Biomaterials for Photocatalysis: Promising New Materials 9783110768749, 9783110768718

Table of contents :
Preface
Contents
List of authors
1 Biomaterials for photocatalysis: an overview
2 Adsorption study via biomaterials
3 Recent trends in biomaterials for photodegradation of dyes
4 Metals removal from wastewater via biomaterials
5 Bionanomaterials and their impact on organic pollutants via photodegradation
6 Critical approach of bionanomaterials over pharmaceutical waste
7 Water splitting using bionanomaterials
8 Biomaterials: a good source for H2 production via photocatalysis
9 Recent advancement and development in oxygen evaluation using biomaterials
10 Light-driven photocatalysis using biomaterials for biomedical applications
Index

Citation preview

Awais Ahmad, Hina Sharif, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari and Farid A. Harraz Biomaterials for Photocatalysis

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Chemical Photocatalysis Burkhard König,  ISBN , e-ISBN (PDF) 

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Biomaterials for Photocatalysis Promising New Materials Edited by Awais Ahmad, Hina Sharif, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari and Farid A. Harraz

Editors Awais Ahmed Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad de Córdoba Campus de Rabanales Carretera Nacional IV-A, km 396 14014 Córdoba Spain [email protected] Dr. Hina Sharif Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Government College University Faisalabad Punjab 38000 Pakistan [email protected]

Prof. Mabkhoot Alsaiari Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre Najran University (PCSED) 11001 Najran Saudi Arabia [email protected] Prof. Farid A. Harraz Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre Najran University (PCSED) 11001 Najran Saudi Arabia [email protected]

Prof. Rafael Luque Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad de Córdoba Campus de Rabanales Carretera Nacional IV-A, km 396 14014 Córdoba Spain [email protected]

ISBN 978-3-11-076871-8 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-076874-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-076883-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2022950031 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover image: greenleaf123/iStock/Getty Images Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com

Preface Though synthetic polymers are commonly used photocatalysts, researchers were urged to develop sustainable and eco-friendly biomaterials using different biopolymers such as agar, alginate, chitin, cellulose, dextran and derivatives, gelatin, gums and collagen due to their multiple applications and abundance in nature. Their natural properties such as large surface area, nontoxic nature, antibacterial activity, biocompatibility and ease of handling have made them important. Different approaches such as sol–gel method, ultrasonication, green synthesis, microwave-assisted synthesis, microbial synthesis and electrospinning techniques have been fabricated to make biopolymers for photocatalysis applications such as biohybrids, composite films, photocatalytic aerogels, nanocomposites and heterojunctions. Surface functionalization and deacetylation are used to obtain derivatives of biopolymers such as deacetylation of chitin biopolymers to form chitosan. To make hydroxyapatite, fish bone is pretreated by washing and boiling with acetone, and then subjected to hydrolysis and calcination treatment. These biomaterials are really promising materials which scale up their production by fascinating results in different catalytic applications. Awais Ahmad, Hina Sharif, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari and Farid A. Harraz

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110768749-202

Contents Preface

V

List of authors

IX

Awais Ahmad, Hina Sharif, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz 1 Biomaterials for photocatalysis: an overview 1 Sadaf Tariq, Awais Ahmad, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz 2 Adsorption study via biomaterials 23 Sadaf Tariq, Awais Ahmad, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz 3 Recent trends in biomaterials for photodegradation of dyes 45 Sadaf Tariq, Awais Ahmad, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz 4 Metals removal from wastewater via biomaterials 63 Sadaf Tariq, Awais Ahmad, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz 5 Bionanomaterials and their impact on organic pollutants via photodegradation 79 Hina Sharif, Awais Ahmad, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz 6 Critical approach of bionanomaterials over pharmaceutical waste 95 Awais Ahmad, Hina Sharif, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz 7 Water splitting using bionanomaterials 113 Awais Ahmad, Hina Sharif, Rafael Luque, Arsh-e- Noor 8 Biomaterials: a good source for H2 production via photocatalysis

125

Hina Sharif, Awais Ahmad, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz 9 Recent advancement and development in oxygen evaluation using biomaterials 135 Awais Ahmad, Hina Sharif, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz 10 Light-driven photocatalysis using biomaterials for biomedical applications 145 Index

155

List of authors Awais Ahmad Departamento de Quimica Organica Universidad de Cordoba Edificio Marie Curie (C-3) Ctra Nnal IV-A, km 396 E14014 Cordoba Spain [email protected] Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Prof. Mabkhoot Alsaiari Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED) Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre Najran University Najran 11001 Saudi Arabia and Empty Quarter Research Unit Department of Chemistry College of Science and Art in Sharurah Najran University Sharurah Saudi Arabia [email protected] Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 Prof. Farid A. Harraz Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED) Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre Najran University Najran 11001 Saudi Arabia and Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Department Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI)

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110768749-204

P.O. 87 Helwan Cairo 11421 Egypt [email protected] Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 Prof. Rafael Luque Departamento de Quimica Organica Universidad de Cordoba Edificio Marie Curie (C-3) Ctra Nnal IV-A, km 396 E14014 Cordoba Spain [email protected] Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Arsh-e-Noor Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Government College University Faisalabad Punjab 38000 Pakistan [email protected] Chapter 8 Dr. Hina Sharif Department of Pharmacy The University of Faisalabad Punjab 38000 Pakistan [email protected] Chapters 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Sadaf Tariq Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Punjab 38000 Pakistan [email protected] Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5

Awais Ahmad, Hina Sharif, Rafael Luque, Mabkhoot Alsaiari, Farid A. Harraz

1 Biomaterials for photocatalysis: an overview Abstract: Light-responsive bioinspired materials are emerging materials for precise and controllable medical and biological applications. These light-responsive bioinspired materials have been studied to design light- induced modulators, nanovehicles and biopolymers to control cell behavior, as well as regulate environments. Photocatalysis uses sustainable, eco-friendly, natural light and power for effective chemical conversion. Biomaterial-assisted photocatalysis has become a hot spot for research due to its applications: degradation of pollutants in water and air, artificial photosynthesis, photochromism, cancer therapy, drug delivery, dissipation of heat and energy, sterilization and production of affordable energy sources. Photo-generated electrons, bandgap energy and generation of electron–hole pair are applied to degrade or create different compounds by absorbing or releasing energy or heat. This chapter will focus on the principle of photocatalysis along with biomaterial-assisted photocatalysts. Keywords: Photocatalysts, biomaterials, nanochemistry, enzyme, biotransformation, reduction, oxidation

1.1 Introduction A combination of light-responsive surfaces and nanoparticles has emerged as an innovation that provides positive sustainability to society. Biomaterials designed by mimicking natural materials have become a current topic for research. The idea to form biomaterial-assisted photocatalysts originated from photosynthesis and became an effective option to produce renewable-energy [1]. Such photocatalysts have gained much importance due to their applications in removal of pollutants from water and environment. Photocatalysts can be activated through both UV and visible light. When photocatalysts are biomaterial-based, they provide greater surface area, better functionality and porosity for not only better dispersion but also increased interaction with contaminants. Biomaterial-assisted photocatalysis uses natural materials to increase the compatibility of this approach with living systems [2]. For ideal photocatalysis, there should be strong interaction, larger surface area, greater adsorption, easy separation and higher resistance to denaturation of catalyst. The biomaterials can be biopolymers, biochars, biomolecules, immobilized https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110768749-001

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Awais Ahmad et al.

enzymes, proteins or peptides for excellent photocatalytic activity [3]. Usually, inorganic photocatalysts have better activity than organic, due to optimum bandgaps and greater electron flow. Moreover, biomaterial-based photocatalysts are preferred over inorganic photocatalysts due to their environment-friendly nature and lowest particle size [4, 5]. Various factors such as improved light absorption and greater photon harvesting capability that can be related to size and structure of immobilized biomaterials and crystallinity [6, 7] influence the efficiency of photocatalytic activity. As regards physiochemical properties, the interactions and biomaterials are very important. During typical photocatalysis, photons are absorbed at the interface, and thereby, an electron–hole pair is generated to form hydroxide and superoxide anion radicals [8]. Electrons generated in light-responsive reactions undergo reduction reactions, and the charge carriers are involved in photocatalysis [9, 10]. Electrons play their role in reduction reactions, whereas in reduction of pollutants, holes are involved in oxidation reactions; they oxidize pollutants [11, 12]. The bandgap energy plays an important role in formation of free radicals to start redox reactions. Various bottlenecks can affect the efficiency, such as spectral mismatch, recombination of photogenerated electrons and low surface area [13, 14]. Therefore, different strategies have been developed to enhance the biomaterialassisted photocatalysis under UV or visible light, so far [15, 16], by tuning the bandgap according to natural spectra to avoid spectral mismatch either by doping, modifying bandgaps or sensitization [17, 18]. Hence, biomaterials with engineered nanoparticle-based photocatalysts are used in various applications including detoxification, packaging and to combat environmental pollution [19, 20]. In subsequent sections of this chapter, the fundamental principle of photocatalysis will be discussed, followed by an overview of biomaterial-based photocatalysts as a presentation of recent discovery in the field of biomaterials. Different modes of synthesis and techniques to characterize biomaterials for photocatalysis will also be discussed. Challenges in modulation along with strategies to develop an efficient photocatalyst with future directions will be provided as a critical area for biomaterials.

1.2 Basic principle of photocatalysis Photocatalysis involves light and a catalyst to proceed with a chemical reaction that involves valence band (filled) and conduction band (empty) with energy gaps (bandgap measured as electron volt, eV) [21]. Any photon having bandgap energy can activate an electron from ground state (valence band) to jump to excited state (conduction band) – an essential step during photocatalysis because electron of conduction band and the hole in the valence band tends to move in lattice [22].

1 Biomaterials for photocatalysis: an overview

3

These free electrons and holes are involved in ongoing and repeated redox reactions during photocatalysis. The redox reactions are useful either to remove toxic ions by dissolving them or mineralize dissolved toxic ions. Photocatalysis can be done through different mechanisms, based on the incident wavelength of light on the surface [23].

1.2.1 When the wavelength of light is >400 nm Mostly, when dyes absorb visible light, photocatalytic degradation occurs through direct mechanism. In direct mechanism, a photon excites the electron from its ground state to excited state, thereby converting it to a semi-oxidized radial cation through electron transfer in conduction band. The trapped electrons tend to react with oxygen and form superoxide radical anion, converting it to a hydroxyl radical; this radical further undergoes oxidation reaction [24].

1.2.2 When the wavelength of light is