Biblical Quotations and Allusions in Second Temple Jewish Literature 9783666550287, 9783525550281, 9783647550282

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© 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Journal of Ancient Judaism Supplements Edited by Armin Lange, Bernard M. Levinson and Vered Noam

Advisory Board Katell Berthelot (University of Aix-Marseille), George Brooke (University of Manchester), Jonathan Ben Dov (University of Haifa), Beate Ego (University of Osnabrück), Ester Eshel (Bar-Ilan University), Heinz-Josef Fabry University of Bonn), Steven Fraade (Yale University), Maxine L. Grossman (University of Maryland), Christine Hayes (Yale University), Catherine Hezser (University of London), Jodi Magness (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Carol Meyers, (Duke University), Eric Meyers (Duke University), Hillel Newman (University of Haifa), Christophe Nihan (University of Lausanne), Lawrence H. Schiffman (New York University), Konrad Schmid (University of Zurich), Adiel Schremer (Bar-Ilan University), Michael Segal (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Aharon Shemesh (Bar-Ilan University), Günter Stemberger (University of Vienna), Kristin De Troyer (University of St Andrews), Azzan Yadin (Rutgers University)

Volume 5

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

© 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Armin Lange / Matthias Weigold

Biblical Quotations and Allusions in Second Temple Jewish Literature

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

© 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

For Hermann Lichtenberger

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-525-55028-1 ISBN 978-3-647-55028-2 (E-Book)

Umschlagabbildung: 4Q175 Testimonia. Photograph by Bruce and Kenneth Zuckerman, in collaboration with Princeton Theological Seminary. Courtesy Department of Antiquities, Jordan.

© 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen/ Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht LLC, Oakville, CT, U.S.A. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen bedarf der vorherigen schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlages. – Printed in Germany. Satz: Matthias Weigold, Wien. Druck und Bindung: Ç Hubert & Co, Göttingen. Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier.

© 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Contents

Preface .....................................................................................................

13

Introduction .............................................................................................

15

Abbreviations ..........................................................................................

49

Part 1: Biblical Quotations and Allusions in the Sequence of the Hebrew Bible Tora .........................................................................................................

53

Genesis ..............................................................................................

53

Exodus ...............................................................................................

66

Leviticus ............................................................................................

80

Numbers ............................................................................................

88

Deuteronomy .....................................................................................

96

Nevi’im.................................................................................................... 113 Joshua ................................................................................................ 113 Judges ................................................................................................ 114 1–2 Samuel ........................................................................................ 115 1–2 Kings .......................................................................................... 120 Isaiah ................................................................................................. 126 Jeremiah ............................................................................................ 141 Ezekiel ............................................................................................... 147 Hosea ................................................................................................ 152 Joel .................................................................................................... 153 Amos ................................................................................................. 154 Obadiah ............................................................................................. 155 Jonah ................................................................................................. 155 Micah ................................................................................................ 156 Nahum ............................................................................................... 157

© 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Contents

Habakkuk .......................................................................................... 157 Zephaniah .......................................................................................... 158 Haggai ............................................................................................... 158 Zechariah ........................................................................................... 159 Malachi.............................................................................................. 160 Ketuvim ................................................................................................... 163 Psalms ............................................................................................... 163 Job ..................................................................................................... 178 Proverbs ............................................................................................ 181 Ruth ................................................................................................... 184 Song of Songs ................................................................................... 184 Qoheleth ............................................................................................ 184 Lamentations ..................................................................................... 185 Esther ................................................................................................ 186 Daniel ................................................................................................ 186 Ezra ................................................................................................... 189 Nehemiah .......................................................................................... 190 1–2 Chronicles .................................................................................. 191

Part 2: Biblical Quotations and Allusions in the Sequence of the Quoting or Alluding Texts 1. Hebrew Bible .................................................................................... 199 Joel .................................................................................................... 199 Jonah ................................................................................................. 200 Haggai ............................................................................................... 200 Zechariah ........................................................................................... 200 Malachi.............................................................................................. 202 Psalms ............................................................................................... 202 Job ..................................................................................................... 209 Proverbs ............................................................................................ Prov 1:1–9:18 ......................................................................... Prov 24:23–34 ........................................................................ Prov 30:1–33 .......................................................................... 6 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

210 210 211 211

Contents

Ruth ................................................................................................... 211 Song of Songs ................................................................................... 212 Qoheleth ............................................................................................ 212 Esther (with Additions) ..................................................................... 212 Daniel (with Additions) .................................................................... 213 Ezra ................................................................................................... 215 Nehemiah .......................................................................................... 216 1–2 Chronicles .................................................................................. 219 2. Jewish Texts That Are Neither Included in the Hebrew Bible Nor Found among the Dead Sea Scrolls ................................. 225 Apocalypse of Moses (Life of Adam and Eve) .................................. 225 Apocalypse of Zephaniah .................................................................. 225 Apocryphon of Ezekiel ...................................................................... 225 Aristeas the Exegete .......................................................................... 226 Aristobulus ........................................................................................ 226 Artapanus .......................................................................................... 227 Baruch ............................................................................................... 227 3 Baruch (Greek Apocalypse) ........................................................... 229 Cleodemus Malchus .......................................................................... 229 Demetrius (the Chronographer) ........................................................ 229 Epistle of Jeremiah ............................................................................ 230 1 Esdras ............................................................................................. 230 Eupolemus ......................................................................................... 231 Ezekiel the Tragedian........................................................................ 232 Joseph and Aseneth ........................................................................... 233 Judith ................................................................................................. 233 Letter of Aristeas ............................................................................... 235 Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum (Pseudo-Philo) ................................ 236 Lives of the Prophets ......................................................................... 239 1 Maccabees ...................................................................................... 239 2 Maccabees ...................................................................................... 242 3 Maccabees ...................................................................................... 243 4 Maccabees ...................................................................................... 243 7 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Contents

Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah ................................................. 244 Prayer of Joseph ............................................................................... 245 Prayer of Manasseh ........................................................................... 245 Psalms of Solomon ............................................................................ 246 Pseudo-Eupolemus ............................................................................ 247 Pseudo-Hecataeus ............................................................................. 247 Pseudo-Orpheus ................................................................................ 248 Pseudo-Phocylides ............................................................................ 248 Sibylline Oracles ............................................................................... 249 Similitudes of Enoch (1 En. 37–71) .................................................. 250 Testament of Abraham ...................................................................... 251 Testament of Job ............................................................................... 252 Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs ................................................ Testament of Reuben .............................................................. Testament of Simeon .............................................................. Testament of Levi ................................................................... Testament of Judah ................................................................ Testament of Issachar ............................................................ Testament of Zebulun ............................................................. Testament of Dan ................................................................... Testament of Naphtali ............................................................ Testament of Gad ................................................................... Testament of Asher ................................................................. Testament of Joseph ............................................................... Testament of Benjamin ...........................................................

252 252 253 253 253 254 254 254 254 255 255 255 255

Theodotus, On the Jews .................................................................... 256 Wisdom of Solomon ......................................................................... 256 3. Dead Sea Scrolls ............................................................................... 259 Ages of Creation................................................................................ 4QAgesCreat A (4Q180) ....................................................... 4QAgesCreat B (4Q181) ........................................................ Apocryphal Lamentations ................................................................. 4QapocrLam A (4Q179) ........................................................ 4QapocrLam B (4Q501) ........................................................ Apocryphal Pentateuch ..................................................................... 4QapocrPent. A (4Q368) ....................................................... 4QapocrPent. B (4Q377)........................................................ 8 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

259 259 259 259 259 259 260 260 260

Contents

Apocryphon of Jeremiah C (4Q385a; 4Q387; 4Q387a; 4Q388a; 4Q389–390)............................................................................ 261 Apocryphon of Joshua (4Q378–379; 4Q522; 5Q9; Mas1l) .............. 261 Apocryphon of Moses (1Q22; 1Q29; 4Q375–376; 4Q408; 4Q588) . 262 Aramaic Levi Document (1Q21; 4Q213; 4Q213a–b; 4Q214; 4Q214a–b) .............................................................................. 263 Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438) .............................................................. 265 Berakhot (4Q286–290) ..................................................................... 266 Book of Giants (1Q23–24; 2Q26; 4Q203; 4Q206 2–3; 4Q530–533; 6Q8)........................................................................................ 266 Book of Mysteries (1Q27; 4Q299–301) ............................................ 267 Commentary on Genesis ................................................................... 267 4QCommGen A (4Q252) ....................................................... 267 4QCommGen C (4Q254) ....................................................... 267 Community Rule (1QS; 1Q29a; 4Q255–264; 5Q11) ........................ 267 Damascus Document (4Q266–273; 5Q12; 6Q15) ............................ 269 Enochic Literature ............................................................................. Book of Watchers (1 En. 1–36) .............................................. Astronomical Book of Enoch (1 En. 72–82) .......................... Book of Dreams (1 En. 83–91)............................................... Letter of Enoch (1 En. 92–108) ..............................................

276 276 277 277 278

Festival Prayers (1Q34 + 34bis; 4Q505; 4Q507–509) .................... 280 Halakha ............................................................................................. 280 4QHalakha A (4Q251) ........................................................... 280 4QHalakha B (4Q264a) + 4QWays of Righteousnessa–b (4Q420–421) .......................................................... 281 Hodayot (1QHa; 1Q35; 4Q427–432) ................................................ 281 Hodayot-like Text .............................................................................. 4QpapHodayot-like Text B (4Q433a).................................... 4QHodayot-like Text C (4Q440) ........................................... 4QHodayot-like Text D (4Q440a) .........................................

291 291 291 291

Instruction (1Q26; 4Q415–418; 4Q418a; 4Q418c; 4Q423) ............. 291 Instruction-like Composition............................................................. 292 4QInstruction-like Composition A (4Q419) .......................... 292 4QInstruction-like Composition B (4Q424) .......................... 292 Jubilees (1Q17–18; 2Q19–20; 3Q5; 4Q176a; 4Q216–224; 11Q12 + XQ5a; Mas1j).......................................................... 293 9 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Contents

Lament by a Leader (4Q439) + 4QNarrative I (4Q469) ................... 297 Midrash on Eschatology (4Q174; 4Q177–178; 4Q182–183)........... 297 Miqs̞at Ma‘aseh ha-Torah (4Q313; 4Q394–399) ............................. 298 Narrative ........................................................................................... 4QNarrative B (4Q461) ......................................................... 4QNarrative C (4Q462) ......................................................... 4QNarrative D (4Q463) .........................................................

299 299 300 300

Narrative and Poetic Composition (2Q22; 4Q371–373; 4Q373a) ... 300 New Jerusalem (1Q32; 2Q24; 4Q554–555; 4Q554a; 5Q15; 11Q18).................................................................................... 301 Non-Canonical Psalms ..................................................................... 301 4QNon-Canonical Psalms A (4Q380).................................... 301 4QNon-Canonical Psalms B (4Q381) .................................... 301 Ordinances (4Q159; 4Q513–514) .................................................... 302 Pesharim on Isaiah (3Q4; 4Q161–165; 4Q515)................................ 3QpIsa (3Q4) .......................................................................... 4QpIsaa (4Q161) .................................................................... 4QpIsab (4Q162) .................................................................... 4Qpap pIsac (4Q163) ..............................................................

302 302 303 303 303

Pesher Hosea (4Q166–167) .............................................................. 303 Pesher Psalms (1Q16; 4Q171; 4Q173) ............................................ 303 Prophecy ........................................................................................... 303 4QProphecyb ar (4Q556a) ...................................................... 303 4QProphecye ar (4Q583) ........................................................ 304 Psalms, Non-Canonical Segments (4Q88; 11Q5–6)......................... 304 Pseudo-Daniel (4Q243–244) ............................................................ 305 Pseudo-Ezekiel (4Q385–386; 4Q385b–c; 4Q388; 4Q391) .............. 305 Ritual of Purification (4Q414; 4Q512) ............................................. 305 Rule of the Congregation (1Q28a; 4Q249a–i) .................................. 305 Shirot (4Q510–511) .......................................................................... 306 Sirach (2Q18; 11Q5 XXI 11–XXII 1; Mas1h) ................................... 306 Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407; 11Q17; Mas1k) ......... 316 Temple Scroll (4Q524; 11Q19–21) ................................................... 317 Tobit (4Q196–200) ........................................................................... 318 Tohorot .............................................................................................. 320 4QTohorot A (4Q274) ........................................................... 320 10 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Contents

4QTohorot Ba–b (4Q276–277) ................................................ 320 Visions of Amram (4Q543–549) ....................................................... 321 War Rule (1Q33; 4Q285; 4Q471; 4Q491–497; 11Q14) ................... 321 Words of the Luminaries (4Q504; 4Q506) ....................................... 327 Works of God (4Q392) + 4QCommunal Confession (4Q393) ......... 329 1QpHab ............................................................................................. 330 1QapGen ar (1Q20) ........................................................................... 330 1QApocr. Prophecy (1Q25) .............................................................. 331 1QSb (1Q28b) ................................................................................... 331 1QHymnic Composition? (1Q38) ..................................................... 332 2QapocrMoses? (2Q21) .................................................................... 332 4QBibPar (4Q158) ............................................................................ 332 4QpNah (4Q169)............................................................................... 332 4QTest (4Q175) ................................................................................ 332 4QTanhҖ (4Q176) ............................................................................... 332 4QWiles of the Wicked Woman (4Q184) ........................................ 333 4QSapiential Work (4Q185) ............................................................. 333 4QTNaph (4Q215) ............................................................................ 333 4QWords of Judgement (4Q238) ...................................................... 333 4QapocrDan ar (4Q246).................................................................... 334 4QHistorical Text A (4Q248) ........................................................... 334 4Qpap cryptA Levh? (4Q249j) .......................................................... 334 4QMiscellaneous Rules (4Q265) ...................................................... 334 4QCommunal Ceremony (4Q275) .................................................... 334 4QCurses (4Q280) ............................................................................ 334 4QUnidentified Fragments A (4Q281) ............................................. 335 4QPurification Liturgy (4Q284) ....................................................... 335 4QWork Containing Prayers B (4Q292)........................................... 335 4QMeditation on Creation A (4Q303) .............................................. 335 4QMen of People Who Err (4Q306) ................................................. 335 4QAdmonFlood (4Q370) .................................................................. 335 4QExod/Conq. Trad. (4Q374) .......................................................... 335 4Qpap paraKings et al. (4Q382) ....................................................... 336 11 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Contents

4QLiturgical Work A (4Q409) ......................................................... 336 4QComp. conc. Div. Provid. (4Q413) .............................................. 336 4QText with Quotation from Psalm 107? (4Q418b) ........................ 336 4QParaphrase of Gen and Exod (4Q422) ......................................... 336 4QSapiential-Hymnic Work A (4Q426) ........................................... 337 4QIncantation (4Q444) ..................................................................... 337 4QPrayer E? (4Q454)........................................................................ 337 4QNarrative Work and Prayer (4Q460) ............................................ 337 4QExposition on the Patriarchs (4Q464) .......................................... 337 4QFragment Mentioning Qoh 1:8–9 (4Q468l) ................................. 337 4QText Mentioning Zedekiah (4Q470) ............................................ 337 4QPolemical Text (4Q471a) ............................................................. 338 4QpapPrQuot (4Q503) ...................................................................... 338 4QMessianic Apocalypse (4Q521) ................................................... 338 4QBeatitudes (4Q525) ...................................................................... 338 4QHymnic or Sapiential Work B (4Q528) ....................................... 339 4QTJacob? ar (4Q537) ...................................................................... 339 4QTQahat ar (4Q542) ....................................................................... 339 4QJews at the Persian Court ar (4Q550)........................................... 339 4QAccount ar (4Q551)...................................................................... 339 4QpapVisionb ar (4Q558) ................................................................. 339 4QpapBibChronology ar (4Q559) .................................................... 339 4QUnid. Text A ar (4Q562) .............................................................. 340 11QtgJob (11Q10)............................................................................. 340 11QapocrPs (11Q11)......................................................................... 340 11QMelch (11Q13) ........................................................................... 340 XHҐev/SeEschatological Hymn (XHҐev/Se 6) .................................... 341

Appendices 1. Uncertain Quotations and Allusions ................................................. 345 2. Texts That Do not Contain any Certain Quotations or Allusions to the Books of the Hebrew Bible ..................................................... 379 12 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Preface

The present lists of quotations and allusions are the result of several years of research. Our work started almost a decade ago when Armin Lange began to collect quotations and allusions of Jewish scriptures in the Hellenistic period1 and continued to do so as part of his work on the first volume of his Handbuch der Textfunde vom Toten Meer.2 In 2008 we successfully applied for a grant with the Jubiläumsfonds of the Austrian National Bank. The sponsorship of the Jubiläumsfonds of the Austrian National Bank allowed us to search for quotations of and allusions to Jewish scriptures systematically. The final results of this research are collected in the lists of this volume. We are grateful to the Jubiläumsfonds of the Austrian National Bank not only for funding our research but for providing us in this way with the opportunity to create what we hope will be a key tool in the research on the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism in general and the Dead Sea Scrolls in particular. It is furthermore a pleasant obligation to express our gratitude to Ms. Dara Fischer and ADir. Eva Schrammel (and other staff of Vienna University’s “Quästur”) for their administrative support as well as to Stefan Fiedler for developing a software that helped us in the compilation of the second set of lists of this volume (Part 2: Biblical Quotations and Allusions in the Sequence of the Quoting or Alluding Texts). Special thanks are also due to Ms. Delia Lange for her proofreading. Another word of thanks goes to Prof. Dr. Russell Fuller who was not only a welcome interlocutor during our work but also generously exchanged his own lists of quotations and allusions to the Minor Prophets with us. For improving our English we are also much obliged to Dr. Bennie H. Reynolds III. Our final thank you is directed to Jörg Persch and Christoph Spill as well as the editors of the Journal of —————

1 See A. Lange, “From Literature to Scripture: The Unity and Plurality of the Hebrew Scriptures in Light of the Qumran Library,” in One Scripture or Many? Canon from Biblical, Theological, and Philosophical Perspectives (ed. C. Helmer and C. Landmesser; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 51–107. 2 A. Lange, Handbuch der Textfunde vom Toten Meer, vol. 1: Die Handschriften biblischer Bücher von Qumran und den anderen Fundorten (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009); cf. idem, “‘Which Is Written in the Words of Isaiah, Son of Amoz, the Prophet’ (CD 7:10): Quotations of and Allusions to the Book of Isaiah in Qumran Literature,” in With Wisdom as a Robe: Qumran and Other Jewish Studies in Honour of Ida Fröhlich (ed. K. D. Dobos and M. Köszeghy; Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2009), 275–87.

© 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Preface

Ancient Judaism Supplements for accepting our lists for publication and for their support in preparing them for publication. This volume is dedicated to Hermann Lichtenberger. When we were his students in Münster and Tübingen respectively he never ceased to emphasize the importance of quotations and allusions for the understanding of Second Temple Jewish literature. In a way, he planted the seeds of our research and is thus responsible for the existence of the present lists. At the end of this preface we would like to encourage those scholars who use our lists to alert us to any mistakes we made as well as to quotations and allusions we missed. Please communicate your observations to us via [email protected]. We will, of course, give full credit to you in future editions of our lists. Armin Lange and Matthias Weigold

Vienna, June 2011

14 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Introduction

The allusions to and quotations of Jewish Scriptures in Second Temple Jewish literature are of great importance not only for the canonical, textual, and reception history of the Hebrew Bible3 but often provide key evidence for the understanding of the biblical books themselves. For the latter, we would like to remind the reader that quotations and allusions help, e.g., to date individual books of the Hebrew Bible by way of relative chronology. Quotations of and allusions to Jewish scriptures in Second Temple Jewish literature are furthermore among the earliest preserved interpretations of individual books of the Hebrew Bible. Such quotations and allusions are therefore rare spotlights on how the Jewish scriptures were read and understood in the Second Temple period. Finally, from the Second Temple period less than 300 Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic manuscripts are preserved that attest to one or more books of the later Hebrew Bible. Because of this lack of evidence, it is particularly difficult to reconstruct the early textual history of biblical books. The quotations of and allusions to Jewish scriptures in Second Temple Jewish literature provide welcome additional evidence for the study of the early textual history of the Hebrew Bible and its books. Quotations and allusions sometimes preserve early variant readings. They also help to better understand the history of the texts and textual versions of individual biblical books by providing early evidence for the existence of such texts and versions.4 Despite their importance, no comprehensive list of the allusions to and quotations of Jewish Scriptures in Second Temple Jewish literature has ever been compiled. Only lists that collect the allusions and quotations in a particular text or text corpus are available. The existing lists include: ————— 3

Cf. e.g. Lange, “From Literature to Scripture.” For first results, see A. Lange und M. Weigold, “The Text of the Shema Yisrael in Qumran Literature and Elsewhere,” in Florilegium Complutense: Textual Criticism and Dead Sea Scrolls Studies in Honour of Julio Trebolle Barrera (ed. A. Piquer Otero and P. Torijano Morales; JSJSup; Leiden: Brill, forthcoming); A. Lange, “The Textual History of the Book Jeremiah in Light of its Allusions and Implicit Quotations in the Qumran Hodayot,” in Giving Thanks to the Lord: Essays on Prayer and Poetry in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature in Honor of Eileen Schuller on the Occasion of Her 65th Birthday (ed. J. Penner, K. M. Penner, and C. Wassen; Leiden: Brill, forthcoming); idem, “The Text of Jeremiah in the War Scroll from Qumran,” in The Hebrew Bible in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls (ed. N. Dávid et al.; FRLANT; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, forthcoming). 4

© 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Introduction

– J. Allenbach et al. (eds.), Philon d’Alexandrie (BiPa suppl.; Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1982) [List of quotations and allusions in the works of Philo of Alexandria]. – J. Carmignac, “Les citations de l’Ancien Testament dans ‘La Guerre des Fils de Lumière contre les Fils de Ténèbres’,” RB 63 (1956): 234–60, 375–90 (in the following quoted as “Guerre”) [Lists of explicit and implicit quotations and allusions in the War Scroll (1QM) with concise discussion]. – idem, “Les citations de l’Ancien Testament, et spécialement des Poèmes du Serviteur, dans les Hymnes de Qumran,” RevQ 2 (1959– 1960): 357–94 (in the following quoted as “Poèmes”) [Lists of implicit quotations and allusions in the Hodayot (1QHa). Quotations and allusions possibly relating to multiple books of the Hebrew Bible are listed separately]. – S. Delamarter, A Scripture Index to Charlesworth’s The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002) [Comprehensive index of the references to the Hebrew Bible in the margins and the footnotes of OTP]. – J. A. Fitzmyer, “The Use of Explicit Old Testament Quotations in Qumran Literature and in the New Testament,” NTS 7 (1960–1961): 297–333 (repr. in Essays on the Semitic Background of the New Testament [London: Chapman, 1971], 3–58) [Comparative analysis of explicit Hebrew Bible quotations focusing on their introductory formulae and literary functions]. – idem, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Major Publications and Tools for Study (2nd ed.; SBLRBS 20; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990), 205–37 [Index of biblical passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls including biblical manuscripts as well as explicit quotations in non-biblical texts]. – R. Fuller, unpublished list of “Citations from the Minor Prophets in Non-Biblical Qumran Compositions” [Includes the lemmata of the running pesharim and their re-citations as well as additional quotations and allusions]. – J. Maier, Die Qumran-Essener: Die Texte vom Toten Meer, vol. 3: Einführung, Zeitrechnung, Register und Bibliographie (UTB.W 1916; München: Reinhardt, 1996), 161–82 [Index of ancient sources mentioned in the translation of the non-biblical Dead Sea Scrolls (vols. 1–2), including quotations of and allusions to the Hebrew Bible as well as other references]. – F. J. Morrow, “The Text of Isaiah at Qumran” (Ph.D. diss., The Catholic University of America, 1973) [Text-critical analysis of quotations of and allusions to the book of Isaiah among the Dead Sea Scrolls as far as they have been published when Morrow wrote his thesis]. 16 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Introduction

– J. VanderKam and P. Flint, The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their Significance for Understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2002), 427–33 [A list of quotations of and allusions to the books of the Hebrew Bible in the non-biblical Dead Sea Scrolls of which the authors claim to be “fairly comprehensive” (427)]. That no comprehensive list has been prepared to date is due to the exceptional difficulties that the compilation of such a list has to overcome. Second Temple Jewish literature is often only extant in primary or even secondary translations. From other works nothing but rather fragmentary manuscripts survived the millennia since their composition. In other cases, we know of ancient Jewish literary compositions only by their mention in late ancient literature and the surviving parts of these texts come from quotations and allusions in the writings of various church fathers or other (late) ancient authors. Another problem to overcome is the vast amount of material that needs to be compared with each other. The task becomes all the more impossible as ancient authors often did not mark their quotations and allusions as such but referred to a text by simply adapting small passages from it. The comparison and structured search of large amounts of data is the strength of electronic databases. A special case in point is Oaktree’s software Accordance. It includes since version 8.0 the newly created “INFER” command. This command compares texts with each other to identify parallel phrases. The new INFER feature of Accordance allows for the first time for a systematic search for quotations of and allusions to Jewish scriptures. For the present list, the new search capabilities of Accordance were used to identify the quotations of and allusions to Jewish Scriptures in Second Temple Jewish literature. The work was done in the framework of a research project at Vienna University’s Institute for Jewish Studies (“The Meaning of Ancient Jewish Quotations and Allusions for the Textual History of the Hebrew Bible”) and was funded by a grant of the Jubiläumsfonds of the Austrian National Bank (see above, p. 15). As for our Accordance searches themselves, we proceeded in the following way. For each verse of the Hebrew Bible we performed INFER searches in both the various Hebrew/Aramaic and Greek texts from the Second Temple period in the Accordance databases.5 The source texts for which we searched include the Hebrew/Aramaic modules BHS with Westminster Hebrew Morphology (BHS-W4), Samaritan Pentateuch (SAMAR-T), and —————

5 Although the source text for which we searched normally consisted of only one verse, it comprised in exceptional cases longer passages, e.g. in the case of lists such as Num 1:5–15.

17 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Introduction

Dead Sea Scrolls Biblical Corpus (DSSB-C) as well as the Greek Septuagint modules (LXX1 and LXX2). The target texts in which we searched include the Hebrew/Aramaic modules BHS with Westminster Hebrew Morphology (BHS-W4), Dead Sea Scrolls Biblical Corpus (DSSB-C), Sectarian Qumran Corpus (QUMRAN) and Ben Sira (BENSIRA-C), as well as the Greek Septuagint modules (LXX1 and LXX2), and the Greek Pseudepigrapha (PSEUD-T).6 As one of the principle limitations of our work it should be noted that the INFER command in Accordance works only between texts of the same language. The number of shared words between the source and the target text to be searched for varied depending on the language and the genre of the source text. As for the Hebrew/Aramaic texts the number ranged from three to five shared words for prose texts and from two to four shared words for poetic texts. As for the Greek texts, the number ranged from four to six shared words for prose texts and from three to five shared words for poetic texts. Moreover, we used the following advanced settings. We generally allowed for one word to be ignored from the source text and for one word to be added in the target text. We also allowed the word order to be ignored. But Accordance was not our only way to identify quotations and allusions. In addition we used the existing lists mentioned above (see pp. 18– 19) and searched the volumes of the series Discoveries in the Judaean Desert for those quotations and allusions mentioned in their editions of the Dead Sea Scrolls.7 Neither the existing lists nor other scholarly literature —————

6 The text of the Samaritan Pentateuch module is based on A. Tal (ed.), The Samaritan Pentateuch: According to MS 6 (C) of the Shekhem Synagogue (Texts and Studies in the Hebrew Language and Related Subjects 8; Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 1994). The text of the Septuagint modules is presented according to A. Rahlfs and R. Hanhart (eds.), Septuaginta: Id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes (2nd ed.; Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006). The Hebrew text of the Ben Sira module presents the transcription done by M. G. Abegg with the assistance of C. A. Toews. For the contents and sources of the Pseudepigrapha module, see http:// www.accordancebible.com/buzz/articles/pseud.php. The contents and sources of the Dead Sea Scrolls modules DSSB-C and QUMRAN cannot be listed here. However, for the present purpose it is important to note that 4QRPb–e (4Q364–367) as well as 4QT? (4Q365a) are included in the Sectarian Qumran Corpus module and not in the Dead Sea Scrolls Biblical Corpus module. By contrast, we consider 4QRPb–e (4Q364–367) as Pentateuch manuscripts. On 4Q365a as well as 4Q158, see below p. 40. For full details of the Accordance modules, see the respective Read Me files. 7 In addition to the DJD series we employed for this purpose the following text editions: For the Aramaic Levi Document we used H. Drawnel, An Aramaic Wisdom Text from Qumran: A New Interpretation of the Levi Document (JSJSup 86: Leiden: Brill, 2004). For Enochic literature we used M. Albani, Astronomie und Schöpfungsglaube: Untersuchungen zum astronomischen Henochbuch (WMANT 68; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1994); M. Black, The Book of Enoch or I Enoch: A New English Edition with Commentary and Textual Notes (SVTP 7; Leiden: Brill, 1985); G. W. E. Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1: A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch, Chapters 1–36; 81–108 (Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001); J. T. Milik (ed.), The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumrân Cave 4 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1976). For the Book of Giants we used L. T. Stuckenbruck, The Book of

18 © 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525550281 — ISBN E-Book: 9783647550282

Typology of Citationality

was mechanically copied. Instead we scrutinized each supposed allusion and quotation by way of Accordance and other means. But the mechanical parameters of modern electronic search engines alone allow neither for a certain identification of quotations and allusions nor help with the categorization of identified intertextual references. Both the existing lists and the Accordance searches were no more but also no less than the starting point of our work. Each supposed intertextual reference needed to be analyzed carefully before we classified it as an intertextual reference. But before we can describe our criteria for the classification of intertextual references a question needs to be asked: What is a quotation and what is an allusion?

1. The Typology of Citationality Any study of intertextual references in ancient Jewish texts should contextualize their use of quotations and allusions within other ancient literatures. While such a comparison cannot be facilitated here and has to our knowledge not yet been done, one example of how the Derveni Papyrus employs the works of the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus might suffice to demonstrate that ancient Judaism is comparable to other ancient cultures in how it quotes texts or alludes to them. The Derveni Papyrus attests to a lemmatic allegorical commentary on an Orphic poem. In the introduction of this commentary, the Derveni author quotes Heraclitus. 5 Á¸ÌÛҍ [̸ĤÌ]Ûҍ HÉҗÚÁÂҚ¼ѽÀÌÇË Ä¸Ҟ[ÉÌÍÉĠļÅÇË] ÌҗÛ ÁÇÀÅÛ 6 Á¸Ìҗ[¸ÊÌÉñ]ÎҚ¼À ÌÛ ċ»Қ[À]¸ҍж ĞÊÈ¼É ċÁ¼ÂҚ¸ҍ [ÒÊÌÉÇ]ÂĠºÑÀ ÂñºÑÅ [ìξж] 7 “øÂÀҗ[ÇË ...].ÇÍ Á¸ÌÛ ÎҚįÊÀÅ ÒÅҚ¿ÉÑ[ȾĒÇÍ] ¼ѽħÉÇË ÈÇ»ĠË [ëÊÌÀ,]” 8 Ìġ ÄҞ[ñº¼¿Ç]Ë ÇĤÏ ĨȼѽɹÚÂÂÑÅ ¼ĊÁҚ[ĠÌ¸Ë Çĥ]ÉÇÍË ¼[ĥÉÇÍË] 9 [îÇıж ¼Ċ »ò Ä]ûҞ,