Atlas of the Human Brain, Second Edition [Spiral-bound ed.] 0124657419, 9780124657410

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Atlas of the Human Brain - e-Book Version 1.0 (2003)

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Atlas of the

HUMAN BRAIN Second Edition

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Atlas of the

HUMAN BRAIN Second Edition

JÜRGEN K. MAI Heinrich–Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany

JOSEPH ASSHEUER Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Köln, Germany

GEORGE PAXINOS The University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

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Elsevier Academic Press 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2004, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application Submitted.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0-12-465741-9 For all information on all Academic Press publications Visit our website at www.academicpress.com Printed in the United States of America 03 04 05 06 07 08 9 8 7 6

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Contents 1

Material and Methods 1.1

Macroscopic Atlas

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Anatomical Preparations Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) MR Images: in vivo / in vitro Correlation Macroscopic Anatomy and Correlations between Skull and Brain Preparation of 100 µm Thick Frozen Histological Brain Sections Presentation of the Images

1 1 1 2 3 4

Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas

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Material Methods Past Histological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies Nomenclature Presentation of Images of the Paraffin-Embedded Brain Three-Dimensional Reconstructions Application of a Reference System (Topometry) Standardization Application of the Standardized Microscopic Atlas for Interpretation of Individual in vivo Brains

4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

References

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Macroscopic Atlas

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1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6

1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.2.9

1.3

2

2.1 2.2 2.3

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Horizontal Sections Coronal Sections Sagittal Sections

Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas 3.1 3.2 3.3

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1

Surface Views of the Brain Prior to Sectioning Photographs and Diagrams Past Histological, Morphometric and Histochemical Studies

Abbreviations

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11 45 73

89 90 93 232

239

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Preface The great neuroanatomists of the first part of last century determined the structural plan of the human brain by investigating postmortem tissue with classic staining methods. Recent imaging techniques allow viewing the structure of the living brain and studying the workings of the brain. The ability to anneal the structural plan with imaging data led to dramatic progress in our understanding of the relationship between structure and function. The primary aim of this book is to relate the information from the classical neuroanatomical studies to the information obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thus making available this wealth of detailed information to make the most of increasing resolution of imaging modalities. A further aim is to provide a myeloarchitectonic atlas of coronal sections of the human brain that will be of sufficient detail for the needs of those employing sensitive immunohistochemical and autoradiographic methods. Finally the atlas shall provide the basis for a 3-D brain model to be transformed to any individual brain. This book consists of two major parts: (1) The Macroscopic Atlas presents three brains in situ sectioned in cardinal planes and (2) the Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas is comprised of 69 serial histological sections of one brain hemisphere with very detailed delineations. Both parts feature different aspects of brain morphology and topography. The surface anatomy of every brain is presented in a topometric space (a modified 3-D grid system defining the TalairachTournoux space, see below) together with the exact location of the sections. The Macroscopic Atlas consists of serial macroscopic sections of three MRIscanned human heads. Sectioning was made in the horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes. The coronal section plane was angulated by –20°, such that the plane of the section is parallel to the brain stem

axis and corresponds to the major ascending and descending fiber tracts. In each of these series the surface anatomy of the brain is presented, at first, together with a topometric grid. Further, the sections of the entire head are presented together with the brain in situ.The in situ sections ensure that no significant deformation of the brain occurred and allow correlation of bony landmarks, nerves, and blood vessels. In addition to the representation of macroscopic sections radiological images (X-ray from the same head and MR-images with different imaging parameters from a healthy volunteer) showing the same plane of the section are included. Structures seen in the skull/brain sections can be correlated with those clearly visible in MR-tomography. The Myeloarchitectonic Atlas consists of 69 serial cross sections from a human brain that served in the past as the reference brain for many structural, immunohistochemical, and statistical studies. Altogether, more than 50 publications dealt with the anatomy of this particular brain, some of them are seminal cyto- and myeloarchitectonic works (Hassler, Brockhaus). In addition, numerous morphometric analyses of the main structures are also available for this particular brain (all publications are available on the accompanying CD-ROM in full text including original illustrations, figures, and morphometric data). It represents the first photographic and diagrammatic atlas of the human brain that has sufficient detail to be of value to the scientific community. The photographs are facing line diagrams showing one entire hemisphere with gyri and sulci and all nuclei including subdivisions, delineated on the basis of a comprehensive structural analysis. (Serial sections between the represented levels used for delineations are made available on the accompanying CD-ROM). Preliminary versions of the line drawings have already

been used in several published articles dealing with the structural and histochemical organization of the brain. Their suitability for the mapping of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, receptors, and functional data has therefore been tested. Delineations can be followed from section to section enabling 3-D reconstruction of their confines and their neighborhood relations. Screen shots of several examples of 3-D reconstructions of subcortical structures are also provided. Reproduction of Figures by Users of the Atlas Reproduction of any part of this book is subject to the usual restrictions of copyright. However, we can assure researchers that our publisher will attend promptly to any written request to reproduce the figures in the atlas. For permission please contact the publisher at the following address: Academic Press Permissions Department 6277 Sea Harbor Drive Orlando, Florida 32887 Telephone: 407-345-3990 Fax: 407-352-4058 Please identify the figures you wish to use and allow approximately 4 weeks for your request to be processed. The authors would appreciate if users of the atlas would send reprints of publications (addressed directly to J.K. Mai) in which the atlas was used and which can shed light on the organization of regions. Acknowledgements The authors were fortunate to receive enduring assistance from a number of colleagues. We are particularly grateful to L. Lanta, who assisted in the description of the macroscopic sections, prepared the corresponding line drawings, and delineated the vasculatory territories of brain arteries and to H. Lange who made invaluable contributions to the macroscopic and microscopic delineation of

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cortical areas. Significant improvements with respect to the definitions and delineations of particular forebrain structures were made thanks to the assistance and substantial contributions by Ferry Forutan (Thalamus), Christopher Hartz-Schütt (Striatum and pallidum), Ioury Koutcherov (Hypothalamus), Sybille Morres (Basal nuclear complex), and Armin Walter (Septal nuclei). We are indebted to U. Longerich and T. Sievert for making available their studies on the in vivo / in vitro correlation in magnetic resonance imaging. The brilliant work by T. Voß and J. Bongartz in converting the atlas data into electronic files is highly appreciated. We are greatly endebted to many individuals, particularly Christiane Etzkorn, Gerrit Sütfels, Bojan Tomov and Dimiter Tzvetkov, for their invaluable and skilled

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help in the construction of image files and in image processing work. Christine Opfermann-Rüngeler is to be acknowledged for her illustrations of the surface views of the atlas brains.

during the preparation of the first part of the atlas. Photographs of the archival section material used in this atlas were prepared with masterful excellence by A. Fahnenstich and Hong-Qin Wang.

Our special thanks go to those persons, who by their last will provided their bodies for educational and research purposes (in anatomy). We are grateful to H. Goslar and H. Hartwig for supporting the initiative of this study and for their allowance to use such cadavers. We are indebted to R. Wedemeier for the preparation and fixation and for his assistance during sectioning the cadaver heads. H. Tödter donated the macrotome, designed and constructed the cryosectioning and photographing devices. This and his endless help together with the invaluable assistance of E. Baseler and P. Sillmann were crucial to master the technical problems

This long lasting endeavor was only made possible by the initiatives, continued interest, and help of many persons. We owe special thanks to A. Hopf, former director of the C. and O. Vogt Institute who continuously supported this project and together with K. Zilles made possible the use of the archive material. We greatly appreciate the generous financial support for this project, which was provided by the C. and O. Vogt Society for Brain Research and also by a grant by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. Finally, we are indebted to J. Menzel from Academic Press for his assistance and support at every phase of this edition.

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Material and Methods

1.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Pilot MRI Scans: Pilot MRI scans were performed with the heads in the wooden boxes to determine the effect of fixation and to detect pathological or artifactual changes. Out of 17 heads used for this part of the study, 4 showed severe neuropathological alterations, such as hemorrhage, focal lesions or tumor, which were not known before the MRI was performed. Five heads were excluded for technical reasons, namely: artifacts due to incomplete fixation, brain swelling or insufficient image resolution (MR imaging for this atlas started at 1984). Additionally two heads were later discarded from this study because of problems with cutting.

MR System and Scan Modes: For in vitro imaging and in vivo / in vitro correlation, scans and measurements were performed on a 0.15 Tesla superconductive magnet (Vista 2035, Picker International). For in vitro imaging we used a multislice double-echo sequence [spin-echosequence (SE) 5000/40/160] with four excitations to render proton (N(H))- and T2-weighted images. The slice thickness was 5 mm with a matrix of 256 x 256 and a field of view of 250 mm, resulting in a pixel size of 0.96 mm2 and a voxel size of 4.8 mm3. These scans are presented in the pages preceding the atlas figures of the horizontal, coronal, and sagittal sections (Sections, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, respectively). For in vivo/in vitro correlation, we used a single-slice technique with SE and inversion recovery (IR) sequences with the following parameters: SE (TR: 200, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 ms combined with TE: 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160 ms) and IR (TR: 620, 1240, 2480 ms combined with TI: 32, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 ms). The slice thickness was 5 mm with a matrix of 256 x 256 and a field of view of 250 mm. For in vivo imaging we used a 1.5 Tesla imager (Vista 2055 HPQ, Picker International) with standard protocols: SE 3000/100, resulting in proton- and T2weighted images; and IR 5000/600, resulting in T1-weighted images, and multislice partial saturation (PS) sequence, PS 500/10 resulting in T1weighted images with partial fat suppres-

1.1.3 MR Images: In vivo / in vitro Correlation In autopsy brains, relaxation times, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast are altered due to absence of the flow effect, cessation of metabolism, and fixation proce-

N(H) in-vitro / N(H) in-vivo (%)

Seventeen heads used for this study were from bodies donated to the Department of Anatomy, H.-Heine University of Duesseldorf. The studies were performed in accordance with established ethical standards. The cadavers were perfused via the radial veins first with physiological saline, then with fixative. The composition of the fixative changed as the study progressed. The heads were removed from the perfused cadavers within 36 hours after death and were placed in a wooden box with ear bars and head holders to allow exact positioning and fixing for subsequent sectioning. In this way the coordinates of the position box and the desired plane of anatomic sectioning were exactly aligned. The three heads presented in this atlas were perfused with a fixative containing 10% formalin, glycerol, and Incidin (Henkel, Duesseldorf). The heads were covered with linen and fixative to prevent the preparation from drying out between performance of the MRI and the freezing process.

sion. The slice thickness was 5 mm with a matrix of 256 x 256 and a field of view of 250 mm. These images are presented in Sections 2.1 to 2.3 facing each macroscopic anatomical section.

150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

SE-Seq. IR-Seq.

VB

WM

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T2 in ms

1.1.1 Anatomical Preparations

MR Scan Orientations: All heads were scanned in the horizontal, coronal, sagittal, and oblique coronal planes according to a standardized protocol The corresponding section planes were defined by (a) the intercommissural line and verticals intersecting this line in the center of the anterior and posterior commissures, and (b) the vertical to the brain stem axis (Meynert’s plane). For defining additional planes, we used the cantho-meatal line and the orbital axis.

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 CSF

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WM

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RN

1000 1548

900

in-vivo in-vitro

800 700

T1 in ms

1.1 Macroscopic Atlas

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 VB

WM

CP

ON

GM

RN

Figure 1. Comparison of T1 (spin-lattice relaxation) times, T2 (spin-spin relaxation) times, and N(H) values for different tissues between in vivo and in vitro conditions. The N(H) values are calculated from SE-sequences (red squares) and IRsequences (black squares). They are presented as quotient of in vitro values to in vivo values in %. (Data from Longerich, 1989). Abbreviations: CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; VB: vitreous body; OF: orbital fat; ON: optic nerve; HI: hippocampus; WM: white matter; GM: gray matter, CP: cerebral peduncle; RN: red nucleus; TM: temporalis muscle.

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White Matter

Gray Matter

Hippocampus

Orbital Fat

Vitreous Body

Temporalis Muscle

Cerebral Peduncle

Cerebospinal Fluid Figure 2. Regression curves of in vivo (open triangles) and in vitro (open squares) signal intensity measurements from 8 different tissues that show dependency of signal intensity (as gray values, Y-axis) from TE (in ms, X axis) and TI (in ms, X axis). A and B represent SE sequences with a TR of 200 ms (A) and 5000 ms (B). C represents IR-sequences with a TR of 2500 ms. T1 and T2 relaxation times are calculated from these curves.

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dures. To perform comparative analysis between living and postmortem tissue the heads of two volunteers and of two cadaver heads were scanned with the same scanning parameters. T1 (spin-lattice) relaxation times, T2 (spin-spin) relaxation times, and N(H) (proton density) values of the in vivo and in vitro tissues are represented in Fig. 1. Examples of regression curves of in vivo / in vitro measurements of signal intensities are shown in Fig. 2. Compared with the in vivo results, the in vitro tissues show large, nonlinear reduction in T1 relaxation times and N(H) values and small (negligible) changes in T2 relaxation times. A stable correlation exists between the in vitro and in vivo relaxation curves. The different signal intensities were measured from the same tissue under in vitro and in vivo conditions and can be explained by the biophysical alterations in the different fractions of water (“threefraction model”) (Grösch and Noack, 1976) by temperature, formalin fixation, additives to fixation solution, and duration of tissue fixation (see Longerich, 1989). These results show that the MR images of formalin-fixed cadaver heads not only are helpful in correlating in vitro tissue with the in vivo situation by means of structural gradients and contrast, but also can be used for quantitative image analysis. Estimation of the signal changes after formalin fixation may thereby aid characterization of human brain tissue by MRI before it is laminated and neuropathologically evaluated. Moreover, the addition of paramagnetic substances or shift reagents into the perfusion fluid can increase the regional contrast and demarcate boundaries of areas that are not evident in regularly performed scans. Prussian blue, for example, has been found to increase the signal in basal ganglia structures (see Mai et al., 1997).

1.1.4 Macroscopic Anatomy and Correlations between Skull and Brain Preparation and Photography of 1cm Anatomical Sections: Immediately after the MR scans, the wooden box with the

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head fixed by plastic ear bars was filled with Styropore and water and then cooled to -45°C. Both the position box and the fixed head were sectioned at the desired plane at 1-cm thickness (cryomacrotomy). The head sections were then freed from the surrounding material, cleaned, and photographed together with a scale bar. Then the sections were transferred into preservation fluid. Radiographs and Visualization of Blood Vessels with Radiopaque Material: From the head slices, radiographs were prepared from single sections and from stacks of sections. Contrast media were then injected into cut ends of larger blood vessels and the radiographs were repeated.

a

b

c

d

Staining: After photography and radiologic examination, the sections were block-stained in either Sudan red or Sudan black B. Sections were incubated in 1% stain solution in 70% alcohol and differentiated on average of 3 months. Dissection of Anatomical Slices and Interpretation of Cortical Gyri: Before dissection of the head and neck structures, the brain slices were removed from the skull. The single brain sections were mounted according to their in vivo situation and photographs were then made to document the gyrification pattern. After the individual gyri and sulci were named, the brain was represented diagrammatically, taking into account the loss of tissue due to cutting. Documentation of Gross Morphological Features: Drawings were based on enlarged photographs of the anatomical slices. Additional information revealed by the radiographs and during the process of dissection were later incorporated.

1.1.5 Preparation of 100 µm Thick Frozen Histological Brain Sections After removal from the skull case and photography of the assembled brain slices, the slices were immersed for 48 hours in a fixative containing 4% formalin and 30% sucrose. Each slice was then

Figure 3. (a) Cryosectioning device consisting of the Tetrander (“Pantomikrotom“) (see Vogt, 1905), freezing table, photograph stand, and tube holder for dry ice. (b) Frozen tissue block with matrix for perpendicular orientation of canulas used for punch marking. (c) Fixed slice of the hemisphere (represented in Section 2.2) embedded in methylcellulose and showing section surface with scales and punchmarks (fiducial marks used later for topographic adjustment of sections). (d) Reconstruction made from serial sections of one slice.

brought in a mold to a freezing table, 30 x 20 cm in size. The mold, containing one single brain slice, was then filled with methylcellulose (dissolved in water and stained with various chromogens) and cooled down to -20°C. Before sectioning fiducial marks were made (Fig. 3b). Every section was photographed together with a scale bar (Fig. 3c). The sections were then transferred into individual containers filled with phosphate-buffered saline (plus 30% sucrose). Photographs taken from each section during the sectioning aided mounting of the sections. For some brains all sections

were mounted. Cells were stained with either toluidine blue or cresyl violet; myelinated fibers were demonstrated with hematoxylin (procedures of Weigert or Spielmeyer) or with Sudan black B. Within each section the outlines of the area encompassing the basal ganglia together with the contours demarcating major nuclei were drawn on a transparent sheet using a projection device with a magnification of x6.5. By means of fiducial marks the single sections were compiled in a sequence from rostral to caudal. 3-D reconstructions were made from such delineations (Fig. 3d). 3

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1.1.6 Presentation of the Images All head and brain slices (Sections 2.1 to 2.3) are mounted in the same way. Each series of sections begins with in vitro MR images of the unsectioned head. To provide a comprehensive view of the head, MR images are shown in all three orthogonal planes. This allows a better orientation in the 3-D space and aids in recognition of the topography of selected structures. Furthermore, comparisons between these in vitro and in vivo images presented next to the head and brain slices can be made. The following two pages within each series present surface views of the brains showing their gross morphology together with the delineation of the main gyri. Coloring on this page distinguishes between surface areas and differs from that applied in the sections. The drawings of the midsagittal views additionally provide the Talairach proportional grid system (Talairach and Szikla, 1967; Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). Every brain structure shown in the following sections can thus be adjusted to a spatial coordinate system. The main part of each macroscopic atlas section represents head and brain slices. These are mounted to show every section from both sides which allows visualization of any structure of interest throughout the series of sections. These figures are accompanied by the radiograph of the real section and the vasculatory territory within the brain and by two MR images from a healthy, 25-yearold volunteer in the corresponding plane.

1.2 Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas 1.2.1 Material The Microscopic Atlas is based on the right hemisphere of a 24-year-old male (* 1905; + 1929). This brain belongs to the Vogt-collection in Duesseldorf (brain weight at autopsy: 1383 g; fresh volume: 1316.3 cm3; cause of death: hypovolemic shock; death to fixation interval: 3 hours). The external morphology of the formalinfixed brain was well documented (see pages 90 and 91; photographs of the brain were also published by Schulze, 1960). This brain was selected for presentation in this atlas because numerous researchers

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have analyzed and reported on its structure in the last 60 years (see Section 3.3).

1.2.2 Methods Histological Procedures: The brain was cut into blocks oriented vertically to the intercommissural plane (Fig. 4a) and embedded in paraffin. The values of some linear measurements are given in Fig. 4b. Serial frontal sections of 20 µm were prea

b

c

Figure 4. (a) Mediansagittal view of the right hemisphere of the brain used for the Myeloarchitectonic Atlas. The baseline shows the position where this hemisphere was cut into blocks (R1 - R5) before embedding. (b) Diagram showing the midsagittal view of the right hemisphere (A58) in the Talairach space. The measurements shown were taken from 1:1 photographs of the formalinfixed brain. The cerebral space is defined by orthogonal horizontal, sagittal, an d verticofrontal reference planes. The intercommisural line (ICL) passes through the center of the anterior and posterior commissure respectively. The vertical line (VCA) passes through the center of the anterior commissure. (c) Graphic representation of the Talairach standard proportional grid system. The intercommisural line (ICL, CA-CP-line) passes through the superior edge of the anterior commissure and the inferior edge of the posterior commissure. The vertical line (VCA) passes through the posterior margin of the anterior commissure. Reference points are thus slightly different between figures b and c with consequences for the distance values between both commissures.

pared. Most were stained with either cresyl violet or hematoxylin. Some additional sections were stained according to the technique of Holzer or remained unstained. Some of these unstained sections were used for immunohistochemistry (e.g., substance P) (see Mai et al., 1986). Since the first and last paraffin sections of each block were only partially recovered, we have drawn the approximate outlines of these sections by using photographs of the surface of the individual blocks, which were taken before sectioning. Estimates of Volume Changes: Volume changes in paraffin sections provide major obstacles in comparing these sections with the in vivo condition. Therefore, some efforts have been made to estimate tissue shrinkage and to transform the dimensions of this brain to the standard dimensions proposed by Talairach. The volume changes due to formalin fixation could not be determined because the fresh volume is not known. Many researchers agree that the brain volume at an approximate fixation time of 3 to 4 weeks, the time when this specific brain became embedded, corresponds to the values determined at autopsy (see Longerich, 1989). It is therefore reasonable that the dimensions of the formalinfixed brain (Fig.4b ) represent the in vivo situation. The volume deficit due to the histological preparation could be calculated. At the time this brain was processed, no efforts were made to control the morphometric situation of the material during the procedure. A separate determination of the degree of shrinkage that occurred during dehydration, paraffin embedding, cutting, and mounting of the sections therefore could not be made. The overall volumetric changes, however, could be calculated from differences in linear dimensions between the fixed, unembedded hemisphere (scaled photographs) and the serially sectioned hemisphere. Lange and Thörner (1974) and Sievert (1992) made such calculations available.

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1.2.3 Past Histological, Morphometric, and Immunohistochemical Studies Numerous descriptive and quantitative studies were performed on sections from the brain represented in the Microscopic Atlas. The relevant morphometric data (fresh volume, volume of serial sections, numeric cell density, volumetric cell density, and absolute cell numbers) have been compiled and are listed together with the references in Section 3.3.

1.2.4 Nomenclature It is difficult to incorporate the current terminology into a logical hierarchical system. In the most commonly used nomenclature (Paxinos and Mai, 2003), abbreviations often start with attributes (anterior, superficial, magnocellular, etc.) that are already specific or that might designate parcellations not in common use. To alleviate the problem, we have listed all our abbreviations in the index (Section 4).

1.2.5 Presentation of Images of the Paraffin-Embedded Brain (Microscopic Atlas) Photographs of Hematoxylin Stained Sections and Accompanying Diagrams: The photographs show the whole hemisphere at section levels where no relevant subcortical structures are recognized (magnification x4.63). The main body of the photographs depicts subcortical structures (magnification x7.9). The diagrams always show one entire hemisphere. The linear anterior-posterior and medio-lateral dimensions of the brain correspond to values of the Talairach grid system. The vertical dimension was, however, reduced (compare Figs. 4b and 4c). Therefore, we transformed the photographs and the diagrams into the vertical dimension of the Talairach space as described in Section 1.2.8. The vertical extension of the histological sections and drawings in the plates of the Macroscopic Atlas does therefore not provide the actual dimension of the paraffin section, but the calculated dimensions of the Talairach space. The position of every section along the anterior-posterior extension of the brain (Z-axis) is shown diagrammatically and also as dis-

tance from the center of the anterior commissure (point zero). For the delineations in the diagrams we have always considered the results from the numerous cyto- and myeloarchitectonic studies that were previously performed on the represented brain (see section 3.3) and we have used as often as possible the original delineations provided by these earlier workers. Generally, the consistency of the drawings, section-tosection, was of higher importance than a precise correspondence between the photographs and the drawings. Nevertheless, several revisions of our delineations were made since the last edition. Some revisions were made in order to simplify the schemata, others derived from the analysis of developing human brains (Mai and Ashwell, 2003).

1.2.6 Three-Dimensional (3-D) Reconstructions “Contour-lines” defining pial and ventricular surfaces, borderlines around distinguished nuclei and their subdivisions (striatum, amygdala, basal nuclear complex, and thalamus), and delineations of some compact fiber tracts (optic tract, anterior commissure) from 240 sections of one hemisphere were used for 3-D analysis. A few reconstructions are included in the printed version of the atlas.

1.2.7 Application of a Reference System (Topometry) As stated earlier (Section 1.2.5), every section - and thus every brain structure was adjusted into a defined spatial coordinate system. Our atlas uses the reference system of Talairach (Talairach and Szikla, 1967; and Talairach and Tournoux, 1988), with the modifications that (a) the intercommissural line (ICL) passes through the centers of the anterior and posterior commissures and (b) the brain space is defined metrically with the point zero (= point 0/0/0) for all three dimensions being the center of the anterior commissure (Fig. 4b). The morphologic data of the hemispheres therefore are handled as coordinate points in this 3-D (metric) grid as X- (mediolateral), Y- (vertical), and Z-

coordinates (fronto-occipital) (Fig. 5). Scaling of the photographs and accompanying diagrams is accordingly provided in metric coordinates.

Figure 5. Metrically defined grid system with standard dimensions. The topography of image data within the brain space is defined by (stereotaxic) coordinate points. X, Y, Z -zero is located in the midpoint of the anterior commissure (AC-0,0,0). This grid model includes the advantage of (nonlinear) correlation of multiple image points because of metric scaling.

1.2.8. Standardization For application as a reference brain, interindividual variability and shrinkage artifacts are the foremost variables that must be considered. The degree of shrinkage artifacts could be determined by correlating 1:1 scaled photographs of the fixed brain with the histological sections (Sievert, 1992). Transformation of the histological sections according to the shrinkage calculated revealed no appreciable nonlinear changes; therefore, we have directly transformed our image data to the dimensions of the Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). The resulting transformed photographs and corresponding drawings can then be directly correlated to “normalized” in vivo sections.

1.2.9. Application of the Standardized Microscopic Atlas for Interpretation of Individual in-vivo Brains It is desirable that the atlas plates do not serve only as a template for comparison of structures identified either by their structural properties or their relationship to identifiable landmarks in two dimensions. Therefore, the 3-D organization of the major structures has to be considered and landmarks have to be defined which are suited as fulcrum for nonlinear trans-

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formation. Selection of such landmarks will most probably derive from studies of developing brains. It is already possible to define in the developing human brain components and divisions which differentiate depending upon their spatial coordinates within the embryo. Such differentiation and maturation areas can be delineated by expression patterns of regulatory genes. Likewise migratory pathways of neurons can be followed from the proliferation area in the (sub-) ventricular zone to their homing area in the differentiating nuclei (see Mai and Ashwell, 2003). Border regions between differentiation areas and trajectories of migratory neurons are correlated with fundamental divisions of the brain. Demonstrations of such features will serve as useful landmarks for 3-D transformation procedures. In summary, for the structural analysis of an individual (e.g., patient) brain we are not aiming at a probabilistic or statistical approach because it lowers the spatial resolution of the images. Instead we work on a transformation of the 3-D dataset of this atlas (model brain). The model brain is to be transformed interactively to the patient’s brain using developmentally relevant landmarks. The fusion of the image sets will leave the patient’s brain in its individual shape maintaining the high original resolution by MRI. The transformed image matrix from the model brain can be visualized and manipulated in an overlay fashion (Fig. 6). As the pro-

Figure 6. Concept of interpretation of an individual MR-based 3-D brain image data set by the integration with the recource provided by the Atlas of the Human Brain. (a) Serial sequence of a (patient) MR image data set. (b) Display of orthogonal sections in a web environment (upper row and lower right quadrant) and selection of a DICOM image of interest (here a coronal section, shown in the lower left quadrant). The DICOM image is embedded in the Web page using a Java Applet. Center and width are adjusted by moving the cursor over the DICOM image. (c) DICOM image with markings and annotations (left side). On the right side links to the image reference and interpretation sources, symbolized in d to f are shown. (g) DICOM image with region of interest indicated by the reticule. (h and i) Corresponding templates from the Atlas of the Human Brain fitting to the plane of sectioning. j to l Matching of high-detail diagrams. (m) The term of the marked subnucleus (here, La = lateral amygdaloid nucleus) is shown after clicking in the region of the reticule. (n) Indication of the position of the selected nucleus in the hierarchical level of categorization. (o) Portal to a database.

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jection of the splines on the corresponding MR slices can be visualized as overlay, the degree of fitting becomes directly evident and can, if necessary, be adjusted. If the matching of patient images with the atlas templates has occurred, the location of any region of interest (ROI) (e.g., a focal lesion) can be mapped interactively. The area coordinates of the ROI in the patient MRI brain (Figs. 6a,b) are then mapped to the atlas coordinate system. There the terms of affected structures and the database information can be interactively retrieved. Location, neighborhood relations, annotations, etc. are then specified and can, if applicable, be transmitted together with the relevant patient images.

1.3 References Grösch, L., and F. Noack. NMR relaxation investigation of water mobility in aqueous bovine serum albumin solutions. Biochem Biophys Acta 453:218–232 (1976). Lange, H., and G. Thörner. Zur Neuroanatomie und Neuropathologie des Corpus striatum, Globus pallidus und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen. Thesis, University Duesseldorf (1974). Longerich, U. MRI-Untersuchungen an in-vivo und in-vitro Gehirngewebe: Einfluß von Fixierung und Temperatur auf das Relaxationsverhalten, die Protonendichte und das Kontrastverhalten. Thesis, University of Duesseldorf (1989). Mai J.K., and K.W.S. Ashwell. Fetal Development. In: The Human Nervous System, 2nd ed., G. Paxinos and J.K. Mai, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 49-94, 2003. Mai, J.K., J. Assheuer, and G. Paxinos. Atlas of the Human Brain. Academic Press, San Diego, 1997.

Mai, J.K., P. Stephens, A. Hopf, and A.C. Cuello. Substance P in the human brain. Neuroscience. 17, 709–739 (1986). Paxinos, G., and J.K. Mai. The Human Nervous System, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, 2003. Schulze, H.A. Zur individuellen cytoarchitektonischen Gestaltung der linken und rechten Hemisphäre des Lobulus parietalis inferior. J Hirnforsch 4, 486–534 (1960). Sievert, T. Topometrie des menschlichen Gehirns: Evaluation eines Verfahrens zur Integration morphologisch-funktioneller Daten aus histologischen Schnitten in die klinische Diagnostik. Thesis, University of Duesseldorf (1992). Talairach J., and G. Szikla. Atlas d’ Anatomie stereotaxique du Telencephale. Masson & Cie. Paris, (1967). Talairach J., and P. Tournoux. Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. G. Thieme, Stuttgart, New York (1988).

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Macroscopic Atlas Horizontal Sections:

Coronal Sections:

Sagittal Sections:

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Presentation of the Images All representations of anatomical head and brain slices (chapters 2.1 to 2.3) are mounted in the same way. I) Each series of sections is headed by in-vitro MR-images of the head which were taken prior to sectioning. To provide a comprehensive view of the head, MR-images are shown in all three orthogonal planes. This allows a better orientation in the three-dimensional space and helps to recognize the topography of selected structures. II) The page following the MR-ima10

ges presents two surface views of the brain which has been sectioned with the placement of sections indicated. III) The next page provides surface views of the brain with the most important gyri and sulci delineated. The midsagittal views depict the brain with the Talairach space. IV) The main part of each topographic and topometric atlas represents anatomical head and brain slices. These are mounted such that every section is seen from both sides. This allows the

pursuit of any structure of interest throughout the series of sections. These representations are faced with two MR-images of the corresponding plane and (normally) two images showing the real section, the radiograph of the real section and/or the vasculatory territory within the brain section. MR-images were performed from a healthy, 25 year old volunteer. The MR-images differ with respect to T1, T2 and proton density (N(H)) contrast.

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Horizontal Sections

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Sagittal plane:

y´- direction:

z´- direction:

MR-images of the head shown on the following pages. The head whose horizontal sections are depicted on pages 15-44 was imaged before sectioning. Parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x 256, field of

view 25 cm, multi-slice, slice thikkness 5 mm, 4 excitations, sequence: 5000/40. The contrast of these images is poor since they are highly protondensity (N(H)) weighted. The top panel presents the sagittal MRIs and specifies the planes of sectioning of

the middle and lower panel. As can be seen the angle of sectioning of the two latter panels is about 45° tilted against the plane of sectioning for the anatomic slices. This was aimed to provide a more comprehensive view of the head.

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Surface views of the right hemisphere of the brain which has been sectioned in the horizontal plane as indica-

ted. The drawing of the lateral aspect has been mirror-imaged in order to demonstrate the correspondence of

section levels between convexity and midline structures. 13

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VCA

VCA

ICL

Surface views of the brain which is shown in the subsequent pages. The most important gyri are delineated.

The midsagittal views depict the brain with the Talairach space (ICL: intercommissural line, VCA: plane which is

vertical to the intercommissural line at the level of the anterior commissure).

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1

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medial frontal gyrus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus superior parietal lobule

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anterior cerebral artery medial frontal gyrus paracentral lobule postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus superior parietal lobule

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anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus middle cerebral artery medial frontal gyrus occipital gyri paracentral lobule postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule

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striate area anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus cingular gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior parietal lobule middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus occipital gyri paracentral lobule precuneus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus

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striate area anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus cingular gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part inferior parietal lobule lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri posterior cerebral artery postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus

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3V 17 acer CG chp Cun FLV fmi fmj FrOp fx gcc HCd IFGOp IFGOr IFGTr Ins IPL LV mcer MFG MTC MTG OcG OLV PaOp pcer PCun PoG PrG PTe scc SFG SMG sof st STG TCd Th tsv TTG

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third ventricle striate area anterior cerebral artery cingular gyrus choroid plexus cuneus frontal horn of lateral ventricle forceps minor of the corpus callosum forceps major of the corpus callosum frontal operculum fornix genu of the corpus callosum head of caudate nucleus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part insula inferior parietal lobule lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus medial temporal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle parietal operculum posterior cerebral artery precuneus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus planum temporale splenium of the corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior occipitofrontal fascicle stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus thalamus thalamostriate vein transverse temporal gyri

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third ventricle striate area anterior cerebral artery anterior limb of the internal capsule anterior thalamus cingular gyrus choroid artery choroid plexus claustrum external capsule extreme capsule fimbria hippocampi frontal horn of lateral ventricle fusiform gyrus fornix genu of the corpus callosum internal capsule, genu globus pallidus habenular nuclei head of caudate nucleus hippocampus inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part insula inferior temporal gyrus lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle optic radiation posterior cerebral artery precuneus parahippocampal gyrus pineal gland posterior limb of the internal capsule postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus planum temporale putamen pulvinar thalami superior frontal gyrus stria medullaris of thalamus stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus thalamus transverse temporal gyri vermis of cerebellum

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third ventricle striate area anterior cerebral artery anterior perforated substance aqueduct cingulate gyrus choroid plexus claustrum confluence of sinuses cerebral peduncle dentate gyrus entorhinal cortex frontal bone frontal sinus fundus striati epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica) hippocampus hypothalamus inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part insula interpeduncular fossa inferior temporal artery inferior temporal gyrus lamboid suture lamina terminalis lateral ventricle mammillary body middle cerebral artery middle temporal gyrus occipital bone occipital artery, vein and nerve occipital gyri optic tract orbital gyri parietal bone posterior cerebral artery parahippocampal gyrus planum temporale red nucleus subiculum superior cerebellar artery substantia nigra superficial temporal artery and vein superior temporal gyrus temporal bone temporal veins temporal fascia

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optic nerve oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve fourth ventricle trigeminal nerve lacrimal nerve anterior cerebral artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery amygdala angular vein basilar artery cavernous sinus corrugator supercilii muscle crista galli choroid artery cistern corrugator supercilii muscle entorhinal cortex frontal nerve frontal bone, nasal part frontal bone, orbital part gyrus rectus hippocampus internal carotid artery inferior temporal gyrus lacrimal gland lambdoid suture levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle meningeal a., frontal branch middle temporal gyrus occipital bone occipital artery, vein and nerve occipital sinus occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly olfactory tract orbicularis oculi muscle ophthalmic artery / vein orbital gyrus occipito-temporal gyrus optic chiasm parietal bone posterior auricular vein posterior cerebral artery posterior communicating artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery pituitary gland pons rectus gyrus superior cerebellar artery sigmoid sinus superior oblique muscle superior ophthalmic vein sphenoid bone sphenoparietal sinus spheno-zygomatic suture superior rectus muscle semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery supratrochlear artery and vein supratrochlear nerve supratrochlear vein temporal bone temporal muscle temporal horn of lateral ventricle temporal pole temporal vein

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oculomotor nerve (inferior branch) fourth ventricle trigeminal ganglion (Gasseri) maxillary nerve ophthalmic nerve facial nerve vestibulo-cochlear nerve angular artery and vein angular vein basilar artery basilar cistern common anular tendon cavernous sinus ciliaris muscle depressor supercilii muscle emissary vein ethmoidal sinus (cells) eyeball frontal sinus greater occipital nerve greater petrosal nerve internal carotid artery inferior petrosal sinus inferior rectus muscle lacrimal vein lateral rectus muscle middle meningeal artery medial rectus muscle nasal bone nuchal fascia occipital bone occipital artery, vein and nerve occipito-mastoid suture orbicularis oculi muscle ophthalmic vein posterior auricular vein posterior orbicularis muscle superior cerebellar artery sigmoid sinus splenius capitis muscle sphenoid bone spheno-parietal sinus sphenoid sinus semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery and vein temporalis muscle temporal bone, petrosal part temporal bone, squamous part temporalis fascia temporal lobe temporalis veins tympanic cavity zygomatic bone

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nuf

DpSCil dta gocn ialvn ictd ijugv infa IObM IObMT IReM LgCaM LgCoM ling LPtgL LPtgM MasM Max maxs Md MiPRe mx mxs Na NasM nl nlac NSpt nuf Occ occ occa occv OOm papx Par PMiRe ptgpal ptgpx rapx sigs spa SpCaM SphB SphP SSpM sta StMM StMT Sty Temp TempM tf TzM vert Vomer Zyg

oculomotor nerve (inferior branch) infraorbital nerve motor root of trigeminal nerve facial nerve and canal facial nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve angular artery and vein anterior rectus capitis muscle auriculotemporal nerve buccal nerve condylar process of mandible coronoid process of the mandible chorda tympani digastric muscle articular disc of temporo-mandibular joint depressor supercilii muscle deep temporalis artery greater occipital nerve inferior alveolar nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein infraorbital artery inferior oblique muscle inferior oblique muscle, tendon inferior rectus muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle lingual nerve lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral belly lateral pterygoid muscle, medial belly masseter muscle maxilla maxillary sinus medulla oblongata minor posterior rectus capitis muscle maxillary artery maxillary sinus nasal bone nasalis muscle nuchal ligament nasolacrimal duct nasal septum nuchal fascia occipital bone occipital artery and vein occipital artery occipital vein orbicularis oculi muscle parotid plexus parotid gland posterior minor rectus capitis muscle pterygopalatine ganglion pterygoid plexus retroarticular (venous) plexus sigmoid sinus sphenopalatine artery splenius capitis muscle sphenoid bone pterygopalatine ganglion semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery and vein sternomastoid muscle sternomastoid muscle, tendon styloid process temporal bone temporalis muscle temporalis fascia trapezius muscle vertebral artery vomer zygamatic bone

TzM

35

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11

(ventral view)

10 mm

NasM ang

LLbM

LLb

OOm

MZgM infa GZgM

dpal TempM mx spaa Man

SCM TeVePa

Ptg

MasM

MPtgM

LeVePa

LPtgM

asa

mx

ictd

LgCaM 12n Par

sta

Sty

LReCaM DiM SObM

vert

LgsCaM occ

tfa

PMiRe

PMjRe SpCaM

gocn dpc SSpM

TzM

StMM

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12 (dorsal view)

5inf 9n 10n 11n 12n AMjC apal Atlas AtOc BucM bucn cern2 DAx DiM dpc ectd fac facv

GNaC

SeC NasM

ang

LLbM

facv

OOM

psan

INaCo

dpal Vomer

Man

SalPhM Uv

ling ialvn apal mx

sta

TeVePa

MasM

CAT

9,11,12n

pvf

AReCaM

7n LReCa StMM

SCM

LPtgM Ptg

LeVePa LgCaM

ictd

StyPhM

DAx

10n

Sty

GZgM TempM

MPtgM

bucn

tfa

Zyg

LAngO 5inf

Par

MiZgM

LLb

Mx infa

Occ

ijugv

tla

AtOc

vert

SObM

Atlas occ

PMiRe LgsCaM

PMjRe SpCaM gocn SSpM

GNaC

greater nasal cartilage

gocn GZgM HPtg ialv

Mx NasM nl npal occ pal PalG Par pau PMiRe PMjRe ptdd Ptg pvf rmv

greater occipital nerve greater zygomatic muscle hamulus of the pterygoid bone inferior alveolar artery, vein and nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior oblique capitis muscle internal vertebral venous plexus levator anguli oris muscle levator veli palatini muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle lingual nerve levator labii sup. muscle inferior oblique capitis muscle mandible masseter muscle minor zygomatic muscle medial pterygoideus muscle medial scalenus muscle, insertion of levator scapulae muscle maxilla nasalis muscle nuchal ligament nasopalatine artery, incisive canal occipital artery and vein greater palatine artery and vein palatine glands parotid gland posterior auricular artery and vein posterior minor rectus capitis muscle posterior major rectus capitis muscle parotid duct pterygoid process prevertebral fascia retromandibular vein

SalPhM

salpingopharyngeus muscle

SArS SCM SeC SNaC SobM SpAx SpCaM Spinal SSpM StMM Sty

subarachnoid space superior constrictor muscle septal cartilage septum nasi cartilage superior oblique muscle spinous process of axis splenius capitis muscle spinal cord semispinalis capitis muscle sternomastoid muscle styloid process and styloglossus, stylopharyngeus, stylohyoid muscles styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle stylopharyngeus muscle tensor veli palatini muscle temporalis muscle temporalis muscle (tendon) transverse process of the atlas trapezius muscle uvula vertebral artery vomer 37

ictd ijugv IObCpM ivvpx LAngO LeVaPa LgCaM LgCoM LgsCaM ling LLb lObM Man MasM MiZgM MPtgM MScal

10 mm

dpc nl

nuf TzM

infraorbital nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve ala major cartilage ascending palatine artery atlas atlanto occipital joint buccinator muscle buccal nerve cervical nerve 2 dens axis digastric muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery facial vein

StyGlM StyHyM StyPhM TeVePa TempM TempT TrPAt TzM Uv vert Vomer

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Seite 30

12

(ventral view)

10 mm

AMjC

fac

NasM

MiZgM 5inf LAngO

GZgM

facv Vomer pal

BucM

MasM

bucn

TempM

ling SCM

TelePa

ialv

MPtgM

9n

apal ictd

LgCaM

ijugv

9,10n 12n

ectd

11n Sty

rmv pau

DiM TrPAt

vert

occ

Atlas

StMM LgsCaM

IObCpM SpCaM gocn PMjRe dpc SSpM

TzM

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13 (dorsal view)

5inf 9n 10n 11n 12n AMjC apal Atlas BucM bucn cern2 DiM dpc ectd fac facv gocn GZgM HPtg ialv ictd ijugv IObCpM ivvpx LAngO LgCaM LgCoM LgsCaM ling LLb Man MasM MiZgM MPtgM MScal

10 mm

Mx NasM nl npal occ pal PalG Par pau PMjRe ptdd rmv SArS SCM SNaC SpAx SpCaM Spinal SSpM StMM Sty

SNaC

Mx

LLb

NasM fac

LAngO MiZgM GZgM facv

ptdd npal

BucM

pal bucn

MasM

HPtg

PalG

ling ialv

ictd

ectd rmv

9,10n ijugv vert

pau

11n

Uv

apal 12n

Par

TempT SCM

LgCoM StyGlM

Man

MPtgM StyPhM

LgCaM MScal

StyHyM DiM

ivvpx

occ TrPAt

StMM

Atlas

SArS

cern2

Spinal lObCaM

SpAx SpCaM

LgsCaM

StyGlM StyHyM StyPhM TelePa TempM TempT TrPAt TzM Uv vert Vomer

infraorbital nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve alar major cartilage ascending palatine artery atlas buccinator muscle buccal nerve cervical nerve 2 digastric muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery facial vein greater occipital nerve greater zygomatic muscle hamulus of the pterygoid bone inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior oblique capitis muscle internal vertebral venous plexus levator anguli oris muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle lingual nerve levator labii sup. muscle mandible masseter muscle minor zygomatic muscle medial pterygoideus muscle medial scalenus muscle, insertion of levator scapulae muscle maxilla nasalis muscle nuchal ligament nasopalatine artery, incisive canal occipital artery and vein greater palatine artery and vein palatine glands parotid gland posterior auricular artery and vein posterior major rectus capitis muscle parotid duct retromandibular vein subarachnoid space superior constrictor muscle septum nasi cartilage spinous process of axis splenius capitis muscle spinal cord semispinalis capitis muscle sternomastoid muscle styloid process and styloglossus, stylopharyngeus, stylohyoid muscles styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle stylopharyngeus muscle tensor veli palatini muscle temporalis muscle temporalis muscle (tendon) transverse process of the atlas trapezius muscle uvula vertebral artery vomer

gocn SSpM

TzM

dpc

PMjRe

nl

39

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13 (ventral view)

10 mm

OOrM

fac

LAngO

GZgM pal

facv

Max

BucM

ptdd

BucM

bucn MAsM

PalG ling MPtgM

aph

Man

Uv

9n rmv Par

10n 12n

ialn

SCGn SCM

LgCaM LgCoM

apal

ictd

*

* ectd

* ScalM InTrM

Vert3

DiM 11n

ijugr vert

SpCeM LScM

LgsCeM MScalM gocn

LgsCaM

dpc

MulM

SSpM

SpAx

SpCaM

TISM

TzM

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OOrM

14 15

Max fac

LAngO GZgM

(dorsal view)

pal

IncC

(dorsal view)

facv

tongue

SCM

bucn StyGl

PlGl StyPh all LgCoM SCGn

SCGn occ DiM

Par

MPtgM

Uv

9n

LgCaM

12n 10n

10n 12n

Axis

vert

StyHy

ScalM StM SpCeM LgsCeM

11n

v

InTrM

Vert3

LScM

Mult

LgsCaM

LgsCaM

SSpCe LScM

SpCaM

SpM

dpc

SSpM

TzM

GZgM BucM HyGl ialv MasM MyHy

StyGl

Man

apal SMGl StyHy Plat

Ly

S/MCM

fac

12n

LgCo

ictd StM

ectd

9n

aph

Ly

sln

Vert3 ScalM

ijugv

10n

SpCeM

Symp 11n

InTrM SpCeM LScM

SSpM

Vert4 ISM

LgsCaM SSpCe SpCaM

LScM

Mult LgsCaM LgsCeT

* 9n 10n 11n 12n all apal aph Axis BucM bucn DiM dpc ectd fac facv gocn GZgM HyGl ialn ialv ictd ijugv IncC InTrM ISM LAngO LgCaM LgCoM LgsCaM LgsCeM LgsCeT ling LScM Man MAsM Max MPtgM MScalM MulM Mult MyHy nuf occ OOrM pal PalG papx Par Plat PlGl ptdd rmv S/MCM ScalM SCGn SCM sln SMG SpAx SpCaM SpCeM sphn SpM SSpM SSpCe StM StyGl Vert3

styloglossus, stylohyoideus, stylopharyngeus muscles glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve anterior longitudinal ligament ascending palatine artery ascending pharyngeal artery axis buccinator muscle buccal nerve digastric muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery facial vein greater occipital nerve greater zygomatic muscle hyoglossus muscle inferior alveolar artery inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein incisive canal w. nasopalatine artery intertransversarii muscles interspinalis muscle levator anguli oris muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle tendon lingual nerve levator scapulae muscle mandible masseter muscle maxilla medial pterygoideus muscle medial scalenus muscle multifidus muscle multifidus muscle mylohyoid muscle nuchal fascia occipital artery orbicularis oris muscle palatine artery palatine glands parotid plexus parotid gland platysma palatoglossus muscle parotid duct retromandibular vein superior / middle constrictor muscle scalenus muscle superior cervical ganglion superior constrictor of the pharynx superior laryngeal nerve submandibular gland spinous process of axis splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle superior pharyngeal nerve spinalis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle sternomastoid muscle styloglossus muscle vertebral 3

41

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14 15 (ventral view)

OOrM

GZgM fac

(ventral view)

BucM

MasM StyGl MyHy MPtgM apal

PlPh

fac StyPh

9n 10n 11n 12n all apal aph BucM bucn DiM DiT DpAO dpc ectd fac GGM GHHy GZgM HyGl ialv ictd ijugv InTrM ISM ivvpx LgCaM LgCoM LgsCaM LgsCeM LgsCeT ling LScM Ly MasM MPtgM Mult MyHy OOrM Par Plat PlPh RisM rmv S/MCM ScalM SCGn sln SMGl SpCaM SpCeM SpM SSpM SSpCe StM StyGl StyHy StyPh symp TzM v vert Vert4

glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve

12n

v

SCGn

ictd Ly

SCGn

ectd LgCaM

ijugv 11n

Vert4

StM

ascending palatine artery ascending pharyngeal artery buccinator muscle buccal nerve digastric muscle digastric muscle, tendon depressor anguli oris muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery and glandular branches genioglossus muscle greater horn of hyoid bone greater zygomatic muscle hyoglossus muscle inferior alveolar artery and nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein intertransversarii muscles interspinalis muscle internal vertebral venous plexus longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle, tendon lingual artery levator scapulae muscle lymph node masseter muscle medial pterygoid muscle multifidus muscle mylohyoid muscle orbicularis oris muscle parotid gland platysma palatopharyngeus muscle risorius muscle retromandibular vein superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx scalenus muscle superior cervical ganglion superior laryngeal nerve submandibular gland splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle spinalis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle sternomastoid muscle styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle stylopharyngeus muscle sympathetic trunk trapezius muscle vein vertebral artery fourth cervical vertebra

10n

all

LgCoM

StyHy DiT v 12n

aph

ScalM InTrM SpCeM LScM

Ly Mult

LgsCaM

ISM

LgsCeT

SSpCe SSpM SpM SpCaM TzM

DpAO

RisM

HyGl

GGM

ialv

ling SMGl

9n

SMGl rmv

v

DiM

Par GHHy

v

ectd

Ly

vert LgCoM

ijugv symp

fac 12n Par

sln S/MCM

10n

LgCoM

10n ijugv

Vert4

ScalM

ictd

ivvpx

11n

LgsCeM

dpc

Plat Par

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Seite 35

16 17

OOrM

ilab

LgGl DpAO HyGl

(dorsal view)

RisM

smd

BucM

Plat

(dorsal view)

SLGl fac

ling GGM MyHy StyHy

SMGl

myhy

glda

DiM

Ly

ling

fac

Ly ectd

ictd 11n

sln

S/MCM

GHHy

LgCaM

vert3

LgCoM

ijugv

vert4

10n cern ijugv

Symp ScalM LgsCeM SpCeM

ancer

cplx

StM

Mult dpc

LScM

ISM SSpCe LgsCaM SSpM

SpM

TzM

SLGl

GGM Man ling

HyGl

MyHy DiT

StyHy

glda

fac

SMGl ThHyMe

GHHy MCM

ThHy SHThC

ICM sthy

cctd

LgCoM ScalM

vert4 vert5

ijugv

StM v

Symp

LgsCeM

SpCeM

LScM

10n 11n ancer BucM cctd cern cplx DiM DiT DpAO dpc ectd fac GGM GHHy glda HyGl ICM ictd ijugv ilab ISM LgCaM LgCoM LgsCaM LgsCeM ling LgGl LScM Ly Man MCM Mult MyHy myhy OOrM Plat RisM S/MCM ScalM SHThC SLGl sln smd SMGl SpCaM SpCeM SpM SSpM SSpCe sthy StM StyHy Symp ThHy ThHyMe TzM v vert Vert3 Vert4

vagus nerve accessory nerve ansa cervicalis buccinator muscle common carotid artery cervical nerve carotid plexus digastric muscle digastric muscle (tendon) depressor anguli oris muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery genioglossus muscle greater horn of hyoid bone glandular branches of facial artery hyoglossus muscle inferior constrictor of the pharynx internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior labial artery and vein interspinalis muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle lingual artery anterior lingual gland levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandible middle constrictor of the pharynx multifidus muscle mylohyoid muscle mylohyoid nerve orbicularis oris muscle platysma risorius muscle superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx scalenus muscle superior horn of thyroid cartilage sublingual gland superior laryngeal nerve submandibular duct submandibular gland splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle spinalis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle superior thyroid artery sternomastoid muscle stylohyoid muscle sympathetic trunk thyrohyoid muscle thyrohyoid membrane trapezius muscle vein vertebral artery third cervical vertebra fourth cervical vertebra

SpCaM TzM

43

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16 17 (ventral view)

OOrM

BucM GGM

(ventral view)

DpAO

SLGl

ManC smd MyHy

fac

HyGl

ling DiM

GHHy

StyHy

fac

gld Plat

ling

sthy

sln

SHThC

10n ancer BHy BucM cctd cern DiM DpAO dpc DpLb fac facv GeHy GGM GHHy gld HyGl ICCe ICM ijugv ilab ISM LgCaM LgCoM LgsCaM LgsCeM ling LScM Ly ManC MasM MCM MentM Mult MyHy OmHy OOrM Plat ScalM SHThC SLGl sln smd SMGl SpCaM SpCeM SplM SpM SSpCa SSpCe sthy StM StyHy Symp ThC ThHy ThHyMe TrP4 TzM v vert Vert4 Vert5 Vert6

vagus nerve ansa cervicalis body of hyoid bone buccinator muscle common carotid artery cervical nerve digastric muscle depressor anguli oris muscle deep cervical artery and vein depressor labii inferioris muscle facial artery facial vein geniohyoid muscle genioglossus muscle greater horn of hyoid bone glandular branches of facial artery hyoglossus muscle iliocostalis cervicis muscle inferior constrictor of the pharynx internal jugular vein inferior labial artery and vein interspinalis muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle lingual artery levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandibular canal with inferior alveolar artery and nerve masseter muscle middle constrictor of the pharynx mentalis muscle multifidus muscle mylohyoid muscle omohyoideus muscle orbicularis oris muscle platysma scalenus muscle superior horn of thyroid cartilage sublingual gland superior laryngeal nerve submandibular duct submandibular gland splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle splenius capitis and cervicis muscle spinalis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle superior thyroid artery sternomastoid muscle stylohyoid muscle sympathetic trunk thyroid cartilage thyrohyoid muscle thyrohyoid membrane transverse process of fourth vertebra trapezius muscle vein vertebral artery fourth cervical vertebra fifth cervical vertebra sixth cervical vertebra

StM

cctd LgCoM

10n

LgCaM

TrP4

ijugv

Vert4

Symp Symp

Vert5 ScalM dpc

LgsCeM Mult LgsCaM

ISM SSpCe

SpCeM

LScM SpM

SpCaM TzM

MentM

ilab

DpLb

GeHy MyHy DiM BHy

facv

StHy

HyGl

OmHy

SMGl

ThHy ThHyMe

ThC

v

MCM Ly StM

cctd ijugv Ly ICCe

v

ancer

ICM LgCoM Vert5

cern

v 10n

LgsCa

ijugv Symp ScalM

Vert6

ICCe Vert5

LgsCaM

LgsCe LScM

SSpCe SpM

SSpCa

SplM

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Seite 1

Coronal Sections

45

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Seite 2

Sagittal plane:

y´- direction:

z´- direction:

MR-images of the head which is represented on the following pages. The head whose sections are depicted on the following pages was imaged in three orthgonal planes using the following parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x 256, field of view 25 cm, multislice, slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excitations, sequence: 5000/160. These

heavy T2 weighted images highlight fluid-containing structures. Note that artificial fluid collections are visible in the nasal and paranasal cavities. The top panel presents the sagittal MRIs and specifies the planes of sectioning of the middle and lower panel. Orientation of these MRIs was based on the brainstem axis. Therefore the orientation of the coronal MRIs in the

lower panel corresponds to the plane of cryo-sectioning of the head and direct comparisons can be made with photographs and diagrams of the following pages. The middle panel presents the horizontal MRIs from top to the bottom.

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Seite 3

Surface views of the left hemisphere of the brain which has been sectioned in the coronal plane (-20° angulation)

as indicated. The drawing of the midsagittal view has been mirror-imaged in order to help identifying structures

which lie in the same plane of sectioning with regard to the lateral and median view.

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Seite 4

VCA

VCA

ICL

Surface views of the brain which is shown in the subsequent pages.

The most important gyri are delineated. The midsagittal views depict the

brain with the Talairach space.

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Seite 5

4

OcFrF FroO FroC

(anterior view) FxC LPal

CGal SOb

SRec

OOM frs

suorba LacG oph

eye

EthBu

pap

MRec

LRec IOb Zyg

IRec MNaC

OFat

PeP

IOC

5inf infa

NSpt

mxs

psa

INaCo facv

Cerebral structures:

Vom

gp

BFat

PalG

MasM

Alv

tfa

GZgM BucM

SlPl

smd

dlg

dlg HyGl

fac

12n

LgSpt SLGl GGM

slg

sma

sublgv GeHy

MyHy sma DiM

Platysma

SRoG

SFG

MFG

SFG

MFG IFG

IFG FrP

FrP OFG

FrP OFG

OFG GRe

frontopolar cortex gyrus rectus inferior frontal gyrus medial frontal gyrus orbitofrontal gyri superior frontal gyrus superior rostral gyrus

Peripheral structures:

fac ManC

FrP GRe iFG MFG OFG SFG SRoG

12n 5inf Alv BFat BucM CGal DiM dlg EthBu fac facv FroC FroO frs FxC GeHy GGM gpa/n/v GZgM HyGl INaCo infa IOb IOC IRec LacG LgSpt LPal LRec ManC MasM MNaC MRec mxs MyHy NSpt OcFrF OFat OOM oph PalG pap PeP psa slg SLGl sma smd SOb SRec sublgv suorba tfa Vom Zyg

hypoglossal nerve (lingual branch) infraorbital nerve alveolar process of maxilla buccal fat pad buccinator muscle crista galli digastric muscle, ant. belly deep lingual artery and vein ethmoidal bulla facial artery facial vein frontal bone, crest frontal bone, orbital part frontal sinus falx cerebri geniohyoid muscle genioglossus muscle greater palatine artery, nerve, vein greater zygomatic muscle hyoglossus muscle inferior nasal concha infraorbital artery inferior oblique muscle infraorbital canal inferior rectus muscle lacrimal gland lingual septum levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral rectus muscle mandibular canal masseter muscle middle nasal concha medial rectus muscle maxillary sinus mylohyoid muscle nasal septum occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly orbital fat pad orbicularis oculi muscle ophthalmic artery palatine glands optic papilla perpendicular plate posterior superior alveolar artery sublingual artery and vein sublingual gland and duct submental artery submandibular duct superior oblique muscle superior rectus muscle sublingual vein supraorbital artery transverse facial artery vomer zygomatic bone

49

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Seite 6

4

(posterior view)

SE 3000/100

10 mm

IR 5000/600

MFG

mcer

mcer acer

SFG

SFG

FrP

MFG FrP

SFG

SRoG

IFG

OFG FrP OFG IRoG

IRoG

GRe

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Seite 7

5

OcFrF

sss

FroSq

(anterior view) FL

frs

5fr OB

SOb

CGal

2n

oph

MRec

LRec

lac

LPal

SRec

cret

OFat IRec

eths

5inf

TempM

Cerebral structures: dta

acer FrP FL GRe IFG IRoG mcer MFG OB OFG SFG SRoG

IOC infa

mxs

ZygA

NSpt psa paln dpal ptdd tfa

PalG

MasM

GPalF

BucM

anterior cerebral artery frontopolar cortex frontal lobe gyrus rectus inferior frontal gyrus inferior rostral gyrus middle cerebral artery medial frontal gyrus olfactory bulb orbitofrontal gyri superior frontal gyrus superior rostral gyrus

Peripheral structures: Tongue facv

ManC

BMan smd ialv

SLGl lga

GGM MyHy

12n

HyGl

sma

fac

Ly lgv

GeHy

DiM StHy

Plat

MFG

SFG

MFG

SFG

IFG

SFG SRoG FrP

SRoG

FrP IRoG

OFG

IRoG

GRe

OFG

IFG

2n 5fr 5inf 12n BMan BucM cret DiM dpal dta eths fac/v FroSq frs GeHy GGM GPalF HyGl ialv infa IOC IRec lac lga/lgv LPal LRec Ly ManC MasM MRec mxs MyHy NSpt OB OcFrF OFat oph PalG paln Plat psa ptdd SLGl sma smd SOb SRec sss StHy TempM tfa ZygA

optic nerve frontal nerve of trigeminus infraorbital nerve hypoglossal nerve or its root body of mandible buccinator muscle central artery of retina digastric muscle, ant. belly descending palatine artery deep temporal artery (arteries) ethmoidal sinus (cells) facial artery / vein frontal bone, squamosal part frontal sinus geniohyoid muscle genioglossus muscle greater palatine foramen hyoglossus muscle inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve infraorbital artery infraorbital canal inferior rectus muscle lacrimal artery lingual artery / vein levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral rectus muscle submental lymph node mandibular canal masseter muscle medial rectus muscle maxillary sinus mylohyoid muscle nasal septum olfactory bulb occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly orbital fat ophthalmic artery palatine glands palatine nerve (s) platysma posterior superior alveolar artery parotid duct sublingual gland submental artery submandibular duct superior oblique muscle superior rectus muscle superior sagittal sinus sternohyoid muscle temporalis muscle transverse facial artery zygomatic arch

51

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Seite 8

5

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG MFG MFG

IFG mcer

acer

FLA

mcer

SRoG IRoG

IFG

SRoG

IRoG

OFG

GRe

OFG

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6

FxC

(anterior view)

staf LPal ophv

olf

SOb

SRec LRec

sphs MRec

TmP

IRec

eths ptpf

SphP

5inf sphpl pna dta infa

mxs

ZygA

pna dta mx

oph

2n

dpal

Vom

infa

MLPt

Cerebral structures:

TempM

dpal mx LPtg

BFat

LLPt

TeVePa

tfa

tfa

soft palate

Man

MPtg

ManC

5lg

MasM

ptdd

HPtg

ialva Uvula

5alv

myhy

LgGl

StyGl

9n fac facv

smd

12n lgv

DiT

SMGl

Hyoid HyGl

Platysma ThHy

ThC

OmHy

vl

SFG

StHy

SFG MFG

MFG SFG

IFG

SFG IFG IFGOp

CG

CG FLA SRoG

SRoG STG

IRoG

IFGOp

OFG

IRoG

OFG

STG GRe TmP

GRe olf TmP

ITG

anterior cerebral artery cingulate gyrus frontal limbic area fusiform gyrus gyrus rectus inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior rostral gyrus inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery medial frontal gyrus medial temporal gyrus orbitofrontal gyri olfactory tract superior frontal gyrus superior rostral gyrus superior temporal gyrus temporal pole

Peripheral structures:

lg shl

acer CG FLA FuG GRe IFG IFGOp IRoG ITG mcer MFG MTG OFG olf SFG SRoG STG TmP

FuG ITG

MTG

2n 5alv 5inf 5lg 9n 12n BFat DiT dpal dta eths fac/v FxC HPtg HyGl Hyoid ialva infa IRec lg/lgv LgGl LLPt LPal LPtg LRec Man ManC MasM MLPt MPtg MRec mx mxs myhy OmHy oph/v pna ptdd ptpf shl smd SMGl SOb

optic nerve inferior alveolar nerve infraorbital nerve lingual nerve glossopharyngeal nerve hypoglossal nerve buccal fat pad digastric muscle, tendon descending palatine artery deep temporal artery (arteries) ethmoidal sinus, labyrinth and air cells facial artery / vein falx cerebri hamulus of the pterygoid bone hyoglossus muscle hyoid bone inferior alveolar artery infraorbital artery inferior rectus muscle lingual artery / vein lingual gland lateral lamina of pterygoid process levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral pterygoid muscle lateral rectus muscle mandible mandibular canal masseter muscle medial lamina of pterygoid process medial pterygoid muscle medial rectus muscle maxillary artery maxillary sinus mylohyoid nerve omohyoid muscle ophthalmic artery / vein posterior nasal artery parotid duct pterygopalatine fossa stylohyoid ligament submandibular duct submandibular gland superior oblique muscle

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

53

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6

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG

SFG MFG

MFG FLA

FLA Ins

IFG

CG

CG

IFG IFGOp

acer mcer

IFGOp

mcer

STG

SRoG IRoG

SRoG IRoG

OFG

STG

OFG PTe TmP

PTe

GRe

TmP

MTG ITG

TmP

FuG

ITG

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7

sss

(anterior view) FLV acer

TempM

staf

olf 2n TL

ictd

3n 4n 6n

oph

cav

5mx

Cerebral structures:

sphs

mmf

PtgC

ZygA ptgpx TeVePa mx tfa rmv

Aud

LVePa inav

5lg 5ialv

phar

5lg

PlPh

ialva

ptdd

mx

ptgpx

LPtg

myhy

SPal

MPtg

sphml PtT

MasM StyGl

Uv

shl fac facv

shl

9n MCM lg

12n

smv

lg SMGl

lgv

fac

DiM

smv

12n lgv

Hyoid

EGl

facv StyHy

sthyv ThHy

AryE

OmHy

SFG SFG MFG FLA

FLA

MFG IFG

CG IFG

FLV

Ins IFGOp

SRoG Ins

IFGOp

rcc

FLV CG

CG

IFGOp

STG

GRe

PTe MTG

GRe TmP

Ins

SRoG

OFG

STG

Ent

2n

OFG 2n Ent

PTe

MTG

TmP

ITG FuG

ITG FuG

anterior cerebral artery cingulate gyrus frontal limbic area frontal horn of lateral ventricle fusiform gyrus gyrus rectus inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior rostral gyrus insula inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery medial frontal gyrus medial temporal gyrus orbitofrontal gyri planum temporale rostrum of corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus superior rostral gyrus superior temporal gyrus temporal pole

Peripheral structures:

sthy PirR

acer CG FLA FLV FuG GRe IFG IFGOp IRoG Ins ITG mcer MFG MTG OFG PTe rcc SFG SRoG STG TmP

2n 3n 4n 5ialv 5lg 5mx 6n 9n 12n acer AryE Aud cav DiM EGl Ent fac/v Hyoid ialva ictd lg/lgv LPtg LVePa MasM MCM mmf MPtg mx myhy OmHy phar PirR PlPh ptdd PtgC ptgpx PtT

optic nerve oculomotor nerve or its root trochlear nerve or its root inferior alveolar nerve lingual nerve maxillary nerve of the trigeminal abducens nerve or its root glossopharyngeal nerve hypoglossal nerve or its root anterior cerebral artery aryepiglotticus muscle auditory tube cavernous sinus digastric muscle, post belly epiglottis entorhinal cortex facial artery / vein hyoid bone inferior alveolar artery internal carotid artery lingual artery / vein lateral pterygoid muscle levator veli palatini muscle masseter muscle medial constrictor muscle middle meningeal artery medial pterygoid muscle maxillary artery mylohyoid nerve omohyoid muscle pharyngeal branches piriform recess palatopharyngeus muscle parotid duct pterygoid canal pterygoid plexus palatine tonsil

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

55

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7

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG

MFG

SFG

MFG

FLA

FLA

IFG

CG

IFG

IFGOp

acer mcer

mcer

IFGOp

Ins

ic Pu

Ins STG

PTe

SCA SCA Acb PTG Pir SLG

cha

MTG

AO Tu AG Ent

ITG

GRe ox

Cl STG Pir

AO Tu opt

AG

SLG MTG

Ent FuG

FuG

PTe

ITG

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8

(anterior view)

stap acer mcer

ox DS

InfS

ictd

Pit

TempM

stam

3n

cav

Cerebral structure:

sphs 5Gn

ictd LPtg Con

PhRe

Sty phar rmv StyGl

tfa

Otic mx mxv

LgCaM

StyPh

aph

tfv mx

StyHy

StyPh

StyHy

Par

DiM rmv

DiM rmv

facv

occ

MCM

12n

smv

hyoid

ectd smv

StyGl pau

9n

mx

TMD

mm

LVePa

fac

facv

ICM StM cctd

sthy

SFG SFG MFG

FLA IFG

IFGOp IFGOp

SptP

IFG CG

Ins

Pu

Ins

Cl

PTe

PTe STG

Pir

Tu

SLG

MTG

DB

PTG ox

AG Ent

Un

DB

Tu AG

Pir

STG

SLG MTG

Ent

ITG FuG

accumbens nucleus anterior cerebral artery ambiens gyrus anterior olfactory nucleus cingulate gyrus choroid artery claustrum diagonal band nucleus entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area frontal horn of lateral ventricle fusiform gyrus gyrus rectus internal capsule inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior rostral gyrus infundibular stalk insula inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery medial frontal gyrus medial temporal gyrus orbitofrontal gyri optic chiasm planum temporale rostrum of corpus callosum piriform cortex pituitary gland paraterminal gyrus putamen subcallosal area superior frontal gyrus semilunar gyrus superior rostral gyrus superior temporal gyrus temporal pole olfactory tubercle uncus

Peripheral structures:

MFG

IFG

Acb acer AG AO CG cha Cl DB Ent FLA FLV FuG GRe ic IFG IFGOp IRoG InfS Ins ITG mcer MFG MTG OFG ox PTe rcc Pir Pit PTG Pu SCA SFG SLG SRoG STG TmP Tu Un

FuG

ITG

5Gn 9n 12n 3n aph cav cctd Con DiM DS ectd fac/v ICM ictd LgCaM LPtg LVePa MCM mm mx/v occ Otic Par pau

trigeminal ganglion glossopharyngeal nerve hypoglossal nerve oculomotor nerve ascending pharyngeal artery cavernous sinus common carotid artery condylar process of mandible digastric muscle, post belly diaphragma sellae external carotid artery facial artery / vein inferior constrictor m. of pharynx internal carotid artery longus capitis muscle lateral pterygoid muscle levator veli palatini muscle medial constrictor m. of pharynx middle meningeal artery maxillary artery / vein occipital artery otic ganglion patotid gland posterior auricular artery

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

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8

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG

SFG

MFG FLA

FLA

MFG

CG bcc

IFG acer

HCd

IFGOp

afx

Pu

mcer

mcer

Ins STG

PTe

EGP

Cl

cha Amg

opt Un

pcer

Hi

pcer

FuG

SB

IFGOp PTe

Ins

3V

TTG PTe

Hy Un

Hi

S

TLV

MTG

S Ent

ITG

PrG

ac

IGP

MTG

IFG

CLV

ic

Ent

FuG

ITG

STG

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9

(anterior view)

iss

mcer

3n TL

pcer

Temp

Cerebral structures:

sca aica bas

5n

aau

spets mmp

mm

PoCi

7gp

ictd

TenT

ipets

stempv

9,10,11n 7n Atlas

ijugv

7n

LReCa

Par ACeIT

Axis

DiM

pau occ

cern2

ijugv

Vert3

Ly

vert StM

cern3

10n

ejugv

ejugv

cerpx Vert4 LgCaM ancer

ScalM

cctd

Vert5

SFG

SFG

MFG

MFG FLA

ce

PrG

PoG

CG

IFG

opt cp

STG Amg

MTG TLV

bfx

EGP

ac ATh 3V

PPo

Hi

MB ipf

TTG

Cl Ins

IGP

Pons FuG

Ent

STG PTe MTG

3n

TCd Hi

ITG

S ITG

PrG

Pu ic

Ins

TTG

IFGOp

HCd

IFGOp

PTe

IFG

bcc

SB

Ent 5n

3V ac acer Amg ATh bcc bfx Cd ce CG cha Cl cp EGP Ent FLA CLV FuG Hi ic IFG IFGOp IGP Ins ipf iss ITG MB mcer MFG MTG opt pcer PoCi PoG Pons PPo PrG PTe PTG Pu S SB sca SFG SLG STG TCd TL TLV TTG Un

third ventricle anterior commissure anterior cerebral artery amygdala anterior thalamic nucleus body of corpus callosum body of fornix caudate nucleus central sulcus cingulate gyrus choroid artery claustrum cerebral peduncle external globus pallidus entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area centrall part of lateral ventricle fusiform gyrus hippocampus internal capsule inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part internal globus pallidus insula interpeduncular fossa inferior sagittal sinus inferior temporal gyrus mamillary body middle cerebral artery medial frontal gyrus medial temporal gyrus optic tract posterior cerebral artery pontine cistern postcentral gyrus pons planum polare precentral gyrus planum temporale paraterminal gyrus putamen subiculum striatal cell bridges superior cerebellar artery superior frontal gyrus semilunar gyrus superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus temporal lobe temporal horn of lateral ventricle transverse temporal gyri uncus

Peripheral structures: 3n 3V 5n 7gp 7n 9,10,11n

FuG

10n aau ancer cern2

oculomotor nerve or its root third ventricle trigeminal nerve greater petrosal nerve facial nerve glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves vagus nerve anterior auricular artery ansa cervicalis cervical nerve 2

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

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9

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG

SFG

MFG MFG FLA IFG CG PoG

PrG

IFGOp

mcer

VL

STG

GP PPo

cha

pcer

MTG

TCd TLV

Amg

bfx

Cl ic

ATh

Pu

acer

pcer

st

Rt

TTG mcer

PrG

CLV

IFG

MD

Ins

STh SN

CM R

ITG

TTG

opt PPo

cp

S

PoG

IFGOp

PTe

STG

Hi

MTG

Ent

FuG Ent mcp

FuG Pons

ITG

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10

sss

dip

(anterior view)

stempv

pauv iss TempM

mcer

Cerebral structures:

TLV

pcer TCb

sca 7n,8n

aica

spets MaA

SCC 9n

ijugv

sigs

ijugv

AtOcJ

vert

SObCa

Mst

pau

pica

10n

AtOcJ

SObCa

pauv DiM

ivvpx

Atlas

dr2

IObCa occ

Axis

cern2

11n

occ

LScM vr4

Vert3

StM ScalM

Vert4

ScalM

LgsCaM

SFG

SFG

SFG

MFG

MFG CG

PrG

IFG

CG

PrG

PrG Cl

cc

PoG

Pu PTe PTe TCd TLV

MTG

SN

cp

Ent ITG

FuG

Pons

CB

IO

IO py

TTG

ic

3V

S

Ins

MD

R Hi

IFGOp

VL CM

GP STh

PoG

Rt

bfx

LD Ins

TTG STG

chp

CLV IFGOp

SB

mcp

opt S Ent

Amg

PTe STG MTG

Hi FuG

ITG

3V ac acer aica Amg ATh bfx cc CG CH cha chp Cl CM cp dip GP Ent FLA CLV FuG Hi ic IFG IFGOp ijugv Ins IO iss ITG LD MB mcer mcp MD MFG MTG opt pcer pica PoG PPo PrG PTe Pu py R Rt S SB sca SCC SFG sigs SLG SN spets sss STG STh TCb TCd TLV TTG vert VL

third ventricle anterior commissure anterior cerebral artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery amygdala anterior thalamic nucleus body of fornix corpus callosum cingulate gyrus cerebellar hemisphere choroid artery choroid plexus claustrum central medial thalamic nucleus cerebral peduncle diploic vein globus pallidus entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area central part of lateral ventricle fusiform gyrus hippocampus internal capsule inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part internal jugular vein, bulbus insula inferior olive inferior sagittal sinus inferior temporal gyrus lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus mamillary body middle cerebral artery middle cerebellar peduncle medial dorsal thalamic nucleus medial frontal gyrus medial temporal gyrus optic tract posterior cerebral artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery postcentral gyrus planum polare precentral gyrus planum temporale putamen pyramidal tract red nucleus reticular thalamic nucleus subiculum striatal cell bridges superior cerebellar artery semicircular canals superior frontal gyrus sigmoid sinus semilunar gyrus substantia nigra superior petrosal sinus superior sagittal sinus superior temporal gyrus subthalamic nucleus tentorium cerebelli tail of caudate nucleus temporal horn of lateral ventricle transverse temporal gyri vertebral artery ventral lateral thalamic nucleus

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

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10 (posterior view)

10 mm

SFG MFG

SFG

PrG

PrG

CG

CG PoG

CG

BCd

PoG

LV IFGOp TTG

TTG

MTG

Rt TLV

Hi

STG Ent

Tec

OcG

OcG

Ver

FuG

MTG

Ent

Pi

pcer ITG

TTG

TTG

3V

cha pcer

IFGOp

Pul

STG TCd mcer

PTe

tsv

bfx

acer

mcer

bcc

SB

Ins

FuG

scp SMV

4V

Ent

CH

ITG

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11

argr

(anterior view)

icv TempM

Cerebral structures:

pcer

QuPl

sca

TCb mmp sigs emi occs

pauv ivvpx

GrCi

SObCa

LgsCaM Atlas

IObCa

occ

vert

SpCaM Axis LScM

SSpM

Vert3 Vert4

StM

ScalM Mult

SFG MFG SFG

PCL

MFG

PrG

CG

PrG

PrG PoG

CG

CG

IFGOp

scc

st

Peripheral structures:

LV

IFGOp

Ins

fx

Rt

TTG

TTG

TTG

TTG

Pul

STG

Pi

TCd

STG MTG

TLV

Hi

S

QuPl

Ent

S

ITG

Hi

MTG

OcG

OcG FuG

third ventricle anterior cerebral artery arachnoid granulations body of fornix cingulate gyrus cerebellar hemisphere anterior choroidal artery entorhinal cortex fusiform gyrus fornix great (cerebellomedullary) cistern hippocampus internal cerebral vein inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part insula inferior oblique capitis muscle inferior temporal gyrus lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery medial frontal gyrus medial temporal gyrus occipital sinus occipital gyri posterior cerebral artery paracentral lobule pineal gland postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus planum temporale pulvinar thalami quadrigeminal plate reticular thalamic nucleus subiculum striatal cell bridges splenium of corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus superior cerebellar peduncle sigmoid sinus stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tentorium cerebelli tail of caudate nucleus temporal horn of lateral ventricle transverse temporal gyri

PoG

scc PTe

3V acer argr bfx CG CH cha Ent FuG fx GrCi Hi icv IFGOp Ins IObCa ITG LV mcer MFG MTG occs OcG pcer PCL Pi PoG PrG PTe Pul QuPl Rt S SB scc SFG scp sigs st STG TCb TCd TLV TTG

FuG

FuG

ITG ITG

CH

Atlas Axis emi ivvpx LgsCaM LScM mmp Mult occ pauv ScalM SObCa SpCaM SSpM StM TempM vert Vert3 Vert4

atlas (C1 vertebra) axis (C2 vertebra) emissary vein, (mastoid) internal vertebral venous plexus longissimus capitis muscle levator scapulae muscle middle meningeal artery, parietal branch multifidus muscle occipital artery posterior auricular vein scalenus muscle superior oblique capitis muscle splenius capitis muscle semispinal capitis muscle sternomastoid muscle temporalis muscle vertebral artery vertebra 3 vertebra 4 63

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11

(posterior view)

10 mm

SFG

MFG

SFG

SFG PrG

PCL PoG

PrG

PoG PCL

PCL

PrG PrG PaOp SMG

TTG PTe

acer

SMG

PaOp

TTG

CG

Ins

TrLV

TTG

TTG PTe PaOp

chp

TTG mcer

mcer

STG

CG

MTG pcer

STG

FG scc

pcer

MTG

CG

OcG ITG

FuG

OcG

FuG

Ver

Dt CH

ITG

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12 (anterior view)

TempM

Cerebral structures:

ss

CG CH chp FG FuG Ins ITG MTG OcG PaOp PCL pica PoG PrG PTe SFG sigs SMG STG TrLV TTG Ver

sigs pica

emi

occs SObCa PMiRe

occ

occ

PMjRe LgsCaM IObCa SpAx

StM

SSpM SSpCe

Peripheral structures: SpCaM

CISM emi IObCa LgsCaM occ occs PMiRe PMjRe SObCa SpAx SpCaM ss SSpM SSpCe StM TempM Vert3

CISM Vert3

PrG

SFG

PrG PCL

PrG

PCL SFG

PoG

PoG

PCL

SMG

PoG

PaOp

STG

cervical interspinal muscle emissary vein, (mastoid) inferior oblique capitis muscle longissimus capitis muscle occipital artery occipital sinus post. minor rectus capitis muscle post. major rectus capitis muscle superior oblique capitis muscle spinous process of axis splenius capitis muscle straight sinus semispinal capitis muscle semispinal cervicis muscle sternomastoid muscle temporalis muscle vertebra 3

CG CG

PTe

cingulate gyrus cerebellar hemisphere choroid plexus fasciolar gyrus fusiform gyrus insular gyri inferior temporal gyrus medial temporal gyrus occipital gyri parietal operculum paracentral lobule posterior inferior cerebellar artery postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus planum temporale superior frontal gyrus sigmoid sinus supramarginal gyrus superior temporal gyrus trigone of lateral ventricle transverse temporal gyrus (1,2,3) vermis of cerebellum

SMG CG

PaOp

TTG TTG

TTG TrLV

TTG

STG

CG FuG

MTG OcG ITG

FuG

OcG

FuG

ITG

MTG

65

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12 (posterior view)

10 mm

PrG PrG PCL PoG

SMG

mcer

mcer

CG

pcer

CG

STG

SMG OLV

pcer

SMG

CG

SMG

acer

PoG

PoG

PCL

PCun PCun

MTG

PCun OcG

STG PCun MTG

OcG OcG ITG FuG

FuG

ITG

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13 (anterior view)

sss

Cerebral structures: OLV

AnG CG Cun FuG ITG MTG OcG OLV PCL PCun PoG PrG SMG SPL STG

ss

trs

occs occv occ

occv occ PMiRe StM PMjRe

angular gyrus cingulate gyrus cuneus fusiform gyrus inferior temporal gyrus medial temporal gyrus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle paracentral lobule precuneus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus

Peripheral structures: SSpM

occ occs occv PMiRe PMjRe SpCaM ss SSpM sss StM trs

SpCaM

occipital artery occipital sinus occipital vein post. minor rectus capitis muscle post. major rectus capitis muscle splenius capitis muscle straight sinus semispinal capitis muscle superior sagittal sinus sternomastoid muscle transverse sinus

PoG

PoG PrG PCL

PoG

SPL PoG

PCL PCun

SPL

CG

SMG

SMG

SPL CG

SMG

SMG CG

PCun STG

PCun STG

AnG

Cun MTG

OLV

MTG

MTG

Cun OcG

ITG FuG ITG

OcG

MTG

OcG FuG

67

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13 (posterior view)

10 mm

PrG

PoG

PCL

PoG

PCL SPL

SMG

SPL PCun

SPL PCun

AnG

AnG

SMG

PCun mcer

acer

mcer

STG MTG

PCun

AnG MTG

Cun OcG

pcer

ITG

FuG

OcG

Cun

AnG

STG

OcG

OLV OcG pcer

AnG

OcG

OcG

OcG

ITG

MTG

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14 (anterior view)

OcFrO

Cerebral structures: AnG Cun FuG ITG MTG OcG OLV PCL PCun PoG PrG SMG STG

OLV

trs

cosi

occv

occ

TCb

occ occv

angular gyrus cuneus fusiform gyrus inferior temporal gyrus medial temporal gyrus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle paracentral lobule precuneus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior temporal gyrus

Peripheral structures: cosi occ occv OcFrO

SSpM

SpCaM SPL SSpM TCb trs TzM

SpCaM

TzM

confluence of sinuses occipital artery occipital vein occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly splenius capitis muscle superior parietal lobule semispinal capitis muscle tentorium cerebelli transverse sinus trapezius muscle

SPL PoG PCun PCL

PoG SPL

SPL PCun

SMG

AnG PCun PCun Cun

AnG

OcG Cun

AnG OcG

STG

OLV OcG OcG

OcG

OcG

OcG

69

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Seite 26

14 (posterior view)

10 mm

PoG SPL

SPL

SPL AnG

PCun AnG SPL Cun

pcer

OcG

Cun

acer

OcG pcer

OcG

17

17 17

OcG

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15 (anterior view)

sss

Cerebral structures: 17 AnG Cun OcG PCun PoG SPL

striate area angular gyrus cuneus occipital gyri precuneus postcentral gyrus superiorparietal lobule

Peripheral structures: OcFrO

occ OcFrO sss TzM

occipital artery occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly superior sagittal sinus trapezius muscle

occ TzM

SPL

SPL

SPL PCun

AnG SPL

AnG

AnG OcG

Cun

OcG

Cun

17

AnG

17 OcG

OcG 17

71

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15 (posterior view)

10 mm

SPL SPL PCun

AnG

SPL

PCun

OcG

AnG Cun OcG

Cun OcG

OcG 17

17

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Seite 1

Sagittal Sections

Cerebral structures: 17 AnG Cun OcG PCun PoG SPL

striate area angular gyrus cuneus occipital gyri precuneus postcentral gyrus superiorparietal lobule

73

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Seite 2

Sagittal plane:

y´- direction:

z´- direction:

MR-sequences in three planes of the head from which one hemisphere is shown on the following pages.

taining structures; uneven fluid collections (see lateral ventricles) are therefore visible. Note also that a dental prosthesis caused single void and deviParameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x ation artefacts. The top panel presents 256, field of view 25 cm, multi-slice, the sagittal MRIs and specifies the plaslice thickness 5 mm, 4 excitations, nes of sectioning of the middle and sequence: 5000/160. These heavy T2 lower panel. Orientation of these weighted images highlight fluid-con- MRIs was based on the intercommis-

sural line. Therefore the orientation of the horizontal MRIs in the middle panel corresponds to the plane of cryosectioning of the head shown in chapter 5.1 and direct comparisons can be made with in-vivo MRIs which accompany that series of sections. The lower panel presents the coronal MRIs.

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Surface views of the left hemisphere of the brain which has been sectioned

in the sagittal plane as indicated. The drawing of the mid-sagittal view has

been mirror -imaged.

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Surface views of the left hemisphere which is shown in the subsequent pages. The drawings of the hemisphere are arranged

such that they always show the same anterior-posterior orientation. The most important gyri are delineated. The midsagittal view

depicts the hemisphere with the Talairach space.

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3

(lateral view)

Cerebral structures: AnG IFG ITG MTG PoG PrG PTe SMG STG TTG

angular gyrus inferior frontal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus medial temporal gyrus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus planum temporale supramarginal gyrus superior temporal gyrus transverse temporal gyri (I-II)

Peripheral structures: 7n EAM ejug GZgM MasM Mst MstC occv OcFrF OcFrO OOM Par Plat ptdd rmv SpCaM sta StM TempM TempT ZygA

10 mm

PrG

SMG

IFG

OcFrF

facial nerve external auditory meatus external jugular vein greater zygomatic muscle masseter muscle mastoid process of temporal bone mastoid cells occipital vein occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly orbicularis oculi muscle parotid gland platysma parotid duct retromandibular vein splenius capitis muscle superficial temporal artery sternomastoid muscle temporalis muscle temporalis muscle, tendon zygomatic arch

PoG AnG

TempM

STG

TTG

PTe

MTG

OcFrO

ITG OOM

TempT MstC

ZygA sta

GZgM

EAM Mst 7n

ptdd

occv MasM

SpCaM

Par rmv Plat

StM ejug

77

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3

(medial view)

IR 5000/600

10 mm

PoG PrG

IFG

AnG

SMG

IFG POp PTe

TOp TTG STG MTG

PS 500/10

OcG

TempM

MTG OOM

ITG MstC MasM trs Mst occv

GZgM

ectd

DiM

occ LReCa

MasM

StT

LgsCaM Par

SpCaM

rmv Ly

LScM StM

Ly

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(lateral view)

Cerebral structures: AnG FuG IFG ITG MTG OcG PoG POp PrG PTe SMG STG TOp TTG

angular gyrus fusiform gyrus inferior frontal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus medial temporal gyrus occipital gyri postcentral gyrus parietal operculum precentral gyrus planum temporale supramarginal gyrus superior temporal gyrus temporal operculum transverse temporal gyri (I-II)

Peripheral structures:

10 mm

PrG

PoG AnG

IFG FroC

PrG

OcFrF TempT

SMG

POp

IFG TOp

SphGW

TTG

PTe

STG OcG MTG OOM

OcG

ITG ManF

TempT

EAM

MasM GZgM

FuG trs

Disc

ATub

Zyg

articular tubercle digastric muscle disk of temporo mandibular joint external auditory meatus external carotid artery facial artery facial vein frontal bone, crest greater zygomatic muscle internal jugular vein longissimus capitis muscle lateral rectus capitis muscle levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandible mandibular fossa masseter muscle mastoid process of temporal bone mastoid cells occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly orbicularis oculi muscle parotid gland platysma parotid duct pterygoid plexus retromandibular vein sigmoid sinus submandibular gland splenius capitis muscle sphenoid, greater wing sternomastoid muscle sternomastoid muscle, tendon temporalis muscle temporalis muscle, tendon transverse sinus zygomatic bone

sigs

ptgpx ptdd ectd

Mst DiM

MasM rmv

facv

LgsCaM

Par fac

OcFrO

ATub DiM Disc EAM ectd fac facv FroC GZgM ijugv LgsCaM LReCa LScM Ly Man ManF MasM Mst MstC OcFrF OcFrO OOM Par Plat ptdd ptgpx rmv sigs SMGl SpCaM SphGW StM StT TempM TempT trs Zyg

SpCaM

Man LScM

ijugv SMGl Ly Plat

79

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4

(medial view)

10 mm

PrG

PoG

MFG

SPL

IFG FOp

SMG POp

Ins

PTe OcG

OFG TTG

STG

TOp

SphGW

FuG MTG

FuG

OcFrO

SCD

TempM

ITG

OOM

ptgpx

trs

LPtg

mx

lgn Par

occ

ptdd

SObCa

ialva ialvn

PMjRe SSpCa

SpCaM TzM

LgsCaM

IObCa ijugv 12n 10n 9n Symp

DiM

Man BucM

MPtg facv

fac

rmv 12n

fac SMGl

ictd ectd

ZgM

Ly Plat

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(lateral view)

Cerebral structures: FOp FuG IFG Ins ITG mcer MFG MTG OcG OFG PoG POp PrG PTe SMG SPL STG TOp TTG

frontal operculum fusiform gyrus inferior frontal gyrus insula inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery in lateral sulcus middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri orbitofrontal gyri postcentral gyrus parietal operculum precentral gyrus planum temporale supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus temporal operculum transverse temporal gyri

Peripheral structures:

10 mm

PrG MFG

IFG

PoG SPL

IFG

SPL

FOp POp

SMG

Ins OcFrF

PTe

OFG

mcer

TTG

TOp SphGW

STG

OcG MTG ITG

FuG

OOM

TyC TempM LPtg mx

ipets

StyPh

ZgM

lgn Par ialvn MPtg BucM

OOrM

ijugv

TrPAt IObCa 10n 11n

fac

Plat

fac

PMjRe

occ

DiM StyHy StyGl

Man

occ SObCa

12n

ScalM ictd SpCeM

rmv ectd

SSpCa SpCaM LgsCaM

9n 10n 11n 12n BucM DiM ectd fac facv ialva ialvn ictd ijugv IObCa ipets lgn LgsCaM LPtg Ly Man MPtg mx Mx occ OcFrF OcFrO OOM OOrM Par Plat PMjRe ptdd ptgpx rmv ScalM SCD SMGl SObCa SpCaM SpCe SphGW SSpCa StyGl StyHy StyPh TempM TrPAt trs TyC TzM ZgM

glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve or its root buccinator muscle digastric muscle external carotid artery facial artery facial vein inferior alveolar artery inferior alveolar nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior oblique capitis muscle inferior petrosal sinus lingual nerve longissimus capitis muscle lateral pterygoid muscle lymph node mandible lateral pterygoid muscle maxillary artery maxilla occipital artery occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly orbicularis oculi muscle orbicularis oris muscle parotid gland platysma posterior major rectus capitis muscle parotid duct pterygoid plexus retromandibular vein scalenus muscle semicircular ducts submandibular gland superior oblique capitis muscle splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle sphenoid, greater wing semispinalis capitis muscle styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle stylopharyngeus muscle temporalis muscle transverse process of atlas transverse sinus tympanic cavity trapezoid muscle zygomatic muscles

81

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(medial view)

10 mm

SFG PrG

MFG

PoG IFG FOp

SPL

FOp OcFrF

Cl Pu TrLV

OFG

AI

SRec Amg

DG

OcG

LRec

FuG

ITG

Cb

ptgpx TeVePa ialvn lgn

9n ijugv ictd

JugP

occ

TempM IObM

MTG

Aud IAud trs

Lens

PHG

OOM Mx

mxs spalv

mx

LLb LAng

BucM

10,11n vert

MPtg

OOrM

PMjRe socv TzM SpCaM

SSpM

IObCa vert

Oral

StyPh

LgC

StyHy

StyGl

Man

SCM

MyHy

gocn lgn

lg

StyHy

fac

DiT SMGl

DiM Plat

DpAO DpLb

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(lateral view)

Cerebral structures: ac AI Amg aud Cb Cl DG fi FOp FuG GP Hi IFG ITG LG MFG MTG OcG OFG OLV or PHG PoG PrG Pu SFG SMG SPL st STG TCd thr TrLV

10 mm

anterior commissure agranular insular cortex (claustro-cortex insularis) amygdala auditory radiation cerebellum claustrum dentate gyrus fimbria of the hippocampus frontal operculum fusiform gyrus globus pallidus hippocampus inferior frontal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus lateral geniculate nucleus medial frontal gyrus medial temporal gyrus occipital gyri orbitofrontal gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle optic radiation parahippocampal gyrus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus putamen superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus thalamic radiation (corona radiata) trigone of lateral ventricle

SFG

Peripheral structures: MFG

PrG

MFG

PoG IFG SPL AI

OFG

FOp

OcFrF

Amg STG 5inf

IOrbF

ITG

OcG

IAud

ptgpx Cb

mand5

trs

LPtg

LLb LAng

FuG PHG

infa

mx mxs spalv

JugP

9,10,11n ivvpx

BucM

ictd

MPtg

OOrM

PMjRe

Tongue SCM facv

Man

vert

lgn LgC

ialvn

DiM

OLV

Hi

MTG

OOM

fac lab

TCd aud TrLV or st GP fi LG Pul DG

ac

Cl AI Lens

thr

Pu

MyHy lg

StyHy 12n DiT StyHy

Hyoid

TrPAt socv IObCa

SSpM gocn

SpCaM TzM

5inf 9n 10n 11n 12n Aud AudC BucM Cb DiM DiT DpAO DpLb fac / v gocn ialvn IAud ictd ijugv infa IObCa IObM IOrbF ivvpx JugF JugP lab LAng lg LgC lgn / v LgsCaM LLb LPal LPtg LRec LReCa

infraorbital nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve auditory tube auditory tube cartilage buccinator muscle cerebellum digastric muscle digastric muscle, tendon depressor anguli oris muscle depressor labii inferioris muscle facial artery / vein greater occipital nerve inferior alveolar nerve internal auditory meatus internal carotid artery internal jugular vein & sigmoid sinus infraorbital artery inferior oblique capitis muscle inferior oblique muscle infraorbital foramen internal vertebral venous plexus jugular foramen jugular process labial artery levator anguli oris muscle lingual artery longus capitis and colli muscles lingual nerve/ vein longissimus capitis muscle levator labii superioris muscle levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral pterygoid muscle lateral rectus muscle lateral rectus capitis muscle

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

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(medial view)

10 mm

MFG

SFG PrG PoG

MFG

Cd st

CG PCun

TLV LTh alv

Cun

ac Pu

GP

Pul

Pir

opt

Hi

MG

AI

cp

LgG

OFG

Li

LPal SRec

Amg

PHG

Cb

SFG

SB

ic

PAC 5n

mcp

5Gn

2n

FuG

MRec

OOM

mx

PtPF

ictd

mxs

Aud

12C

oph

5nc

MPtg dpal

AReCa LVePa SSpM

PMiRe

TeVePa PtT SCMPP PlPh

cern1 LgC

PMjRe gocn

cern2 IObCa

HyGl lg

TzM

cern3 Mult

Oral sld

OOrM

SLGl

vert 12n ICM ThC

Hyoid ThHy

MyHy

Plat StHy

DiM

Man

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(lateral view)

Cerebral structures: 2n ac AI alv Amg Cb Cd CG cp Cun DG FG FuG GP Hi ic LgG Li LTh mcp MFG MG OcG OFG opt PAC PCun PHG Pir PoG PrG Pu Pul SB SFG SPL st Th TLV

10 mm

SFG MFG

PrG SFG

MFG

PoG

SFG

Peripheral structures: Cd SPL GP

OFG

Th

ic

ac

FG CG

OFG cp

2n

OCG

DG

IObM oph

OCG 5Gn

PtPF

ipets

dpal mxs

Aud

MPtg

ictd

12C

LVePa TeVePa

LgC

vert AtOcJ cern1

Tongue SLGl

Man

MyHy DiM

PMiRe gocn

cern2 IObCa 12n

optic nerve anterior commissure claustro-cortex insularis alveus of hippocampus amygdala cerebellum caudate nucleus cingulate gyrus cerebral peduncle cuneus dentate gyrus fasciolar gyrus fusiform gyrus globus pallidus hippocampus internal capsule lingual gyrus limen insulae lateral thalamic nuclear region middle cerebellar peduncle medial frontal gyrus medial geniculate nucleus occipital gyri orbitofrontal gyri optic tract periamygdaloid cortex precuneus parahippocampal gyrus piriform cortex postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus putamen pulvinar nucleus striatal cell bridges superior frontal gyrus superior parietal lobule stria terminalis thalamus temporal horn of lateral ventricle

lg

cern3

LgFo Hyoid

Dura

EGl StHy

ThC

SSpM SpC TzM

5Gn 5n 5nc 12C 12n AReCa AtOcJ Aud cern (1-3) DiM dpal EGl gocn HyGl Hyoid ictd IObCa IObM ipets lg LgC LgFo LPal LVePa Man mand5 MPtg MRec Mult mx mxs

trigeminal ganglion trigeminal nerve nasociliary nerve hypoglossal canal hypoglossal nerve anterior rectus capitis muscle atlanto-occipital joint auditory tube cervical nerve (1-3) digastric muscle, ant. belly descending palatine artery epiglottis greater occipital nerve hyoglossus muscle hyoid bone internal carotid artery inferior oblique capitis muscle inferior oblique muscle inferior petrosal sinus lingual artery longus capitis and colli muscles lingual follicle levator palpebrae muscle levator veli palatini muscle mandible mandibular nerve medial pterygoid muscle medial rectus muscle multifidus muscle maxillary artery maxillary sinus

Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations

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(medial view)

10 mm

PoG PrG SFG

CG

SFG

bcc PCun

CG

st LD HCd MD LTh ic CMn R SN

Tec

OcG

OcFrF

Pul

Pons

FStr ipf 2n ictd

SFG

Li GRe

OFG

ictd

Occ

IO

TTub TLev AAT ald

oaud

SPhF

Mx

PAT

smd

IObCa Axis

OOM Oral

GGM

DAx

MyHy EGl Plat

DiM

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(lateral view)

Cerebral structures: 2n ac bcc BST CG CMn FStr GP GRe HCd ic IO ipf LC Li LTh MD MTec OcG OFG PCun PoG Pons PrG Pul R SFG SN st Tec Th

10 mm

PoG SFG

PrG PCun

CG

HCd BST ac OFG

Li GRe

Th

FStr R MTec SN

2n

LC

OcG

SPaF NPhT SPal

AtOc

alal

tla

Atlas

AtAx IObCa

GGM Man

GeHy

optic nerve anterior commissure body of corpus callosum bed nucleus of the stria terminalis cingulate gyrus centrum medianum, parafascicular nucleus fundus striati globus pallidus gyrus rectus head of caudate nucleus internal capsule inferior olive interpeduncular fossa locus coeruleus limen insulae lateral thalamic nuclear region and reticular nucleus mediodorsal thalamic nucleus mesencephalic tectum occipital gyri orbitofrontal gyri precuneus postcentral gyrus pons precentral gyrus pulvinar red nucleus superior frontal gyrus substantia nigra stria terminalis tectum thalamus

Peripheral structures: AAT ald alal all AtAx Atlas AtOc Axis DAx DiM EGl GeHy GGM ictd IObCa Man Mx MyHy NPhT oaud Occ OcFrF OOM Oral PAT Plat smd SPaF SPal SPhF tla TLev TTub

anterior arch of atlas apical ligament of dens alar ligament of dens anterior longitudinal ligament altanto-axial membrane atlas atlanto-occipital membrane axis dens axis digastric muscle epiglottis geniohyoid muscle genioglossus muscle internal carotid artery inferior oblique capitis muscle mandible maxilla mylohyoid muscle nasopharyngeal tonsil opening of auditory tube occipital bone occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly orbicularis oculi muscle oral cavity posterior arch of atlas platysma submandibular duct salpingopalatinal fold soft palate salpingopharyngeal fold transverse ligament of atlas torus levatorius torus tubarius

all

87

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(medial view)

10 mm

PoG

SFG

PrG

CG

PCun

Th Cun Tec

R

fx ac LT P3V

SN Pons

OcG

SCA

OFG

ox Hp sphs

py npal Mx

Spal

Atlas

IObCa DAx

GGM

Axis

GeHy MyHy EGl

Abbreviations: see Index

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Microscopic Atlas

89

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3.1 Surface Views of the Brain Prior to Sectioning.

The photographs showing the external morphology of the formalin fixed brain and the following myelin-stained sections were taken from sections prepared from the brain of a 24 year old male (see section 1.2.1). This brain has been cut perpendicular to the intercommissural plane. Representation of complete sections through the entire (right) hemisphere is provided in a set of 69 90

diagrams. These show their approximate position in the topometric space and the location of each section in a key diagram. Because shading is used for discrimination between different gyri, it is not necessarily identical with the shading of the figures on page 92. The photographs of each section show the central, subcortical region of the brain in a resolution that permits high-

detail recognition of morphological structures. Because the brain shown in this Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas was used by previous researchers, we have also compiled the results of their studies (Section 3.3). Delineations suggested in the previous works are not always identical to those shown in our Myeloarchitectonic Atlas.

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91

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3.2 Photographs and Diagrams

1

2

3

4

5

6 8 10 12 14 18 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 54 56 58 60 62 64

66 67 68 69

5 5

0

0

-4 -4 -5

Location of the following 69 brain sections and accompanying high-detail diagrams. The diagram on this side shows the dimensions of the fixed

0

5

10

unsectioned brain, corresponding to sions of the sections transformed to the the right upper figure on page 91. The Talairach space (see section 1.2.8). metric scale in the 69 diagrams of the following pages represents the dimen-

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01

-60 mm

6

5

FMG frontomarginal gyrus fms frontomarginal sulcus MFG medial frontal gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus TFPGI inferior transverse frontopolar gyrus TFPGM medial transverse frontopolar gyrus TFPGS superior transverse frontopolar gyrus

4

3 SFG

2 sfs

TFPGS

1

MFG TFPGM

0 TFPGI fms FMG

-1

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

95

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02

-54 mm

6

5

FMG frontomarginal gyrus fms frontomarginal sulcus GR gyrus rectus ifs inferior frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus olfs olfactory sulcus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SRoG superior rostral gyrus TFPGI inferior transverse frontopolar gyrus TFPGS superior transverse frontopolar gyrus

4 sfs SFG

3

2

TFPGS

1

SRoG

0 TFPGI fms FMG

IRoG

-1 GR

olfs

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

97

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03

-48 mm

6

5

4

CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus FMG frontomarginal gyrus GR gyrus rectus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus MFG medial frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olfs olfactory sulcus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SRoG superior rostral gyrus TFPGI inferior transverse frontopolar gyrus TFPGM medial transverse frontopolar gyrus TFPGS superior transverse frontopolar gyrus

sfs

3 SFG

2

MFG TFPGS

1

TFPGM cgs SRoG

CG IFGOr

0

TFPGI

IRoG

FMG

FMG

-1

ifs

MOrG GR olfs

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

99

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04

-42 mm

6

5

SFG

CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus GR gyrus rectus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus MFG medial frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus ros rostral sulcus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SRoG superior rostral gyrus

4 sfs

3

MFG

2

MFG

MFG SFG

cgs

1

CG

SRoG

cgs

ifs

0

IRoG

ros

LOrG IOrG

IFGOr ors

-1

ors

GR MOrG

olfs

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

101

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05

-36 mm

6

SFG

5

SFG

CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus GR gyrus rectus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr IFG triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus MFG medial frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus ros rostral sulcus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SRoG superior rostral gyrus

4 sfs SFG

3

MFG

2 cgs

ifs

1

CG IFGTr SRoG cgs

0

IFGOr IRoG

LOrG

ros IOrG MOrG

GR

ors

-1 ors

ors

-2

olfs

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

103

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06

-30 mm

6

sfs

SFG

5

SFG

MFG

4 imfs

CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus GR gyrus rectus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part imfs intermediate frontal sulcus ifs inferior frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus MFG medial frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SRoG superior rostral gyrus

3

cgs

MFG

2

CG racc

ifs

1

IFGTr

0

LOrG cgs

IRoG POrG

ros

-1

IFGOr ors

MOrG

olfs

ors

GR

-2 olf

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

105

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07

-27,5 mm 6 SFG

sfs

5

4

MFG

CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus MFG medial frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olf olfactory tract ors orbital sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SCS subcallosal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SGL substantia gliosa (subependymal gray)

3

cgs

fmi

MFG

2 SCS IFGOr

ifs

CG

1

racc

IFGTr SGL

0 cgs IRoG

-1

ros LOrG POrG MOrG

ors

ors

GR

-2 olf

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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08

-25 mm

6 sfs SFG

5 MFG imfs SFG

4

cgs

MFG

3

fmi

CG

ifs

2

ms

BOp basal operculum cas callosal sulcus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum FOp frontal operculum gcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus imfs intermediate frontal sulcus imos intermediate obirtal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus los lateral orbital sulcus MFG medial frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mos medial orbital sulcus ms medullary substance of frontal lobe olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrg posterior orbital gyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SGl substantia gliosa sv septal vein

cas racc

IFGOp

gcc

1 sv

cas

SGl

IFGTr

CG

0 BOp

FOp

IRoG

ros

POrG

IFGOr

-1

LOrG MOrG GR

los

imos

mos

-2

olfs olf

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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09

-22,5 mm SFG

6

sfs

5

MFG imfs

4

SFG

3

MFG

CG

ifs

2

ms cas

IFGOp racc

SCS

IGr SGl

IFGTr

calv

gcc

FLV SCG

Cd

IG

lf

calv

FOp

1

BOp basal operculum calv callosal vein cas callosal sulcus Cd caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum gcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ifs inferior frontal sulcus imfs intermediate frontal sulcus imos intermediate obirtal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus lf lateral fissure LOrG lateral orbital gyrus los lateral orbital sulcus MFG medial frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mos medial orbital sulcus ms medullary substance of frontal lobe olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPo planum polare racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SCG subcallosal gyrus SCS subcallosal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SGl substantia gliosa STG superior temporal gyrus TL temporal lobe TmP temporal pole

IFGTr

IFGOp

0 BOp

cgs IRoG

IFGOr

-1

ros LOrG

POrG MOrG

olfs

GR

los

imos

mos

PPo

olf

-2

STG

TL

TmP

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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10

-20,0 mm

SFG sfs

6 SFG

5

MFG

4

cgs

3 ifs IFGOp

CG racc

cas

2

SCS

IGr

gcc

ex

CdL

calv

calv

FOp (IFGTr)

CdM SCG

FOp

ms

SGl

1

Cl IG

Pu

BOp basal operculum calv callosal vein cas callosal sulcus CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus Cl claustrum ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum gcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus LTP lateral temporopolar region MFG medial frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus ms medullary substance of frontal lobe MTP medial temporopolar region olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPo planum polare Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum RBR retrobulbar region ros rostral sulcus SCG subcallosal gyrus SCS subcallosal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SGl substantia gliosa STG superior temporal gyrus TmP temporal pole

IFGTr FOp (IFGOr)

SCS

0

BOp

cgs IRoG

IFGOr

-1

LOrG

ros POrG POrG

olfs GR

MOrG RBR

LTP

ors

STG

PPo

ors

-2

olf MTP

-3

TmP

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

113

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11

-17,5 mm SFG

6

sfs

5 SFG

4 cgs MFG

3

CG

ifs ms

cas

IFGOp

SCS racc

IGr

2

slf

SGl

scal IFGTr

FOp

gcc

CdL calv CdM

1

FLV

SB ec

FOp CoCl ex

PuM

FCd

CG

IG

IFGTr

0

AcL racc

FPu

AcL accumbens nucl., lateral (subventricular) part (core) BOp basal operculum calv callosal vein cas callosal sulcus CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd caudate fundus region FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus region gcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus LTP lateral temporopolar region MFG medial frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus ms medullary substance of frontal lobe MTP medial temporopolar gyrus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPo planum polare PuM medial putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum SB striatal cell bridges scal subcallosal fasciculus SCS subcallosal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SGl substantia gliosa slf superior fronto-occipital fasciculus STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TmP temporal pole

DiCl

cgs

BOp

IG

IFGOr

IRoG

-1

MOrG

LTP

LOrG

GR

olfs

STG

POrG PPo

olf

-2 sts

MTP

-3

TmP

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

115

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12

-15,0 mm SFG

6 sfs SFG

5

MFG

4

ifs

3

CG IFGOp ms

mls cas IGr

SCS SGl

lls

2

scal

FOp (IFGOp)

gcc FLV CdL

IFGTr SB

calv

CdM

IG

1

aic

FPu PuM

ex

ec

FCd

Cl

CG racc

0

AcL FPu

FOp

IG

AcL accumbens nucl., lateral (subventricular) part (core) aic ant. limb of internal capsule AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) BOp basal operculum calv callosal vein cas callosal sulcus CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus Cl claustrum DTP dorsal temporopolar region ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd caudate fundus region FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus region gcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior frontal gyrus lls lateral longitudinal stria LOrG lateral orbital gyrus LTP lateral temporopolar region MFG medial frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria MOrG medial orbital gyrus ms medullary substance of frontal lobe MTG medial temporal gyrus MTP medial temporopolar gyrus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus PuM medial putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum RBR retrobulbar region SB striatal cell bridges scal aubcallosal fasciculus SCS subcallosal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SGl substantia gliosa STG superior temporal gyrus

cgs IG

olfs

STG

LTP

BOp

-1

LOrG

GR

AO MOrG

POrG

DTP

olf

MTG

-2 MTP

ITG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

-3

4

5

6

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13

-12,5 mm

STG

6 sfs

STG

5

MFG

cgs ifs

4

MFG

CG

3 cas

scal

gcc

IFGOp

2

CdL

CSP

FOp

CdM

SGl sv FLV

1

aic ex

ec FCd

SB

PuM

Cl

IG

CG AcL racc

0 FPu PPCl

aps

LTP

IG

(OTr)

SCA

Pir PPo

-1

AO

STG

ors

DTP

POrG

GR olf

AcL accumbens nucl., lateral (subventricular) part (core) aic ant. limb of internal capsule AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) aps anterior parolfactory sulcus cas callosal sulcus CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus Cl claustrum DTP dorsal temporopolar gyrus ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd caudate fundus region FLV frontal horn of lat.l ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus region FuG fusiform gyrus gcc genu of the corpus callosum GR gyrus rectus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LTP lateral temporopolar region MFG medial frontal gyrus MTG medial temporal gyrus MTP medial temporopolar region olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus OTr olfactory trigone Pir cortex (pre-)piriformis POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PuM medial putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum SB striatal cell bridges SCA subcallosal area scal aubcallosal fasciculus SGl substantia gliosa SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein

olfs sts

MTG

-2

MTP

its ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

-3

lots

3

4

5

6

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14

-10,0 mm SFG

6

SFG

sfs

5

MFG

4

PrG

CG

3 fmi

IGPOp

cas

SCS

SGl

IGr

scal

bcc

2 CdL

CSP

FOp

FLV CdM

sv

cir

1

IG

aic

ex

pps FCd racc

ec CoCl

AcL SSTI

apss SCA

AcM

PPCl

FPu

AcC

0 LTP STG

apsi OlfA

GR

AO

sts

Pir

olfr POrG

ors

olfs olf

PPo

-1

AcC accumbens nucleus, central (subventricular) part (core) AcL accumbens nucl., lateral (subventricular) part (core) AcM accumbens nucl., medial (subventricular) part (shell) aic ant. limb of internal capsule AO anterior olfactory nucleus apsi anterior parolfactory sulcus, inf. branch apss anterior parolfactory sulcus, superior branch bcc body of the corpus callosum cas callosal sulcus CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum CSP cavity of septum pellucidum DTP dorsal temporopolar region ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd caudate fundus region FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus region FuG fusiform gyrus GR gyrus rectus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LTP lateral temporopolar region MFG medial frontal gyrus MTG medial temporal gyrus MTP medial temporopolar region olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfr olfactory radiation olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus Pir cortex (pre-)piriformis POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare pps posterior parolfactory sulcus racc radiation of corpus callosum SCA subcallosal area scal aubcallosal fasciculus SCS subcallosal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SGl substantia gliosa SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein

DTP

MTP

MTG

-2

its ITG

FuG

-3

lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

121

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15

-7,5 mm

SFG sfs

6

SFG MFG

5 cgs

CG

4

PrG

3

SCS

lls

IGr mls

IFGTr

ms

CdL

bcc

FOp

CdM

SptP

IG

1

sv

ex

cir

aic

PTG pps

2

IFGOp

FCd

CG

CoCl AcL

apss SCA

AcM

racc

GR

0

ec

AcC

molf

SepG STG

FPu

PPCl

unc sts

SSTI olfr

Pir

OlfA

-1 PPo

DTP

AOP

AcC accumbens nucleus, central (subventricular) part (core) AcL accumbens nucl., lateral (subventricular) part (core) AcM accumbens nucl., medial (subventricular) part (shell) aic ant. limb of internal capsule AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, posterior part apss anterior parolfactory sulcus, superior branch bcc body of the corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DTP dorsal temporopolar region ec external capsule Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd caudate fundus region FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus region FuG fusiform gyrus GR gyrus rectus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lls lateral longitudinal stria lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MFG medial frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria molf medial olfactory radiation ms medullary substance of frontal lobe MTG medial temporal gyrus olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfr olfactory radiation Pir cortex (pre-)piriformis PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare pps posterior parolfactory sulcus racc radiation of corpus callosum SCA subcallosal area SCS subcallosal stratum SepG separans gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SptP septum pellucidum SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein unc uncinate fasciculus

MTG

olf Ent

-2

its

-3

ITG

FuG lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

123

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16

SFG

-5,8 mm

6

MFG

SFG

5

4 CG PrG

3 ms

SCS

CdL

bcc

2

FLV

cir FOp

CdM sv

1 aic

LSV PTG pps

ex ec

FCd

CoCl VCl

AcM

FPu

SCA

AcC PCA

0

SepG

AcL

db

IG

Tu molf

PPCl

STG

unc

sts

PPo

SSTI

PirF

OlfA

AcC accumbens nucleus, central (subventricular) part (core) AcL accumbens nucl., lateral (subventricular) part (core) AcM accumbens nucl., medial (subventricular) part (shell) aic ant. limb of internal capsule AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, posterior part bcc body of the corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl (compact) insular claustrum db diagonal band DTP dorsal temporopolar gyrus ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd accumbens n., caudate fundus region FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu accumbens n., putaminal fundus region FuG fusiform gyrus IG insular gyrus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus MFG medial frontal gyrus MTG medial temporal gyrus molf medial olfactory radiation ms medullary substance of frontal lobe OlfA olfactory area PCA precommissural archicortex PirF (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal area PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare pps posterior parolfactory sulcus SCA subcallosal area SCS subcallosal stratum SepG separans gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein Tu olfactory tubercle unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum

-1 DTP

AOP

MTG Ent

-2

its ITG

FuG

-3

lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

125

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17

-4,2 mm

SFG

6

MFG SFG

5

4

3 CG SCS bcc

PrG

CdL

2 FOp

pcfx

CdM

PTG sv

cir aic

1

SCGP

ex ec lml

FCd

PuM CoCl

EGP

SCA P3V LT

AcM Tu

0

SepG

AcL GTI

IG

VCl

AcC TuTI SSTI

PCA

PPCl ilf

FPu

DiCl

STG

IG

unc PPo

PirF

OlfA

AcC accumbens nucleus, central (subventricular) part (core) AcL accumbens nucl., lateral (subventricular) part (core) AcM accumbens nucl., medial (subventricular) part (shell) aic ant. limb of internal capsule bcc body of the corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl (compact) insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd accumbens nucleus, caudate fundus region FOp frontal operculum FPu accumbens nucleus, putaminal fundus region FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island IG insular gyrus ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus ITG inferior frontal gyrus Li limen insulae lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus LT lamina terminalis MFG medial frontal gyrus MTG medial temporal gyrus OlfA olfactory area ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PCA precommissural archicortex pcfx precommissural fornix Pir (pre-)piriform cortex PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PuM medial putamen SCA subcallosal area SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus SCS subcallosal stratum SepG separans gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sv septal vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal island(s) Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum

-1

Li PirT

ox

Un MTG Ent

-2

-3

ITG PRC

0

1 cm

1

2

FuG

3

4

5

6

127

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18

-2,7 mm

SFG

6

MFG SFG

5

4

CG

3 PrG

SCS IGr

mls

CdL

bcc

2 CdM

cir

pcfx SFi

FOp

SCGP

sv

ec

aic

1

ex

IG

CdV Pu

lml

SCTI

LSV FCd

CoCl

DiCl

BSTL EGP BSTC GTI

VDB mfb AcM

AcL

0

ac

VCl unc

SSTI

PPCl

PirF

LT P3V

SepG

ilf

FPu

AcC TuTI Tu

STG

SCh

PIR

PirT

ox

-1

PPo

Li

PACl

Un

unc

MTG

-2

Ent

ac anterior commissure AcC accumbens nucleus, central (subventricular) part (core) AcL accumbens nucl., lateral (subventricular) part (core) AcM accumbens nucl., medial (subventricular) part (shell) aic ant. limb of internal capsule bcc body of the corpus callosum BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl (compact) insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd caudate fundus region FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus region FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus ITG inferior frontal gyrus Li limen insulae lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus LT lamina terminalis mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG medial frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria MTG medial temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PACl preamygdalar claustrum pcfx precommissural fornix PIR parainsular region PirF (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal area PirT (pre-)piriform cortex, temporal area PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex Pu putamen SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SCTI subcaudate terminal island SepG separans gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SFi septofimbrial nucleus SLG semilunar gyrus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sv septal vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal island(s) Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum VDB vertical limb of the diagonal band

-3

ITG PRC FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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19

-2,0 mm

SFG

6 MFG

SFG

5

4

CG PrG

3

SCS scal

IGr CdL

bcc

2 FLV

CdM

pcfx LSD SFi

cir FOp

SB

aic

SCGP

1 ec

CdV

LSI

BSTLJ LSV BSTM

aco VDB AcM GTI

CoCl

DiCl

0

ac

SepG

AcL

Tu

unc

FPu

AcC TuTI

SSTI

VCl

STG

ilf

PPCl PirF lo

SCh

P3V

IG

Pu

EGP

BSTC

LT

lml

ex

PPo

-1

Li PirT

ox Un

PACl

unc

TCl

-2

MTG

Ent

-3 PRC

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

ac anterior commisure AcC accumbens nucleus, central (subventricular) part (core) AcL accumbens nucl., lateral (subventricular) part (core) AcM accumbens nucl., medial (subventricular) part (shell) aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb AcSV accumbens nucleus, subventricular part aic ant. limb of internal capsule bcc body of the corpus callosum BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl (compact) insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus region FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus ITG inferior frontal gyrus Li limen insulae lml external medullary lamina of the globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI intermediolateral septal nucl. LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus LT lamina terminalis MFG medial frontal gyrus MTG medial temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PACl preamygdalar claustrum pcfx precommissural fornix PirF (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal area PirT (pre-)piriform cortex, temporal area PPCl (pre-)piriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex Pu putamen SB striatal cell bridges scal subcallosal bundle SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SepG separans gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SFi septofimbrial nucleus SLG semilunar gyrus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus TCl temporal claustrum Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal island(s) Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum VDB vertical limb of the diagonal band

Some unexplained abbreviations on the following pages are listed in the Index of Abbreviations.

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20

-1,3 mm

SFG

6

SFG MFG

5

4

CG PrG

3

SCS scal IGr

CdL

bcc

2

FLV pcfx LSD

CdM aic

SFi

cir

sv

TS LSI

BSTL

DPe

MPO

Pa AP AMPO

VPe

P3V

ox

1

FOp IG

Pu

EGP

CoCl

ac

0

AcM

GTI DB

ec

lml

LSV BS BS TC TM

ex

SCGP

tsv CdV

VCl DiCl

aco FPu

AcC TuTI

SSTI PirF

SO HDB Tu

STG

ilf

sts

Li

lo

SCh

PPCl

SepG

Un

-1

PPo PirT

unc

PACl

PACl TCl Ent

MTG

-2

-3

PRC ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

ac anterior commissure AcC accumbens nucleus, central (subventricular) part (core) AcM accumbens nucl., medial (subventricular) part (shell) aco ant. commissure, olfact. limb aic ant. limb of internal capsule AMPO ant. medial preoptic nucl. bcc body of the corpus callosum BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DB nucleus of the diagonal band DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DPe dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus region FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island HDB horizontal limb of the diagonal band IG insular gyrus ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus ITG inferior frontal gyrus Li limen insulae lml external medullary lamina of the globus pallidus lo laterao olfactory tract LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI intermediolateral septal nucl. LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus MFG medial frontal gyrus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic n., ant. parvocellular part PACl preamygdalar claustrum pcfx precommissural fornix PirF (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal area PirT (pre-)piriform cortex, temporal area PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex Pu putamen SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SepG separans gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SFi septofimbrial nucleus SLG semilunar gyrus SO supraoptic nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum TS triangular septal nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal island(s) Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum VPe ventral periventricular hypothalamic nucleus

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21

-0,6 mm

SFG

6 SFG MFG

5 CG

4

3 SCS

CG

scal CdL

bcc

2 CdM

FLV

FOp

LSD

aic

SFi sv LSI tsv

ec

1

ex

SCGP

CdV

IG

Pu

fx

EGP BSTL LSV BS BS mml TM TC DPe ac aco MnPO MPO GTI AcL FPu AcM SSTI Pa mfb TuTI AP ADB ALPO PirF HDB Tu AMPO lo SO P3V TS

ox

VCl ilf

DiCl

STG

sts

PPo

PACl AG

0 SepG

VCl

PirT

Un

SCh

CoCl

-1

unc TCl

AB La

-2

MTG Ent PRC

-3

ITG cos

0

1 cm

1

2

FuG

3

lots

4

5

6

AB access. basal amygdaloid ncl. ac anterior commissure AcL accumbens nucl., lateral (subventricular) part (core) AcM accumbens nucl., medial (subventricular) part (shell) aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb ADB nucleus of the diagonal band, angular part AG ambiens gyrus aic ant. limb of internal capsule ALPO ant. lateral preoptic nucl. AMPO ant. medial preoptic nucl. bcc body of the corpus callosum BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CoCl compact insular claustrum cos collateral sulcus DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DPe dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus region FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix longus GTI great terminal island HDB horizontal limb of the diagonal band ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus ITG inferior frontal gyrus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lo lateral olfactory tract lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI intermediolateral septal nucl. LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG medial frontal gyrus mml medial medullary lamina MnPO median preoptic nucleus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of 3rd ventr. PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic n., ant. parvocellular part PACl preamygdalar claustrum PirF piriform cortex, frontal area PirT piriform cortex, temporal area PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex scal subcallosal bundle SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SepG separans gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SFi septofimbrial nucleus SLG semilunar gyrus SO supraoptic nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum TS triangular septal nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum

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22

0,0 mm

SFG sfs

6 MFG

5 CG

4 PrG

PrG

3 SCS

scal

CdL FLV

CdM

LSD MS sv

ic CdV

tsv

LSV TS

cir

lml

BSTL BSTM

1

SCGP

LSI fx

2

FOp

BSTC EGP

ac

PaP PaMc

InfS

PuV

ac VP

MPO GTI

3V

CoCl

mml

DPe PaD

IG

Pu

BSTV mfb db TuTI

SxD SO ox

0 SepG

VCl

FPU SSTI

unc

STG

ilf DiCl

sts

PirF lo

Tu

unc

PirT

SCh

PACl

PAA Un

PPo

-1

cir

TCl

BM La BLVM

-2

MTG Ent PRC

-3

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

lots

4

5

6

3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus CoCl compact insular claustrum db diagonal band DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DPe dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex FLV frontal horn of lat.l ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus region FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix GTI great terminal island ic internal capsule IG insular gyrus ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus InfS infundibular stalk ITG inferior frontal gyrus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lml external medullary lamina of the globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI intermediolateral septal nucl. LSV ventrolateral septal nucleus mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG medial frontal gyrus mml medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MS medial septal nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm PAA periamygdalar area PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part PaMc paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part PaP paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part PirF piriform cortex, frontal area PirT piriform cortex, temporal area PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen scal subcallosal bundle SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SepG separans gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SO supraoptic nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein SxD sexual dimorphic ncl. TCl temporal claustrum TS triangular septal nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal island(s) Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum

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23

1,3 mm

SFG

sfs

6

MFG

5

4 CG PrG PrG

3 SCS scal

mls IGr

CdL

2

bcc ec

CdM

LV

FOp

LSD MS LSI

CdV tsv

fx

ex

SCGP

sv

1

cir

lml

ic

Pu

PaFo 3V

BSTLJ

BSTP LSV

BSTC

BC SO

opt

InfS

0 ac

VP BSTV

LHA mfb PaMc

3V sox

CoCl

mml

Do PaP

IG

EGP

FPu

VCl SSTI

unc

SepG

ilf DiCl

STG

Tu CxA

ACo sas

BM

sts

LiCl

PirT

-1

PPo PACl

TCl

BLVM BL

Un

unc

La

-2 Ent

MTG PRC

-3

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure ACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl. BC basal nucleus, compact part bcc body of the corpus callosum BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior part BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum Do dorsal hypothalamic nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix ic internal capsule IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus InfS infundibular stalk ITG inferior frontal gyrus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LHA lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml external medullary lamina of the globus pallidus LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI intermediolateral septal nucl. LSV ventral septal nucleus LV lateral ventricle mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG medial frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidus MS medial septal nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus opt optic tract PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part PaFo paraventricular nucleus, fornical part PaP paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part PirT piriform cortex, temporal area PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PuV ventral putamen sas semiannular sulcus scal subcallosal bundle SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus SCS subcallosal stratum SepG separans gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SO supraoptic nucleus sox supraoptic commissure SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum

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24

2,7 mm

SFG

6

MFG

SFG

5

4

CG

PrG

3

IGr mls

PrG

CdL

2

bcc LV

CdM

ec

LSD MS

ic

fx

SCGP CdV

tsv

sv

LSI IVF SFO PaFo

PaP

mml

LHA mfb PaMc

sls

opt

Inf

CoCl

0

IGP

DH BSTPL

SOVM

IG

EGP

BSTLJ

VMH

1

lml

BSTC

BSTPM PaD

ex Pu

Rt

fx

PoG

FOp

BC

SODL sas

PHA

ac BSTCV vaf

SepG

FPu unc VCl

AI

sts

LiCl AAA ACoD PirT ACoV PACl BM

-1

PACl

BLVM

Un

STG TCl

BL

PPo unc

La

Ent

-2

MTG PRC

-3

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

AAA anterior amygdaloid area ac anterior commissure ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part BC basal nucleus, compact part bcc body of the corpus callosum BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior part BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CoCl compact insular claustrum DH dorsal hypothalamic area EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex FOp frontal operculum FPu putaminal fundus FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix IGP internal globus pallidus IGr indusium griseum Inf infundibular nucleus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LHA lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml external medullary lamina of the globus pallidus LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LV lateral ventricle mfb medial forebrain bundle mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidus MS medial septal nucleus opt optic tract PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part PaFo paraventricular nucleus, fornical part PaMc paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part PaP paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PirT piriform cortex, temporal area PoG postcentral gyrus PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus sls sublenticular stria SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus SepG separans gyrus SFO subfornical organ SODL supraoptic nucleus, dorsolateral part SOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromedial part sox supraoptic decussation sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus vaf ventral anygdalofugal pathway VCl ventral claustrum VMH ventromed. hypothalamic n.

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25

4,0 mm

SFG

6 MFG SFG

5

4

CG PrG

3 SCS IGr

mls

scal

CdL PrG

bcc CdM

LV

POp ic

tsv

sv IVF

fx

ex

LSD

MS LSI

ec

cir lml

st 3V

1 FOp

SFO sm

2 PoG

IG

Pu

Rt EGP

DH

mml

PaD PaP Pa Mc

fx

CoCl

IGP

PeF mfb LHA sox VMH

0

ithp

opt

ac BC SODL sas

SOVM

MeA

ACoD

ACoV BM PHA BLVM

Un

vaf

SepG

VCl unc DiCl PACl AI LiCl TCl Ce

AStr LaDL

BL

STG

-1 PPo

unc ilf

MTG

La Ent

-2

SEL PRC

0

1 cm

1

2

-3

ITG

FuG

3

4

5

6

3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part AI amygdaloid island AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area BC basal nucleus, compact part bcc body of the corpus callosum BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus Ce central amygdaloid nucleus CG cingulate gyrus CoCl compact insular claustrum DH dorsal hypothalamic area DiCl diffuse insular claustrum EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix IG insular gyrus IGP internal globus pallidus IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle IVF interventricular foramen La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part LHA lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml external medullary lamina of the globus pallidus LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI intermediolateral septal nucl. LV lateral ventricle MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG medial frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria mml internal medullary lamina of the globus pallidus MS medial septal nucleus opt optic tract PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part PaMc paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part PaP paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part PeF perifornical nucleus PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus SepG separans gyrus SEL subependymal layer SFG superior frontal gyrus SFO subfornical organ sm stria medullaris of thalamus SODL supraoptic n., dorsolat. part SOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromedial part sox supraoptic decussation sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus vaf ventral anygdalofugal pathway VCl ventral claustrum VCo ventral cortical nucleus VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

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26

5,4 mm

SFG sfs

6 MFG pcs

SFG

5

cgs

4 CG PrG

3 scal CdL

IGr mls

ce

CdM

MS fx

FOp st

cir

1

ic

st sm

lf

Rt lml

mml

3V Fa

ZI

ithp

LHA VMH TM LTu

TrG1

IG CoCl

IGP

0

icml

fx DMH PeF al

Inf

POp

LSI tsv

Pa

2

PoG

LV LSD

SepG

Pa2

SODL

sox opt

VCl

ac

BC

unc

Ce

SOVM PHA

BLPL BLVM

Un

sts

LiCl

LaDM

AStr ilf

BLVL LaI

LaDA

-1

PPo

LaDL

BLD BLI

AG unn

STG

PACl

ACoD MeA ACoV BM

DiCl

MTG

SEL

-2

SEL Ent PRC its cos

-3

ITG FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure ACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl. AG ambiens gyrus al ansa lenticularis BC basal nucleus, compact part BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl., dorsal (magnocellular) part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. ce central fissure Ce central amygdaloid nucleus CoCl (compact) insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic n. Fa fasciculosus nucleus fx fornix ic internal capsule icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus IGP internal globus pallidus IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Inf infundibular nucleus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolat. part LaDM lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part LaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermedial part lf lateral fissure LHA lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI intermediolateral septal nucl. LTu lateral tuberal nucleus MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG medial frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria mml internal medullary lamina of the globus pallidus MS medial septal nucleus MTu medial tuberal nucleus Pa2 paraoptic nucleus PAA periamygdalar area Pa paraventricular hyperthalamic nucleus PACl preamygdalar claustrum pcs precentral sulcus PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus SepG separans gyrus SEL subependymal layer SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SO supraoptic nucleus sox supraoptic decussation SPF subparafascicular thalamic n. st stria terminalis TCl temporal claustrum TrG1 anterior transverse temporal gyrus tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus unn uncal notch, intrarhinal sulcus unc uncinate fasciculus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucl. VCl ventral claustrum VCo ventral cortical nucleus ZI zona incerta

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27

6,7 mm

SFG

6 sfs SFG pcs

5 MFG

cgs

4 CG

PrG

3 SCS IGr

MS

scal

bcc

LSD

LSI tfx

ic

fx

0

IGP liml

mfb

DMH

lf

IG

EGP

ithp DHA

Me

Pu

TrG1 Rt ZI

DMC

1

VA

Fa

PaPo

ex ic

eml

AM

3V

POp

tsv

AV

sm

2

PoG

FOp

SCGP tclv

PT

cir

ec

tch

fx

tt

ce

CdM

LV

icml

unc

opt

VMH PeF

ac

ap

al

LHA LTu

SSTI

sas

MeA PCo

Un

SepG

STG

LiCl

Ce BL

BM

Puv

-1

AStr

LaDL

BLVM

sts

PPo

BL

PHA

Inf

CoCl VCl DiCl

ilf

LaDA HiH

3n

-2

TLV

Ent MTG

PRC

cos

0

1 cm

1

its

ITG

-3

FuG

2

3

4

5

6

3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure ACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl. al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucl. ap ansa peduncularis AStr amygdalo-striatal transit.area AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. CdM medial caudate nucleus ce central fissure Ce central amygdaloid nucleus cgs cingulate sulcus CoCl (compact) insular claustrum DHA dorsal hypothalamic area DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DMC dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact part DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic n. eml external medullary lamina Fa fasciculosus nucleus FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix HiH hippocampal head icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus IG insular gyrus Inf infundibular nucleus ITG inferior frontal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle its inferior temporal sulcus LaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part LADL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal lateral part LHA lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum liml limiting medullary lamina of the globus pallidus LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI intermediolateral septal nucl. LTu lateral tuberal nucleus LV lateral ventricle Me median eminence MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part mfb medial forebrain bundle MS medial septal nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n. PeF perifornical nucleus PHA parahippocampo-amygdaloid transition area PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PuV ventral putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus tch tenia of choroid plexus tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricle TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle tfx tenia of fornix TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus tsv thalamostriate vein tt tenia thalamus unc uncinate fasciculus VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl. VCl ventral claustrum VMH ventromedial hypoth. nucl. ZI zona incerta

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28

8,0 mm

SFG

6 sfs

5 MFG

4

CG PrG

3 ce

FOp

LV SB

LSI tsv

fx

SCGP

POp

cir

ic

AV

sm

2

PoG

LSD

1

eml AM

PT

VA

Fa ithp

3V

lf

TrG1

iml IG

Rt IGP

ZI

CoCl

0

ic

DHA PaPo liml icml H2 phy VCl BC DMH LHA PalHy al ap AI DiCl unc mfb CeM fx sox ac CeL VMHDM opt LiCl TM BMDM PCo BLD LTu sas BMVM AStr PuV VMHVL Inf BLI BLVM Un LaDA BLPL LaI LaV HiH TLV 3n us unn

SepG sts

STG

-1

PPo

MTG

-2

Ent PRC its

0

1 cm

1

2

-3

ITG

FuG

3

4

5

6

ac anterior commissure AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucl. ap ansa peduncularis AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalo-striatal transit.area BC basal nucleus, compact part BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl., dorsal part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part BMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part ce central fissure CeL centr. amygd. n., lateral part CeM centr. amygd. n., medial part DHA dorsal hypothalamic area DMH dorsomedial hypothal. nucl. eml external medullary lamina Fa fasciculosus nucleus FOp frontal operculum H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of the thalamus inf infundibular nucleus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle LaDA lateral amygd. nucl., dorsal anterior part LaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part LaV lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part lf lateral fissure LHA lateral hypothalamic area liml limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI intermediolateral septal nucl. LTu lateral tuberal nucleus LV lateral ventricle mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG medial frontal gyrus opt optic tract PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n. phy pallidohypothalamic fibers PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl. PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PuV ventral putamen PT paratenial thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus SB striatal cell bridges SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SepG separans gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus sm stria medullaris of the thalamus sox supraoptic decussation sts superior temporal sulcus TM tuberomammillary nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein unn uncal notch us uncal sulcus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucl. VCl ventral claustrum VMHDM ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part VMHVL ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part ZI zona incerta

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29

9,3 mm

SFG

sfs

6 PrG

5

MFG

4

CG

3

PoG bcc LV

2

Cd

tclv tsv

bfx

ic

POp

AV

Rt

sm

eml

iml

PV

1

lf

lml

AM

PT

FOp

IG

VA

TrG1

Pu EGP

IthA 3V PH

Fa ithp

DHA DMH pm

mml lenf

ZI H2

0

CoCl icml

al EP opt

LHA mfb PalHy fx ML MM

IGP

BC

CeM

CeL

PPo

DiCl

ac

LM

CA1

3n unn

S

sts

STG

unc LiCl SLG PuV BM sas PCo BLD AStr PedL BLVM BLI BLPL BLVL La st

-1

TLV

MTG

-2

HiH

Ent PRC its cos

0

1 cm

1

2

-3

ITG

FuG

3

4

5

6

ac anterior commissure al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucl. ap ansa peduncularis AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus BC basal nucleus, compact part bfx body of fornix BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial part CG cingulate gyrus DHA dorsal hypothalamic area DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic n. EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina Ent entorhinal cortex EP entopeduncular nucleus Fa fasciculosus nucleus H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head ic internal capsule icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus ITG inferior frontal gyrus IthA interthalamic adhesion ithp inferior thalamic peduncle its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LHA lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum liml limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lenf lenticular fasciculus LM lateral mammillary nucleus ML medial mammillary nucleus, lateral part MM medial mammillary nucleus, medial part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG medial frontal gyrus mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MTG medial temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaF parafornical nucleus PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl. PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl. PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n. pm principal mammillary fasciculus PuLi limitans putamen PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semianular sulcus sfs superior frontal sulcus SLG semilunar gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sth subthalamic fascicle TCd tail of caiudate nucleus tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein unc uncinate fasciculus unn uncal notch VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl. ZI zona incerta

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30

10,7 mm

SFG

sfs

6 PrG SFG

5

PrG

CG

4 ce

3

PoG

sm tt

tsv

tclv

bfx

2

Cd

tfx tch

SB

st

POp

gic

PT

AV eml

AM

FOp lml

VA

iml

mml

IthA Fa Re

H2

liml cp

ML LM

mt

Un 3n

0

IGP

al

comb DMH LHA PalHy

MM

CoCl

lenf

ZI

ithp DHA

VCl

EP

opt Me CeM unc ers -DM CeL LiCl PuV CeM SLG -CM -DL ac BLD PedL sas PCo BMAStr -VM BLI st AHi AG La BLVL BLPL S TLV PrS unn

DiCl

STG

PPo

CA1

-2

S

MTG

Ent

cos

1 cm

1

sts

-1

PRC

0

1

lf

IG

Pu

EGP

Rt

3V

TrG1

2

its

-3 FuG

ITG

3

4

5

6

ac anterior commissure AG ambiens gyrus AHi amygdalohippocampal area al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucl. AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area AV anteroventral thalamic nucl. bfx body of fornix BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part BLI basolat. amygdaloid nucleus, intermedial part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part BMCM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, centromedial part BMDL basomed. amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part BMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part BMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial part comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle DHA dorsal hypothalamic area DMH dorsomedial hypothalamic n. EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina EP entopeduncular nucleus ers endorhinal sulcus Fa fasciculosus nucleus gic genu of the internal capsule H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus IthA interthalamic adhesion ithp inferior thalamic peduncle La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lenf lenticular fascicle LHA lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum liml limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus LM lateral mammillary nucleus lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus Me medial amygdaloid nucleus ML medial mammillary nucleus, lateral part MM medial mammillary nucleus, medial part mml medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl. PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n. PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl. PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PuV ventral putamen Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus SB striatal cell bridges sfs superior frontal sulcus SLG semilunar gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus st stria terminalis tch tenia of choroid plexus tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricle tfx tenia of fornix tsv thalamostriate vein tt tenia thalamus unc uncinate fasciculus unn uncal notch (Duvernoy) VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl. ZI zona incerta

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31

SFG

12,0 mm

PrG PrG

6

SFG

5 ce CG

4

PoG

3 SCS

bcc

Cd LV

bfx

2

st gic

AV sm PT PV

DCl

tsv

Cuc

eml

VA MD iml

VL IG lml

Rt

CeMe Co Fa mt VA Re 3V ZI H2 PHA mtg

PTe

EGP mml

0

IGP comb

SNR cp

MM

1

lf

TrG1

VAMC

mfb LHA

POp

FOp

AG

VCl

al BC CeM PuV Me opt CeL AStr SLG PCo BM BL PedL st AHi CA1

DiCl

sts

-1 TCd

Un TLV

us

3n

STG

PPo

LiCl

DG

HiH

-2

unn

MTG

S Ent PRC

its

-3

FuG ITG

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle AG ambiens gyrus AHi amygdalohippocampal area al ansa lenticularis AV anteroventral thalamic nucl. AStr amygdalostriate transit. area BC basal nucleus, compact part bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial part CeMe central medial thalamic n. CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DCl dorsal claustrum DG dentate gyrus DiCl diffuse insular claustrum EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina (thalamus) Ent entorhinal cortex Fa fasciculosus nucleus FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus gic genu of the internal capsule H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina LHA lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. Me medial amygdaloid nucleus mfb medial forebrain bundle MM medial mammillary nucleus, medial part mml medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract mtg mammillo-tegmental tract MTG medial temporal gyrus opt optic tract PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n. PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl. PHA posterior hypothalamic area PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus SLG semilunar gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNR substantia nigra, reticular p. st stria terminalis TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus unn uncal notch us uncal sulcus VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl. VAMC ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part VCl ventral claustrum VL ventral lateral thalamic nucl. ZI zona incerta

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32

13,3 mm

SFG PrG PrG

6

SFG

5 ce

CG

4

PoG

3 SCS

bcc

Cd

LV tsv

bfx

2

st pic

AD sm Cuc

AV

PT

POp

FOp

ec

eml

lf

mt MD iml

PV

Co ithp

VLA

VAMC

Pu

Rt

VA

Re PHA mtg

3V

ex

VA

1

TrG1

IG

DCl

PTe

lml

mt

EGP

H1 H2

ZI

IGP

lenf

0

mml

STG

al

STh sumx LHA

comb

opt

SNR cp MM SNC

Un

3n

us

LiCl CeM PuV CeL BM Me st BL AStr PedL

HiH CA1

PaS

PPo

DiCl

sts

-1 TCd TLV

DG

-2

PrS S

MTG

Ent

its

-3

FuG

ITG

lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

3n oculomotor nerve AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis AStr amygdalostriate transit. area AV anteroventral thalamic nucl. bcc body of corpus callosum bfx body of fornix BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial part CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DCl dorsal claustrum DG dentate gyrus DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina (thalamus) Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina with cell clusters (thalamus) ITG inferior frontal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle its inferior temporal sulcus lenf lentiform fibers lf lateral fissure LHA lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. Me medial amygdaloid nucleus MM medial mamillary nucleus mml medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract mtg mammillo-tegmental tract MTG medial temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl. PHA posterior hypothalamic area pic post. part of the intern.capsule PPo planum polare PoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus sumx supramamillary commissure TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl. VAMC ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part VLA ventrolateral anterior thalamic nucleus VCl ventral claustrum ZI zona incerta

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33

14,6 mm

SFG PrG

6

5

SFG ce

4

CG

PoG

3 CG

SCS lls bcc

mls

Cd

tsv

LV bfx AV

SB eml

VLP

ec

Pu lml

CeMe VAMC VM ithp H1 ZI

sumx VTA

EGP

0

mml comb

STh

IGP al opt

comb

SNR

SNC

PTe

ex

VA

mt H2

1

TrG1

Co Re 3V

lf

IG

pic

VLA

iml

MD Mc

POp

FOp

Rt

Cuc AD PT sm MD PV

2

st

VP Me Ce st vt

3n

AStr

DG

Un us

CA1

STG

PuV

CA2

cp

PPo

VCl

DG

sts

PuLi

-1

TCd DG

TLV

PaS

MTG

-2

PrS Pons

S

Ent

FuG its

-3 ITG lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis AStr amygdalostriate transit. area AV anteroventral thalamic nucl. bfx body of fornix bG band of Giacomini CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure Ce central amygdaloid nucleus CeMe central medial thalamic n. Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DG dentate gyrus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) IG insular gyrus IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina with intralaminar cell clusters ITG inferior frontal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle lf lateral fissure lls lateral longitudinal stria lml lat. medull. lamina of globus p. lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part Me medial amygdaloid nucleus mls medial longitudinal stria mml med. medull. lamina of globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract MTG medial temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum pic post. part of internal capsule POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrS prosubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuLi limitans putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus SB striatal cell bridge SCS subcallosal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STh subthalamic nucleus STG superior temporal gyrus sumx supramamillary commissure TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus us uncal sulcus VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl. VAMC ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part VCl ventral claustrum VLA ventrolateral ant. thalamic n. VLP ventrolateral post. thal. nucl. VM ventromedial thalamic nucl. VP ventral pallidum vt velum terminale VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

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34

SFG

16,0 mm

PrG

6

ce

5

SFG

4

CG PoG

LV

bcc

FOp

st

bfx PT Cuc sm tt

Cd tsv

tfx AD

pic

eml

AV

SB

lf

Rt

MD MD Mc

ex VLA

VA

iml CeMe Co

EGP

SNC

sumx

STh SNR

al comb

SNR cp

opt

STG

PPo VP

Amg st tst TLV CA2

tfi

bG

VTA 3n

0

mml IGP

ZI

H2

1

PTe

lml

VLP

H1

TrG1

Pu

VIM

Re 3V

2

POp

IG

ec

VLP PV

3

PuV

sts

VCl

AStr TCd

-1

CA1

Un

DG

CA3

us

MTG

Pons

-2 Ent

its FuG

ITG

-3

lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis Amg amygdala AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriate transit. area bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix bG band of Giacomini CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeMe central medial thalamic n. CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DG dentate gyrus EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) IG insular gyrus IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part mml medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidus opt optic tract pic post. part of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus SB striatal cell bridge SFG superior frontal gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus sumx supramamillary commissure TCd tail of caudate nucleus tfi tenia of fimbria tfx tenia of fornix TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 anterior transverse temporal gyrus tst tenia of stria terminalis tsv thalamostriate vein tt tenia of thalamus Un uncus us uncal sulcus VA ventroanterior thalamic nucl. VCl ventral claustrum VIM ventrointermedius nucleus VLA ventrolateral ant. thalamic n. VLP ventrolat. post. thalamic n. VP ventral pallidum VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

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35

SFG

17,2 mm

PrG

6 ce

5 SFG

PoG

4 CG

3 SCS

bcc IGr

mls

FOp POp

Cd

tsv

2

LV

bfx

st

LD

AD PT

CoCl

IG

lf

eml

AV

sm

ex MD Mc

VLPI (Vimi)

MD

VLA

Rt Pu

VLPE

CM

Co

PF

Re 3V

VM H1 ZIV

crt

SNC

3n

lml

IGP comb

opt

VP Amg st TLV

bG cp

Un us PaS

Pons

0

PPo

EGP al

SNR

SNR

pic mml

ZID

STh

cr

IPCi

1

ec

iml PV

PTe

TrG1

STG

VCl

sts

PuV AStr TCd

CA2

DG

CA3 FD DG

PrS

S

-1 MTG

CA1

-2

Ent its cos ITG

FuG

-3

lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

3n oculomotor root AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis Amg amygdala AStr amygdalostriate transit. area AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus bfx body of fornix bG band of Giacomini CA1-3 fields of hippocampus CM centromedian thalamic nucl. Co commissural nucleus CoCl (compact) insular claustrum comb comb system cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DG dentate gyrus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus IPCi interpeduncular cistern its inferior temporal sulcus LD laterodorsal nucleus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD mediodorsal thalamic nucleus MDMc mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina MTG medial temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PF parafascicular thalamic nucl. pic posterior part of the internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein us uncal sulcus VCl ventral claustrum VLA ventrolateral ant. thalamic n. VLPE ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part VLPI ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VM ventromedial thalamic nucl. VP ventral pallidum VPLA ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, anterior part ZID zona incerta, dorsal part ZIV zona incerta, ventral part

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36

SFG

18,6 mm

ce

6

PrG

5

PoG SFG

4

PoG

3

CG

SCS FOp

bcc

IGr

Cd

LV

bfx

st LD

Rt

AV AD

MDD

sm

lf

DCl

VLPI (Vimi)

ec

eml

MDFa MDFi

2

POp

ex

1

PTe

TrG1 IG

iml Pu

PV

VLPE

MDV

pic

CM

PF VM

Re

al

STh

R

comb

cr

0

EGP

ZI

H1 crt

lml PPo

STG

VCl

VP

sts

PuV

Amg st AStr TLV TCd CA2 fi CA3 CA2 CA3 Un DG FD CA3 FD CA1 us opt

chf

SNC SNR cp

PaS

PrS

Pons

-1

MTG

S

-2

Ent cos

its FuG

-3

ITG lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis Amg amygdala AStr amygdalostriate transit. area AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus chf choroidal fissure CM centromedian thalamic nucl. comb comb system cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DCl dorsal claustrum DG dentate gyrus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus its inferior temporal sulcus LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PF parafascicular thalamic nucl. pic post. part of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. R red nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 anterior transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus us uncal sulcus VCl ventral claustrum VLPE ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part VLPI ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VM ventromedial thalamic nucl. VP ventral pallidum ZI zona incerta

165

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37

SFG

19,9 mm

ce

6 PrG SFG

5 PoG

4 CG

3

SCS bcc

IGr

FOp

LV Cd

tsv

2 POp

bfx

Rt

LD

PT

Cl SB

sm VLPI (Vimi)

MD

MD Mc PV PF

VLPE

ZI STh

crt

al opt

cr

tclv SNC SNR

Un

PuV st tst

PaS

PrS

Pons

TCd

TLV CA3 DG FD

CA3

us

STG

Amg

fi tfi cp

0

PPo

EGP

fr RPC

crt

Pu lml

VPM H1

1

IG

VPL

CM

PTe

ex TrG1

pic

iml

Re

ec

eml

MTG

CA2

CA1 S

-1

alv

-2 Ent

FuG

0

1 cm

1

2

ITG

3

4

-3

5

6

al ansa lenticularis alv alveus of the hippocampus AStr amygdalostriate transition area bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucl. cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DG dentate gyrus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD mediodorsal thalamic nucleus MDMc mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PF parafascicular thalamic nucl. pic posterior part of the internal capsule PPo planum polare PoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucl., parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SB striatal cell bridges SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus TCd tail of caudate nucleus tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricle tfi tenia of fimbria TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle tst tenia of stria terminalis tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus us uncal sulcus VLPE ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part VLPI ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VPL ventroposterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPM ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus 167 ZI zona incerta

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38

21,2 mm

PoG ce

6

5

PrG

PoG

4 SMG

pocs

CG

3 PoG SCS

bcc LV tsv

FOp

Cd

POp

st

bfx

lf

LD eml

ec

MD sm MD Mc

Pu Rt

crt

RPC VTA

ZI opt

cp SNC SNR

3n

STG PuV

PBP

cr

0

al

H1 fr

TrG1

EGP

VPM

Re

1

lml

CM

PF

PTe

IG

pic VPL

iml

PV

ex

Cl

VLPI (Vimi)

MDPL

2

his

Un

PrS PaS

AStr st TLV CA2 fi CA3

sts TCd

-1

DG

MTG

CA1 S

FD

Pons

-2 Ent

its

FuG

-3

ITG cos

0

1 cm

1

2

3

lots

4

5

6

al ansa lenticularis AStr amygdalostriate transit. area bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucl. cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DG dentate gyrus EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus IG insular gyrus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus LDSF laterodorsal n., superf. part lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG medial temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl. PF parafascicular thalamic nucl. pic post. part of the int. capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucl., parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus VLPI ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VPL ventroposterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPM ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

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39

22,6 mm

PoG

ce

6

PoG ce

5

PrG

SMG

4 PoG

CG

pocs

3

PoG SCS bcc

LV tfx tst

FOp Cd

st

bfx

POp

LD eml

sm tt

MD

iml

PF

Re

ex

1

VLPI (Vimi)

pic VPL

TrG1

Pu

TrG2

lml VPI

al

0

Pu

STG sts

TLV LG

PBP

cp

his

scp SNR SNC

VTA

ec

Rt

RPC

IP

PTe

IG

Cl

CM

VPM H1 fr VPMPC crt ZI

SPF

Pu

MD PL

MD Mc

PV

2

lf

SB

PrS

st tfi fi

TCd

tst CA3

S

-1

CA2 FD CA1

PaS

MTG alv

Pons

-2

PRC Ent its FuG cos

0

1 cm

1

2

lots

3

4

ITG

5

-3

6

al ansa lenticularis alv alveus of the hippocampus bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix CA1-3 fields of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucl. cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers (superior cerebellar peduncle) ec external capsule eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus IG insular gyrus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus IP interpeduncular nucleus its inferior temporal sulcus LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus LG lateral geniculate body lml lateral medullary lamina (globus pallidum) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG medial temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl. PF parafascicular thalamic nucl. pic post. part of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTe planum temporale PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucl., parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus SB striatal cell bridge scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata SPF subparafascicular thalamic n. st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus tfi tenia of fimbria tfx tenia of fornix TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus tst tenia of stria terminalis tt tenia of thalamus VLPI ventrolateral posterior nucleus, internal part VPI ventroposterior inferior nucl. VPMPC ventroposterior medial nucleus, parvocellular part VPL ventroposterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPM ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

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40

23,9 mm

PoG ce

6

PrG

ce

5 PoG

SMG

4 CG

pocs

3

PoG

SCS bcc

IGr

LV

lf

Cd

tsv bfx

st LD

POp

PT

eml

sm MD

MD Mc

PV

VLPI (Vimi)

MD PL iml

PF

APul

Cl

VTA

TrG2 sts

Pu

0

SGe

VPI

STG

its

ZI

his

SNR SNC

PrS

Pons

1 TrG1

st

LG

cp

IG

Rt

RPC

scp

ex

pic VPM

H1 PBP

fr

STG

VPL

VPMPC

SPF

IP

ec

CM

Re

2

PTe

fi

TLV TCd CA2 CA3

S

-1 MTG

CA1

PaS

-2

PHG

ITG FuG

cos

0

1 cm

1

2

lots

3

4

-3

5

6

APul anterior pulvinar bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix CA1-3 fields of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucl. cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle ec external capsule eml external medullary lamina of thalamus ex extreme capsule fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus IP interpeduncular nucleus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG medial temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl. PF parafascicular thalamic nucl. PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic post. part of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucleus, parvocellular p. Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum SGe suprageniculate nucleus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata SPF subparafascicular thalamic n. st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus tsv thalamostriate vein VLPI ventrolateral posterior nucleus, internal part VPI ventroposterior inferior nucl. VPMPC ventroposterior medial nucleus, parvocellular part VPL ventroposterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPM ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

173

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41

25,2 mm

PrG ce

PrG

6

PoG

5

SMG

4 CG pocs

3

PoG

SCS

Pop

bcc

lf Cd

bfx

LV

LD VLPI (Vimi)

MDPL

sm

2 PTe

eml

IG TrG1

MD MD Mc

TrG2

1

STG

VPL

iml APul

Pu pic

PV

CM

PF

Rt

0

fr

H1

RPC

VPM VPI

PP

PPA

fi

his

scp VTA

st

LG

PBP IP

sts SGe

ZI

cp SNC SNR

PrS

TLV

TCd

CA2 CA3

MTG

-1

alv

S CA1

PaS

its

Pons

-2

PHG ITG FuG

cos

lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

-3

5

6

alv alveus of the hippocampus APul anterior pulvinar bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucl. cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus IG insular gyrus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus IP interpeduncular nucleus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus LDSF laterodorsal n., superfic. p. lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG medial temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl. PF parafascicular thalamic nucl. PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior part of the internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POp parietal operculum PPA peripeduncular area PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucl. RPC red nucl., parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum SGe suprageniculate nucleus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus VLPI ventrolateral posterior nucleus, internal part VPI ventroposterior inferior nucl. VPL ventroposterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPM ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta

175

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42

26,5 mm

ce PrG ce

6 pocs PoG

PoG

PrG

5

4 CG

SMG

3 lf

SCS LV

bcc

PTe

Cd

tsv bfx

2

POp

st LD

AD

VLPI (Vimi)

MD PL

MD sm MD Mc

IG

PF

Pu

VPL

CM

Rt

VPI

ZI PPA

pic sts

VPM fr

PP or

MG

his

scp SNC

PrS SNR cp

0

TLV st

LG

RPC xscp

1

STG

eml

iml APul

TrG2

TrG1

TCd

fi

CA2 CA3

S

alv MTG

-1

CA1

PaS

its

Pons PHG

-2 cos

FuG

ITG lots

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus alv alveus of the hippocampus APul anterior pulvinar bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucl. CMMC centromedian thalamic n., magnocelular part cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IG insular gyrus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus LDSF laterodorsal nucleus, superficial part lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MG medial geniculate nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus or optic radiation PaS parasubiculum PF parafascicular thalamic nucl. PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior part of the internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POp parietal operculum PPA peripeduncular area PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTe planum temporale Pu putamen RPC red nucl., parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus tsv thalamostriate vein VLPI ventrolateral posterior nucleus, internal part VPI ventroposterior inferior nucl. VPL ventroposterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPM ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle ZI zona incerta

177

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43

ce

27,8 mm

PoG

PrG

6 pocs

PrG

5

SMG

CG

4

3 POp

SCS

bcc

lf

LV Cd

bfx

2 PTe

TrG2

LD VLPI LPul Pu

MD sm APul

Hb fr pc

iml PTc

Rt

STG

CM TrA

MGDA Lim MGPC

st

LG

PP PrS xscp

ml

S

CA2 CA3

-1

CA1

SNR SNC cp

0

TCd

fi his

MGLi

ctg

sts

TLV

MGFi

tth

Aq

1

pic

eml VPL

TrG1

IG

MTG

PHG

its

-2

cos FuG

ITG lots

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

APul anterior pulvinar nucleus Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucl. cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle ctg central tegmental tract eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus Hb habenular nucleus his hippocampal sulcus IG insular gyrus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus LDSF laterodorsal nucleus, superficial part lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus Lim limitans nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MGDA medial geniculate nucl., dorsoant. (magnocellular) part MGDP medial geniculate nucleus, dorsoposterior part MGFi medial geniculate nucleus, fibrosus part MGLi medial geniculate nucleus, limitans part MGPC medial geniculate nucleus, parvocellular part ml medial lemniscus MTG medial temporal gyrus pc posterior commissure PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior part of the internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PP peripeduncular nucleus PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, p.compacta SNR substantia nigra, p. reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus SubH subhabenular nucleus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrA triangular area (Wernicke) TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus tth dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract VLPI ventrolateral posterior nucleus, internal part VPI ventroposterior inferior nucl. VPL ventroposterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPM ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle

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44

ce PoG

29,2 mm

PrG

6

PoG

5 SMG

4

CG

lf

POp

bcc

Cd

bfx

2

st

SFPul

TrG1

LPul

Pu

APul

VPL

STG

or LimPo

Aq

Lim PTc

IGPuI

PP SN

slic

LG

st

MGFi his PrS

0

TCd TLV

sts

CA2

MTG

fi

MGLi

ctg

xscp

1

eml

iml

PAG

IG

Rt

MD

LHb MHb Lim hbc PTc pc

PTe

TrG2

LV

3

CA3

-1

CA1

S

PHG

ml

its ITG cos

-2

FuG

lots

APul anterior pulvinar nucleus Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bcc body of the corpus callosum bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus ctg central tegmental tract eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus hbc habenular commissure his hippocampal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus LHb lateral habenular nucleus Lim limitans nucleus LimPo limitans portae lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MGDA medial geniculate nucleus, dorsoant. (magnocellular) part MGDP medial geniculate nucleus, dorsoposterior part MGFi medial geniculate nucleus, fibrosus part MGLi medial geniculate nucleus, limitans part MHb medial habenular nucleus ml medial lemniscus MTG medial temporal gyrus or optic radiation PAG periaqueductal gray pc posterior commissure PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PP peripeduncular nucleus PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SFPul superficial pulvinar slic sublenticular part of internal capsule SMG supramarginal gyrus SN substantia nigra st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus VPL ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

181

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45

ce PoG

30,5 mm

6

5

SMG

CG

4

POp

3 PTe

scal bcc

TrG2

Cd pfx

dhc

2

st

LV pic

SFPul

TrG1

IG Pu

eml

1

MD MPul

LPul

iml Pi

STG

slic csc PAG Aq

Rt

PTc SC pc

spth

bic

Lim MGDP bic MGLi

ctg

IGPul

st LG

or

fi

MDe

MGFi PrS

CA3

S

CA2

CA1

sts

VPL

DG

sms

mlf

0

TCd TLV

-1

PHG

xscp

MTG

ml cos

its

-2

FuG ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bcc body of the corpus callosum bic brachium of the inf. colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus csc commissure of the superior colliculi ctg central tegmental tract DG dentate gyrus dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus IG insular gyrus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus Lim limitans nucleus LPul inferior pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MD mediodorsal thalamic nucleus MDe margo denticulatus MGDP medial geniculate nucleus, dorsoposterior part MGFi medial geniculate nucleus, fibrosus part MGLi medial geniculate nucleus, limitans part ml medial lemniscus mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus or optic radiation PAG periaqueductal gray pc posterior commissure pfx post. column (crus) of fornix PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland pic post. part of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrS presubiculum PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scal subcallosal bundle SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus slic sublenticular part of internal capsule SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum spth spino-thalamic tract st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus VPL ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle

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ce

31,9 mm

PoG PrG

6

5

SMG

4

CG

3

POp

scal

scc LV

PTe

lf

SCS

2

TrG2

Cd

pfx

IG TrG1

st

dhc

Pu SFPul

1

pic

DiPul LPul eml

Pi

Aq

MPul

SC

csc

slic

0

st

PTc Lim

his sms

IC

TCd

fi

IGPuI

cmg

PAG

STG Rt

CA3

CA1

ll mlf

ml

sts

CA2

S

CuA

TLV

MTG

DG

-1

PHG

xscp

-2

cos FuG

its

Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cmg capsule of medial geniculate nucleus cos collateral sulcus csc commissure of the superior colliculi CuA cuneiform area DG dentate gyrus dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IC inferior colliculus IG insular gyrus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure Lim limitans nucleus ll lateral lemniscus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle ml medial lemniscus mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray pfx posterior column (crus) of fornix PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland pic posterior part of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scal subcallosal bundle scc splenium of the corpus callosum SCS subcallosal stratum SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus slic sublenticular part of internal capsule SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 anterior transverse temporal gyrus TrG2 posterior transverse temporal gyrus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle

ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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ce

33,1 mm

PoG

6

SMG

5

4

CG

lf

3

POp

LV

IGr

IG

tfx tst

scc

dhc

1

DiPul Pi

TrG1

st

SFPul

MPul

2

TrG2

st Cd

pfx

PTe

Pu

eml LPul

STG Rt st

SC

bsc

csc Aq

IGPul

fi his

bic

0

TCd

sts

TLV CA2 CA3

MTG

S

PAG

CA1

-1

PHG

Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bic brachium of the inferior colliculus bsc brachium of the superior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus csc commissure of the superior colliculi dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle ml medial lemniscus mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray pfx posterior column (crus) of fornix PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus SMG supramarginal gyrus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus tfx tenia of fornix TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TrG1 anterior transverse temporal gyrus TrG2 posterior transverse temporal gyrus tst tenia of stria terminalis (of choroid plexus)

mlf ml

-2

cos FuG

its ITG lots

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

-3

5

6

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ce

34,6 mm

6

PoG

PCL

5 SMG

4 CG lf

PTe

3

POp

scc

LV IG

2

TrG2

TrG1

Cd pfx

dhc

1

st

Di Pul

Pi

eml

MPul

STG

Rt TCd

Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bic brachium of the inferior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IC nucleus of inferior colliculus IG insular gyrus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray PCL paracentral lobule pfx posterior column (crus) of fornix PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TrG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TrG2 post. transverse temp. gyrus

LPul sts TLV

SC

0

STG

CA2

his

CA3 PAG Aq

bic

S CA1

IC

-1

PHG MTG cos

-2 FuG its ITG lots

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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49

ce

36,0 mm

6 PoG PCL

SMG

5

cgs

PCun

cgs

4 CG

PTe POp

3 lf

TrG2 scc

2

LV TrG1

dhc TCd st

pfx

1

eml MPul

STG

LPul Rt

TLV his

SC

acs

cic PAG

sts

0

CA2 CA3

STG

aca anterior calcarine sulcus bic brachium of the inferior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cic commissure of the inferior colliculi cos collateral sulcus dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IC inferior colliculus ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG medial temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus pfx posterior column (crus) of fornix PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TrG1 anterior transverse temporal gyrus TrG2 posterior transverse temporal gyrus

S IC

CA1

bic

-1

PHG

cos

MTG

-2

FuG its lots

ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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50

39,5 mm

PoG

6

SMG

5

PCL

cgs PCun

lf

4

PTe

3

POp

CG

TrG2

2

lls

TrG1

IG

IGr

scc

aca anterior calcarine sulcus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior frontal gyrus lf lateral fissure MTG medial temporal gyrus PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus pfx posterior column (crus) of fornix PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale S subiculum scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TrG1 anterior transverse temporal gyrus TrG2 posterior transverse temporal gyrus TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

TrLV CA1

1

TCd

pfx

STG

FG sts

DG CA2 sms

aca

0

DG

MTG

S CA1

-1

PHG

cos

-2

FuG

ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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51

SPL

40,8 mm

6

PCL PoG

5

cgs pocs

PCun

4

SMG sbps

SMG

3 CG POp PTe

2

lls

IGr

aca anterior calcarine sulcus ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus cfx crus of the fornix CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lls lateral longitudinal stria lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG medial temporal gyrus PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale S subiculum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

TrLV

scc

alv

FG

1

STG

ARG

aca

sts

DG

his sms

CA2

0

ICG CA1 PHG

MTG

-1

cos

FuG

-2

its lots

ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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52

PCL

42,2 mm

SPL

6

5

cgs SPL SMG PCun

4 sbps SMG

3 POp

CG

aca anterior calcarine sulcus alv alveus of the hippocampus ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus cfx crus of the fornix CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior frontal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lls lateral longitudinal stria lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG medial temporal gyrus PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum sms superficial medullary stratum SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

PTe

lls

2

IGr

TrLV alv STG

scc

1 FG ARG sms

sts CA2

his aca

0 CA1

ICG

MTG PHG

-1 cos

FuG its

-2 lots

ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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SPL

44,9 mm

PoG

PCL

6

ips

SPL

SMG

5 AnG sbps SMG

4

PCun

CG

3

racc

2

or cas

acs anterior calcarine sulcus AnG angular gyrus cas callosal sulcus ccs calcarine sulcus CG cingulate gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus H hippocampus ICG isthmus cinguli ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus (gyrus fornicatus) IGr indusium griseum ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3 its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus ls longitudinal stria MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2 OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus racc radiation of the corpus callosum S subiculum scc splenium of the corpus callosum SCS subcallosal stratum SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule SSpG subsplenial gyrus STG superior temporal gyrus,T1 sts superior temporal sulcus tp tapetum TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

TrLV IGr

ls

sts

STG

scc

isst

SSpG cas

1

tp

S ICG OcG

MTG

Hi

acs

0

OcG OcG PHG its

ccs

-1

FuG

-2 lots

ITG

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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47,6 mm

SPL

6 PCL

ips

SPL

5

AnG SMG

PCun

4 sbps

SMG?

CG

3 sts1 STG

racc

2 isst

acs anterior calcarine sulcus AnG angular gyrus CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus Hi hippocampus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus (gyrus fornicatus) ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3 its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2 OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus racc radiation of the corpus callosum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus SMG? part of STG according to Busch, 1960 SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus,T1 sts superior temporal sulcus sts1 superior temporal sulcus, superior branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inferior branch tp tapetum TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle

sts

sts2

tp

scc

1

ICG

TrLV or Hi OcG

0

acs MTG

its cos

-1

FuG

-2

ITG lots

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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50,3 mm

6 ips cgs

SPL

AnG

5

SPL

SMG

4 SMG?

PCun

3 sbps CG

STG sts1 racc

ICG

acs anterior calcarine sulcus AnG angular gyrus cal calcar avis CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus (gyrus fornicatus) ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3 its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2 OcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle or optic radiation PCun precuneus racc radiation of the corpus callosum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus SMG? part of STG ? SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus,T1 sts1 superior temporal sulcus, superior branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inferior branch tp tapetum

2

STG scc

sts2 tp

1

OLV OcG

MTG

isst cal

acs

0

OcG or

OcG

PHG

ITG its

cos

-1 FuG

lots

ITG

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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56

53,0 mm

SPL

6

AnG

5

ips

PCun

4 SMG

3

sbps CG

acs AnG CG cgs cos FuG ICG

anterior calcarine sulcus angular gyrus cingulate gyrus cingulate sulcus collateral sulcus fusiform gyrus isthmus of cingulate gyrus (gyrus fornicatus) ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3 its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2 OcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus,T1 sts1 superior temporal sulcus, superior branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inferior branch tp tapetum

STG sts1

2 ICG STG sts2

isst OcG

1

cgs tp MTG

OLV

0

acs

or OcG cos its FuG

-1

ITG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

205

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57

55,7 mm

SPL

6

ips

AnG

5 AnG PCun

4 PCun

SMG

3 STG

sbps

17 striate area 18 area 18 AnG angular gyrus CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus (gyrus fornicatus) ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3 its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2 OcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus,T1 sts1 superior temporal sulcus, superior branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inferior branch tp tapetum

sts1 PCun STG

CG

sts2

OcG

1

tp

17

isst ICG

MTG

18

17

2

OLV

cs

0 or LgG MTG

cos

its

-1

FuG

ITG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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58

58,4 mm

ips PCun

6 AnG

SPL

AnG

5

SPL

4 PCun

STG

3

sbps

17 striate area 18 area 18 AnG angular gyrus CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3 its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2 OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus,T1 sts1 superior temporal sulcus, superior branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inferior branch tp tapetum SEpS subependymal stratum cgs cingulate sulcus

sts1 CG STG LgG

2

SEpS sts2

PCun

OcG

17

tp

1 isst

18

MTG

or

cs

0

OcG OcG

MTG its

cos

-1

FuG ITG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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59

61,1 mm

SPL

6

SPL ips

5 PCun AnG

4

AnG

17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3 its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2 OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus,T1 sts superior temporal sulcus tp tapetum

sbps

STG

3

PCun

OcG STG

sstr

2

OcG tp

17

sts MTG

1

17 cs LgG or

0

LgG its cos

-1 FuG ITG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

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60

63,8 mm

SPL

SPL

6

ips AnG SPL

5

PCun

AnG

17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3 its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2 OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus,T1 sts superior temporal sulcus

4 sbps AnG OcG

3

STG OcG

PCun

2

sts MTG OcG

17

sstr MTG

1

cs 17 MTG LgG

0 its

LgG

OcG

-1

cos

FuG

ITG

lots

OcG

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

213

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61

66,5 mm

SPL

6 ips

AnG sbps

5

SPL

PCun

17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus, T3 its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG medial temporal gyrus,T2 OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus,T1 sts superior temporal sulcus

4

SPL

OcG AnG

3

STG OcG

2

sts 17

cs

MTG sstr

17

1

LgG

MTG

0

OcG its FuG LgG

ITG cos

-1 OcG

OcG lots

-2

-3

0

1 cm

1

2

3

4

5

6

215

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62

69,2 mm

6

ips

AnG

5 SPL

sbps PCun

AnG

4

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3.3 Past Histological, Morphometric and Histochemical Studies of the Brain Represented in the Microscopic Atlas. Numerous descriptive and quantitative studies have been performed on the brain represented in the Myeloarchitectonic Atlas. Regions where analyses were perfomed are listed in table 1. In

addition, morphometric data (fresh volume, volume of serial sections, numeric cell density, volumetric cell density, absolute cell numbers etc.) which appeared relevant have been

compiled. If not stated otherwise, the designations of structures are identical to those of the original work. References pertinent to these data are to be found at the end of this section.

Table 1 Previous Evaluations of Brain Regions and Their Corresponding Citations

Cortex

Albring, K.M. (1983); Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1952); Braitenberg G. V. (1952); Brockhaus, H. (1940); Busch, K.-T. (1960); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Schulze, H.A (1960)

Septal area

Brockhaus, H. (1942)

Basal nuclear complex:

Brockhaus, H. (1942); Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954,1955,1956)

Amygdaloid complex

Brockhaus, H. (1938); Sanides, F. (1957)

Striatum

Hypothalamus Thalamus anterior ncl mediodorsal ncl mediolateral ncl

Subthalamus

Mesencephalon Red nucleus: Substantia nigra: Area 9 and 10 Lower brainstem Locus coeruleus Superior olive

Brockhaus, H. (1942); Dom, R., De Saedeleer, J., Bogerts, B. & Hopf, A. (1981); Dom. R. (1976); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974); Lange, H., Thörner G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1976); Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F.(1976); Namba, M. (1957); Sanides, F. (1957) Brockhaus, H. (1942); Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954); Wahren, W. (1952)

Fünfgeld, E.W. (1952, 1954) Bäumer, H. (1952); Namba, M. (1958) Bäumer, H. (1952,1954); Dom. R. (1976); Hopf, A., Gihr, M. & Kraus, C. (1967) Brockhaus, H. (1942); Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967); Klatzo, I. (1954); . Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974); Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1976); Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F. (1976)

Herbel, W. (1979); Sander, H.A. (1981) Hassler (1937); Solcher, H. (1956) Bogerts, B., Häntsch, J. & Herzer, M. (1982) Wünscher, W. (1956) Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1955) Wünscher, W. (1956)

Cell studies

Hempel, K.-J. & Treff, W.M. (1959); Klatzo, I. (1954); Schiffer, D.(1954); Treff, W.M. & Hempel, K.-J. (1959)

Neuroactive substances

Mai, J.K., Kedziora, O., Teckhaus, L. & M.V. Sofroniew (1991); Mai, J.K., Stephens, P., A. Hopf & A.C. Cuello (1986); Mai, J. K. & Reifenberger, G. (1988); Pioro, E.P., Mai, J. K. & Cuello, A. C. (1990); Walter, A., Jimenez-Härtel, W. & J.K. Mai (1990); Walter, A., Mai, J.K., Lanta, L. & T. Görcs (1991)

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Morphometric Data

Weight, volume and linear dimensions Brain weight (in formalin) Fresh volume (cm3) Length (L)* Width (W)* Height (H)* Length + Width + Height +

R

L

1383 1316 171 71 97 120 63 82

170 71 96 122 64 82

Shrinkage Factors (SF)

R

L

SFw Lange, Thörner (1974) SFl Lange, Thörner (1974) SFl Sievert (1992)

2.13 1.89 1.74

2.22 1.81 1.82

Shrinkage factors (SF) describing the loss of volume from the fixed autopsy brains to the histological material. SFl : Linear calculated volume shrinkage factor = [ L*W*H (autopsy brain in formaline) ] / [ L*W*H (serial paraffin sections) ], where L = length of hemisphere; W = width of hemisphere; H = height of hemisphere). SFw : Weight related shrinkage factor (SFg) = [(Bw * 0,88 / 1,0365) / serial section volume of hemisphere], where Bw = brain weight, Factor 0,88 = [ weight of hemisphere ] / [ brain weight ], Factor 1.0365 = mean specific brain weight).

Fresh volume (cm3) Volume of serial sections (cm3)

549 267

L

Fresh volume (cm3) Volume of serial sections (cm3)

297 144

303 139

G. (1974)

* Formalin fixed brain; + after histological preparation

R

R

Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner,

R: right hemisphere, L: left hemisphere

PROSENCEPHALON

CORTEX

L 527 262

Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974)

CORTEX (fresh volume of cortical regions, (cm3)

R

Isocortex (ICx)

261

277

ICx.frontalis (ICx.f.) ICx.f. convexitatis ICx.f. medialis ICx.f. opercularis dorsalis ICx.f. opercularis basalis ICx.f. basalis

101 63 22 3.6 0.8 11

103 64 22 3.2 1.2 12

Area (A.) gigantocellularis (gc) A.gc. convexitatis A.gc. medialis

5.1 3.8 1.3

5.5 4.0 1.5

ICx. parietalis (ICx.pa) ICx.pa. convexitatis ICx.pa. medialis ICx.pa. opercularis

44 24 16 4.9

42 22 15 5.1

R. postcentralis. R.p. convexitatis R.p. medialis ICx. temporalis (ICx.t) ICx.t.dorsalis R. temporalis transversalis (R.tv) R.tv.1 R.tv.2

13 11 2.1 41 7.7 2.6 1.9 0.7

15 12 2.5 49 7.8 2.2 1.6 0.6

Parieto-temporal convexity

38

38

ICx. occipitalis A18 + A19 A17

37 30 7.6

43 35 7.9

1.2 7.4

0.7 7.3

0.9 0.5 7.3

0.5 0.4 7.0

Allocortex (with Proisocortex): Claustro-Cx. temporalis Claustro-Cx. insularis Tbc. Olfactorium, R. praepiriformis frontalis, Peri-Palaeo-Cx. frontalis Paleo-Cx. temporalis Archi-Cx. frontalis

L

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GLOBUS PALLIDUS

CORTEX (fresh volume of cortical regions (cm3)

R

Archi-Cx. parietalis Archi-Cx. temporalis

5.6 7.3

4.4 6.2

R

L

298 360

269 343

Volume of serial sections (10 mm3) Caudate nucleus Putamen Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Small neurons (x10) Large neurons Glial cells (x10)

2029 156 7360

2248 156 7835

454

393

859

891

Volume of serial sections (mm3) External globus pallidus Internal globus pallidus

EGP 656 IGP 289

560 238

Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Neurons

EGP 763 IGP 625

Glial cells (*103)

EGP IGP

994 588

124 118

132 120

Neurons

EGP 290 IGP 210

380 270

Glial cells

EGP 450 IGP 510

620 580

Volumetric cell density (10-3 %)

Volumetric neuronal density (10-2 %)

Nuclear diameter (10-2 µm) Small neurons

L

L

Albring, K.M. (1983)

STRIATUM

R

Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974)

Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979)

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

Amygdaloid Complex

Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Macroneurons (L) Microneurons (S) L/S Average diameter in µm

270 22,663 1/83 10.78

Dom, R. et al. (1981)

PUTAMEN S. Morres

Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Macroneurons (L) Microneurons (S) L/S Average diameter in µm

163 19,953 1/119 9.47

Basal Nuclera Complex ( Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain)

S. Morres

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THALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS

Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Small neurons

Large neurons

anterior thalamus medial thalamus lateral thalamus posterior thalamus anterior thalamus medial thalamus lateral thalamus posterior thalamus

3,522 4,544 1,012 4,686 6,177 5,538 3,248 7,618

Dom, R. et al.(1981); Dom. R. (1976) I.Koutcherov

RED NUCLEUS

F. Forutan

SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS

R

Fresh volume (cm3)

0.139 0.119

Volumes of serial sections (mm3)* Subthalamic ncl., med. part SThM SThL total

31.7 35.7 67.4

Volumetric cell density (%) Neurons: Glia

SThL 142 SThM 162 SThL SThM SThL SThM

26.6 35.9 35.8 35.2

Numeric cell density (number/mm3) Neurons r1 171 r2 124 r3 104 r4 104

172 95 103 104

31.2 26.6 57.9 357 516 199 223

2.48 1.87 0.99 0.923

L

Volume of serial sections (mm3) Dorsomedial quadrant r1 Dorsolateral quadrant r2 ventrolateral quadrant r3 ventromedial quadrant r4

Glial cells

Numeric cell density (number/mm3) Neurons (*10) SThL 375 SThM 591 Volumetric cell density Neurons (10-2%)

L

R

Volumetric density (%) Neurons

Glial cells

r1 r2 r3 r4

446 384 320 309

421 336 402 308

r1 r2 r3 r4

57 28 25 21

51 24 27 23

r1 r2 r3 r4

78 74 74 72

69 58 60 56

* without shrinkage factor-correction Herbel, W. (1979);. Sander, H.A. (1981)

Numeric cell density (number/mm3) SThL 7,417 SThM 8,046 Absolute cell numbers Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967)

232 700 287 600 235

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References The full text of the references listed bellow is available on the accompanying CD-Rom.

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

236

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14. Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954) Zur Lebensgeschichte des Ncl. basalis, tuberomammillaris, supraopticus und paraventricularis unter normalen und pathogenen Bedingungen. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 337-419. 15. Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1955) Das Parkinsonsyndrom im Lichte der lebensgeschichtlichen Veränderungen des Nucleus basalis. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 55-76. 16. Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1956) Zur weiteren Kenntnis der Veränderung des Basalkerns bei Schizophrenen. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 271-291. 17. Dom, R., De Saedeleer, J., Bogerts, B. & Hopf, A (1981) Quantitative cytometric analysis of basal ganglia in catatonic schizophrenics. In: Biological Psychiatry (eds. Perris, C. Struwe, G & Jansson B), Elsevier, North-Holland pp. 723726. 18. Dom. R. (1976) Neostriatal and Thalamic Interneurons. Their role in the pathophysiology of Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease and catatonic schizophrenia. Thesis, Univ. of Leuven. 19. Fünfgeld, E.W. (1952) Pathologischanatomische Untersuchungen im Nucleus anterior thalami bei Schizophrenie, Proc. I st . Intl. Cong. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 648-659. 20. Fünfgeld, E.W. (1954) Der Nucleus anterior thalami bei Schizophrenie. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 146-155. 21. Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967) Vergleichend anatomische Studien über den Nucleus subthalamicus (Corpus Luysi) bei Primaten.Thesis, Univ. of Freiburg. 22. Hassler (1937) Zur Normalanatomie der Substantianigra. Versuch einer architektonischen Gliederung. J. Psychol. Neurol. 48, 1-55. 23. Hempel, K.-J. & Treff, W.M. (1959) Die Gliazelldichte bei klinisch Gesunden und Schizophrenen. J. Hirnforsch. 4, 371-411. 24. Herbel, W. (1979) Zur Neuroanatomie und Neuropathologie des Nucleus ruber beim Menschen.Thesis, University of Düsseldorf. 25. Hopf, A., Gihr, M. & Kraus, C. (1967) Ver-gleichende Architektonik des Primatenthalamus. Progr. Primatol. I. Congress of the International Primatological Society, Frankfurt, pp.120-127. 26. Klatzo, I. (1954) Über das Verhalten des Nukleolarapparates in den menschlichen

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49. Walter, A., Jimenez-Härtel, W. & J.K. Mai (1990) Mapping of neuropeptide Ylike immunoreactivity in the human forebrain. Brain Res. Bull. 24, 297-311. 50. Walter, A., Mai, J.K., Lanta, L. & T. Görcs (1991) Differential distribution of histochemical markers in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the human 51. brain. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 4: 281-298. Wünscher, W. (1956) Cytoarchitektonik und Involution einiger Hirnstammkerne mit vegetativen Funktionen und der oberen Olive. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 354-390.

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Abbreviations 2n 3n 3ni 3V 4n 4V 5fr 5Gn 5ialv 5inf 5lac 5lg 5mo 5mx 5n 5nc 5ophth 6n 7C 7gp 7n 8n 9n 10n 11n 12C 12n 17 18 AAA AAT aau AB ac Acb AcC AcL AcM ACeIT acer AcL AcM aco ACo ACoD acs AcSV AD ADB afx AG AHi AI

optic nerve oculomotor nerve or its root oculomotor nerve (inferior branch) third ventricle trochlear nerve or its root fourth ventricle frontal nerve of trigeminus trigeminal ganglion (Gasseri) inferior alveolar nerve infraorbital nerve lacrimal nerve lingual nerve motor root of trigeminal nerve maxillary nerve of the trigeminal trigeminal nerve nasociliary nerve ophthalmic nerve abducens nerve or its root facial nerve and canal greater petrosal nerve facial nerve or its root vestibulocochlear nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal canal hypoglossal nerve or its root striate area (Brodmann area 18) (Brodmann) area 18 anterior amygdaloid area anterior arch of atlas anterior auricular artery access. basal amygdaloid ncl. anterior commissure accumbens nucleus accumbens n., central part (core) accumbens nucleus, lateral part (shell) accumbens nucleus, medial part (core) anterior cervical intertransv. muscle anterior cerebral artery lateral accumbens nucleus accumbens n., medial part anterior commissure, olfactory limb anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part anterior calcarine sulcus accumbens nucleus, subventricular region anterodorsal thalamic nucleus nucleus of the diagonal band, angular part anterior column of fornix ambiens gyrus amygdalohippocampal area amygdaloid island (extended amygdala)

aic anterior limb of internal capsule aica anterior inferior cerebellar artery AIn agranular insular cortex (claustro-cortex insularis) ajugv anterior jugular vein al ansa lenticularis alal alar ligament of dens ald apical ligament of dens all anterior longitudinal ligament ALPO anterior lateral preoptic nucleus Alv alveolar process of maxilla alv alveus of hippocampus AM anteromedial thalamic nucleus Amg amygdala AMjC ala major cartilage AMPO anterior medial preoptic nucleus ancer ansa cervicalis ang angular artery AnG angular gyrus angv angular vein AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, posterior part ap ansa peduncularis apal ascending palatine artery aph ascending pharyngeal artery APr anteroprincipal thalamic nucleus aps anterior parolfactory sulcus APS anterior perforated substance apsi anterior parolfactory sulcus, inferior branch apss anterior parolfactory sulcus, superior branch APul anterior pulvinar nucleus Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) AReCaM anterior rectus capitis muscle ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus argr arachnoid granulations AryE aryepiglotticus muscle AStr amygdalostriatal transition area AtAx altanto-axial membrane ATh anterior thalamic nucleus Atlas atlas AtOc atlanto occipital joint ATub articular tubercle aud auditory radiation Aud auditory tube AudC auditory tube cartilage aute auriculotemporal nerve AV anteroventral thalamic nucleus Axis axis (C2 vertebra) bas basilar artery BasCi basilar cistern BC basal nucleus, compact part bcc body of corpus callosum BFat buccal fat pad bfx body of fornix 239

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bG band of Giacomini BHy body of hyoid bone bic brachium of the inferior colliculus BL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl., dorsal (magnocell.) part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus BMan body of mandible BMCM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, centromedial part BMDL basomed. amygdaloid n., dorsolat. part BMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part BMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BOp basal operculum bsc brachium of the superior colliculus BST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior part BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division BucM buccinator muscle bucn buccal nerve CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cal calcar avis calv callosal vein CAnT common anular tendon cas callosal sulcus cav cavernous sinus Cb cerebellum cc corpus callosum cctd common carotid artery Cd caudate nucleus CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus Ce central amygdaloid nucleus ce central sulcus CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial part cern cervical nerve cerpx cervical plexus cfx crus of the fornix CG cingulate gyrus cg cingulum CGal crista galli cgs cingulate sulcus CH cerebellar hemisphere cha choroid artery chf choroidal fissure chp choroid plexus Ci cistern cic commissure of the inferior colliculi CilM ciliaris muscle cir circular insular sulcus 240

CISM cervical interspinal muscle Cl claustrum CLV central part of lateral ventricle CM central medial thalamic nucleus cmg capsule of medial geniculate n. CMMC centromedian thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part CMn centrum medianum, parafascicular nucleus Co commissural nucleus CoCl compact insular claustrum comb comb system Cond condylar process of mandible Cor coronoid process of the mandible cos collateral sulcus cosi confluence of sinuses cp cerebral peduncle cplx carotid plexus cr capsule of red nucleus cret central artery of retina crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers cs calcarine sulcus csc commissure of the superior colliculi CSCil corrugator supercilii muscle CSP cavity of septum pellucidum ctg central tegmental tract cty chorda tympani CuA cuneiform area Cuc cucullaris nucleus Cun cuneus CxA cortico-amygdaloid transition area DAx dens axis db diagonal band DB diagonal band nucleus DCl dorsal claustrum DG dentate gyrus DH dorsal hypothalamic area dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DiM digastric muscle, ant. belly dip diploic vein DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus Disc articular disc of temporo-mandibular joint DiT digastric muscle, tendon dlg deep lingual artery and vein DMH dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus Do dorsal hypothalamic nucleus dpal descending palatine artery DpAO depressor anguli oris muscle dpc deep cervical artery and vein DPe dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus DpLb depressor labii inferioris muscle DpSCil depressor supercilii muscle dr2 dorsal root (C2) DS diaphragma sellae dta deep temporalis artery DTP dorsal temporopolar region EAM external auditory meatus ec external capsule ectd external carotid artery EGl epiglottis EGP external globus pallidus ejug external jugular vein

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ejugv emi eml Ent EP ers EthBu eths EthS ex eye Fa fac facv Fas FCd FD FG fi FL FLA FLV FMG fmi fmj fms FOp FPu fr frn Fro FroC FroN FroO FroSq FrP FrS FStr FuG fx FxC gapo gcc GeHy GGM GHHy gic gld GNaC gocn GP gpa GPalF gpn gpv GR GrCi GTI GZgM H1 H2

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external jugular vein emissary vein external medullary lamina (thalamus) entorhinal cortex entopeduncular nucleus endorhinal sulcus ethmoidal bulla ethmoidal sinus (cells) ethmoidal sinus (cells) extreme capsule eyeball fasciculosus nucleus facial artery facial vein fasciculosus nucleus caudate fundus region fascia dentata fasciolar gyrus fimbria of the hippocampus frontal lobe frontal limbic area frontal horn of lateral ventricle frontomarginal gyrus forceps minor of the corpus callosum forceps major of the corpus callosum frontomarginal sulcus frontal operculum putaminal fundus region fasciculus retroflexus frontal nerve frontal bone frontal bone, crest frontal bone, nasal part frontal bone, orbital part frontal bone, squamosal part frontopolar cortex frontal sinus fundus striati fusiform gyrus fornix falx cerebri epicranial aponeurosis genu of the corpus callosum geniohyoid muscle genioglossus muscle greater horn of hyoid bone internal capsule, genu glandular branches of facial artery greater nasal cartilage greater occipital nerve globus pallidus greater palatine artery greater palatine foramen greater palatine nerve greater palatine vein gyrus rectus great (cerebellomedullary) cistern great terminal island greater zygomatic muscle thalamic fasciculus (field H1) lenticular fasciculus (field H2)

Hb habenular nuclei hbc habenular commissure HCd head of caudate nucleus HDB horizontal limb of the diagonal band Hi hippocampus HiH hippocampal head his hippocampal sulcus HPtg hamulus of the pterygoid bone Hy hypothalamus HyGl hyoglossus muscle Hyoid hyoid bone ialn inferior alveolar nerve ialva inferior alveolar artery IAud internal auditory meatus IC inferior colliculus ic internal capsule ICCe iliocostalis cervicis muscle ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus (gyrus fornicatus) ICM inferior constrictor m. of pharynx icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus ictd internal carotid artery icv internal cerebral vein IFG inferior frontal gyrus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGP internal globus pallidus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar IGr indusium griseum ijugv internal jugular vein, bulbus ilab inferior labial artery and vein ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus imfs intermediate frontal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus imos intermediate obirtal sulcus INaCo inferior nasal concha IncC incisive canal Inf infundibular nucleus infa infraorbital artery InfS infundibular stalk Ins insula InTrM intertransversarii muscles IO inferior olive IObCpM inferior oblique capitis muscle IObM inferior oblique muscle IObMT inferior oblique muscle, tendon IOC infraorbital canal IOrbF infraorbital foramen IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus IP interpeduncular nucleus IPCi interpeduncular cistern ipets inferior petrosal sinus ipf interpeduncular fossa IPL inferior parietal lobule ips intraparietal sulcus IPul inferior pulvinar nucleus IReM inferior rectus muscle IRoG inferior rostral gyrus ISM interspinalis muscle 241

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iss inferior sagittal sinus ita inferior temporal artery ITG inferior temporal gyrus IthA interthalamic adhesion ithp inferior thalamic peduncle its inferior temporal sulcus IVF interventricular foramen ivvpx internal vertebral venous plexus JugF jugular foramen JugP jugular process La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lab labial artery lac lacrimal artery LacG lacrimal gland lacv lacrimal vein LaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part LADL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal lateral part LaDM lat. amygdaloid nucl., dorsomed. part LaI lateral amygdaloid nucl., intermediate part LAngO levator anguli oris muscle LaV lateral amygdaloid nucl., ventral part LC locus coeruleus ld lambdoid suture LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus LDO laterodorsal nucl., oral part lds lamboid suture LDSF laterodorsal nucleus, superficial part lenf lenticular fasciculus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus lg lingual artery LgC longus capitis and colli muscles LgCaM longus capitis muscle LgCoM longus colli muscle LgFo lingual follicle LgG lingual gyrus LgGl lingual gland LgsCaM longissimus capitis muscle LgsCeM longissimus cervicis muscle LgsCeT longissimus cervicis muscle tendon LgSpt lingual septum lgv lingual vein LHA lateral hypothalamic area LHb lateral habenular nucleus Li limen insulae LiCl limitans claustrum Lim limitans nucleus liml limiting medullary lamina of the globus pallidus ling lingual nerve ll lateral lemniscus LLb levator labii superioris muscle LLPt lateral lamina of pterygoid process lls lateral longitudinal stria LM lateral mamillary nucleus lml lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract LOrG lateral orbital gyrus los lateral orbital sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPal levator palpebrae muscle LPtg lateral pterygoid muscle 242

LPtgL lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral belly LPtgM lateral pterygoid muscle, medial belly LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LRec lateral rectus muscle LReCa lateral rectus capitis muscle LReM lateral rectus muscle ls longitudinal stria LScM levator scapulae muscle LSD dorsolateral septal nucleus LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV ventral septal nucleus LT lamina terminalis LTh lateral thalamic nuclear region LTP lateral temporopolar region LTu lateral tuberal nucleus LV lateral ventricle LVePa levator veli palatini muscle Ly lymph node MaA mastoid antrum Man mandible ManC mandibular canal mand5 mandibular nerve ManF mandibular fossa MasM masseter muscle MB mamillary body mcer middle cerebral artery MCM medial constrictor muscle mcp middle cerebellar peduncle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMc medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part Md medulla oblongata MDe margo denticulatus MDFa medial dorsal thalamic nucl., fasciculosus part MDFi medial dorsal thalamic nucl., fibrosus part MDMC medial dorsal thalamic n., magnocellular part MDV medial dorsal thalamic nucl., ventral part Me medial amygdaloid nucleus MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part MentM mentalis muscle mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG medial frontal gyrus MG medial geniculate nucleus MGDA medial geniculate nucl., dorsoant. (magnocellular) part MGDP medial geniculate nucleus, dorsoposterior part MGFi medial geniculate nucleus, fibrosus part MGLi medial geniculate nucleus, limitans part MGPC medial geniculate nucleus, parvocellular part MHb medial habenular nucleus MidE middle ear MiPRe minor posterior rectus capitis muscle MiZgM minor zygomatic muscle ml medial lemniscus ML medial mamillary nucleus, lateral part mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus MLPt medial lamina of pterygoid process mls medial longitudinal stria MM medial mamillary nucleus, medial part mm middle meningeal artery mml medial medullary lamina of the globus pallidus mmp middle meningeal artery, parietal branch MNaC middle nasal concha

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MnPO median preoptic nucleus molf medial olfactory radiation MOrG medial orbital gyrus mos medial orbital sulcus MPC medial mammillary n., parvocellular part MPO medial preoptic nucleus MPtg medial pterygoid muscle MPtgM medial pterygoideus muscle MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MRec medial rectus muscle MReM medial rectus muscle MS medial septal nucleus ms medullary substance of frontal lobe MScalM medial scalenus muscle Mst mastoid process of temporal bone MstC mastoid cells mt mammillo-thalamic tract MTec mesencephalic tectum mtg mammillo-tegmental tract MTG medial temporal gyrus MTP medial temporopolar region MTu medial tuberal nucleus MulM multifidus muscle Mx maxilla mx maxillary artery mxs maxillary sinus mxv maxillary vein MyHy mylohyoid muscle myhy mylohyoid nerve Na nasal bone nl nuchal ligament nlac nasolacrimal duct npal nasopalatine artery, incisive canal NPhT nasopharyngeal tonsil NSpt nasal septum nuf nuchal fascia oaud opening of auditory tube OB olfactory bulb Occ occipital bone occa occipital artery occs occipital sinus occv occipital vein OcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly OcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly OcG occipital gyri ocm occipito-mastoid suture OFat orbital fat OFG orbitofrontal gyri olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfr olfactory radiation olfs olfactory sulcus OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle OmHy omohyoid muscle OOM orbicularis oculi muscle OOrM orbicularis oris muscle oph ophthalmic artery ophv ophthalmic vein opt optic tract or optic radiation Oral oral cavity

OrG ors OTG Otic OTr ox P3V Pa Pa2 PAA PaAP PAC PACl PaD PaF PaFo PAG PalG PalHy paln PaMc PaOp pap PaP PaPo papx Par ParB PaS PAT pau pauv PBP pc PCA pcer pcfx PCL PCo pcoma pcs PCun PedL PeP PF pfx PH PHA phar PHG PhRe phy Pi pic pica PIR Pir PirF PirR PirT Pit

orbital gyri orbital sulcus occipito-temporal gyrus otic ganglion olfactory trigone optic chiasm preoptic recess of the third ventricle paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus paraoptic nucleus periamygdalar area paraventricular hypothalamic nucl., ant. parvocell. part periamygdaloid cortex preamygdalar claustrum paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal part parafornical nucleus paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, fornical part periaqueductal gray palatine glands pallidohypothalamic nucleus palatine nerve (s) paraventricular hypothalamic nucl., magnocellular part parietal operculum optic papilla paraventricular hypothalamic nucl., parvocellular part paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part parotid plexus patotid gland parietal bone parasubiculum posterior arch of atlas posterior auricular artery posterior auricular vein parabrachial pigmented nucl. posterior commissure precommissural archicortex posterior cerebral artery precommissural fornix paracentral lobule post. cortical amygdaloid n. posterior communicating artery precentral sulcus precuneus peduncle of lentiform nucleus perpendicular plate parafascicular thalamic nucl. post. column (crus) of fornix posterior hypothalamus parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area pharyngeal branches parahippocampal gyrus pharyngeal recess pallidohypothalamic fibers pineal gland posterior limb of the internal capsule posterior inferior cerebellar artery parainsular region piriform cortex (pre-)piriform cortex, frontal area piriform recess (pre-)piriform cortex, temporal area pituitary gland 243

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Plat platysma PlGl palatoglossus muscle PLi posterior limitans thalamic nucleus PlPh palatopharyngeus muscle pm principal mammillary fasciculus PMiRe post. minor rectus capitis muscle pna posterior nasal artery PoCi pontine cistern pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POrbM posterior orbicularis muscle POrG posterior orbital gyrus pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition area PP peripeduncular nucleus PPA peripeduncular area PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare pps posterior parolfactory sulcus PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum psa posterior superior alveolar artery PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTc pretectal area ptdd parotid duct PTe planum temporale PTG paraterminal gyrus PTG paraterminal gyrus Ptg pterygoid process PtgC pterygoid canal ptgpal pterygopalatine ganglion ptgpx pterygoid plexus ptpf pterygopalatine fossa PtPF pterygopalatine fossa PTR post temporopolar region PtT palatine tonsil Pu putamen PuLi limitans putamen PuM medial putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus pvf prevertebral fascia py pyramidal tract QP quadrigeminal plate R red nucleus racc radiation of corpus callosum rapx retroarticular (venous) plexus RBR retrobulbar region rcc rostrum of corpus callosum Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RG rectus gyrus RisM risorius muscle rmv retromandibular vein ros rostral sulcus RPC red nucleus, parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SalPhMsalpingopharyngeus muscle SArS subarachnoid space 244

sas semiannular sulcus SB striatal cell bridges sbps subparietal sulcus SC superior colliculus SCA subcallosal area sca superior cerebellar artery scal subcallosal bundle ScalM scalenus muscle SCC semicircular canals scc splenium of corpus callosum SCD semicircular ducts SCG subcallosal gyrus SCGn superior cervical ganglion SCGP supracapsular part of the globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCM superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx SCMPPsuperior constrictor muscle, pterygopharyngeal part scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum SCTI subcaudate terminal island SeC septal cartilage SEL subependymal layer SepG separans gyrus SEpS subependymal stratum SFG superior frontal gyrus SFi septofimbrial nucleus SFO subfornical organ SFPul superficial pulvinar sfs superior frontal sulcus SGe suprageniculate nucleus SGl substantia gliosa SGL substantia gliosa (subependymal gray) shl stylohyoid ligament SHThC superior horn of thyroid cartilage sigs sigmoid sinus slf superior fronto-occipital fasciculus SLG semilunar gyrus slg sublingual artery and vein SLGl sublingual gland and duct slic sublenticular part of internal capsule sln superior laryngeal nerve sls sublenticular stria sm stria medullaris of thalamus sma submental artery smd submandibular duct SMG supramarginal gyrus SMGl submandibular gland sms superficial medullary stratum smv submental vein SN substantia nigra SNaC septum nasi cartilage SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR subst. nigra, reticular part SO supraoptic nucleus SOb superior oblique muscle SObCa superior oblique capitis muscle SObM superior oblique muscle socv suboccipital venous plexus SODL supraoptic nucleus, dorsolateral part sof superior occipitofrontal fascicle SOP supraoptic nucl., posterior p.

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sophv superior ophthalmic vein SOT supraoptic nucleus, tuberal part SOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromedial part sox supraoptic commissure spa sphenopalatine artery SPaF salpingopalatinal fold SPal soft palate spalv superior posterior alveolar artery SpAx spinous process of axis SpC splenius capitis and cervicis muscle SpCaM splenius capitis muscle SpCeM splenius cervicis muscle spets superior petrosal sinus SPF subparafascicular thalamic nucleus SphB sphenoid bone SPhF salpingopharyngeal fold SphGWsphenoid, greater wing sphml sphenomandibular ligament sphn superior pharyngeal nerve SphP pterygopalatine ganglion SphP sphenopalatine ganglion sphp sphenoparietal sinus sphpl sphenopalatine artery sphs sphenoid sinus sphzg spheno-zygomatic suture Spinal spinal cord SPL superior parietal lobule SplM splenius capitis and cervicis muscle SpM spinalis muscle spth spino-thalamic tract SptP septum pellucidum SReM superior rectus muscle SRoG superior rostral gyrus ss straight sinus SSpCaM semispinalis capitis muscle SSpCeM semispinal cervicis muscle SSpG subsplenial gyrus sss superior sagittal sinus SSTI substriatal terminal island sstr sagittal stratum st stria terminalis sta superficial temporal artery and vein staf superior temporal artery,frontal branch stam superficial temporal a., median root stap superficial temporal a., parietal root stempv superficial temporal vein STG superior temporal gyrus sth subthalamic fascicle STh subthalamic nucleus StHy sternohyoid muscle sthy superior thyroid artery sthyv superior thyroid vein StM sternomastoid muscle StMT sternomastoid muscle, tendon sts superior temporal sulcus StT sternomastoid muscle, tendon Sty styloid process StyGlMstyloglossus muscle StyHyM stylohyoid muscle StyPhMstylopharyngeus muscle SubH subhabenular nucleus

sublgv sublingual vein sumx supramammillary commissure suorba supraorbital artery sutr supratrochlear artery sutrn supratrochlear nerve sutrv supratrochlear vein sv septal vein SVTI subventricular terminal island SxD sexual dimorphic ncl. Symp sympathetic trunk TCb tentorium cerebelli TCd tail of caudate nucleus tch tenia of choroid plexus TCl temporal claustrum tclv tela choroides of lat. ventricle Tec tectum TelePa tensor veli palatini muscle Temp temporal bone TempM temporalis muscle TempP temporal bone, petrosal part TempS temporal bone, squamous part TempT temporalis muscle (tendon) tempv temporal veins TenT tensor tympani muscle TeVePa tensor palatini muscle tf temporal fascia tfa transverse facial artery tfi tenia of fimbria TFPGI inferior transverse frontopolar gyrus TFPGM medial transverse frontopolar gyrus TFPGS superior transverse frontopolar gyrus tfv transverse facial vein tfx tenia of fornix Th thalamus ThC thyroid cartilage, upper horn ThHy thyrohyoid muscle ThHyMe thyrohyoid membrane thr thalamic radiation (corona radiata) TL temporal lobe tla transverse ligament of atlas TLev torus levatorius TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TM tuberomammillary nucleus TMD temporomandibular disc TmP temporal pole TOp temporal operculum TOTZ temporooccipital transition zone tp tapetum TrA triangular area (Wernicke) TrG transverse temporal gyrus TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle TrP4 transverse process of fourth vertebra TrPAt transverse process of atlas TrPAt transverse process of the atlas trs transverse sinus TS triangular septal nucleus tst tenia of stria terminalis tsv thalamostriate vein tt tenia of thalamus TTG transverse temporal gyri tth dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract 245

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TTub Tu TuCn TuTI tv TyC TzM Un unc unn us Uv v VA vaf VAMC VCl VCo VDB Ver Vert vert VIM VIME VIMI VL vl VLAE VLAI VLP VLPE VLPI VM VMH Voc voc VOLT Vom VP VPe VPI VPIPC VPL VPLA VPM vr vt VTA xscp ZgM ZI ZID ZIV Zyg ZygA

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torus tubarius olfactory tubercle tuber cinereum tubercular terminal island(s) temporal vein tympanic cavity trapezius muscle uncus uncinate fasciculus uncal notch uncal sulcus (diverticulum unci) uvula vein ventral anterior thalamic nucleus ventral anygdalofugal pathway ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part ventral claustrum ventral cortical nucleus vertical limb of the diagonal band vermis of cerebellum vertebra vertebral artery ventrointermedius nucleus ventrointermedius nucleus, external part ventrointermedius nucleus, internal part ventral lateral thalamic nucleus vocal ligament ventrolateral anterior thalamic nucleus, external part ventrolateral anterior thalamic nucleus, internal part ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part ventrolateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part ventromedial thalamic nucl. ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus vocalis muscle vocalis muscle vascular organ of the lamina terminalis vomer ventral pallidum ventral periventricular hypothalamic nucleus ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, inferior part ventroposterior internus nucleus, parvocellular part ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, anterior part ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus ventral root velum terminale ventral tegmental area decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle zygomatic muscles zona incerta zona incerta, dorsal part zona incerta, ventral part zygomatic bone zygomatic arch