Biophysical Properties in Glaucoma: Diagnostic Technologies [1st ed.] 978-3-319-98197-0, 978-3-319-98198-7

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Biophysical Properties in Glaucoma: Diagnostic Technologies [1st ed.]
 978-3-319-98197-0, 978-3-319-98198-7

Table of contents :
Front Matter ....Pages i-vii
Front Matter ....Pages 1-1
Intraocular Pressure as a Risk Factor (Lina Siaudvytyte)....Pages 3-7
Intracranial Pressure as a Risk Factor (Lina Siaudvytyte)....Pages 9-14
Ocular Perfusion Pressure as a Risk Factor (Lina Siaudvytyte)....Pages 15-19
Translaminar Pressure Difference (Lina Siaudvytyte)....Pages 21-23
Translaminar Pressure Gradient (Lina Siaudvytyte)....Pages 25-26
Lamina Cribrosa (Lina Siaudvytyte)....Pages 27-30
Interactions Between IOP, ICP, OPP (Lina Siaudvytyte)....Pages 31-34
Front Matter ....Pages 35-35
Possibilities in Anterior Segment Imaging for Glaucoma (Gonioscopy, Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography and Ultrasound Biomicroscopy: Advantages and Disadvantages) (Daiva Paulaviciute-Baikstiene, Renata Vaiciuliene)....Pages 37-41
Clinical Applications in Medical Practice (Daiva Paulaviciute-Baikstiene, Renata Vaiciuliene)....Pages 43-57
Front Matter ....Pages 59-59
Optic Nerve Head Visualization (Akvile Stoskuviene)....Pages 61-66
Imaging Techniques of the Optic Nerve Head and Retinal Fiber Layer (Akvile Stoskuviene)....Pages 67-78
Evaluation of Glaucomatous Structural Changes (Akvile Stoskuviene)....Pages 79-88
OCT-Angiography Appliance in Glaucoma (Akvile Stoskuviene)....Pages 89-99
Front Matter ....Pages 101-101
Principles of Visual Field Testing (Loreta Kuzmiene)....Pages 103-107
Static Perimetry (Loreta Kuzmiene)....Pages 109-113
Visual Field Loss in Glaucoma (Loreta Kuzmiene)....Pages 115-126
Short Wavelength and Frequency Doubling Technology Perimetry (Loreta Kuzmiene)....Pages 127-130
Front Matter ....Pages 131-131
Structure Loss (Ruta Maciulaitiene, Ingrida Januleviciene)....Pages 133-138
Function Loss (Ruta Maciulaitiene, Ingrida Januleviciene)....Pages 139-143
Correlation Between Structure and Function in Glaucomatous Damage (Ruta Maciulaitiene, Ingrida Januleviciene)....Pages 145-149
Front Matter ....Pages 151-151
Ocular Surface Anatomy and Physiology (Giedre Pakuliene)....Pages 153-156
Ocular Surface Evaluation Prior to Glaucoma Medical Treatment (Giedre Pakuliene)....Pages 157-159
Glaucoma Medications’ Effect on Ocular Surface (Giedre Pakuliene)....Pages 161-163
Additional Substances to Glaucoma Medication: Preservative Free Treatment (Giedre Pakuliene)....Pages 165-168
Glaucoma: Comorbidity with Dry Eye Disease (Giedre Pakuliene)....Pages 169-170
Back Matter ....Pages 171-171

Citation preview

Biophysical Properties in Glaucoma Diagnostic Technologies Ingrida Januleviciene Alon Harris  Editors

123

Biophysical Properties in Glaucoma

Ingrida Januleviciene  •  Alon Harris Editors

Biophysical Properties in Glaucoma Diagnostic Technologies

Editors Ingrida Januleviciene Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Lithuania

Alon Harris Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN USA

ISBN 978-3-319-98197-0    ISBN 978-3-319-98198-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98198-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018964715 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Contents

Part I Importance of Intraocular, Intracranial and Ocular Perfusion Pressures (IOP, ICP, OPP) in the Pathogenesis of Glaucoma 1 Intraocular Pressure as a Risk Factor ��������������������������������������������������    3 Lina Siaudvytyte 2 Intracranial Pressure as a Risk Factor��������������������������������������������������    9 Lina Siaudvytyte 3 Ocular Perfusion Pressure as a Risk Factor������������������������������������������   15 Lina Siaudvytyte 4 Translaminar Pressure Difference����������������������������������������������������������   21 Lina Siaudvytyte 5 Translaminar Pressure Gradient������������������������������������������������������������   25 Lina Siaudvytyte 6 Lamina Cribrosa��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   27 Lina Siaudvytyte 7 Interactions Between IOP, ICP, OPP ����������������������������������������������������   31 Lina Siaudvytyte Part II Current Visualization of Anterior Chamber Angle 8 Possibilities in Anterior Segment Imaging for Glaucoma (Gonioscopy, Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography and  Ultrasound Biomicroscopy: Advantages and Disadvantages) ������������   37 Daiva Paulaviciute-Baikstiene and Renata Vaiciuliene 9 Clinical Applications in Medical Practice����������������������������������������������   43 Daiva Paulaviciute-Baikstiene and Renata Vaiciuliene v

vi

Contents

Part III Optic Nerve Head and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Visualization in Glaucoma 10 Optic Nerve Head Visualization��������������������������������������������������������������   61 Akvile Stoskuviene 11 Imaging Techniques of the Optic Nerve Head and Retinal Fiber Layer��������������������������������������������������������������������������   67 Akvile Stoskuviene 12 Evaluation of Glaucomatous Structural Changes��������������������������������   79 Akvile Stoskuviene 13 OCT-Angiography Appliance in Glaucoma������������������������������������������   89 Akvile Stoskuviene Part IV Visual Field in Glaucoma 14 Principles of Visual Field Testing�����������������������������������������������������������  103 Loreta Kuzmiene 15 Static Perimetry���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  109 Loreta Kuzmiene 16 Visual Field Loss in Glaucoma ��������������������������������������������������������������  115 Loreta Kuzmiene 17 Short Wavelength and Frequency Doubling Technology Perimetry������������������������������������������������������������������������������  127 Loreta Kuzmiene Part V Structure and Function Congruency in Glaucoma 18 Structure Loss������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  133 Ruta Maciulaitiene and Ingrida Januleviciene 19 Function Loss ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  139 Ruta Maciulaitiene and Ingrida Januleviciene 20 Correlation Between Structure and Function in Glaucomatous Damage������������������������������������������������������������������������  145 Ruta Maciulaitiene and Ingrida Januleviciene

Contents

vii

Part VI Ocular Surface and Glaucoma 21 Ocular Surface Anatomy and Physiology����������������������������������������������  153 Giedre Pakuliene 22 Ocular Surface Evaluation Prior to Glaucoma Medical Treatment������  157 Giedre Pakuliene 23 Glaucoma Medications’ Effect on Ocular Surface ������������������������������  161 Giedre Pakuliene 24 Additional Substances to Glaucoma Medication: Preservative Free Treatment��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  165 Giedre Pakuliene 25 Glaucoma: Comorbidity with Dry Eye Disease������������������������������������  169 Giedre Pakuliene Abbreviations ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  171

Part I

Importance of Intraocular, Intracranial and Ocular Perfusion Pressures (IOP, ICP, OPP) in the Pathogenesis of Glaucoma

Chapter 1

Intraocular Pressure as a Risk Factor Lina Siaudvytyte

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered the main risk factor for the prevalence, incidence and progression of glaucoma [1–10]. Population-based epidemiologic studies indicate that the mean IOP is approximately 15.5 mmHg, with a standard deviation of nearly 3 mmHg [9–11]. This led to the definition of normal IOP as 2 standard deviations above and below the mean IOP, or approximately 10–21 mmHg [12]. The risk of glaucoma increases steadily with increasing IOP, starting even with IOP as low as 12 mmHg [10, 13–15]. Experimental studies showed that both acute IOP elevation or chronic IOP elevation in non-human primates caused posterior displacement of optic nerve and peripapillary tissue [16–18]. The Beaver Dam Eye Study revealed 5  mmHg difference in IOP between patients with glaucoma and those without [9]. The Baltimore Eye Survey demonstrated a fourfold increase in risk of development of glaucoma by 3 mmHg rise in IOP [10, 19]. Similarly, Suzuki et al. found that 4 mmHg rise in IOP increased risk for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in twofold [20]. In the Barbados Eye Study, every increase of baseline IOP by 1 mmHg was associated with a 12% increased risk of glaucoma [21]. Large population-based studies showed that the level of IOP is a risk factor for glaucoma progression. (Table 1.1). The Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study (CNTGT) compared treatment versus no treatment in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). Study results showed that a 30% reduction in IOP preserves the visual field progression in NTG [7]. The mean progression rate in the untreated subjects was 0.41  dB/year [22]. Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT) compared treatment versus no treatment in open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Treated patients received a standardized treatment protocol of laser trabeculoplasty and topical betaxololum [3]. Study results showed that 1 mmHg reduction in IOP reduces risk of progression by approximately 10% [23]. Risk of progression was smaller with lower baseline IOP values and with a larger initial IOP drop induced by treatment [3]. Collaborative L. Siaudvytyte (*) Eye Clinic, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 I. Januleviciene, A. Harris (eds.), Biophysical Properties in Glaucoma, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98198-7_1

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L. Siaudvytyte

Table 1.1 Studies investigating relationship between intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression Treatment vs. no treatment

Different treatments

Study CNTGS [7, 22] EMGT [3, 23]

Results A 30% reduction in IOP reduces the risk of visual field progression from 80 to 40% in NTG subjects A 25% reduction in baseline IOP reduces the risk of progression by 50% in OAG 1 mmHg reduction in IOP reduces risk of progression by 10% OHTS >90% of untreated OHT patients had not converted to glaucoma [2, 26] after 5 years IOP lowering drops decrease OHT conversion to glaucoma rate from 10 to 5% EGPS With IOP lowering drops OHT conversion to glaucoma rate is 7% [27] In OHT placebo group the conversion rate is 15% CIGTS Reducing IOP to 14 mmHg instead of 18 mmHg decreases by a [24, 25] third the proportion with >3 dB loss of visual field mean deviation AGIS No progression only in eyes with IOP