Ayacucho Quechua Grammar and Dictionary [Reprint 2021 ed.] 3112415639, 9783112415634, 9783112415641

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AYACUCHO QUECHUA GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY

JANUA LINGUARUM STUDIA MEMORIAE N I C O L A I VAN WIJK D E D I C A T A edenda curat

C.H. VAN S C H O O N E V E L D INDIANA

SERIES

UNIVERSITY

PRACTICA 82

1969

MOUTON THE H A G U E • PARIS

AYACUCHO QUECHUA GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY by

GARY JOHN PARKER U N I V E R S I T Y OF H A W A I I

1969

MOUTON T H E H A G U E • PARIS

© Copyright 1969 in The Netherlands. Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 79-85133

Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton & Co., Printers, The Hague.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my gratitude to Professor Charles F. Hockett for his guidance while acting as Special Committee Chairman during the preparation of this thesis, and to Professors Frederick Agard, Robert A. Hall Jr., John M. Roberts, and Donald F. Sola who served as members of this committee. I am especially grateful to Mr. Alfredo Olarte Mejia who has been my principal informant throughout the three years that I have studied Ayacucho Quechua. I also wish to express my appreciation to my colleagues of the Quechua Language Program of Cornell University for their many suggestions and for the perspective which they have given me. Special thanks go to Miss Alicia Ibânez for her aid in typing.

»Iquitos

Cajarnarca

.Huaras \

Huanuco

Huancayo,

« Cuzco A banca-

Arequipa

Ayacucho Quechua Other Peruvian Dialects

INTRODUCTION

Ayacucho Quechua is the dialect spoken by approximately one million persons in the sierra of the south-central Peruvian Departments of Huancavelica, Ayacucho, and Apurimac (west of Abancay), as identified by Rowe 1950. It is most closely related to the Cuzco dialect of the Departments of Cuzco, Puno, Arequipa, and Apurimac (east of Abancay), and to the Bolivian and Argentinian dialects which constitute modern forms of early (fifteenth century) Cuzco Quechua. Somewhat more distantly related are the dialects of Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru; in the last of these areas Quechua is nearing extinction, but is still represented by small islands of speakers in the Departments of Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas, San Martin, and Loreto. All the dialects mentioned above, as well as the extinct coastal dialect described by Santo Tomás in 1560, belong to the major group referred to as Quechua A (Parker 1963) or Quechua 2 (Torero 1965), standing apart from the very different dialect group (Quechua B; Quechua 1) of the central Peruvian Departments of Junin, Pasco, Lima, Ancash, and Huánuco. Latin American publications dealing with Ayacucho Quechua have been largely limited to collections of texts; see, for example, Lauriault 1955-7 and 1958, Meneses 1954, and Arguedas 1960-1. A noteworthy lexicographical contribution is the sizeable Spanish-Cuzco-Ayacucho-Junín-Aymara Vocabulario Políglota Incaico (Misioneros..., 1905). Publications of Cornell University's Quechua Language Materials Project, 1963, include a pedagogical grammar with accompanying tapes and a bilingual Quechua-Spanish Reader. The present description is strongly oriented toward morphology, with details of the syntactic functions of forms presented as the forms are introduced, and a summary of construction, clause, and sentence types constituting the final chapter. The descriptive framework and terminology employed is basically that of Hockett 1958, and a few special terms for Quechua are taken from Solá 1958. Terminological innovations are kept to a minimum, and this has been in large part achieved by avoiding the use of special descriptive adjectives for individual suffixes. The author's contact with Ayacucho Quechua began in the summer of 1961 when the initial research for the above-mentioned Quechua Language Materials Project publications was carried out in the city of Ayacucho. For the following three years this work was continued at Cornell. The principal informant, both in Peru and at Cornell, has been Mr. Alfredo Olarte Mejia, a student of Anthropology at the Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de

8

INTRODUCTION

Huamanga in Ayacucho. Mr. Olarte was born on November 20, 1935. He grew up in Ayacucho and in Pacaycasa, Province of Huanta, and has traveled extensively throughout the department. During the period of initial field research Miss Jesús Ramírez, also a student of anthropology at Huamanga, dictated to the writer a series of folk tales recorded in her native district of Puquio, Province of Lucanas. Similar texts from the Province of Cangallo gathered by and under the direction of Dr. Gabriel Escobar Moscoso, then of the anthropology faculty of Huamanga, also form part of the corpus of this study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements Introduction Form-Class Abbreviations 1. PHONOLOGY

1.1. Suprasegmental Phonemes and Allophones 1.11. Stress 1.12. Juncture 1.13. Terminal Contours 1.2. Segmental Allophones 1.3. Distribution of Segmental Phonemes 2 . MORPHOPHONEMICS

2.1. Automatic and Free Alternations 2.2. Transcription of Vowels 2.3. Stem Alternants 3. GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

3.1. Parts 3.11. 3.12. 3.13. 3.14.

of Speech Substantives Verbs Ambivalents Particles 3.141. Interjections 3.142. Prepositions 3.143. Coordinators 3.144. Subordinators 3.145. Prenumerals 3.146. Negators 3.147. Assenters and Greetings 3.148. Adverbial Particles 3.2. Inflectional Categories 3.21. Substantive Class Reference 3.211. Suffixes 3.212. Allomorphs

5 7 16 17

18 18 18 18 19 19 21

21 21 22 23

23 23 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 28

10

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.22. Number 3.23. Case 3.24. Gender 3.25. Aspect, Tense, and Subordination 3.26. Imperative, Injunctive, and Conditional 3.3. Derivation and Enclitics 3.31. Derivation 3.32. Enclitics 3.4. Syntax 4 . SUBSTANTIVE CATEGORIES

4.1. Types of Substantives 4.11. Nouns 4.111. Regular Nouns 4.112. Uninfected Adverbial Nouns 4.113. Gender Nouns 4.114. Nouns always Modified 4.12. Adjectives 4.121. Regular Adjectives 4.122. Uninflected Adverbial Adjectives 4.123. Gender Adjectives 4.13. Preadjectives 4.14. Numerals 4.141. General Numerals 4.142. Time Numerals 4.15. Pronouns 4.151. Personal Pronouns 4.152. Demonstrative Pronouns 4.153. Dependent Pronouns 4.16. Interrogative-Indefinites 4.161. Pronominal Type 4.162. Adverbial Type 4.17. /na/ 4.18. Multiple-Class Substantives 4.2. Substantive Inflection 4.21. Allocation 4.22. Number 4.23. Case 4.231. Individual Case Suffixes 4.23101. /-ta/ 4.23102. /-pi/ 4.23103. /-pa/

28 29 29 29 30 30 31 32 32 33

33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 40

TABLE OF CONTENTS

4.23104. /-man/ 4.23105. /-manta/ 4.23106. /-wan/ 4.23107. /-paq/ 4.23108. /-rayku/ 4.23109. /-kama/ 4.23110. /-pura/ 4.23111. /-NInka/ 4.23112. Other Positions and Directions . . . . 4.232. Combinations of Case Suffixes 4.2321. Secondary Inflection of Genitive 4.2322. Additional Case Combinations 4.2323. /-wan/ and /-piwan/ in Additive Construction . . 5. VERB CATEGORIES

5.1. Types of Verbs 5.11. Transitive Verbs 5.111. Regular Transitives 5.112. Motion Verbs 5.113. Communication Verbs 5.114. Impersonal Transitives 5.12. Intransitive Verbs 5.13. Equational Verbs 5.14. Defective/ha-/ 5.2. Verb Inflection 5.21. Actor and Object Reference 5.22. Injunctive 5.23. Aspect 5.231. /-s/ 5.232. /-r/ 5.233. /-p/ 5.234. /-N/ 5.24. Tense 5.241. Future Tense 5.242. Simple Past Tense 5.243. Quotative Past Tense 5.244. Iterative Past Tense 5.25. Subordination 5.251. The /m'-subordinate 5.252. The spa-subordinate 5.253. The .»/«-subordinate 5.254. /-stin kaCkapti-/

11

41 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45

45 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 49 50 50 51 51 52

12

TABLE OF CONTENTS

5.26. Conditional Forms 5.261. Regular Conditional 5.262. Alternative Conditional 5.263. Past Conditional 5.264. Conditional plus /hina/ 5.265. /-pascik/ 5.27. The Imperative

52 52 52 52 52 53 53

6 . SUBSTANTIVE DERIVATION

6.1. Substantives Derived f r o m Verbs 6.11. l-yl 6.12. /-na/ 6.13. /-sqa/ 6.14. l-ql 6.15. / - t a / i n Nominalizations 6.2. Substantives Derived from Substantives 6.21. /-sapa/ 6.22. /-Nlyuq/; /-sapayuq/ 6.23. /-Nlintin/ 6.24. /-ral/ 6.25. Complex Derivation 6.3. Restrictive Suffixes 6.31. 1-6a/ 6.32. /-su/ 6.33. /-la/ 6.34. Complex Derivation (con't) 7 . VERB DERIVATION

7.1. Verbs Derived f r o m Substantives 7.11. /-ca/ 7.12. /-ya/ 7.2. Verbs Derived f r o m Verbs 7.21. Distribution of Modal Suffixes 7.211. Obligatory Co-occurrences 7.212. Order Options 7.213. Multiple Occurrence of Individual Suffixes 7.214. Extrasystemic Relationships and Diagram 7.22. Morphophonemics 7.23. Individual Suffixes and Typical Combinations 7.2301. /-pa/ 7.2302. /-ra/ 7.2303. l-ti/

54

.

54 54 55 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 59 59 59 60 60 60 61 62

62 62 63 63 63 64 64 64 64 65 65 65 65 65

TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.2304. /-ya/ 7.23041. /-paya/ 7.23042. /-raya/ 7.23043. /-tiya/ 7.2305. /-2a/ and /-Yka£a/ 7.23051. 1-6a/ 7.23052. I-Ykada/ 7.2306. /-ri/ 7.2307. /-YkU/ 7.2308. /-rQU/ 7.2309. /-5i/ 7.2310. /-ysi/ 7.2311. /-na/ 7.23111. /-nakU/ 7.23112. /-naii/ 7.23113. /-cinakU/ 7.23114. /-ysinakU/ 7.2312. /-pU/ 7.2313. /-kU/ 7.2314. /-mu/ 7.2315. /-la/ 7.2316. /-fika/ 7.24. Idiomatic Bases 7.241. Semantically Irregular Bases 7.242. Bases Unpredictable as to Form Class 7.243. Bases which Function as Stems 7.244. Bases without Corresponding Verb Stems 7.3. Reduplicating Stems 7.31. Type 1 7.32. Type 2 7.4. Compound Verbs 7.41. With /ima-/ 7.42. With /naya-/ 7.43. /imana-/ and /imani-/ 7.44. /na-/ with Demonstrative Pronouns 8. ENCLITICS

8.1. Inventory and Diagram 8.2. Individual Enclitics and Idiomatic Combinations 8.201. /-puni/ 8.202. /-pas/ 8.203. /-raq/

13

65 65 66 66 66 66 66 66 67 67 67 68 68 69 69 70 70 71 71 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 75 75 76 76 76 76 77 77 78

78 79 79 79 79

14

TABLE OF CONTENTS

8.204. 8.205. 8.206. 8.207. 8.208. 8.209. 8.210. 8.211. 8.212. 8.213.

/-na/; /-lafia/ /-taq/ /-£u/ /-ml/ /-si/ /-SA/ /-qa/ /-iki/ /-ya/ /-A/

9 . INTONATION

9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9.4.

Statement Intonation Interrogative-Imperative-Exclamatory Intonation Special Question Intonation Internal Pause Intonation

10. SYNTAX

10.1. Endocentric Constructions 10.11. Attributive Constructions 10.111. Substantive Phrases 10.112. Verb Phrases, Adverbials 10.113. Dependent and Independent Clauses 10.12. Additive and Alternative Constructions 10.121. Additive Constitutes 10.122. Alternative Constitutes 10.13. Appositive Construction 10.131. Order of Constituents 10.132. Constructional Ambiguities 10.2. Exocentric Constructions 10.21. Prepositional Phrases 10.22. Conjunctive Construction 10.23. Negative Construction 10.24. Objective Constitutes 10.25. Connective Constitutes 10.26. Predicative Construction, Predication 10.3. Clauses 10.4. Sentences APPENDIX 1 : IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVE DERIVATION

A. Suffixes B. Reduplication C. Compounds

80 81 81 82 83 83 84 84 84 85 86

86 86 87 87 88

88 88 88 90 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 98

98 100 100

TABLE OF CONTENTS

15

APPENDIX 2 : IRREGULAR VERB DERIVATION

101

QUECHUA-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

103

INTRODUCTION

105

SAMPLE TEXT

223

BIBLIOGRAPHY

226

FORM-CLASS ABBREVIATIONS

regular noun Nr Na noun which functions adverbially without case suffix Ng noun with masculine and feminine forms (Sp. loans) Nm noun which is always modified regular adjective Ar Aa adjective which functions adverbially without case suffix adjective inflected for gender (Sp. loans) Ag Pread preadjective, modifies only adjectives and verbs Numu unit numeral Numg group numeral Numh numeral used in counting hours li interrogative-indefinite, substantive type Iiadv interrogative-indefinite, adverbial type Ppers personal pronoun Pdem demonstrative pronoun Pdep dependent pronoun, always takes person inflection Vtr regular transitive verb Vtm motion verb Vti impersonal transitive verb Vtc communication verb Vi intransitive verb Ve equational verb Adv 1. adverb (root). 2. adverbial Assent assenter or greeting Coord coordinator Interj interjection negator Neg Prep preposition Subord subordinates Prenum prenumeral

1. PHONOLOGY

The phoneme inventory of Ayacucho Quechua is the following, where /b d g f e 0/ occur almost entirely in Spanish loans: labial alveolar palatal velar post-velar Consonants voiceless stop P voiced stop b voiceless spirant f m nasal lateral tap retroflex spirant glide voicoid w Vowels front central high i mid e low

fi k g h

y

back u o

plus two degrees of stress, juncture, four pitch levels, and three terminal contours. A characteristic of the Ayacucho dialect is the occurrence of a single phoneme, a post-velar spirant, corresponding historically with both the post-velar stops and the post-velar spirant of other dialects. In order to make the Ayacucho orthography maximally useful for contrastive and comparative purposes this phoneme is here represented by the symbol "q", in keeping with the usage of most Andean scholars. Variations from this phoneme inventory are of the following kinds, (a) In some areas the phoneme /h/ has been lost, but these areas seem to be small and widely scattered. One speaker from the city of Ayacucho was regularly heard to say, for example, /uk/ 'one', /ina/ 'like', and /ayay/ 'to burn', as opposed to the commoner /huk/, /hina/, and /hayay/. A published example of a subdialect without /h/ is Lauriault's collection of tales from Coracora in the southern extreme of the department of Ayacucho, see Lauriault 1957 and 1958. (b) /q/ and /h/ have merged in the

18

PHONOLOGY

speech of some persons; this phenomenon is apparently restricted to younger speakers, (c) The phonemes /e/ and ¡of are replaced by /i/ and /u/ respectively in the speech of some persons, reflecting lack of contact with speakers of Spanish.

1.1.

SUPRASEGMENTAL PHONEMES AND ALLOPHONES

1.11. Stress There are two significant levels of stress in Ayacucho Quechua. One occurrence of strong stress characterizes the word-, if the word has more than one syllable (vowel) this stress regularly falls on the penultimate, and is indirectly indicated by the writing of space or hyphen at word boundaries. It may also fall on the final syllable of the word, where it is represented by the acute diacritic. A stronger allophone of strong stress accompanies the head of an intonation. Bilingual speakers sometimes introduce words conforming to the Spanish patterns, but a single word /qinuwa/, in free alternation with regular /qinwa/, 'quinoa' deviates from the native pattern and is considered by the informant to be Quechua. In slow speech weak stress has two allophones, of which the stronger falls on the initial syllable of a word containing four or more syllables. Since the word may be defined phonologically by the occurrence and positions of stress allophones only in slow speech, the most reliable criterion for its definition is that of isolability. Further, though likewise sporadic, phonological characteristics of the word are provided by the allophones of juncture (1.12). Hyphen rather than space at word boundaries is employed where only the phonological criteria apply (see the chameleon particles of 3.14). 1.12. Juncture A phoneme of juncture distinguishes many but not all word boundaries. The allophones of juncture are: (a) partial or complete unvoicing and centralizing of a vowel in word-final position following a voiceless consonant (cf. 1.21); (b) glottal catch preceding a vowel in word-initial position; and (c) velarization of /n/ in word-final position. In rapid speech juncture may be absent between words. 1.13.

Terminal Contours

The terminal contours are falling, level, and rising. The falling contour is represented by a period or by a question mark following an unstressed syllable, the level contour by a comma or semicolon, and the rising contour by a question mark following a stressed syllable. The distribution of pitch levels and terminal contours in intonation morphemes is

PHONOLOGY

19

treated in chapter 9. Prior to this, period and question mark are written between slant lines only in certain subsections of chapter 8 where the contrast between statement and question intonations is referred to.

1.2.

SEGMENTAL ALLOPHONES

1.201. /f/ varies freely between labio-dental spirant [f] and bilabial spirant [(p]. 1.202. /s/ varies freely between apico-alveolar [s] and lamino-alveolar [s] in the environments /i-k/ and /i-5/, and is apico-alveolar elsewhere. 1.203. /q/ varies freely between spirant [x] and stop [q] after /n/, and is a spirant elsewhere. 1.204. /h/ varies freely between velar [x] and voicelessness [h]. 1.205. /nI is apico-alveolar [n] before vowels and before the consonants /t 5 d s r/, and is dorso-velar [13] elsewhere. 1.206. /rJ is a retroflex vocoid [r] before /s/, and is a retroflex alveolar spirant elsewhere. 1.207. The sequence /yq/ occurs with loose transition as [y'x]. 1.208. The vowels /i u e 0/ each have freely varying tense and lax allophones, respectively tense [i u e o] and lax [1 u e 0], with the tense allophones more frequent when stressed or adjacent to a palatal consonant. 1.209. Between any non-vocoid consonant and a following vocoid /w/ or /y/ there occurs a vocoid transition with the value of the vocoid consonant, e.g. [áp'ya] /apya/ 'mushy', [káéuwan] /kaíwan/ 'we should be'. 1.21. All vowels following voiceless consonants and preceding juncture are shortened and partially or completely unvoiced. The high vowels /i u/ in this position are also somewhat lowered and centralized.

1.3. DISTRIBUTION OF SEGMENTAL PHONEMES

The unit here described is the word. The statements below are based on a corpus of approximately 4,500 stems and their paradigms. 1.31. All phonemes occur in word-initial position. Vowel clusters do not occur. All phonemes occur preconsonantally except /h n/, and all occur in word-final position except /h n t b g f I r/. All consonants occur intervocalically. 1.32. All vowel-consonant and consonant-vowel sequences occur, with the following exceptions, (a) */wu/ and preconsonantal */uw/ do not occur, (b) Of the vowels, only /e a 0/ occur adjacent to /q/. 1.33. Clusters of two consonants in word-initial position, occurring only in Spanish loans, are /br bw by pi pr dy gr gw kr kl kw tr fr sp sk sy/. The intervocalic clusters of two consonants are presented in Table 1. Intervocalic clusters of three consonants,

20

PHONOLOGY

occurring only in Spanish loans, are /mpr mby mpy mpl ndr ntr nty nsy ksy rdy skr str sty skw/. No clusters occur in word-final position. 1.34. With reference to Table I it can be noted that all word-final consonant except /t 5 b d g f I r/ also occur as stem-final, and that this is reflected by the gaps in the corresponding rows. A larger corpus might show additional clusters, subject to the limitations of permitted clusters in Spanish and to the fact that geminate clusters occur only at morpheme boundaries. TABLE I

Consonant Clusters p p t c k b d g f s q m n 1 I r f w y

t

8

k

b

d

g

f

St

sö qp qt qö m p mt mö nt nc lp It lc Iß Ip r rt rö P f p f t rö wp wt wö yp yt yc

sk qk mk mb nk nd ng lk lg Ik rk rb rg rk fd wk ylc yb yg

q

m

n

n

1

ps pq pm pn pn Pl tq tm öq ks kq km kn kn kl bl

pp pt PÖ pk tk tp ök 2p kp kt kö kk

sp

s

sf

nf

ss qs ms ns 1s

rf fs wf

WS

yf

ys

sq

sm sn sn qq qm qn qn mq mn mn nq nm nn nn iq Im In In Iq Im rq rm ?q f m f n rn wq wm wn wn yq ym yn yn

qi nl

fl yi

I

r

PI

pr tr

kl

kr br dr

f

kf

w

y

pw tw öw kw bw

py ty öy ky by dy

gw

sl

gr fr sr

qi ml nl Ii

qr qf mr nr nf lr

sr

fl f r wl wr yi yr yf

sw qw mw nw lw Iw rw rw ww yw

fy sy qy my ny ly ry fy wy yy

2. MORPHOPHONEMICS

2.1.

AUTOMATIC AND FREE ALTERNATIONS

2.11. /n/ is replaced by /m/ before /p/: /nan/ ' r o a d ' : /nampa/ 'of the road'. 2.12. /mI is replaced by /n/ before /w/ and /m/: /qam/ ' y o u ' : /qanwan/ 'with you', /qanman/ 'to you'. Only three stems ending in /m/ are known: /qam/ 'you', /adam/ 'Adam', and /istadyum/ 'stadium'. 2.13. /k/ is in free alternation with zero before /k/ and /q/: /wak/ 'that' (distant) : /wakkama/ or /wakama/ 'as far as that', /wakqa/ or /waqa/ 'that' (topic of clause). 2.14. /q/ is in free alternation with zero before /q/: /kaq/ 'being': /kaqqa/ or /kaqa/ 'being' (topic of clause). 2.15. /u/ and /i/ are replaced by /o/ and /e/ respectively before /q/. Examples are given in 2.2.

2.2.

TRANSCRIPTION OF VOWELS

Although only the vowels /e a o/ occur adjacent to /q/, the native three-vowel system of Quechua is reflected in this paper by a morphophenemic transcription in which only "i", "a", and "u" are written in the environment of /q/ and the symbols "e" and "o" are reserved for the positions in which five vowel phonemes occur. For example: /puru/ 'feather': /poro/ 'gourd': /pero/ ' b u t ' : /para/ 'rain': /piruru/ 'whorl' /unay/ 'dealy': /ongo/ 'mushroom': /enero/ 'January': /aniy/ 'to be bored with': /iniksyon/ 'injection' /masu/ ' b a t ' : /koso/ 'large corral': /klase/ 'type': /wasa/ 'back': /kusi/ 'happy' "/muqu/" /moqo/ 'knee': /muhu/ 'seed' "/qina/" /qena/ 'quena' : /hina/ 'like' "/tusuq/" /tusoq/ 'dancer' : /tusun/ 'he dances' "/takiq/" /takeq/ 'singer' : /takin/ 'he sings' "/miqur/" /meqor/ 'better' "/reluq/" /reloq/ 'clock, watch' "/tuqay/" /toqay/ 'to spit': /tokay/ 'to play' Henceforth all forms as exemplified by those in quotation marks above will simply be written between slant lines, incorporating the convention described.

22

MORPHOPHONEMICS

The vowel /o/ appears in a few words that are not of Spanish origin, e.g. /opa/ 'dumb', /poro/ 'gourd', /otolo/ 'rooster'. Other examples of native words containing apparently borrowed phonemes are /kabitu/ 'sleeping platform', /wayrungu/ 'bumblebee', and /porongo/ 'pitcher'.

2.3. STEM ALTERNANTS

A large number of stems have two or more freely alternating shapes. The commonest types of these alternations are the following. 2.31. Variable order of a two-consonant sequence: /Salwa/ ~ /Cawla/ 'fish', /tapsi-/ ~ /taspi-/ 'to shake', /lapfia-/ ~ /Ia5pa-/ 'to feel', /warma/ ~ /wamra/ 'boy, girl'. 2.32. Variable order of non-adjacent consonants: /6imqi-/ ~ /qim£i-/ 'to blink, wink', /yuraq/ ~ /ruyaq/ 'white'. 2.33. Alternation of consonants: /yali-/ ~ /lali-/ 'to defeat', /yanqa/ ~ /nanqa/ 'foolishness', /ami-/ ~ /ani-/ 'to become tired of', /a£pi-/ ~ /aspi-/ 'to scratch', /ruwa-/ ~ /rura-/ 'to do, make', /quwi/ ~ /quyi/ 'guinea-pig'. 2.34. Alternation of consonant and zero: /huqari-/ ~ /uqari-/ 'to lift', /qap£u-/ ~ /qa£u-/ 'to squeeze', /qista/ ~ /qisa/ 'nest'. 2.35. Alternation of vowels: /qapcu/ ~ /qap5a-/ 'to squeeze', /saiala/ ~ /salali/ 'stony ground'. 2.36. Alternation of vowel and zero: /watiya/ ~ /watya/ 'bake', /wayaqa/ ~ /wayqa/ 'purse'. 2.4. Morphologically conditioned and non-automatic alternations of suffix shape are described in the following chapters as the suffixes are introduced. Capital letters between slant lines are written to represent the partials affected.

3. GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

3.1.

PARTS OF SPEECH

The parts of speech of Ayacucho Quechua are: Substantive: /wasi/ 'house' Verb: /riku-/ 'to see' Ambivalent: /taka/ 'fist; to punch' Particle: /mana/ 'no, not' Each of these consists of subclasses on several levels. Substantives and verbs are defined by differing patterns of inflection; ambivalents show both patterns; particles are not inflected. 3.11. Substantives All substantive stems are free forms, except those in one subclass of pronouns which require person endings. The principle substantive subclasses are: Noun: /wasi/ 'house' Adjective: /sumaq/ 'pretty' Preadjective: /an£a/ 'very' Numeral: /iskay/ 'two' Pronoun: /nuqa/ 'I' Interrogative-indefinite: /pi/ 'who' Any noun may modify another in a noun phrase, but the noun-adjective distinction is as basic as in the Indo-European languages. Only the adjective may be modified by a preadjective; /an£a sumaq/ 'very pretty'. A very small number of substantives share the privileges of occurrence of two or more substantive classes, for example: noun-adjective: /miski/ 'sweets, dessert; sweet' noun-interrogative-indefinite: /ima/ 'what; thing' adjective-pronoun: /iapa/ 'all; all (of us, you, them)' Substantive classes are completely defined in 4.1.

24

GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

3.12. Verbs All verb stems are bound forms, with the exception of a single defective stem /haku/ 'let's go' which is optionally inflected for first person plural inclusive actor. The principle subclasses are: Transitive-, /riku-/ 'to see' Intransitive: /punu-/ 'to sleep' Equational: /ka-/ 'to be' The transitive class is by far the largest, and includes, as well as those verbs which appear transitive in translation, most verbs referring to motion or travelling, to states of weather, and to telling or asking. The direct object, goal of motion, place feeling the effect of weather, or recipient of telling or asking is in each instance expressable as a noun phrase with the case suffix /-ta/ (3.23; 4.23101). The equational class has only three members, of which /ka-/ shows the only irregularity in the Quechua verbal system in that its simple present third person form /kan/ occurs only in intransitive clauses with the meaning 'there is, there are'. Verb classes are completely defined in 5.1. 3.13.

Ambivalents

Stems which function as both substantives and verbs are very numerous; for example: /para/ 'rain; to rain' /wira/ 'fat, grease; to grease' /uru/ 'worm, bug; to be wormy' /kica/ 'open; to open' /kuska/ 'together; to go together' /wanta/ 'Huanta (a town); to go to Huanta' /ima/ 'what, thing; to matter, happen' /wanu/ 'transition from old to new moon; to die' 3.14. Particles Uninflectable stems include interjections, a large class, and seven small classes as follows: 3.141. Interjections (Inter]). Almost all members of this class are characterized by stress on the final syllable. Examples are: /ay/ 'oh!', /yaw/ 'hey!', /siw/ or /Siw/ 'zip', /5in/ 'ding', /aqa/ 'aha!', /Salan/ 'tingaling', /aSaSaw/ 'what a pity!', /analaw/ 'how nice!', /atatalaw/ 'how ugly!', /kaySikankaray/ 'how big!'. 3.142. Prepositions (Prep), /asta/ 'until' optionally precedes a noun phrase with the case suffix /-kama/ 'as far as, until': /asta uktubrikama/ 'till October', /para/ 'before'

GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

25

precedes the prenumeral (3.145) plus one of the borrowed numerals used in telling time: /kwaftu para las nuybi/ 'quarter to nine'. Also classed as a preposition is a marker which takes the shape of a following noun stem and: (a) adds /n/ to each word if the stem ends in a vowel; (b) optionally drops a final consonant from the first word. E.g. /wasi/ 'house': /wasin-wasin/ 'from house to house'; /pun£aw/ 'day': /punfiaw-puncaw/ or /punca-puncaw/ 'from day to day'. Other chameleon morphemes are described in 3.144, 3.148, and 4.13. 3.143. Coordinators (Coord): /i£a/ and /o/ 'or', /ni/ 'nor', /i/ 'and'. Only the native word /ica/, which also functions as an adverbial particle (3.148), is of high frequency: /pay5u i5a nuqaSu/ 'he or I?'. 3.144. Subordinators (Subord): /porke/ 'because', /peru/ 'but', /yaki/ 'since, seeing that', /siCuI 'if', /maski/ 'even if': /porke na sa walpa waqay orana kackasqa/ 'because it was already time for the cock to crow, they say'. A fifth member of this class takes the shape of a following verb stem and adds /n/ to each word • /waqa-/ 'to cry': /waqan-waqan luqsirqanki/ 'you left (while) crying'. 3.145. Prenumerals (Prenum). (see 4.142).

Borrowed /la/ ~ /las/ precedes the time numerals

3.146. Negators (Neg). /mana/ (general negation), /ama/ (prohibitive negation), and /ni/ 'not even' occur as directors in negative constructions (10.23), as initial attributive elements in substantival phrases, and (except /ni/) as complete clauses: /manam rincu/ 'he doesn't go', /manam alindu/ 'it's not good'; /mana alin/ 'not good, bad'; /manam/ 'no'. 3.147. Assenters and Greetings (Assent), /ari/ a n d / a w / 'yes' (answer to question), /anri/ 'yes' (acquiescent), /boyno/ 'O.K.', /bonas-no5is/ 'good evening', /bonos-diyas/ 'good morning'. These occur only as whole clauses: /ari, risaqmi/ 'yes, I'll go'. 3.148. Adverbial Particles (Adv). /paqta/ and /i£a/ 'perhaps'; /as/, /sa/, and /nis/ 'it is said'; /ma/ 'anyway'; /mabef/ 'let's see'; /abeses/ and /talbesnin/ 'sometimes'; /na/ 'already'; /kunan/ and /kanan/ 'now'; /riki/ 'of course'; /aciki/ 'so be it'; /apiki/ 'just maybe'; /niraq/ 'like, similarly'; /antis/, /miqur/, and /aswan/ 'rather'; /hunula/ 'together'; /sutila/ 'obviously'; /upala/ 'secretly'; /siqila/ 'in order, consecutively'; /uya-uyanla/ 'alertly'; /qatisla/ 'frequently'; /qatinasla/ 'continuously'; /ratula/ 'later'; /alinlanla/ 'very well'. E.g. /apiki ri-imarqa/ 'he just might have gone', /ma caynata nin/ 'anyway, that's what he says', /payqa riki/ 'certainly he', /kananmi rickan / 'now he is going'. Another member of this class takes the shape of a following verb stem and optionally adds /y/: /qawa-/ 'to watch': /qawa-qawan/ or /qaway-qawan/ 'he watches and watches'; /para-/ 'to rain' : /para-paranqa/ 'it will rain and rain'. /kunan/ and /kanan/ may be attributive to the time nouns /pundaw/ 'day', /semana/ 'week', /kila/ 'month', and /wata/ 'year', and may infix the derivational suffixes /-6a/

26

GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

and /-la/ (6.3): /kunan pun£aw/ 'today', /kunan wata/ 'this year'; /kanacalan/ 'right at this very moment'. /niraq/ is special in that it always stands in directive construction with a preceding substantival phrase or adverbial as its axis: /runa niraq/ 'like a man'; /mesapi niraq/ 'as if on the table'.

3.2.

INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES

Both the substantive and the verb are inflected for substantive class reference, which for the substantive is to allocator by person and number, and for the verb is to actor, object, or both. The substantive is also inflected for number and case; the verb for aspect, tense or subordination, imperative, injunctive and conditional. A substantive category of gender is marginal, appearing only in a very small class of borrowed adjectives.

3.21. Substantive Class Reference 3.211. Suffixes. Inflection of the noun for allocation, and of the verb for actor and object reference, is in general effected by five personal suffixes as follows. /-NIY/ refers to the speaker: /wasiy/ 'my house', /nanniy/ 'my road' < /nan/ 'road', /rikuni/ 'I see'. /-NIYkiI refers to the addressee: /wasiki/ 'your house', /nanniki/ 'your road', /rikunki/ 'you see'. /-NIn/ refers to a person other than speaker or addressee: /wasin/ 'his, her, its house', /nannin/ 'his, her, its road', /rikuptin/ 'if he sees'. /-NINcik/ refers to a group which includes the addressee; when it is not preceded by the second person suffix (or imperative /-y/, or conditional /-waq/) this group also includes the speaker: /wasinfcik/ 'our (incl.) house', /nanninfcik/ 'our (incl.) road', /rikunSik/ 'we(incl.) see'; /wasikicik/ 'your (pi.) house', /nannikiSik/ 'your (pi.)road', /rikunkiiik/ 'you-all see'. /-ku/ refers to a group which excludes the addressee; it follows /-NIY/ for first person plural exclusive, and follows /-NIn/ or zero for third person plural: /wasiyku/ 'our (excl.) house', /nanniyku/ 'our (excl.) road', /rikuniku/ 'we (excl.) see'; /wasinku/ 'their house', /nanninku/ 'their road', /rikunku/ 'they see', /-ku/ refers only to humans. These suffixes and combinations are added to all substantive stems except preadjectives and certain pronouns, and to all verbs except those in an impersonal transitive subclass. The verb, however, is inflected for third person only in subordinate forms. In the most frequent tense, the present, the word-final occurrence of the n-aspect yields an ending phonemically like that of the substantive inflected with /-NIn/: /taki/ 'song; to sing': /takin/ 'his song': /takin/ 'he sings'.

GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

27

Person agreement is required between an actor represented by a substantival phrase and the personal-anaphoric verb ending, but number agreement is not: /runakuna takin/ or /runakuna takinku/ 'the men sing'. Three additional suffixes occur only in verb endings as follows. /-sA/ indicates first person future actor: /rikusaq/ 'I'll see', /rikusaqku/ 'we (excl.) will see'. /-wa/ indicates that the speaker is the object of action by second or third person: /rikuwanki/ 'you see me', /rikuwan/ 'he sees me'. It also occurs in emphatic commands, preceding the second person or imperative ending, referring to the speaker's will: /upala-/ 'to become quiet': /upalawanki/ and /upalaway/ 'shut up!'. /-su/ indicates: (a) first person plural inclusive future when followed by «-aspect and optionally by /-NINSik/; (b) addressee as object of third person action when followed by a second person ending. E.g. /rikusun/ or /rikusuncik/ 'we (incl.) will see; let's see'; /rikusunki/ 'he sees you', /rikusunkicik/ 'he sees you-all'. Unlike the first five suffixes described, /-sA/, /-wa/, and /-su/ precede aspect and tense suffixes, /-wa/ and /-su/ also occur in nominalizations (6.1). When the verb is inflected for both actor and object, person suffixes occur in several combinations not described above. The suffix of first person is followed by that of second person to indicate 1-2: /rikuyki/ 'I see you'. This combination may then be followed by /-NINCik/ to pluralize the object, or by /-ku/ to pluralize the actor: /rikuykiSik/ 'I see you-all', /rikuykiku/ 'we (excl.) see you'. When second person acts on first, /-NINSik/ pluralizes the actor, and /-ku/ the object: /rikuwanki£ik/ 'you-all see me', /rikuwankiku/ 'you see us (excl.)'. When third person acts on first, both /-NINSik/ and /-ku/ pluralize the object: /rikuwanSik/ 'he sees us (incl.)', /rikuwanku/ 'he sees us (excl.)'. /-wa/ precedes /-su/ to indicate 3-1 pi. incl. future: /rikuwasun/ 'he'll see us (incl.)', The actor-object combinations of verb inflection, as found in the present tense, are summarized below. 3-1 /-wan/: 3-1 pi. excl. /-wanku/: 3-1 pi. incl. /-wanfiik/: 2-1 /-wanki/: 2 pl.-l /-wankidik/: 2-1 pi. excl. /-wankiku/: 3-2 /-sunki/: 3-2 pi. /-sunkiCik/: 1-2 /-Yki/: 1-2 pi. /-YkiSik/: 1 pi. excl.-2 /-Ykiku/:

/rikuwan/ 'he sees me' /rikuwanku/ 'he sees us' /rikuwanSik/ 'he sees us' /rikuwanki/ 'you see me' /rikuwankidik/ 'you-all see me' /rikuwankiku/ 'you see us' /rikusunki/ 'he sees you' /rikusunkiSik/ 'he sees you-all' /rikuyki/ 'I see you' /rikuykiSik/ 'I see you-all' /rikuykiku/ 'we see you'

Where the irregular first person future forms are involved we find:

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GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

3-1 pi. incl. /-wasun/ or /-wasunSik/: /rikuwasun/ or /rikuwasun5ik/ 'he'll see us' 1-2 /-sayki/ or /-sqayki/: /rikusayki/ or /rikusqayki/ 'I'll see you' Other future forms then follow the regular pattern, e.g. 3-1 /-wanqa/, 3-1 pi. excl. /-wanqaku/, or are built on /-sayki/, e.g. 1-2 pi. /-saykiSik/, 1 pi. excl.-2 /-saykiku/. Actor-object combinations other than those described are precluded by the rules: (a) the inflectional ending cannot indicate that the same person is both actor and object, or that the object is a group which includes the actor; (b) /-ku/ never refers to 3 pi. actor in an actor-object ending. When the actor is 3 pi., or the object 3, or both actor and object plural, the relationship can only be made explicit by the use of separate pronouns. Special limitations on actor-object endings which accompany certain aspect-tense, subordinate, imperative, or conditional verb forms are described in 5. 3.212. Allomorphs. /-NIY/ has four allomorphs. (A) /-y/ follows a noun stem ending in a vowel, follows the subordinating endings /-spa/ and /-pti/, and precedes /-man/ (conditional) and /-ki/ (in actor-object 1-2): /wasiy/ 'my house', /rikuspay/ 'if I see', /rikuyman/ 'I would see', /rikuyki/ 'I see you'. (B) /-niy/ follows a noun stem ending in a consonant: /nanniy/ 'my road'. (C) /—i/ follows the allomorph /-n/ of the «-aspect (5.234): /rikuni/ 'I see'. (D) Zero occurs in the future ending /-saq/, and before /-ki/ when the preceding stem ends in /i/: /rikusaq/ 'I'll see', /niki/ 'I tell you' < /ni-/ 'to tell'. /-NIYki/ has three allomorphs. (A) /-yki/ follows a noun stem ending in /a/ or /u/, and follows the subordinate ending /-spa/: /imayki/ 'your something, your possession'; /rikuspayki/ 'if you see'. (B) /-niki/ follows a noun stem ending in a consonant: /nanniki/ 'your road'. (C) /-ki/ occurs elsewhere, e.g. /wasiki/ 'your house'; /rikunki/ 'you see'; /rikuyki/ 'I see you': /rikuptiki/ 'if you see'. /-NIn/ has two allomorphs. (A) /-n/ follows a noun stem ending in a vowel, and follows the subordinating endings /-spa/ and /-pti/: /wasin/ 'his house'; /rikuspan/ 'if he sees'. (B) /-nin/ follows a noun stem ending in a consonant: /nannin/ 'his road'. /-NINSik/ has three allomorphs. (A) /-n£ik/ follows a noun stem ending in a vowel, and follows the subordinating endings: /wasin£ik/ 'our (incl.) house'; /rikuspanCik/ 'if we (incl.) see'. (B) /-nincik/ follows a noun stem ending is a consonant: /nanninSik/ 'our (incl.) road'. (C) /-5ik/ occurs elsewhere, e.g. /rikundik/ 'we (incl.) see'; /rikusunkiCik/ 'he sees you-all'. /-sA/ has two allomorphs. (A) /-sa/ precedes the allomorph /-q/ of the tense suffix /-QA/: /rikusaq/ 'I'll see'. (B) /-s/ precedes the allomorph /-qa/ (in free alternation with /-a/) of /-QA/: /rikusqayki/ 'I'll see you'. 3.22. Number The noun stem in Quechua is ambiguous as to number, and the suffix /-kuna/ is added

GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

29

for explicit plural: /wasikuna/ 'houses', /wasiykuna/ 'my houses', /wasikiéikkuna/ 'your (pi.) houses', /-kuna/ follows all suffixes of allocation except /-ku/. 3.23. Case The category of case is represented by a set of eleven case suffixes, illustrated as follows with the stem /wasi/: /wasipa/ 'of the house, the house's' /wasita/ 'the house (acc.), to the house' /wasipi/ 'in, on the house' /wasiwan/ 'with the house' /wasipaq/ 'for the house' /wasiman/ 'to the house, into the house' /wasimanta/ 'from the house, about the house' /wasikama/ 'as far as the house' /wasipura/ 'among houses' /wasirayku/ 'because of the house' /wasinka/ 'houses for each member of a group' Certain combinations of case suffixes are permitted. When a noun phrase inflected for genitive substitutes for the thing possessed, it is regularly inflected for case: /wasipapiI 'in the house's', /-wan/ follows other case suffixes to indicate additive construction: /wasitawan turita/ 'to the house to the tower'. A few other combinations also occur, e.g. /paypaqrayku/ 'for and because of him'. 3.24. Gender Grammatical gender is not native to Quechua. Natural gender is differentiated in stems, e.g. /lumSuy/ 'daughter-in-law': /masa/ 'son-in-law', or by noun phrases, e.g. /urqu ku5i/ 'male p i g ' : /cina kuSi/ 'female pig'. Some kinship terms differentiate sex of both persons involved in the relationship: man's

woman's

wawqi pañi

turi ñaña

'brother' 'sister'

A small number of borrowed adjectives are inflected for grammatical gender: /loko/ 'crazy (male)' : /loka/ 'crazy (female)' (4.123). 3.25. Aspect, Tense, and Subordination The term "aspect" is assigned to a category of four monophonemic morphemes /-n/, /-p/, /-s/, /-r/, which generally follow the verb stem and the person suffixes /-wa/,

30

GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

/-su/, and /-sA/, and precede tense or subordinating suffixes. The meanings of these suffixes are difficult to specify because of their close association with tense and subordination. The «-aspect is special in that it precedes person endings (except /-wa/, /-su/, /-sA/) in all tenses, and in that it occurs without an accompanying tense or subordinating suffix in the present tense, as seen in 3.21. The non-present tense suffix /-QA/ follows aspect suffixes to yield three tenses as follows: future /rikunqa/ 'he will see'; simple past /rikurqa/ 'he saw'; quotative past /rikusqa/ 'he saw (I've been told)'. A fifth tense, the iterative past, is represented by a verbal phrase in which a nominalization modifies a present or simple past form to /ka-/ 'to be': /rikuq kanki/ 'you used to see'. The subordinating suffixes /-pa/ and /-tiN/ follow aspect suffixes to yield dependent verbs which contrast as to both person and time relationships relative to the independent verb, as follows: /rikuspan/ 'when, because he (same actor as in main clause) saw'; /rikuptin/ 'when, because, if he (different actor than in main clause) saw'; /rikustin/ 'while he (same actor as in main clause) was seeing'. Two layers of dependent verbs occur in /rikustin kaSkaptin/ 'while he (different actor than in main clause) was seeing', which completes the pattern implied by the other forms. 3.26. Imperative, Injunctive, and Conditional The imperative suffix /-y/ immediately follows the stem or the person suffix /-wa/: /rikuy/ 'see!', /rikuway/ 'see me!'. The injunctive suffix /-Su/ follows the stem or /-wa/, and precedes the «-aspect: /rikudun/ 'may he see'. A regular conditional in all persons is formed by the addition of /-man/ to the present tense forms, preceding /-ku/ but following other person suffixes. It indicates conditional, possible, or advisable action: /rikunman/ 'he would, might, should see', /rikuymanku/ 'we (excl.) would, might, should see', /rikusunkiman/ 'he would, might, should see you'. There are also alternative forms for the second person and the first person inclusive plural with the respective suffixes /-waq/ and /-5wan/ immediately following the stem : /rikuwaq/ 'you would, might, should see'. A conditional form followed by the third person simple past form of /ka-/ gives the past conditional: /rikunkiman karqa/ 'you would, might, should have seen'.

3.3. DERIVATION AND ENCLITICS

There are certain other highly productive systems, which we shall class as derivation and enclitics. It is largely because of the number of derivational suffixes and of the many possible layers of derivation within the word that the maximum paradigm of a Quechua stem may involve several billion forms.

GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

31

3.31. Derivation The suffixes of both substantive and verb derivation are of three types: (a) restrictive or attributive suffixes; (b) governing suffixes which yield a different part of speech (nominalizers and verbalizers); and (c) governing suffixes which do not change the part of speech. Compounding and reduplication also occur, but are relatively unproductive. Irregular derivatives are treated in appendices. Four nominalizers yield abstract nouns referring to (a) action without aspectual limitation (infinitive); (b) action as a future or potential state, or the object, place, or instrument of such action; (c) action as a completed state, or the object, place, or instrument of such action; and (d) agent of action. Illustrating these with the stem /riku-/ 'to see', we have: (a) /rikuy/ 'seeing, to see'; (b) /rikuna/ 'that one is to see, what one is to see, where one is to see, what one can see with'; (c) /rikusqa/ 'that one saw or sees, what one saw or sees, where one saw or sees, what one saw with'; and (d) /rikuq/ 'he who sees'. There are three restrictive suffixes ocurring with substantives: diminutive /-5a/, limitative /-la/, and augmentative /-su/. E.g. /wasiSa/ 'little house'. Governing suffixes which derive substantives from other substantives indicate (a) possessor of the referent of the underlying stem; (b) multiple possession of this referent; (c) companion of, or object adjacent to, this referent; and (d) ten-cent units. For example: (a) /wasi/ 'house': /wasiyuq/ 'landlord'; (b) /wasisapa/ 'one who has many houses'; (c) /wasintin/ 'that which has a house next to it'; and (d) /iskay/ 'two': /iskayral/ 'twenty cents'. Two verbalizers indicate creation and actualization of the referent of the underlying stem: /wasi/ 'house': /wasiSa-/ 'to make a house'; /sumaq/ 'pretty': /sumaqya-/ 'to become pretty'. Governing and restrictive suffixes occurring with verb stems constitute a single system which we shall refer to as the modal suffix system. Involving sixteen suffixes in roughly as many positions, this system permits thousands of complex stems or "bases" from each simple verb stem; though almost completely regular, its distributional rules are complex and it represents by far the most intricate area of Quechua morphology. Complex stems containing twelve or more modal suffixes are recognized by the native speaker as being grammatically correct, but combinations of more than six are very rare in normal speech. Some of these suffixes are seen below with the stem /riku-/ 'to see' in the third person present. /rikupan/ 'he sees again' /rikurayan/ 'he sees continually' /rikurun/ 'he's just seen, he sees urgently' /rikukun/ 'he sees himself, he sees it for himself' /riku£in/ 'he has someone see' /rikuysin/ 'he helps someone see' /rikupun/ 'he sees it for someone'

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GRAMMATICAL PURVIEW

/rikunakun/ 'he and someone see each other' /rikumun/ 'he sees there, he goes to see' /rikuckan/ 'he is seeing' 3.32.

Enclitics

This system contains thirteen bound morphemes in seven positions, following suffixes and occurring with all parts of speech. Enclitics never occur within a substantival phrase built by attributive construction. Examples of enclitics are : /-na/ 'already' /-raq/ 'still' /-puni/ 'definitely' /-qa/ (topic of clause) /-m/ ~ /-mi/ (comment of clause : speaker knows the statement to be true) /-s/ ~ /-si/ (comment of clause: speaker is reporting) /-5u/ (negative- interrogative) /-iki/ (apologetic)

3.4.

SYNTAX

Fixed order of constituents occurs in Quechua syntax only in the substantival phrase built by attributive construction. This type of phrase may add inflectional and derivational suffixes in the same manner as do stems, and is never interrupted by enclitics. The constituents of verb phrases and of noun phrases built by coordinate constructions (additive, alternative, and appositive show free order and may add enclitics, as do the constituents of most exocentric constructions. Clauses are classed as independent and subordinate, and as intransitive, transitive, and equational. All transitive as well as intransitive verbs are permitted in intransitive clauses. A special characteristic of the equational clause is that it may be verbless, since the morphologically regular third person present of /ka-/ 'to be' occurs only in intransitive clauses with the meaning 'there is'. Thus: /wasi/ 'house', /sumaq/ 'beautiful': /wasiqa sumaqmi/ 'the house (topic) is beautiful (comment)'. The sentence may contain a large number of clauses. Dependent clauses may occur in several layers, usually preceding the independent clause. Several independent clauses may occur paratactically in the same sentence, in which case their internal boundaries are marked by the level terminal contour; in this study semicolon rather than comma is written in such cases.

4. SUBSTANTIVE CATEGORIES

4.1. TYPES OF SUBSTANTIVES

Substantive stems are those which may add the case suffix /-ta/. The subclasses are nouns, adjectives, preadjectives, numerals,pronouns, interrogative-indefinites, and several small classes of ambivalent substantives. 4.11. Nouns Nouns are inflected for allocation, number, and case. They are never preceded by preadjectives (except idiomatically), and lack the defining characteristics of the other substantive classes. Several subclasses are distinguished. 4.111. Regular Nouns (Nr). This class includes all nouns not listed in 1.112-4; e.g. /wasi/ 'house': /wasiy/ 'my house', /wasiypi/ 'at my house', /wasikuna/ 'houses', /wasiykunapi/ 'in my houses'. 4.112. Uninflected Adverbial Nouns (Na). Most nouns referring to time and a few others may occur adverbially without inflectional ending. E.g. /tuta/ 'night': /tuta hamusaq/ 'I will come at night'; /liw/ 'everything, everybody': /liw milarukusqa/ 'she absolutely hated him'. The members of this class are: /Sisi/ 'last night' /hina/ 'manner, approximation; like, about' /huk/ 'one, a, some; once, once again' /kaq/ 'being; again' /kila/ 'moon, month; in the month' /kuti/ 'occasion' (e.g. /iskay kuti/ 'twice') /liw/ 'everything, everybody; completely' /minSa/ 'the day after tomorrow, two days later' /naqa/ 'a brief previous period; a little while ago' /ora/ 'hour; at the hour' /pa£a/ 'world, era, circumstance, condition, case' /paqarin/ 'tomorrow' /punCaw/ 'daylight, day; by day' /qaynimpa/ 'the day before yesterday' /sapa/ 'each, every; each time'

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SUBSTANTIVE CATEGORIES

/semana/ 'week; in the week' /tardi/ 'afternoon; in the afternoon' /tempu/ 'time, season; in the season' /tutaI 'darkness, night; by dark, at night' /unay/ 'delay; for a long time' /wata/ 'year; in the year' /yanqa/ or /nanqa/ 'foolishness; capriciously, in vain, foolishly, unjustly' /yapa/ 'addition, repetition; again' Some time nouns not classified as Na are /aku/ 'coca break; a quarter of a day', /5iraw/ 'dry season, winter', /paqarinnintin/ 'the following day', and /ratu/ 'a while'. 4.113. Gender Nouns (Ng). A few nouns recently borrowed from Spanish come in pairs, one referring to male and the other to female: /amigu/ : /amiga/ 'friend'; /kompaneru/ : /kompanera/ 'companion; mate in trial marriage'; /senof/ : /senora/ 'gentleman, husband; lady, wife'; /solteru/ : /soltera/ 'single person, bachelor'; /biyudo/ : /biyuda/ 'widower, widow'. 4.114. Nouns always Modified. Two nouns (Nm) always occur preceded by another noun: /masi/ 'companion, -mate', and /niq/ 'thing, place, that which is —'. E.g. /wasi/ 'house', /wasi masi/ 'one who lives in the same house, roommate'; /rimaq/ 'speaker', /rimaq masi/ 'confidant'; /mikuq/ 'he who eats', /mikuq masi/ 'one who accompanies another to eat'; /kay/ 'this', /kay niqman/ 'hither'; /hatun/ 'big', /hatun niq/ 'a big one'. 4.12. Adjectives. The adjective may be preceded by a preadjective and, unlike nouns (except for some Na, see 10.11 22) may occur adverbially in the ta-case. Although adjectives are inflected for the same categories as are nouns when substituting for noun phrases they are regularly inflected only for the ta- and pi-cases, or for third person allocation. There are three classes of adjectives. 4.121. Regular Adjectives (Ar). This class includes those adjectives not listed below. E.g. /sumaq/ 'beautiful*, /sumaq sipas/ 'beautiful girl', /sumaqta ruwanki/ 'you do it nicely', /sumaqnin/ 'the best one'; /yana/ 'black', /yanata tinira/ 'he dyed it black'. The borrowed names of the days and months are classes as Ar. 4.122. Uninflected Adverbial Adjectives (Aa). A few adjectives may occur adverbially without inflectional ending: /hawka/ 'calm, calmly', /trankilu/ 'peaceful, peacefully', /fasil/ 'easy, easily', /kuska/ 'together', /yaqa/ 'almost, maybe'; /hawka yaSan/ 'he lives quietly'. 4.123. Gender Adjectives (AgJ. A few borrowed adjectives are inflected for masculine and feminine gender and modify nouns naming respectively male and female humans

SUBSTANTIVE CATEGORIES

35

or animals: /loko/, /loka/ 'crazy'; /kasado/, /kasada/ 'married'; /seloso/, /selosa/ 'jealous': /loko maqta/ 'crazy boy', /loka sipas/ 'crazy girl'. 4.13. Preadjectives (Pread). The members of this class precede adjectives and nominalizations, and occur adverbially in the ta-case. The ten regular preadjectives are: /an£a/ 'very; very much', /aswan/ and /mas/ 'more', /lumpay/ 'too, very, gravely; too much', /nisyu/ 'strongly, very, hard, with difficulty', /demas/ 'too; too much', /kusa/ 'well, nicely', /£ika£a£an/ 'very great(ly)', /alin/ 'good and...', and /paqway/ 'completely'. E.g. /an5a sumaq/ 'very beautiful', /an5ata ruwan/ 'he does a lot'; /lumpay unqusaqa/ 'gravely ill', /lumpayta lamkan/ 'he works too much', /mas/ and /alin/ also function as Ar adjectives, Another member of this class takes the shape of a following adjective, preadjective, or numeral and (a) optionally drops a final consonant, (b) adds /y/ to each word if the stem ends in a vowel, unless the stem is one of a small subclass enumerated below. E.g. /hatun/ 'big', /hatu-hatun/ or /hatun-hatun/ 'very big'; /qanra/ 'dirty', /qanrayqanray/ 'very dirty'; /nisyuy-nisyuy/ 'very strongly'; /iskay/ 'two', /iska-iskaymanta/ 'two by iwo, by twos'. Stems which do not add /y/ in this construction include /taksa/ 'small', /pina/ 'angry', /pisi/ 'few', /sasa/ 'difficult', /sakri/ 'astute', /karu/ 'far', /sinka/ 'drunk', and /kuska/ 'together': /karu-karu/ 'very far'. 4.14. Numerals Two sets of numerals, one for counting hours (and by some persons also currency) and the other general are defined by the phrase structure in which they occur. 4.141. General Numerals. The members of this class are subgrouped as (a) unit numerals (Numu): /huk/ 'one', /iskay/ 'two', /kimsa/ 'three', /tawa/ 'four', /piSqa/ 'five', /suqta/ 'six', /qanSis/ 'seven', /pusaq/ 'eight', /isqun/ 'nine'; (b) grow/? numerals (Numg): /£unka/ 'ten', /pa£ak/ 'hundred', /waranqa/ 'thousand'. A member of either class may stand in attributive construction with a following noun phrase, or in alternative construction with another member of the same class. An Numu also stands in attributive construction with a following Numg, and in additive construction with a preceding Numg. In the latter case the final member of the phrase, whether noun or Numu, adds the derivational suffix /-yuq/ ~ /-niyuq/ (6.22). E.g. /iskay wasi/ 'two houses', /iskay 6unka/ 'twenty', /iskay kimsa/ 'two or three', /£unka iskayniyuq/ 'twelve', /waranqa isqun paCak suqta £unka tawayuq/ '1964'. 4.142. Time Numerals (Numh). This class includes /una/ 'one (o'clock)', /dos/ 'two', /tres/ 'three', /kwatru/ 'four', /sinku/ 'five', /seyis/ 'six', /seti/ 'seven', /uSu/ 'eight', /nuybi/ 'nine', /des/ 'ten', /unse/ 'eleven', and /dusi/ 'twelve'. A member of this class is always preceded by the particle /la/ ~ /las/ (3.145), /la/ occurring before /una/, and

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/las/ occurring before /dos/ through /dusi/. An Numh may stand in additive construction with either of the adjectives /kwartu/ 'quarter' and /medya/ ' h a l f , with the intervening particle /i/ 'and'. E.g. /las sinku/ 'five o'clock', /las sinku i medya/ 'five thirty'. 4.15. Pronouns 4.151. Personal Pronouns (Ppers). Three stems belong to this class: /iiuqa/ 'I' is inflected for number, the plural distinguishing inclusive /nuqanCik/ 'we' and exclusive /nuqayku/ 'we'; /qam/ 'you' and /pay/ 'he she' are inflected for plural number: /qamkuna/ 'you-all', /paykuna/ 'they'. /nuqa/ is idiomatically inflected for first person in /nuqayku/ and in /nuqalay/ 'lonely me', /nuqalaymi/ 'its just me' (answer to 'who's there?'). 4.152. Demonstrative Pronouns (Prodem). The stems /kay/ 'this', /¿ay/ 'that' (general), and /wak/ 'that' (distant) may substitute for a phrase or clause and may stand in attributive construction with a following noun phrase. E.g. /Saymi gustawan/ 'that pleases me'; /£ay sumaq sipas/ 'that pretty girl'. 4.153. Dependent Pronouns (Prodep). The following pronouns occur only with person inflection: /kiki-/ 'one himself', /sapa-/ 'one alone; one's only-', /lapa-/ and /Iiw£a-/ (pJural person only) 'all of us you, them', /kuska-/ (plural person only) 'we you, they together', /waki-/ (third person only) 'some, someone; another'. E.g. /kikiy risaq/ 'I myself will go', /sapalan Surin/ 'his only child', /lapanCik risun/ 'let's all of us (incl.) go'. All of these stems except /kiki-/ are ambivalent, that is, occur also as free forms which function as members of noun or adjective classes (see 4.18). Two additional siems /qayla-/ 'one's presence' and /yura-/ 'one's proper place, place of origin' differ from those above in that they never occur as actors agreeing in person with the verb ending; e.g. /qaylaymanta aparqa/ 'he took it from my presence', /yuranman curay/ 'put it in its proper place!'. 4.16. Interrogative-Indefinites

(Ii)

The members of this class are characterized by occurrence as lone or initial members of a noun phrase which regularly adds one of the enclitics /-taq/ or /-m/ ~ /-mi/; all questions requiring more than a yes-no answer and occurring with intonation / 241 / are introduced by Ii stems. These stems are subclassed as (a) those which function as pronouns or, when inflected for case as pro-adverbs, and (b) those which function only as pro-adverbs. The second type includes irregularly derived or inflected forms built on Ii stems of the pronoun type. 4.161. Pronominal Type. The pronominal Ii stems are: /ima/ 'what', /imay/ 'what' (hour, day, etc., when referring to present or future time), /pi/ 'who', /may/ 'what (place), where', /maydika/ 'what (number), how great', /hayka/ 'what (amount) how much', /mayqin/ or /mayqan/ 'what, which'. Examples of these stems in interrogative.

SUBSTANTIVE CATEGORIES

37

non-interrogative pronominal, and indefinite functions: /pitaq riman/ or /pim riman/ 'who speaks?', /pimantataq riman/ 'about whom does he speak?'; /yaCani pi rimasqanta/ 'I know who spoke'; /mana pipas rimanfiu/ 'nobody speaks'; /imataq wasi/ 'what is a house?', /ima wasitaq/ 'what house?'. These stems are also exclamatory in expressions such as /ima sumaq wasi/ 'what a beautiful house!'. 4.162. Adverbial Type. The adverbial Ii stems are: /imayna/ 'how', /imaynanka/ (equivalent to /haykanka/) 'how much for or from each member of a group', /imaynapi/ 'how much', /mayna/ 'what size, how large', /maylaw/ 'whence', /haykap/ or /haykapi/ 'when', /haykayna/ 'about how much', /imayniraq/ 'how, like what', /imanasqa/ 'why'. Examples are: /imaynam kaCkanki/ 'how are you?', /maylaw kanki/ 'where are you from?', /imaynankataq 5askiranki£ik/ 'how much did each of you get?', /haykaptaq riman/ 'when does he speak?'; /manam haykapipas rimanSu/ 'he never speaks', /imaynankalapas quykuy/ 'give as much as each of you can'. 4.17. /na/ The stem /na/ 'thingamajig' is unique in that it may replace any substantive as a hesitation form while the desired word is being sought, /na/ is inflected for all substantive categories. E.g. /¿ay napi, Cay wasipi/ 'in that, uh, in that house'. 4.18. Multiple-Class Substantives A small number of substantive stems share the privileges of occurrence of more than one of the classes defined above. Examples of these are: Nr-Ar /miski/ 'sweet', /yana/ 'black; darling', /wira/ 'fat', /lawli/ (a small thorny shrub); 'skinny' Nr-Ii /ima/ 'thing, possession, characteristic; what' Nr-Prodep /waki/ 'fraction; some, another' Na-Ar /tardi/ 'afternoon; late' Na-Prodep /sapa/ 'each, each time; one alone' Ar-Prodep /lapa/ 'all; all of us, you, them' Aa-Prodep /kuska/ 'together; we, you, they together' Na-Numu /huk/ 'once; a, some; one'

4.2. SUBSTANTIVE INFLECTION

4.21. Allocation Person suffixes immediately follow stems of the following classes: noun, adjective, general numeral (third or plural person), dependent pronoun (with limitations noted

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in 4.153), demonstrative pronoun, and pronominal interrogative-indefinite. To the general distributional and morphophonemic statement of 3.21 we here specify several limitations and exceptions. 4.211. With adjectives and numerals the third person suffix functions much like the determiners of Indo-European languages, limiting the referent of a modified stem relative to the quality or quantity named by the modifier : /sumaq kuka/ 'good coca' : /sumaqnin kuka/ 'the good (or best) coca' /kimsa/ 'three' : /kimsanta qatiy/ 'drive the three of them, drive all three of them' Infrequently adjectives occur with person other than third, indicating possession of something with the quality named : /sumaqniki/ 'your pretty one' 4.212. All general numerals except /huk/ 'one' are inflected for plural person and function as pronouns : /iskaynincSik/ 'the two of us (incl.)' /kimsanku/ 'the three of them' 4.213. With demonstrative pronouns third person generalizes the range of the referent when place is involved. /kaypi/ 'here' : /kaynimpi/ 'around here' (as well as 'in this thing of his') 4.214. Examples of the regular occurrence of person suffixes with pronominal interrogative-indefinite stems are : /haykaykitaq kaikan/ 'how many of yours are there, how many do you have?' /imaykitataq apamunki/ 'what of yours will you bring?' The occurrence of third person with /may/ is idiomatic: /maytataq/ 'to where?' : /maynintataq/ 'by what route?' /maymantaq/ 'to where, in what direction?' : /mayninmantaq/ 'to what part of it?' The only morphophonemic irregularity involving person suffixes is seen when /pi/ 'who' adds the allomorphs normally occurring with stems ending in consonants; a consonant-final stem allomorph /piy/ in these forms is historically recorded. /piniy/ 'my someone, someone who cares for me' 4.22. Number Nouns, adjectives (as phrase substitutes), the personal pronouns /qam/ and /pay/, demonstrative pronouns, and pronominal interrogative-indefinites are pluralized with the suffix /-kuna/ following the stem with or without a person suffix or suffixes except /-ku/, and preceding case suffixes.

SUBSTANTIVE CATEGORIES

39

/wasikuna/ 'houses', /wasikikuna/ 'your houses', /wasikiCikkunaman/ 'to your (pi.) houses' /papaykiqa hatunkunam kasqa/ 'your potatoes are big ones' /pikunataq/ 'who (pi.)?' /-kuna/ is in no sense obligatory; actor and verb need not agree in number, and /-kuna/ is often omitted in a context where the number is unambiguous. Noun phrases introduced by numerals or quantifying adjectives, or referring to body parts that are normally multiple, regularly omit /-kuna/. E.g. /kimsa wasi/ 'three houses', /as wasi/ 'few houses', /a£ka wasi/ 'lots of houses', /nawin/ 'his eyes', /-kuna/ is more frequent than /-ku/ in contexts involving plural referent and plural possessor of the exclusive type, and complete unambiguity in such cases requires the addition of a plural pronoun: /wasiykuna/ 'my houses' or 'our (excl.) houses'; /nuqaykupa wasiykuna/ 'our (excl.) houses'. 4.23. Case

The category of case is represented by a set of eleven suffixes, most of which are mutually exclusive. Permitted combinations are described in 4.232. 4.231. Individual Case Suffixes

4.23101. /-taI with a noun stem indicates object or goal of a transitive verb. In the case of a motion verb, the goal is marked with /-ta/ only when the actor is human with the sole exception of questions introduced by /maynintataq/ as in the last example below. /wasita qawan/ 'he watches the house' Iwasita rin/ 'he goes to the house' /laqtatam paraSkan/ 'its raining on the town' /qusantam wilarqa/ 'she told her husband' /wasita luqsinki/ 'you'll leave by way of the house' /maynintataq rin kay nan/ 'what way does this road go?' /-ta/ indicates adverbial function with a member of Ar, Numh, Pread, or Na, and with the Adv /kunan/ or /kanan/ 'now', /-ta/ is optional with /kunan/ or /kanan/ and with most Na stems, but is prohibited or considered awkward with certain Na (10.1122). The only other case suffixes which form regular adverbials from Ar stems are /-pi/ (4.23102) and /-man/ (4.23104). /alin/ 'good': /alinta ruwan/ 'he does well' /las nuybitam hamunqa/ 'he'll come at nine' /lumpaytam nanawan/ 'it hurts me too much' /pun£awta/ or /punCaw/ 'by day' /kanantam 5ayamunqa/ 'he'll arrive here now'

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Two common idioms with /-ta/ are: /£ay-Sayta/ 'approximately' /waki-wakilanta/ 'little by little' See also /-tawan/ (4.2323); /-takama/, /-purata/ (4.2322). 4.23102. /-pi/ indicates location, and is glossed 'in, on, at, within, upon, while' (with nominalizations) or 'during' (with names of days, months, and /Siraw/ 'dry season'). /wasipi/ 'in, at, on the house' /suyasqampi/ 'while he waited' /setembripi/ or /setembri kilapi/ 'in, during September' With adjectives /-pi/ indicates adverbial function with specific reference to location: /alimpi wataruy/ 'tie it well (in a good place)' /katulika/ 'religious, non-secular': /katulikapi kasarakunqa/ 'they'll get married in church' Some idioms with /-pi/ are: /haykapi/ 'when' /imaynapi/ 'how much' /baratulapi rantiku-/ 'to sell cheaply' /nisqapi hina/ 'according to what is said' See also /-piwan/ (4.2323) and /-pikama/ (4.2322). 4.23103. /-pa/ marks the possessive or genitive case, and when introducing a noun phrase requires person agreement of the head: /wasipa/ 'of the house, the house's' /runapa wasin/ 'the person's house' /nuqapa taytaypa wasin/ 'my father's house' A set of adverbials formed with /-pa/ includes: /waqta/ 'side (surface)': /waqtampa/ 'on its side, sideways' /kurku/ 'bent': /kurkumpa/ 'bent over; crestfallen' /saya-/ 'to stand': /sayampa/ 'vertical' /tikra-/ 'to overturn': /tikrampa/ 'upside-down' /uya/ 'face': /uyampa/ 'face-down' /caka/ 'bridge': /cakampa/ 'supported at each end, horizontal(ly)' /kumpa/ 'knocked down': /kumpampa/ 'lying on the ground, horizontal(ly)' /ankala-/ 'to lie face-down': /ankalampa/ 'face-down, upside-down' /siki/ 'base, bottom, rump': /sikimpa/ 'on its bottom, bottom-first' /uma/ 'head': /umampa/ 'upside-down' /kinray/ 'side' (direction): /kinrampa/ 'sideways'

SUBSTANTIVE CATEGORIES

41

/-pa/ precedes other case suffixes in zero anaphora (4.2321), and is identified with the subordinator /-pa/ in verb inflection (5.24). A number of irregularly derived noun stems with /-pa/ are listed in Appendix 1. 4.23104. /-man/ indicates direction, and is glossed 'to, toward, into, onto, for (to get)', or 'according to' (when followed by /hina/ 'like'). With the goal of a motion verb /-man/ is a near equivalent of /-ta/, but the latter is prohibited when the actor of the verb is non-human. An adverbial with /-man/ may modify the base /yaykumu-/ 'to enter hither', but not the stem /yayku-/ 'to enter' (implying direction away from the speaker). With Na nouns /-man/ specifies future time. /kay nanmi ayakucuman riq/ 'this road goes to Ayacucho' /dayman rifckan/ (or /5ayta riCkan/) 'he's going thither' /nuqaman qumuway/ 'give it to me!' /yakuman rin/ 'he goes for water' /payman hina/ 'according to him' /mincaman/ 'on the day after tomorrow' /wataman/ 'next year' Two idioms with /-man/ are: /apurawman/ 'quickly' /tumpa/ 'a little': /tumpalaman/ 'slowly' 4.23105. /-manta/ is variously glossed 'from, about, concerning, than, instead of, after, made of, by': /wasimanta luqsin/ 'he leaves the house' /wasimanta riman/ 'he speaks about the house' /qawani payta luqsinanmanta/ 'I'm watching him so that he doesn't leave' (lit. 'I watch him concerning his potential leaving') /kay sumaqmi Caymanta/ 'this is prettier than that' /paymi rinqa nuqamanta/ 'he'll go in my stead' /qawarusqaymanta/ 'after I saw it'; c.f. /qawarusqaymanta pa£a/ 'since I saw it' /ferumantam/ 'its made of iron' /payta brasunmanta hapiruni/ 'I grabbed him by the arm' Two idioms with /-manta/ are: /alin/ 'good': /alilamanta/ 'slowly, carefully' /punu-/ 'to sleep': /punuymanta kaCka-/ 'to be about to sleep' See also /-mantakama/ (4.2322). 4.23106. /-wan/ indicates accompaniment or means, and is glossed 'with, and, by means of, accompanying, for, by':

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/nuqawanmi rin/ 'he goes with me' /wasiwan tun/ 'the house with (and) the tower' /lampawan lamkaSkan/ 'he's working with the hoe' /kukawan kamyananSikpaq/ 'for us to exchange for coca, in order that we exchange for coca' /ama engana£iway£u Say runawan/ 'don't let me be cheated by that man!' /payqa qawasqa kasqa huwansituwanmi/ 'he was seen by Johnny' See also /-purawan/ (4.2322) and the non-case function of /-wan/ following other case suffixes (4.2323). 4.23107. /-paq/ indicates purpose or beneficiary, and is glossed 'for, in order to' (with wa-nominalization), 'about to' (with j-nominalization and /kaCka-/ 'to be'), 'that' (with «a-nominalization and VTc verb), or 'as'. /qamlapaqmi/ 'its just for you' /amigumpaqmi rimapunqa/ 'he'll speak for his friend' (in his behalf or in his stead) /mikunampaq/ 'to eat, in order for him to eat' /mikuypaq kaSkan/ 'he is about to eat' /rimanampaq nin/ 'he says he will speak' /sapaq lamkaqpaqmi kanki/ 'you are (meant) as a different worker' (for a different kind of work) See also /-paqrayku/ (4.2322). 4.23108. /-rayku/ indicates causality, and is glossed 'because of, because'. /nuqarayku/ 'because of me' /munasqayrayku/ 'because I want to' /qawananrayku/ 'for the reason of seeing, in order to see' See also /-paqrayku/ (4.2322). 4.23109. /-kama/ is glossed 'up to, as far as, until' or 'while' (with «a-nominalization), or indicates total correspondence of the members of a group with a stated attribute: 'each one of them'. /wasikama/ 'as far as the house' /miskin luqsinankama/ 'till its essence comes out' /nuqa kaypi suyanaykama/ 'while I wait here' /yaqa huk akukama/ 'almost a quarter of a day' /qarikamama kanqa/ 'they'll all be boys' /alin runakamam kanku/ 'they're all good people' /hatun runakunam botasniyuqkama/ 'big men, all wearing boots'

SUBSTANTIVE CATEGORIES

43

The borrowed pronoun /asta/ 'until' is used redundantly with /-kama/: /asta uktubri kila tukuykama/ 'until finishing in October' See also /-pikama/ and /-mantakama/ (4.2322). 4.23110. /-pura/ indicates location of a thing among others of its kind, and is usually glossed 'among'. When the things involved are not of the same kind the stem /Cawpi/ 'center, midst' indicates a similar relationship. /amigumpura kaCkan/ 'they are among friends'; but /wasi Cawpipi ka£kan/ 'he is among the houses' /nuqanfiikpura ka5kan5ik/ 'we (incl.) are by ourselves' /kikinCikpura qunakuranCik papakunata/ 'we exchanged potatoes among ourselves' See also /-purawan/ and /-purata/ (4.2322). 4.23111. /-NInka/ (postconsonantal /-ninka/, postvocalic /-nka/) occurring only with quantifying phrases modifying verbs which imply distribution or receiving indicates equal distribution among members of a group: /haykankataq CaskirankiSik/ 'how much did each of you receive? /iskayninka quwanfcik/ 'he gives us each two' /kimsanka apamunqa/ 'he'll bring three for each' /tawaralninka qun/ 'he gives them each forty cents' With verbs of other meanings this relationship is indicated by the stem /sapakama/ •each one' plus case, as in /iskaywanmi hamun sapakamapaq/ 'he comes with two for each one' 4.23112. Other Positions and Directions — Positions and directions more specific than those indicated by /-pi/, /-man/, and /-manta/ alone are expressed by noun phrases having as heads nouns which name relative positions. The commonest such nouns are: /qawa/ or /hawa/ 'outside, topside', /pata/ 'topside', /patan/ 'edge', /uku/ 'interior', /Cawpi/ 'center, midst', /punta/ and /Simpa/ 'front', /qipa/ 'rear', /nawpaq/ 'position ahead', /siki/ 'base, bottom', /ladu/ 'position beside', /kinray/ 'direction to the side', /hanay/ 'position above', and /uray/ 'position below'. Examples of these constructions are: /wasi qawapi/ 'outside or on top of the house' /wasi ukupi/ 'inside the house' /nampa ladunman/ 'to the side of the road' /muli sikiman/ 'to the base of a molle tree' /mesa uraymanta/ 'from under the table'

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4.232. Combinations of Case Suffixes 4.2321. Secondary Inflection of the Genitive A Noun phrase in the pa-case may function as an anaphoric substitute for the thing possessed, in which case it is inflected for the same categories as is the stem: /bisintipata/ 'to Vincent's; Vincent's (acc.)' /nuqapamanta rin/ 'he goes from my (place), /paypapi/ 'in his; at his (place)' 4.2322. Additional Case Combinations Six additional case combinations are: /-paqrayku/ 'for and because of', /-purawan/ 'one for another', /-purata/ (objects involved in reciprocal action), /-pikama/ 'one from another', /-mantakama/ 'from each', and /-takama/ 'all, only (acc.)': /munasqaypaqrayku/ 'for and because of the one I love' /wasipurawan kamyasun/ 'let's exchange houses' /takanaCin warmapurata/ 'he makes the boys fight among themselves' /karupikamam wasinku/ 'their houses are far apart' /sapamantakama/ 'from each one of them' /wasitakama rikuni/ 'I see only houses' 4.2323. /-wan/ and/-piwan/ in Additive Construction /-wan/ 'with' and /-piwan/ 'also with' may have case function or may mark additive construction with a following phrase, /-wan/ follows other case suffixes or combinations to mark additive construction, /-wan/ and /-piwan/ are common but not obligatory in such additive constitutes. The first example below shows /-wan/ connecting two nouns in the ta-case; the second two nouns in the pi-case. The third example shows /-piwan/ with case function; the fourth and fifth with connective function. /nuqatawan qamta rikuwanCik/ 'he sees you and me' /wasipiwan turipi/ 'in the house and in the tower' /puklanikum mayistrupiwan/ 'we (excl.) play with the teacher also' /qarikunapiwan warmikunaqa/ 'men and women too' /nuqapiwan, qampiwan, paypiwan ruwasunSik/ 'let's I, you, and he do it' When followed by /-wan/, /-ta/ may occur in environments where otherwise prohibited. In the first example speaker B's comment on A's statement implies a verb which is not present. The following examples show /-tawan/ with Na nouns which do not take /-ta/ alone. A: /alinmi kukupa ruwanapaq/ 'its good for making cocopa (cooked and dried potatoes)'; B: /Carkitawan/ 'dried meat too' /yapatawan/ 'and again' /paqarintawan/ 'tomorrow too'

5. VERB CATEGORIES

5.1. TYPES OF VERBS

Verb stems are bound forms, although in one type of verbal compound the stem is followed by juncture (represented by hyphen; 7.4.). Verbs are classed as transitive, intransitive, and equational. 5.11. Transitive Verbs The transitive verb is one which may, but need not, occur in a clause containing a regular noun in the ta-case. 5.111. Regular Transitives (Vtr). Approximately seventy-five percent of the Ayacucho verbs fall into this class. Examples are /ruwa-/ 'to do, make': /ruwan/ 'he does it', /mesata ruwan/ 'he makes a table'; /uti-/ 'to ache from strain': /ñawiy ñuqata utiwan/ 'my eyes hurt me, my eyes are strained'. 5.112. Motion Verbs (Vtm). Most transitive verbs which refer to motion of an actor from one place to another may occur in a clause with an agentive nominalization (verb stem plus the derivational suffix /-q/) which is adverbial without inflectional ending. Many place names ending in vowels are ambivalent stems that function as Vtm as well as Nr. Some common motion verbs are: /ri-/ 'to go', /hamu-/ 'to come', /luqsi-/ 'to leave', /yayku-/ 'to enter', /hatari-/ 'to get up (out of bed)', /tiya-/ 'to sit down', /wamanga-/ 'to go to Huamanga (Ayacucho)': /ayakuduta rin/ 'he goes to Ayacucho', /ayakuCu qawaykuq rin/ 'he goes to visit Ayacucho'. 5.113. Communication Verbs (Vtc). Verbs of this class may occur in a clause containing an embedded clause as a direct quotation. The recipient of the information or query is represented by a noun phrase in the ta-case, as may be also the information or question if this takes the form of a nominalization rather than of direct quotation. E.g. /ni-/ 'to say, tell': /amiguntam rikusayki nirqa/ 'he said to his friend "I'll see you"'; /rikusqantam nin/ 'he says he saw him'. Other Vtc stems are /wila-/ 'to tell, advise, warn', /tapu-/ 'to ask', and /qikuta-/ 'to insist'. 5.114. Impersonal Transitives (Vti). Most verbs referring to states of weather, and two of other meanings, are never inflected for person as actor, and cannot occur in a clause containing a noun phrase functioning as actor. E.g. /para-/ 'to rain': /ayakuóu-

46

VERB CATEGORIES

tam paran/ 'it rains on Ayacucho', /nuqamanmi paramuwan/ 'it rains on me'. The members of this class are: /CikSi-/ 'to sleet' /ipu-/ 'to drizzle' /kila-/ 'to shine' (the moon) /lasta-/ 'to snow' /naya-/ 'to give desire' /para-/ 'to rain' /ranka&u-/ 'to frost' /riti-/ 'to snow' /sula-/ 'to form dew' /usya-/ 'to clear up' /wayra-/ 'to blow, be windy' /yarqa-/ 'to make hungry' Other verbs which may refer to weather are classed as Vtr (/nuyu-/ 'to make wet', /Siri-/ 'to make cold', /rupa-/ 'to make hot, burn, shine'), or are intransitive (/qasa-/ 'to freeze'). 5.12. Intransitive Verbs (Vi) The intransitive verb never occurs in a clause containing a regular noun in the ta-case. This class is considerably smaller than Vtr. Some examples are /punu-/ 'to sleep', /wanu-/ 'to die', /su5u-/ 'to move', /quni-/ 'to become warm', /saksa-/ 'to be full (of food), and /kurku-/ 'to bend'. 5.13. Equational Verbs (Ve) Three verbs /ka-/ 'to be', /bali-/ 'to be worth', and /tuku-/ 'to pretend to be, become' may occur in equational clauses: /payqa karqa mayistrum/ 'he was a teacher'. The verb /ka-/ has a special form /kan/ 'there is, are' which occurs only in intransitive clauses: /kanmi wasi/ 'there is a house, a house exists'. Equational clauses referring to permanent states without specification of tense never contain verb forms; thus /payqa kaCkan mayistrum/ 'he is (right now, or temporarily) a teacher', but /payqa mayistrum/ 'he is a teacher'. 5.14. Defective /ha-/ A single defective stem */ha-/ occurs only in the imperative /hay/ 'I hear you, I await you, come!', in the derived Vtm /hamu-/ 'to come', and in the defective derived stem /haku/ 'let's go' which is never inflected except for inclusive plural person (/hakuSik/ 'let's go').

VERB CATEGORIES

47

5.2. VERB INFLECTION

5.21. Actor and Object Reference Details of person suffix distribution not covered in 3.21 and relating to specific tense, subordinate, or conditional forms are described in the following sections as the relevant forms are introduced. 5.22. Injunctive The suffix /-£u/, following the stem or the person suffix /-wa/ and preceding «-aspect, indicates suggestion or permissiveness on the part of the speaker as regards the advisability of action by a third person: /lamka-/ 'to work': /lamkaSun/ 'let him work'; /Iamka£ka5unku/ 'let them keep working' /miku-/ 'to eat': /mikulawaiun/ 'just let him eat me' 5.23. Aspect The verb stem is immediately followed in all forms except the imperative and alternative conditional by one of the morphemes /-s/, /-r/, /-p/, and /-N/. 5.231. /-s/ immediately precedes tense /-QA/ or a subordinator /-pa/, /-tiN/. It is the least clear in meaning of the aspect morphemes. 5.232. /-r/ immediately precedes tense /-QA/ and appears to have completive meaning. 5.233. /-p/ immediately precedes the subordinator /-tiN/, and indicates that the actors differ between dependent and independent clauses. 5.234. /-N/ is represented by zero in the first person singular and exclusive plural forms of the future and regular conditional, in actor-object 1-2, and after tense /-QA/ in third (zero) person; by /n/ elsewhere. Immediately following the stem and preceding person (if any) it marks the simple present tense. It also precedes tense /-QA/ to form the future, and occurs between /-QA/ and person in all aspect-tense endings. The simple present tense, as opposed to a true present which includes the durative modal /-£ka/ in the stem (7.2316), generally indicates temporally unrestricted or habitual action. It also commonly replaces the true tenses when the context is unambiguous, and is used almost exclusively in one style of story-telling. The second person may refer to future time since there is no second person in the irregular future tense.

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VERB CATEGORIES

/rikuni/ 'I see' /rikunki/ 'you see, you'll see' /rikun/ 'he sees' /rikunfcik/ 'we (incl.) see' /rikuyki/ 'I see you' /rikusunki/ 'he sees you' /rikuwanki/ 'you see me; you'll see me' 5.24. Tense The non-present tense suffix /-QA/ has the allomorphs: (a) /-q/ in the irregular first person future ending /-saq/; (b) /-qa/ in free alternation with /-a/ in the actor-object 1-2 future /-sqayki/ or /-sayki/, and following the r-aspect; and (c) /-wa/ following the n- and i-aspects. /-QA/ follows /-n/ in the future tense, /-r/ in the simple past tense, and /-s/ in the quotative past tense. Another tense, the iterative past, differs from these in being periphrastic. See also /-QA/ in noun derivation 6.13. 5.241. Future Tense.

Only the third person future is regularly constructed:

/rikunqa/ 'he will see' /rikunqaku/ 'they will see' First person endings contain the suffixes /-sa/ and /-su/ (3.211): /rikusaq/ 'I'll see' /rikusaqku/ 'we (excl.) will see' /rikusun/ or /rikusuniiik/ 'we (incl.) will see; let's see' There is no second person future form, and the second person present may refer to future time. This applies not only to the actor ending /-nki/, but also to actor-object 3-2 /-sunki/. 5.242. Simple Past Tense. This tense refers to past time without the special conditions of the quotative and iterative past tenses. The simple past is never used in storytelling (except in direct quotations within the tale). /rikurqani/ or /rikurani/ 'I saw' /rikurqanki/ or /rikuranki/ 'you saw' /rikurqa/ or /rikura/ 'he saw' /rikurqandik/ or /rikuranSik/ 'we (incl.) saw' /rikurqayki/ or /rikurayki/ 'I saw you' /rikusurqanki/ or /rikusuranki/ 'he saw you' 5.243. Quotative Past Tense.

This tense is regularly used in story-telling, and in

VERB CATEGORIES

49

conversation it indicates that the speaker is not responsible for the event, that he was unaware of the fact of, or the real significance of, the action at the time it occurred or began. /huksi kasqa huk ma£u5apiwan paya5a/ 'once upon a time there was a little old man and woman' /alintam tokasqanki/ 'you play well!' /nama mikuSkasqankina/ 'Oh, you're already eating!' /Say sipasta mu£asqani/ 'I kissed that girl (I mistook her for another, or did it while I was drunk, or dreamt it, etc.)!' The ending /-sqa/ is ambivalent, functioning also as a nominalizer (6.13). The actorobject 1-2 /-sqayki/ is phonemically ambiguous with the future 1-2 and with the second person of the nominalization: /rikusqayki/ 'I saw you!'; 'I'll see you'; 'that you saw, what you saw'. 5.244. Iterative Past Tense. This tense indicates action repeated over a period of time in the past, and occurs in folk tales alongside the simple present and quotative past. In the third person it is represented by a form identical in shape to the agentive nominalization (6.14) alone; in other persons this form is 'mmediately followed by a simple present or simple past form of /ka-/ 'to be'. /rikuq kani/ or /rikuq karqani/ 'I used to see' /rikuq kanki/ or /rikuq karqanki/ 'you used to see' /rikuq/ 'he used to see' /rikuqku/ 'they used to see' In the actor-object combinations, /-wa/ and /-su/ always occur in the first word, but the 1-2 ending and /-5ik/ only in the second; thus 1-2 /rikuq kayki/ 'I used to see you' 2-1 /rikuwaq kanki/ 'you used to see me' 2-1 pi. /rikuwaqku kanki/ 'you used to see us' 3-1 /rikuwaq/ 'he used to see me' 3-1 pi. incl. /rikuwaq kanCik/ 'he used to see us (incl.)' 3-1 pi. excl. /rikuwaqku/ 'he used to see us (excl.)' 3-2 /rikusuq kanki/ 'he used to see you' Although the iterative past forms with first and second person actor function as verbal phrases, they may be interrupted by enclitics. Thus in intransitive clauses they may be indistinguishable from the equational clause with the verb /ka-/ with the above-mentioned nominalization as attribute. /manam lamkaqCu kani/ 'I didn't use to work'; 'I'm not a worker' but /manam Cay Cakrataqa lamkaqiu kani/ 'I didn't use to work that field'

50

VERB CATEGORIES

5.25.

Subordination

Three subordinate verb forms are classified by the criteria: (a) aspectual relation between action of subordinate clause and that of independent clause; and (b) whether actor is the same or different in these clauses. The tense of the subordinate verb is always relative to that of the main verb. The above criteria imply a pattern of four subordinate types, since both (a) and (b) include a two-way choice. The fourth type is represented by a verbal phrase showing two layers of subordinate forms. There are two subordinating suffixes: /-pa/ follows the s-aspect, and /-tiN/ follows the j-aspect in the shape /-tin/ and the /^-aspect in the shape /-ti/. The meaning of these morphemes apart from the aspect) morphemes is not clear (but cf. the pa-case 4.23103 and the NIntin-derivative 6.23). The subordinate verb never adds the negative-interrogative enclitic /-5u/ in a negative clause, since the negator /mana/ is always included in the verbal phrase. The converse is true in independent clauses, where the negator functions as a separate phrase requiring agreement of the verb. A special subordinate clause type which does not contain a subordinate verb and is not introduced by a subordinating particle is described in 5.264. 5.251. The pti-subordinate. This form indicates action which begins, and perhaps ends, previous to the start of the action denoted by the main verb, and which has a different actor than the main verb. This subordinate form is always inflected for person. In translation this form usually appears as a clause introduced by 'if', 'when', or 'because', correlating quite closely with the presence or absence of the topic and comment enclitics as the examples below illustrate. The examples are chosen to illustrate the complete range in translation. /nuqa niptiyqa ruwanqam/ 'if (when) I say, he'll do it' /ripusaqda qulqi kaptin/ 'I'll surely go if there's money' /kumpanasuptikiqa apurawman Sayanki/ 'if he accompanies you, you'll arrive quickly' /mana kay yakunfcik kaptinqa wanuru5wampas5d/ 'if we didn't have (if there weren't) our water, we would certainly die' /kay kakaru5iki uman kickiruptin umalaytaqa waqtarquwarqa/ 'so this fox, when his head got stuck (in the pot), hit me on the head' /ripuydik kay quqawnikiCikta ruwaykapuptiy/ 'go when I get this lunch packed for you!' /nuqa niptiymi rirqa/ 'he went because I said it' /qam hamuptikim luqsiSkan/ 'he's leaving because you came' /manaraq manaptikim yanapasuyta qalarira/ 'he began to help you before you asked him (when you had not yet asked him)'

VERB CATEGORIES

51

/qaway £ay kutata qanradakuptintaq/ 'watch that flour so it doesn't get dirty (because it might get dirty)' /mikuymanya mana kiruy nanawaptin/ 'I'd eat, but my tooth hurts (if my tooth didn't hurt)' /may pafcam upalaptiki tukunqa/ 'provided that you be quiet, he'll finish' All actor-object endings occur with the /»it-subordinate except 1-2; this is illustrated above in the word /ruwaykapuptiy/, where the derivational suffix /-pu/ 'for' normally requires inflection for first or second person object. 5.252. The spa-subordinate. This form differs from the /^'-subordinate only in that it presupposes the same actor as in the main clause, and in that person inflection is optional. It is often translated by the English ing-form, or by 'having -en'. /nanta pantaspanqa manam 5ayanqa£u/ 'if he takes the wrong road, he won't get there' /nisyuta lamkaspaqa tukusun/ 'if we work hard we'll finish' /mikuspan luqsirqa/ 'when he had eaten, he left', 'after eating he left', 'having eaten, he left' /qamqa mana lamkaspapas aikatam mikunki/ 'you, without even having worked (even though you don't work), eat a lot' /lamkaspaymi/ 'because I'm working' /nilaspansi payakulaqa -nominalization with a verbal form of the negator /mana/, or (b) a compounding of the verb root with /imana-/ (7.43): /yuyaymana-/ Fj 'to try to remember, have trouble remembering; to deliberate' < /yuya-/ 'to remember', /qawaymana-/ Fir 'to try to see, have trouble seeing' < /qawa-/ 'to look at', /wanuymana-/ 'to be dying' < /wanu-/ 'to die', /rik5aymana-/ Fr 'to try to stay awake' < /rikda-/ 'to awaken', et al.

QUECHUA-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

INTRODUCTION

This dictionary represents mainly the speech of the city of Ayacucho, but many forms from other areas are included. Forms not known to the principle informant, Mr. Alfredo Olarte M., are identified by Department (if Huancavelica or Apurimac), Province, or District in parentheses. Loanwords from Spanish are preceded by asterisk, and only those borrowings used in Quechua by Mr. Olarte and considered by him to be in general use among monolingual speakers have been included. No attempt has been made to include all alternant forms. Toponyms and personal names are outside the scope of this work, though a small number of such forms which vary unpredictably from a Spanish source are entered. A few forms identified as archaic or obsolescent are included on the basis of their occurrence in contemporary published texts. In no case can it be certain, however, that the form is not current in some part of the large dialect area. Latin identifications of plant names are mostly from the studies of Fortunato L. Herrera (Botanica etnologica, Revista del Museo Nacional, Lima, Vol. 2.1, pp. 3-8, 1933; Vol. 2.2, pp. 131-6, 1933; Vol. 3.1-2, pp. 39-62, 1934). Since these articles treat the Cuzco dialect, the identifications used here are only tentative, and have only been used when Herrera's description coincided with that of the informant. Main entries are primarily roots, including all alternants, and idiomatic stems. Inflected forms, forms containing enclitics, and phrases are subentries unless the underlying root or stem, or head word, does not occur idiomatically (or at all) outside the form in question. When an entry is inmediately followed by a parenthesized form, this indicates that the first form usually occurs in a phrase where it is attributive to the second. Examples are employed when it is felt that these may supplement the information provided by the glosses, or clarify seeming disparities between form-class identifications and glosses. Several types of cross reference are used. When a main entry is followed by "(var. of-)" this indicates that the forms are free root alternants, "(see -)" indicates that the forms are synonymous and have the same underlying root, but somehow differ in their morphological makeup. In each case reference toward the more frequent form has been attempted. Only occasional reference is made to other synonyms or to semantically related forms. Alphabetical ordering of entries, based on the English and Spanish alphabets, is the following: a b £ d e f g h i k l I m n n o p q r r s t u w y .

A

•abadisa Nr abbess; pretentious woman *abef (see maber) *abeses Adv sometimes *abini- Vi to agree *abisici Nr elementary school *abrasa- Vtr to embrace *abrasu Nr embrace *abrigu Nr coat *abril Ar April *abufiku- Vi to become bored *abusa- Vtr to abuse *abya- Vtr to send away *aca Nr axe, hatchet aca Ar uncombed, unkempt. Vi to free oneself, come free; to break off acacaw Interj (expression of fear) acacal&w Interj what a shame! acacalawya (see a£a5aldw) acalacalaw (see a5alaw) acalaw Interj how pretty! acapa- Vtr to mess up (the hair) acapiya- Vtr to jerk, pull quickly and repeatedly acapya- Vtr (Apurimac) to break up, smash aciki Adv so be it acikta Adv by daylight acikya- Vi to become light, dawn; to awaken acikyaqta (or -man) when it becomes light, by dawn acikyayku- Vi to continue till dawn acira Nr a family of plants, some of which have edible roots, Canna edulis acita Nr a grain similar to quinoa aciwti Nr annatto: the tree and the dye made from it a£ka Nr much, a lot ackaq (Apurimac; see a5ka) ackaya- Vi to grow in number, increase aipi (var. of aspi-)

108

ACU — *ALFOMRA

acu Nr small sticks for tinder acupa Nr leaf of a small agave, used as tinder acura Nr piece of meat given to one who helps another in slaughtering animals *adam Nr Adam *adobi Nr adobe. Vtr to make (into) adobe *adobira Nr rectangular mold for making adobes *adorno Nr adornment *afan Nr eagerness *afeta- Vtr to shave *afila- Vtr to sharpen *agonisa- Vi to be dying *agosto Ar August *agradesi- Vtr to thank *agwanta- Vtr to stand, put up with *ahitaku- Vi to worry aka Nr feces (especially of animals). Vi to defecate aka siki dirty person (scolding or insulting) akacaw (see akak&w) akakaw Interj ouch! (reaction to being burned) akaklu Nr woodpecker akapa Ar small akaru Nr a kind of dove akatanqa Nr black beetle akci Nr light. Vtr to illuminate, enlighten akciqpi at dawn *akisto Inter j I'll bet! akla- Vtr to choose, select akti- Vtr to pull out something imbedded in something else aku Na a chew of coca; the time when coca is chewed; the coca break, rest periods during the working day, at 9 AM, 12 noon, and 3 P M ; three hours, a quarter of a day; any period of roughly this length, as when travel time is measured in aku; (Cangallo) flour. Vtr to chew coca; to chew (generally) akuli- Vtr (Cangallo; see aku-) ala Interj boo! *alaba- Vtr to praise *alabaku- Vi to brag *albanil Nr mason *albergas Nr pea *albergones (see albergas) *alfa Nr alfalfa *alferes Nr assistant of mayordomo, steward of fiesta *alfomra Nr rug, carpet

*ALFORGA — ALPA

109

*alforga Nr saddle bag *algodon Nr cotton * alista- Vtr to ready *alkaldi Nr mayor *alkaldilu Nr boy 14-18 years of age appointed to the duty of calling people to prayer during Lent *alkaldiya Nr mayorship *alkansa- Vi to suffice *alkansu Nr a disease caused by sleeping or working in an unfamiliar place and symptomized by headache, fever, swelling of limb, and black marks on the body at death *alkarobo Nr carob tree; carob bean *alkila- Vtr to rent, hire *alkol Nr methyl alcohol *alroa Nr soul; deceased person *almidon Nr starch *almusa- VI to lunch *almusu Nr lunch alpunti Nr potato seed pod alpuntu (var. of alpunti) *altaf Nr altar *altu Nr-Ar top; high, tall •"altus Nr story of a building (from second upward) *alumnu Nr student *alumre Nr alum *alwasil Nr apprentice official ala- Vtr to dig up, hoe up, harvest (tubers) alacu Nr hoe alica- Vtr to arrange, put in order, repair alilamanta Adv slowly, carefully alin Ar good; well, in good health. Pread good and . . . mana alin bad aswan alin much better alinta well alinea- Vtr to improve; to make well; to do good for alinlanla Adv very well alinya- Vi to improve; to get well alipuranaku- Vi to reconcile aliq Ar right (direction) aliq maki right hand; right-handed alpa Nr earth, land, soil, dirt, dust tiqa alpa, obra alpa clay

110

ALQA — *ANILU

alqa Ar having a black spot on a light background alqay Nr shadow alqayku- Vi to make a shadow alqu Nr dog alquca- Vtr to mistreat (a person) alwa- Vi to howl; to cry, wail, moan alwi Nr warp (in weaving). Vtr to warp ama Neg no, not, don't (prohibitory) amaca- Vtr to stop, inhibit, break up (a fight), put out (a fire) amalay Interj (Cangallo) here's hoping amankay Nr a flower: Elisena longipetala amanaku- Vi (Cangallo) to adapt *amapola Nr poppy amaru Nr a mythical lake from which spirits come amawta Nr (Archaic) wise man, teacher ami- Vtr to be tired of, fed up with, very bored by *amigu-, -a Ng friend amiguta ruwaku- to make friends *aminasa- Vtr to threaten, menace amiqa Nr residue *amistaci- Vtr to make friendly *amistad Nr friendship *amistaku- Vi to make friends; to go well together amrankay Nr a white, bell-shaped flower amsa Ar unable to work well, lazy, clumsy, stupid amu- Vtr to hold in the mouth amuqlu Nr tumor ana Nr (Cangallo) facial mole ananalaw Interj ouch! ananaw (see ananalaw) anaq Ar (Cangallo) slow anca Pread very; very much anca kaspa please ancaca- Vtr to make worse *ancu Ar wide ancu- Vtm to go off ancuyku- Vtm to approach ancuykuq Nr relative; one who cares, friend *anda Nr platform *angil Nr angel ani- (var. of ami-) *anilu Nr ring

*ANIMA — API

111

*anima Nr spirit, courage *animaci- Vtr to convince, stimulate, give courage *animaku- Vi to take courage, be in good spirits •animal Nr animal *animu Nr stimulus, motive. Vtr (see animaCi-) *anis Nr anice anka Nr a bird of prey ankala- Vi to lie or recline face-down ankalampa Adv face-down; upside-down anku Nr-Ar tendon (especially of the leg); hard ankuripa Nr a medicinal herb ankuta- Vtr to bind the leg anqara Nr bowl *anqilitu Nr deceased child anqusa-Vtr to pour a libation; to toast; to celebrate anfi Assent yes (acquiescent) anfi ni- to agree ansapaku- Vi to yawn anta Ar unclear, cloudy (eyes, glass, sky) anta rupay a bit of sunlight antaqa Nr an herb antaqa (Cangallo; see anta) antara Nr panpipes antimiski Nr honey •antis Adv before; rather anuka- Vtr to wean anya- Vtr to bark; to scold aña Ar (Cangallo) sweet añakáw Interj how pretty! añaláw Interj how wonderful!, beautiful! añalawya (see añaláw) añañanka Nr crybaby añas Nr skunk añáw (see añaláw) *añu Nr year in school, grade apa- Vtr to take, bring, carry apacita (urqu) Nr mountaintop shrine: if such a spot is said to exist the traveller facilitates his climb by bringing some small offering to leave on the summit apariku- Vtr (frequent synomym of apa- alone) apasanka Nr (Cangallo) a large ground-dwelling spider api Nr a gelatinous dessert based on boiled flour, Sp. mazamorra. Vtr to make (into) mazamorra

112

*APIKI — ARKU-

*apiki Adv just maybe *apilidu Nr surname *apinasta Adv with difficulty *apra Nr the political party APR A apra- Nr adopted son. Vtr to adopt *aprista Nr member of APRA apta- Vtr to distribute food or coca apti- Vtr to take up with the hand to eat apu Ar rich; (archaic) powerful person, lord *apunta- Vtr to write down *apura- Vi to hurry *apuraw Ar hurried apurawman (or -ta) quickly, fast; soon apusuyu Nr diviner, diagnostician apya Ar mushy. Vi to become mushy aqa Nr chicha: a beverage made from corn or fruit mash. Vtr to make (into) chicha sura aqa a type of chicha (cf. sura) yana aqa a non-alcoholic refreshment prepared from purple corn and fruit aqa Interj aha! aqali Nr insides: intestines, stomach, etc. aqaruway Nr locust (insect) aqarway (var. of aqaruway) aqci Nr a carnivorous bird; vulture *aqinku Nr absinthe, wormwood *aqinti Nr a municipal official aqnu Nr crumb, bit aqtu- Vtr to remove or eject from the mouth; to vomit aqu Nr sand *aqunquli Nr sesame *aqus Nr garlic aqus suytu Nr (Huancavelica) a variety of potato *ara- Vtr to plow *arafia Nr spider araq Ar wild (plant); scabby, ugly, dirty araq papa Nr a variety of potato ararankay Nr (Victor Fajardo) a kind of lizard araskaska Nr a type of group dance ari Assent yes ari yes (polite) ariy£ of course *arku Nr arch. Vtr to arch arku- Vtr to pile grain

ARMA

ASUYICU-

113

arma- Vtr (Cangallo) to bathe *arpa Nr harp arpa canka bowlegged arwi Ar tangled. Vtr to tie, bind; to become entangled arwi-arwi Nr a weed: Cuscuta grandiflora arwita- Vi to become completely entangled *afegla- Vtr to arrange *afenda- Vtr to rent *afma Nr weapon. Vtr to set up, assemble, arm; to make, form *a¥oba Nr a 25-lb. measure *aros Nr rice as Adv its said that as Nr-Ar a little, few asá Interj (see e.g. of watuci) as-aslata Adv little by little asi- Vi to laugh asicikuq Na funny asikaca- Vi to flirt asikuy Na laughter *asinda Nr hacienda asipaya- Vtr to make fun of; to tease *asipta- Vtr to accept *asiru Nr steel aslaya- Vi to diminish asna- Vi to smell, taste; to stink *asnu Nr donkey aspas Aa more aspi- Vtr to scratch; to dig out yarqa aspiy the digging of irrigation ditches; the festivities which mark this occasion *asta Prep until asta- Vtm to transport, move many things from one location to another far away asti- Vtr to take or give fire (to start in another place) asti- (var. of akti-) *astutu Ar clever asu- Vtm to move back, move over *asul Ar blue befdi rikuq asul greenish blue qamya asul sky-blue *asufri Nr sulfur *asukaf Nr sugar asuyku- Vtm to approach from a very short distance

114

ASWA — *AWRURA

aswa Nr (Huancavelica) chicha aswan Pread-Adv more; but, rather aswan mas much more aswana Nr large pot for cooking and storage ataka Nr foot (deprecative) atakacaw (see atataCaw) *ataki Nr attack, or similar to epilepsy ataqu Nr purslane atat&w Interj how ugly! atatacaw Interj how pretty! atatalaw (see atataw) ati- Vtr to be able (to) atiku- Vi to be possible atina Nr-Ar possibility; possible atinaku- Vi to have sexual intercourse *atindi- Vtr to attend atipa- Vtr to beat, defeat, win atipanaku- Vi to compete atiq Na able e.g. qawaykacakunku mana puriy atiq they look around unable to walk atiy-atiy Aa very strong(ly) atki- (var. of akti-) atupa Nr a corn disease resulting in enlarged and blackened kernels atuq Nr fox atuq-atuq Nr scorpion aw Assent yes aw? isn't that right, Sp. ¿no? awa Nr warp; yarn wound for dying. Vtr to weave, knit awa Adv anyway *awabindita Nr holy water awana Nr loom awapari Nr belt passing around weaver's waist and attached to the warp awaqula Nr a kind of cactus awaru Nr (archaic) cloth of very high quality *awelu, -a Ng grandfather, grandmother awki Nr old man awla- (var. of alwa-) awqa Nr (Cangallo) enemy; monster *awqa Nr needle awqa-awqa Nr an herb: Erodium cicutarium *awrasi Assent o.k. *awrura Nr light blue

*AWTORIDAD — AYWITIYA-

115

*awtoridad Nr authority; official ay Inter] oh! aya Nr corpse, cadaver *aybisis (Cangallo; var. of abeses) ayca Nr meat, flesh ayla Nr (Victor Fajardo) a type of group dance aylu Nr relative; family; community ayni Nr system of reciprocation of work ayniku- Vtr to help, with the understanding that the party helped will reciprocate aypa- (var. of haypa-) aypu- Vtr to distribute, pass out ayqi- Vi to flee, escape ayqiymana- Vi to try to escape ayrampu Nr a plant used in dye-making: Opuntia soehrensii *ayri Nr image, form, appearance aysa- Vtr to remove; to lead, bring (a person) aysaku Nr pitcher ayti- Vtr to bundle up, cover (with clothing) aytinya- Vi (Cangallo) to nod, sway (the head) from sleepiness; to bob ayuna- Vi to fast aywi- Vtr to wash aywi- Vtr to swing around in the air; to rock, sway aywitiya- Vi to sway (the head) from sleepiness

B

•babul Nr trunk, locker *baha- Vtr to lower *baka Nrcow *balansa Nr scale, balance *bali- Ve to be worth; to have value; to be expensive *baliku- Vtr to ask a favor of *balkun Nr balcony *baloi Nr value, worth *balofca- Vtr to encourage *balorcaku- Vi to liven up, get in the spirit of things *balya- Vtr to shoot (with a firearm) *banda Nr band, orchesta *bandidu Nr bandit *baña- Vtr to bathe *bañu Nr bath *bara Nr staff of authority; official; foot (measure) *barayuq Nr official *baratu Ar cheap baratulapi rantiku- to sell cheaply baratulata ranti- to buy cheaply *barbeco Nr fallow land *barita Nr metal bar *baryu Nr district *basiya- Vtr to empty *bastun Nr walking stick, cane *basu Nr glass, cup *basuci- Vtr to make one finish a whole glass of alcoholic drink in one draught *bati- Vi to beat, flap *bawtisa- Vtr to baptize *bawtisu Nr baptism *benda Nr bandage *bendisyon Nr blessing bendisyonta cura- to bless, give blessing *beneno Nr poison

*BENSI

*BUFANDA

117

*bensi- Vtr to conquer *bentu Nr wind. Vtr to give a chill *berbena Nr vervena •berdad Nr truth *befdi Ar green *befga Nr club of dried tendons *bernis Ar Friday *beros Nr watercress *besinu Nr neighbor *bestya Nr beast, animal *bibu Ar lively, daring *bida Nr life, way of life; basic necessities *biguti Nr moustache *biha Nr old woman *bila Nr candle. Vi to stay up; to keep vigil *bina Nr vein; pulse *bingaku- Vi to avenge oneself *bisita Nr visit; visitor, guest. Vtr to visit *bisku Ar crosseyed "biskucu Nr biscuit *bisyu Nr vice *biyaqa- (var. of biyaqi-) *biyaqi Nr trip. Vtm to travel *biyolin Nr violin *biyudu, -a Ng widower, widow *bolsiku Nr pocket *bona-nocis Assent good evening *bonos-diyas Assent good morning *boia- Vtr to erase *boiagas Nr borage *bos Nr voice *botas Nr boot *botiqa Nr a type of large, small-mouthed jug *boyno Assent o.k. *brabu Interj bravo, hurrah *brasu Nr arm *breya Nr tar *brinka- Vi to jump *bruha Nr witch: an old woman whose head leaves the body at night to fly in search of victims *bruto Ar stupid *bufanda Nr scarf

118

*BULTO — *BUWIS

*bulto Nr bundle; a vaguely defined animated form, as of a partially visible spirit *bula Nr noise bunrururu- Vi to make a thundering noise *bufla Nr practical joke; ridicule. Vtr to make fun of *butika Nr drugstore •butila Nr bottle *buwis Nr ox

c cacakuma Nr a medicinal herb cacas Nr a kind of small tree cacila (Victor Fajardo; var. of cu5ila) caka Ar (Cangallo) hoarse caka Nr bridge. Vtr to make a bridge; to bridge; to cross; to go back and forth across cakampa Adv horizontal, supported at each end cakapa- Vtr (Cangallo) to open furrows (for irrigation) at the edge of a field cakata- Vtr to crucify; to make a cross of cakca- Vtr (Cangallo) to chew coca caki Nr foot caki Ar dry. Vi to dry cakipa Nr (Cangallo) refreshment. Vi to quench the thirst cakita Nr woman's jacket cakma Nr field planted for the first time. Vtr to break virgin land for planting cakra Nr field; country (as opposed to town) cakraca- Vtr to make cultivable cala Nr (Cangallo) green corn husk *calina Nr scarf calkaka Nr a small yellow finch: Sicalis uropygialis cala Ar sparse, thin; scattered. Vtr to sprinkle with liquid; to scatter calalala- Vi to make the sound of falling rain, or water generally cal&n Inter] tinkle, clink: the sound of breaking glass, jingling coins, etc. calcaka Nr a kind of parrakeet calpu- Vtr to put into liquid, immerse, submerge calpuqya- Vtr to kick into the water calu Ar cracked, shattered (small or thin things). Vtr to crack, shatter calwa Nr fish. Vtr to fish camana Nr a bush: Dodonoea viscosa camca Nr small particles, bits. Vtr to grind, crush, pulverize campa Nr sod campi Nr (Apurimac) a rhythm instrument used by women in carnivals, consisting of a long stick with bells and ornaments attached; (archaic) mace camqa- Vtr to throw stones at; to throw far

120

CAMRA — CAWLA

camra Ar poorly ground cancanya- Vi to clink cani- Vtr to pay well canin Nr fair value, one's money's worth, enough canilan Nr just one's money's worth canka Nr inside of thigh; leg. Vi to step, pace *cankaka Nr unrefined sugar in trapezoidal lumps cankayi Nr crotch (of body) cankil Nr a water plant capca- Vtr to eat sloppily and noisily capla Nr bread of any kind in the form of a large round loaf. Vtr to make (into) round loaves capla Vtr to grab roughly capra Nr branch capra- (var. of Capla-) capu Ar having long and disheveled hair or beard. Vtr to smear, to soil by smearing with something caqa (Cangallo; see caqaku). Vtr to remove with a tool, shovel out, spoon out caqaku Nr a plate for measuring grain caqca- Vtr to clean (wooden surfaces), remove bark or branches from caqcu- Vtr to throw large amounts of liquids or granular solid onto caqla Nr thatch (of roof, bridge). Vtr to thatch caqna- Vtr to tie up the hands or feet of, fetter caqra Ar tough, rough, hard caqru Ar mixed. Vtr to mix caqta Nr cane alcohol for drinking caqu Nr anything destroyed, chopped off, cut down. Vtr to destroy, chop down, cut down, tear down; (Cangallo) to beat (in hunting) caqwa Nr anything disordered, mixed up. Vtr to disorder, mix up *carango Nr a small stringed instrument similar to the ukelele carapa Nr turtle carca Ar old, worn-out, delapidated, worthless carki Nr dried meat. Vtr to dry (meat) caska Nr morning star, venus; star caski Vtr to receive, accept; acknowledge (a greeting) caskilaykim hello (when greeted with rimaykulayki) caspi- (var. of tapsi-) cawa Ar raw, uncooked cawa- Vtr to milk cawaf Nr maguey hemp cawca Ar unripe (potato) cawla (var. of calwa)

CAWPI — CIKACACAN

cawpi Nr middle, center, average e.g. saca cawpipi amidst the trees cawpi nampi halfway cawpi tuta midnight cawpi puncaw midday, noon cawpica- Vtr to center; to place in the middle cay Pdem that cayca that must be the reason, that's why cay-caypasca something like that cay-cayta approximately, more or less caykama until that; meanwhile caylapaqnam that's enough caymanta from that, from there; thence, thereafter caymi (or -si) then, next; for that reason caypi there cayqaya look there!, there it is! cayqayfi that's it!, that's the one! cayraq soon; immediately cayta (or -man) thither caya- Vim to arrive (at); to be done, completely cooked cayaci- Vtm to cause to arrive; to cook cayarka Nr stem cayla-caylaraq Adv just very recently cayna Na that, that thing, that matter; thus. Vtr to do thus, treat thus caynala the same caynacu isn't that so?, Sp. ¿no? caypas caynataq that also is like that caynapi in that situation, then cayna Nr a songbird *cibo Nr goat *cibato (see Sibo) *cicaru Nr fried scraps, french fried pork fat. Vtr to fry pork fat cici Nr nipple. Vi (Cangallo) to bud, sprout cicu Ar pregnant (animals) cicu hunta the last stage of pregnancy cicuci- Vtr to enlarge, make larger and rounder cicuku- Vi to become pregnant (animals); to swell cicuya- Vi to enlarge, swell cika Nr (rare as stem; see the derivatives below, and the compounds kaycikay, maycika, and kaycikankaray) large amount, a great many cikaca- Vtr to enlarge cikacacan Pread very greatly

122

cikacaCaq — cin£a

cikacacaq Ar enormous cikacala Nr a bit, a little cikacayuq Nr person with little property cika-cikacanta Adv piece by piece cikan Nr (Cangallo) fraction cikanca- (see £ika£a-) cikci (para) Nr sleet. Vti to sleet cikcimpay Nr a plant eaten in soups ciki Nr bad omen anca ciki a very bad omen *ciki Nr check, bill (currency) cikli- Vi to sprout after having been cut cikni Nr botfly eggs *ciku Nr cent ciku- Vtr to wean (animals); separate young from mother to conserve her milk for human consumption cikuca- Vtr to tickle *cikuti Nr whip cikwa- Vtr (Cangallo) to spread, scatter cili Nr plumage cilina Nr marrow cilpi- Vtr to tear into small pieces cilu (uma) Ar thin-haired ciliku Nr cricket cilka Nr a bush with sticky leaves cilpa- (var. of qilpa-) cilu Nr primary color, bright color e.g. quka cilu bright red yana cilu pure black ciluca- Vtr to brighten cimayci- Vi (Victor Fajardo) to party cimli- (var. of £imqi-) cimpa Nr front; position in front of, across from. Vtm to cross e.g. cimpan pirqa the wall in front of him e.g. wasi cimpapi in front of the house cimpu (var. of cipu) cimqi Nr wink. Vtr to blink; to wink at cimsi- (var. of iimqi-) cin Interj ding, ringing sound cin ni- to ring cina Nr female (animal); girl (deprecative or affectionate) cinca Nr Chincha, a coastal town of lea

CINCAY UCU — *CIRIMUYA

123

cincay ucu Nr a kind of hot pepper from Chincha cinci Nr a small, flying, stinging insect *cincila Nr chinchilla cinciy Nr the branding of sheep for identification; the ceremony and festivities involved in this cinisku Ar tiny cinka- Vi to disappear, get lost; to travel far away cinli Ar weak cinti Ar shrunken. Vi to diminish in size, shrink cintiliku- Vi (Cangallo) to wrinkle the forehead cipa Nr bag made of icu grass, for packaging coal to be sold. Vtr to pack in leaves or grass cipaku- Vi (Cangallo) to close the mouth cipi Nr monkey cipipipi- Vi to twinkle, flicker cipita- Vtr (Cangallo) to sprinkle, spray cipru Ar pock-marked cipsi- (var. of cipti-) cipti- Vtr to pinch; to pick (flowers) cipu Ar having an opening which closes naturally; (Huancavelica) small pitcher. Vi to close (as a flower, a fist) ciputi Nr (vulgar) anus ciqan Nr truth ciqanta truly ciqanca- Vtr to verify; to clarify ciqap (see ciqan) ciqapca- Vtr to make come true ciqci Ar speckled; variegated ciqi Ar scattered, disparate, spread out, far apart. Vi to be scattered, apart; to spread out, break up, scatter ciqni- Vtr to hate ciqta Ar cut lengthwise. Vtr to cut lengthwise ciqu Nr workable stone, stone for construction uses ciqulu Nr wren his song: disi diri £upi upusqay wiksay qululuciy my stomach's growling because I drank cold soup last night cirapa Nr rainbow ciraw Nr dry season, winter (May-December) cirawta (or -pi) during dry season ciri Nr-Ar cold. Vtr to be cold, make cold (weather acting), to feel cold (body part acting on person) *cirimuya Nr cherimoya

124

CIRIRI

CULAPA-

ciriri- Vi to become cold, feel cold, feel a chill ciririnka Nr botfly ciriya- Vi to become cold; to freeze with fright *cirli Ar watery cirya- (Apurimac; see diriya-) cifiri- Vi to buzz ctftfinka (var. Siririnka) ciiirya- (see ciriri-) cisi (tuta) Na last night; (Puquio) night, evening cisimpa- Vi to become dusk cisinkuy Nr dusk cisiyku- Vi to continue till dark e.g. 5isiykunki lamkastin you worked till dark cita Nr. lamb. Vtr to domesticate young animals citpi- (var. of 5ipti-) citqa (var. of £iqta) ciw Interj zip! ciwaku Nr a kind of thrush ciwanway: puka diwanway Nr vermillion ciwci Nr chick; young child, kid ciwi (see cilu) ciwilu Nr a kind of thrush ciwiwiwi- Vi to whistle (of the wind) ciya Nr nit. Vtr to remove nits from *cokolate Nr chocolate cucaw Nr maguey trunk (cf. paqpa) cuciku Nr (Apurimac) young thrush cucila Ar giggling, tittering; flirtatious cuciliya- Vi to giggle cucuqa Nr cooked and dried ears of corn. Vtr to dry cooked corn ears cukca Nr hair cukcu Nr malaria. Vi to get malaria; to tremble cukla Nr hut. Vi to make a hut cuku Nr cap, hat uncu cuku weasel cukuca- Vtr to cure of hangover cukupa Nr triangular shawl cula Ar only one, a single culalata only once, a single time culaci- Vtr to make single; to single out culacinaku- Vi to distribute tasks among one another culapa- Vtr to separate threads into single strands

CULARI

CUQPA

125

culari- Vi to be alone culi Nr cold, catarrh culkuy Nr (Cangallo) a plant related to garlic culpi (sara) Nr a variety of corn, especially sweet and with wrinkled kernels culpu Nr blister (cf. Supu, cupulu, supulu) culqata- Vi to lie down on the ground culqi Nr cooked and dried olluco culu Nr woolen cap with ear flaps culu- Vi to melt culululu- Vi to give off water in various spots; to run (of sores) cuma- Vtr to drain cumci- Vi to wash out the mouth *cumpa Nr sweater cumpi Nr woven belt cuncu Nr jungle indian; shy person cuncul Nr jejunum, intestines cunculi (var. of 5un£ul) cun-cunniq Ar very distant, remote cunka Numg ten cunkanca- Vtr (Apurimac) to decimate, divide by tens cunkay-cunkay Ar (Apurimac) rigorous, strict cunku Nr close friend cunni Ar unpopulated, far, remote. Vi to be uninhabited; to be remote cunniq Nr an isolated place, distant place, lonely place *cunta Nr chonta, hardwood palm (cf. cunta paqpa) cufiu Nr potato dried by freezing for preservation. Vtr to dry potato by freezing cupa Nr tail qara cupa opossum cupi Nr soup; breakfast; (vulgar) female genitals *cupiti- Nr sucker, pop cupti- (var. of lupti-) cupu Nr large body blister or boil reputedly transmitted by mice. Vtr to form boils (body part acting on person) cupulu Nr lymph from sores; swamp. Vi (see culululu-) cuqa- Vtr to throw cuqapya- Vtr (Apurimac) to torment (by throwing something) rumiwan cuqapya- to stone cuqci Nr in weaving, an instrument for bringing together the weft cuqi Nr eel; whip for cracking to drive animals cuqica- Vtr to make a whip cuqlu Nr green ear of corn cuqpa Ar flush, together, with coterminous borders (things of same dimensions).

126

CURA

CUYCUYKU-

Vtr to put together, make flush cura- Vtr to put, place bendisyonta cura- to give blessing, bless curaku- Vtr to put on (clothing); to dress; to behave curi Nr man's child warmi curi (man's) daughter qari curi (man's) son curiya- (see curya-) curku- Vtr to load (something heavy), to put carefully on top of something else curu Nr snail curya- Vtr to father *curu Nr-Ar a kind of bird; curly cus Interj expression to excite a dog; sick'em! cuscusci- Vtr to scare off with dogs, sick a dog on cusiq Nr a kind of small owl cusfia Nr anything burnt but still retaining its original form, not reduced to ashes; charred. Vtr to put out (fire), extinguish cusnaca- Vtr to char cuspa Nr (Huancavelica) purse cuspi Nr fly custi- (var. of Cutki-) custu- (var. of cutki-) cusu Nr atrophied kernels; anything of poor quality cusuci- Vtr to ruin cuta- Vtr to pull cutarpari- (see Cuta-) cuti- (var. of dutki-) cutki Nr native, Indian. Vtr to undress cutu (var. of 5utki) cuya Ar clean, clear, pure, chaste. Vi to become clear (liquids) cuyana- Vtr to rinse cuycu Ar (Cangallo) hunched up. Vi to squat, kneel cuycuyku- Vi to huddle up; to squat down

D *dali- Vtr to hit; to whip; to fornicate with *dansa- Vi to dance *dana- Vtr to harm, hurt *danu Nr harm; marble (in game of marbles) *dedu Nr finger, toe mama dedu thumb malta dedu index finger tayta dedu middle finger taksa dedu ring finger una dedu little finger *demas Pread too; too much, very much *dereco Nr-Ar right, privilege; straight *des Numh ten o'clock *desayuno Nr breakfast *desembri Ar December *deseyo Nr wish *despidi- Vtr to say goodbye to; to take one's leave *dibi- Vtr to owe *dibiku- Vi to be in debt *dimbaldi Adv free, gratis *diqa- Vtr to leave, abandon *disperos Nr medlar *dispuni- Vtr to dispose *distina- Vtr to destine *distinu Nr destiny *diyablo Nr devil *dobla- Vtr to toll, ring e.g. taytay doblan my father rings it e.g. kampana doblan the bell rings *doktof Nr sir (to person of authority, such as a priest or teacher) *domingo Nr Sunday *don, dona Ng sir, madam *doro Ar hard, tight *dos Numh two o'clock

128

*DURA

*DYOS

*dura- Vi to last *durasno Nr peach *dusi Numh twelve o'clock. Vi (Cangallo) to lunch *duynu Nr landlord *dyos Nr God

E

*eduka- Vtr to educate *edukasyun Nr education *empleya- Vtr to employ *empleyakuy Nr employment *enero Ar January *enieda- Vtr to plot against, get into trouble *enïedo Nr entanglement, trouble *ensaya- Vtr to practice *entendi- Vtr to understand *enteru Nr the whole, all of something; whole, entire *entefu Nr burial * entrega- Vtr to deliver *erbaboyna Nr a mint: Menta sativa *eïamenta Nr utensil, tool, instrument *eransa Nr (Víctor Fajardo) cattle branding festival *eskapa- Vi to escape *estado Nr government, the state

F *falta- Vi to lack, be lacking *familya Mr family; relative *fanega Nr a grain measure, Spanish bushel *fasil Aa easy; easily *fayna (var. of *wayna) *febrero Ar February *ferya Nr holiday; fair *feisa Nr force, effort *fersacaku- Vi to make effort *fersancaku- (see fersaòaku-) *ferti Ar strong *feifu Nr iron. Vtr to brand *festa Nr fiesta, party; holiday *firma- Vtr to sign *foftuna Nr fortune, treasure *fresada Nr blanket *fusfuru Nr match, matchstick *fustan Nr slip (undergarment) *fyesta (var. of festa)

G

*gagu Ar stuttering, stammering *galu Nr rooster, cock *gana- Vtr to win, beat *ganadu Nr cattle *ganas Nr anxiousness ganasman anxiously *garbanso Nr chick pea *gaspaf (papa) Nr a variety of potato *gasta- Vtr to spend *gastu Nr expense *gindas Nr mazzard (cherry) *gitafa Nr guitar gitara kunka long-necked gitara canka bowlegged *g!oryay wasi Nr heaven *gomita- Vtr to vomit '"grama Nr creeping cynodon *gras (contraction of grasyas) "grasyas Assent thanks •gubyernu Nr government *gusa- Vtr to enjoy *gusta- Vtr to please; to like e.g. gustawan I like it, it pleases me e.g. gustani I like it; he likes me, I please him *gustu Nr pleasure gustuta with pleasure *gwardakasa Nr watchdog *gwaidya Nr policeman

H *habas Nr broad bean *habon Nr soap *habona- Vtr to soap *haca (var. of *a£a) haci- Vi to sneeze haka Ar open hakapaku- Vi yo yawn hakari- Vi to open the mouth hakarici- Vtr to open hakakaka- Vi to creak haku Vtm (defective) let's go hakucik (see haku) hakucu? shall we go? hakuwa (or- -ya) let's go! hala- Vi to adapt, become accustomed halma- Vtr to hill (plants) hamanqay (Apurimac; var. of amankay) hamci Nr waste pulp in chicha making. Vi to separate pulp from chicha hamka (var. of qamka) hampatu Nr toad; (vulgar) female genitals hampi Nr cure, remedy, medicine. Vtr to cure hampipakuq Na native healer, medicine man, specialist in the use of herb medicines hampiq (see hampipakuq) hampu- Vtm to come back, return home hamu- Vtm to come hamupulayki is anybody home? (lit. I've come for you) hamuta- Vtr (Archaic) to figure out, understand hana- Vi to go upward, ascend hanaq Ar upper, above hanaq paca heaven hanay Nr position or direction above e.g. wasi hanaypi above the house e.g. hanayman upward hanayman urayman up and down; all over town

HANLA — HAYLIQ

133

hanla Ar open-mouthed hanlapaku- Vi to yawn hanlaraya- Vi to be awed, dumbfounded hanlari- Vi to open the mouth hapi- Vtr to hold; to grab; to catch; to consider as, believe to be mana imapaq hapi- to despise e.g. mana imapaq hapisaykicu I despise you harawi Nr ballad; poem; ceremonial song. Vi to sing ballads or ceremonial songs harka- Vtr to impede, stop, detain, tie up (animals) harwa- Vtr to toast slightly harwi- (var. of harwa-) hatali- Vtr to hold, have temporarily, have as a guest hatari- Vtm to get up (from sleeping) hataykaca- Vi (Cangallo) to try to get up hatun Ar large, big, great, long hatunta greatly hatus Nr small stick and thatch hut where shepherd resides while watching flocks far from home hawa Nr outside, top e.g. hawaman to the top; (to) outside e.g. paypa hawanman to a position above him, over him e.g. hawanta luqsi- to leave by way of the top e.g. hawapi outside, out-doors; on top e.g. mesa hawapi on top of the table hawa runa stranger, foreigner hawanca- Vtr to repeat hawinka Nr an oblong, dark green squash hawka Aa peaceful(ly), tranquil(ly), content(edly) *hawla Nr cage hay Interj hey!, yes! (acknowledgement to yaw, q.v.) haya Ar pepper-hot. Vi to burn (of spices) hayaqnin Nr bile hayka Ii how much, how many haykap Iiadv when, what (time, when referring to days or longer periods) haykapi Iiadv when; how much haykapipas whenever; any amount mana haykapipas never haykapica who knows when! hayii Nr singing by women to encourage men working in the fields. Vtr to encourage by singing hayliq Na entertainers at Christmas and certain other religious festivals: musicians and dancers

134

HAYNA — HUK

hayna Ar last, previous (periods of time) e.g. hayna puncaw yesterday hayna puncawkuna a few days ago hayni (var. of hayna) haynimpa Na the day before yesterday haypa- Vtr to reach for; to suffice, be enough; to reach, arrive at hayta Nr kick. Vtr to kick haytana Nr foot of the bed haywa- Vtr to extend, offer *hibi Nr rubber hica- Vtr to throw, pour, drop, empty (liquids, sand, grain, potatoes, etc.) hicpa Ar near, close. Vtm to approach from a distance *hifi Nr boss hikcu Nr hiccough. Vi to hiccough hikikya- Yi to sob, whimper *hiIgero Nr southern siskin: Spinus magellanicus hilpu- Vtr to fill with liquid hina Na manner, approximation; like, as, similar to, more or less, approximately; thus; such; always. Vi to be thus, do thus e.g. wasi hina like a house e.g. hinam rimakun he always speaks thus e.g. iskay cunka watayuq hina warmi a woman about 20 years old e.g. kay tuta hinakunapi on nights like these e.g. payman hina according to him e.g. nisqampi hina according to what he said hinata anyway, regardless; thus hinapi in that (or this) place, here, there hina- Vtr to put, place, insert hinaku- Vtr to put on (clothing) hinastimpi Adv (Apurimac) everywhere hinki- Vi to stand on tiptoes hipu- Vi to hiccough hiqipa- Vi to have something stuck in the throat; to choke; to drown -wan hiqipa- to choke on hispa- (var. of ispa-) hita Nr lip *horketa Nr pitchfork *horketeya- Vtr to pitch hay huca Nr crime, sin, blame, guilt. Vi to commit crime, sin hucaca- Vtr to blame hucaliku- (see hu5a-) huk Num-Aa one, a, another, some; once

HUKCU — *HUYBIS

135

hukcu hardly hukkuna some, others huknin the other huksi kasqa once upon a time there was ... hukkaq Nr another huklaw Ar another (place) hukla- Vtr (Cangallo) to add, mix in huklana- (see hukla-) huklawa- Vtr to join, unite hukmannaya- Vi to feel bad; to be disturbed hukmanya- (see hukmannaya-) hukna Na another, something different; differently huknampa Adv (Cangallo) contrarily hukrikuq (see hukkaq) *hulyu Ar July hulu Ar rotten (tuber) humpu Nr a mixture of sweepings from the plaza, the point of a goat's horn, and rosemary: its smoke is inhaled as a cure for hatun wayra, q.v. hunta Aa full; fully, completely. Vi to be full, fill up huntaci- Vtr to fill huntaku- Vi to fulfill an obligation huntapa Nr midnight snack *hunyu Ar June hunu Nr joining, collection. Vtr to join, collect hunu-hunula Adv all together hunula Adv together hununaku- Vi to gather, congregate hununakuna Nr congregation huqari- Vtr to lift, raise; to rise "huramenta- Vi to swear, vow, take oath *huramentu Nr oath, vow hurqu- (var. of urqu-) *huwes Nr judge, justice *huybis Nr Thursday

I *i Coord and ica Coord-Adv or; maybe icaqa on the other hand icaya maybe ici- Vtm to step, walk ici Nr young cat; "pussy" icili- Vtr to open the legs; to split anything icu Nr a wild grass used as fodder: Stipa ichu icuq Ar left (direction) *iglesya Nr church *igos Nr fig *igwal Ar equal, same -wan igwal the same as *ihadu, -a Ng godson, goddaughter *ihu Nr son; friend ikli- Vi to sprout again, sprout after having been cut *ilbana- Vtr to baste (sewing) ila Nr amulet; (Cangallo) star. Vi to be absent, be far away ilapa (var. of lipya) ilaqya- Vi to faint ilari- Vi to dawn ilawa Nr in weaving: an instrument for separating the warp strands one by one ilay Nr (Huancavelica) wealth ili Nr infection, running sore ilipa- (var. of lilipa-) ima Ii what, which; how (exclamatory) e.g. imataq wasi what is a house? e.g. ima wasitaq what (which) house? e.g. ima sumaq how beautiful! imapas something, anything mana imapas nothing mana ni imapas nothing at all imamampas for some reason manam imampascu nothing else, for no other reason

IMAPAQ HINATAQ — *IMPINUS

137

imapaq hinataq how, by what criterion imata? what (did you say)? imatataq what (acc.); why ima Nr thing, belonging, trait, characteristic; perhaps (see second example) e.g. lapa imanku all her things e.g. yaku imata tumarurqa he drank some water maybe ima Adv also, and e.g. rimarirurqa, qawarirukurqa ima he spoke and looked around too e.g. rumintin, kaspintin, muquluntin ima with stones, sticks, and whips e.g. wilamuycik uyarisqaykicikta rikusqaykicikta ima go tell what you have heard and seen! ima- (see imana-) imana- Vtr to matter; to happen, happen to; to do something e.g. manam imanancu it doesn't matter e.g. imanarusunkitaq? what's happened to you? imana-naya- (see ima-naya-) imanasqa Iiadv why imanasqataq manaqa why not?, sure! imanasqac kampas I don't know why ima-naya- Vti to give desire (for something unspecified; cf. naya-) imam- Vi to say something (used mainly in questions) e.g. imanisunkitaq? what did he tell you? e.g. imaninkim? what did you say? imay Ii what (hour, time of day, with reference to present or future time); cf. ora imaymana Ar some kind of imayna Iiadv how, in what way imayna mana? why not? imayna kanan kaptimpas by all means, whatever might happen imaynapas in some way, somehow, one way or another imaynapi how much imaynata (see imayna) imaynaya maybe e.g. riracu imaynaya he might have gone imaynampi Iiadv under what circumstances imaynanka Iiadv how much to (from) each e.g. imaynankataq caskirankicik? how much did each of you get? imaynankapas as much as each can imayniraq Iiadv how *imbidya Nr envy *imbidyoso Ar envious *impinaku- Vi to persist *impinus Nr persistence

138

INCIK — *ISPIGA

incik Nr (Huancavelica) peanut *ingana- Vtr to deceive, cheat *iniksyon Nr injection, shot inka Ar having vertical, straight horn(s) inka Nr (Archaic) Inca "inkarga- Vtr to commission, entrust another with the acquisition of, give an errand; to send a message *inkargu Nr order, errand, commission inkil Nr a kind of flower *inosinti Ar innocent inti Nr sun intipa luqsimunan east intipa yaykunan west *intirisa- Vtr to interest intu Nr crowd. Vi to crowd together *inuqu Nr fennel ini- Vtr to believe in, have faith in ipu- Nr drizzle. Vti to drizzle iqipa- (var. of hiqipa-) iqu Nr weakling *ira Nr threshing floor. Vtr (Cangallo) to thresh irqi Nr crybaby isanka Nr a kind of basket *iskapularyu Nr scapulary iskay Numu two iskayca- Vtr to pair iskayraya- Vtr to doubt iskayya- Vi to feel indecisive *iskina Nr corner, streetcorner *iskifbano Nr scribe, clerk *iskirbi- Vtr to write isku Nr lime; plaster, gypsum isku- Vtr to shell (grain) *iskuyla Nr school, gradeschool *iskwela (var. of iskuyla) ismu- Vi to rot, corrode; to become corrupt ispa- Vtr to defecate (of humans); to urinate ispakuna Nr latrine ispay Nr human urine or feces hatun ispay human feces ispaysiki Nr one who urinates too often *ispiga Nr ear, spike (of grain)

ISQUN — ITANA

139

isqun Numu nine *istadyu Nr stadium *istadyum (var. of estadyu) *istaka Nr stake istiku Nr (Huancavelica) an implement for moving coals; a skinny, dark-skinned person *istiku Nr a man's nickname (Sp. Esteban), Steve *istira- Vtr to stretch isu Ar having many wounds ita Nr chicken louse itaca- Vtr to delouse *italya Nr white grape itana Nr nettle

K ka- Ve to be, exist ama hina kaspayki please kan there is (are) kacka- governing infinite in paq-case: to be about to mana - kaptin if there wasn't without *kabal Ar complete, perfect *kabaIo Nr horse kabitu Nr sleeping platform *kabra Nr goat kaca- Vtr to send; to loose, let loose, drop kacari- Vtr to let loose kacarpari Nr farewell party kacasqa Nr agent, messenger kaci Nr salt kaci kankasqa "roasted salt", a folk remedy kaci-kaci Nr dragonfly kacipa Nr cheese (kisilu, q.v.) soaked in brine kacka- (var of katka-) kacu- Vtr to bite, chew (of persons) *kadena Nr chain. Vtr to chain *kafi Nr coffee kaka Nr nickname for fox kakaru (see kaka) kakas Ar badly chapped; rough; rugged, strong kakata- Vtr to stop up, stuff, plug kakicu Nr jawbone (human) kakiklu Nr jawbone (animal) kaku- Ve to be (oneself, alone) e.g. fiuqam kakuni I myself am; I alone am kakya Nr belch, burp. Vi to belch *kalabasa Nr a kind of squash *kalambre Nr cramp kalca- Vtr to cut down (corn) *kaldu Nr soup, broth. Vtr to make soup (of)

*KALENTURA — KANCA-KANCA

*kalentura Nr fever *kalsa- Vtr to wedge kala Ar split kalana Nr pieces of broken ceramic, shard, potsherd *kali Nr street *kali-kalin Adv through the streets *kalita (see kali) kalka Nr stony ground. Vi to bruise the feet or hoofs, become lame kalma Nr stub of cut branch. Vtr to prune kalmacaku- Vi to branch kalpa Nr force, strength. Vim to run kalpanca- Vtr to strengthen kalpi Nr groove, notch; crack or tear with piece gone kalpica- Vtr to notch, groove, tear a piece from *kalu Nr corn (of foot) kalwa Nr in weaving: an instrument for straightening out the weft strands *kama Nr bed kama- Vtr to fit; to contain; (Cangallo) to create, originate kamaci- Vtr to command, order kamacici- Vtr (Cangallo) to cause to command kamaka- Vtr (Huancavelica) to menace *kamareta Nr a type of firecracker kamas Adv (Apurimac) later kamayuq Nr (Huancavelica) person in charge of anything *kambya- Vtr to change *kambyu Nr change (money) kami- Vtr to insult *kamisa Nr shirt *kamote Nr sweet potato: Ipomoea batatas *kampana Nr bell kampas Adv (Puquio) besides; cf. imanasqad kampas kanala Nr pot for toasting grain kanan Adv now; this (day, year, etc.) e.g. kanan puncaw today kanalan just now kanacalan right at this moment kanankunalaraq recently *kanasta Nr basket kanca Nr corral; playing court kancaman wicqa- to corral kanca- Vtr to illuminate kanca-kanca Nr a kind of flower

142

KANCALAWA — *KARAMELO

kancalawa Nr a medicinal herb kanci- (var. of kanca-) *kandadu Nr padlock. Vtr to padlock kani- Vtr to bite (of dogs) kanka Nr roast, something roasted. Vtr to roast *kantina Nr bar, tavern *kantof Nr cantor *kantu Nr end, tip, edge *kana Nr sugar cane kana- Vtr to ignite, burn kafiiwa Nr a high altitude grain related to quinoa *kapa- Vtr to castrate *kapa Nr cape *kapas Ar capable *kapatas Nr foreman *kapila Nr chapel, shrine *kapitan Nr in agricultural work: the person most distinguished for his experience and productivity, chosen by majority to organize and oversee the others (cf. qulana, piyon); in fiesta: the organizer of the bullfight kapka Ar hard (food), unripe (fruit) kaprututu- Vi to chew noisily kapta- Vtr to cut (thin things), snip kapu- Vi to exist for someone's use e.g. lapisniy kapuwan I have a pencil, lit. my pencil exists for me *kapuli Nr a variety of cherry: Prunus capollin kapuq Nr means, wealth kapuqniyuq Nr person of means; wealthy *kapural Nr foreman kaputu Nr toasted broad beans kaq Na being, person, thing, place; again e.g. turipa ladun kaq wasipi in the house beside the tower e.g. bandapa waqamusqan kaqpi where the band is playing e.g. yacan cay kaqta he knows that matter e.g. kimsa kaq the third kaqta again kanan kaq the present (one) huk kaq different - kaqla similar to a mana alin kaq (Puquio) evil being, kondenado, q.v. *kaqun Nr box; coffin *kaqunca- Vtr to put into a box or coffin *karamelo Nr candy, piece of candy

*KARAQU — KATKATATA-

143

*karaqu Interj damn it!, hell! karay: hatun karay Ar enormous; cf. kaycikankaray •karbon Nr charcoal *karga Nr load. Vtr to load; to carry *kargu Nr charge, duty, responsibility *karguyuq Nr person in charge karka Nr dried animal dung used as fuel karpa Nr tent *karpintiru Nr carpenter karu Nr-Ar distance; distant, far karupikama far apart karumanta from afar *karu Ar expensive karunca- Vtr to keep away karya (var. of kayra) *karda- Vtr to card *kaidon Nr thistle *karnabal Nr carnival *karneru Nr sheep *karsel Nr jail '"karu Nr car; any powered vehicle *kasado, -a Ng married person *kasamentu Nr wedding *kasamyentu (var. of kasamentu) *kasara- Vtr to marry; to get married *kasaraci- Vtr to marry *kasaraku- Vi to get married *kaskabel Nr rattle *kaskarila Nr tree that produces quinine: Chichona scrobiculata, Peruvian bark, china bark, cinchona kaski- VI to dance on the heels *kaspa Nr dandruff kaspa Nr ear of corn kaspi Nr stick; club kaspi kunka long-necked kasqan Adv again *kastiga- Vtr to punish, chastise *kastigu Nr punishment *kastilu Nr castle *kasu- Vtr to notice, pay attention to; to obey, be obedient katka- Vtr to bite large chunks out of katkatata- Vi to shiver, tremble

144

*KATULIKA — KIKIY RISAQ

*katulika Ar Catholic; religious katulikapi religiously, in church kawa Nr skein kawcu- (var. of kawpu-) *kawildu Nr town hall, municipal council kawitu (var. of kabitu) kawka (Cangallo; see kawkatu) kawkatu Nr mouth harp kawpu- Vtr to twist threads together kawsa- Vi to live, exist, subsist kawsana Nr life, the time one has left to live kawsari- Vtr to revive kawsay Nr life, existence kay Pdem this kaypi here kay Nr being, to be warmi kay (euphemistic) female genitals qari kay (euphemistic) male genitals kaya Nr oca dried by freezing kaycikankaray Interj how large! kaycikay Nr this great amount (of), excess kayki (head of Vtr phrase in iterative past, actor-object 1-2) e.g. rikuq kayki I used to see you kayla Apred. att. near kaylafia very near kayna Na this matter; like this, thus. Vi to be thus, do thus, do this e.g. kaynawan he does this to me, he treats me like this kayra Nr frog *keda- Vi to stay *kedanaku- Vi to agree *kerosin Nr kerosene kica Ar open (as a permanent condition). Vtr to open; to clear up (weather) kica canka bow-legged kicka Nr thorn. Vtr to prick kicki Ar tight; narrow (in space rather than surface); full, packed together. Vi to stick, get stuck kickicaku- Vi to anguish kickitaci- Vtr to jam kickitaku- Vi to get stuck, become jammed kicu- (var. of qicu-) kiki- Pdep oneself. Vi to be oneself, be in good health or spirits e.g. kikiy risaq I'll go myself

KIKIK.I RIKUKUNKI — *KLABU

145

e.g. kikiki rikukunki you'll see yourself kiki-manta by one's own efforts kikikiki- Vi to be refreshed, be radiant, be in especially good health kiklu Ar narrow (in space) *kilu Nr kilogram kila Na moon; month. Vti to shine (of the moon) kilanwan (or -pi) menstruating; rutting, in heat kilantin all month long tarpuy kila planting season kilayuq Nr one-month-old; (Apurimac) lunatic kili Ar sewn together, strung together. Vtr to sew or string together kilincu (see kiliwara) kiliwara Nr a type of hawk kilwi Nr chip, splinter. Vtr to chip, splinter kimsa Numu three kinkina Nr quinine, chinchona kinrampa Adv sideways kinrari- Vi to roll onto one's side kinray Nr side (direction, as opposed to front and back); width kintu Nr coca of the best quality kipcan Nr liver kipla- (var. of kipta-) kipta- Vtr to separate something from what it is attached to, peel off, pull off, pull out kipu Nr knot. Vtr to tie, knot kipunca- Vtr to knot kiraw Nr cradle kiri- Vtr (Apurimac) to wound kiricicici- Vi to gnash, make a gnashing sound kirkincu Nr armadillo kirpa Ar plugged, covered, capped. Vtr to cover any small opening, plug, cap kirpa sinqa stuffed-up nose aka kirpay constipation kiru Nr tooth *kisilu Nr unsalted cheese in a small round loaf kisu Ar packed full, packed tight. Vtr to pack full *kisu Nr cheese prepared with salt *kita- Vtr to take away kiwna (var. of qinwa) *klaba- (var. of laba-) *klabel Nr carnation *klabelina (see klabel) *klabu (var. of labu)

146

*KLASE — *KREYE-

•klase Nr kind, type, class *kobardo Nr coward •kobra- Vtr to collect; to collect from, charge *kokobolo Nr bola (weapon) *kola Nr tail *kolis Nr cabbage *kolor Nr color *komadre Nr a reciprocal title between mother and godmother; friend (among women) *kombida- Vtr to invite *kombidu Nr invitation *kominos Nr cumin seed, comino *kompadre Nr a reciprocal title between father and godfather; friend (between men) *kompana- Vtr to accompany *kompaneru, -a Ng companion; partner in trial marriage *komun Ar of the community *kondena- Vtr to condemn *kondenado Nr ghost, zombie: dead person who must remain among the living until he can atone for his own sin, or avenge another's *kondenaku- VI to be a kondenado *konfesa- Vtr to confess (in church) *konfiti Nr popcorn *konfiya- Vtr to trust, have confidence in *kongona Nr a medicinal herb: Peperonia inaequalifolia *konsoyla- Vtr to console *konsyenti- Vtr to consent to, go along with, permit *kontra Nr opposition e.g. paypa kontrampi against him *kontrata- Vtr to contract, rent, hire *koral Nr corral *koral (var. of koral) *koienti Nr current *korneta Nr cornet *koseca- Vtr to harvest *koseco Nr harvest *koso Nr large corral *kostumra- Vtr to accustom, adapt *kostumri Nr custom *koyti Nr rocket, firecracker, fireworks kastilu koyti castle of fireworks: large wooden frame representing person, airplane, etc., and armed with flares and skyrockets *kreye- Vtr to believe

-PI KREYE

*KUMPLI-

-pi kreye- to believe in *kristyanu Nr Christian •kriyatura Nr baby *krus Nr cross *kruscaku- Vi to make the sign of the cross *kucara Nr spoon *kuci Nr-Ar pig; dirty, sloppy *kuciliya- Vtr to stab *kicilu Nr knife *kucinilu Nr cochineal kucipa cupan Nr a kind of flower kucku Nr cracked wheat kucpa- Vtr to knock over, knock down kucu Nr angle, corner. Vtr to cut (with knife, saw, or axe) walwa kucu underarm kunka kucu where neck and chin meet kunka kucukama ami- to be fed up with kucunka- Vtr to circumcise kucus Nr elbow; a measure, from fingertips to elbow kuka Nr coca: Erythroxylon coca *kukacu Vtr to knock on the head (with the fist) kuki Nr a large red ant *kukiru, -a Ng coca vendor kuku (var. of kurku). Vi (Victor Fajardo) to crouch kukuli Nr a kind of pidgeon, Columba sp. kukupa Nr a kind of soup kukuruku Vi to crow (of rooster) *kulandro Nr coriander leaf kula- Vtr (Apurimac) to tickle kuli (sara) Nr a purple corn, used in making chicha (yana aqa) kulku Nr a kind of small dove kulpi (Cangallo; var. of kilwi) kulu Nr a grain measure (of several pounds?). Vtr to measure by kulu kulu Nr log; wood kuluku- Vi to behave shamelessly kumana Nr in weaving: an instrument for putting in the weft kumpa Ar thrown to the ground, knocked down. Vtr to knock down, push kumpali- (see kumpa-) kumpampa Adv horizontal, lying on the ground kumparaya- Vi to be laid out kumpaykacaku- Vi to roll around on the ground *kumpli- Vi to fulfill (one's obligation)

148

KUMU — KUSI-KUSI

kumu Ar bent over, bent down. Vi to bend over, bend down kumuysan Nr a person or animal not wholly aware of his surroundings, due to timidity, scariness, sickness, etc. kuna- Vtr to entrust with the acquisition of, give an errand to kunan (see kanan) kunca Nr (Cangallo) a variety of mushroom *kunduf (var. of kuntuf) kunka Nr neck, throat. Vtr to shape like a neck kunkaca- Vtr to slit the throat of; to wound with a cut on any part of the body *kunki Adv well, so *kunsiqa- Vtr to advise kuntur Nr Andean condor: Vultur gryphus; (Puquio) evening star kustur kupa Nr a plant: Malvastrum parnasiaefolium kunununu- Vi to roar (as of fire or a river) kunya- Vtr to add tinder to; to make a larger fire under *kuna- Vtr to wedge *kunado, -a Ng brother-in-law, sister-in-law *kupa Nr cup, glass *kura Nr priest kurku Ar bent over, bent down. Vi to bend over, bend down kurkumpa Adv bent over; crestfallen kurpa Nr mud ball, lump of earth. Vtr to make balls of (mud) kurpaca- Vtr to roll into a ball (generally) kurpakuru- Vi to be tied (of the tongue) e.g. qalun kurpakururqa he was tongue-tied kuru- Vtr (Cangallo) to wind up (thread or yarn) kuru Nr (Huancavelica) worm (in this dialect contrasting with uru 'insect') kurumpaku- (see kururaku-) kurura- Vtr to wind into a ball; to roll (tr.) kururaku- Vi to roll (intr.) kurur Nr clew *kurta Nr mother's milk kusa Pread well, very well, wonderfully kusa sara ripe corn, corn ready for harvesting *kusa Nr thing kusa- Vtr to roast slightly kusi Ar happy, fortunate kusici- Vtr to make happy, entertain kusicikuq Na entertainer; one who aids workers by contributing entertainment or refreshment kusiku- Vi to be happy kusi-kusi Nr-Ar gaiety; very happy; a kind of fast-running ground spider

KUSIKUY — KUYAY YANAN

149

kusikuy Nr happiness kusikuyla happily kusikuywan happily kusilu Nr (Parinacochas) monkey *kusina Nr kitchen kusisqa Aa happy; happily kuska Aa together. Pdep we, you, they together. Vtm to go together kuskaca- Vtr to put together, join kuskan Nr (Cangallo) center, middle kuskanca- Vtr to put together; (Cangallo) to part in the middle, break in half *kusku Nr Cuzco kusku- Vtr to knock on the head with the fist *kustadu Nr pneumonia *kustal Nr bag, sack *kustiya- Vtr to bear the expenses of kuta Nr flour. Vtr to grind, mill kuti Na a folk remedy; time, occasion. Vtm to return (to a place); to change in color, fade e.g. iskay kuti (or -ta) twice kutici Nr (Huancavelica) a folk remedy similar to moda. Vtr to return (a thing); to retort, answer kuticiku- Vtr to repay for a favor kuticipu- Vtr to return to its rightful owner kutinya- Vtm to come and go repeatedly kutipa- Vtr (Cangallo) to ruminate; to hill with a hoe for the second time kutipaku- Vi to ruminate, chew the cud kutiy Nr return kutiy-pi upon one's return kutku- Vtr to perforate, puncture, tear leaving a hole (fabrics or paper) kutmu- (see kutu-) kutu Ar cut off at the base. Vtr to cut off (anything protruding), shorten by cutting kuturuku- Vi to break from wear (thread or rope) kututu Nr male guinea-pig kutututu- Vi to make the noise of a male guinea-pig courting kuya- Vtr to love, be in love with kuyakuq Na loving, affectionate person; one who aids workers by contributing entertainment or refreshment (also kusiSikuq) mana kuyakuq cold, unaffectionate kuyapa Ar pleasant, loveable kuyapaya- Vtr to feel sorry for kuyay Nr love; beloved, dear e.g. kuyay yanan her beloved sweetheart

150

KUYKA — *KWIDAKU-

kuyka Nr earthworm; tapeworm kuyu- Vi to move in position (as opposed to location); to move (generally); cf. sucu*kwaresma Nr Lent *kwaftu Nr room; fifteen minutes *kwatru Numh four o'clock *kwentaliku- Vi to take responsibility *kwentu Nr story, tale; gossip *kwerpu Nr body *kweida Nr cord, rope, string *kwida- Vtr to care for, take care of *kwidaku- Vi to be careful

L *la ~ las Prenum (precedes all Numh) e.g. la unata at one o'clock e.g. las nuybita at nine o'clock *Iaba- Vtr to nail *labu Nr nail *ladu Nr side (relative position); place e.g. nampa ladumpi beside the road e.g. nampa ladun (kaq) wasi the house beside the road *laduyku- Vi to move to one side *lama¥ Nr sea *lamitad Nr half lampa Nr hoe lampi- Vtr to lick the plate clean lamras Nr alder lani Nr penis lanka Ar hairy, sloppy, ragged lanla- Vi to walk in an unsightly manner *lanta Nr plant lapanqa Nr a kind of tree (syn. yarita) * lapis Nr pencil lapla- Vtr (Cangallo) to lap up *lapu- Vtr to slap lapya- Vi to beat the wings laqa Ar stuck. Vtr to hit; to stick; to throw -man laqa- to stick to laqicu- (see laqya-) laqla Ar old, worn out, useless laqlaqya- Vi to make a snapping or cracking noise laqu Ar blunt, dull laqya- Vtr to slap *laranga (var. of naranqa) *laranqa (var. of naranqa) *lasa Nr plaza, square; market lasta Nr snow; snow peak, snow-capped mountain. Vti to snow

152

*LASTRA

LIQLISYA-

*lastra- Vtr to drag *lastriya- Vi to divine *lastruqu Nr straw, fodder *lasu- Vtr to lasso *Iata Nr tin; can *latano (var. of platano) latapa Nr-Ar rag; used, second-hand. Vtr to finish *latu Nr plate latupi miku- to eat from a plate *law Nr place; cf. maylaw, huklaw lawa Nr anything of mushy consistency, between liquid and solid: mush, slush, porridge, etc.; a certain mush or porridge of toasted flour and water lawayaciku- Vi to move the tongue in the mouth to bring saliva lawsa Nr any viscous liquid lawta Nr saliva, drool. Vi to salivate, drool *lawta Nr large flute (of any type) layqa Nr sorcerer, witch. Vtr to bewitch layqaca- Vtr to turn into a witch, teach witchcraft to *lecugilas Nr dandelion *leye- Vtr to read *libra Nr pound; ten Soles; a ten-Soles bill *libra- Vtr to save, free *libru Nr book Iibruta ruwa- to write a book *lici Nr milk *Iicugas Nr lettuce likca Nr wild quinoa *lima Nr file (tool) *lima Nr sweet lime pucqu lima sour lime lima-Iima Nr a kind of flower *limon Nr lemon *limonsutil Nr a small variety of lemon *limpu Ar clean; drinkable *limpya- Vtr to clean *linda Nr boundary linlis Nr a type of fungus *linterna Nr lantern; flashlight liqiqiqi- Vi to make a repeated splashing sound liqlis Nr Andean lapwing: Ptiloscelys resplendens liqlisya- Vi to be noisy like the liqlis; to talk back, be impertinent; to make a pattering sound

*LIRYA- — LUYCU

*lirya- Vi to argue *lista Nr list •listu Ar ready *liti Nr frieght liwi Ar broken and hanging liwli Nr a kind of duck *loka, -u Ag crazy *lokaya- Vi to go crazy (woman acting) *lokuya- Vi to go crazy (man acting) *lugar Nr place lukma Nr lucumo tree: Achras zapota; its fruit, lucuma *lunar Nr facial mole *lunis Nr Monday lunista (or -pi) on Monday luqlu Nr unfertilizable egg; bad egg; stupid person luqu (Puquio; see ruqu) *luru Nr parrot *lus Nr electric light; light bulb luspa makinan light generator *luseru Nr star *lutuku- Vi to mourn, be in mourning *lutusqa Na in mourning *lutuy Nr mourning *lutuyuq Nr person in mourning luwicu (var. of luy£u) luycu Nr a kind of small deer; (Puquio) a kind of bird

L

*Iabi Nr key. Vtr to lock laqta labi nickname for aqinti I acpa- Vtr to grasp, take hold of, feel of binata lacpa- to take the pulse laki Nr grief, misfortune, unhappiness lakici- Vtr to sadden, worry Iakiku- Vi to be sad, grieve, worry lakipaya- Vtr to feel sorry for Iakisqa Na sad; sadly lali- Vtr to win; to defeat in competition lama Nr lama lamka- Vtr to work lamkaciku- Vtr to organize or invite others to help one do a job; cf. minka, ayni, *wayna, mita lamkapaku- Vtr to work for another; to be employed lampu Ar-Nr smooth; (for nominal function see puka lampu, yuraq lampu). Vtr to smooth Iamsa (var. of laspa) lamsi- Vi to become jaded *Iantin Nr a medicinal herb: Plantago maior lantu Nr shade, shadow. Vtr to shade; make shade, shadow lanu Ar thin (cylindrical things, long and roughly equilateral things; cf. laspa) maki lanu wrist lapa Ar all (in number). Pdep all of us, you, them lapa ima everything Iapa-lapan Ar absolutely all lapan (see lapa Ar) lapca- (var. of laCpa-) lapi- Vtr to squeeze (soft things) lapsa (var. of laspa) laqi Nr leaf iaqla Ar serviceable, having shape useful for human needs. Vtr to work (stone, wood, metal), plane, carve, whittle, chisel, sculpture laqlana Nr adze

LAQTA — LULA

laqta Nr town; homeland; hometown hatun laqta city laqtaca- Vtr to found (a town) laqwa- Vtr to lick lasa Ar heavy. Vi to wiegh, be heavy laspa Ar thin (flat things, surfaces) lata- (Cangallo; see latana-) Iatan Ar bare, naked, nude latana- Vtr to bare, undress lawi Ar skinny lawli Nr-Ar a small thorny plant: Barnadesia horrida, Chuquiraga seleriana, C. spinosa; skinny licpi (see liki) lika Nr web, net likci- (see liki-) liki Ar torn, ripped. Vtr to tear, rip; to deflower likla Nr a kind of large shawl liklita Nr a kind of small shawl Mi (var. of ili) lilipa- Vi to grow (of sores) limpa- Vtr to fill completely, fill to the point of running over limpay-Iimpay Ar full to the brim linka Ar sticky; slippery (wet things). Vi to slip, slide (on wet surface; cf. lucka-) linki Nr slime linku (var. of linki) lipi Nr brilliance lipipipi- Vi to shine brightly lipipya- (see lipipipi-) lipta Nr quinoa ash lime for use with coca lipya Nr lightning liqma- Vi to stretch out lazily; to rest too much, lay around lituwa Nr round skein liw Na everyone; completely liwa Nr grass, pasture liwca- Pdep all of us, you, them liwcacan Ar every last, every last one of luci- (var. of luti-) lucka Ar (Cangallo) smooth, slippery. Vi to slide, slip (on smooth surface) lucu- (var. of lusti-) luklu Ar (Cangallo) gelatinous luku Nr small net lula Nr lie, mistruth. Vi to lie

156

LULU — LUTU-

lulu Ar immature, unripe lulu wawa baby under 1 year of age lumcuy Nr daughter-in-law lumpaq Aa pure(ly) lumpay Pread-Adj. in predicate attribute position only too; too much, very much; in serious condition, grave, very sick aswan lumpay extremely lumpay rupay (para, riti) too much sun (rain, ice) lumpayca- Vtr to worsen lunki- (see luti-) lunku Nr one who visit only at mealtime, freeloader lupti- Vi to escape luqa- Vim to climb (something vertical or very steep); to walk on all fours luqi Ar left (direction) luqi maki left hand; left-handed luqistu Ar left-handed luqla Nr flood; torrent; avalanche. Vtr to flood, inundate luqsi- Vtr-Ve to leave, depart, leave by way of; come out, become noticeable, rise (sun); to result (as), turn out e.g. wasimanta luqsira he left the house e.g. wasiman luqsira he left for the house e.g. wasita luqsira he left by way of the house e.g. aqinti luqsira he was elected aqinti lusi- (var. of luti-) luspi- Vtr to pick up the last traces of food from the plate lusti- Vtr to skin; to undress lustu- (var. of lusti-) luta- Vtr to redirect water for irrigation; to repair with mud lutan Ar out-of-the-way, unusual, eccentric lutanninta by a roundabout route luti- Vtr to smear; to soak lutpi- (var. of lupti-) lutu- (var. of lusti-)

M

ma Adv well, let's see, O.K., anyway *maber Adv let's see maca- Vi to get drunk macaqway Nr (Apurimac) snake macay Nr cave macay-inacay Ar completely drunk, senseless *maciti Nr machete macka Nr toasted flour or meal; mealy. Vtr to toast flour or meal macka papa a highly prized variety of potato macu Nr old man, approx. 40-60 years of age macu kay old age (of men) *macu Ar strong, virile *macu-macu Ar very strong macuya- Vi to grow old (of men) makala- Vi to lie or recline face-down maki Nr hand, arm, sleeve *makina Nr machine makipura- Vtr to bet makisapa Ar thieving *malbas Nr a medicinal herb of the mallow family *maldisyon Nr damnation *malogra- Vtr to ruin malta Nr yearling malaq Ar without having eaten since arising; sober after having drunk alcoholic beverages malaqya- Vi to sober up malaw Nr a medicinal herb mali- Vtr to try, try out, test, taste malki Nr sapling malqi Ar penniless, broke malqu Nr fledgling malwa- Vi to die (of plants) mama Nr mother; Mrs.; Madam (address); woman mamay Madam (polite address)

158

MAMA PACA —

MAÑA-

mama paca (or paca mama) Nr "mother earth" mamaku Nr little old woman (somewhat decrecative) mamalaca (see mamaku) mamaq Nr a type of cane, from which the quena is made "mamita Nr Ma'm, Miss (affectionate) mana Neg no, not mana cayqa without that, that not being the case, otherwise manacu (introduction to negative question) manaña no more; no longer manapunim by no means, absolutely not manaraq not yet, still not e.g. manaraq qawaptinmi before he saw it manaciku- Vi to worry mana-manay Neg not at all manayniraq Ar nondescript manayupa Nr a medicinal herb mancaci- Vtr to frighten, scare mancaciku Nr a cause of fright; ghost, monster, demon mancaku- Vtr to fear, be afraid (of) mancali Nr coward mancaliya- VI to grow cowardly manca-mancayta Adv formidably mancarisqa Nr a children's disease caused by a fall or by being shouted at, and symptomized by headache, fever, and lack of apetite; cured by qayapa, q.v. mancasqa Na frightened, fearful(ly) mancay-mancay Aa extreme(ly) mancaypuytu Nr a type of flute "mandolina Nr mandolin *manduíya Nr bandurria *mani Nr peanut *maniqa- Vtr to manage; to drive (a vehicle) manka Nr small pot for cooking mankay-mankay Ar pot-shaped *mansana Nr apple *mansanila Nr camomile: Matricaria chamomilla *mansu (var. of *masu) manu Nr debt. Vtr to trust for, credit e.g. manusayki qanman kacita runtupaq I'll trust you salt for eggs *manuku Nr man's nickname Manuel manuku- Vi to go into debt, indebt oneself manuya- (see manuku-) mafia- Vtr to ask for

MANAN — *MASUYACI-

manan Nr custom *manoso Ar sly, tricky mapa Nr body dirt mapas Interj now we'll see! maqa- Vtr to hit maqala- (var. of maqali-) maqali- Vtr to embrace maqci- Vtr to throw large amounts of liquids or granular solid onto, or out maqla Ar greedy, miserable maqlu Nr hermaphrodite; effeminate male maqma Nr large pot, mainly for making and storing chicha maqta Nr-Ar boy, approx, 10-20; "cholo"; strong maqtaca Nr medlar sap candy (cf. pasnaSa) maray Nr metate (millstone) for grain (cf. tunaw) marka Nr storage platform within the house *marka- Vtr to brand; to mark for identification marku Nr a bush whose leaves are used medicinally: Franseria artemisioides *marku Nr frame marmakila Nr a medicinal herb marqa- Vtr to take in the arms (as a baby); to carry in the arms marqa-marqayta Adv (Apurimac) by armfuls *mar (see lamar) *mafsu Ar March *maftilu Nr hammer *maftis Nr Tuesday *mas Ar-Pread more, most aswan mas much more masa Nr son-in-law; (Huancavelica) brother-in-law, sister-in-law *masa Nr dough masa- Vtr to spread out in the sun *masara- Vtr to make (into) dough masi Nm -mate, -fellow, companion in any activity e.g. wasi masiy he who lives in the same house as I e.g. mikuq masiy the person who eats with me e.g. rimaq masiki your confidant; your lover runa masi fellow man maska- Vtr to seek, look for *maski Subord-Adv even if; even masta Ar flat, spread out. Vtr to spread out, lay out, make (a bed) masu Nr bat; a blood-sucking insect *masu Ar tame, domestic *masuyaci- Vtr to tame, domesticate

160

MASWA — MAYUN PAPA

maswa Nr a tuber, ano: Tropaeolum tuberosum *masya Adv rather, instead *masya- Vtr to increase, augment mata Nr wound on back of pack animal, caused by overloading or ropes; any animal wound. Vtr to wound (animals); to slice meat matana- Vi (Victor Fajardo) to come together, unite matanka Nr nape matara Nr a long-leafed swamp grass: Thypa angustifolia (syn. tutura) mati Nr a type of gourd; the wide-mouthed bowl made from it. Vtr to widen the opening of matiy-matiy Ar shopworn (of girls) matus Nr guayaba mawka Ar old, spent, worn out. Vi to become spent, wear out mawla Ar weak; fearful, timid mawraw Nr mewing may Ii where, what (place) maypi where (in, at) mayta (or -man) whither maymanta whence maytataqsi oh no!, that's what you think! mayninta by what route mayninman to what part of it maycika Ii what (number), how great (in number) *mayistru Nr teacher maylaw Iiadv from where mayla-mayla Adv a great deal mayla- Vtr to wash (one's person); to wash (generally); to brush (teeth) may-may Adv (Victor Fajardo) extremely mayna Ii what (size), how large maynasu (see mayna) maynilan Adv rarely maynimpi Adv sometimes *mayor Ar older (person) *mayoidomo Nr sponsor of fiesta mayqan (var. of mayqin) mayqin Ii which. Pdep which of us, you, them mayqimpas something, whichever; someone e.g. mayqinnkiciktaq? which of you? maytu Nr package, bundle. Vtr to wrap mayu Nr river *mayu Ar May mayun papa Nr a variety of potato

*MECA —

*MIQURYA-

161

*meca Nr wick *mecero Nr lamp consisting of a pot of fat or kerosene and a wick *medya Ar half (hour) e.g. las sinku i medyata at five thirty *medyas Nr stockings, socks *medyu Nr-Ar half ; five-cent piece *me!iso Nr twin * meida Nr feces (vulgar) *merkolis Nr Wednesday *mesa Nr table mica Ar scarce; greedy micaku- Vtr to impede mici- Vtr to tend grazing animals, pasture, shepherd micka Nr planting after rainy season when irrigation is available. Vtr to plant after rainy season with irrigation miku- Vtr to eat mikuy Nr food, meal mikuymanta hungry, hungrily mikuysapa Ar gluttonous *milagro Nr miracle mila Ar evil, ugly, disgusting. Vtr to hate, be disgusted with milapa (see mila Ar) milma Nr wool. Vtr to shear (wool-bearing animals) milpu- Vtr to swallow; to gulp down milputi Nr esophagus milqaku- Vtr to carry in the skirt miiqay Nr lap (woman's) milu Nr-Ar a mineral; salty milwa (var. of milma) milwi- Vtr to twist wool *mina Nr mine minca Na the day after tomorrow; two days later paqarin minca the day after tomorrow mincaman on the day after tomorrow mincantin (see minòa) mini Nr weft; wool minica- Vi to put in the weft minka Nr the institution of organizing a work force by offering food, drink, and entertainment to potential helpers. Vtr to organize a minka; to invite to a minka *minus Ar little, few *miqur Adv better, rather, instead *miqufya- VI to improve

162

MIRA- — MUHU

mira- Vi to grow in number, multiply (living things) *mirinda Nr snack mirka Nr freckle mirma- Vi to diminish, lessen *misa Nr mass. Vi to say mass misi Nr cat misitu (see misi) miskalaw Ar (Victor Fajardo) vicuna-colored, buff miski Nr-Ar anything sweet, dessert, candy; the best part of something, its essence; fun; sweet, good. Vi to become sweet miskica- Vtr to sweeten miskipa Nr condiment mismi- Vi to spread (as of fire, or liquid over a surface or through porous material), saturate *misti Nr gentleman, member of mestizo class mita Nr (nearly obsolete) institution of drafted work force mita- Vtr to add a dry article of clothing or bedding to a wet one mitka Nr stumble, tripping. Vtr to trip with the foot mitkaku- Vi to trip and fall mitu Nr mud. Vtr to make (into) mud mituca- (see mitu-) mitulana Aa muddy; like mud mituy-mituy Ar very muddy mituya- Vi to become mud; to become muddy iniyu Nr (archaic) poison *moda Nr a method of curing consisting of rubbing the affected part of the patient with a guinea-pig or yearling dog, beheading this to examine black stains that appear on its heart, and covering these stains with mineral remedies (puka lampu, yuraq lampu, iawa quri, Sawa qulqi) *molino Nr mill; gizzard *monda- Vtr to pare *mondongo Nr a soup of corn and meat *monti Nr woods, forest *morado Ar reddish-blue, purple; blue *mortasa Nr mustard muca Nr kiss. Vtr to kiss mucka Nr mortar for grinding hot pepper (cf. qulusta) mucuy Nr lack, want, need e.g. yaku mucuypi kackanku they're in need of water *muda- Vtr to change; to move *mudana Nr change of clothing muhu Nr seed. Vtr to sow

MUKI — MURKU

163

muki Nr (Huancavelica) a supernatural being in the form of a dwarf miner mukuru Nr shell of the molle berry mukiiru ucu a variety of hot pepper *mula Nr mule mulawpa Nr braided rope *mulera Nr gizzard muli Nr molle, the tree Schinus molle, and its fruit from which a kind of chicha is made mulka- (var. of mulku-) mulku Nr bodice. Vtr to feel around for, seek on the surface of something covered; to feel for fleas or lice; to pet (in lovemaking) mulmu- Vtr to chew with a circular motion mulqu Nr knot mulquta- Vtr to knot muna- Vtr to want, need, like, love munaci- Vtr to offer, make an offer to munali Ar ambitious, covetous munancaku- Vtr to covet munapaca Ar pretty, loveable munaq Na who desires, wants to; desiring ruwakuq munaq enthusiast, one who acts on his desires munay Nr desire; love; lovely munaypaq desirable munayca Ar lovely munayca- Vtr to make powerful, strong munaylana Aa anxious(ly) munaysapa Ar powerful *mundo Nr hopscotch *muntira Nr a kind of woman's hat *muntu- Vtr to pile muna Nr an herb eaten in soups: Minthostachys setosa muqa Nr dislocation. Vtr to dislocate muqmu (Cangallo; var. of mutmu) muqu Nr knob; knee; club. Vtr to make (into) a knob or knot muqu (var. of muhu) muquca- (see muqu-) muqulu Nr whip with weighted ends muqu-muqu Nr a small bush with leaves used as diarrhetic: Equisetum bogotense muquti Nr small person, dwarf muray: Cunu muray white £unu muraya (var. of muray) murku (var. murqu)

164

MURMU — MUYUYKUNALAPI

murmu Ar (Cangallo) middle-sized (potato); mediocre murqu Ar second-hand, used. Vi to become lumpy, form lumps, form a ball murqu-murqu Ar lumpy muru Nr-Ar pit, seed; smallpox; speckled black and white. Vtr to remove the seed from (cotton) murupa maman measles yana muru unquy (Puquio) smallpox muruca- Vtr to remove the seeds from (anything) muruca (sara) Nr a type of corn murucu (var. muru5a) *musika Nr music *musiku Nr musician muski- (var. of mutki-) musmu- Vtr to eat very rapidly muspa- Vi to be confused; to daydream; to be delerious musqu Nr dream. Vtr to dream *musu Nr young man, approx. 20-30 yrs. of age musuq Ar new musuqmanta again musya- Vtr to guess; to realize; to become aware of, perceive musyaciku- Vi to let oneself be heard, make one's present felt muti Nr stewed corn, mote. Vtr to boil (corn), make (into) mote mutki- Vtr to smell mutmu Nr bud; anything budding or coming slowly into view in analogous manner. Vi to bud; to appear; to teethe mutu Ar cut off; mutilated mutuy Nr caper bush (?) muyu Ar rounded; winding, meandering. Vi to spin, rotate; function, run (machine); to walk around; to turn around muyu-muyu Nr whirlpool; dizziness, fainting muyuriq Nr surroundings, immediate environment e.g. muyurlqninta qawara he looked around muyuy Nr spinning, turning; turn, rotation; (Victor Fajardo) crop rotation; a piece of land relative to crop rotation muyuykunalapi nearby; just around the corner

N na Nr thingamajig, whatchamacallit. Vtr to do something unspecified, keep doing whatever is being done, pay attention to what one is doing nabidad Nr Christmas *nabos Nr turnip *nadya- Vi to swim naka- Vtr to butcher, slaughter; to behead nakaq Nr a person (usually a ringu, q.v.) with supernatural powers who waits by the roadside at night to kill indians; he takes out their fat and sells it in the cities where it is made into machine oil, store medicines, soap, airplane fuel, etc. nana- Vtr to hurt, pain, ache nanaq Nr painful; very many nanay Nr pain, ache nisyu nanay bad pain *naranga (var. of naranqa) *naranqa Nr orange *nasi- Vi to be born *nata Nr cream (of milk) naya- Vti to give desire *negosyanti Nr businessman, merchant ni- Vtc to say, tell, speak to *ni Neg-Coord not even; no, not any; neither, nor *nigru Ar black nina Nr fire, flame ninaca- Vtr to make fire *ninu, -a Ng boy, girl (title of respect) niq Nm being, thing, place e.g. hatun niq a big one kay niqman hither, in this direction niraq Adv similar to, like, as if e.g. mesapi niraq as if on the table e.g. runa niraq like a man nis Adv its said that, well, in that case nispacaqa Adv otherwise

166

NISYU — NUYU

nisyu Pread strongly, hard, very, intense(ly), with difficulty e.g. nisyuta lamkan he works hard lumpay nisyu too hard nisyusuta very hard *nobemri Ar November *nogal Nr walnut *nomra- Vtr to name, appoint "nomramyentu Nr appointment *noybu Ar new *nuybi Numh nine o'clock nuyu Ar wet. Vtr to wet

N ña Adv already ñataq and so ñaka Nr denial; curse. Vtr to deny, deprive of ñaka-ñakayta Adv completely; with great difficulty Sakari- Vi to suffer fian Nr path, way, road ñanqa (var. of yanqa) Saña Nr (woman's) sister ñafiu (var. of lañu) ñapu (var. of ñupu) ñaqa Na-Ar a while ago, earlier; ingenuous, naive ñaqca Nr comb. Vtr to comb ñati Nr a stomach ailment fiatiku- Vi to have a bad stomach Sawci Nr blade, cutting edge ñawcica- Vtr to sharpen ñawi Nr eye; knot (in wood) yakupa ñawin spring (of water) ñawinca- Vtr to add the best part of something ñawñawku- Vi to mew ñawñawya- (see ñawñawku-) ñawpa Ar old, prior, remote (in time). Vtr to precede; to go ahead; to put ahead ñawpaq Nr preceding, previous; that which goes ahead; position ahead of, in front of ñawpaqkunataqa previously Sawsa Ar blind *Sifiu Nr city person ñiqin Nm (archaic; see niq) ñiti Ar tight, squeezed. Vtr to squeeze together, crush, smash ñucku (var. of ñukéu) ñukcu Nr a medicinal herb: Salvia biflora, S. histella Sukñu Ar (absolescent) soft *ñuku Nr marbles; hole in ground to receive the marble ñuñu Nr breast, teat, udded. Vtr to suckle, nurse e.g. wawa mamanta ñuñun the baby nurses at its mother's breast

168

NUNUN — NUTUPYA-

e.g. mama wawanta nunun the mother nurses her baby nunuq wawa suckling (human) nupu Nr depression in something soft. Vtr to press down on (something soft) fiuqa Ppers I nuqalana I by myself nuqalay Ppers lonely me nuqalaymi its just me (answer to "Who's there?") nuqancik Ppers we (incl.) nuqayku Ppers we (excl.) nusta Nr (archaic) princess nuti Nr mucus nuti sutu- to run (of the nose) e.g. nutiy sutumuckan my nose is running iiutqu Nr brain (never the seat of intelligence) nutu Nr-Ar fine particles, powder; small, tiny. Vtr to powder, crush, pulverize nutuca- (see nutu-) nutupya- Vtr to crush, smash

o *o Coord or otaq or *obiqa Nr ewe; sheep *obispu Nr bishop *obra Nr handwork *ohala Adv here's hoping that *olyu- Vtr to baptise *ola Nr a kind of stew *ombru Nr shoulder *ongo Nr mushroom opa Ar deaf, dumb; stupid opanka Nr vulture, scavenger opay-opay Ar fat-faced *ora Na hour; time of day imay orataq? what time is it? imay oratataq? at what time, when? alin ora early walpa waqay ora dawn pim kanki ora dusk lamkay ora time to work oralampi on time, on schedule "oregano Nr oregano *ofsoylo Nr sty *ortelano Nr gardener *ospital Nr hospital otolo Nr rooster

p paca Nr clothing paca Na circumstance, condition, time, era, world, earth; immediately (following imperative) -sqamanta paca since e.g. hamusqanmanta paca since he came may pacam -pti- provided that e.g. may pacam hamuptin provided that he comes cay pacaqa then, in that case cay pacala immediately kay paca the earth, this world, this life hanaq paca heaven, the hereafter uku paca hell pacaci- Vtr to dress, clothe pacak Numg hundred pacaku- Vi to dress, get dressed pacaliku- (see pacaku-) pacamanka Nr "earth-pot": oven consisting of a hole in the ground covered with stones; when the stones are heated to incandescence by a fire build inside, the food is placed on top and everything buried for about an hour; the meal thus prepared *padre Nr priest, father *padrinu Nr godfather *paga- Vtr to pay, repay; to take revenge on e.g. payman picqa solista caymanta pagasaq I'll pay him five Soles for that dyos pagaralasunki thank you dyos pagarusunki (Puquio) thank you *pagapa Nr a cure for alkansu: a young pig, chicken, or dog is buried alive, and the patient is prayed for paka Nr anything hidden. Vtr to hide paka-paka Nr hide-and-seek paka-pakapi pukla- to play hide-and-seek pakca Ar overturned, face-down. Vtr to overturn, turn upside down, put face-down pakcaku- Vi to prostrate oneself pakcampa Adv upside-down pakcampaku- (see pakcaku-)

PAKI — PAPI-

171

paki Ar broken. Vtr to break pakpaka Nr ferruginous pygmy owl: Glaucidium brasilianum paku Nr alpaca *pala Nr shovel, spade *paliIos Nr turmeric *palta Nr-Ar avocado; egg-shaped palta- Vtr to add to a load *paltayaci- Vtr to make egg-shaped pala Nr (Cangallo) fabric decoration pala- Vtr to gather (edibles) palana Nr (Cangallo) a weaving instrument palar Nr Lima bean palqa Nr anything forked, bifurcated; having six fingers (or toes) on one hand (or foot) palqa nan a fork in the road awa palqa in weaving: a belt attaching one end of the warp to a tree or wall palqaca- Vtr to bifurcate pampa Nr flat ground relatively free of vegetation; ground, earth; flat surface. Vtr to bury maki pampa palm of the hand iskwela pampa schoolyard pampaca- Vtr to flatten, level; to forgive pampanca- Vtr (Apurimac) to flatten, level *panamito Nr a kind of white bean panci- Vi to open (as a flower or a wound) pani Nr (man's) sister pankacu Nr a kind of flower panqa Nr cornsilk panra Ar short and large-bellied panta Ar mistaken. Vtr to mistake, confuse, take the wrong *pantalon Nr trousers panti Nr a flower: Cosmos peucedanifolius *pantyon Nr cemetery panya- (var. of punya-) pafia Ar (Apurimac) right *panal Nr diaper papa Nr potato *papa Nr father, dad *papa (var. of *papa) *papaya Nr papaya *papel Nr paper papi- Vtr to dry slightly in the sun

172

*PAQA — PASAYPAQ

*paqa Nr straw paqari- Vi to come into being, be born, dawn paqariyta at dawn paqariqta Adv tomorrow paqarilan Na right tomorrow paqarin Na tomorrow paqarinnintin Nr the following day paqarinnintinman (or -ta) on the following day paqay Nr pacae, Inga feuilii paqca Nr waterfall paqcaca- Vi to fall (of water) paqla Ar bald paqpa Nr American agave, maguey; maguey leaf (cf. SuSaw) cunta paqpa white maguey: Forcroya andina paqta Adv maybe paqu Ar blond paqu (var. of paku) paqway Pread completely, totally para Nr rain; precipitation. Vti to rain, rain on anca (or lumpay) para a lot of rain parata waqa- to cry in torrents cikci para sleet runtu para hail puyu para fog *para Prep before (in telling time) paray-paray Adv in torrents *paris Na human afterbirth; pair; paired, accompanied *parisca- Vtr to pair pariwana Nr a flamingo: Phoenicopterus ruber *parla- Vtr to talk, speak, converse parqa Ar cleft (things which normally show two like parts connected at one point) parqu- Vtr to irrigate paru Ar yellow-brown (edibles) *parukya Nr parrish parwa Nr corn flower parya Nr cinnabar; a kind of sparrow *paftera Nr midwife *paiti Nr part. Vtr to part, separate *paftin Nr (see parti) *parukya (var. of parukya) *pasa- Vtm to pass; to go; to happen pasaypaq extremely

PASAYTA — *PEDASYA-

173

pasayta after e.g. cawpi tuta pasayta after midnight *pasas Nr raisin pasi Nr anything poached, boiled slightly. Vtr to poach, boil slightly runtu pasi poached egg paska- Vtr to untie pasna Nr girl, from puberty to about 20 pasnaca Nr medlar sap jelly pasnero Nr (Victor Fajardo) woman chaser, ladies' man paspa Ar chapped, losing bits of skin from being dry or chapped. Vi to peel, lose skin from dryness *pastu Nr grass, pasture *pasya- VI to take a walk or excursion pata Nr shelf, bench, or platform attached to wall; mesa; top iskay pata double pataca- Vtr to pile up; to make a bench or platform pataci Nr a kind of soup patan Nr edge, border patalan just the edge patara- Vtr to fold, double pati Nr a tree: Bombax ruizii patku Nr stomatitis patpatiya- (var. of patpatya-) patpatya- Vi to make a honking or beeping noise *patrun, -a Ng patron, host, boss, hacienda owner or foreman *patu Nr duck *patyu Nr patio, yard pawa- Vtm to fly; to jump; to hurry; to flee pawayku- Vtm to jump down pawkar Ar flowery *pawlina (papa) Nr a variety of potato pay Ppers he, she pay Interj (Huancavelica) thanks paya Nr old woman, approx. 40-60 years of age paya kay old age (of women) payaku Nr poor old woman payaya- Vi to grow old (of women) paykuna Ppers they payqu Nr an herb used in soups: Chenopodium ambrosioides; breakfast; (vulgar) female genitals. Vtr to eat (for) breakfast payqupi for breakfast *pedasu Nr piece, portion *pedasya- Vtr to cut into pieces

174

*PELIGRAKU

PIKI

*peligraku- Vi to struggle *pelota Nr ball pelotawan pukla- to play ball *pementa Nr black pepper *pensa- Vi to think -pi pensa- to think about *pensamentu Nr thought *pepita uhu Nr whooping cough *peras Nr pear *perehil Nr parsley *pero Subord but, however *perul Nr kettle *pefdi- Vtr to lose *perdici- Vtr to ruin *peflas Nr pearl *perna Nr leg *pesa- Vtr to weigh (cf. lasa-) *pesebre Nr manger *pespita Nr a bush, Acalypha macrostachys *peste Nr plague pi Ii who. Pdep one who cares for (I, you, etc.) pipas someone, anyone, somebody, anybody mana pipas nobody e.g. piniy one who cares for me *pibi Nr ice cream cone pica- Vtr to sweep, brush, clean nutita picaku- to blow the nose wiqita picaku- to dry one's tears picana Nr broom pici Nr small, weak, sickly dog; mutt piciku Nr rufous-collared sparrow: Zonotrichia capensis picincu (see pi5iku) picincuru (see pi5iku) piciru (see pi5iku) piciw (see piciku) picqa Numu five picqala Nr (Apurimac) a kind of bird *pigaci- Vtr to light (a candle or wick) *pika- Vtr to mince, dice *pikanti Nr-Ar pepper-hot; highly-spiced food pikcu Nr (archaic) peak piki Nr flea

PIKI — PIPU ustu piki tick pikilana like a flea, very quickly; flea-ridden piki picana a plant: Schkuria octoaristata or Scoparia dulcis pikica- Vtr to rid of fleas, pick fleas from *piku Nr beak; pick, pickaxe *pila Nr battery pila- Vtr to uproot pilata- Vi to lie face-down pili Nr duckling piltikaca- Vi to struggle furiously piltititi- (see piltikaSa-) *pilya- Vtr to fight *pilyu Nr fight pilik Nr a nocturnal bird reputed to guide the kondenado, q.v. pilka (var. pilku) pilku Nr spotted or of mixed colors (animals) pilma- Vtr (Cangallo) to flay pilpintu Nr-Ar butterfly, moth; ragged pilquci Nr a kind of bird piniyuq: mana piniyuq Nr one who has nobody (no relatives, nobody who cares) pinka Nr leaf of the tuna cactus pinku- VI to jump (things and animals) pinkulu Nr transverse flute *pino Nr pine, evergreen pinqa- Vtr to criticize; to complain pinqaci- Vtr to shame pinqaku- Vi to be ashamed pinta: cicu pinta Nr the first stage of pregnancy *pinta Vtr to paint pintu- Vtr to wrap up *pina Nr pineapple pifia Ar angry pinaci- Vtr to anger pinaku- Vi to get angry pinanaku- VI to become angry with one another pinanasqa Na angry at one another pinariku- Vi to become upset pinasqa Na angry; angrily pifii Nr bead *pipinu (Apurimac; var. of pipiiiu) *pipinu Nr cucumber pipu Ar dense, thick

175

176

PIQA

POROTO

piqa- Vtr to kill with the nails (as fleas) pirqa Nr wall. Vtr to make a wall; to wall up piruru Nr whorl pirwa Nr bin. Vi to make a bin pisi Ar few; a little. Vtr to diminish, run out e.g. qulqiyqa nuqatam pisiwackan my money's run out pisipa- Vi to tire pisipay-pisipay Aa very tired, exhausted pisisqa Na run out, exhausted cakimpas pisisqa as fast as his legs could carry him piska Nr coca pouch qulqi piska (Cangallo) purse pispis Nr a game similar to jacks, played with stones pisqu Nr bird; penis pistaku Nr (syn. of nakaq) *pita Nr fiber, cord *pita- Vtr to smoke (tobacco) *pitaka Nr fiber bag; bag pitu- Vtr to mix (two things) together *pitu Nr whistle pituci- Vtr to make one join the hands for praying pituku- Vi to join the hands for praying piwi Ar first-born piy (var. of pi Pdep) piyniyuq (var. of piniyuq) *piyon Nr a member of a group work force who has no authority and is supervised by kapitan and qulana; a special class of piy on is yanapakuq *plaga Nr pestilence * plant a: maki planta Nr palm of the hand *plasa (var. of *lasa) *platano Nr banana *pleto Nr lawsuit *pobre Ar poor, unfortunate *poladera Nr any instrument for beating or hitting *polbo Nr dye *ponco Nr poncho *poncuku- Vi to put on one's poncho *pongo Nr diviner *porke Subord because poro Nr gourd porongo Nr pitcher poroto Nr kidney bean

*PRENDAKU

PULMA-

177

*prendaku- Vtr to leave in place of proper payment until this can be made, leave in warranty, leave as security *presta- Vtr to lend *presu Nr prisoner *presuca- Vtr to take prisoner *pripara- Vtr to prepare *prosesyon Nr religious procession *proyba- Vtr to try, test *pruntu Adv soon, right now *pruta Nr fruit *pucero Nr a kind of stew pucka Nr spindle and whorl; wool yarn. Vtr to spin (thread) puckatilu Nr spindle pucqu Ar sour; salty. Vi to become sour or salty pucqupaku- Vi to get into a bad mood, become embittered pucu Nr rest, remainder, remnant. Vi to remain, be left over e.g. mikuy pucu the rest of the food pucuka- Vi to end up, find oneself in a particular situation as a result of persisting in some habit; to survive *pudef Nr power puf Interj (reaction to bad odor) *puha- Vi to advance, push ahead puka Ar red, reddish-brown, brown puka lampu a mineral remedy pukaya- Vi to become red; to become flushed, blush pukla- Vi to play puklana Nr toy puklapaya- Vtr to annoy playfully, tease puklay Nr game; play toro puklay bullfight puklay festa carnival puklay taki carnival song pukru Ar having a concave dent; hollowed out. Vtr to dent; hollow out (especially for use as a container) puku- Vtr to blow (on) pukucu Nr bladder pukyu Nr spring (of water); (Huancavelica) swamp; the second largest city in the department of Ayacucho, Puquio *pulpa Nr lean meat *pulso Nr strength pulu Nr a type of gourd dish pulma- Vi to become dilapidated from lack of use and attention; to waste one's life

178

PULPU

PURINKICU

pulpu- Vi to gush, flow pulpulya- Vi to make the sound of boiling or gushing pulu Ar wooly, hairy, fuzzy puma Nr puma pumpu Ar rotting (wood or fibers) pumpunya- Vi to beat (of the heart) puncaw Na day, daytime, daylight lamkay puncaw work day samay puncaw day for resting ima puncawpitaq kackancik? What day is today? (kimsa) puncawninmanta (three) days later puncawya- Vi to become daylight *punci Nr punch (beverage) punki Ar swollen. Vi to swell punkipa Nr swollen eyes punku Nr entrance, door, yard punruru Nr squatty, large-bellied person *punta Nr point, peak; first; position before or ahead of. Vi to go ahead, lead puntata first(ly) *puntaca- Vtr to sharpen punya- Vtr to hit, strike punu- Vi to sleep punuci Nr a kind of quinoa soup pununa Nr bed; bedroom punutiya- Vi to doze; to be on the verge of falling asleep punuy Nr sleep; sleepiness punuymanta kacka- to be about to sleep punuywan aysaciku- to be overcome with sleepiness punuysan Nr sleepyhead punuysiki (see punuysan) pupu Nr navel; center puputi Nr navel puqpu Nr bubble. Vi to bubble puqtu- Vtr to take up with both hands puqu- Vi to mature, ripen puquy Nr maturation; rainy season puquy-puquy Ar well-matured, robust puqya Nr (Huancavelica) a variety of potato *puraminti Pread (Cangallo, Victor Fajardo) completely puri- Vtr to walk, travel, walk through, wander, roam e.g. kalita purin he walks through the streets purinkicu Nr wanderer

PURIY — *PWES

179

puriy Nr walk; time spent walking e.g. huk puncaw puriyraqmi its still a day's walk e.g. kimsa aku puriypiraqmi its still three quarters of a day's walk away puriyku- Vi to act on someone's behalf purma- (var. of pulma-) puru Nr feather puru (var. of poro) ispay puru (Cangallo) bladder puruca- Vtr to make like a feather puru-puru Nr granadilla, a climbing vine and its fruit, broken like an egg and the viscous liquid inside eaten: Passiflora Sp. purlin Nr-Ar uncultivated land; fallow land; wild, untamed pusa- Vtr to lead, take (a person) pusaq Numu eight puspu Nr-Ar boiled broad beans; soft (of leather) pusra Nr toasted barley flour *pusu Nr well, tank pusuqu Nr film which forms on the surface of fermenting liquids; foam. Vi to form a film, foam pusuquy (kicka) Nr a small thorny cactus: Opuntia tunicata *puta Nr whore putka Ar muddy, turbid putqa Nr handful putu Nr gourd cup pututu Nr shell trumpet puya Ar oval; protruding, protuberant, humpy. Vi to protrude puya siki steatopygy puynu Nr a large jug carried on the back with ropes puypu- (var. of tuytu-) puyu Nr moth; moth larva puyu Nr cloud. Vi to become cloudy puyu para fog uma puyu crown of the head puywan Nr (Cangallo) heart (of animals) *pwes Adv well, then, anyway

Q qaca Nr dried fruit qaca Aa dirty, sloppy qacaciya- Vtr to drag qacacu Nr scab. Vtr to form a scab qacacya- (var. of qa5a£iya-) qacaru Nr a kind of bird qaci- Vtr to move or stir (dirt, salt, ashes, etc.); to row, paddle qacqa Ar rough. Vtr to plane smooth qacu (var. of qapcu) qacwa Nr a type of song sung at infant's burial. Vi to sing qa£wa qala Ar bare, peeled, free of hair qala kancu there is nothing qalacata everything (acc.); completely qalatu Ar nude. Vtr to undress qalawala Nr a medicinal herb qalay-qalay Ar very bare; total qali Ar handsome qali (var. of qari) qalinca- Vtr to flatter; to indulge qala- Vtr to sprinkle with liquid qalalala- Vi to be luxuriant qalari- Vtr to begin, start qalayku- (see qalari-) qalpa- Vtr to scrape qalu Nr tongue qalu-qalu Nr slug (mollusk) qam Ppers you qamkuna you (pi.) qamka Nr toasted corn. Vtr to toast (corn) qamya Ar weak-tasting, tasteless (cf. qamya asul) qancis Numu seven qanra Ar dirty qanracaku- Vi to become dirty qantu Nr the national flower of Peru, Sp. cantuta

QAPA

QARICA

181

qapa- Vi (Cangallo) to smell, taste qapapapa- Vi to make the sound of breaking wood qapaq Ar glorious qapari- Vtr to shout (at or to) qapariqnin Nr pancreas qaparkaca Vi to shout repeatedly qapca- (var. of qapSu-) qapci Nr potato or cheese mash qapcu Ar squeezed, pinched (hard things). Vtr to squeeze (hard things) qapi (var. of qaspi) qapi- Vtr to squeeze in the hands qaprutu Nr (Cangallo) cartilage qapsan (var. of kip£an) qapucu- Vtr to chew up qapya Ar soft qaqa Nr boulder; cliff qaqapa- Vi to fall off a cliff qaqca- Vtr to scold qaqci- Vtr to take a big bite of qaqcu Ar severe (person) qaqti (var. of qatqi) qaqu- Vtr to rub; to massage qaqupa Nr a folk remedy: food is rubbed on the body of the sick person and left at the roadside so that any passerby who eats it will also take the patient's disease qara Nr bark, skin, shell, husk, cortex nawi qara eyelid qara- Vtr to feed, serve qarampa Nr cornhusk qaranca- Vtr to shell, husk qari Nr-Ar male (human); man, approx. 30-40 years of age; strong, manl> qari curi (man's) son qarica Nr little boy qari-qari Ar very manly qariya- Vi to mature, become manly qarqaca Nr a mythical beast half llama and half mule qarqarya Nr (Huancavelica; var. of qarqa£a) qarqu- Vtr to throw (a person) out of a place qaru- Vtr (Cangallo) to break (utensils) qarwa Ar yellow-brown (non-edibles) qarwancu Nr a flower: Argemone mexicana qarwaq Ar (Huancavelica) orange (color) qarica Nr woman of loose morals

182

QASA — QAYLACI-

qasa Ar frozen; freezing. Vi to freeze qasa Nr notch; ravine. Vtr to tear the end of, notch qasi Nr whole-wheat bread qasi Ar still, quiet. Vtr to leave (someone) in peace, stop bothering qasi Nr a plant of the jungle; a cross made from the sticks of this plant and carried as protection against magic, cf. wiSqa qaspa Ar curly. Vtr to singe qaspi Na morning twilight, daybreak; at daybreak, very early qaspiri- Vi to become twilight (morning) qasqu Nr chest qata Nr cover; roof; (Cangallo) slope. Vtr to cover qataca- Vi to make a roof qati- Vtm to follow; to drive (animals) qatikaca- Vtr to chase; to hunt qatinasla Adv continuously qatipa- Vtm to go after someone to find out what happened to him; to diagnose, divine qatiq Na that follows, following, next; follower qatiqnin the following, the second qati-qatila Adv one after another qatisla Adv frequently qatqa- Vtr to scratch, scrape qatqi Ar bitter qatu Nr stand, selling place. Vi to set up a stand qatuca- (see qatu-) qawa- Vtr to watch, look at, see qawaci- Vtr to show, demonstrate qawariku- Vi to be careful qawayku- Vtr to visit; to examine; to find out qawaymana- Vtr to try to see, have trouble seeing qawi Ar wilted. Vi to wilt qawina Nr roof beam qaya (see hayna) qaya- Vtr to call, call to qayaci- Vtr to summon qayapa Nr a cure for mancarisqa, consisting of shaking and rubbing of the patient's head by the hampiq qayci- (var. of qaci-) qayku- Vtr (Cangallo) to corral qayla- Pdep one's presence e.g. qaylampi kackanki you're in his presence qaylaci- Vtr to place in one's presence, present

QAYLAS — QINTI

183

qayias Nr (Cangallo) row, order, series qayna (var. of hayna) qayqa Nr "shock": an emotional state caused by an experience or by spirits, and which may result in sickness and death. Vtr to shock, stun, put into a state of shock qayra (var. of kayra) qaytu Nr wool thread or yarn. Vtr to make into thread or yarn (wool) qaytuca- (see qaytu-) qaywa Nr a cucurbitaceus plant: Cyclanthera pedata qaywi- Vtr to stir qica Nr diarrhea. Vi to have diarrhea; to defecate with diarrhea qicipra Nr eyelash qicqa Nr side; narrower surface(s) of any long object with unequal sides; side of the body from foot to head qicqaci- Vtr to lay on its side qicqaku- Vi to lie on one's side qicu- Vtr to take away or off qicunaku- Vtr to take from one another qicwa Nr deep valley qikuta- Vtc to insist; to urge on; to hurry e.g. qikutayki rinaykipaq I insist that you go qila Ar lazy qilaku- Vtr to be lazy; to be too lazy to — qilma (var. of qilpa) qilpa Nr piece torn from plant; fiber. Vtr to strip plants of fibers qilqa Nr drawing; writing. Vtr to draw; to write qilu Ar yellow qilusti Nr a small yellow songbird qimci- (var. of Cimqi-) qimi- Vtr to lean (a thing) against something; to wedge qimipaku- Vi to lean (person acting) qimli- (var. of ¿imqi-) qimlica- (see Cimqi-) qimliy Nr a wink huk qimliylampi in a wink qimpi- Vtr to roll back, roll up (sleeves, dress, or pantlegs) qina Nr quena, notched flute qinca Nr fence of stakes or thorns. Vi to make a fence qincayku- Vi to close qinqirway Nr a kind of bush qinqu Ar winding, twisted, curved. Vtr to twist, bend, curve qinti Nr hummingbird siwaf qinti a kind of green hummingbird

184

*Ql'NUWA — QUCA

*qinuwa (var. of qinwa) qinwa Nr quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa; a small town near Ayacucho, Quinua. Vtm to go to Quinua qipa Nr-Ar back, rear, behind (relative position). Vi to remain, stay behind, be behind, fall behind qipakunamanqa afterwards nampa qipalampi just down the road qipan Ar rear qipanca- Vtr to turn around qipanta Adv afterwards qipi Nr load, bundle. Vtr to carry on the back, bear a burden qipica- Vtr to pack up qipirina Nr a large jug carried on the back qiqa Nr natural chalk for drawing qiqatu (see qiqa) qiqi Ar discolored. Vi to discolor, fade qiqicya- Vi to make the sound of things knocking or rubbing together, bang, creak qiqipa- (var. of hiqipa-) qiru Nr-Ar cup; log; hard qiruy-qiruy A (modified only sqa-nominalization) hard, tight e.g. qiruy-qiruy watasqa tied up tight e.g. qiruy-qiruy kuka akusqa with his coca chewed up into a hard cud qisa (var. of qista) qispi Nr crystal; glass. Vtm to rise; to grow (crops); to climb; to come into view, appear qispici- Vtr to raise, erect; to make grow, rise, climb; to finish (a task) qista Nr nest qistaca- Vi to make a nest qiswa Nr (Cangallo) straw rope qiswar Nr a tree: Buddleia longifolia qita (var. of hita) qitu-qitu Nr a medicinal herb: Gnapholium spicatum qitya Nr soot qiwa Nr any grass or plant eaten by animals, fodder qiwi- Vtr to twist, wring; to bend, curve qiwla Nr a gull: Larus serranus qiwna Nr a tree: Polyleps incana qiwsu- Vtr to frown at qiya Nr pus. Vtr to form pus (wound acting on person) qu- Vtr to give; to hit, "give it to him" *qubin Ar young quca Nr well; lake

QUCACA

QUQU

185

qucaca- Vi to dig a well quca-quca Nr puddle qucaraya- Vi (Victor Fajardo) to be half-asleep qucpa- Vtr to roll around, throw around qucu Ar happy, gay qucuku- Vi to be happy, rejoice *qudi- Vtr to annoy, play a bad joke on qulana Nr assistant of kapitan hatun qulana the first assistant of kapitan, chosen by kapitan or majority on basis of working ability ucuy qulana assistant of hatun qulana qulpa Nr saltpeter qulpa yaku water disflavored by saltpeter qulqi Nr silver; money; coins cawa qulqi a mineral remedy qulu Nr (Cangallo) failure. Vi to stop reproducing (plants and animals), become sterile, barren qulululu- Vi to growl (the stomach) quluq Nr sterile, barren; childless; lonely qulusta Nr pestle, muller (cf. mudka) quluta (var. of qulusta) quminta Nr ground corn, flavored, cooked, and rewrapped in the husk; (vulgar) female genitals qumir Ar (Huancavelica) green qumlu Ar one-armed qumpu- Vtr to shorten by cutting off part qunaku- Vtr to give one another, exchange makita qunaku- to shake hands quncu Nr-Ar yeast; turbid. Vi to make yeast quncuca- Vtr to make turbid qunqa- Vtr to forget qunqaymanta Adv suddenly qunqura- Vi to kneel quni Nr-Ar anything warm or heated; warm. Vi to become warm, heat e.g. yaku quni or quni yaku warm water qupa Nr rubbish, garbage, waste qupita- Vi to roll around qupu- Vtr to give back, return quqaw Nr food and drink taken for consumption while travelling quqawca- Vtr to pack (food) to take on a trip quqfiu Nr a kind of small dove ququ (var. of uqu)

186

QURA — QUYUYACl-

qura Nr grass, weed, herb, greens. Vtr to weed mikuna qura edible greens quraca- (see qura-) qurapa- (Cangallo; see qura-) quri Nr gold cawa quri a mineral remedy quri wayla Nr a kind of flower qurpa Nr (Cangallo, Apurimac) lodging qurpaca- Vtr (Cangallo, Apurimac) to lodge qurqurya- Vi to gurgle; to snore quru Ar clipped, with the end cut off. Vtr to clip, cut off the end of quru maki handless qurunta Nr corncob quruta Nr testicles *quhiada Nr journey qusa Nr husband qusku Ar mottled brown and white qusni (var. of qusni) qusni Nr smoke; grey. Vi to smoke qusnici- (see qusni-) quti Nr an edible worm living in tree trunks qutqu Nr crumb qutu Nr goiter. Vtr to hill (plants) by hand qutu-qutu Nr a plant whose fruit is used as a purgative: Apodeanthera (Apurimac) thistles quwi Nr guinea-pig quyi (var. of quwi) quyluf Nr (obsolescent) star quysu Ar too large, loose-fitting (clothing) quyu Nr bruise quyuyaci- Vtr to bruise

mandonii;

R

racka- Vtr to scratch racki- (var. of raSka-) racu- Vtr to pull up, tear off part (plants) raka Nr female genitals raki- Vtr to separate, part, sort rakinaku- Vi to part, separate, leave one another raki-raki Nr fern rakra- Vtr to eat without chewing food rakta Ar thick (flat things, surfaces) raku Ar thick (cylindrical things, long and roughly equilateral things) rampa Ar (Cangallo) toddling. Vi (Cangallo) to toddle rampa (var. of rampi) rampata Nr pimple rampi Nr time of day when visibility is poor; twilight: dusk, daybreak (cf. qaspi) rampicayku- Vi to become dusk; to continue in an activity until dark rampicaykuqta Adv at dusk, evening twilight rampi-rampita Adv at daybreak, morning twilight rampu Ar (Cangallo) thick, coarse (thread) ranca Nr a potato disease; a town near Ayacucho ranka Ar frozen rankacu Nr frost. Vti to frost, become frosty ranra Nr gravel; stony ranti Nr exchange, sale, stead. Vtr to buy e.g. paypa rantimpi in his stead rantiku- Vtr to sell rantipaku- Vi to shop rapapapa- Vi to snap, crackle (of fire, flag in wind) rapatiya (see rapapapa-) rapay Nr a farm implement rapi Nr leaf rapica- Vtr to make into the shape of a leaf; to free of leaves rapra Nr wing rapraca- Vtr to make into a wing raqaca Nr a tuber similar to yam: Arracacia esculenta

188

RAQAQACI

RIMANAKU-

raqaqaci- Vi to make a clapping noise raqaqaqa- (see raqaqaSi-) raqay Nr house abandoned and falling apart raqci Ar scraggly, scraggy raqra Ar split, slit. Vi to split *rasyoso Ar funny rata (Cangallo; see rata-rata) rata- Vti to stick rataci- Vtr to light (a wick) rata-rata Nr bindweed, Abutilon molle rawka Nr-Ar hoe with pointed blade; pointed; (Cangallo) boney rawra- Vtr to burn, sting, hurt (body part acting on person) ri- Vtm to go rikca- Vi to awaken rikcaci- Vtr to compare -man rikcaci- to compare to (or with) rikcaku- Vi to be similar -man rikcaku- to be similar to rikcan-rikcanla Adv without sleeping, staying awake rikcaq Nr kind, type tukuy rikcaq all kinds of iapan rikcaq ibid. tukuy mana rikcaq ibid. rikcaqmana: iapa rikcaqmana all kinds of rikcaqta Adv similar to e.g. wasi rikcaqta like a house rikcari- Vi (more frequent than rikca-) to wake up rikcay Nr appearance rikcaymana- Vi to try to stay awake riki Adv anyway; probably; certainly e.g. payqa riki certainly he rikra Nr (obsolescent) arm, shoulder; wing. Vtr (Cangallo) to carry on the shoulder riku- Vtr to see riku- Vtm to go, go of one's own will rikuku- Vi to seem rikupa- Vtr to examine rikuq Nr what appears, that which appears e.g. alin rikuq good in appearance, what looks good e.g. berdi rikuq asul greenish-blue rikuri- Vi to appear, come into view rima- Vtr to speak, talk; to converse, talk; to gossip rimanaku- Vi to converse

RIMAPAYANAKU

RUTUY

189

rimapayanaku- Vi to converse a lot, confide in one another; to fall in love rimapayanakuy Nr confidence, mutual trust; love rimapayanakuypi kacka- to be in love rimayku- Vtr to greet rimaykulayki I greet you, greetings, hello *ringu Nr light-haired person rinri Nr ear; eye (of needle) ripu- Vtm to go back, return (thither); to go away; to go in someone's stead or behalf riqsi Ar recognizable (cf. suti riqsi). Vtr to know, be acquainted with riqsikuy Nr recognition, gratitude riqsikuyniyuq Nr grateful person mana riqsikuyniyuq ingrate riti Nr ice, hard snow. Vti to snow anca riti a lot of ice rumi Nr-Ar stone; hard punuy rumi deep sleep ruminca- Vtr to pave rumiya- Vi to harden rumpu Ar round runa Nr person; man; adult runaca- Vtr to make into a man, make a man of runaya- Vi to become a man, become adult alin runayaci- to make a good person of runku- Vtr to put in, insert runtu Nr egg. Vi (Cangallo) to lay eggs runtu para hail runtus (papa) Nr the most highly esteemed variety of potato rupa Ar (Cangallo) hot. Vtr to heat, burn, be hot, shine on (weather or source of heat acting) rupay Nr heat; sunshine; sun lumpay rupay too much heat or sunshine ruqru (Apurimac; var. of luqlu) ruqu Nr hat ruquci- Vtr to make one put on his hat ruquku- Vi to put on one's hat ruqutu Nr a small, round hot pepper, Capsicum sp. rura (var. of ruwa-) ruru Nr fruit; kidney. Vi to produce fruit, fructify, fruit rutu- Vtr to cut (hair or grain), shear rutuna Nr sickle; (Aprurimac) stalks of grain rutuy: cukca rutuy Nr boy's haircutting ceremony

190

RUWA

RUYRUCA-

ruwa- Vtr to do, make, build, compose, write (a book), celebrate (a fiesta) ruwaykaca- Vtr to putter at ruwaymana- Vtr to try to do, have trouble doing ruya (var. of yura) ruyaq (var. of yuraq) ruyru Ar round. Vtr to round, make round ruyruca- (see ruyru-)

V

R

*fabya Nr anger. Vi to become angry fabyamanta angrily; out of spite *ialmedyu Nr fifteen cents *falu Ar sparse *Jama Nr branch *¥ason Nr reason rasonnikim you're right, you have good reason *faspa Nr a refreshment: shaved ice flavored with syrup. Vtr to plane, shave (ice) *faspadila (see raspa) *faspana Nr plane (tool) *fata Nr rat *rata- Vtr to insult *fatu Na a while iatukama till later, so long iatuman later Fatumantaqa later "fatula Adv inmediately *faya Nr line, stripe *fayan Nr a tree: Sambucus peruviana *fayo Nr lightning *fegala- Vtr to give (as a gift) *fehilas Nr grating, lattice *feklama- Vtr to claim, reclaim *feluq Nr clock, watch *femedyu Nr remedy, cure; medicine *Jemenda- Vtr to mend, patch, repair *iemendu Nr patch *femila Nr a medicinal herb *repika- Vi to ring *fesa- Vi to pray *iesen Aa recently) *iesu Nr prayer; praying *ietama Nr broom (plant) "•fetrato Nr portrait

192

*RIYAL — *RUYDA

*riyal Nr ten cents; ten-cent piece *romana Nr steelyard *romasa Nr sorrel *fomero Nr rosemary *iondin Nr harmonica *fosadu Ar pink *Fosaryu Nr rosary *fosas Nr rose *foyga- Vtr to beg, ask, ask for as favor, plead for *ruda Nr rue (herb) *iuyda Nr wheel

s sa Adv its said that *sabado Nr Saturday *sabanas Nr sheet *sabidu Ar smart, experienced saca Nr tree nutu saca bush, shrub saca-saca Nr w o o d s saka Nr little old m a n or w o m a n sakri Ar astute, f o x y saksa- Vi to be full (of f o o d ) ; to eat one's fill saksay-saksay Ar completely full (of food) *saku Nr jacket sakwa- Vi to p u m p the hips during sexual intercourse sakway Nr coitus *salba- Vtr to save, rescue sala Nr hill or part o f a hill consisting o f gravel or loose stones such that walking is difficult; stony area in a field salala (see sala) salali (see sala) sali Ar c o m i n g apart, crumbling (of walls, objects o f clay or adobe) salqa Nr p u n a salqantuy Nr a kind o f flower sama- Vi to breathe; to rest; to stop; to lie fallow samakuq Na lodger, guest samapa- Vtr to breathe on, blow on samapakuna Nr lodging samatiya- Vi to pant samay Nr breathing; rest samay puncaw day for resting; Sabbath samay cinkay Aa (Cangallo) breathless(ly) samaykaci- Vtr to lodge, give lodging to *samba Nr dark-skinned girl; sweetheart saminca- Vtr (Cangallo) to venerate sampa Ar light (in weight)

194

SANAMPA- — SARA

sanampa- Vtr to signal, indicate sankay Nr a cactus with cylindrical branches; its fruit sanku Nr a preparation of tosted flour with water and sugar *sanqa Nr ditch sansa Nr hot coals. Vi to make hot coals nina sansa bonfire *santu Nr saint; birthday e.g. santuy (puncaw) my birthday *santyago Nr July 25 cattle branding festival *sanu Ar healthy; sober sapa Na each, every; each time e.g. sapa tuta every night e.g. sapa rispay ruwani each time I go I do it sapa- (see sapala-) sapaca- Vtr to isolate sapakama Nr each one sapala- Pdep one alone; one's only e.g. sapalan he alone e.g. sapalan warmi curin his only daughter sapala-pi by oneself sapalu Nr a round, yellow squash: Cucurbita maxima sapanka (Cangallo; see sapakama) sapanqari Nr (Victor Fajardo) a large firecracker sapanya- Vi to become isolated, alone sapaq Aa different, independent; independently sapaqca- Vtr to separate, differentiate sapa-sapalapi Adv all alone, all by oneself *sapatiya- Vi to dance with the heels *sapatiyu Nr final part of the Huayno, danced stamping the heels at increased tempo sapi Nr root sapicaku- Vi to take root sapra Nr beard, whiskers sapsa Ar soft saqa- Vtr to furrow, groove saqaqaqa- Vi to rustle, make the sound of moving leaves, papers, etc. saqi- Vtr to leave, abandon saqma- Vtr to knock down saqra Ar hoarse saqsa Ar luxuriant, having many branches, leaves or fruit; raggedly dressed saqsa- (var. of saksa-) saqta- (var. of saqma-) sara Nr maize, corn

SARABULU — *SERBISA

195

sarabulu Nr corn bread cake saraq-saraq Nr a flower: Commelina fasciculata *sarta (var. of sarta-) saru Nr stamping; lively dancing. Vtr to step on sarupa- Vtr to stamp on, trample saruta- (see sarupa-) sarutya- (see sarupa-) *sa?na Nr mange *safnaca- Vtr to give mange, make mangy *safta- Vtr to tie together sasa Ar difficult *sastre Nr tailor sati- Vtr to insert, put in, stuff, introduce; (vulgar) to copulate with sawa- Vtr to carry on the back, holding with one arm over the shoulder *sawku Nr elder tree: Sambucus nigra sawma (see syn. humpu) sawna Nr pillow saya Interj whoa! saya Nr an herb saya- Vi to stop; to stand still; stand up sayampa Adv upright, vertical sayay Nr size; length sayku- Vi (Puquio) to tire saywa Nr path in cornfield; earth or stones piled as boundary marker. Vi to make a path through a cornfield; to pile stones to mark a boundary *sebada Nr barley *sedron Nr cedar *seguru Aa safe, secure; surely, certainly *seloso, -a Ag jealous * semana Na week *senay supper * señal Nr mark, brand, sign *señala- Vtr to mark, brand; to signal *señora Nr lady; Mrs. (title of respect) *señorita Nr unmarried woman, girl; Miss (title of respect) *señoí Nr gentleman; Mr. (title of respect) *señóí (var. of señor) *separa- Vtr to separate *separaw Ar separated, separate "sepultura Nr grave *sera Nr wax; candle *serbisa Nr beer

196

*SERENATA — SINKA

*serenata Nr serenade. Vtr to serenade *serku Nr boundery marker, fence. Vtr to mark a boundary, make a fence; fence off *seiucu Nr saw *setemri Ar September *seti Numh seven o'clock *seyis Numh six o'clock *sibil Ar civil, non-religious •sibuyla Nr onion *sicu Subord if *sidru, -a Ng father-in-law, mother-in-law *sigaiu Nr cigarette *sigi- Vi to continue siki Nr base, bottom, posterior, buttocks, rump. Vtr to pull something out of what it is fastened in sikimpa Adv bottom-down, bottom-first, on one's r u m p siksi- (var. of siqsi-) siku Nr (Cangallo) fist. Vtr to punch, hit *silisti Ar sky blue *silu Nr sky; heaven *sila Nr chair *silada Ar mounted *silaku- Vi to mount (an animal) silkaw Nr a medicinal herb silki- Vtr to cure of back ailments by standing behind the person, placing a knee on his back, and pulling his shoulders backward; to massage the head or stomach with a cloth, one end in each hand, pulled back and forth sharply silqa- Vtr to tear large pieces f r o m ; to strip silu Nr nail, claw, hoof. Vtr to mark or press with the nail or claw silwi Nr carrying on the back (a load tied over one shoulder and under the other). Vtr to carry thus simi Nr m o u t h ; spout; lips; language; word; gossip runa simi Quechua sumaq simi eloquence simpa Nr braid, tresses. Vtr (Cangallo; see simpaSa-) simpaca- Vtr to braid simpi Nr anything with a curved or crooked end, esp. a stick for picking fruit from tree *sinca Nr girth, cinch, girdle; mold sinci Ar powerful, strong; much, a lot of *sindi- Vtr to light, ignite *sini Nr cinema, movies sinka Ar drunk, enebriated. Vi to get drunk

SINKACIKUQ — SIW

sinkacikuq Nr strong drink, that causes drunkenness *sinku Numh five o'clock sinqa Nr nose caki sinqa shin sinqaca- Vtr to rein sinqapa- Vtr (Cangallo) to muzzle *sinta Nr ribbon *sintaci- Vtr to put ribbons on •sinti- Vtr to feel (an emotion) *siñu (var. of señor) sipaka Nr girl (depreciatory) sipas Nr girl, young lady, approx. 20-30 years old wira sipas a variety of potato sipi- Vtr to beat to death; to kill sipti- (var. of Cipti-) sipu Ar wrinkled. Vtr to wrinkle; to gather in folds siqa- Vtr to rise, climb; to mount siqayku- Vtr to hurry off, go out of sight, set (sun) inti siqaykuyta as the sun sets siqi Nr-Ar line, row, stripe; lined up, consecutive siqica- Vtr to line up; to make lines, stripe siqila Adv in order, consecutively, one after another siqsi- Vtr to itch, scratch (wound acting) siqu Ar tight. Vtr to pull tight before tying; to strangle siqulu Nr whip; whipping, esp. of the ankles. Vtr to whip; to whip the ankles siquy Nr a type of sandal with toes covered, worn in San Miguel sira- Vtr to sew sirana Nr needle *sirbi- Vi to serve, be of use *sirbinakuy Nr trial marriage *sirbiq Nr that which serves, is of use mana imapaq sirbiq good-for-nothing siri Nr (Huancavelica) a variety of potato siri- Vtr to lay down siriku- Vi to lie down *sirwi- (var. of *sirbi-) *sirwisa (var. of *serbisa) sisa Nr flower; cf. way ta. Vi to flower yuraq sisa a variety of potato sisacaku- (see sisa-) sisi Nr ant siw (var. of 5iw)

198

SIWA — *SUNSU

siwa Nr any tuber so hard it cannot be cooked siwaf Nr turquoise *skela Nr animal bell *soda Nr carbonated soft drink *sol Nr Sol: the Peruvian monetary unit, approx. U.S. $.04; a coin of this value *solis 1. var. of sol. 2. plural of sol *solteru, -a Ng unmarried person, single *sombra Nr shade, shadow. Vtr to shade *sombreru Nr hat *so?ti Nr luck sortita urqu- to divine, guess one's luck *sortiqa Nr ring *soynu Nr dream. Vtr to dream *spihu Nr mirror suci Nr a kind of fish suci Nr pimples, acne sucu Nr paralytic. Vi to move (in location as opposed to position; cf. kuyu-), slide sucuya- Vi to become paralyzed *suda- Vi to sweat, perspire *sudof Nr perspiration, sweat *sufri- Vi to suffer suka Nr whistling. Vi to whistle suki Nr a farm implement suksu- (var. of suqsu-) suku- Vtr to cover sukuca- (see suku-) sukuluku Nr a kind of lizard sukuluway (see sukuluku) sukuta Nr veil sula Nr dew. Vti to form dew, make dewy sulka Nr younger person, younger sibling sulu Nr creature born in any way abnormal; abortion; cf. sulu wayra. Vtr to bear prematurely; to abort sumaq Ar beautiful, pretty, nice, good sumaqta well, nicely sumay cuncu Nr a kind of flower suncu Nr a shrub used as fodder: Viguiera mandonii, V. lanceolata suni Ar firm, fixed; abundant, luxuriant, well-grown (plants) sunqu Nr heart rumi sunqu hard-hearted sunquca- Vtr to put in the best part of something *sunsu Ar stupid

SUNTU — *SUYRU

199

suntu Nr pile, mass. Vtr to amass suna- Vtr (Cangallo) to offer as a gift supa-supayta Adv devilishly, evilly supay Nr evil spirit, devil supay wasi hell supaypa wawa child of the devil (a common insult) supi Nr fart. Vi to fart supulu Nr blister. Vtr to blister suq Interj creak, squeak, squish suqsi- (var. of suqsu-) suqsu- Vtr to eat very rapidly, gobble up suqta Numu six suqu Nr white or grey hair suqu- Vtr to suck; to drink avidly suquququ- Vi to make a squishing noise suqus Nr reed, cane suqya- Vtr to pile sura Nr germinating corn; corn at the stage in which it is made into the chicha sura aqa (Sp. jora) sura-sura Nr a medicinal herb *surku Nr ridge (as opposed to furrow). Vtr to ridge, make a ridge of surumpi Nr snow-blindness *su¥yahu Nr whip *susede- Vtr to happen, happen to susun Ar unripe: at a preripe stage, to be picked to ripen at home (applied esp. to cherimoya) susunka Nr cramp; sleep or temporary paralysis of a body part. Vtr to sleep (body part acting on person) suti Nr name; first name suti riqsi Ar easy to recognize sutica- Vtr to name e.g. payta qusewan suticarqaku they named him Jose sutila Adv obviously sutilata rura- to make obvious, point out sutinCa- Vtr (Cangallo) to clarify sutka- Vi (Cangallo) to slip, slide sutu- Vtr to drip; to fall on (of rain); to run (of the nose) sutuy Nr drop suwa Nr thief. Vtr to steal, rob suwanaku- Vi to elope suya- Vtr to await, wait for *suyru Nr serum

200

SUYSU

*SYEftTUMPAY

suysu- Vtr to strain, sift; to distill suysuna Nr strainer; tablecloth suytu Ar elongated; oval, egg-shaped. Vi to squat suytulu (see suytu) suyu Nr strip of land worked by one person ; zone. Vtr to divide up land, zone *syelu (var. of *silu) *syeftu Ar certain *syeftumpay Adv certainly

T

*tabardilu Nr sunstroke tacu Nr jar, small pitcher taka Nr-Ar fist; short, tight (applied to clothing). Vtr to punch; to knock (at a door), hit with the fist takacu (see taka Ar) takanaku- Vi to get into a fight takapa- Vtr (Cangallo) to break up lumps of earth with a hoe takaraya- Vi to become erect or tight, to stand, rigidify takarpilu Ar bristling takarpu Nr stub of stem or trunk remaining in ground after plant has been cut down takay-takay Ar packed tight; very tight taki Nr song. Vtr to sing takla Nr plow. Vtr to plow taksa Ar small taku Ar mixed. Vtr to mix takya- Vi to remain on an inclined surface without falling; to last takyaci- Vtr to protect takyayta Adv (Victor Fajardo) firmly *talbesnin Adv sometimes * talon Nr heel talu Ar hard, tough tali- Vtr to empty, throw out tambu Nr resting-place tampa Ar tangled (of hair, thread, etc.). Vtr to tangle tampi- Vi to take unsure steps (as of a baby, or a person who has been bedridden) tani- Vi to stop producing (eggs, milk, etc.) tankar Nr a spiny plant with purple flowers: Duranta rupestris tankaylu Nr a kind of fly tanku Nr cooked corn bran tanlin Interj tingaling tanlinya- Vi to ring, ting tanqa- Vtr to push tanta Nr bread tantaf Nr a kind of spiny tree

202

*TANTIYA

*TARDI

*tantiya- Vtr to decide (on); to calculate *tantu Ar lots of tanwa (var. of tawna) *tapa Nr cover, top, plug. Vtr to cover, put top on, plug aka tapa constipation; to constipate e.g. aka taparuwan I'm constipated tapa Nr (Apurimac) nest tapaca- Vi (Apurimac) to build a nest taparaku Nr a kind of butterfly tapka- Vtr to stop from giving normal birth, cause to abort; be frustrate tapki- (var. of tapka-) tapra- Vtr to move the hands or paws at, as to hit, grasp, etc.; to paw tapsi- Vtr to shake tapsitiya- Vi to tremble, shake tapu- Vtc to ask (a question) taq Interj (sound of knocking) *taqa- Vtr to sharpen (a point) taqaqaqa- Vi to make a knocking sound, knock taqi Nr bin, granery. Vtr to store (esp. grain); to stash away taqla- Vtr to knead; to clap the hands taqma- Vtr to demolish (structures), wreck taqnu Ar dented, deformed. Vtr to dent taqra Ar stony, not arable taqracaku- Vi to make any slight noise taqrarara- (see taqradaku-) taqru (var. of Saqru) taqsa- Vtr to wash (clothing or hair), launder, shampoo taqta- Vtr to empty (things from a purse); to empty (generally) taqtaqya- (see taqaqaqa-) taqwi Ar mixed up. Vtr to stir; to mix up, disorder taqwicaku- Vtr to mix things up in the process of seeking something taqya Nr (Cangallo) sheep or llama dung tara Nr a plant; Caesalpina tinetoria tari- Vtr to find, meet, get, acquire tariku- Vi to find oneself, be taripa- Vtr to reach, catch up to, catch up with tarpu- Vtr to plant, cultivate tarpuy Nr planting, cultivation; crop tarpuy kila planting season taruka Nr a kind of deer: Hippocamelus antisensis tarwi Nr a plant of the lupine family: Vicia grata *tardi Na-Ar afternoon, evening; late

TARDIMAN — TINKA

203

tafdiman later *tardiya- Vi to be late; to become afternoon *tardiyaykuqta (see tardiykuqta) *taidiyku- Vi to spend the afternoon *taidiykuqta Adv in the afternoon *tasa- Vtr to evaluate tasnu- Vtr to boil over; to put out (fire with water) taspi- (var. of tapsi-) tasu- Vi (Apurimac) to fruit tawa Numu four tawna Nr cane, walking stick tawnapaku- Vi to lean, support oneself tawqa Nr pile. Vtr to pile taya Nr a tree of the puna tayta Nr father; sir, gentleman, Mr. taytaca Nr sir (intimate); Lord; Saint taytaku Nr (slightly depreciatory) taytala (see tayta£a) taytalay thank you taytalaca Nr little old man tayta-mana Nr parents taywa- Vi (Cangallo) to wither *templa- Vtr to tune *temprano Aa early *tempu Na time, season e.g. para tempupi (or -ta) during rainy season *tenda Nr store *tenente Nr lieutenant *tefeno Nr land, piece of land *ti Nr tea *tiheras Nr scissors tika Nr lump, solid tikaya- Vi to solidify, congeal, coagulate tikra Ar overturned. Vtr to turn over; to translate tikrampa Adv overturned, upside-down tiksi Nr low quality, useless wool tiksimuyu Nr the earth tikti Nr wart tilpa- (var. of tiqpa-) timpu- Vi to boil; to ferment tinka Nr libation of alcoholic beverage, consisting of a few drops flicked into the air with the fingers. Vtr to flick with the fingers

204

TINKI

*TOMATE

tinki- Vtr to pair, join (two things) tinkina- (Cangallo; see tinki-) tinkipa- Vtr (Apurimac) to mend tinku- Vtr to meet tinya Nr a small drum. Vi to drum, play drums tinyaku Nr drumstick *tini Nr color; dye. Vtr to dye tipa Nr pin. Vtr to pin together; to stick, prick tipana Nr decorative pin tipi- Vtr to husk, strip, pull off threads tipla- (var. of tipqa-) tipqa- Vtr to peel tipukya- Vi to pant *tipus Nr typhoid *tiqa Nr tile. Vtr to tile tiqpa- (var. of tipqa-) tiqti Nr a dish of all light-colored foods: corn, potatoes, etc. Vi to prepare tiqti *tiqu Nr a game similar to hop scotch tiqu- (var. of siqu-) *tisa Nr chalk tisa- Vtr to comb wool *tisis Nr tuberculosis tisu Nr (Cangallo) a game titala Nr crest (of birds) titi Nr lead (mineral) *titiriti Nr puppet titirqa Nr a kind of bush tiwti Nr-Ar fine thread; skinny. Vi to be destitute, live with continual poverty, sickness, and ill fortune tiwtiwya- Vi to make a strumming sound *tiya (see *tiyu, -a) tiya- Vi to sit down; to roost, perch tiyaci- Vtr to set down; to hold still tiyana Nr seat, chair tiyarari- Vtr to sit on, put one's weight on something by sitting on it (in working) *tiyu, -a Ng uncle, aunt "todosantos Nr All Saints' Day *toka- Vtr to play (a musical instrument) *toma Nr water-gate. Vt to drink; to drink to, toast e.g. hamusqalaykiciktaya tomaykuycik drink to your arrival! *tomasqa Na drunk, drunken *tomate Nr tomato

*TORONHIL — TUMP ALA *toronhil Nr balm gentle •torya- Vtr to bullfight *toimenta- Vtr to torment *toftoga Nr turtle *trabaqa- Vtr to work *traga- Vtr to eat too fast, gulp down *tragu Nr cane alcohol for drinking; shot, drink *trahi Nr suit *tramaqu Nr muzzle *tranka- Vtr to bar (a door) "trankilu Aa peacefully) *transisyon Nr kindergarten *trebol Nr clover *tres Numh three o'clock *trigu Nr wheat *trila Nr threshing by treading. Vtr to thresh grain by treading *trinci Nr fork "trompeta Nr trumpet ""trompo Nr spinning top "trono Nr throne *troyka- Vtr to exchange tuki Ar (Cangallo, Apurímac) lively; quick; alert tuksi- Vtr to stick, stab, jab; to point at tuku Nr a kind of large owl tuku- Ve to become, to pretend to be. Vtr to finish, end; to come to an end, finished; to harass, punish, beat -man tuku- to turn into tukupa- Vtr to finish up tukuq Nr ending, finale tukuy Nr whole, entire, all e.g. tukuy puncaw all day long tukuyta upon finishing tulpa Nr fireplace, grill tulpaca- Vi to make a fireplace, grill tulu Nr-Ar bone; skinny uma tulu cranium, skull *tumbis Nr tumbo: a climbing vine which grows wild in trees, and its fruit tumi Nr (Cangallo) a metal tool for scraping tumpa Nr a little. Vtr to accuse, incriminate tumpala Adv looking like; about to e.g. wasi tumpala looking like a house e.g. pufiuy tumpala about to sleep

206

TUMPALAMAN — TUTA

tumpalaman Adv slowly *tuna Nr a cactus with flat, round branches: Opuntia nopal; its fruit, prickly pear tunaw Nr roller, mano (millstone) for grain milling (cf. maray) tunku Nr small hole left in fruit by feeding bird. Vtr to peck holes in tunku Nr (Cangallo) a cylindrical basket of totora tunqucu Nr Adam's apple, larynx; windpipe tunquri (see tunqu5u) tunrururu- (var. of bunrururu-) tufii- Vi to collapse from age (structures); to fall (of rocks) *tupa- Vtr to touch, find, meet -ta tupa- to touch -wan tupa- to meet tupanancikamana till we meet again, so long *tupaq Nr region tupqi- (var. of tuqpi-) tupsa- Vtr to peck at, eat (of birds) tupsi- (var. of tuksi-) tupu Nr measure. Vtr to measure tuqa Nr spit; pneumonia. Vtr to spit tuqla Nr loop or snare for catching animals. Vtr to make a trap for, trap, snare tuqlaca- Vtr to make (into) a loop or snare tuqpi- Vtr to touch with a finger; to point at tuqra Nr ash lime for use with coca tuqtu Nr a kind of pot for toasting tuqtu Nr a mountain near Ayacucho, one of the few snow peaks in the area. Vtm to go to tuqtu tuqu Nr hole. Vtr to dig tuquru Nr crackling (pork rind) tuquru Nr in weaving: an instrument for separating the warp strands by twos tuqya Ar about to explode or burst. Vi to explode, burst noisily, burn noisily tuqyari-: paca tuqyari- to dawn turi Nr (woman's) brother *turu Nr bull *turya- Vtr to provoke *tufi Nr tower *tusku Ar clumsy; crude, boorish tuspa- (var. of tupsa-) *tustun Nr forty cents tusu- Vi to dance tuta Na night, darkness; at night, by dark lumpay tutapi late at night cawpi tuta midnight; at midnight

TUTACAYKU

TUYTU-

tutacayku- (see tutaya-) tutamanta Na morning; in the morning tutapay Nr (Apurimac) morning tutaya- Vi to become dark ; to continue in an activity until dark tutayku- to continue in an activity till dark tutura Nr (syn. of matara, q.v.) tuya Nr a kind of bird tuyrus Nr a variety of potato tuytu- Vi (Cangallo) to float

u *ubas Nr black grape ucku Nr hole, burrow; grave. Vtr to make a hole, dig ucpa Nr ash. Vtr to turn to ash ucu Nr hot pepper, chile asnaq ucu, cincay ucu, mukuru ucu (varieties) *ucu Numh eight o'clock ucuk (var. of u5uy) ucuklata for a moment ucuy Ar (always u5uy£a as predicate attribute) small, little uhu Nr cough. Vi to cough uksi- Vtr to make a hole in the ground; to root (of pigs) "uktubri Ar October uku Interj (expression to stimulate an animal in plowing) uku Nr inside, interior e.g. wasi ukupi inside the house e.g. yaykukamuy ukuman come inside! uku paca hell ukuca Nr mouse ukuca- Vtr to deepen ukuku (Cangallo; see ukumari) ukumari Nr a creature half man and half bear to whom various acts of violence are attributed, especially the abduction of maidens ukuna- Vtr to take out, remove from inside something ukunca Nr underwear. Vtr to put on underwear ukus (see ukuda) *ultima- Vtr to finish, do as the last of a series of things, finish with *ultimu Ar last, final ultu Nr tadpole ulasku Nr a kind of hawk ulpuyku- Vi to be ashamed, be humiliated ulu Nr testicles ulu- Vtr to bite, sting (of insects) uluku Nr a small edible tuber: Ullucus tuberosus

UMA — UPYANA

209

uma Nr head; intelligence; bulb umaca- Vtr to counsel, advise; to mislead umampa Adv upside-down, on its head. Vi to stand on one's head umanca- (see umaéa-) umi- Vtr to feed from beak to beak *umligu Nr swaddling band umpa Nr bud. Vi to open (of flowers), bloom umpu Ar weak (person or animal). Vi to become weak, weaken una- VI to delay, take too much time; to last *una Numh one o'clock unanca- Vtr to announce unay Na a long time; duration; age; for a long time e.g. unayña manam hamuncu its been a long time since he's come unaycamanta Adv a moment later uncu Ar retracted, draw in. Vtr to retract uncu cuku weasel uncuyku- Vi to squat; to huddle unka- Vtr to feed from beak to beak unqiña Nr a water plant unqu- Vi to get sick; to go into labor; to give birth unquci- Vtr to assist in giving birth, act as midwife to unqucikuq Na midwife unquli Nr sickly person, one who gets sick often unquy Nr disease, sickness; pregnancy; heat, rut; labor unquy hapi- to catch a disease (lit. disease catches one) unquysan (see unquli) *unra Nr honor *unras: wata unías (Cangallo) yearly requiem *unse Numh eleven o'clock *untu Nr pork fat. Vtr to oil, grease unu Nr (Lucanas) water unu quñi Nr (Parinacochas) breakfast uña Nr suckling (animal) uña baka calf upa (var. of opa) upaku- Vi to wash one's face upala Adv quietly; secretly. Vi to be quiet upi Nr in chicha-making: the juice squeezed and strained from the corn and ready to begin fermenting. Vi to prepare upi upu- Vtr to sip; to drink (soup and semi-liquid foods) upya- Vtr to drink; to drink alcoholic beverages upyana Nr beverage; alcoholic beverage; drinkable

210

UPYAY WASI — USTU PIKI

upyay wasi Nr tavern, bar uqa Nr an edible tuber: oxalis tuberosa uqari- (var. of huqari-) uqi Ar dark (in color) uqi qura an herb: Descurainia perkinsoniana uqiti Nr anus (vulgar) uqla- Vtr to hug, embrace for reasons of affection or/and sex uqsi- (var. of uksi-) uqu Nr-Ar swamp, wet ground; wet, damp, moist. Vi to become damp uqu (var. of uhu) uquqya- Vi to cluck uquti Nr colon; anus *uqya- Vtr to eye uran Ar lower uray Nr lower part; position underneath; direction down urayman downward - uraypi beneath the urayku- Vi to descend urku Nr forehead urma- Vtr to fall, fall onto urpi Nr dove, pigeon; dear friend urpitu Nr dove; bird urpu Nr a large pot with a small spout urqu Ar male (animal) urqu Nr hill, mountain urqu- Vtr to remove, take out urquca- Vtr to make a hill (of) urqucakuy: yakupa urqucakuynin wave uru Nr worm; bug. Vi to be wormy maqta uru snake nina uru firefly urulana Na full of bugs; flearidden; like a worm, bug urutiya- Vi to crawl urwa (sara) Ar that produces no kernels (corn) *urnu Nr oven usa Nr louse. Vtr to delouse ubiqa usa sheep tick usaca- (Cangallo; see usa-) usakama Nr one with many lice, lousy *usiku Nr snout usqu Nr wildcat ustu piki Nr tick (insect)

USTU

UYWANAKUY

211

ustu- Vi to force one's way inside something: to enter a house against the owner's will; to crash a party; to break up a fight; etc.; to get into bed usu- Vi to waste, go to waste, be wasted; to go broke, become penniless usun Nr a fruit similar to the plum: Bunchosia armeniaca (?) usuta Nr sandal usya Nr dry period during rainy season; draught. Vti to clear up (of the weather) uta Nr a disease transmitted by flies and having symptoms similar to those leprosy uti- Vtr to ache from strain (source of pain, usually the eyes, acting on person) utku Nr cotton utku (var. of ucku) utqa- Vi to hurry utqayman Adv hurriedly, rapidly utqaypaq (see utqayman) utu Ar corroded, pitted, decayed utulu (var. of otolo) uturunku Nr (archaic) jaguar utuskuru Nr corn worm uya Nr face; cheek iskay uya hypocrit uyaci- Vtr (Cangallo) to convince uyaku- Vtr to accept uyampa (with optional -ta) Adv face-down uyancaci- Vtr to make an accusation publicly and in the presence of the defendant uyapa- Vtr (Cangallo) to overhear, eavesdrop on uyapuraci- (see uyancaii-) uyapuranaku- Vi to argue out an accusation uyaraya- Vtr to listen to continually uyari- Vtr to hear uyariyta upon hearing uya-uyanla Adv alertly uyaykaca- Vtr to listen to; to listen for uyni- Vtr (Cangallo) to give access, accept uynu Nr a kind of duck uytu Nr crop, craw uywa Nr domestic animal. Vtr to raise, care for (child, animal, or plant) uywaca- Vtr to domesticate uywanakuy Nr trial marriage

w waca- Vtr to bear, give birth to (esp. non-human offspring, cf. wadaku-); to lay (egg) wacaka Nr a type of woven purse waSaki Nr (Victor Fajardo) a kind of shawl wacaku- Vtr to give birth to (esp. human offspring) wa£ali Nr in weaving: the part of the loom's frame to which the warp is attached wacay Nr interest (money) waci Nr arrow, spear wacu- Vtr (archaic) to fornicate with wacwa Nr a goose: Chloephaqa melanoptera wak Pdem that (distant or out of sight) waka Nr sacred thing or place *waka (var. of baka) wakaf Nr a kind of bird wakatay (var. of waqatay) wakca Ar poor; orphaned waki Nr part, fraction, small amount. Pdep the rest of us, you, them; others of u s . . . wakin Pdem a, some, another wakiq (Apurimac; see wakin) waki-wakilanta Adv just a little wakna Nr that thing, that matter; another thing wali Nr skirt wali Nr (Huancavelica) Huancayo Quechua walu Ar hanging, hang walaka (Huancavelica; syn. ayni) walata- Vi (Cangallo) to swim walpa Nr chicken; hen; rooster walqa Nr anything hung around the neck and under the arm. Vtr to hang around the neck and under the arm walu Nr remainder, leftover: whatever portion of anything remains after the rest has been divided up into equal parts by any measure; less than a whole, relative to some measure; a piece of land of such size that it takes less than a quarter of a day (aku) to plow walwa Nr a bush whose leaves are used medicinally: Psoralea glandulosa; armpit. Vtr to carry under the arm

WAMAN — WAPSI-

213

waman Nr a kind of hawk wamanga Nr Ayacucho. Vtm to go to Ayacucho wamangino Nr native of Ayacucho; traveling merchant from Ayacucho wamani Nr mountain spirit wamanripa Nr a medicinal herb: Saxifraga magellanica peruviana wamansara Nr a kind of flower wamantirka Nr an edible herb wamaq Adv for the first time (implying that the experience has taught one not to repeat the act) waminqa Nr (archaic) leader, chief wampatu (var. of hampatu) wampu Nr boat, raft, float. Vi to float wamra (var. of warma) wana- Vtr to stop doing something for fear of the consequences; break a habit wanaku Nr (Apurimac) guanaco waniya- Vtr to fertilize (soil) wanka Nr native of Huancayo; his dialect of Quechua; a form of huayno danced in Huancayo (there called huaylas) wankara Nr a kind of drum wankaf (var. of wankara) wanki Ar rolled, rolled up. Vtr to roll up, bundle up wanku (var. of wanki) *wansu Ar greedy wanta- Vtr to go to Huanta wanti Nr pustule wantu Nr carrying among several persons. Vtr to carry among several persons wantupi apa- to carry among several persons wanu Nr manure, fertilizer, guano wanuca- (see waniya-) wanwa Nr mosquito wanya- (var. of waniya-) wana Nr-Ar yellowish; a variety of potato wanu Nr transition from old to new moon. Vi to die (person and animals) wanuci- Vtr to kill; to extinguish wanucipu- Vtr to sacrifice wanuku- Vi to die (persons rather than animals) wanuli Nr moribund person wanu-naya- Vtr to be dying, be about to die wanuru- (see wanuku-) wanuymana- (see wanu-naya-) wanuysan (see wanuli) wapsi- (var. of waspi-)

214

*WAPU — WARMIYAKU-

*wapu Ar handsome waq (var. of wak) waqa- Vi to cry; to play, make music; to sing (of birds) waqali Nr crybaby waqatay Nr a mint: tagetes minuta waqati (see waqali) waqatiya- Vi to whimper waqaya Interj there it is!, look! waqayca- Vtr to guard, keep waqaycolo Nr "booze" waqcus Nr (Huancavelica) a medicinal herb waqli- Vi to commit adultery; to become corrupt waqra Nr horn (of animals); adulterer. Vtr to gore waqraku- Vi to seek the company of married women waqri- Vi to lightning waqru- Vtr to gnaw on; to harrass waqsa- Vtr to bite (of pigs) waqta Nr side (of body, between waist and armpit); ribs; hillside, slope. Vtr to chop; to hit, beat; to whip; to thresh; to overturn waqtaku Nr any instrument for beating waqtalaku- Vi to lie down waqtampa Adv on its side, sideways waqtapa- Vtr to lay down waqtapaku- (see waqtalaku-) waqtapaykaci- (see waqtapa-) waqtapya- Vtr (Apurimac) to beat hard waqtay Nr beating inti waqtay the setting of the sun inti waqtayta by the setting of the sun waqu Nr moler wara Nr breeches, pants, trousers waraka Nr sling; slingshot. Vtr to sling; to throw; to shoot at with a sling or slingshot waranqa Numg thousand waranqay Nr a thorny plant used as tinder and for fencing off fields waranway Nr a kind of tree warkas Nr (Cangallo) a variety of red corn warku Nr-Ar anything hung; eighty cents; hung, hooked. Vtr to hang, hook warkuna Nr clothesline warma Nr boy, girl, approx. 5-10 years of age warmi Nr woman, approx. 30-40 years of age; wife warmitiya- Vi to be idle warmiyaku- Vi to marry, take a wife

*WARTU — WAYKU-

215

*wartu (var. of kwartu) waru Nr cable car waru Nr rockpile. Vtr to pile stones warwarya- Vi to buzz wasa Nr back (of body) wasi Nr house, dwelling; building mikuy wasi restaurant upyay wasi bar wasica- Vi to build a house waska Nr rope waspi- Vi to evaporate wastapa Nr pack of food and clothing taken on a short journey *wastidya- Vtr to annoy wata Nr year. Vtr to tie (huknin) wataman next year musuq wata New Year's hayka watayuqtaq kanki? how old are you? watalampi Adv in a year, after a year; anually watiqa- Vtr to watch secretly, spy on; peek at, glance at watiya (var. of watya) watu Nr string, cord, thread, strap, belt watu- Vtr to visit; to miss (a person); to divine watuci Nr riddle; tale e.g. of a traditional form of riddle: challenge: imalapas haykalasa! acceptance: asa! riddle: muyuspala cicukuq. answer: puika. watwa- Vi to crowd together watya Nr bake, anything baked in a temporary oven of heated lumps of earth. Vtr to bake wawa Nr (woman's) child; baby wawcay (var. of waySaw) wawqi Nr (man's) brother waw-waw Interj bow-wow way Interj ouch waya Ar loose (not tight). Vi to become loose wayanakuy Nr a kind of bird wayaqa (var. of wayqa) wayaw Nr willow, Salix humboldtiana waycaw Nr mountain ground-tyrant: Agriornis montana wayka Nr acting as a group on an object, group action, ganging up. Vtr to gang up on; to work together on; to help en masse wayku- Vtr to add fuel to a fire

216

WAYLIS — WIKSU

waylis Nr wasp, hornet wayla Nr a wide-leaved grass used as fodder waylu- Vtr to love, have affection for, care for waylunka- Vtr to grab by the neck waylunka Nr swing (for play). Vi to swing wayluf Nr amulet wayna Nr young man; lover *wayna Nr group work for maintaining public property and utilities waynitu (see waynu) waynu Nr Huayno: a popular dance wayqa Nr purse wayqu Nr gorge, ravine, dale wayra Nr air, wind. Vti to blow, be windy hatun wayra a disease caused by uncovering the head in a draft, symptomized by dizziness and vomiting; cured by inhaling smoke of humpu (sawma) sulu wayra a disease caused by undressing outdoors while sweating, symptomized by itchy body blisters; cured by applying ground hair of an old person, or the herb remila wayraci- Vtr to winnow wayrungu Nr bumblebee wayruru Nr a red and black inedible bean used in necklaces and adornments: Erythrina sp. wayta Nr flower used as adornment (as opposed to sisa); flower (generally). Vtr to flower; to adorn with flowers waytaku Nr penis (vulgar) wayu Ar hung. Vtr to hang wayuci Nr small pot hung from ceiling for storage *wefta Nr orchard; garden wica- Vtr to climb, rise; to grow wicay Nr slope, incline; upper part, top wici- Vi to fall; to fall apart wicki Nr puna-dweller wicki Nr (Apurimac) cup wicqa Nr a decorated cross of chonta sticks, buried at a corner of the house of a person to whom harm is intended wicqa Ar closed (as a permanent or abnormal condition). Vtr to close; to enclose wicuqu Nr gravedigger; one-eyed person wikapa- Vtr to throw; to throw out wiksa Nr stomach, belly wiksayaku- Vi to become pregnant (humans) wiksayuq Nr pregnant woman wiksu Ar crooked, bent; inclined, tilted. Vtr to bend; to incline, tilt, lean

WIKUÑA — WISTU

217

tvikuña Nr vicuña wikuti- Vtr to discard wikutiku- Vi to fall down suddenly wila-wila Nr a kind of flower wila- Vtc to tell, inform, warn, advise wilanaku- Vtc to tell one another, decide on wilka Nr grandchild; a kind of vine; (archaic) a tribe living in the area of Huanta before the Inca conquest; (Huancavelica) a narcotic berry wilu Ar crippled: missing part of a limb; lacking use of part of the body e.g. wilu maki missing part of the hand or arm wina- Vtr to put; to insert winay Nr the maximum load that a man can carry winku Ar twisted, wrinkled, warped. Vtr to twist slightly winqu- Vtr to drink rapidly, gulp *wintu (var. of kwentu) wiña- Vi to grow wiña-wiñaypaq Adv forever and ever wiñay Nr a long time, epoch; eternal wipti- Vtr to chop off wiqa- Vtr to eviscerate, disembowel wiqaw Nr waist wiqi Nr tear, teardrop wiqi ñawilaña tearful(ly) wiqru Nr parrot. Vi to limp wiqti Nr gummy secretion of the eyes wiqu- Vtr to peck wiqya- Vtr (Cangallo) to gulp down wira Nr-Ar fat, grease; fat. Vtr to grease, lubricate wiraqu Nr a kind of costumed dancer in carnival wiraquca Nr (obsolescent) Sir, gentleman; (archaic) the Creator *wirpu (var. of kwerpu) wiru Nr cornstalk. Vtr (Cangallo) to suck through a straw or cane *wifitru Nr bier wisa (var. of wiksa) wiscu- Vtr to throw out, discard, abandon; to lose wiscupa Nr a cure for measles and smallpox, consisting of bathing the body with cornstarch, coca, fruit, and cigarettes wisi- Vtr to transfer or take (liquid from one container to another), dip out, ladle, pour wiskaca Nr vizcacha wisla Nr serving spoon wista- Vi (Apurimac) to graze wistu Ar lame. Vi to limp

218

WISWI — WITU CuPA

wiswi Ar greasy, oily, dirty, sweaty. Vtr to oil wititi- Vi to convulse; to shimmer witki- Vi to root (pigs in the mud) witqi (var. of wiqti) witu Ar cut crosswise. Vtr to crosscut, cut transversally witu cupa tailless

Y

yaca- Vi to live, reside, dwell yaca- Vtr to know (a fact), know how (to) yacaci- Vtr to teach yacakaci- Vtr to adapt yacakaku- Vi to adapt, become accustomed yacaku- Vtr to learn, find out yacapaya- Vtr to imitate, mimic yacasqa Nr residence, dwelling yacpa- (var. of Ia£pa-) *yaki Subord since, seeing that, il yaku Nr water; juice yakumanta thirsty; of thirst yaku-naya- Vti to make thirsty e.g. yaku-nayawackan I'm thirsty yakupa- Vtr to harm by permitting contact with too much water, over-water, flood yali- (var. of lali-) yana Nr-Ar black; sweetheart, mate yananca- Vtr to mate, provide a mate for yanapa- Vtr to help, aid, assist yanapakuq Na person who because of age or disability cannot carry a full work load, but aids the piyon in group work; helper, assistant, aid yanawiku Nr an ibis: Plegadis ridgwayi yanqa Na thing of no value, foolishness, nonsense, caprice, whim, vanity; capriciously, as a whim, in vain, foolishly, to no avail; unjustly yanqataq be careful not to, please don't, beware lest e.g. yanqataq riwankiman please don't go! e.g. yanqataq suwaracikuwaq careful not to let yourself get robbed!, beware lest you get robbed! yanqalana Aa lots of; in great amounts yanta Nr firewood. Vtr to make (into) firewood yana- Vtr to cook; to do housework yanuy Nr anything cooked; something cooked and still hot e.g. papa yanuy cooked potato; hot potato yapa Na repetition; again. Vtr to repeat; to add more

220

YAPAKAMA — YURAQ

yapakama till next time yapapi at another time yapatawan again, and again yapa-yapa Adv frequently yapu- Vtr to plow yaqa Ar-Adv almost; maybe. Vtr to almost do yaqacusmi I think so yaqala Adv maybe yarita Nr a kind of tree (syn. lapanqa) yarqa Nr irrigation ditch yarqa- Vti to make hungry yarqa-naya- (see yarqa-) yarqay Nr hunger yarqaymanta hungrily; from, of, because of hunger yaw Interj hey! yawaf Nr blood yawaf sunqu a medicinal herb: Oenothera rosea yawafcaku- Vi to bleed yawafyaci- Vtr to bleed, cause to bleed yawafyaku- Vi to bleed yawri Nr large needle yaya Nr father, master; Lord yayku- Vtm to enter yaykumuymancu? may I come in? *yuhu Nr yoke *yuka Nr cassava, manioc, Manihot utilissima *yukalito Nr eucalyptus yumay Nr (archaic) semen *yunda Nr team (of animals); the amount of land that can be plowed in one day *yundayuq (see *yunda, sense 2) yunka Nr region with warm climate, valley, wooded lower highlands between sierra and jungle yunsa Nr in carnival: ceremonial chopping of a tree erected in a special place, with each person chopping in turn yupa- Vtr to count yupayca- Vtr to honor, respect yupi Nr track, trail, footprint yupica- Vi to make tracks yura Nr plant (general) yura- Pdep one's proper place, place of origin e.g. yuranman curay put it in its place yuraq Ar white

YURAQ ALMPU — YUYU

yuraq lampu a mineral remedy yuraqya- Vi to become daylight yutu Nr partridge yuya- Vtr to remember yuyaq Nr person over 60 yuyari- (frequent equivalent to yuya- alone) yuyaymana- Vi to try to remember; to deliberate yuyu Nr wild amaranth

SAMPLE TEXT

ADRIYAN WARMACA

(1) huk siñuras huk warmata uywasqa wasimpi yanapanampaq, adriyan sutiyuqta. (2) siñuraqa kamadiq lapa imata cay warmacata, (3) warmaCañataq mana imatapas ruwaqóu alintaqa. (4) sapa triguta aklaspan, kutaspan, waki-wakilanta aklaykuq, kutaykuq; (5) wakintañataq maraypa ladun qucaman wisSuykuq. (6) mikuykunatapas wiséuykariq wakilanta mikuspan. (7) warmaqa puklayía puklakuq sapa punfiaw mana kasukuspan. (8) quíqitawan puklanakunata suwakamun bisinun wasikunamanta, (9) hinaspan maray qipapi pakan sapa patrunan luqsiptin puklanampaq. (10) kayna kackaspan, warmaóaqa unqurun yana muruwan; (11) hinaspan wañukun Cay unquywan manaña imawampas alinyayta atispan. (12) Say wañusqanmanta paéa, manéaóikuyta qalaykun huk yana bultu quSa cawpipi sapa tuta. (13) kayta rikuruspa warmiqa manéarikun, hinaspan rin tayta kuraman wiíaq. (14) tayta kurañataq yaSaiíin krusta hapiykuspa pim kasqanta tapunampaq. (15) warmiqa kutiykun wasinta Cay ruwaq, (16) tutaSaykuptin suyan cay yana bultu rikurimunanta. (17) rikuriramuptin, manSarikuspan pampaman kumpakun; (18) hinaspa éayna pampapi wiscusqa aéikyarun. (19) paqarinnintinta kaqla rin tayta kurapata, hinaspa kikinta pusaramun. (20) kuraqa krusta apaykuspa suyan, (21) rikuriramuptinñataq tapun "pim kanki, imatam munanki?" nispan. (22) 5ay bultu kontestan: "adriyanmi kani, taytaóam kutióimuwan; (23) kay qu£apim lapa ima talisqay kackan, (24) wak maray qipapiñataqmi lapa suwakusqa pakasqay. (25) ama hiña kaspaykióik urquruyóik, mana 5ayqa supay wasipaqmi taytaca unanCawanman." (26) 5ay fatula urquyta qalaykunku, ña tukuruptinkuñataq tayta kura nin: (27) "kananqa hawka kutiriy taytaéaman, ñam urqurunikuña." (28) óaynapi 5ay yana bultuqa óinkarikurun "grasyas" nispan.

THE BOY ADRIÁN

(1) Once a woman kept a boy named Adrián in her house to help her. (2) The woman ordered the boy to do everything, (3) but the boy never did anything well. (4) Every time he selected and ground wheat, he selected and ground it little by little, (5) and he threw part of it away into the well beside the millstone. (6) He also threw away food after eating only part. (7) The boy just played and played every day without ever being obedient. (8) He went to steal money and toys from his neighbors' houses, (9) and then hid them behind the millstone, to play with each time his mistress left. (10) In this state of affairs, the boy got sick with smallpox; (11) and then he died of this disease before he could improve in anything. (12) Soon after he died, a black spirit began to frighten (people) around the well each night. (13) Seeing this the woman became frightened, and she went to the priest to tell him. (14) The priest taught her to hold a cross and ask who it was. (15) The woman returned home to do that, (16) and when it became dark she waited for the black spirit to appear. (17) When it appeared she became frightened and threw herself to the ground, (18) and she stayed like that lying on the ground till dawn. (19) On the following day she went again to the priest's, and brought him himself. (20) The priest waited carrying a cross, (21) and when it appeared he asked: "Who are you, and what do you want?" (22) The spirit answered: "I am Adrián, God has made me return here; (23) in this well is everything I threw away, (24) and behind that millstone everything I stole is hidden. (25) Please take it out, otherwise God would destine me for hell." (26) Inmediately they began to take it out, and when they had finished the priest said: (27) "Now you can return in peace to God, we have taken it out." (28) Then the black spirit disappeared, saying "Thank you."

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arguedas, José María, "Cuentos religiosos-mágicos quechuas de Lucanamarca", FolkloreAmericano (Lima, 1960-1), 8-9, 142-216. Hockett, Charles F., A Course in Modern Linguistics (New York, 1958). Lauriault, Jaime, "Textos quechuas", Tradición (Cuzco, 1955-7), 19-20, 1-57. , "Textos quechuas", Tradición (Cuzco, 1958), 21, 1-66. Meneses, Teodoro, Cuentos quechuas de Ayacucho. Publicaciones del Instituto de Filología de la Facultad de Letras de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima, 1954). Misioneros Franciscanos de los Colegios de Propaganda Fide de Perú, Vocabulario Políglota Incaico (Lima, 1905). Parker, Gary J., "Clasificación genética de los dialectos quechuas", Revista del Museo Nacional, 32 (Lima, 1963, 241-52). Quechua Language Materials Project, Spoken Ayacucho Quechua (mimeo; tapes) (Ithaca, 1963). , Readings in Ayacucho Quechua (mimeo) (Ithaca, 1963). Rowe, John, "Sound Patterns in Three Inca Dialects", IJAL, 16 (1950), 137-48. Santo Tomás, Fr. Domingo de, Gramática o Arte de la Lengua General... (1560) (Lima, 1951). , Lexicon o Vocabulario de la Lengua Qeneral del Perú (1560) (Lima, 1951). Solá, Donald F., Huánuco Guechua: The Grammar of Words and Phrases (Ithaca, 1958, Cornell University Dissertation). Torero, Alfredo, "Los Dialectos Quechuas", Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria 2 (Lima, 1965), 446-78.

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