Aspects of Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (c. 1600–700 BC) 9781463217280

There can be no more important topic in historical studies than chronology, for it is chronology which gives meaning to

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Aspects of Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (c. 1600–700 BC)
 9781463217280

Table of contents :
Table of Contents
List Of Illustrations
List Of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Introduction
1. Methodology
Part 1: Mesopotamian Chronology
2. Assyrian Absolute Chronology
3. Babylonian Relative Chronology
4. Babylonian Absolute Chronology
5. The Aramean Invasion Of Babylonia And Its Aftermath
6. Completing The Chronological Circle
Part 2: Assyria, Mitanni Hanigalbat And Hatti
7. Assyrian Revival: Adad-Nirari And The Kingdom Of Hanigalbat
8. Crisis In Haiti Land: Shalmaneser I And Tudhaliya II
9. Builder Of Empire: Shuppiluliuma I And His Three Mitannian Wars
10. Hittite Consolidation: Murshili II And Tukulti- Ninurta I
Part 3: The Egyptian Third Intermediate Period
11. Chronological Links
12. Genealogical Links
Part 4: Scientific Dating
13. Scientific Dating Techniques
14. Science And History in The Debate Over Chronology
Figures And Tables
Bibliography
Index

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Aspects of Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (c. 1600–700 BC)

Gorgias Dissertations

46

Gorgias Dissertations (GD) make available to scholars and the public outstanding doctoral dissertations in various disciplines. The series provides a valuable service to the scholarly community as it disseminates unique academic perspectives that would otherwise remain inaccessible. Gorgias Press has successfully introduced many young scholars as published authors to the academic world through the dissertation series. This sub-series covers the ancient near east as well as later periods.

Aspects of Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (c. 1600–700 BC)

PIERCE FURLONG

GORGIAS PRESS 2010

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2010 Copyright © 2010 by Gorgias Press LLC All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey ISBN 978-1-60724-127-0 ISSN 1935 6870

GORGIAS PRESS 180 Centennial Ave., Suite 3, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Furlong, Pierce. Aspects of ancient Near Eastern chronology (c. 1600-700 BC) / by Pierce Furlong. p. cm. -- (Gorgias dissertations, ISSN 1935-6870 ; 46) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (invalid) 978-1-59333-127-0 1. Middle East--History--To 622--Chronology. 2. Middle East--History--To 622-Historiography. 3. Egypt--History--To 332 B.C.--Chronology. 4. Babylonia--History--Chronology. 5. Assyria--History--Chronology. 6. Hittites--History--Chronology. 7. Bronze age--Middle East--Chronology. 8. Iron age--Middle East--Chronology. I. Title. DS62.2.F87 2010 939’.400202--dc22 2010005742 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standards. Printed in the United States of America

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