv

Archer’s Robin-Chat

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Olive-flanked Robin-Chat ad

macclounii juv

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juv

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mbuluensis

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White-bellied Robin-Chat

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PLATE 169: TURDUS THRUSHES TURDUS THRUSHES Well-known genus of larger thrushes; several are similar-looking, but most have different ranges, habitat preferences and altitudinal limits. Sexes alike. Juveniles are rather like adults, but have small spots on the wing-coverts and heavy spotting on the breast.

Abyssinian Thrush Turdus abyssinicus

22cm, 8.5"

Six races differ mainly in tone, with those at higher altitudes (particularly on isolated mountains) generally darker than the more widespread nominate form. Nominate adult (throughout Ke highlands, NEUg and NTz) is dark olive-brown or grey-brown above, with an orange bill and small orange eye-ring; greyish-brown breast, and rufous-orange flanks or belly. Other races differ as follows: baraka (Rwenzori Mts, WUg) has streaked throat and lower breast, and tawny belly; bambusicola (SWUg, Rw, Bu) has throat and breast ash-brown; oldeani (Crater Highlands NTz) is darker sootygrey, flanks grey-brown; deckeni (mainly Tz highlands east of oldeani) is darker than nominate; and nyikae (highlands of E and STz) has dark breast and flanks. SH The most common and widespread thrush in the highlands, occupying a wide range of habitats including heath, forest edge, gardens and cultivation, at 1,500–3,400m. Voice Song consists of short typical thrush-like phrases followed by a pause, each phrase ends with a short series of repeated subdued notes like an echo. Note Formerly considered conspecific with Olive Thrush T. olivaceus of southern Africa. [Alt. Mountain Thrush]

Usambara Thrush Turdus roehli

22cm, 8.5"

Darker than Abyssinian Thrush with a similar bright orange-red bill, more obviously streaked throat, brighter rufous flanks and white lower breast and belly. Monotypic. SH Endemic to the Pare and Usambara Mts, NETz, where it inhabits undergrowth and the forest floor above 900m. Voice Similar to Abyssinian Thrush. Note Formerly considered conspecific with Abyssinian Thrush.

Taita Thrush Turdus helleri

22cm, 8.5"

Very dark above, with virtually black head and breast, bright red-orange bill and eye-ring; lower breast to vent white with bright rufous flanks. Monotypic. SH Endemic to the Taita Hills, SEKe, where it is rare and confined to the interior of tiny remnant forest patches. Shy and feeds amongst leaf litter. Voice Sings from concealed mid-level perches. Much richer and slower than Abyssinian Thrush, with similar very quiet hissed notes ending each phrase. Note Formerly considered conspecific with Abyssinian Thrush. CR

African Thrush Turdus pelios

22cm, 8.5"

Very similar to Abyssinian Thrush, but paler with pale yellow-orange bill and lightly streaked throat. Two races occur: centralis (Ug and WKe) has pale ashy-brown breast, with pale buff-orange sides and flanks; graueri (Rw, Bu and WTz) is browner above with orange flanks and belly. SH Largely replaces Abyssinian Thrush in the west, being common and widespread in forest edge, thickets, gardens and cultivation. In areas of overlap with Abyssinian Thrush, African occupies lower altitudes, but can reach 2,000m where Abyssinian is absent. Voice More varied than Abyssinian Thrush, with a completely different structure of various repeated phrases given for long periods without pause, and no softer terminal calls. May mimic other birds.

Bare-eyed Thrush Turdus tephronotus

22cm, 8.5"

Grey above, with an orange bill, diamond-shaped patch of bare orange-yellow skin around eye and white throat strongly streaked black; breast grey, lower breast and flanks rufous. Monotypic. SH Common but retiring resident of generally drier areas including coastal scrub, riverine vegetation and wooded bushland from sea level to 1,750m. Voice Song is similar, but louder and slower than Abyssinian Thrush, incorporating a diagnostic rapid bubbly pi-pu pi-pu pi-pu which has a peculiar nasal quality, and is also given in alarm. [Alt. African Bare-eyed Thrush]

Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyana

22cm, 8.5"

Similar to African Thrush with a narrow yellow eye-ring, but richer orange-yellow bill, and white throat has short dark streaks at sides forming heavy malar stripe. Breast greyish, flanks orangebuff. Birds in EA are race tropicalis. SH Mainly in miombo woodland, although also in acacia bush country, from sea level to 1,900m. In NWTz it overlaps with African, but that species is in riverine woodland not miombo. Voice Similar to Abyssinian Thrush, but some notes are more shrill and phrases are usually shorter.

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Usambara Thrush

Abyssinian Thrush juv

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African Thrush

Taita Thrush

centralis

Bare-eyed Thrush

Kurrichane Thrush

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PLATE 170: GROUND-THRUSHES GROUND-THRUSHES Shy and difficult group to identify; several differ only in head colour, eye-rings and facial markings. All are sedentary, so range and altitude are important clues to identification Sexes alike. Juveniles generally have small buffy spots above and heavily mottled breasts. Songs are rich and highly varied, but of limited use for identification since the different species readily respond to one another’s songs. All were formerly in the genus Zoothera but are now in Geokichla.

Abyssinian Ground-Thrush Geokichla piaggiae

19cm, 7.5"

Very similar to Orange Ground-Thrush, but has a large white eye-ring and orange-brown forecrown (and crown in the west); upperparts warmer russet-brown. Five similar races differ mainly in tone. Most distinct race tanganjicae (Kivu Ground-Thrush) is brighter, with entirely orange-brown crown and nape. SH Widespread in forested highlands across N, W and CKe, and Nguruman Forest in SKe. Abyssinian overlaps with Orange Ground-Thrush on Mt Kenya but occurs mainly above 2,300m, Orange below 2,000m. Occurs in Tz on Kilimanjaro, Loliondo and Magaidu; in Ug separate populations on Rwenzori Mts (WUg), Mt Moroto (NEUg) and distinctive tanganjicae occurs at 1,500–2,900m in SWUg, Rw and Bu. Voice Song is similar to Abyssinian Thrush, but richer and flutier, albeit not usually as rich and varied as Orange Ground-Thrush. Race tanganjicae sings melodic, slow, loud and deliberate notes, with a fluty delivery.

Orange Ground-Thrush Geokichla gurneyi

19cm, 7.5"

Very similar to Abyssinian Ground-Thrush, but has a narrower broken white eye-ring, olive-brown crown and forecrown, indication of dark mark below eye and greyish patch on ear-coverts. Three similar races occur: chuka is slightly larger with olive-brown upperparts (Mt Kenya and south Aberdares, CKe); raineyi slightly smaller and paler (Taita and Chyulu Hills in SEKe, and NTz); and otomitra (E and SWTz) is similar to chuka but slightly smaller and more grey-brown above. SH Only ground-thrush in much of Tz, from 450m in the East Usambara Mts to 2,400m on Mt Meru. In Ke it occurs on Mrima Hill in SE (at only 300m), in the Chyulu and Taita Hills, and on the wetter N, E and S slopes of Mt Kenya below 2,000m. Overlaps with Abyssinian Ground-Thrush at Kieni Forest, CKe, but is rare there. Voice Musical fluty song is slower than that of Abyssinian Ground-Thrush, and some phrases are identical to those of Taita Thrush.

Black-eared Ground-Thrush Geokichla cameronensis

18cm, 7"

Race graueri is grey-brown above with pale face, vertical black bar through eye and blackish spot on ear-coverts; underparts pale rufous-brown, faintly streaked on breast. Slightly more rufous race kibalensis was collected in Kibale Forest, Ug, in 1966, but has never been found again. SH In EA known only from Budongo, Bugoma and Kibale Forests of WUg. Voice Song is a series of short high-pitched phrases with a slightly scratchy quality, and call is a high pitched ssreee!

Oberländer’s Ground-Thrush Geokichla oberlaenderi

19cm, 7.5"

Similar to Abyssinian Ground-Thrush race tanganjicae, but has a vertical black line through eye. Monotypic. SH In EA rare, and known only from forest in Semliki at 700m, and Bwindi and Mgahinga at 1,500–1,850m, WUg. Voice A sweet, fluty and slowly delivered song which is more complex, varied and rambling than those of other ground-thrushes.

Grey Ground-Thrush Geokichla princei

19cm, 7.5"

Very similar to slightly smaller Black-eared Ground-Thrush, but has a whiter face and vertical black bar only below eye. SH In EA race batesi is known from Budongo, Bugoma and Semliki Forests, WUg, where it is rare. Voice Song is unknown, but calls a rolling tsssrrr and a high-pitched siiip.

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Abyssinian Ground-Thrush ad

nominate

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Orange Ground-Thrush

tanganjicae

chuka graueri

Black-eared Ground-Thrush

Grey Ground-Thrush

Oberländer’s Ground-Thrush

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PLATE 171: ANT-THRUSHES, FLYCATCHER-THRUSH AND MODULATRICIDAE ANT-THRUSHES AND STIZORHINA Neocossyphus ant-thrushes are two rufous-brown thrush-like birds with rather small heads and long tails. Rufous Flycatcher-Thrush (Stizorhina) is slightly smaller and more rounded, with an upright posture. Sexes are alike.

White-tailed Ant-Thrush Neocossyphus poensis

20cm, 8"

Dark brown above with a blackish tail, broadly tipped white on outer corners (not obvious when perched); in flight, shows broad rufous wingbar. In WKe typically dull and dark below, but birds in Ug, Rw and Bu have brighter rufous underparts and are very similar to Red-tailed Ant-Thrush if white tail corners not seen. Birds in EA are race praepectoralis. SH Shy, but locally common in forest undergrowth at 700–2,520m (often on ground near ant swarms). Voice Commonest call is a loud spitted tuneless trtttt, often given in flight and followed by a single rising or falling downslur.

Red-tailed Ant-Thrush Neocossyphus rufus

22cm, 8.5"

Rich rufous ant-thrush with slightly duller brown head and mantle, and rufous-brown tail (slightly darker in centre). Very similar to Rufous Flycatcher-Thrush, but has more typical thrush-like horizontal stance, smaller rounded head and longer bill. Immature is like adult but duller. Two races occur: gabunensis (WUg) has grey on breast, and nominate (coastal Ke and Tz) is plain rufous below. SH Two widely separated populations in forest undergrowth from sea level to 900m in the east, and 700–1,400m in the west. Voice Western and coastal birds differ: in the west, the call is a sharp crack followed by several rising and falling whistles, ending in a chatter; coastal birds give a ratchet-like trrrt, often followed by a long falling whistle fweeeeeee.

Rufous Flycatcher-Thrush Stizorhina fraseri

18cm, 7"

Very similar to Red-tailed Ant-Thrush, but smaller with a shorter bill and tail. In flight rufous band on wing (strong on underwing) is distinctive but hard to see. Often perches with upright flycatcherlike stance and occasionally fans tail; sometimes raises feathers on hindcrown, giving slightly angular and crested appearance. Immature is duller than adult. Race in EA is vulpina. SH Inhabits both middle levels and undergrowth of forest interior at 700–1,500m. Voice Distinctive sound of western forests; call is a rising series of four slow whistled upslurs, the last longest: fwee fwee fwee fweeeep. Also a loud and aggressive fwifwifwifwifwifwifwii. [Alt. Fraser’s Rufous Thrush] MODULATRIX, ARCANATOR AND KAKAMEGA Three very shy and difficult to observe species in monotypic genera which were formerly considered to be babblers Timaliidae, but are now placed in a new family Modulatricidae. Sexes alike.

Spot-throat Modulatrix stictigula

19cm, 7.5"

A smallish thrush-like bird, dark olive-brown above and brighter rufous-brown below; small blackish spots on paler throat are difficult to see in the field. Monotypic. SH Local but reasonably common in West Usambara Mts, and Iringa Highlands of Tz at 900–2,200m. Shy inhabitant of dense undergrowth and dark areas of forest floor. Voice Draws attention with a long drawn-out high-pitched and descending whistled seeeeeeu. Song is a very loud and piercing rather thrush-like series of strong notes ending in a burry flourish.

Dapple-throat Arcanator orostruthus

19cm, 7.5"

Olive-brown above with greenish wash to mantle and wing-coverts, and dull rusty-brown tail; pale yellowish underparts broadly streaked olive. Immature is plain dull olive below. Two races occur: amani (East Usambara Mts, NETz) as described; sanjei (Udzungwa Mts, ETz) is more heavily marked on breast, with plainer dark olive flanks and darker tail. SH Keeps to dense undergrowth within undisturbed forest at 900–1,700m, where very shy and local. Voice Song is a rising and falling fluty wi-lu-wi-lu-wil’li-lu (remarkably like Grey-chested Kakamega); also makes Common Bulbul-like chattering. [Alt. Dappled Mountain-Robin] VU

Grey-chested Kakamega Kakamega poliothorax

17cm, 6.5"

A rather thrush-like bird with bright rufous upperparts, medium-grey underparts and a whitish throat. Monotypic. SH Locally common, but shy and solitary in dense forest undergrowth at 1,550–2,650m, often near streams. Range extends from the Rwenzori Mts, WUg, south to Kibira Forest, Bu, and there is an isolated population in Kakamega Forest, WKe. Voice Song is varied but typically makes an attractive rising and falling fluty t’tyew-t-t’chloo, also a nasal shrank-shrank alarm call. [Alt. Grey-chested Illadopsis, Grey-chested Babbler]

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White-tailed Ant-Thrush

nominate

Red-tailed Ant-Thrush

Rufous Flycatcher-Thrush

Spot-throat

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amani

Dapple-throat

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PLATE 172: SPOTTED THRUSHES AND ROCK-THRUSHES SPOTTED THRUSHES Two distinctive thrushes with heavily spotted underparts in different genera.

Spotted Ground-Thrush Geokichla guttata

21cm, 8"

Olive-brown above with vertical black bands through eye and ear-coverts; white spots on wingcoverts form two bars; underparts white with heavy black spots. Sexes alike. Birds in EA are race fischeri. SH Uncommon intra-African migrant from the south to coastal Ke and NETz, but only regular at Gede and Arabuko-Sokoke in Mar–Oct. Small population breeds on Rondo Plateau, STz. Solitary, feeds in leaf litter where hard to see in dappled forest light. Voice Loud, melodic and varied song, but migrants are usually silent, possibly uttering a thin whistle. Note Formerly in the genus Zoothera. EN

Groundscraper Thrush Psophocichla litsitsirupa

22cm, 8.5"

Similar to Spotted Ground-Thrush, but greyer above and lacks white spots on wings; note upright stance and short tail. In flight rufous bases to primaries appear as two pale rusty patches. Yellowbuff underwing-coverts also conspicuous. Immature is finely spotted buffy-white above. Birds in EA are race stierlingi. SH Pairs and small groups are local but not uncommon in wooded grasslands at 900–1,900m. Voice Song is loud, slow and very burry, but quite melodic. Diagnostic call is a rapid clicking of hollow-sounding notes. ROCK-THRUSHES Three medium-sized or small thrushes, males (and one female) are blue-grey and rufous, best identified by colour of crown, back, and tail pattern. Scaly looking ‘female-type’ plumage is more difficult to identify; check breast markings and tail pattern.

Rufous-tailed Rock-Thrush Monticola saxatilis

20cm, 8"

Breeding male has head, throat and upper mantle blue-grey with a white patch on the back, rest of underparts orange-red; tail orange-red with darker central feathers. Non-breeding male is mottled and scaly all over with a rufous tail and some rusty feathers on flanks. Female and firstwinter similar to non-breeding male, but generally browner, rufous limited mainly to tail, but lower underparts also washed pale rufous. Longer-billed and shorter-tailed than other rock-thrushes. Monotypic. SH Common and widespread Palearctic passage migrant and winter visitor in Oct–Apr. Favours open woodland, bush and sparsely vegetated semi-arid country, where they perch upright and are conspicuous. Voice Silent and unlikely to sing in EA, but may utter a soft tak. [Alt. Common Rock-Thrush]

Miombo Rock-Thrush Monticola angolensis

19cm, 7.5"

Adult male is similar to Rufous-tailed Rock-Thrush but lacks white back patch; blackish mottling from crown to mantle is distinctive, but varies from very light to dense. Female similar to female Rufous-tailed Rock-Thrush but has orange wash on breast and fainter scalloping; usually shows distinct dark malar stripe. Immature is like female but more heavily mottled below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs are local and resident in miombo woodland. Voice Utters a fluty, melodic and thrush-like rolling song, varied phrases starting with wheeoo wheeoo wheeoo.

Little Rock-Thrush Monticola rufocinereus

15cm, 6"

Smaller, slimmer and longer-tailed than Rufous-tailed Rock-Thrush; like a small robin-chat. Adult male is brownish-grey above, without white back of Rufous-tailed and with blue-grey extending over head onto upper breast. Bold blackish central tail and tips form distinctive inverted ‘T’. Miombo Rock-Thrush has rufous upper breast and totally different range. Female is duller and paler than male. Immature is spotted buff above, scaly blackish on buff below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs occur patchily within range, on rocky escarpments and in broken hill country with some trees. Voice Sings from tops of small trees, a simple but sweet thrush-like refrain, ending each phrase with a double zi-zit, rather like ‘is-it’ at the end of a sentence.

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Groundscraper Thrush Spotted Ground-Thrush

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Rufous-tailed Rock-Thrush

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Miombo Rock-Thrush Little Rock-Thrush

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PLATE 173: WHITE-WINGED CHATS WHITE-WINGED CHATS Five medium-sized chats with variable white patches on the crown, throat or wings. Frequently seen on the ground and sing from prominent perches. Usually in pairs or small groups.

Northern Anteater Chat Myrmecocichla aethiops

18cm, 7"

Appears all dark brown when perched, but large whitish patches in primaries are obvious in flight. Sexes alike. Immature is slightly scaly on throat and breast. Race in EA is cryptoleuca. SH Pairs and family groups are common in open country and farmland mainly above 1,500m, often on the ground or perching on low bushes, fences and termite mounds. Voice Loud, rolling and musical but rather monotonous song repeated at length with little variation (several birds may sing together).

Sooty Chat Myrmecocichla nigra

18cm, 7"

Adult male is similar to Northern Anteater Chat but much blacker with white wing patch confined to the shoulder (not primaries). Immature male is like dull adult male. Adult and immature females are sooty-brown without white in wings. Monotypic. SH Pairs are common in lightly wooded grasslands from sea level to 1,700m, mainly west and south of Northern Anteater Chat. Voice Much more melodic and varied than Northern Anteater Chat, often with mimicry in long refrains, and regularly given in a parachuting song flight.

Arnot’s Chat Myrmecocichla arnotti

18cm, 7"

Two races occur which are sometimes considered good species. Adult males are similar with white crown and shoulder patches. Both adult females have black crowns and white shoulder patches, but differ mainly in the extent of white on the throat: in leucolaema (Ruaha Chat) from extreme SWUg through Rw and Bu to CTz, the white throat variably extends onto the ear-coverts, while the nominate in C and STz has white confined to the throat and upper breast. Immatures are mostly blackish except for white on the shoulder, and may show indication of white on the crown or throat according to sex. SH Pairs occur in a variety of habitats at 150–1,600m, favouring miombo woodland in Tz, but open bushy hillsides and vicinity of buildings in Rw and Bu. Voice Song is a mixture of harsh sparrow-like chips and sweet fluty musical refrains. Note Race leucolaema was formerly called collaris. [Alt. White-headed Black Chat]

White-fronted Black Chat Oenanthe albifrons

16cm, 6"

Adult male is similar to Sooty Chat but smaller with white forecrown and shoulder. Adult female is all blackish. Immature is like dull adult but has some tawny mottling on wings and underparts. Birds in EA are race clericalis. SH Restricted range in NUg; found in open bush and semi-arid country at 800–2,500m, often on small trees. Drops to ground to feed. Voice Call consists of repeated whistled downslurred siuu notes, while song is a repeated rambling warble. Note Formerly in the genus Myrmecocichla.

Mocking Cliff Chat Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris

21cm, 8"

Adult male is an attractive black and rufous chat with white shoulder patch and narrow whitish breast-band. Adult female has similar basic pattern, but is grey and rufous without any white. Immature is dull version of adult. Race in EA is subrufipennis. SH Pairs are widespread, but patchily distributed, frequenting rocky gorges and hillsides at 600–2,200m. Voice Complex song with much local variation is long, rambling and rather thrush-like, but notes are more spitted out and interspersed with sweet warbling and flourishes recalling song of White-throated Robin; frequently amplified by rocky gorge habitat. Note Formerly in the genus Myrmecocichla. [Alt. Cliff Chat]

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Northern Anteater Chat

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Sooty Chat

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Northern Anteater Chat

Sooty Chat

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Arnot’s Chat

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imm 

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leucolaema

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White-fronted Black Chat

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Mocking Cliff Chat

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PLATE 174: OPEN-COUNTRY CHATS AND AFRICAN WHEATEARS OPEN-COUNTRY CHATS Two small confusing chats, one resident (with several races) and one a Palearctic migrant.

African Stonechat Saxicola torquatus

13cm, 5"

Four races occur: typical adult male has a black head and throat, chestnut or black on breast (varying in size), white patches on sides of neck, wings and rump, and blackish tail. Adult female is streaked brown and buff with indistinct supercilium and white wing stripe; brown throat contrasts slightly with pale rufous-brown breast. Immature is like female but duller. In race axillaris (widespread, most of Ug, Rw, Bu, Ke and Tz) male has deep chestnut breast patch; promiscuus (ETz) has a paler breast patch; stonei (SWTz) has extensive pale chestnut underparts; and distinctive albofasciatus (NEUg) is entirely black and white (with no rufous). SH Widespread and common at 500–3,200m, generally in highlands, but at lower altitudes and in marshes in Tz. Perches in open on fence posts, tree stumps and small bushes. Voice Attractive, repeated, short scratchy warbling may be sung for long periods without much variation. Note Some authorities consider all of these races to be conspecific with Common Stonechat S. rubicola.

Whinchat Saxicola rubetra

13cm, 5"

Breeding male has distinctive long white supercilium and blackish ear-coverts; washed buffyorange below, with small white patches on wing-coverts and white sides at base of tail. Nonbreeding male, female and first-winter resemble female African Stonechat; best distinguished by well-defined buffy supercilium and white base to outer tail. Monotypic. SH Palearctic passage migrant, in Oct–Apr, which can be common in the west. Perches on small bushes and trees in grassland and cultivated areas. Voice Usually silent, but may sing occasionally, similar to African Stonechat. AFRICAN WHEATEARS Medium-sized chat-like birds mostly with white or buffy rumps and an inverted black ‘T’ on the tail. Mainly ground-dwelling in open country.

Capped Wheatear Oenanthe pileata

17cm, 6.5"

Adult has a narrow white band on forecrown, white supercilium, white throat and broad black breast-band. Immature is similar to female Northern Wheatear but spotted buff above and washed yellow-brown with darker brown mottling below. Birds in EA are race livingstonii. SH Common and widespread on short grassy plains mainly above 1,400m, but migrants may occur down to 450m. Stands very upright, often on fence posts and other low sites. Voice Song is a mix of harsh and sweet notes in short bursts, often with mimicry, and sometimes in a low song flight. Alarm call is a muffled tik.

Abyssinian Wheatear Oenanthe lugubris

15cm, 6"

Adult male is blackish with pale dingy grey-brown crown, white belly and unique cinnamon-buff rump and undertail; tail orange-buff with inverted black ‘T’. Female has rump and tail similar to male, rest of plumage mostly dark brown with whitish lower breast and belly. Immature is like dull female with buff speckles. Two races occur: schalowi (as described) is endemic to Rift Valley area of CKe and NTz; nominate, on Mt Kulal, NKe, has buffy-white in outer tail. SH Pairs are fond of rocky hillsides with some grass and scattered bushes. Voice Song comprises short bursts of identical muffled but sweet refrains. Note Taxonomy unresolved with some authorities considering this species as conspecific with extralimital Mourning Wheatear O. lugens, whereas others consider race schalowi to be a separate species, Schalow’s Wheatear O. schalowi.

Heuglin’s Wheatear Oenanthe heuglini

14cm, 5.5"

Overall appearance is like a female Northern Wheatear, but much darker and more uniform dark brown above, with dark line through eye, narrow whitish supercilium, and broader black band at tip of tail; underparts rich rufous-buff when fresh, fading to warm olive-brown; paler on throat and belly. Sexes alike. Monotypic. SH Rather local visitor to NEUg and NWKe, but makes erratic movements and is sometimes common. Perches on bushes in burnt grassland or on rocky hillsides, and frequently waves tail, dropping to feed on the ground. Voice Song is a long series of jumbled notes and whistles, including much mimicry. Call is a hard chack.

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African Stonechat

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axillaris

albofasciatus

imm br 

Capped Wheatear

non-br /

Whinchat ad

Capped

Whinchat



Abyssinian

Heuglin’s



ad schalowi

Abyssinian Wheatear

East Africa plates 129-182.indd 369

Heuglin’s Wheatear

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PLATE 175: PALEARCTIC WHEATEARS PALEARCTIC WHEATEARS Five wheatears that occur in East Africa during Sep–Apr. All (except Desert) have typical wheatear tail pattern of white sides with a black inverted ‘T’. Width of terminal tail-band, colour of wings and exact shape of black on head (if present) aid identification. All prefer open country, often on the ground, but also in low bushes.

Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe

15cm, 6"

Breeding male is distinctive with grey crown, nape and mantle, broad black mask and black wings, and buffy throat and breast. Terminal tail-band broader than Pied and Black-eared Wheatears. Female and non-breeding male are earth-brown above, with pale supercilium and buffy underparts. In flight, dark wings contrast strongly with paler brown mantle and white rump. First-winter has buffy wing edges like Isabelline Wheatear, but tail-band always narrower. Two similar races occur: nominate as described, male libanotica has a whiter supercilium, paler grey upperparts and less buff on throat and breast. SH Common and widespread passage migrant and winter visitor to a wide range of open habitats in Sep–Apr. Voice Usually silent, but may sing before departing EA a mix of rapid scratchy and sweet notes. Alarm call is an oft-repeated tchak…

Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina

17cm, 6.5"

Very similar to female Northern Wheatear but often stands very upright and is slightly larger, stronger-billed and generally paler with pearly-buff underparts. Supercilium whiter in front of eye (whiter behind it in female Northern). Wings have broad buffy feather edges and in flight appear more or less uniform with mantle; dark alula often conspicuous on closed wing. Terminal tailband broader than in Northern. Monotypic. SH Common passage migrant and winter visitor in Oct–Mar, generally preferring dry country, but can turn up in any open area within wintering range. Voice Usually silent; but song consists of a complex warble of scratchy and nasal twanging. Call is a harsh tchak…

Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka

15cm, 6"

Only black-and-white white-rumped wheatear likely to be seen. Breeding male has black on face, upper breast, mantle and wings, with crown and nape white or silvery-grey in fresh plumage, and narrow terminal tail-band (sometimes broad). Breeding female is cold earth-brown above with buffy supercilium and warmer cheeks. Fresh-plumaged birds in Oct are like female, but dark grey-brown is finely scaled and blackish wings have prominent pale fringes; male is dark-faced with pinkish-brown on breast. An uncommon white-throated form ‘vittata’ also occurs. Monotypic. SH Common winter visitor with a preference for dry country; often perches on small bushes. Voice Usually silent in EA, but song is a short sweet refrain interspersed with harsh chak notes. Call is a soft, muffled chat repeated frequently.

Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica

15cm, 6"

Breeding male has both pale-throated and black-throated forms (the latter not recorded in EA). Palethroated birds differ from ‘vittata’ Pied Wheatear in whitish (or pale buff-tinged) mantle uniform with crown and nape. On the black-throated form black face mask does not join black wings. Usually more white in tail than any other wheatear in region. Female is virtually identical to female Pied Wheatear but warmer above, brighter below. SH Race melanoleuca is a rare vagrant with only four Ke records; near Nairobi, Mar–Apr 1984, Lake Baringo, Dec 1994, Nakuru Nov 2001, and Tsavo West, Jan 2011. Voice Usually silent in EA, but song consists of short warbled refrains, lacking the harsh scratchiness of other wheatears. Note Some authorities consider race melanoleuca (breeding in SE Europe and the Middle East) to be distinct from west European populations (O. hispanica) and give it specific status, Eastern Black-eared Wheatear O. melanoleuca.

Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti

15cm, 6"

Differs from other wheatears in having virtually all-black tail, only showing white at the very base. Adult male further identified by sandy mantle and white scapulars, and from black-throated form of Black-eared Wheatear (not recorded in EA) by black mask joining wings. SH Rare vagrant with only four Ke records: Kiunga, Feb 1984, Kerio Valley, Oct 1996, Nairobi NP, Nov 2016, and near Lake Turkana, Feb 2018. All were presumed to be the nominate race. Voice Song not recorded in EA, but is a plaintive, descending whistle of 2–4 notes followed by a harsh trill. Calls include a drawn-out seeeu.

370

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Northern Wheatear

non-br /

Isabelline Wheatear



ad libanotica

Pied Wheatear



‘vittata’



br 

non-br 

Black-eared Wheatear  br  non-br 





Desert Wheatear

East Africa plates 129-182.indd 371

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PLATE 176: MIGRANT NIGHTINGALES, CHATS AND SCRUB-ROBIN NIGHTINGALES Two similar, skulking, brown migrant chats with powerful songs that may be heard in the region in Dec–Mar.

Common Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos

17cm, 6.5"

Unstreaked rufous-brown chat with warm rufous rump and tail. Differs from very similar Thrush Nightingale in plain underparts (not mottled) and stronger contrast between rump and tail and rest of upperparts. Three races occur and differ mainly in colour of upperparts: nominate (mainly western) is mostly warm rufous-brown above; africana (mainly central) is duller brown on back and wings, and golzii (mainly coastal) is colder brown-grey above, with rufous restricted to rump and tail. All have dark eyes and narrow whitish eye-ring. Sexes alike. First-winter is like adult but has pale tips to tertials and wing-coverts. SH Common Palearctic migrant and winter visitor mainly across Ug and Ke. Wintering birds (Oct–Apr) occur in similar habitat to Thrush Nightingale. Voice Call is a loud and harsh tk-tk-trrrrrrk (like running a stick along a fence), but also utters a muffled tuk tuk in alarm, and a strong whistled wheet at dawn or as a prelude to song. Song is a loud complex warble of mainly sweet notes, with a pause between each sequence.

Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia

17cm, 6.5"

Very similar to Common Nightingale but generally duller brown above with less contrasting rump and tail. Dingy pale grey-brown below with variable mottling on breast, faint malar stripe and whiter throat; smudgy spots on undertail-coverts diagnostic if present. Sexes alike. Monotypic. SH Common Palearctic migrant in Oct–Dec and Mar–Apr, preferring thickets and leafy bush country below 1,500m, mainly east of the Rift Valley (but more widespread in STz). Small numbers winter in E and CKe and SWTz. Voice Two frequent calls (similar in Common Nightingale) are a whistled weeep and harsh takk. Often sings a loud rather strident musical refrain of sweet and harsh notes, continuing for long periods without pause (not as pure or disjointed as Common Nightingale). Also lacks slow introductory whistles, but song ends in a rising series of dry tocky-tock-tock notes. [Alt. Sprosser] MIGRANT CHATS AND SCRUB-ROBIN Rufous-tailed Scrub-Robin is the only migrant scrub-robin and closely related to the species on Plate 177. The other two species here are grey, black and rufous migrant chats from the Palearctic.

White-throated Robin Irania gutturalis

18cm, 7"

Adult male is boldly marked: blue-grey above with all-black tail contrasting with black-and-white head pattern and rich rufous-orange breast. Female is rather plain grey-brown above with blackish tail, whitish throat, scaly buff and grey breast, and flanks washed pale rufous-orange. First-winter is like female, but has browner wings and lightly spotted greater coverts. Black tail is obvious when birds fly into cover. Monotypic. SH Rather scarce and local Palearctic migrant to thickets, dense bush and gullies at 500–1,400m in EKe and Tz, where easily overlooked. Voice Sings regularly from Feb until departure, a loud musical warble, not unlike a speeded-up version of Thrush Nightingale. Alarm is a throaty trrrr (similar to but quieter than Common Nightingale). [Alt. Irania]

Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus

14cm, 5.5"

Male in Jan–Apr is grey above with white forehead, black face, bright orange-red underparts and bright rufous tail with dark brown centre; in Oct–Dec has pale fringes on head and breast giving frosty, mottled appearance. Female is grey-brown above with a narrow pale eye-ring, buffy below with paler throat and buffy-orange breast; tail as male. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Reasonably regular Palearctic visitor to NUg and NWKe in Oct–Apr, favouring wooded areas and thickets. Slim with quick movements and often first noticed when it flashes rufous tail. Voice Usually silent, but occasionally calls a soft tik.

Rufous-tailed Scrub-Robin Cercotrichas galactotes

17cm, 6.5"

Brown above with dark eyestripe and long off-white supercilium, no bold white pattern in wing, rufous rump and tail broadly tipped black and white (most visible when tail cocked and spread); pale unstreaked underparts. Sexes alike. Birds in EA are race familiaris. SH Common Palearctic winter visitor in Nov–Apr, mainly below 1,000m in dry bush country in the north and east. Voice Usually silent, but may call a quiet and hesitant seeep. [Alt. Rufous Bush Chat, Rufous Scrub Robin]

372

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Common Nightingale Thrush Nightingale

nominate

africana

golzii



White-throated Robin

Common Redstart





 ad

Rufous-tailed Scrub-Robin

East Africa plates 129-182.indd 373

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PLATE 177: RESIDENT SCRUB-ROBINS RESIDENT SCRUB-ROBINS Five similar-looking scrub-robins with mostly rufous or black tails, tipped white on all except central feathers. Tails frequently cocked, waved and spread. Colour of underparts, the presence or absence of breast streaking, and tail markings all aid identification. Sexes alike. Juveniles are mottled buff and dark brown. Some authorities now place Bearded, Miombo and Forest Scrub-Robins in the genus Tychaedon.

White-browed Scrub-Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys

15cm, 6"

Six races in two distinct groups: white-winged forms inhabit drier areas mainly to the north and east, and red-backed forms are found in higher country and wetter coastal Ke. White-winged forms (White-winged Scrub-Robin) are typically paler-backed, with a lighter streaked breast, greyer crown and nape, earth-brown mantle, and broad white edges to wing-coverts and inner secondaries forming large white patches. Red-backed forms (Red-backed Scrub-Robin) are darker-crowned with white edges to wing-coverts often forming two bars, and heavily streaked underparts. All races have rufous rump and mainly rufous tail with blackish subterminal spots and white tips. SH Common in a wide variety of habitats (except forest and barren desert) from sea level to 2,200m. Often keeps to cover unless singing, when displays repeatedly from bush tops. Voice An accomplished and persistent songster which varies locally and individually; the usual song consists of loud phrases repeated over and over again, with or without modification.

Brown-backed Scrub-Robin Cercotrichas hartlaubi

15cm, 6"

Similar to White-browed Scrub-Robin, but has darker brown crown and back, dark- brown wings edged white on greater and lesser coverts forming two bars. Whitish underparts lightly streaked grey-brown; lower rump and tail rufous with broad blackish subterminal band and white tips. Monotypic. SH Pairs are patchily distributed, being more common in the west, in forest edge, open wooded or bush country with long grass and edges of cultivation, at 900–2,200m. Sings from bush tops, but otherwise shy and retiring. Voice Song is sweeter than that of White-browed ScrubRobin, but lacks the variety of phrases.

Bearded Scrub-Robin Cercotrichas quadrivirgata

15cm, 6"

Rather plain olive-brown above with bold face pattern, pale buffy-orange breast and flanks, white wing flashes, warm rufous rump and blackish-brown tail with white tips. Two races occur: nominate (as described) is widespread in the east, greenwayi (Mafia and Zanzibar Islands, Tz) is greyer above and very pale below. SH Often shy and difficult to observe, keeping to thick cover in forest, wooded valleys and thick scrub from sea level to 1,000m (occasionally 1,800m). Voice A persistent singer, particularly at dawn and dusk, with pleasant and varied whistles, and often repeating favoured phrases. Alarm is a harsh chrrrt. [Alt. Eastern Bearded Scrub-Robin]

Miombo Scrub-Robin Cercotrichas barbata

15cm, 6"

Very similar to Bearded Scrub-Robin, but has rufous wash to ear-coverts and more extensive and stronger rufous underparts. Monotypic. SH Patchily distributed within restricted range, keeping to thick cover in miombo woodland at 1,000–1,500m. Voice Similar song to Bearded Scrub-Robin, but louder with much purer notes. [Alt. Miombo Bearded Scrub-Robin]

Forest Scrub-Robin Cercotrichas leucosticta

15cm, 6"

Darker above than other scrub-robins, with plain grey breast and flanks, white throat and belly, and black tail with white tips. SH In EA race collsi is known only from Semliki Forest, WUg. Voice Very different from other scrub-robins, the song is a rising and falling repeated series of whistled minor-key notes [Alt. Northern Bearded Scrub-Robin]

374

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White-browed Scrub-Robin

ad

juv

red-backed

ad

white-winged juv

ad

juv

Brown-backed Scrub-Robin

ad

Bearded Scrub-Robin

juv nominate

ad

juv

ad

Miombo Scrub-Robin

Forest Scrub-Robin

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PLATE 178: PALM-THRUSHES AND DULL RESIDENT CHATS PALM-THRUSHES Two vociferous thrush-like species with powerful songs that include some mimicry. Sexes alike.

Spotted Palm-thrush Cichladusa guttata

17cm, 6.5"

Uniform brown or rich brown above with white supercilium and rufous-brown rump and tail. Whitish below with black malar stripe extending as spots on breast and elongated streaks on flanks. Immature duller. Three similar races occur: nominate (Ug and NWKe) as described; intercalans (CKe to CTz) is more heavily spotted below; rufipennis (EKe to NETz) has smaller breast spots. SH Pairs are common and widespread in coastal thickets, wooded grasslands and semi-arid bush, often feeding on the ground in vicinity of cover. Voice Characteristic song of dry scrub, given throughout day and on moonlit nights. Flutier than scrub-robins, almost thrush-like, usually consists of short repeated or alternating phrases, with some mimicry. [Alt. Spotted Morning-Thrush]

Collared Palm-thrush Cichladusa arquata

18cm, 7"

Mostly warm russet-brown above with pale cream eyes; creamy-white throat bordered by narrow black bib; sides of neck, breast and flanks grey, grading to pale rufous vent. Immature lacks black collar, and is variably streaked above and below with black and brown. Monotypic. SH Pairs are rather shy and associated with palms and nearby undergrowth, being common in some coastal areas, and patchily distributed in suitable habitat in the west. Voice May sing for long periods; song is similar to Spotted Palm-thrush, but more varied and scratchy. DULL RESIDENT CHATS Tame, subdued, dull-plumaged chats which frequently flick their wings after landing or while foraging on the ground. Sexes alike. All three species were formerly in the genus Cercomela.

Familiar Chat Oenanthe familiaris

15cm, 6"

Rather uniform drab brown chat with rufous rump and outer tail; central tail and terminal band blackish, forming inverted ‘T’. Ear-coverts tinged rufous; narrow white eye-ring; throat and breast paler grey-brown. Immature is spotted buff above, mottled buff and dark brown below. Two similar races occur: falkensteini (SUg and Tz) as described; omoensis (NEUg and NWKe) is slightly darker. SH Pairs are local away from southern part of range, in open woods and bush country often in rocky areas. Voice Sings from bush tops, a tuneless scratchy warble incorporating its call, a repeated wii cha-cha.

Brown-tailed Chat Oenanthe scotocerca

14cm, 5.5"

Similar to Familiar Chat but no rufous in plumage except for slightly warm-brown ear-coverts (only visible at close range). Recalls Grey Flycatcher, but typically has more horizontal chat-like posture and distinctive habit of flicking wings on landing. Immature like adult. Birds in EA are race turkana. SH Local in rocky semi-arid bush country where it feeds among boulders and sings from dry acacia bushes. Voice Repeated wispy song starts wip, followed immediately by a burry rolling liquid shrerererererereep. [Alt. Brown-tailed Rock Chat]

Moorland Chat Pinarochroa sordida

14cm, 5.5"

Dumpy, short-tailed chat with a wheatear-like tail pattern (white sides and inverted black ‘T’ shape). Three similar races occur: ernesti (Ug and Ke) is dark brown above and buffy-brown below; hypospodia (Mt Kilimanjaro, Tz) has darker crown and greyer underparts; and olimotienis (Crater Highlands, Tz) is intermediate. Immature is lightly scaled above, speckled below. SH Common in giant heather and on moorland above treeline, occasionally occurring lower along vehicle tracks or in forest clearings. Tame and inquisitive, hopping on ground and perching on low vegetation. Voice Song is a formless and unattractive series of various sparrow-like chirps, interspersed with squeaks. [Alt. Alpine Chat]

376

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Spotted Palm-thrush Collared Palm-thrush

ad ad nominate

Familiar Chat

ad

falkensteini

imm

omoensis ad

ad

Brown-tailed Chat

ad ernesti ad

imm

ernesti hypospodia

East Africa plates 129-182.indd 377

Moorland Chat

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PLATE 179: YELLOW AND ACROCEPHALUS WARBLERS I YELLOW WARBLERS Three skulking, largely yellow warblers that inhabit dense vegetation, but also perch prominently and hawk flycatcher-like after insects. All may show bright orange-red mouth linings when singing. Sexes alike. All three species were formerly in the genus Chloropeta.

African Yellow Warbler Iduna natalensis

14cm, 5.5"

Two races occur: adult massaica (widespread) is olive-brown above with darker blackish-brown crown (rear may appear slightly crested), yellow supraloral stripe and all-yellow underparts; nominate race (STz) has crown only slightly darker than mantle. Immature is tawny-brown above and yellow below with tawny wash. SH Pairs are widespread, inhabiting undergrowth and dense vegetation, often near water at 800–2,300m. Sings frequently from cover, but also on exposed perches at dawn. Voice Varied song commonly begins with a few chips and continues with either a rather urgent tp…wi-chi-wi-chi-wi-chi-wi-chi or a nasal weeeez. [Alt. Dark-capped Yellow Warbler]

Mountain Yellow Warbler Iduna similis

14cm, 5.5"

Adult is similar to African Yellow Warbler but uniform olive-green above including crown. Immature slightly darker above and more buffy below. Monotypic. SH Common in forest and bamboo at higher altitudes, 1,800–3,400m. Rather active, climbing around in middle and lower levels of any forest vegetation, singing from within cover and while on the move. Voice Beautiful songster, with a long, varied, sweet and repeated refrain characteristic of the bamboo zone. Phrases begin wee-weeu before breaking into a medley of chips and flourishes with twanging notes.

Papyrus Yellow Warbler Calamonastides gracilirostris

14cm, 5.5"

Very similar to Mountain Yellow Warbler but no yellow supraloral line, mantle, wings and tail washed tawny-brown; yellow tinged tawny on flanks and vent. Immature is washed tawny below. Monotypic. SH Local, little-known and uncommon resident of dense papyrus beds at 900–2,050m. Gives impression of very yellow Acrocephalus warbler. Voice Sings infrequently with varied chips and churrs that recall a starling more than a warbler. Note Formerly considered conspecific with Zambian Yellow Warbler C. bensoni. VU ACROCEPHALUS WARBLERS A group of similar-looking plain warblers, with rather flat heads and rounded tails. Invariably brown above and paler below; size, overall tone, leg colour and range aid identification. Seasonality also important, as five are Palearctic migrants (see Plates 180–181). Sexes alike.

Lesser Swamp Warbler Acrocephalus gracilirostris

15cm, 6"

Typical Acrocephalus warbler: size midway between Greater Swamp Warbler and African Reed Warbler. Three races all have long thin bills and whitish throats contrasting with darker breasts and flanks; wings more rounded (shorter primary projection) than Basra Reed Warbler. Race jacksoni (Ug to WKe) is greyish-brown above and below, with whiter belly; parvus (CKe to NTz highlands) is tawny-brown above with slightly rufous rump and greyish-brown breast and flanks; leptorhynchus (EKe and ETz lowlands) is tawny above, with brighter rufous rump and paler tawnybuff breast and flanks. All have short pale supercilium and dark grey legs. SH Common, widespread resident of waterside vegetation, reedbeds and papyrus. Voice Loud, frequent and fluid songster mixing melodious phrases with subdued chattering. Commonest calls include a seesawing and rapidly delivered interrogatory wee-ter-ree-ter-ree-ter-reet.

Greater Swamp Warbler Acrocephalus rufescens

18cm, 7"

Larger than Lesser Swamp Warbler and more uniform darker earth-brown above (albeit slightly tinged rufous on rump); whitish throat blends gradually into grey-brown underparts. Bill noticeably large and strong; short indistinct supercilium, and greyish legs. Birds in EA are race ansorgei. SH Common resident within range, inhabiting papyrus swamps at 600–2,000m. Voice Unlike any other Acrocephalus, the slow deliberate song is a deep, gravelly and rhythmic wer-ker-chi-chukchuk-chuk-chuk-chuk, regularly interrupted by erk notes and a liquid donk, or variations.

378

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African Yellow Warbler

ad imm

ad

massaica

nominate

imm

ad

Papyrus Yellow Warbler

Mountain Yellow Warbler

ad

parvus

Greater Swamp Warbler

leptorhynchus

East Africa plates 129-182.indd 379

Lesser Swamp Warbler

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PLATE 180: ACROCEPHALUS WARBLERS II African Reed Warbler Acrocephalus baeticatus

13cm, 5"

Much smaller than Lesser Swamp Warbler; and shorter-winged and much warmer buffy-brown than similar-looking Palearctic species. Two races occur: widespread cinnamomeus is pale warm-brown above with short buffy supercilium, whitish throat and warm buffy breast and flanks; suahelicus (ETz) is slightly larger and duller above. Legs grey-brown. SH Widespread but seldom common resident of marshes, reedbeds and rank vegetation from sea level to 1,900m. Voice Typical Acrocephalus song, sounding much like Eurasian Reed Warbler, but notes slower, clearer and smoother. Note Some authorities consider African Reed and Eurasian Reed Warblers to be conspecific.

Eurasian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus

14cm, 5.5"

In EA, race fuscus is grey-brown above, with grey-olive tones to head and nape; whitish underparts. Extremely similar to Marsh Warbler, but has slightly rufous-washed rump and whiter underparts. Some individuals are warmer brown above with more russet tones to rump, and whitish below with buffy-brown sides to breast and flanks. Head appears flat-topped (not rounded). Legs usually dark brownish. SH Palearctic winter visitor in Oct–Apr which is widespread (but only common west of the Rift Valley) and inhabits thickets, bush, rank vegetation and cultivation. Voice Classic Acrocephalus song is given for long periods without pause: most notes rather scratchy, twangy and unmusical. Alarm is a repeated harsh burry cherrr. Note Some authorities consider Eurasian Reed and African Reed Warblers to be conspecific, and call them Common Reed Warbler A. scirpaceus.

Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris

13cm, 5"

Extremely similar to Eurasian Reed Warbler, but uniform cold olive-brown above and whitish below with buffy-yellow tinge; plumper with more rounded head and slightly shorter bill than Eurasian Reed. Legs pale pinkish-brown (but can be dark in first-year). Both species have short pale supercilium and small eye-ring. Monotypic. SH Very common Palearctic migrant in Oct–Apr to a variety of bush country and overgrown cultivation, mainly east of the Great Rift Valley; uncommon elsewhere. Voice Not particularly vocal in EA (but heard from Feb to departure). Full song includes mimicry and is rich and melodic for an Acrocephalus, but still scratchy. Call is a soft tuk.

Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus

19cm, 7.5"

Very large, warm brown above with distinct buffy supercilium, strong bill and long wings. Below whitish with strong tawny-buff wash on sides of breast and flanks. Legs usually pale brownish. The nominate race seems most numerous, but zarudnyi with more greyish-olive upperparts and whiter underparts also occurs. SH Rather local Palearctic winter visitor from Oct to early May, but more numerous in Apr east of the Great Rift Valley. Inhabits rank vegetation and thickets. Voice Song is much slower than smaller Acrocephalus, but still typical: a loud, deep scratchy and croaking medley. Call is a single chakk.

Basra Reed Warbler Acrocephalus griseldis

16cm, 6.5"

Larger than Eurasian Reed Warbler but smaller and slimmer than Great Reed Warbler with distinctive long slim bill and long wings. Cold olive-brown above with obvious whitish supercilium above broad dark loral line, and dark tail; white below, faintly washed buff on sides of breast and flanks. Legs grey. Monotypic. SH Palearctic visitor in Nov–Apr, mainly in east, but occasionally in the Great Rift Valley, occurring in marshy areas and damp thickets. Voice May be heard prior to departure and, while obviously an Acrocephalus song, it is coarse and tuneless with rather similar notes that sound like a protracted scolding. EN

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African Reed Warbler

suahelicus cinnamomeus

ad

Eurasian Reed Warbler

fuscus

Marsh Warbler

ad

‘warm brown’

nominate

Great Reed Warbler

Basra Reed Warbler

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PLATE 181: ACROCEPHALUS, LOCUSTELLA AND BRADYPTERUS WARBLERS Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus

13cm, 5"

Streaked above with a distinctive bold creamy supercilium, whitish below with buffy-rufous flanks. In flight, shows contrasting uniform rusty-orange rump and dark tail. First-winter may show hint of pale crown-stripe. Monotypic. SH Common Palearctic visitor to reedbeds, marshes and lakeside vegetation in Nov–Apr. Wintering birds are most numerous in the west, but there is also a strong and widespread northerly passage in Apr. Voice Often heard, but typical song is subdued, sweeter and far less scratchy than other small Acrocephalus. Call is a harsh rolling chirrr. LOCUSTELLA WARBLERS Shy brown warblers with rather weak bills, indistinct superciliary stripes, strongly graduated tails and very long undertail-coverts (can be mottled or streaked). Sexes alike. Palearctic migrants, two of them are extremely rare.

River Warbler Locustella fluviatilis

14cm, 5.5"

Cold olive-brown and unstreaked above, with narrow supercilium and diffusely mottled breast; long and conspicuously pale-tipped undertail-coverts appear marbled. Legs pink. Monotypic. SH Not uncommon Palearctic passage migrant, Nov–Apr in EKe, but shy and difficult to observe. Inhabits thick scrub and undergrowth. Voice Rarely heard song is a protracted rattling zri-zri-zri-zrizri… (like Yellow Bishop); call is a soft irregularly repeated tak.

Savi’s Warbler Locustella luscinioides

14cm, 5.5"

Unstreaked warm olive-brown above with indistinct supercilium, whitish throat and belly contrasting with unmarked deep buff breast and flanks; long buff undertail-coverts plain or only lightly mottled. Some show faint gorget of small spots around base of neck. SH Palearctic vagrant; two records of race fusca, both from Ngulia in Tsavo West NP, Ke, Dec 1975 and 1987. Voice Song not recorded in EA, but call is a single tchik.

Common Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia

13cm, 5"

Olive-brown above, finely streaked dark brown on crown and more boldly on mantle, with weak supercilium, whitish below with finely streaked gorget; olive-brown uppertail-coverts and long pale undertail-coverts with diffuse dark streaks. SH Slim, skulking Palearctic vagrant that keeps to dense cover, or creeps on the ground. Race straminea has been recorded twice in EA, at Nguruman Hills, SKe, Jun 1977, and Marsabit, NKe, Mar 2000. Voice In EA known only to make a short hard tic. [Alt. Grasshopper Warbler] BRADYPTERUS WARBLERS Rather plain skulking brown warblers of marshes and dense forest undergrowth, some with streaking across the breast (see also Plate 182). Often first draw attention to themselves with their powerful songs, but remain hard to see. Sexes alike.

White-winged Swamp Warbler Bradypterus carpalis

17cm, 6.5"

Large and plain, dark brown above, whitish below with bold short blackish streaks across throat and upper breast; small white shoulder patch is most obvious in display flight. Immature has less distinct throat streaks and brownish wash from breast to vent. Monotypic. SH Common in dense papyrus beds at 1,100–2,050m, but secretive and very difficult to see. Responds to pishing, often announcing its arrival with a loud burring of wings. Voice Song varies locally, but is based on a loud accelerating teek teek teek teek chup chup chup chup chup tut tut tt tt’woo which rises or falls at end. [Alt. White-winged Warbler]

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Sedge Warbler

River Warbler

Savi’s Warbler

Common Grasshopper Warbler

White-winged Swamp Warbler

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PLATE 182: BRADYPTERUS WARBLERS II Cinnamon Bracken Warbler Bradypterus cinnamomeus

15cm, 6"

Four races occur: widespread nominate (SWUg to Bu, Ke, N and NETz) is uniform rufous-brown or dark brown above, with a long buffy supercilium, white throat and belly, and bright warm rufous breast and flanks; cavei (NEUg) is darker; mildbreadi (Rwenzori Mts, WUg) is more richly coloured above; and nyassae (E and STz) duller and paler, with a buffy throat and buff-brown breast. Immature is duller above with yellowish wash to throat and belly. SH In undergrowth, forest edge and bracken, mainly above 1,000m (often above 2,000m). Creeps around in thick cover, and usually first located by its loud song, or flash of rufous as it flies. Where sympatric, Evergreen Forest Warbler is in forest interior and Cinnamon Bracken at edge. Voice Varies a little locally, but typical loud song is an introductory wii followed by 3–6 identical explosive spitted notes. Call is a nasal pink.

Evergreen Forest Warbler Bradypterus lopezi

15cm, 6"

Most races are much darker than Cinnamon Bracken Warbler with dark dingy brown upperparts, a pale supercilium and narrow, dishevelled, spiky tail; if seen well may show indistinctly streaked gorget. Three similar races occur: mariae (Ke to NETz) as described; usambarae (SEKe to SWTz) is browner below with white on belly; ufipae (Ufipa Plateau, SWTz) is tawny-brown on breast, whiter on belly. Distinctive race barakae (W and SWUg) has a rufous head and breast, contrasting with dull rufous-brown back, wings and tail; faint dark line through eye and whitish belly. Immature may show dull olive-yellow wash to throat. SH Widespread but patchily distributed in forest undergrowth above 1,500m (but down to 900m in NETz). Very difficult to see, staying in thick cover, often very low, even on the ground. Voice Song varies locally, but typically increases in volume through each refrain. A rising weep precedes identical notes that are rapid or slow, single or paired, producing a rattling effect. Call is a deep throaty churrr.

Bamboo Warbler Bradypterus alfredi

15cm, 6"

Dark brown above with a short pale supercilium (similar to most races of Evergreen Forest Warbler). White throat blurs into olive-brown breast, lower breast to vent white with strong grey wash on sides of breast and flanks; undertail-coverts barred brown and white. Immature has yellowish wash below. Two races occur: kungwensis (Kungwe–Mahale Mts, WTz) as described; nominate (WUg) is slightly more rufous above, with paler grey flanks. SH Rare warbler of forest undergrowth, long grass and bamboo at 1,800–2,000m in Mahale Mts and 1,200–1,600m at Bugoma and in Mubuku Valley. Voice Simple song is a hollow-sounding and repeated series of 10 or so paired notes, tik-er-tik-er-tik-er...

Little Rush Warbler Bradypterus baboecala

15cm, 6"

Two distinct groups may be specifically distinct. Northern group (Highland Rush Warbler) comprises race elgonensis (EUg, W and CKe) and centralis (SWUg to Bu and NC Tz); both have short heavy streaks on breast, but elgonensis has more rufous-brown upperparts. South of the dotted line on the map, southern group (Little Rush Warbler) consists of tongensis (EKe to STz) and msiri (SWTz); both have very lightly streaked breasts, but tongensis is darker above. All races have well-rounded tails. SH Common and widespread in swamps and marshes from sea level to 2,300m. Displays above reeds with loud burring wings. Voice Northern group sing a high-pitched almost hissing series of descending notes that accelerate to end in a dying rattle; call is a nasal pink-pink. Southern group has a similar pattern, but the notes are much slower, louder and deeper, similar to White-winged Warbler. All follow their songs with a low aerial display of wing burring.

Grauer’s Swamp Warbler Bradypterus graueri

17cm, 6.5"

Like a large version of Little Rush Warbler, with more distinct white supercilium and heavier blackish streaking on upper breast. Monotypic. SH Endemic to swamps in high country at 1,950– 2,600m in the Albertine Rift. Not uncommon in its restricted range but shy and difficult to observe. Voice Some local variation, but typical song is a dry rattling and trilled chip chip chip-chip-chip chweeeeer, with the last note upslurred. [Alt. Grauer’s Rush Warbler] EN

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nominate

Cinnamon Bracken Warbler

mariae

barakae

Evergreen Forest Warbler

kungwensis elgonensis

Bamboo Warbler

tongensis

Little Rush Warbler

Grauer’s Swamp Warbler

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PLATE 183: IDUNA AND HIPPOLAIS WARBLERS IDUNA AND HIPPOLAIS WARBLERS Iduna is a recently resurrected genus comprising several species that were formerly either Hippolais or Chloropeta (others are on Plate 179). Hippolais (together with Eastern Olivaceous Warbler) are a difficult group of Palearctic warblers, mostly with fairly uniform coloration, flat-looking heads, short superciliary stripes and strong bills. Tails are square-ended with short undertail-coverts. Pay careful attention to size, overall tone, wing panels and wing length, as well as behaviour such as tail flicking and waving. Sexes alike.

Eastern Olivaceous Warbler Iduna pallida

13cm, 5"

Fairly uniform grey-brown above (no wing panel) with a short pale supercilium and paler creamybuff underparts. Outer tail narrowly edged whitish (hard to see in the field). Lower mandible is pale yellowish-horn, easily noticeable as bird is usually seen from below. Legs pinkish, or brownish-grey. Race in EA is elaeica. SH Common and widespread passage migrant and winter visitor from sea level to 1,900m in Oct–Apr. Always on the move, often dips its tail while calling, and is particularly fond of canopy in large acacia trees. Voice Regularly calls a fairly harsh chk, and also often sings a soft Acrocephalus-like refrain. Note Formerly called Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida.

Upcher’s Warbler Hippolais languida

14cm, 5.5"

Larger than Eastern Olivaceous Warbler and greyer above with whitish supercilium; duller white below with pale-buff or buffish-grey flanks. Narrow white edges to longer and much darker tail easily seen (as it is frequently waved or slightly fanned). Wings also darker with pale panel on secondaries when fresh, but less distinct than on Olive-tree Warbler. Lower mandible pinkish; legs pinkish-grey. Monotypic. SH Fairly uncommon winter visitor in the east from Nov to early Apr, and occasional in Great Rift Valley on passage. Dry bush country from sea level to 1,200m, tending to keep to cover and occasionally feeds on the ground. Voice Unlike Eastern Olivaceous Warbler, call is a soft nasal chah-chah-chah…, repeated rapidly and for long periods if agitated.

Olive-tree Warbler Hippolais olivetorum

16cm, 6"

Largest Hippolais warbler; grey-brown above with short narrow whitish supercilium, whitish underparts with variable pale grey wash. Bill noticeably long and strong with yellowish-horn base to lower mandible. Long wings are darker than mantle and in fresh plumage pale-edged secondaries form pale panel. Tail very dark, with narrow white edges to outer feathers. Strong blue-grey legs. Monotypic. SH Much less common than Upcher’s Warbler, occurring mostly on passage in Oct–Dec and Mar–Apr, but a few winter in STz. Voice Call is a harsh tak; rarely heard song is Acrocephalus-like, but deeper and more musical, not scratchy.

Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina

13cm, 5"

Adult is greenish-olive above and yellow below, with a prominent yellow supercilium. Long pointed wings with long primary projection (equal in length to tertials). Before departure, fresh-plumaged birds have yellow-edged secondaries forming an obvious panel, but first-winters (arriving Oct–Dec) are much more washed-out, often appearing dull greyish-green above and very pale yellow or mostly white below. Can resemble other Hippolais or even a dull Willow Warbler, but long primary projection and lack of dark eyeline distinctive. Lower mandible pinkish; legs blue-grey. Monotypic. SH Most common in the west, both on passage and as a winter visitor, but uncommon east of Great Rift Valley. Voice Rarely heard in EA, song is Acrocephalus-like, but a constant more musical rambling interspersed with sweeter squeaks and chips. Call is a simple tak.

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Eastern Olivaceous Warbler

Upcher’s Warbler

Olive-tree Warbler

ad

1st-winter

Icterine Warbler

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PLATE 184: SYLVIA AND PHYLLOLAIS WARBLERS SYLVIA WARBLERS A group of variable warblers with well-rounded heads, short strong bills and narrow square-ended tails. Some are sexually dimorphic. The species here are all are visitors from the Palearctic during the northern winter. See also vagrant Lesser Whitethroat on p. 603.

Garden Warbler Sylvia borin

14cm, 5.5"

Rather uniform greyish-brown warbler with an indistinct short buffy supercilium, narrow pale eye-ring and noticeable dark eye; some birds show pale grey patch on sides of neck. Underparts buffy-brown with grey-brown legs. Well-rounded head and short bill distinguish it from similar Hippolais warblers. Two similar races occur: nominate as described; woodwardi is slightly colder, greyer above and paler below. SH Common and widespread Palearctic visitor in Oct–Apr (wintering from CUg southwards). Occurs in a variety of woodland, from forest edge to lush bush country and gardens, at 800–2,000m. Voice Song is a varied continuous warble similar to Eurasian Blackcap, but lacks scratchiness and is more muffled and sweeter. Call is an abrupt and repeated teck.

Barred Warbler Sylvia nisoria

17cm, 6.5"

Large and rather long-tailed, grey or grey-brown above with narrow whitish wingbars and variable barring below. Adult male is well barred on underparts with distinctive pale yellow eyes. Adult female is browner above and less barred below. First-winter shows only a hint of barring (often restricted to flanks and vent); eyes dark resembling Garden Warbler, but Barred identified by larger size, longer tail and pale-tipped wing-coverts. Both nominate race and merzbacheri occur. Pure merzbacheri are paler and browner above with less barring below, but many are intergrades. SH Common Palearctic migrant from Oct to Apr, mainly in north and east. Prefers thick cover in bush country from sea level to 1,200m. Voice Call is a repeated dry chek-chek-chek, and its seldomheard song is a rich and varied sweet warbling.

Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis

14cm, 5.5"

Adult male has greyish hood, narrow white eye-ring, white throat, large rusty wing panel, pinkish breast and fairly long tail with narrow white edges. Female has brownish hood and is buffier below, but still shows rusty wing panel. Legs pale pinkish-brown. First-winter like female but dingier. Four similar races occur and mainly differ in tone, with icterops (slightly darker) and volgensis (paler) being the most common and widespread. SH Common Palearctic passage migrant and winter visitor in Oct–May. Most numerous in the east, occurring in a wide variety of habitats including woodland and dry scrub from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Call is a dry tek tek; song in EA is similar to Garden Warbler but more rambling. [Alt. Greater Whitethroat]

Eurasian Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla

14cm, 5.5"

Adult male is grey-brown above and paler grey below with a striking black cap. Adult female slightly browner above and buffier below, with rusty reddish-brown cap. First-winter similar to female but duller. Two similar widespread races occur: nominate as described and paler dammholzi. SH Common Palearctic winter visitor, occurring in a wide variety of habitats in Oct–Apr, including scrub and forest edge, but mainly in highlands above 1,600m (from 1,000m in NETz). Voice Call is a hard, sometimes rapid tak tak tak; song is a scratchy melodious warble, often heard from Jan until departure. [Alt. Blackcap] PHYLLOLAIS A small pale warbler of Acacia country.

Buff-bellied Warbler Phyllolais pulchella

10cm, 4"

Very small, slim pale warbler, uniform olive-grey or grey-brown above and pale creamy-yellow below, with very narrow white edges to tail; pink lower mandible and legs obvious in the field. Sexes alike, immature more yellowish below. Monotypic. SH Small groups of 2–6 are common within range at 600–2,000m; usually in acacias where they forage busily in the canopy. Monotypic. Voice Parties are noisy and frequently call a spitted chittering tit-tit-tit-tit-tit…, which often breaks into a dry trill.

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Garden Warbler ad

nominate

1st-winter



Barred Warbler

nominate

1st-winter



Common Whitethroat



icterops



nominate

Eurasian Blackcap

Buff-bellied Warbler

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PLATE 185: PHYLLOSCOPUS WARBLERS I PHYLLOSCOPUS WARBLERS Phylloscopus or leaf warblers are small, greenish, arboreal birds, with rather rounded heads, slim bills and thin slender legs. They are very active, flitting through the upper storey and canopy of trees. Some have yellow on the face or underparts. Sexes alike.

Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus

11cm, 4.5"

Two races occur: widespread acredula is dull olive above and pale yellow below, with a long pale yellow supercilium and dark line through eye. First-winter is greener above and yellower below. Less common race yakutensis is grey-brown above, greyish-white below (no olive or yellow tones) with a whitish supercilium. Both races usually have pale yellowish-brown legs, but dark on some birds. Song is best distinction from Common Chiffchaff. SH Very common Palearctic visitor from late Sep to early May in a wide variety of bush and woodland from sea level to 3,000m. Usually at lower altitudes than Common Chiffchaff. Voice Song is a silvery descending cadence terminating in a flourish; call is a short interrogatory, disyllabic hooweet which ends abruptly.

Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita

11cm, 4.5"

Extremely similar to Willow Warbler, but has more rounded crown, less distinct supercilium, slightly shorter and darker bill, shorter primary projection and usually very dark legs. Birds in EA are race abietinus with greyish-olive or olive-brown upperparts and whitish or buffy underparts. Only safely separated from Willow Warbler by song. SH Generally uncommon Palearctic visitor, mainly to highland forest above 2,000m, in Oct–Apr. Voice Usually located by song, its onomatopoeic chiff-chiff-chaff-chiff-chaff… is distinctive and heard from Jan until departure. Call is an upslurred hweet, a little shorter and higher-pitched than Willow Warbler.

Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix

12cm, 5"

Larger than Willow Warbler and Common Chiffchaff and greener above, with longer wings, and prominent brighter yellow supercilium, face and upper breast. Very white below with rather short tail making undertail-coverts look long, giving a drawn-out look to the rear end; legs yellowishbrown. Monotypic. SH Palearctic visitor in Nov–Apr, reasonably common in the west, but scarce elsewhere. Inhabits forest and woodland, feeding in middle and higher levels of tall trees. Voice Usually silent, but song is an attractive descending silvery cadence that breaks into a dry trill, ending with or without a descending series of mournful piping notes. Call is a sharp monotone zip.

Yellow-throated Woodland-Warbler Phylloscopus ruficapilla

11cm, 4.5"

Brightly coloured leaf warbler, with olive-green upperparts, yellow supercilium, sides of face, throat and vent; rest of underparts whitish or very pale grey. Races vary in colour of crown and nape: olive-brown in minullus (Taita Hills, SEKe, south to Uluguru Mts, ETz), orange-brown in johnstoni (Mt Rungwe, STz); ochrogularis (Mahari Mts, WTz) is like johnstoni, but has face and throat washed orange-yellow. SH Common within range, inhabiting canopy and mid-levels of highland forest at 800–2,300m. Voice Some local variation in song which is generally a strong but not particularly sweet, descending and seesawing ter-twi-ter-ter, or twi-te-twi-te-twi-te-twi-te twi. Call is a high-pitched seeu.

Laura’s Woodland-Warbler Phylloscopus laurae

11cm, 4.5"

Similar to Yellow-throated Woodland-Warbler but uniform bright green above including crown and nape. Supercilium, throat to upper breast and vent bright yellow, belly and flanks greyish. SH Restricted range; in EA race eustacei is known only from Kitungulu (extreme SWTz) at 1,400m. Voice Loud song from mid-canopy is a sweet descending twi-li-twi-li-twi-li-twi-li-twi-li, repeated every couple of seconds with slight variation. [Alt. Laura’s Warbler]

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Willow Warbler ad ad

acredula yakutensis

1st-winter

Wood Warbler Common Chiffchaff

johnstoni

Yellow-throated Woodland-Warbler

minullus

Laura’s Woodland-Warbler

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PLATE 186: PHYLLOSCOPUS WARBLERS II, HYLIA AND HEMITESIA Uganda Woodland-Warbler Phylloscopus budongoensis

10cm, 4"

Small leaf warbler with olive-green upperparts, a strong white supercilium and narrow black line through eye. Underparts whitish with grey-washed flanks. Immature is washed pale olive on breast and flanks. Monotypic. SH Single birds inhabit canopy and mid-levels of primary forest at 1,200–1,900m, where they are constantly on the move and call frequently while feeding. Voice A short rising and falling series of 4–7 distinct silvery notes si-wi-si-wi-wi-si.

Brown Woodland-Warbler Phylloscopus umbrovirens

11cm, 4.5"

In our area much browner than other leaf warblers with wings and tail edged green. Five races are accepted, but the differences are mostly clinal, and the following three are the most distinctive: widespread mackenzianus is warm brown above with long buffy supercilium and dark eyeline; alpinus (WUg) is similar, but more grey-brown above and greyer on the flanks; fugglescouchmani (Uluguru Mts, ETz) is entirely rich brown below. SH Common in many highland forests above 1,500m. Voice Variable and complex song of sweet seesawing notes followed by trills and flourishes, with very brief pause between each phrase.

Red-faced Woodland-Warbler Phylloscopus laetus

10cm, 4"

Typical leaf warbler but has brick-red wash to supercilium, face and throat; rest of underparts pale buffy-white, washed pale grey on flanks. Immature has indistinct rusty or yellowish face. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Endemic to mountains along the Albertine Rift where it is common in forest above 1,550m. Voice Song is a loud, strong and short monotonous series with two different tones given in different orders and rhythms for long periods.

HYLIA AND HEMITESIA Two species that have confused taxonomists for years. In total they have been placed in seven different families but most recently in the new family Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies).

Green Hylia Hylia prasina

12cm, 5"

Mostly dark olive-green plumage may suggest a dull warbler. Better views reveal dull olive-green upperparts and grey-green underparts, with a long curved buffy supercilium and short black slightly decurved bill. Immature is darker olive below than adult with yellowish bill. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Fairly common but often overlooked in mid- and higher levels of primary forest at 700–1,800m. Voice Extraordinary song is a strong obtrusive ratchet like tr-rr-rt, followed by a long pause of up to four seconds, then two whistled downslurs, feeew-feeew, the second slightly lower than the first.

Neumann’s Warbler Hemitesia neumanni

10cm, 4"

Very small short-tailed skulking warbler with broad long whitish supercilium bordered above and below with blackish; upperparts dull olive-green. Underparts variable on throat and breast, yellow (Ug) or pale olive-green (Rw and Bu); both forms have olive flanks and white belly. Monotypic. SH Endemic to mountains along the Albertine Rift at 1,500–2,350m. Singles or pairs occur in dense forest undergrowth, particularly along streams and rarely leave thick cover. Voice A loud, farcarrying three-note song, the first note separated from the second two, su…siu-soo or si…si-su. At close range soft lisping notes can be heard between each call. Note Some authorities place this species in the genus Urosphena. [Alt. Short-tailed Warbler]

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Uganda Woodland-Warbler

mackenzianus alpinus

Brown Woodland-Warbler

fugglescouchmani

Red-faced Woodland-Warbler

Green Hylia

Neumann’s Warbler

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PLATE 187: FOREST CROMBECS AND LONGBILLS FOREST CROMBECS Active small warblers with a tail-less appearance. Solitary or in pairs, they often join mixed-species flocks. These three are mainly forest dwellers, although Green Crombec also tolerates nearby disturbed habitats and riverine woodland. Sexes alike.

White-browed Crombec Sylvietta leucophrys

9cm, 3.5"

Two distinct races occur: both have a curving white supercilium, chestnut eye-line and pale grey or olive underparts with yellow undertail-coverts. Nominate (WUg and Ke) has crown and nape chestnut-brown, a very white supercilium and pale grey underparts; chloronota (SWUg to WTz) has rusty-brown ear-coverts and greener upperparts. Nominate immature has indistinct supercilium and brownish throat, breast and flanks; immature chloronota is similar but washed rusty above. SH Inhabits highland forest above 1,550m, including canopy, tangled vines and undergrowth. Voice Varies locally, but always reminiscent of woodland-warblers; typically, nominate song is a rolling, distinct sequence of clear notes with no embellishment, si-si-si-su-si-si-si-su-si-si-su-su-si, while chloronota tends to sing a silvery rising and falling series.

Green Crombec Sylvietta virens

9cm, 3.5"

Mostly dull olive-green above with brownish wash to crown and very indistinct buff supercilium. Throat to breast dingy greyish-brown, becoming paler on belly. Legs pink. Can be confused with tail-less Olive-green Camaroptera. Immature is washed yellowish below. Birds in EA are race baraka. SH Locally common in middle and lower levels of primary forest, secondary growth and woodland along streams at 700–1,400m. Voice Song is a hurried, rising and falling si-sit-si-sitsi-si-sisi-su.

Lemon-bellied Crombec Sylvietta denti

8cm, 3"

Extremely small crombec with olive upperparts (washed greyish on crown), pale greyish-rufous sides to head, breast washed pale olive, belly pale yellow. Legs brown. Immature has yellowish tips to feathers of upperparts. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH In EA uncommon and restricted to canopy of Semliki and Budongo Forests in WUg. Voice Song is a loud sisisisisisisisisisiu with the last note falling. LONGBILLS Three warblers with long straight bills. Kretschmer’s is very greenbul-like. Yellow and Grey have noticeably short wings and tails. Sexes alike, immatures generally paler than adults. All are often illustrated with fluffed-out long rump and flank feathers, but these are not usually obvious in the field.

Kretschmer’s Longbill Macrosphenus kretschmeri

15cm, 6"

Very greenbul-like, with obvious whitish eyes and long pinkish lower mandible. Greyish crown, nape and ear-coverts contrast with olive-green mantle, wings and tail. Below, largely yellowisholive with paler grey throat and variable yellow wash to belly. Immature is like adult but crown olive-green. Two races occur: nominate (NETz to CTz) as described; griseiceps (SETz) paler with greyer crown. SH Uncommon in forest and along well-wooded streams in ETz at 500–1,800m. Inhabits both undergrowth and lower canopy where rather vocal but shy, often singing from deep cover. Voice Bulbul-like song has some local variation but is typically a loud wi-k’chk k’chk k’chk.

Yellow Longbill Macrosphenus flavicans

13cm, 5"

Largely olive-green above, with greyer-brown wash to crown, nape and ear-coverts; bill long and slender, eyes yellow. Pale greyish throat contrasts with yellow breast and richer orange-yellow flanks. Legs greyish. Immature all olive-green above with yellowish wash to throat and greyish central breast. Birds in EA are race hypochondriacus. SH Shy and difficult to see but found at all levels within good forest in W and SUg, and more recently at Minziro, NWTz. Voice Song is a distinctive and far-carrying sequence of notes descending in half-tones: pi pi pi pi pi pi pi pi pi pi pi pi…

Grey Longbill Macrosphenus concolor

13cm, 5"

Entirely olive-green above and paler greyish-olive below with variable yellow wash. Eyes greybrown, legs pale pinkish-brown. Monotypic. SH Local and shy resident of forest undergrowth in S and WUg, and more recently at Minziro, NWTz, at 1,000–1,400m. Voice Song is a continuous rolling widderuly-widderuly-widderuly-widderuly…

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White-browed Crombec

imm

ad

nominate

Green Crombec

Lemon-bellied Crombec

Kretschmer’s Longbill nominate

Yellow Longbill

Grey Longbill

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PLATE 188: BUSH AND WOODLAND CROMBECS BUSH AND WOODLAND CROMBECS Very small warblers with a tail-less appearance. All are constantly active, foraging as they move from tree to tree. Solitary or in pairs, they often join mixed-species flocks. Sexes alike.

Northern Crombec Sylvietta brachyura

8cm, 3"

Uniform grey above with a dark eyeline and tawny-buff supercilium and throat (but chin whitish). Underparts buffy-cinnamon with whitish belly. Immature is like adult but with buffy tips to wingcoverts. Birds in EA are race carnapi. SH Common resident of woodland, gardens and bush country at 600–2,000m. Voice Usually a simple repeated phrase, like a lisping version of Green Crombec. Note Formerly included Eastern Crombec.

Eastern Crombec Sylvietta leucopsis

8cm, 3"

Similar to Northern Crombec but has whitish supercilium and throat giving pale-faced appearance, and more white on belly. Immature has tawny-buff tips to wing-coverts. Monotypic. SH Common in dry bush country from sea level to about 1,400m. Voice Song is rather sweet and complex like a Sylvia warbler with serin-like phrases interjected. Note Formerly considered a race of Northern Crombec.

Red-faced Crombec Sylvietta whytii

9cm, 3.5"

Slightly larger than Northern Crombec with similar grey or grey-brown upperparts; sides of face, throat and most of underparts plain cinnamon (lacks dark eyeline). Four races occur: loringi (NEUg to NKe) is more olive-brown above with a whitish belly; jacksoni (Ug to CKe and NTz) is richly coloured grey and rufous; minima (coastal Ke and ETz) is palest, and nominate (STz) is like jacksoni but rather paler. All races intergrade, but generally those in Ug, WKe and WTz are more richly coloured, while northern and eastern birds are paler. Immature has buffy tips to wing-coverts. SH Common and widespread resident in a wide variety of woodland and bush country from sea level to 2,000m. Voice Differs locally, but usual song is a variation of a loud, repeated rolling si-sisiu si-si-siu si-si-siu si-si-siu.

Red-capped Crombec Sylvietta ruficapilla

10cm, 4"

Greyish-brown crombec with chestnut ear-coverts and variable chestnut spot on breast. Birds recorded in our area are the race chubbi, which lacks a red cap. Immature has buffy wash to crown and mantle. SH Known from miombo woodland near Tatanda and Tukuyu in SWTz. Voice A typical crombec song, but burry, with a simple repeated rising then falling phrase, sh-shre-shri-shri-shrer.

Somali Crombec Sylvietta isabellina

10cm, 4"

Pale buffy-grey crombec with a long bill and whitish supercilium; very pale buffy-white below, palest on throat. Immature similar but lightly mottled on throat. Pale underparts and sunbird-like slightly decurved long bill distinguish it from all other crombecs in region. Monotypic. SH Generally uncommon in dry bush country of NE and EKe below 1,000m. Voice Song is a typical crombec tichi tichi tichi ri-ti-chu, the last note lower. In flight, call is a sharp chik. [Alt. Somali Long-billed Crombec]

Long-billed Crombec Sylvietta rufescens

9cm, 3.5"

In EA race adelphe does not have a particularly long bill and is therefore very similar to Eastern Crombec, but ranges do not overlap. Upperparts brownish-grey with indistinct whitish supercilium and throat; darker grey through eye and on ear-coverts. Underparts buffy-cinnamon. Immature is paler than adult. SH Local but fairly common on the Ruzizi Plain, Bu, and near Tatanda and Tunduma, SWTz. Voice Song is a simple typically crombec-like seesawing series of 5–6 chi-choyi notes.

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Eastern Crombec

Northern Crombec

jacksoni

loringi

Red-faced Crombec

Red-capped Crombec

Somali Crombec

Long-billed Crombec

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PLATE 189: EREMOMELAS EREMOMELAS Active small warblers of canopy and mid-levels in forest, woodland and bush country. Usually found as pairs or small flocks, and often join mixed-bird parties. Sexes alike.

Yellow-bellied Eremomela Eremomela icteropygialis

10cm, 4"

Short-tailed eremomela with grey upperparts, whitish throat and breast, and yellow from breast or lower breast to vent. Three races occur: abdominalis (NKe to NTz) has extensive bright yellow on belly; griseoflava (NUg, NW and SWKe, ERw and NWTz) has paler and less yellow on belly, and polioxantha (E and STz) has a greyer breast. Immature is variably washed olive above; yellow on underparts paler and often restricted to ventral area (very similar to Yellow-vented Eremomela). SH Pairs are widespread in open woodland and bush country to 1,900m. Often found in mixedspecies flocks with white-eyes, penduline-tits and crombecs. Voice Rather crombec-like, but more penetrating; song is a variable rising and falling or rolling series of distinct notes, typically t’tri-t’rit’tri. A nasal contact note is also used in display.

Yellow-vented Eremomela Eremomela flavicrissalis

9cm, 3.5"

Slightly smaller than Yellow-bellied Eremomela, with very short tail and pale yellow restricted to vent (can be difficult to see). Immature has just the faintest yellow wash to vent. Monotypic. SH Restricted to north and east in dry bush and semi-desert country below 1,200m. Voice Differs from Yellow-bellied Eremomela in the scratchiness of its song, a loud and burry ser-si-ser’si-sit.

Green-capped Eremomela Eremomela scotops

11cm, 4.5"

Greyish above with olive-green or yellowish-green crown, yellow supercilium and blackish lores; eyes pale yellow. Three races differ mainly in colour of underparts; citriniceps (WUg and SWKe to SWTz) has yellow throat and breast and greyish-white belly; kikuyuensis (CKe) is similar but belly is very pale yellow; nominate (EKe, E and STz) is entirely pale yellow below. Immature is paler than adult with olive wash to upperparts. SH Rather local with patchy distribution from sea level to 1,800m. More common in the west and south where small flocks are common, particularly in Brachystegia woodland. Voice Contact calls consist of continuous guttural short churrs and a low chatter srrrrr-srrrr-srrrrr… [Alt. Greencap Eremomela]

Green-backed Eremomela Eremomela canescens

11cm, 4.5"

Bright attractive warbler. In EA the nominate race is olive-green above with a well-defined grey crown and nape, and broad dark mask through eye; very white throat and upper breast contrast with bright yellow breast to vent. Eyes yellowish, legs orange-pink. Immature is like adult but duller and paler. SH A localised species found in small flocks in open bush and woodland at 600– 2,200m. Voice An effervescent rambling series of excitable musical chips and churrs and louder wi-chi-chit phrases. Note Formerly considered conspecific with West African Senegal Eremomela E. pusilla.

Rufous-crowned Eremomela Eremomela badiceps

10cm, 4"

Similar to Turner’s Eremomela with greyish upperparts, blackish mask and narrow black band on greyish-white underparts; crown wholly chestnut. Immature is washed greenish above, with only faint indication of rufous crown; entirely creamy-yellow below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Small flocks are uncommon in forest canopy (particularly at edges) in WUg at 700–1,400m. Voice Frequently given call is a series of machine-gun-like spitted notes t’t’t’t’t’t’t’… heard from feeding parties or during aerial chases.

Turner’s Eremomela Eremomela turneri

9cm, 3.5"

Similar to Rufous-crowned Eremomela, but chestnut restricted to forecrown. Immature is very plain, washed olive above and creamy-yellow below. Two races occur: nominate (WKe) as described; kalindei (SWUg) is paler with darker wings. SH Uncommon in EA, being known from forests around Kakamega, WKe, and near Kigezi, SWUg, at 1,500–1,700m. Voice Highly vocal giving repeated chichichichichichi…, the notes often interspersed with soft chipping resembling a rattle.

Black-necked Eremomela Eremomela atricollis

11cm, 4"

Distinctive eremomela with black mask and band on upper breast, supercilium orange-yellow and throat yellow. Upperparts grey-brown, breast to vent whitish with greyer flanks. Immature is plainer and duller. Monotypic. SH In EA known only from around Kalambo Falls Forest Reserve, Sumbawanga, SWTz. Voice Contact call is a repeated rather buzzy zwut, zwut, zwut.

398

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imm

Yellow-bellied Eremomela ad

imm griseoflava

ad ad

ad polioxantha

Yellow-vented Eremomela

abdominalis ad

Green-backed Eremomela

nominate

ad

ad

Green-capped Eremomela citriniceps imm

ad

Rufous-crowned Eremomela

nominate imm ad ad

Turner’s Eremomela

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Black-necked Eremomela

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PLATE 190: HYLIOTAS AND FOREST WARBLERS HYLIOTAS Recently placed in their own family, Hyliotidae, the hyliotas are small active warbler-like birds of the canopy, constantly moving around with a rather horizontal posture. Difficult to identify by plumage, fortunately they mostly occupy different habitats and ranges; look for extent of tawny on the underparts and white in the wing. Usually in pairs, they also join mixed-species flocks. Immatures are duller than adults with buffy fringes to upperparts.

Yellow-bellied Hyliota Hyliota flavigaster

11cm, 4.5"

Two distinct races occur: adult male nominate (mainly Ug to WKe) is glossy blue-black above with white in wing (like Southern Hyliota race slatini), but underparts are extensively washed rich tawny-yellow, paler on belly; tail black. Adult female is similar but dark grey above. Southern race barbozae (W and SETz) has variable white edges to tertials, sometimes appearing as a white bar. SH Rather local but not uncommon in the west and south at 100–1,800m, where they prefer leafy trees within open woodland, particularly miombo. Voice Usual call is an explosive two-note swit-itt, the second note slightly lower than the first, and the song is a rapid twittering comprising the same notes.

Southern Hyliota Hyliota australis

11cm, 4.5"

Adult male is similar to Yellow-bellied Hyliota but duller black above and paler below (especially on belly); very narrow white edges to tail. Adult female is duller grey-brown above. SH In EA, race slatini is known only from forest at Semliki, WUg (one record) and Kakamega, WKe (uncommon resident) at 700–1,700m. Voice Song begins with an introductory chipping and continues as a strong metallic twittering rattle, which may be either nearly monotone, or gently rising and falling and more musical. Note Race slatini may be specifically distinct from the southern African races.

Usambara Hyliota Hyliota usambara

11cm, 4.5"

Adult has glossy blue-black upperparts, a white shoulder patch and narrow white edges to tertials. Underparts are rich rufous-orange, paler on throat and belly. Sexes alike. Monotypic. SH Endemic to Usambara Mts, NETz, particularly at 300–400m, rarely up to 1,000m. Rare and little known. Voice Call is poorly known but described as a series of squeaky notes. Note Formerly considered a race of Southern Hyliota. EN

Violet-backed Hyliota Hyliota violacea

12cm, 5"

Adult has glossy violet blue-black upperparts with a small area of white on two inner greater coverts (very hard to see in the field). Adult male has underparts very pale buff-white; adult female is strongly washed rusty-orange. SH In EA the nominate race is known only from Nyungwe Forest, SWRw, and Kibira Forest, Bu, at 1,700–2,000m. Voice Call is a sharp ti-tit which can break into a hurried and complex swizzle. BATHMOCERCUS AND SCEPOMYCTER WARBLERS Two distinctive warblers of thick forest undergrowth. Formerly both in the genus Bathmocercus but genetic evidence suggests separate genera are warranted. They occur in pairs or family groups, and are most easily located by their far-carrying penetrating whistles and duets.

Black-faced Rufous Warbler Bathmocercus rufus

13cm, 5"

Adult male is unlike any other bird in EA being bright chestnut with a broad black vertical stripe on face, throat and breast. Adult female has similar black vertical stripe but is mainly olive-grey. Immature is plainer dull olive-grey, with random patches of rufous on male. Birds in EA are race vulpinus. SH Common but very shy and restricted to undergrowth in primary forest of the west, at 700–2,800m. Voice Often duets; male sings a monotone piercing piping, and female accompanies with a rattling doubled or tripled chlt-chlt. Foraging or alarm call is also this note, repeated by the group.

Winifred’s Warbler Scepomycter winifredae

13cm, 5"

Adult male is dull olivaceous-brown with a chestnut head, throat and upper breast. Adult female is similar but paler on head and breast. Immature has upperparts olive with pale chestnut face and breast. Two races occur: rubehoensis (Rubeho and Ukaguru Mts), is brighter on head and breast than nominate (Uluguru and Udzungwa Mts). SH Endemic to dense forest undergrowth in some Eastern Arc mountains in Tz at 1,300–2,350m. Voice Often duets: male sings a loud piercing but musical piping wii wi-ch’wi, and female produces a repeated piping on one note. Note Formerly known as Mrs Moreau’s Warbler Bathmocercus winifredae; some authorities treat race rubehoensis as a separate species, Rubeho Warbler. VU

400

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B Ruf



Yellow-bellied Hyliota

Southern Hyliota 

nominate

slatini



  barbozae

ad



Usambara Hyliota



Violet-backed Hyliota

imm 





Black-faced Rufous Warbler



imm nominate

Winifred’s Warbler

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PLATE 191: PARISOMAS, GRASS WARBLERS AND GRAUER’S WARBLER PARISOMAS Active warblers that are constantly on the move in the canopy of acacia woodland. Formerly both species were in the genus Parisoma but recent genetic analysis suggests that they are closely related to Sylvia warblers.

Banded Parisoma Sylvia boehmi

12cm, 4.5"

Adult is greyish-brown above with pale eyes, white wingbars and a fairly long white-edged dark tail; below it has a distinct black breast-band and tawny-buff flanks and vent. Three races occur: nominate (widespread) as described; marsabit (NKe) is paler; somalica (NEKe) has heavier throat spotting. Immature is washed brownish above, with buffy wingbars and no black breast-band. SH Singles or pairs occur in acacia country and open woodland, usually below 1,700m. Voice Attractive loud rolling and rattling song begins with a reeling fluid trill and continues chip-chit-wurrchewy-chewy-chewy. [Alt. Banded Warbler]

Brown Parisoma Sylvia lugens

13cm, 5"

Rather uniform dull dark brown warbler with slightly paler lightly mottled grey-brown throat, dingy white belly, and very narrow white edges to tail. Immature resembles adult. Two races occur: jacksoni (NEUg to NTz) as described; clara (STz) has dingier throat and greyer breast. SH Singles or pairs inhabit open highland woodland and forest edge at 1,400–2,500m, where they are especially fond of large acacia trees. Voice Song is a complex, rambling slow and lazy warbling swee-seet-sswee-wee, and a monotonous loud ch-wee ch’wee. [Alt. Brown Warbler] THREE ABERRANT WARBLERS Three rather unique species with Moustached Grass Warbler and Grauer’s Warbler being sole members of their genera, and Fan-tailed Grassbird having only one other close relative – in the hills of south-west India.

Fan-tailed Grassbird Schoenicola brevirostris

15cm, 6"

Resembles a dark-coloured, short-billed Eurasian Reed Warbler, with a long broad black tail (obvious in flight). Immature is washed pale yellow below. Birds in EA are race alexinae. SH Resident of moist grassland, marshy meadows and overgrown wet cultivation at 800–2,150m. Hard to see unless flushed, but will perch on exposed grass stems, and performs a flight display. Voice Song is a simple short, metallic piping ping ping ping… Alarm and contact notes are a sharp tak-tak-tak… [Alt. Broad-tailed Warbler]

Moustached Grass Warbler Melocichla mentalis

19cm, 7.5"

Bulbul-sized warbler which is plain rich brown above, with chestnut-washed forecrown and pale yellow eyes; paler rufous below. Face pattern distinct, with white supercilium, white throat and narrow black malar streak. Immature is like dull dark-eyed adult. Two races occur: amauroura (Ug to SWTz and Ke to NTz) as described; orientalis (NETz to STz) has paler upperparts. SH Singles and pairs inhabit thick cover along streams from sea level to 2,500m, where shy but vocal, singing frequently from concealed perches. Voice One of the best songsters of rank herbage. Basic song begins with a series of tip tip tip… notes breaking into a varied and complex falling flourish, ending tweedle-iddle-ee. Also a nasal scolding chahhchahhchahh… and a capable mimic. [Alt. African Moustached Warbler]

Grauer’s Warbler Graueria vittata

14cm, 5.5"

Dingy dark olive warbler suggesting a camaroptera. Face, throat and breast buffy-olive with extensive fine scaly bars visible at close range. Monotypic. SH A very local endemic of montane forest along the Albertine Rift. Not uncommon in undergrowth and mid-level tangled creepers of dense forest at 1,600–2,500m. Voice An unobtrusive, reverberating and gently rising hrrrrrrrrrrrrrr (like a muffled Scaly-throated Honeyguide).

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ad marsabit

imm

ad

Banded Parisoma nominate

Fan-tailed Grassbird ad

jacksoni

Brown Parisoma

ad

amauroura

Grauer’s Warbler

Moustached Grass Warbler

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PLATE 192: SMALL STREAKED CISTICOLAS Cisticola is a large genus of streaked or plain brown warblers which is one of Africa’s most challenging groups of birds to identify. Points to look for are dealt with separately in the relevant sections below. SMALL STREAKED CISTICOLAS Rump and tail colour, song and habitat aid identification. Immatures are rustier above and yellowish below (except Desert Cisticola). All occur singly or in pairs, but can be numerous in suitable habitat.

Pectoral-patch Cisticola Cisticola brunnescens

9cm, 3.5"

Three very similar races occur: all are small with a very short, blackish, white-tipped tail and no obviously contrasting coloured rump. Breeding male has unstreaked central crown and blackish lores; often has darkish patches at sides of breast. Non-breeding male and female have forecrown to tail evenly streaked; no loral spot or breast patches. SH Common in grassland at 1,400–2,000m in Ke, 1,400–2,500m in Tz. Voice In high-level display repeats a soft chht…chht…chht…, often preceded by a wing-click, before plummeting earthwards with accelerating chht notes ending abruptly on apparent impact, or continuing in a low wavering flight over the grass. Neither calls nor wing-snaps relate to changes of direction. Also utters a soft tic.

Pale-crowned Cisticola Cisticola cinnamomeus

9cm. 3.5"

Breeding male has plain (or lightly mottled) yellow-brown crown and nape, large dark loral spot and uniform dark rufous rump. Non-breeding male has streaked crown and rump. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Common in grassland above 1,800m in Iringa Highlands, STz. Voice In display flight makes 4–8 high-pitched quavering notes, eeep eeep eeep eeep, often followed by a series of very short high si si si si si notes. Note Formerly considered a race of Pectoral-patch Cisticola.

Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis

10cm, 4"

Typical small cisticola with streaked upperparts; slightly paler nape collar and plain rufous-buff rump (most obvious in flight); tail mid-brown with dark subterminal spots and pale tips. Two races occur: uropygialis (widespread) as described; terrestris (Bu to STz) is darker. On Pemba Island, Tz, a rich rufous form of uropygialis occurs. SH Common and widespread in both damp and dry grasslands from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Cruises in a display-flight calling zit…zit…zit… (hence name) at top of each of a series of undulations, never wing-snaps.

Desert Cisticola Cisticola aridulus

10cm, 4"

Like Zitting Cisticola but rufous-buff rump is paler, uppertail tail blacker with white tips. Pectoralpatch Cisticola has similarly patterned but shorter tail and lacks rufous rump. Immature has whiter underparts. Birds in most of range are race tanganyika, while in NKe greyer birds are intergrades with Ethiopian lavendulae. SH Common and widespread in short dry open grassland (not restricted to desert areas) from sea level to 1,800m. Voice Call is a high-pitched plaintive p’ink… p’ink… p’ink…, at half-second intervals either from a perch or in low display flight, usually with a wingsnap accompanying each note.

Wing-snapping Cisticola Cisticola ayresii

9cm, 3.5"

Breeding male is very small and short-tailed, heavily streaked above with a dark crown, contrasting rufous rump and blackish white-tipped tail. Non-breeding male and female are slightly longer-tailed. Pectoral-patch Cisticola lacks rufous rump. Zitting Cisticola has longer and browner tail. Four similar races vary mainly in overall tone. SH Inhabits open grass and moorland, common down to 1,200m in the west, but mainly above 1,800m in Ke and SWTz. Voice Display flight includes spates of wing-snapping and erratic manoeuvres, often very high and out of sight, while singing varied sweet short phrases. [Alt. Ayres’s Cisticola]

Black-backed Cisticola Cisticola eximius

10cm, 4"

Breeding male has plain rich rufous crown and nape, very heavily streaked back, rich rufous rump and short very dark pale-tipped tail; flanks washed rufous. Non-breeding male has heavily streaked crown separated from back by rufous nape collar; tail longer. Female similar to nonbreeding male but shorter-tailed. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Uncommon in both short and seasonally flooded grassland at 900–1,800m. Voice Displays like Pectoral-patch Cisticola, including wing-snapping, but song is a burry repeated phrase, tlii-tlii-tlii tlu-tlu-tlu… with some variation.

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Pale-crowned Cisticola

imm

non-br

non-br

Pectoral-patch Cisticola

br 

br 

Zitting Cisticola ad

ad Pemba Island rufous form

tanganyika

ad uropygialis

Desert Cisticola

non-br

non-br

br  br 

Wing-snapping Cisticola

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Black-backed Cisticola

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PLATE 193: SMALL RUFOUS-CROWNED AND STOUT CISTICOLAS SMALL RUFOUS-CROWNED CISTICOLAS Two similar small cisticolas with rufous crowns, whose ranges overlap only in NE Uganda.

Red-pate Cisticola Cisticola ruficeps

10cm, 4"

Slightly larger and longer-tailed than Tiny Cisticola with two distinct seasonal plumages: breeding adult has dull chestnut crown and nape, and plain brown back; non-breeding adult has bright rufous crown and nape, heavily streaked back, and longer tail. Breeding adult may also show narrow white supercilium, which is more obvious in non-breeder. Immature is like non-breeding adult but duller and yellowish below. Birds in EA are race mongalla. SH Uncommon resident of dry bush country and wooded grassland in NEUg (to extreme NWKe). Voice Song is a ringing, penetrating and continuous piping pi-pi-pi-pi…

Tiny Cisticola Cisticola nana

9cm, 3.5"

Small short-tailed cisticola with bright rufous crown, plain greyish-brown back (may look very lightly streaked at close range) and buffy-white underparts; can show short pale line in front of eye. Immature is mostly rufous above and buffy-yellow below. Monotypic. SH Pairs are rather local in dry woodland and acacia, often with mixed-species flocks, from near sea level to 1,500m. Voice Song is a rather prinia-like monotonous series of seesawing notes or a musical chittering from the tops of bushes and trees. Also a rapidly delivered set of cht notes in alarm. STOUT CISTICOLAS Rather stocky cisticolas with males noticeably larger than females. Immatures are washed yellowish below.

Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus

 14cm, 5.5"

Two races of this distinctive large cisticola occur: adult of widespread race nuchalis has rufous crown thinly streaked black, unstreaked bright rufous nape (which can ‘bleach’ with wear) and heavily streaked back; wings edged dull brown and tail blackish with obvious white tips. Female is similar but smaller. Race awemba (Ufipa Plateau, SWTz) is more red-brown above with a different dialect. Immature (both races) is yellow below, with streaked nape. SH Pairs and groups (often many birds together) are common in open long grassland, or grassland with scattered bushes, at 1,200–2,700m. Voice Song is a dry, rattling monotone wind, with introductory notes (lacking in Winding Cisticola) trt-trt-trrrrrrt. Also calls a drawn-out nasal upslurred zweeenk given singly, and a loud repeated pip-pip-pip-pip… Song of race awemba lacks introductory notes and is slower, and it has a call of short sharp tsip notes.

Croaking Cisticola Cisticola natalensis

 14cm, 5.5"

Large bulky cisticola with thick slightly decurved bill; streaked dark brown on paler brown above without bright rufous in plumage, although some races have rufous tones on nape and wing edgings; tail brown with dark subterminal spots and white tips. Four similar races differ mainly in tone, but with many intergrades. SH Pairs are locally common and widespread in tall grassland with scattered bushes from sea level to 2,200m. Voice Unique among cisticolas; a drawn-out nasal call terminating in a short explosive note, tk’weeeeeeee-chunk, and a repeated seesawing metallic tink-tonk…, with the first note higher. VU

Aberdare Cisticola Cisticola aberdare

 14cm, 5.5"

Very similar to Stout Cisticola, but black streaking on crown extends over nape (therefore nape does not contrast so strongly with back), wing edgings rufous-brown; tail appears longer and blacker with buff tips. Monotypic. SH Endemic to high grasslands either side of the Great Rift Valley in Ke, at 2,300–3,700m. Voice Calls chwichwichwichwi followed by varied bubbly throaty churrs, which are very different from Stout Cisticola.

406

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non-br

Tiny Cisticola

Red-pate Cisticola

br ad

imm







worn awemba

Stout Cisticola nuchalis nuchalis



  

Croaking Cisticola

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Aberdare Cisticola

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PLATE 194: STREAK-BACKED CISTICOLAS STREAK-BACKED CISTICOLAS A group of similar cisticolas with streaked upperparts; note amount of rufous on head, density of streaking on back, rufous in wings (if present), tail pattern, habitat and call. Immatures are yellowish below.

Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana

14cm, 5.5"

The most common and widespread cisticola of bush country. Crown and nape only lightly washed dull rufous and usually (but not always) streaked, medium to densely streaked back, no obvious rufous wing panel; tail brown with dark subterminal spots and whitish tips. Ten races vary mainly in tone, and intergrade in areas of overlap. More distinctive are races heterophrys (coastal Ke and Tz) and emendatus (SETz), which are both almost plain-backed with dull rufous wing panels. SH Pairs and family parties inhabit acacia country, open woodland and cultivation from sea level to 2,100m. Usually in cover near ground, but scolds and calls from bush tops, and virtually always responds to pishing. Voice Varies locally, but distinct rattling always present; it can be musical or dry. Song is 3–5 squeaky downslurs followed by a lower scolding rattle: wiu-wiu-wiu-chuchuchuchuch. Call is a rather nasal tit-like chht.

Boran Cisticola Cisticola bodessa

14cm, 5.5"

Extremely similar to Rattling Cisticola, but crown plain dull brown, back not as heavily streaked as most races of Rattling. Best identified by voice. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs are very local within range, occurring on rocky hillsides with some bush and cover at 850–2,100m. Voice Song is distinctive, fast and clear, commencing with chik-chik-chik followed by a liquid descending chewewewewewewe.

Churring Cisticola Cisticola njombe

14cm, 5.5"

Plain rufous crown and nape contrast with medium to densely dark-streaked grey back, and buffywhite underparts; extensively washed grey on flanks; tail brown with dark subterminal spots and pale tips. Wings edged warm brown but no obvious rufous wing panel. Monotypic. SH Locally common in montane grassland and rank grass, bracken-fern and fringes of wetlands at 1,800– 3,000m in highlands of STz. Voice Call is a rolling, descending and liquid churr-t, churr-t, given in series of 6–8 separated by short pauses.

Wailing Cisticola Cisticola lais

14cm, 5.5"

Two races occur (which may be separate species): northern distinctus (Lynes’s Cisticola) is a streak-backed cisticola with a wash of dull rusty-brown on head and ear-coverts, and buffybrown underparts; southern semifasciatus is plainer crowned, and has a different range and voice. SH Common but local on rocky hills with bush cover at 1,500–2,750m, where it creeps about unobtrusively, often on rocks or close to the ground. Voice Song of race distinctus is a varied, enthusiastic buzzy but somewhat discordant refrain, incorporating nasal upslurs, throaty churrs and loud chips. Call is a loud nasal repeated zweenk. Race semifasciatus is similar but slower, smoother and less varied.

Ashy Cisticola Cisticola cinereolus

13cm, 5"

Slim ashy-grey or greyish-brown cisticola, uniformly streaked above and lacking rufous on crown or wing panel (although these areas can appear slightly browner in worn plumage); underparts whitish to pale greyish-buff, tail brownish with dark subterminal spots and white tips. Birds in EA are race schillingsi. SH Pairs are common in dry bush country at 300–1,300m, perching openly on low bushes to sing. Voice Song is a pretty, liquid descending, whistled refrain: si-swi-si-swi-siwoo. Calls a pinched nasal tsit and tseent.

Tana River Cisticola Cisticola restrictus

13cm, 5"

Very like Ashy Cisticola, but browner; crown and nape washed light rufous contrasting slightly with back; sides of breast and flanks washed grey; tail brown with dark subterminal spots and buffy tips. Monotypic. SH Endemic to bush country along lower Tana River, EKe, where virtually unknown and not recorded since the early 1970s. Voice Reportedly quite similar to Rattling Cisticola. Note Taxonomy uncertain: perhaps an aberrant Ashy Cisticola, or hybrid between Ashy and Rattling Cisticolas.

408

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Rattling Cisticola

Boran Cisticola

plain-backed form streak-backed form

Wailing Cisticola Churring Cisticola

semifasciatus

distinctus

Ashy Cisticola

Tana River Cisticola

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PLATE 195: WETLAND STREAK-BACKED CISTICOLAS WETLAND STREAK-BACKED CISTICOLAS Cisticolas characteristic of wetland habitats: note amount of rufous on head, density of streaking on back, intensity of rufous in wing panel, tail pattern, habitat, range and calls. Immatures are yellowish below.

Winding Cisticola Cisticola marginatus

13cm, 5"

Boldly streaked above with obvious rufous crown and wing panel; tail grey or brown with dark subterminal spots and white tips. Three races vary mainly in tone, and intergrade in areas of overlap. SH Very common in reeds, sedges and rank vegetation away from coastal lowlands up to 2,300m. Voice Call is like a ratcheting fishing-reel rrrrrrrrrrrrrrr, but varies locally from complex and musical winds to much simpler trills, often with a set of squeaky upslurs, wiii wiii wiii… Note Formerly known as C. galactotes, but this name is now assigned to Rufous-winged Cisticola in southern Africa.

Coastal Cisticola Cisticola haematocephalus

12cm, 4.5"

Paler than Winding Cisticola with much duller crown, paler face and dull rufous wing panel. Monotypic. SH In Ke restricted to edges of wetlands, bushland, dunes and cultivation in coastal lowlands, but extends inland to low bushy foothills in ETz. Voice A short monotonous raspy trill, similar to a prinia, and a variety of tic tictic notes when excited. Note Formerly considered conspecific with Winding Cisticola C. (galactotes) marginatus.

Levaillant’s Cisticola Cisticola tinniens

13cm, 5"

Similar to Winding Cisticola but brighter and more boldly marked. Crown, nape and wing panel are rich bright rufous, back very heavily streaked black; tail rufous with blackish central feathers and white tips. Two races occur: oreophilus (Ke) as described; shiwae (SWTz) has a darker crown. SH Pairs are common in tall grass and reedbeds in highland swamps at 2,000–3,600m. Voice Song is a hurried, musical refrain given at intervals of 2–3 seconds, a descending wit-chup followed by an ascending chererrerrerrit.

Carruthers’s Cisticola Cisticola carruthersi

13cm, 5"

Very similar to Winding Cisticola, but crown chestnut-brown, wing panel dull brown (not bright rufous); uppertail mostly blackish apart from white tips. Monotypic. SH Locally common but restricted to papyrus swamps around Lake Victoria, and in other wetland vegetation in SWUg, Rw and Bu, at 700–2,200m. Frequently calls at dawn while flying across gaps in papyrus beds. Voice An explosive machine-gun burst of identical notes lasting 2–3 seconds, but with long gaps between each series.

Chirping Cisticola Cisticola pipiens

14cm, 5.5"

Similar to Winding Cisticola but duller with darker reddish-brown crown and dull brown wing panel; tail grey-brown with black subterminal spots and pale tips (often spread). Birds in EA are race congo. SH In EA, pairs and family parties are restricted to lakeside vegetation near Bujumburu, Bu, and along Mumba stream, SWTz. Males often sing from reed tops and during display flights when fanned tail is noticeable. Voice Two main calls; an explosive chip followed by up to seven identical upslurs, twee-twee-twee…, also a chip-chip, followed by a drawn-out buzzy wind, and a series of up to six staccato chip notes.

White-tailed Cisticola Cisticola sp. nov. (undescribed species) Similar to Carruthers’s Cisticola with warm brown crown and dull brown wing panel, but differs in obvious pale supercilium and grey wash to sides of neck and flanks. Tail very distinctive; brown with white outer tail feather webs and broad white tips forming white ‘U’ right around tail – obvious in flight; underside is uniform silver-grey. Breeding birds are shorter-tailed. Presumed to be monotypic. SH Endemic to the Kilombero wetlands at 250m near Ifakara, ETz, where discovered only in 1986. Common in sedges and long grass on dry ground around the swamp. Voice Common call is a unique descending series of 5–6 nasal squeaks, but also winds like a Winding Cisticola, and song is a long refrain incorporating random squeaks and chattering.

410

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Winding Cisticola

Coastal Cisticola

Carruthers’s Cisticola

oreophilus

Levaillant’s Cisticola

Chirping Cisticola

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White-tailed Cisticola

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PLATE 196: PLAIN-BACKED CISTICOLAS I PLAIN-BACKED CISTICOLAS A group of similar cisticolas with plain backs (see also Plates 197–198). Extent of rufous on head, presence or absence of rufous wing panels and indistinct back streaking, range and calls all aid identification. Sexes similar.

Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans

14cm, 5.5"

Adult has rufous crown and wing panel contrasting with uniform grey-brown back; underparts whitish washed buffy on sides of breast. Immature is slightly more rufous above. Three races occur: belli (Ug, NWTz and WKe) and slightly larger pictipennis (CKe to NETz) are both as described; muenzneri (E and STz) is darker above with a brighter crown in non-breeding adult. SH Pairs are common and widespread in fairly dense vegetation at forest edge, around cultivation, in rank undergrowth and gardens, from sea level to 2,500m. Voice Despite name, song is very simple; typically male delivers loud chips followed by an explosive paired whi-chip whi-chip…, and female joins in with dry raspy churr notes or the same.

Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops

14cm, 5.5"

Similar to Singing Cisticola but adult has variable rusty wash extending over face and earcoverts, grey-brown crown more uniform with nape and back than Singing, and no contrasting rufous wing panel; variable below from buffy-brown to pale rufous. Immature is more rufous-brown above. Two races occur: widespread sylvia as described; nyasa (STz) has richer redder face. SH Pairs are common in luxuriant vegetation, often near streams or lakes, from sea level to 2,300m, but also in cultivated land in Rw and Bu. Voice Song is a complex rather rhythmic duet; generally male gives nasal zwink and chip-wee notes, and female utters rising piping squeaks, hoo-hoo-hoo-wiwiwi.

Hunter’s Cisticola Cisticola hunteri

14cm, 5.5"

Adult is dull brown with slightly contrasting chestnut-brown crown, dark lores, brown back with variable but generally indistinct darker streaking (only visible in good light); underparts greyish with whiter throat. Immature is warmer brown above. Monotypic. SH Endemic to EA, small parties inhabit overgrown cultivation, remnant valley herbage, forest edge and giant heather in highlands at 1,550–4,400m. Voice Song is a loud far-carrying, excited and highly distinctive musical duet from bush tops. One bird gives a rising and falling rolling trill, tweetrrrrrr tweetrrrrrr… while another (or more) joins in with see-tuit…

Chubb’s Cisticola Cisticola chubbi

14cm, 5.5"

Very similar to Hunter’s Cisticola, but adult has black lores and brighter rufous crown contrasting with totally unstreaked grey-brown back; underparts creamy-buff with whiter throat. Immature is duller than adult. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs and small groups have a mainly westerly distribution at 1,600–2,500m, overlapping with Hunter’s on Mt Elgon where Chubb’s is found below and Hunter’s above 2,500m. Voice Duetted song is a repeated descending and explosive series of three notes; wi-ti-chiow, wi-ti-chiow, wi-ti-chiow…

Black-lored Cisticola Cisticola nigriloris

15cm, 6"

Similar to Chubb’s Cisticola, but adult is larger with very bright rufous crown, slightly paler nape and large black loral spot extending around eye; underparts pale grey with creamy-white throat. Immature is washed rusty above and yellowish below. Monotypic. SH Southerly counterpart of Chubb’s and Hunter’s Cisticolas, in EA restricted to dense cover on hillsides in highlands of STz. Voice Song is a duet of three unique penetrating squeaky-hinge notes: eek-zheek-pheuwww, eekzheek-pheuwww…

Kilombero Cisticola Cisticola sp. nov. (undescribed species) Adult similar to other rufous-crowned duetting cisticolas, but has a short bold white supercilium and just a hint of a dark loral line (not black lores); warm brown tail with greyish-white tips (which appear as obvious white band when fanned during excited duets); underparts mostly buff. SH Endemic to flooded reedbeds in the Kilombero wetlands at 250m near Ifakara, ETz, where discovered only in 1986. Voice Sounds rather similar to a gate in need of oiling, with pattern and quality very like Black-lored Cisticola, but with greater individual variation in songs (and no overlap in range or habitat).

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Red-faced Cisticola Singing Cisticola sylvia

pictipennis nyasa

Hunter’s Cisticola

Chubb’s Cisticola

Black-lored Cisticola

Kilombero Cisticola

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PLATE 197: PLAIN-BACKED CISTICOLAS II Trilling Cisticola Cisticola woosnami

14cm, 5.5"

Adult is rather plain with dull chestnut-brown crown contrasting only slightly with brown back, no obvious wing panel; underparts whitish with pale grey flanks; tail has dark subterminal spots and pale tips. Female is smaller and slightly brighter on crown. Immature much more rufous above and yellow below. Two races occur: nominate (WUg and Rw east to SWKe and across NTz) as described; lufira (Bu and WTz) is warmer brown above and very buffy-brown below. SH Pairs are common in a wide variety of grassland with scattered bush and trees at 900–2,000m, and in miombo in Tz. Voice Unique song is a musical trill rising to a crescendo and lasting 3–4 seconds, trrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr, with long pauses. Call is a series of hollow scolds: tyap-ayap…

Whistling Cisticola Cisticola lateralis

14cm, 5.5"

Very similar to Trilling Cisticola, but adult even more uniform above with dull brown crown not contrasting with back; white throat (often looks very white on singing birds), grey sides to neck; tail with dark subterminal spots and pale tips. Female is smaller. Immature rusty above and yellow below. Birds in EA are race antinorii. SH Pairs and family parties are locally common in scrub around cultivation, moist bush country and at forest edge, at 900–1,900m in Ug. Voice A distinctive descending, or rising and falling muffled song repeated with a short pause between each series. Typically cha….chah-chah-chahchahchahchah.

Rock-loving Cisticola Cisticola aberrans

14cm, 5.5"

Three races occur: adult has a rufous crown and pale supercilium, but races differ in overall tone and extent of spotting in tail. Race petrophilus (NUg, Rw and Bu) has rufous-brown crown contrasting with dull brown back, underparts buff to rich buff, with black subterminal spots on most of tail; emini (SW and SEKe and NTz) is similar, but paler buff below. Some seasonal variation also occurs (usually richer rufous above in non-breeding plumage). In SWTz, south of the dotted line on map, race nyika (Lazy Cisticola) is also more uniform above with a longer tail that has less obvious subterminal spots. Immatures generally more rufous than adults. SH Pairs are rather shy and local, scuttling mouse-like over rocks and in nearby low bushes, on kopjes and rocky hillsides at 600–2,150m. Often cocks tail upright. Voice Common call of the two northern races is a very nasal and pinched upslur, usually a seesawing eeyh aayh…, but also calls a short, paired rattled trill. Song incorporates upslurs with chattering and bubbling. Race nyika calls are similar but more complaining. Note Some authorities consider this to comprise two species: Rock-loving Cisticola C. emini and Lazy Cisticola C. aberrans.

Short-winged Cisticola Cisticola brachypterus

11cm, 4.5"

Rather drab and variable species (with a beady-eyed look) best identified by song. Six races vary slightly in density of streaking on upperparts, which also varies seasonally, being indistinct in breeding (especially western) and usually heavier in non-breeding plumages. Very dull or no rufous on crown or wing. Underparts buffy with whiter throat, tail dull brown with dark subterminal spots and white tips. Immature is pale yellow below. SH Common and widespread but inconspicuous, frequenting bushed grassland and open forest edge from sea level to 2,200m, often singing from tops of small trees. Voice Quiet and high-pitched song varies locally, but is usually a repeated series of three or more sibilant descending notes: si-si-siu si-si-siu… [Alt. Siffling Cisticola]

Foxy Cisticola Cisticola troglodytes

10cm, 4"

Small, distinctive cisticola; entirely plain bright rufous above and rich buff below, but paler on throat. Immature is duller above and more yellow below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Local and generally uncommon in wooded grassland at 650–2,200m, where it creeps around in low bushes, but flies to treetops when flushed. Voice Common call is a rapid series of harsh chat-like tat-tat-tat-tat-… and tiptiptiptip… notes. Rarely heard song is a long series of nasal chips and slurs.

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Trilling Cisticola 

Whistling Cisticola 

nominate

Rock-loving Cisticola nyika

emini

non-br

br

Foxy Cisticola Short-winged Cisticola

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PLATE 198: PLAIN-BACKED CISTICOLAS III AND PRINIAS I Tabora Cisticola Cisticola angusticauda

11cm, 4.5"

Uniquely long-tailed cisticola. Breeding adult has bright rufous crown contrasting with plain grey-brown back; tail long, dark and narrow with white tips. Non-breeding adult has a shorter tail. Immature is duller and browner above, washed pale yellow below. Monotypic. SH Singles or small parties occur in acacia grassland below 1,800m; constantly on the move, working through low bushes and on the ground. Voice Song is a repeated soft piping delivered from a perch or in display flight; call is a harsh repeated chipping. Note Sometimes considered conspecific with Piping Cisticola but has different wing formula and slightly different song. [Alt. Long-tailed Cisticola]

Piping Cisticola Cisticola fulvicapilla

10cm, 4"

Similar to Tabora Cisticola with rufous crown and nape, but has browner back and shorter tail. Immature is more rufous-brown above and whiter below. Birds in EA are race muelleri. SH Pairs and small parties inhabit open grassland and scrub from sea level to 1,400m, often within miombo woodland. Voice Song is a rapid piping on one note, similar to Tabora Cisticola but perhaps a little faster; call is a harsh chittering. Note Sometimes considered conspecific with Tabora Cisticola. [Alt. Neddicky] ABERRANT PRINIAS Red-fronted and Red-winged Prinias were previously placed in the genera Spiloptila and Heliolais respectively; however, recent genetic work suggests they are actually both prinias. Red-winged Grey Warbler remains the sole member of the genus Drymocichla; it is shown here as its slim appearance and restless movements are similar to other prinia species.

Red-fronted Prinia Prinia rufifrons

11cm, 4.5"

Small slender warbler with variable amount of rufous on forecrown or crown, ashy-brown back and whitish underparts; long tail is blackish and narrow with white tips and is habitually cocked and waved from side to side. Immature lacks rufous on forecrown. Two races occur: smithi (NEUg, Ke and NETz) as described, and rufidorsalis (apparently confined to Tsavo East NP, SEKe) with back washed rufous and sometimes a blackish breast-band. SH Pairs and family parties are common in dry bush at 400–1,300m, endlessly searching for insects in low dry vegetation, rarely far above ground. Voice Lively song is a long and varied medley of nasal buzzes and chips (each note repeated many times before the next). Call is a harsh repeated nasal slur. Note Formerly in the genus Spiloptila. [Alt. Red-fronted Warbler]

Red-winged Prinia Prinia erythroptera

13cm, 5.5"

Rather similar to Tawny-flanked Prinia, but larger and lacks pale supercilium. Breeding adult has rufous wings contrasting with paler brownish-grey upperparts, and greyish sides to face; underparts white washed rich buff on flanks and belly; tail long with blackish subterminal spots and white tips. Non-breeding adult has browner back. Two races occur: rhodoptera (WKe and Tz) as described; jodoptera (NWUg) is similar but more tawny above. Sexes alike. SH Pairs and small family parties are generally uncommon in long grass within open woodland, including miombo, from sea level to 1,500m. Often in undergrowth (but flies to treetops if disturbed or displaying). Voice Varies locally, but song is always strident and based around a repeated sharp chip or a nasal downslur; a prinia-like chtchtchtcht…, siusiusiusiu… or tsitsitsitsitsi… [Alt. Red-winged Warbler]

Red-winged Grey Warbler Drymocichla incana

12cm, 5"

Cold grey warbler with paler underparts; orange-red base to primaries forms a patch on closed wing. Bill slender and black, eyes dark, legs orange-red. Sexes alike. Immature is paler with buffy wash to flanks and belly. Monotypic. SH Small groups of 2–6 are uncommon in NWUg at 600– 1,200m, usually in trees in swampy rank grassland, or in riverine woodland. Voice Parties often excitedly break into a musical and lively duetted song incorporating chips and squealing notes based around wi-chip-wi-chip-wi-chip…

416

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br

non-br

Tabora Cisticola

Piping Cisticola imm

ad

ad

Red-fronted Prinia

smithi rufidorsalis

br non-br rhodoptera

Red-winged Prinia

ad

Red-winged Grey Warbler

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PLATE 199: PRINIAS II AND GREY-CAPPED WARBLER PRINIAS Small active warblers mainly found in undergrowth, and which frequently cock and wave their long tails from side to side. Sexes alike.

Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava

12cm, 5"

Most common and widespread prinia with five very similar races. Seasonal and racial differences mainly in tone of upperparts. Typically pale brown or grey-brown above, with an obvious pale supercilium, narrow darker eyeline, off-white throat and breast, and pale tawny-buff wash to flanks. Immature is washed yellowish below. SH Pairs are common in a wide variety of habitats including gardens, bushed grassland, overgrown cultivation and clearings in forest, from sea level to 2,300m. Shuns forest interior and arid areas. Voice Simple unmusical song consists of a rapidfire tititititititititit… or a rasping zhertzhertzhert… Also a buzzy scolding call, jeee jeee…

Pale Prinia Prinia somalica

11cm, 4.5"

Very similar to Tawny-flanked Prinia but generally paler; whiter underparts lack tawny wash on flanks. Immature is washed very pale buff on breast and flanks. Race in EA is erlangeri. SH Singles and pairs inhabit dry bush country, with or without grass cover. In drier habitats than Tawny-flanked where ranges overlap. Voice Song differs from Tawny-flanked Prinia, being a rattle of dry, cricketlike notes lasting 4–5 seconds: zherzherzherzherzher…

River Prinia Prinia fluviatilis

12cm, 5"

Extremely similar to Tawny-flanked Prinia, but ranges do not overlap in our region. From Pale Prinia by slightly darker grey-brown upperparts, shorter supercilium finishing just behind eye (not longer and fading) and buffy tinge to flanks and undertail-coverts. Most safely distinguished by voice. Monotypic. SH Singles and pairs inhabit seasonally dry riverbeds on plains east of Lokichokio in extreme NWKe. Voice Song is a piercing repeated downslurred metallic siet-siet-siet-siet… and, in duet, female answers with a buzzy trill.

White-chinned Prinia Schistolais leucopogon

14cm, 5.5"

Mostly grey warbler with a creamy-white throat, darker grey ear-coverts, red-brown eyes and pink legs; tail broader than genus Prinia. Sexes alike; immature is slightly paler below. Birds in EA are race reichenowi. SH Small groups are common in secondary forest, forest edge and thick cover along streams, at 1,100–2,400m. Voice An energetic and excitable song of rapid chips and squeaks, variously chippity-chu-chu chi-chu-chi-chi… given in duet. Note Formerly in the genus Prinia.

Banded Prinia Prinia bairdii

11cm, 4.5"

Distinctive prinia with blackish-brown upperparts, white-spotted wing-coverts, long white-tipped tail, and strongly black and white banded underparts. Three races occur and are sometimes considered to be two species: nominate (Banded Prinia) at 700m in Semliki Forest, WUg, has banding throughout underparts. At 1,550–3,000m in the highlands, obscura (WUg, Rw and Bu) and melanops (EUg and WKe) (Black-faced Prinia) have a blackish face and throat. Immatures are browner above and less distinctly barred below. SH Common in parts of range, but shy and difficult to see in dense forest undergrowth. Voice Song is usually given as a duet; male repeats series of high nasal rhythmical notes, ch’zi-ch’zi-ch’zi-ch’zi-ch’zi…, while female peeps plaintively piu piu…. GREY-CAPPED WARBLER A large and distinctive warbler – the sole member of the genus Eminia.

Grey-capped Warbler Eminia lepida

15cm, 6"

Distinctive warbler with grey and green plumage, black band around crown and chestnut throat patch. Immature is duller with less chestnut on throat. Monotypic. SH Shy, but very vocal, with pairs inhabiting a wide variety of thick undergrowth, including gardens, forest edge and river courses at 800–2,500m. Voice Loud often duetted song is variable but easily recognised as notes are slow, strong and fluty, typically wer-wi-wi… whii-chutchutchutchutchutchutchutchut… (with male trilling and female adding rising nasal upslurs).

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imm

ad

Tawny-flanked Prinia

ad

Pale Prinia

imm

River Prinia ad ad

ad

White-chinned Prinia

melanops ad

ad

Banded Prinia

nominate

imm

Grey-capped Warbler

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PLATE 200: CAMAROPTERAS AND WREN-WARBLERS CAMAROPTERAS AND WREN-WARBLERS A closely related and taxonomically confusing group of small warblers which are variously lumped and split across the continent. Camaropteras inhabit forest and more verdant habitats, while the wren-warblers (which are barred below) prefer miombo woodland and dry bush country. Both genera cock their tails, which are also frequently fanned by wren-warblers. Sexes alike.

Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura

10cm, 4"

Eight races occur in two distinct groups; grey-backed birds are mainly in the west and central regions, although they reach the Ke coast north of Mombasa. Green-backed birds occur in coastal SEKe south to E and STz. Several races are known to intergrade. If considered specifically distinct, grey-backed races become Grey-backed Camaroptera C. brevicaudata and green-backed races become Greenbacked Camaroptera C. brachyura. Both are grey with green wings, but the brachyura group has green (not grey) backs. Races within groups are similar but some are browner above when breeding; underparts vary from grey to pale greyish-white. Immature is variably washed yellow below. SH Very common in undergrowth and lower levels of forest, dense bush, gardens and cultivation, from sea level to 2,200m. Voice Musically versatile although all calls are simple. Frequently heard is a very nasal pinched wheezy bzeeee (often described as a bleat). Song is a loud whip-cracked t’chk t’chk t’chk, and also a nasal wiwiwiwiwiwi… [Alt. Green-backed Camaroptera, Bleating Camaroptera]

Olive-green Camaroptera Camaroptera chloronota

10cm, 4"

Dull drab camaroptera of forest interior. Adult has olive-brown upperparts with slightly greener wings; face and breast dull tawny-brown contrasting with whiter belly and vent. Immature is generally greener and variably washed yellowish below. Birds in EA are race toroensis. SH Lone birds or pairs are common in tangled vines and undergrowth in primary forest at 700–2,000m. Voice Call is a soft weep weep… which often leads into an unusual high-pitched and insect-like piping on one note: ee-ee-ee-ee-ee-ee-ee-ee-ee-ee… Note Some authorities consider the race in Ug and WKe specifically distinct as Tawny-breasted Camaroptera C. toroensis.

Yellow-browed Camaroptera Camaroptera superciliaris

10cm, 4"

Yellowish-green above with bright yellow supercilium and sides to face; long slender black bill, and underparts mainly white with bright yellow vent. Calling birds inflate and expose pale blue pouches on either side of neck. Immature is duller than adult with yellowish wash to throat and breast. Monotypic. SH Quite common in lowland forest and secondary growth in WUg at 700–1,550m. Voice Song consists of two paired rhythmical upslurs with a muffled quality, tuu’it tuu’it tuu’it…, while the call is a pair of musical downslurs preceded by a soft click, t-ku’wiut-ku’wiu…

Grey Wren-Warbler Calamonastes simplex

13cm, 5"

All dark grey-brown with a broad tail which is often cocked and waved. At close range may show slightly speckled throat and some indistinct barring on belly. Monotypic. SH Common in acacia scrub and bushed savanna at 100–1,300m. Usually seen moving slowly low down in bushes, or on the ground below them, but moves to tops of small trees when calling. Voice Song is an explosive repeated chup, chup, chup given for long periods at a rate of about one note per second.

Miombo Wren-Warbler Calamonastes undosus

13cm, 5"

Adult is grey-brown above (paler than Grey Wren-Warbler), dingy greyish-white below with narrow darker grey-brown barring on throat and breast, variably extending onto flanks. Immature is slightly paler and can have a cinnamon wash on the flanks. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Favours open grassy hills with scattered bushes and trees (particularly miombo) at 900–1,700m. Voice Rather like a musical sparrow, calling for long periods about once per second, cherp cherp cherp…. Note Some authorities consider this species conspecific with Stierling’s Wren-Warbler as they hybridise in a small area of Zambia. [Alt. Pale Wren-Warbler]

Stierling’s Wren-Warbler Calamonastes stierlingi

13cm, 5"

Adult is rufous-brown above (with variable olive-brown wash) and small white tips to wingcoverts; underparts strongly barred blackish-brown and white. Immature is similar but washed tawny on vent. SH The nominate race occurs in open miombo and acacia woodland in E and SETz from near sea level to 1,300m. Voice An insect-like monotonous short tinny trill: tlllllng, tlllllng, tlllllng… Note Formerly considered conspecific with Miombo Wren-Warbler and southern African Barred Wren-Warbler C. fasciolatus. All three now accorded specific status.

420

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Grey-backed Camaroptera

grey-backed

green-backed ad

ad imm

ad

imm

Olive-green Camaroptera

ad ad

Yellow-browed Camaroptera

ad

Grey Wren-Warbler ad

ad

Miombo Wren-Warbler Stierling’s Wren-Warbler

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PLATE 201: APALISES I AND FOREST-WARBLERS APALISES AND FOREST-WARBLERS Apalises are small, fairly long-tailed warblers, usually found in pairs or small groups. Most inhabit the canopy and middle levels where they draw attention to themselves with frequent, repetitive calls. ForestWarblers were previously thought to be related to Asian tailorbirds but are now known to be closer to apalises.

Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida

13cm, 5"

Complex species with races variously placed in two groups based on tail colour and voice. All are greenish above with varying amounts of grey on crown, and a yellow breast-band with or without a small black breast bar or spot. In NEUg and NKe race flavocincta (Brown-tailed Apalis) has a grey forecrown, no black breast patch and brown uppertail with yellowish edges. Elsewhere, races have green uppertails and also vary as follows: caniceps (Ug to WKe) has grey crown and no black on breast; pugnax (CKe highlands) has mostly green crown and black breast spot in both sexes; golzi (SEKe to CTz) is similar but has grey crown; and neglecta (coastal Ke to STz) has grey crown and variable black spot or bar in male, none in female. SH Pairs are common and widespread in woodland, bush and cultivation from sea level to 2,200m. Voice Race flavocincta sings a monotonous dry rasping duet, the male giving a krik-krik-krik… and the female very quiet throaty growls. Green-tailed birds have a slower more distinctive rhythm, like a galloping horse, the male calling chirrit-chirrit-chirrit-… and the female a rising nasal eek eek eek eek…

Grey Apalis Apalis cinerea

13cm, 5"

Adult male has brown crown contrasting with greyer mantle and wings (less so in female); white outer tail feathers easily distinguish this species from Brown-headed Apalis. Very similar Kungwe Apalis is colder grey above, without any hint of brown on crown. Immature is washed olive above and very pale yellow below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Common in highland forests of Ke and lower altitudes in the west, at 1,200–3,000m. Primarily a canopy species but forages at lower levels at forest edge. Voice Male calls a monotonous chip-chip-chip…, often accompanied by wing-snapping, while the female gives a frequent high-pitched rattle.

Brown-headed Apalis Apalis alticola

13cm, 5"

Adult is very similar to Grey Apalis, but crown is darker brown and outer tail grey with white tips. Immature is washed pale yellowish below. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Common, replacing Grey Apalis in most highland forests of Tz at 1,200–2,200m, only overlapping at Loliondo, NTz. Voice Song is similar in quality and tone to Grey Apalis, although calls with a paired note almost like ri-kit ri-kit… Also displays with wing-snapping.

Kungwe Apalis Apalis argentea

11cm, 4.5"

Adult is similar to Grey Apalis but crown and mantle clear cool grey (no brown wash to crown); whitish forecrown and lores give a pale-faced appearance; underparts white with pale blue-grey wash to breast and flanks. Two races occur: nominate (WTz) has pale olive wash to upperparts; eidos (Rw and Bu) male is grey above and whiter below; female is washed olive above. Immatures are pale yellowish below. SH Singles and pairs are uncommon in the canopy in Nyungwe Forest, Rw, Kibira and Bururi Forests, Bu, and Mahale Mts, WTz, at 1,200–2,350m. Often joins mixed-species flocks. Voice Male calls prui-tju, prui-tju, prui-tju, and female joins in with occasional tjup notes.

Red-capped Forest-Warbler Artisornis metopias

10cm, 4"

Olive-brown above with chestnut crown, ear-coverts and sides of neck; centre of throat to vent whitish, washed grey on flanks. Immature is pale yellow below. Three races occur: nominate (Usambara and Nguru Mts) as described; altus (Uluguru Mts) is darker; pallidus (Udzungwa Mts and Iringa area) is paler. SH Almost endemic to Tz (but also in NW Mozambique). Pairs or small groups inhabit thick forest undergrowth at 1,000–2,500m. Not uncommon, but shy and difficult to see. Voice Highly varied, loud and penetrating: typical calls are a repeated falling cheeah, a rapid chierp, and duetted wiier (male upslur) p’chu (female twangy). Note Formerly called African Tailorbird Orthotomus metopias.

Long-billed Forest-Warbler Artisornis moreaui

13cm, 5"

Atypical grey and white warbler slightly washed dull brown on forecrown and around eyes; long thin black bill. Sexes alike. Immature lacks brown on forecrown. Monotypic. SH Rare and restricted to undergrowth and mid-levels of forest, particularly along streams, in the Amani area of East Usambara Mts, NETz, at 900m. Voice Several different songs: all consist of simple repeated notes and are typically apalis-like including chep-chep-chep… an upslurred weeh-weeh-weeh… or t’yau- t’yau- t’yau… Note Formerly called Long-billed Tailorbird Orthotomus moreaui. CR

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Yellow-breasted Apalis flavocincta ad ad

nominate

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Grey Apalis

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Brown-headed Apalis

Kungwe Apalis

nominate

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nominate

Red-capped Forest-Warbler ad

Long-billed Forest-Warbler

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PLATE 202: APALISES II Karamoja Apalis Apalis karamojae

11cm, 4.5"

Distinctive with ash-grey upperparts, short white supercilium, obvious white patch in inner secondaries, creamy-white underparts and a white outer tail. Sexes alike. Two races occur: nominate (NEUg) as described; stronachi (NTz and SWKe) male is more brownish-grey above without short white supercilium and greyer flanks; female paler. SH A little-known, local and uncommon EA endemic, with three populations centred on Mt Moroto to Kidepo NP in NEUg; the Wembere–Serengeti area, NCTz; and eastern Maasai Mara, SWKe at 900–1,800m. Particularly fond of whistling thorn Acacia drepanolobium where up to six have been seen together. Voice Song is a duet of repeated musical phrases: wee tou wee tou wit too. Calls dwe dwe dwe and a raspy jirrrr. VU

Black-headed Apalis Apalis melanocephala

13cm, 5"

A black and white or very dark brown and creamy-white apalis with a white-tipped tail. Four races occur: males of nominate (coastal Ke to East Usambara Mts, NETz) and muhuluensis (STz) are very black above; moschi (SEKe and NETz highlands) has dark grey crown and upperparts with black restricted to sides of face; and nigrodorsalis (CKe highlands) is very dark blackish-brown above. Females are slightly paler than males with an olive wash to upperparts. Immatures are variably washed pale yellow below. SH Pairs may be common in canopy and mid-levels of eastern forests, frequently in mixed-species flocks from sea level to 2,150m. Voice Song is a typical monotonous apalis-like chipping, but with some geographic variation; a sibilant tiree-tiree-tiree-tiree… repeated 4–5 times, and then again after a pause of varying length.

Chestnut-throated Apalis Apalis porphyrolaema

11cm, 4.5"

Predominantly grey apalis with paler underparts and a small clear-cut chestnut throat. Tail grey with inconspicuous whitish tips. Immature is washed pale yellow on throat, sides of face and belly. Two races occur: nominate (widespread) as described; affinis (SWUg) has darker chestnut throat and paler underparts. SH Pairs and singles are common in the canopy of highland forest at 1,700–3,400m. Voice Unique-sounding apalis; male sings a set of two ringing dry trills on one level, similar to an old-fashioned telephone, t-t-trrriiii trrrriiii, and female accompanies with rapid seeping notes. Male also calls short chip chip chip notes.

Chapin’s Apalis Apalis chapini

11cm, 4.5"

Grey apalis with rufous-chestnut face and breast, flanks and belly off-white. Two races occur: nominate (Nguru Mts south to Udzungwa Mts, ETz) has whitish chin and throat, strausae (STz highlands) has more extensive rufous on face including throat. Immature is mostly grey with buffy wash to throat and breast. SH Pairs and single birds inhabit the canopy and mid-levels of highland forests of E and STz, at 1,500–2,000m. Voice Local variation, but most calls are insectlike and higher-pitched than other apalises. Nominate utters chipping notes and sings a repeated tsitsitsitsitsitsitsitsi…, while strausae tends to have more form and duets; the male song a highpitched galloping ch’lit-ch’lit-ch’lit-ch’lit…, while female gives a rapid pi-pi-pi-pi-pi…

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stronachi

nominate

Karamoja Apalis

  nominate

Black-headed Apalis

imm ad nominate

Chestnut-throated Apalis

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nominate

Chapin’s Apalis

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PLATE 203: APALISES III Buff-throated Apalis Apalis rufogularis

11cm, 4.5"

Adult male of race nigrescens (all of range apart from SWUg) is blackish-brown above, pale creamywhite below, with a dark tail and four pairs of white outer tail feathers (very obvious in flight). Adult female has tawny-buff throat to upper breast. Immature is olive-grey above with yellow wash to throat and breast. In Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest, SWUg, race kigezi is greyer above in both sexes. SH Pairs are common in forest canopy in W and SUg at 700–1,800m, and less numerous in NWTz and WKe between 1,200 and 2,400m. Voice Song is a monotonous repeated two-toned chipping, ch’rip-ch’rip-ch’rip-…, often accompanied by wing-snaps.

Black-collared Apalis Oreolais pulcher

11cm, 4.5"

Boldly marked attractive apalis which is wholly dark grey above, with white outer tail feathers, and white underparts with distinct black collar and bright chestnut flanks. Sexes alike. Immature is paler with dark grey breast-band. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs and small groups are common in forest undergrowth and tangled vines at 1,550–2,400m, being most numerous in WKe, less so in CKe highlands. Voice Song consists of repeated sets of paired, pinched, nasal notes on alternating seesawing tones, zeeu-zeeu-zeeu…, usually 4–7 paired notes per series. Note Formerly in the genus Apalis.

Rwenzori Apalis Oreolais ruwenzorii

11cm, 4.5"

Very similar to Black-collared Apalis but ‘washed out’ without white in tail; chestnut underparts more extensive and much paler, extending from throat to sides of breast, flanks and vent. Breast-band dark grey, paler and less distinct in female and immature. Monotypic. SH Endemic to montane forest undergrowth of the Albertine Rift where common in pairs and family groups at 1,550–3,100m. Voice Very similar to Black-collared Apalis and songs are virtually indistinguishable but possibly less nasal. Note Formerly known as Collared Apalis Apalis ruwenzorii. [Alt. Ruwenzori Apalis]

Bar-throated Apalis Apalis thoracica

11cm, 4.5"

Five distinct races occur, all with a narrow black band below throat, but differ in colour of crown, back and underparts. Race griseiceps (Chyulu Hills, SEKe, NTz and Udzungwa Mts, ETz) has a brownish cap, yellowish-green back, white throat and yellow lower breast to vent; murina (NE to STz) is grey-brown above and mostly white below with yellow on belly; pareensis (South Pare Mts, NTz) is similar but yellow restricted to vent; uluguru (Uluguru Mts, ETz) is like griseiceps but yellow extends from breast-band to vent; youngi (Ufipa Plateau, SWTz) is grey-brown above and all white below except for black band below throat. SH Common in undergrowth and mid-levels of forests at 1,300–3,200m. Voice Complex, with songs varying almost as much as the birds do in plumage; race murina has a descending dry trill, uluguru a two-tone repeated chipping, griseiceps and youngi are similar to uluguru but more rapid. Females often accompany males with a dry rattle.

Taita Apalis Apalis fuscigularis

11cm, 4.5"

Totally dark brownish-grey above with narrow white edges to tail; throat to upper breast blackish, lower breast to vent off-white with very pale yellow wash. Sexes alike. Monotypic. SH. A Critically Endangered endemic restricted to forest remnants on higher slopes of the Taita Hills, SEKe, where probably fewer than 250 individuals survive. Voice Male gives a fast chipping while the female accompanies with metallic tink notes. CR

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Buff-throated Apalis ad

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

Black-collared Apalis

nigrescens

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Rwenzori Apalis

griseiceps

Bar-throated Apalis

pareensis

youngi

murina

uluguru

Taita Apalis

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PLATE 204: APALISES IV Black-throated Apalis Apalis jacksoni

11cm, 4.5"

Bright attractive apalis; adult male has black throat and sides to face separated by broad white malar stripe; rest of upperparts include dark grey crown, green back and dark grey wings with variable whitish edges to inner secondaries; below bright yellow washed greenish on flanks. Adult female is similar, but has greyer crown and throat. Immature male is duller with greenish crown and greyish throat; immature female has yellowish throat. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs are common in the canopy of highland forest at 1,200–2,400m. Voice Song differs from all other apalises in sounding musical, hollow and metallic: a seesawing two-tone call repeated for long periods: t’link-t’link-t’link-…

Masked Apalis Apalis binotata

11cm, 4.5"

Adult male has grey crown and sides to head separated from black throat and upper breast by narrow white stripe. Otherwise fairly uniform green above, with sides of breast and flanks paler green blending to grey-white on belly. Adult female has black restricted to throat and slightly broader white neck-stripe. Immature is entirely green above, and yellowish on throat and breast. Monotypic. SH Local and generally uncommon, occurring in forest undergrowth and dense tangled vines at 1,200–1,500m. Voice Call is a harsh ratchet-like rasping quite unlike other apalises (except Black-faced), followed by a hollow, two-tone, repeated seesawing with a galloping-horse rhythm: k’ jit-k’ jit-k’ jit-k’ jit-… [Alt. Lowland Masked Apalis]

Black-faced Apalis Apalis personata

11cm, 4.5"

Adult has black head and throat extending as vertical stripe to lower breast, and conspicuous small white patch below ear-coverts. Rest of upperparts dull olive-green, underparts greyishwhite with olive wash to sides of breast and flanks. Sexes similar. Immature is plain dull green above, pale greyish-olive below with creamy throat. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Endemic to forests along the Albertine Rift at 1,500–2,800m, where it prefers the canopy and mid-levels, but is also occasionally seen in the undergrowth. Voice Calls are virtually identical to Masked Apalis, possibly a little higher-pitched. [Alt. Mountain Masked Apalis]

Black-capped Apalis Apalis nigriceps

11cm, 4.5"

Adult male has black cap, golden yellow-green back, white underparts with conspicuous black band below throat, and white outer tail feathers. Adult female is similar, but crown and throat band greyer. Immature is uniform olive-green above, very pale yellowish below without black band below throat. Birds in EA are the race collaris. SH Pairs are rather sparsely distributed in forest at 1,000–1,400m in W and SUg, but not uncommon at Budongo Forest, preferring the canopy and often joining mixed-species flocks. Voice Unlike most apalises, call is an irregularly repeated triple wi’chi-chit wi’chi-chit… which may end with a monotone trill.

White-winged Apalis Apalis chariessa

13cm, 5"

A bright and beautiful apalis. Adult male of the nominate race is glossy black above with conspicuous white wing patch and black band separating white throat from orange upper breast and bright yellow belly. Adult female is duller, with crown and ear-coverts slate-grey contrasting with greener mantle and greyer wings (with whitish patch); below pale orange-yellow with grey neck-band. Immature is like dull female with yellowish patch on throat. Race macphersoni (CE and STz) has less distinctive orange on upper breast. SH Pairs or small groups are very uncommon and local in the canopy of forest, and sometimes join mixed-species flocks. The nominate race was known from the lower Tana River, Ke, but has not been reported since 1961; macphersoni occurs in Udzungwa and Uluguru Mts in ETz, at 1,000–2,000m. Voice A high, penetrating, two-tone seesawing call, with an irregular rhythm and very short breaks between each series: witi-witi-witiwiti witi-witi witi-witi-witi…

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



Black-throated Apalis

imm

Masked Apalis  

Black-faced Apalis

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Black-capped Apalis

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White-winged Apalis macphersoni

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PLATE 205: SLATY AND BLACK FLYCATCHERS SLATY FLYCATCHER White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher is a familiar highland bird which can be used as a good comparative species once well known. Larger than most Muscicapa species. Sexes alike.

White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher Melaenornis fischeri

17cm, 6.5"

Three races occur: all have a distinctive blue-grey, black-tipped bill. Nominate race (NEUg, Ke and NETz) is dark blue-grey above and paler below (grading to whitish on belly) with a conspicuous broad white eye-ring and blue-grey bill with a black tip; nyikensis (highlands of Tz away from NE) is more slate-grey with a small eye-ring; and toruensis (WUg, Rw and Bu) is blue-grey like the nominate race, but has a very inconspicuous eye-ring. Immatures are spotted buffy-white above, mottled and scalloped blackish on breast and flanks. SH Common and widespread at forest edge, in wooded glades and gardens at 1,350–3,000m. Voice Rarely heard song consists of a sibilant hissing and clicking interspersed with very loud and explosive swee-wi-yu calls. More common call is a complaining trrr-trrr. BLACK FLYCATCHERS Three similar-looking flycatchers best identified by overall colour, eye colour, song and range. Typical flycatchers perching quietly with an upright posture for long periods. Sexes alike. Also consider other black birds like cuckooshrikes (Plate 154), boubous (Plate 238), and drongos (Plate 244).

Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina

18cm, 7"

Adult is very similar to Northern Black Flycatcher, but glossy blue-black (not dull black), eyes dark brown. Immature dull black, spotted above and scalloped below with buff. Up to five races described, but all are poorly defined and most authorities consider the changes clinal. SH Locally common in a wide variety of drier woodland, bush and cultivation from sea level to 1,800m. In Ke occurs mainly east of Great Rift Valley, but widespread in Tz and extends west to Bu and Rw and SUg. Voice Song is very complex, sweet and warbler-like.

Northern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis edolioides

18cm, 7"

Two races occur: lugubris (widespread in Ug, WKe and NWTz) is totally dull slate-black with dark brown eyes; schistacea (Moyale, NKe) is dull dark grey-black. Immature is streaked tawny on crown, more heavily spotted with tawny elsewhere. Southern Black Flycatcher is more glossy black. SH Widespread north and west of the range of Southern Black, occupying woodland, dry bush country and cultivated areas. In Ke it is common mainly west of the Great Rift Valley at 400– 1,800m. Voice Song is very different from Southern Black Flycatcher, being rather slow and sibilant, with many long drawn-out burry slurs and occasional soft nasal chips.

Yellow-eyed Black Flycatcher Melaenornis ardesiacus

18cm, 7"

Adult is very dark slaty-grey with creamy-yellow eyes. Immature is spotted off-white below; eyes may be dark. Monotypic. SH Endemic to montane forest along the Albertine Rift, where it can be locally common in clearings and along forest edge at 1,550–2,450m. Voice Typically a whispery, rapid zweeink-zweeink-zweeink…, repeated with slight variations, but also has a loud, rich and melodic song with many thrush-like phrases.

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White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher

Southern Black Flycatcher

nyikensis

juv

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Northern Black Flycatcher

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Yellow-eyed Black Flycatcher

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PLATE 206: FICEDULA FLYCATCHERS FICEDULA FLYCATCHERS Three similar Palearctic migrant flycatchers. From Feb to Apr (spring) the distinctive black-and-white males have varying amounts of white on the hindneck, forecrown and wings. However, most records are of similar-looking greybrown non-breeding males, females and first-year birds which can be extremely difficult to identify. Non-breeding adults of both sexes have female-like plumage, but are generally browner than breeding females. Most can be identified by the extent of white in the wing, particularly on the median coverts and primary bases. Many first-year birds cannot be identified with certainty, unless showing some of the distinctive adult features. Particularly beware of first-year birds with white tips to the median coverts: birds with extensive broad white tips are Semi-collared, but both Collared and European Pied can show scattered white tips in this plumage. In all three species birds can be aged by the extent of white on the tertials; in adults this extends smoothly around the end of the feathers, in first-year birds it stops abruptly near the tip.

Semi-collared Flycatcher Ficedula semitorquata

13cm, 5"

Breeding male has one or two small white patches on the forecrown, a half-collar on the hindneck, a small white patch at base of primaries and white-tipped median coverts forming a second wingbar. Open tail has wheatear-like pattern with much white in outer tail bases. Breeding female is grey-brown above, with variable but often paler rump; white tips to median coverts form second wingbar, and white patch at base of primaries is intermediate in size between Collared and European Pied Flycatchers. Non-breeding male is like female but much blacker on wings and tail; mainly differs from non-breeding male Collared Flycatcher by distinct white tips to median coverts. Monotypic. SH Owing to confusion with Collared Flycatcher precise status is unclear, but locally common in the west during Sep–Apr, with some wintering in C and STz. Uncommon but regular in WKe. Voice Variously reported as an occasional sharp eeet, eeep, or tec.

Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis

13cm, 5"

Breeding male has a large patch of white on the forecrown, complete white collar on the hindneck, a large white patch at base of primaries, usually some white on the rump and (usually) an all-black tail. Breeding female is grey-brown above with paler rump, comparatively large white primary patch, and often pale sides to the neck. Rarely they can show pale tips to median coverts, but these are not as well defined as in Semi-collared Flycatcher. Non-breeding male is like female, but has much black in the wings and tail; lack of white on median coverts separates it from nonbreeding male Semi-collared. Monotypic. SH Status uncertain, but appears most frequent in the far west, certainly occurring in Queen Elizabeth NP (Ug), Rw and Bu, with other reports from WTz and once in WKe. Voice Reportedly similar to Semi-collared Flycatcher, but higher-pitched.

European Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca

13cm, 5"

Breeding male is usually black and white, but also has a grey-brown form – both have same identification features; a variable-sized patch of white on forecrown (often divided); white does not extend far onto sides of neck, white at base of primaries is hardly visible, tail can be all black or have some white at the sides. Breeding female is rather uniform brownish above with rump barely contrasting with rest of upperparts; white primary patch is tiny or barely visible. Non-breeding male is like female. SH Perhaps overlooked, but presumed to be a rare visitor from the Palearctic, with a few records in Dec–Mar from Mt Elgon, Kakamega Forest and Nairobi, Ke. Race unknown. Voice Not recorded in EA, but on passage elsewhere reported as a short metallic twink. [Alt. Pied Flycatcher]

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Semi-collared Flycatcher 

1st-yr

br 

Collared Flycatcher

1st-yr

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

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European Pied Flycatcher

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PLATE 207: GREY AND BROWN FLYCATCHERS I GREY AND BROWN FLYCATCHERS A widespread group of similar flycatchers; Bradornis are medium-sized and Muscicapa are medium or small. Both are typical flycatchers, perching upright for long periods, then making short flights, or dropping to the ground to take food. Myioparus (Plate 208) are more active, moving with a horizontal posture in the canopy. Carefully note presence or absence of crown or breast streaking, and consider voice and range. Sexes alike. Immature Bradornis and Muscicapa are spotted and streaked above with tawny or buff, and mottled blackish below.

African Grey Flycatcher Bradornis microrhynchus

14cm, 5.5"

Very similar to Pale Flycatcher, but usually a little smaller and greyer; best identified by greybrown plumage with fine blackish streaks on crown, and from Spotted Flycatcher by absence of breast streaking. Four similar races occur: neumanni (NEUg to N and EKe) is slightly smaller and browner than others; burae (EKe) is smallish and paler grey; taruensis (SEKe) is similar but darker; and nominate (SWKe and Tz) is slightly larger and greyer. SH Common and widespread in dry bush and open wooded acacia country from near sea level to 2,000m; where ranges overlap, Pale Flycatcher occupies more verdant habitat. Voice Song is rarely heard, a complex, variable and continuous warble with mostly harsh and scratchy notes. Commonly heard alarm is a rather nasal scraping, a paired shree-shree. [Alt. Greyish Flycatcher]

Pale Flycatcher Agricola pallidus

17cm, 6.5"

Three similar races and two additional distinct races (both perhaps separate species) occur: most are best separated from African Grey Flycatcher by at least slightly larger size, overall browner plumage and uniform brown crown without streaking. Races parvus (NWUg), murinus (widespread in Ug, Ke and NTz) and griseus (SEKe to STz) are all similar and as described. In dry scrub in NEKe bafirawari (Wajir Grey Flycatcher) is paler grey-brown, with distinct short white supercilium. In coastal Ke and NETz subalaris (East Coast Flycatcher) is smaller and paler sandy-brown. SH Generally in more lush and wooded habitats than African Grey Flycatcher, from sea level to 2,000m. Wajir Grey Flycatcher unique in preferring dry thorn scrub. Voice Call is a spitted note, extremely similar to Yellow-spotted Bush-Sparrow, and often followed by a scratchy shrehh. Rarely heard song is a harsh rather unmusical warbled treet-etreet-et-ti-cherr et-ti-cherr… Note Formerly in the genus Bradornis.

Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata

14cm, 5.5"

Medium-sized slim grey-brown flycatcher with a streaked crown and breast (often indistinct on latter), and black bill. Rear crown often appears peaked; wings are pointed and long, reaching halfway down tail. Most belong to the slightly greyer race neumanni, but browner nominate race also occurs. SH Common and widespread Palearctic passage visitor from late Sep to Apr and can occur in any habitat from sea level to 3,000m. Voice Song is not heard in EA, but still quite vocal; frequent call is a harsh chick.

Gambaga Flycatcher Muscicapa gambagae

13cm, 5"

Similar to Spotted Flycatcher, but head appears rounded with a plain forecrown, indistinctly streaked hindcrown, browner more diffuse streaking on breast and yellowish base to lower mandible. Closed wing does not extend beyond base of tail. Monotypic. SH Solitary and very uncommon in dry bush and open wooded country below 1,600m in NUg and NKe. Usually flicks its wings when landing after short flights. Voice Call consists of a repeated series of paired and single clicks, like a dry twig snapping, t’lik t’lik…, unlike anything produced by Spotted Flycatcher.

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African Grey Flycatcher

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Pale Flycatcher ad ad

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subalaris bafirawari

murinus

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Spotted Flycatcher Gambaga Flycatcher

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PLATE 208: GREY AND BROWN FLYCATCHERS II African Dusky Flycatcher Muscicapa adusta

10cm, 4"

Small rather dumpy brown flycatcher. Adult is typically uniform dark brown above and variably paler brown or grey-brown below; some show variable whitish throat and or belly, and have very light streaking on breast. Five similar races vary slightly in general colour, but one soon learns this common, mainly highland, species. SH Very common and widespread in forest, riverine woodland and gardens at 900–3,200m. Most numerous in high country, but down to 900m in WUg. Typical flycatcher behaviour, making short flights and returning to a favourite exposed perch. Voice Song is a high-pitched continuous series of varied unmusical squeaks and hisses, sounding a little chatlike. [Alt. Dusky-brown Flycatcher]

Swamp Flycatcher Muscicapa aquatica

14cm, 5.5"

Uniform dark earth-brown above and white below with broad brown breast-band and flanks; throat appears very white. Immature is heavily spotted above with buff, breast-band indistinct, mottled brown and white. Birds in EA are race infulata. SH Restricted to west where pairs are common around swamps, papyrus beds and along lakeshores, mainly at 700–1,400m, but rarely to 2,000m. Voice Varies locally, but calls are high-pitched, chat-like, and given in snatches punctuated by short pauses; typical call is a hissed sisisisi at end of each series, but a long, complex and sweet ramble with almost Serinus-like phrases is also given.

Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens

14cm, 5.5"

Slim ash-grey or blue-grey flycatcher with narrow dark eyeline, short whitish supraloral line and small indistinct broken eye-ring; greyish-white below, paler on throat and belly. Three races occur: brevicauda (Ug to Bu and WKe) is mostly blue-grey; cinereola (EKe and ETz) is paler ashy-grey; and impavida (WTz) is palest with whitish underparts. Similar Grey Tit-Flycatcher has horizontal posture and white outer tail. SH Singles or pairs are widespread, but only locally common in canopy and mid-levels of forest edge, clearings and along well-wooded rivers from sea level to 1,800m. Voice Call is a descending series of spaced, harsh but musical chips, trit tit tit it, which may break into a flourish. Song is a sweet, chat-like warble. Note Some authorities place in the genus Fraseria.

Böhm’s Flycatcher Bradornis boehmi

14cm, 5"

Warm brown above, finely streaked black on head and sides of neck; whitish below with small black arrow-shaped spots on throat, breast and flanks. Less obvious are the pale lores, narrow creamy eye-ring and black malar stripe. Immature is heavily spotted tawny above, with scaly black marks on breast. Monotypic. SH In EA very uncommon and restricted to miombo woodland in Tabora area of WTz, at 750–1,750m. Voice A scratchy, variable, and repeated chat-like song with regular rather thrush-like phrases at the end of each series. Note Formerly in the genus Muscicapa.

Grey Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus

14cm, 5.5"

Blue-grey or ashy-grey above with short whitish supercilium and greyish underparts; blackish central tail and white outer tail. General appearance very similar to Ashy Flycatcher but moves with horizontal posture while frequently waving and fanning its tail. Three races occur: nominate (WUg to NWTz and east to Rift Valley, Ke) as described; orientalis (SEKe to ETz) is paler bluish-grey; and catoleucus (C to STz) is much whiter below. Immatures are washed brownish above, with small buffy spots on wings. SH Singles and pairs are widespread but local and generally uncommon in the canopy of a variety of woodland from sea level to 2,000m. Voice Far-carrying song consists of long pure burry notes. Coastal birds tend towards wi-wi-oo, the first two notes on same higher tone; inland birds start with a long note, followed by a higher one. Note Sometimes placed in the genus Fraseria. [Alt. Lead-coloured Flycatcher]

Grey-throated Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus griseigularis

14cm, 5.5"

Rather uniform slate-grey without white supercilium or white in outer tail. Immature has small tawny spots on wings. Like Grey Tit-Flycatcher moves with horizontal posture often waving and fanning tail. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Pairs and singles inhabit primary forest and mature secondary growth in W and SUg, and extreme NWTz, at 700–1,800m. Voice Song is a set of four descending burry notes, oo-wi-wi-wooo, with a higher second note and the last drawn-out and more tremulous. Note Sometimes placed in the genus Fraseria. [Alt. Grey-throated Flycatcher]

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African Dusky Flycatcher Swamp Flycatcher ad

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Ashy Flycatcher

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Böhm’s Flycatcher

Grey Tit-Flycatcher ad

nominate

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Grey-throated Tit-Flycatcher

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PLATE 209: WESTERN GREY AND BROWN FLYCATCHERS WESTERN GREY AND BROWN FLYCATCHERS A varied group of grey and brown forest flycatchers restricted to the west (but see also Plate 208). Sexes alike.

Cassin’s Flycatcher Muscicapa cassini

13cm, 5"

Small grey flycatcher with a paler throat and belly, and dark slaty-grey wings and tail. Immature is browner above with tawny spots; finely scalloped blackish below. Cassin’s is always found over water, while Dusky-blue Flycatcher is darker with a more contrasting white throat and less associated with water. Monotypic. SH Singles or pairs are uncommon and restricted to ponds and rivers in forest at 700–1,800m, where they feed from overhanging branches and rocks in the water. Voice Song is a long rambling, highly varied but overall scratchy warble, interspersed with high trills and squeaks that can be heard above the noise of turbulent water. [Alt. Cassin’s Grey Flycatcher]

Dusky-blue Flycatcher Bradornis comitatus

11cm, 4.5"

Small dark slate-grey flycatcher with a short whitish line from bill to just above eye. Broad dark slate-grey breast-band accentuates white throat; belly dirty white. Bill slender and very black, legs and feet black. Immature is browner above and paler below with yellowish bill. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Local in range but not uncommon at 700–1,600m, preferring lower levels and midstorey, particularly at forest edge and in secondary growth. Voice Calls a series of identical rather bulbul-like spitted notes and a hissed swi chi-chi-chi… Note Formerly in the genus Muscicapa.

Chapin’s Flycatcher Muscicapa lendu

13cm, 5"

Rather dingy flycatcher; uniform olive-brown above with indistinct greyish loral line (hard to see on birds high in the canopy) and pale greyish-brown underparts with a lighter throat and belly. Bill mostly blackish and in close views may show bare yellowish skin near base. Immature is spotted buff on mantle and wing-coverts, with darker spotting on breast. African Dusky Flycatcher is smaller and darker brown. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Rare and little-known bird of the forest canopy where it behaves like a typical Muscicapa. Restricted to Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest, SWUg, and Kakamega and North Nandi forests, WKe, at 1,500–2,150m. Voice Rarely heard song is very lively, hurried and fairly sweet. Commonest call heard is a spitted t’t’t’t’t’t’t’t’… very similar to Little Grey Greenbul. Note Some authorities place in the genus Fraseria. VU

Sooty Flycatcher Bradornis fuliginosus

11cm, 4.5"

Often appears uniform dark brown in the canopy, but in good light is slightly paler below, mottled and streaked both warm and sooty-brown. Immature has paler throat, buffy wing edges and more streaking below. Birds in EA are race minusculus. SH Pairs or groups of 4–8 sit in the tops of tall dead trees, in or near good forest at 900–1,600m. Makes feeding sallies like a typical flycatcher, but in flight often resembles a martin. Voice Song is a rarely heard, rather simple combination of high-pitched dry trills and hisses, and call is a hissed chipping given in series or singly. Note Formerly known as Muscicapa infuscata.

Yellow-footed Flycatcher Muscicapa sethsmithi

9cm, 3.5"

Very small slate-grey flycatcher with whitish throat and belly; lower mandible, legs and feet yellow. From below the broad rich yellow bill is obvious. Immature is spotted above and scaled below with rufous. Monotypic. SH Usually solitary, perching quietly in lower and mid-levels of primary forest. In EA known only from Budongo Forest, WUg, where it is rather uncommon. Voice Song is thin and high-pitched, the notes often being long, buzzy and insect-like.

African Forest Flycatcher Fraseria ocreata

18cm, 7"

Stocky and shaped more like a puffback than a typical flycatcher; dark slate above and white below with distinct black crescent-shaped markings on breast. Immature is browner above with light rufous spotting. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Small rather noisy flocks move through the middle and upper levels of good forest at 900–1,600m. Frequently waves its tail. Voice Unlike any other flycatcher, song is low and harsh and can easily be overlooked (being amazingly similar to Velvet-mantled Drongo, which has more high-pitched squeaky notes). [Alt. Fraser’s Forest Flycatcher]

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Cassin’s Flycatcher

Dusky-blue Flycatcher

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Chapin’s Flycatcher

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Sooty Flycatcher

Yellow-footed Flycatcher

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African Forest Flycatcher

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PLATE 210: BATISES I BATISES Small neat and boldly patterned black, white and grey birds with breast-bands, black on males and rusty-brown on females (except two); many have yellow eyes. Usually found in pairs. Several are confusingly similar (and also resemble some wattle-eyes on Plate 212). Colour of crown, extent of supercilium, throat and breast markings, voice and range all aid identification. Immatures are similar to females with buffy-washed wing-stripes and tawny tips to the upperparts.

Chinspot Batis Batis molitor

10cm, 4"

Adult male has grey crown and small white nuchal spot, narrow white supercilium (usually prominent) and fairly broad breast-band (narrower in similar male East Coast Batis). Adult female has sharply defined dark chestnut breast-band and throat spot (paler tawny and less well-defined in female East Coast Batis). Two races occur: widespread puella as described, palliditergum (STz) is slightly paler. SH Most common and widespread batis, though uncommon in SETz; pairs inhabit a wide variety of woodland, thickets and gardens at 500–3,000m. Voice Commonest songs are two wellspaced pure whistles pii… poo, or a three-note pii-pii-poo, the second and third notes becoming progressively two tones lower. Female often calls in duet with snappy nasal notes and wing burring.

East Coast Batis Batis soror

10cm, 4"

Adult male is very similar to Chinspot Batis but has narrower breast-band and overall slightly paler appearance. Adult female differs in having throat and breast-band paler tawny and less sharply defined. Monotypic. SH Pairs are local in Brachystegia (miombo) and other woodland, mainly in coastal lowlands but up to 1,000m in East Usambara Mts, NETz. Voice Male call is a simple wellspaced piping of pure notes, pyi-pyi-pyi-pyi…, often accompanied by the slightly nasal female. [Alt. Pale Batis]

Pygmy Batis Batis perkeo

9cm, 3.5"

Small, rather short-tailed batis: adult male has grey crown and short white supraloral stripe (sometimes hard to see). Adult female has similar supraloral, rufous-tawny breast-band, and white (or very faint buff) throat. Monotypic. SH Locally common in semi-arid acacia bush country below 1,200m. Voice Song is a loud high pure piping of identical notes, hi…hi…hi…, which can recall Desert Cisticola.

Grey-headed Batis Batis orientalis

10cm, 4"

Adult male is very similar to Western Black-headed Batis, but differs in paler grey crown and slightly broader breast-band. From smaller Pygmy Batis by long narrow white supercilium extending almost to white nuchal spot. Adult female has similar grey crown and long white supercilium, but breast-band fairly broad and chestnut. Birds in EA are the race bella, and best identified by voice. SH Owing to confusion with Western Black-headed, status is poorly known. The Ethiopia-Kenya border region represents the southern limit of the species. In EA, it is known only from a few unsubstantiated sight records in NWKe, and two old specimen records from Mt Moroto, NEUg, and Moyale, NKe. Voice Song is a descending series of four notes, unlike any other batis in the region. Female often duets with accompanying short whipcrack upslurs.

Western Black-headed Batis Batis erlangeri

10cm, 4"

Adult male has black crown, long white supercilium and a fairly narrow black breast-band. Adult female has dark chestnut breast-band. Birds in EA are the nominate race. SH Widespread and locally common in a variety of woodland and open bush in the west at about 700–1,600m. Voice Varies locally; song is a series of identical pure piping notes, hi-hi-hi-…, at intervals of a little more than one per second and sometimes followed by a series of peculiar paired nasal downslurs. Note Formerly considered conspecific with Eastern Black-headed Batis.

Eastern Black-headed Batis Batis minor

10cm, 4"

Adult male is very similar to Grey-headed Batis but crown is very dark grey (or blackish). Best identified from Western Black-headed by crown colour, if dark grey, and range. Adult female has slightly narrower breast-band than female Grey-headed. Birds in EA are race suahelica. SH Generally uncommon in coastal scrub and woodland, entering drier bush country further inland, from sea level to 950m. Voice Some variation but usually a series of pure piping notes in groups of 2–4, slightly slower and longer than Western Black-headed. Also a buzzy call. Note Formerly considered conspecific with Western Black-headed Batis.

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