Behavioral Neuroscience [9 ed.] 2019019280, 9781605359076

Table of contents :
Cover
Behavioral Neuroscience - Ninth Edition
Copyright
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Media and Supplements
For the Student
Companion Website (bn9e.com)
BioPsychology NewsLink (bn9e.com/news)
For the Instructor
Ancillary Resource Center (oup-arc.com)
Interoperable Course Cartridge
Value Options
eBook
Looseleaf Textbook
1 Introduction: Scope and Outlook
Machine or Human?
1.1 The Brain Is Full of Surprises
BOX 1.1 We Are All Alike, and We Are All Different
1.2 Three Approaches Relate Brain and Behavior
1.3 Behavioral Neuroscientists Use Several Levels of Analysis
1.4 The History of Research on the Brain and Behavior Begins in Antiquity
BOX 1.2 Bigger Better? The Case of the Brain and Intelligence
The Cutting Edge: Behavioral Neuroscience Is Advancing at a Tremendous Rate
Visual Summary
PART I: Biological Foundations of Behavior
2 Functional Neuroanatomy: The Cells and Structures of the Nervous System
A Stimulating Experience
2.1 Specialized Cells Make Up the Nervous System
BOX 2.1 Visualizing the Cells of the Brain
2.2 The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions
BOX 2.2 Three Customary Orientations for Viewing the Brain and Body
2.3 The Brain Shows Regional Specialization of Functions
2.4 Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish the Brain
2.5 Brain-Imaging Techniques Reveal the Structure and Function of the Living Human Brain
BOX 2.3 Isolating Specific Brain Activity
The Cutting Edge: Two Heads Are Better Than One
Visual Summary
3 Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals
The Laughing Brain
3.1 Electrical Signals Are the Vocabulary of the Nervous System
BOX 3.1 Voltage Clamping and Patch Clamping
BOX 3.2 Changing the Channel
3.2 Synapses Transmit Information from One Neuron to Another
3.3 Action Potentials Cause the Release of Transmitter Molecules into the Synaptic Cleft
3.4 Gross Electrical Activity of the Brain Is Readily Detected
The Cutting Edge: Optogenetics: Using Light to Probe Brain-Behavior Relationships
Visual Summary
4 The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology
The Birth of a Pharmaceutical Problem Child
4.1 Synaptic Transmission Involves a Complex Electrochemical Process
4.2 Many Neurotransmitters Have Been Identified
4.3 Neurotransmitter Systems Form a Complex Array in the Brain
BOX 4.1 Pathways for Neurotransmitter Synthesis
4.4 The Effects of a Drug Depend on Its Site of Action and Dose
4.5 Drugs Affect Each Stage of Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission
4.6 Some Neuroactive Drugs Ease the Symptoms of Injury or Psychiatric Illness
4.7 Some Neuroactive Drugs Are Used to Alter Conscious Experiences
4.8 Substance Abuse and Addiction Are Worldwide Social Problems
The Cutting Edge: Uncovering the Insula
Visual Summary
5 Hormones and the Brain
Crafting a Personality through Hormones
5.1 Hormones Have Many Actions in the Body
5.2 Hormones Have a Variety of Cellular Actions
BOX 5.1 Techniques of Modern Behavioral Endocrinology
5.3 Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones
The Cutting Edge: Bones Secrete Hormones to Regulate Appetite
5.4 Hormones Regulate Social Behaviors and Vice Versa
Visual Summary
PART II: Evolution and Development of the Nervous System
6 Evolution of the Brain and Behavior
We Are Not So Different, Are We?
6.1 How Did the Enormous Variety of Species Arise on Earth?
6.2 Why Should We Study Other Species?
BOX 6.1 Why Should We Study Particular Species?
BOX 6.2 To Each Its Own Sensory World
6.3 All Vertebrate Brains Share the Same Basic Structures
6.4 The Evolution of Vertebrate Brains Reflects Changes in Behavior
6.5 Many Factors Led to the Rapid Evolution of a Large Cortex in Primates
BOX 6.3 Evolutionary Psychology
6.6 Evolution Continues Today
The Cutting Edge: Are Humans Still Evolving?
Visual Summary
7 Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior
Overcoming Blindness
7.1 Neural Development Is Guided by the Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Factors
7.2 Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages
BOX 7.1 Transgenic and Knockout Mice
BOX 7.2 Degeneration and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue
7.3 Lifelong Synapse Rearrangement Is Guided by Experience
7.4 Experience Can Alter Gene Expression to Affect Brain Development
The Cutting Edge: Harnessing Glia to Reverse an Inherited Brain Disorder
7.5 The Brain Continues to Change as We Grow Older
Visual Summary
PART III: Perception and Action
8 General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain
What's Hot? What's Not?
SENSORY PROCESSING
8.1 Sensory Receptor Organs Detect Energy or Substances
8.2 Sensory Information Processing Is Selective and Analytical
BOX 8.1 Synesthesia
TOUCH: MANY SENSATIONS BLENDED TOGETHER
8.3 Skin Is a Complex Organ That Contains a Variety of Sensory Receptors
PAIN: AN UNPLEASANT BUT ADAPTIVE EXPERIENCE
8.4 Human Pain Can Be Measured
The Cutting Edge: Evolving an Indifference to Toxins
8.5 Pain Can Be Difficult to Control
Visual Summary
9 Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell
No Ear for Music
HEARING
9.1 Pressure Waves in the Air Are Perceived as Sound
BOX 9.1 The Basics of Sound
9.2 Auditory Signals Run from Cochlea to Cortex
9.3 Pitch Information Is Encoded in Two Complementary Ways
9.4 Brainstem Auditory Systems Are Specialized for Localizing Sounds
9.5 The Auditory Cortex Processes Complex Sounds
9.6 Hearing Loss Is a Major Disorder of the Nervous System
VESTIBULAR PERCEPTION
9.7 An Inner Ear System Senses Gravity and Acceleration
THE CHEMICAL SENSES: TASTE AND SMELL
9.8 Chemicals in Foods Are Perceived as Tastes
The Cutting Edge: More Than a Matter of Taste
9.9 Chemicals in the Air Elicit Odor Sensations
Visual Summary
10 Vision: From Eye to Brain
When Seeing Isn't Seeing
10.1 The Retina Transduces Light into Neuronal Activity
10.2 Properties of the Retina Shape Many Aspects of Our Vision
10.3 Neural Signals Travel from the Retina to Several Brain Regions
BOX 10.1 Eyes with Lenses Have Evolved in Several Phyla
10.4 Neurons at Different Levels of the Visual System Have Very Different Receptive Fields
10.5 Color Vision Depends on Special Channels from the Retinal Cones through Cortical Area V4
BOX 10.2 Most Mammalian Species Have Some Color Vision
10.6 The Many Cortical Visual Areas Are Organized into Two Major Streams
10.7 Visual Neuroscience Can Be Applied to Alleviate Some Visual Deficiencies
The Cutting Edge: Seeing the Light
Visual Summary
11 Motor Control and Plasticity
What You See Is What You Get
11.1 The Behavioral View Considers Reflexes versus Plans
11.2 Neuroscience Reveals Hierarchical Systems
11.3 The Spinal Cord Is a Crucial Link in Controlling Body Movement
11.4 Pathways from the Brain Control Different Aspects of Movements
BOX 11.1 Cortical Neurons Can Guide a Robotic Arm
11.5 Extrapyramidal Systems Also Modulate Motor Commands
The Cutting Edge: Cerebellar Glia Play a Role in Fine Motor
11.6 Brain Disorders Can Disrupt Movement
BOX 11.2 Prion-Like Neurodegeneration May Be at Work in Parkinson's
Visual Summary
PART IV: Biological Foundations of Behavior
12 Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases
Genitals and Gender: What Makes Us Male and Female?
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
12.1 Reproductive Behavior Can Be Divided into Four Stages
12.2 The Neural Circuitry of the Brain Regulates Reproductive Behavior
The Cutting Edge: Sexual Experience Solidifies Neural Circuits for Mating
12.3 The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior Is Diversity
12.4 For Many Vertebrates, Parental Care Determines Offspring Survival
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION
12.5 Sex Determination and Sexual Differentiation Occur Early in Development
12.6 Gonadal Hormones Direct Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior
BOX 12.1 The Paradoxical Sexual Differentiation of the Spotted Hyena
12.7 Do Fetal Hormones Masculinize Human Behaviors in Adulthood?
Visual Summary
13 Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment
Harsh Reality TV
13.1 Homeostasis Maintains a Consistent Internal Environment: The Example of Thermoregulation
BOX 13.1 Physiological and Behavioral Thermoregulation Are Integrated
FLUID REGULATION
13.2 Water Shuttles between Two Body Compartments
13.3 Two Internal Cues Trigger Thirst
FOOD AND ENERGY REGULATION
13.4 Nutrient Regulation Helps Prepare for Future Needs
13.5 A Hypothalamic Appetite Controller Integrates Multiple Hunger Signals
The Cutting Edge: Friends with Benefits
13.6 Obesity and Eating Disorders Are Difficult to Treat
BOX 13.2 Body Fat Stores Are Tightly Regulated, Even after Surgical Removal of Fat
Visual Summary
14 Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming
When Sleep Gets Out of Control
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS
14.1 Many Animals Show Daily Rhythms in Activity
14.2 The Hypothalamus Houses a Circadian Clock
SLEEPING AND WAKING
14.3 Human Sleep Exhibits Different Stages
14.4 Why and How Did Sleep Evolve?
BOX 14.1 Sleep Deprivation Can Be Fatal
14.5 At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep
The Cutting Edge: Can Individual Neurons Be "Sleepy"?
14.6 Sleep Disorders Can Be Serious, Even Life-Threatening
Visual Summary
PART V: Emotions and Mental Disorders
15 Emotions, Aggression, and Stress
The Hazards of Fearlessness
15.1 Broad Theories of Emotion Emphasize Bodily Responses
BOX 15.1 Lie Detector?
15.2 Did a Core Set of Emotions Evolve in Humans and Other Animals?
15.3 Specialized Neural Mechanisms Mediate the Experience and Expression of Emotions
The Cutting Edge: Synaptic Changes during Fear Conditioning
15.4 Neural Circuitry, Hormones, and Synaptic Transmitters Mediate Violence and Aggression
15.5 Stress Activates Many Bodily Responses
Visual Summary
16 Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders
"The Voice"
16.1 Schizophrenia Is the Major Neurobiological Challenge in Psychiatry
BOX 16.1 Long-Term Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs
16.2 Depression Is the Most Prevalent Mood Disorder
The Cutting Edge: Can Our Genes Tell Us Which Drugs to Use?
BOX 16.2 The Season to Be Depressed?
16.3 Extreme Mood Cycles Define Bipolar Disorder
16.4 There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders
BOX 16.3 Tics, Twitches, and Snorts: The Unusual Character of Tourette's Syndrome
Visual Summary
PART VI: Cognitive Neuroscience
17 Learning and Memory
Trapped in the Eternal Now
FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON LEARNING AND MEMORY
17.1 There Are Several Kinds of Learning and Memory
17.2 Different Forms of Nondeclarative Memory Involve Different Brain Regions
17.3 Successive Processes Capture, Store, and Retrieve Information in the Brain
BOX 17.1 Emotions and Memory
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF MEMORY STORAGE
17.4 Memory Storage Requires Physical Changes in the Brain
17.5 Synaptic Plasticity Can Be Measured in Simple Hippocampal Circuits
The Cutting Edge: Artificial Activation of an Engram
17.6 In the Adult Brain, Newly Born Neurons May Aid Learning
Visual Summary
18 Attention and Higher Cognition
One Thing at a Time
ATTENTION
18.1 Attention Selects Stimuli for Processing
BOX 18.1 Reaction Time Responses, from Input to Output
18.2 Targets of Attention: Attention Alters the Functioning of Many Brain Regions
18.3 Sources of Attention: A Network of Brain Sites Creates and Directs Attention
CONSCIOUSNESS AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
18.4 Consciousness Is a Mysterious Product of the Brain
BOX 18.2 Phineas Gage
The Cutting Edge: Building a Better Mind Reader
Visual Summary
19 Language and Lateralization
Silencing the Inner Voice
BRAIN ASYMMETRY AND LATERALIZATION OF FUNCTION
19.1 The Left and Right Hemispheres Are Different
BOX 19.1 The Wada Test
19.2 Right-Hemisphere Damage Impairs Specific Types of Cognition
19.3 Left-Hemisphere Damage Can Cause Aphasia
19.4 Competing Models Describe the Left-Hemisphere Language System
VERBAL BEHAVIOR: SPEECH AND READING
19.5 Language Has Both Learned and Unlearned Components
BOX 19.2 Williams Syndrome Offers Clues about Language
BOX 19.3 Vocal Behavior in Birds and Other Species
19.6 Reading Skills Are Difficult to Acquire and Frequently Impaired
RECOVERY OF FUNCTION AFTER BRAIN DAMAGE
19.7 Stabilization and Reorganization Are Crucial for Recovery of Function
BOX 19.4 The Amazing Resilience of a Child’s Brain
The Cutting Edge: Contact Sports Can Be Costly
Visual Summary
Appendix
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index

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