Avicenna and the Aristotelian Left 9780231548144

Ernst Bloch gives a striking account of materialism that traces emancipatory elements of modern thought to medieval Isla

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Avicenna and the Aristotelian Left
 9780231548144

Table of contents :
CONTENTS
A NOTE ON THE TEXT AND TRANSLATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION
Avicenna and the Aristotelian Left
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX

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AVICENNA AND THE ARISTOTELIAN LEFT

NEW DIRECTIONS IN CRITICAL THEORY

NEW DIRECTIONS IN CRITICAL THEORY AMY ALLEN, GENERAL EDITOR

A complete list of titles in the series begins on p. 111

AVICENNA AND THE ARISTOTELIAN LEFT ERNST BLOCH Translated by Loren Goldman and Peter Thompson

Columbia University Press New York

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