Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 2, South Asia 9780226466972

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;sr0X IN THE MAKING OF EUROPE

IN T H E

MAKING

OF

EUROPE

DONALD F. LACH and EDWIN J. VAN KLEY VOLUME

in A Century of Advance BOOK TWO: SOUTH ASIA

THE

UNIVERSITY

OF

CHICAGO

CHICAGO AND LONDON

PRESS

T H E UNIVERSITY OF C H I C A G O PRESS, C H I C A G O 60637

T h e University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1993 by T h e University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 1993 Paperback edition 1998 Printed in the United States of America 98 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for volume 3) Lach, Donald F. (Donald Frederick), 1 9 1 7 Asia in the making of Europe. Vol. 3 - b y Donald F. Lach and Edwin J. Van Kley. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. T h e century of discovery. 2.v.— v. 2. A century of wonder. B o o k 1. T h e visual arts. B o o k 2. T h e literary arts. B o o k 3. T h e scholarly disciplines. 3. v.—v. 3. A century of advance. B o o k 1. Trade, missions, literature. B o o k 2. South Asia. B o o k 3. Southeast Asia. B o o k 4. East Asia. 4 v. 1. E u r o p e — C i v i l i z a t i o n — O r i e n t a l influences. 2. Asia—History. 3. Asia—Discovery and exploration. I. Van Kley, E d w i n J. II. Title. CB203.L32 303.48'2405'o903 64-19848 ISBN 0-226-46765-1 (v. 3. bk. 1) ISBN 0-226-46767-8 (v. 3. bk. 2) ISBN 0-226-46768-6 (v. 3. bk. 3) ISBN 0-226-46769-4 (v. 3. bk. 4)

This publication has been supported by a grant from the National E n d o w m e n t for the Humanities, an independent federal agency. ® T h e paper used in this publication meets the m i n i m u m requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48 — 1 9 9 2 .

Contents BOOK TWO

List of Abbreviations

xi

Note to Illustrations

xiii

List of Illustrations

xvii

List of Maps

xxix PART III

The European Images of Asia Introduction

601

Chapter IX: I. 2. 3. 4. 5.

THE MUGHUL EMPIRE BEFORE AURANGZIB

603

The English and Dutch Profile: First Generation The Mughul Court to 1618 Gujarat Unveiled Shah Jahan (r. 1627-58) and His Empire Shah Jahan and His Sons Chapter X:

THE EMPIRE OF AURANGZIB

1. The Court, the Nobility, and the Army 2. The Provinces

[v]

604 629 644 672 696 706 709 728

Contents 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Surat Bombay and the Portuguese Ports The Deccan Wars, Rajputs, and Sivaji Religious Beliefs and Practices Economy and Society Chapter XI: FROM G O A TO CAPE COMORIN

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

739 756 763 779 799 838

Goa, the Metropole Bijapur Kanara Malabar and the Portuguese Malabar and the Dutch

840 855 863 874

910

Chapter XII: INSULAR SOUTH ASIA

933

1. The Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes 2. Ceylon A. Sources B. The Land and Its Products C. Government and Society Chapter XIII: 1. 2. 3. 4.

934 945 946 958 970 998

COROMANDEL

The Jesuit Enterprises The Advent of the Dutch and English Hinduism at Pulicat (Tamilnadu) The Downfall of Two Empires: Vijayanagar and Golconda Appendix: The Castes of South Asia in the Seventeenth Century (According to European Authors)

Index

1001 1017 1029 1057 1102 xxxi

[vi]

Contents (Contents of other books in Volume HI) BOOK ONE PART I

The Continuing Expansion in the East Introduction

3

Chapter I: EMPIRE AND TRADE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

5

The Iberian Maritime Empire of the East Iberia's Shrinking Trade The Dutch Empire Jan Company's Trade The English East India Company The Lesser Companies European-Asian Economic Relations at Century's End Appendix: Spice Prices and Quantities in the Seventeenth Century Chapter II: THE

CHRISTIAN MISSION

10 25 40 62 73 88 105 118 130

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The Friars of the "Padroado" The "Padroado" Jesuits in South Asia The "Padroado" Jesuits in East Asia The Spanish "Patronato" of the East "Propaganda Fide" (1622), "Missions Etrangeres" (1664), and the Jesuits 6. The Protestant Missions Appendix: The Archbishops of Goa in the Seventeenth Century

135 145 168 200 222 269 298

PART 11

The Printed Word Introduction

301

Chapter III: THE IBERIAN LITERATURE

1. 2. 3. 4.

Exploration, Conquest, and Mission Stations A Nervous Era of Peace, 1609-21 Imperial Breakdown in Europe and Asia, 1621-41 The Restoration Era, 1641-1700

[vii]

306

307 326 335 348

Contents Chapter IV: THE ITALIAN LITERATURE

367

1. The Jesuit Letters to Mid-Century 2. New Horizons and Old Polemics Chapter V: THE FRENCH LITERATURE

368 379 390

1. The Jesuit Letters and the Pre-Company Voyages 2. The Paris Society of Foreign Missions and the French East India Company 3. Siam and China Chapter VI: THE NETHERLANDISH LITERATURE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

391 407 420 435

Early Voyages to the East Indies, 1597-1625 Penetrations beyond the East Indies to 1645 Isaac Commelins "Begin ende Voortgangh" (1645) New Horizons and Dimensions, 1646-71 Fin de siecle: Decline Chapter VII: THE GERMAN AND DANISH LITERATURE

437 450 461 473 493 509

1. Jesuit Letterbooks and Relations to Mid-Century 2. Travel Collections to Mid-Century 3. A Limited Revival, 1650-1700 Chapter VIII:

THE ENGLISH LITERATURE

510 515 525 547

1. The First Generation, 1600-1626 2. The Turbulent Middle Years, 1630-80 3. A Late Harvest, 1680-1700

549 569 576

BOOK THREE (PART III CONTINUED)

Chapter XIV:

CONTINENTAL SOUTHEAST ASIA: MALAYA, PEGU, ARAKAN, CAMBODIA, AND LAOS

1. Malaya 2. Pegu and Arakan 3. Cambodia and Laos

IIII

1113 1122 1146

Chapter XV: SIAM

1168

1. Iberian and Dutch Accounts 2. Narai (r. 1656-88) and the French 3. The Physical Environment [viii]

1169 1185 1197

Contents 4. State Service and Administration 5. Society, Culture, and Buddhism Chapter XVI: VIETNAM

1248

1. First Notices 2. The Nguyen and the Christians 3. Tongking under the Trinh Chapter XVII:

1250 1266 1276

INSULINDIA: THE WESTERN ARCHIPELAGO

1. Java A. Development of the Literature B. Geography and the Landscape C. Batavia, the Metropole and Its Hinterland D. Character, Customs, Society, and Culture E. Political Life F. Economics and Trade 2. Bali 3. Sumatra A. Placement, Climate, and Products B. Acheh and Other Towns C. Populace, Customs, and Beliefs D. Economy and Polity 4. Borneo Chapter XVIII: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. 2. 3. 4.

INSULINDIA: THE EASTERN ARCHIPELAGO AND THE AUSTRAL LANDS

The Moluccas Amboina (Ambon) The Bandas Celebes The Lesser Sundas Insular Southeast Asia's Eastern and Southern Periphery: New Guinea, the Pacific Islands, and Australia A. New Guinea and Neighboring Islands B. Australia and New Zealand Chapter XIX:

1211 1222

THE PHILIPPINES AND THE MARIANAS (LADRONES)

"Indios" (Filipinos) and Spaniards Deeper Penetrations Mindanao andjolo Guam and the Marianas (Ladrones)

[ix]

1300 1302 1302 1306 1313 1329 1341 1348 1356 1360 1362 1366 1369 1374 1384

1396

1397 1416 1427 1436 1455 1466 1467 1476

1491

1493 1511 1531 1544

Contents BOOK

FOUR

(PART HI CONTINUED)

Chapter XX: CHINA: THE LATE MING DYNASTY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Jesuit Letterbooks, Ethnohistories, and Travelogues Geography, Climate, and Names Government and Administration Economic Life Society and Customs Intellectual Life Religion and Philosophy Chapter XXI: CHINA: THE EARLY CH'ING DYNASTY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The Manchu Conquest The Post-Conquest Literature The Land and Its People Government and Administration Intellectual Life Religion and Philosophy Chapter XXII:

1. Inner Asia A. Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and Eastern Siberia B. Mongolia and Central Asia 2. Tibet 3. Korea 4. Formosa (Taiwan) Chapter XXIII: JAPAN

1662

1754 1755 1759 1767 1773 1783 1797 I 828

1. Missionary Reports to 1650 2. English and Dutch Descriptions before 1650 3. Post-1650 Reports EPILOGUE:

1564 1571 1579 1593 1619 1634 1648 1663 1676 1687 1707 1717 1731

CHINA'S PERIPHERY

Chapter XXIV:

1563

A

COMPOSITE PICTURE

1829 1848 1873 1889

General Bibliography Reference Materials Source Materials Jesuit Letterbooks

1919 1932 1983

Chapter Bibliographies

2000

Cumulative Index

xxxi [x]

Abbreviations AHSI

Archivum Historicum Societatis lesu

Annales. E.S.C.

Annales: Economies, societes, civilisations; revue trimestrielle

Asia

Earlier volumes of this work: D. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe, Vols. I and II (Chicago, 1965-77)

BR

Blair, Emma H., and Robertson, James A. (eds.), The Philippine Islands, 1493-i8g8 (55 vols., Cleveland, 1903-9)

BTLV

Bijdragen tot de taaU, land- en volkenkunde van NederlandschIndie

BV

[Commelin, Isaac (ed.)], Begin ende voortgangh van de Vereenighde Nederlantsche Geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische Compagnie . . . ([Amsterdam], 1646). (First edition published 1645. Facsimile edition published in Amsterdam, 1969. The facsimile edition has volumes numbered I, II, III, and IV, corresponding to vols. la, lb, Ila, and lib of the 1646 edition.)

CV

[Churchill, Awnsham and John (eds.)], A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts . . . (4 vols.; London, 1704)

"HS"

"Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society"

JRAS

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

[xi]

Abbreviations NR

L'Honore Naber, Samuel Pierre (ed.), Reisebeschreibungen von deutschen Beamten und Kriegsleuten im Dienst der Niederlandischen West- und Ost-Indischen Kompagnien, i6o2-i7g7 (The Hague, 1930-32)

NZM

Neue Zeitschrift fur Missionswissenschaft

PP

Purchas, Samuel, Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas His Pilgrimes: . . . (20 vols.; Glasgow, 1905-7. Originally published 1625.)

SCPFMR

Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide Memoria Rerum (Freiburg, 1971)

Streit

R. Streit, Bibliotheca Missionum (30 vols.; Minister and Aachen, 1916-75)

TernauxCompans

H. Ternaux-Compans, Bibliotheque asiatique et ajricaine (Amsterdam, 1968; reprint of Paris, 1841-42 ed.)

TR

Thevenot, Melchisedech, Relations de divers voyages curieux qui nyont point este publiees, ou qui ont este traduites d'Hacluyt, de Purchas & d'autres voyageurs anglois, hollandois, portugais, allemands, espagnols; et de quelques Persans, Arabes, et autres auteurs orientaux (4 vols.; Paris, 1663-96)

"WLV

"Werken uitgegeven door de Linschoten Vereeniging"

ZMR

Zeitschrift fur Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft

[xii]

A Note to the Illustrations

Study of the illustrations of Asia published in seventeenth-century Europe shows that the artists and illustrators tried in most cases to depict reality when they had the sources, such as sketches from the men in the field or the portable objects brought to Europe—plants, animals, costumes, paintings, porcelains, and so on. Many of the engravings based on sketches and paintings are convincing in their reality, such as the depiction of the Potala palace in Lhasa (pi. 384), the portrait of the "Old Viceroy" of Kwangtung (pi. 323), and the drawings of Siamese and Chinese boats. A number of Asian objects—Chinese scroll paintings, a Buddhist prayer wheel, and small animals—appeared in European engravings and paintings for the first time. Asians, like the Siamese emissaries to France, were sketched from life in Europe and their portraits engraved. When sources were lacking, the illustrators and artists filled in the gaps in their knowledge by following literary texts, or by producing imaginary depictions, including maps. The illustrations of Japan, for example, are far more fantastic than those depicting other places, perhaps because Japan so stringently limited intercourse over much of the century. Printing-house engravers frequently "borrowed" illustrations from earlier editions and often "improved" upon them by adding their own touches which had the effect of Europeanizing them. Illustrations were "translated" along with texts in various ways. If the publisher of a translation had close relations with the original publisher or printer he might borrow the original copperplate engravings or have the original publisher pull prints from the original plates to be bound with the translated pages. Engraved captions could be rubbed out of the plate and redone in the new language, although many printers did not bother to do

[xiii]

A Note to the Illustrations so. Lacking the cooperation of the original printers, new engravings could still be made from a print. The simplest method was to place the print face down on the varnished and waxed copper plate to be engraved and then to rub the back of the print causing the ink from the print to adhere to the waxed surface of the plate. The resulting image was then used to engrave, or etch with nitric acid, the new plate, and being reversed it would print exactly as the original version printed. If the engraver wanted to avoid damaging the print, however, which he might well need to finish the engraving, he would use a thin sheet of paper dusted with black lead or black chalk to transfer the image from the print to the new copper plate. He might further protect the print by putting oiled paper on top of it while he traced the picture. This procedure worked whether the print was face down or face up against the plate. In fact it was easier to trace the picture if the print were face up, in which case the new plate would be etched in reverse of the original plate. For a seventeenth-century description of the ways in which new plates could be etched from prints see William Faithorne, The Art ofGraveing and Etching (New York, 1970), pp. 41-44 (first edition, London, 1662). See also Coolie Verner, "Copperplate Printing," in David Woodward (ed.), Five Centuries of Map Printing (Chicago, 1975), p. 53. We have included a number of illustrations that were "borrowed" by one printer from another: see, for example, plates 113 and 114; 117, 118, 121; 174; 312 and 313; 412 and 413; 419-21. Most of the following illustrations were taken from seventeenth-century books held in the Department of Special Collections in the Regenstein Library at the University of Chicago. Others have been obtained from libraries and archives in Europe and the United States, which have kindly granted us permission to reproduce them. Wherever possible, efforts are made in the captions to analyze the illustrations and to provide relevant collateral information whenever such was available. Almost all of the four hundred or so illustrations were reproduced from the photographs taken (or retaken) by Alma Lach, an inveterate photographer and cookbook author. We were also aided and abetted by the personnel of the Special Collections department—especially the late Robert Rosenthal, Daniel Meyer, and Kim Coventry—in locating the illustrations and in preparing them for photography. Father Harrie A. Vanderstappen, professor emeritus of Far Eastern art at the University of Chicago and a man endowed with marvelous sight and insight, helped us to analyze the illustrations relating to East Asia. C. M. Nairn of the Department of South Asian Languages at the University of Chicago likewise contributed generously of his skills, particularly with reference to the Mughul seals (pis. 117, 118, and 121) here depicted. The China illustrations have benefited from the contributions of Ma Tai-loi and Tai Wen-pai of the East Asian Collection of the Regenstein Library and of Zhijia Shen who generously gave freely of her time and knowledge. The captions for the Japan illustrations have been im[xiv]

A Note to the Illustrations proved by the gracious efforts of Yoko Kuki of the East Asian Collection of the Regenstein Library. Tetsuo Najita of Chicago's History Department lent a hand in the preparation of the caption for pi. 432. Ann Adams and Francis Dowley of Chicago's Art Department helped us to analyze some of the engravings, especially those prepared by Dutch illustrators. To all of these generous scholars we express our sincere gratitude for their contributions to the illustration program.

[xv]

Illustrations BOOK ONE FOLLOWING PAGE 338

i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Mid-seventeenth-century map of Asia Willem Blaeu's map of Asia Map of the Mughul Empire, from Dapper's Asia, 1681 South and Southeast Asia, from Johan Blaeu's Atlas major, 1662 Ceylon and the Maldives, from Sanson d'Abbeville's UAsie, 1652 Continental Southeast Asia, from Morden's Geography Rectified, 1688 Course of the Menam, from La Loubere's Du royaume de Siam, 1691 Malacca and its environs, from Dampier's Voyages, 1700 The Moluccas, from Blaeu's Atlas major Asia from Bay of Bengal to the Marianas, from Thevenot's Relations, 1666 Japan and Korea, from Blaeu's Atlas major Harbor of Surat Dutch factory at Surat Market at Goa English fort at Bombay Harbor and wharf of Arakan Batavia, ca. 1655 Amboina and its inhabitants Dutch factory at Banda Tidore and its fort Dutch envoys in Cambodia Fort Zeelandia in Taiwan Dutch ambassadors in Peking, 1656 [ xvii ]

Illustrations 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.

Macao Canton Dutch factory at Hirado Dutch factory on Deshima Palanquins Merchants of Bantam Man and woman of Goa Chinese merchant couple Dutch fleet before Bantam in 1596 Thee (tea), or cha, bush King of Ternate's banquet for the Dutch, 1601 Coins of Siam 1601 Malay-Latin vocabulary 1672 Oriental-Italian vocabulary Warehouse and shipyard of Dutch East India Company in Amsterdam Old East India House in London East India House in Amsterdam East Indian birds Japanese converts suspended head down Execution of three Japanese converts A Japanese crucifixion Preparation for an execution by suspension Persecution of Christians in Japan Christians being burned alive Suspension of a Christian Torture of Christians at Arima Portrait of Johann Adam Schall as court mandarin Miraculous cross of Thomas the Apostle at Mylapore Portrait of Matteo Ricci and his convert Paul Portrait of Nicolas Trigault Frontispiece, Gian Filippo de Marini, Delle missioni, 1663 Title page, Trigault, Christiana expeditione, 1615 Title page, Trigault, Christianis triumphis, 1623 Title page, Luis de Guzman, Historia de las missiones, 1601 Title page, Declaration Given by the Chinese Emperour Kam Hi in the Year 1700

59. 60. 61. 62.

Title page, Nicolas Pimenta, Epistola, 1601 Title page, Johann Adam Schall, Historica relatio, 1672 Title page, Trigault, Vita Gasparis Barzaei, 1610 Title page and another page from Antonio de Gouvea, Innocentia victrix, 1671 63. Portrait of Philippus Baldaeus 64. Portrait of Wouter Schouten 65. Portrait of Johann Nieuhof [ xviii ]

Illustrations 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76.

Portrait of Alvarez Semedo Portrait of Jean de Thevenot Frontispiece, Olfert Dapper, Asia, 1681 Frontispiece, Johann Nieuhof, Gesandtschaffi, 1666 Frontispiece, J. T. and J. I. De Bry, India orientalis, 1601 Frontispiece, Johann von der Behr, Diarium, 1669 Title page of Regni Chinensis descriptio, with Chinese landscape painting, 1639 Title page, Edward Terry, Voyage to East India, 1655 Title page, Johan van Twist, Generate beschrijvinge van Indien, 1648 Title page, Johan Albrecht von Mandelslo, Ein Schreiben, 1645 Title page, Philippe de Sainte-Trinite, Orientalische Reisebeschreibung, 1671

77. Frontispiece, ibid. 78. Title page, Giuseppe di Santa Maria Sebastiani, Seconde speditione, 1672

79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102.

Title page, Giovanni Filippo Marini, Historia, 1665 Title page, Louis Le Compte, Memoirs and Observations, 1697 Title page, Robert Knox, Historical Relation of the Island ceylon, 1681 Title page, Adam Olearius, Offi begehrte Beschreibung der cewen orientalischen Reise, 1647 Title page, Bernhard Varen, Descriptio Regni Jap oniae et Siam, 1673 Title page, Simon de La Loubere, Du royaume de Siam, 1691 Title page, Gabriel Dellon, History of the Inquisition at Goa, 1688 Title page, Athanasius Kircher, China illustrata, 1667 Portrait of Athanasius Kircher Title page, Johann Jacob Saar, Ost-Indianische funfzehen-fdhrige KriegsDienste, 1672 Title page, Abbe Carre, Voyage des Indes Orientales, 1699 Title page, Pietro Delia Valle, Travels, 1665 Title page, Johann von der Behr, Diarium, oder Tage-Buch, 1668 Title page, Gotthard Arthus, Historia Indiae Orientalis, 1668 Title page, David Haex, Dictionarium Malaico-Latinum et LatinoMalaicum, 1631 Title page, Nicolaas Witsen, Noord en Oost Tartarye, 1692 Title page, Thomas Herbert, Some Yeares Travels, 1638 Title page, A. and J. Churchill, Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1744 Frontispiece, Arnoldus Montanus, Die Gesantschajien an die Keiser van Japan, 1669 Title page, Willem Lodewyckszoon, Premier livre, 1609 Malay-Latin phrases from Haex's Dictionarium Malay-Latin wordlist (ibid.) German-Malay wordlist from Dapper's Beschreibung, 1681 Portrait of Edward Terry

[xix]

Illustrations 103. 104. 105. 106.

Portrait Portrait Portrait Portrait

of Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri of Sir T h o m a s Roe of Joris van Spilbergen of O v e Gjedde BOOK TWO FOLLOWING PAGE 7 5 6

Introduction: T h e M u g h u l Empire on European Printed Maps 107. M a p of the M u g h u l Empire, from Terry's Voyage, 1655 108. M a p of the M u g h u l Empire, from Sanson d'Abbeville's L'Asie, 1652 109. M a p of the M u g h u l Empire, from Blaeu's Asia major, 1662 n o . M a p of the M u g h u l Empire, from Melchisedech Thevenot's Relations, 1663 i n . M a p of Kashmir, from Bernier's Voyages, 1723 112. Portrait of Akbar 113. Indian paintings ofjahangir, K h u r r a m , and slave 114. T h e same M u g h u l miniatures in a French translation 115. Prince Salim, or Jahangir 116. N u r Mahal, Jahangir's empress 117. Seal ofjahangir, from Purchas 118. Seal ofjahangir, by a French engraver 119. 120, 121. Portrait, standard, and seal of Jahangir 122. Aurangzib in camp 123. M u g h u l court at Agra 124. W o m a n and man of Surat 125. C o u r t and throne of "Great M o g u l " at Lahore 126. Wrestlers of Surat 127. Fakirs under a banyan tree 128. Means of transport in Sind 129. Elements of Sanskrit 130. H o o k - s w i n g i n g 131. Yogi austerities 132. Festival of Hassan and Hossein 133. Brahma, the Creator Introduction to seventeenth-century printed maps of South India 134. M a p of South India 135. M a p of places in India 136. South India and its periphery 137. Frontispiece, Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede, Hortus indicus malabaricus, 1678 138. Frontispiece, Willem Piso, De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica, 1658

[xx]

Illustrations 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182.

Malabar (Tamil) alphabet Malabar vowels Malabar cyphers Letter from Brahmans of Malabar in the Malayalam language Letter of Emanuel Carneiro in Malayalam Letter of "Itti Achudem" in Malayalam Portrait of John Fryer Title page, Fryer, A New Account, 1698 Specimen of "Malabar" script The Zamorin's palace at Calicut The Zamorin and his palace "Ixora" (Siva) Ganesha, son of Siva Ten avatars of Vishnu "Nareen," first avatar according to Kircher "Ramchandra," the Embodiment of Righteousness "Narseng," the Man-Lion avatar The goddess "Bhavani," the ninth avatar The horse avatar Vishnu: the fish incarnation, from Baldaeus The tortoise incarnation Boar incarnation Man-Lion incarnation The Dwarf, or fifth avatar Rama-with-the-Ax Ravana in Lanka: Ramachandra, the Embodiment of Righteousness Eighth avatar: Krishna Buddha as ninth avatar Kalki, or tenth avatar Frontispiece, Baldaeus, Afgoderye der Oost-Indische heydenen, 1672 Portrait of Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Drakestein The Indian tamarind and papaya Arabian jasmine Snake-charmer of Malabar Learning to write the alphabet in the sand Map of Ceylon, ca. 1602 Map of Jaffna and adjacent islands Map of Kandy on Ceylon Map of the Maldives and Ceylon Spilbergen and the king of Kandy City of Kandy in 1602 Arms and seal of the king of Ceylon The god of the king of "Matecalo" on Ceylon Raja Sinha (Lion-King) of Kandy

[xxi]

Illustrations 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208.

Noble of Kandy Cinnamon harvesting in Ceylon Butter making in Ceylon Sinhalese preparing for rice planting On smoothing their fields Treading out the rice Treading out the rice indoors Execution by elephant Cremation in Ceylon Drinking custom in Ceylon Sinhalese pond fishing Wild man of Ceylon Talipot parasol of Ceylon Title page, Abraham Roger, De open-deure tot het verhorgen heydendom, 1651 Frontispiece, Roger, French translation, 1670 Title page, Daniel Havart, Op en Ondergangh van Cormandel, 1693 Hook-hanging Brahman austerities Sepulchre of the kings and princes of Golconda Portrait of Sultan Muhammed Qutb Portrait of Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah Portrait of Sultan Abu'l Hasan Persian miniature portrait of Abu'l Hasan Portrait of Akkana of Golconda Sultan Abu'l Hasan visits the Dutch church at Masulipatam Laurens Pit and the sultan BOOK THREE FOLLOWING PAGE 1380

209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220.

French map of Siam, 1691 King Narai of Siam on the royal elephant Imperial three-tiered vase of gold filigree Crocodile of Siam: anatomical description Title page, Observations physiques et mathematiques, 1688 Mandarin's "balon" (galley) Noblemen's "ballon" Water-pipe smoked by the Moors of Siam Siamese rhythmic musical instruments Siamese song in Western notation Siamese alphabets, Pali alphabets, Siamese numbers Buddhist monastery in Siam [ xxii ]

Illustrations 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262.

Siamese images of the Buddha T h e three Siamese envoys to France, 1686 Second Siamese emissary T h i r d Siamese emissary Reception of the Siamese emissaries by Louis X I V Title page, Histoire de la revolution de Siam, 1691 Title page, A b b e de Choisy, Journal du voyage de Siam, 1687 Title page, Pierre Joseph D'Orleans, Histoire . . . dela revolution, 1692 Title page, Alexandre de C h a u m o n t , Relation de Vamhassade, 1686 Audience hall of the king of Siam Illustrative plate of 1693 showing maps of Ayut'ia and Bangkok, Siamese trees, plough, insect, and golden imperial vase M a p of India extra Gangem Insulindia: Western archipelago M a p of Borneo, 1601 M a p of the Moluccas, 1688 M a p of the Moluccas, from Blaeu's Atlas major, 1662 M a p of Banda, 1609 D u t c h map of Vietnam and Hainan Island, ca. 1660 Frontispiece, Vremde reyse inde coninckrycken Cambodia ende Louwen, 1669 Daniel Tavernier's map of Tongking M a p recording the gradual uncovering of the Austral lands M a p of the Philippines and the Ladrones M r a u k - u , royal capital of Arakan, in 1660 Procession of the queen of Patani Royal palace of Tuban French-Malay-Javan vocabulary, 1609 Makassar soldiers with blowpipes Sketch of Bantam Foreign merchants at Bantam Javanese of Bantam on the way to market Principal Chinese merchants at Bantam Muslim legate from Mecca with governor of Bantam Chinese shrine in Bantam King of Bali in royal chariot drawn by white oxen Gentleman of Bali on the move Sumatran chief and his people Javanese gong orchestra Javanese dancers Takraw, Malay football Javanese cockfight M o s q u e of Japara in Java H a r b o r of G a m u l a m o in Ternate

[ xxiii ]

Illustrations 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282.

The "Tygers Graft," a canal street of Batavia Batavia: betel and pynang garden Batavia: Fort Ryswick Soldier of the imperial guard in Tongking Mandarin of Tongking Fishing at Ternate Indian salamander or gecko A strange bat, or the flying fox The melon tree, or the papaya Close-up of the durian fruit The Javanese rhinoceros The dodo Animals of the Indian Ocean islands Emu, or cassowary The Orang-Utan Durians, banyan, and bamboo Title page, Antonio de Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, 1609 Market at Bantam Title page, Christophoro Borri, Cochin-China, 1633 Title page, Vremde geschiedenissen in de koninckrijcken van Cambodia en Louwen-lant, 1669 283. Title page, Sebastian Manrique, Itinerario de las missiones, 1653 BOOK FOUR FOLLOWING PAGE I73O

284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300.

Purchas' map of China Map of China and its eastern periphery (1652) Martini's map of China and its periphery Map of China dated 1654 Map of China dated 1655 Couplet's map of China Kircher's map of China Nieuhof's map of China Map with route of Dutch embassy from Canton to Peking Route of Dutch ambassadors in China Frontispiece, Blaeu, Atlas major, Vol. X Frontispiece, Martini, Novus atlas sinensis Title page, Kircher, Chine illustree Title page, Blaeu, Atlas major, Vol. X Portrait, Johann Nieuhof Mysterious flying bridge of Shensi The Great wall myth [ xxiv ]

Illustrations 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345.

Mountains of the Five Horses' Heads Map of Metropolitan Peking Peking with Great Wall in the distance City plan of Peking Imperial city at Peking Imperial throne in Peking Observatory at Peking Tartar Gate in the Great Wall near Hsi-ning Confucius in the Imperial Academy Johann Schall in Mandarin dress Shun-chih, the first Manchu emperor Portrait of the K'ang-hsi emperor published 1697 Portrait of the K'ang-hsi emperor published 1710 Reception of emissaries at the imperial court Mughul envoys to Peking 317. Two Chinese noble ladies Nanking Province Vista of Nanking Street in Nanking, 1656 Porcelain Pagoda of Nanking Banquet in honor of Dutch emissaries Portrait of "Old Viceroy" of Kwangtung Xaocheu, or Sucheu Chinese map of Chekiang Province "Nangan" (Nan-an) in Kiangsi Province Different types of Chinese vessels Floating village "Tonglou" (Dong-liu), a Yangtze town Dragon boat Dutch Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan Macao Celestial, terrestrial, and infernal gods of the Chinese Temple of "Sang-Won-Hab" Chinese idols Various types of Chinese priests Chinese priests or monks Chinese temple and pagoda Chinese sepulchre Chinese costumes Chinese ladies "Porcelain" couple Title page, Magalhaes, History Magalaes' Chinese commentary on Confucius Title page, Confucius Sinarum philosophus

[xxv]

Illustrations 346. Title page, Martini, Decas prima, official Jesuit version 347. Title page, Martini, Decas prima, Blaeu version 348. Martini's hexagrams of the / Ching, published 1658 349. The sixty-four hexagrams, from Conjucius Sinarum philosophus, 1687 350. "Letters" invented by Fu-hsi, the first emperor 351. Examples of the Chinese writing system 352. Attempt to alphabetize Chinese 353. Sample page from Chinese-French dictionary 354. Title page, Couplet, Tabula chronologia 355. Chung yung, or Doctrine of the Mean 356. 357, 358. Parts of the body, pulses, and acu-points in Chinese medicine 359. Title page, Boym, Clavis medica 360. Draag Zetel, or palanquin 361. Chinese farmers 362. Ruffian and his prize 363. Chinese actors in costume 364. Popular performers 365. The mango 366. The phoenix and the "forest chicken" 367. Cormorant, or fishing bird 368. Chinese fruit trees: persimmon, custard, and a nameless fruit 369. Chinese fruit trees: cinnamon, durian, and banana 370. "Giambo" and litchi trees and fruit 371. Title page, Palafox, History of the Conquest of China by the Tartars 372. Map of Great Tartary from the Volga to the Strait of "Iessu" (Yezo) 373. Title page, Foy de la Neuville, Relation de Muscovie 374. Emissary of the Lamas 375. Kalmuks and their habitations 376. Tanguts 377. Emissaries from South Tartary to Peking 378. Costume of a Tartar archer 379. Costume of a Tungusic warrior 380. Tartar cavalier and Tartar woman 381. Tartar (Manchu) women 382. Tartar (Manchu) men 383. Woman in the dress of northern Tartary 384. The Potala 385. The Dalai Lama and "Han," revered king of Tangut 386. The idol "Manipe" in Lhasa 387. "Pagodes," deity of the Indians, with "Manipe" 388. Title page, Semedo, History 389. Title page, Baudier, Histoire 390. Map of Japan [ xxvi ]

Illustrations 392. Title page and frontispiece, Montanus, Amhassades Miyako (Kyoto) Title page, Varen, Descriptio regni Japoniae Imperial palace at Miyako Daibutsu temple and its idol Buddhist temple of a thousand images Idol at "Dubo" near Miyako Rich carriage of a lady-in-waiting Edo (Tokyo) The Tokaido (road from Osaka to Edo) Shogun's castle at Edo Part of the shogunal castle Shogunal audience in Japan Sepulchre at Nikko, grave of Tokugawa Ieyasu Temple of the Golden Amida in Edo Shaka (Buddha) in an Edo temple Japanese Buddhist priest Bonze preaching Japanese god with three heads and Buddha Amida Wandering Buddhist priests Temple of "Vaccata" in Kyushu Temple of "Vaccata" in Kyushu, in reverse image Temple of Kannon in Osaka Chateau and pleasure house near Fisen (Hizen) Japanese cross Costumes of Japanese women in Edo Dress of women of quality Urban costume of "Suringa" (Suruga) Daimyo and wife Japanese clothing Noble Japanese woman and her entourage Japanese men of substance Seppuku—ritual suicide in Japan "Faisena," a Japanese pleasure yacht or flyboat Japanese emblems and decorations Japanese writing instruments Two types of "Tzudtzinsic" trees Japanese prostitutes of a pleasure quarter Wandering players Japanese fisherman and wife Japanese charter of privileges granted the English by the "Emperour of Japan," 1613 433. Japanese beggars of the road [ xxvii ]

Maps BOOK

ONE

i. Principal centers of European activity in Asia BOOK TWO

2. The Mughul Empire and South India 3. Eastern Gujarat 4. West Deccan and the west coast of India from Gujarat to the Goa area 5. From Goa to Cape Comorin (around 1680) 6. Insular South Asia ca. 1680 7. Southeastern India ca. 1670 BOOK THREE

8. 9. 10. 11.

Continental Southeast Asia Insulindia: the western archipelago Insulindia: the eastern archipelago Australia, New Guinea, and the surrounding islands BOOK

FOUR

12. China and its periphery 13. Tokugawa Japan

[ xxix ]

PART

in The European Images of Asia

Introduction

The images of Asia that had evolved in the sixteenth century became, during the seventeenth century, more numerous, sharper, and much richer in detail. In particular, the Portuguese profile of India inherited from the previous century was filled in by missionaries and merchants who penetrated almost every sector of the subcontinent from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin. Much that was "discovered" in the sixteenth century, such as Hinduism, was rediscovered and studied by the Jesuits and the Protestant pastors of the seventeenth century. The Mughul state, which governed north India, admitted and employed Europeans, and its subjects traded with them through the port of Surat and in Bengal. The Jesuits were even encouraged by the Mughuls to investigate Tibet and the overland route to China. In politically divided south India, the Portuguese and Dutch established commercial enclaves in which their merchants lived on a semi-permanent basis and from which their missionaries and merchants were able to push into the hinterlands and the archipelagos of South Asia. In Coromandel the Europeans witnessed the demise of the Hindu empire of Vijayanagar and of the Muslim state of Golconda. Across the Bay of Bengal the traders and missionaries advanced into the remotest reaches of insular and continental Southeast Asia. From the Dutch, Europe learned in detail about Indonesia, from the Dutch and the French, especially, about Siam and its satellites, from the French about Vietnam, and from the Spanish about the Philippines and the Marianas. A rosy image of China was delineated by the Jesuits who penetrated into its court, into many of its interior cities, and even into its periphery. The Jesuits studied and translated Confucian texts to deepen their understanding of China's ancient civilization. Because China possessed a

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