Bar Hill: A Roman Fort and its Finds 9780904531183, 9781407317854

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Abbreviations
Bibliography
THE LOCATION OF BAR HILL
HISTORY OF THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1902-1905, AND THE FINDS
STRUCTURAL REMAINS
CATALOGUE OF FINDS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX
INDEX

Citation preview

Bar Hill: A Roman Fort and its Finds Anne Robertson, Margaret Scott and Lawr ence Keppie

British Archaeological Reports I 6 1 975

British Archaeological Reports 122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England GENERAL EDITORS

A.C.C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y.M. Hands

A.R. Hands, B.Sc ., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, B.A. ADVISORY EDITORS

Neil C ossons, M.A., F.S.A., F.M.A. q .B. Burgess, M.A. Professor B.W. C unliffe, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. Sonia C hadwick Ha wkes, B.A., M.A., F.S.A. Professor G.D.B. Jones, M.A., D.Phil., F.S.A. Frances Lynch, M.A., F.S.A. P.A. Mellars, M.A., Ph.D. P.A. Rahtz, M.A. , F.S.A.

B.A.R. 16, 1975: "Bar Hill: a Roman Fort and its Finds" (OAnne Robertson, Margaret Scott and Lawrence Keppie The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531183 paperback ISBN 9781407317854 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531183 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS Page L IST OF F IGURES ABBREV IAT IONS B IBL IOGRAPHY LOCAT ION OF BAR H ILL

b y Anne S . Rober tson

1

H ISTORY OF THE EXCAVAT IONS

b y Anne S . Rober tson

4

b y L . J . F . Kepp ie

6

OF 1 902-1905 AND THE F INDS STRUCTURAL RE MA INS CATALOGUE OF F INDS : STONE TO CLAY

b y L . J . F . Kepp ie

S AM : IAN WARE

b y Kay Docher ty a nd

3 1 1 27

Fe l ic ity C . Wi ld COARSE WARE

b y Anne S . Rober tson

1 38

Amphora S ta mps

b y L . J . F . Kepp ie

1 38

Mor tar iu m S ta mps

b y Ka thar ine Har t ley

1 42

b y Anne S . Rober tson

1 69

b y Anne S . Rober tson

1 74

( excep t f or amphora a nd mor tar iu m s ta mps )

THE CO INS S U M MARY AND CONCLUS IONS I NDEX I LLUSTRAT IONS

1 79 t b y Margaret E . S cot

L IST OF F IGURES F IGURE

Page

1

l The An ton ine Wal

2

2

l: Bar H il

L oca t ion

3

3

l: Bar H il

For t let

7

4

l: Bar H il

An ton ine For t

5

l: Bar H il

Pr inc ip ia

1 3

6

l: Bar H il

l The Wel

1 5

7

l: Bar H il

L ayou t o f Barracks

1 9

8

l: Bar H il

Ba thhouse

9

S tone

9

2 1

1 1-12

3 7

1 0

S tone

1 3-17

3 9

1 1

S tone

1 8-22

4 1

1 2

S tone

4 4-49

4 4

1 3

S tone

5 2-62

4 7

1 4

Wood

1

4 9

1 5

Wood

2 -6

5 1

1 6

Wood

7 -12

1 7

Wood

1 3-18;

1 8

Bone a nd Horn

1 9

L eather , Carbat inae

5 3 Bone

2 -3

5 7

1 , 6 -10

5 8

1 -10

6 1

2 0

Leather , Carba t inae

1 1-18

2 1

Leather , Carbat inae

2 1-30, S occ i

6 3 1 -2 , S o leae

1 -3

6 7

2 2

L eather , Ca lce i

1 -15

2 3

L eather , Ca lce i

1 6-31

7 3

2 4

Leather , Ca lce i

3 2-48

7 7

2 5

L ea ther , Ca lce i

4 9-57

2 6

L eather , Ca lce i

5 8-61, Ten ts , e tc.

2 7

L ea ther , v ar ious

2 8

L eather

3 9 ;

7 1

S

2 8-38

Rope , e tc.

5 -27

7 9 8 1 8 9

1 -2

9 1

2 9

Bronze

1 -9

9 3

3 0

Bronze

1 0-14 , 1 6

9 5

3 1

Bronze

1 5 ;

3 2

I ron

4 -17

1 01

3 3

I ron

1 8-22

1 03

3 4

I ron

2 3-33

1 05

3 5

I ron

3 4, 3 6-38

1 07

3 6

I ron

3 5

1 09

3 7

I ron

3 9-56

1 10

3 8

I ron

5 8-63

1 13

3 9

I ron

6 5-78

4 0

I ron

7 9-82 ;

I ron

1 -3

9 7

1 15 L ead

1 -4

1 17

4 1

G lass

5 -11

1 19

4 2

G lass

1 2-25

1 21

4 3

C lay

3 -14

1 23

F IGURE 4 4

Page C lay

1 5-19 ;

S am ian s ta mps

1 -7

1 25

4 5

S am ian , d ecorated

2 -16

4 6

S am ian , d ecora ted

1 7-32

1 35

4 7

S am ian , d ecorated

3 5-52

1 37

4 8

Amphora s ta mps

4 9

Mor tar iu m s ta mps

5 0

Mor tar ia a nd p itchers

5 1

F lagons a nd l arge j ars

1 53

5 2

Large j ars a nd j ars

1 57

fit 1 -6, g raf i

1 33

1 -8

1 -19

1 41 1 47 1 51

5 3

l j Smal ars a nd b ow ls

1 59

5 4

t ers Bow ls , p lat , e tc.

1 63

5 5

B lack-burn ished ( 1 )

1 65

5 6

B lack-burn ished ( 1 ) a nd b lack-burn ished ( 2 )

1 67

5 7

B lack-burn ished ( 2 )

1 68

ABBREV IAT IONS

AA 4 ,AA 5

Archaeo log ia Ael iana , 4 th s er ies , 5 th s er ies.

AE

L 'Annee

An t. J .

An t iquar ies J ourna l

Arch. Ca mbr .

Archaeo log ia Ca mbrens is

Arch. J .

Archaeo log ica l J ourna l

Arch. Ro m. Br it.

The Archaeo logy o f Ro man Br ita in , R .G .

p igraph ique

lingwood a Col nd I .A. R ich mond , 1 969. AWR l ( Bar H il 1906 )

l Repor The An ton ine Wal t , 1 899 l, G The Ro man F or ts o n t he Bar H il . Macdona ld a nd A . Park , 1 906.

BBCS

l et Bul in o f t he Board o f Cel t ic S tud ies

B IA

l et Bul in o f t he I ns t itu te o f Archaeo logy

BJ

Bonner J ahrbücher

BM

Br it ish Museu m

B i v iQ

Br it ish Museu m Quar ter ly

Br it . Ro m.

Br itann ia Ro mana , J . Hors ley , 1 732.

Ca l. Ro m .2

Ca ledon ia Ro mana , R . S tuar t , e d. 2 , 1 852.

CGP

t ers, J Cen tra l Gau l ish P ot .A. S tan f ie ld a nd Grace S i mpson , 1 958.

C IL

Corpus I nscr ip t ionu m L a t inaru m

CR

C lass ica l Rev iew

CW 2

Transac t ions o f t he Cu mber land & West mor land An t iquar ian & Archaeo log ica l S oc iety , 2 nd s er ies. te J . Deche let , L es Vases Cera m iques

o rnes

d e l a

Gau le Ro ma ine , 1 904. EE

Ephe mer is Ep igraph ica

GAJ

G lasgow Archaeolog ica l J ourna l

HM

Hunter ian Museu m

I EJ

I srae l Exp lora t ion J ourna l

I t in . S ep t .

I t inerar iu m S ep ten tr iona le , A . G ordon , 1 726.

J . G lass S tud ies

J ourna l o f G lass S tud ies

JRS

J ourna l o f Ro man S tud ies

MRI

Monu men ta Ro man i Imperi i

NMA

Na t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu it ies , Ed inburgh.

0

[ J. Anderson ], 1 771.

F. Oswa ld , I ndex o f F igure Types o n T erra S ig il ta , la 1 937.

PBSR PSAN 4

Papers o f t he Br it ish S choo l a t Ro me Proceed ings o f t he S oc iety o f An t iquar ies o f Newcast le , 4 th s er ies.

PSAS

Proceed ings o f t he S oc iety o f An t iquar ies o f S co t land

RE

Rea lencyc lopäd ieder k lass ischen A l ter tu msw issens chaf t

R IB

The Ro man I nscr ip t ions o f Br ita in , e d .

R . G .

lingwood a Col nd R . P . Wr igh t , v o l. i , 1 965. RLO

Der r öm ische L i mes i n Osterre ich

R WS 2

The Ro man Wal l i nScot land , G . Macdona ld , e d . 2 , 1 934.

S J T it . Hun t.

S aa lburg J ahrbuch T itu l i H un ter ian i, An Accoun t o f t he Ro man S tonesin t he Hun ter ian Museu m , J . Macdona ld , 1 897.

Wes td. Korr.

t Westdeu tsche Korrespondenzb lat

B IBL IOGRAPHY Works r eferred t o b y s i te-na me a nd a uthor Ardoch , J . Anderson

' Not ices o f t he Pot , Bronze, a nd t ery o ther Ar t icles f ound d ur ing t he Excavat ions ' ( a t Ardoch ), PSAS 1 898, 4 53.

Ba l mu i ldy , S .N . Mil l er

The Ro man For t a t Ba l mu i ldy , 1 922.

Bearsden , D .J. Breeze

The Ro man For t a t Bearsden :

1 973

Excava t ions , 1 974. B irdoswa ld , J . Mc In tyre a nd I .A. R ich mond B irrens , Anne S . Rober tson Brad ing , H .F. C leere

' Ten ts o f t he Ro man Ar my a nd t he 934, 6 2. L eather a t B irdoswa ld ', CW 2 1 B irrens ( Blarobu lg iu ml , 1 975. ' Ro man Do mes t ic I ronwork a s i lustrated l b y t he Brad ing , I s le o f Wight , V il ', la B IA 1 958, 5 5.

Bra mpton , W. H . Mann ing

' A Hoard o f Ro mano-Br it ish I ronwork f ro m Bra mpton , Cu mber land ', CW 2 1 966 , 1f .

Cadder , J . C larke

The Ro man For t a t Cadder , 1 933.

Ca melon , M. Buchanan

' Accoun t o f t he Excavat ion o f t he Ro man S ta t ion o f Ca me lon ', e tc., P SAS 1 901, 3 29.

Ca mu lodunu m , C . F.C. Hawkes

Ca mu lodunu m , 1 947.

a nd M .R. Hul l Cast lecary , J . Anderson

' Not ice o f t he Pot , Bronze , a nd t ery o ther Ob jects f ound d ur ing t he Excavat ions a t Cast lecary ', PSAS 1 903, 3 30.

Cast ledykes , Anne S . Rober tson Croy , G . Macdona ld

T he Ro man For t a t Cas t ledvkes , 1 964. ' Notes o n t he Ro man For ts a t O ld K ilpatr ick a nd Croy H il tc.' P SAS l, e 1 932 , 2 19.

Dun tocher , Anne S . Rober tson

An An ton ine For t , Golden H il l, Dun tocher , 1 957.

E buracu m , RCH M

An I nven tory o f t he H istor ica l Monu men ts i n t he C ity o f York , Vo l. i :

Eburacu m ,

Ro man York , 1 962. F endoch , I .A. R ich mond a nd J . Mc In tyre F ishbourne , B . W . Cun l if fe

' The Agr ico lan F or t a t F endoch t, P SAS 1 939 , 1 10 Excava t ions a t F ishbourne , 1 961-1969 , Vo l. i :

T he F inds , 1 971.

F ishbourne , D .B. Harden a nd J . Pr ice F ishbourne , W.H. Mann ing

' The G lass ', i n B .W . C un l if , fe 3 17. ' The I ron Pad lock ', i n B .W . Cun l if , fe

2 . 2 .c i t ., 1 40. Gadebr idge , D .S . N ea l

T he Excava t ion o f t he Ro man V il n la i G adebr idge P ark , He me l H e mps tead , 1 963-8 , 1 974.

G adebr idge , D .S . N ea l a nd S .A . Bu tcher G adebr idge , W. H . Mann ing

l aneous Ob ' M iscel jec ts o f Bronze ', i n

_ p .c i t ., 1 28. D .S . N ea l , 2 ' Ob jec ts o f I ron ', i n D .S . Nea l , 1 57.

Hardknot thy Char leswor th t, Doro a nd J .N . T horn ton

' Lea ther f ound i n Med iobogdu m , t he Roman F or t o f Hardkno tt ', Br itann ia 1 973 , 1 41.

Hod H il .W . Bra i lsford l, J

l, v Hod H il o l. i : An t iqu i t ies f ro m Hod l i l ec H il n t he Durden Col t ion , 1 962.

Hod H il .A . R ich mond l, I

l, Vo Hod H il l. i :

Excavat ions c arr ied

o ut b e tween 1 951 a nd 1 958 ,e tc., 1 968. Hofhe im , E . R it l ing t er

Das f r t ihrö m ische L ager b e i H ofhe i m im T aunus

Minz ing , F .-R. Herr mann

1 913.

l ' Der E isenhor t fund a us d e m Kas tel K t inz ing ', S J 1 969 , 1 29.

L e icester , K .M . K enyon

l S Excava t ions a t t he J ewry Wal i te , L e icester , 1 948.

L , yne , D . Chr ist ison

' Excava t ion

o f t he Ro man Ca mp a t Lyne ,

P eeb lessh ire ', e tc., P SAS 1 901, 1 54. Mu mr il , G . Macdona ld a nd ls A .O. Cur le Newstead , J . C ur le

ls ' The Ro man F or t a t Mu mr il , n ear F a lk irk ', PSAS 1 929 , 3 96 . A Ro man Fron t ier P os t a nd i t s P eop le : T he F or t o f N ewstead i n t he Par ish o f Me lrose , 1 911.

Nans tal , A i leen F ox a nd l on W. Ravenh il l Oakwood , K .A . S teer a nd R .W . F eache m O ld K i lpa tr ick , S . N. M il l er R ichborough , J .P . Bushe-Fox

l on l', ' The Ro man F or t a t Nans tal , Cornwal Br itann ia 1 972 , 5 6. ' The Ro man F or t a nd T e mporary Ca mp a t Oakwood , S e lk irksh ire ', P SAS 1 952 , 8 1. T he Ro man F or t a t O ld K i lpatr ick , 1 928. F our th Repor t o n t he Excavat ions o f t he Roman F or t a t R ichborough , K en t , 1 949.

R ichborough , A .M . Henderson

l Ob ' Smal jec ts i n Me ta l , Bone , G lass , ' . 2 . c i t ., 1 06. e tc., i n J .P . Bushe-Fox , 2

fe R ichborough , B .W . Cun l if

F if th Repor t o n t he Excavat ion o f t he Ro man F or t a t R ichborough , K en t , 1 968.

R ichborough , M. G . Wi lson

' Other Ob jects o f Bronze , S i lver , L ead , fe Bone a nd S tone ', i n B . W . Cun l if , o p.c it ., 9 3.

Rough Cast le , M. Buchanan

' Repor t o n t he S oc iety 's Excava t ion o f Rough Cast le o n t he Anton ine Va l iu m ', PSAS 1 905 , 4 42.

S aa lburg , A .L . Busch

' D ie r ö merze it l ichen S chuh- u nd L ederle S f unde d er Kastel aa lburg , Z ug mante l u nd K le iner F e ldberg ', S T 1 965 , 1 58.

S aa lburg , L . J acob i T hree Hoards, S . P iggot t

l S Das Rö merkastel aa lburg , 1 897. ' Three Meta l-work Hoards o f t he Ro man Per iod f ro m S outhern S cot land ', PSAS 1 953, 1 .

Va lkenburg , W. Groen man

i t Va lkenburu , Ro me ins L ederwerk ‚l Z . H., 1 967.

The G lass ' i n S .S . Frere Veru la m iu m Veru la m iu m , Doro thy Char leswor th ' Excavat ions , v o l. i , 1 972, 1 96. V erula m iu m , W. H. Mann ing

' The I ron Ob jects ', i n S .S . Frere , o p.c it., 1 63.

Veru la m iu m , I T . Waugh a nd R . G oodburn Veru la m iu m , M. G . Wi lson

' Non-Ferrous Ob jects ', i n S .S . Frere , _ p .c it., 1 15. p ' The O ther Pot ', i n S .S . F rere , t ery o p.c it., 2 65.

t V indon issa , E . E t linger

V indon issa I lustrata , 1 962. l

V indon issa , A . Gansser-

Das L eder u nd s e ine Verarbe itung im

Burckhard t

r öm ischen L ec r ions lager V indon issa, 1 942.

v ood Westerv , G . Macdonald

' Notes o n t he Ro man F or ts a t Rough Cas t le a nd Westerwood ', P SAS 1 933, 2 43.

fe Winchester , B . W . Cun l if

Winchester Excava t ions 1 949-1960 , Vo l. i , 1 964.

Wroxeter ,D. A tk inson

Repor t o n Excavat ions a t Wroxeter , 1 923-1927, 1 942.

—

—

THE LOCAT ION OF BAR H ILL ( NS 7 08759 ) b y Anne S . Rober tson

l, Twechar Bar H il , Dunbar tonsh ire , l i es a bou t 1 6 m i les ( 25 km ) f ro m l a t he wes t e nd o f t he An ton ine Wal nd a bou t 2 0 m iles ( 34 km ) f ro m i t s e as t l, l e nd ( F ig. 1 ) . I t was t he s i te o f t he h ighest f or t o n t he An ton ine Wal y ing a bou t 4 95 f t ( 148-9 m ) a bove s ea l eve l. l l l, a T o t he n or th-eas t o f Bar H il i es Cas t le H il bou t 5 05 f t( 151.5 m ) a bove s ea l eve l.

l ' The v iew f ro m t he t op o f Cast le H il the mos t f avourab le

p o in t f or t he p urpose -is v ery e x tens ive.

On t he n or th , v is ib le i n i t s c o m-

l ey t p leteness f ro m e nd t o e nd , s tre tches t he l ow v al ha t r uns f ro m For th t o C lyde.

ls a Across t he i n terven ing r iver Ke lv in f rown t he Ca mps ie H il nd

l t he ir s is ter h i ls , f or m ing a n impos ing n a tura l b u lwark t o t he " nor thern r ea l ms o f a nc ien t Ca ledon ."

t er o As a mat f f act , when t he s pecta tor t urns

t e astward , h is a ten t ion i s im med ia te ly a rrested b y t he d eep d epress ion t ha t l marks t s t il he c ourse o f t he g rea t D itch d ug b y t he Ro man l eg ions.

H is e ye

l l l t wou ld f ind i te asy t o f o low t he l ine a l t he way f ro m Croy H il o t he v ery s pot where h e i s s tand ing .

S o me t h ir ty o r f or ty y ards b enea th h im i ts weeps

l, h a long t he n or thern f ace o f t he C as t le H il ewn n ine f ee t d eep i n to t he s o l id r ock , a nd p asses away t o t he w est . l). o f t he c o mpan ion Ra mpar t ( or Wal

l d Beh ind i ta re s t il iscern ib le t he t races l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 2 .

l f l a I n a pproach ing Bar H il ro m t he e as t , t he An ton ine Wal nd D itch s w ing l w n or thwards t o e nc lose Cas t le H il ith in t he Ro man f ron t ier.

The M il itary

Way , h owever , ma in ta ined a more s ou th wes ter ly c ourse u n t i l , a t ad is tance o f a bou t 3 00 f t( 90 m ) f ro m t he f or t , i td iv ided i n to t wo b ranches , o ne mak ing f or t he e as t g a te o f t he f or t , a nd t he o ther a ng l ing n or thwards t o r un , s url a p r is ing ly , b e tween t he An ton ine Wal nd t he n or th r a mpar t o f t he f or t ( F ig. 2 ) . l s An An ton ine Wal i te s o i mpress ive a nd c o m mand ing h as o f c ourse a tt l ( t racted t he a ten t ion o f a n t iquar ies o ver many c entur ies , Bar H il 1906 ), 5 7 .

Among t he m S ir Rober t S ibba ld ( H istor ica l I nqu ir ies , 1 707 , 2 9 ), A lexander

G ordon ( I t inerar iu m S ep ten ten tr iona le , 1 726 , 5 4-55 ), J ohn Hors ley ( Br itann ia Ro mana , 1 732 , 1 69,

lia m Roy ( Wil M i l itary An t iqu it ies o f t he Ro mans i n

Nor th Br i ta in , 1 793, 1 60 ), a nd R . S tuar t ( Ca ledon ia Ro mana , 1 845 , 3 31), h ave r ecorded t he g radua l d isappearance o f s ur face r e ma ins o f t he f or t . N ever the less , a t t he t ime o f t he p ub l ica t ion o f t he G lasgow Archaeo log ica l l Repor S oc iety 's An ton ine Wal t ( 1899 ), i t was t he c ase t ha t ' t he o ut l ine o f t he l b l s ta t ion c an s t il e made o u t i n t he f i e ld ihe i nden t o f t he d itch a l r ound b e ing l a r ead ily t raceab le , a s w el s t he r ounded c orners o f t he e nc losure '. ( A WR , 9 4 ).

1

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H ISTORY OF THE EXCAVAT IONS OF 1 902-1905 , AND THE F INDS b y Anne S . Rober tson When t he An ton ine Wal it f t he G lasgow Archaeo log ica l S oc iety l Co mm t ee o was c ut he f irs t s ect ions t hrough t he An ton ine D i tch , t he t ur f Wal nd ting t l, a t he M i l i tary Way b eh ind t he Wal n 1 890-1893, l abour f or t he s ec t ions o n l, i Croy H il nd Bar H il rov ided b y t he l andowner , Mr . A lexander l a l was p Wh i te law o f G ar tshore.

I n 1 902 Mr . Wh i te law a ga in o fered t he u se o f l abour , f

a t h is own e xpense , f or t he e xp lora t ion o f t he f or t o n t he Bar H il p ro jec t l, a wh ich l asted f or a l mos t f our y ears. T he e xcava t ions w ere d irec ted b y Dr . ( l a ter S ir ) G eorge Macdona ld a nd Mr . A lexander Park , o f t he f am i ly wh ich h as l ong a dm in istered t he G ar tshore Es ta tes.

Mr . Wh i te law h i mse lf k ep t i n c lose t ouch w ith t he p rogress o f t he

work a nd h is h ead f ores ter , Mr . J ohn Mc In tosh , was i n d irec t c harge o f t he e s ta te workers who c arr ied o u t t he a ctua l e xcava t ion . I t was i n f ac t t he k een o bserva t ion o f t hese men wh ich l ed t o t he d iscovery o f t he wel n t he v ery f irs t morn ing o f t he e xcava t ion , Nove mber 2 0 , 1 902. l o ' The s po t ...chosen f or a tack l ay a l mos t e xac t ly i n t he m idd le o f t he f or t . I t t h ad l ong b een r e markab le f or i t s p ecu l iar g reenness i n s pr ing a nd e ar ly s u mmer .

T he s lop ing g round i m med ia te ly t o t he s ou th o f i t , t oo , was f re-

q uen t ly d a mp .

D igg ing s oon r evea led t he c ause o f t hese p heno mena .

L ess

t han a foot b enea th t he s ur face t he workmen s truck t he k erb o f a n o ld w el l.' Bar H il 1906 ) , 8 . l ( T he d iscovery a nd c lear ing o u t o f t he w el prov ided a p ower fu l i ncen t ive l ' t o f ur ther i nvest iga t ion o f t he s i te , a nd t he s ubsequen t o pera t ions , t hough f ru it fu l i n many ways , f urn ished n o e p isode n ear ly s o e xc it ing .' Bar H il l ( 1906 ), 9 .

Never the less a rchaeo log ica l r esu l ts w ere o f a bsorb ing i n teres t ,

t a nd a tracted many d ist ingu ished s cho lars t o t he s i te , among t he m Franc is Haver f ie ld , Professor T .H . Bryce ( Pro fessor o f Anato my , Un ivers ity o f G lasgow ), a nd Mr . T ho mas Ross , who made a s pec ia l s tudy o f t he a rch itect ura l f ragmen ts. l r T he Bar H il epor t was p ub l ished i n 1 906 , a nd a t t ha t t ime t he f inds w ere l a l p reserved a t G ar tshore House o r i n G ar tshore S tab les , where t hey c a me u nder t he p rotect ion o f M iss Mary L a id law .

M iss L a id law w as a t t he t ime a

y oung g ir l emp loyed o n G ar tshore E s ta te , a nd s he h ad f ro m t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he e xcava t ions l ooked a f ter t he f inds a s t hey c a me o u t o f t he g round .

S he

d ied o n ly a few y ears a go a nd h ad p ar t icu lar ly v iv id me mor ies o f t he c lear ing l. o u t o f t he 4 3-f t d eep w el

A t h er own r equest s he was l owered d own t o t he

to m o b ot f i t , i n o rder t o s ee where t he f i nds w ere c om ing f ro m . F or o ver t h ir ty y ears , u n t i l 1 936 , M iss L a id law was t he p ro tec t ing d e ity l f o f t he Bar H il inds.

When a ny o f t he m w en t o n l oan t o e xh ib it ions , f or e x-

amp le t he G lasgow 1 911 Exh ib i t ion , s he s uperv ised t he ir p ack ing , d isp lay a nd r e turn t o G ar tshore.

I n 1 936 s he h e lped t o a rrange t he f i na l j ourney o f

4

a l mos t a l o f t he g rea t h arves t o f f inds , when Mr . A lexander Wh ite law p resenl t ed t hese t o t he Hun ter ian Museu m.

A smal u mber w ere r e ta ined i n l n

G ar tshore House , u n t i l i t s d e mo l it ion i n 1 959 , when t he r e ma inder w ere p res en ted t o t he Museu m.

S o me i t e ms d escr ibed i n Bar H il 1906 ), w ere n o t l (

t hen t o b e f ound a t G ar tshore , b u t e ven s o t hose n ow i n t he Hun ter ian f orm t he l argest , mos t i n terest ing a nd t hought-provok ing a sse mb lage o f ma ter ia l f ro m l f a n An ton ine Wal or t . l mater I n t he d ecades w h ich h ave p assed s ince 1 936 , t he Bar H il ia l h as b een c leaned , t reated w here n ecessary t o e nsure i t s c on t inued p reserva t ion , i nven tor ied , c lass if ied , a na lysed , s ub jec ted t o s pec ia l ist s tudy a nd r esearch , measured a nd d rawn .

Many h ands a nd minds h ave s hared i n t hese p rocesses

o ver t he y ears. The c lean ing a nd p reserva t ion o f s tone , wood , b one , l eather a nd meta l lia m Hood h ave ma in ly b een t he work o f Mr . Wil , s ubsequen t ly Cura tor o f K irkca ldy Museu m , Mr . Hugh F orbes a nd Mr . Er ic N i m mo , o f t he Hun ter ian Museu m.

The r eg istra t ion a nd c lass if ica t ion o f t he mass o f ma ter ia l i nc lud-

t ery i ng s am ian a nd c oarse p ot , o ccup ied many y ears o f my own t ime. T hroughou t , c onsu lta t ion was s ough t a nd v a luab le a ss is tance r ece ived f ro m l er ( t he l a te S ir G eorge Macdona ld , Mr . S . N. M il Lecturer i n Ro man H is tory , Un ivers i ty o f G lasgow ), Pro fessor S ir I an R ich mond , Professor Er ic B ir ley , t ( Mr . J .G . S cot Keeper o f Archaeo logy , G lasgow Museu m ), Dr . W. Doug las f en S i mpson , Dr . A .E . v an G if , Mr . R .P . Wr igh t , Dr . W. H . Mann ing , t, Mr Dr . D . Bret . J .H . Wa terer a nd Mrs. Kathar ine Har t ley . The i m med ia te p urpose o f t he p resen t p ub l ica t ion i s t o make a va ilab le t o o ther s cho lars a n a ccoun t o f t he r esu lts o f t he 1 902-1905 e xcava t ions i n t he l igh t o f p resen t k now ledge , a nd a c onspectus o f t he f inds.

Those most c lose ly

l s l eagues c oncerned i n t h is l a tes t c hap ter o f t he Bar H il tory h ave b een my c ol t who h i n t he Hun ter ian Museu m , Mrs. Margare t S cot as b een r espons ib le f or l t ery a l t he d raw ings o f f inds i nc lud ing p ot , a nd Mr . L .J.F. Kepp ie , whose r ev iew a nd p lans o f t he s tructura l e v idence , a nd d escr ip t ion o f t he f inds o ther t ery h t han p ot ave p roduced mos t r evea l ing i n for ma t ion .

Miss Kay Docher ty

p rov ided metr ic measure men ts f or t he f inds , Mrs. Ka thar ine Har t ley c ont r ibu ted t he s ec t ion o n t he mor tar iu m s ta mps a nd Mrs. F e l ic ity Wi ld h e lped w i th t he s am ian . l f T he Bar H il inds a re n ow s a fe ly p reserved i n t he Hun ter ian Museu m , Un ivers ity o f G lasgow .

T he s i te i s a lso s a fe.

I ti s n ow owned b y t he F orestry

Co m m iss ion , a nd i s u nder t he g uard iansh ip o f t he Depar t men t o f t he Env ironmen t .

5

S TRUCTURAL RE MAINS b y L .J .F. K epp ie 1 .

THE FORTLET

( F ig . 3 )

Under ly ing t he An ton ine f or t o n Bar H il here was l oca ted t he d i tch s ysl t t em o f a long-ax is r ec tangu lar f or t let , w i th a n a nnexe t o t he w es t .

T he d i-

mens ions o f t he f or t let ( ca lcu la ted o ver t he i nner d i tch ) w ere 1 91 f t ( 58.25 m ) e ast-west b y 1 60 f t ( 48.8 m ) n or th-sou th ;

w i th a lowance f or b er m a nd r a ml

p ar t , t he i n terna l a rea o f t he f or t let c an b e e s t i ma tes a t C . 0 .35 a cres ( 0 .14 h ec tares ).

No t race o f t he r a mpar t i t se l f r e ma ined .

T he f or t le t was d efend-

e d b y as ing le d i tch C . 4 ft ( 1.22 m ) i n d ep th , a nd v ary ing i n w id th f ro m 8 to 1 f t( 2 .44-3.36 m ); 1

a dd it iona l d i tches p ro tec ted t he n or th , e as t a nd s ou th

s ides. T here was a s ing le g ap i n t he d i tch s yste m , t o t he e as t .

T ha t t h is p ro-

v ided t he ma in ( and p robab ly t he o n ly ) a ccess t o t he f or t let was c on f irmed f b y t he e x tra p ro tect ion a forded t o i tb y t he d i tches.

T here was n o g ap i n

t he d i tch o n t he west s ide t o p erm it c o mmun ica t ion b etween t he f or t le t a nd i t s a nnexe ;

i ti s c lear t ha t t he f or t let i t sel f f aced e ast .

The a nnexe was a t l east a s l arge a s t he f ort let i t se l f .

I ti s n o t u n l ike ly

t ha t t h is a nnexe e x tended f ur ther w es t t han was r ea l ised i n 1 902-5 ;

a s s hown

l ( o n Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 2 , i ta ppears u ndu ly t runca ted . T he i nner d i tch was c o mp lete ly s ect ioned a t f our p o in ts , A , B , C , a nd D ( see F ig . 3 ).

A t A , wh ich u nder lay Roo m 4 o f t he An ton ine p r inc ip ia ,

ly p t he d i tch h ad b een c areful acked w i th f reshlook ing t ur f ;

a t B , wh ich

u nder lay t he g ranary , r ando m t urves m ixed w ith s o i l a nd l oose s tones were o bserved .

A t Ca nd D t he d itch w as f ound t o c on ta in a 1 .5 f t ( 0 .46 m )

t er t h ick l ayer o f s i l t a nd ' decayed v ege ta t ion mat '. were n o ted i n t he d i tch s ides a t A , B , a nd D .

Roo ts o f h aze l a nd wh in

ls o Where t he masonry wal f

t he p r inc ip ia p assed o ver t he d i tch , i t was f ound t o b e p acked w ith r ubb le. The d iscovery o f b u t as ing le i t em o f Ro man d a te ( a s hoe ) d ur ing t he c leara nce o f t he d itches s ugges ts e ither t ha t t he o ccupa t ion o f t he f or t let was o f s hor t d ura t ion , o r t ha t s o me c are was t aken t o k eep t he d itches c lear o f r ubb ish . T he e xcava tors were o f t he o p in ion t ha t t he f or t let was F lav ian i n d a te ; t h is c onc lus ion w as b ased p r i mar i ly o n t he e v idence o f t he f our d i tch s ect i ons.

T he p resence o f h aze l a nd wh in r oo ts i n t he d itch s ides , a nd t he

a ccu mu la t ion o f s i l t a t p oin ts C a nd D s uggested a c ons iderab le p er iod o f l n eg lect b efore t he d itches w ere f i led i n p repara t ion f or t he l ay ing o u t o f t he An ton ine f or t . l enged b T h is v iew h as more r ecen t ly b een c hal y Dr . K .A. S teer , who s uggested ( JRS 1 960 , 8 8 ) t ha t t he f or t let w as o f An ton ine , o r p ro to-An toni ne , d a te , i .e. t ha t i tb e longed l ike Dun tocher f or t let t o a n e ar ly s tage i n l f t he p lann ing o f t he An ton ine Wal ront ier l i ne , a nd w as r ep laced a f ter a l -s s hor t p er iod o f o ccupa t ion b y t he f ul ize f or t . I n p ar t icu lar h e p o in ted

6

BAR H ILL

F IG .

3

0

1 00

2 00

0

3 0

6 0

f t

FORTLET UK

t o t he t ur f b locks n oted a t p o in t A , wh ich w ere d escr ibed a s b e ing " in a l ( wonder fu l s ta te o f p reservat ion", Bar H il 1906 ), 1 4. Dr . S teer a rgued t ha t t h is t ur f d er ived f ro m t he f or t let r a mpar t ; i t s f reshness c ou ld b e a sl c r ibed t o t he f ac t t ha t i th ad n o t l ong b een i n p os it ion when r eused a s f i l ing f or t he d itch . However , t he o r ien ta t ion o f t he f or t let f avours a F lav ian d a te.

L ike t he

ly s l n b as ical im i lar f or t let l ocated b e low t he f or t o n Croy H il earby , s hows n o a pprec iat ion o f t he l ine o f t he An ton ine Wal t se lf . l i

I

i t

T he t ur f

b locks " in a wonder fu l s ta te o f p reserva t ion" may h ave b een s pec ial u t ly c t o s erve a s f i l ing ;2 l

mos t p robab ly t he p ack ing o f t he d itch was c on te mpor-

a ry w ith t he c ons truct ion o f t he t ur f r a mpar t o f t he An ton ine f or t . F lav ian d a te f or t he f or t let s ee ms a ltoge ther more p robab le.

A

T he s ugges t ion

o f R .W . F eache m t ha t t he d itches b e long t o a na t ive r a ther t han Ro man s i te 3 h as l i t le t o r eco m mend i t. t

2 .

THE ANTONINE FORT AND I TS DEFENCES

( F ig . 4 )

D i mens ions o f t he F or t T he i n terna l d i mens ions o f t he f or t ( ca lcu la ted a t t he g a teways ) w ere 3 69 f t ( 12.5 m ) n or th-sou th , b y 3 75 f t ( 14.3 m ) e as t-west , g iv ing a n i n1 1 t erna l a rea o f 3 .18 a cres ( 1 .29 h ec tares );

when measured o ver t he r am-

p ar ts t he a rea was 3 .38 a cres ( 1 .37 h ec tares ).

I t was t hus t he f i f th l arges t

nd ( i f Carr iden i s e xo f t he An ton ine Wal or ts whose s ize i s k nown ,4 a l f c luded ) t he o n ly f or t k nown t o h ave b een d e tached f ro m t he Wal t se lf . l i

I n

s hape t he f or t r ese mb led a paral logra m , b u t n o t wo o f i t s s ides w ere le i den t ica l i n l eng th . T he Ra mpar t The r a mpar t was o f t ur f l a id o n as tone b ase 1 2 f t( 3.66 m ) w ide , w ith d ressed k erbstones a nd a r ubb le c ore.

Because o f t he u nevenness o f t he

s i te t he g round h ad b een e verywhere t erraced t o s ecure a leve l f ounda t ion ; t o t he e ast o f t he n or th g a te t he r a mpar tb ase was c ons truc ted o n t wo l eve ls , t he i nner k erb b e ing 6 -8 i n ( 150-200 m m ) h igher t han t he o u ter . c are was t aken a t t he c orners : more t ight ly p acked ;

S pec ia l

t he k erbstones w ere l arger a nd t he c ore

n o t races o f t he f ounda t ions o r s uppor ts f or a ng le

t owers w ere f ound a t a ny o f t he f our c orners.

The r a mpar t s uperstruc ture

s urv ived i n p laces t o a he igh t o f s evera l f eet ;

i n o ne s ect ion c u t a t t he

n or theast c orner i t was e s t i ma ted t hat t he i nner f ace o f t he r a mpar t r ose a t a n a ng le o f c . 7 5 d egrees. The D itches The f or t w as s urrounded b y d oub le V -shaped d itches o n a l s ides e xcep t t he l n or th where , ow ing p robab ly t o t he p rox im ity o f t he An ton ine Wal t sel f , a l i s ing le s l igh t ly b roader a nd d eeper d itch was d ee med s uf ien t . , T he i nner fic d itch r ound t he w es t , s ou th , a nd e ast s ides h ad a c ons tan t w id th o f 1 6 f t( 4.88 m ), a nd a n a verage d ep th o f 7 ft ( 2 .13 m ).

T here w as s o me v ar iat ion i n t he

w id th o f t he o u ter d itch , f ro m 1 3 t o 1 7 f t( 3 .96-5.18 m ); t he w es t .

i tw as n arrowes t o n

T he s ing le n or th d itch was 2 0 f t( 6 .1 m ) w ide a nd 7 .5-8 f t( 2 .28-

8

AN TON IN E FORT

2 .44 m ) d eep.

l ' As w as n ea t ly s hown b y t he e xcava tors , t he o veral dep th ' o f

t he d e fences o n t he w est , s ou th , a nd e ast s ides r e ma ined c ons tan t a t 4 6 f t l f ( 14.03 m ), r a ther l ess t han t he a verage f or An ton ine Wal or ts.

5

A t t he e ast

a nd s outh g a teways t he d oub le d itches w ere l ooped o ver a t r igh t a ng les ;

t here

was n o b reak o ppos ite t he w es t g ate , a lthough b oth d i tches w ere n ot iceab ly s hal t t h is p o in t. l ow a

A t t he n or thwes t a nd n or theas t c orners t he d i tches

merged t o r un a long t he n or th s ide o f t he f or t .

T he g ap i n f ron t o f t he s outh

g ate was masked b y as nug ly-f it i tu lus , 3 0 f t ( 9 .15 m ) i n l eng th , l eaving ting t o n ly a narrow p assageway t o e i ther s ide. T he e as t g a te was d e fended b y a n he e x tended t i tu lus , wh ich r an s outhwards f or a d is tance o f 9 3 f t( 28.36 m ). 6 T a bsence o f a b reak i n t he d i tch s ys te m o ppos ite a g a teway h as p aral ls a t le Cadder , Croy , Dun tocher a nd Westerwood ;7

t here w as n o b reak i n e ither t he

An ton ine Val r D i tch t o ma tch t he n or th g ate o f Bar H il or t -a p o in t lum o l f s pec if ical hecked i n 1 902-5. ly c I n to t he west s ide o f t he o uter w est d i tch was s e t ac ircu lar s tone-bu i lt s tructure , c . 7f t( 2 .13 m ) i n d ia meter ; t he s tonework w as much r eddened b y h ea t . T he d escr ip t ion i n Bar H il 1906 ) s uggests t ha t i t may h ave b een a l ( l imek i ln .8 T he G a teways T he f or t h ad t he n orma l f our g a teways.

T he o veral lans o f t he west , l p

n or th a nd e ast g a tes d if fer o n ly i n d e ta i l a nd may b e c ons idered t ogether :

o n

e ither s ide o f e ach g a teway t he r a mpar tb ase was n ea t ly s quared o f l eav ing f ap assage 1 2 f t 14 f t6 in ( 3 .66-4.42 m ) w ide ;

c lose u p a ga ins t t he r a mpar t

e nds w ere f ound s ets o f 6p ostho les , 3 to e ach s ide.

T he p ostho les h ad b een

c u t i n to t he n atura l c lay t o ad ep th o f 2 ft 2ft 6 in ( 0 .61-0.75 m ).

I n e ach

t here r e ma ined t he c harred s tu mp o f at imber u pr igh t , h e ld t i gh t b y s tone p ack ing ; t he t imber u pr ights were f ound t o b e o f o ak , b ut n o d i mens ions w ere r ecorded . T he t aper ing u pwards o f t he s tu mps may i nd ica te t ha t t he u pr igh ts w ere b urn t t o g round l eve l when t he f or t was a bandoned .9

I t may b e i n ferred

t ha t t he u pr igh ts s uppor ted a c ont inuous g angway p ass ing o ver t he g a te p ass age , w ith a t ower a bove.

T he u pr ights wou ld a lso s erve t o r e ta in t he e nds

o f t he r a mpar t s upers tructure , p erhaps w ith t he a id o f s la ts.

1 0

g a teform w i th i t s s ing le p assageway h as n u merous p aral ls : le

T h is s imp le i t was u sed i n

t he I s t c en tury t imber f or ts a t R ichborough , Hod H il nd F endoch , a t t he l a mi lecast les o n t he t ur f s ect ion o f Hadr ian 's Wal nd a t a l t he An ton ine Wal l, a l l f or ts whose g a te p lans a re k nown i n d e ta i l. 1 I t was s uggested b y t he e xcava tors t ha t t he west , n or th , a nd e ast g a tes a t l w Bar H il ere f lanked b y g ate t owers wh ich b ore t he ma in w e igh t o f t he s truct ure ;

i ti s n o t c lear w hether a ny s earch was made f or p ostho les i n t he r am-

p ar t b ase i t se l f .

l l C o mpar ison w ith o ther f or ts o n t he An ton ine Wal ine s ug-

g ests t ha t ag uard c ha mber , c . 1 4 f t( 4.4 m ) s quare , w as f requen t ly e rected immed ia te ly b eh ind t he r a mpa r t o n o ne o r b oth s ides o f s uch a g a te , w i thou t 2 h owever ( so f ar a s i s k nown ) i ncorporat ing a tower o ver t he r a mpar t i t se l f .1

N o t races o f g uard c ha mbers w ere n oted a t Bar H il l. T he s ou th g a teway a t Bar H il ich h ad a w id th o f 1 2 f t( 3 .66 m ) w as l, wh t hough t t o h ave b een s tone-bu i lt ;

n o p ostho les f or a timber s truc ture w ere

1 0

l oca ted , b u t w ith in t he r a mpar t t races o f c obb le f oundat ions s uggested t ha t t g uard c ha mbers m igh t h ave b een a tached t o t he r a mpar ts t o b oth l e f t a nd ls f r igh t o f t he g a te i t se l f . Two o f t he f our g a teways a t Mu mr il or t a ppear t o h ave b een s tone-bu il t. 1 3 3 .

THE I NTER IOR OF THE FORT

T he p r inc ip ia ( Fig . 5 ) O f t he s tone b u i ld ings w ith in t he f or t t he p r inc ip ia was b est p reserved. I t s d i mens ions w ere g iven a s 7 7 f t( 23.48 m ) e ast-west b y 8 3 f t( 25.32 m ) n or th-sou th , b u t a n e xa m ina t ion o f Bar H il l ( 1906 ), f ig . 1 1 ( here r eproduced a s f ig . 5 ) i nd ica tes t ha t i t was s o mewha t i rregu lar i n p lan :

t he n or th a nd

s outh b oundary w al ls w ere n ot p aral le l , a nd t he w est wal l was s omewha t c onls w c ave. L ikew ise t he i n terna l w al ere s et a t o dd a ng les. T he a pparen t a sym metry o f t he b u i ld ing i t se l f c on trasts w ith t he c are t aken i n t he l ay ing o u t o f i t s f oundat ions :

a long t he l i ne p roposed f or e ach

wal l ac ons truc t ion t rench 2 .5-3 f t( 0 .71-0.91 m ) w ide was f i rst d ug a nd f i l led w i th c lay a nd smal l s tones t o ad ep th o f 1f t( 0 .31 m ). Upon t h is was l a id a c ourse o f r ubb le , f o l lowed b y o ne o r ( i n s o me p laces ) t wo f oundat ion l p c ourses o f d ressed s tonework . T he wal roper h ad a w id th o f 2 ft ( 0 .61 m ), a nd was s e t u pon t he f ounda t ion s o a s t o l eave a s carce men t o f 3i n ( 75 m m ) o n e i ther s ide. t h icker ;

T he s ou th b oundary wal l o f t he p r inc ip ia was 6 in ( 150 m m )

p erhaps i t was d es igned t o c arry e x tra w e igh t .

A lthough a s many

ling s a s t wo c ourses o f wal urv ived i n p laces a bove t he f ounda t ion c ourse , i t d id n ot p rove p oss ib le t o d eterm ine t he p os it ion o f a ny o f t he d oorways. T he c our tyard ( Roo m 1 ) measured 7 0 x3 4 f t( 2 1.35 x 1 0.37 m ) i n ternal ly , a nd was f l oored w ith c lay i n to wh ich " a s tratu m o f smal l s tones" h ad b een s et . I n i t s e astern h a lf l ay t he w el l whose c on ten ts a re d escr ibed b e low ( p . 1 2 ) . Round t hree i fn o t a l l f our s ides o f t h is c our tyard r an a c overed c o lonnade, w ith t imber l in te ls r est ing u pon s andstone c o lu mn s ha f ts. A t l east 1 4 c o lu mns w ere o r ig inal ly e rected ; i ft hese were s et a t i n terva ls o f 1 0 f t( 3 .05 m ), e nough h ave s urv ived t o f orm a c o lonnade r ound a l l f our s ides o f t he c our tyard . N o t races o f c lay , c obb le , o r g rave l f ounda t ions f or t he c o lumns w ere l oca ted d ur ing t he e xcava t ions , t hough c arefu l watch was k ep t f or t he m , n or was t here a ny i nd ica t ion o f ag ut t er wh ich m ight h ave f o l lowed t he l i ne o f t he c o lonnade t o c ol l ec t r a inwater f ram i t s p en thouse r oo f. 1 4 l, e l ly b A c ross-hal x tend ing t he f u l w id th o f t he b u i ld ing , wou ld n ormal e l t l ooked f or b eh ind t he c our tyard . But a t Bar H il he c en tra l s ect ion o f t he p r inc ip ia w as d iv ided i n to t wo u nequa l p ar ts ; i f ac ross-hal l e x is ted , i tc an o n ly h ave s tretched a cross t wo-th irds o f t he b u i ld ing ( Roo m 2 ) ; t he e as ternmost t h ird was a s e l f-con ta ined r oo m ( no. 3 ) f l oored w ith p av ing s labs. T he s ou thern e nd o f t he p r inc ip ia was o ccup ied b y as u ite o f t hree r oo ms ( nos. 4 -6 ).

The c en tra l c o mpar tmen t , 1 5.5 f t( 4 .72 m ) s quare , c an b e i den-

lum t i f ied a s t he r eg i men ta l c hape l , t he a edes p r inc ip iorum o r ' sacel '.

On

e i ther s ide l ay a r ectangu lar r oo m , measur ing 1 5 x2 4 f t( 4 .57 x 7 .32 m ), w h ich w ou ld s erve a s o f ice a cco m moda t ion f or t he c ler ica l s taf f t he g arf f o r ison. A l l t hree r oo ms i n t h is r ange w ere p aved w ith f l oor ing s labs.

1

T he s ubd iv is ion o f t he r ear p ar t o f t he p r inc ip ia i n to t hree r a ther t han f i ve r oo ms i s u nusua l , b u t n o t u nparal le led . H owever i ti s p oss ib le , e ven p robab le , t ha t t he r oo ms o n e i ther s ide o f t he a edes ( nos. 4 a nd 6 ) w ere t hemse lves s ubd iv ided b i gh t pr at it ion wal f w oo -c 1 75 Roo ms 36 - w ere pv a ed w i th s andy l ls o s tone f l ags , wh ich wou ld s ugges t t ha t t hey s erved t he s a me g enera l p urpose i n a t l east t he f ina l p hase o f o ccupa t ion . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he c ross-hal id i n il d t i al x tend t o t he f ul id th o f t he b u i ld ing , b u t t ha t , d ur ing t he o ccupa t ion o f ly e l w t he f or t , t he a cco m moda t ion p rov ided b y n os. 4 -6 p roved i nsuf ien t , e x tra fic s pace b e ing t hen f ound b y p ar t it ion ing t he c ross-ha l 1. 1 6 T he Wel nd i t s C on ten ts ( F ig . 6 ) l a I n t he c our tyard o f t he p r inc ip ia t here l ay a s tonel ined w el iscovery l whose d a nd c learance f ormed t he h igh l igh t o f t he 1 902-5 e xcava t ions. An i nven tory o f t he i t e ms r ecovered f ro m i t s d ep ths i s g iven i n Bar H il 1906 ), 1 33-4 , b u t t he l ( f ea ture wh ich a dds i n many ways a new d i mens ion t o o ur a pprec ia t ion o f t he w el l a nd i t s c on ten ts i s t he a l mos t b low b yb low a ccoun t o f i t s c learance p resen ted a s a pro logue t o t he ma in b ody o f t he r epor t : Bar H il 1906 ) 8 -9. T he p urpose l ( o f t h is p ro logue w as t o impar t s o me i dea o f t he e xc ite men t f e l t b y t he e xcava tors a s e ach f resh d iscovery was h o is ted t o t he s ur face , a nd t he i mpa t ience f e l t a t t he d e lays wh ich t he r is ing water l eve l o r t he a dven t o f d arkness imposed . N ever . t he less i tp rov ides w e lco me d eta i ls o n t he o rder i n wh ich t he R o man ma ter ia l was o r ig inal epos ited ; t hese d e ta ils a re i ncorpora ted i n F ig . 6 . ly d T he w el ad a to ta l d epth o f 4 3 f t( 13.115 m ) a nd a d iame ter o f 4 ft ( 1 .22 l h m ); n o i nd icat ion i s g iven t ha t t he d iameter d ecreased t owards t he b ot t om. T he w el as l i ned t hroughou t w ith d ressed s tonework , whose l owes t c ourse l w r es ted o n a timber f ra me. A t t he v ery b ot here was a 2.5 f t( 0 .725 m ) t h ick l ayer o f mud a nd to m t smal tones , t he s or t o f s ludge w h ich m igh t h ave b een e xpected t o a ccumu la te l s d ur ing n orma l u se.

F ro m i tc a me 1 3 c o ins , a l d enari nd mos t ly o f t i n l i a

( be low , p . 1 69), a nd a dozen a rrowheads. T h is much i s s pec if ied , b u t i ti s r easonab le t o s uppose t ha t s o me o f t he smal t e ms l i s ted i n t he i nven tory l est i f or w h ich n o p rec ise d ep th i s k nown a lso c ame f rom t h is l ayer ( e .g . f ragmen ts o f f l in t a nd s ha le , a nd t he i ron f i nger r ing ). F ro m a d ep th o f 3 8 f t( 11.6 m ) t here w as r ecovered " a b roken amphora o f g rea t s ize", a nd i ns ide i t s l argest f ragmen t ab ag c on ta in ing a large n umber o f i ron o b jects , most o f t he m f a ir ly smal l.

T he c on ten ts i nc luded 3 1 n a ils ,

1 9 s p l it p ins , 3s tap les , 2 hinges a nd 2 1 l i gh t i ron s tr ips , many w ith s pa tula te h eads , w h ich may h ave s erved a s o rnamen ta l d ecorat ion f or d oors o r o ther w oodwork ( be low , p . 9 6 ) . T he i ronwork was n ot i n ' m in t ' c ond it ion : t he n a i ls w ere b lun ted a nd b en t o ver , t he l i gh t s trapp ing d is tor ted . T aken t og ether t he c on ten ts o f t he b ag s ugges t t he a ct iv i t ies o f a m ember o f a demo l it i on s quad c areful ick ing u p d iscarded i t e ms , t o b e d isposed o f i n t he w el ly p l. C lose t o t he amphora was f ound " a m iscel ol t ion ' o f i ron o bl aneous c l ec ' ' j ec ts , a nd more i ron c a me f ro m l eve ls im med ia te ly a bove ; t h is i nc luded p ar ts o f a window g r il ich may h ave s erved t o p ro tec t t he a edes o r o ne o f t he l e wh

1 2

f l -bucket r eg i men ta l o f ices , s even b ucket h oops p resu mab ly f ro m t he ma in w el a nd s o me 6 0 l eng ths o f h eavy s trapp ing f ro m d oors o r b a lustrades.

T he

w ind ing g ear h ad a lso b een d is man t led a nd t hrown i n : p ar t o f t he o verhead l ey whee b ea m , a nd more t han h a lf t he p ul l s urv ive. Fro m a d ep th o f 3 3 f t( 10.06 m ) t here c a me a n a ltar d ed ica ted b y t he Cohors IBae tas ioru m ( be low , p . 3 5 ) ; o ne c orner o f i t s b ase i s b roken away .

T h is

l. T d a mage was p erhaps c aused when t he a l tar was c ast i n to t he w el he o ther l t i a l, a i nscr ip t ion f ro m Bar H il o men t ion t he Baetasi lso c a me f ro m t he w el t ad ep th o f 1 7 f t ( 5 .16 m ) ; i tr ecords b u i ld ing w ork c arr ied o u t a t t he f or t , p erh aps t he c ons truct ion o r r econs truc t ion o f t he p r inc ip ia i t se l f ( be low , p . 3 5 ) . l T hree f ragmen ts , n o t a l f ound t ogether , p reserve a bou t h a lf o f t he s lab ; t he r e ma inder w as n o t f ound .

I t may h ave a lready b een b roken b efore r each ing

l. T t he w el he f act t ha t t he a l tar was f ound a t a much l ower l evel t han t he c o m me mora t ive s lab c ou ld s uggest t ha t i t was more r ead i ly t o h and when t he l l b t er o f i l ing o f t he wel egan , w ith t he l at n ly b ecom ing a va i lab le when t he d isman t l ing o f t he ma in f ra mework o f t he b u i ld ing was u nder w ay . T he u pper l eve ls w ere c ra m med w ith a rch itectura l f ragmen ts , wh ich o nce f or med a c o lonnade r ound t he c our tyard ( be low , p . 3 8 ) . T he u ppermos t 1 2 f t( 3.66 m ) c on ta ined n o th ing b u t r ubb le , d ressed a nd u ndressed s ands tone ls o b locks , p erhaps f ro m t he wal f t he p r inc ip ia i t se l f . l a Fro m t he c on ten ts o f t he w el nd t he o rder o f d epos it ion a c oheren t p ict ure c an b e b u i lt u p o f t he a c t iv i t ies o f a de mo l it ion s quad w ith in t he p r inc ip ia , ly p oss ib ly l e f t b eh ind a f ter t he d epar ture o f t he ma in g arr ison , o r s pec ial d espa tched t o t he f or t f or t h is p urpose. f i led b y n a t ive h ands : l

l was I ti s improbab le t ha t t he wel

1 7

t he who le p rocess o f d e mo l i t ion s ee ms t oo o rder ly .

T he Granary ( F ig . 4 ) I m med ia te ly t o t he e as t o f t he p r inc ip ia l ay a narrow r ectangu lar b u i ld ing i den t if ied i n Bar H il 1906 ) ,40 a s as torehouse ; l ( m ) a nd a w id th o f 3 2 f t( 9 .76 m ). c . 2 ft ( 0.61 m ) w ide. p ar ts :

i th ad a leng th o f 8 5 f t( 25.9

T he e x terna l wal reserved were l s where p

T he b u i ld ing was d iv ided l ong itud inal n to t wo u nequa l ly i

t he l arger ( t o t he e ast ) was p aved w ith f l oor ing s labs , o f wh ich s o me

r e ma ined i n s i tu ;

t he smal t o t he w es t ) h ad h ad a r a ised f l oor s uppor ted l er (

o n t hree u neven ly s paced dwar f wal l s. A t f irs t s igh t t h is b u i ld ing w ith i t s r a ised f loor a nd dwar f w al ese mb les ls r ag ranary i n wh ich t he g arr ison 's v ita l f ood s upp ly c ou ld b e k ep t f ree f ro m d amp .

1 8

H owever , s evera l f ac tors i nd ica te t ha t i t s p lan i fn o t a lso i t s f unc t ion

h ad u ndergone s o me d egree o f a l tera t ion :

a s n ow p reserved i tl acks t he n or-

ma l b ut , a nd t he ir a bsence i s n o t c o mpensa ted f or b y a ny t h icken ing o f t resses t he e x terna l wal wh ich a re , i fa ny th ing , n arrower t han m igh t b e e xpec ted ). ls ( On ly j us t o ver h a lf t he b u i ld ing h ad t he i nd ispensab le r a ised f l oor .

Mos t p rob-

a b ly t he dwar f wal r ig inal x tended t he f ul id th o f t he b u i ld ing , b u t w ere ls o ly e l w p ar t ial e moved a t al a ter d a te. ly r

An e xa m ina t ion o f F ig . 4c ou ld s ugges t t ha t

o ne o f t he r e ma in ing dwar f wal hen b u i lt u p t o r oof l eve l , t o s erve a s a l s was t p ar t it ion wal e tween t he t wo p ar ts o f t he n ow d iv ided b u i ld ing ; l b

1 4

i t may b e t ha t

4144 1

g ori a r f fafi flrio ,

Ground l eve l

1 1 1 ,

l e de d iva r i s s ima r n ` •

Rubb le

1 2 f t

5c ap i ta ls / b ases 4 -4

1 7 f t

1 5 f t o f r ound c o lu mns

1f rag .

—

o f i nscr ip t ion

Co lu mn s ha f ts 2f rags . 08

o f i nscr ip t ion

Horn o f r ed d eer Co in S quared o ak b ea ms Overhead g ear a nd p ul l l ey whee I ron

A l tar 3 3 f t

Amphora , w i th mass o f i ron o b jects

3 8 f t

an .

• ••••

• ••••

• •• • ••

Co ins

• • ••• o f t wur

4 3 f t F IG .

6

A rrowheads

« BM W/ i now. •• •

BAR H ILL

THE WELL

g ra in was n ow s tored i n t he w estern p ar t o f t he b u i ld ing o n ly .

T he g ap b e tween

t he w es t wal f t he b u i ld ing a nd i t s g ut ou ld i nd ica te t hat t he who le b lock l o ter c o nce e x tended s o mewha t f ur ther t o t he w est ;

a l terna t ive ly t h is i n terven ing

s pace may o nce h ave b een o ccup ied b yb ut uppor t ing a n o verhang ing t resses s r oo f .

Workshop a nd Co m mandan t 's House T o t he e ast o f t he g ranary w ere l oca ted t he r e mnan ts o f ar ec tangu lar s tone b u i ld ing wh ich when c o mp lete measured a t l eas t 4 1.5 x 3 3 f t ( 12.65 x 1 0.17 m ).

With in i tt he e xcava tors f ound " ashes a nd o ther i nd icat ions o f l arge

f irep laces , t he r e ma ins o f f lues , many p ieces o f wrough t i ron , a nu mber o f i ron n a ils , a nd .. much i ron-s lag a nd g las s lag .

N ear t he S .S . c orner a

wel l ue e n tered t he b u i ld ing f ro m t he e ast ." Bar H il l -preserved f l

( 1906 ),44.

T ha t t he f or t w orkshop o nce s tood o n t h is s i te s ee ms a n atura l c onc lus ion . However i t must b e p o in ted o u t t ha t t h is p os i t ion , t o t he r igh t h and s ide o f t he p r inc ip ia , i s t ha t most f requen t ly o ccup ied b y t he r ec tangu lar c our tyard h ouse o f t he f or t c o m mandan t , i .e. t he p raetor iu m.

Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f Rough

Cas t le , t he p rae tor ia o f a l t he e xcava ted f or ts o n t he An ton ine Wal nd o n l l a Hadr ian 's Wal ccupy t h is p os it ion . l o

T he f l ues a nd h ear ths c ou ld b e r e mnan ts

o f t he h ea t ing s ys te m o f s uch a house , b u t a te mp ts a t r econstruct ing a c our tt y ard h ouse r ound t he s urv iv ing wal a i l t o c onv ince. ls f ( and o f t he b u i ld ing i t se lf ) may h ave c hanged d ur ing t he

Bu t t he u se o f t he s i te o ccupa t ion o f t he f or t .

The g enera l s hape a nd s ize o f t he Bar H il u i ld ing a re i n a ccord w i th p lans l b 9 o f workshops e lsewhere .1

On b a lance i tw ou ld s ee m more p robab le t ha t t he

p rae tor iu m a t Bar H il ay t o t he l ef t o f t he p r inc ip ia ; l l a re a va i lab le. 2°

a nu mber o f p aral ls le

T here i s amp le r oo m w est o f t he p r inc ip ia f or s uch a house ,

a nd p robab ly a lso f or a s econd g ranary o r s tores b u i ld ing . T he Barracks ( F igs. 4 a nd 7 ) Both p raeten tura a nd r e tentura c on ta ined r ec tangu lar t imber b u i ld ings o f wh ich t hree a re im med ia te ly i dent if iab le a s b arrack b locks. f an try f or t e ach b arrack h ouse

I n aRo man i n-

ac entur ia o f 8 0 men a nd was p ar t it ioned i n to

1 0 c o mpar t men ts ( contubern ia ), o ne f or e ach o f t he 1 0 s quads i n to w h ich t he c en tury was s ubd iv ided ;

a cco m modat ion f or t he c entur ion was t acked o n t o

o ne e nd o f t he b lock , n ormal ha t c loser t o t he r a mpar ts. ly t

A t a l t he An tonl

i ne Wal or ts w here d eta iled i n forma t ion i s a va i lab le , t he b arracks w ere l f t imberfra med w ith wat nd d aub wal , t he ma in u pr igh ts b e ing s et i n to tle a ls 1 p ostho les a nd h e ld t i gh t b y s tone p ack ing .2

A t Bar H il he h o les d ug i n to t he c lay s ubso i l t o r ece ive t hese u pr igh ts l t v ar ied i n d ep th b etween 3 and 5f t ( 0 .91-1.32 m ), a nd h ad a d ia meter o f C . 2 ft ( 0 .61 m ).

A l mos t e very h o le c on ta ined t he s tu mp o f a n u pr igh t , g eneral ly

w ith a c harred a ppearance o n t op .

T he s tu mps w ere u p t o 3 ft ( 0 .91 m ) l ong

a nd h ad a dia meter o f 6 -8 i n ( 150-200 m m ) ;

t hey w ere o n ly r ough ly d ressed .

When t he g arr ison w ithdrew f ro m Bar H il he b arracks ( l ike t he g a teways ) l t were e v iden t ly b urn t t o g round l eve l , t he u pr igh ts r e ma in ing i n s i tu a nd n o t 2 r e moved f or p oss ib le r euse. 2

1 6

O f t he b u i ld ings i n t he r e ten tura , n o. V i s t he mos t c o mp le te ;

t he a r-

r ange men t o f t he p ostho les i nd ica tes a r ectangu lar b u i ld ing 2 4 f t( 7 .32 m ) w ide a nd a t l eas t 10 f t( 33.55 m ) l ong , s ubd iv ided i n to 1 0 c on tubern ia , e ach o f c . 1 1 x2 4 f t( 3.35 x 7 .32 m ), g iv ing a n a rea o f 2 64 s q. f t( 24.5 s q. m ). I nc lud ing c orner p os ts , e ach c on tubern iu m was f ra med b y 5u pr igh ts a long e ach o f i t s l onger s ides a nd b y 3 along t he s hor ter .

A l ong itud ina l p ar t it ion

l r l wal unn ing t he f u l l eng th o f t he b u i ld ing p robab ly d iv ided e ach c o mpar t men t i n to t wo r oo ms o f e qua l s ize , f or s leep ing a nd f or e qu ip men t. Bu i ld ing n o. I I c an b e s im i lar ly r econs truc ted . h as s urv ived t o a ny l eng th ; 1 10 f t ( 34.16 m ).

l Here o n ly t he s ou th wal

i ts hows t ha t t he b lock h ad a leng th o f a t l east

T he p os tho les a re n ea t ly s paced a t i n terva ls o f 5 -6 f t

( 1 .52-1.83 m ), i .e. h a l f t he l eng th o f e ach c ontubern iu m , e xcep t a t t he e as t e nd where t he p resence o f a n e x tra p ostho le d isrup ts t he s pac ing .

T hree

l o l p ostho les b e long ing t o t he n or th wal f t he b lock , wh ich s urv ive i n t he f i l ing o f t he f or t let d itch , s how i tt o h ave h ad a w id th o f 2 4 f t ( 7 .32 m );

l b i tw il e

s een b e low t ha t t hese t hree p ostho les t est ify t o t he p resence o f c entur ion 's q uar ters a t t h is e nd o f t he b lock . le O f Bu i ld ing n o . I V t here r e ma in t wo p aral l l ines o f p ostho les , 1 15 f t ( 35.08 m ) a nd 4 1 f t ( 12.5 m ) i n l eng th , s e t c . 4f t ( 1 .22 m ) a par t , t ogether l w ith t hree i so lated p ostho les p reserved i n t he f i l o f t he f or t let d itch a t t he western e nd o f t he b lock .

l w I t s o veral id th was a t l east 1 8 f t ( 5 .49 m ). T he

p ostho les o f t he l onger o f t he t wo l ines d o n o t a dm it o f e asy s ubd iv is ion i n to c on tubern ia ;

a t t he e x tre me w estern e nd a nd o ppos ite t he s hor ter l ine t hey

a re s et a t i n terva ls o f o n ly 2 -3 f t ( 0 .61-0.91 m ); l ine a re n o more w ide ly s paced .

t he p ostho les o f t he s hor ter

S uch a m u lt ip l ic ity o f p os ts s ee ms u nnec-

e ssary f or t he s uppor t o f t he b u i ld ing , a nd m ight impede a ccess t o i t .

P er-

h aps s o me e v idence f or t he r econstruct ion o f a t l east p ar t o f t h is b lock may b e s een h ere.

l I n a l p robab i l i ty t he a rea t o t he s ou th o f Bu i ld ing n o. H I was

l ikew ise o ccup ied b y ab arrack b lock . l b Bu i ld ings n o. I I a nd V a s n ow p reserved s uggest t ha t t he Bar H il arr acks h ad a wid th o f 2 4-25 f t ( 7 .32-7.62 m ) a nd a leng th o f a t l eas t 1 15 f t ( 35.08 m ).

l Bu t n o a lowance h as b een made f or c entur ion 's q uar ters , wh ich

t we s hou ld e xpect t o s ee a tached t o t he w estern e nds o f Bu i ld ings H a nd V a nd t o t he e as t e nd o f Bu i ld ing I V.

S can t t races r e ma in :

t wo p os tho les west o f

t he n or thwest c orner o f Bu i ld ing I I s erve t o i nd ica te t ha t i to nce e x tended f ur ther west t han migh t a t f irst a ppear .

A s ing le p ostho le n or th o f t he w es t

e nd o f Bu i ld ing V may b e ar e mnan t o f s im i lar a cco m modat ion .

l I n Bar H il

( 1906 ), 5 3 , t he e xcava tors a ppear t o s ta te t ha t t he p ostho les o f Bu i ld ing V e x tended a fur ther 1 3 f t ( 3 .96 m ) t o t he wes t o f t he 10 f t ( 33.55 m ) l eng th , a lthough t he ir P l. H f a i ls t o i nc lude a ny s uch p os tho les. The s usp ic ion might n ever the less l inger t ha t t he 1 10-115 f t ( 33.55-35.08 m ) l eng th o f t he s urv iv ing p ostho le a l ignmen ts i n Bu i ld ings I I-V i s a m ore l l a ccura te i nd ica tor o f t he o veral eng th o f t he b arrack b locks. S uch a l eng th wou ld b e b e low t he g enera l a verage f or Ro mano-Br it ish f or ts , b u t n o t o u t o f l l p lace o n t he An ton ine Wal ine where t he b arracks a t Bearsden a nd Cadder 3 a re o f s im i lar d i mens ions. 2

However e xa m ina t ion o f Bar H il 1906 ), f igs. l (

1 9-21 wou ld n o t s uggest t ha t t he b arrack a rea was s ys te ma t ical leared . ly c

1 7

Moreover t he g round i t se l f may h ave b een ' made u p ' a t t he s ou thwestern a nd s ou theastern c orners o f t he f or t t o s ecure l eve l f l oors f or t he b arracks , w ith p ostho les d ug i n to t h is ' made u p ' g round e scap ing d etec t ion i n 1 902-5.

F ina l-

l y , t he p os tho les o f Bu i ld ing V a dm it o f s uch a n e asy s ubd iv is ion i n to p rec ise ly 1 0 c on tubern ia t ha t n o o ther r estora t ion s ee ms p robab le. Ac en tur ion 's a par t men t may t ake t he f or m o f as i mp le e x tens ion t o t he ma in b lock , o r p ro jec t s l igh t ly i n f ron t o f i t , p roduc ing a p iano k ey s hape f or t he who le b u i ld ing .

I tc anno t b e k nown f or c er ta in w h ich t ype was i nu se a t

l, b Bar H il ut t he s ing le s urv iv ing p ostho le n or th o f t he w est e nd o f Bu i ld ing V may p o in t t owards t he s econd a l terna t ive , a nd s uggest t ha t t he c en tur ion 's a par t men t p ro jected t o t he n or th .

T h is w ou ld i nd ica te t ha t Bu i ld ings I I a nd

Vf aced e ach o ther a cross a n i n terven ing s treet 2 5 f t( 7 .62 m ) w ide.

No

t races were r ecovered f ro m e i ther b lock o f t he v erandah wh ich o f ten f ron ts t he c on tubern ia i n b locks o f t h is t ype , b u t t he d oub le r ow o f p ostho les i n Bu i ld ing I V may p rov ide s o me e v idence f or o ne

2 4

On F ig . 7

M ing I V

a nd i t s p ar tner h ave b een r estored t o ma tch I I a nd V , b u t t hey n eed n o t h ave b een i den t ica l i n p lan . T he e xcava tors b e l ieved t ha t Bu i ld ing V f ron ted o n t o t he i n terval lum s treet wh ich r an p ast i tt o t he s ou th .

Bu t t he g ap b etween n os . I I a nd V

s ee ms u nnecessar i ly w ide i ft he p a ir were i n f ac t p laced b ack t o b ack . The e ast-west l ine o f s labs f ound s i t ing o n e dge im med ia te ly t o t he n or th o f t Bu i ld ing V was p laus ib ly i n terpreted a s p ro tec t ing t he b lock f ro m r a inwa ter r unn ing d own t he s lope f ro m t he n or th , b u t i tn eed n o t b e c onc luded t ha t t h is l ine ( wh ich may n ot h ave p ro jec ted a bove g round l eve l ) p rotected t he r ear f ace o f t he b lock . The a rrange men t o fb u i ld ings i n t he p raeten tura i s much l ess c er ta in : i n i t s wes tern h a l f al ine o f 5p ostho les i nd ica tes t he a pprox i ma te p os it ion o f o ne b u i ld ing ( no. 1 ) , b u t t he p resence n earby o f a large Refuse P it a nd o f t he r ect angu lar c is tern s erv ing t he b a thhouse s uggests t ha t i tc anno t h ave b een v ery l arge. t he f or t .

N o f ur ther t races o f t imber b u i ld ings were l oca ted i n t h is q uar ter o f T o t he e as t o f t he V ia Praetor ia t wo l i nes o f c lose ly s paced p os t-

h o les , s e t a t r igh t a ng les , r evea l t he p resence o f ar ectangu lar b u ild ing a t l eas t 2 2 f t( 6.71 m ) w ide a nd a t l eas t 4 3 f t( 13.12 m ) l ong , p erhaps t he r e mn an t o f a no ther b arrack b lock . Bo th a rmy u n its whose p resence i s a tes ted a t Bar H il be low , p . 2 4 ) t l ( were c ohor tes q u ingenar iae p ed ita tae , i .e. p ure ly i n fan try c ohor ts o f 4 80 men , wh ich ( i f a t f u l s treng th ) w ou ld r equ ire 6b arrack b locks. l

One o r t wo e x tra

b u i ld ings f or s tores , d raugh t a n i ma ls a nd t he l ike , w ou ld a lso b e e xpec ted . On F ig . 7 t wo b arrack b locks a re s hown i n t he p raeten tura ( i .e. Bu i ld ing nd o ne o ther ). I a

H owever , g iven t he s teepness o f t he n or thward s lope

( wh ich c learance work b y t he D epar t men t o f t he Env ironmen t h as r ecen t ly emphas ised ) c ons iderab le t errac ing wou ld h ave b een n ecessary t o a cco m mod ate e ven t wo b u i ld ings.

T he d is tr ibu t ion s hown o n F ig . 7r ese mb les t ha t

5 a t Cadder .2

1 8

T he B a thhouse ( F igs. 4 , 8 ) T he l ong n arrow b u i ld ing l y ing c lose u p t o t he r a mpar t t o t he wes t o f t he n or th g ate i s r ead i ly i den t if iab le a s ab a thhouse ;

l s i t s o veral hape a nd s i mp le

p lan a re t yp ica l o f t he b a thhouses f ound i n o r b es ide f or ts o n t he An ton ine f ron t ier i n S co t land .

l t A t Bar H il he b a th c o mp lex was l inked t o t he l a tr ine

b lock , t he was te wa ter f ro m t he f ormer p rov id ing t he n ecessary f l ow t o f lush 6 t t he l a ter .2

T he b a th b lock a t Bar H il exc lud ing t he l a tr ines ) h ad a leng th o f c . 9 0 f t l ( ( 27.45 m ) a nd a wid th o f 1 5 f t ( 4 .57 m ).

E nough s urv ives t o i nd ica te t ha t i t

was d iv ided i n to a t l eas t t hree c o mpar tmen ts.

T he i n tend ing b a ther e n tered

f ro m t he e as t , r each ing f irst t he c o ld r oo m o r f r ig idar iu m ( F o n F ig . 8 ) . The e xcava tors made n o s pec if ic men t ion o f t h is r oo m , b ut f ro m t he ir P la te ta ppears t o h ave h ad a c obb led f l oor , i n to wh ich was s et a r ec tangu lar Ii masonryl ined c istern o r t ub.

No c o ld b a th a s s uch was f ound , a nd a s u sua l

i n b a thhouses o f t h is p er iod t here was n o s epara te a pody ter iu m ( dress ing 7 r oo m ) .2

T he f r iz idar iu m i tse lf may h ave b een e n tered f ro m a g rave l c our t-

'y ard t o t he e as t ,

2 4d she ltered

f ro m p ass ing t raf y ac urv ing e x tens ion t o fic b

t he ma in s ou th wal f t he b lock . l o N ex t c a me t he warm r oo m o r t ep idar iu m ( T ), w ith a r a ised f loor , p roba b ly o f p av ing s labs , s uppor ted o n t i le-bu i lt p i lars. l

O f t he s labs t he mse lves

n o t race r e ma ined , b u t f ragmen ts o f a n o pus s ign inu m f l oor were f ound h ere a nd t here among t he p i lars. The t ep idar iu m , measur ing 3 5 x1 5 f t ( 10.67 x l 4 .57 m ) s ee ms u ndu ly e longated , a nd c ompar ison w ith b a thhouses e lsewhere o n t he Anton ine Wal uggests t ha t t here may h ave b een t wo a d jo in ing t ep idar ia l s s epara ted b y a par t it ion wa l 1. 29 A smal ec tangu lar r oo m n ex t t o t he t ep idar iu m a nd l ikew ise p rov ided l r w ith a hypocaust may b e i den t if ied a s t he c a ldar iu m o r h ot r oo m ( C ).

Here

t he r a ised f l oor , s et a t as l ight ly l ower l eve l t han T , was s uppor ted o n s tone p i lars ; l

a few f l oor ing s labs r e ma ined i n p os it ion .

T he smal f t he l ness o

c a ldar iu m i n c o mpar ison t o o ther e le men ts o f t he b lock s uggests t ha t s o me a l tera t ions h ad t aken p lace : f ul id th o f t he b u i ld ing . l w

p oss ib ly t he c a ldar iu m o r ig inal x tended t he ly e T he u se h ere o f s tone p i lars , a s o pposed t o t he l

t i le-bu i l t p i lars o f t he t ep idar iu m c ou ld p o in t t o r econstruct ion , t hough t he l d if ference i n t he f loor l eve ls o f t he t wo r oo ms ( t he g round h ere i s s lop ing away t o t he west ) may n o t .

Hea t ing was s upp l ied f ro m t he p raefurn iu m o r

f urnace ( P ) wh ich l ay im med iate ly t o t he w est o f t he c a ldar iu m ;

masonry

c heeks o n e i ther s ide o f t he s toke h o le h e lped t o c hanne l t he h o t a ir b e low t he c a ldar iu m t owards t he t ep idar iu m b eyond .

T he a rea t o t he n or th o f t he

p raefurn iu m may h ave f unct ioned a s a fue l s tore , b u t i ft he c a ldar iu m o r ig ina ly e x tended t he f ul id th o f t he b lock t he s toke h o le may o nce h ave b een l l w more c en tral os it ioned . ly p Ad ra in , 6 in ( 150 m m ) w ide a nd 1 .25 f t( 0 .385 m ) d eep wh ich a but n t ed o t o t he s ou th k erb o f t he a d jacen t r a mpar t c arr ied away was te wa ter f ro m t he f r ig idar iu m .

As t h is d ra in h ad n o i n le t t o r ece ive waste wa ter f ro m t he

h ea ted r oo ms , i ti s p robab le t ha t t he l a ter w ere s erved b y as econd , l ess t s ubs tan t ia l , d ra in wh ich was n o t l oca ted d ur ing t he e xcava t ions. " 2 0

0 0 0

RA MPART

1

z D E IDO 0 000 0

O DO M E 1

BAT H H O USE

0

l. A N o t race o f ah o t d ry r oo m ( or l acon icu m ) was f ound a t Bar H il t l acon icu m was o f ten a tached t o o ne o f t he l ong s ides o f t he ma in b lock , a nd f o pened o f t he f r ig idar iu m . c ou ld b e a n o p t iona l e x tra :

Co mpar ison w ith o ther f or ts s uggests t ha t i t a t b oth Ba l mu i ldy a nd Cadder t he l acon icu m was

al a ter a dd it ion t o t he b at hhouse 3 1 ter f T he wa ter s upp ly f or t he b athhouse w as l ed i n a long a s tone g ut ro m a r ectangu lar c istern s i tua ted o n h igher g round t o t he s ou th. T he c is tern was l ined w ith s ands tone b locks a nd p aved w ith f l agstones s e t i n c lay ;

i n i t s f our

c orners w ere f ound t he s tu mps o f t imber u pr ights w h ich may h ave s uppor ted al igh t c anopy o r b a lustrade. b a thhouses :

l h S evera l f or ts o n t he An ton ine Wal ad t wo

ar a ther modest s truc ture w ith in t he f or t , a nd a m ore l av ish ly

e qu ipped b lock i n a n Annexe.

l as P erhaps a t Bar H il econd b ath b lock awa i ts

d iscovery i n t he v ic in i ty o f t he f or t .

Refuse P its ( F ig . 4 ) l I n a l 9r efuse p its w ere l oca ted d ur ing t he 1 902-5 e xcava t ions a nd c leared o f t he ir c on ten ts. T hose i n t he r e ten tura ( nos. 4 -9 ) w ere c lear ly u sed f or r ubb ish d isposa l b y o ccupan ts o f t he b arrack b locks :

n os , 4 , 5 , 7 ,

a nd 8w ere s ubrec tangu lar w ith a n a verage d ep th o f 5 ft ( 1 .52 m ), n os. 6 and 9 w ere l arger , 1 4 x 6f t ( 4 .27 x 1 .83 m ) a nd 1 4 x7 ft ( 4 .27 x 2 .13 m ), a nd d eeper , 7f t ( 2 .13 m ) a nd 8f t( 2 .44 m ) r espec t ive ly .

N o. 6 lay w i th in t he

e nd c on tubern iu m o f b arrack n o. V ( as r econs truc ted o n f ig . 7 ) ; c over o f s andstone s labs s uppor ted o n t imber s takes ; t imberl ined .

i th ad a

i t may a lso h ave b een

to m l C lose t o t he b ot ay a c o mp lete w ooden whee l ( be low , p .

4 8) w i th t he s takes s uppor t ing t he s andstone s labs p ass ing b e tween i t s s pokes . Ev iden t ly t he whee l was d epos ited i n t he p i t a t a n e ar ly s tage i n i t s u se.

T he

p it c ou ld h ave f unct ioned a s as torage b in o r e ven a s aw a ter t ank b efore b e ing l f i led w ith r efuse.

f I ti s d i f icu l t t o i mag ine t ha t t he e nd c on tubern iu m c ou ld

h ave b een i n u se a s b arrack a cco m moda t ion wh i le t h is p it was o pen .

T he

s labs may h ave b een i n tended t o p rov ide i tw ith a te mporary c over , o r ( more p robab ly ) t o p reven t s ubs idence a f ter d isuse.

N os. 6 and 9 are s o s im i lar i n

ly d s ize a nd s hape t ha t t hey s ee m l ike ly t o h ave b een o r ig inal ug t o s erve t he s a me p urpose ;

n o. 9 m ay a lso h ave b een p aved w ith s labs.

P it n o. 3 lay t o t he w es t o f t he p r inc ip ia i n a n a rea l ike ly t o h ave b een o ccup ied b y o r a d jacen t t o t he p raetor iu m .

N o f ood o r o ther r e fuse was n o ted

t o m was f among i t s c on ten ts , b u t a t t he b ot ound a 6 in ( 150 m m ) t h ick l ayer o f c oa l , p erhaps a fue l s upp ly f or b raz iers w ith in t he p raetor ium. T he t wo c ircu lar p its ( nos. 1 and 2 ) w ere e v iden t ly e nv isaged a s p ermane n t o r s em i-permanen t f eatures o f t he p raeten tura ;

t he l i p o f n o . 1 w as

s treng thened w ith t imber s takes , t ha t o f n o . 2 w as marked b y as andstone k erb .

f T he ma jor d i ference b etween t he p its o f t he p raeten tura a nd r eten tura

was o ne o f s ize :

p i t n o . 1 had a dia me ter o f 1 5 f t ( 4 .58 m ) a t g round l eve l ,

a nd a dep th o f 1 8 f t ( 5 .5 m ), n o. 2 a dia me ter o f 1 5 f t ( 4 .58 m ) a nd a d ep th o f 2 2 f t( 6 .71 m ).

T he p rov is ion o f p i ts o n t h is s ca le i nd ica tes t ha t t he p rae ten-

2 2

t ura was l ess t i gh t ly p acked w ith b u i ld ings t han t he r eten tura.

B oth c ircu lar

p its c on ta ined a var ied a ssor tmen t o f s hoes , a n i ma l b ones , p ot t ery , i ronwork a nd w ood . A l l 9r e fuse p its s erved t o d ispose o f t he d ay-to-day r ubb ish o f t he g arr ison ;

t hey may h ave b een empt ied p er iod ical ly .

T here i s n o e v idence t o

s uppor t t he s uggest ion t ha t t hey w ere d ug mere ly b y d e mo l it ion p ar t ies a s r ecep tac les f or d iscarded ma ter ia 1 ;3 2

t he r i tua l s ign i f icance, i fa ny , a t tach-

e d t o t he p i ts c an h ave b een o n ly i nc ident a l. 33

4 .

ANNEXE AND ' V ICUS ' ( Fig. 2 )

F or t if ied m i l itary c o mpounds ( general ly c al l ed A nnexes ) a re f requen t ly f ound a t tached t o o ne o r more s ides o f Ro man f or ts i n t he f ron t ier r eg ions o f Br ita in . T he Annexe s erved a s a w agon p ark f or t he g arr ison 's own t ransp or t , o r a s a lodg ing p lace f or t roops i n t rans i t ; t here w ere many o ther p ot en t ia l u ses. 3 l c 4 A smal o m mun ity o f c iv i l ians ( so ld iers ' f am i l ies , t raders a nd t he l ike ) a lso t ended t o g row u p i n t he n e ighbourhood o f t he f or t , o ccas iona l ly a t ta in ing t he f orma l s ta tus o f av icus. 3 5 l v A t Bar H il ar ious s trands o f e v idence i nd icate t ha t j us t s uch a c o m mun ity d id c ome t o b e e stab l ished i n t he v ic in ity o f t he f or t , b ut n o t races w ere f ound i n 1 902-5 o f a n Annexe l i nked t o t he f or t d efences. I n 1 908 a n o u t ly ing d i tch was l oca ted t o t he s ou th o f t he f or t , b u t i t s a l ignmen t h as n ot b een r ecorded ;

a t a bou t t he s a me t ime t he d epress ion b e long ing

t o what was i n terpreted a s ad i tch was n ot iced t o t he w est o f t he f or t , b u t was n ot t ested b y e xcava t ion . 36

N oth ing more i s k nown a bou t t he p urpose -or

d a te -of e i ther . L im ited e xcava t ion a nd c hance d iscover ies h ave c omb ined t o i nd ica te t ha t tle men a n e x tra- mura l s et t , p erhaps o f c ons iderab le s ize , l ay t o t he e ast o f t he f or t , i n C ast leh il l P ark : Bar H il l ( 1906 ) , 3 , 1 32. I t may h ave t aken t he f orm o f r ibbon d eve lopmen t a long t he m i l i tary way . An a l tar t o S i lvanus ( be low , p . 3 2 ) , p loughed u p i n 1 895 j us t t o t he s ou th o f Cast leh il l, may h ave l s l i f ormed p ar t o f a smal hr ine , e i ther o n C ast leh il t se l f o r b es ide t he mi l i tary way . Ro man ma ter ia l h as a lso b een r ecovered f ro m t he f i e ld t o t he s ou th o f t he f or t i t se lf . T he s urv iva l o f a large n umber o f s hoes b e long ing t o wo men a nd c h ildren among t he Bar H il l f oo twear b etokens t he p resence o f as izeab le c o mmun ity i n o r n ear t he f or t ( be low , p . 7 8 ) . T he s hoes w ere r ecovered f rom t he r efuse p its a nd f ro m t he d i tches ;

more d e ta iled i n format ion o n p rovenance

l migh t h ave a lowed a dec is ion o n w hether t hese n on-comba tan ts l i ved i ns ide o r o u ts ide t he f or t .

f f C ast-of oo tgear m igh t h ave b een d epos ited i n t he d i tches

tle men f ro m a c iv i l ian s et t o u ts ide t he f or t .3 7

2 3

5 .

THE GARRISON Two a ux i l iary c ohor ts a re k nown t o h ave s erved i n t urn a s t he g arr ison o f

t he f or t ;

b oth a re c ohor tes q u ingenar iae p ed i ta ta .e , i .e. p urely i n fan try u n its ,

w i th a paper s treng th o f 4 80 men .

l f T he i n terna l a rea o f Bar H il or t i s s u i t-

8 a b le f or a c ohor t o f t h is s ize .3

Cohors IBaetas ioru m Th is u n it was o r ig inal a ised among t he Bae tasi hose h o me land c an ly r i w b e p laced o n t he b orders o f Hol nd Wes t G er many , b etween t he Rh ine a nd l and a t he Meuse. 39

On ly o ne c ohor t i s k nown t o h ave b een r ecru ited f ro m t h is

t r ibe ; a l k nown r ecords o f i tc o me f ro m Br ita in . T he Cohors IBaetas ioru m l i s f irst a tested a s p ar t o f t he Br it ish g arr ison i n A .D . 1 03 , a t wh ich t ime i t t l ay i n az one c on trol y t he l eg ionary l ega te a t Caer leon ; l ed b

b y A .D . 1 24 i t

h ad b een t rans ferred t o t he York c o m mand , a nd may h ave f ormed t he g arr ison o f o ne o f t he smal or ts o f N or th Br i ta in , p erhaps o n Hadr ian 's Wal t se lf:1 ° l er f l i Two i nscr ip t ions f ro m Bar H il o th f ound i n t he w el how t ha t t he c o i l, b l, s h or t s erved a s t he f or t g arr ison s o met i me d ur ing t he A n ton ine P er iod ( be low , p .

3 5 ,n os. 8 and 9 ) ;

c ut . t er

t he l et ter ing o f b oth was t he w ork o f t he s a me s tone-

T he r ectangu lar s lab ( no . 9 ) was p erhaps s e t i n to o ne o f t he o u ter

wal f t he p r inc ip ia , t o c o m me mora te i t s c onstruc t ion ( or r econs truc t ion ) ls o b y me mbers o f t h is c ohor t .

T he a l tar ( no. 8 ) may h ave s tood i n t he c our t-

y ard o f t he p r inc ip ia o r i n t he r eg i men ta l c hape l. Both i nscr ipt ions r efer t o t he c ohor t a s Cohors IBae tas ioru m C .R. ,i .e. C iv iu m Ro manoru m .

T he l et ters C .R. I nd ica te t ha t i t s me mbers h ad a t o ne

t ime r ece ived ab lock g ran t o f Ro man c i t izensh ip a s ar eward f or d is t ingu ished s erv ice . 4 T he n on-appearance o f t hese l et ters a f ter t he n a me o f t he c oh or t o n D ip lo mas d at ing t o A .D .103 a nd 1 24 ( when o ther u n i ts a re s o d es ignat ed ) s ee ms t o i nd ica te t ha t t he award h ad n o t y e t b een made.

The c o m me mo-

r at ive s lab ( no. 9 ) a ppears t o d escr ibe t he c ohor t a s Cohors IBaetas ioru m C .R . o b v irtu te m e t f ide m ( " made Ro man C it izens f or c ourageous a nd l oya l s erv ice" );

t he c are t aken t o s pec ify t he r easons f or t he award s uggests t ha t

i th ad o n ly r ecen t ly b een made.

T he a dvance i n to S ou thern S co t land wh ich

l s p receded t he b u i ld ing o f t he An ton ine Wal ee ms t he most l ike ly o ccas ion .

Cohors IHa m ioru m l o Two i nscr ip t ions l ikew ise r ecord t he p resence a t Bar H il f Cohors I H am ioru m ( be low , p . 3 2, n os. 3 and 6 ) . The S yr ian t own o f H a ma , t he Ha ma th o f t he O ld T esta men t a nd o f Assyr ian r ecords , l i es o n t he Oron tes r iver b etween Apa mea a nd Emesa .

I n t he r e ign o f t he S e leuc id monarch

An t iochus I V E p iphanes ( 175-163 B .C.) t he t own was r ena med E p iphane ia , b ut b y t he 1s t c en tury A .D . I ts ee ms l ike ly t ha t t he o ld n a me was a ga in i n u se ; t h is s a me c onc lus ion w ou ld b e d rawn f ro m t he a ppearance o f Ha m ioru m a s t he t i t le o f t he c ohor t . 42 T he t own r e ma ins Ha ma t o t h is d ay .

2 4

Aux i l iary u n its r a ised i n t he e astern p rov inces o f t he Ro man Emp ire were f requen t ly n a med a f ter a t own r a ther t han a t r ibe ;

t hey w ere o f ten

t aken o ver f ro m t he p r iva te a rm ies o f l oca l d ynas ts w hen t he t own i t se l f was i ncorpora ted i n to t he Emp ire. a re a tested ; t

Three c ohor tes a nd o ne a la o f Ha mi i

e p igraph ic e v idence i nd icates t ha t a t l east t hree o u t o f t he

f our b ore t he e p ithet s ag it ioru m , i .e. t he ir me mbers w ere a rmed p r int ar c ipal ith t he b ow . 43 ly w

T he C ohors IHa m ioru m i s t he o n ly a rcher c ohor t

a s y et e p igraph ical tested i n Br ita in , b ut a r e l ief f ro m H ousesteads may ly a t b e e v idence f or t he p resence t here o f a no ther . 44

A s cene f ro m T ra jan 's

C o lu mn s hows S yr ian a rchers ( f ro m a n u n iden t if ied c ohor t ) c lad i n f l ow ing 4 5 r obes a nd c on ica l h e l mets , a nd a r med w ith s hor t c urv ing b ows .

I t wou ld

t ar h owever b e r easonab le t o s uppose t ha t t he a rmoury o f ac ohors s ag it ioru m fic e n trusted w ith t he d efence o f a R o man f or t a lso c on ta ined a s uf iency o f more c onven t iona l w eapons. t T he Cohors IHa m ioru m i s f i rst a tested a s p ar t o f t he Br i t ish g arr ison i n A .D. 1 22 ;

b y A .D . 1 36-7 i th ad b een p os ted t o Carvoran o n Hadr ian 's

l a Wal nd i nscr ip t ions r ecord t ha t i t s me mbers w ere t hen e ngaged u pon t he t c onvers ion o f t he f or t r a mpar ts f ro m t ur f t o s tone. I ti s a ga in a tested a t l t Dur ing i t s p er iod o f d uty o f Hadr ian 's Wal he c oCarvoran i n 1 63-5. 46 h or t e rected a l tars t o t he f e ma le d e it ies d ea Ha m m ia a nd d ea S ur ia , i nd icat ing t ha t t he t rad it ions o f t he S yr ian h o me land w ere b e ing ma inta ined ;

i n

l a l p robab i l ity r ecru itmen t t o t he c ohor t f ro m S yr ia was k ep t u p , t hough n o s pec if ic e v idence i s a va i lab le. 47 I n 1 895 a n a l tar t o S i lvanus , e rected b y Car is tan ius I us t ianus , p refect o f t he c ohor t , was f ound t o t he e ast o f Bar H il or t ( be low , n o. 3 ). l f

T he

n a me Car istan ius i s s o r are t hat i tc an b e s ta ted w i th s o me d egree o f c ert a in ty t ha t h is f am i ly was d escended f ro m a n a rmy v eteran o f t he s ame n a me tled b s et y Augustus i n t he t own o f An t ioch i n S outhern T urkey ;

a no ther

me mber o f t he s a me f am i ly s erved a s c o m mander o f l eg ion I X H ispana u nder 48 Agr ico la •

f Thus a n ' eastern ' o f icer i s f ound c o m mand ing a c ohor t r a ised

ly i o r ig inal n S yr ia.

l T he d iscovery o f t he S i lvanus a l tar c on f ir ms a B ar H il

ly p p rovenance f or a p ar t ial reserved t o mbstone s een b efore 1 604 a t K i lsy th b ut s ince l ost ( be low , n o. 6 ) ;

linus t he d eceased i s n a med a s C . J u l ius Marcel ,

p rae f (ectus ) Coh (or t is ) IHa m ior (u m ). l. a t Bar H il

Ev iden t ly h e h ad d ied wh i le s erv ing

The l et ters C IH s cra tched o n as am ian s herd may h ave b een

l ( p u t t here b y a me mber o f t h is c ohor t wh i le i n g arr ison a t Bar H il be low , p . 1 30 ). T here h as b een much d iscuss ion a bou t t he o rder i n wh ich t he t wo c ol; h or ts f ormed t he g arr ison a t Bar H il

a l though t here i s n o s hor tage o f

ta i n forma t ion a bou t e i ther c ohor t , a bso lu te c er ta in ty i s a s y et u nat inab le. l f T he q ues t ion o f t he c hanges i n t he g arr ison o f t he An ton ine Wal or ts i s t n ecessar i ly i n ter tw ined w i th t he p rob le m o f d at ing Ro man a te mp ts t o o ccupy S co t land i n t he An ton ine P er iod .

T here i s n o d oubt t ha t t he o ccupat ion b e-

g an i n c . A .D. 1 42 a nd t ha t i tw as d iv ided i n to ( a t l east ) t wo d is t inct p hases ( wh ich h ave r ece ived t he t i t les An ton ine Ia nd An ton ine I ), b u t modern o p in ion I t o n t he d a te o f f ina l w ithdrawa l h as f luctua ted b e tween 1 60 a nd 1 97. 49 may b e s upposed t ha t o f t he t wo c ohor ts a tested a t Bar H il ne o ccup ied t l, o

2 5

t he f or t d ur ing t he An ton ine Ip hase , t he o ther d ur ing An ton ine I . IH am ioru m i s a tested a t Carvoran i n A .D. 1 63-5 ; t

Cohors

i t may h ave r e turned

t o Hadr ian 's Wal ur ing a l u l b etween An ton ine Ia nd An ton ine H , o r a f ter l d l t he f ina l w i thdrawa l f ro m S co t land . I th as o f ten b een s upposed t ha t t he C ohors IBae tas ioru m was a t Bar H il l d ur ing An ton ine I , t o b e f o lowed b y C ohors IHa m ioru m i n An ton ine H .5 ° l T he c o m me mora t ive s lab f ound i n t he w el no. 9 ) s uggests t ha t t he p r inc ip ia l ( owed i t s c ons truc t ion t o Cohors IBaetas ioru m , a nd t he emphas is p laced o n t he t i t le C .R . o n t he s a me t ab let s ugges ts t ha t t he e p ithe t h ad o n ly r ecen t ly b een a cqu ired .

Both p o in ts s ugges t t ha t Cohors IBaetas ioru m w as t he

g arr ison a t Bar H il n t he An ton ine IP er iod . l i

A r ecen t ly d iscovered a l tar

f ro m O ld K i lpa tr ick a ppeared t o c on f irm t h is :

i t s i nscr ipt ion r ecords t he

1 T he a ppearance o f t he e rec t ion o f t he a l tar b y Cohors IBaetas ioru m. 5 c ohor t a t O ld K i lpa tr ick , af or t wh ich s ee ms d es igned t o a cco mmoda te a

much l arger u n it , c oun ts a ga inst i tb e ing t he p r i mary g arr ison t here. Bu t d if icu l t ies r e ma in : t he wel t Bar H il i led w i th d ebr is a t t he l a l, f l a bandon men t o f t he f or t , c on ta ined t wo i nscr ip t ions o f t he Baetasi ut n o i, b r ecords o f t he Ha mi e imag ine t o h ave b een t he g arr ison when i, who m w t he f or t was a bandoned a nd t he w el i led . l f l

T h is c ou ld s uggest t ha t t he

Bae tasi ere i n f act t he s econdary g arr ison ; i w

t he c o m me mora t ive t ab le t

w ou ld t hen mark t he r econstruct ion o f t he p r inc ip ia l a te i n t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius.

5 2

I ti s c once ivab le t ha t a tab let r ecord ing t he i n i t ia l c onstruct ion o f t h is b u i ld ing c . A .D. 1 42 may h ave s urv ived t he d estruct ion a t t he e nd o f An ton ine I , r e ma in ing i n s itu u n t i l t he c lose o f An ton ine I ;

t he l arge s lab

wh ich c o m me morates t he c onstruct ion o f t he n or th g a te a t Ba l mu i ldy u nder L ol icus r e ma ined i n p os it ion t hroughou tb o th p hases lius Urb

5 3

.I t wou ld

h owever b e more s urpr is ing i fa n a l tar e rec ted d ur ing An ton ine Iwas s t il l s tand ing i n t he p r inc ip ia a t t he c lose o f An ton ine I ; a va i lab le.

y et p aral ls a re le

5 4

Ad ozen a rrowheads w ere r ecovered f ro m t he s ludge a t t he v ery b ot to m o f t he wel be low , p . 9 9 ) . l (

I th as b een s uggested t ha t t he ir p resence a t s uch

ad ep th c an b e t aken a s p roo f t ha t t he Cohors IHa m ioru m was t he o r ig ina l g arr ison ,

5 5

b u t i ti s n o t k nown h ow o f ten o r h ow t horough ly t he w el l i t se l f

migh t h ave b een c leaned o u t .

I n a dd it ion , a rrowheads d o n ot b y t he mse lves

p rov ide c onc lus ive e v idence f or t he p resence a t Bar H il l o f as pec ia l ist c ohors s ag it t ar ioru m ;

most Ro man t roops r ece ived t ra in ing i n a rchery , a nd a rrow-

h eads a nd b ow f ragmen ts h ave b een r ecovered f ro m a v ar ie ty o f m i l i tary s i tes ( be low , p . 5 6 ) .5 6 Fro m t he wel here c a me 2 2 p i lu m h eads , most ly w i th b lun ted p o in ts ; l t a l a re b roken o f im med iate ly b e low t he h ead ( be low , p . 1 00). T he ir d isl f c overy s ugges ts t he p resence a t Bar H il t s o me s tage d ur ing t he o ccupa t ion l, a o f t he f or t , o f ad e tach men t o f l eg ionar ies , who h ad o ccas ion t o make u se o f a nd s o d a mage a n u mber o f t he ir j ave l ins ; t he h eads , i t may b e imag ined , w ere s tored i n t he f or t a r moury f or p oss ib le r euse.

T he p ug io h i lt- moun t ing

( be low , p . 9 9 )may a lso t es t ify t o t he p resence o f l eg ionar ies a t Bar H il l.

2 6

la I th as b een c on tended t ha t l eg ionary v ex il t ions a t s o me t ime f or med t he 7 l f g arr isons o f s evera l An ton ine Wal or ts ;5

i ng .

d ec is ive p roof i s n or mal ackly l

A t Bar H il n i nscr ip t ion r ecords work c arr ied o u t b y v ex il t iones l a la

l eg . Ie t l eg . ) 0 ( ( be low , n o. 5 ) ;

t he c oup l ing o f t wo l eg ionary d e tach men ts

s ugges ts t hey f or med a c ons truc t ion p ar t .

Among p ot ro m Bar H il t ery f l,

Mrs. K . F . H ar t ley h as i den t if ied mor tar ia wh ich s ee m l ike ly t o h ave b een c arr ied n or th b y l eg ionar ies o f b o th I Augus ta a nd ) 0 ( Va ler ia ( be low , p . 1 46 ). Among t he a rch itectura l f ragmen ts r ecovered f ro m t he wel ere t wo l w c hevron-decora ted c o lu mn c ap ita ls o f b uf r its tone. f g

I ti s s ugges ted e lse-

where ( be low , p . 4 3 ) t ha t t hese c ap ita ls c an b e s een a s e v idence f or r epa irs c arr ied o u t w i th in t he p r inc ip ia , mos t p robab ly a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he An ton ine I p hase o f o ccupa t ion .

As a s cu lp tura l mot if t he c hevron i s s ur-

p r is ing ly r are i n N or th Br ita in ;

i n S cot land i ta ppears o n o n ly t hree a l tars ,

a l f ro m B ar H il be low , n os. 1 , 2 4). l l (

T he c hevrons emp loyed o n n os. 1

a nd 2 (no. 4 i s l os t ) a re i den t ica l t o t hose o n t he c o lu mn c ap ita ls.

One a l tar

( no. 2 ) was e rec ted b y s o ld iers o f l eg io I Augus ta ( accord ing t o t he n or ma l r ead ing o f t he i nscr ip t ion ).

T he r epa irs t o t he c o lonnade a t Bar H il l may

t herefore h ave b een t he work o f masons f ro m l eg io I Augus ta.

5 8

L eg ionary

r epa irs t o t he p r inc ip ia a re f ur ther s ugges ted b y t he c o m me mora t ive p i lar l ( no. 7 ) wh ich may i t se lf h ave s erved a s ac o lu mn i n t he p r inc ip ia c our tyard . I t s d ed ica t ion t o An ton inus P ius w ou ld p rov ide a t er m inus a n te q ue m o f A .D . 1 61 f or t hese r epa irs. N o d ef in it ive j udge men t s ee ms p oss ib le o n t he s equence o f g arr isons a t Bar H il l;

much o f t he e v idence i s i nconc lus ive.

Probab i l ity i nc l ines a t

p resen t t owards p lac ing t he C ohors IBaetas ioru m t here i n An ton ine I , t o b e f o lowed b y t he Cohors IHa m ioru m. l

L eg ionar ies f ro m I Augusta a nd ) 0 (

V a ler ia may h ave p repared t he f or t f or r eoccupa t ion a t t he b eg inn ing o f An ton ine I ( or o f t he more h ypothet ica l An ton ine I I p hase ).

6 .

S TRUCTURAL PER IODS

Bar H il he e ar l iest o f t he An ton ine Wal or ts t o b e i nvest il was among t l f g ated b y t he s pade , a nd l i t le i n forma t ion was r ecovered o n p hases o r p er iods t o f o ccupa t ion .

There was amp le e v idence t ha t t he t imber s tructures h ad b een

b urn t d own a nd t he s tone b u i ld ings ( i n p ar t icu lar t he p r inc ip ia ) d e mo l ished when t he f or t p assed o u t o f u se , b ut t he e xcavators d id n o t t h ink a t t he t ime i n f t he e xcavat erms o f more t han a s ing le p hase o f o ccupat ion . T he s u m mary:o t i ons i nc luded 3 0 y ears l a ter i n t he s econd e d it ion o f T he Ro man Wal n l i S cot land o fered f ew r e in terpreta t ions. f

5 9

G iven t he l ack o f d eta i led i n format ion , o n ly b r ief c o m men ts a re i n o rder h ere.

T he c are ful a id c lay a nd c obb le f ounda t ions o f t he p r inc ip ia d a te t he ly l

l ay ing o u t o f t ha t b u i ld ing t o t he An ton ine Ip hase ;

t he s ubd iv is ion o f i t s c ross-

h al igh t p erhaps b e t aken a s e v idence f or s econdary w ork , b ut n o d if ferences l m w ere r epor ted i n t he c o mpos it ion o r q ua l ity o f t he f ounda t ions o f t he p ar t it ion wal l.

T he p ro ject ing s pur a t t he n or theastern c orner o f t he s a me b u i ld ing c an-

n o t b e t aken a s e v idence f or r econstruct ion , i ft he e xcava tors ' a ccoun t o f i t s p urpose i s b e l ieved :

Bar H il 1906 ), 3 5 n . 1 . l ( 2 7

I ti s c lear t ha t b o th g ranary a nd b a thhouse u nderwen t a l tera t ions d ur ing t he o ccupa t ion o f t he f or t , b u t i nsuf ien t i n for ma t ion i s a va i lab le t o d eter m ine fic h ow many s tructura l p hases w ere p resen t i n e ither b u i ld ing .

T here i s n o

s ecure e v idence o f more t han a s ing le p hase i n t he b arracks a rea , u n less t he c lose s pac ing o f t he p ostho les i n Bu i ld ings I a nd I V b e c ons idered i nd ica t ive o f r econstruc t ion , t hough e v iden t ly o n t he s a me a l ign men t .

T h is c loseness o f

s pac ing d id n ot e x tend t o Bu i ld ings I , I I o r Vi n t he wes tern h a l f o f t he f or t . S o me e v idence f or t wo p er iods o f o ccupa t ion may b e p rov ided b y t he p os it ion o f Refuse P its 4 a nd 5 , wh ich l i e d irect ly i n t he p a th o f t he i n terval tree t . lum s Excess ive s pecu lat ion i s b es t a vo ided .

FOOTNOTES 1 .

C f . Croy , G . Macdona ld , 2 62.

2 .

C f . a t Pen L lystyn , A .H.A . Hogg , An t. J . 1 968 , 1 50.

3 .

I n Ho m mages Renard i i ( 1969 ), 2 10 f .

4 .

Mu mr il , O ld K i lpa tr ick , Ba l mu i ldy a nd Cas t lecary a re l arger . ls

T he

d i mens ions o f Cast leh il st i ma ted f ro m a er ia l p hotographs ( c f . JRS l, e 1 951, 6 1) s uggest t ha t i th ad a n a rea s im i lar t o Bar H il l. 5 .

Ba l mu i ldy , 4 1-66 f t ; 3 5 f t ;

Cadder , 4 9-51 f t ;

O ld K i lpa tr ick , 4 1-95 f t ;

Cas t lecary , 4 4 f t ;

Rough Cast le , c . 4 4 f t ;

Croy , 3 2-

Wes terwood

4 1-48 f t . 6 .

C f . Croy , G . Macdona ld , 2 50 w ith p l. x ;

Oakwood , K .A. S teer , 8 8 ,

f ig . 3 . 7 .

Cadder , J . C larke , 2 2 ; Croy , G . Macdona ld , 2 50 ; Dun tocher , Anne S . Rober tson , 3 9 f ; Westerwood , G . Macdona ld , 2 80.

8 .

Bar H il 1906 ), 5 8-60 , f ig . 2 2 ; l (

c f . D .A. J ackson , Br i tann ia 1 973 ,

1 28 f . 9 . 1 0. 1. 1

C f . Oakwood , K .A. S teer , 9 0 f , 1 04 f . C f . F endoch , I .A. R ich mond , 1 15 ;

Oakwood , K .A. S teer , 9 1.

Exa mp les a re c ol y A i leen F ox a nd W. Ravenh il i tann ia 1 972, l ected b l, Br 6 8 ;

c f . most r ecen t ly t he n or th g a te a t Wi lderness f or t let , J .J. Wi lkes ,

GAJ 1 974 , 5 5. 1 2.

C f . Cadder , J . C larke , 1 8 ;

Dun tocher , Anne S . Rober tson , 4 5 ;

ls Mu mr il , G . Macdona ld a nd A .O. Cur ie , 4 11;

O ld K i lpa tr ick , S . N.

l er M il , 1 5. 1 3.

G . Macdona ld a nd A . 0 . C ur ie , PSAS 1 929 , 4 13.

1 4.

Un less t he r oof s loped o u twards , a s i t may h ave d one a t Croy , c f . G . Macdona ld , PSAS 1 937, 3 7.

1 5.

ls C f . Mu mr il , G . Macdona ld a nd A .O . Cur ie , 4 26 , a nd a t Croy , PSAS 1 937 , 4 0.

2 8

1 6.

C f . V .E. Nash-W il l ia ms , T he Ro man Occupa t ion o f Wa les , e d . 2( 1969 ), 1 57.

1 7.

ls F or s o me c o m men ts o n t he r i tua l s ign if icance o f t h is a nd o ther w el , c f . Anne Ross, i n S tud ies i n Anc ien t Europe , e d. J .M . Co les a nd D .D . A. S i mpson ( 1968 ), 2 55 f ;

R .W . F eache m , l oc. c it ., ( n . 3 above ).

1 8.

C f. G .F. R ickman , Ro man Granar ies a nd S tore Bu i ld ings ( 1971 ), 2 13 f .

1 9.

E .g . a t Cadder , J . C larke , 5 0 ;

Ca me lon , M. Buchanan , p l . I ,

Bu i ld ing I X . 2 0. 2 1.

ligaer E .g . Brecon G aer , ? Cra mond , F endoch , G el . l er Ba l mu i ldy , S . N. Mil , 3 2 ; J . C larke , 4 8 ;

Bearsden , D .J. Breeze , 9 ;

Cadder ,

l Mu m r i ls , G . Macdona ld a nd A .0. Cur le , 4 33 ;

l er K i lpa tr ick , S .N . M il , 1 5 ;

O ld

Rough Cast le ( i n for ma t ion f ro m Mr . l a in

Mac Ivor ). 2 2.

l on l, 6 C f. Nanstal , A i leen F ox a nd W. Ravenh il 4;

Oakwood , K .A.

S teer , 8 1. 2 3. 2 4.

969 , 1 5 f . C f. D .J. Breeze a nd B . Dobson , AA 4 1 F or v erandahs i n An ton ine Wal or ts , c f . Rough Cas t le ( i n forma t ion l f f ro m Mr . I a ian Mac Ivor ,

Bearsden ( Excava t ion 1 974 );

? Ba l mu i ldy ,

S .N . M il , 3 6. l er 2 5.

Cadder , J . C larke , 4 8.

2 6.

Bar H il 1906 ), 4 4 w i th f igs , 1 7-18 a nd p l. I . l (

2 7.

C f. C .M . Dan ie ls , AA 4 1 959, 9 2.

2 8.

C f. Croy , G . Macdona ld , 2 61;

2 9.

Ba l mu i ldy , S .N . M il , 4 4 , 5 0 ; l er

Cadder , J . C larke , 5 4. Mu mr il l arge b a ths ), G . Macdona ld ls (

a nd A .O. Cur ie , 4 64. 3 0.

C f. a t Croy , G . Macdona ld , 2 61;

3 1.

Ba l mu i ldy , S . N. Mil , 4 5 ; l er

Rough Cas t le , M. Buchanan , 4 85.

Cadder , J . C larke , 5 6 ;

a nd p oss ib ly

Rough Cast le , M. Buchanan , 4 84. 3 2.

C f. PSAS 1 962 , 2 12.

3 3.

Refs. a t n . 1 7 a bove.

3 4.

P . S a lway , T he F ron t ier Peop le o f Ro man Br ita in ( 1965 ), 8 f .

3 5.

C f. I .A. R ich mond a nd K .A. S teer , PSAS 1 956 , 1 .

3 6.

G . Macdona ld , T he Ro man Wal l i n S cot land , e d . 1( 1911 ), 1 99 ;

e d . 2

( 1934 ), 2 81. 3 7.

C f . a t Mu mr il ls , PSAS 1 961, 9 1 f .

3 8.

lia ms C f. V .E. Nash- W il , T he Ro man Occupa t ion o f Wa les , e d . 2( 1969 ), 1 50 ;

3 9.

969 , 1 5 f . D .J. Breeze a nd B . Dobson , AA 4 1

P l iny , H is tor ia Natura l is i v. 1 06.

2 9

4 0.

C f. E .B. B ir ley , Arch. Ca mbr. 1 953, 1 7 ;

t, i M. G . J arret n Br ita in

a nd Ro me ( 1966 ), 2 7. 4 1.

C f. K . Kraf t , Z ur Rekrut ierung v on A len a nd K ohor ten am Rhe in u nd Donau ( 1951), 1 00 f .

4 2.

C f . A .H. M . J ones, C it ies o f t he Eas tern Ro man Emp ire ( 1937 ), 2 62 ; l Repor F . Haver f ie ld , i n The An ton ine Wal t ( 1899 ), 1 55 ;

RE v i ( 1907 ),

s .v. Ep iphane ia ( 3 ). 4 3.

l a I .e. Cohors IHa m ioru m ( a t Bar H il nd Carvoran ); i i 1 ( CIL vi 0654 , AE 1 950, 1 26 );

Cohors I Ha m ioru m

A la Ha m ioru m ( CIL x v i , 7 3 e tc.) ;

liar Cohors I[ H ]a m ioru m (m il ia ) C . R. ( c f . H .-G . Pf lau m , L ibyca 1 955 , 1 35 f ). 4 4.

C f. D .J. Sm i th

968, 2 84 ; AA 4 1

G . Webster , The Ro man Imper ia l

Army ( 1969 ), p i. 1 6. 4 5.

Webster , 22 .c it ., p l. 2 1.

4 6.

C IL

XVi,

6 9 ;

RIB 1 778, 1 816, 1 818, 1 820, o n wh ich c f . R .P. Wr ight ,

941, 2 50 ; PSAN 4 1 4 7.

RIB 1 792, 1 809.

R IB 1 780, 1 792, o n wh ich c f. I .A. R ich mond , AA 4 1 943 , 2 03 ;

E . a nd

J .R. Harr is , The Or ien ta l Cu lts i n Ro man Br i ta in ( 1965 ), 1 04.

F or

2 .c i t ., ( n . 4 1), 6 0 f ; r ecru itmen t t o S yr ian c ohor ts , c f. K . Kraf t , 2 B . Dobson a nd J .C. Mann , Br itann ia 1 973, 1 94. 4 8.

C f. G . L. Chees man , JRS 1 913, 2 53 ;

B .M . L ev ick , Ro man Co lon ies

i n S outhern As ia M inor ( 1967 ), 1 11 f ;

A .R. Burn , The Ro mans i n

Br i ta in , e d. 2 ( 1969 ), 1 01. 4 9. 5 0.

f C f . most r ecent ly , B. R. Har t ley , Br i tann ia 1 972, 1f . 939 , 2 17 ; S o E .B. B ir ley , PSAS 1 938, 2 83, i de m , CW 2 1 939, 3 8 ; CW 2 1

5 1.

R . L.N. Barber , GAJ 1 971, 1 17 ; 2 0 ;

5 2.

L .P. Wenha m ,

M. G . J arret nd J .C. Mann , BJ 1 970 , 1 91. t a R .P. Wr igh t , Br itann ia 1 970 , 3 10 n o.

AE 1 971, 2 26.

S o G . Macdona ld , PSAS 1 939, 2 58 ;

K . A. S teer , AA 4 1 964 , 2 6 ;

S .S.

Frere , Br itann ia , r ev. e d. ( 1974 ), 1 79-80. 5 3.

RIB 2 192.

5 4.

E .g . RIB 1 583, 1 778 ;

n ote a lso t he a l tars f ro m t he Carrawburgh

951, 3 6 ). Mithraeu m ( AA 4 1 5. 5

K . A . S teer , AA 4 1 964, 2 7.

5 6.

Veget ius Ro m ., De Re Mi l itar i i .15 ;

G . R . Wa tson , The Ro man S o ld ier

( 1969 ), 6 0. 5 7.

C f . D . J . Breeze , PSAS 1 970, 1 15.

5 8.

The c hevron mot if h owever r ecurs o n a n a ltar e rected b y Cohors I Ha m ioru m a t Carvoran i n t he Hadr ian ic Per iod ( R IB 1 778 ).

Chevrons

o f ad if feren t t ype o ccur o n ac o lu mn c ap ita l f ro m Cast leh il or t . l f 5 9.

71 f . G . Macdona ld RWS 2 ,2 3 0

CATALOGUE OF F INDS ( I n H un ter ian Museu m u n less o therw ise s ta ted )

S tone , Wood , L ea ther , Rope , Bronze , I ron , L ead , G lass a nd C lay b y L . J . F . Kepp ie

S TONE ( a )

I NSCR IBED F ound p r ior t o t he e xcava t ions o f 1 902-1905 ( For d raw ings o f n os. 1 -9 , t he r eader i s r eferred t o R IB.)

1 .

ALTAR, t o APOLLO ( ? )

F irst s een a t Auchenvo le House , S t ir l ingsh ire ,

c . 1 725 b y A lexander G ordon , who was i n formed t ha t i tc a me f ro m Bar l ( H il I t in .Sep t ., 5 5 , p l. 1 3.1 ).

J a mes Macdona ld s tates t ha t i tc a me

l n f ro m Cra igh il ear Croy ( PSAS 1 896 , 1 52, n . 1 ) b ut t h is i s b ased o n a m is in terpreta t ion o f PSAS 1 858, 4 0. 27 ; Macdona ld , RWS 2 ,4

RIB 2 165.

l ( C f . Bar H il 1906 ), 8 6 ;

G .

I n NMA , FV 1 4.

O f l oca l b uf andstone , 3 ft 2 in x 1 ft 5 in x 1f t 3i n ( 0 .96 x 0 .43 f s x0 .38 m ).

T he a l tar i s v ery w orn a nd t he i nscr ip t ion a l mos t i leg ib le. l

Three o f t he c orn ice mou ld ings o n t he c ap i ta l c arry d ecora t ion o f ' herr ingbone ' p at , c hevrons , a nd r a ised c ircu lar s tuds. t erns d ecora t ion e x tends r ound a l f our f aces o f t he c ap i ta l. l

The

Be tween p la in

b o lsters o n t he f ron t a nd r ear f aces a re c ircu lar d iscs , p erhaps smal l wrea ths.

The r ear f ace o f t he s ha f t i s o rna men ted w ith a large wrea th ,

w ith d ependen t f i lets. l

On t he l ef t f ace o f t he s ha f t i s ab ow , o n t he

r ight a qu iver f ul f a rrows. l o T he i nscr ipt ion r eads : [ V ]S [L L M ].

[ APOLL ]I /

.. co .

' To Apol lo

d eserved ly f u lf il is ( or t he ir ) v ow .' l ed h

w il ly , g lad ly a nd ling F or a modern i nscr ip t ion o n

t he r ear f ace o f t he c ap i ta l , c f . R IB 2 332 * .

3 1

2 .

A LTAR, t o M ARS CA MULUS .

l o F irst s een b u i lt i n to " the wal f a

l ", c c oun try-house, h ard b y t he Ro man F or t o n Bar H il . 1 733 ( as r ep or ted i n t he Da i ly Gazeteer o f 7 th S ep te mber , 1 736 ). a t o nce t o G lasgow Un ivers ity .

C f . [ J . Anderson ], MRI p l. x ix ;

Haver f ie ld , Arch. J . 1 893, 3 04 ; l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 8 5 ;

Presen ted a l most F .

J . Macdona ld , T it. Hun t., 6 9 , n o. 2 8 ;

26, n o. 4 3 ; G . Macdona ld , RWS 2 4

R I EB 2 166. F . 2 5

O f l oca l b uf andstone , 1 ft 7 in x 1 ft j in x 1 0 i n ( 0 .49 x 0 .32 x f s 0 .255 m ).

On ly t he c ap i ta l a nd u pper p ort ion o f t he s ha f t a re p reserved ;

t he c orners o f t he s haf t a nd o f t he b o lsters h ave s uf ons iderab le f ered c d a mage.

On ly t wo c o mp lete l ines o f t he i nscr ip t ion , c rude ly i nc ised

w ith a s harp-po in ted i nstru men t , a re n ow l eg ib le. Two o f t he c orn ice mou ld ings a re d ecora ted , t he u pper w ith c hevrons ( not s hown i n R IB ), t he l ower w ith c ircu lar s tuds. e x tends r ound t hree f aces o f t he c ap ita l ;

T he o rna men ta t ion

t he r ear f ace i s p la in.

On t he

l e f t s ide o f t he s ha f t i s ak n i fe, o n t he r ight a h and leless p a tera. The i nscr ipt ion r eads : /

DEO MAR [T I ] / C A MVLO /

V S ' To t he g od Mars Ca mu lus

./ .

f u lf il is ( or l ed h

t he ir ) v ow '. L ine 3 h as b een r estored ( e.g . i n R IB ) t o s how t ha t t he a ltar was e rected b y me mbers o f LEG I T AVG.

3 .

ALTAR , t o S ILVANUS , w ith s epara te s tone p l in th.

T urned u p b y t he

p lough o n Cast le H il 895, c . 2 40 y ds ( 225 m ) n or theas t o f t he e ast l, 1 Gate o f Bar H il or t. l f ( 1899 ), 1 53 ;

C f . F . Haver f ield , i n T he An ton ine Wal t l Repor

Bar H il 1906 ), 8 5 ; l (

25 , n o. 4 2 ; G . Macdona ld , RWS 2 ,4

RIB 2 167.

F .24

O f l oca l r edd ish-buf andstone , 3 ft x 1 ft 6 in x 1 0.5 i n ( 0.92 x f s 0 .45 x 0 .265 m ); t he s ha ft .

much worn a nd d a maged , e spec ial n t he c orners o f ly o

The work mansh ip i s c rude a nd c are less :

b een t aken t o d if ferent iate c ap ita l , s haf t , a nd b ase ;

l i t le t roub le h as t t he f ocus i s n ot

d eep ly c ut . On t he r igh t s ide o f t he s haf t c an b e d iscerned a r a ised o b long p ane l , i dent if ied b y Haver f ie ld ( l oc. c it .) a s a b ow . The i nscr ip t ion r eads : D ]EO S ILV[ANO / d ARISTAN [IVS / I ] VSTIANV [ S / PRAEF / C ] OH I HA M[IOR /V S L L M . ' To t he g od S i lvanus , Caristan ius I ust ianus , p refect o f t he F irst C ohort o f Hami i, g ladly , w il nd d eservedly f u l f il is v ow ' . For t h is man , c f . lingly a l ed h a bove p .25 . A r ectangu lar p l in th , a lso o f r edd ish-buf andstone, was f ound w ith f s t he a l tar ;

o ne c orner i s b roken away .

x4 .5 i n ( 0 .63 x 0 .715 x 0 .115 m ). c hamfered .

I t measures 2 ft 1 in x 2 ft 4 i n

T he e dges o f t he p l in th a re c areful ly

On i t s u pper f ace a r ectang le c orrespond ing i n s ize t o t he

b ase o f t he a ltar h as b een s pec ial oughened t o improve s tab i l ity . ly r

3 2

4 .

ALTAR.

l b F ound a t Bar H il e fore 1 825 b u t s ince l os t .

BM Mss. Add . 3 3686 , f . 5 1;

C f . J . S k inner ,

F . Haver f ie ld , i n EE i x , 1 243 ; R IB 2 168.

ly p When s een b y S k inner t he a l tar w as o n ly p ar t ial reserved , i n t wo f rag men ts :

( a ) t he c ap ita l a nd u pper p ar t o f t he s ha f t , ( b ) t he b ase.

T he t ype o f s tone u sed i s n o t s pec if ied , a nd o n ly t he h e igh t o f e ach f ragmen t was n o ted :

( a ) 1f t 4i n ( 0 .4 m ).

( b ) 1f t 2i n ( 0 .35 m ).

T he b o ls ters o n t he c ap i ta l t erm ina te i n p la in r ounde ls ; t e. t he m i s a w rea th o r r oset

b etween

T he f ront f ace o f t he c ap i ta l i s d ecora ted

w ith a d oub le z ig-zag l i ne , p erhaps r epresen t ing a line o f c hevron mot i fs.

On ly t he f ron t f ace was d rawn b y S k inner ;

t h is d ecorat ion

may h ave e x tended r ound o ther f aces o f t he c ap ita l. T he i nscr ipt ion r eads :

5 .

DEO / II ••

' To t he g od

CO M ME MORAT IVE TABLET , e rec ted b y L eg ion I a nd L eg ion XX . l i I ts d iscovery a t Bar H il s n oted " in a l a te 1 8th c en tury h and" i n a c opy o f [ J. Anderson ], MR I ( 1771).

64 ; C f . R . S tuar t , Ca l.Ro m. 2 ,3

J . Macdona ld , T it .Hun t ., 3 1 n o. 8 ;

Bar H il 1906 ), 8 6 ; l (

03, n o. 2 3 ; RWS 2 ,4

R IB 2 171.

G . Macdona ld ,

F .17

O f l oca l b uf andstone , 2 ft x 2 ft 6 i n x3 .7 i n ( 0 .61 x 0 .76 x 0 .095 f s m ).

T he t op l ef t a nd b ot ight c orners o f t he t ab le t a re b roken away , to m r

a nd t he o uter mou ld ing i s d a maged i n s evera l p laces. T he t ab le t t akes t he f orm o f a n a nsated p ane l ;

t he r ectangu lar d ie

i s e nc losed w ith in a d oub le b eaded mou ld ing , a nd t he a nsae w i th in a s ing le mou ld ing .

I nsuf ien t r oo m h as b een l ef t f or t he a nsae t o b e fic

f uly r epresen ted. l The i nscr ip t ion r eads : VEX ILLAT IoNES / LEG I AVG ET / LEG XX VV F . ' De tach men ts o f S econd L eg ion Augusta , a nd o f t he Twen t ieth L eg ion , Va ler ia V ictr ix , d id ( the work ).

3 3

6 . T O MBSTONE, o f C . I UL IUS MARCELL INUS. ah ouse a t K ilsy th , b ut s ince l ost . l. a ss igned t o Bar H il J u l ius F V I, f . 3 23;

S een c . 1 604 b u i lt i n to

S ince t he d iscovery o f n o. 3 it c an b e

t on C f . Anonymus G er manus , i n BM Mss. Cot W. Ca mden , i b id ., f . 2 95 ;

J a mes , Ear l o f Mor ton ,

Anc ien t I nscr ipt ions o n S tones f ound i n S cot land , ( c. 1 786 ), n o. 5 ; H i ll ( 1906 ), 8 5 ;

36 , n o. 5 6; G . Macdona ld , RWS 2 ,4

Bar

R IB 2 172.

Descr ibed b y Mor ton a s " a l most o va l a nd 6f oot i n l eng th", a d es cr ip t ion wh ich t he s ketch o f Anon. G er m. h ard ly b ears o u t .

The

s ketch s hows a r ectangu lar s lab wh ich h as b een b roken o f a cross t he f l ower p ar t o f t he d ie. Above t he d ie i s at r iangu lar g ab le , a nd w ith in i t ap ine c one ;

s er-

p en ts a re s hown g l id ing d own t he mou lded f ra me o f t he g ab le.

Smal l

r oset ccupy t he t op l ef t a nd t op r igh t c orners o f t he s lab. tes o

The

o veral ty le r ecal 1 3 2 181 f ro m S h irva. l s ls R 1 The i nscr ip t ion r eads : COHT HA M IOR.

D M / C

I VL I / M ARCELL INI / PRAEF /

' To t he s p ir its o f t he d epar ted a nd o f C . J u l ius

Marcel , p refect o f t he F irs t Cohor t o f Ha mi linus i.'

7 .

CO M ME MORAT IVE P ILLAR ( ? ), s een c . 1 725 a t Bar H il l; K ilsy th , a nd l a ter t o P en icu ik . w ith p l. 9 .4 ;

C f . A . G ordon , I t in S ep t., 5 5

W. S tuke ley , s ketch i n h is own c opy o f An Accoun t o f t he

Ro man T e mp le ( 1720 ), 1 0a ; 8 6;

Now l ost.

t aken t o

J . H ors ley , Br it. Ro m., 2 00 ;

Bar H il 1906 ) , l (

R IB 2 312. No measure men ts a re s pec if ied.

I n to o ne s ide o f t he p il lar was s et a

r ectangu lar d ie f ra med b y a pla in b eaded mou ld ing.

The p i lar h ad b een l

b roken h or izon tal nd t he l ower p ar t o f t he d ie l ost . ly a The i nscr ipt ion r eads :

IMP CAES / T AE HADR I / A NTON INO /AVG

P IO P P / VEX ILLAT I°NES .

' I n h onour o f t he Emperor Caesar T itus

Ae l ius Hadr ianus An ton inus Augus tus P ius , Father o f h is Coun try , d etachmen ts Prev ious c o m men ta tors h ave i den t if ied t h is p i lar a s a mi lestone l ( presu mab ly f ro m t he M il itary Way i n t he v ic in ity o f t he f or t ) b u t t he a bs ence o f r eference t o t he Emperor 's c onsu lsh ips a nd t o h is t r ibun ic ia p otestas wou ld b e u nusua l o n am ilestone o f p re-3rd c en tury d a te ;

c f .

n ow , M. G ichon a nd B . H . I saac , I EJ 1 974 , 1 17. The p il lar c ou ld i tse lf h ave b e longed t o t he c o lonnade i n t he p r inc ip ia c our tyard , u pon o ne o f whose p il lars t he v ex il iones ( poss ib ly , l ike n o. l at 5 , f ro m l eg iones I e t XX ) i nscr ibed a r ecord o f t he ir r epa ir work .

3 4

F ound d ur ing t he e xcava t ions o f 1 902-1905 8 .

ALTAR , e rected b y COHORS IBAETAS IORU M .

Fro m t he w el n t he l i

c our tyard o f t he Headquar ters Bu i ld ing , a t ad ep th o f 3 3 f t ( 10.06 m ). C f . F . Haver f ie ld , Westd .Korr . 1 903, c o l. 2 03 ; f ig . 2 8;

G . Macdona ld , RWS 2 ,4 24 , n o. 4 1;

Bar H il 1906 ), 8 1, l (

R IB 2 169. F .1936.2

f g O f l oca l b uf r itstone , 3 ft 1 in x 1 ft 5 in x 1 ft 5 in ( 0.94 x 0 .43 x 0 .43 m ).

to m r The b ot igh t h and c orner o f t he b ase h as b een f ractured ,

l. p erhaps when t he a ltar was c ast i n to t he wel

The f ocus i s n o t iceab ly

l arge i n p ropor t ion t o t he b o lsters. ON .

T he i nscr ipt ion r eads :

COH I/ B AETAS IOR / C

R . ' The F irs t

i, Ro man C Cohor t o f Bae tasi i t izens.' -

9 .

C O M ME MORAT IVE TABLET , e rec ted b y COHORS IBAETAS IORU M. Fro m t he wel n t he c our tyard o f t he Headquar ters Bu i ld ing , a t a l i d ep th o f c . 1 7 f t( 5.18 m ). 2 03 ; 3 0 ;

C f . F . Haver f ie ld , Westd . Korr. 1 903, c o l.

i d ., A thenaeu m , 6 th F eb. 1 904 ;

Bar H il 1906 ), 8 2, f igs , 2 9 , l (

G . Macdona ld , RWS 2 ,4 14 , n o. 3 1;

R IB 2 170.

F .1936.1

O f l oca l b uf andstone , 3 ft 3 in x 2 ft x 5 .5 i n ( 0 .96 x 0 .6 x 0 .14 f s m ) when c o mp le te. i n t hree f ragmen ts.

On ly t he l ef t a nd r igh t e dges o f t he d ie a re p reserved , T he ma in p ar t o f t he i nscr ipt ion i s l os t , b ut c an b e

r estored w ith s o me c on f idence.

T he d ie i s f ra med t o l ef t a nd r igh t b y

s ing le c o lu mns w i th p la in t orus mou ld ings ;

a bove , a tr ip le-r idged

b order s erves a s a n a rch itrave. The i nscr ip t ion r eads :

I [MP CAE ]SAR I / T AE[L HAD AN 1TON INO /

AV [G P IO P P C ]OH [ BAETAS IOR C 1R OB / VI [RTVE M ET F I l DE M . ' I n h onour o f t he Emperor Caesar T i tus Ae l ius Hadr ianus An ton inus Augustus P ius , F ather o f h is Coun try , t he F irst Cohor t o f i, Ro man C Baetasi it izens , ( so d es igna ted ) b ecause o f t he ir c ourageous a nd l oya l s erv ice.'

3 5

( b )

UNINSCR IBED F ound p r ior t o t he e xcava t ions o f 1 902-1905

1 0.

l f F irs t s een n ear Bar H il or t b y A lex ander G ordon , c . 1 725

ALTAR.

( I t .Sep t ., 5 5 , p l. 1 3.3 ); J a mes G len o f L in l ithgow ;

b y 1 726 i th ad p assed i n to t he p ossess ion o f n ow l os t .

38 ; R . S tuar t , Ca l.Ro m. 2 ,3

C f . J . H ors ley , Br i t. Ro m. 3 30 ;

Bar H il 1906 ), 8 6. l (

T he c orners o f t he c ap ita l h ad e v iden t ly s uf o me d amage. f ered s

I t

i s n o t k nown wh ich was i n tended t o b e t he f ron t f ace o f t he a l tar , b u t o ne o f t he s ide f aces o f t he s haf t w as d ecora ted w ith a patera , t he o ther w i th a jug .

Ag ab le-topped r ec tang le h ad b een c rude ly i ncised o n o ne

o f t he s ide f aces o f t he b ase. No t i l. l

F igure 9 F ound d ur ing t he e xcava t ions o f 1 902-1905 F our ma le b usts o f l oca l b uf r its tone , e ach f ound " a mong t he a shes o f a f g r ude ly c ons truc ted h ear th"; Bar H il 1906 ), 8 6 f ; l (

t he b ase o f e ach i s n ea t ly s quared o f . f

45 ; G . Macdona ld , RWS 2 ,4

C f .

Anne Ross , AA 4 1 961,

7 0 f . 1.

Fro m t he S E c orner o f t he f or t . 0 .13 m ) ;

1 0.5 x 1.5 x 5 .2 i n ( 0 .27 x 0 .295 x

Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 1.1. l (

i s b roken away .

T he who le f ron t p ar t o f t he f ace

T he b ust i s o f a man w i th b a ld h ead , p robab ly b earded ,

f ac ing f ron t a nd r a is ing t o h is l ips a dr ink ing c up o r t ankard.

T he

a ng le o f h is h ands s uggests t ha t h e i s g r ipp ing t he w ide h and les o f a s cyphus , s teady ing i tw i th h is h ands. 1 2.

F .1936.3

Fro m t he NE c orner o f t he f or t .

1 4 x 1.4 x 6 in ( 0 .35 x 0 .29 x 0 .15

m );

T he b us t i s o f a bearded man , f acing

Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 1.2. l (

f ron t w ith h is h ead a ng led u pwards a nd t o t he r igh t . c asual e l inea ted , a ppears t o h ang b y h is s ide ; ly d

H is l e f t a rm , o n ly

h is r igh t a rm i s

f o lded a cross h is c hes t , w ith f i st t igh t ly c lenched e xcept t ha t t he m idd le f inger i s t hrus t f orward .

F .1936.4

3 6

F IG . 9

S TONE

( 1 :3 )

1 2

F igure 1 0 1 3.

No f t he g ranary .

1 3 x 1 x4 .5 i n ( 0 .33 x 0 .275 x 0 .12 m );

( 1906 ), f ig . 3 1.4.

T he b us t i s b roken a cross t he n eck ;

l Bar H il

t he b ack o f t he

ly l d h ead i s s l iced d own v er t ical , p erhaps t o d ecrease i t s o veral ep th. I ts hows ab earded man f ac ing f ront w i th h is h ead a ng led t o t he r igh t , a nd a rms f o lded a cross h is c hest ;

b o th f is ts a re c lenched , b u t t he

m idd le f inger o f e ach i s t hrus t f orward. 1 4.

No f t he g ranary .

F .1936.5

4 .5 x 3 .5 x 4 i n ( 0 .12 x 0 .09 x 0 .1 m );

l Bar H il

f ( 1906 ), f ig . 3 1.3. T he h ead i s b roken o f i m med iate ly b e low t he c h in , t he f eatures a re much w ea thered a nd t he n ose c o mp le te ly l os t . T he h ead i s o f a ba ld -headed man , b earded , f ac ing f ron t .

l I n a l p robab i l i ty

i t was p ar t o f a b us t s im i lar t o n os. 1 1-13.

F .1936.6

THE ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS l l. A l t he s urv iv ing f ragmen ts w ere r ecovered f ro m t he w el

Un less o ther-

f s l ( w ise s ta ted t hey w ere o f l oca l b uf andstone , c f . Bar H il 1906 ), 3 9-40 , 1 34 f . 1 5.

1 0 c o lu mn s haf ts , c o mp le te.

L eng ths 5f t 3i n ( 1 .61 m ), 5f t2 in

( 1 .58 m ), 5 ft 1 in ( 1 .55 m ), 4 f t8 in ( 1 .44 m ), 4 ft 1 in ( 1 .25 m ), 4 f t 1 in ( 1.25 m ), 3 ft 1 1 i n ( 1 .19 m ), 3 f t 4i n ( 1 .04 m ), 2 ft 8 in ( 0 .82 m ), 1f t 9i n ( 0 .55 m ), 1f t 5i n ( 0 .45 m ). u pwards :

l A l b u t o ne o f t he s ha f ts t aper

d ia m. a t b o tto m 1 ft 2 i n -1 ft 0 .8 i n ( 0.355-0.32 m ), a t t op

1 ft 1 i n -Il i n ( 0 .33 m 288 m m ).

f g One s ha f t ( of b uf r its tone ), l eng th

3 ft 1 1 i n ( 1.19 m ), h as a dia m. o f 1f t0 .8 i n ( 0.32 m ) t hroughou t .

A

l s tudy o f t he d ia meters a low t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t s o me o f t he s hor ter c o mp lete s ha f ts e ach f ormed o n ly t he l ower h a l f o f ac o lu mn , w ith a ly s s econd e qual hor t s ec t ion o f s ha f t p laced o n t op . l No t i l. F .1936.30-37 , 4 0 ,42 1 6.

8 co lu mn s ha f ts , i nco mp lete. L eng ths 3 f t 4i n 1ft 3 i n ( 1 .02-0.37 m ). O f t hese , 7h ave o ne e nd f l a t a nd d ressed ;

e xa m ina t ion o f t he d ia me ters

s uggests t ha t i n 6 cases t he l ower e nd a nd i n 1c ase t he u pper e nd o f t he s ha f t s urv ives.

1 7.

l h l ed i 2s ha f ts g ave a smal o le d r il n to o ne s ide. l N o t i l. F .1936,29 , 3 8-39 , 4 1, 4 3-46

ls 2c o lu mn s ha f ts , i nco mp le te , w ith c orbe ls i n t he f orm o fb ul ' h eads ( bucran ia ).

L eng ths 2 ft 1 0 i n ( 0 .85 m ) a nd 3 ft 5 in ( 1 .05 m ) ;

i n v ic in i ty o f c orbe ls 1f t 1 in ( 0.33 m ).

d ia m.

T he b ucran ia , 1f t x9 in ( 300

x2 30 m m ), a re r ough ly c arved , b u t e as i ly r ecogn isab le.

On o ne o f t he

s ha f ts , t he mor t ise p ocke t a bove t he c orbe l s urv ives. I t measures 2 .5 x 4 x 2 .6 i n ( 60 x 1 00 x 6 5 mm ); o n t he l ef t s ide o f t h is s ha f t t here l c i s a smal ircu lar h o le l eve l w ith t he b ucran iu m.

3 8

F .1936.27-28

1 4

1 3

1 7 1 7 F IG . 1 0

S TONE

( 1 :3 )

F igure 1 1 1 2 c o lu mn b ases ( 2 1 1.).

1 8.

Each b ase c ons is ts o f ad oub le t orus mou ld-

i ng , d ia m. 1 ft 5 in 1 f t 3i n ( 0.43-0.38 m ) t ogether w i th a s hor t l eng th o f s ha f t .

The t o ta l h e igh t f ro m g round l eve l t o t op o f u pper t orus

i s c ons tan t , a t 9 in ( 225 m m ).

On o ne b ase

t here i s a hor izon ta l

l ( n ick r ound e ach t orus , c f . Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 5 1;

2b ases h ave a

l c l ed i smal ircu lar h o le d r il nto t he s ha f t im med ia te ly a bove t he u pper t orus.

tic T he b ases a re ' At ' i n s ty le , t hough t he s co t ia mou ld ing w h ich

ly s tic b n ormal epara tes t he t wo t or i o n a n At ase i s l ack ing . F .1936.15-26

Co lu mn c ap ita ls ly i As w i th t he b ase a s hor t l eng th o f s ha f t i s n ormal nc luded w ith t he c ap i ta l ; 1 9.

as ing le t orus mou ld ing d e marca tes s ha f t a nd c ap i ta l .

5c ap ita ls , u ndecora ted .

T he l eng th o f s ha f t i nc luded w ith t he c ap ita l

r anges f ro m I f tt o 0 .4 i n ( 300-10 m m ); ly w a l mos t t o tal orn away .

t wo o f t he t or i h ave b een

T he d ia me ters o f t he r e ma in ing t hree a re

1 ft 1 in , 1f t0 .5 i n , 1f t , ( 0.330 , 0 .318, 0 .305 m ). ar ectangu lar a bacus ;

One c ap ita l h as

i n t he o thers i ti s a pprox i ma te ly s quare.

l A l

t he c ap i ta ls h ave a s quare h o le o n t op , 2 -3 i n ( 50-76 m m ) s quare , 0 .43 .2 i n ( 10-80 m m ) d eep . One c ap i ta l h as t he i nse t f or a hor izon ta l l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 5 0.

b ea m d ug i n to o ne f ace ;

l No t i l. 2 0-22. 2 0.

3 decorated c ap i ta ls

l -shaped e l T he b el ch inus i s d ecora ted r ound t hree f aces w ith t a l s lender l eaves.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 4 6.

1f t2 in ( 0 .34 x 0 .35 m ); i s 1f t 1 i n ( 0 .59 m ). t ed f ace ; 2 1.

F .1936 ,10-14

T he a bacus measures 1f t 1 in x

t he t o ta l h e ight o f t he c ap ita l ( i nc lud ing s ha f t )

T here a re t hree c o mp le te l eaves o n e ach d ecora-

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 4 6.

f g ( buf r its tone )

F .1936.7

The a bacus , 1f t x1 i n ( 0.3 x 0 .27 m ) i s d iv ided i n to

t wo p ane ls b y a n i nc ised h or izon ta l l ine ; mm ) i s d ecora ted w i th c hevrons i n r e l ief .

t he l ower b and , h t . 2 .2 i n ( 55 T here a re t hree c o mp lete

c hevrons o n e ach o f t he s hor ter f aces o f t he a bacus , f our o n t he l onger . f The a ng les o f t he e ch inus h ave b een r ough ly s quared o f . 1 ft 3 i n ( 0 .37 m ); t he a bacus. 2 2.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 4 8.

f g ( buf r itstone )

F .1936.8

The s quare a bacus , d ia m. 1f t1 in ( 0 .32 m ) i s d iv ided

i n to t wo p ane ls b y a n i nc ised h or izon ta l l ine ; ( 40 m m ) i s d ecora ted w i th c hevrons i n r e l ief . a re 5 co mp le te c hevrons , o n t he o thers 6 . m ).

t he l ower b and , h t . 1 .6 i n On t wo o ppos ing f aces

H t . o f c ap i ta l 1 ft 5 in ( 0.445

T he t orus , & ta m . 1 ft 1 in ( 0 .33 m ) i s n o t c ircu lar b ut i n t he f orm

o f as quare w i th r ounded c orners. f o f .

H t. o f c ap i ta l

t here i s n o t orus a nd n o h o le i n t he t op s ur face o f

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 4 7.

T he a ng les o f t he e ch inus a re s quared F .1936.9

4 0

1 8

2 0

2 1

2 2

F IG . 1

S TONE ( 1 :6 )

• I n Bar H il 1906 ), t he a rch itec tura l f ragmen ts w ere d iscussed b y Mr . l ( Tho mas Ross ( pp. 1 34 f ).

I th as b een o bserved e lsewhere t ha t s o me i t e ms

f ound d ur ing t he e xcava t ions o f 1 902-1905 h ad b een l os t b efore t he ma ter ia l was t ransferred t o t he H un ter ian Museum i n 1 936 a nd 1 959. Ross h ad b e fore ly o h im f or s tudy 2 1 whol r p ar t ly p reserved s ha f ts , 1 2 c ap ita ls a nd 1 4 b ases. 2c ap ita ls a nd 1b ase c anno t n ow b e l oca ted .

O f t he s urv iv ing f rag men ts 4 0

a re i n t he H unter ian Museu m , a nd 4 i n t he Au ld K irk H istor ica l Cen tre , l och ( K irk in t il see Append ix , p . 1 78 ).

l H owever a l t he b ases a nd c ap ita ls , t o-

g ether w ith a s e lec t ion o f s ha f ts , a ppear o n p ho tographs t aken s hor t ly a f ter t he e xcava t ions. l i l i i o Ac o lu mn c ap i ta l f ro m Bar H il s i lus tra ted b y S tuar t o n p l. xi f h is Ca ledon ia Ro mana ( 1852 ) ; i ti s d escr ibed ( p . 3 37 f n .) a s ' recen t ly f ound n ear l'. No men t he Ro man f or t o n t he Barh il t ion i s made o f t h is c ap ita l b y Ross o r b y Macdona ld a nd P ark ; i t was p resu mab ly a lready l ost . The t op o f t he c ap i ta l was b roken away , b ut e nough s urv ived t o s how t ha t t he a bacus w as d iv ided i n to t wo p ane ls b y a h or izon ta l i nc ised l ine , a nd t ha t t he a ng les o f t he e ch inus h ad b een s quared of , s uggest ing t ha t i t may b e c lassed w i th t he t wo c hevron-decora ted c ap ita ls c ons idered a bove.

l S tuar t 's i lus tra t ion g ives n o

h in t t ha t t he c ap ita l h ad e ver b orne d ecora t ion . I ti s r easonab le t o s uppose t ha t t he c o lu mns o nce s tood r ound t he c our ty ard o f t he p r inc ip ia , b u t n o f ounda t ions o r s ubs tructures w ere f ound d ur ing t he e xcava t ions , t hough c arefu l s earch w as made.

I tc an b e a ssu med f ro m t he

ly e n u mber o fb ases f ound i n 1 902-5 t ha t a t l east 1 4 c o lu mns w ere o r ig inal rect ed .

One c ap ita l ( now l ost ) c a me f ro m Refuse P it 7n ear t he s ou th g a te ; a n-

o ther ( t he o ne men t ioned b y S tuar t ) was p icked u p n ear t he f or t i n t he m id 1 9th c en tury .

l I ti s e v iden t t ha t n o t a l t he s tonework f ro m t he p r inc ip ia was d e-

l. p os i ted i n t he w el E ach c o lu mn was b u i lt u p f ro m 3 c ons t i tuen t p ar ts : b ase.

c ap i ta l , s ha f t , a nd

Ad oub le t orus mou ld ing p rov ided a s ecure f oot ing f or t he c o lu mn ;

s ing le t orus d e marca ted s ha f t a nd c ap ita l. g rea t ly d ifer ing l eng ths ;

a

T he s ha f ts t he mse lves a re o f

t h is a dded t o t he f act t hat n o t wo c ap ita ls o r b ases

i ncorporated a n i den t ica l l eng th o f s ha f t migh t s ugges t t ha t t he c o lu mns when e rec ted were o f s evera l d ifer ing h e igh ts.

However a long s ha f t may h ave

f b een c oup led w ith a l ow b ase o r s ha f t c ap ita l , t hus e ven ing o ut t he d i ferences. At o ta l h e igh t o f C . 8 ft ( 2 .44 m ) c an p erhaps b e h azarded f or t hese c o lu mns ; l s. i t may h ave b een n ecessary t o r a ise t he m o n dwar f wal T he p rac t ice o f c arv ing a s ect ion o f s ha f t a top t he b ase o r b e low t he c ap ita l may h ave r esu lted f ro m a d es ire t o make e cono m ica l u se o f a va i lab le s tone. P las ter ing o ver o f t he c o mpos ite c o lu mns w ou ld h ide t he j o ins. t I ti s n o t p oss ib le t o s ay wh ich s ha f t was f i ted o n t o wh ich c ap ita l o rb ase. Var ia t ions i n c ircumference a t t he p o in t o fj unc t ion g ive n o c lue ;

n o s pec ia l

l d c are n eed h ave b een t aken t o s ecure a n e xact f i t -s mal iscrepanc ies i n c irc um ference w ou ld b e impercep t ib le t o t he n aked e ye.

4 2

On t wo o f t he b ases smal ircu lar h o les , d iam. 2 .4-2 i n ( 60-50 m m ) h ave l c b een d r il n to o ne s ide o f t he s ha f t j ust a bove t he u pper t orus ; t here a re l ed i s imi lar h o les n ear t he b ot nds o f t wo b roken s ha f ts. These h o les s eem t o to m e i nd ica te t ha t a hor izon ta l b ar o f wood o r i ron r an f ro m c o lumn t o c o lumn r ound p ar t a t l east o f t he c o lonnade a t a he igh t o f c . 1 0 i n ( 0 .25 m ) f ro m g round l eve l ( or h igher i ft he c o lu mns s tood o n dwar f wai ls ). d owe l h o les s unk i n to t he ir t op f aces ; c la mps t o s ecure t he l i n te l b eams. t he ir u nders ides.

S ix o f t he c ap ita ls h ave s quare

t hese may h ave r ece ived wooden o r i ron

Many o f t he b ases h ave s im i lar h o les i n

Occas ional ases h ave b een l ocked i n to s ha f ts , a nd s haf ts ly b

i n to c ap ita ls , w ith s im i lar d owe ls. T he h eav ier s haf ts i ncorpora t ing b ucran ia may h ave s tood a t t he e n trance t o t he p r inc ip ia i t se l f , o r o n e i ther s ide o f a passageway f ro m t he c our tyard t o t he a dm in istra t ive r oo ms b eyond ; p erhaps t he c orbe ls w ere d es igned t o s upp or t t he e x tra we igh t o f a n i nscr ibed s lab. T hree o f t he c ap i ta ls a re d ecorated :

o ne w i th s lender l eaves ( round t hree

s ides o f t he c ap i ta l ), t he o ther t wo w ith c hevrons. T he t wo l a ter c o lumns c an t b e d is t ingu ished f rom t he r ema in ing c o lu mns i n s evera l ways. F irs t ly t hey a re f ash ioned f ro m ab uf r its tone ( s im i lar t o t ha t u sed f or t he t o mbs tones a t f g n earby S h irva );

t he e ch inus o f t hese c ap ita ls i s n o t b el , b u t s quared l -shaped

o f . On t hese t wo c ap i ta ls a lone t here i s n o h o le i n t he t op f or a d owe l o r f c ra mp. One o f t he t wo l acks a torus ( i t i s t he o n ly o ne o f t he g roup w ithou t t h is f ea ture );

t he o ther p ossesses a torus , b u t o ne wh ich i s n ot c ircu lar b u t i n

t he f orm o f as quare w ith r ounded c orners.

Among t he r e ma in ing a rch itectura l

f ragmen ts o n ly o ne ( a c o mp le te c o lu mn s ha f t ) i s o fb uf r its tone, a nd p ecu l iar f g i n t ha t i td oes n o t t aper t owards t he t op ; i t s d iameter i s t he s a me t hroughout i t s l eng th. T h is s ha f t , a nd t he t wo c ap ita ls , c ou ld b e e v idence f or r epa irs o r a ltera t ions t o t he c o lonnade a t s o me d ate a f ter i t s e rect ion . T he c ap ita ls w i th t he ir c hevron d ecora t ion b etoken t he p resence o f ad i feren t ( and more amb i t ious ) f c ra f ts man . F ur ther e v idence o f a l tera t ion i s p rov ided b y t he c ap i ta l wh ich h as a n i nse t r ough ly h acked i n to o ne o f i t s f aces. M iscel b jects o f s tone ; l aneous o i s emp loyed 2 3.

u n less o therw ise s ta ted l oca l b uf andstone f s

1f rag . c orn ice mou ld ing , 1.5 x 1 7 x9 in ( 0 .29 x 0 .43 x 0 .225 m ). No t i l. l

F .1936.47

2 4.

1s quared b u i ld ing b lock , 1 x1 9 x1 7 i n ( 0 .28 x 0 .48 x 0 .43 m ), w ith p er fora t ion . No t i l. F .1936.48 l

2 5.

3r ec tangu lar s i l ls , 2 ft 9 in x 1f t1 in ( 0 .83 x 0 .33 m ), 2 ft x 1f t 4i n ( 0 .61 x 0 .405 m ), 1f t9 in x 1f t7 in ( 0 .53 x 0 .48 m ), e ach w ith a s quare h o le , 3 in ( 75 m m ) a cross , t o r ece ive t imber u pr igh ts. The An ton ine Wal l Repor t , 6 1, 9 4-5 ;

Bar H il l ( 1906 ), 9 0. Not i l l.

o f f or t r a mpar t , 1 895.

N ow l ost.

Near NW c orner

S im i lar s i l ls h ave b een n o ted a t Ha l tonchesters ( c f . J RS 1 961, 1 64 ) a nd 973 , 8 2 ) i n 4 th c en tury A .D. c on tex ts. Rudchester ( c f . AA 5 1

4 3

4 4 4 5

4 5

4 5

4 5

4 8 4 9

F IG . 1 2

S TONE ( 1 :3 )

2 6.

3 pivo t s tones , 6 x 9 x 8 .5 i n ( 150 x 2 25 x 2 10 m m ), 5 x 8 x 7 in ( 125 x 2 05 x 1 80 m m ), e ach w i th p ivot h o le , d ia m . 1 .5 i n ( 35 m m ), 5 .5 x 8 .5 x5 .5 i n ( 140 x 2 10 x 1 40 m m ) w i th s hal ivo t h o le d ia m. 2 in ( 50 m m ). l ow p No t i l. l

2 7.

F .1936.49-50

1p ivo t s tone , 8 .5 x 6 x 4i n ( 210 x 1 50 x 1 05 m m ), w ith p ivo t h o le 1 .5 i n ( 35 m m ) d ia m.

No t i l. l

Near Bar H il or t , c . 1 895. l f

An ton ine Wal t , 6 1. l Repor 2 8.

c f .

T he

F .1936.51

1 2 d ressed b u i ld ing b locks , w ith h err ingbone o r d ia mond b roached t oo l ing .

Bar H il 1906 ), 9 0. l (

Not i l. l

S tone d yke E o f f or t . F .1936.52

2 9.

1 dressed b u i ld ing b lock , 9 x 5 x 6 in ( 225 x 1 30 x 1 55 m m ), w ith c hequer-board t ool ing .

T he An ton ine Wal t , 6 1. l Repor

d yke E o f f or t . 3 0.

Not i l. l

S tone

F .47

1s quared b u i ld ing b lock , 1 1 x7 x 5 in ( 280 x 1 80 x 1 25 m m ).

No t i l . l

F .1936.52 3 1.

5f rags. b u i ld ing b locks , l eng ths 1f t 7 in 7in ( 485-175 m m ). No t i l. l F .1936.53

3 2.

4r ectangu lar b locks ( o fb uf r its tone ), 3 ft 2 i n x 1f t 5 in x 1 0 i n ( 0.95 f g x0 .46 x 0 .25 m ), 2 ft 2 i n x 1f t 4i n x9i n ( 0 .66 x 0 .41 x 0 .23 m ), 2 ft 1 in x 1f t 7 in x 1 1 i n ( 0 .63 x 0 .48 x 0 .28 m ), 2 ft 2 i n x 1f t1 in x 1 1 i n ( 0 .65 x 0 .4 x 0 .28 m ).

I n to t he u pper f ace o f e ach a fla t b ot hanne l , t o med c

w id th 4 .5 i n ( 115 m m ) i s c u t l eng thw ise , t o c arry water. Reservo ir , NW q uadran t . 3. 3

1r ectangu lar b lock , 1 2 x7 x 4i n ( 300 x 1 75 x 1 00 m m ) w ith U -shaped c hanne l , p robab ly t o c arry water .

3 4.

No t i l. l

F .1936.58

1f rag ., s how ing d oub le b eaded mou ld ing ,10 x 8 x 5 in ( 255 x 2 00 x 1 25 mm ).

3 5.

N o t i l. l

F .1936.54-57

Not i l. l

F .1936.53

1 shal rough ( o fb uf r its tone ) i n t hree f rags ., 1f t 5 in x 1f t1 in l ow t f g x4 .8 i n ( 0.43 x 0 .33 x 0 .12 m ) ;

Bar H il 1906 ), 8 9 , f ig . 3 2. N ot i l. l ( l F .1936.59

3 6.

1f rag . mor tar , e x terna l d ia m. whenco mp le te 1 ft 5 in ( 0 .43m ). H il 1906 ), 8 9 , f ig . 3 2. l (

3 7.

N o t i l. l

Bar

F .1936.61

1f rag . mor tar , e x terna l d ia m. when c o mp lete 1 ft 1i n ( 0 .33m ), w ith r ec tangu lar b oss o n o ne s ide.

Bar H il 1906 ), 8 9 , f ig . 3 2. l (

N ot i l. l

F .1936.60 3 8.

1 ne ther s tone o f q uern i n t hree f rags.,dia m. 1 ft 4 i n ( 0 .405 m ). Bar H il 1906 ), 8 9 , f ig . 3 2. l (

3 9.

F .1936,62

1u pper s tone o f q uern , w ith s lot f or h and le ,dia m. 1 ft 2 i n(0 .35 m ). Bar H il 1906 ), 8 9 , f ig . 3 2. l (

4 0.

No t i l . l

Not i l. l

F .1936.63

1f rag . n ether s tone o f q uern ( o f Andernach l ava ), d ia m. if t 4i n ( 0 .41 m ).

Bar H il 1906 ), 8 9. l (

No t i l. l

4 5

F .1936.64

4 1.

1h eavy s tone we igh t , 1 3 x8 x 5 in ( 330 x 2 00 x 1 25 m m ), w i th p er forat ion n ear o ne e nd.

4 2.

l Not i l.

F .1936.65

1s tone we igh t , d ia m. 1 0 i n ( 205 m m ), h t . 5 in ( 130 m m ) w i th c en tra l l No t i l.

p er fora t ion.

F .1936.66

F igure 1 2 4 4.

1 lista ls ( l 10 ' bal ' b al 3 i l.), d ia m. 5 .5-1.5 i n ( 140-38 m m ), f or u se a s p ro ject i les.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 2 1, 8 9.

A f ew a re f ash ioned f ro m

Andernach l ava , p resu mab ly f ro m d isused q uernstones. F .1936.68 4 5.

l 1 9 whetstones ( 4 i l.), l eng ths 6 .5-2.5 i n ( 175-70 m m ). 8 9 , f ig . 3 2.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ),

F .1936.69 F .1959.1

4 6.

1c urved s tone , p oss ib ly a whets tone , l eng th 5 .5 i n ( 140 m m ).

l No t i l.

F .1936.70 4 7.

1s haped s tone , l eng th 9 .5 i n ( 240 m m ), o fu ncer ta in f unct ion . ( 1906 ), 8 9 , f ig. 3 2.

4 8.

l No t i l.

l Bar H il

F .1936.71

t ened s 1f rag . f lat tone , 5 x 3i n ( 130 x 7 5 mm ), p ierced b y c ircu lar h o le d ia m. 0 .5 i n ( 12 m m ), p erhaps we ight o r p lu m me t. F .1936.73

4 9.

t ened s 1 flat tone , o f u ncer ta in f unct ion .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ) , 8 9 , f ig . 3 2. F .1936.72

5 0.

1 flat o va l s tone , 3 .7 x 2 .5 i n ( 95 x 6 5 mm ).

l Not i l. F .1936.74

5 1.

1c ircu lar d isc , d ia m. 1 .5 i n ( 35 m m ) w ith b oth f aces f l at ; 0 .5 i n ( 2 mm ).

l ( l Bar H il 1906 ), 8 9. Not i l.

l er c f . Ba l mu i ldy , S . N. Mil , p l. l v .1 0-11; p l.

2 0CV

t h ickness

F .1936.75 l er O ld K i lpa tr ick , S . N. Mil ,

A .

F igure 1 3 5 2.

isc , d ia m. 2 i n ( 50 m m ) w i th o ne f ace c onvex . 1c ircu lar d ( 1906 ), 8 9.

5 3.

F .1936.76

isc ( o f s la te ), d ia m. 2 i n ( 50 m m ) w ith o ne f ace c onvex . 1c ircu lar d F .1936.77

Not i l. l 5 4.

Bar H il l

am ing c oun ter ( o f q uar tzite ), d ia m. 0 .6 i n ( 15 m m ). 1c ircu lar g F .1936.78 c f. O ld K i lpatr ick , S . N. Mil , p l. l er

5. 5

XXV

A .

1s p ind le whor l ( o f mudstone ), p ierced b y c ircu lar h o le. i n ( 29 m m ).

F .1936.79

4 6

D ia m. 1 .2

5 4

5 5

5 2

5 8 d aiii ll 5 6

6 0

5 9

F IG . 1 3

S TONE

6 2

( I :2)

5 6.

led r te ( 1f rag . b evel ectangu lar p a let o f g reen ish s la te ), 3 .5 x 3 i n ( 85 x 7 5 mm ).

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 9 0.

F .1936.80

c f. Eburacu m , I .A . R ich mond , 1 34, n o. 1 46 ; 1 95 , n o. 7 12 ;

S aa lburg

Gadebr idge, D .S. Nea l ,

L . J acob i , f ig . 7 1.22 ;

Veru la m iu m , H . Waugh

a nd R . Goodburn , 1 56 , n o. 2 29. 5 7.

te 1 ova l p a let , 3 .5 x 3 i n ( 85 x 7 5 mm ).

l Not i l. F .1936.81

5 8.

1f rag . ( ? ) s late p enc i l , l eng th 1 .5 i n ( 38 m m ).

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 9 1.

F .1936.82 5 9.

1f rag . a rm let ( o f s ha le ), d ia m. when c o mp le te 4 .7 i n ( 120 m m ). l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 9 1.

6 0.

F.1936.83

1c o in mould ( o f s ha le ) w i th u ncer ta in f igure , 1 .5 x 1 in ( 37 x 2 5 mm ). l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 9 1.

6 1.

F .1936.84

1 dia mond s haped t essera ( o fslate ), 1 .1 x 0 .5 i n ( 28 x 1 3 mm ). l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 7 8.

6 2.

1s craper ( o f f l int ).

6 3.

2f rags. ( o f j asper ).

l Not i l.

F .1959.39 F .1936.85

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 9 0.

l Not i l. F .1959.38

6 4.

1 lu mp s lag , p oss ib ly c a lc ined s tone.

l Not i l. F .1936.86

WOOD F igure 1 4 Whee ls 1 .

Co mp lete whee l , e x terna l d ia m. 2 ft 1 1 i n ( 0 .88 m ), h aving a o nel oe ( p iece f el o f a sh ), a nd 1 1 l a theturned s pokes ( o f a sh ), l eng th 1 1 i n ( 280 m m ), w ith s quare t enons a t b oth e nds.

The n ave ( o f e lm ) h as a

t o ta l l eng th o f 1 ft 2 i n ( 0 .36 m ), w ith a d ia m. o f 9 .5 i n ( 240 m m ) t aper ing t o 6 in ( 155 m m ) a t t he h ubs.

Each h ub i s p ro tected b y a n

o uter r im , d ia m. 6 i n ( 155 m m ) a nd i nner l in ing , d ia m. 4 i n ( 105 m m ), o f i ron.

l ars t Between t he c ol h in c urv ing s tr ips o f i ron h ave b een

l ars h a m mered i n to t he wood , t o i ncrease t he p ressure o n t he c ol , s o l h o ld ing t he m more s ecure ly i n p os i t ion. The f e loe i s e nclosed b y a l ( o ne-p iece i ron t ire , w id th 1 .75 i n ( 45 m m ). Bar H il 1906 ), 9 2 f ; f ig. 3 4.

Refuse P it 6 , a t ad ep th o f 8f t( 2 .44 m ) F .1936.91

C f . Newstead , J . Cur ie , 2 92, p l . bdx ; Cor m ick , An t.J. 1 973, 2 75.

J . Musty a nd A .G . Mac-

A d ist inct ion i s o f ten d rawn b etween

l whee ls o f o ne-p iece a nd mu lt i-p iece f e loe , a nd t he f or mer c ons idered

4 8

1

F IG .14

W OO D

( 1 :6 )

o f d ist inct ive Ce lt ic o r ig in. But b o th t ypes p robably e x isted s ide b y s ide i n t he Ro man w or ld ;

f or t he ir L a t in n a mes c f. JRS 1 973, 1 05.

Hub r i ms a nd l in ings a re f requent ly f ound o n Ro man m i l itary s i tes , c f . p . 1 11 b e low.

T he i ron t ire u sed h ere i s o f S ir

t, E Three Hoards , S . P iggot 5, C6,

( i n HM ), Newstead , J . Cur le , 2 92 ; B3;

C . F ox 's Type A

l c f. a lso I nchtu th i l ( i n NMA ), L oudoun H il

( L lyn Cerr ig Bach , 1 2 );

Bra mp ton , W.H. Mann ing , 2 2.

F igure 1 5 2 -5 :

Fragmen ts o f whee l ( o f o ak )

2 .

l One s egmen t , l eng th 1f t 7 in ( 0.48 m ) o f a mu lt i-p iece f e loe, i ncorp ora t ing t wo s pokes , l eng th 1 ft 4 i n ( 0.41 m ), e ach h av ing a s quare l t enon f or i nser t ion i n to t he f e loe a nd r ectangu lar t enon f or i nser t ion i n to t he n ave.

f The s pokes a re o n ly r ough ly f in ished o f , w ithou t a

l Rectangu lar h o les h ave b een c u t t hrough t he f e loe s eg men t t o

l a the.

r ece ive t he s pokes wh ich were h e ld t igh t b y wedges.

M idway b etween

t he s pokes a r ectangu lar d owe l h o le h as b een c ut i n to t he o u ter f ace o f l oe. Bar H l ( t he f el il 1906 ), 9 9 ; f ig. 3 3.4. Outer d i tch , NW c orner F .1936.92 The s urv iv ing s egmen t was p robab ly o ne o f s ix wh ich made u p t he l c o mp lete f e loe ;

i t s d ia meter was c . 3f t ( 0 .91 m ).

Dowe l h o les a t

b oth e nds o f t he s egmen t i nd ica te t he method b y wh ich i t was s ecured t o a d jacen t s egmen ts.

f ered b The wear s uf y t he p rotrud ing s pokes

s hows t hat t he whee l was n o t e nc losed b y a n i ron t ire , b u t e x tra k nobs l o f wood s e t i n to t he o u ter f ace o f t he f e loe b etween t he s pokes w ou ld h e lp t o p ro tect i tf ro m e xcess ive wear. S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f. l xxx 3 .

C f . Newstead , J . Cur le , 2 94 ;

An t.J. 1 973, 2 75.

l 3 frags. o f n ave , ( 2 i l.), p ierced b y r ectangu lar d owe l h o les t o r ece ive s pokes.

l Two f rags. ( i l.) a d jo in , s how ing t ha t t he n ave h ad a l eng th o f

1 ft 4 i n ( 0.4 m ).

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he n ave was made u p f ro m a t l east

ly s t wo s ym metr ical haped p ar ts. u sed .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 9 9 ;

N o i ron r i ms o r l in ings h ave b een

f ig . 3 3.3,5.

Outer d i tch , NW c orner F .1936.94-95.

c f . t he n ave o f a whee l f ro m L a T ene, V . Gross , L a V ene , u n o pp idu m e te He lvs 4 .

1 886 , 3 3-4 ;

Bar H il 1906 ), 9 6 , f ig . 3 5. l (

2r ectangu lar d owe ls , 3 .8 x 1 .2 x 0 .8 i n ( 95 x 3 0 x2 0 mm ) a nd 2 .3 x 1 .2 x 0 .8 i n ( 60 x 3 0 x2 0 mm ).

One h as t wo n otches c u t h al fway a long

i t s l eng th , t heother f a in t t races o f s im ilar n otches ; l inked s egmen ts o f f e loe. l

p erhaps t he d owe ls

Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 3.4 a ppears t o s how l (

t he smal f t hese d owe ls i nser ted i nto t he e nd o f t he f e loe s egmen t , l er o l b ut i tc annot n ow b e made t o f i t .

Outer d itch ( ? ), NW c orner F .1936.96-97

5 0

4

F IG . 1 5 W OOD

( 1 :3 )

5 .

1f rag . 5 .5 x 7 .6 x 2 .3 i n ( 140 x 1 90 x 6 0 mm ) w i th p ro ject ing t enon 2 .3 x 2 .3 x 1 .2 i n ( 60 x 6 0 x3 0 mm ).

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 9 9 c ons idered

i tp ar t o f t he n ave ( no. 3 a bove ) b u t i ts ee ms o ut o f p lace t here. l ( H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 3.2.

Bar

Outer d i tch , NW c orner F .1936.93

6 .

l ey b Pul lock , f ash ioned f ro m a s ing le p iece o f o ak , 1f t5 in x 5 in x 4 i n l ey w ( 0 .485 m x 1 20 x 1 00 m m ), w ith c lef t t o a dm it p ul heel.

O f t he t wo

f c heeks , o ne i s c o mp lete , l eng th 1 i n ( 0 .27 m ), t he o ther b roken o f b e low t he c lef t.

l c The s urv iv ing c heek i s p ierced b y a smal ircu lar

l ey a h o le , d ia m. 1 in ( 25 m m ), f or t he p ul x le.

Fro m t he a ng le a t w h ich

l ed i ly v t h is h o le was d r il ti s e v iden t t hat t he c heeks w ere o r ig inal ert ica l ( or n ear v er t ica l ) a nd n ot s p layed a s i n t he s urv iv ing f rag ment .

Above

t he c lef t t he b lock i s p ierced b y as quar ish h o le , 2i n ( 50 m m ) a cross , t hrough wh ich may h ave p assed a transverse b ea m, 9 , 4 0, 9 2 ;

f ig . 3 3.7.

l Wel

l ( Bar H il 1906 ),

F .1936.89

l ey b For a n a l most i den t ica l p ul lock , c f . S aa lburg , L . J acob i , 1 72 , f ig . 2 3.2a-2d ; 2 2D a nd t af .

a nd f or t ransverse t imber s uppor ts , c f . i b id., f i g .

X i V . Ia

.

F igure 1 6 7 .

2 frags. o f p ul hee l , 1 0 x3 .5 x 1 .5 i n ( 240 x 9 0 x3 5 mm ), a nd 9 x l ey w 4x 1 .5 i n ( 225 x 1 00 x 3 5 mm ), n ow d istor ted . whee l h ad a d ia m. o f c . 1 0 i n ( 250 m m ); b lock ( no. 6 a bove ).

When c o mp lete t he

i t wou ld f i t e as i ly i n to t he

Bar H il 1906 ), 9 , 4 9, 9 2; l (

f ig . 3 3.10.

Wel l

F .1936.90 c f . S aa lburg , L . J acob i , 1 71-2, w ith f ig . 2 3. 8 -12 Barre ls , e tc. 8 .

1 4 s taves ( 1 i l.) o f a smal arre l ( of o ak ), o f wh ich 1 2 a re u nbroken. l l b Each s tave h as a leng th o f 1 ft 5 in ( 0 .345 m ) a nd a w id th o f 1 .6 i n ( 45 mm ) t aper ing t o 1 .2 i n ( 30 m m ).

A n arrow g roove h as b een c ut c . 0 .6

i n ( 15 m m ) f ro m b oth e nds o f e ach s tave , t o a cco m modate t he b arre l h ead a nd b ot t o m. I ANVARIVS .

S cratched l eng thw ise o n o ne s tave ( LI . ) i s t he n a me

Bar H il 1906 ), 9 9-100. l (

N d itch , W o f n or th g ate F .1936.98

c f . N ewstead , J . Cur ie , 3 12 ;

S aa lburg , L . J acob i , f ig . 2 3.12, t a f.

x iv. XI I. 9 .

Barre l h ead ( o f o ak ), 5 .7 x 5 .2 i n ( 145 x 1 30 m m ), t h ickness 0 .2 i n ( 5 mm ), w i th b ung h o le , d ia m. 1 .2 i n ( 30 m m ) o f c en tre. f ( 1906 ), 1 00.

1 0.

Bar H il l

F .1936.99

n ( 120 m m ), t h ickness Barre l h ead ( o f o ak ), i n 2f rags., d ia m. 4 .8 i 0 .3 i n ( 7 mm ), w ith c en tra l b ung h o le , d ia m. 1 in ( 25 m m ). ( 1906 ), 1 00.

F .1936.100

5 2

Bar H il l

7

I

I 8

1

1 2 F IG . 1 6

WOOD

( 1 :3 )

I I.

Ha lf o f b arre l h ead ( o f o ak ), d ia m . 4i n ( 100 m m ), t h ickness 0 .1 i n ( 3 f mm ), w ith b ung h o le , d ia m. 0 .6 i n ( 18 m m ) o f c en tre. Bar H i ll ( 1906 ), 1 00.

1 2.

F .1936.101

Ha l f o f b arre l h ead ( o f o ak ), d ia m . 3 .2 i n ( 80 m m ), t h ickness 0 .5 i n l Bar H il

( 12 m m ), w ith c en tra l b ung h o le, d ia m. 0 .6 i n ( 18 m m ). ( 1906 ), 1 00.

F .1936.102

Refuse P it 9 ( 3 );

" in a nother p ar t o f t he f or t" ( 1 )

F igure 1 7 1 3.

T oo l h and le , c o mp le te , 4x1 .6 i n ( 100 x 4 5 mm ), r ounded o n t op , l ower e nd f la t , w ith s ocke t t o r ece ive b it o r b radaw l. 1 01.

1 4.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ),

F .1936 .106

Hand le , 3 x 1 .5 i n ( 75 x 40 m m ), r ounded o n t op , l ower e nd f la t , l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 1 01.

p robab ly t o b e i nser ted i n to s ocketed i ron t oo l.

F .1936 . 108 1 5.

2 frags. t oo l h and les , 2 .5 x 2 .2 i n ( 65 x 5 5 mm ), a nd 2 .2 x 1 .8 i n ( 55 l ( x2 0 mm ), r ounded o n t op. Bar H il 1906 ), 1 01. F .1936.107 c f . S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f .lxxx .3.

1 6.

F langed b obb in , h t . 1 .6 i n ( 40 m m );

d ia m. o f s te m 0 .6 i n ( 15 m m ), o f

t f langes 1 .4 i n ( 35 m m ), f ound w ith p ieces o f t hread a tached . ( 1906 ), 1 00 ;

f ig . 2 4.6.

l Bar H il

Re fuse P it 6 , a t d epth o f 6f t ( 1 .8 m ) F .1936.103

c f . Newstead , J . Cur le , 3 11. f ig . 4 5. 1 7.

l ow Cy l indr ica l b ox ( o f w il ) t urned o n al a the , d ia m . 1 .4 i n ( 35 m m ), t h t . 1 .7 i n ( 45 m m ), w ith s tepped r im t o r ece ive a l id f i t ing f l ush w i th s ides o fb ox .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 1 00, f ig . 3 3.6.

Refuse P it 9

F .1936.104 c f . 1 8.

N ews tead , J . Cur le , 3 11, p l. l x ix . 3 .

1f rag . o f c o mb , 2 .2 x 1 .2 i n ( 55 x 3 2 mm ) w i th t wo r ows o f t ee th , o ne f iner t han t he o ther .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 1 00 r epor ts t wo c o mb f rags .,

f ro m Re fuse P it 1 , a nd f ro m o u ter d itch , NW c orner . F .1936.105 1 9.

1h aze l t w ig .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 9 1, 1 34.

l Not i l.

l Wel

F .1936.109 2 0.

1 h ls l ( aze lnu t s hel , a nd f rags. Bar H il 1906 ), 1 29, 1 34. l Wel

2 1.

ls 4 wa lnu t s hel , a nd f rags.

l Not I l.

F .1936.110 l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 1 29, 1 34.

l l No t i l . Wel

F .1936.111

5 4

2. 2

1 8 p or t ions o f b ea ms ( o f o ak ), r ang ing i n s ize f ro m 3 ft x 5 .2 x 4 .9 i n ( 0 .91 m x 1 30 x 1 20 m m ) t o 1f t 4i n x 3x 3 in ( 0 .42 m x 7 2 x5 0 mm ). S o me s how c lear s igns o fb urn ing . Not i l. l

Bar H il 1906 ), 4 0 , 9 2 ; l (

Wel l

f ig . 3 3.

F .1936.87 F .1959.59

2 3.

1 plank ( o f o ak ) 3 ft 8 in x 6 .8 x 1 .2 i n ( 1 .12 m x 1 70 x 3 0 mm ), p erf ora ted a t i n terva ls o f c . 6 in ( 150 m m ) b y h o les , 7 in a l l , o f wh ich 2 a re a re s quare , 1 in ( 25 m m ) a cross , a nd 5 r ectangu lar , 2x1 .2 i n ( 50 x 3 0 mm ).

Bar H il 1906 ), 9 2. l (

Not i l. l

Refuse P it 1 F .1936.88

S evera l wooden o b jects f ound d ur ing t he e xcava t ions a nd ment ioned i n Bar H il 1906 ) c annot n ow b e f ound ; l (

t hese i nc lude a wooden b ung

( f ro m t he t i tu lus o u ts ide t he E g a te) f rags. o f w il ip ing ( f ro m t he l ow p N d itch ), a nd t he c o mb r e ferred t o a t n o. 1 8 a bove. p . 1 78 )

( S ee Append ix ,

BONE AND HORN F igure 1 8 1 .

1 2 p ha langes o f h u man h ands a nd f eet .

Bar H il 1906 ), 6 1, 1 28. l (

Refuse P it 1

F .1936.112

F igure 1 7 2 .

1 circu lar c oun ter w ith b evel dges , d ia m. 0 .8 i n ( 20 m m ), h igh ly l ed e p o l ished , d ecora ted w ith c en tra l d o t a nd i nc ised c oncen tr ic c irc les. Bar H il 1906 ), 1 21. l (

F .1936.113

c f . H od H il . W. Bra i ls ford , 0 2 9 ; l, J f ig . 6 7 ;

F ishbourne , B . W. Cun l if , 1 46, fe

L e icester , K . M . Kenyon , 2 67, f ig: 9 1;

a nd R . G oodburn , f ig. 5 6, n o. 2 14 ;

V eru la m iu m , H . Waugh

e tc.

F igure 1 7 3 .

1c y l indr ica l t ogg le , l eng th 3 .3 i n ( 85 m m ), d ia m. 0 .5 i n ( 12 m m ), w ith ma tch ing p er forat ions , a nd d ecora ted w ith i nc ised c irc les , c rosses a nd l ines.

4 .

Bar H il l ( 1906 ), 1 21.

Refuse P it 1 .

F .1936.114

2f rags. b one , l eng ths 6 in ( 155 m m ) a nd 3 i n ( 75 m m ).

Not I l l.

F .1959.40 5 .

6 .

1 an t ler , o f r ed d eer , l eng th 2 ft 6 in ( 0.76 m ).

Bar H il l ( 1906 ), 9 , 1 27.

No t i l l.

F .1936.115

Wel l

1f rag . ma in s te m o f a n t ler o f r ed d eer , l eng th 1 ft 2 i n ( 0.355 m ), ( ? ) t enoned t o s erve a s h and le o r s ha f t .

l /Refuse P Wel i t 1 F .1936.115

7 .

l 4a n t ler t i nes ( 3 i l. ), o f r ed d eer , l eng ths 1 2-5 i n ( 300-130 m m ), s awn f o f t o s erve a s t oo ls o r p egs , b u t s how ing l i tt le e v idence o f wear . l /Refuse P Wel i t 1

F .1936.116 5 5

F or a n t ler t oo ls i n Ro mano-Br it ish c on tex ts , c f . D . J . Sm ith , AA 4 1 968, 2 81, f ig. 4 ;

B . Ph i lp , Excava t ions i n Wes t Ken t 1 960-1970 ,

1 973, 1 54 n os. 4 53, 4 55 ;

N ewstead , J . Cur ie, 3 14.

8 -10

S tr ips o f d eer h orn emp loyed t o s treng then t he t ips o f c o mpos ite b ows

8 .

S tr ip , l eng th 1 0.6 i n ( 270 m m ), w id th 0 .8 t aper ing t o 0 .3 i n ( 20-9 m m ), w ith s em ic ircu lar n otch a t b roader e nd t hrough wh ich p asses a b rass r ivet w ith d oub le g lobu lar h ead. e nc lose t he b ow s tave ;

T he h orn i s c areful p l it s o a s t o ly s

t he o u ter f aces a re p o lished a nd o ne e dge c ha m-

f ered , Bar H il 1906 ), 1 22, f ig . 4 4. l ( 9 .

S tr ip , l eng th 3 .3 i n ( 85 m m ), w id th 0 .6 i n ( 15 m m ) w ith s em ic ircu lar n otch a t r ounded e nd t hrough wh ich p asses a n i ron r ivet.

Th is s trip

wou ld b e c o mb ined w ith a s econd s im i lar ' sp l in t ' t o e nc lose t he s tave. One f ace i s c onvex a nd h igh ly p o l ished ; s awmarks. 1 0.

t he o ther f lat w ith e v idence o f

One e dge o f t he c onvex f ace i s c ha mfered.

3 frags., l eng ths 4 .8-1.4 i n ( 95-35 m m ), e ach h av ing o ne f ace p o l ished a nd c onvex , t he o ther r ough a nd f l a t . I n t he d itches ( 3 ) i n Refuse P it 1 (1 ), i n we ll ( 1 )

F .1936.117

3 2 s im i lar f ragments w ere f ound a t Carnuntu m ( RLO He ft i , 1 31 );

a

l arge n u mber o f s im i lar o b jects ( i n b one ) h ave b een r ecovered a t Caerl eon ( Arch.Ca mbr . 1 932, 9 4 ), a nd f ro m n u merous mi l itary s i tes o n t he G er man l imes.

82 f ; For d iscuss ion , c f . G . Macdona ld , RWS 2 2

Webster , T he Ro man Imper ia l Army , 1 969 , 1 53 f w ith f ig . 2 5 ;

G .

G .

Rausing , Acta Arch. L undens ia , 1 967, 6 5 f w ith f igs. 2 5-31. The s kul f s heep , d ogs a nd o xen r eferred t o i n Bar H il 1906 ), 1 26-8 , h ave ls o l ( n ot s urv ived.

5 6

1 5

1 4 1 3

1 6

1 7

1 8

2 3 F IG . 1 7 W OOD 8 L BONE ( 1 :2)

Mi iM r i 1

9

. i z z ov3 . 2 ,

8

v7 7 7 I O F IG .18 BONE 8 1 . HORN

( 1 :3)

_jr / i 2wr'

LEATHER ( For f ootno tes t o t h is s ec t ion , s ee p . 8 3 ) FOOT WEAR S o me 5 20 f ragmen ts o f l ea ther s hoes w ere r ecovered f ro m t he D itches a nd Refuse P its o f Bar H il l f or t ; o n ly 2 ca me f ro m t he w el l. A t l east f our t ypes o f s hoe a re r epresen ted , a nd a re d escr ibed b e low u nder t he ir t rad it iona l L a t in n ames. T he u se o f t hese n a mes h ere s hou ld n ot b e t aken t o i mp ly t ha t t he Bar H il l s pec i mens a dhere s tr ic t ly t o t he s ty le o f t he ir I ta l ian p rototypes. T he l eng th o f e ach f rag men t i s g iven ; where t he s hoe i s c o mp lete , t he measuremen t i s t ha t o f t he o u ter s o le.

CARBAT INAE T he c arbat ina , whose n earest modern e qu iva len t i s p robably t he d anc ingly r p u mp , w as c ut f ro m a s ing le s hee t o f l ea ther , a nd n ormal equ ired s t itch ing o n ly a t t he h ee l. I tw as h e ld i n p os it ion o ver t he i nstep b y l ac ing w h ich p assed t hrough a s er ies o f l oops o n e i ther s ide o f t he s hoe.

On o ccasion t he t oe s ec-

t i on m igh tb e s treng thened b y s t itch ing ; o n s o me e xa mp les t he l oop ing n ear t he t oe w as r ep laced b y as er ies o f t h in s tr ips w ith a n e yeho le c u t i n t he e nd o f l ed t e ach p ul i ght b y l ac ing .

T he c arba t ina w as q u ick a nd e asy t o make ;

w as-

l t age o f l ea ther was k ep t t o a m in i mu m a nd t hanks t o i t s s upp leness a smal ficed t l n u mber o f s izes s uf o f i t a l a ge g roups.

l y ad N ormal oub le t h ickness

o f l ea ther w as emp loyed . c f . F . Haver f ie ld , CR 1 898, 1 42 ; E . S ag l io , i n Dare mberg-Sag l io , D ict ionna ire d es An t iqu i t6s , I .2, 9 15 ; S aa lburg , A. L. Busch , 1 66.

5 9

F igure 1 9 1 .

1 0.5 i n ( 265 m m ) L ef t F oo t ;

r ound t he t oe t he l ea ther h as b een c u t o u t

t o l eave a s er ies o f t h in s tr ips wh ich a re d oub led b ack a nd l inked t hrough e yeho les b y l ac ing ( o f wh ich p ar t s urv ives );

i n tr ica te f retwork a nd

r ou let t h ee l. ting a

E longa ted l oops a t a nk le , w i th p robab ly o ne o ther

l oop t o e ach s ide.

S t i tch h o les s uggest t ha t as epara te i nso le w as f i ted. t

Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 6.1 l (

F .1936.119

c f . S aa lburg , A .L . Busch , n os. 3 1, 7 8, 9 4 , 7 16. 2 .

6 .5 i n ( 165 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide ;

s t itch h o les a t h ee l , a nk le l oop

w ith d ecorat ive k nobs , a nd c u t-ou tb e low . 3 .

8 .5 i n ( 2 15 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide ;

F .1936.122

s t itch h o les a t h ee l , e longated

a nk le l oop w i th s tub o f a t l eas t o ne o ther .

R e mnants o f t h in s tr ips

r ound t oe ( s im i lar t o n o. 1 ) . 4 .

5 .

F .1936 .122

4 .5 i n ( 110 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper ,r . s ide ;

s t itch h o les a t h ee l , w ith

p ar t o f a nk le s trap , d ecora ted w ith r ou let . ting

F .1936.122

4 .5 i n ( 10 m m ) r ear s ec t ion o f u pper , 1 . s ide ; 1

s t itch h o les a t h ee l , w ith

p ar t o f a nk le s trap , s how ing r ou let . ting

Probab ly s a me s hoe a s n o. 4 . F .1936 .122

6 .

4 .25 i n ( 105 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , 1 . s ide. l eather , s t itch h o les , e laborate f re twork .

7 .

F. 1936.122

1 4 .25 ( 15 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide ;

a nk le l oop s urv iv ing , s econd s trap

w ith d oub le c u t-ou t , b u t e ye le t l os t . 9 .

F .1936.130

1 0 i n ( 255 m m ) f la t s heet o f l eather , s ing le t h ickness.

A , B mak ing u p i n to c arbat ina ; t oe , o f wh ich 1 2 s urv ive ;

p erhaps n ever c o mp le ted .

C u t o u t f or T h in s tr ips a t

e ach p ierced w ith e yeho le f or l ac ing .

l oop p reserved o n o ne s ide , h ee l l os t .

1 0.

F .1936.122

3 in ( 75 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , 1 . s ide , w i th r e mnants o f f retwork a t h ee l , s im i lar t o n o. 6 .

8 .

S ing le t h ickness o f

S ing le

N eed le h o les s uggest s eparate

i nso le i n tended .

F .1936.122

5 .25 i n ( 130 m m ) p ar t s o le a nd u pper , 1 . s ide ;

t wo s traps s urv iv ing

e ach w ith e longated e ye le t.

F .1936.122

6 0

1

F IG . 1 9

L EATHER

CARBAT INAE

( 1 :3 )

F igure 2 0 1 1.

8i n ( 200 m m ) t oe s ect ion l ost , r . s ide ;

s ing le t h ickness o f l eather .

ly 6 Or ig inal loops t o e i ther s ide , o f wh ich f ront 4 a re l i nked a bove , a nd h e ld i n p lace o ver i nstep b y s t itch ing a t t oe. F . 1936.118 1 2.

8 in ( 200 m m ) most o f t oe s ect ion l os t , r . s ide ; s ing le t h ickness o f l eather . A l most c er ta in ly f or ms a pa ir w ith n o. 1 1, b ut i ti s u ncer tain wh ich 1 . wh ich r . f oot . a nk le s trap o n r .

Here t hree l inked s traps s urv ive o n 1 . s ide ,

S eparate f rag . p reserves t wo l inked s traps , p robab ly

f ro m r . s ide o f t h is s hoe. 1 3.

F .1936.118

9 .75 i n ( 250 m m ) t hree e longa ted l oops s urv ive o n 1 . s ide , w ith r e mnants o f a nother ;

o n ly s tubs o f l oop ing o n r . s ide.

d ecorat ive k nobs.

Ank le s trap e nhanced b y

C f . S aa lburg , A .L . Busch , n os. 6 , 1 0, 7 01. F .1936.120

1 4.

9 .5 i n ( 245 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide ;

s t itch h o les a t h ee l , e longa ted

l oop a t a nk le , 3s hor t l oops a long 1 . s ide. 1 5.

6 .25 i n ( 160 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide ; s trap w ith e longa ted s l it .

s t itch h o les a t h ee l , l ong a nk le

S t itch h o les o n s o le s uggest t hat s eparate

t i nso le a tached. 1 6.

F .1936.122

1 0.75 i n ( 270 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide.

E longated l oop a t a nk le , t hree

s hor ter l oops a long s ide. 1 7.

F .1936.122

7 .5 i n ( 190 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide ;

e laborate f retwork a t h ee l , t wo

s hor t l oops a long s ide , a nd s tubs o f a nk le l oop. 1 8.

F .1936.122

( 180 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide ; 7i n s horter l oops a long s urv iv ing s ide.

F .1936.122

e longated l oop a t a nk le , w ith t hree c f . Cast lecary , J . Anderson , 3 42. F. 1936.122

1 9.

6i n ( 155 m m ) p ar t s o le , w ith 3 s hor t l oops o n 1 . s ide , 1 on r . s ide w ith r e mnan ts o f s econd ;

s ing le t h ickness o f l ea ther .

N ot i l. l

F .1936.122 2 0.

6i n ( 150 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , r . s ide , w ith p ro m inen t s t itch h o les a t h ee l , a nd l ong a nk le l oop.

6 2

No t i l. l

F .1936.122

1 6

1 8

2 0

L EATHER

CARBAT INAE ( I :3 )

F igure 2 1 2 1.

5 .5 i n ( 140 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , r . s ide , w ith p ro m inen t s t itch h o les a t h ee l , a nd l ong c u t-ou t ;

t op marg in o f q uar ter f o lded o ver . F .1936.130

2 2.

5 .75 i n ( 145 m m ) s ect ion o f s o le a nd u pper , r . s ide , w ith p ro ject ing t r iangu lar t abs a nd d ecora t ive k nobs a long marg in . F .1936.128

2 3.

5 .5 i n ( 140 m m ) p ar t u pper 1 . s ide , s how ing o ne s hor t p ro ject ing t ab, a nd s tub o f s econd ;

ting a r ou let long t op marg in , w ith s em ic irc le o f

ting b r ou let e low s urv iv ing t ab.

A l mos t c er ta in ly s a me s hoe a s n o.

2 2. 2 4.

F .1936.128

4 .75 i n ( 120 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f c arbat ina , s how ing s t i tch h o les. S ing le l ong a nk le s trap o n 1 . s ide , s hor t t ab o n r . F .1936.122

2 5.

5 .5 i n ( 135 m m ) t oe s ect ion o f c arbat ina , u n in terrup ted r ow o f s t itch h o les r ound marg in ;

p ucker ing a t t oe where l ac ing d rawn t ight. F .1936.122

2 6.

4 .25 x 4 .75 i n ( 105 x 1 20 m m ) r ear p or t ion o f c arba t ina , r ecu t f or s econdary u se.

S t itch h o les v is ib le a t h ee l.

L eather c u t a t r igh t

a ng les a cross s o le , a nd l ine o f c ircu lar h o les p unched a long n ew marg in , a t i n terva ls o f 0 .5 i n ( 12 m m ).

Re mnan ts o f l oop ing v isib le

a t r . 2 7.

F .1936 . 122

4 .25 x 5 .5 i n ( 105 x 4 0 mm ) r ear p or t ion o f c arbat ina , r ecut f or s econda ry u se.

S t itch h o les v is ib le a t h ee l , l ea ther c u t a t r igh t a ng les a cross

s o le , a nd l ine o f c ircu lar h o les p unched a long n ew marg in , a t i n terv a ls o f 0 .5 i n ( 12 m m ).

F .1936.122

Ch i ldren 's S izes t S evera l s urv iv ing c arbat inae c ou ld o n ly h ave f i ted c h ildren ;

t he s ty le i s

s i mp le a nd u norna mented , b ut o therw ise e ach s hoe i s a m in ia ture r ep l ica o f l -s t he f ul ize c arbat ina. 2 8.

6i n ( 150 m m ) c o mp lete , w ith s t itch h o les a t h ee l , a nd e longa ted a nk le l oops , t wo s horter l oops a long e ach s ide.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 6.4. F .1936.121

2 9.

5 .25 i n ( 130 m m ) t oe s ec t ion , w ith t wo s hor t l oops p reserved ; l l s t itch h o le a t h eel e stab l ishes o veral eng th .

3 0.

s ing le

F .1936.121

4 .5 i n ( 115 m m ) t oe s ect ion , w ith t wo s hor t l oops p reserved o n 1 . s ide , o ne o n r . s ide.

Between f orward p a ir o f l oops a ppears a n arrow s tr ip

o f l ea ther w ith c en tra l s l it , w ith r e mnan ts o f s econd s uch s tr ip a longs ide ;

t he l ac ing w ou ld p ass t hrough t hese s l its a lso. F. 1936.122

6 4

S OCCI The L a t in word s occus h as b een a pp l ied t o ac ategory o f s l ipper o r ' house-shoe ' c ons is t ing o f as ing le l eather s o le ( w ithou t h obna ils ) t o wh ich t al ea ther o r woven u pper h as b een a tached .

The u pper i s h eld i n p lace b y

l igh t t hongs wh ich p ass t hrough n arrow s l its r ound t he e dges o f t he s o le. A s im ilar a r t ic le, t o wh ich t he n a me ' s l ipsock ' h as s o met i mes b een a pp l ied , l manu i s s t il factured t oday . 1 365 ; 1 .

C f . V . Chapot , i n Dare mberg-Sag l io , I V.2,

S aa lburg, A . L . Busch , n os. 1 56-192. 8 .5 i n ( 220 m m ) d oub le t h ickness o f l ea ther , w ith s t itch h o les i nd icat ing h ow t he t wo l ayers w ere s ecured , a nd n arrow s l its r ound e dges t where t hong ing a tached u pper t o s o le. n ea t ly :

On t he i nstep i s i nc ised , v ery

p erhaps t o b e i n terpreted a s t he owner 's 0

i n it ia ls ,

i .e. Q (u in tus ) 0 (

A . L. Busch , n o. 1 23 ;

)A (

Va lkenburg , W

)

C f . S aa lburg ,

Groen man , 2 2-24. F .1936.140

2 .

110 m m 4 .5 i n ( ) L ef t F oo t , c h i ld 's s ize.

L ight s o le w ith s l i ts a t e dges

t o r ece ive t hongs. 3 .

F .1959.43

8 .75 i n ( 235 m m ) L ef t Foo t , o uter s o le w ith c ha mfered e dges ; t h o les i nd icate t he a tach men t o f as eparate i nso le.

s t itch

l Not i l.

F .1936.140 4 .

9i n ( 235 m m ) L ef t Foot , w ith c ha m fered e dges ; t hong ing r ound marg in o f s o le.

5 .

l Not i l.

n arrow s l its f or F .1936.140

6 .5 i n ( 165 m m ) R igh t F oo t , o f wh ich t he t oe s ect ion i s l ost ; n esses o f l eather , h e ld t ogether b y s t itch ing . marg in f or t hong ing.

l No t i l.

F .1936.140

6 5

t wo t h ick-

Narrow s l its r ound

S OLEAE l c l ec Af ew e xa mp les o f t he Ro man s o lea s urv ive i n t he Bar H il ol t ion . T he s o lea c orresponds c lose ly t o t he s i mp lest modern v ar iety o f s anda l , i n wh ich t he s o le i s h e ld i n p os i t ion o ver t he f oo t b y as ing le l atera l t hong s ecure ( t o t he s o le b etween t he b ig a nd s econd t oes , a nd l i nked t o at ransverse a nk le s trap ;

o r b y t wo t ransverse s traps , o ne a t t he a nk le , t he o ther a cross t he

b roadest p ar t o f t he f oo t . The o uter s o le i s t h ick ly s tudded w ith h obna i ls , t ern. I s o met i mes i n as i mp le p at n s o me e xa mp les t he t oe i s c u t o u t t o c orr espond t o t he s hape o f t he f oo t . 1 387 i f ;

1 .

C f . V . Chapo t , i n Dare mberg-Sag l io , I V .2,

S aa lburg , A .L . Busch , 1 67.

8 .5 i n ( 2 15 m m ) R igh t F oo t ; f ive t h icknesses o f l ea ther a re h e ld t og ether b y t hongs p assing t hrough s l its a t e dges o f s hoe . A t t he h ee l o n ly t wo l ayers s urv ive.

l f Al i ve l ayers a re s haped f or b ig t oe a nd t wo

o thers , b u t t he i nso le a lone i s p ierced b y ad oub le s l it t o r ece ive t he l a tera l t hong . t ern c ross p at .

l o Be low t he b al f t he f oo t , 9 hobna i ls a re a rranged i n a l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 6.9.

n os. 1 22-147 , 7 22-35 ;

2 .

C f . S aa lburg , A .L . Busch ,

V a lkenburg , W. G roen man , 1 38 ( a ). F .1936 .137

6 in ( 150 m m ) L ef t F oot , o f wh ich t oe s ect ion i s p reserved . o f s o le s urv ive , b u t t he o u ter s o le i s l ost ; t oes.

Two l ayers

t here a re c u t-ou ts f or t wo

T he n arrowness o f t he s hoe a nd t he u nusua l c u t-ou ts s ugges t t ha t

t he s hoe may h ave b een d es igned f or a misshapen f oo t . F .1936.137 3 .

4 .

6 .5 i n ( 165 m m ) L ef t F oot , c h i ld 's s ize ;

o u ter s o le a nd i nso le s urv ive ,

w i th c ha m fered e dges , b u t n o s hap ing f or t oes.

S tubs o f t ransverse

s trap v is ib le b etween t he t wo l ayers.

F .1936.140

l h 9 .25 i n ( 235 m m ) R igh t F oot , o u ter s o le w i th a few smal obna i ls. N o s hap ing f or t oes ;

t here a re n arrow s l its r ound t he e dges o f o u ter s o le

f or t hongs t o s ecure i tt o u pper l ayers.

6 6

l N o t i l. F .1936.138

F IG . 2 1

L EATHER

CA RBAT INAE

0 2 1 -3

SOCC /

1-2

SOLEAE

1-3

( I :3 )

CALCEI T he c a lceus , w h ich c o mes c losest i n d es ign t o t he modern s hoe , w as made u p f ro m a m in i mu m o f f our c onst ituen t p ar ts : t he u pper -a s ing le p iece o f l ea ther e x tend ing r ound t he h ee l a nd w ith a s ea m o n ly a t t he t oe , t he h ee lf ener g uard ( or ' s t if ' ), t he o u ter s o le a nd a n i nso le.

S evera l t h icknesses o f

o uter s o le a nd i nso le m igh tb e u sed . Both h ee lguard a nd u pper p ossessed e x tra f laps a long t he ir l ower marg ins wh ich were f o lded o ver a nd t ucked i n b e tween s o le a nd i nso le.

Hobna i ls s tudded t he s o le i n t igh t f orma t ion .

I ti s c lear t ha t t he c a lceus w as b u i lt u p i n s e t o rder f ro m i t s c ons t ituen t p ar ts. F irst t he i nso le was p laced u ps ide d own o n t he l ast ; t he h ee lguard was l a id o ver i ta nd t hen t he u pper . T h is was f o l lowed b y t he i n f il ling w i th l ea ther o f fcu ts o f t he s tr ip d own t he c en tre o f t he i nso le n o t c overed b y t he f laps o f t he u pper o r h ee lguard .

T h is p ack ing w as f requen t ly s ecured t o t he

i nso le b y l ea ther t hongs p assed l eng th w ise t hrough t he l ayers.

T he ma in

o u ter s o le w as n ex t l a id o n , a nd s ecured b y h obna i ls w h ich p assed t hrough t he s o le , t he p ack ing ( or t he f laps ) a nd i n to b u t n o t t hrough t he i nso le. The l ac ing o f t he c a lceus p assed t hrough s ets o f e longa ted s traps o r s hor t t abs , e ach w i th a n e l ip t ica l o r c ircu lar e yeho le c u t i n to i t . C ons iderab le l a ten t ion was p a id t o t he d ecorat ion o f t he u pper , e spec ial n t he v ic in ity o f t ly i t hese s traps.

( Cf . E . S ag l io , i n Dare mberg-Sag l io , 1 .2, 8 15 ;

A .L . Busch , 1 69 f ).

S aa lburg ,

T hree ma in s ty les c an b e d etected among t he c a lceus

u ppers p reserved a t Bar H il l: TYPE A H ere t he s hoe i s h e ld i n p os it ion o ver t he i ns tep b y e longa ted s traps , u sual wo i n n u mber , o n e ach s ide. ly t

T he f orward s trap may b e l inked t o t he

t oe s ec t ion o f t he u pper a t t he ' va mp s eam ' b y a narrow s tr ip , s o a s t o l eave as em ic ircu lar o r e l ip t ica l c u t-ou t . l

F requen t ly t he t op marg in o f t he u pper

i s d ecora ted w ith r ou let , wh ich sw ings d ownwards t o p ass r ound t h is c u tting o u t , t hus emphas iz ing i t s a tract ive s hape. t F igure 2 1 .

9 in ( 235 m m ) R igh t F oo t , c o mp le te e xcep t f or o u ter s o le ; a t t oe , t ab a t h ee l .

s t itch h o les

L ong a nk le s traps w ith e ye le ts , s hor ter t abs l i nked

t o v a mp s eam , l eav ing s em ic ircu lar c u t-ou t ;

ting r r ou let ound t op mar-

g in o f u pper , w i th s ing le i nc ised l i ne b e low .

G roups o f 6 dia mond s haped

p unch marks b e low s traps a nd a t h ead o f v a mp s eam. F .1936.123 t, D c f . H ardknot orothy Char leswor th a nd J . H . T horn ton , n o. 1 . 2 .

8 .5 i n ( 2 15 m m ) u pper a nd h ee lguard , w ith t ab a t h ee l . s traps , s hor t s traps l inked t o v a mp s ea m.

3 .

L ong a nk le

F .1936.126

9 .5 i n ( 240 m m ) u pper , c o mp lete , w i th s t itch h o les a t t oe a nd t ab a t h ee l.

L ong a nk le s traps , s hor ter s traps ( w i th s l i t s erv ing a s e ye let )

l i nked t o v a mp s ea m ;

ting r r ou let ound t op marg in . F .1936.128 6 8

4 .

8 .75 i n ( 220 m m ) u pper , c o mp le te e xcep t f or t oe s ect ion , 1 . s ide ; s t itch h o les a t t oe , t ab a t h ee l.

On r . s ide 3 e longa ted s traps s urv ive, w ith

f ron t s trap l inked t o v a mp s ea m , l eav ing o va l c u t-ou t.

Marg in o f u pper

t urned o ver a nd s t itched t hrough b o th t h icknesses. F .1936.128 c f . Ba l mu i ldy , S .N . M il , p l. l vi l er i.7. 5 .

1 i n ( 275 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide ; 1

s t itch h o les a t t oe , t ab a t h ee l.

Doub le s trap o n e ach s ide , c areful ut o u t a nd l inked ; ly c n ot l inked t o v a mp s ea m.

f orward s trap

C f . Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 6.8. l ( F .1936.128

T he f o low ing f ragmen ts c lear ly b e long t o TYPE A , b ut i n n o c ase d oes e nough l s urv ive t o s how whether t he f orward s trap was l inked t o t he v a mp s eam. 6 .

7 in ( 180 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , w ith h ee l t ab ; s trap w ith e ye le t s urv ives o n e ach s ide ;

s t itched a long marg in o f u pper , a nd r ound s traps ; s trap. 7 .

s ing le e longated

l ea ther d oub led o ver , a nd r oset e low e ach tes b

F .1936.128

6 in ( 150 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u ppers , l ong a nk le s traps ; o ne c o mp lete , w ith s l i t f or e ye let , s tub o n ly o f o ther p reserved .

N ot i l l.

F .1936.128 8 .

4 .5 i n ( 110 m m ) p ar t u pper , w i th s tub o f o ne l ong s trap ; l N o t i l.

u pper f o lded o ver a nd s t i tched . 9 .

7i n ( 175 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide ;

marg in o f

F .1936.130

o ne a nk le s trap w ith e ye let. No t F .1936.130

1 0.

5i n ( 130 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide ;

o ne a nk le s trap w i th e ye let . No t F .1936.130

1 1.

5 .25 i n ( 130 m m ) r ear s ect ion o fu pper ;

t wo a nk le s traps w i th e ye lets. F .1936.128

1 2.

3 .5 i n ( 90 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide ;

o ne l ong a nk le s trap.

l N ot i l .

F. 1936.130 1 3.

4 .5 i n ( 110 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide ; r ound marg in o f u pper .

1 4.

ting s t i tch h o les a t t oe , r ou let

l N o t i l.

F .1936.128

8 .25 i n ( 210 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper w i th h ee l t ab ;

s tub o f l ong

l oped w ting b a nk le s trap , r . s ide ; marg in o fu pper s cal ith r ou let elow . F .1936.128 1 5.

4 .25 i n ( 110 m m ) t oe s ect ion o fu pper , 1 . s ide , w ith s t itch h o les a long v a mp s ea m ;

l op s cal ing a long marg in o fu pper .

s hoe a s n o. 1 4.

Probab ly f ro m s ame F .1936.130

6 9

TYPE B H ere t he u pper , a par t f ro m a s hor t s ect ion a t t he t oe , i s c u t o u t t o l eave le s ets o f p aral l r ibb ing , l inked a bove a nd s lan t ing t owards t he t oe.

I n t he

ma jor ity o f s urv iv ing e xa mp les t here i s n o s epara te a nk le s trap , t he l ac ing e v iden t ly b e ing p assed t hrough t he r ibb ing i t sel f . F igure 2 3 1 6.

8 .5 i n ( 210 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , w ith h ee l t ab ;

le s et o f p aral l

r ibb ing l inked a bove a nd s lan t ing t owards t he t oe. F .1936.128 t, Dorothy Char c f . Hardknot leswor th a nd J .H. T horn ton , n os. 2 ,4. 1 7.

8 .25 i n ( 205 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , w ith h ee l t ab ;

s tubs o f l inked

le p aral l r ibb ing , w ith s hor t h or izon ta l b ars l ef t t o a dd s uppor t . F .1936.128 1 8.

le 8 in ( 205 m m ) u pper , r . s ide , w ith s tubs o f p aral l r ibb ing . F .1936.128

1 9.

6 .5 i n ( 160 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , r . s ide , w ith h ee l t ab ; o f p aral le l r ibb ing ( s im i lar t o n o. 1 7 ).

2 0.

6 .75 i n ( 170 m m ) h ee l a nd p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide ; b e low wh ich r uns r ou let . ting marg in o f t he q uar ters.

s tubs

F .1936.128 s tubs o f p aral l r ibb ing le

T he r ou let on t inues a long t he t op ting c

Be low , as e t o f t hree r oset t es. F .1936.128

2 1.

7 .75 i n ( 195 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u ppers , w ith s tubs o f p aral l r ibb ing le s urv iv ing o nb oth s ides.

2. 2

N ot i l. l

F .1936.128

7 .5 i n ( 190 m m ) u pper , r . s ide , w ith s tubs o f p aral l r ibb ing . le

Not i l. l

F .1936.128 2 3.

le 5 .5 i n ( 110 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide , w ith s tubs o f p aral l r ibb ing a nd ting a r ou let long marg in .

2 4.

l N o t i l.

F .1936.128

le 3 .25 i n ( 80 m m ) p ar t u pper , w i th s tubs o f p aral l r ibb ing . F .1936 .130

7 0

l N o t i l.

\

e '•

F IG . 2 2

L EAT HER

•

? ? ? 2z z z2 e r z . z1 . 1 . 1 . . 2 .1. z . ' .3

CALCE I ( 1 :3 )

TYPE C H ere t he u pper i s h e ld i n p lace o ver t he i ns tep b y s ets o f s hor t t abs , ly t ly t g eneral hree t o e ach s ide , t he a nk le t ab b e ing n ormal he l argest ;

t he

ting o p la inness o f t he u pper may b e r e l ieved b y c ut u t t he l ea ther b e low e ach t ab t o l eave a s et o f r ad ia t ing s tr ips.

T here i s n o t iceab le v ar ia t ion i n s ty le

w i th in t h is g enera l c a tegory . 2 5

9 .75 i n ( 245 m m ) R igh t F oo t , c o mp lete ;

l ong s tr ips r ad iat ing f ro m

e ye let .

A f ragmen t o f t he l ac ing s urv ives , l inked t o t he r . s ide o f t he

u pper .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 8.

F .1936.126

t, Dorothy Char c f . Hardknot leswor th a nd J .H. T hornton , n os. 3 , 8 , l ic ; N ewstead , J . Cur ie , p l. x ix .17 , 2 6.

XX.

7 .

7 in ( 180 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide ; s ing le s trap s urv ives , w ith l arge e ye let a nd s tr ips r ad iat ing t herefro m. Re mnan ts o f s econd s e t o f s tr ips b e low .

2 7.

F .1936.126

6 .75 i n ( 175 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide , w i th a nk le s trap l inked t o s e t o f r ad ia t ing s tr ips o f wh ich o n ly t he s tubs s urv ive. F .1936.125

2 8.

6 .5 i n ( 165 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , w ith s cal ing a t h ee l ; l op

t wo

t abs s urv iv ing o n 1 . s ide , o ne o n r . s ide w ith n arrow s tr ips r ad ia t ing . F .1936.128 2 9.

3 .25 i n ( 80 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide ;

l ong s tr ips r ad ia t ing f ro m e ye let .

T op marg in o f q uar ters f o lded o ver a nd s t itched . F .1936.130 3 0.

6 .75 i n ( 175 m m ) p ar t u pper , e labora te ly w orked , r ese mb l ing a modern b rogue , w ith h ard ly a s ing le s pace u ndecora ted ; l eave r ad ia t ing s tr ips ;

s hor t t abs , c u t o u t t o

s cal ing a long t op marg in o f q uar ters ; l op

where s er ies o f t r iang les , c irc les a nd s quares.

e lse-

P oss ib ly ma tched w i th

i nner , p la in , s heet ( as b rogue ), b u t c ou ld h ave f unc t ioned i ndependen t ly . Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 7. l (

F .1936.129

.L . Busch , n os. 2 20 , 2 21, 2 64. c f . Saa lburg e A 3 1.

3 .25 i n ( 80 m m ) f rag . u pper , r . s ide ;

s t itch h o les a t t oe.

s tr ips r ad ia t ing f ro m e ye let n ow l os t ;

c irc les , s quares a nd t r iang les

p unched t hrough .

F .1936.129

7 2

S hor t

2 0

F IG . 2 3

L EAT HER

CALCEI ( 1 :3)

F igure 2 4 3 2.

6i n ( 150 m m ) t oe s ect ion o f i nso le a nd u ppers ;

s t itch h oles a t t oe. One

e ye let w i th t h in s tr ips r ad iat ing , a nd r e mnan ts o f s econd. b e low e ye let . 3 3.

5 .75 i n ( 145 m m ) h ee lguard a nd r ear s ect ion o f i nso le , p acking a nd u ppers ;

o ne e ye let w ith s hor t r ad iat ing s tr ips , s tubs f or s econd s et ,

ting b r ou let e low .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 6.2 c o mb ines n os. 3 2 a nd 3 3,

i ncorrect ly. 3 4.

ting Rou let

F .1936.126

F .1936.126

115 m m 4 .5 i n ( ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide , w ith s t itch h o les a t t oe ;

o ne e ye let

ting b s urv ives w ith r ad ia t ing s tr ips, r ou let e low. F .1936.128 3 5.

4i n ( 105 m m ) t oe s ect ion o f u pper , r . s ide ;

s t itch h o les a long v a mp

s ea m, a d jacen t t o wh ich i s a line o f s hor t s tr ips l inked a bove ( a l most a min iature v ers ion o f a TYPE B s hoe ).

Re mnan ts o f o ther s tr ips v is-

i b le b eh ind. 3 6.

F .1959.44

5 .25 i n ( 135 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide , w ith s t itch h o les a t t oe ; s hor t r ibb ing l inked a bove , s im i lar t o n o. 3 5.

3 7.

F .1936.130

7i n ( 175 m m ) t oe s ect ion o f s o le , i nso le a nd u ppers ; t oe.

s tubs o f

s t itch h o les a t

S tubs o f s hor t s tr ips r ad ia t ing f ro m e ye let n ow l ost.

l N ot i l.

F .1936.125 3 8.

5 .25 i n ( 135 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide ;

s t itch h o les a long v a mp s ea m.

Re mnan ts o f s hor t s tr ips s et a t r igh t a ng les t o v a mp s ea m. c f. Newstead

J . Cur le , p l. x ix .15

F .1936.130

l ow l t I n t he f ol ing e xa mp les o n ly v ery smal abs a re f ound , a nd t he r ad iat ing t ed s tr ips a re om it . 3 9.

8 .75 i n ( 220 m m ) u pper , 1 . s ide ;

s hor t p ro ject ing t abs w ith e ye lets ,

ting b a nk le t ab l ost , r ou let e low . 4 0.

F. 1936.128

3 .5 i n ( 90 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u ppers, w ith t wo s hor t t abs s urv iv ing o n r . s ide , o ne o n 1 .

ting b l op Rou let e low , s cal ing a t h ee l. F .1936.128

4 1.

6i n ( 150 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , w ith a nk le s trap a nd o ne s hor t t ab s urv iv ing o n e ach s ide.

T op marg in o f q uar ters d oub led o ver a nd

s t itched .

F .1936.127

l er i c f. Ba l mu ildy , S .N . Mil , p l. l v i , n o. 2 . 4 2.

l op 4i n ( 100 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , s tubs o f s hor t t abs w ith s cal ing ting a a long marg in o f q uar ters a nd r ou let t s ide.

7 4

F .1936.128

4 3.

3i n ( 75 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide , w ith s hor t a nk le t ab a nd a d jacen t s hor ter t ab.

F .1936.130

c f . S aa lburg , A .L . Busch , n os. 1 99 , 2 22 , 7 46, 7 49. 4 4.

5 .5 i n ( 140 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide ;

t op marg in o f u pper f o lded o ver

a nd s t itched , w i th o ne s hor t t ab s urv iv ing ;

l oped marg in o f q uar ters s cal . F .1936.130

4 5.

2 .75 i n ( 70 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f u pper , n o p ro jec t ing t abs , b u t l arge e yeh o les f or l ac ing .

4 6.

l No t i l.

F .1959.42

l l 4i n ( 100 m m ) f rag . u pper , w ith smal ace h o les , a bove wh ich marg in o fu pper i s t urned o ver a nd s t itched .

F .1936.128

l ow The f ol ing f ragmen ts d o n o t a ppear t o h ave i ncorpora ted a ny e ye le ts : 4 7.

5 .75 i n ( 145 m m ) p ar t u pper , r . s ide , w i th s t itch ing a t t oe.

Marg in o f

u pper t urned o ver a nd s t itched t o r ece ive l ac ing p ar t o f wh ich s urv ives. Hor izon ta l d oub le s l it i n t oe s ec t ion .

l h Smal o les c u t i n marg in t o a s-

s ist f eedin o f l aces. 4 8.

F .1936.130

4i n ( 100 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide.

Marg in o fu pper t urned o ver a nd

s t i tched t o r ece ive l ac ing , o f wh ich n o p ar t s urv ives. i n marg in , a s o n n o. 4 7.

l h Smal o les c u t

P oss ib ly p ar t o f s a me s hoe. F .1936.130

Ch i ldren 's S izes l n l were e A smal u mber o f c a lce i f ro m Bar H il v iden t ly d es igned f or c h i ldren .

One b e longs t o TYPE A ;

t he o thers s urv ive o n ly i n p ar t , b u t

e nough o f t he s hoe i s p reserved t o s ugges t t ha t t he s ty le was e x tre me ly s i mp le , w ith a n a nk le s trap a nd o ne o r more l ac ing h o les a long t he t op marg in . c f .

l er i.5. Ba l mu i ldy , S .N . Mil , p l . l vi

F igure 2 5 4 9.

6 in ( 155 m m ) L ef t Foot ;

s t itch h o les a t t oe , t ab a t h ee l.

F orward

ting t erns a s trap l inked t o v a mp s ea m , w ith r ou let , c ab le-pat nd c rosses t b e low t he c u t-ou t wh ich s erve t o h igh l igh t i t s a trac t ive s hape. Groups o f c rosses b e low .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 8.

TYPE A . F .1936.124

5 0.

6 in ( 150 m m ) L ef t Foot , c o mp le te e xcep t f or s trapp ing ; t oe ;

5 1.

may h ave b een s im i lar t o n o. 4 9.

s t i tch h o les a t

F .1936.126

7 in ( 180 m m ) R igh t Foo t , o f wh ich s o le , i nso le a nd t oe s ect ion o f u ppers s urv ive.

F .1936.126

7 5

5 2.

6 .75 i n ( 175 m m ) L ef t F oo t , o f wh ich h ee lguard , i nso le a nd u pper , 1 . s ide , s urv ive ; t hongs.

5 3.

s t itch h o les a t t oe.

Pack ing b e low i nso le s ecured w ith

May f or m p a ir w ith n o. 5 1.

F .1936.126

7 .75 i n ( 195 m m ) R igh t F oot , w i th s o le, i nso le, h ee lguard a nd p ar t u ppers ;

s t itch h o les a t t oe.

w ith s tub o f s econd.

S ing le l ace h o le a t h ead o f v a mp s ea m ,

Ex tra c app ing a t t oe may i nd icate r epa ir. F .1936.125

5 4.

5 .75 i n ( 145 m m ) p ar t u pper , 1 . s ide ;

s t itch h o les a t t oe.

h o les a long t op marg in o f u pper. 5 5.

7 .5 i n ( 190 m m ) R igh t F oot ;

o uter s o le , o nce i ncorporat ing i ron s uppor t

2x0 .5 i n ( 50 x 1 3 mm ) b e low h ee l. l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 1 04. 5 6.

l l Smal ace

F .1936.125

The s uppor t d oes n ot n ow s urv ive.

l Not i l.

F .1936.136

3 .5 i n ( 90 m m ) r ear s ect ion o f s hoe , w ith h ee lguard a nd p ar t i nso le , s o le a nd u pper .

Doub le t h ickness o f o u ter s o le, h e ld i n p lace b y al ine

l -s o f f ul ize h obna i ls r ound e dges.

l t A smal ack s ecures i nso le t o s o le. F .1959.41

l ow The f ol ing c a lce i a re n ot a ss ignab le t o a ny c ategory : 5 7.

9 .75 i n ( 250 m m ) R igh t F oot , s o le w i th h obna i ls , i nso le, h ee lguard a nd r ear p or t ion o f u ppers ;

ting a r ou let long t op marg in o f q uar ters. F .1936.125

F igure 2 6 5 8

1 1.25 i n ( 280 m m ) L ef t F oot , d oub le t h ickness o f o u ter s o le w ith h obn a i ls , i nso le w ith p ack ing b e low , d oub le t h ickness o f h ee lguard. Re mn an ts o f u ppers s urv ive a t h ee l ;

t ack h olds i nso le i n p lace. F .1936.126

l N ote a lso t he f o low ing c a lce i : 5 9.

1 0 i n ( 255 m m ) L ef t F oot , i nso le , h ee lguard a nd o u ter s o le , w ith h obtern b l o n a i ls a rranged t o f or m d ia mond p at e low b al f f oo t . F .1936.132

6 0.

8 .25 i n ( 210 m m ) L ef t F oot , d oub le t h ickness o f o u ter s o le w ith h obt erns. n a i ls , a nd i nso le w ith i nc ised d ia mond p at

Hee l l ost . F .1936.139

6 1.

ting 2f rags. l ac ing , o ne p reserv ing o r ig ina l k not . F .1936.142

7 6

4 2

4 6

FI G . 2 4

L EATHER

CALCEI ( 1 :3 )

T he r e ma inder o f t he Bar H il l f oo twear c ons ists o f ( 1 ) ' s o les ', made u p f ro m a s many a s f i ve t h icknesses o f l eather , h eav i ly s tudded w i th h obna i ls , a nd f requen t ly i ncorporat ing a hee lguard ; ( 2 ) ag rea t n umber o f s epara te i ns o les, o u ter s o les a nd h ee lguards , w h ich e v iden t ly o nce f ormed p ar t o f ' s o les ' o f t h is t ype. ( See a lso Append ix , p . 1 78 ) Macdona ld a nd P ark b e l ieved t ha t i n t h is g roup ( represen ted b y c . 4 00 f ragments , o f 8 0% o f t he t ota l ) c ou ld b e r ecogn ised t he b as ic f ootwear o f t he o rd inary s o ld ier .

T hese s hoes t hey i den t if ied a s c a l igae.

I n t he ir o p in ion

t he c a lce i w ere w orn b y o f f icers , t he ir f am i l ies , a nd t he w el l -to-do among t he g arr ison .

Bar H il l ( 1906 ), 1 06.

T he c a l iga w as t he t rad it iona l f oo twear o f t he Ro man l eg ionary . A s i s k nown f ro m e xamp les f ound a t Ma inz a nd a t V a lkenburg , a s w el l a s f ro m s cu lptured r e l iefs , i tw as e ssen t ial m u lt i-so led s anda l h eav i ly s tudded ly a w ith h obna ils , a nd h e ld i n p lace o ver t he f oo t b y ac o mp lex s et o f l igh t t hongs. 1 T he Bar H il l ' s o les ' c ou ld i ndeed h ave b e longed t o c a l igae , b u t i ts ee ms e qual fn o t more p robab le t ha t t h is g reat mass o f f ootwear f a ls a lso i n to ly i l t he g enera l c a tegory o f c a lce i, a nd i n f act r epresen ts c a lce i whose u ppers h ave d isin tegra ted o rb ecome d etached . whose u ppers h ave a l b u t p er ished. l

F igs. 2 5.57 a nd 2 6.58 s how c a lce i

T he u ppers b e long ing t o s o me o f t hese

' so les ' s hou ld p erhaps b e l ooked f or among t he e xa mp les a lready i lus tra ted ; l c lose e xa m ina t ion o f t he v ar ious f ragmen ts s hows t ha t t he u ppers f requen t ly s hear o f f ro m t he s o le a long t he we l t s eam , l eav ing t he ir l ower marg ins s andf w iched b etween t wo o f i t s l ayers.

I t may b e n oted t hat t he c a l iga , a t l eas t i n

i t s p ure f orm , d id n ot i ncorpora te o r r equ ire a hee l g uard . F inds f ro m Ba l mu i ldy ( S .N . M il , 9 9 ), Cast lecary ( J . Anderson , 3 42 ), l er Hardknot Doro thy Char leswor th a nd J . H. T horn ton , 1 41), a nd S aa lburg t ( ( A.L. Busch , 1 58 ) s ee m t o c on f irm t hat t he c a lceus h ad b eco me t he n orma l f ootgear f or t he a ux i l iary s o ld ier b y t he Hadr ian ic-An ton ine p er iod , a t l eas t i n t he n or thwes tern p rov inces. Any a t te mp t t o g rade t he Bar H il l s hoes , whether c a lce i, c arbat inae , s o leae o r s occ i , a ccord ing t o s ize h as t o f ace t he p rob le m o f s hr inkage. I n ar ecen t e xam ina t ion o f t he f oo twear f rom S aa lburg i t was f ound t ha t s o me s pec i mens h ad s hrunk b y 1 0% s ince o r ig inal ly c ata logued a t t he t urn o f t he c en tury .2 T hough s im i lar d a ta i s l ack ing f or Bar H il l, s o me d egree o f l s hr inkage may b e a ssu med h ere a lso. T he f o low ing t ab le g ives d eta i ls o f t he r ange o f s izes p resen t a t Bar H il l;

i ti s c on f ined t o s hoes whose s o le o r

u ppers h ave s urv ived e n t ire , o r w here t he p or t ion l ost i s s o smal l t ha t t he o r ig ina l l eng th c an b e e st i mated w ith s o me p rec is ion :

7 8

5 6

F IG . 2 5

L E ATHER

CALCEI

( 1 :3 )

i ns

mm

i ns

1.8/300 1.4/290 1 1 1

/ 290

mm

1

8 .6/220

2

8 .2/210

4

7 .8/200

7

1 4

1

1 0.6/270

1 2

7 .4/ 190

3

1 0.2/260

2 1

7

/ 180

3

6 .6/ 170

-

9 .4/240

9 .8/250

1 5

9

6 .2/ 160

3

9

2 5

5 .8/ 150

2

/ 230

( Tota l 1 32 )

Wi th d ue a l lowance f or s hr inkage i td oes n o t a ppear t ha t Ro man f ee t w ere much smal l er t han t he ir modern c oun terpar ts ;

a s a m easure men t t he Ro man

p es ( 1 f t ) was 3 % smal l er t han i t s Br i t ish e qu iva len t . Men 's a nd wo men 's s hoes c anno t b e d is t ingu ished o n t he b as is o f s ty le , o rna men ta t ion o r o veral l d es ign ;

s o me o f t he mos t e labora te ly c u t u ppers

w ere c lear ly d es igned f or men ( e.g . f i g . 1 9.1).

S epara t ion o f men 's a nd

wo men 's s hoes h as t o b e b ased r a ther o n c ons idera t ion o f s ize , i n p ar t icu lar t he w id th o f t he s hoe. The d ens i ty a nd d is tr ibu t ion o f t he h obna i ls may p rov ide a fur ther c lue :

o n men 's s hoes c lose-set l ines o f h obna i ls a dvance i n

t igh t f or ma t ion f ro m h ee l t o t oe, w i th ( occas ional ) at h inn ing o u t b e low t he ly i ns tep ;

o n w o men 's s hoes t he h obna i ls a re l ess c lose ly p acked , a nd may b e

a rranged t o f orm a c ircu lar o r d ia mond p at e low t he b al f t he f oot t ern b l o ( see f ig . 2 6.59 ); i n o ne e xa mp le t he i nso le h as b een c are ful ecorated w ith ly d d ia mond p at nc is ions ( f ig . 2 6.60 ). On c h i ldren 's s hoes t he h obna i ls , t ern i t hough f ew i n n u mber , a re f ul ize , a nd a rranged p r i mar i ly r ound t he e dges l -s o f t he s o le ( f ig . 2 5.56 ). 3 The f ol ing t ab le i s d es igned t o g ive s o me i nd icat ion o f t he r e la t ive l ow f requency o f men 's , w o men 's a nd c h i ldren 's s hoes among t he Bar H il ter ia l l ma On ly c o mp lete s hoes a re i nc luded , t ogether w ith f ragmen ts w h ich o n t he a bove c r iter ia c an b e a ss igned t o o ne o f t he c a tegor ies w ith s o me c on f idence : men 's/

c a lce i c arba t inae

men 's

wo men 's

1 73

5 7

3

wo men 's

6

w o men 's/ y ou ths '

y ou ths '

c h i ldren 's

3 1

9

2

1 5

1 5

-

s o leae

-

1

-

1

s occ i

-

3

-

-

1 76

6 7

4 6

1 0

-

2 ( To ta l 3 22 )

8 0

3 1 2

2 1

22 1 8

2 7

F IG . 2 6

L EATHER

CALCEI , TENTS

e tc

( 1 :3 )

T he r e ma in ing 2 00 f rag men ts c anno t b e p laced d ef in ite ly w ith in a ny o ne o f t hese c a tegor ies , b u t i ti s e v iden t t ha t t hey h ad b e longed t o f u l l-s ize s hoes — i .e. t hey a re n o t f rom c h ildren 's s hoes. l c l ec l T he Bar H il ol t ion amoun ts i n a l t o s o me 5 20 f ragmen ts ; t he t o ta l n u mber o f s hoes r epresen ted i s much l ess , p erhaps 3 00 , a nd e ven t h is f igure may b e t oo h igh.

I n p ar t icu lar many o f t he c a lce i h ave s epara ted i n to t he ir

c ons t ituen t p ar ts -ou ter s o les , i nso les , a nd h ee l g uards , w h ich c anno t n ow b e a ssoc ia ted . The f oo twear r ecovered f ro m Bar H il l c o mes f rom t he d i tches a nd f rom t he Refuse P its w ith in t he f or t ; f ur ther d eta ils a re l ack ing b u t t he word ing o f Bar H il l ( 1906 ) imp l ies t ha t men 's , women 's , a nd c h i ldren 's s hoes c ame i nl d iscr im ina te ly f ro m a l t hese s ources. 4

The n u mber b e long ing t o w o men 's

s hoes i s s urpr is ing ly h igh ; i ndeed o n ly c . 6 5% o f t he f ragmen ts i n t he a bove t ab le may h ave c o me f ro m f u l-s ize men 's s hoes. I tc anno t b e a ssumed t ha t l t he men 's s hoes b e longed e n t ire ly t o t he p rofess iona l s o ld iery ; s o me ( probab ly n o t many ) may h ave b een t he p roper ty o f c iv il ians l i v ing i n t he v icus a rea. Carba t inae , s o leae , a nd s occ i c ou ld n o t h ave b een w orn b y s o ld iers o n d u ty ; o n t he o ther h and , t he c a lceus was n o t r es tr icted t o men , b u t s hou ld b e s een a s t he ma in o u tdoor s hoe o f b o th s exes. Fro m a c ons idera t ion o f t he u ppers a lone i tw ou ld a ppear t ha t n o u n iform s hoe was i ssued t o t he a ux i l iary s o ld ier ; t hree g enera l c a tegor ies o f c a lceus c an b e d ist ingu ished a t Bar H il nd c lose p aral ls f or i nd iv idua l s hoes e x ist l, a le a t Ba l mu ildy , Cas t lecary a nd H ardknot th as b een a ssu med t ha t f oo twear t. I wou ld b e s upp l ied t o e ach g arr ison ( or g roups o f g arr isons ) b y s hoe makers work ing u nder c on trac t t o t he a rmy .5

T he mater ia l f ro m N ewstead i s more

v ar ied , a s m igh t b e e xpected i n as i te o ccup ied o ver a n e x tended p er iod b y b o th l eg ionary a nd a ux i l iary t roops ( News tead , J . C ur le , 1 51 ). T he Bar H il ootwear p o in ts t o t he p resence i n t he v ic in ity o f t he f or t o f l f ac ons iderab le n u mber o f c iv i l ians , b o th wo men a nd c h i ldren , e ven b ab ies. Ca lce i s uch a s f ig . 2 5.56 c al o m ind t he s tory o f t he f u ture Emperor Ca l igu la l t who a t t he a ge o f t wo a cco mpan ied h is p aren ts t o t he l eg ionary b ase a t C o logne a nd was p rov ided ( or p resen ted ) w ith a m in iature l eg ionary 's u n ifor m , i nc ludi ng a pa ir o f l i t le c a l igae ( Tac itus , Anna ls i .41 ). t s ize s urv ive f ro m Bar H il l; h obna i ls.

S evera l c a lce i o f m inu te

a l a re s tudded w ith a smal umber o f f u l-s ize l l n l

T he s hoes c as t i n to t he Refuse P its a nd t he d i tches a t B ar H il an p rel c s u mab ly b e c lassed a s d iscarded f ootwear , b u t w ith f ew e xcep t ions i ti s n o t p oss ib le t o d etec t w ear o r d a mage wh ich c ou ld h ave l ead t o d isposa l.

Bu t

F ig . 1 9.1 s hows a c arba t ina whose s o le h ad worn t hrough b e low t he b al f t he l o f oo t , a nd o ne o f whose t hongs h ad s napped . The owner h as a te mp ted a maket s h if t r epa ir , t y ing t he l oose t hong t o an earby s ect ion o f t he u pper , t hus c reat i ng a n e x tra l oop t hrough wh ich t he l ac ing o f t he s hoe c ou ld p ass. S evera l s hoes h ave w ornlook ing h obna i ls. I ti s n o t imposs ib le t ha t t he Bar H il l ma ter ia l i nc luded s ome u nused s hoes , t he c on ten ts o f t he f or t 's s hoe-store , p itched ( i n o r f ro m h ampers? ) i n to t he d i tches a nd R efuse P its when t he f or t was a bandoned .

8 2

FOOTNOTES 1 .

E . S ag l io , i n Dare mberg-Sag l io, 1 .2, 8 49 ; Z e itschr if t 1 953-4, 7 0 ; Groen man , 1 30 ;

G . Behrens , Ma inzer

N ewstead , J . Cur ie , 1 50 ;

Va lkenburg , W.

V indon issa , A . Gansser-Burckhardt , 5 8 f .

2 .

S aa lburg , A .L . Busch , 1 60-61.

3 .

C f. V indon issa , A . Gansser-Burc ld iard t , 6 3, f ig . 3 8a.

4 .

l ( Footwear was r ecovered f ro m P its 2 , 6 , 8 , 9 , c f. Bar H il 1906 ), 6 1 f , 1 10 ;

l c l p f ro m t he wel a me ' 12 smal ieces o f l ea ther , ( and ) 2

b oots ,( ib id., 1 33 ). 5 .

A s ing le s hoe c a me f ro m t he f or t let d i tch ( i b id., 1 3 ).

S .S. Frere, Br itann ia , r ev. e d. ( 1974 ), 2 59 , p roposes a c en tra lm anuf actur ing d epo t a t Ca tter ick , f or wh ich c f . JRS 1 960, 2 17.

6 .

Hyg inus , De Mun it ion ibus Castroru m , 1 ;

I s idorus , Or ig ines,

7 .

nd t he J . Mc In tyre a nd I .A . R ich mond , ' Ten ts o f t heR o man Ar my a

XV . 1 O.

934, 6 2 f . L ea ther a t B irdoswa ld ', CW 2 1 8 .

W. Groen man-van Waa ter inge , Ro me ins L ederwerk u it Va lkenburg , Z . H. ( 1967 ), 7 9 i f .

TENTS AND TENTAGE The s quad o f e igh t men who s hared a b arrack r oo m i n a R o man f or t were a cco m moda ted wh ile o n c a mpa ign o r o n manoeuvres i n al eather ' cot ' t en t t age c al ap il io ( Hyg inus , De Mun it ion ibus Castroru m , 1 ) . l ed a p

The r ank a nd f i le

o f a n i n fan try c ohor t o f 4 80 men wou ld t hus r equ ire a min i mu m o f 6 0 t en ts. Each t en t , wh ich t ook u p ag round a rea o f 1 0 Ro man f eet s quare , was b u ilt u p f ro m a bout 6 0 r ectangu lar o r t r iangu lar p anels o f c a lf l ea ther , t he l argest measur ing 2 ft 2 in x 1f t 8i n ( 0 .65 x 0 .5 m ).

The i den t if icat ion o f l ea ther

p ane ls o f t h is s ize a s b e long ing t o t en ts was made i n a jo in t a r t ic le b y Mc In tyre a nd R ich mond , i n 1 934 ( B irdoswa ld , 6 2 f );

a s ar esu l t o f r ecent s crut iny o f

t en t l eather f ro m Va lkenburg , t he p lac ing o f i nd iv idua l p ane ls a nd t he v ar iet ies o f s ea m ing a nd s t itch ing h ave c o me t o b e more f ul nderstood ( Va lkenburg , ly u W. Groen man , 7 9 f ). Grea t c are was t aken t o e nsure t ha t t he j o ins b etween p ane ls s hou ld b e b oth s ecure a nd wa ter t igh t.

I n p ar t icu lar , t he p anels o f t he ' roof ' a nd ' wal f t he l' o

t en t were made t o o ver lap l ike r oof t i les ;

t he s eam i t se lf migh t b e s treng thened

b y t he a tach men t o f a narrow we lt s tr ip s ecured t o t he i nner o r ' f lesh ' s ide o f t t he p anel b y l igh t f el l ing s t itches.

S evera l r ows o f s t itch h o les a re t herefore

t o b e f ound a long t he marg ins o f t en t p ane ls. S o me 4 8 f ragmen ts o f t en t p anels h ave b een r ecovered a t Bar H il ro m l, f t he d i tches , t he Refuse P its , a nd ( a l mos t c er ta in ly ) f ro m t he wel l.

I th as b een

a ssu med h ere , w ith Mc In tyre a nd R ich mond , t ha t t he p ane ls were h ung a cross t he ir n atura l c reas ing t o p reven t s tretch ing a nd d is tor t ion.

8 3

F igure 2 6 1 .

1f t 6i n x 1f t ( 0 .45 x 0 .3 m ) r ec tangu lar p ane l , l ef t marg in l ost , s hape much d istor ted , p erhaps f ro m t en t ' wa ll '. 1 01.

c f . V a lkenburg , W. Groen man

L ower marg in f o lded o ver , w ith s t itch ing a long f o ld a nd l ine o f

l le f e l ing s t itches r unn ing p aral l ( Va lkenburg , s ea m ha ), wh ich p ene tra te o n ly t he f lesh ( i nner ) s ide o f t he p ane l ;

d oub le l ine o f r unn ing s t itches

to m a a long b ot nd r . marg ins ( s im i lar t o V a lkenburg , s ea m I l b ).

S t itch

to m r t h o les a cross b ot . c orner , f or p a tch o r f or g uyrope a tach men t . l N ot i l. 2 .

F .1936.145

8 .5 x 3 .75 i n ( 225 x 9 5 mm ) c orner f ragmen t o f p ane l , r ecut . l i ne o f r unn ing s t itches a long b oth s urv iv ing marg ins.

S ing le

l No t i l.

F .1936.148 3 .

6 x 5 .5 i n ( 155 x 1 40 m m ) f rag . p reserv ing p ar t o f o ne h or izon ta l marg in , w ith d oub le r ow o f r unn ing s t itches.

l N ot i l . F .1936.148

4 .

4 .75 x 2 i n ( 120 x 5 0 mm ) p or t ion o f o ne marg in , f o lded o ver , w ith l le s t i tch h o les a long f o ld a nd l ine o f f e l ing s t i tches p aral l t o f o ld. l N o t i l.

F .1936.149

c f . B irdoswa ld , J . Mc In tyre a nd I .A. R ichmond , Type 6 . 5 .

3 x 2 .25 i n ( 75 x 6 0 mm ) p or t ion o f o ne marg in , f o lded o ver , w ith s t itch h o les a long f o ld , a nd l ine o f f e l ing s t i tches t o t he r ear . l F .1936.146

6 .

6 x 2 .25 i n ( 155 x 6 0 mm ) c orner f rag . o f p ane l , w ith o ne v er t ica l marg in f o lded o ver a nd s t itched t hrough b o th t h icknesses , a nd h or izonling s t a l marg in w i th l ine o f r unn ing s t itches a nd l igh t f el t itches a long marg in i t se lf ( Va lkenburg , s ea m I l b ).

7 .

F .1936.146

2 .25 x 2 .25 i n ( 65 x 6 5 mm ) c orner f rag . o f p ane l , w ith s ing le l ine o f r unn ing s t i tches a long o ne marg in , d oub le l i ne a long o ther .

l N ot i l.

F .1936.146 8 .

7 x 2 .25 i n ( 175 x 6 0 mm ) p or t ion o f o ne marg in , f o lded o ver , a nd ling s t i tched t hrough b oth t h icknesses ( c f . n o. 6 ) , w ith l ine o f f el le s t i tches p aral l t o t he h e m.

9 .

F .1936.146

3 x 3 in ( 75 x 7 5 mm ) p or t ion o f o ne v er t ica l marg in , f o lded o ver , w i th s ing le l ine o f r unn ing s t itches t hrough b oth t h icknesses.

Ab are ly d is-

le c ern ib le l ine o f r unn ing s t i tches r uns p aral l t o t h is h em , a nd a s econd l l ine o f f e l ing s t itches r uns a long t he h em i t se lf where a we l t s tr ip ( c f . t n os. 2 0-22 b e low ) may h ave o nce b een a tached .

l N ot i l. 9 -3 6:146 F—J -

1 0.

1 ft 3 i n x5 in ( 0 .38 m x 1 30 m m ) o fcu t p reserv ing o ne c orner o f f r ectangu lar p ane l ;

d oub le l ine o f r unn ing s t itches a long o ne marg in ,

s ing le l ine a long o ther , a nd l ine o f f e l ing s t itches t o t he r ear . l

• The

c en tre o f t he p ane l h as b een c u t o u t f or r euse, t he marg ins b e ing d isc arded .

N o t i l. l

F .1936.146

8 4

1. 1

1.5 x 6 .5 i n ( 290 x 1 65 m m ) l ower marg in o f p ane l , f o lded o ver , w ith 1 l ine o f r unn ing s t itches a d jacen t t o f o ld .

No t i l. l F .1936.146

1 2.

9x2 .5 i n ( 235 x 6 0 mm ) marg in o f p ane l , f o lded o ver , w ith s t itch ing a long f o ld a nd p aral l l ine o f f el t i tches b eh ind . le ling s

Fur ther s t itch

h o les b e low , r unn ing r ound s em ic ircu lar c u t-ou t , f or p a tch o r g uyrope s treng thener . 1 3.

F .1936.147

1 ft 9 in x 7 in ( 0.48 x 1 80 m m ) c orner f rag . o f p ane l , w ith s ing le l ine o f r unn ing s t i tches a long o ne marg in , o ther marg in f o lded o ver w ith l ine o f s t itch ing a d jacen t t o f o ld a nd l ine o f f e l l ing s t i tches b e low . N o t i l l.

1 4.

F .1936.147

4 .5 x 4 i n ( 115 x 1 00 m m ) f rag . o f p anel , w ith s urv iv ing marg in f o lded o ver a nd s t itch ing a long f o ld , a nd l ine o f f e l l ing s t itches b e low .

No t

F .1936.147 1 5.

4 .5 x 5 .5 i n ( 115 x 1 40 m m ) c orner f rag . o f r ectangu lar p ane l , b o th s urv iv ing marg ins f o lded o ver , w i th l ines o f s t itch ing a d jacen t t o b oth f o lds a nd l ines o f f el t itches b eh ind . ling s

N o t I l. l F .1936.147

1 6.

1f t1 0 i n x 1f t 4i n ( 0 .555 x 0 .405 m ), n ow i n t hree f rags.; p la in r unn ing s t itches a long t wo marg ins.

l ines o f

N o t i l. l

Re f . P it 9 , r ol p , w i th 6 ft ( 1.83 m ) l eng th o f h e mpen r ope l ed u f ound i ns ide. 1 7.

Bar H il 1906 ), 1 06. l (

F .1936.147

7 x 3 .5 i n ( 175 x 9 0 mm ) c orner f rag . w ith s ing le l ine o f r unn ing s t i tches a long r . marg in , a nd w i th l ower marg in f o lded o ver a nd s t itched t hrough b o th t h icknesses.

O ther s t i tch h o les i nd ica te a tacht

men t o f s em ic ircu lar p a tch o r g uyrope s treng thener . F .1936.145 c f . Va lkenburg , W. Groenman , 9 5 ; 1 8.

N ewstead , J . Cur le , p 1.3dx .8 ,13.

6 .25 x 3 .25 ( 160 x 8 0 m in ) b u lb-shaped p a tch o r g uyrope p ro tector . N o s t i tch h o les o r e ye lets , b u t t wo p a irs o f n arrow s l its t o r ece ive t hongs.

F .1936.150

c f . N ewstead , J . Cur ie , p l. x i .x .1, 6 , 7 , 1 0 ;

Va lkenburg , W. Groen man ,

1 61. 1 9.

t 1 ft 1 1 i n x1 .25 i n ( 0 .385 m x 3 0 mm ) w e l t s tr ip f or a tach ment t o i nner f ace o f s ea m.

Tr ip le l ine o f s t itch h o les a long s tr ip s ecur ing

i tt o p ane ls a nd t o s ea m i t se lf ;

l Not i l.

F .1936.151

c f. B irdoswa ld , J . Mc In tyre a nd I .A. R ich mond , 8 7, f ig . 1 0 ; J . Cur ie , p l. x ix .9 ; 2 0.

N ews tead ,

Va lkenburg , W. Groen man , 1 61, f ig . 6 0.5.

3 .5 x 1 .5 i n ( 90 x 40 m m ) f rag . o f we l t s tr ip. h o les, w ith t hong impress ions.

8 5

Tr ip le l ine o f s t itch F .1936.151

2 1.

3x 1 in(75 x 2 5m m ) f rag. o f w e lt s tr ip , w ith d oub le l ine o fst itch h o les.

2 2.

N ot i l. l

F .1936.152

5 x 0 .75 i n ( 125 x 2 0 mm ) f rag. o f n arrow we lt s tr ip w ith d oub le l ine o f s t itch h o les.

2 3.

F .1936.152

5 .5 i n x1 .5 i n ( 140 x 40 m m ) t aper ing i n w id th t o 0 .5 i n ( 12 m m ) c over ing s tr ip f or g uyrope , o r ( ? ) s treng thener a t g ab le a ng le o f t ent . S t itch h o les r ound e dges , d ouble l ine a long o ne marg in. F .1936.150

2 4.

f cu l ed u Of t f ro m t en t p ane l , rol p. 0 .75 i n ( 20 m m ). f o ld.

2 5.

Wid th 3 .25 i n ( 80 m m ) t aper ing t o

Onem arg in f o lded o ver , w ith s t itch h o les a long

l Not i l.

F .1936.147

f cut f l ed u Of ro m t en t p ane l , r ol p. 0 .75 i n ( 20 m m ).

Wid th 3 .25 i n ( 80 m m ) t aper ing t o

A s ing le l ine o frunn ing s t itches i s v isib le o n t he

s urv iv ing marg in. 2 6.

F .1936.148

f cut f l ed u Of ro m t en t p ane l, d oub led o ver a nd r ol p.

Width 5 i n ( 130 m m )

t aper ing t o 3 .25 i n ( 80 m m ), w ith s ing le l ine o f r unn ing s t itches a long l s urv iv ing marg in , a nd f e l ing s t itches b elow .

l Not i l. F .1936.149

2 7.

f cut f l ed u Of ro m t en t p ane l , r ol p. Wid th 3 i n ( 75 m m ) t aper ing t o 1 .25 i n ( 30 m m );

n o s t itch h o les v is ib le.

F .1936.149

l t The Bar H il en t f ragments a re c lear ly n ot t he r e mnan ts o f o ne o r more c o mp lete t en ts l ef t b eh ind a t t he a bandon men t o f t he f or t . ting f s how s igns o f r ecut or s econdary u se. p ane ls migh t b e r ep laced b y f resh s heets. r eta ined a s r aw ma ter ia l ;

Many f rag men ts

When a t en t was r epa ired , worn The worn p ane ls might e asi ly b e

i ti s c lear t ha t t he c en tre o f s uch p anels was o f ten

c ut o u t a nd r eused , wh i le t he marg ins ( d isf igured b y s t itch ing ) were d iscarded , ly r l ed u o r p erhaps c areful ol p i n c ase s o me f uture emp loymen t c ou ld b e f ound f or t he m.

8 6

S h ield Cover ings The a ux il iary i n fan try man was e qu ipped w ith a c ircu lar o r o va l s h ie ld made u p f ro m t h in s heets o f wood a nd f aced w ith l ea ther.

There h ave s urv ived

a t Va lkenburg s evera l c o mp lete l ea ther p ane ls whose s hape s ugges ts t hat t hey s erved a s c over ings f or s h ields ( c f . Va lkenburg , W. Groen man , 5 2 ; V indon issa , A . Gansser-Burckhard t , 7 3 ).

c f .

l S evera l f ragmen ts f ro m Bar H il

may b e s im ilar ly i n terpreted.

F igure 2 7 2 8.

1 ft 1i n x4i n ( 0 .33 m x 1 00 m m ) f rag . p reserv ing o u ter c urved marg in r ound wh ich r uns a d ouble r ow o f s t itch h o les.

O ther s t itch h o les t est i-

t f y t o t he a tachmen t o f a n o b long s tr ip wh ich measured 1 .25 i n ( 40 m m ) b y a t l east 1 1 i n ( 280 m m ). 2 9.

F .1936.145

l er f 6 x 2 .75 i n ( 150 x 7 0 mm ) smal rag . s im ilar t o n o. 2 8, p reserv ing p or t ion o f c urv ing marg in a nd s t itch h o les f or o b long p ane l. F .1936.145

3 0.

1 1.5 x 4 i n ( 290 x 1 00 m m ) f rag. o f p ane l , w ith s ing le l ine o f s t itch ing a long h or izon ta l marg in . o f c ircu lar p atch o r p ane l.

to m r t S t itch h o les a t b ot . s ugges t a tach men t Recu t f or s econdary u se.

Th is f rag . s ee ms

u n l ike ly t o h ave b e longed t o at en t , a nd p erhaps f i ts b est h ere. F .1936.145 I t was n ot c lear f ro m t he Va lkenburg a nd V indon issa ma ter ia l whether s uch c over ings s erved a s t he p er manen t f ac ing f or p lywood s h ie lds , o r mere ly a s l. Gal l. i t e mporary c overs ( t he s cutoru m t eg i men ta o f Caesar , Bel .21 ), r etle o moved o n ly f or b at r f or p arades.

l r The Bar H il e mnan ts d o n o t p er m it

a ny j udge men t. l aneous M iscel 3 1.

9 .5 x 8 in ( 235 x 2 05 m m ) ar ough ly s em ic ircu lar s heet , w ith s t itch ing l r ound a l marg ins , p oss ib ly t he l in ing o f ap ocke t , o r f ro m a b ag o r p urse.

l N ot i l.

F .1936.148

c f. News tead , J . Cur le , p l. x ix .2-3; Va lkenburg , W. Groen man , 1 22 f ;

S aa lburg , A . L . Busch , n o. 9 00 ;

V indon issa , A . G ansser-Burckhard t ,

5 4, f ig. 3 4 , 19 , f ig. 9 9. 3 2.

7 .5 x 1 .5 i n ( 190 x 4 0 mm ) t aper ing i n w id th t o 0 .5 i n ( 12 m m ) n arrow c urv ing s tr ip , f o lded o ver , p erhaps a s s hea th ing f or b lade. F .1936.150

8 7

3 3.

6 .5 x 1 .5 i n ( 165 x 5 5 mm )

f rag . o fb e lt s ea med d own t he b ack .

c f . V indon issa , A . G ansser-Burckhard t , 2 4 , f ig . 1 1. F .1936.153 3 4.

2 .5 x 1 .75 ( 60 x 4 5 mm ) f rag . w i th e labora te c u t-ou ts , s how ing a l arge t r iang le s urrounded b y s ets o f smal l t r iang les. F .1936.129 c f . V indon issa , A . G ansser-Burckhard t , 1 14, f ig . 8 9.

3 5.

l f 2 smal rags., 2 x 0 .75 i n ( 55 x 1 8 mm ) a nd 1 x 0 .5 i n ( 35 x 1 0 mm ) s im i lar t o n o. 3 4.

T he l arger f rag . p reserves t hree r ows o f t r i-

a ng les , w ith s t i tch h o les a long s urv iv ing marg in .

l N o t i l.

F .1936.129 3 6.

l ow t 1 .75 x 0 .5 i n ( 45 x 1 5 mm ) s tr ip c u t o ut t o l eave h ol r iang les , l w ith s t itch h o les o n a l s ur faces.

3 7.

F .1936.129

l oped a 1 ft x 4 i n ( 0 .3 x 1 00 m m ) s tr ip w ith l ower marg in s cal nd s t itched w i th t hongs i n c on t inuous h err ingbone c ha in ; r e mnan ts o f s im i lar s t itch ing a long 1 . marg in .

The u pper marg in o f t he s tr ip

l oped e h as b een c u t w ith a kn ife , i nd ica t ing t ha t t he s cal dge h ad b een c u t away a nd d iscarded . s o ld ier . 3 8.

Perhaps f ro m t he t un ic o f a n a ux i l iary

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 1 06.

F .1936.144

loped l 6 .75 x 6 .25 i n ( 170 x 1 60 m m ) f rag . o f s heet w ith s cal ower marg in , a nd d oub le r ow o f s t itch h o les ; s im i lar t o n o. 3 7.

r . marg in r ecu t . Probab ly F .1936 . 148

8 8

3 3

3 4

F IG . 2 7

L EATHER

VAR IOUS ( I :3 )

3 6

F igure 2 8

3 9.

1 5 f rags. o f as a tche l , a l mos t c o mp lete when d iscovered a nd measuri ng 1 ft 6 i n x1 ft ( 0 .45 x 0 .3 m ).

I ti s c lear t ha t t he s atche l was

made u p f ro m a s ing le s heet 1f t6 in x 2 ft ( 0 .45 x 0 .61 m ) d oub led o ver a nd s t itched a tb oth e nds w ith l ea ther t hongs i n ac on t inuous h err ingbone c ha in .

T he d escr ipt ion p rov ided i n Bar H i ll ( 1906 ), 1 06

l a lows t he c orrect p lac ing o f s urv iv ing f ragmen ts :

' At t he t wo e nds

a nd o n e ach s ide o f t he mou th , a s w e ll a s a long t he c arry ing s trap , t ern w i ti s v ery n ea t ly s t i tched i n h err ingbone p at i th d oub le-thong l ea ther '.

l f One smal rag . o f t he c arry ing s trap s urv ives ;

t c lear where o r h ow i t was a tached t o t he s atche l. f o fered i n F ig . 2 8

i ti s n ot

The r econstruct ion

i s b ased u pon t he r epresen ta t ion o fj us t s uch a

s a tche l o n Tra jan 's Co lu mn ( c f . I .A. R ich mond , PBSR 1 935 , 9 ). I n i tt he Ro man s o ld ier s tored h is t oo ls wh i le o n t he march.

N ear t he

to m 1 l s b ot . c orner o f t he Bar H il atche l a re t wo j agged h o les r ound t o ne o f wh ich a re s t itch h o les t o wh ich a pa tch may h ave b een a tached. T he h o les w ere p erhaps c aused b y t he s harp p o in ts o r b y t he we igh t o f t oo ls e tc. s tored i n t he b ag .

F .1936.143

ROPE, e tc. 1 .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 1 29. " In t he d i tches"

S trands o f p la i ted h orseha ir .

F .1936.156 2 .

1c o i l o f h e mpen ( ? ) r ope , l eng th . c . 2 ft ( 0 .61 m ), d ia m . 0 .9 i n ( 22 mm ) t aper ing t o 0 .5 i n ( 12 m m ).

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 6 3 , 1 29.

Refuse P it 9 , i ns ide a large l ea ther s heet

F . 1 936.158

S evera l f rags. o f b ark r ope n ow l ost w ere r ecovered f ro m t he t i tu lus o u ts ide t he e ast g a te. S HELL 1 .

l s. 8 frags. o ys ter s hel

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 6 3, 1 28-129.

l /Refuse P Wel it 8

l N o t i l.

F .1936.157

l s, r l ( None o f t he musse l s hel eferred t o i n Bar H il 1906 ), 6 2 , 1 28-129 n ow s urv ives. 2 .

t on 1c ircu lar b ut , o f mo ther o f p ear l , d ia m. 0 .8 i n ( 20 m m ), l h p ierced b y t wo smal o les. Embedded i n l u mp o f l ead. ( 1906 ), 9 0.

l Not i l.

l Bar H il

F .1959.56

9 0

/

/

7

3 9

1

F IG .

2 8

L EAT HER

ROPE

e t c ( 1 :3 )

BRONZE F igure 2 9 1 .

1 pin , c ircu lar i n s ect ion , l eng th 4 .8 i n ( 120 m m ), w i th l ooped-over h ead , d ia m. 1 in ( 25 m m ).

Bar H il 1906 ), 1 19. l ( F .1936.159

2 .

2 frags. r ing , e x terna l d ia m. 1 .4 i n ( 34 m m ). Not i l l.

3 .

Wel l

1 finger r ing , e x terna l d ia m. 0 .9 i n ( 22 m m ). Not i l. l

4 .

Bar H il 1906 ), 1 20. l (

F .1936.150 Bar H il 1906 ), 1 19. l (

F .1936.161

1 m ount ing , d ia m. 2 i n ( 50 m m ), w i th d ecorat ive l ugs a t f our c orners , o f wh ich t wo a re p ierced w ith smal l c ircu lar h o les , p erhaps f or a tt ach men t t o l ea ther .

I t s c en tre i s d ecora ted w ith a n embossed ma le

h ead , p robab ly o f S i lenus. w ith e quine e ars.

The h ead i s b a ld , t he f ace h eav i ly b earded ,

On t he f orehead a re t wo c ircu lar k nobs, r epresen t-

i ng h orns o r p oss ib ly g rape-c lusters.

l(1906 Bar H il ), 1 19 ( w ith f ig .

4 3 ) i den t if ied t he d e ity a s J up iter Am mon.

I th as b een s uggested t ha t

as econd f ace c an b e made o u t i ft he moun t ing i t se lf i s t urned u ps ide d own .

Ou ter d i tch , NW c orner

F .1936.162

c f. R ichborough , J .P. Bushe-Fox , 1 42, n o. 1 75 ;

G . Webster , i n

S o ld ier a nd C iv i l ian i n Ro man Y orksh ire ( 1971), 19 n o. 7 9. 5 .

1 dia mond s haped moun t ing l eng th 1 .6 i n ( 38 m m ), w i th s quare a nd l c r ectangu lar t erm ina ls , b oth p ierced b y smal ircu lar h o les. l ( H il 1906 ), 19. c f . Hofhe im

6 .

Bar

F .1936.163

t er E . R it l ing , Ta f .

XV.

8 4-5, 9 4-5.

1 fish-shaped mount ing l eng th 1 .5 i n ( 37 m m ) w ith t wo s p ikes f or a tach men t t o ( ? ) l ea ther. t

Bar H il 1906 ), 1 19. l (

c f. F ishbourne , B .W . Cun lif , 1 25 , n o. 2 01; fe Ta f.

XV.

8 2, 9 2 ;

F .1936.163

Hofhe im , E . R it l ing , t er

L e icester , K . M. Kenyon , f ig . 8 4.3 ;

V eru la m iu m ,

H . Waugh a nd R . G oodburn , 1 20, n os. 3 7-39. 7 .

1f rag . mi l i tary b e lt t erm ina l , l eng th 1 in ( 25 m m ), w id th 0 .8 i n ( 20 mm ).

Wel l

F .1936.164

c f. Ca mu lodunu m , C .F.C. Hawkes a nd M.R. Hul l. ci l, p i i.3; Gadebr idge, D .S . N ea l a nd S . A. Bu tcher , 1 48, n o. 2 71;

Hod H il l,

J .W . Bra i lsford , A 9 7. 8 .

1 do med c ircu lar s tud , d ia m. 1 in ( 25 m m ), w ith s hank b roken away . F .1936.165 c f . G adebr idge , D .S . N ea l a nd S . A. Butcher , 1 32, n os. 5 8-9 ;

G .

Webster , i n S o ld ier a nd C iv i l ian i n Ro man Yorksh ire ( 1971), 1 23 n os. 9-100. 9

9 2

4

6

9 a F IG .

2 9

BRONZE

( 1 .1)

9 b

9 .

2c ircu lar s tuds , d ia m. 1 in ( 25 m m ), g i lded , d ecora ted w ith c en tra l d ot a nd t wo c oncen tr ic g rooves , ( a ) w i th c ircu lar s hank l eng th 0 .5 i n t ened s ( 14 m m ) b roken , ( b ) w i th f lat hank l eng th 0 .8 i n ( 20 m m ) p ierced w i th c ircu lar h o le.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 1 20.

F .1936.166 te r Hofhe im , E . R it u ng ,

c f . Cas t ledykes , Anne S . Rober tson , p l. 7 .8 ; t a f.

XV .6 ;

S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f. 1 i. 1-2 ; i

Veru la m iu m , H . Waugh

a nd R . G oodburn , 1 26 n o. 1 00. F igure 3 0 1 0.

1 circu lar d isc s l igh t ly d o med d ia m . 1 .1 i n ( 28 m m ) , w ith c onvex f ace g i lded .

Bar H il 1906 ), 19. l (

F .1936.167

c f . L e ices ter , K . M. Kenyon , f ig . 8 8.16-17. 1.

2d ecora t ive moun t ings , g i lded , o ne s quare , d ia m. 1i n ( 25 m m ), w ith s hor t s p ike n ear o ne e nd , t he o ther r ec tangu lar 1 .2 x 1 in ( 29 x 2 5 mm ), p ierced n ear o ne e nd b y smal ircu lar h o le. l c

Bar H il 1906 ), 1 20. l ( F .1936.168

1 2.

3f rags. s heet b ronze , 3 .75 x 1 .5 i n ( 95 x 3 8 mm ), 3 .5 x 1 in ( 85 x 2 5 mm ), 3 x 0 .5 i n ( 75 x 1 3 mm ). b een f o lded o ver s evera l t imes.

The f rags. h ave o n o ne o ccas ion Bar H il 1906 ), 1 20. Wel l ( l F .1936.169.

1 3.

1f rag ., p oss ib ly f ro m b ronze v esse l.

Bar H il 1906 ), 1 20. l ( F .1936.170

Wel l

1 4.

1 f rags., p reserv ing c . o ne h a lf o f s hal ow l , s i lvered , w ith 1 l ow b s l igh t f ootstand a nd b ead r im , d ia m. 3 .5 i n ( 90 m m ), h t . 0 .8 i n ( 20 mm ). Bar H il 1906 ), 1 20. Wel F .1936.171 l ( l

1 6.

1f rag . d agger o r k n i fe b lade , l eng th 1 in ( 25 m m ), w ith t ang o f i ron , l eng th 5 in ( 125 m m ) t o r ece ive wooden h and le o f wh ich p ar t s urv ived a t t ime o f d iscovery .

T he b lade i s h e ld i n p lace b e tween t he t ang

a nd a match ing i ron p la te b y t wo b ronze r ive ts . Prae tentura , W s ide

Bar H il 1906 ), 15. l (

F .1936.173

F igure 3 1 1 5.

1c ook ing p ot , w ith c ol nd s em ic ircu lar h and le o f t w is ted i ron l ar a w ire.

D ia m. a t r im 5 .5 i n ( 115 m m ), h t . 5 in ( 125 m m ).

( 1906 ), 19, f ig . 2 6.2.

Bar H il l

Outer d itch , S E c orner F .1936.172

c f . Newstead , J . Cur ie , p l. l i, 3 , 6 , 8 ; i i 4 7 ;

Wroxeter , D . A tk inson , p l. 5 3.1;

PBSR 1 935 ,6 ;

V indon issa , E . E t l inger , t

c f . a lso I .A. R ich mond ,

J . Cur ie , PSAS 1 932, 3 72 f ig . 5 5 ;

v o l. V , t a f . vi i i.6.

9 4

G erman ia Ro mana ,

1 0

1

1 3

U

1 2

F IG .

3 0

BRONZE ( I :1)

I RON ( Dr. W. H . Mann ing k ind ly c o m men ted o n af ew o f t he more i n tractab le i t e ms )

A c o mpacted mass o f i ronwork was r ecovered f ro m t he wel t ad ep th l, a o f 3 8 f t ( 11.6 m ).

I t was t hought t o h ave b een c onta ined i n a b ag o f woven

ma ter ia l , s o me t races o f wh ich were s t il l d iscern ib le a t t he t ime o f d iscovery . F or c onven ience i t e ms f ound i n t h is ' bag ' a re c onsidered t ogether . ( nos. 1 -12 ) F .1936.175

F igure 3 1 1 .

l l 3p a irs l inked s p l it p ins ( 2 i l.), 3 s ing le s p l it p ins ( 1 i l,),

S p l it p ins :

1 3 f rags. s p l it p ins.

When c o mp lete e ach p in c ons is ted o f a loop o f

d ia m. c . 1 in ( 25 m m ) b e low wh ich t wo a rms were b en t o utwards a t r ight a ng les.

Fro m t he l eng th o f t he s hank i ti s c lear t hat t he p ins

were d r iven t hrough wooden b ea ms o r p lank ing c . 1 .5 i n ( 37 m m ) t h ick. T he a r ms were t hen d oub led b ack a nd h a m mered i n to t he r everse s ide o f t he wood.

Pa irs o f s p l it p ins may h ave s erved a s s i mp le h inges ;

t s ing le p ins a re f requent ly f ound w ith r ing h and les a tached. c f . Cast ledykes , Anne S . Rober tson , p l. 9 .1; fe Cun l if , f ig . 5 5 , 8 -11;

i, 1 News tead , J . Cur ie , p l. l xvi 0-12 ; n o. 2 79 ; 2 .

F ishbourne , B . W.

ls Mu mr il , G . Macdona ld a nd A . 0 . Cur ie, 5 63; R ichborough , M. G . Wilson , 1 09

e tc.

l 3L -shaped s tap les ( 1 i l.), d es igned t o s uppor t d rop-h inges.

T he

s hor ter a r m, l eng th 2 i n ( 50 m m ) i s r ounded i n s ect ion a nd t apers a lmost t o ap o in t ;

t he l onger a rm , l eng th 3 i n ( 75 m m ) i s s quare i n

s ect ion. c f . Brad ing , H . F . C leere , 5 9 ; 5 27 ;

Gadebr idge , W. H . Mann ing , n os. 5 24-

ls Mu mr il , G . Macdona ld a nd A . 0 . Cur ie , 5 63, n os , 8 -9 ;

K ilpa tr ick ( i n HM );

S aa lburg , L . J acob i, t a f .

( Car l ingwark ), S . P iggot 7, C52; t, 3

2000CV.

2 3;

O ld

Three H oards

Veru la m iu m , W. H . Mann ing , 1 80,

n o. 5 8. 3 .

2 1 f rags. t h in s tr ip ( 1

w id th 0 .3 i n ( 8 mm ), w ith b oth s ides f l a t ,

o ne e nd t er m ina ting i n as patu late h ead.

L eng ths 1 5 3 i n ( 380-75 m m ).

The l ower e nds o f many a re t w isted a s t hough wrenched f ro m woodwork . I n s hape t hese s tr ips r ese mb le a l arge v ers ion o f Mann ing 's Type I n a i ls ( cf . Veru la m iu m , W.H.

Mann ing , 1 86 ), b u t t he s patu la te h eads

e xh ib it n o s igns o f h a m mer ing .

A more p robab le i den t i f icat ion may b e

a s d ecorat ive l in ings f or d oors o r o ther woodwork . c f .

Loudoun H il l ( i n HM ), V indon issa ( i n Brugg Museu m )

9 6

3

2 F IG . 3 1

B RONZE

I RON

( 1 :2)

F igure 3 2 4 .

S trapp ing , l inked t o f or m l oop h inge , p robab ly f ro m a n i ron-bound b ox o r c hest .

The l onger s trap , l eng th 7 .5 i n ( 190 m m ) i s p ierced b y t wo

c ircu lar h o les , d ia m. 0 .3 i n ( 8 mm ) a nd t er m ina tes i n a narrow s p ike d oub led o ver t o f orm a l oop wh ich p asses t hrough a c ircu lar h o le i n t he e nd o f t he s econd s trap.

t er The l at , l eng th 5 .25 i n ( 130 m m ), i s

a lso p er forated b y t wo n a il h o les. fe c f. F ishbourn .e , B . W. Cun l if , f ig. 5 7.12 ; i.8, 1 boodi 2 ;

S aa lburg , L . J acob i , Taf .

Mann ing , 1 80, n os. 6 0-64 ;

Newstead , J . Cur le , p l.

XXXXV .2 2 ;

Veru la m iu m , W. H

Wroxeter , D . A tk inson , p l. 5 4, B27 ;

Cadde

L oudoun H il l a nd O ld K ilpa tr ick ( i n HM ). 5 .

4f rags. c urved s trapp ing , w id th 0 .75 i n ( 20 m m ), l eng ths 1 1-2.75 i n ( 280-55 m m );

6 .

t he e nds o f t wo f rags. a re p ierced f or n a il h o les.

1f rag . s trapp ing , w id th 1 i n ( 23 m m ), l eng th 7 .75 i n ( 195 m m ), w ith o ne e nd b en t o ver ;

7 .

Not i l l

p ierced b y t wo n a i l h o les , o ne o n b end.

3f rags. s trapp ing , much c orroded , l eng ths 6 -4.5 i n ( 155-115 m m ). Not i l. l Nos. 5 -7 a re p erhaps a l p ar ts o f t he b ind ings o f a n i ron-bound c hest. l c f.

8 .

Veru la m iu m , W.H. Mann ing , 1 90 , n o. 1 41.

1 heavy L -shaped s tap le ( ? ), w ith s hor ter a rm 1 .9 x 1 x 0 .5 i n ( 45 x 2 5 x1 5 mm ), n ea t ly s quared o f , l onger a rm , l eng th 2 .1 i n ( 55 m m ), f t aper ing t o ap oin t.

9 .

Poss ib ly a r e mnan t o f a h eavy t anged s tap le.

1f rag . t h in s heet ing , 4 .5 x 1 .5 i n ( 120 x 3 5 mm ), o ne e nd t aper ing a l most t o ap oin t. Not i l l.

1 0.

3 1 n a i ls , w ith s quare o r r ectangu lar h eads , a nd s quare-sect ioned s haf ts , f orm ing a h o mogeneous g roup. A ll b e long t o Veru la m iu m , Type 1 . c f . Brad ing , H . F . C leere , 5 8 ; News tead , J . Cur ie , 2 89 ;

1 1.

L eng ths 5 .5-3 i n ( 130-75 m m ).

Not i l l.

Gadebr idge , W. H . Mann ing , 1 73 ;

V eru la m iu m , W. H . Mann ing , 1 86.

1f rag . t w is ted h and le o f k n ife o r o f l ad le , l eng th 7 in ( 175 m m ), w ith r e mnan t o f f lat b lade, c f . Bra mpton , W. H . Mann ing , 1 8; f ig. 6 0.43, 5 5 ;

1 2.

F ishbourne , B . W. Cun l if fe , 1 35,

Veru la m iu m , W. H . Mann ing , 1 64 , n o. 6 .

1c ol l ar , s hape d istor ted , d ia m. 4 .5 i n ( 115 m m ) w id th 1 .8 i n ( 45 m m ), p robab ly d es igned t o p rotect t he e nd o f a wooden p o le o r p ost. Not i l l.

9 8

Weapons 1 3.

7 three-w inged a rrowheads , ( 2 i l.) w i th t ang f or i nser t ion i n to s ha f t , l l eng ths 1 .6-1.2 i n ( 41-32 m m );

Bar H il 1906 ), 15 f . l (

a t d ep th o f 4 3 f t( 13.16 m ) c f . Hod H il . W. Bra i lsford , 6 ; l, J 1 -7 ;

Wel l,

F .1936.176 N ewstead , J . Cur le , p l.

S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f . x xx ix .31;

=

W il.

G erman ia Ro mana V , t a f.

3 7.3, n o. 4 2. 1 4.

5 open a rrowheads ( 1 i l l. ) , w ith t ang f or i nser t ion i nto s ha f t , l eng ths 2 .4-2 i n ( 60-52 m m );

Bar H il l ( 1906 ), 1 15 f .

Wel l, a t d ep th o f

4 3 f t ( 13.16 m )

F .1936.177

c f . Wroxe ter , D . A tk inson , p l. 5 5 B .1. 1 5.

1T -shaped

h i l t- moun t ing o f d agger ( pug io ), w i th p ro ject ing l ugs h a l f-

way d own u pr igh t , wh ich t erm ina tes i n c rescen t ic p ro jec t ion . o fb ar 3 in ( 75 m m ), o f u pr igh t 4 .5 i n ( 115 m m ); p ierced b y t wo c ircu lar h o les. r igh t a ng les.

L eng th

b o th b ar a nd u pr igh t

The e nds o f t he b ar a re t urned o ver a t

T he c o mp lete h i lt c ons isted o f t wo s uch moun t ings , b e-

t ween wh ich p assed t he d agger t ang , h e ld i n p os i t ion b y r ivets. l ( H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 9 , 2 7.

Bar

F .1936.215

l, J c f . Hod H il .W . Bra i ls ford , B 2 ;

Kunz ing , F .-R. H errmann , Abb.

3 .6-7. 1 6.

1f rag. s ocketed s pearhead , l eng th 4 .5 i n ( 115 m m ), w id th o fb lade 2 .2 i n ( 55 m m );

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig. 4 0 , 5 .

l c f . Hod H il

J . W. Bra i ls ford , B 6( Ca tegory ' A Large ' );

F .1936.217

G . Macdona ld a nd A . 0 . Cur le , f ig . 1 21, 3 ;

ls Mu mr il ,

S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f.

XXXViii . 1 .

1 7.

1f rag . s ocketed s pearhead , l eng th 4 i n ( 100 m m ), w id th a tb ase o f b lade 1 .2 i n ( 30 m m );

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 4 0 , 6 .

l er c f . Ba l mu i ldy , S . N. M il , p l. l iv.28 ; B 2 5 ( Ca tegory ' C Sma ll ' ) ; l er Mil , p l. x xv B .11;

l, J Hod H il .W . Bra i ls ford ,

l ( L oudoun H il i n HM ) ;

S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f.

9 9

F .1936.217

O ld K i lpa tr ick , S . N. XXXViii.

2 1 f .

F igure 3 3 l 2 5 p i lu m h eads ( 8 i l.), l eng ths 3 -2 i n ( 75-50 m m ), b lun ted f ro m u se.

1 8.

l ( l, a Bar H il 1906 ), 17, men t ions 2 6 , o f wh ich 2 2 c a me f ro m t he w el nd 4f ro m t he t i tu lus o u ts ide t he e as t g a te. c f . Hod H il l, J . W. Bra i lsford , p l. I B ; M OCVii.

1 9.

F .1936.201 G erman ia Ro mana V , t a f .

3.

2 frags. s tr ip , l eng ths 8 .3 i n ( 215 m m ) a nd 6 .5 i n ( 165 m m ), w id th 0 .4 i n ( 10 m m ), w i th o ne s ide c onvex , e ach p ierced b y a smal ircu lar l c h o le.

I den t if ied a s ' sh ie ld s t if '. f eners

F .1936.212

c f . Cast ledykes, Anne S . Rober tson , p l. 1 0.5 ; ; 15

Hofhe im , E . R it l ing , t a f . x v i ; t er i i

Hod H il .A. R ich mond , l, I

N ewstead

J . Cur ie , p l.

x iv. 1 , 1 2. x T oo ls 2 0.

1 a xe-head

w ith s tub o f b ut nd , l eng th 7 .5 i n ( 190 m m ), c ut dge t e ting e

3i n ( 75 m m ) b road , s ing le l ug s urv iv ing b es ide e ye.

Bar H il 1906 ), l (

f ig . 4 0.2.

F .1936.178

c f . Bra mp ton , W. H . Mann ing , 1, n o. 6 ; bd . 1; S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t af 2 1.

Newstead

J . Cur ie , p l.

xx ii 13, x lv i.4-5. x i .

1s ocketed h ead o f a dze-ha m mer , w ith a dze miss ing , l eng th 3 i n ( 75 mm ), w i th smal quare l ugs o n e i ther s ide o f e ye. l s i xh ; c f . L ondon , Arch .Ro m.Br it ., p l . xS aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f .

XXX iii.8-9;

F .1936.198

L oudoun H il i n HM ); l (

Three Hoards ( Car l ingwark ),

S . P iggot 0. t, C 5 2. 2

1s ocketed h a m merhead , l eng th 5 .25 i n ( 135 m m ), d oub le e nded , w ith o ne e nd b lun ted b yu se. >

On u pper f ace o fb lun ted e nd i s g raf fito

, i den t ify ing t he h a m mer a s b e long ing t o t he c en tury c o m manded IBVTI

b y E but ius.

Bar H il 1906 ), 1 13. l (

F .1936.199

c f . Newstead , J . Cur ie , p l. l x i .l. i i

F igure 3 4 2 3.

1b radaw l , w ith s crew b it a nd t ang f or i nser t ion i n to wooden c rossh and le ( ? ), l eng th 7 in ( 175 m m ).

Bar H il 1906 ), 14. l ( F .1936.191

c f . Ba l mu i ldy ( i n HM ); n o. 1 9 ; 2 4.

Mu mr il , G . Macdona ld a nd A .0 . Cur le , 5 62 , ls

S aa lburg , L . J acob i , f ig . 2 8.

1b radaw l , t aper ing t o a po in t , w i th t ang f or i nser t ion i n to h and le ; l eng th 5 .2 i n ( 105 m m ).

Bar H il 1906 ), 13. l (

c f . S aa lburg , L . J acob i , f ig . 2 8.

1 00

F .1936.192

8

1 3

1 4

4

F IG . 3 2

1 5

I RON

( I :2 )

2 5.

1c h ise l, w ith c ut dge 0 .5 i n ( 12 m m ) w ide a nd t ang t o r ece ive ting e h and le.

L eng th 6 .4 i n ( 160 m m );

Bar H il 1 906 ), f ig . 4 0.8. Wel l ( l F .1936.195

c f . S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f . x xx iv .28. 2 6.

1b lade f or mou ld ing p lane , l eng th 4 .2 i n ( 105 m m ), w i th s errated e dge 0 .6 i n ( 15 m m ) w ide.

l Wel

c f. N ews tead , J . Cur ie , p l. l ix .2 ; 2 7.

F .1936.196 S aa lburg , L . J acob i , f ig . 2 9.6.

l 3 frags. s hears ( 1 i l.), e ach p reserv ing o ne a rm o f s hears a nd r e mn an t o f c urv ing s pr ing , l eng ths 3 .2 , 3 , 2 .3 i n ( 80 , 7 5 , 5 5 mm ). F .1936.202, 2 27 12-14 ; c f . S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t af . 200CV . l), S t, B 2 Mil . P iggot 9 ;

Three Hoards ( Blackburn

V eru la m iu m , W.H. Mann ing , n o. 4 4 ;

Wroxe ter , D . A tk inson , 2 21, p l. 5 6 c . 2 8.

1f rag . c urv ing b lade o f s cythe , l eng th 1 0 i n ( 250 m m ), wedge s haped i n s ect ion ;

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 9.8.

c f . Cadder ( i n HM );

2 9.

Newstead , J . Cur ie , p l.

M O W .3;

S aa lburg ,

t, C 3 T hree H oards ( Car l ingwark ), S . P iggot 7

1f rag . b lade o f s ick le o r s cy the , l eng th 2 in ( 50 m m ), w edge s haped i n s ect ion , w i th u pper e dge h a m mered f l a t.

3 0.

F .1936.214

Cas t ledykes , Anne S . Rober tson , p l. 1.1-2 ;

l ( L oudoun H il i n HM ); L . J acob i , t a f .

l Wel

l Not i l.

F .1936.227

1f rag . wedge , l eng th 2 .8 i n ( 70 m m ), t aper ing t o e dge 0 .8 i n ( 20 m m ) w ide ;

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 1 14.

l No t i l.

F .1936.225

fe c f . F ishbourne , B . Cun l if , f ig . 5 9.37 ;

S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t af .

x lv i.6 , f ig . 3 2.10-11. 3 1.

l ar l 1 leg o f d iv iders , l eng th 3 .8 i n ( 100 m m ), w ith b road c ol ooped o ver t o r ece ive r ive t ;

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 13.

l Wel

F .1936.197

c f . Gadebr idge , W.H. Mann ing , f ig . 7 0 , n o. 3 80 , a nd a lso News tead , i J . Cur ie , p l. b oa c i.9 ; R ichborough , A . M. Henderson , n o. 3 36. S tructura l 3 2.

1 .f rag . h eavy s trap , l ength 1 7 i n ( 0 .425 m ), w id th 1 .3 i n ( 33 m m ), o ne s ur face c onvex , w i th s hor t t ang a t o ne e nd ;

p ierced b y t hree s quare

h o les , w ith r ecesses t o r ece ive L s haped b o l ts.

The s trap h as f rac tured

i n l ine w ith t he c entra l h o le ; s ubsequen t r epa ir r endered t h is h o le u nl ( u sab le a nd t he u pper h o le was p ierced t o r ep lace i t ; Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 9.20. 3 3.

P erhaps d oor s trapp ing .

l Wel

F .1936.180

5f rags. s trapp ing , s im i lar t o n o . 3 2 , l eng ths 9 .75-3 i n ( 250-75 m m ), w id ths 1 .5-1.3 i n ( 38-33 m m ), o ne ( ph) p ierced w ith s quare h o le w ith r ecesses t o e i ther s ide i nd ica t ing t he p resence o f aT -shaped b o lt . l Wel

F .1936.180

1 02

1 8

1 9

F IG . 3 3

I RON

( 1 :2 )

F igure 3 5 ( see a lso n os. 3 6-38 ) 3 4.

l 6 0 f rags. h eavy s trapp ing ( 4 i l.), l eng ths 2 ft 7 in-2.5 i n ( 0 .68 m-65 mm ), w id ths 3 -2.8 i n ( 75-70 m m ); s urv ives.

l i n a l c . 5 4 f t ( 1 . 5 m ) o f s trapp ing

l 2 frags. ( 1 i l.) s how b eech l ea f impress ions .

T he f rags.

t a re p er fora ted a t i n terva ls b y n a i l h o les , b u t n o a te mp t h as b een made t o k eep t hese i n as tra igh t l ine a long t he c en tre o f t he s trapp ing . n a i l h o les a re o f t wo t ypes :

T he

l arge ( round o r s quare o r r ectangu lar ),

l ( d ia m. 0 .8-0.6 i n ( 20-15 m m ), o r smal a l mos t a lways r ound ), d iam. l No t a l t he h o les o n as ing le f rag. n eed b e o f

0 .4-0.3 i n ( 10-8 m m ). u n iform t ype. Ano ther f rag .

l On o ne f rag . ( i l. ) a na i l h as s urv ived i n t he h o le.

( in .)is

b en t b ack o n i t se l f a t r ight a ng les ;

many s how

s igns o f h av ing b een d is tor ted i n s hape when p ul ro m t he w oodl ed away f w ork t o wh ich t hey h ad b een a tached . t t he d oors o f t he p r inc ip ia ;

P erhaps t h is s trapp ing a dorned

t here i s s uf ien t f or s evera l d oors. fic

T he

g roup o f n a i ls f ound i n t he w el above , n o. 1 0 ) wou ld f i t n ea t ly t he l ( h o les o n t h is s trapp ing . Bar H il 1906 ), 11, f ig . 3 9 .6. l ( ( See a lso Append ix , p . 1 78 )

F .1936.179

F igure 3 6 3 5.

Fragmen ts o f a window g r il l e. ( a ) 1 0 f rags. f l a t s tr ip , ( 6 i l. ) w id th 1 in ( 25 m m ), l eng ths 1 6-6 i n l ( 410-150 m m ), p er fora ted a t i n terva ls o f 1-10 i n ( 280-255 m m ) b y c ircu lar h o les , d ia m. 0 .25 i n ( 6 mm ). ( b ) 4c ro is il , o ne c o mp lete. l ons

E ach made i n t wo U -shaped p ar ts ,

t hen j o ined , a nd p er fora ted b y ac ircu lar h o le , d ia m. 0 .2 i n ( 5 mm ). ( c ) 1 rive t , f l a t-headed , w ith s ha f t c ircu lar i n s ect ion. When c o mp lete t h is g r il ons is ted o f f l a t i ron s tr ips c ross ing a t r igh t le c a ng les t o p roduce s quare o r r ec tangu lar ' panes ', o f wh ich o ne s ide measured c . 1 0 i n ( 255 m m ). A t e ach j unc t ion a four-po in ted c ro is il l on was p laced b e t ween t he s tr ips a nd h e ld i n p lace b y a smal ivet . N o l r e st i mate i s p oss ib le o f t he o veral ize o f t he g r il , b u t i t s f i ndspo t i n l s le t he w el uggests t ha t i ts erved t o p rotec t a window w ith in t he p r inc ip ia , l s p erhaps t ha t o f t he a edes p r inc ip ioru m , w i th in o rb e low w h ich was s tored t he r eg i men ta l money c hest .

T he p resence o f r ivet h o les c lose t o t he

e nds o f s o me f ragmen ts s uggests t ha t t he g r il ave b een h e ld w ithl e may h i n , o r n a i led o n t o , a wooden f ramework . 3 9.9-10.

Bar H il 1906 ), 11, f ig . l (

Wel l

F .1936.180 ,226

c f . L . J acob i , S J v i , 1 914-1924 , 5 8 ;

G . Webs ter , An t iqu ity 1 959 , 1 0 ;

W.H. Mann ing a nd K .S . P a in ter , BMQ 1 966-67 , 1 22 ; W.H. Mann ing , n o. 3 50.

G adebr idge ,

Fragmen ts o f g r il ave b een f ound a t l es h

Caer leon a nd Chesters , a nd a t Cannstat f t inz, N iederb ieber t, P S aa lburg , b u t e xa mp les a re n ot c on f ined t o m i l itary s i tes.

1 04

a nd

2 7

2 6

2 4

2 3

2 8

3 1

3 2 F IG . 3 4

I RON

( 1 :2 )

3 6.

1 0 f rags. r ounded b ars , ( 1 i l. ) ,leng ths 1 4.5-4 i n ( 365-100 m m ), d ia m. l 0 .3 i n ( l c 8 mm ), h a m mered f l a t a t i n terva ls a nd p ierced b y smal ircu lar h o les.

On o ne f rag ., t wo h o les s urv ive , 1 0 i n ( 205 m m ) a par t .

I den t i-

l ( f eners f i ed i n Bar H il 1906 ), 1 15 , a s ' sh ie ld-st if ', t he f rags. a re p erh aps more l ike ly t o b e t he r e mnan ts o f t he l igh t c r iss-cross b ars o f a l e. w indow g r il 3 7.

F .1936.184-185

1s hor t s trap , l eng th 4 i n ( 100 m m ), w id th 0 .6 i n ( 15 m m ), f orm ing o ne h a l f o f l oop h inge ;

p ierced b y t wo c ircu lar h o les f or n a i ls , a th ird

( square ) t o r ece ive l oop.

F .1936.182

c f . S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f .x lv .28, a nd n o. 4 a bove. 3 8.

1 L -shaped s tap le , d es igned t o s uppor t ad rop-h inge , w ith l onger a rm , s quare i n s ect ion , l eng th 3 .2 i n ( 80 m m ), s hor ter a rm , c ircu lar i n s ect ion a nd w ith a s l igh t t aper , l eng th 2 i n ( 50 m m ). F .1936.220 c f . n o. 2 above.

F igure 3 7 3 9.

l 2 frags. s trapp ing ( 1 i l.), l eng ths 9 .25 i n ( 235 m m ) a nd 4 in ( 100 m m ), w id th 1 in ( 25 m m ), w i th t ang , b en t o ver a t r igh t a ng les , a t t he s urv iv ing e nd . B ind ings t o s ecure w ooden b ea ms o r p lank ing . F .1936.181 l er c f . Ba l mu i ldy , S . N. Mil , p l. l i v.30 ;

Brad ing , H .F. C leere , 7 0 ;

Cas t ledykes , Anne S . Rober tson , p l. 9 .3 ; f ig . 6 2 , n o. 6 5 ; XXV

B .5 ;

l ( L oudoun H il i n HM ) ;

fe F ishbourne , B .W . Cun l if ,

l er O ld K i lpa tr ick , S .N . M il , p l.

S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f .

1 8 ;

T hree H oards ( Car l ing-

wark ), S . P iggot . t, C 9 4 0.

1L -shaped b ar , l onger a rm 7 x 0 .6 x 0 .4 i n ( 180 x 1 6 x1 0 mm ), s hor ter a rm 1 .25 x 0 .6 x 0 .4 i n ( 35 x 1 6 x1 0 mm ).

Probab ly ab ind ing , t o s e-

c ure wooden b ea ms.

F .1936.187-188

c f . Mu mr il , G . Macdona ld a nd A .O. Cur ie , 5 63, n os. 4 , 2 9 ; ls

S aa lburg ,

L . J acob i , t a f . x l i i i.9. 4 1.

1r ounded b ar , l eng th 1 3 i n ( 320 m m ), d ia m. 0 .6 i n ( 16 m m ).

Not i l l.

F .1936.183 4 2.

2 pa irs s p l i t p ins , e ach w i th l oop d ia m. 1 in ( 25 m m ) a nd a r ms b en t o ver a t r ight a ng les.

Fro m t he l eng th o f s hank , i ti s c lear t ha t t he p ins h ad

p assed t hrough wooden b ea ms 1 .5 i n ( 35 m m ) t h ick .

c f . a bove. n o . 1 .

l N ot i l.

F .1936.206

l Wel

1 06

u l t,. 1

A , ' .

e

e t 0 . , , , ' . : , •'

3 4

q ,I

i, .' I ,,

,

• I,' ' H i , . „,

, '•,, 1 0

I ' e '

9 ) . I l i , '

. 4 , 4 , 1 , . ,. .• r ' , i „ , ,(0,5 , . 1

i s p ,i

. . • ,i l, , ! . ; , , g i . , 1 1 9 , I r t O t e .s

N oi t >

1 , 1 0e l l ,

up e , i ) , k 1 m i e

3 4

( i l . ' )

e i t U e ll "0 i . . i l b ' t• ' .' 1 . . . ' 1 . . ,• ) ) 1 '

3 7

F IG .

3 5

I RON

( 1 :2)

4 3.

l 1 0 f rags. s ing le s p l it p ins ( 2 i l.), o f v ary ing s izes, o ne

( p l . )

w i th a r ms

b en t a t r igh t a ng les im med iately b e low l oop , a no ther ( 11 . ) o f v ery h eavy 1 g auge. 4. 4

F .1936.206

2e longated l inks , d ia m. 3 .2, 2 .7 i n ( 80 , 7 0 mm ); 3 9.

4 5.

Wel l

Not i l. l

Wel l

Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . l ( F .1936.205

2c ol 1 i l.), d ia m. 1 .25 i n ( 32 m m ) made f ro m n arrow s tr ip 0 .6 i n l ars ( l ( 15 m m ) w ide , p robab ly d es igned t o p rotec t t he e nds o f s pears o r s t icks. Wel l

F .1936.210

c f . Mu mr il , G . Macdona ld a nd A .O. Cur ie , f ig . 1 24 .21; ls

V eru la m iu m ,

W.H. Mann ing , n o. 1 25. 4 6.

1c ol , d ia m . 1 .5 i n ( 35 m m ) made f ro m s tr ip 0 .5 i n ( 12 m m ) w ide, l ar b roaden ing o n b oth s ides a t o ne p o in t t o w id th 1 .5 i n ( 35 m m ).

Wel l

F .1936.210 4 7.

2r ings , d ia m. 1 .5 , 1 .4 i n ( 37, 3 4 mm ), f or a tach men t t o s p l i t p ins o r t t o wal l -hooks.

Wel l

F .1936.211

c f . Brad ing , H .F . C leere , 6 2-3 ;

V eru la m iu m , W.H. Mann ing , 1 88, n o.

1 27. 4 8.

1 0 f rags. t h in s tr ip , w id th 0 .3 i n ( 8 mm ), l eng ths 6 .5-3.5 i n ( 170-90 m m ) , w ith b oth s ides f la t , o ne e nd t er m inat ing i n s pa tu late h ead . n o. 3 .

4 9.

Not i l. l

c f . a bove,

F .1936.213 ,227

2 frags. h o ld fast , d es igned t o s treng then woodwork ( ? ).

When c o mp lete

t he h o ld fast c ons isted o f o ne-p iece s tap le w ith s em ic ircu lar h ead , t o t he l ower e nd o f whose s ha f t was a tached a s econd s em ic ircu lar h ead , h e ld t i n p os it ion b y b urr ing ; 5 0.

Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 9.11 . l (

F .1936.211

1s em ic ircu lar h ead o fh o ld fast , p ierced b y c ircu lar h o le ; h e ld i n p lace o ver s ha f t b y b urr ing .

i t wou ld b e

L eng th 3 .5 i n ( 85 m m ). F .1936.218

c f. Bra mpton , W.H. Mann ing , 3 4 , n os. 4 8-49. 5 1.

1 horseshoe s haped s tap le , d ia m. 4 i n ( 100 m m ), made f ro m a f l a t s tr ip , a rms t aper ing t o a po in t ;

Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 9.26. l ( F .1936.218

c f. Brad ing , H .F . C leere , 7 0, f ig . 1 3a ;

Mu m r i ls , G . Macdona ld a nd l

A .O . Cur ie , f ig . 1 26, n os. 2 7-8. 5 2.

1f rag . f la t s tr ip , s hape d istor ted b ut s im i lar t o n o. 5 1.

Not i l. l

F .1936.227 5 3.

1T -shaped s tap le, w ith b road s em ic ircu lar h ead ; i n ( 55 m m );

Bar H il ig . 3 9.11. l, f

1 08

l eng th o f s ha f t 2 .2 F .1936.222

4 0

4 7

5 4

F IG . 3 7

I RON

( 1 :2)

5 4.

1h eavy T -shaped s tap le , l eng th o f b ar 3 in ( 75 m m ), l eng th o f s ha f t 3i n ( 75 m m );

b o th b ar a nd u pr igh t r ectangu lar i n s ect ion , 0 .4 x 0 .3 i n ( 10

x 7m m ). 5 5.

F .1936.221

1T -shaped s tap le, much c orroded , l eng th o f s ha f t 3 .2 i n ( 80 m m ). l No t i l.

F .1936.221

On t he mos t c o m mon u ses o f s uch s tap les , c f . Ca mu lodunum , C .F.C. l, p fe Hawkes a nd M.R. Hul l. c v , n o. 2 6 ; F ishbourne , B .W . Cun l if , f ig . 5 5.1-3 ; 5 6.

G adebr idge , W.H. Mann ing , 1 77.

1j o iner 's d og , c ons ist ing o f h or izon ta l b ar , l eng th 4 .5 i n ( 120 m m ), a nd t wo s hor t l egs w hose p o in ts a re l os t.

F .1936.219

c f. G adebr idge , W.H. Mann ing , n os. 6 53-4. 5 7.

1f rag . r ounded b ar , l eng th 4 i n ( 105 m m ), w ith i nd ica t ions o f s ocket a t b roader e nd ;

p erhaps a ferru le.

l Not i l.

F .1936.227

F igure 3 8 5 8.

l 1 9 n a i ls , ( 5 i l. ) s quare i n s ect ion , l eng ths 6 .8-3 i n ( 175-75 m m ), w ith r ectangu lar , s quare , o r p yra m id ica l h eads.

F .1936.207 ,213

c f. n o. 1 0 a bove. 5 9.

1b ar , l eng th 1 1.5 i n ( 290 m m ), s quare i n s ect ion , w ith l ooped o ver e nd. F .1936.186

Transpor t 6 0.

1 one-p iece h orse b it , l eng th 5 .4 i n ( 135 m m ), w i th l oop a t e i ther e nd t o r ece ive i ron r ings.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 9.24.

l Wel F .1936.189

c f . Ba l mu i ldy ( i n HM ), Cadder ( i n HM ). 6 1.

fle-b 3 frags. s naf its , t he b it made u p o f d oub le-strand t w is ted s tr ip , l ooped o ver r ing . f ig . 3 9.13.

D ia m. o f r ings 2 .3 i n ( 60 m m ).

l Wel

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), F .1936.190

c f . N ewstead , J . Cur ie , 2 96, a nd p l. bo c i.1-2. 6 2.

t 1r ing , d ia m. 2 .5 i n ( 65 m m ), p oss ib ly f or a tach men t t o b it . F .1936.211 ls c f . Mu mr il , G . Macdona ld a nd A .O. Cur ie , 5 52 , f ig . 1 25 , n o. 1 9 ; l er O ld K i lpa tr ick , S .N . M il , p l.

6 3.

7 .

1 hub r im , d ia m. 5 in ( 130 m m ), w id th 1 .8 i n ( 45 m m ) ; f ig . 3 9.22.

Wel l

c f . L oudoun H il i n HM ); l ( L . J acob i , t a f . x l i.12 ; i 6 4.

XXV .B

Bar H il 1906 ), l (

F .1936.208 Newstead , J . Cur ie , p l. l xx .5 ;

S aa lburg ,

V eru la m iu m , W.H. Mann ing , 1 72.

1f rag . h ub r im , d ia m. C . 5 in ( 130 m m ), w id th 1 .8 i n ( 45 m m ), p res erv ing o ne q uarter o f r i m.

N o t i l. l 11 1

Wel l

F. 1936.208

F igure 3 9 6 5.

1h ub l in ing , p reserved i n t wo a d jo in ing f rags.; b ack f l ange s urv ives.

D ia m. 3 .9 i n ( 100 m m ), w id th 1 .5 i n ( 37 m m ).

Wedge-shaped i n s ect ion ; ( 1906 ), f ig . 3 9.16. Wel l

p ierced b y t wo e l ip t ica l h o les ; Bar H il l l F .1936.208

c f . Bra mp ton , W.H. Mann ing , n os. 1 9-20 ; News tead , J . Cur le , p l. l xx .9-10 ; 6. 6

L oudoun H il i n HM ); l (

S aa lburg , L . J acob i , t a f .x li . i.11,13

1h ub l in ing ( ? ), d ia m . 4i n ( 103 m m ), w id th 1 .5 i n ( 37 m m ), p ierced b y t wo n a i l h o les ( no t d ia me tr ical ly o ppos ite ). ( 1906 ) , f ig . 3 9.23.

6 7.

r e mnan t o f o ne t urned-

No f langes .

Wel l

F .1936.209

1f rag . h ub l in ing , p reserv ing t woth irds o f l in ing , d iam. c . 4i n ( 100 mm ), w idth 1 .6 i n ( 45 m m ).

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 9.21.

l Wel 6 8.

Bar H il l

l No t i l.

F .1936.208

1 w hee l t ire , c o mp lete , d ia m. 3 f t( 0 .91 m ), w id th 1 .75 i n ( 45 m m ). S ee a bove , p . 4 8.

F .1936.91

MISCELLANEOUS 6 9.

1 large b uck le , 3x 1 .5 i n ( 75 x 4 0 mm ), f or g ir th s trap o r b road b e lt . l ( Bar H il 1906 ), f ig . 3 9.15. c f .

7 0.

l Wel

F .1936.193

t, C 3 T hree Hoards ( Car l ingwark ), S . P iggot 6.

2s hor t l eng ths o f l inked c ha in , t o ta l l eng th 4 .5 i n ( 115 m m ), e ach l ink made i n f or m o f 6 , a nd l ooped o ver a d join ing l ink .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 18. F .1936.194

7 1.

l 4 b ucket h oops ( 1 i l. ), c o mp lete , a nd 9 frags., w id th 1 .4 i n ( 35 m m ); d ia m. o f c o mp lete h oops 1 3.5-11.5 i n ( 340-295 m m ).

One f rag . ( nI . )

p reserves l oop t hrough wh ich r ope o r c ha in migh t b e p assed. b ucke t i t se l f was p robab ly c . 1 6 i n ( 0 .4 m ) i n h e ight . f ig . 3 9. 1 -5.

l ( Wel See a lso Append ix , p . 1 78 )

c f . N ews tead , J . Cur le , 2 88, 3 10 , p l. l xv . 1 , l xv i.6 ; J acob i , f ig . 2 3 ; 7 2.

T he

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), F .1936.200 S aa lburg , L .

Wroxe ter , D . A tk inson , 2 22 , p l. 6 3 B .

1 1f rag . b ucket moun t ( ? ), l eng th 4 .5 i n ( 15 m m ), p ierced b y o va l h o le a t o ne e nd .

F .1936.182

c f . Bra mpton , W.H. Mann ing , n os, 2 8-30 ;

V eru lam iu m , W. H . Mann ing ,

1 78 , n o. 5 4. 7 3.

1f rag . s tr ig i l. w ith l ooped o ver h and le a nd s tub o f c onvex b lade ; 5 in ( 125 m m ). l, J i c f . Hod H il . W. Bra i lsford , p l. x i , K 1; p l. md j ;

l eng th

F .1936.223

N ewstead , J . Cur le , p l. l xv i.22.

12

London , Arch.Ro m .Br i t.,

5 8

6 1

F IG . 3 8

I RON

( 1 :2 )

7 4.

1f rag . b ar , s quare i n s ect ion , l eng th 5 .5 i n ( 140 m m ), t aper ing t owards o ne e nd , a nd t er m inat ing i n d ia mond s haped h ead ; i s f ractured a cross a r eba ted r ectangu lar h o le.

t he o ther e nd

F .1936.227

c f. Newstead , J . Cur ie , p l. bood i.12 ( i den t if ied a s p ar t o f as tee lyard b ea m ). 7 5.

1f rag . b ar , l eng th 3 .5 i n ( 85 m m ), w i th s l ight t aper , s im i lar t o n o. 7 4.

7 6.

l N ot i l.

F .1936.227

1c y l inder-shaped i ngot , l eng th 1 .2 i n ( 30 m m ), d ia m. 0 .8 i n ( 20 m m ). l Not i l.

7 7.

F .1936.227

1i ngot , 1 .5 x 1 x 0 .8 i n ( 35 x 2 5 x2 0 mm ).

l Not i l.

F .1936.227

c f. Ba l mu i ldy ( i n HM ). 7 8.

1b arre l-shaped i ngot , l eng th 2 .4 i n ( 65 m m ), d ia m. 0 .75 i n ( 20 m m ) t aper ing t o 0 .5 i n ( 13 m m ).

F .1936.228

F igure 4 0 7 9.

1b ar , l eng th 7 in ( 175 m m ), s quare i n s ect ion , t aper ing a l most t o a p o in t.

Conce ivab ly a s ty lus , w i th t he e raser l ost.

F. 1936.188A

c f . Newstead , J . Cur le , p l. l xxx . 8 0.

1r ounded p in , l eng th 4 i n ( 105 m m ), d ia m. 0 .3 i n ( 8 mm ), w i th c ircu lar l ar n c ol ear o ne e nd .

8 1.

F .1936.204

1b o l t , p robab ly f ro m a c o mp lex l ever p ad lock , c ons is t ing o f af lat s tr ip 0 .7 i n ( 18 m m ) w ide , t er m ina t ing i n a heavy a l most s em ic ircu lar h ead b eh ind wh ich i s a niche t o r ece ive t he k ey . 4 .5 i n ( 115 m m ).

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 1 11.

l Wel

T o ta l l eng th o fb o lt F .1936.203

c f. Caer leon (W .H. Mann ing , BBCS 1 968, 4 10); F ishbou me, W.H. Mann ing , 1 40. 8 2.

1 finger r ing , e x terna l d ia m. 0 .7 i n ( 18 m m ), w ith b eze l t o r ece ive g e mstone.

8 3.

F .1959.47

1f rag . s tr ip , l eng th 4 i n ( 100 m m ), w id th 0 .4 i n ( 10 m m ), o ne e nd l b s l ight ly r ounded , p ierced b y smal ronze r ivet w ith h em ispher ica l h ead.

l Not I l.

F .1936.174

14

7 0

7 3

7 4

7 2

F IG

3 9

I RON

7 8

( I :2 )

8 2

F IG . 4 0

I RON

L EAD

( 1 : 1)

GLASS O f a blu ish-green c o lour , u n less o therw ise s tated F igure 4 1 1 .

8 frags. w indow g lass , t h ickness 0 .2 i n ( 5 mm ), p reserv ing o ne r ounded e dge o f mou lded p ane l.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 7 9.

l Not i l. F .1936.237

c f. G .C. Boon , J . G lass S tud ies , 1 966, 4 1 f . 2 .

2 3 f rags. w indow g lass , w ith n o o r ig ina l e dge s urv iv ing .

l Not i l.

F .1936.238 3 .

1f rag . w indow g lass , o f wh i t ish g lass , t h ickness 0 .25 i n ( 6 mm ). l ( H il 1906 ), 7 9.

l Not i l.

Bar

F .1936.239

4 .

tle. 2f rags. h exagona l o r o ctagona l b ot

5 .

tle 1 neck o f s quare s tra ight-s ided b ot , w ith f la t mou lded r im a nd mu l t ir eeded a ngu lar h and le.

l Not i l.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 7 9.

F .1936.240

F .1936.241

l tles o For t h is t ype , t he mos t c o m mon o f a l b ot n Ro mano-Br it ish s i tes , 955, 1 22 , n o. 6 ; c f . W. Bu l mer , AA 4 1 1 959, p l. 112 ;

Doro thy Char leswor th , AA 4

i de m , J . G lass S tud ies , 1 966, 2 6 ;

Veru la m iu m ,

Dorothy Char leswor th , 2 02-203. 6 .

tle, d 2 frags. s ide a nd b ase o f s quare b ot ia m. 2 .75 i n ( 70 m m ), w ith t wo c oncen tr ic c irc les o n b ase.

7 .

l N ot i l.

tles. 2 7 f rags. o f s tra ight-s ided s quare o r r ectangu lar b ot

l No t i l.

F .1936.245-246 8 .

tles, o 3f rags. o f s tra ight-s ided b ot f v ery t h ick g lass.

l N ot i l.

F .1936.247 9 .

tles. 4f rags. mu lt i-reeded h and les o f s quare o r r ectangu lar b ot F .1936.244

1 0.

tle. 1s ide f rag . o f c y l indr ical b ot 955 , n os. 9 -10 ; c f. W. Bu l mer , AA 4 1

F .1936.248 Dorothy Char leswor th , AA 4

1 959, p l. V .1. 1. 1

1r im f rag , o f f lagon , e x terna l d ia m. 1 .6 i n ( 40 m m ), w i th s tub o f h and le b e low .

F .1936.243

c f . Ba l mu ildy , ( i n HM ), M il ton ( i n HM ), Veru la m iu m , Dorothy Char leswor th , 2 03, f ig . 7 6, n o. 2 0.

18

9

9

1 F IG .

4 1

GLASS 0 : 0

F igure 4 2 1 2.

1f rag . l ong s lender n eck o f f l agon .

F .1936.249

c f . Dorothy Char leswor th , AA 4 1 959 , 5 1, f ig . 8 .5-8. 1 3.

2s ide f rags. o f f lasks , d ia m. C . 1i n ( 25 m m ).

F .1936.250

1 4.

1f rag . i nden ted v esse l.

F .1936.251

c f .

F ishbourne , D .B. Harden a nd . J . Pr ice , f ig . 1 40 , n o . 5 4A.

1 5.

1f rag . h and le , n ot r eeded , o f b ot tle.

F .1936.252

1 6.

1f rag . t wo-barred h and le o fb ot r f lagon . tle o

F .1936.253

1 7.

2 frags. b ot lass , f used. tle g

N o t i l. l

F .1936.254

1 8.

1 lu mp o f ( green ) g lass s lag .

N o t i l. l

F .1936.255

1 9.

1l u mp o f ( b lack ) g lass s lag .

l N o t i l.

F .1936.256

2 0.

1b arre l-shaped b ead , o f b lue g lass p as te , l eng th 0 .7 i n ( 18 m m ), d ia m. 0 .3 i n ( 8 mm ).

2 1.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 7 9.

F .1936.257

4 me lon-shaped b eads , o fb lue g lass p aste , d ia ms. 0 .5-0.3 i n ( 12-8 m m ). l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 8 0.

2 2.

F .1936.258

l h 1 ga m ing c oun ter , d ia m. 0 .8 i n ( 20 m m ), w i th t wo smal o les b ored l b i n to u pper r ounded f ace , o f d ul lack g lass.

l N ot i l. F .1959.49

2 3.

l b 1 ga m ing c oun ter , d ia m. 0 .7 i n ( 18 m m ), o f d ul lack g lass. F .1959.50

2 4.

1f rag . g am ing c oun ter , d ia m. 0 .6 i n ( 15 m m ), o f s h iny b lack g lass. l N ot i l.

2 5.

F .1959.51

ting l an 1 ova l s et , 0 .5 x 0 .3 i n ( 12 x 8 m m ), o f p ink p orcel ic p as te , w ith l ed e u pper s ide c onvex , l ower s ide f l a t w i th b evel dges. 8 0.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ),

F .1959.48

1 20

1 2 1 3

1 4

1 6

2 0

2 1 2 3

F IG .42

d ab

GL ASS

C D EEa >

( 1 :1)

2

5

CLAY F igure 4 3 1 .

7 frags. d ra inp ipe , l eng th 1 0.5 i n ( 270 m m ), d ia m. 5 in ( 125 m m ), o f f c s of t b uf lay , w ith s ocket t o r ece ive a d jo in ing p ipe. 6 6, f ig . 2 4.2.

l N ot i l.

c f. Ba l mu i ldy ( i n HM ); 2 .

fe F ishbourne , B .W . Cun l if , 4 7 ;

l N ot i l.

F .1936.260

1f rag . p i la ( i .e. h ypocaust ) t i le , 7 x 4i n ( 175 x 1 00 m m ), o f h ard r ed c lay , s ho w ing t wo impress ions o f c at 's p awmarks.

4 .

l N ot i l.

F .1959.52

1f rag . f l oor ing t i le , 7 x 7 in ( 175 x 1 75 m m ), o f h ard r edd ish-brown l Not i l.

c lay . 6 .

F .1959.53

f c 1f rag . f l oor ing t i le, 6 x 6 .5 i n ( 150 x 1 60 m m ), o f f a ir ly s of t b uf lay . l N ot i l.

7 .

F .1959.53

1 1f rag . r oof ing t i le , 4 .5 x 4 .75 i n ( 10 x 1 15 m m ), o f h ard d ark r ed c lay , w ith t wo f l anges.

8 .

F .1959.51

1f rag . p i la ( i .e. h ypocaust ) t i le , 8 x 5 in ( 200 x 1 25 m m ), o f h ard o rangey-red c lay.

5 .

Mi lton ( i n HM ) .

f c 5 frags. d ra inp ipe , o f f a ir ly s of t b uf lay , w ith s ocket t o r ece ive a dj oin ing p ipe.

3 .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), F .1936.259

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 7 8.

l Not i l.

1f rag . t i le , o f f ine h ard r ed c lay , w ith f lange.

F .1936.261 ( Ro man? )

l Not i l.

F .1936.262 9 . 1 0.

2 frags. r oof ing t i le, o f f ine h ard r ed c lay .

l No t i l. F .1936.263-264

1f rag . o pus s ig inu m f l oor ing , 8 x 3i n ( 200 x 7 5 mm ).

l No t i l.

F .1959.58 1 1.

1c ruc ib le, d ia m. 1 .75 i n ( 45 m m ), h t . 2 in ( 50 m m ), o f h ard g rey c lay , w ith c opper-co loured e ncrustat ions o n o u ter s ur face. 7 7.

Outer D itch , NW c orner .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), F .1936.265

c f. Veru la m iu m , M. G . Wi lson , 3 65. 1 2.

l j 1 disc , d ia m. 3 i n ( 75 m m ), f ash ioned f ro m b ase o f smal ar o f s of t fito Z E N o r ed c lay , w ith g raf n u nders ide.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 7 1. F .1936.266

1 3.

1 disc , d ia m. 0 .9 i n ( 22 m m ),

l j f ash ioned f ro m b ase o f smal ar o f

b lack-burn ished I( coarse f u med ) ware.

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 7 8. F .1936.267

1 4.

l b 1 disc , d ia m. 0 .6 i n ( 15 m m ), f ash ioned f ro m f rag . o f smal lackb urn ished j ar .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 7 8.

1 22

F .1936.268

1 2

1 3

F IG . 4 3

1 4

CL AY

( I :1 )

F igure 4 4 1 5.

1 convex d isc , d ia m. 1 .5 i n ( 38 m m ), f ash ioned f ro m b ase o f Cas tor b eaker , o f wh i te c lay w ith b lack s l ip.

1 6.

Bar H il 1906 ), 7 8. l ( F .1936.269

1s p ind le whor l , d ia m. 1 .75 i n ( 45 m m ), f ash ioned f ro m s hou lder f rag . o f u rn o f s o f t g rey c lay w ith b lack s l ip , s how ing c ordon a nd w avy l ines. Bar H il 1906 ), 7 8. l (

1 7.

F .1936.270

1s p ind le whor l , d ia m. 1 .5 i n ( 38 m m ), f ash ioned f ro m s ide f rag . o f b ow l o f b lack-burn ished I( coarse f u med ) w are.

1 8.

Bar H il 1906 ), 7 8. l ( F .1936.271

6 marb les ( 1 i l.), d ia m. 0 .75 i n ( 18 m m ), o f h ard r ed c lay . l ( 1906 ), 7 8.

Refuse P i t 6 .

Bar H il l

F .1936.272

c f . Ba l mu i ldy , S .N . M il l. 1 .2 ; l er p

O ld K i lpa tr ick , S .N . M il , P l. l er

XXV .8 -9.

1 9.

1o pen l a mp ( ' crus ie t ), l eng th 2 .75 i n ( 70 m m ), w i th h and le b roken away , o f s of t r ed c lay .

l ( Bar H il 1906 ), 7 7.

T o No f ND itch. F .1936.273

l er i c f . Ba l mu i ldy , S .N . M il , p l . l i .2 ;

V eru la m iu m , M. G . Wi lson , f ig .

1 42.6. l ( An u mber o f f l ue-t i les , Bar H il 1906 ) , 7 8, o ne d ecora ted w ith a n i nc ised t t erns c irc le , t he r e ma inder w ith l a t ice p at , a re n ow l os t . 1 78 )

1 24

( See Append ix , p .

1 5 1 6

1 8 1 7

1 9

« 1V S F )

1

F IG .44

CLAY

r i \ A

2

KO

SA M1 AN

I C V . 1 AR1 5 1 . ) 1

3

STA MPS ( 11)

S AM IAN WARE b y K ay Docher ty a nd F e l ic ity Wi ld POTTERS ' S TA MPS ON PLA IN S AM IAN ( by F e l ic ity Wi ld ) ( F ig . 4 4 ) 1 .

F orm 3 1, Cen tra l G au l ish , b urn t , w ith s ta mp o f Av itus i i

AV ITVSF.

o f L ezoux ( d ie 7 a ).

S ta mps f ro m t h is d ie h ave b een r ecorded o n o ther

s i tes i n S cot land , a t Ca me lon , I nveresk a nd Newstead ; a nd i n t he Rh ine land . Anton ine c ontex t .

a lso a t Corbr idge

A t L ezoux h is w ork o ccurs i n a H adr ian ic t o e ar ly

The d ate o f t h is s ta mp i s c lear ly c . A .D. 1 30-160. 7. 1936.343 1

2 .

MALLVROF.

F orm 3 1, Cen tra l G au l ish , b urn t , w ith s ta mp o f Mal l uro

o f L ezoux ( d ie 3 a ).

Th is d ie , u sed o n d ish f or ms, h as b een n oted a t

Corbr idge a nd i n t he Rh ine land .

O ther d ies o f t he s a me p ot ave b een ter h

r ecorded o n t he e ar ly Anton ine f orm 2 7 a nd t he l a ter An ton ine 7 9/80. H is work o ccurs o n Hadr ian 's Wal t Chesters a nd Ha ltonchesters. l a 1 45-170. 3 .

Graf I o n u nderbase. fito V

[ PE ] CVL IAR ISF.

c . A .D.

F .1936.317

F orm 3 1, Centra l G au l ish , w ith s ta mp o f P ecu l iar is i

o f L ezoux ( d ie 2 a ).

T h is d ie h as b een n o ted o n b oth f orm 2 7 a nd f or ms

7 9 a nd 8 0 , a nd o ccurs w ide ly i n S cot land ;

a t Ca me lon , Mu mr il , Rough ls

Cast le , Cadder a nd News tead a s w el s a t Bar H il l a l.

I th as a lso b een

r ecorded a t Corbr idge a nd i n t he An ton ine f ire d epos it a t V eru la m iu m , d a tab le t o C . A .D. 1 55-160.

A l though t h is i s p robab ly o ne o f t he p ot 's t er

l a ter d ies , i t s o ccurrence a t V eru la m iu m a nd o n f orm 2 7 s ugges ts t ha t i t was i n u se b y c . A .D. 1 50. 4 .

c . A .D. 1 50-175.

F .1936.318

GE M [ IN I MA . 1

F orm 3 3, Cen tra l Gau l ish , w ith s ta mp o f G em inus v o f

L ezoux ( d ie 5 a ).

The d ie o ccurs i n S cot land a t Ba l mu i ldy , Ca me lon a nd

Newstead ;

a lso a t Corbr idge.

O ther d ies o ccur o n f or m 2 7 , a nd a lthough

t h is i s l ike ly t o b e o ne o f h is l a ter d ies , i t s d ate i s l ike ly t o b e C . A .D. 1 50-170. 5 .

CCFELC. ( d ie 4 a ).

F .1936.311

-

F orm 2 7 , S ou th Gau l ish , w ith s ta mp o f F e l ic io i i o f Mon tans Af u l p ub l ica t ion o f t h is s ta mp a ppears i n Br itann ia I I ( 1972 ), l

4 3, f ro m wh ich i ti s c lear t ha t l a te Mon tans ware was a rr iv ing i n S cot land d ur ing t he An ton ine o ccupat ion , i n o r s oon a f ter A .D. 1 40. F .1936.275 6 .

1VSF.

F orm 3 1, Cen tra l Gau l ish , s how ing u n iden t i f ied p ot 's s ta mp. t er F .1936.355

7 .

[ D IV IC [ATVS F .

F or m 3 3, Cen tra l G au l ish , w ith s ta mp o f D iv icatus

o f L ezoux ( d ie 3 d ).

T here i s n o c lose d at ing e v idence f or 'th is d ie, t hough

o ther d ies o f t he s a me p o tter h ave b een r ecorded a t Corbr idge, News tead , a nd i n p er iod H e a t V eru la m iu m ( A.D. 1 40-150 ).

1 27

Recen t ly h is work h as

b een r ecorded i n ag roup o f b urn t ma ter ia l f ro m Cast leford , a lso d a tab le t o A . D. 1 40-150.

T he s ta mp s hou ld b e d a ted c . A .D. 1 40-170. —

F .1936.312

Mrs. Wi ld r ecords h er t hanks t o B .R. Hart ley a nd Miss B .M . D ick inson f or p rov id ing t he i n format ion o n t he d ies s et o ut a bove.

t er a T he p ot nd d ie

t ers n u mbers a re t he irs , t o a ppear i n t he f or thco m ing I ndex o f P ot ' S ta mps o n S am ian Ware. ( See a lso Append ix , p . 1 78 )

I PLA IN SAN IAN l ow l: The f ol ing s am ian f orms were r epresented a t Bar H il No. o f v essels Forms

N o. o f f rags.

Dr . 2 7

r epresen ted

1 4

c . 1 0

6 1

c . 4 2

5 5-60

9 4

a nd 3 1

3 43 )

F .1959.2 ) 2 5-30

4 2

( l ong , s pread ing s ide , t h ick b ase )

7

1 5 ( F.1936.374-380 )

( E. G.) 1

( F.1936.315 ) 6

Dr . 5 1 o r L ud T b

1

1

Dr . 4 6

3

( F.1936.381-383 )

( E. G.)

( E. G.)

1 .

E .G .

1

1

L ud T b

No. 6 ( F. 1936.355 )

( F.1936.350-373 )

Dr. 3 1R

Nos. 1 -3 ( F.1936.317-318,

( F.1936.316-349

Dr . 3 1

Nos. 4 , 7 ( F. 1936.311-312 )

( F.1936.282-314 ) Dr . 1 8/31

No. 5 ( F. 1936.275 )

( F. 1936.274-281) Dr . 3 3

S ta mps i nc luded

( F. 1936.384 )

East Gau l ish

1 28

Dr . 5 1 o r L ud T b ( E. G.) L ud TZ ( ? ) ( p lat t er f rag„

1

1

( F.1936.385 ) 1

1

( F.1936.386 )

s tep i ns ide ) Cp . Cur le 1 1 ( f lange w ith

1 ( F.1936.387 )

1

b arbot ine ) Cp. Cur le 1 1 ( f langed b ow l )

Dr . 3 8

4

2

( F.1936.388-389 )

8

3

( F. 1936.390-392 ) Bow ls ( uncer ta in ) R idged b ow l ( mor tar iu m ?

5

3

( F. 1936.393-395 ) 1

1

( F.1936.396 )

Cp. Cur ie 2 1 ) Beaker f rags.

7

3

( F. 1936.397-399 ) Uncer ta in

1 5

u ncer ta in

( F.1936.400 )

1 29

DECORATED S AM IAN 1 .

( F igs. 4 5-47 )

l b Base o f smal ow l, d ia m. C . 2i n ( 50 m m ), p robab ly Dr . 3 0. l i l . _ _

2 .

Dr. 3 0.

F .1936.401 Frag ., h ard r ed c lay , r ed g laze , s how ing a can thus l ea f i n

p ar t o f c ruc ifor m d ecorat ion .

te i Roset n m idd le o f v er t ica l.

s im i lar t o Medetus-Ran to g roup o r p oss ib ly Donnaucus. p ls. 2 8-32, 4 2-49 ). 3 .

Dr . 3 0.

No t

S ty le

( Cf . CGP ,

F .1936.402

l. Frag ., v ery s o f t r ed c lay , worn g laze , v ery d ul

The

l a t us o vo lo i s smal nd p o in ted a nd v ery s im i lar t o o vo lo 4 o f Cet , b u t i s t oo worn f or c er ta in ty.

( Cf . CGP , p l. 1 43, n o. 4 4 ). F. 1936.403

4 .

Dr . 3 0.

Frag., f a ir ly s of t r ed c lay , b r igh t r ed g laze.

p ossib ly C inna mus ' o vo lo 1 . 5 . 6 .

Dr . 3 0.

Two b ase f rags.

F .1936.404 l N ot i l.

F .1936.405

fito C IH ( Frag ., v ery worn , w ith g raf Cohors I

Dr . 3 0 o r 3 7. Ha m ioru m ? ) .

7 .

Dr. 3 7.

The o vo lo i s

F .1936.406

t r Three f rags., f a ir ly s o f t r ed c lay , mat ed g laze.

Mrs.

l el l ed f Wi ld p o in ts o u t t hat t h is b ow l i s p aral a ir ly c lose ly i n CGP , p l. 1 16 , n o. 8 .

The o vo lo i s D iv ix tus i o vo lo 4 , h is c oncen tr ic c irc les

lion a re i n t he l ef t-hand medal , a nd t he f igure t ype 0 .B. i n t he meda ll ion o n t he r ight . 8 .

Dr . 3 7.

F .1936.407

l R im f rag ., p robab ly f ro m s a me b ow l a s n o. 7 . Not i l. F .1936.408

9 .

Dr. 3 7.

Frag ., s of t r ed c lay , v ery worn .

Decorat ion o f f estoons

lions w o r medal i th f igure b etween , b ut t oo worn f or i den t if icat ion . F .1936.409 1 0a.

Dr . 3 7.

T en f rags., f a ir ly h ard r ed c lay , b r ight g laze.

C inna mus '

lions w o vo lo 1 . Decorat ion i n p anels o f f estoons a nd medal i th C INN [ s ta mped i n o ne p ane l. The f igure t ypes a re Perseus 0 .147A, a n i ma l lion ( 0 .46 ( D.28 ), a nd t wo f igures t ogether i n medal Cf . CGP , p l. 1 60 , n o. 4 6 ) o f wh ich f igure t o r igh t i s Vu lcan 0 .66 ( D.39 ). F .1936.410 1 0b.

Dr . 3 7.

Three f rags., f a ir ly h ard r ed c lay , b r ight g laze.

o vo lo 1 .

Decorat ion o f p ane ls a nd f estoons.

0 .147A a nd a n i ma l 0 .46 ( D.28 ). 1 1.

Dr . 3 7.

Dr. 3 7.

F .1936.410 Pane ls o f f estoons

F igure t ype d ancer 0 .348 ( D.220 ), u sed b y C inna mus

l us. a nd Paul 1 2.

l 2 frags. i l.

l g Frag ., s of t r ed c lay , v ery d ul laze.

lions. a nd medal

C inna mus '

F igure t ypes Perseus

F .1936.411

Frag ., f a ir ly h ard r ed c lay , f a ir ly b r ight r ed g laze.

Type

tianus l us. 0 .42 ( D.29 ) i n f estoon u sed b y I ustus , At , C inna mus , Paul F .1936.412

1 30

1 3.

Dr . 3 7. Three f rags., s of t v ery p a le p ink c lay , f a ir ly d ul l r ed g laze. Poss ib ly C inna mus ' o vo lo 5 . Decora t ion o f f estoons a nd p ane ls b u t n ow c o mp lete ly worn .

1 4.

Dr . 3 0 ( ? ).

1f rag. i l l.

F. 1936.413

Frag ., v ery h ard r ed c lay , g ood b ut d ul ark r ed g laze. l d

T he o vo lo i s C inna mus ' o vo lo 3 .

C INNAM IM i s s ta mped r etrograde i n

lion a medal bove t ype 0 .52 ( D.36 ). 1 5.

Dr . 3 7. w orn .

F .1936.414

F our f rags., v ery s of t b r igh t o range c lay , g laze c o mp lete ly lions. Decora t ion i n p ane ls a nd medal

l 1f rag . i l. F. 1936.415

1 6.

Dr . 3 7.

Two f rags., f a ir ly s of t r ed c lay , worn g laze.

Ovo lo t oo w orn

l d lion a f or i dent if ica t ion b u t smal oub le-r i m med medal nd f l eur-delys l ike t hose u sed b y L ax tuc issa , a l though n ot c er ta in ly h is. l ead r ive t . 1 7.

Dr. 3 7.

( Cf . CGP , p ls. 9 7-100 ).

t g Two f rags., v ery s of t r ed c lay , mat laze. lion. F igure t ype ? in medal

t o C inna mus ' o vo lo 1 . 2 67 , f ig . 4 7, n o. 1 ). 1 8.

Dr. 3 7. w orn .

l 1f rag . i l.

Dr . 3 7.

Ovo lo s im i lar ( Cf . CGP , p l.

F .1936.417

T hree f rags., s of t r ed c lay , f a ir ly b r ight g laze n ow v ery lion o Mot if i n medal f C inna mus?

( Cf. CGP , p l. 1 60 , n o. 3 5 ).

l 1f rag . i l. 1 9.

Ho le f or

F .1936.416

-

F .1936.418

Two f rags., v ery s of t r ed c lay , g laze worn .

lions. p ane ls a nd medal

Decorat ion i n

I n p ane l V enus , t ype 0 .286 ( D.176 ) u sed b y

l us l. C inna mus , Cer ia l is , Paul , A lbuc ius , Arcanus , Drusus. 1f rag .il F .1936.419. 2 0a ,b. Dr . 3 7.

Two f rags.

t g ( 1 o r 2 b ow ls ), s of t p a le r ed c lay , mat laze.

L arge o vo lo , v ery w orn .

lions Decorat ion i n p ane ls a nd medal , V ic tory

t ype 0 .809 ( D.474 ), a n i ma l p oss ib ly t ype 0 .2391 ( D.1053 ) u sed b y Bu tr io. t er h Exa mp les o f t he work o f t h is p ot ave b een f ound a t Ba l mu i ldy a nd O ld K i lpa tr ick a nd a re t hough t t o b e r e l ics o f t he e ar l iest An ton ine o ccupa t ion .

T he o vo lo i s s im i lar t o Bu tr io 's o vo lo 2 .

5 6-61 ). 2 1.

Dr . 3 7.

( Cf . CGP , p ls.

F .1936.420 t g Three f rags., s of t o range c lay , mat laze , v ery f ine b ow l

w ith n arrow s pace b etween r im a nd o vo lo.

Ovo lo v ery l ike t ha t o f t he

t er X5 a p ot lthough t oo worn t o b e c er ta in .

te a There i s ar oset t t he

e nd o f ac orded t ongue.

( Cf . CGP , p l. 6 7 ).

Decorat ion o f c o mpound

l w t l; s ta lked s crol ith a can thus l ea f a tached t o b ase o f s crol t i ve mo t ifs t o r igh t a nd l e f t . 2 2.

Dr . 3 7.

Ho le f or l ead r ivet .

Frag ., v ery h ard r ed c lay , b r ight g laze.

d ecora-

F .1936.421 l f A smal ine b ow l.

l v Smal ery n ea t d oub le b ordered o vo lo i n Ran to-S i lv io s ty le ( Cf . CGP , p l. 3 3 , n o. 3 91 ).

F igure ( Cf . CGP , p l. 1 60 , n o. 4 6 ). F .1936.422

1 31

2 3.

Dr . 3 7.

Frag ., v ery h ard r ed c lay , b r ight g laze.

( D.675 ) i n p ane l.

Mask 0 .1214

t ers. Co m mon t o many L ezoux p ot F .1936.423

2 4.

l g Frag., s of t o range c lay , worn d ul laze.

Dr. 3 7.

D ecora t ion v ery

t T ier o f l i t le c ups , a mot i f u sed b y A lbuc ius , S ervus a nd Q .I.

worn.

Ba lb inus ( g _ . A .D. 1 50-190 ).

Exa mp les o f A lbuc ius ' w ork h ave b een

l s. n oted a t Ba l mu i ldy a nd Mu mr il

( Cf . CGP , p . 2 16 , f ig . 3 5 , n o. 8 ) . F .1936.424

2 5.

Dr . 3 7.

t g S ix f rags., s of t r ed c lay , mat laze.

C inna mus ' o vo lo 1 ,

d ecora t ion i n p ane ls, f igure p oss ib ly Perseus 0 .147A o r 1 69. F .1936.425 2 6.

Dr. 3 7.

l g Frag ., s of t r ed c lay , d ul laze.

Par t o f c ruc ifor m d es ign

i n p ane l. 2 7.

Dr . 3 7.

F .1936.426 t g Two f rags., f a ir ly h ard r ed c lay , mat laze.

Mrs. Wi ld

lion w h as i dent if ied C inna mus ' o vo lo 3 , f igure t ype 0 .B. i n medal ith in l, b l. F c o mpound s crol ird 0 .2239 B , t op l ef t o f s crol .1936.427 2 8.

Dr. 3 7.

l g Two f rags., s oft p ink c lay , d ul laze , v ery w orn .

l. 0 .353 i n c o mpound s crol 2 9.

Dr . 3 7.

l 1f rag . i l.

F igure

F .1936.428

t g Two f rags., h ard b r ight r ed c lay , mat laze.

C inna mus '

l, w o vo lo 3 , c o mpound s ta lked s crol ith c irc les r igh t a nd l e f t o f l arge l ea f . 3 0.

l 1f rag. i l.

Dr . 3 7.

F .1936.429

t g F ive f rags., s o f t b r igh t r ed c lay , mat laze , n ow worn.

l a Ovo lo c o mp lete ly w orn , c o mpound s ta lked s crol s o n n o. 2 9. C inna mus. 3 1.

Dr. 3 7.

l 1f rag . i l.

P oss ib ly

F .1936.430

t g Frag ., f a ir ly h ard b r ight r ed c lay , mat laze.

C inna mus '

l d o vo lo 1 , p ar t o f c o mpound s ta lked s crol ecorat ion. F .1936.431 3 2.

Dr . 3 7.

t g T hree f rags. ( 3 b ow ls ? ), s of t r ed c lay , mat laze n ow a l-

most c o mp lete ly worn.

l C innna mus ' o vo lo 1 , c o mpound s ta lked s crol

d ecorat ion w i th t wo d o lph ins mot if .

( Cf . CGP, p . 2 67, f ig . 4 7, n o. 1 8 ).

l 1f rag . i l.

F .1936.432

( Fig . 4 7 ) 3 3.

Dr . 3 7.

t g Two f rags., s of t o range c lay , mat laze.

C inna mus ' o vo lo 3 ,

f ree-sty le h un t ing s cene , a n i ma l t ypes 0 .1627 ( D.820 ); a nd 0 .1497J. 3 4.

Dr . 3 7.

l g Three f rags., r ed c lay , d ul laze.

C inna mus ' o vo lo 3 ,

f ree-sty le h unt ing s cene , a n i ma l t ypes 0 .1497J ; ( D.793 ); No.

0 .1518 ( D.799 )

F .1936.433

0 .1542 ( D.795 ) s im i lar 0 .1630.

3 ).

-

1 32

s im i lar t o 0 .1537/8

C f . CGP , p . 2 67, f ig . 4 7 , F .1936.434

3

7

7 9

SA M IAN : DEC ORATED

( 1 :2 )

3 5.

Dr. 3 7.

E leven f rags., s ta mped C ] IV.

Fa ir ly h ard o range c lay ,

t g mat laze. C inna mus ' o vo lo 1 ; f ree-sty le h un t ing s cene , a n i ma l t ypes 0 .1497J , 0 .1539 w ith c orn s took , 0 .1421 w ith c orn s took , 0 .1633L ( s im i lar ), 0 .1728 ( Cf. CGP , p l. 1 58, No. 2 1 ). 3 6.

Dr . 3 7.

F .1936.435

Frag ., v ery h ard r ed c lay , v ery g ood b r igh t g laze.

l ine b e low t ip o f t ongue o f o vo lo ( no t s urv iv ing ).

Wavy

Decora t ion o f r ee l

mot if w ith c orded c o lu mn s ur mounted b y l oops a nd c orded s p ines. S im i lar t o mot ifs u sed b y Medetus a nd Ran to a t L es Mar tres-de-Veyre. ( Cf. CGP , p ls. 2 8-30 ). 3 7.

Dr . 3 7.

F .1936.436

Frag., v ery h ard r ed c lay , g ood g laze.

b y Casur ius a nd Cettus.

L ea f l i ke t ha t u sed

( Cf . CGP , p . 2 36, f ig . 4 0 , n o. 6 ). F .1936.437

3 8.

Dr. 3 7.

t g Frag ., f a ir ly s of t o range c lay , mat laze.

Two d eep g rooves

l a t t he b ase a bove wh ich i s a b order o f c irc le a nd d ot mot if a nd smal l. s crol

Both mot ifs u sed b y Qu in t i l ianus g roup ( Cf . CGP, p l. 7 1, n os.

2 9, 3 0 ) a nd b y Donnaucus-Sacer g roup. 3 9.

Dr. 3 7.

F .1936.438

l g Three f rags. ( sa me b ow l? ), f a ir ly s oft r ed c lay , d ul laze.

Ovo lo v ery l ike t ha t o f I anuar is 2 , o vo lo 2 , b ut worn ;

f ragments o f

d ecorat ion ( Cf . CGP, p l. 6 2, n o. 7 and p . 2 05 , f ig . 3 3 , n o. 6 ) . F igure t ypes s im i lar t o 0 .644 ( D.359 ) a nd 0 .343 ( D.222 ) u sed b y A lbuc ius a nd C inna mus ; 4 0.

Dr . 3 7.

b ird p robab ly 0 .2239.

F .1936.439

t g Two f rags., s of t r ed c lay , mat laze.

D iv ix tus ' o vo lo 2 .

( Cf . CGP, p l. 1 16-117 ).

Ovo lo v ery l ike

l 1f rag . i l. F .1936.440

4 1. - Dr . 3 7.

l g Th ir teen f rags., o f a t l east 3 b ow ls , s of t r ed c lay , d ul laze,

4 3.

s ur face e x tre me ly w orn.

4 4.

Dr. 3 7.

l No t i l.

F .1936.441-443

Three f rags., v ery h ard f ine r ed c lay , g ood b r ight g laze.

C inna mus ' o vo lo 3 ( ? ).

( Cf. CGP ,

P .

2 67, f ig . 3 7, n o. 3 ). F .1936.444

4 5.

Dr . 3 7.

Frag ., v ery h ard f i ne r ed c lay , g ood b r igh t g laze.

l ike C inna mus ' o vo lo 3b u t v ery smal nd n ea t. l a 4 6a.

Dr . 3 7. g laze.

4 6b.

Dr. 3 7. g laze.

F .1936.445

Two f rags. ( 2 b ow ls ), v ery h ard o range c lay , g ood mat t C inna mus ' o vo lo 3 .

F .1936.446

F ive f rags., f a ir ly s of t o range c lay , v ery b r ight o range Ovo lo 4 o f Cet t he smal pot ) ( Cf . CGP , p l. 1 43, n o. t us ( l s t er

4 ). 4 4 7.

4 8a .

Dr. 3 7.

Ovo lo

F .1936.446 F our f rags., s of t r ed c lay , d ul laze, s ur face c o mp lete ly l g

worn , t wo r ivet-ho les.

F .1936.447

Dr. 3 7.

Ovo lo 4 o f Cettus ,

Frag ., f a ir ly h ard r ed c lay , mat laze. t g

n ow d ated b y B . Har t ley t o t he e ar ly An ton ine p er iod. p ot ound a t B irrens a pparen t ly ( but n ot t er was f An ton ine Ib urned l ayer .

A s herd o f t h is

c er ta in ly ) i n a n

( Cf . B irrens , Anne S . Rober tson , 1 6A ). F .1936.448

1 34

1 8

1 9

2 1

2 1

2 4

2 9 3 2

F IG . 4 6

SA M IAN: DECORATED

( 1 :2 )

4 8b.

Dr . 3 7.

t g Frag ., f a ir ly s of t r ed c lay , mat laze.

( Cf . CGP , p . 2 67, f ig . 4 7, n o. 3 ) . 4 8c.

Dr . 3 7. worn.

C inna mus T o vo lo 3 . F .1936.448

l g Three f rags ( 3 b ow ls ? ) , s of t r ed c lay , d ul laze, much l Not i l.

F .1936.448

l g Four teen r im f rags., r ed o r o range c lay , d ul laze .

4 9.-

Dr. 3 7.

5 3.

l ( 49 ) h as b een b urned , a nother ( 52, i l.) h as t wo r ivet-ho les.

One

F .1936.449-453 5 4.

Dr . 3 0 ( ? ).

Frag ., s oft p ink c lay , d u ll g laze , d oub le g roove i ns ide.

l Not i l. 5 5.

Dr . 3 7.

F .1936.454 l g Three f rags., s of t r ed c lay , d ul laze , s ho w ing p la in u pper

b and b etween r im a nd o vo lo. 5 6.-

Dr. 3 7.

5 7.

l i l. —

5 8.

Dr . 3 7.

l N o t i l.

F .1936.455

l g l b S ix f rags., s of t r ed c lay , d ul laze , o f smal ases.

Not

F .1936.456-457 l g S even f rags., s of t r ed c lay , d ul laze, l arge b ases.

l. i — ( See a lso Append ix , p . 1 78 )

F .1936.458

1 36

Not

3 4

3 5

3 5

3 4

3 5

3 9

3 6

46b

F IG .47

4 8a

S A M1AN :

4 8b DECORATED

( 1 :2)

5 2

COARSE WARE b y Anne S . Rober tson

f c Amphora , g rea ter p ar t , i n f rags., b uf lay .

Amphorae , s ta mps

l. N l Fro m w el o t i l. F .1936.459

( by L . J . F . Kepp ie )1

F igure 4 8 1 .

R im f rag ., b uf lay , w ith s ta mp V IRAV f c Cal , n o. 1 792. l ender i n Br ita in.

T h is s ta mp a nd i t s v ar ian ts o ccur f requen t ly

At i tu lus p ictus f ro m Mon te T es tacc io c oup les t he c onsu lar

y ear A .D . 1 49 w ith t he a bbrev ia t ion F IG V IR.

Cal n terpre ts l ender i

V IR a s t he a bbrev ia ted n a me o f af ig ( lina ), a nd e xpands t o V IRG INENS IA wh ich i s i t se lf a tested a s as ta mp ( Cal , l oc. c i t.; t l ender

i d., AA 4

1 949 , 1 10 ).

D istr ibut ion w i th in S pa in s uggests a n o r ig in i n t he v ic in ity

o f Cordoba ;

AV c ou ld b e a n a bbrev ia t ion f or t he t own A ugur ina.

I n S cot land V IRAV i s f ound a t Ba l mu i ldy ( S .N . M il , p l. x 1.3 ) a nd l er Cast lecary ( R WS 2 4 45 ), t he v ar ian t V IPAV a t Cadder ( i n HM ). T he Bar H il ta mp a ppears n o t o n t he h and le b u t o n t he r im ; l s

f or g lobu lar

amphorae t h is i s d is t inc t ly u nusua l , b ut c an b e p aral led ( i n t he c ase le o f t h is p ar t icu lar s ta mp ) b y t he e xamp le f ro m Cadder ( see a bove ) a nd i 1 , 1 ) t wo f ro m Cari ls le ( AA` 949 11.

2 .

F1 . 936.460

Hand le f rag ., b uf lay , w ith s ta mp L SPBOEQ f c Cal , n o. 9 40. l ender

Two t i tu l i p ic t i f ro m Mon te T estacc io o n

amphorae w i th t h is s ta mp g ive t he d a tes A .D. 1 47 a nd 1 49 ;

t hey s ee m

l ike ly t o h ave b een made a t J uan Barba , n or theas t o f S ev il le. I n S cot land t he s ta mp r ecurs a t O ld K i lpa tr ick ( S .N . M il , p l. l er x v i.2 ) ; i i

Cal ugges ts ( no. 9 40 w ith p . x xv i ) t ha t L SP a re t he lender s

i n i t ia ls o f t he e sta te-owner , BOEQ a n a bbrev ia t ion f or t he l ocat ion o f t he e sta te.

C f . Cal , n os. 9 41 a nd 8 69 f or a L ic in ius S pecu la. l ender F .1936.461

1 .

References a re t o M.H. C al , Ro man Amphorae , 1 965. lender

1 38

3 .

Hand le f rag ., b uf f c lay , w ith s ta mp M MCg IV Cal l ender , n o. 1 139.

T h is s ta mp o ccurs more c o mmon ly i n t he

f orm M MCgV t -\ 1; i ti s t he most f requent ly a tes ted s ta mp f ro m Ro man s i tes i n S cot land .

A t i tu lus p ictus f ro m Mon te T estacc io o n a n amphora

b ear ing t h is s ta mp g ives t he d ate A .D. 1 61. l er I n S cot land t he s ta mp M MCg V1 o ccurs a t Ba l mu i ldy ( S .N . M il , p l. x 1.2 ;

t hree e xa mp les );

i p l. l i.17 );

B ishopton ( i n HM );

l er O ld K i lpa tr ick ( S .N . Mil , p l.

a t Cas t lecary ( J . Anderson , 3 36 ).

News tead ( J . Cur le ,

'Wi l

. 3 ).

M MCSV r ecurs

C f . a lso a t Cast ledykes ( Anne S .

Rober tson , 1 96 ). Cal uggests t ha t M MC a re t he i n i t ia ls o f t he e sta te-owner , l ender s S VR t he l oca t ion o f t he e s ta te ;

h e p laces t he l at ter n or theast o f S ev il le. F .1936.462

4 .

Hand le f rag ., b uf lay , w ith s ta mp f c

SA

On ly t he f ina l t wo l e ters a re l eg ib le , p robab ly t o b e r estored a s t S R ( ra ther t han SN ).

T hough a r ead ing o f t he c o mp le te s ta mp a s

M MCSVR , i s t e mpt ing , t here i s n o i nd icat ion o f a liga ture b e tween S a nd R . 5 .

F .1936.463

Hand le f rag ., b uf lay , w i th s ta mp f c O f s ta mps f ound o n Ro man s i tes i n S cot land , o n ly DO M ( e .g . Ardoch , J . Anderson , 4 59 ;

ls Mu mr il , G . Macdona ld a nd A .O . Cur ie , 5 23 ;

Rough Cast le , J Anderson , 4 93 ), h as a s u itab le e nd ing ; n o. 5 52.

Bu t h is i ndex s hows n u merous s ta mps e nd ing i n M, e .g . n os.

2 35 , 2 80, 3 92. 6 .

l ender c f . Cal ,

F .1936.464

Hand le f rag ., g rey c lay , w ith s ta mp GNAPCO ( ? ) l ender Cal , n o. 4 01;

h e r eads CNAPCO , a nd a dduces t he s ta mps

CNAC ( Ro me a nd S ou thern S pa in ) a nd CNACOR ( Ro me ), e nv isag ing t he n a me Cn (aeus ) Ap (p ius ) /Ap (pu le ius ) Cor (

) .

Two s ta mps

l er f ro m O ld K i lpa tr ick r ead ing GNAEC a nd GNARB ( S.N . M il , P l. 1 ,5 ;

Cal l ender , n os. 4 02, 4 03 ) a re a va ilab le f or c o mpar ison . F .1936.465

Amphorae , g raf fit i 1 .

Hand le f rag ., b uf f c lay , w ith g raf fito V

( = a bove , n o. 4 ) F .1936.463

2 .

Co mp le te r im , b uf f c lay , w i th g raf fito X i nc ised a t t wo a l mos t d iametr ical ly o ppos i te p o in ts.

F .1936.466

3 .

Co mp lete r im , p ink c lay , w ith g raf fito ) 0C E . .T

F .1936.467

4 .

Hand le f rag ., b uf f c lay , w i th g raf fito V c f . O ld K i lpa tr ick , S .N . Mil l er , p l. x vi i B 1 0. F .1936.468

1 39

XV II.

5 .

Hand le f rag ., b uf f c lay , w ith l igh t ly s cra tched g raf fitoAI I o r IV F .1936.469

6 .

Body f rag ., b uf f c lay , w i th g raf fi to

7 .

Hand le f rag ., b uf f c lay , w ith p oss ib le g raf f ito V

8 .

V

F .1936.470 F .1936.470

Body f rag ., b uf f c lay , w ith g raf fito ' V INN f or V INV M ( ? ). C f . R . P . Wr igh t , Br itann ia 1 970 , 3 14 , n o. 4 0. F .1959.37 c f . V IN ( Newstead , J . Cur ie , p l . l i i.18 ).

Amphora h and le , b uf f c lay .

N ot i l l.

F .1936.461

Amphorae f rags., 4 , b uf f o r o range c lay , 3w ith f inger impress ions. N o t i l l. F .1959.54

1 40

e ' v e, r 3

2

8

F IG .4 8

AMPHORAE :

STA MPS ,

GRAFFITI

( 1 :2)

Mor tar iu m S ta mps ( by Kathar ine H ar t ley ) ( For B ib l iography , s ee p . 1 46 ) F igure 4 9 1 .

MVCOF. Two f rags., r ed c lay , g rey c ore. One o ther s ta mp f ro m l h t he s a me d ie h as b een r ecorded f ro m York where Muco may wel ave l T he o ccurrence a t Bar H il

worked , j udg ing b y h is s ty le a nd f abr ic.

i s t he o n ly s u itab le d a t ing e v idence f or h is work .

T h is mor tar iu m may

l h l b wel ave b een c arr ied t o Bar H il y L eg io V I . 2 .

F .1936.489

f c DECAN T/0 FECIT. Buf lay . O ther s ta mps o f Decan io a re k nown f ro m Corbr idge ; Lancas ter ( 4 ); R ibches ter ( 2 ), a nd W ilderspoo l. A l though o n ly o ne o f h is s ta mps h as b een f ound a t Wi lderspoo l , where k i lns w ere e xcava ted b y T ho mas May , h is w ork i s c ons is ten t w i th p rod uct ion t here , a nd t he h eavy d istr ibu t ion a t L ancas ter a nd R ibchester t ers a i s t yp ica l f or t he p ot t Wi lderspoo l.

T he p resence o f t h is mor-

l a t ar iu m a t Bar H il ga in p rov ides t he k ey t o h is d a t ing , b ut h is r im p rof i les s uggest Hadr ian ic-An ton ine r ather t han a pure ly An ton ine a c t iv i ty . 3 .

F .1936.478

AXCHA r etrograde.

Hard wh ite c lay .

O ther s ta mps f ro m t he s a me

l; d ie a re k nown f ro m :- N r . Bredon H il

K enchester ;

O ld K i lpatr ick ;

a nd Wroxeter ( 5 ). T he d ie i s o ne o f as er ies u s ing v ar ious g roup ings l o f t he l et ters H , C , V , X , Aa nd 0 , a nd p robab ly b e longed t o a smal t ers. g roup o f p ot

As t he s ta mps a re a l mos t a lways i nco mp lete ly i m-

p ressed a nd n ot e asy t o d is t ingu ish f ro m e ach o ther , i ti s d if f icu lt t o s ee h ow t hey c ou ld b e u sed f or d ist ingu ish ing b atches o f p roducts. T hey l t ers. a re a l most c er ta in ly t he s ta mps o f i l itera te p ot T he d istr ibut ion o f t he s ta mps i n q ues t ion s hows c lear ly t ha t t he ir n orma l marke t was i n t he w es t m id lands a nd Wa les ;

t he t wo s ta mps i n

f eren S co t land a nd o ne i n Car l is le museu m ( f ro m a dif t d ie ) a re t he o n ly o nes f ound n or th o f Wi lderspoo l.

T he f orms , f abr ics a nd d istr ibu t ion

le a re c lose ly p aral led i n t he p roduc ts o f D ecan ius , Me lus I a nd D oc ( l is I l t ers p ly ) a nd t he d is tr ibut ion e v idence f or a l t he p ot o in ts u nequ ivocal t o Wroxe ter a s t he c en tre o f p roduc t ion t hough n one o f t he ir k i lns h as y et b een f ound .

Bushe-Fox ( 1913, 6 8, n o. 1 8 ) d a ted t hese s ta mps A .D .

l a 1 20-160 a nd t he s ta mps f ro m Bar H il nd O ld K i lpa tr ick s how t ha t t hey w ere c urren t d ur ing t he An ton ine p er iod .

One wou ld e xpec t t hese t wo

s ta mps t o h ave b een c arr ied n or th b y L eg io XX. 4 .

ERVV IS r etrograde i s a poss ib le r ead ing . s l ip .

F .1936.474

Two f rags., r ed c lay , r ed

T h is s ta mp w ith t he t iny b arbs o n t he l et ters i s t yp ica l o f s ta mps

wh ich a ppear i n p ar t icu lar a bundance o n mor tar ia f ound a t Caer leon a nd t o al esser e x ten t a t Caerwen t a nd o ther p ar ts o f S ou th Wa les , i n t he Marches a nd i n s outh-western E ng land. o n ly o ne f ound o u ts ide t h is a rea .

1 42

l s T he Bar H il ta mp i s t he

t er T he p ot ies h ave n o t y et b een d is -

c overed b u t t hey c lear ly l i e w ith in e asy r each o f b oth Caer leon a nd s ou th-western Eng land ( Boon 1 966, 5 2 a nd F ig . 4 ). I nd iv idua l mor tar ia i n t h is c a tegory c anno tb e d ated c lose ly b ut t he p ot t ery w as i n p roduct ion i n t he Hadr ian ic-An ton ine p er iod .

T h is s ta mp c ou ld p erhaps b e i n ter-

p reted a s ERVV IS r etrograde b u t many o f t he s tamps f rom t h is p ot t ery a re u n in tel ib le. T h is mor tar iu m must s ure ly b e a piece t aken n or th lig b y t roops d ra f ted f ro m L eg io I Augusta.

F .1936.483

5 .-

S ARR I ; 2 iA R 1V t2 ( i n trus ive s trokes b efore A a nd a f ter V a re u sual ly

6 .

f a in t ).

T hree f rags. w h ite c lay .

Over o ne h undred s tamps o f S arr ius

a re k nown f ro m Eng land a nd S cot land , c ons iderab ly more t han f or a ny o ther mor tar iu m p ot f t he s econd c en tury . Dur ing h is c areer h e ter o h ad t wo workshops , o ne i n t he Mancet tsh il ot ies a nd a t er-Har l p ter s econd a t Ross ing ton Br idge , n ear Doncaster : k i lns u sed b y h im h ave b een f ound a tb oth s i tes.

T he Bar H il l mor tar ia a re b o th f rom h is m id-

l and w orkshop , o ne ( F.1936.475 ) f ro m a die u sed o n ly i n t he m id lands , t he o ther f ro m a die r epresen ted b y mor tar ia f ro m b oth w orkshops. F if teen o f t he t wen ty-one s ta mps o f S arr ius f ro m S cot land a re f ro m f or ts o n t he An ton ine Wal o t ha t h is g eneral ton ine d ate i s n ot i n l s l y An q ues t ion .

T here i s s uppor t ing e v idence f or h is d ate f ro m p er iod l a a t

B irdoswa ld ( R ich mond a nd B ir ley 1 930 , 1 87, n o. 2 , f ig . 1 3, n o. 2 A , h ere d escr ibed a s a n i leg ib le s ta mp , b u t i n f ac t f rom t he s ame d ie a s l F .1936.475 ), a nd f ro m V eru la m iu m i n ad epos it d a ted A .D . 1 55/160 ( Frere 1 972, 3 78, n o. 3 5 ).

F ur thermore , d esp ite t he p rofus ion o f h is

s ta mps n one h as y et b een f ound i n P enn ine f or ts r e-occup ied c . A .D.160 s uggest ing t ha t h e may n o t h ave b een work ing f or l ong a f ter t ha t d a te. T he e v idence t hus s ugges ts t ha t ad ate c . A .D. 1 35-165 s hou ld c over h is p oss ib le r ange. More t han 8 0% o f h is s ta mps a re o n mor tar ia i n t he t er-Har l p t er p ipe-c lay l i ke f abr ic p roduced i n t he Mancet tsh il ot ies. We may s a fe ly a ssu me t ha t h e s tar ted w ork t here a nd t ha t t he r eady marke ts l a t s upp l ied b y t he c onstruc t ion o f t he An ton ine Wal nd i t s a tendan t f or ts t er t e ncouraged t h is e n terpr is ing p ot o s tar t a new w orkshop f ur ther n or th a t Ross ing ton Br idge. f T he d i f icu lty l i es i n d ec id ing whether h e t hen k ep tb oth workshops g o ing a t t he s ame t ime o r w hether h e g ave u p h is m id land o ne. One s tamp-type ( see F .1936.473 ) a ppears o n mor tar ia made a t b oth s i tes. T he c haracter a nd q ua l i ty o f Ro mano-Br i t ish mor tar ium s tamps s how t t ha t most d ies w ere made a s i nd iv idua l i t e ms w ith t he l e ters c u t d irec t ly i n to t he c lay .

T here i s n o c er ta in e v idence t ha t a ny w ere made f rom a

ma tr ix o f wood o r c lay b ut i ts ee ms ap r ior i l ike ly t ha t i n l arge workshops , ly f t hose d ies w ith u nusual i ne l eter ing a nd i n tr ica te d ecorat ive mo t i fs , wou ld b e s o made. As i th appens t he d ie i n q uest ion i s b y f ar t he most e labora te d ie t hat S arr ius u sed , w ith a d e l icate c hevron mot i f b etween f ine ly made l et ters.

l I t mus t b e a lowed a s p oss ib le t ha t i n t h is i nstance

h e may h ave p ossessed more t han o ne d ie f ro m a s ing le matr ix .

I ft h is

were s o h e c ou ld h ave h e ld b oth w orkshops s i mu l taneous ly a nd t here a re t wo f actors wh ich l end s ome s uppor t t o t h is i dea. F irst , s o me o f h is Ross ing ton Br idge mor tar ia a re s ta mped w ith h is n ame t ogether w ith

1 43

t er t ha t o f as econd p ot , s o met i mes S et ibog ius a nd s o me t i mes S ecundua , who may h ave b een work ing o n h is b eha l f .

S econd ly , t here i s o ne k i ln

t er where h a t Mancet e a ppears t o h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w ith I un ius w ho b egan h is a ct iv ity much l a ter t han S arr ius a nd i s p robab ly t o b e d a ted c . A .D. 1 60-185.

S arr ius was i n g enera l f a ir ly c onserva t ive a bout r i m-

ly p ro f i les b ut t here a re t hree r i ms f ro m t h is k i ln wh ich s tand o u t a s t o tal a l ien t o t he r es t o f h is p roducts.

T hey a re c o mparab le b o th w i th f orms

made b y I un ius , Car ita a nd Maurus o r Maur ius , a nd w ith f orms p opu lar • a t t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury a nd i n t he e ar ly t h ird c en tury . T he n ew f orms b e ing made b y I un ius , Maur ius , Car ita a nd n ow S arr ius mark v ery b eg inn ings o f t he d eve lop men t o f t he h a m merhead mor tar iu m.

t he I t

s ee ms h igh ly p robab le t ha t t hese mor tar ia o f S arr ius , p ar t icu lar ly a s t hey h ave b een f ound i n a ssocia t ion w ith t he work o f I un ius , b e long t o t he l a test y ears o f h is c areer . 7 .

F .1936 .473 , 4 75

LOCCL •PRO r etrograde.

Two f rags., wh ite c lay , g rey c ore.

s uch n a me a s L occ ius Probus o r L occ ius Procu lus i s i n tended.

S o me A lthough

o n ly o ne d ie s ee ms t o h ave b een u sed , most o f h is s ta mps s how a n e x tra b ar a t t he t op o f t he L a s i n t h is e xamp le.

T he r eason i s n o t c lear b u t i t

ting o may r epresen t a mis take i n t he o r ig ina l c ut f t he d ie wh ich was l a ter b locked i n .

O ther s ta mps a re k nown f ro m A lces ter ;

Amb les ide ;

l; Benwel

B inchester ;

t er ( Mancet 5 );

Chester ; S hens tone ;

S ou th S h ie lds ;

f ro m Ba l mu i ldy ( 4 );

K enchester ;

le Or ton L onguev il ;

a nd Rough Cast le i n S cot land .

ls Mu mr il ;

L e ices ter ( 2 );

R ibchester ;

T h ist le ton , Rut land ;

B irrens ;

A ldborough ; tle L it

S aw try , Hun ts.;

l i a nd Wal n Eng land , a nd

N ewstead ;

O ld K i lpa tr ick ;

t er T h is p ot 's a c t iv ity i s d a ted p r i mar i ly

l, a b y t he s ta mps a t f or ts o n t he An ton ine Wal nd h is r i m-forms f i t w ith manu facture c . A .D. 1 35-165.

t er H e w orked a t Mancet , h is a ct iv i ty t here

t ers o ver lapp ing w ith t wo o ther p ot , L occ ius V ib ius a nd I un ius L occ ius t o

8 .

who m h e was s ure ly r ela ted .

F .1936.477

AVST/MA f or Aust in i manu .

F our f rags., r ed c lay , c rea m s l ip .

t er k Aust inus i s t he o n ly mor tar iu m p ot nown t o h ave u sed manu t hough i t t ers. was c o mmon e nough among G au l ish s am ian p ot

F i f teen o f h is s ta mps

tish s h ave b een f ound o n S cot i tes ;

Ba l mu i ldy ( 3 s ta mps , p erhaps 2v essels );

l; Bar H il

Carzie ld ( 2 );

M i lton ;

B irrens ; ls Mu mr il ;

Ca me lon ( 2 );

Cra mond ;

Newstead ( 2 ), a nd Rough Cast le.

Dur isdeer ;

T hose f ro m f or ts

ls a l f ounded i n t he Anton ine p er iod l ike Ba l mu i ldy , Mu mr il nd Bar H il l y An d e mons tra te h is g eneral ton ine d ate.

T he s ta mps f ro m S co t land

c onst itu te n ear ly h a l f o f h is k nown o u tpu t s ince o n ly e igh teen a re k nown f ro m n or thern Eng land : Cardurock ( 2 ) ; Marypor t ;

Amb les ide ;

Ches ters Museu m ;

a nd S tanw ix .

B irdoswa ld ; C orbr idge ( 3 ) ;

Car l is le ( 6 a t l east ); L ow Borrow Br idge ;

A s ta mp f ro m t he s ubso i l a t Cardu mock

( S i mpson a nd H odgson 1 947 , 18, n o. 2 ) s hows t ha t h e s tar ted work e ar l ier s o t ha t h is a c t iv ity c ou ld b e d ated c . A .D. 1 35-165. T he d is tr ibut ion o f s ta mps a nd h is f abr ic s uggest t hat h e may h ave worked i n t he Car l is le r eg ion b u t t here a re f ea tures a bou t h is work wh ich s uggest t he i nf luence t ers ( o f t he Wi lderspoo l p ot Har t ley a nd Webster 1 973 , 9 5 f . ). ( S ta mped t w ice )

F .1936.482

1 44

9 . CICV . Two f rags., r ed c lay , c rea m s l ip. A l l t he k nown s tamps o f C ICV a re f ro m t he western h a lf o f t he An ton ine Wal l; Ba l mu i ldy ( 3 s ta mps , p erhaps o n ly 2 vesse ls ); B ar H il l; Dun tocher a nd O ld K i lpa tr ick ( 2 ). ter T h is d istr ibu t ion s ugges ts t ha t h e was a s o le ly An ton ine p ot . Uns tamped ls ( mor tar ia f ound i n S cot land a t s uch s i tes a s Mu mr il Macdona ld a nd Cur le 1 928, 5 27, f ig . 9 3 ) l eave n o r easonab le d oubt t ha t s o me mor tar ia were made n or th o f H adr ian 's Wal l. ' Cicu ' i s o ne o f t he f ew p ot t ers whose w ork h as b een f ound o n ly i n S co t land a nd t here i s e very l i kel ihood t ha t h e worked i n t he western s ec tor s ou th o f t he An ton ine f ron t ier .

T he m i l itary o ccupa-

t i on o f t he An ton ine p er iod m igh t wel l h ave a t trac ted p ot t ers t o t he a rea. ( There i s n o r eason t o a ssoc iate h im w ith t he p ot t er who s ta mped C ICVRFE, whose w ork i s f ound o n ly i nt he M id lands ).

F .1936.484

1 0.- MSC r e trograde. T hree f rags., r ed c lay . Two i nco mp lete s tamps p os 1. sib ly f ro m t wo v esse ls. MASC i s a l mos t c er ta in ly t he c o mp lete r ead ing . O ther s ta mps f ro m t he s ame d ie h ave b een n oted f ro m B irrens ; Corbr idge ; O ld K i lpa tr ick ; a nd Mu mr il l s. S ta mps f ro m a s econd d ie w h ich i s f a ir ly c er ta in ly h is h ave b een r ecorded f ro m Cat t er ick ( 3 ), a nd H ousesteads. A s ta mp a t Chesters f ro m af ur ther d ie wh ich c ou ld b e h is p erm its t he n ame l Masce l io t o b e s uggested . I ti s i n terest ing t o s ee t ha t a l t he s tamps f ro m S co t land a re f ro m o ne d ie.

T he s ta mps f ro m House s teads a nd a t Ches ters

Museum may i nd ica te t ha t h e was Hadr ian ic-An ton ine r ather t han s o le ly An ton ine i n d a te.

1 2.

He u ndoubted ly w orked i n t he n or th o f E ng land . F .1936.485-6

Ab ad ly w orn a nd b roken s ta mp , o f t he c lass c al l ed h err ingbone-or l ea fs tamps.

Th is o ne i s t oo b ad ly p reserved f or t he d ie t o b e i den t if ied .

A l-

t ers t hough s o me h err ingbone s ta mps were u sed b y n or thern p ot , t he g rea t t er ma jor ity c a me f ro m t he s econd-cen tury p ot ies a t Co lches ter .

J udg ing

low f ro m t he r e ma ins o f t h is s tamp a nd t he s of t y el ish c ream f abr ic t he mor tar iu m was made a t C o lchester a nd s pectrograph ic a na lys is s uppor ts t h is v iew .

I ti s i n teres t ing t o n ote t ha t Co lches ter h err ingbone s ta mps

a re much more c o m mon i n S cot land t han a nywhere e lse. S o me h ave b een n oted i n Essex a nd Ken t a nd a tB irdoswa ld , Corbr idge, L ondon a nd V eru la m iu m , e tc., b u t t hey a re c onsp icuous ly a bsen t f ro m t he m id lands , s ou th a nd west o f Eng land .

t ers T he e v idence s trong ly i nd icates t ha t t he p ot

o f t he c o lon ia a t C o lchester c arr ied o n ac oastw ise t rade w ith t he Ro man l 1 a rmy i n S cot land e i ther t hrough n egot ia tores o r d irect means ( Hul 963, 1 14 f . ).

l f I ft he r ecen t d at ing o f t he s am ian i n t he An ton ine Wal or ts t o

C . A .D. 1 42-163 i s c orrec t t he h err ingbone s ta mps f ound t here i n a bunda nce mus tb e long t o t he s ame p er iod t hough p roduct ion may h ave c on t inued l onger . 1 40. 1 3.

S o me r im-pro f i les w ou ld c er ta in ly f i t a da te a s e ar ly a s A .D . F .1936.479

N o o ther e xa mp le o f t h is f ragmen tary s ta mp i s k nown a nd t he r i m-prof i le i s most u nusua l.

The o range-brown f abr ic w i th c rea m s l ip s uggests

o r ig in i n t he n or th , p oss ib ly i n s ou th-west S cot land. 1 4.- F ive f rags. 1 8.

F .1936.491

T hese f ive f ragmen tary s ta mps a re o n mor tar ia i n v ar ious

s hades o f p ink-or o range-brown f abr ics c er ta in ly p roduced i n n or thern Br i ta in p robab ly t he n or th-west .

F .1936.480-481, 4 87-488, 4 90

1 45

1 9.

An u nknown f ragmen tary s ta mp o n a m ortar iu m o f wh ite c lay . t he m id lands p oss ib ly i n L inco lnsh ire.

Made i n

F .1936.476

Co m men ts l i l A l though t he t o ta l o f s ta mped mor tar ia f ro m t he f or t a t Bar H il s a smal o ne ( 19 ), t hey a re o f q u ite u nusua l i n teres t .

A t most An ton ine s i tes i n S cot land

t er ter-Har l t he p ot ies r epresen ted a re t hose i n t he n or th , t hose a t Mancet tsh il , ly t Co lches ter , a nd o ccas ional hose a t S ou th Car l ton .

l i Bar H il s e xcep t iona l

t er i n h av ing s ta mps f ro m f our p ot ies w h ich n ever s erved S cot land , a nd t wo o f l ed ' t ery a l t hese , t he s o-cal Caer leon ' p ot nd t hose a t Wroxeter ,d id n o t e ven s el mor tar ia i n n or thern Eng land .

l T here c an b e n o d oubt a t a l t hat s ta mps n o. 3

l i ( F.1936.474 ) a nd n o. 4 ( F.1936.483 ) d id n o t c o me t o Bar H il n n orma l t rade b ut were c arr ied b y t roops , p resu mab ly t hose d e tached f ro m t he s econd l eg ion a t Caer leon a nd t he t wen t ieth a t Wroxe ter a nd s en t n or th t o t he An ton ine f ron t ier T he o n ly o ther s ta mp i n S cot land i n t h is c a tegory i s as ta mp f ro m O ld K i lpa tr ick wh ich i s f ro m t he s a me d ie a s n o. 3 ( F.1936.474 ).

The s ta mps o f Muco a nd

Decan io c ou ld j us t p ossib ly h ave c o me f ro m York a nd Wi lderspoo l r espect ive ly i n c ourse o f t rade b u t n o o ther s ta mps f ro m t hese a reas a re k nown i n S co t land .

References a re t o : Bushe-Fox 1 913.

J .P . Bushe-Fox , Excava t ions o n t he s i te o f t he Ro man T own a t Wroxe ter , S hropsh ire i n 1 912.

Boon 1 966.

G .C . Boon , '" Leg ionary" Ware a t Caer leon? ' Arch. Ca mbr . 1 966.

R ich mond a nd B ir ley

I .A. R ich mond a nd E .B. B ir ley , ' Excava t ions o n

1 930.

l i l S Hadr ian 's Wal n t he B irdoswa ld-P ike H il ec tor , 930. 1 929 ', CW 2 1

Frere 1 972.

S .S . Frere , V eru la m iu m Excava t ions v o l. 1 .

S i mpson a nd Hodgson

F .G . S i mpson a nd K .S . Hodgson , ' The Coasta l

1 947.

M i le-For t le t a t Cardurnock ', CW 2 1 947.

Har t ley a nd Webster

K .F . Har t ley a nd P .V . Webs ter , ' The Ro mano-

1 973.

Br i t ish p ot i lns n ear Wi lderspoo l ', Arch . J . t ery k 1 973.

Macdona ld a nd Cur ie

G . Macdona ld a nd A .O. Cur ie , ' The Ro man F or t

1 929.

a t Mu mr il , n ear F a lk irk ', PSAS 1 929. ls

Hul 963. l 1

M.R . Hul he Ro man P ot ' K i lns o f l, T t ers C o lchester .

1 46

1

2

5

6

7

1

1 0

1 2

1 5 1 3

1 6

1 4

1 9 1 8

1 7

F IG . 4 9

MORTAR IU M

S TAMPS

( 1 :2)

Mor tar ia ( F ig. 5 0 )

l - Mancet t er Hard wh ite c lay , b lack o r r ed g r it ( probab ly Har tsh il ). ly s 6 0 f rags. o f a t l east 3 0 mor tar ia , b ead u sual l igh t ly b e low o r l eve l w ith c urv ing r i m.

l. 1 il

( Fig . 5 0.1)

F .1936.492-512 F .1959.3

f, p f c Buf ink ish-buf lay , f l in t g r it ( Co lchester ). ly b 3 4 f rags. o f a t l east 2 0 mor tar ia , b ead u sual e low c urv ing r i m. l 1i l.

( F ig . 5 0.2 )

F .1936.513-525, 5 65-566, 5 71/1, 5 7 7 /2 F .1959.4

Co mp lete mor tar iu m , b unched-up r im ( Fig . 5 0.3 )

F .1936.526

5 frags. o f 2 mor tar ia , b unched-up r i m.

F .1936.527-528

N o t i l. l

Hard p ink c ore , c rea m s ur face ( Co lchester o r NE Eng land ). 6f rags. o f 4 mor tar ia , b ead u sual bove h ooked-over r i m. ly a

N ot i l. l

F .1936.529-532 Hard r ed c lay , c rea m s l ip ( probab ly NW Eng land o r SW S cot land ). 3f rags. o f 2 mor tar ia , b ead b e low c urv ing r i m. 1 il Fig . 5 0.4 ) l. ( F .1936.534-535/1 Red c lay , t races o f c rea m s l ip ( N W Eng land ? ) . 2 5 f rags. o f 1 2-15 mor tar ia , b ead l eve l w ith o r s l ight ly a bove c urv ing r i m.

N ot i l. l

F .1936.538-539 , 5 69-570, 5 72, 5 73/1, 5 74-576

Hard r ed c lay , g rey c ore , c rea m s l ip , l arge q uar tz g r it ( N Eng land ). rags. o f a t l east 6 mor tar ia , b ead a bove h ooked-over r i m. 1 il 1 f l. ( Fig . 5 0.5 )

F .1936.551-555

Red c lay , r ed s l ip ( tRaet ian ', NW Eng land ) .2 Frag ., b ead b e low c urv ing r im , g rooved a t o u ter e dge , w orn.

N o t i l. l

F .1936.535/2

1 .

Mrs. Ka thar ine Har t ley was k ind e nough t o d iscuss t he mor tar ia w ith me ( A.S.R.)

2 .

For a d iscuss ion o f ' Raet ian ' a nd s ub-Rae t ian mor tar ia , s ee Kathar ine Har t ley i n Anne S . Rober tson , B irrens ( Blatobu lg iu m ), 1 975 , 2 41 f .

1 48

Red c lay , g rey c ore , ( red s l ip ), q uar tz g r it ( 'Raet ian ', NW Eng land ). 2f rags. o f mor tar iu m , b ead b e low c urv ing r im , g rooved a t o u ter e dge. ( Fig . 5 0.6 ).

F .1936.559

7 frags. o f a t l eas t 4 mor tar ia , b ead b e low c urv ing r im , g rooved a t o uter e dge.

N ot i l l.

F .1936.560-563

Red-brown c lay , l ight g r it ( 'Rae t ian ' o r s ub-Raet ian , NW Eng land ). 3f rags. o f 2 mor tar ia , b ead b e low c urv ing r im , g rooved a t o u ter e dge. 2i l l.

( Fig . 5 0.7-8 )

F .1936.581-582

2 frags. o f mor tar iu m ( sub-Rae t ian ), b ead b e low c urv ing r im , g rooved a t o uter e dge.

N ot i l l.

F .1936.579

Brown c lay , l igh t g r i t ( sub-Rae t ian ? ). Frag ., b ead b e low h ooked-over r im , g rooved o n t op.

( Fig . 5 0.9 ) F .1936.583

Red c lay , g rey c ore , q uar tz g r i t ( 'Rae t ian ' o r s ub-Raet ian , NW Eng land ). 4f rags. o f 3 mor tar ia w i thou t b ead ( 1 ' Rae t ian ' s pou t , 2s ub-Raet ian ). l Not i l.

F .1936.556-558

ly l Hard r ed , r ed-brown c lay , u sual ight g r it , ma in ly q uar tz. 7 frags. o f 3 -5 mor tar ia , b ead s l ight ly b e low c urv ing r i m.

l No t i l.

F .1936.533 , 5 36-537 Frag . ( brown c lay ), b ead a bove h ooked-over r im ( Veru la m iu m ). ( Fig . 5 0.10 )

F .1936.542

3 frags. o f 2 mor tar ia , b ead a bove h ooked-over r i m.

l. ( 1 il Fig . 5 0.

1 1)

F .1936.543-544

6 frags. o f 2 mor tar ia , b ead a bove b road , f langed r im ( unusua l f or m ). l. 1 il

( F ig . 5 0.12 )

F .1936.540-541

V ery h ard r ed c lay , l arge g r it ( loca l ' ware ). 1 0 f rags. o f a t l east 6 mor tar ia , s hor t f langed r i m. 1 3-14 )

l 2i l. ( Fig . 5 0. F .1936.545-548 F .1959.28

F a ir ly s of t r ed c lay , l igh t g r it ( N Eng land o r SS cot land ). 1 7 f rags. o f a t l east 1 0 mor tar ia , b ead a bou t l eve l w ith c urv ing r im . l. 1 il

( Fig . 5 0.15 )

573/2, 5 77/1, 5 78, F .1936.567-568, 5 7 1/2 , 5 80 F .1959.5

3s pou t a nd s ide f rags. o f 3 m or tar ia.

Not i l. l

F .1936.549-559

V ery h ard g rey c lay ( Co lchester , d isco loured ). Frag ., b ead b e low c urv ing r im , t h ickened a t o u ter e dge. ( Fig . 5 0.16 ) F .1936.584 Hard g rey c lay . Frag ., v ery b road r i m.

( Fig . 5 0.17 )

F .1936.585

S of t g rey c lay . 2 frags. o f 2 mor tar ia , b ead s l igh t ly b e low c urv ing r i m. ( Fig .50.18-19 ) F .1936.586 1 49

L arge s torejar Hard g rey c lay , t inged w i th r ed , v ery l arge h eavy v esse l. 2 frags., h eavy r ol im a nd b ase . l r

N ot i l. l

F .1936.587

P i tchers o r l arge f l agons Wh ite c lay . 2 frags., l id-seated r im a nd d oub le-r ibbed h and le.

( F ig . 5 0.20 . F .1936.588

Hard r ed c lay , wh ite s l ip . 3 frags., l id-seated r im a nd t wo d oub le-r ibbed h and les , o ne w ith fito. g raf

( F ig . 5 0.21 )

F .1936.589

( F ig . 5 1) F lagons o rj ugs Wh ite c lay . 1 0 n eck , b ase a nd s ide f rags. o f 4 -5 f l agons , d oub le-r ibbed h and le. l 2i l. ( F ig . 5 1.1-2 ) F .1936.590-593 Wh ite c lay , p ink c ore. 3 frags., s crew n eck .

( F ig . 5 1.3 )

F .1936.594

l N o t I l.

Base , f ootstand , g rooved b e low .

F .1936.595

f c P ink ish-buf lay , g rey c ore. Frag ., s crew n eck .

( Fig . 5 1.4 )

F .1936.596

Red , p ink , wh i t ish s l ip. Grooved n eck f rag ., c up-shaped r im . R im f rag ., d oub le r ing .

( Fig . 5 1.5 )

( Fig . 5 1.6 )

7s ide a nd b ase f rags. o f 3 -4 f l agons .

F .1936.597 F .1936.599

l N ot i l.

F .1936.598 , 6 00-601

V ery h ard r ed c lay . N eck f rag ., s ing le r ing .

( Fig . 5 1.7 )

F .1936.602

N eck f rag ., i n ter ior l edge.

( Fig . 5 1.8 )

F .1936.603

V ery f ine r ed c lay . Hand le w ith f inger-t ip h o ld .

( Fig . 5 1.9 )

F. 1936.604

S of t r ed c lay . 8 frags. o f 5j ugs , s crew n eck . 2 necks o f 2j ugs , d oub le r ing .

( F ig . 5 1.10-14 ) ( F ig . 5 1.15-16 )

8f rags. o f n ecks a nd h and les o f j ugs .

l N ot i l.

F .1936.605-607 F .1936.608 F .1936.609-612

S of t g rey c lay . Frag ., s how ing b ase o f n eck a nd h and le s tu mp .

l N o t i l . F .1936.613

1 50

6

U

10

1

1 -

e

1

ll

tj 2

1 5

1

N

-1 8

1 7

F IG .

5 0 MORTARIA

P I TCHERS

( 1 :4)

1 4

2 0

e

Large j ars o r u rns Hard l ight b rown c lay , p o l ished s ur face. 1 2 f rags., o utcurv ing r im , c ordons a nd g rooves o n s hou lder . ( Fig . 5 1.17 )

F .1936.615

Hard r ed , r ed-brown c lay . 1 1 s ide a nd b ase f rags. o f a t l east 4 l arge j ars.

l Not i l . F .1936.617-620, 6 24

4f rags. o f 2 wide- mouthed l arge j ars , e ver ted r i m.

l N ot i l. F .1936.622-623

Hard r ed , r ed-brown c lay , g rey c ore. 5 frags. o f a t l east 3 wide- mouthed l arge j ars , e ver ted r i m. ( Fig . 5 1.18 )

l 1i l.

F .1936.621, 6 25-626

2f rags. o f 2 large j ars , o utcurv ing r im , t h ickened a t o u ter e dge. ( Fig. 5 1.19 )

l. 1 il

F .1936.627-628

2s hou lder f rags. o f 2 large j ars, s how ing c ordons , g rooves a nd d ia mond t ern. p at

( Fig . 5 1.20a , b )

F .1936.616

S of t r ed c lay . 6 8 f rags. o f a t l east 8 large j ars , o utcurv ing r im t h ickened a t o u ter e dge, c ordons a nd/or g ir th g rooves o n s hou lder .

l N ot i l.

F .1936.629-637

S of t r ed c lay , g rey c ore. 4 1 f rags. o f a t l eas t 1 0 j ars , o u tcurv ing r im t h ickened a t o uter e dge, c ordons a nd/or g ir th g rooves o n s hou lder .

l 2i l. ( Fig . 5 1.21-22 ) F .1936.638-651

2f rags. o f l arge j ar , o utcurv ing r im v ery t h ick a t o uter e dge , s l ight g roove o n i ns ide.

l N ot I l.

F .1936.564

Hard g rey c lay , r ed-brown c ore. 5 0 f rags. o f 2 large j ars, o u tcurv ing r im t h ickened a t o u ter e dge , b urn ished b ands o n s hou lder .

l Not i l.

F .1936.652-653

Base f rag . w ith f ootstand , g rooved b elow .

l N ot i l.

F .1959.8

Very h ard g rey c lay . L arge j ar , o utcurv ing r im t h ickened a t o uter e dge , b urn ished b ands o n s hou lder .

( Fig . 5 1.23 )

F .1936.654

8 frags. o f l arge j ar , g roups o fb lack d ots o n s hou lder ( as o n ' poppyl h ead ' j ars ). Not i l. F .1936.655 2s ide f rags. o f 2 large j ars.

l No t i l.

F .1936.656

( F ig . 5 2 ) Hard f ine g rey c lay , w ith b lack s l ip , b urn ished. Base f rag ., f ootstand g rooved b e low .

( Fig. 5 2.1 )

F .1936.657

S of t g rey c lay , r ed c ore. 3f rags., c ordon a t b ase o f n eck .

1 52

l Not i l.

F .1936.658

6 :

8

2

F IG .

5 1

FLAG ONS

/

)

LARGE

J ARS

( 4 :1)

S of t g rey c lay . 3f rags. o f 2 large j ars, o utcurv ing r im v ery t h ick a t o uter e dge , s l igh t g roove o n o u ts ide.

( Fig . 5 2.2-3 )

F .1936 460-661

9 frags. o f a t l eas t 5 large j ars , o u tcurv ing r im t h ickened a t o u ter e dge. N ot i l l.

F .1936.659 , 6 62-663

2 b ase f rags. o f 2 large j ars, f ootstand g rooved b e low . 5 2.4 )

1 il l. ( Fig . F .1936.666

S of t g rey c lay , d arker s l ip. 1 0 f rags. o f v ery l arge w ide- mou thed j ar , e ver ted r im , f ootstand g rooved b e low .

( F ig . 5 2.5 )

F .1936.664

Frag . o f l arge w ide- mouthed j ar , e ver ted r i m.

l No t i l. F .1936.665

Fa ir ly l arge j ars F ine , v ery l ight g rey c lay , d arker s l ip. Frag ., o u tcurv ing r im , t h ickened a t o uter e dge.

l N o t i l. F .1936.668

l ed r 3 frags., f r il i m.

l N ot i l.

F. 1936.669

l ed c 2f rags., f r il ordon o n s hou lder .

l Not i l.

F .1936.670

Grey c lay , d arker s l ip. l Not i l.

5 frags. o f 2 narrow-necked j ars, g rooved b e low r i m.

F .1936.671-672 4f rags. n arrow-necked j ar , g ir th g rooves o n s hou lder .

( Fig. 5 2.6 )

F .1936.673 Hand led j ar Grey c lay , d arker s l ip. ticed b 2f rags. o f h and led j ar , e ver ted r im , l at and b e low r i m. ( Fig. 5 2.7 )

F .1936.674

J ars S of t wh ite o r c rea m c lay. l f 2 smal rags. o f 2 jars , e ver ted r i m.

l Not i l.

F .1936.675

F ine h ard l igh t b rown c lay . l f 5 smal rags. o f j ar , s hor t u pr ight r im a nd r e ma ins o f d ecorat ion , p ossib ly r epresent ing a h u man f ace.

( Cf . F ig . 5 3.1)

F .1936.676

Hard r ed c lay . 5 frags. o f s ide a nd b ases o f 3 jars , w ith f oo tstand , 2g rooved b e low . l 2i l.

( F ig. 5 2.8-9 )

F .1936.677-678 F .1959.11

S of t r ed , r ed-brown c lay . 2 frags. o f 2j ars , e ver ted r i m.

l N ot i l. 1 54

F .1936.679

7 frags. o f s hou ldered j ar , o u tcurv ing r i m. ( Fig . 5 2.10 ) F .1936.680 7 frags. o f 2 jars , o utcurv ing r i m.

N ot I l. l

F .1936.682-683

2f rags. o f j ar , f a ir ly u pr igh t r i m.

N o t i l. l

F .1936.681

Red c lay , b rown , g rey o r b lack s ur face. 2 frags . o f 2j ars , t h ick e ver ted r im . Frag . o fj ar , t h in e ver ted r i m.

N ot i l. l

F .1936.684-685

N o t i l. l

F .1936.687

2 frags . o f j ar , o u tcurv ing r im , l at n n eck . tice o

No t i l. l F .1936.686

Base f rag . w ith f oo ts tand , g rooved b e low .

N ot i l. l

F .1936.688

Wh it ish g rey c lay , g rey s ur face. 6 frags. o f j ar , o utcurv ing r im , s l ight g roove b e low , l at ide , f la t ticed s b ase.

( F ig . 5 2.11 )

F .1936.689

5 frags. o f 5j ars , o utcurv ing o r e ver ted r im , s l igh t g roove b e low . 1 il l.

( Fig . 5 2.12 )

F .1936.690 , 6 93-694

4f l a t b ase f rags. o f 4 jars , o ne smal urn ished . l, b

N ot i l. l

F .1936.691-692, 7 14 V ery h ard f i ne g rey c lay , r ed c ore , metal ur face. lic s Base f rag . w ith f ootstand g rooved b e low . ( F ig . 5 2.13 ) F .1936.695 V ery h ard g rey o r g rey-brown c lay , s oo t o n o u ts ide. 1 3 f rags. o f 3 jars , t h ick e ver ted r i m.

F ig . 5 2. 1 4-16 ) F .1936.698-700

4f rags. o f 3 jars , u pr igh t r i m.

1 il F ig . 5 2.17 ) l. (

F .1936.701-702

V ery h ard g rey c lay , d arker s ur face , b urn ished . 9 frags. o f 3 jars , o utcurv ing r im , l at t iced s ide. 2 i l. l

( Fig . 5 2,18-19 ) F .1936.703-705

1 0 f rags. o f s ide a nd f l a t b ases o f a t l east 7j ars.

N ot i l. l

F .1936.696-697, 7 06-708 Fa ir ly h ard , o r s of t g rey c lay , s o me t i mes d arker s ur face. 2f rags. o f j ar , o utcurv ing r im t h ickened a t o u ter e dge , a nd f la tb ase , s l ight ly m icaceous.

Not i l. l

F .1936.715

Frag . o fj ar , o u tcurv ing r im , t h ickened a t o uter e dge , f lat ns ide. t ened i No t i l. l

F .1936.719

6 frags. o f 3j ars , o utcurv ing r im s l igh t ly t h ickened , o ne w ith d ef in ite n eck .

1 il l.

( Fig . 5 2.20 )

F .1936.716-717, 7 22

6 frags. o f 6j ars , s hor t t h ick e ver ted r i m.

N ot i l. l

F .1936.720-721

C . 5 0 f rags. o f a t l eas t 3 0 j ars , r im f a ir ly u pr ight , o u tcurv ing o r s l ight ly e ver ted .

2i l l.

( Fig . 5 2.21-22 )

F .1936.709-711, 7 23-736

9 frags. o f l at ticed s ides a nd f l a t b ases o f a t l east 6j ars. 5 2.23-25 )

3i l l.

( Fig .

F .1936.667 , 7 12-713, 7 18, 7 37-738 1 55

F .1959.15

( F ig . 5 3 ) Smal ars o r b eakers l j F ine r ed-brown c lay , smoothed . 8 frags. o f smal ar , f a ir ly u pr igh t r im ( par t o f F .1936.676 ). l j 5 3.1-2 )

( F ig .

F .1936.816

Hard r ed , r ed-brown c lay . Frag . o f smal ar , smal ead r i m. l j l b

( F ig . 5 3.3 )

F .1936.818

Frag . l ower p ar t o f smal ar , r ou let , n ea t f oo ts tand . ( F ig . 5 3.4 ) l j t ed F .1936.817 S of t r ed , o r r edd ish-buf lay . f c Beaker , smal ver ted r i m. l e

F .1936.820

( F ig . 5 3.5 )

1 2 f rags. o f a t l east 7b eakers , smal ver ted r im , s o me t i mes g rooved l e o u ts ide.

1 il l.

( F ig . 5 3.6 )

F .1936.819 , 8 21-822 , 8 24-825

Frag . o f smal ar , t h ickened , g rooved r i m. l j

N o t i l. F .1936.823 l

2b ase f rags. o f 2b eakers , s l igh t ly mou lded f oots tand .

N o t i l. l F .1936.826

Hard f ine r edd ish-grey c lay , w ith b lack d o ts. Frag . o f smal ar , f lat , e ver ted r i m. l j tened

( F ig . 5 3.7 ) F .1936.827

V ery h ard g rey c lay . Frag . o f smal ar , s harp ly e ver ted , f lat i m. l j tened r

N o t i l. l F .1936.828

V ery h ard f ine g rey c lay , w i th b lack s l ip . Frag . o f l ower p ar t o f smal ar , r ou let , n ea t f oots tand g rooved l j t ed b e low .

( Fig . 5 3.8 )

F .1936.829

Frag . o fb ase o f r ough-cast b eaker . Frag . o f f la t b ase.

F .1936.830

N ot i l. l

F .1936.831

N o t i l. l

F a ir ly h ard g rey c lay . 1 0 f rags. o f 6 -7 smal ars , s hor t t h ick , s l ight ly e ver ted r im . l j ( F ig . 5 3.9-10 )

2 il l.

F .1936.832-833 , 8 36-839 F .1959.18

2 frags. o f smal ar , b ead r i m. l j

( Fig . 5 3.11 )

4 b ase f rags. o f 4 smal l j ars , o ne w i th f ootstand .

F .1936.835 N ot i l l . F .1936.834 F .1959.19-21

Co lour c oa ted b eakers Wh i te c lay , b lack s l ip. 6f rags. o fb eaker d ecora ted e n b arbo t ine.

l N ot i l.

3f rags. o f 2r ough-cas t b eakers , s hor t g rooved r i m. 5 3.12 )

F .1959.55 l. 1 il

( F ig .

F .1936.851-852 1 56

3

5

7

1 4

1 6

1 9

F IG .

5 2

LARGE

J ARS ,

J ARS

( 1 :4 )

3s ide a nd b ase f rags. o f 3r ough-cast b eakers , w ith f oo tstand. ( Fig . 5 3,13 ) 6 frags. o f r ou let eaker . ted b

1i l. l

F .1936.853 ( F ig . 5 3.14 )

F .1936.854

3 frags. o f 2b eakers , w orn , p oss ib ly r ough-cast o r r ou let . N o t i ted l. F .1936.855-856 Wh ite c lay , r ed s l ip . 9 frags. o f 2r ough-cast b eakers.

( Fig . 5 3.15-16 )

Red c lay , d ark s l ip . 1 3 f rags. o f t h in-wal eaker , t iny e ver ted r i m. l ed b

F .1936.857-858

( Fig . 5 3.17 ) F .1936.859

Bow ls Buf ink ish-buf ed-brown c lay . f, p f, r 7f rags. o f 6 m or tar iu ml ike b ow ls , smal pr ink l ing o f l igh t g r i t . l s 3i l. l

( Fig . 5 3.18-20 )

F .1936.885-888

Frag . o f b ow l o f g r it lay , b road r eeded r i m. ty c

( Fig . 5 3.21 ) F .1936.872

4f rags. o f 3b ow ls , f a ir ly b road , r ounded r i m.

1 il l.

( Fig . 5 3.22 ) F .1936.875-877

Frag . o f b ow l , r ounded r i m.

( Fig . 5 3.23 )

F .1936.871

Buf lay , g rey c ore. f c Frag . o f b ow l , f a ir ly b road r im , g rooved b e low . No t i l. l F .1936.874

V ery h ard r ed c lay .

2 frags. o fb ow l , f a ir ly b road f la t r im , smal uar tz g r i t i ns ide. l q No t I l. l Frag . o fb ow , f langed r i m.

F .1936.868 ( Fig . 5 3.24 )

F .1936.870

4f rags. o fb ow l i n s im i lar f abr ic , g rooved r im a nd f oo tstand . 5 3.25 )

( F ig .

F .1936.869

f rags. o f b ow l , g rooved o u tcurv ing r i m.

( Fig . 5 3.26 )

( F ig . 5 4 )

F .1936.873

Fa ir ly s o f t r ed-brown , r ed o r p ink c lay . 7 frags. o f 5b ow ls , r i ms f l at t o r ounded , g rey c ore.

3i l. l

5 4.1-3 )

F .1936.878-880

2 frags. o f 2b ow ls , r ounded r im , s l ight ly m icaceous.

( Fig .

No t i l l. F .1936.881-882

2 frags. o f 2b ow ls , r im i m ita t ing s am ian , Dr . 3 7.

l N o t I l. F .1936.883

2 frags. o fb ase o f b ow l w i th f oo ts tand g rooved b e low , r ed s l ip ( ? ) . l No t i l.

F .1936.884

1 58

‘ s s ,

1 5

1 7

2 2

2 1

1

F IG . 5 3

SMALL J ARS

BO WLS

( 1 :4)

ty g Very h ard g r it rey c lay . 2 frags. o f b ow l, f a ir ly b road r im g rooved a t o u ter e dge.

( Fig . 5 4.4 )

F .1936.892 ticed Grey c lay , s o met i mes w ith d arker s ur face , s ide s o met i mes l at . 3 6 f rags. o f a t l east 1 8 b ow ls , f a ir ly f lat r im b eco m ing more r ounded o r s ub-tr iangu lar ( 1 , F .1936.890 b e ing o f v ery l ight g rey c lay w i th d arker s l ip ).

l 3i l ( Fig . 5 4.5-7 ) l N ot i l.

Frag . o f mor tar iu ml ike b ow l. 2 fla t b ase f rags. o f 2 b ow ls.

F .1936.890 , 8 93-907 F .1936.910

l N ot i l.

F .1936.912-913

Very h ard g rey c lay w ith b lack s l ip. t ed b Frag . o f r ou let ow l im ita t ing s am ian , Dr. 3 7.

( Fig . 5 4.8 ) F .1936.909

Base f rag . o fb ow l w ith f ootstand g rooved b e low .

l No t i l. F .1936.911

t ers o P lat r d ishes f c Redd ish-buf lay . t ers. 7 frags. o f 3l arge h eavy r im less p lat

l. ( 1 il Fig . 5 4.9 ) F .1936.860-862

l r t ers. 3f rags. o f 2 smal im less p lat

l Not i l.

F .1936.863-864

t ers w 2 frags. o f 2 large o pen p lat ith r ounded r i m.

l 1i l.

( F ig . 5 4.10 )

F .1936.865-866 f c Redd ish-buf lay , g rey c ore. t er Frag . o f s pread ing p lat , w ith r i m im ita t ing s am ian , Dr. 5 1.

l N ot i l.

F .1936.867 V ery l igh t g rey c lay , d ark g rey s l ip. t er Frag . r im less p lat .

l Not i l.

F .1936.889

t er ( Frag . l ower p ar t o f p lat or b ow l ? ).

l No t i l.

F .1936.891

Grey c lay ,darker s l ip. t er Frag . o f p lat , g roove b e low r im .

l N ot i l.

F .1936.908

l aneous Miscel Costre ls wh ite , r ibbed. 2f rags. o f 2c ostre ls.

l N ot i l.

F .1936.1042-1043

Costre l ( ? ), wh ite w ith p ink s l ip. 2f rags.

F .1936.1044

l Not i l.

l p Smal ots ( unguen t ? ) , h ard wh i te c lay . l p Frag . o f smal ot , b ead r i m.

( Fig . 5 4.11)

F .1936.1034

l p Smal o ts ( unguen t ? ) , p ink o r r ed c lay . l p 3f rags. o f 3 smal ots , n arrow f oot . ( See a lso Append ix , p . 1 78.)

1 60

l 2i l.

( Fig . 5 4.12-13 ). F .1936.1035-1037

Unguent p ots, o f r ed c lay w ith c rea m s l ip , r ibbed s ide. l 2i l.

6 frags. o f 3 u nguen t p ots.

( Fig . 5 4.14-15 )

F .1936.1038-1039 F .1959.6

Grey-brown c lay , t inge o f r ed , t races o f c rea m s l ip. l 2i l.

5 frags. o f 3 u nguen t p ots.

( Fig . 5 4.16-17 )

F .1936.1040-1041 F .1959.7

l ed Tazzas , f r il , r ed c lay , c rea m s l ip. 3f rags. o f 2t azzas.

l 2i l.

( Fig . 5 4.18-19 )

F .1936.1046-1047

f rag . o f min iature t azza , o r o f t azza c u t d own , ( red-brown c lay , t races o f s l ip ).

( Fig. 5 4.20 )

F .1036.1048

b ase o f t azza , r ed-brown c lay , g rey c ore.

l N ot i l.

F .1936.1049

' Cheese-press '. f rag ., f a ir ly s of t p ink c lay .

( Fig . 5 4.21 )

F .1936.1032

f rag ., f a ir ly h ard r ed c lay .

( Fig. 5 4.22 )

F .1936.1033

l v Tal esse l , f a ir ly h ard r ed c lay . 5 frags. o f s lender v esse l w ith g ir th-grooves.

( Fig. 5 4.23 ) F .1036.1045

Tr ip le v ase ( ? ) . 2f rags. o f s tone h ard d ark g rey c lay , p oss ib ly f ro m t r ip le v ase. l Not i l.

F .1959.29

L ids , h ard r ed c lay. 3f rags. o f 3 lids,

l. 2i

( Fig . 5 4.24-25 )

F .1936.1028A 1 029

L ids , s of t r ed c lay . 2f rags. o f 2 lids, 1 w ith d ark-brown s l ip.

( Fig. 5 4.26-27 ) F .1936.1030

L id , h ard g rey c lay , d arker s l ip. Frag .

( Fig. 5 4.28 )

F .1936.1031

1 61

( F ig. 5 5 ) B lack-burn ished ( 1 ), o r ' Coarse f u med ' ware Cook ing p ots , wavy l ine o n n eck , r im f a ir ly u pr ight o r s l ight ly e ver ted , ticed s l at ide. l 2i l.

1 5 f rags. o f a t l east 1 2 c ook ing p ots.

( Fig . 5 5.1-2 ) F .1936.745-750

Cook ing p ots, r im f a ir ly u pr ight o r s l ight ly e ver ted . 1 9 f rags. o f a t l east 6 c ook ing p ots , b urned r ed .

l No t i l. F .1936.739-744

Co mp lete c ook ing p o t.

( Fig . 5 5.3 )

F .1936.751

c . 1 00 f rags. o f a t l east 8 0 c ook ing p ots , mos t ly s oot-encrusted ( a f ew l may h ave wavy l ine o n n eck ). 4 i l. ( Fig. 5 5.4-7 )

F .1936.752-765 7 67-773

l c Smal ook ing p ots , s hor t r im s harp ly e ver ted. l c l 2f rags. o f 2 smal ook ing p ots. 1 i l. ( Fig . 5 5.8 )

F .1936.766

l c Smal ook ing p ots , s hor t u pr igh t r im , a s o n b eakers. l c l. 4f rags. o f 3 smal ook ing p ots. 1 il 2f la t b ase f rags. o f 2c ook ing p ots.

( Fig . 5 5.9 )

l Not i l.

F .1936.774-776 F .1936.777

l j Smal ars o rb eakers. l j 2f rags. o f smal ar , f a ir ly u pr ight r im a nd o ne o r t wo h and les. ( Fig . 5 5.10a , b )

F .1936.841

l j 7 frags. o f 4 -5 smal ars, r im s l ight ly e ver ted.

l. ( 1 il Fig . 5 5.11 ) F .1936.842-845

( F ig. 5 6 ) Bow ls , f la t-r i m med , b urned r ed. 1 6 f rags. o f a t l east 6b ow ls.

l N ot i l.

F .1936.914-918

ly l tice, o Bow ls , f l a t-r i m med , u sual arge l at f ten c hamfer . A l most 1 30 f rags. o f a t l east 8 0 b ow ls, t wo w ith r ivet-ho les. ( Fig . 5 5.12-17 ;

5 6.1-12 )

l 1 8 i l.

F .1936.936-965 F .1959.23-25

2f rags. o fb ow l , g rooved o n t op o f r i m. 2 32.

( Cf. B irrens ( Bla tobu lg iu m )

( Fig . 5 6.13 )

F .1936.966

1 0 f rags. o f s ides a nd f l a t b ases o f 1 0 b ow ls.

l Not i l. F .1936.967-968

t ers o tice. P lat r d ishes , g roove b e low r im , l arge l at

F .1936.924-927 9 31-935

t ers. 3 6 f rags. o f a t l east 1 8 p lat

l 2i l.

( Fig . 5 6.14-15 ) F .1959.27

t ers o t P lat r d ishes , s l igh t g roove b e low r im , l arge l a t ice. t ers. 1 4 f rags. o f 5p lat

l. ( 1 il Fig . 5 6.16 )

F .1936.921-923 9 29-930

t ers o tice o P lat r d ishes , r im less , l arge l at r l oops. t ers 4f rags. o f 3 plat .

l Not i l.

F .1936.919-920, 9 28 1 62

1 2

2 1

/

2) 2

(

124

25

41 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 0 1 111

_

F IG . 5 4

BO WLS

P LATTERS e t c

( 1 :4 )

-;

2 7

B lack-burn ished ( 2 ), o r ' Fine f u med ' w are F lask . F .1936.614

4f rags., n eck r idged o uts ide. ( Fig . 5 6.17 ) Cook ing p ots , o u tcurv ing o r e ver ted r i m. 1 5 f rags. o f a t l eas t 6c ook ing p ots, b urned r ed .

F .1936.778-783

l Not i l.

F .1959.22

ticed s C . 8 0 f rags. o f a t l eas t 6 0 c ook ing p ots , l at ide. _

l. ( 1 il F ig . 5 6.18 ). F .1936.785-809 F .1959.16

Cook ing p o ts ,bead r im. l 4f rags. o f 3c ook ing p ots ( 2 b urned r ed ). No t i l.

F .1936.784 ,810

Cook ing p ots , o u tcurv ing o r e ver ted r i m. t 4 -5 s ide f rags., l a t iced , a nd 1 8 f la tb ase f rags. o f a t l eas t 1 8 c ook ing l p ots. No t i l . F .1936.812-815 F .1959.17 3 fla t b ase f rags., b lack-burn ished ( ? ), p oss ib ly made i n to d iscs. l No t i l. F .1959 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 4 ( Two-? ) Hand led c ook ing p ot , e ver ted r im , g rooved o u ts ide F .1936.811 Frag . ( F ig . 5 6.19 ) l j Hand led smal ar o r b eaker . Frag .

F .1936.848

l No t i l.

( F ig . 5 7 ) l j Smal ars o r b eakers. Co mp le te b eaker , b ead r i m.

( Fig . 5 7.1)

2 frags. o f b eaker , s hor t u pr igh t r i m.

F .1936.846

( F ig . 5 7.2 ).

F .1936.847 F .1936.849-850

4f lat b ase f rags. o f 3b eakers.

l l Bow ls , r ounded , s ub-tr iangu lar o r t r iangu lar r im , smal at t ice o r l oops , s o met i mes c ha m fer . 2 0 f rags. o f 1 0 b ow ls , b urned r ed .

l 2i l. ( Fig . 5 7.3-4 ) F .1936.970-977

7s ide a nd b ase f rags. o f 4b ow ls , b urned r ed. 2c o mp lete b ow ls. ( Fig . 5 7.5-6 )

l N o t i l. F .1936.978-979 F .1936.1000,1020

c . 1 60 f rags. o f a t l east 1 00 b ow ls. _

l 8i l. ( F ig . 5 7.7-14 ) F .1936.990 , 9 99 , 1 001-1019 , 1 0211 025 F .1959.26

C . 1 60 f rags. o f a t l east 1 00 b ow ls.

l 8i l.

( F ig . 5 7.7-14 )

F .1936.990-999 , 1 001-1019 , 1 021-1025 F .1959.26 C . 3 5 s ide a nd b ase f rags. o f a t l eas t 1 0 b ow ls. _ 1 64

l N o t i l. F .1936.1026-1028

` ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ \\

\• •

--

8

F IG .

5 5 .

B LACK BURN ISHED 1

( 1 :4)

P lat t ers o r d ishes , g roove b e low r im , u sual ly w avy l ine o n s ide. 9 frags. o f 7 plat t ers.

2i l l.

( F ig . 5 7. 1 5-16 )

F .1936.987-989

P lat t ers o r d ishes , s l igh t g roove b e low r im , wavy l ine o n s ide. 6 frags. o f p lat t er .

( Fig . 5 7.17 )

F .1936.986

P lat t ers o r d ishes , r im less , wavy l ine o n s ide. 2f rags. o f p lat t er , b urned r ed . 1 plat t er .

N o t i l l.

F .1936.969

( Fig . 5 7.18 )

F .1936.980

1 6 f rags. o f c . 1 2 p lat t ers , wavy l ine o n s ide.

3 il l.

( F igs. 5 7.19-21 ) F .1936 .981-985

1 66

7

-

F IG . 5 6

B LACK -BURN ISHED

1 , 2

14 )

4

‘.

1 9

2 1

F IG

57

B LACK

BURNISHED 2

:4 ) 1

v\ A/ VVVi)

THE CO INS ' b y Anne S . Rober tson ( a )

F ound a t t he b ot f t he w el to m o l.

1 .

Mark An tony ( 1 )2

2 .

Obv.

ANT •AVG

Rev.

L egend i ib le. leg

V espas ian ( 2 )

L eg ionary d enar ius ( above )

Wt . 2 .554 g .

I• VIR•R -P•C I

( be low )

Gal , r . l ey

Aqu i la b etween t wo s tandards.

( A .D . 6 9-79 )

Denar ius

Obv.

IMP CAES VESP AVG P M

Rev.

AVGVR

( above )

AR

AR

Wt . 3 .232 g .

Head o f V espas ian , l aureate , r .

TR I POT ( be low )

S acr i f ic ia l i ns tru men ts C 4 3. 3 .

R IC 3 0.

Do m i t ian ( 4 )

Obv.

Da te o f c o in l a te A .D . 7 0-A.D . 7 1

( A.D. 8 1-96 )

Denar ius

T in

Wt . 2 .582 g .

I MP CAES DO M IT AVG GER M P M TR P XV Head o f Do m i t ian , l aurea te , r .

Rev.

IMP ) 0 (I I COS XVI I CENS P P P M inerva s tand ing r . o n p row , b rand ish ing j ave l in a nd h o ld ing s h ie ld.

A t f eet , r ., ow l

C 2 93.

R IC 1 91.

4 -6.

Tra jan

( A.D. 9 8-117 )

( 6-8 )

T in , a l c as t i n s a me mou lds. l Obv.

Da te o f c o in A .D . 9 5-96 Denari 3 ) i ( Wts. 3 .288, 3 .136 , 2 .863 g .

IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P Bus t o f Tra jan , l aurea te , r ., s l igh t d rapery o n 1 . s hou lder

Rev.

COS V P P S P Q R OPT I MO PRINC S pes a dvanc ing 1 . , h o ld ing f lower a nd r a is ing s k ir t

C 8 4. 7 -11.

R IC 1 27.

T ra jan

Da te o f c o in 1 03-111

( A.D. 9 8-117 )

Denari 5 , 1 los tb efore 1 936 ) i (

( 9-13 L ' T in , a as t i n s a me mou lds. l c Wts. o f 4s urv iv ing : Obv.

3 .10 , 2 .715 , 2 .608, 2 .523 g .

IMP TRA IANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V I P P Bus t o f Tra jan , l aurea te r ., s l igh t d rapery o n 1 . s hou lder

Rev.

S P Q R OPT IMO PRINCIP I

PAX

( i n e xergue )

Pax s tand ing 1 ., s et ire t o a rms a nd h o ld ing c ornucop iae ting f C 1 98.

R IC 2 59.

Da te o f c o in A .D . 12-117

1 69

1 2.

Hadr ian

( 15 )

AE ( ? ) Obv.

( A.D. 1 17-138 )

Denar ius ( copy ? )

Wt. 3 .790 g . HADRIANVS AVG COS I I P P Head o f Hadr ian , l aureate r .

Rev.

S ALVS AVG S a lus s tand ing r ., f eed ing s nake c o i led r ound a ltar

Cp. C 1 335 , R IC 2 67a , b ut o bv. h ead l aurea te r . Da te o f c o in A .D. 1 28-138 1 3.

Marcus Aure l ius , Caesar ( under An ton inus P ius ) ( A.D. 1 40-161)

( 17 )

Denar ius. Obv.

T in .

Wt. 2 .711 g .

A 'VREL IVS CAESAR AVG P II F COS Head o f Marcus , b are , r .

Rev.

P IETAS AVG S acr if ic ia l i nstru men ts

C 4 50. ( b )

R IC 4 24a. Date o f c o in A . D. 1 40-144

Fro m v ar ious f indspots , u nstrat if ied , 1 902-1905.

1 4. ( 3 )

Vespas ian AR

( A.D. 6 9-79 )

Denar ius ( i n f rags. )

Wt. 2 .501 g .

Obv.

IMP CAESAR VESPAS TANVS AVG Head o f Vespas ian , l aureate , r .

Rev.

COS V I I I Mars s tand ing 1 ., h o ld ing s pear a nd t rophy

C 1 25. 1 5. 5) (

Nerva Obv.

R IC 1 03. A .D. 9 6-98

Date o f c o in A .D. Denar ius

AR

7-78 7

Wt. 1 .746 g .

IMP NERVA CAES AVG P M TR POT Head o f Nerva , l aureate , r .

Rev.

COS I I PATER PATR IAE S acr if ic ia l i nstru ments

C 4 7. 1 6. ( 14 )

R IC 2 4.

Tra 'an ( A.D. 9 8-117 ) 0 1w.

Date o f c o in A . D. 9 7 Denar ius

AR

Wt. 2 .675 g .

( IMP TRATA .NO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P ) Head l aurea te r ., ( s l igh t d rapery o n 1 . s hou lder ? )

Rev.

( S P Q R OPT I MO PR INCIP I ? ) Fe ma le f igure s tand ing 1 .

Date o f c o in

A .D. 1 04-111

1 70

1 7. ( 23 )

Tra 'an Obv.

( A.D . 9 8-117 )

S ester t ius

AE

Wt. 1 3.813 g .

IMP CAES NERVAE TRA IANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P Bus t o f Tra jan , l aurea te , r ., s l igh t d rapery o n 1 . s hou lder .

Rev.

SP Q R 0 (PT IMO PRINCIP I )

SC

Fe ma le f igure s ea ted 1 . , p oss ib ly S a lus 1 8. ( 18 )

Probab ly Tra 'an Obv.

( A.D . 9 8-117 )

Denar ius

AR

Wt . 3 .408 g .

leg L egend i ib le. Head o f Tra jan ( probab ly ), l aureate , r .

Rev.

L egend o b l i tera ted . Fe ma le f igure , p oss ib ly V ictory , s tand ing 1 .

1 9. ( 16 )

Hadr ian Obv.

( A.D. 1 17-138 )

Denar ius

AR

Wt. 3 .225 g .

HADRIANVS AVG COS I I P P Head o f Hadr ian , b are , r .

Rev.

S ALVS AVG tand ing r ., f eed ing s nake c o i led r ound a l tar S a lus.s

2 0. ( 19 )

C 1 335.

R IC 2 67a .

Hadr ian

( A.D . 1 17-138 )

Obv.

Da te o f c o in A .D. 1 28-138 Denar ius ( broken )

AR

Wt. 1 .924 g .

( IMP CAESAR TRA IAN ) HADRIANVS AVG Bust o f Hadr ian , l aureate , r ., s l igh t d rapery o n 1 . s hou lder

Rev.

P ( M? ) ( TR P ) COS I I Aequ i tas ( ? ) s tand ing 1 .

Cp . 2 1. ( 20 )

C . 1 119.

Hadr ian

R IC 8 0b.

( A.D. 1 17-138 )

Denar ius

AR

Wt. 2 .725 g .

HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS Bust o f Hadr ian , l aurea te , r ., s l ight d rapery o n 1 . s hou lder Rev.

( COS I I ? ) Fe ma le f igure s ea ted ( 1 . ? )

2. 2 ( 22 )

Poss ib ly Hadr ian Obv.

( A.D . 1 17-138 )

D enar ius ( i n 2 frags. ) Wt . 2 .288 g .

Poss ib ly HADR IANVS AVGVSTVS Head l aurea te F .

Rev.

L egend i leg ib le. l Fe ma le f igure s tand ing 1 . , p oss ib ly Pax

1 71

-138 ) Hadr ian ( A.D. 1 1.7

2 3. ( 24 )

S ester t ius

Wt. 2 5.502 g .

Obv.

IMP CAESAR TRA IANVS HADRIANVS AVG Bus t o f Hadr ian , l aurea te , r ., s l igh t d rapery o n 1 . s hou lder

Rev.

PONT MAX TR POT COS I S C FORT RED ( i n e xergue ) F or tuna s ea ted 1 . , h o ld ing r udder a nd c ornucop iae

2 4. ( 25 )

C 7 56.

R IC 5 51a.

Hadr ian

( A.D. 1 17-138 )

Obv.

Date o f c o in A .D . 18 S ester t ius

Wt . 1 7.622 g .

( IMP CAESAR TRA IANVS HAD (R IANVS AVG P M TR P I ) I Bus t o f Hadr ian , l aurea te , r ., s l igh t d rapery o n 1 . s hou lder

Rev.

(MONETA AVGVSTI ) SC Moneta s tand ing 1 ., h o ld ing s ca les a nd c ornucop iae

C 9 74. 2 5.

R IC 5 85b.

Poss ib ly S ab ina

H 2 6.

Da te o f c o in A .D. 1 19-138

w i fe o f Hadr ian

2 7.

2 8.

AR

Wt. 2 .389 g .

S es ter t ius ( ? )

AE

Wt. 9 .579 g .

l I leg ib le b u t b us t p oss ib ly o f Co m modus Uncer ta in

( 26 )

Denar ius

I leg ib le b ut b us t p oss ib ly o f An ton inus P ius l Poss ib ly Co m modus

( 27 )

Wt. 3 .703 g .

I leg ib le b ut b us t p oss ib ly o f S ab ina l Poss ib ly An ton inus P ius

( 2 1)

Dp o r As ( f rag . ) AE

As

l I leg ib le, o bv. Rev .

AE

Wt . 8 .416 g .

Head l aurea te r . F e ma le f igure s tand ing 1 .

l 2 9-33. Uncer ta in c orroded f rags. o f 5AE c o ins , n ot men t ioned i n Bar H il ( 1906 ).

Probab ly f ound b y Mr . J . Mc In tosh , h ead f ores ter , i n

l f i l ingin .

( c ) 3 4.

Recen t s ur face f ind f ro m Bar H il Mr . A .A. McDougal l ( l). Probab ly Hadr ian

( A.D . 1 17-138 )

Dp.

AE

Wt . 7 .498 g .

The c o in i s v ery c orroded , b u t t he D epar t men t o f Co irs a nd Meda ls , Br it ish Museu m , c oncurs i n t he v iew t ha t i tp robab ly h ad t he h ead o f Hadr ian .

1 72

T he c o in s er ies f ro m Bar H il l i s t yp ica l o f t he c urrency i n c ircu la t ion l more p i n t he An ton ine p er iod , when Hadr ian ic c o ins w ere s t il len t ifu l t han t hose o f An ton inus P ius.

Apar t f ro m t he d oubt fu l C o mmodus , t he l a test

c o in p reserved i s t he t in d enar ius o f Marcus Aure l ius Caesar , o f A .D. 1 401 44. S ir G eorge Macdona ld d iscussed i n d eta i l t he t en t in c o ins f ro m t he s ludge a t t he b ot to m o f t hg wel l. f or d evot iona l p urposes ',

Probab ly p roduced o n t he s po t a s ' sha ms

t hey a re o f u n ique i n terest.

FOOTNOTES 1 .

References a re t o Cohen , D escr ipt ion h is tor ique d es monna ies f rappees s ous l ' e mp ire r o ma in ( 2nd e d ., 1 880-1892 ) a nd t o Ro man Imper ia l Co inage ( 1923-1967 ).

2 .

l ( The n u mbers i nb rackets a re t hose g iven i n Bar H il 1906 ), 1 07 f .

3 .

Nu m is ma t ic Chron ic le

l ( 1 905 , 1 0 f ., Bar H il 1906 ), 1 09-110.

1 73

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS by Anne

s.

Robertson

The Early Fortlet The evidence carefully noted and recorded by the 1902-1905 excavators for the silting up and long disuse of the ditches of the early fortlet, before the Antonine fort was built over them,cannot be lightly dismissed, in spite of recent attempts to do so. With the experience and knowledge gained from the sections recently cut through the Antonine turf Wall and Ditch by Gart­ shore Estate workers on Croy Hill and Bar Hill (see above p. 4 ) , it was easy to identify the cut turves in the upper part of the fortlet ditch, brush­ wood, and roots of whin and hazel below, a layer of stones and earth with a few pieces of cut wood, and at the bottom a depth of almost 2 ft (. 61 m) of silt and vegetable matter. The cut turves may well have been placed in the upper part of the ditch by Antonine fort builders, but the overgrown state of the ditch below, and the 2 ft (. 61 m) of silt and vegetable matter confirm the excavators' belief that the ditch had long been open and disused. An alternative explanation that the small fortlet on Bar Hill and the similar fortlet on Croy Hill had been proto-Antonine installations is open to the objection that it would have been inconvenient to place such short-lived structures right on top of two of the highest sites on the Antonine frontier line if there was any likelihood that these were to become permament Antonine Wall fort-sites. Further, the only closely analogous Antonine fortlet on the Antonine Wall line, at Mumrills, lies clear to the east of the Antonine fort, and to judge from its surviving remains was a near-rectangular enclosure, in outline quite unlike the Bar Hill and Croy Hill fortlets.1 No dating evidence came from the ditches of the Bar Hill fortlet - only a Roman shoe. From the corpus of finds and pottery described above, only a fragment of a worn gritty red-brown bowl with broad reeded rim may be isolated as a possible late first-century piece. It could, on the other hand, be a survival. Until further excavation of the Bar Hill fortlet becomes feasible, its exact date will doubtless remain a matter for discussion. In the light of the available evidence from the 1902-1905 excavation the balance of probab­ ility seems to favour a date many years before the Antonine period. It would in that case be identifiable as the base of one of the praesidia established by Agricola on the Forth-Clyde isthmus.2

174

T he Anton ine F or t When t he d ec is ion was t aken t o move t he Ro man f ron t ier n or thwards l t l, h f ro m Hadr ian 's Wal o t he An ton ine Wal ost i le Nor th Br itons h ad f i rst t o b e d r iven b ack a nd d e feated , b e fore t he c ons truct ion o f t he n ew f ron t ier c ou ld b eg in .

liu m Urb ' Na m e t Br i tannos p er L ol icu m v ic it l ega tu m muro

c esp it ic io s u m mo t is b arbar is d ucto '.

' For h e ( i .e. t he emperor An ton inus

lius Urb P ius ) c onquered t he Br itons t hrough L ol icus t he g overnor ( i .e. o f l, t Br i ta in ), a nd a f ter d r iv ing b ack t he b arbar ians , b u i lt a nother wal h is t ime o f t ur f '.

Co ins o f Anton inus P ius m inted i n l ate A .D. 1 42 o r e ar ly

A .D. 1 43, a nd c o m me morat ing a victory w on i n Br i ta in , d eter m ine t he d ate lius Urb o f L ol icus ' c a mpa igns i n n or th Br ita in , a nd a lso p rov ide a n a pprox il wh mate d a te , A .D. 1 42 o r 1 43, f or t he b u i ld ing o f t he An ton ine Wal ich l f o lowed sw if t ly t herea f ter .3 I n i t s f i n ished f or m t he An ton ine Wal u i lt o f t ur f o n as tone b ase a t l, b l east 1 4 f t( 4 .32 m ) w ide, r an f ro m Br idgeness o n t he F or th t o O ld K i lpa tr ick o n t he C lyde , w ith a g rea t D itch i n f ron t a nd a Mi l i tary Way b eh ind .4 A t e very t wo m i les a long t he 3 7-38 m i le s tre tch o f t he Wal here were , f inal , l t ly f or ts.

Bar H il he s i te o f o ne o f t hese f or ts. l was t

A lone o f t he k nown

An ton ine Wal or ts , i tl ay d etached f ro m t he Wal ine , o n t he s umm it o f l f l l Bar H il h i le t he f ron t ier l ine l ay a li t le way d own t he s lope t o t he n or th. l, w t ( Figs. 1 , 3 ) . The s tages i n t he c onstruct ion o f t he Anton ine Wal t se lf a nd o f i t s f or ts l i h ave b een t he s ub ject o f p ers isten t s pecu lat ion. 5

O f f orts i n t he e astern

a nd c en tra l s ectors , t hose a t Mu mr il , Rough C ast le , Westerwood , Croy ls H il nd Cadder h ad t he ir e ast , west a nd s outh r a mpar ts c o mp le ted e i ther l a a f ter o r a t t he s a me t ime a s t he Wal u i l t. l was b t he n or th r a mpar t o f t hese f ive f or ts.

T he Wal t sel f f or med l i

O f t he e xcava ted f or ts west o f Cadder ,

t hose a t Ba l mu i ldy , Duntocher a nd O ld K i lpatr ick w ere b u i lt b efore t he Anton ine Wal rr ived . l a

T he f or t a t Cas t lecary , s tone-wal ike Ba l mu i ldy , l ed l

may a lso h ave b een c onstructed b efore t he a d jacen t s tretches o f t he Anton ine Wal l. S ince Bar H il or t l ay d e tached f ro m t he Wal ti s imposs ib le t o s ay l f l, i whether i t was b u i l t b efore o r a f ter i t . Bar H il herefore t hrows n o l igh t o n l t ar ecen t s uggest ion b y J .P . G il ha t t he o r ig ina l An ton ine Wal or tlam t l f s ys te m c al or s ix l arge f or ts a t i n terva ls o f 6 -8 m i les w i th f or t lets b el ed f t ween , a nd t ha t o n ly l a ter was t he 2 -m i le i nterva l b e tween f or ts e stab l ished b y t he p lac ing o f f or ts o n f or mer f or t le t s i tes. 6 The a ctua l c onstruc t ion o f t he An ton ine Wal i tch a nd M i l i tary Way was l, D t he work o f s quads f ro m L eg ions S econd Augusta , S ix th V ictr ix , a nd Twent ieth V a ler ia V ictr ix .

T he ' d istance s labs ' e rec ted b y e ach s quad t o

r ecord t he l eng th (s ) c o mp leted a re t he most impress ive monu men ts f ro m t he n or thern f ron t ier .7

T he o n ly t wo ' d is tance s labs ' f ound n ear Bar H il l

c a me f ro m I nchbel idge , more t han 3 m i les t o t he w est . l y Br s et u p b y men o f L eg ions V I a nd ) 0 (.

1 75

T hey were

Fro m Bar H il t sel f , h owever , t here h as b een r ecovered a n i nscr ibed l i t ab let s et u p b y d etach men ts o f t he S econd L eg ion , a nd t he Twen t ieth L eg ion. T h is may r ecord c onstruct ion o r r econstruct ion w ork a t Bar H il or t , a nd l f a s n oted a bove ( p. 2 7 )may d ate t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd Anton ine p er iod r a ther t han t o a bout A .D. 1 42-3. T he b eg inn ing o f t he An ton ine f ron t ier i s s ecure ly d ated t o C . A .D . 1 421 43.

I t s s ubsequen t h istory a nd i t s t erm ina l d ate a re s t il ese t w ith p robl b

l e ms.

A t Bar H il he e xcava tors o f 1 902-1905 d id n o t d is t ingu ish more t han l t

o ne b u i ld ing p er iod e ven i n s tone s tructures , a lthough t he e xper ience o f B irrens e xcava ted i n 1 895 b y c ol f t he Bar H il xcavators ( i nc lud ing l eagues o l e Dr . J a mes Macdona ld , f a ther o f S ir G eorge Macdona ld ) s howed t ha t s uch d ist i nct ions c ou ld b e made b y c . 1 900. Never the less , t he p resence o f t wo s eparate g arr ison u n i ts a t Bar H il l s uppor ts t he e v idence f or a t l eas t t wo p er iods o f o ccupat ion e stab l ished a t o ther An ton ine Wal or ts .8 l f

As n oted a bove , ( p. 2 7 )t he g arr ison s equence

s uggested a s p robab le i s t ha t t he F irst Cohor t o f Baetasi ccup ied t he f or t i o i n Anton ine I , a nd t he F irst Cohor t o f Ha mi n An ton ine H . i i T he d a tes a t w h ich Anton ine Ia nd Anton ine I e nded o n t he An ton ine Wal l a re s t il ncer ta in . T he An ton ine f or t a t B irrens i n SW S cot land h as p rodl u u ced a n i nscr ipt ion d a ted t o A .D. 1 58 f or t he b eg inn ing o f An ton ine I , f o lowl i ng a d estruct ion wh ich may b e r e lated t o t he v ictor ious c a mpa igns c o m me mo rated o n c o ins o f An ton inus P ius i n A .D. 1 55. 9 How f ar t he B irrens e v id ence c an b e t rans ferred t o o ther f or ts i n SS cot land a nd t o t he An ton ine Wal s q u ite u ncer ta in . l i The f inds , a l u ns tra t if ied , f ro m Bar H il t se l f c anno t r ead ily b e d iv ided l l i i nto e ar ly a nd l a te An ton ine.

The l a tes t c o in wh ich c an b e c er ta in ly i dent if ied

i s ad enar ius o f Marcus Caesar , o f A .D . 1 40-144 ( see a bove p . 1 73 ).

T he

s am ian p ot ro m Bar H il and o ther An ton ine Wal i tes ) e nds , a ccord ing t ery f l ( l s t o B . H ar t ley , c . A .D . 1 63.

1 0

H owever , t he h igh p ropor t ion o f b lack-burn ished

( 2 ), o r ' f ine f u med ' w are , a s c o mpared w ith b lack-burn ished ( 1 ) o r ' coarse f u med ' ware e ncourages t he r e ten t ion o f al a ter d a te t han c . A .D . 1 63 a s ad ist i nct p oss ib il ity .

l. T he p resen t p ub l icat ion e nds a c hapter i n t he h istory o f Bar H il

A n ew

ten c hap ter may y et b e wr it , i fa n o ppor tun i ty e ver c o mes t o r eopen a reas a t l i Bar H il n t he h ope o f d iscover ing s tra t if ied d epos its a nd more p rec ise ly d a tab le mater ia l.

Meanwh i le t he r ecord o f t he r ich h arvest o f f inds t o d a te

may b e o f u se t o o ther s cho lars. 1 76

FOOTNOTES 1 .

PSAS 1 961, 9 6, a nd d raw ings ( A. S.R.) .

2 .

Tac itus , Agr ico la , 2 3.

3 .

Cap ito l inus , V it . An t. P u., 5 , 4 .

4 .

G . Macdona ld , RWS 2 ; Anne S . Rober tson , The Anton ine Wal 973. l, 1

5 .

Anne S . Rober tson , The An ton ine Wal 973, 2 2-23. l, 1

C f . D .J. Breeze

a nd B . Dobson , ' The Deve lop men t o f t he Nor thern Front ier i n Br ita in ', n ternat iona l , 1 974 , 3 24-325. Actes d u D ( e Congres I 6 .

I n D .J. Breeze a nd B . Dobson , l oc. c i t .

7 .

G . Macdona ld , RWS 2 . Anne S . Rober tson , The An ton ine Wal 973. l, 1

8 .

K . A. S teer , AA 4 1 964, 2 1 f .

9 .

RIB 2 110.

1 0.

Br itann ia 3 , 1 972, 1 f .

1 77

APPENDIX ROMAN MATERIAL FROM BAR IIlLL IN THE AULD KIRK HISTORICAL CENTRE, KIRKINTILLOCH Stone 1 column base, with horizontal nick round surviving torus moulding 1 column shaft 2 column capitals, each with torus moulding and short length of shaft Wood 1 section of water pipe Leather 7 outer soles of calcei Iron 1 bucket hoop 2 frags. heavy strapping, pierced at intervals by nail holes 1 nail, square in section Clay 2 frags. box-flue tiles, of orange-red clay, with incised lattice patterns Samian Ware 1 frag. decorated bowl (Dr. 37), of red clay with dull glaze, and with double groove above poorly moulded ovolos 1 large platter (Dr. 31R), of red clay with fairly bright glaze, with stamp BELINICIM across basal interior (cf. B. R. Hartley, Britannia 1972, 18) Coarse Ware 1 frag. unguent pot, of red clay

178

I NDEX

Aedes p r inc ip ioru m

1 1 f

Agr ico la (n )

2 5, 1 74

A ltar (s )

1 4, 2 3 f , 2 6 , 3 1 f , 3 5 f

Amphorae

1 2, 1 38 f

Annexe , o f f or t

2 2 f

o f f or t let

6

Anonymus Ger manus

3 4

An ton ine I

2 5 f , 1 76

Anton ine I

2 5 f , 1 76

An ton ine I I

2 7

An ton ine D itch

1 , 4 , 1 0, 1 74 f

An ton ine f or t

6 , 8 , 1 74 f

An ton ine P er iod

6 , 2 4 f , 7 8, 1 73

l An ton ine Wal

1 , 4f , 8 , 1 0, 1 6 f , 2 0, 2 2, 2 4 f , 2 7 , f 1 74

l Co m m t ee An ton ine Wal it

4

An ton inus P ius

2 6 f , 3 4 f , 1 73, 1 75 f

lo Apol

3 1

Arch itec tura l f ragmen ts

1 4, 3 8 f , 1 78

Arrowheads

1 2, 2 6, 9 9

Au ld K irk H istor ica l Cen tre ,

4 2, 1 78

l och K irk in t il Baetas ioru m , c ohors I

1 4, 2 4 f , 3 5 , 1 76

Ba l mu ildy

2 2, 2 6, 7 8, 8 2, 1 75

Barrack b locks

1 6 f , 2 2, 2 8

Barre l (s )

5 2

Bathhouse

1 8, 2 0 f , 2 8

Beakers

1 56

Beakers , c o lour c oated

1 56, 1 58

Bearsen

1 7

B ir ley , Prof. Er ic

5

B irrens

1 76

B lack-burn ished ( 1 )

1 62, 1 76

B lack-burn ished ( 2 )

1 64, 1 66 , 1 76

Bone , a n i ma l o b jects o f

2 3 5 5 f

Bow (s )

2 6 , 5 6

Bow ls

1 58, 1 60

t, Dr. D Bret .

5

Br idgeness

1 75

Bronze , o b jects o f

9 2 f

Bryce , Prof . T . H .

4

Bucran ia

3 8, 4 3

Bust (s )

3 6 f 1 79

Cadder Caerleon Calcei Caligae Caligula Campsie Hills Carbatinae Caristanius Iustianus Carriden Carvoran Castlecary Castle Hill Chevron ornament Cistern Civilian settlement Clay, objects of Coal Coarse ware 'Coarse fumed' ware Cohors I Baetasiorum Cohors I Hamiorum Cohortes sagittariae Coins Columns, of stone Commandant's House see praetorium Commemorative pillar Commemorative tablet(s) Cooking pot, of bronze Courtyard, of principia Cross-hall Croy Department of the Environment Dickinson, Miss Brenda Dishes Ditch(es), of fort of fortlet Docherty, Miss Kay Drain Duntocher

10,17 f,22,175 24 68 ff, 78,80,82 78,82 82 1 59 ff,78,80 25,32 8 25 f 78,82,175 1,23,32 27,31 f,40,43 18,20,22 23,82 122,124,178 22 138 ff,178 162,176 14,24,35,176 24 ff, 32,34,176 25 f 12,169 ff,176 11, 27, 38ff

27,34 14,24,26,33,35,43 94 11 f,24,42 11 f 1,4,8,10,31,174 f 5,18 .128 160 8,10,23,59,82 6 ff,174 5,127 20 6,10,175

Epiphaneia

24

Feachem, Mr. R. W. Fendoch 'Fine fumed' ware Flagons Flagons, large

8 10 164,166,176 150 150 180

F lav ian P er iod F loor ing s labs

6, 8 1 1 f , 1 4 , 2 0 , 2 2

Forbes, Mr . Hugh

5

Fores try C o mm iss ion

5

For t , Anton ine

6 , 8 , 1 74 f

For t let

6f , 1 74

Garr ison

1 8, 2 4 f

Gar tshore

4f , 1 74

Ga te (s ), o f f or t

8 , 1 0 , 4 2

l am G il , Mr . J . P .

1 75

G lasgow Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty

1 , 4

G lasgow Un ivers ity

4f

G lass , o b jects o f

1 18

G lass-s lag

1 6

Gordon , A lexander

1 , 3 1, 3 6

fit Graf i, o n amphorae

1 39 f

o n l eather

6 5

o n s am ian ware

2 5 , 1 27, 1 30

Granary

6 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 2 8

Guard c ha mber (s )

1 0 f

Hadr ian ic

7 8, 1 73

l Hadr ian 's Wal

1 0, 1 6, 2 4 f , 1 75

Ha ma

2 4

Ha m m ia , d ea

2 5

Ha m ioru m , c ohors I

2 4 f , 3 2, 3 4, 1 76

t Hard lmot

7 8, 8 2

Har t ley , Mr. B .R.

1 28, 1 76

Har t ley , Mrs. Ka thar ine

5 , 2 7, 1 42

Haver f ield , Prof . Franc is

4 , 3 2

Headquar ters b u ild ing s ee p r inc i Va l Hod H il

1 0

lia m Hood , Mr . Wil

5

Horn , o b jects o f

5 5 f

Horseha ir

9 0

Hors ley , J ohn

1

Houses teads

2 5

Hun ter ian Museu m

5 , 3 1, 4 2

lum s I n terval treet (s )

1 8, 2 8

I ron , o b jects o f

1 2, 1 6, 2 3, 5 0 , 9 6 f , 1 78

linus I u l ius Marcel , C .

2 5 , 3 4

J ars , f a ir ly l arge

154

h and led

1 54

l arge

1 52

l smal

1 56

Jugs Jupiter Ammon Kelvin, River · Keppie, Mr. L. J. F. Kilsyth Kirkintilloch, Auld Kirk Historical Centre

150 92 1 5 f,31,138 25, 34 42, 178

Laidlaw, Miss Mary Latrines Legio II Augusta Legio VI Victrix Legio XX Valeria Victrix Lead, objects of Leather, objects of Limekiln Lollius Urbicus

4 20 27,32 ff,146,175 f 175 27,33 f, 146,175 f 116 59 ff,178 10 26,175

Macdonald, Sir George Madonald, Dr. James McIntosh, Mr. John McIntyre, Mr. James Mainz Manning, Dr. W. H. Marcus Aurelius Caesar Mars Camulus Milecastles Milestone Military Way Miller, Mr. S.N. Mortaria Mortarium stamps Morton, James, Earl of Mumrills

4f , 42,78,173,176 31,176 4 83 78 5, 96 173,176 32 10 34 1,4,34,175 5 27, 142 ff 142 ff 34 11,174f

Newstead Nimmo, Mr. Eric

82 5

Old Kilpatrick

26, 175

Park, Mr. Alexander Pitchers Platters Postholes Potters' stamps, on mortaria on samian ware Praetentura Praetorium

4,42,78 150 160 10,16ff 142 ff 127 16,18, 22f 16, 22

182

Pr inc ip ia

6 , 1 1 f , 1 4 , 1 6, 2 2 , 2 4, 2 6 f , 3 4 f , 4 2 f

l ey b Pul lock

1 4, 5 2

Querns

45

Ra mpar t , o f An ton ine f or t o f f or t let

8 , 1 6 6 , 8

Refuse P it (s )

1 8, 2 2 f , 2 8, 4 2, 5 9 , 8 2

Reten tura

1 6 f , 2 2 f

R ichborough

1 0

R ich mond , Prof . S ir I an

5 , 8 3

Rober tson , Prof . Anne S .

1 , 4 , 1 38, 1 69 , 1 74

Rope

9 0

Ross , Mr. Tho mas

4 , 4 2

Rough Cast le

1 6 , 1 75

lia m Roy , G enera l Wil

1

S aa lburg

7 8

lum S acel

1 1

S am ian ware

1 27 f , 1 76

S atche l , o f l ea ther

9 0

t, Mr. J S cot . G .

5

t, Mrs. Margaret S cot

5 ;

l S hel

9 0

f igures , p ass im

S h ield c over ings , o f l eather

8 7

S h irva

3 4, 4 3

S hoes

6 , 2 3, 5 9 f , 1 74

S hoes , c h i ldren 's

2 3, 6 4, 7 5 , 8 0 , 8 2

wo men 's

2 3, 8 0 , 8 2

S ibba ld , S ir Rober t

1

S i lenus

9 2

S i lvanus

2 3, 2 5, 3 2

S i mpson , Dr. W. Doug las

5

S k inner , Rev. J ohn

3 3

S occ i

6 5, 7 8, 8 0, 8 2

S o leae

6 6, 7 8, 8 0 , 8 2

S teer , Dr. Kenneth

6 , 8

S tone, i nscr ibed

3 1 f

m isce llaneous o b jects o f

4 3 f

s cu lptured

3 6 f , 1 78

S torehouse

1 4

S tructura l p er iods

2 7

S tuar t , Rober t

1 , 4 2

S ur ia , d ea

2 5

T en ts a nd t en tage

8 3 f

T iles

1 24 , 1 78

T itu lus

1 0

T i mber u pr igh ts , s tu mps o f

1 0, 1 6, 2 2

1 83

To mbstone

3 4

Too ls

1 00 , 1 02

Tra jan 's Co lu mn

2 5 , 9 0

T ur fwork , o f f or t r a mpar t

8

o f f or t let r a mpar t Urns

6 , 8 1 52

Va lkenburg

7 8, 8 3, 8 7

f en Van G if , Dr. A . E .

5

la Vex il t io (nes )

2 7, 3 3 f

V ia Praetor ia

1 8

V icus

2 3

V indon issa

8 7

Wa terer , Dr. J . H .

5

Weapons

9 9 f

l Wel

4 , 1 1 f , 1 4 , 2 4 , 3 5 , 4 2, 5 9 , 9 6 , 1 73

Westerwood

1 0, 1 75

Whee l (s )

2 2, 4 8, 5 0 , 1 11f .

Wh ite law , Mr . A lexander

4f

Wild , Mrs. Fe l ic ity

5 , 1 27 f

le Window g r il

1 2, 1 04

Wood , o b jects o f

2 3, 4 8 f , 1 78

Workshop

1 6

Wr igh t , Mr . R . P .

5

York

2 4

1 84